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1Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
2Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
3Climate and Ecosystem Processes, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
4Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
5Department of Geography, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KA, USA
*now at: Land in the Earth System, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Received: 16 Nov 2009 – Published in Biogeosciences Discuss.: 26 Jan 2010
Abstract. Fire is an integral Earth System process that interacts with climate in multiple ways. Here we assessed the parametrization of fires in the Community Land Model (CLM-CN) and improved the ability of the model to reproduce contemporary global patterns of burned areas and fire emissions. In addition to wildfires we extended CLM-CN to account for fires related to deforestation. We compared contemporary fire carbon emissions predicted by the model to satellite-based estimates in terms of magnitude and spatial extent as well as interannual and seasonal variability. Long-term trends during the 20th century were compared with historical estimates. Overall we found the best agreement between simulation and observations for the fire parametrization based on the work by Arora and Boer (2005). We obtained substantial improvement when we explicitly considered human caused ignition and fire suppression as a function of population density. Simulated fire carbon emissions ranged between 2.0 and 2.4 Pg C/year for the period 1997–2004. Regionally the simulations had a low bias over Africa and a high bias over South America when compared to satellite-based products. The net terrestrial carbon source due to land use change for the 1990s was 1.2 Pg C/year with 11% stemming from deforestation fires. During 2000–2004 this flux decreased to 0.85 Pg C/year with a similar relative contribution from deforestation fires. Between 1900 and 1960 we predicted a slight downward trend in global fire emissions caused by reduced fuels as a consequence of wood harvesting and also by increases in fire suppression. The model predicted an upward trend during the last three decades of the 20th century as a result of climate variations and large burning events associated with ENSO-induced drought conditions.
Revised: 23 Apr 2010 – Accepted: 10 May 2010 – Published: 11 Jun 2010
Citation: Kloster, S., Mahowald, N. M., Randerson, J. T., Thornton, P. E., Hoffman, F. M., Levis, S., Lawrence, P. J., Feddema, J. J., Oleson, K. W., and Lawrence, D. M.: Fire dynamics during the 20th century simulated by the Community Land Model, Biogeosciences, 7, 1877-1902, doi:10.5194/bg-7-1877-2010, 2010. | <urn:uuid:c9d73ba2-384f-4d49-8818-50b9c55db5b0> | {
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While mountaineering began as attempts to reach the highest point of unclimbed big mountains it has branched into specializations that address different aspects of the mountain and consists of three areas: rock-craft, snow-craft, and skiing, depending on whether the route chosen is over rock, snow or ice. All require experience, athletic ability, and technical knowledge to maintain safety.
Luxury may be an element, as in early 20th century African safaris, but including accommodations in fully equipped fixed structures such as high-end sporting camps under the banner of “camping” blurs the line.
Camping as a recreational activity became popular among elites in the early 20th century. With time, it grew more democratic, and varied. Modern campers frequent publicly owned natural resources such as national and state parks, wilderness areas, and commercial campgrounds. Camping is a key part of many youth organizations around the world, such as Scouting, which use it to teach both self-reliance and teamwork.
The general orientation of the Trench is an almost uniform 150/330 degree geographic north vector and has become convenient for north/south aviators. | <urn:uuid:05d612fb-4d42-444d-8541-d33df8ba4673> | {
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by Sangam Kanekar
White matter lesions have been always challenging for general as well as neuroradiologits. Any disease process in the brain or body can affect white matter, making it very difficult to pinpoint the diagnosis. However the application of the proper algorithmic approach, pattern of distribution, and study of the morphology of these lesions makes it possible to limit the differential diagnosis and, many times, pinpoint specific diagnosis.Advancement of various imaging techniques predominately in MR (MR spectroscopy, MR perfusion, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). functional MR) along with PET has further improved our understanding of these disease processes. However, most of these techniques are new and not well understood by every physician. This issue will cover the topics necessary to master these techniques.
Note: Only Gold member can download this ebook. Learn more here! | <urn:uuid:ffb40bc6-4981-48bc-af38-4b683d354645> | {
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IDA countries are subject to a variety of crises and emergencies that can undermine their economic and social development efforts. These include economic shocks such as food, fuel and financial crises, and natural disasters, such as droughts, earthquakes, floods, tsunamis and storms.
IDA countries have limited capacity to address the impact of such crises given their limited resources, infrastructure gaps, limited economic diversification, environmental vulnerabilities, widespread poverty and often poorly developed formal safety nets. The long-term development effects of the crises often include lower growth, destruction of infrastructure assets, and declines in government revenues and resources for core development spending.
IDA has had a long-standing involvement in various aspects of crisis response, including the provision of financial support. IDA’s key comparative advantages in crisis response are its ability to link short-term crisis mitigation and long-term development objectives, its capacity to work closely and collaboratively with other organizations (notably the UN and IMF), and to build on previous analytical work and the portfolio of projects under implementation.
The Bank's crisis and emergency response policies and procedures have evolved over the years to enhance flexibility, speed and effectiveness. In 2007, the emergency response policy framework was revised to enable more rapid preparation and approval of emergency response projects. With the adoption of the Crisis Response Window (CRW) in IDA16, the emergency financing framework was complemented by a dedicated funding mechanism. These and other efforts have significantly enhanced IDA's ability to respond to emergencies. To improve IDA's capacity to respond in the immediate aftermath of a crisis or emergency, the Immediate Response Mechanism (IRM) was adopted in 2011. The IRM allows participating IDA countries to have immediate access to a portion of the undisbursed balances of their IDA project portfolio in the event of an eligible crisis or emergency and thus shorten IDA's response time, while encouraging countries to proactively prevent and prepare to respond to crises in a rapid and effective manner. | <urn:uuid:5137c6ef-295b-474d-9649-b735e2657ecd> | {
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Ohhh come on
the md5 attack shown from the link, doesn't actually use a simple natural hello.exe.
Both the hello.exe and the erase.exe are engineered together.
If only the erase.exe was engineered there would be a problem, but that is not the case.
So yeah there is a vector, but it would be a lot of odd things that would have to happen to create it.
And as to encryption :) Well I didn't want to make it too obvious, but if the author signs via his private key, and you use his public key to check. That is a better position to be in, as you really trusting the author, not the code. Combining all these methods is a good idea, add in encryption via your public key, and a quick check of the source code, and your security is on the up again.
As to documents saying one thing, with a character change or three (not) that is part of a good hashing algorithm for security anyhow, it should make a huge change in the resulting hash if only one character is changed, and they all currently exhibit that.
Collisions of course occur because the hash is smaller than the data it is representing, much smaller :). So, it is about permutations and length of hash more often than not..
These competitions are a good thing, but they are more about bringing on the field of security as a whole, than creating the next hashing star. | <urn:uuid:643e7143-1ead-4833-98e9-311d786b4629> | {
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What's the weakest link in your network security infrastructure: your firewalls, antivirus systems, telecommuter PC, road-warrior notebooks? Here's a hint: Go look in the mirror. Most security experts agree that a clever hacker can penetrate almost any network simply by asking the right users for the right information. Using a variety of manipulative techniquestogether known as social engineeringthat exploit a human being's natural desire to trust and help others, or to gain something for nothing, hackers can learn user names, passwords, and other information that allows them to penetrate networkseven those secured with the most advanced technology.
If you find this hard to believe, take a look at "Five Tricks Hackers Use on You" and consider how you might respond in such situations. But the techniques explained there are only a few of the hundreds hackers use to gain valuable information.
In fact, hackers can gain a lot of information without talking to anyone, simply by surfing company Web sites for executive titles, financial information, organizational charts, and employee e-mail addresses and phone numbers. They can also sift through company trash for org charts, employee directories, system and application manuals, marketing plans, memos, company letterhead, human resources manuals, financial printouts, and procedure/policy manuals. Hackers use this information to gain the trust of others through phone calls and e-mails, often masquerading as an employee, customer, or consultant and convincing employees to provide information that can, little by little, get them into company LANs.
The techniques for eliciting information from staffers are similar to those used in any con. They include
Remember that a very large percentage of security breaches originate internally from disgruntled employees or from nonemployeessuch as consultants, partners, and so forthwho have system access. People rarely question the actions of insiders.
Of course, social engineering doesn't target only companies. The same techniques are also used against individuals to gain personal information such as credit card numbers, user names, and passwords for accessing popular e-commerce sites. One common technique is phishing, which uses a combination of e-mail messages and fake Web sites to convince users they are dealing with a major company.
If you still have doubts about the efficacy of social engineering, take a lesson from the best. Kevin Mitnick, the notorious late-20th-century hacking superstar has said again and again that he penetrated networks much more easily by manipulating people than by technology.
The truth is that most companies spend a lot more money and resources tackling security with technology than with people. But most products and technologies are not designed to protect against social engineering. So what do you do?
You should approach the problem from two angles: protecting the physical spaces that are commonly penetrated, such as offices, dumpsters, and Web sites, and protecting users through clear policies and ongoing education.
Physical security is the easier part. Here are some important tips, many of which overlap physical security and policy.
Policy and training are harder. Employees may not understand the value of the information they give away. They must be educated continually on how to respond to unknown people requesting information, and they need to be aware of how easily they can be manipulated.
One of the best ways to give employees insight is to hold a training session and before it begins, use social engineering techniques to elicit confidential information from them. Then have the teacher amuse the class by telling them what she or he learned and from whom.
You need to draw up clear policies on what type of information should not be divulged under any circumstances. Seemingly simple tidbits, such as a server name, organizational structure info, or company jargon, can be invaluable to a hacker. Your policies should spell out clear rules for information access, setting up the physical security and safeguards outlined above. Make sure there are clear penalties for violating those policies. It's much easier for employees to refuse to divulge information if the policy is clearly spelled out.
Tools for fighting social engineering are rare, but content filtering and antispam products, such as MailFrontier Matador, can be configured to detect signs of fraudulent e-mails or to prevent employees from giving away sensitive information. Matador in particular uses a number of patented techniques to detect phishing and other suspicious e-mails.
Fighting social engineering is a continuous battle in which the attackers find clever ways around existing safeguards. It's important to keep up with the new tactics social engineers use and to implement policies to stop them quickly. And keep reminding employees that they are the true corporate firewall. | <urn:uuid:4484a3e9-6d50-4917-aecc-853d44835166> | {
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As much fun as it is to imagine exploring other worlds spread throughout the galaxy, we all recognize how difficult it will be to travel such incredible distances. So it only makes sense that our first interstellar journeys head toward exoplanets as close to Earth as possible. At only 10 light-years away, Epsilon Eridani b is a great place to start. The only downside to that itinerary is that it's an extremely unlikely candidate for hosting life.
Not only is the planet a gas giant similar to our own Jupiter or Saturn, but it might follow an orbit that brings it close to and far from its parent star. If this is right, it means that even if the planet has terrestrial moons, they likely wouldn't be able to stand the extreme temperature swings that go along with Epsilon Eridani b's eccentric orbit. But some scientists argue the planet has a more regular, circular orbit instead, which makes the faraway system appear more like our own -- asteroid belt and all [source: NASA].
Actually, Epsilon Eridani is surrounded by two asteroid belts -- a possible sign that other, more Earth-like planets could be nearby on the inside of that belt, just like Earth is in our solar system. | <urn:uuid:526d9e7d-50b4-4e13-a74a-78514a72a85e> | {
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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition
- intransitive v. To move back or away from a limit, point, or mark: waited for the floodwaters to recede.
- intransitive v. To slope backward.
- intransitive v. To become or seem to become fainter or more distant: Eventually, my unhappy memories of the place receded.
- intransitive v. To withdraw or retreat.
- transitive v. To yield or grant to one formerly in possession; cede (something) back.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
- v. To move back, to move away.
- v. To cede back; to grant or yield again to a former possessor.
- v. To take back.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English
- intransitive v. To move back; to retreat; to withdraw.
- intransitive v. To withdraw a claim or pretension; to desist; to relinquish what had been proposed or asserted.
- transitive v. To cede back; to grant or yield again to a former possessor.
from The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- To move back; retreat; withdraw; fall away.
- To withdraw an affirmation, a belief, a demand, or the like; turn back or aside.
- To have a backward inclination, slope, or tendency: as, a receding coast-line; a receding chin.
- To cede back; grant or yield to a former possessor: as, to recede conquered territory.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- v. become faint or more distant
- v. retreat
- v. pull back or move away or backward
The Court is unwilling, however, to recede from the position announced in its repeated decisions.
According to these proxies, the climatic evolution of East Africa over the past 150 years (‘modern climate†™) is characterized by a drastic dislocation around 1880, when lake levels dropped notably and glaciers started to recede from the latest maximum extent.
It required an effort for her to recede from the comfortable habit of thought she had attained to the point of view from which the aspirations of the soul had appeared of more importance than the satisfactions of the body.
Charles II was forced to recede from the French alliance by his Parliament in 1674.
The change is not in God, but in the circumstances which regulate God's dealings: just as we say the land recedes from us when we sail forth, whereas it is we who recede from the land (Eze 18: 21; 33: 11).
It's getting a lot of attention in the world of new media, mainly because Epstein spends a couple of its chapters (previously published in The New York Review of Books) discussing the opportunities now offered by digital technology to do what he has been trying to do throughout his career: resuscitate serious publishing and bookselling, and America's literary life itself, even as the material essence of those institutions — paper and ink — begins to recede from the world.
He often expanded his poetic rhapsodies on the sex life of plants with prose footnotes that also ascribe a wide range of intentionality and emotion to the plant kingdom: The vegetable passion of love is agreeably seen in the flower of the parnassia, in which the males alternately approach and recede from the female; and in the flower of nigella, or devil in the bush, in which the tall females bend down to their dwarf husbands.
It will also be remembered when despatches of a somewhat irritating character, passed between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain with regard to the celebrated Trent affair that Her Majesty revised the despatch which Lord John Russell proposed to send to the Government of the United States, and suggested certain modifications in the language used by Lord John Russell, which enabled the Government of the United States to recede from the position it had taken in this matter without loss of dignity.
The feather'd nations shed a floating shade; part of the tail on the right side of the fish strikes the water at the same time that another oblique plain strikes it on the left side, hence in respect to moving to the right or left these percussions of the water counteract each other, but they coincide in respect to the progression of the fish; this power seems to be better applied to push forwards a body in water, than the oars of boats, as the particles of water recede from the stroke of the oar, whence the comparative power acquired is but as the difference of velocity between the striking oar and the receding water.
So they're still waiting for that river to recede, which is really just a glorified creek, but now rushing torrent and has been the last couple of days. | <urn:uuid:a4a25a40-8dfa-4ef0-b57a-8e55323cb648> | {
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ICS 100, Introduction to the Incident Command System, introduces the Incident Command System (ICS) and provides the foundation for higher level ICS training. This course describes the history, features and principles, and organizational structure of the Incident Command System. It also explains the relationship between ICS and the National Incident Management System (NIMS).
This course provides an overview of the National Incident Management System (NIMS). The National Incident Management System defines the comprehensive approach guiding the whole community - all levels of government, nongovernmental organizations (NGO), and the private sector - to work together seamlessly to prevent, protect against, mitigate, respond to, and recover from the effects of incidents. The course provides learners with a basic understanding of NIMS concepts, principles, and components.
ICS 200 is designed to enable personnel to operate efficiently during an incident or event within the Incident Command System (ICS). ICS-200 provides training on and resources for personnel who are likely to assume a supervisory position within the ICS.
This course introduces participants to the concepts and principles of the National Response Framework. The goal of this course is to familiarize participants with the National Response Framework and the ways it is applied in actual response situations.
This course introduces students to the concept of continuity planning. The course provides a brief overview of continuity, including its definition, the legal basis for continuity planning, the Continuity Program Management Cycle, and essential elements of a viable continuity program.
FEMA requires registration to enroll in FEMA's sponsored training. All training is tracked by FEMA and completion certificates are issued to the student who successfully completes an online course. The completion certificate can be forwarded in PDF to UHV Training for record keeping.
There are multiple steps to completing the FEMA requirements.
Register for a FEMA Student Identification Number Select the “Register for a FEMA SID” tab.
Fill in only the required fields. There are several that have “optional” that aren’t required.
- Use your UHV email and address – nothing personal
If there is a message that you already have a FEMA SID, please submit your email address to retrieve your FEMA SID.
Please send a copy of your FEMA SID number to Eunice Mesa and Stuart Sherman. We are storing that information in SharePoint so that it can be easily retrieved for record keeping. | <urn:uuid:cf7665b5-787a-484e-b569-45aed736f34b> | {
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A good night's sleep – that's what most consumers want from their mattress. Starting July 1, 2007, new mattresses will offer an additional, lifesaving benefit: better protection from a fire.
Mattresses manufactured on or after July 1, 2007 must meet the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's (CPSC) flammability standard. The mandatory standard is designed to reduce the severity of mattress fires ignited by open flame sources such as candles, matches and lighters.
CPSC estimates that, once fully effective, the new federal flammability standard will prevent as many as 270 deaths and 1,330 injuries every year.
CPSC Acting Chairman Nancy Nord calls the new standard an important layer of fire protection in the home.
"The new federal flammability standard limits the spread and intensity of a mattress fire," said CPSC Acting Chairman Nancy Nord. "That will give consumers valuable time to escape their homes if there's a fire and it will save lives."
The mandatory mattress rule, known as 16 CFR Part 1633, is a performance standard that limits the heat release in a mattress fire.
When shopping for a new mattress or mattress set, consumers should look for a label on the mattress stating that it meets the federal flammability requirement, and whether it is intended to be sold alone or with a specific foundation, such as a box spring.
Although this is an added layer of protection, consumers still need to keep in mind that increased fire resistance does not mean there is no fire risk. CPSC urges consumers to follow these important fire safety tips:
- Never smoke in bed.
- Do not allow kids to play with candles, lighters, matches or smoking materials.
- Do not fall asleep while a candle is burning.
- Extinguish candles before leaving the room.
- Have working smoke alarms on each level of the home and inside every bedroom.
- In case of fire, call 911 from a safe location.
The federal open flame standard does not address ignition from cigarettes because that protection is already required. A mandatory federal standard on cigarette ignition of mattresses, 16 CFR Part 1632, has been in place for more than 30 years.
CPSC's free publication, "Sleep Safer: A Fire Resistant Mattress Can Save Your Life" (CPSC-560), offers consumers lifesaving information on the new federal open flame standard and fire safety tips. It is available in English (pdf) and Spanish (pdf) and can be ordered by sending an email request to [email protected] or by contacting CPSC's Hotline at (800) 638-2772.
Journalists: Preview and access CPSC's mattress flammability video on Pathfire DMG: 25031. Search within the PR Newswire or MultiVu section by story ID # 25031 or by headline. For technical assistance call Pathfire Customer Care at 1-888-345-0489 or e-mail [email protected]
The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of
thousands of types of consumer products under the agency’s jurisdiction. Deaths, injuries, and property damage from consumer product incidents cost the
nation more than $1 trillion annually. CPSC is committed to protecting consumers and families from products that pose a fire, electrical, chemical or
mechanical hazard. CPSC's work to help ensure the safety of consumer products - such as toys, cribs, power tools, cigarette lighters and household
chemicals -– contributed to a decline in the rate of deaths and injuries associated with consumer products over the past 40 years.
Federal law bars any person from selling products subject to a publicly-announced voluntary recall by a manufacturer or a mandatory recall ordered by the
To report a dangerous product or a product-related injury go online to www.SaferProducts.gov or call CPSC's Hotline at 800-638-2772 or teletypewriter at
301-595-7054 for the hearing impaired. Consumers can obtain news release and recall information at www.cpsc.gov, on Twitter @USCPSC or by subscribing
to CPSC's free e-mail newsletters. | <urn:uuid:18a8f00b-1e4b-4b50-9f5c-2e95ce80e880> | {
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Over the past 60 years, the world has developed a modern human rights system founded in
international law. The primary instruments that comprise that framework are the:
- United Nations Declaration on Human Rights 1948 (UNDHR);
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966 (ICCPR); and
- International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights 1966 (ICESCR).
States that have ratified human rights instruments are responsible for the implementation of those instruments. Obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of all human beings are contained in various instruments. This includes refraining from interfering with, or curtailing the enjoyment of, human rights and positive obligations to protect individuals and groups against human rights abuses – whether by private or government actors. The obligation to fulfil the human rights of all human beings means that positive action must be taken to facilitate the enjoyment of basic human rights and uphold those rights against threats.
Each of these major human rights treaties was developed before environmental degradation and climate change were recognised as threats to human security. Nevertheless, current human rights frameworks do capture a range of concerns that are pertinent to climate change, a primary example of which is found in the first article of the two main international human rights covenants – that is, the UNDHR and the ICCPR – where it states that “in no case may a people be deprived of its own means of subsistence”. This is clearly relevant where climate change is affecting access to basic subsistence needs such as water, food, shelter, and healthcare.
In 2008, the UN Human Rights Council adopted by consensus a resolution on human rights and climate change. The resolution was co-sponsored by 69 countries. The resolution recognises that climate change poses an immediate and far-reaching threat to people and communities around the world and has implications for the full enjoyment of human rights. The resolution requests that the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) conduct a detailed study on human rights and climate change.
The 2009 Report on the relationship between climate change and human rights undertaken by the OHCHR outlined several significant points in relation to this subject. Most importantly, it concluded that States have duties to protect the human rights of those affected by climate change (including those who have been displaced). | <urn:uuid:19522b4b-73a9-491d-8dca-51f64ef89f97> | {
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In vitro fertilisation, IVF, is the process where an egg is removed from a woman and is fertilised in a laboratory with a sperm obtained from her partner. This fertilised egg is then implanted into the woman's womb.
It is quoted that 7,000 IVF babies are born each year. IVF babies are sometimes referred to as "test-tube babies" due to the methods used.
Your GP or specialist will be able to inform you whether you will be entitled to IVF treatment on the NHS.
Do you need IVF?
Your GP or specialist may recommend IVF if any of the following apply:
How does IVF work?
There are several steps involved in IVF. These include:
- For the woman:
- Medication to stop your monthly cycle
- Medication to stimulate your ovaries and increase the number of your eggs
- Regular check-ups, blood tests and ultrasound scans to monitor your eggs
- Egg collection - this is usually done with a needle under ultrasound guidance whilst you are sedated
- Fertilisation with sperm in the laboratory
- Transferring the fertilised egg back into your womb - the number of eggs transferred depends on our age and the clinic
- For the man:
- When the eggs are collected, you will be required to provide a sperm sample
- If you are using another source of sperm, they will be collected from the freezer, thawed and prepared
What are the success rates with IVF?
According to statistics released by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) in 2006, the percentage of successful IVF births were:
- Women under 35: 28.6%
- Women between 35 and 37 years - 25.7%
- Women between 38 and 40 years - 17.2%
- Women between 40 and 42 years - 10.6%
- Women between 43 and 44 years - 4.9%
- Women over 44 years - 0.8%
Are there any risks with IVF?
You must ensure that you visit a reliable and qualified centre for your treatment to minimise risks and complications.
There are, of course, risks to consider when embarking upon IVF treatment which are highlighted below:
- Failure - please see success rates quoted above
- Reactions to prescribed medication - for example, headaches, hot flushes and mood disturbances
- Ectopic pregnancy
- Multiple births
- Ovarian hyper-stimulation syndrome (OHSS) - potentially life-threatening condition when your ovaries are over stimulated by treatment to promote egg production
You will be able to acquire more information from your specialist before treatment begins.
For further information, please visit:
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Infertility/Pages/Introduction.aspx or http://www.hfea.gov.uk/IVF.html
FIV - Fécondation in vitro
Fecundación en vitro (FIV) | <urn:uuid:0d14d4f1-4cb9-421c-b36c-62eaebf58593> | {
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If you are lucky enough to own a Solid State Drive (SSD), then you know that drive space can sometimes be at a premium. Windows uses your drive to hold a lot of things other than the operating system. There are temporary files that can accumulate over time; previous Windows update files; browser cache files; system error dumps, and the list goes on. When you delete a file it isn’t really deleted. Unless you have specifically told Windows not to do so, it will be moved to the Recycle Bin which means it is still on your drive, but in a different place.
If you would like to learn more about clearing up some drive space on your computer, then this week’s Quick Tips article is for you.
The Recycle Bin
The Recycle Bin holds all the files you delete. In other words, those files are still taking up space on your drive; they have only been moved from one place to another.
You can easily empty the Recycle Bin at any time by right-clicking its icon on your Desktop and choosing Empty Recycle Bin from the context menu that appears.
For even more control over the Recycle Bin, you can tell Windows to limit its size. Windows will often default its size to anywhere from 5%- 10% of the total disk size. This can translate into a huge amount of wasted disk space. Consider a 256GB drive, for instance. That would be a whopping 25.6GB reserved for the Recycle Bin! That’s crazy talk.
To tame the Recycle Bin to a more reasonable size, Right-click the Recycle Bin icon and choose Properties from the Context Menu. That should bring you to a window similar to this one:
You now have a couple of choices:
- You can tell Windows the maximum size of the Recycle Bin (I usually set mine to a couple of GBs, but the choice is yours)
- You can tell Windows to never move deleted files into the Recycle Bin (I don’t maintain a Recycle Bin on my RAMDrive, for example)
- The last choice is whether you want a Confirmation window to pop-up when deleting a file (I uncheck this because it is on my Annoyances List)
If you often find yourself deleting large files, you may want to increase the size. Only you know what the “right” size is based on your usage habits.
Temporary Files, et al
In a perfect world Windows and your programs would clean up after themselves. Since this is not a perfect world, many so-called ‘temporary’ files aren’t so temporary. Lot’s of junk can build up over time which can eat up valuable drive space. To eliminate this cruft, do the following:
- Open Windows File Explorer
- Right-click on your system drive (usually the C: drive)
- Choose Properties
4. Choose the General Tab
5. Click the Disk Cleanup button
6. In the upper panel, check all the items you would like the Cleanup tool to remove (you will see the amount of disk space you will gain as you make your choices)
7. If you would like to remove old system files as well, then click on the Clean up system files button. This will include old update files which can be huge.
8. The View Files button will be available for certain types of files only
9. Once you have made all your choices, click the OK button. You may see a confirmation window asking if you really want to do this. Yes! We really want to do this!! Shee!
Note: If you have several drives, you can set the Disk Cleanup Tool to process them all at once with a single click. Read How To: Clean All Drives With A Single Click to find out how.
Automate Disk Cleanup With Storage Sense
If you have the Windows 10 Creators Update installed, there is a new feature called Storage Sense. When enabled, it will automatically remove files more than 30 days old from your Recycle Bin. It will also remove files that are no longer in use by various Apps on your system. To set this up, you are only a few clicks away:
- Use the WinKey + I hotkey to open the Settings App
- Choose System
- Choose Storage
4. Toggle Storage Sense to On
To see some additional settings, click on the Change how we free up space link:
Toggle these setting to On or Off depending on your needs.
There are many more ways to free up drive space on your computer. Some of these are:
- Removing unused Apps/Programs – We can get excited about a program– it’s like candy. We think we’d love to have it, but after a time our tastes change. My motto is, “If you don’t use it, lose it.” This is especially true if you need to recover some valuable disk space.
- Disabling Hibernate – to learn how, read Windows Hibernation File – Do You Need It?
- Storing certain file types such as movies, music, pictures, and documents on another drive or partition. Windows 10 provides a dead-simple way of doing this:
- Open the Settings App with the WinKey + I hotkey
- Choose System
- Choose Storage
- Click on the link labelled Change where new content is saved
You will be presented with a list of file types followed by drop-down menus showing you which alternative storage spaces you can use. Please note that these may include removable thumb drives and external drives, too.
That’s it for this week’s Quick Tips article. I hope you found it useful. As always, if you have any helpful comments and/or suggestions, please share them with us, | <urn:uuid:7e7f2302-d229-4587-8af3-29c245e9808b> | {
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How are cyclone names chosen?
This history of giving cyclones human names has a quirky history.
How do some people's names become forever linked to terrifying winds and massive destruction?
It's simple - the Bureau of Meteorology simply picks a name from a list.
"We have a list of 104 names, and we just take the next one that comes up," says Al Morgan from the Kalgoorlie-Boulder BOM office.
"We've just had Bianca in WA, and the next name in the queue is Carlos."
The practise of naming cyclones and hurricanes is now common worldwide, but in Australia is has a colourful history.
"The Queensland government meteorologist from 1887 to 1903 was responsible for naming cyclones in the early days," says Al Morgan.
"Originally he named them after figures in Greek and Roman mythology, but he was a bit of a character and he wasn't too keen on politicians, and he started using politicians' names for cyclones."
"That really appealed to his sense of humour."
"It then stopped and the practise of naming cyclones wasn't officially begun in Australia until 1963. Initially the bureau used female names but that started causing a bit of controversy so in 1975 we started using both male and female names."
Names stay on the list and can be used more than once, provided the cyclone doesn't cross the coast.
"We'll never get another Cyclone Bobby or Tracy."
So is it possible to get a cyclone named after you?
Yes, says Al, but you could be waiting for a while.
"You can request your name to go on the supplementary list that the Bureau keeps."
"Then you would have to wait until one of the cyclones named from the current list make landfall and gets crossed off."
"It could take up to 60 years for your name to be used, so you need plenty of patience."
- Male teachers a rare species
- Suggestion Indonesia may offer island to Australia for processing of asylum seekers
- Government not commenting on boat intercepted off Christmas Island
- Christmas Island detention centre back to business as usual after riots
- Peter Dutton denies there are minor offenders held on Christmas Island | <urn:uuid:1f1bf33a-9bdc-4211-a732-8c2f03bc7872> | {
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At all times, two operational DMSP Block 5D-2
satellites are in polar orbits at about 450 nautical miles. The primary weather
sensor on DMSP is the Operational Linescan System which provides continuous visual
and infrared imagery of cloud cover over a swath 1,800 miles wide. Additional
satellite sensors measure atmospheric vertical profiles of moisture and temperature.
Military weather forecasters use these data to monitor and predict regional and
global weather patterns; including the presence of severe thunderstorms, hurricanes,
The DMSP satellites also measure local charged particles and
electromagnetic fields to assess the impact of the ionosphere on ballistic-missile
early warning radar systems and long-range communications. Additionally, these
data are used to monitor global auroral activity and to predict the effects of
the space environment on military satellite operations.
at Fairchild Air Force Base, Wash.; New Boston Air Force Station, NH; Thule Air
Base, Greenland and Kaena Point, Hawaii, receive DMSP data and electronically
transfer them to two military weather centers, one at Offutt Air Force Base, Neb.,
and the other at Monterey, Calif. Field and sea units with special equipment can
also receive data directly from the satellites.
The Block 5D-2 is the current
generation of DMSP vehicle. Block 5D-3, with a projected first launch in 1999,
will provide increased capabilities, including improved sensors and a longer life
In May 1994, the President directed the Departments of Defense and
Commerce to converge their separate polar orbiting weather satellite programs.
DMSP, operated under a tri-agency organization (DoC, DoD, and NASA), will continue
to provide essential environmental sensing data to the warfighter.
Materiel Command's Space and Missile Systems Center at Los Angeles Air Force Base,
Calif., is responsible for development and acquisition of DMSP systems.
Weight: 1,750 pounds
Orbit altitude: Approximately
450 nautical miles
11 feet, 6 inches high; 4 feet, 9 inches
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The big scare story of this week is based on recent research demonstrating a technique to write shellcode that resembles English text.
Some bright spark naively suggested that this will make the shellcode almost impossible for anti-virus scanners to detect. Yeah right, never heard that one before! Predictably, however, scaremongers are now jumping on the bandwagon and proclaiming the defeat of anti-virus.
The following paragraph apparently contains the start of some shell code which can be used to bootstrap arbitrary code execution on your PC:
"There is a major center of economic activity, such as Star Trek, including The Ed Sullivan Show. The former Soviet Union. International organization participation."
So has your PC just been infected by reading this? Of course not.
No text in the world is going to execute malicious behaviour on your PC while it is just being interpreted as plain text. Even though bytes within the above paragraph also represent a legitimate sequence of CPU instructions they have to be placed somewhere where they will actually be executed as CPU instructions before they can actually do anything.
So, if the above words appear in a plain text file, or within this blog article, SAV is probably not going to take much notice of them. However, if they appear within an executable section of a windows program, or in a document crafted to generate a buffer overflow, our AV engine can decide to investigate further.
Will that investigation be harder than any of the other challenges that have confronted us in the technology war between malware authors and anti-virus researchers? Not really. Why does anyone think code hidden in benign looking text is harder to find than code hidden within benign looking code? Polymorphic mid-infecting viruses were a much greater challenge to the AV industry than this will ever be.
Indeed, given that it takes a few hours worth of moderate computing power to generate a piece of “English Shellcode”, we are not going to see new variants pumped out every second like we see with some poylmorphic code generators. If “English Shellcode” ever appears in the wild only a few specific variations of the bootstrap shellcode are likely to be used. They could quite effectively be detected by the oldest and simplest of techniques: specific pattern matching.
However, everyone should know by now that modern anti-virus does not rely just on pattern matching. Sophos’ Behavioral Genotype technology can be used very effectively here. As soon as “English Shellcode” is placed into a context where it might actually get executed as shellcode there will be suspicious behavioral clues. For example, SAV uses sandboxed emulation to explore potential execution paths before allowing an executable to really run on the host computer. If the execution path suddenly jumps to what previously looked like English text that in itself is very suspicious.
It is no harder to detect shellcode within text than to detect it in other formats, such as picture and metafile data. The reason anti-virus engines do not usually pay much attention to scanning plain text is not because they are incapable of it, but because there is currently no need for it. We make design choices to optimize scanning speed. Those choices could easily be changed if necessary, but I do not know of any significant exploit in common editors for plain text files. Nor, as I said earlier, does this new technique make plain text scanning necessary.
If in depth textual analysis ever does become necessary, then the relevant skills are already right here in SophosLabs. For example, we do scan HTML and script texts thoroughly, while our anti-spam products do all sorts of textual analysis when they scan emails.
“English Shellcode” is being touted as a major proof of concept breakthrough, but in my opinion it is little more than a party trick. There are some contexts where it could necessitate extra scanning of textual data, so at worst this becomes one more thing to check for, one more thing that adds a few CPU cycles to the scan time. It is certainly not undetectable, and if we ever see real life malicious examples of textual shellcode, Sophos products will protect you from it.
Remember that the processor most likely to be exploited by words is not the desktop CPU but the human brain. Don’t let the scaremongers frighten you!
Image courtesy of www.explosm.net | <urn:uuid:5693a5dd-f4df-44c4-85ac-9df316ae4fc6> | {
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March 2017 – This document features twelve considerations for accessible emergency communications to help guide emergency communications planning for people with disabilities and those with access and functional needs. Also provided is a list of websites and resources with specific information concerning technology, policy, training and education. Some considerations include:
- Develop or provide accessible formats to disseminate alerts and information.
- Ensure that EC rulemakings consider access and functional needs.
- Integrate people with disabilities into emergency planning, exercises and simulations.
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The CEFR is language-neutral and operates across many different languages. To ensure that it can be fully adapted to local contexts and purposes, the Council of Europe has encouraged the production of Reference Level Descriptions (RLDs) for national and regional languages. RLDs provide detailed, language-specific guidance for users of the CEFR.
The English Profile Programme has taken charge of this development for English. However, while the Council of Europe guidelines and the existing work of the T-series (Breakthrough, Waystage, Threshold, Vantage) take a 'horizontal' approach, focusing on each level separately, English Profile follows a 'vertical' approach: it concentrates on the description of linguistic ability in specific areas of the English language (vocabulary, grammar, language functions, etc.) across all six CEFR levels, using empirical data from learner corpora and curricula to inform its research findings.
The listing of vocabulary by level and category in the English Vocabulary Profile and the Can Do statements in the English Grammar Profile are two outcomes of the English Profile Programme’s development of RLDs. Two other EPP initiatives have been published in book form within the English Profile Studies series and are relevant to the development of RLDs : Volume 1, Criterial Features in L2 English by Filipovic and Hawkins, discusses the distinguishing features of each CEFR level for English and Volume 2, Language Functions Revisited by Green reviews language construct definition across the ability range.
RLDs for other languages under development
Learning specifications - for the Threshold and/or other levels - have been produced or updated for over 20 languages, including Basque, Catalan, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Slovene, Spanish and Welsh.
Further details of other profiling projects can be found on the Council of Europe's website. | <urn:uuid:b95bca02-fa0e-470a-b154-9e6780f66bec> | {
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This is one of my favourite topics to work on with students, watching your reactions as the world opens up to you. To students who already follow the news, it is gratifying to see your interest in current affairs brought to the fore in class and to give credit for your curiosity.
It will be easier if you follow the news in French in parallel, as you will know what is being presented as important in the world and you can ask how does this compare with the BBC News that we will be using in class ? I choose to use the BBC News website because it gives a UK angle on the news and the presenters speak in a very clear and distinct way. If you want to complete your news source, you can also do on-line reading of websites and listen to news stories. Try to write down your source, whenever you make notes on something. It is important to collect information from as many different sources as possible and to then, form your own opinions on a subject. Do not just accept the point of view that is given to you in the news story or report. Be critical.
You must note down the FOUR news stories that are presented in the BBC news bulletin. Make vocabulary notes too and if you have any questions, you can write them down too.
To work more, you can investigate the stories more on-line by doing a search or by looking on other internet news sources. You can read articles on-line or watch news videos.
http://teachingkidsnews.com/ (USA for teenagers)
Of course, you will complete your knowledge with what you know already in French. This will help you to compare the way different news sources present the same story. | <urn:uuid:f79d691a-e4d0-4895-b724-69baa4c930ab> | {
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- Sweden banned corporal punishment of children 1979
- Since then, 30 more countries have banned corporal punishment
- Researchers say it's unlikely U.S. will follow suit, even as attitudes shift
Ian Swanson was 5 when his family moved from the United States to Umeå, a small university town in northern Sweden. It was the place where he made his first friends, where he learned to read and where, like any kid, he was "into absolutely everything."
He occasionally got a spanking from mom, or a swat on the rear and a stern look from his dad. But he remembers one day when his kindergarten teacher, school principal and a social worker came to their home. They worried Ian wasn't fitting in; they wanted to talk about the "abuse."
Swanson remembers translating for his parents, who were still learning the language, too: "'You have to understand, things are different here.'"
In 1979, a few years before the Swanson family arrived, Sweden became the first country to ban physical punishment of children.
Since then, 30 more countries have passed bans on corporal punishment at home, and even more have banned it in schools, according to the Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Just last month, Togo confirmed to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child that parts of its children's code are meant to ban physical punishment.
No countries in North America ban physical punishment by parents, but there's a perennial debate about the line between discipline and abuse, and who's allowed to administer it. It flared again last week after millions watched a seven-minute YouTube video from 2004 that showed a Texas judge cursing at his teen daughter and beating her with a belt.
While there are laws against child abuse, it's legal in all 50 states for parents to hit their children, and for schools in 19 states to physically punish kids. About 80% of American parents said they've hit their young children, and about 100,000 kids are paddled in U.S. schools every year, researchers said.
Kids are still hit with hands, belts, switches and paddles, said Elizabeth Gershoff , an associate professor of human development and family sciences at University of Texas, despite research that shows it doesn't model or teach behavior parents are looking for, that it damages trust between parent and children and that it can lead to increased aggression.
Although more parents are trying a variety of disciplinary measures, corporal punishment isn't going away, and some researchers argue that it shouldn't. It's effective for gaining immediate compliance from young children, and is unlikely to have long-term negative effects, they said. More powerfully, it's hard to stop a discipline technique that's been passed down through generations.
"There hasn't been a sea change in attitude. Most Americans still think it's OK," Gershoff said. "There's a long history of physically punishing children. Part of it is that people don't want to second-guess their parents -- it's a judgment on them ... People joke about it. They assume you experienced it, too."
But in Sweden, she said, there's now a generation of adults that assumes just the opposite. About half of Swedish children were smacked in the 1970s, before the ban, Save the Children Sweden reported. In the 2000s, the number dropped to "just a few per cent."
The 1979 ban was decades in the making, from the first description of children's human rights in the 1920s, to a ban on smacking in schools in 1958, to the removal of legal language that allowed parents to hit children in 1966. Public attitudes continued to shift in the 1970s after a few high profile cases of discipline gone too far, and in 1977, Swedish Parliament created a committee to examine children's rights. Before the new policy was official, they explained the ban in pamphlets translated into several languages and printed information about it on milk cartons.
The result was Chapter 6, Section 1 of the Swedish Children and Parents Code: "Children are entitled to care, security and a good upbringing. Children are to be treated with respect for their person and individuality and may not be subjected to corporal punishment or any other humiliating treatment." It passed almost unanimously.
The section carries no penalties -- assault cases are still governed by the criminal code, and the number of assault prosecutions hasn't increased, according to a report from the Swedish government and Save the Children Sweden. Instead, adults who hit a child can expect a swift response from Swedish social services, said Joan Durrant, a family social sciences professor at University of Manitoba.
"The police are not going to say, 'This parent should be charged,'" said Durrant, who has studied the effects of Sweden's ban for decades. "The police will say, 'What you did is not OK, I understand why it happened, but you need to know that's against the law, and here are the supports available to you.'"
Those supports might be access to parenting groups, child development information, children's health care or nurses that help childproof homes or offer advice.
It's a typically Swedish response, said Ian Swanson, who is now 31 and living in Minneapolis. His family was at least vaguely aware of the country's ban on physical punishment, but didn't immediately understand what the reaction to a spanking could be.
"It was very much a foreigner's thing. They sort of pitied my parents," Swanson said. "I remember being very afraid that I was going to be taken away. It seemed like a very real possibility. I felt some guilt about it. I was the one misbehaving -- if it weren't for me, they wouldn't be here."
But he also remembers understanding and agreeing with the Swedes' assessment: If parents are hitting, it means they've lost control, and might need to learn about other options.
"[Parents] couldn't understand how someone had the gall -- 'Who in the world can come in and tell me how I'm supposed to raise my child?'" he said. "That's a very American idea. In Sweden, that would not be asked. It's everybody's responsibility."
When Pia Johnson was a teen studying in Sweden, she didn't realize a ban was in place at first. Her peers seemed happier and more independent, she said, but there wasn't an obvious link to children's rights.
Now that she's 45 and a public school teacher in Las Vegas, her view has shifted: Nobody she met in Sweden experienced neglect, and few experienced physical trauma at the hands of their parents. Nobody in Sweden has to wrestle with the questions of what was abuse, what wasn't and what to do next.
"We have a lot of messed-up parents raising kids, teaching their kids to be messed up, as well," said Johnson, who teaches third-graders. "When we call [Child Protective Services], they're like, 'Well, no, that's not exactly it. It's a small bruise.' When we try to advocate, nothing gets done. In Sweden, even if there isn't a bruise, all you have to do is say something."
The Texas video could be a turning point for some, said Durrant, the researcher from Manitoba, but it's hard to imagine a physical punishment ban in the United States at this point.
The United States and Somalia are the only two countries that haven't ratified the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, an international treaty that recognizes the human rights of people younger than 18.
It's a big country, with diverse viewpoints about child rearing. It's expensive and complicated to administer social services. Politically, it's a tough proposition.
"We would have such a divisive argument, and it would take on all these political meanings," said Durrant, an advocate for corporal punishment bans. "Most of us were hit as kids. It's hard to envision what it's like to raise a child without that. The law must go hand in hand with parent support and education."
Aside from the complications of instituting a ban, some researchers doubt it would be effective.
Robert Larzelere, a professor at Oklahoma State University's Department of Human Development and Family Science, said he recommends parents take classes to learn different methods to discipline their kids. Reasoning with kids is great, he said, and "time out" can be a useful tool. But he doesn't want all parents -- or regulations - to rule out a calm, "non-abusive spank" for kids ages 2 to 6.
Spanking young children as a backup to "time out" or reasoning can reduce aggression and noncompliance, he said. But physical punishment shouldn't be rooted in a parent's anger or frustration, he said, and should be phased out as kids get older.
"If we're going to go down this route and impose rules or recommend parents not spank, we need to help them find alternatives that work as well," Larzelere said. "Different things are going to work with different children. We need to be expanding the options parents use to discipline, and use milder discipline tactics more effectively so they don't get to their last resort."
He's also not convinced that bans reduce violence or child abuse, he said, noting that Sweden's statistics for suspected assaults against children have increased, as well as assaults by minors against minors. Other researchers, including Gershoff in Texas and Durrant in Manitoba, said the increase is due to better reporting and lower tolerance for violence.
For as much of a shock as Sweden's ban is to some, Ian Swanson said there were some surprises when his family returned back to the United States, too.
"Kids would say things like 'My dad's going to whup my ass when I come home,' and I sort of didn't really believe that was a possibility," Swanson said. "The first time I actually saw one of my American peers being spanked, I think my jaw hit the floor."
He remembers being spanked exactly once in the United States, after melting G.I. Joes in a frying pan, generating a small-scale fire hazard that momentarily panicking his parents. He probably deserved it, he said.
But once he's a parent, he said, there won't be a question of whether it's deserved: He will not hit his kids.
"I don't care if you hit your kids with a spoon or a belt," he said. "Are you hitting your kids or not? You are? That's the answer -- there's no mystery about that whole thing." | <urn:uuid:9607e867-6e07-4a49-82e4-2c75564ba1b4> | {
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Scientific name: Lobodon carcinophagus
Crabeater seals have slender bodies and long snouts. Their fur ranges from dark brown to blonde, becoming lighter in summer. Males and females are similar in size, reaching lengths of 2.5 m and weights of 400 kg. New-born pups are about 1.2 m and weigh from 20 to 30 kg.
Distribution and abundance
Crabeater seals spend their entire lives in the pack-ice zone surrounding Antarctica, resting, breeding and moulting on the pack-ice, and feeding in the surrounding water.
Crabeater seals have a circumpolar distribution with an estimated population of about 15 million. They are the most abundant seal species in the southern ocean, and the most numerous of all the world’s larger animals apart from humans.
They can move large distances through the pack-ice, due to both active movement and passive movement on drifting ice floes. They generally move southwards in spring, and northwards in autumn, with the seasonal contraction and expansion of the pack-ice.
Conservation status: least concern
They breed on the ice in spring, from late September to early November. Females give birth to a single pup which is weaned 3–4 weeks after birth. During this time the female spends the entire time on the ice with the pup.
During the breeding season the female and pup are usually accompanied by a male which mates with the female when she comes into oestrous. The male plays no part in bringing up the pup, and the group disbands once the pup is weaned.
Diet and feeding
Despite their name, these seals don’t eat crabs, they eat krill (Euphausia superba). Their name originates from the German word, Krebs, which covers other crustacea as well as crabs. As krill is a very abundant food source, there is a large population of these seals. Crabeater seals have specially adapted teeth with extra projections, so that when they gulp in seawater they can strain out the krill.
They are capable of diving to depths of up to 250 metres, but usually feed within the upper 20 m of the water column.
Leopard seals are a major predator of crabeater seals, particularly of young pups. Most adult crabeater seals have large scars as a result of unsuccessful attacks from leopard seals when they were younger. | <urn:uuid:ee46a5d6-9a1b-43c9-9a46-2ff2ad980066> | {
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•Communication in watermarking is the host signal, with
the embedded data providing copyright protection.
•The existence of a watermark is often declared openly.
•Any attempt to remove or invalidate the embedded
content renders the host useless.
•Doesn’t conceal the communication.
•Scrambles the data to prevent eavesdroppers
understanding the content.
•Cryptography involves various methods and
•May be considered complementary and orthogonal
Once the presence of hidden information is revealed or even
suspected, the purpose of steganography is defeated.
Steganography is the art and science of
writing hidden messages in such a way that
no one apart from the intended recipient
knows of the existence of the message.
This can be achieve by concealing the
existence of information within seemingly
harmless carriers or cover.
Carrier: text, image, video, audio, pdf etc.
Masking and Filtering: Is where information is hidden inside of a
image using digital watermarks that include information such
as copyright, ownership, or licenses. The purpose is different
from traditional steganography since it is adding an attribute to
the cover image thus extending the amount of information
Algorithms and Transformations: This technique hides data in
mathematical functions that are often used in compression
algorithms. The idea of this method is to hide the secret
message in the data bits in the least significant coefficients.
Least Significant Bit Insertion: The most common
and popular method of modern day steganography
is to make use of the LSB of a picture’s pixel
information. Thus the overall image distortion is kept
to a minimum while the message is spaced out over
the pixels in the images. This technique works best
when the image file is larger then the message file
and if the image is grayscale.
fE: steganographic function "embedding"
fE-1: steganographic function "extracting"
cover: cover data in which emb will be hidden
emb: message to be hidden
key: parameter of fE
stego: cover data with the hidden message
A novel design
A novel design
Security of the hidden communication
size of the payload
Robustness against malicious and
The detection of steganographically encoded packages
is called Steganalysis.
Visual Analysis tries to reveal the presence of secret
communication through inspection, either with the naked
eye or with the assistance of a computer.
Statistical (Algorithmic) Analysis reveals tiny
alterations in an image's statistical behavior caused by
The nominally universal methods developed to detect embedded
stego-data are generally less effective than the steganalytic methods
aimed at specific types of embedding.
Input: Cover_Image, Secret_Message, Secret_Key;
Transfer Secret_Message into Text_File;
Convert Zip_Text_File to Binary_Codes;
Convert Secret_Key into Binary_Codes;
Set BitsPerUnit to Zero;
Encode Message to Binary_Codes;
Add by 2 unit for bitsPerUnit;
Input: Stego_Image, Secret_Key;
Shift by 2 unit for bitsPerUnit;
Convert Binary_Codes to Text_File;
Stego image C
Multi Layer Dteganography
Now we can use This file for any
We can use it as network or one
We can rename also that will not
affect our data.
By visualization we can not get to
know that this file have some hidden
Password also required for | <urn:uuid:c1ce16ff-5244-4972-884b-a148c7c0021f> | {
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book report: Bitterly Divided (4) by David Williams
In my penultimate installment of this book report on David Williams' Bitterly Divided , about the rebellions in the rebellious South, I'm happy to report his coverage of the involvement of native Americans in the Civil War conflict. November is national American Indian Heritage Month. Please click the link if you never knew that. The tag at the bottom of this post will bring you to the posts I made last November with a focus on Native American history. I have a few books in the queue already focused on Native-American/Anglo conflict in the 17th century. By the start of the Civil War, most tribes had been kicked out of the South and were told to live in Oklahoma. Nevertheless, the Union focused all their energy on the war and stopped promised funding and support for the tribes. This provided opportunity for the Confederacy to come and seek treaties. The tribes wanted to be neutral but that wasn't an option. To most Cherokees assembled at Tahlequah, the path of wisdom seemed clear. Washington had abandoned them, and the Confederacy offered better terms. Already Indian Territory was bounded on three sides by the Confederacy, and hundreds of Cherokees under Watie were serving in the Confederate army. John Ross himself bowed to what seemed inevitable, pointing out that "the Indian Nations about us have severed their connection with the United States and joined the Confederate States. Our general interest is inseparable from theirs and it is not desirable that we should stand alone. " His overriding objective was unity among the Cherokees as well as the Nations. "Union is strength," he wrote, "dissension is weakness, misery, ruin." pp.215-6 Unfortunately, the Confederates were as honorable as most Americans, not at all. Confederate representative Albert Pike wrote to Jefferson Davis about
the Indian Territory's agricultural fertility and its mineral resources, and of how the Confederacy could use them to its advantage with or without Indian consent. The "concessions" made to the Indians, Pike wrote, "are really far more for our benefit than for theirs; and that it is we...who are interested to have this country...opened to settlement and made into a State" - a state to be populated mainly by free whites and enslaved blacks. p.213As within the Confederacy, so in Indian Territory, there were many who did not support the alliance and secession, so they tried to secede and head North to Kansas as refugees. A Creek leader named Opothleyahola tried to lead 9,000 Indians who were not interested in the war out of Oklahoma. But Confederate Colonel Douglas Cooper ambushed them. Less than half made it across the border in January, naked, frost bitten, starving, without shelter, traumatized. Even in Union territory, exploitation was the norm. Lincoln's cronies were rewarded jobs in Indian Affairs where they enriched themselves. One of Lincoln's friends, William Dole was appointed by Lincoln commissioner of Indian Affairs. Dole
lined his own pockets by speculating in Indian land. During he war, he arranged to be held in trust by the government, then sold them at inflated prices. Other Lincoln appointees, like Secretary of the Interior John Usher and Comptroller of the Currency Hugh McCulloch, also profited from corrupt Indian land deals. So did John G. Nicolay, Lincoln's personal secretary. p.230Information like this always takes the shine off Lincoln. It also takes the shine off politicians. Are there any that are thouroughly honest and do not have a shade of corruption? Why are our elections mostly about the least of two evils? | <urn:uuid:44ac8907-2814-4abb-8191-058bfa8f0177> | {
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The Indus Valley Civilization was a thriving civilization which was contemporary with Early Bronze III and the Intermediate Bronze in Canaan. It is well known to have been known in Sumer as Meluhha. By far, the most stunning elements regarding this civilization are its size, fantastic wealth, and its lack of fortifications during its mature phase. Now, it is well known that in Sumer, which was not unified until the Akkadian era, fortifications were an absolute necessity for a city-state’s survival. The fact the mature Harappan phase is characterized not by heavy, but by exceedingly light fortifications is a clear sign that it was not a culture of city-states, but one governed by a central government. However, it has been argued by anarcho-capitalists that it is precisely due to this lack of significant fortifications that it is unlikely a central government existed in the mature Harappan phase. Of course, this is a highly unlikely proposition. Did a private contractor build the streets of Mohenjo-Daro? Did a businessman design the Great Bath? The idea the cities of the mature IVC were dominated by oligarchies of merchants is somewhat more plausible, but does not explain why these oligarchies might not compete against each other territorially.
When one looks at the archaeology of the Early Harappan phase, one finds that Mohenj-Daro grew at the expense of cities such as Kot Diji and Amri. One also finds that as the Mohenjo-Daro culture expanded, the fortified site of Kom Djiri was destroyed. One also notices that Harappa had a citadel. | <urn:uuid:cb468a41-b56a-46ff-b1eb-f6da6570fe22> | {
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Context: Self and Peer Assessment
This enables students to assess their own work, or the work of fellow students. Using self-evaluation, the students can check and grade their work.
For this, they have to employ criteria that are determined by the Instructor. Peer Assessment means that students can check the work that is turned in by fellow students.
They have to employ predetermined criteria, after which they can compare their answers and give constructive criticism.
The criteria for a question form a method to evaluate the answers to that question. The number of criteria can vary from one (“The question has been answered=4”) to a large quantity:
Instructors can also plan assessments, so that there is enough time to send in papers and evaluate them. Doing this, they can also take into account the time that is necessary to consult the content items that may be attached to the assessment. | <urn:uuid:71b48ea5-8a9f-4529-9e0b-e7a4727111ae> | {
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Ramnavami, or Rama Navami, is the birthday of Lord Ram and is celebrated by Hindus around the world on the ninth day of the Shukla Paksha (waxing phase of moon) in Chaitra month (March – April). The way how Ramanavami is observed is different for different Hindu communities but fasting remains an essential part of the puja procedure. Here is a brief idea on how to observe Ramnavami.
On the Ram Navami day, after thoroughly cleaning the house, idol or picture of Lord Ram is installed in the puja room. Some people also keep portraits of Mata Sita, Lakshman and Hanuman along with Lord Rama.
Bananas, Tulsi leaves and usual puja flowers are placed near the deities.
The important puja is performed at noon as it is believed that Lord Ram was born at noon.
An Arati is offered at noon and devotional bhajans are sung. Tika is applied and water is sprinkled on the people present.
Many people break the fast at noon with the Puja ‘prasad.’
The devotional songs sung include any one Ram Bhajan or Vishnu Sahasranama. Ramayana, especially the chapter Sudarkand, is recited on the day.
There are also people who fast the entire day. Some communities also opt for nirjal fast - fasting without water.
South India, Ramnavami is people do elaborate puja and traditional fan (Visari) is distributed along with the ‘Prasadam.’ Food and drinks that cool the body are prepared on the day and is consumed after the fast. | <urn:uuid:a93fe937-5982-4172-84f2-5cc0351f1e02> | {
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BEN FICKLIN, TEXAS. Ben Ficklin (Benficklin), seat of Tom Green County from 1875 to 1882, was located five miles south of Fort Concho on the east bank of the South Concho River. In 1868 Maj. Benjamin F. Ficklin bought from John O. Meusebach 640 acres on the South Concho near the spring from which Fort Concho hauled its drinking water. There Ficklin built headquarters for his San Antonio-El Paso Mail line. Francis Corbett Taylor, a close friend of Ficklin, came from Alabama to take charge of the Concho mail station. After Ficklin’s sudden death in Washington, D.C., on March 10, 1871, Taylor carried on the prospering stage line. In 1873, with William Stephen Kelly and Charles B. Metcalfe, he laid out a town a mile up the river and named it Ben Ficklin in honor of his friend. Kelly, also from Alabama, built the first house. The post office was established on August 27, 1873, with Henry M. Taylor as postmaster.
Taylor and Kelly were among the commissioners appointed to organize Tom Green County in 1874. In January 1875 they led a successful campaign to make Ben Ficklin the county seat, against the stiff challenge of San Angela (now San Angelo). Taylor had the support of stage line employees, Fort Concho officers, area ranchmen, and the growing numbers of business and professional men who, with their families, had been attracted to the new town. San Angela’s saloons, gambling houses, and prostitutes were popular with soldiers, cowboys, and buffalo hunters. Ben Ficklin’s first courthouse was donated by Taylor and Sheriff James Spears. An adobe building housed a subscription school, and lots were donated for future church buildings. Three stores and a hotel were soon erected. Around 600 people were living in Ben Ficklin when Taylor died in 1879. A two-story stone courthouse was completed in February 1882.
Heavy rains the night of August 23, 1882, swelled Dove Creek, Spring Creek, the Middle Concho, and the South Concho, already high because of a wet summer, out of their banks. Their combined waters roared down on Ben Ficklin at midmorning on August 24, and the town was destroyed. On the flat, only the courthouse, the jail, and two houses remained standing. Up the hill, fifteen houses and the schoolhouse remained. Sixty-five people were drowned. County offices and the post office were moved to San Angela, which became the county seat in 1883 with the new name San Angelo. Some survivors moved to Sherwood; others found jobs and free homesites in San Angelo. Two families continued to live at Ben Ficklin, a favorite swimming and picnicking spot, into the new century. The Ben Ficklin cemetery, on a hill overlooking new residences, holds the graves of flood victims and of F. C. Taylor and his wife, reinterred there after the flood dislodged their coffins. The Texas Historical Commission erected a marker at the townsite in 1965.
Mrs. S. C. Autry, Tom Green County (San Angelo: Fort Concho Museum, n.d). Gus Clemens, Jr., The Concho Country (San Antonio: Mulberry Avenue, 1980). Mary Bain Spence and Susan Miles, “Major Ben Ficklin,” West Texas Historical Association Yearbook 27 (1951).
SOURCE CITATION: Handbook of Texas Online, Katharine T. Waring, “Ben Ficklin, TX,” http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hvb38. | <urn:uuid:b4984fd8-5f90-4697-97ce-d24cbbf8c01c> | {
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"We already knew," Smith says, "that at each site we were losing roughly half the species. Our analysis confirmed this. Before the fungus, an average 45 species were observed at each site; after the fungus, the average was only 23.
But the beta diversity dropped even more precipitously than the alpha diversity because the fungus preferentially attacked endemic species found only at one or a few sites. Among the species in the study, 42 percent were found at only one site; a disproportionate share of these species disappeared.
The loss of rare species drove regional extinctions higher than expected. "Our simulations showed that random local extinctions would have resulted in 41 regional extinctions across the eight sites," Smith says, "but instead we observed 61 regional extinctions."
Regional extinction may mean global extinction.
"The regional extinctions strongly suggest these species are gone not just from the region but from the planet," says Smith. "It's very difficult to document an extinction, because you have to prove a negative. But if you see that a species is gone not only from point A but also from points B, C and D that gives you a much stronger case."
In homogenizing the frog communities, the fungus erased chapters in evolutionary history. Two rare families of frogs, the Aromobatidae and the Hemiphractidae, disappeared from the region.
Among the Hemiphractidae, also known as the marsupial frogs, males capture eggs as the female lays them and deposit them in pouches on the female's back. The female then totes the eggs around with her until they hatch.
Homogenization also knocked out ecological diversity. Before the invasion there was a good mix of species in the region. Some species lived in streams, others on land, in trees and underground.
|Contact: Kevin Smith|
Washington University in St. Louis | <urn:uuid:aa7e4443-fc7e-47fc-8d81-e2ac6d1e6203> | {
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“The power to tax is the power to destroy,” wrote John Marshall, memorably, for a unanimous Court in McCulloch v. Maryland, 193 years ago. True enough. And Congress has the power to tax.
The federal taxing power, the very first power set forth in Congress’s arsenal of Article I, section 8 enumerated powers, is plenary over the objects to which it extends: Congress may tax anything it likes (or doesn’t like). The taxing power may be employed for regulatory purposes, and not merely to raise revenue. As long as an exaction really functions as a tax, it can be used to accomplish policy ends—to induce, deter, or change conduct. And those ends can include things the federal government otherwise would lack power to command directly: the power to tax is a freestanding constitutional power of Congress. It is not derivative of or dependent upon any other power, such as the power to regulate interstate commerce. The power to tax is the power to destroy, indirectly, even what little Congress cannot destroy directly.
Moreover, a tax is a tax, within Congress’s constitutional power to impose, regardless of what Congress calls it—a “fee,” an “exaction,” a “revenue enhancement,” or a “penalty.” Wielded with skill (or perhaps sinister finesse), Congress’s power to tax is an enormous and fearsome constitutional power, explicitly granted and subject to few limitations.
It follows, then—unfortunately—that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, which upheld the individual mandate provisions of the “Affordable Care Act,” was constitutionally correct. But it is important to be clear on what this means: the mandate is constitutional because it is a tax – and it is a tax on freedom. Congress has the power to tax, and thereby to destroy, individual freedom in health insurance.
* * *
Reduced to its barest essentials, NFIB v. Sebelius holds that even if Congress lacks power under the Commerce Clause to mandate that individuals purchase a commercial product such as health insurance (as a 5–4 majority of the Court held — a truly landmark ruling limiting national legislative power), Congress may accomplish much the same result by imposing a tax on the failure to purchase such a commercial product (as a different 5–4 majority of the Court held). The latter holding was not legally extraordinary; it merely applied longstanding views of the scope of Congress’s taxing power to a new situation.
NFIB v. Sebelius confirms that there is more than one way for the federal government to skin a cat. The Court held that the individual-mandate requirement, enforced by a penalty paid to the IRS with income tax payments, fell within Congress’s power to regulate or induce conduct through the power to tax. It made no difference that Congress did not label its financial exaction a tax. Something can fall within the taxing power of Congress even if Congress does not have the political courage to call it a “tax.”
This conclusion is legally correct. Indeed, it is difficult to come up with a good, principled, fully persuasive argument that Congress lacks constitutional power to impose a tax for not having health insurance, as an incentive to get people to buy such insurance. The dissenters certainly did not come up with such an argument. They did not argue that Congress could not impose such a tax. Indeed, they conceded that Congress had the power to do so. Rather, the dissenters argued only that Congress did not impose a tax, because the legislation insisted on calling the exaction a “penalty.”
That is not an argument about constitutional power; it is not a claim that the taxing power is narrower than the majority said it was. Rather, it is an argument that the taxing power requires the invocation of magic words—that to use the taxing power, one must use the word “tax,” or something close to it, or at least something ambiguous. At the very least, Congress must not use the word “penalty.”
Chief Justice John Roberts’s majority opinion blew that weak argument out of the water. He cited several cases holding that Congress’s label is immaterial to the existence of the taxing power: the substance of an exaction is what matters. As Roberts pointed out, Obamacare’s financial penalty is not a punishment for wrongful conduct, like a criminal fine, but a tax incentive designed to promote private conduct to achieve a public policy purpose. Congress does this sort of thing with the tax code all the time.
Roberts clinched the argument with a hypothetical: Suppose Congress required homeowners without energy-efficient windows to pay the IRS a $50 surcharge with their income taxes, exempting those below a certain income level. “No one would doubt that this law imposed a tax, and was within Congress’s power to tax,” Roberts wrote. “That conclusion should not change simply because Congress used the word ‘penalty’ to describe the payment.”
This has to be right. Congress acts within its power “to declare War” even when it does not use the words “declare” or “war,” but styles its act as an “Authorization for Use of Military Force.” Congress acts within its power over interstate commerce when it regulates commercial activity having substantial interstate effects, whether it uses the word “commerce” or not. So too with the power to tax: if an exaction walks like a tax, waddles like a tax, swims like a tax, and quacks like a tax, it is a tax for purposes of falling within Congress’s taxing power.
A more plausible, if still weak, objection might be that a tax on non-purchase of health insurance may be a “direct” rather than an indirect tax, subject to the Taxing Clause’s proviso that direct taxes be “apportioned” equally among the States. The dissent noted this possibility but could not bring itself to argue that this was actually the case. Chief Justice Roberts’s response is more than plausible: direct taxes were understood at the time of the Constitution’s framing to be “head” taxes—per capita exactions—like poll taxes. Obamacare’s tax-penalty is directed at conduct and fits into no known category of “direct” tax. (And even if it did, the proper remedy would be to require apportionment, not to invalidate the tax entirely.)
Does not such a broad federal taxing power threaten federalism? Does it not suggest that the national government could use the taxing power in effect to regulate anything and everything—one of the same arguments Roberts made so effectively against a no-limits reading of the Commerce Clause and Necessary and Proper Clause in the same case?
The answer is that the power to tax is simply a different constitutional power, with different dimensions, than the Commerce Clause power. There is no free-floating “Federalism Clause” in the Constitution that cuts across and limits all national powers. Federalism is simply the description for the institutional arrangement resulting from the Constitution’s enumeration and limitation of national powers and reservation of the rest to the states. If one of those national powers is a broadly worded taxing power, that power is simply part of the constitutional structure of our federalism, and must be given full effect by the courts. One might not like such a power, but there it is in black and white.
A faithful interpreter of the Constitution must give the taxing power the force dictated by the original public meaning of the words of the text, and not impose policy-driven limitations or additions upon a text whose words do not properly bear such a reading. (Along that interpretive road lies judicial activism of the Dred Scott, Plessy, Lochner, Roe, and Lawrence variety. Conservatives, no less than liberals, should be faulted if they allow their policy preferences to drive their constitutional interpretation.)
Finally, NFIB v. Sebelius held that there are limits even to the taxing power. To fit within the taxing power, an exaction must actually operate as a tax. As Chief Justice Roberts’s opinion makes clear, a “tax” so confiscatory as to make the taxed conduct practically impossible is not really a tax, but a civil or quasi-criminal penalty for conduct that the individual is not truly free to choose. This limitation on the power to tax mirrors the standard Roberts used, later in the opinion, to strike down the act’s provisions coercing states to change their Medicaid programs, as exceeding Congress’s power to spend. Congress cannot constitutionally leverage its power to spend into a power to command states, by making offers that cannot be refused. The new Medicaid provisions of the Affordable Care Act were an unconstitutional “gun to the head,” in Roberts’s colorful phrase—an extremely important ruling in its own right.
But the individual-mandate penalty did not approach the limits of the power to tax. The charge for not complying with the individual mandate was less than the cost of complying. In the end, nobody is truly forced to buy health insurance; they are merely taxed, to an annoying extent, for not doing so, with the goal of getting people to decide that they might as well buy health insurance.
Chief Justice Roberts’s opinion quickly produced wailing and gnashing of teeth in conservative circles — wailing and gnashing that is only now beginning to die down, a month or so later. On policy grounds this may be understandable. On legal grounds it is far less so. One might have wished that the Court had ventured a bold, new limitation on the scope of the federal taxing power — as it did with the Commerce Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause, and the spending power.
But to suggest that Roberts was somehow a “traitor” for not signing on to a position he ultimately found unpersuasive (and that is unpersuasive) or, more absurdly yet, that he “flipped” positions for political purposes (an utterly preposterous proposition that no one remotely familiar with Roberts or his opinions could possibly credit), fails to recognize the simplest, most straightforward explanation for Roberts’s actions. He voted and wrote as he did based on his convictions and soundly reasoned principles. The dissenters’ position on the taxing power is not “correct” simply because four conservative justices reached it. Roberts’s position is not incorrect because four liberal justices joined it. To suggest either is to swallow a large ad hominem fallacy and to fail to engage Roberts’s legal analysis on its merits.
The only persuasive explanation for Roberts’s position is that, in the end, he thought it was correct. He surely did not change his position in response to perceived White House pressure, as some have speculated. Roberts is one of the least likely persons to be cowed by political pressure (or by peer pressure, as his willingness to depart from his conservative colleagues’ views demonstrates). The better account is that Roberts’s vote always hung in the balance because of the Taxing Clause issue. This may explain why President Obama clumsily weighed in after oral argument: as I hypothesized in April, someone in the Court’s liberal camp, after the Court’s conference on the case, likely leaked the closeness of the vote and suggested talking points to the administration (which President Obama promptly flubbed). But to suggest that the president’s remarks influenced Roberts is utterly unrealistic.
What doubtless did influence Roberts was the weakness of the draft opinion rejecting the Taxing Clause power. If the “joint dissent” was once a draft majority opinion (and there are hints of this in the opinion itself), it appears that the argument offered was that the taxing power was not implicated because the legislation did not call the exaction a tax. In the end, Chief Justice Roberts rightly found that approach unpersuasive. The taxing power argument could not thus be dismissed with the back of the hand, as the dissenters proposed to do.
So, though John Roberts is an ardent defender of constitutional federalism—as demonstrated by his rejection of the Commerce Clause as an all-purpose device for plenary regulatory power of any conduct affecting commerce; by his aggressive reining-in of the Necessary and Proper Clause; and by the important ruling striking down the Medicaid expansion as improperly leveraging the spending power to coerce recipients of federal funds—he was forced to conclude that the individual mandate fell within the federal government’s power to tax.
* * *
And what Obamacare taxes is personal freedom in health care insurance. The individual mandate is a tax on freedom, and the power to tax such freedom is the power to destroy that freedom.
Even worse, as interpreted by the Obama administration, the Affordable Care Act empowers the administration to destroy religious freedom by compelling religious groups to provide or pay for “health” coverage in the form of contraception or abortion drugs in violation of their religious beliefs. National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius does not address that question, leaving very much in play in the religious freedom argument that such compulsion violates the federal Religious Freedom Restoration Act and the First Amendment. Had the Court struck down the Affordable Care Act in its entirety, the religious freedom objection to its implementation would have become moot. As matters stand, the cases challenging this administration mandate have now become the most important religious freedom litigation in decades.
NFIB v. Sebelius failed to provide a judicial deus ex machina dismantling Obamacare’s freedom-destroying machinery. Religious freedom is now the next line of defense against Obamacare’s most egregious threats to liberty. But even if successful, that defense will not eliminate Obamacare itself. Such complete dismantling must be achieved by political means. The power to tax is the power to destroy, but the power to elect is the power to repair.
Michael Stokes Paulsen is University Chair and Professor of Law at the University of St. Thomas, in Minneapolis, and is co-director of its Pro-Life Advocacy Center (PLACE). | <urn:uuid:a3577d47-a971-4e1b-b370-6a9105c5b9c7> | {
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LEXINGTON, Ky. (July 19, 2017) — The University of Kentucky Center for Applied Energy Research’s (CAER) Biofuels and Environmental Catalysis Group has received a $2 million U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) grant to develop new emissions technology for low-temperature gasoline.
The project is titled “Research and Development of Novel Adsorber Technology to Address Hydrocarbon and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions for Low Temperature Gasoline Applications.” As part of the grant, UK CAER will be partnering with the University of California, Berkeley, Purdue University, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the Ford Motor Company.
This research project seeks to solve a problem with vehicle emissions. As internal combustion engines become more efficient, their exhaust gas becomes cooler. However, catalytic converters need to be warm to start efficiently removing pollutants (specifically nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons).
With national emission standards for vehicles becoming more stringent, it is increasingly important to remove these pollutants from exhaust gas when a vehicle is first started, in other words, when the exhaust gas is still cold.
“To accomplish this goal, we are conducting research on a class of materials (zeolites) that can effectively trap pollutants until the vehicle’s catalytic converter is warm enough to convert them to harmless products,” said Mark Crocker, associate director of UK CAER’s Biofuels and Environmental Catalysis Group and professor of chemistry. “If successful, this technology will play a critical role in creating cleaner and more efficient vehicles.”
The grant was funded by DOE’s Vehicle Technologies Office, and reasserts DOE’s commitment to advanced, energy efficient transportation technologies. Work of this type will improve the nation’s energy security, help consumers and businesses save money on transportation energy costs, and strengthen U.S. economic competitiveness. All told, DOE invested $19.4 million in 22 new cost-shared projects across the nation.
UK is the University for Kentucky. At UK, we are educating more students, treating more patients with complex illnesses and conducting more research and service than at any time in our 150-year history. To read more about the UK story and how you can support continued investment in your university and the Commonwealth, go to: uky.edu/uk4ky. #uk4ky #seeblue | <urn:uuid:deb74408-2c96-4f6d-ac01-449c7df692dc> | {
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From sketches and prints of artists who traveled with Captain James Cook to images of Hawai‘i by 20th century artists such as Lloyd Sexton and Arman Manookian, depictions of the Islands have varied widely depending on the perspective of the artist.
This free tour takes students through our permanent collection of traditional Art of Hawai‘i and the Pacific Islands and two temporary exhibitions: Encounters with Hawai‘i: Art in an Age of Exploration 1778-1820 and Art Deco Hawai‘i. Students will explore the changes and continuity of Hawaiian culture following Western contact by considering the different viewpoints of Hawaiians, explorers, merchants, missionaries, modern artists and tourists. Students will create a visual timeline using reproductions of the art and write a picture postcard expressing one viewpoint of change in Hawai‘i. Students will also receive a take-home booklet.
This tour is designed especially for grades 3-4.
We will begin taking SY 2014-2015 reservations for this tour (and all of our other offerings) on July 1, 2014. | <urn:uuid:dac3a588-e1d2-4de3-97ca-f0c7ae168860> | {
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This is the second in a series of short posts exploring December 1918 events that became a turning point in the struggle for Irish independence. In Ireland, the republican Sinn Féin party routed the 19th century nationalist party in the first parliamentary general election since 1910. This set the stage for the Irish War of Independence, which began in January 1919. In America, Irish immigrants and their first-generation offspring submitted hundreds of letters and petitions, and held public rallies, to pressure the U.S. government to support Irish freedom. A U.S. House Committee on Foreign Affairs hearing highlighted their efforts. MH
The U.S. Congress intensified its activism on behalf of Ireland once America entered the Great War in April 1917. “Members seized the moment to revive the issue of Irish independence, which had failed to gain traction in the House a year earlier when Missouri Rep. Leonidas C. Dyer (R) insisted that Congress support the Easter Rising,” according to the U.S. House of Representatives’ History, Art & Archives blog.
It took until a month after the war ended, however, before the Committee on Foreign Affairs convened a hearing on “The Irish Question.” Congress was in a “lame duck” session, between the Nov. 5 midterm election and new members taking their seats in early March. Republicans won control of the House and Senate from the Democrats, the party of President Woodrow Wilson.
Dec. 12, 1918, was a Thursday, a fair, late fall day with temperatures in the capital settled into the mid-30s. Post-war news dominated the front page of the The Washington Post, including the projected $120 billion cost of the fight in Europe, and Wilson’s plans for the upcoming Paris peace conference.1
Virginia Rep. Henry D. Flood (D), the committee chairman, opened the hearing at 10 a.m. He set a hour-hour limit on the testimony.
A diverse array of citizens, local politicians, and representatives of civic organizations and labor unions traveled to Washington to submit testimony in favor of Irish independence. Witnesses highlighted the intertwined histories of Ireland and the United States as a reason for intervention. Many also stressed that the United States played a decisive role in ending the war, which thereby endowed the President—and Congress—with the power to request that Britain grant Ireland a seat at the negotiating table in Paris.2
Illinois Rep. Thomas Gallagher (D), one of several members to put forward resolutions supporting Irish “self determination,” Wilson’s phrase, gave the first statement. He noted the issue had been introduced nearly two years earlier, and, as the result, “quite an agitation has gone over the country urging legislative action” on behalf of Ireland. He recognized the “large delegations from different sections of the United States here this morning.”3
Illinois Circuit Court Judge Kickham Scanlan of Chicago was the first witness. His speech, like many of the others that followed, emphasized Irish contributions to the United States:
The Irish helped make America in 1776. The British Parliament said that but for the aid of the people of Ireland the freedom of America would not have been won. And in every war from that day to this they have stood by America, and they stood by America to a man in the last war. Do not let any paper, do not let any propaganda in the world, every make any member of this committee think that there was any man of Irish blood in America who could dream for one moment of anything but the success of America. We kept the faith.4
One-by-one, the following witnesses gave their statements and introduced into the record letters from other individuals and resolutions passed by groups at earlier public meetings. Some highlights include:
- A letter from former Illinois Gov. Edward F. Dunne, who in a few months time would travel to the Paris peace talk as one of three representatives of the American Commission on Irish Independence.
- The Madison Square Garden address of Cardinal William Henry O’Connell of Boston, delivered two nights earlier to some 25,000 supporters of Irish freedom.
- “Ireland’s Plea for Freedom,” by William J.M.A. Maloney, M.D., a former British Army captain.
- The Easter 1916 Proclamation of the Irish Republic.
- The Sinn Féin platform of October 1917. The hearing came two days before the party’s massive wins in the first British elections since 1914.
George Fox, a New Haven, Conn., university teacher, voiced rare opposition to the overwhelming support for the Irish cause. He said:
…these men come in here and ask the Congress of the United States to adopt a joint resolution that they have no right to ask the Congress to adopt, and which they have no right to present. If Germany had won, they would have had to go before some other peace conference aligned with Germany, but when the empire which they have supported was beaten they switch around and ask the United States to go to the peace conference in their behalf. … I take the position … that it is entirely a matter for England to decide.5
The Foreign Affairs Committee cleared a bill of support for Ireland to the floor, where it was debated March 4, 1919, the last day of the 65th Congress. Texas Rep. Thomas Connally (D), echoing Fox, reminded his colleagues that Great Britain was an ally in the war, and the principle of self-determination championed by Wilson only applied to countries “under the dominion of our enemies.” Wilson adopted a similar stance in Paris.
The House passed a resolution by a vote 216 to 45, but the Senate did not take up the issue before the session ended. The upper chamber did pass a separate measure early in the 66th Congress. “Ultimately, the long battle in the House over the ‘Irish question’ did not have a decisive effect on the peace process in 1919 or the political status of Ireland.”6
Nevertheless, the support of Irish immigrants, Irish Americans, and others is worth remembering 100 years later. Click the cover image below to see the full hearing transcript.
NEXT: Pittsburgh rally for Irish freedom
PREVIOUS: The bishop & the president
- The Washington Post, Dec. 12, 1918, p. 1.
- U.S. House of Representatives, History, Art & Archives blog “Rising Up in the House, Part II, The House Debates on the ‘Irish Question’ “, July 13, 2016
- “The Irish Question“, Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives, 65th Congress, 3rd Session, Dec. 12, 1918, p. 3. Accessed via HathiTrust Digital Library
- “The Irish Question” hearing transcript, p. 6
- “The Irish Question” hearing transcript, p. 59
- “Rising Up in the House” blog. | <urn:uuid:b4992e75-ee2b-4abb-9525-4db376a5ac2d> | {
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About this book
Synchronization of chaotic systems, a patently nonlinear phenomenon, has emerged as a highly active interdisciplinary research topic at the interface of physics, biology, applied mathematics and engineering sciences. In this connection, time-delay systems described by delay differential equations have developed as particularly suitable tools for modeling specific dynamical systems. Indeed, time-delay is ubiquitous in many physical systems, for example due to finite switching speeds of amplifiers in electronic circuits, finite lengths
of vehicles in traffic flows, finite signal propagation times in biological networks and circuits, and quite generally whenever memory effects are relevant.
This monograph presents the basics of chaotic time-delay systems and their synchronization with an emphasis on the effects of time-delay feedback which give rise to new collective dynamics.
Special attention is devoted to scalar chaotic/hyperchaotic time-delay systems, and some higher order models, occurring in different branches of science and technology as well as to the synchronization of their coupled versions.
Last but not least, the presentation as a whole strives for a balance between the necessary mathematical description of the basics and the detailed presentation of real-world applications.
- DOI https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14938-2
- Copyright Information Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2011
- Publisher Name Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
- eBook Packages Physics and Astronomy
- Print ISBN 978-3-642-14937-5
- Online ISBN 978-3-642-14938-2
- Series Print ISSN 0172-7389
- Buy this book on publisher's site | <urn:uuid:fcb867d6-2261-4b75-acd1-59273f1b7cbe> | {
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Mirabeau Bridge over the Durance
2,300 m (7,500 ft)
|Length||324 km (201 mi)|
|Progression||Rhône→ Mediterranean Sea|
|Basin size||14,225 km2 (5,492 sq mi)|
- Hautes-Alpes: Briançon, Embrun.
- Alpes-de-Haute-Provence: Sisteron, Manosque.
- Vaucluse: Cavaillon, Avignon.
The Durance's main tributaries are the Bléone and Verdon. The Durance itself is a tributary of the Rhône and flows into the Rhône near Avignon. The Durance is the second longest (after the Saône) of the tributaries of the Rhône and the third largest in terms of its flow (after the Saône and Isère).
- 1 Etymology
- 2 Hydrography
- 3 Hydrology
- 4 Principal bridges
- 5 Management of the course
- 6 Ecology
- 7 History
- 8 In the arts
- 9 Other
- 10 Notes and references
- 11 External links
The Durance is documented in Ancient Greek as drouentios potamos and in Latin as Druentia (1st century), Durantia (854, 1271) and Durentia (1127). The traditional forms are probably derivatives of *Dūrantia, based on the Celtic "dour" (water) and suffix "ant" (stream). The Latin form drou ("hard") changed into the proto-Occitan "dur". Similar names are found in the names of many rivers in the Western Alps: Dora in Italy, Dranse in Haute-Savoie, and the Drôme in south-eastern France. All these rivers have their sources in mountains, and are fast-running.
The Durance retains its name rather than either the Clarée or Guisane, even though the latter two are longer than the Durance when they each merge. The Durance is better known than the other two rivers because the Durance valley is an old and important trade route, whereas the valleys of the Clarée and Guisane are effectively dead ends.
The Durance is 305 kilometres (190 mi) long from its source at the foot of Sommet des Anges, at 2,390 metres (7,840 ft) high, above Montgenèvre, to its confluence with the Rhône. However, a longer route is traced by the Clarée-Durance system with a length of 325 kilometres (202 mi). Its descent is unusually rapid at 81 m/km (165 ft/mi) in its first 12 km (7.5 mi), then 15 m/km (30 ft/mi) to its confluence with the Gyronde, and then still nearly 8 m/km (16 ft/mi) to the confluence with the Ubaye. This descent stays relatively steep after this confluence, then shallows to approximately 0.33% in its middle course (to the Mirabeau bridge), then 0.24% in its lower course. For comparison, at approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) from its source, the Isère is at 330 metres (1,080 ft) altitude and the Durance at 700 metres (2,300 ft), which contributes partially to its fast-flowing nature, including in the lower part of the river. It drops 1,847 metres (6,060 ft) from its source to Mirabeau and approximately 2,090 metres (6,860 ft) from its source to the confluence with the Rhône.
Departments and main towns crossed
The river only runs through the towns of Briançon and Sisteron — built where the banks are very steep — the other towns are built on slopes close to the river:
- left bank of the Durance.
Source to Serre-Ponçon
The source of La Durance is on the northern slope of the Sommet des Anges, where the first small streams combine into a river. This runs near to Montgenèvre and then flows into the larger Clarée river, and then passes through Briançon before the Guisane joins it. It then continues south combining with the Gyronde — the Écrins glacial stream — at L'Argentière-la-Bessée. The confluence with the Guil occurs below Guillestre and Mont-Dauphin. The Durance then flows south-south-west and flows into the Lac de Serre-Ponçon just downstream of Embrun. The confluence with the Ubaye was flooded as the lake filled.
Middle section: from Serre-Ponçon to Mirabeau
The middle part of the Durance runs through a landscape that changes as the valley increasingly widens. The river itself becomes steeply banked by terraces, and carves a channel, sometimes a few metres deep, sometimes tens of metres deep. In its middle and lower reaches the Durance is affected by the Mediterranean climate: flooding after autumnal rains, with low water levels in summer. Just before the narrow gap in the mountains at Sisteron, the Durance joins Buëch and the Sasse. Water also flows in from the EDF Canal.
Beyond Sisteron further rivers and streams join the Durance: Jabron, Vançon, Bléone near Les Mées and from the Asse (river) a few kilometres to the south of Oraison. The Verdon flows into the Durance near Cadarache. The valley widens still further into an alluvial plain several kilometres wide (5 kilometres (3.1 mi) near Manosque). Here the river was diverted for the development of modern agriculture and the construction of the A51 motorway.
There are several dams along the middle part of the Durance. In addition to main dam at Serre-Ponçon, there are dams at Espinasses, Sisteron, L'Escale and Cadarache. There are small canals whose primary purpose is to draw water from the river into the EDF Canal which in turn feeds the hydroelectric power stations. Some of the water diverted by the dams is used for irrigation.
Mirabeau to Avignon
The valley narrows for a few kilometres until the water gap at Mirabeau, at a depth of 200 metres (660 ft), then widens again into an even broader plain until the confluence with the Rhône south of Avignon. Its direction changes from southerly to westerly then northwesterly, aligning with the small Provençal mountain ranges between which it flows (Alpilles and Luberon). The Durance receives only one significant tributary on this last part of its course: the Calavon, which flows around the Lubéron range to the north.
Summary of tributaries
This is a list of rivers longer than 20 kilometres (12 mi) that flow into the Durance. They are listed in order of the confluence, starting upstream.
- (MR) la Clarée;
- (R) la Guisane;
- (R) l'Onde;
- (R) la Gyronde;
- (R) la Biaysse;
- (L) le Merdanel;
- (L) le Guil;
- (R) le Couleau;
- (R) le Rabioux;
- (L) le Boscodon;
- (R) le Torrent de Réallon;
- (L) l'Ubaye;
- (R) l'Avance;
- (R) la Luye;
- (R) le Rousine;
- (L) le Sasse;
- (R) le Buëch;
- (R) le Jabron;
- (L) le Vançon;
- (L) la Bléone;
- (L) le Rancure;
- (L) l'Asse;
- (R) la Largue;
- (L) le Verdon;
- (R) l'Èze;
- (R) le Calavon (a.k.a. le Coulon)
- (L) left bank tributary; (R) right bank tributary; (MR) main river, the name given to part of the water course taken into account in the calculation of its total length.
A river is known as "capricious", alternating between its feared flash floods (it was called the third plague of Provence) and its low water levels. The upper Durance is an alpine river with a flow ranging from 18 to 197 cubic metres per second (640 to 6,960 cu ft/s). Its total drainage area is 14,225 square kilometres (5,492 sq mi). At the confluence with Ubaye, salmon used to thrive, and trout were found up as far as Sisteron, before the development of the river. Later it becomes a Mediterranean river with the characteristic morphology.
The sources of the water are a combination of melting snow and the drainage of rain from the surrounding hills and plateaux which have a Mediterranean climate. The latter's tributaries bring rain water mainly in spring, autumn and winter but little during the summer. At Serre-Ponçon, its basin of 3,600 square kilometres (1,400 sq mi) can create a flow as low as 18 cubic metres per second (640 cu ft/s) and a maximum flood of 1,700 cubic metres per second (60,000 cu ft/s) (value recorded in 1957).
At the confluence with the Rhône, the average natural flow of the Durance is approximately 190 cubic metres per second (6,700 cu ft/s), with a high annual variability. It can vary between 40 cubic metres per second (1,400 cu ft/s) (the most severe low water levels) and 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) in catastrophic historic floods, levels reached in 1843, 1882 and 1886. At the outlet into the Lac de Serre-Ponçon, the medium flow is 81 cubic metres per second (2,900 cu ft/s); at Oraison it is 123 cubic metres per second (4,300 cu ft/s) and after the confluence with the Verdon, flow reaches 174 cubic metres per second (6,100 cu ft/s) (250 to 330 m³/s in spring, 100 m³/s in the summer). The contribution of water from the downstream tributaries is very low. The annual maximum flow generally occurs in May or June, but the most violent flash floods occur in autumn. The lowest water levels occur in winter in the upper valley, and in summer in the middle and lower part of the river.
Flash floods and low water levels
The river is famous historically for its unstable course and violent floods. In the 12th century the Durance had swept away the town of Rama (between Briançon and Embrun, with the confluence of Biaisse) .
These increased in number and force from the second half of the 16th century, though lessened in the 20th century. The period of increased flooding was not only due to the cooling starting from the 14th and until the 19th century (with increased rain and snowfall), but alo because the major deforestation of the slopes of the mountains of the basin of the Durance, starting from the 16th century.
Between 1832 and 1890, the Durance had 188 floods of more than 3 metres (10 ft) (measured at the Mirabeau Bridge). The flood of 1843 carried away several newly built suspension bridges: the 1829 bridge at Remollon, the 1835 bridge at Mirabeau, the unfinished bridge at Manosque and the 1838 bridge at Les Mées. The flood of 1872 also swept away the 1847 bridge at Mallemort.
The catastrophic floods of 1843, 1856, 1886 attained 5,000 to 6,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 to 210,000 cu ft/s) For comparison, the Seine flooding of 1910 was estimated at approximately 2,400 cubic metres per second (85,000 cu ft/s). Even lesser floods were devastating. The flood of 31 May and 1 June 1877 swept away the bridge of Tallard.
In the 20th century, the floods were less frequent and violent thanks to the dams and the re-afforestation in the Durance basin, but there were still serious floods in 1957 and 1994 with maxima measured at Mirabeau and at Sisteron of 2,800 cubic metres per second (99,000 cu ft/s); and this volume was increased at the confluence with the Verdon by a further 500 cubic metres per second (18,000 cu ft/s).
The height of the water at the gorge at Cadarache is at 472 millimetres (18.6 in), after an average of 750 millimetres (30 in) of rain because 63% of the rain flows into the Durance.
At Mirabeau, the lowest flow was 27 cubic metres per second (950 cu ft/s) (during the drought of 1921) i.e. a ratio of 1:133 between minimum and maximum.
Three types of islands are formed in the bed of the Durance:
- gravel banks, brought by the floods, and generally without or with little vegetation;
- sand and silt banks, which can be highly fertile for plants like willow. These are only ever swept away by exceptional floods;
- accumulations of tree trunks and branches.
- Old bridge to Baume at Sisteron
- Viaduct of the A51 autoroute south of Sisteron
- Dam/bridge at L'Escale (Route nationale RN 85). This replaced the Trébaste Bridge, 1962-3
- Railway viaduct on the line from Saint-Auban to Digne
- Steel girder bridge at Les Mées (road D4a)
- Pont de La Brillanne (road D4b)
- Aqueduct at Villeneuve (canal EDF).
- Pont de Manosque (road D907)
Between the Vaucluse and the Bouches-du-Rhône :
- Viaduct on the A51 autoroute between Beaumont-de-Pertuis and Cadarache
- Pont de Mirabeau (road ex-RN96)
- Suspension bridge at Pertuis
- Suspension bridge at Mallemort
- Three viaducts for LGV Méditerranée at Cavaillon (length - 940, 900 et 1500 metres)
- Twin viaducts for Route nationale RN7 and for the A7 autoroute at Bonpas
- Suspension bridge at Rognonas (road D970) to the south of Avignon
- Rail viaduct for the old Paris - Marseille line south of Avignon.
Management of the course
Dams and canals
Dams have been built since the Middle Ages to prevent flooding. At first they were often boxes of wood filled up of stones, but these do not resist the floods for long. Dams have also long been used for irrigation. The first known irrigation canal is the Canal Saint-Julien, dug in 1171 by the Marquis de Forbin. It was followed by the Adam de Craponne canal, 50 kilometres (31 mi) long, dug in nine months in 1554 from Silvacane to Arles), the canal des Alpilles, the canal de Marseille, the canal de Carpentras, the canal de Manosque, the canal de Ventavon, and the hundreds of other smaller ones, totalling 540 kilometres (340 mi) dug between the end of the 16th century and the end of the 19th century.
From 1839 to 1854, the engineer Franz Mayor de Montricher built a canal to supply the city of Marseille with drinking water. It is 80 kilometres (50 mi) long with 17 kilometres (11 mi) underground. The canal is made out of concrete, and the aqueducts out of stone or stone and brick. The volume of water flowing through the canal is 10 cubic metres per second (350 cu ft/s) with the slope of 0.36 metres per kilometre (1.9 ft/mi). The width across the surface of the canal is 9.4 metres (31 ft), and 3 metres (9.8 ft) at its base.
The water was first abstracted near the bridge of Pertuis, at an elevation of 185 metres (607 ft), 50 kilometres (31 mi) from Marseilles. From there the canal diverges to the west from the Durance to Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade. Following the construction of the large EDF canal, which follows the Durance from Serre-Ponçon until Salon-de-Provence and the Étang de Berre, the water for the canal of Marseilles is now taken from the EDF canal, below Saint-Estève-Janson. From there to Marseille the canal follows an 80-kilometre (50 mi) path, of which 17 kilometres (11 mi) is underground. The Durance provides today two-thirds of the water for the city of Marseilles.
In 1955, the law defined the EDF Durance-Verdon project had three objectives:
- production of electricity;
- irrigation and the supply of water to towns;
- minimisation of the flooding.
Over 40 years, this project required the construction of 23 dams and water extraction points starting upstream of Claux sur Argentiere down to Mallemort and the supply of 33 hydroelectric power stations and several control stations.
This programme was an almost complete success:
- the Durance-Verdon project produces 6 to 7 billion kWh per annum (10% of the French hydroelectric production);
- the reservoirs provide drinking water to the whole area, and irrigate all of Provence (a third of all French irrigation);
- the lakes are a tourist attraction (Serre-Ponçon attracts 10% of the tourists visiting Hautes-Alpes);
- although routine floods are prevented, the project cannot have any effect on major floods, as shown by the flood of 1994, which reached 3,000 cubic metres per second (110,000 cu ft/s) in Cadarache. Indeed, the lake at Serre-Ponçon only controls the upper reaches of the Durance, and does not control the lower tributaries, whose role is important in the creation of the major floods. All the other dams are only to abstract water. Only the flow of the Verdon is controlled by a dam, Lac de Sainte-Croix, and only if there is enough storage capacity at the time of the flood.
Impact of the works
The Durance used to have an average natural flow of 188 cubic metres per second (6,600 cu ft/s) and behaved like a Mediterranean river, but dams and canals have changed it considerably. When the flow is low, most of the water in the river now flows in "industrial channels" which by-pass the natural course of the river to run through hydro-electric power stations. These channels can take up to 250 cubic metres per second (8,800 cu ft/s), so that it is only at the time of high flows that the water not diverted uses the river's natural channel.
Along the river there are many habitats of both regional and European importance that are naturally governed by the varying flow of the river. These habitats include both mountain and Mediterranean types. The river with its valley is an important biological corridor, within the national green infrastructure and the Pan-European ecological network. Consequently, it is classified as a Natura 2000 protected area.
Water quality is considered good in the higher valley, in spite of the number of dams, which deprive the Durance of the power needed to carry sediment away. This quality was obtained thanks to actions of clean-up projects on the river itself and on the tributaries of the Luye and Calavon (also called le Coulon)). There remain some black spots in the valley (downstream from the Arkema factory at Château-Arnoux, below the confluence with the Calavon.
The 320 millimetres (13 in) depth variation results in significant temperature variations, from 0 to 28 °C (32 to 82 °F) seasonally; daily temperatures have 7.5 °C (45.5 °F) of amplitude in the summer and 10 °C (50 °F) in the winter. These are a significant factor in the biodiversity of the river. The dams in the valley have reduced the incidence of floods and so have allowed the colonisation of alluvial space by alder and poplar in riparian forests. The banks, although less wet, still accommodate 110 species of birds during the year, plus 82 species of migratory birds, which rest, feed and sometime reproduce. One-hundred-ten species of animal hibernate there. Avian diversity increased after the dams were built, but there was probably once a greater diversity. For some families of birds the number of individuals also increased.
There are approximately 75 species of mammals in the Durance catchment area, including: Eurasian beaver, southwestern water vole, Eurasian water shrew, many species of bat (barbastelle (Barbastella barbastellus, large murine (Myotis myotis), large rhinolophe (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum), minioptère of Schreibers (Miniopterus schreibersi), small murine (Myotis blythii), small rhinolophe (Rhinolophus hipposideros), vespertilion with indented ears (Myotis emarginatus), and vespertilion of Capaccini (Myotis capaccinii)). invasive are becoming more problematic including coypu and the recently arrived muskrat. Otters have recently become extinct in the entire catchment area.
The populations of algae and water plants (100 species on average) and water invertebrates (77 species) are more varied than before the dams compared with populations on the similar Asse and Buëch. Ludwigia, the primose willow, is an invasive plant having gradually spread since 1986 in the stagnant water in dead gravel pits and ponds.
There are only fourteen fish species, including some native species: souffia, south-west European nase and large populations of Zingel asper and spined loach which are both endangered species of fish. But the silting and the lack of oxygen has greatly reduced the number of trout. The European brook lamprey has been seen in recent times but it may have disappeared since.
The Durance played a very important part in the history of Provence, and largely contributed to the economic growth and population of the Marseilles area, after having been an obstacle for centuries. From Antiquity until the 19th century, the Durance was famous for the difficulty of crossing it, its massive floods and an inconstant flow. The width of its bed, the force and depth of its current, and the changes of course after the floods hindered crossing by ford. The only durable fords are those of Mirabeau and Pertuis, obviously unusable in periods of floods. The changes in the flow also limited river navigation (in spite of size of the river in periods with a high flow. It sometimes needed several ferries to cross the various arms or channels. The unstable and sometimes steep banks prevented easy access to ferries. In more recent times even suspension bridges often had to be re-built after floods.
Twelve million years ago, the Durance flowed directly into the Mediterranean. During the Riss glaciation, the source of the Durance was at Sisteron, where the icecap finished. As the ice-cap receded, the Durance course changed towards the west, between Luberon and Alpilles, and flowed into the Rhône.
The valley of the Durance is a route through the Alps, used by the Via Domitia. A statue of Janus was erected at Montgenèvre, the only passage between Cisalpine Gaul and Gallia NarbonensisStrabon (1st century) reported that a ferry was established in Cavaillon, The great Roman way from Spain to Italy only crossed the Durance at Cavaillon and Sisteron. The existence of a bridge at Sisteron was recorded. At other places there were ferries, in particular at Pertuis, whose name is based on it ferry. Although it was difficult to cross, except in Sisteron, the Durance was nevertheless navigable. The bas-reliefs at Cabrières-d'Aigues depict the river being used for the transport of various liquid food products such as wine and olive oil. Gallo-Romans used the towpaths (helciarii) and the wind to move upstream. Several specialized businesses maintained this system transport. Workers known as nautes had a monopoly of transport on large rivers and used boats, whereas the utricularii operated on the small rivers and in the marshes using rafts floating on inflated goatskins. There were two groups of utriculari, one in Sisteron and one in Riez.
This trade fed the activity of an important port, near to the crossroads at Sisteron, at the place called 'Le Bourguet'. In the vicinity of L'Escale a port existed before the Roman conquest, but was developed during the 1st century BC, and was prosperous until the Crisis of the 3rd Century, before recovering its economic activity until the beginning of the 5th century.
In the Middle Ages, the county of Forcalquier stretched all along the Durance, from Cavaillon to La Roche-de-Rame, close to Embrun. From the 12th to the 19th century, the river was used for floating timber downstream, in particular by the monks of Boscodon, who were given the privilege in 1191 to use the river.) The timber was used in the towns of the southern plains and in the shipyards.
The bridge of Sisteron, erected in the Middle Ages remained until to the middle of the 19th century, the only crossing between two firm banks along the Durance. After the year 1000, the number of ferries increased, including some Cable ferries plied between the two banks of the main channel. The oldest known one was the one between La Roque-d'Anthéron and Cadenet (in Gontard), recorded in 1037. This ferry at Cadenet and one at Mirabeau were used to transport flocks of sheep for seasonal migrations. Thereafter, there is evidence of ferries at many other places notably Rognonas, La Brillanne (13th century), Noves, Orgon, Le Puy-Sainte-Réparade, Meyrargues, Pertuis, Peyrolles, that of Cante-Perdrix in Mirabeau, Manosque, Giropey, Château-Arnoux, Le Bourguet, Volonne, Bompas. Other ferries were established to supply the windmills built at the end of the 18th century in Poët, Upaix and Claret. Nevertheless, the ferry services were scarcer than on the Rhône with a ferry every 9 to 11 kilometres (5.6 to 6.8 mi) on average, versus every 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) on the Rhône. Starting from the 12th century, wood bridges were also built. They lasted varying times until they were destroyed in various ways:
- at Maupas (now Pont de Bonpas at Caumont), at the end of the 12th century until its destruction by the Count of Toulouse in 1241;
- at Mirabeau, the beginning of the 13th century, close to Sainte-Madeleine-du-Pont;
- at Savines, the most used bridge on the Upper Durance (built in the 15th century)
- the ancient bridge of Sisteron which was rebuilt in 1365.
In 1843, 1856, 1882 and 1886 there were catastrophic floods. The 1852 floods affected the entire basin of the Durance, from Sisteron to its confluence in Avignon. It washed away many cultivated alluvial terraces, broke dams and destroyed canals.
The irrigation syndicates and the local services that maintained the roads and bridges requested exceptional help from the State. A service to monitor the river was created, the Service spécial de la Durance, in order to study the hydrology of the river, using the kilometre-long divisions from 1868 between the confluence with the Verdon with that with the Rhône. This division allows surveying and mapping of the land at risk.
The construction of the Marseille canal in the middle of the 19th century allowed the metropolitan area of Marseille to develop quickly.
Hydroelectric installations and chains of locks on the Durance, and its tributaries the Verdon, Buëch and Bléone had the most significant economic impacts and are the most visible change in the landscape. The major part of the flow was diverted into canals downstream from Serre-Ponçon, and the flow in the river's natural bed is a minimal flow of 2 to 5 cubic metres per second (71 to 177 cu ft/s), which is only 1/40 of its natural flow. The silt in the river bed has become stabilised by vegetation and this also reduces the flow. Thanks to the reservoirs at Serre-Ponçon and Sainte-Croix, which together can hold more than 2 billion tonnes of water, irrigation remains possible in summer even during the driest years. The predictable water levels have also allowed development of the local economy through summer tourism.
Beginning in the 1950s, aggregate was extracted from the river bed for road surfacing and wear-resistant concrete. The majority of the quarries have closed or are closing. The few factories that used the river's energy have closed (an aluminium factory at L'Argentière-la-Bessée) or are being closed (Arkema at Saint-Auban).
4/67 Durance Helicopter Squadron created in 1976, is charged with protecting the air force base at Apt-Saint-Christol and the nuclear missile site at Plateau d'Albion.
In the arts
The Durance is represented in the form of an ornate monument at the Palais Longchamp, in Marseille, built between 1862 and 1869 by the architect Espérandieu, to celebrate the arrival of water from the Durance, via the Canal de Marseille. It is also depicted beneath a sculpture of a pregnant woman in Charleval, Bouches-du-Rhône.
References in literature include:
- Alexandre Dumas refers to the Durance as one of the three scourges of Provence
- poets Adolphe Dumas (1806–1861), Félibrige, republican and traditionalist, Paul Arène, Clovis Hugues and Élémir Bourges who referred to this river;
- the best known writer to be inspired by the Durance, Jean Giono, who makes use of it in his imaginary geography of Provence, transforming it into river that flows to the sea and he refers to it as masculine, and describing its flow through the water gap at Sisteron without mentioning the town, then describing an imaginary Rebeillard highland. Horseman on the Roof is also set along the course of the Durance.
Among the painters to have represented it are Guigou and Monticelli, close friends, who settled in Saint-Paul-lès-Durance and made many paintings where it appears, either as background, or as subject (86 of the 421 paintings by Guigou). The Romanian surrealist painter, Victor Brauner, took refuge in 1942 in Remollon and made several paintings on materials that he found.
For several years a club has revived the tradition of rafting, each year building rafts from tree trunks then navigating a section of the Durance with them.
An FM local radio station is called Radio Durance.
La Durance is also the name of an academic bulletin by history and geography professors at Aix-Marseille.
The Durance class tanker is a series of multi-product replenishment oilers, originally designed and built for service in the French Navy.
Notes and references
- "The Durance at the Sandre database".
- "Toponomie de la Drome, Dictionnaire Etymologique des Communes, Peuples Anciens, Fleuves, Rivieres, Montagnes du Departement de la Drome", Bulletin de la Societe d'Archeologie et de Statistique de la Drome, p. 162.
- Mastras, Nicolas (2004), "Durance, source et frontière", in Sapiega, Jacques, La Durance, parcours & regards (DVD), PACA District Council
- Clébert, Jean-Paul; Rouyer, Jean-Pierre (1991), "La Durance", Rivers and valleys of France, Toulouse: privately published, p. 20, ISBN 2-7089-9503-0
- Clébert & Rouyer, Durance, p.20.
- Clébert & Rouyer, Durance, p.35.
- Barruol, Guy (2005), "The Durance in Antiquity and the Middle Ages", in Furestier, Denis; Lonchambon, Catherine; Miramont, Cecile, The Durance along and across: ferries, boats and rafts in the history of a capricious river, The Alps Of Light (in French) (149), Forcalquier, p. 24, ISBN 2-906162-71-X
- Guy Barruol, p.24.
- Guy Valencia, "Hydraulics and morphology of the bed in zone of Piedmont and plain", Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: Bond of life of the territory régional, [S.l.] : District council PACA, p.11
- Serge Gachelin, The Major Hydrographic Network of the Area, p.7-8.
- Cecile Miramont, "History of river landscapes", in Guy Barruol, Denis Furestier, Catherine Lonchambon, The Durance length into broad: ferries, boats and rafts in the history of a river capricieuse, The Alps of light No 149, Forcalquier 2005, ISBN 2-906162-71-X, p.15.
- Géraldine Bérard, Archaeological chart Alp-of-High-Provence, Academy of the Inscriptions and the Humanities, Paris, 1997, p.51.
- Guy Barruol, The Durance in Antiquity and the Middle Ages, p.24.
- Cécile Miramont, The Durance length in large, p.18-19.
- Cecile Miramont, The Durance length in large, p.15.
- Philippe Autran, "The highway network from the 19th to the 20th centuries: revolution with mechanization", in Autran, Guy Barruol and Jacqueline Ursch, From one bank to another: bridges of High-Provence from Antiquity to Our Day, The Alps of Light No 153, Forcalquier, 2006. ISBN 2-906162-81-7, p.46-47.
- Dans The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, Serge Gachelin gives 5000 m³ (p.8) like Henri Pignoly (p.99); in the same work, Bernard Amouretti gives 6000 m³ (p.25). Cecile Miramont (to see haut' more; ') give it also an estimate of 6000 m³/s. Jacques Sapiega, in his géorama “the Durance & The Verdon” (DVD The Durance: course and regard '), 5500 m³/s on December 26, 1882 gives; Clébert & Rouyer give 6000 m³/s in November 1886, in Durance, p.39.
- Bernard Amouretti, “the Man was a long time under the dependence of the Durance”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, District council PACA, p.25.
- Jean-Paul Clébert and Jean-Pierre Rouyer, the Durance, Pri , Toulouse, 1991, in the Rivières collection and valleys of France, ISBN 2-7089-9503-0, p.91.
- Jacques Sapiega, géorama, "The Durance & The Verdon".
- Clébert & Rouyer, "La Durance", p.32.
- Nicolas Bonci, “transported water”, inJacques Sapiega, The Durance, course & regard', District council PACA, 2004 (DVD).
- Guy Barruol, “the Durance in Antiquity and with the Middle Ages”, p.25.
- Nicolas Bonci.
- Alain Daubas, The origin of the hydroelectric project of installation the Durance-Verdon, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, District council PACA, p.39.
- Alain Daubas, The network durancian: a renouvelable' energy source; ' , Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, District council PACA, p.41-42.
- Henri Pignoly, “the problems of believed and the culture of the risk” Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, District council PACA, p.99.
- "Ministry of theEcology and of sustainable development" (PDF).[permanent dead link]
- Jean Giudicelli, “original Characteristics of the river”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, District council PACA, p.57.
- Jean Giudicelli and Karine Viciana, "The Durance today", Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, [S.l.] : District council PACA, pp.59-60.
- Cf. Inventories Natura 2000, Diren.
- Christophe Garrone, “the artificial wetlands basic Durance”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, [S.l.] : District council Paca, p.77.
- Pour the §, Jean Giudicelli and Karine Viciana, “the Durance today”, p.60.
- Inventaires Natura 2000, Diren.
- Bernard Amouretti, “However, the valley of the Durance was always an axis of passage”, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional: District council PACA, p.27.
- Jean-Paul Clébert and Jean-Pierre Rouyer, "La Durance", Privat, Toulouse, 1991, in the collection Rivers and valleys of France, ISBN 2-7089-9503-0, p.11.
- Clébert & Rouyer, "La Durance", pp.11-12.
- Nicolas Masras, "The Durance, source and border", in Jacques Sapiega, The Durance, course & regard, District council PACA, 2004 (DVD).
- Barruol, The Durance length in large, pp.31-32, 39-40.
- Barruol, The Durance length in large, p.32-36.
- Barruol, The Durance length in large, p.45.
- Tolls at Savines, Bréole, Monêtier-Allemont, it Poët, Sisteron, Les Mées, Brillanne, Saint-Paul, Mallemort and Orgon. Barruol, The Durance length in large, p.46.
- Barruol, The Durance length in large, p.48.
- Catherine Lonchambon, “From one bank to another: the “trail ferry””, Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, [S.l.] : District council PACA, p.33.
- Catherine Lonchambon, “From one bank to another: the “trail ferry””, p.33.
- Catherine Lonchambon, “From one bank to another of the Durance: strange boats”, inGuy Barruol, Denis Furestier, Catherine Lonchambon, Cecile Miramont, the Durance length into broad: ferries, boats and rafts in the history of a capricious river, the Alps of light No 149, Forcalquier 2005, ISBN 2-906162-71-X, p.55.
- Barruol, The Durance length in large, p.48. An important canal system irrigation develops, of which some deviating a small portion of the flow towards Arles (channel of Craponne) and Crau.
- Claude Gouron (photographer), Helene Vésian (author), Serre-Ponçon: photographic voyage to the confluence of Ubaye and Durance, the Trigger guard: Editions Barthelemy and Hangar, 2004. ISBN 2-87923-165-5, p.39.
- Le comte de Monte-Cristo. Books.google.com. 2007-10-10. Retrieved 2010-08-20.
- According to P. Citron, Giono, Threshold, 1990.
- Clébert & Rouyer, "La Durance", pp.180-183.
- Direction of the environment, of sustainable development and agriculture, The Durance: bond of life of the territory régional, District council PACA, 106 pp.
- Claude Gouron, photographer, Helene Vesian, author of the texts, Pierre Magnan, preface writer, The Durance: photographic voyage from the Alps in Provence, Avignon: Alain Barthélemy, 2002.
- Henri Julien, and Jean-Marie Gibelin, You, Durance, Barred, ED. Terradou, 1991, ISBN 978-2-907389-36-5.
- Cecile Miramont, Denis Furestier, Guy Barruol, Catherine Lonchambon, The Durance length into broad: ferries, boats and rafts in the history a carpricious river, Forcalquier: the Alps of light, 2005, Collection: The Alps of light, ISSN 0182-4643, num. 149,120 p, ISBN 978-2-906162-71-6.
- Jean-Paul Clébert and Jean-Pierre Rouyer, "La Durance", Privat, Toulouse, 1991, in the collection Rivers and valleys of France, ISBN 2-7089-9503-0.
- Jacques Sapiega, The Durance, course & regard', District council PACA, 2004
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Analytical Articles: These articles provide a detailed overview of the theme they cover. However, they require some prior knowledge of the main works of J.R.R. Tolkien.
Theoretical Articles: A comprehensive knowledge of the works of J.R.R. Tolkien is needed to fully understand articles in this category, the subjects treated being studied in minute detail by their authors.
Difficulty depends on the number of coloured rings. 1 (very easy read) to 5 (very complex). | <urn:uuid:6d1d1c5a-4aff-46f0-8741-d31f6b553496> | {
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Im new to the forum. so i get this assignment and am still baffled as to how i should go about it. Ive googled it but to no avail. anyone have any ideas or can point me to the right direction please. Thanks. The question is as follows:
thanks in advanceA programmer was debugging her program written in a procedural language (c,pascal). Trying to locate a baffling bug , the programmer added a series of write statements which printed out the values of relevant program variables. To her surprise , the bug seemed to vanish and now the program executed to the end without any errors. However , when the write statements were removed, the bug reappeared and the program failed again! Note that the write stataements did not modify any of the variables in the program, the machine and the compiler worked OK, and the external facters (say solar, wind) had no effect whatsoever. The poor programmer was very frustrated.
Explain how the disappearing bug was possible. Give an example program, show the contents of the activation stack at the relevant points of execution and describe the results of the actions with and without the write statements. | <urn:uuid:e86cd312-7997-4497-b4e9-c4857a8a86dd> | {
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Help Young Catholics Explore the Seven Deadly Sins.
Use this cut-n-paste F3 KWL to help children learn about and reflect on the Seven Capital Sins.
Learners will be asked to note what they already know about the Seven Deadly Sins, what they want to know about it, and, after a bit of research or a lesson, what they learned about it. Students should fill in the information, cut out the pieces and glue them into place. Finished pieces can be affixed into a religion notebook or an appropriate sized piece of cardstock.
A full collection of F3 pieces could be bound together using clasp rings, metal brads, yarn, or a comb spine.
Theme: Seven Capital Sins, KWL, F3 | <urn:uuid:1e6ee8b2-c0d9-426b-bd79-4bba4da69922> | {
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16 November, 2018
What Is the Perfect Workout Routine for a Tennis Player?
Tennis is a sport that requires a broad fitness regimen. Strength, speed, agility, flexibility and endurance are all athletic building blocks of a tennis athlete. Workout routines designed for tennis need to incorporate training for each of these attributes. Balanced training involves workouts on the court, in the gym and on the track.
Strength provides the power necessary to hit shots with pace and spin as well as the explosive power for sprints and quick direction changes. The legs, core, back and shoulders are important areas to strengthen in your workouts. With a set of dumbbells you can perform exercises to help build the leg strength necessary for the rigors of tennis. For example, hold a dumbbell in each hand and perform forward and backward lunges. Perform dumbbell shoulder presses to strengthen your shoulders and to strengthen your core, perform plank holds.
Speed and Agility
To develop speed and agility, incorporate shuttle runs and footwork exercises into your workouts. Use the following four ball shuttle run to develop speed. Place four tennis balls in a line on the tennis court. Two should be at the 'T', one at the net and one halfway in between. Starting at the baseline, sprint to each ball and one at a time pick them up and place them on the baseline. On the last ball touch the baseline with the ball and then return it to its original position. Repeat until all balls are returned. To work on agility, place two cones two feet apart. Start with your feet in between the cones and run in a figure eight around the cones. Try to keep your steps short and quick. Do not knock over the cones. Perform this drill for one minute without stopping.
Endurance is critical for a tennis player, especially in matches that involve long rallies. Because tennis is a sport in which periods of intense exercise are followed by rest periods, your endurance training should be similar. Interval running is a great way to simulate the demands of a tennis match. On a track sprint the straightaways and jog or walk the curves depending on your fitness level. If you have access to a hill or a treadmill that inclines, sprint uphill for 100 meters and then walk down to the bottom and repeat. This interval running will improve your heart rate recovery between points in tennis.
Flexibility serves many purposes in tennis. Having good flexibility helps to prevent injuries, increase power of your strokes and improves your defensive skills. Always stretch all major muscle groups after your workouts to improve flexibility. For example, you can easily stretch your quads by sitting, extending your legs straight out in front of you, bending at your waist and reaching for your toes. Or, hold onto a sturdy object, bend your knee, lift your foot up behind your thigh, reach back and grab your foot to stretch your hamstrings. Many professional tennis players, including Novak Djokovic, use yoga as a way to improve flexibility and balance. Weekly yoga workouts will improve flexibility and range of motion.
Any good workout program should involve periods of rest for your body to recover. Ice any soreness and consult your doctor if you injure yourself in any way. At least one day a week should be free of training to allow your body to repair itself and recover from training. Alternate your training. Instead of doing hard leg strengthening exercises two days in a row, consider spacing these workouts and working on endurance or flexibility the day after leg strengthening instead.
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92,380 annual visits
9,614 overnight visits
This largely wilderness area is home to moose, white-tailed deer, black bear, gray wolves, fox, bobcat and other mammals. The bog also provides habitat for more than 300 species of birds. The great gray owl and Connecticut warbler are two species of particular interest that make their home in the Bog. A number of reptiles and amphibians also inhabit the patterned peatlands of the area, including the snapping turtle, gray treefrog, western painted turtle, spotted blood salamander and northern leopard frog.
Big Bog State Recreation Area was established as the result of a grassroots effort to create a sustainable tourist attraction in Waskish whose economy was devastated during the Upper Red Lake walleye population crash of the 1990s. Despite the tremendous northern pike and crappie fishing that remained on Upper Red Lake, many private resorts in Waskish Township closed due to decreased tourism. Commercial and sport fishing of walleye were suspended during the late part of the decade to allow the walleye population to recover. On May 13, 2006, walleye fishing reopened on Upper Red Lake.
The underlying bedrock of Big Bog State Recreation Area is Precambrian (Late Archean) in age, and includes gneiss, amphibolite, undifferentiated granite and metamorphosed mafic to intermediate volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Of particular interest is the sedimentary association of Big Bog's geologic history. The majority of the Northern Unit has a peat sediment association. Ludlow Island is composed of lacustrine sediment deposited from Glacial Lake Agassiz. The Southern Unit rests on lacustrine sediment from Glacial Lake Agassiz as well, and is characterized by beach ridges that have formed over time due to the geologic movement of Upper Red Lake to the west.
Plant communities that exist within the boundary of Big Bog State Recreation Area include open sphagnum bog, fen, boreal conifers, boreal hardwoods, conifer swamp forest and hardwood swamp forest. The boreal conifers in the southern unit include a stand of jack pine. Boreal hardwoods in the northern unit include trembling aspen. The stand also includes Balm of Gilead and dogwood shrubs. The conifer swamp forest areas in the northern unit include tamarack and black spruce. In the southern unit, the hardwood swamp forest includes back ash and ground cover of wet grasses and sedges plus a hazel shrub layer. | <urn:uuid:2097a2a8-bdc0-4279-a4c5-0cebbc49fecf> | {
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Joint venture turns old batteries into energy
W2 Energy, Inc., a developer of mass-to-energy technology,
and Toxco, Inc., a battery recycler, announced they have
entered into a joint venture in which W2 Energy will
take approximately 600 tons yearly of carbon cake and
plastics generated in Toxco’s battery recycling plant
in British Columbia and will convert that battery waste
into electricity and ultra low sulfur diesel.
Through its Big Green Box program, Toxco receives batteries
of all sorts from some of the largest and most environmentally
progressive companies, municipalities and educational
institutions in North America. Using a set of proprietary
processes, Toxco safely strips the metals out of these
batteries and sells it. Up until now Toxco has been sending
the shredded battery cases to the landfill.
W2 Energy takes this waste, primarily plastic and carbon,
and converts it to electricity and diesel fuel using
a set of technologies developed over the last nine years.
W2 Energy’s technology will convert the hydrogen, carbon
and oxygen which comprise Toxco’s battery waste into
a renewable source of fuel and electricity.
W2 Energy will be building a mobile mass-to-energy unit
which will fit on a single 45 foot truck trailer. Inside
the truck will be a complete mass-to-energy plant which
will process up to four tons per day of plastic and carbon
waste. While this plant will require electricity to start
it, once running, W2 Energy’s low temperature gasifier
and high efficiency steam engine will actually generate
excess electricity. The resulting synthetic gas will
be converted into liquid fuel. That fuel will either
be used by Toxco or sold to a fuel blender for resale.
The carbon and nitrogen oxides normally generated by
combusting waste will be sequestered in the W2 Energy’s
algae reactor, in which various strains of algae will
grow on these flue gases. The resulting algae will be
gasified and turned into more fuel and electricity. | <urn:uuid:da8fad06-fc4d-499f-87c0-85641425b5b0> | {
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Beam Deflection Application: This is a software application for solving the elastic deflection and slope of a beam. The inputs to the program are the cross-section dimension and properties of the I-section and the beam loadings and lengths. The outputs include the moment of inertia of the I-section, the beam deflection and slope at specified point X from the left end. This application may be used in the course on Mechanics of Materials or Structural Analysis to demonstrate the effect of section properties, beam loading and lengths on the elastic deflection and slope of a beam. By computing the deflection of the beam at different values of X, the shape of the elastic curve can be drawn.
Open Channel Flow: This software application determines the normal depth of an open channel using Manning’s Equation. In this program, the user first selects the shape of the cross-section: (a ) rectangle, (b) trapezoid, or (c) triangle. The system of units have to be chosen also. The inputs to the program are the dimensions of the cross-section and Manning equation parameters, S, n and Q. The output of the program is the normal depth of flow. This software application can be used in the courses, Fluid Mechanics or Hydraulics. The values of the various parameters, such as dimensions of the cross-section, slope of channel bed, coefficient of roughness or flow rate, maybe varied to study the effect on the normal depth of flow. | <urn:uuid:3080c337-a87e-4cba-b656-d204ee515d1c> | {
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|| Checking for direct PDF access through Ovid
To report a series of pediatric facial fractures associated with dog bites.Retrospective review of all dog bite injuries to the face with facial fractures in children from January 1, 2003, to October 31, 2011, at Children’s Hospital Colorado (Aurora, Colorado). Patient demographics, location and number of fractures, clinical course, surgical repair, and complications were recorded and analyzed using Excel statistical software.Seventeen of 1,201 (1.4%) children with dog bite injuries to the face also sustained facial fractures. The average age of patients was 3.9±3.2 years and 53% were female. Thirty-five percent of patients presented with multiple facial fractures. The most common fracture involved the nasal bone (29%), while the remainder sustained fractures of the zygomatic arch, orbital rim, orbital floor, skull, mandible, maxilla, and/or sinuses. Of the 17 patients, 41% also sustained eyelid lacerations, 24% had injuries to the facial nerve, and 18% had canalicular lacerations. Fourteen of the 17 patients required surgical repair under general anesthesia.Although uncommon, facial fractures associated with dog bites are a significant source of morbidity, often requiring complex surgical repair. Severe injuries to the face from dog bites should be evaluated for possible fractures in addition to soft tissue injuries. | <urn:uuid:e6d2f652-1166-4b15-9f3a-b299098fe1a6> | {
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The kelson or keelson is the member which, particularly in a wooden vessel, lies parallel with its keel but above the transverse members such as timbers, frames or in a larger vessel, floors. It is fastened to the keel partly to impart additional longitudinal stiffness to it but principally to bind the longitudinal members (keel and hog) to the transverse members (frames and floors).
|This section does not cite any sources. (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)|
In an open boat it is often fastened to the keel and hog in such a way that it can be removed for maintenance. Again, it lies above the boat's frames or timbers as they cross the hog but in this instance, its main function is frequently to provide a means of holding down the bottom boards in such a way that they can easily be removed for maintenance. The keelson of an open boat is normally arranged to be flush with the bottom boards so as to reduce the chance of the crew's tripping over it.
In an open boat or in a larger vessel, the hog is the structural member which lies immediately above the keel to which it is permanently and securely fastened so that the two form one member to which the lowest strakes (the garboard strakes) are fastened.
- Walt Whitman refers to a kelson in "Song of Myself" with the line, "and that a kelson of the creation is love,"
- Herman Melville refers to a kelson in Chapter 9 of Moby-Dick with the line, "Is not the main-truck higher than the kelson is low?"
- "the definition of keelson". Dictionary.com. Retrieved 2016-05-07. | <urn:uuid:c5c8d5dc-1562-49a7-a01e-f7eb587af059> | {
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Bigger, Stephen and Webb, Jean (2010) Developing Environmental Agency and Engagement Through Young People’s Fiction. Environmental Education Research, 16 (3-4). pp. 401-414. ISSN 1469-5871 (electronic) 1350-4622 (paper)
This article explores the extent to which stories for young people encourage environmental engagement and a sense of agency. Our discussion is informed by the work of Paul Ricoeur (on hermeneutics and narrative), John Dewey (on primacy of experience), and John Macmurray (on personal agency in society). We understand fiction reading about place as hermeneutical, that is, interpreting understanding by combining what is read with what is experienced. We investigate this view through examples of four children’s writers, Ernest Thompson Seton, Kenneth Grahame, Michelle Paver and Philip Pullman. We draw attention to notions of critical dialogue and active democratic citizenship. With a focus on the educational potential of this material for environmental discussions that lead to deeper understandings of place and environment, we examine whether the examples consistently encourage the belief that young people can become agents for change. We also consider whether the concept of heroic resister might encourage young people to overcome peer pressure and peer cultures that marginalise environmental activism. We conclude by recommending the focused discussion of fiction to promote environmental learning; and for writers to engage ore with themes of environmental responsibility and agency.
This is a post-refereed draft of the article which will be published in 2010.
|Uncontrolled Keywords:||environment, experience of place, young people’s fiction, moral development, citizenship, responsibility, agency|
|Subjects:||L Education > LB Theory and practice of education
P Language and Literature > PN Literature (General)
P Language and Literature > PE English
|Divisions:||Academic Departments > Institute of Education
Academic Departments > Institute of Humanities and Creative Arts
|Depositing User:||Stephen Bigger|
|Date Deposited:||17 Dec 2009 14:09|
|Last Modified:||02 Apr 2015 15:34|
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| || |
Diseases and Conditions
What Is It?
A phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or situation. It is a type of anxiety disorder. A person with a phobia either tries to avoid the thing that triggers the fear, or endures it with great anxiety and distress.
Some phobias are very specific and limited. For example, a person may fear only spiders (arachnophobia) or cats (galeophobia). In this case, the person lives relatively free of anxiety by avoiding the thing he or she fears. Some phobias cause trouble in a wider variety of places or situations. For example, symptoms of acrophobia (fear of heights) can be triggered by looking out the window of an office building or by driving over a high bridge. The fear of confined spaces (claustrophobia) can be triggered by riding in an elevator or by using a small restroom. People with these phobias may need to alter their lives drastically. In extreme cases, the phobia may dictate the person's employment, job location, driving route, recreational and social activities, or home environment.
There are three major types of phobia:
- Specific phobia (simple phobia). With this most common form of phobia, people may fear specific animals (such as dogs, cats, spiders, snakes), people (such as clowns, dentists, doctors), environments (such as dark places, thunderstorms, high places) or situations (such as flying in a plane, riding on a train, being in a confined space). These conditions are at least partly genetic (inherited) and seem to run in families.
- Social phobia (social anxiety disorder). People with social phobia fear social situations where they may be humiliated, embarrassed or judged by others. They become particularly anxious when unfamiliar people are involved. The fear may be limited to performance, such as giving a lecture, concert or business presentation. Or it may be more generalized, so that the phobic person avoids many social situations, such as eating in public or using a public restroom. Social phobia seems to run in families. People who have been shy or solitary as children, or who have a history of unhappy or negative social experiences in childhood, seem more likely to develop this disorder.
- Agoraphobia. Agoraphobia is a fear of being in public places where it would be difficult or embarrassing to make a sudden exit. A person with agoraphobia may avoid going to a movie or a concert, or traveling on a bus or a train. In many cases, he or she also has repeated, unexpected panic attacks (intense fear and a set of uncomfortable physical symptoms -- trembling, heart palpitations and sweating).
Childhood phobias occur most commonly between the ages of 5 and 9, and tend to last a short while. Most longer-lasting phobias begin later in life, especially in people in their 20s. Adult phobias tend to last for many years, and they are less likely to go away on their own. Without proper treatment, phobia can increase an adult's risk of other types of psychiatric illness, especially other anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse.
The symptoms of phobia are:
- Excessive, unreasonable, persistent feelings of fear or anxiety that are triggered by a particular object, activity or situation. The feelings are either irrational or out of proportion to any actual threat. For example, while anyone may be afraid of an unrestrained, menacing dog, most people do not run away from a calm, quiet animal on a leash.
- Anxiety-related physical symptoms. These can include tremors, palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath, dizziness, nausea or other symptoms that reflect the body's "fight or flight" response to danger.
- Avoidance of the object, activity or situation that triggers the phobia. Because people who have phobias recognize that their fears are exaggerated, they are often ashamed or embarrassed about their symptoms. To prevent anxiety symptoms or embarrassment, they avoid the triggers for the phobia.
A mental health professional is likely to ask about current symptoms and family history, particularly whether other family members have had phobias. You may want to report any experience or trauma that may have set off the phobia -- for example, a dog attack leading to a fear of dogs.
It may be helpful to discuss how you react -- your thoughts, feelings and physical symptoms -- when you are confronted with the thing you fear. Also, describe what you do to avoid fearful situations, and how the phobia affects your daily life, including your job and your personal relationships.
Your doctor will ask about depression and substance use because many people with phobias have these problems as well.
In children, specific phobias can be short-term problems that disappear within a few months. In adults, about 80% of new phobias become chronic (long-term) conditions that do not go away without proper treatment.
There is no way to prevent a phobia from starting. However, treatment can reduce the negative impact of the disorder.
Treatment usually includes some combination of psychotherapy and medication:
- Specific phobia. Cognitive-behavioral therapy can help, especially a procedure called either desensitization therapy or exposure therapy. This technique involves gradually increasing your exposure to the thing you fear, at your own pace, under controlled circumstances. As you are exposed to the object, you are taught to master your fear through relaxation, breathing control or other anxiety-reducing strategies. For short-term treatment of phobias, your doctor may prescribe an antianxiety medication. If the phobia is confronted only occasionally, as in a fear of flying, the use of medication can be limited.
- Social phobia. If your social phobia centers on one particular performance (for example, giving a lecture or playing in a concert), your doctor may prescribe a medication called a beta-blocker such as propranolol (Inderal). This medicine can be taken just prior to the performance. It dampens the physical effects of anxiety (pounding heart or trembling fingers), but usually does not affect the mental sharpness needed for speaking or the physical dexterity needed for playing an instrument. For more generalized or long-term forms of social phobia, your doctor may prescribe an antidepressant, usually an SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) such as sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil) or fluoxetine (Prozac). If an SSRI is not effective, your doctor may prescribe an alternative antidepressant or antianxiety medication. Cognitive-behavioral therapy also works well for many people with social phobia, in both individual and group settings.
- Agoraphobia. The treatment for this disorder is similar to the treatment for panic disorder. Drug treatment includes SSRI antidepressants or older antidepressants, such as clomipramine (Anafranil) and imipramine (Tofranil) and benzodiazepine antianxiety medications, such as clonazepam (Klonopin), diazepam (Valium) and lorazepam (Ativan). Psychotherapy is also helpful, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy.
When To Call a Professional
Make an appointment to see your doctor as soon as possible if you are troubled by fears or anxieties that are disturbing your peace of mind; interfering with your personal relationships; or preventing you from functioning normally at home, school or work.
The outlook is very good for people with specific phobia or social phobia. According to the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health, about 75% of people with specific phobias overcome their fears through cognitive-behavioral therapy, while 80% of those with social phobia find relief from medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy or a combination.
When agoraphobia occurs with panic disorder, the prognosis is also good. With appropriate treatment, 30% to 40% of patients become free of symptoms for extended periods, while another 50% continue to experience only mild symptoms that do not significantly affect daily life.
American Psychiatric Association
1000 Wilson Blvd.
Arlington, VA 22209-3901
National Institute of Mental Health
Science Writing, Press, and Dissemination Branch
6001 Executive Blvd.
Room 8184, MSC 9663
Bethesda, MD 20892-9663
TTY Toll-Free: 1-866-415-8051
American Psychological Association
750 First St., NE
Washington, DC 20002-4242
National Mental Health Association
2000 N. Beauregard St., 6th Floor
Alexandria, VA 22311
Last updated February 17, 2011
A phobia is a persistent, excessive, unrealistic fear of an object, person, animal, activity or situation.
InteliHealth Medical Content
8876, 9475, 10541, 31038, 31348,
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FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE
January 15, 2016
Contact: Jon Ebelt, Public Information Officer, DPHHS, (406) 444-0936
Chuck Council, Communications Specialist, DPHHS, (406) 444-4391
DPHHS encourages participation in National Drug & Alcohol Facts Week
The Montana Department of Public Health and Human Services is encouraging Montana teens to participate in next week’s National Drug and Alcohol Facts Week (NDAFW).
Teenagers have joined forces with other teens and scientists across the nation as part of a week-long health observance, organized at the federal level by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The event takes place January 25 through Sunday, January 31.
According to Vicki Turner of the DPHHS Prevention Resource Center, NDAFW caters to the inquisitive minds of teens by giving them a space (virtual or physical) to ask questions about drugs and alcohol and to get scientific answers from experts.
About a third of high school seniors across the country report using an illicit drug sometime in the past year, and more than 10 percent report non-medical use of a narcotic painkiller. While drugs can put a teenager’s health and life in jeopardy, many teens are not aware of the risks. “Even for those teens who do not abuse drugs, many have friends or family who do, and they are often looking for ways to help them,” Turner said
In Montana, alcohol remains the number one drug of abuse for youth. The Montana Prevention Needs Assessment (PNA) revealed that 51 percent of 12th graders had used alcohol within the past month, and 23 percent of 12th graders had used marijuana within the last 30 days.
Each of these figures had increased from the previous PNA report. In addition, the PNA covers narcotic prescription drugs, such as Vicodin, OxyContin, Percocet and Codeine, where it was found that 0.8 percent, 3.4 percent, and 3.9 percent of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders respectively had used drugs such as these without a physician’s orders in the last 30 days.
“We want teens to have the opportunity to learn what science has taught us about drug abuse, alcohol, and addiction,” Turner said. “There are so many myths about drugs and alcohol cluttering our popular culture. NDAFW is for teens to get honest answers about drugs so they can make good, informed decisions for themselves and share accurate information with friends.”
The website hosts interactive activities, videos and a blog teaching guide. Additionally, there are publications available for download, promotional resources and drug-specific toolkits. People can can take the National Drug and Alcohol IQ Challenge or see the latest news and highlights as well as download statistics and infographics.
The annual online live chat held between teens and NIDA scientists is scheduled for January 26th and people may logon now to register for the chat or to register and plan an event.
For more information click here: | <urn:uuid:9ffb88fb-5a3a-4903-b8de-4ec4d30cdbf9> | {
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While reading the February, 2013 issue of National Geographic, I came across a short article on Dr. Sarah Parcak who uses Remote Sensing for finding potential Archaeology sites in Egypt. Using infrared satellite imagery, ancient structures were able to be spotted, even when buried below the surface. This appears to be caused by the material composition of the hidden buildings which stand out from their surroundings. This is a topic which I’ve always been interested in, and I hope encourages others to merge geomatics technology with historical research. Hopefully this technology will bring about countless discoveries in the future, and I look forward to hearing about Dr. Parcak research in the future.
For those of you who are interested, I found a preview of her book, Satellite Remote Sensing for Archaeology, which you can read the first 30 pages/buy at, http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415448772/ | <urn:uuid:306e33b7-a072-4783-a1c2-c6f33c3fe062> | {
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Booktalking "The Read-Aloud Handbook" by Jim Trelease
- December 20, 2013, 2:02 am
Reading brings pleasure to people, and we need to nurture kids' reading interests, regardless of whether or not the kids' preferences mirror our own. If reading always seems like a chore, and if kids are constantly drilled on reading what they are not interested in, they will avoid the printed word like the plague.
Parents, teachers, and librarians reading to kids about books that they are enthusiastic about can nurture the development of bibliophiles. Even reading series books has been shown to increase people's vocabularies, etc. People learn vocabulary by reading words multiple times in the context that they are used in the story. Television, not surprisingly, has a negative effect on reading scores. However, the release of films based on books increases readership of those books.
Surprisingly enough, most teachers do not read more books than other adults. It is hard to pass on a love of reading if the educators do not have much time for it. Mother-daughter, mother-son and other book clubs help kids socialize and learn from others. This book also describes stories of how communities coalesced together to provide books to those in need. Also included are specific reading tips for caregivers to use to hook kids on books for life!
High SAT scores have been linked to parents who read to their kids every day, even after they can read on their own. My own parents required me to take the SAT once per year starting in seventh grade; the practice definitely improved my score. There are inequities in gender role expectations for kids; reading is considered more appropriate for girls, and boys tend to play sports more often. This shortchanges boys of their chances to succeed in school and further their education. In addition, kids who take classes with teachers who read to them and are enthusiastic about reading tend to read more on their own. Even fetuses' heart rates increase when they hear stories repeatedly while they are in utero.
Parents can take advantage of moments when teens are bored and read to them from their own reading material. I know that my own parents always had interesting books, magazines and newspapers around the house. Terrific writers read prolifically. Kids pick up grammar from hearing and reading it, and kids understand at a higher level than they read at. However, some books are written in such a style that does not lend themselves to being easily read aloud (the plots may be convoluted, etc.) The book details how to determine whether a book is a good read-aloud choice.
The book is terrific for teachers, librarians and parents who want to learn how to read aloud to kids effectively in order to get kids enthusiastic about reading! This can help caregivers with baby, preschool, and school-age reading programs. I was very lucky that my parents recognized the utility of public libraries and encouraged me to read what I liked (including series books). While some of the books I read would not be considered great works of literature, I now completely appreciate how much knowledge there is in the world; luckily for us, some of the authors spell out their ideas in fascinating books! Even though I have been a librarian for years, I feel that I did not truly appreciate how valuable reading can be for people until I read this book. I experimented with reading aloud to older kids myself as a result of reading this book with George's Marvelous Medicine by Roald Dahl to ten-year-olds, and they responded with gales of laughter! They absolutely loved it. Jim Trelease sheds a lot of light on exactly how books improve people's lives.
Jim Trelease is a parent, and his insights are extraordinary. He and his partner made a rule that there was no TV after dinner on weeknights, and the kids objected at first, but then an interesting thing happened. The kids worked more on puzzles and games, and family members talked to each other more. Trelease recommends the following book: Storytelling: Art and Technique by Ellin Greene. Greene's book puts storytelling in a historical context, and I am greatly enjoying her book.
- Jim Trelease's web site
- One Book, One City programs
- Virtual Middle School Library (maintained by a retired librarian)
- Great Web Sites for Kids by the American Library Association
- New York State Reading Association
- International Reading Association
- Oprah's Book Club
- Books on reading to kids
- National Reading Panel | <urn:uuid:fcfc0a7c-6c39-4f84-bd5c-7dac1e74196e> | {
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These days we are increasingly more curious and vigilant about what is in our food and drink than we ever have been. Of course, this applies to wine as well, and it’s something that wine producers are becoming more and more concerned about. In fact, according to Diva Wine, organic wine production in Australia increased 120% between 2011 and 2014, and this is, in part, a response to the consumer demanding more clarity about what they are drinking.
It’s great that people are more discerning about what they’re drinking, but there is a lot of misinformation out there, particularly about sulphur in wines. So what is sulphur? And why is it in our wine?
Sulphur Dioxide, or SO2 is a chemical compound made up of sulphur and oxygen. It’s naturally occurring in almost every food, and can also be produced in a lab. It’s used to preserve food and drink, due to its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. By law, if a wine contains more than 10 parts per million (ppm) of sulphites it must state “Contains Sulphites” on the label, which can be alarming when you pick up a bottle off the shelf! In the European Union, a wine may contain up to 210ppm sulphites, and in the United States the upper limit is 350ppm. Most organic or natural wines contain 10-40ppm, which is why you may have been told to stick to these by someone who believes that sulphites cause headaches.
Some people are sensitive to sulphites – it has been linked to an increase in asthma attacks, with 5-13% of asthma sufferers being allergic to sulphites. Compare this to a 2009 study done by New Scientist which suggested that less than 2% of the general population suffer from a sulphur allergy, it’s clear that those with asthma are more likely to suffer from a reaction to a high sulphur wine. There’s little evidence to suggest that sulphur is linked to headaches. In fact, you are more likely to suffer from allergies to dried fruit, which contain around 10 times the sulphur levels than your average bottle of red wine!
People tend to believe that red wine contains more sulphites – think of the “red wine headache” we have all thought we’ve had at some point. However this is a myth. Red wines usually contain about 25% less ppm than white wines do, and 60% less ppm than sweet wines. The reason for this is that almost all red wines undergo Malolactic Fermentation, and usually contain tannins, which help to stabilise the wines so less sulphur is needed. If you’re getting headaches after drinking red wine it’s more likely that you’re having a reaction to histamines or tannins, or maybe you are indulging a little too much! (hey, we’re all guilty of it sometimes…)
So what can you drink?
If you have a wine with no sulphites in it, great!! “Natural wines” do exist and their quality is only getting better. We don’t recommend keeping them for more than 6 months as they are more prone to oxidation and spoilage, so crack open that bottle this weekend and enjoy it! If you don’t have any, try an organic wine. To be a certified organic wine, a producer cannot add sulphites, but since they are naturally occurring during the fermentation process, some will still be present.
If you don’t want to invest in an organic wine or a natural wine (though there are some very affordable ones, check out our collection of organic wines here) you can avoid too many sulphites by choosing a European red, or checking to see if any of our wines have no sulphur added post fermentation, but don’t meet organic criteria!
Hopefully you’re now a bit more informed about sulphites in wines. Remember that all of our staff are WSET trained, and can help you in choosing the wine that’s right for you! | <urn:uuid:615724e6-d811-463b-bd5b-4cd4eaa16cc0> | {
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(CNNMoney) — Want to make money while helping the people around you? Impact investing may have the answer.
Funds that promise to put money to work for the good of society are growing fast, as investors look for alternatives to traditional assets.
So how does it work? Individuals invest in funds or organizations with a specific social or environmental purpose, such as building schools, hospitals or affordable housing – and they’re rewarded with a financial return.
Fund managers say the unique selling point of this kind of investing is an intentional, measurable social benefit. This sets impact investing apart from its older cousins — ethical or socially responsible investing, which try to avoid doing harm by excluding tobacco or arms companies from their portfolios.
And it appears to be catching on.
Investment bank JPMorgan, which runs several funds dedicated to social causes, says its clients were clueless about impact investing just three years ago.
Now they’re coming to the bank to pump money into socially conscious investment vehicles. A survey by the firm found investors plan to commit $9 billion this year.
World leaders are also throwing their weight behind the sector, agreeing at a G8 summit this year to create a task force aimed at expanding the market.
The global financial meltdown, financial scams and Wall Street misconduct have left many people disillusioned with traditional investments.
And growing awareness of inequality and diminishing natural resources is also fueling a hunger to do good with finance, particularly among young people.
So what about the return on your investment?
The market is still in its infancy and tends to be weighted to private equity or longer-term funds, meaning lots of projects haven’t yet had time to bear fruit.
Counting the number of jobs supported by a loan, or the amount of small businesses helped by micro-finance is straightforward.
Self proclaimed “profit with purpose” private equity firm LeapFrog Investments says 11 million people have benefited from its investments in emerging markets.
Calculating the longer-term social impact, such as a drop in crime or reduced welfare dependency, is much harder.
Social impact bonds are designed to show more clearly how finance can generate lasting benefits.
Launched three years ago in the U.K., and now also available in the U.S., Australia and Canada, this type of bond has been used to fund school mentors, for example. It pays out if truancy rates fall.
Getting involved is getting easier, for large and small players alike.
The Calvert Foundation offers impact investments from just $20. The group, which uses most of its capital to support projects in the U.S., has been paying returns to investors for years.
Its one-year fixed income product currently pays 0.5%. This rises to 1% over 3 years, and 3% on a 10-year term.
It won’t make you rich, but beats parking money in the bank.
Investments up to $1,000 can be made via MicroPlace, an online brokerage platform for social investing, where organizations seek backers for a variety of causes.
Calvert Foundation chief executive Jennifer Pryce says investors still need to do their homework, as fund managers are increasingly touting social investments without measurable benefit.
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frame typically identified as 3 to 5 to 10 years. A meaningful strategic plan is consistent with the mission statement of the organization. An effective strategic plan defines in detail the path by which the organization will attain its goals.
An operations plan includes the specific functions required to execute the strategic plan. The operations plan may focus on administrative, managerial, and production processes within the organization that enhance efficiency and effectiveness. An effective operations plan responds to gaps existing between resources and needs, including personnel and facilities. An effective operations plan is situation-sensitive. The operations plan is linked to the business of the parent organization.
The resources of an R&D organization include its personnel, facilities, finances, real estate, and the distribution and interrelationship of these elements. Resources drive the operations plan that binds the strategic plan that enables the mission within the vision.
Appendix B presents a summary of the presentation by Dr. John Sommerer, Head, Space Sector, and Johns Hopkins University Gilman Scholar, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, delivered March 19, 2012, at the National Research Council’s Workshop on Best Practices in Assessment of Research and Development organizations.4 The presentation highlighted the importance of alignment between an organization’s vision and its people, especially in an R&D laboratory.
So that an assessment can be appropriately tailored to achieve its purpose for a given organization, it is important to consider the factors relating to different types of R&D organizations, detailed below.
Types of Organization
In setting the context for an assessment, it is helpful to identify four types of R&D organizations (detailed discussion of the different forms of impact expected of these organizational types is presented in Chapter 5). Although no organization is a perfect match with a single type (e.g., federally funded research and development centers [FFRDCs]), the following general statements can be made:
1. Mission-specific organizations (e.g., National Institute of Standards and Technology [NIST], Army Research Laboratory [ARL]): The mission is clearly defined by the stakeholder, who is often responsible for commissioning external assessments that supplement the organization’s own self-assessment practices.
2. Industrial organizations (e.g., IBM, Microsoft Research, Dow Chemical Company), research institutes, and contract organizations: The mission is clearly defined by the organization, and assessment is typically internal.
3. Product-driven organizations (e.g., National laboratories [e.g., Sandia National Laboratories, Los Alamos National Laboratory): The key missions are defined by a stakeholder, with considerable discretion available to the organization’s management to define or seek new mission space. These R&D organizations are typically subject to all types of assessments.
4 National Research Council, 2012. Best Practices in Assessment of Research and Development Organizations: Summary of a Workshop. The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C. | <urn:uuid:93fc3245-46ec-4e1e-80f0-d81e2490488d> | {
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Skip to comments.Rewriting the dawn of civilization ( Was Göbekli Tepe the cradle of civilization? )
Posted on 01/03/2012 10:27:32 AM PST by Ernest_at_the_Beach
If National Geographic had more stories like this one, Id be inclined to subscribe. This is fascinating stuff.
Seven thousand years before Stonehenge was Göbekli Tepe in southern Turkey, where youll find ring upon ring of T-shaped stone towers arranged in a circle. Around 11,600 B.C. hundreds of people gathered on this mound, year after year, possibly for centuries.
There are plenty of mysteries on this hill. Some of the rocks weigh 16 tons, but archaeologists can find no homes, no hearths, no water source, and no sign of a town or village to support the hundreds of workers who built the rings of towers. The people apparently, unthinkably really, were nomadic, as far as we know, they had no wheels, and no beasts of burden. True hunter gatherers, whose first heavy building project was not a home to fend off the elements, but a religious sacred site.
Perhaps we should not be so surprised, after all, we know the pyramids, the largest and oldest surviving buildings didnt house people or grain either the only humans they keep warm were dead ones. In a sense, the theme repeats. It takes extraordinary expertise and effort to move tons of rock, especially if you dont have a trolley, let alone a crane, yet seemingly the first priority for our ancestors was not food or shelter, but just some respite from daily overbearing fears. Could it be some other reason than fear like the spectacle or festival (mentioned in the article) or the ever reliable search for status? Maybe, but its hard to believe these circles could be about power trips or parties if the there is no permanent settlement to reward the hierarchy.
Hat tip to GWPF which linked to the story: All You Know About The Neolithic Revolution May Be Wrong
Here are a few selected paragraphs:
Göbekli Tepe was built much earlier [than Stonehenge] and is made not from roughly hewn blocks but from cleanly carved limestone pillars splashed with bas-reliefs of animalsa cavalcade of gazelles, snakes, foxes, scorpions, and ferocious wild boars. The assemblage was built some 11,600 years ago, seven millennia before the Great Pyramid of Giza. It contains the oldest known temple. Indeed, Göbekli Tepe is the oldest known example of monumental architecturethe first structure human beings put together that was bigger and more complicated than a hut. When these pillars were erected, so far as we know, nothing of comparable scale existed in the world.
Within minutes of getting there, Schmidt says, he realized that he was looking at a place where scores or even hundreds of people had worked in millennia past. The limestone slabs were not Byzantine graves but something much older.
Inches below the surface the team struck an elaborately fashioned stone. Then another, and anothera ring of standing pillars. As the months and years went by, Schmidts team, a shifting crew of German and Turkish graduate students and 50 or more local villagers, found a second circle of stones, then a third, and then more. Geomagnetic surveys in 2003 revealed at least 20 rings piled together, higgledy-piggledy, under the earth.
Puzzle piled upon puzzle as the excavation continued. For reasons yet unknown, the rings at Göbekli Tepe seem to have regularly lost their power, or at least their charm. Every few decades people buried the pillars and put up new stonesa second, smaller ring, inside the first. Sometimes, later, they installed a third. Then the whole assemblage would be filled in with debris, and an entirely new circle created nearby. The site may have been built, filled in, and built again for centuries.
These people were foragers, Schmidt says, people who gathered plants and hunted wild animals. Our picture of foragers was always just small, mobile groups, a few dozen people. They cannot make big permanent structures, we thought, because they must move around to follow the resources. They cant maintain a separate class of priests and craft workers, because they cant carry around all the extra supplies to feed them. Then here is Göbekli Tepe, and they obviously did that.
Discovering that hunter-gatherers had constructed Göbekli Tepe was like finding that someone had built a 747 in a basement with an X-Acto knife. I, my colleagues, we all thought, What? How? Schmidt said. Paradoxically, Göbekli Tepe appeared to be both a harbinger of the civilized world that was to come and the last, greatest emblem of a nomadic past that was already disappearing. The accomplishment was astonishing, but it was hard to understand how it had been done or what it meant. In 10 or 15 years, Schmidt predicts, Göbekli Tepe will be more famous than Stonehenge. And for good reason.
I cant say Im totally convinced of the whole these, perhaps the wooden huts blew away or are buried under the hill next-door. But certainly the old neat theory is dead. It was thought that the Neolithic revolution began with farming. To manage the farms, people needed permanent housing. To manage the stores of grain, they needed a stable society. But some settlements have been discovered from as far back as 13,000 B.C. (around where Palestinians, Lebanese, and Israelis reside). So another theory suggests villages came first, then farming and religion.
Göbekli Tepe, to Schmidts way of thinking, suggests a reversal of that scenario: The construction of a massive temple by a group of foragers is evidence that organized religion could have come before the rise of agriculture and other aspects of civilization. It suggests that the human impulse to gather for sacred rituals arose as humans shifted from seeing themselves as part of the natural world to seeking mastery over it.
Im not too sold on theories of humans shifting to seek mastery and what not either (what human didnt want mastery over cold, hunger and disease?) So I think the motivating force is straight out fear. The sentient empathetic intelligent soul needs a salve for all the pain that would have been a regular part of Paleolithic life.
Today the closest known wild ancestors of modern einkorn wheat are found on the slopes of Karaca Dağ, a mountain just 60 miles northeast of Göbekli Tepe. In other words, the turn to agriculture celebrated by V. Gordon Childe may have been the result of a need that runs deep in the human psyche, a hunger that still moves people today to travel the globe in search of awe-inspiring sights.
The photo gallery is true Nat Geo quality.
Its worth a look (these photos here are not from Nat Geographic).
Read the whole story: The Birth of Religion at National Geographic.
1. Teomancimit : Gobekli Tepe, Urfa
2. Erkcan: The sculpture of an animal at Gobekli Tepe, close to Sanliurfa.
3. Teomancimit: Göbekli Tepe, Şanlıurfa
Interesting that even people who may not read or write understand that there is something way beyond themselves to which they are irrevocably tied, and feel the overwhelming need to build something marvelous to the glory of that Being.
Ancient Civ ping!
Reminds me of the excavation for the moon monolith in “2001”.
Link is just above the last photo....in the text.
I have a dumb question: What is the evidence that this structure, or in fact many of the old structures are temples or religious sites? I always see that the people studying them argue for religiosity, but when I see a pile of rocks, I don’t necessarily think that it must be religious. I never here an explanation as to why exactly it is considered religious...If anyone can enlighten me, I am willing...
....dig deeper and you will find stuff that humans have made...
...human nature is such that no matter how ancient, people like to dig and build things....always have, always will.
I am always surprised when people are "surprised" at what they find when they dig deeper...
...a good spot to build something now was a good spot before, and probably was since a great upheaval in earth's geography...
..I would speculate that the date of the "cradle of civilization" will be extended farther back in time as the people who study such things dig ever deeper.
The delusional childish utopian theorizing of Marxism drove the framing ideas of pre-civilized wild man the hunter-gatherer changing into civilized man with the advent of farming and the urbanity that farming brought. All hogwash! Balderdash.
**** “ The delusional childish utopian theorizing of Marxism drove the framing ideas of pre-civilized wild man the hunter-gatherer changing into civilized man with the advent of farming and the urbanity that farming brought. All hogwash! Balderdash.” *****
Exactly!!! Everyone knows it was when they invented BEER.
....I don't think so either...I could be just some guy or group who was/were experimenting with new designs?
"Academics" like to demonstrate their brilliance by attempting to assign some profound intellegence to ancients.....but ancients were just like us ......some people just like to tinker, build and innovate...
Old archaeological custom. Whenever they can't assign a particular purpose to an artifact or construction, they assume it is ceremonial or religious.
I looked through the linked article and a couple of the sub-links as well and can find nothing which states what evidence was used to arrive at the 11,600 BC dating. I would not necessarily dispute the date since I happen to believe that there were very likely human civilizations which predated and were destroyed / covered up by the last major ice age. But it would be nice if they mentioned what organic materials have been found in association with the site and depth that could have been used to determine the age of these particular monolithic constructions. Rocks in and of themselves tell nothing about when they were carved.
Beer/wine was surely part of it — of creating a viable urbanized culture that is. A protection against bearing grudges, at least. In order to dwell in close proximity, the socially explosive emotions of envy, revenge and jealousy have to be quelled.
Yet, I think that human cultures did not follow the childishly simple path Marxists and “Progressives” model it has. “Liberty” as a whole coin — one side social duty and the other social freedom I am certain played — the real role.
I’m just an ignorant non-intellectual, but after reading the Nat.G. article and viewing the pix, my opinion is that these works of man date from BEFORE the Noahic Flood. The reason that no dwellings, etc, have been found is because they were washed away in the Flood. Discoveries that are made nowadays, which still have dwellings, fireplaces, etc. intact, are obviously POST-Deluvian!
I find it fascinating to watch these so-called intellectuals and brilliant minds, tie themselves in knots to come up with some scenario; ANY scenario, for what may have happened there, just as long as they can leave GOD out of their thought processes, and N-E-V-E-R mention the Scriptures or any connection Biblical history might have thereto!
The entire 2nd Chapter of Psalms comes to mind:
Psa 2:1 Why do the heathen rage, and the people imagine a vain thing?
Psa 2:2 The kings of the earth set themselves, and the rulers take counsel together, against the LORD, and against his anointed, saying,
Psa 2:3 Let us break their bands asunder, and cast away their cords from us.
Psa 2:4 He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision.
Psa 2:5 Then shall he speak unto them in his wrath, and vex them in his sore displeasure.
Psa 2:6 Yet have I set my king upon my holy hill of Zion.
Psa 2:7 I will declare the decree: the LORD hath said unto me, Thou art my Son; this day have I begotten thee.
Psa 2:8 Ask of me, and I shall give thee the heathen for thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for thy possession.
Psa 2:9 Thou shalt break them with a rod of iron; thou shalt dash them in pieces like a potter’s vessel.
Psa 2:10 Be wise now therefore, O ye kings: be instructed, ye judges of the earth.
Psa 2:11 Serve the LORD with fear, and rejoice with trembling.
Psa 2:12 Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, and ye perish from the way, when his wrath is kindled but a little. Blessed are all they that put their trust in him.
It would be instructive if one of the “all scientists are moronic fakes” crowd could speculate on what use or reason other than religion could have given rise to this monument. Are these the garden gnomes of the time? Just something to do with folk’s free time?
Good article. Thank You.
“It would be instructive if one of the all scientists are moronic fakes crowd could speculate on what use or reason other than religion could have given rise to this monument.”
Maybe their team won the Pre-history Bowl that year.
They have a carving of Serpent Head Carville.
Thanks for posting! Fascinating stuff.
Because there’s no utility to it. It wasn’t a private residence (as even a palace would be), judging from the fact that it was open-air.
I find it fascinating to watch these so-called intellectuals and brilliant minds, tie themselves in knots to come up with some scenario; ANY scenario, for what may have happened there, just as long as they can leave GOD out of their thought processes, and N-E-V-E-R mention the Scriptures or any connection Biblical history might have thereto!There's no connection with the Scriptures because the site is 9000 years old, or 3000 years before Genesis. The OT mentions other sites specifically, some of which have been found by the same (or transliterated) names, because they were capitals of various neighboring groups.
|GGG managers are SunkenCiv, StayAt HomeMother & Ernest_at_the_Beach|
Thanks Ernest_at_the_Beach for the topic and ping, and thanks BenLurkin for the additional ping.
By the weirdest coincidence, if you visit the FR religion forum, you find it is filled with bloodthirsty troglodytes clubbing each other to death...
IMO, "cradle" is a misuse here. The people who built this place were somewhat beyond the cradle.
We just watched a show about this on Netflix a couple of days ago. Interesting theories. Thanks for posting!
Was VGöbekli Tepe the cradle of civilization?
Necessary to the health of the tribe. You need to interact with other groups so you need a place where you are sure to meet them and a place that is under a "peace bond" if you will.
So you set it up in a way that people can see it from a long way off thus the tall standing stones. Each tribe sets up a pillar and carve it with pictures to show it was theirs.
They rebuilt as old tribes died out or were absorbed by other tribes and new tribes were formed.
If it was a religious site then there should have been housing for a permanent staff of priests and their families as religious sites need to be tended. Can't have the gods getting ticked because some wolf peed on the stone sacred to Og lord of the trouser snake.
Meeting and trading centers have no such requirements, when you are done you just go.
Exactly!!! Everyone knows it was when they invented BEER.
Thanks for the link!!!
This site is part of the “Ancient Aliens” shows on the History Channel.
Say what you will about these guys, no one has been able to satisfactorily explain to me how these ancient cultures were able to mill gigantic stones into absolutely straight edges with smooth stones containing entaglio carvings or recess niches, also with straight edges and even depths.
You can theorize about hauling huge stones all you want, but cutting them, grinding them smooth, and doing the entaglio carving perfectly seems a bit out of the grasp of ancient bronze tools.
Again ... Thanks for the link ...
I just thought that I would expand on it ... Beer may have been given to us by Aliens (and if I knew how to post pictures I’d post the Alien guy with the Hair and Brown Suit)
Thanks again ... my buddies are all getting a kick out of the Vid
Wow ... hadn’t read your post but it was kinda cool the way they meshed.
As far as the Stone cutting and moving ... seeing some of those sites is definitely on my bucket list.
I also had an idea ... in the vid they mentioned how many gallons of beer it took to build the great pyramid ... some fairly simple math from then to now and we should be able to deduce the inflation rate using a REAL Monetary Base and therefore establish the value of anything in today’s market.
Just one more thing that Beer can do
Unfortunately every time I see an issue the lead story is always "How Global Warming will Drink Your Baby's Blood and Shoot Your Dog" etc.
Follow up (it’s always WHY)
Those Stones that they carved were also harder than the tools that they had available and ... they did not have the wheel and ... WHY did they feel the need to move (Import) them such a distance when easier to work materials were right there.
Just a couple more things that make ya go hmmmmmm
Here’s another puzzling thing that archeologists never explain.
There are several civilizations that have tombs cut deep into the bedrock or laid out with access throuh corridors deep in the pyramid or whatever structure. Many of the corridors and of course the tombs themselves are decorated with glyphs and painted scenes.
So how did the artists/carvers get enough light to carve and paint these tombs since they are absolutely black inside them when the archeologists of our time explore them with electric lights?
The usual answer is torches—but the ceilings of the corridors, tombs and painted scenes show no traces of soot from torches. How’d they do that?
Good question. Tomb builders, plasterers and tomb painters were issued candles, which were carefully accounted for and recorded by scribes. From these records we know that the day was split into two four-hour shifts with a break between.
The candles were constructed of canvas twisted into 35 cm lengths and bound spirally with linen webbing. This wick was then smeared with fat mixed with salt - the salt considerably reduced the amount of smoke and soot produced. These candles could not be held in the hand; instead they were placed singly or in groups of three in tall jars placed on shelves or in special niches in the walls.
One record states that 32 candles were used in a tomb every day for 22 days; another says that between 52 and 58 candles were used daily in a royal tomb.
So the clever addition of salt to the candle-fat prevented smoke and soot blackening the tomb or leaving any traces today.
Beginning with a structural examination of the pillars, Banning suggests they are placed and buttressed in a manner that would have supported overhead wooden beams, which in turn would have been thatched. There are several hints (ranging from grooves and notches to wood) that this may in fact have been the case, and Banning has sketched one possible layout:
http://genealogyreligion.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Gobekli-draw-better.jpg Göbeklis T-shaped pillars are arranged in the round and may seem completely unique (which they are in terms of size alone), yet it turns out that similar pillars and arrangements are found at other Neolithic sites in the area, and in several cases these structures are residential.
I’m with you about your skepticism on how some of these sites were constructed, but I don’t think there is any reason to think that aliens had anything to do with it. I think we simply underestimate the technology that was available at certain points in the ancient world.
Archaelogists seem to assume that people were as primitive as possible, until they find artifacts or documents that prove otherwise. I’m of the opinion that ancient man was just as intelligent and inventive as we are, though he had a smaller base of knowledge to draw on, and less opportunity to transmit new knowledge to others. So, I think a lot of these “anamolies” might be explained by local technologies that were either kept secret or just never had the opportunity to be transmitted and adopted on a wider scale.
For example, they’ve recently found evidence that ancients were using large, water-wheel powered band saws to cut stone blocks with precision in one location. It’s possible that this was more widespread and the mills just didn’t survive or haven’t been recognized as such since the archaeologists aren’t looking for them. Who knows what other technology the ancients had that was lost in the countless wars, razings of cities, and burnings of libraries that happened in the ancient world?
If we don’t need alien technology to make impressive stone monuments, then I figure there’s no reason to assume the ancients did either.
I don’t see any water source for a mill/bandsaw anywhere near most of these sites located on hills or barren plateaus.
Have you seen the pics of the ruins of Puma Punku in Bolivia? Of all ancient ruins, Puma Punku is the most mystifying to me. Check out this story and accompanying pics.
Note in the story that the stones are either granite or diorite which are extremely hard to cut and probably would need diamond cutting tools.
I don’t believe that you could develop the tools and the sophisticated technical knowledge of engineering without writing and a way to transmit the knowledge so you lose me there with the argument that somehow our same species was able to do all this and then completely lost the knowledge—on a worldwide basis. How and why?
I’m willing to be persuaded that civilizations 12,000 years ago had this technology and somehow we are left with only the ruins and not their tools—but I haven’t been persuaded yet. Remember that we haven’t found much of human existence on this planet back beyond 10-12,000 years.
I’m still looking for answers but I’m not sure why a visit from space by other worlders is more fantastic than the idea that Earth had insanely technological human societies that appeared full blown and then degenerated into primititive human societies.
“I dont see any water source for a mill/bandsaw anywhere near most of these sites located on hills or barren plateaus.”
Yes, but the power source isn’t the essential element, you could just as easily power it by a team of oxen or donkeys pushing a wheel around. The essential thing is that some ancients at least were able to construct machine tools that were not too far from what we use today.
I haven’t heard of that site, thanks I will check it out. Regarding the granite/diorite, it’s very hard yes, but diamonds aren’t required to cut it, just to cut it more effectively. You could just do it with sand and water but it would take much longer. That’s why the “ancient aliens” hypothesis doesn’t pass Occam’s razor, as far as I’m concerned. All these structures are explicable by means that are less far-fetched than aliens flying all this way just to teach us how to build big buildings.
In some cases, we do have both the monuments and the tools, and there isn’t that much mystery as to how they were constructed. The Giza pyramids, for example, we have tools and toolmarks and half-quarried blocks that let us know with a certainty that humans milled these stones. We may not know the exact method they used to stack them up, but we know humans cut the rocks out, so there’s no reason to assume the rest wasn’t done by humans as well.
I think you are probably underestimating the odds of alien contact, while overestimating the technology needed to build these monuments. They are impressive, but at the same time, it doesn’t take a lot of advanced knowledge to figure out how to cut and move stones, just some simple machines, a little ingenuity, and a lot of manpower.
I also don’t think we lost the knowledge or technology to do these things. We never forgot how to build pulleys, ramps, saws, wedges, etc. We may have lost specific know how about building techniques, but that isn’t a big mystery. Someone in modern day France might have a hell of a time trying to build a Gothic Cathedral nowadays, even though we know they were built by man. We just don’t use the same techniques as those builders, because we came up with easier or more effective techniques. Once humans figured out how to cast concrete and fire mass amounts of brick effectively, we probably had no need to use those old stone building techniques anymore, and they died out with the masons who knew them.
Oh another thing that you said in an earlier post that I wanted to address... the ancient bronze tools comment. There is a lot of misconception about ancient tools. Most people still think bronze tools were inferior, because everyone knows the Bronze Age came before the Iron Age. Actually, bronze is harder, lighter, easier to shape, and less brittle than iron, so it is in all ways a better metal for tools and weapons than iron was. It was not until steel tools became prevalent that we had better hand tools than bronze ones.
The reason the Iron Age follows the Bronze Age is not because the tools became better, just more widely available. Bronze was hard to come by because tin is quite a rare metal, where iron can be found nearly anywhere. Once people figured out how to refine iron into a halfway decent substitute for bronze, its use exploded, even though the tools were actually inferior. Perhaps that is one reason that these monuments fell out of favor as well. The new tools just might not have gotten the job done.
Disclaimer: Opinions posted on Free Republic are those of the individual posters and do not necessarily represent the opinion of Free Republic or its management. All materials posted herein are protected by copyright law and the exemption for fair use of copyrighted works. | <urn:uuid:be9ee6ab-5777-47df-b59c-e765bbd451be> | {
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How to: Test a Private Method
You can test both public and private methods using unit tests. As with public methods, unit tests for private methods are created automatically when you generate tests from the code you want to test.
Although you can manually code unit tests to test any method, this task is more difficult for private than for public methods because it requires a deeper understanding of the intricacies of reflection. You will therefore find it advantageous to generate tests for private methods instead of coding them by hand.
When you generate a unit test for a private method, a private accessor is automatically created. A private accessor is a method that the test method uses to access the private code. The unit test generates a call to the private accessor, and then calls the private method through the private accessor. The private accessor resides in a file that is part of your test project; therefore it is compiled into your test project assembly.
If the signature for a private method changes, you must update the unit test that exercises that private method. For more information, see.
To generate a unit test for a private method
Open a source code file that contains a private method.
Right-click the private method, and select Create Unit Tests.
This displays the Create Unit Tests dialog box. In the visible tree structure, only check box for the private method is selected.
(Optional) In the Create Unit Tests dialog box, you can change the Output project. You can also click Settings to reconfigure the way unit tests are generated.
This creates a new file named VSCodeGenAccessors, which contains special accessor methods that retrieve values of private entities in the class being tested. You can see the new file displayed in Solution Explorer in the test project folder.
If your test project had no unit tests before this point, a source code file to house unit tests is also created. As with the file that contains private accessors, the file that contains unit tests is also visible in your test project in Solution Explorer.
Open the file that contains your unit tests and scroll to the test for the private method. Find the statements that are marked with // TODO: comments and complete them by following the directions in the comments. This helps the test produce more accurate results. For more information, see.
The unit test for the private method is now ready to run. For information about running unit tests, see. | <urn:uuid:37d7fd34-dad7-449c-98ec-a17cf8880878> | {
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Strip-tillage in California’s Central Valley
click image to zoomJeff MitchellFigure 7. Strip-tilled forage corn stand, Frank Gwerder Dairy, Modesto, California, 2007. At ten San Joaquin Valley farms in 2007, we compared stand establishment following strip-tillage with plant stands achieved with traditional tillage (fig. 7). Forage corn producers using strip-tillage tend to seek populations of between 28,000 and 36,000 plants per acre. While there were slight differences in stands achieved in strip-tilled fields relative to traditional tilled fields, particularly at a site in Turlock where strip-tilling was done before pre-irrigating and at a site in Hanford where a higher seeding rate was used in the traditional till field, generally adequate stands have been achieved using strip-till.
Early season weed control is critical for successful strip-till production because the entire soil surface is not tilled. Weeds and weed seeds in the inter-row spaces that would otherwise be buried in a conventional broadcast tillage are not disturbed or displaced in a strip-tillage system, causing increased weed densities early in the season. However, buried weed seeds are also not brought to the surface strip-till. To date, weed management in San Joaquin Valley triple-crop systems has generally been accomplished by use of Roundup Ready corn varieties and by in-season application of glyphosate. Data from our experiments at 8 locations in the San Joaquin Valley in 2007 indicated that fewer weeds emerged in the strip-till than in the traditional tillage plots at several locations. All of these locations had Roundup Ready varieties of corn and glyphosate was applied once after corn emergence. The higher weed densities in strip-tillage plots were noticed in fields where the glyphosate application was delayed. Most of the weed population at these sites was comprised of volunteer cereals from preceding rotations and pigweeds (Amaranthus spp.). Preventing weed competition during the first few weeks of corn establishment is very important to avoid yield losses. In the current strip-till systems in the San Joaquin Valley, the norm is one application of glyphosate after corn planting. Thus, proper timing of this erbicide application is very important. Studies should be conducted to ascertain the effect of the timing of glyphosate application on forage yield under strip-tillage systems. Also, the use of preemergence herbicides and alternative weed management strategies also should be explored.
Over time, with less deep tillage in a strip-till system and as more residues cover the soil, fewer surface weeds may emerge in strip-tillage systems than emerge under traditional tillage. But the primary means for weed control in strip-till systems in these dairies are timely glyphosate applications with Roundup Ready corn and cultivation when weeds are small.
- Unmanned aerial vehicles advance agriculture
- Divergent livestock futures highlighted Wednesday's market action
- Update on corn and soybean acreage
- China's cotton growing area, yield expected to decline in 2014
- Farm auction in McLean County, Ill., drew 40 bidders
- Pesticide Safety Education program reaches a 50-year milestone
- U.S. GMO labeling foes triple spending in first half of this year
- Activists fighting Golden Rice even more in 2014
- Source shows half of GMO research is independent
- White House issues veto threat on bill to block WOTUS rule
- Stoller soybean research produces 214 bushels per acre
- Ag markets turned generally mixed Monday morning | <urn:uuid:daa29784-1881-499d-9369-8874d3c8eccd> | {
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What do graphic designers do?
Graphic design is considered as one of the toughest profession that requires little amount of knowledge, talent and the intelligence to succeed in this field. They usually work with the words images and media. With the help of technology they create the multimedia and visual presentation. They usually interact with the professionals, managers, customers and clients. These professionals require the basic skills like cognition, art, business, technology and the interpersonal relations to excel in this field.
What do graphic designers do?
Top Graphic artist is an artist who works with words, images, and the media. They utilize the advanced technology to create visual and the multimedia presentations.
A designer must develop this skill, as this skill is about thinking and acquiring the knowledge. Yet they have good creativity and well organized mind. They make use of both the sides like left and right sides of their brain. They think visually and project it from the beginning stage till end. They must also have problem solving skills along with decision and judgment making.
Organizational skill and the time management are the most common skills required for the designer to complete the multiple tasks. They must have strict deadlines to meet out the budgetary constrain.
Time management along with the organizational skills is very important for the top graphic designers to work on the multiple projects at the same time that contain strict deadlines along with the budgetary packages.
Graphic designers has become as a technical profession within short span of time. At present condition it is difficult to compete with the designers. Top graphic designers are also considered as multimedia experts and digital photographer. Graphic artist has to adapt the new techniques to survive in their field.
Designers are otherwise called as artist as they have the solid understanding with the color, composition line and the designs. They create charts; graphs, symbols and the images to prepare new coherent message.
In business graphic designs influence the customers to purchase the product. Graphic artist set a new method based on the situation for presenting, packing, selling and marketing their own product and the ideas to the clients.
Entry level graphic design jobs will help you to work with the professionals, clients, managers, vendors and with their fellow designers like a part of their team. They must maintain good customer relationship with their clients.
It has become a popular trend for businesses to gain popularity online.Sponsoring a logo design contest is the most effective endeavor to standout in the marketplace. Several businesses are conducting online design competitions to get professional and unique art including logos, web site template, business card, graphic poster and many other kinds of graphic designs.
Graphic design competitions
It is the best platform for the talented designers.Any business man can conduct the graphic design completion through online and can utilize the best design and the designer for marketing the products in business.
This type of competition offers a great cash prize, good feedback, precise instruction along with good encouragement to be successful in their field. | <urn:uuid:f78a32c3-c510-4f5a-b8e8-246168209737> | {
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Aphasia is a communication disorder that results from damage to the parts of the brain that contain language, typically in the left half of the brain. It's more common in older adults, particularly those who have had a stroke.People with aphasia make mistakes in the words they use, sometimes using the wrong sounds in a word, choosing the wrong word, or putting words together incorrectly.
Aphasia typically occurs suddenly after a stroke or a head injury.stroke, thought to be the most common cause, around one in three people experience some degree of aphasia after having a stroke. Some of these can include brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, and progressive neurological disorders.
Incidence and Prevalence
Prevalence rate for aphasia is approximately 1 in 240 persons or on an average of 0.37% people in USA. Extrapolated prevalence, 1,079,615. Population Estimated Used, 293,655,405. Fifteen percent of individuals under the age of 65 experience aphasia; this percentage increases to 43% for individuals 85 years of age and older No significant differences have been found in the incidence of aphasia in men and women. However, some data suggest differences may exist by type and severity of aphasia. | <urn:uuid:d0616dbb-8605-4ebc-b11b-8c3f3de4b2f3> | {
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ORONO, Maine — If NASA successfully builds a spacecraft large enough to carry astronauts to Mars, the ship will need to be able to slow down from 10,000 miles per hour in order enter the planet’s atmosphere and safely land.
Though a manned-mission to the planet may be many years away, NASA is already developing the devices needed for such a trip, and those devices need to be tested.
That’s where University of Maine research engineers come in.
Engineers working the university’s Advanced Structures and Composites Center are currently testing materials and and parts that will be used in the construction of a piece of equipment that may one day be used to help a human-baring ship reach Mars.
The device, called a Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator, which the engineers refer to as a HIAD, is made of inflatable tubes of differing sizes stacked one on top of the other to create a cone-shaped structure. The HIAD would be deployed nose first in front of a spacecraft, slowing the entire apparatus down, like a reverse parachute, as it enters Mars’s atmosphere.
The inflatable tubes are made of a firmly woven fabric and strengthened with one inch-wide cords that can carry up to 7,000 pounds of weight.
Everything from the strength of the fibers that make up the fabric, to the angle of the weave, to amount of air used to inflate the tubes must be tested in order to predict how the device will behave once it’s under pressure.
“It’s nice to make a contribution to something of this type,” said Bill Davids, the UMaine engineer who is working on the project.
“It’s a bit intimidating at first,” he added. “You’re working with NASA. With NASA you’re working on a technology that they envisioned and developed some years ago, but there are some holes.”
The engineers take 3-D photographs of the materials they are testing, as they use machinery to stretch, twist, inflate and deflate the parts. They send data back to NASA on how the materials performed.
“We test the little things and then use a model to predict how the big thing behaves,” Davids explained. “It’s really critical to build your knowledge from the ground up, to understand how the individual constituents behave.”
“We don’t have the facilities to test the full size [HIADs] on Earth,” added Josh Clapp, a doctoral student who is working on the project.
Clapp said NASA envisions a spacecraft carrying astronauts would need to be weigh about 40 to 80 tons. The most recent spacecraft to go to Mars weighed less than one ton.
Davids said interest in sending a manned mission to Mars has waxed and waned over the years, but recently it’s become a possibility again.
The data the UMaine engineers are generating will help NASA determine how large and heavy the HIAD should be, which will impact how quickly it will slow the spacecraft down.
UMaine was picked by NASA to work on this project more than a year ago in part because of another project on inflatable structures that the researchers at the Advanced Structures and Composites Center worked on with the U.S. Army.
For that project, which ran from 2005 to 2011, Davids, Clapp and others worked on inflatable tents and storage facilities. That work helped lay the groundwork for the NASA project, Davids said.
“There aren’t that many people in the U.S., or around the world, working on these sorts of things,” he said.
NASA awarded UMaine $750,000 for this project, he said. This summer, three UMaine undergraduate students are working on the project full time and during the year, five to six undergraduates help out.
“It really helps support education as well,” he said. | <urn:uuid:c9930c76-9209-422f-af04-e3aac4a6b1b1> | {
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Gathang is the language of the people known as the Birrbay, Warrimay and Guringay. Years ago, Gathang speakers would have been multilingual, also speaking the languages of their neighbours. There are significant social relationships amongst Birrbay, Anaiwan (Nganyawana), Dhanggati and Gumbaynggirr peoples, including a shared set of marriage sections. The Guringay marriage sections are shared with the Wanarruwa, who spoke the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie (HRLM), Darkinyung and Gamilaraay peoples.
Whilst it is impossible to put precise boundaries on language groups, we can speak generally. Gathang was spoken between the Wilson River (north of Port Macquarie, including the hinterland, as far as the Falls Country) and Port Stephens in the south, and as far west as Maitland, Paterson and Gloucester. Their neighbours are Dhanggati in the north, the language from the Hunter River and Lake Macquarie (HRLM) south of Port Stephens, which is also known by the names Awabakal, Kuringgay, Wonnaruwa, and possibly Kayawaykal.
Gathang language is classified as a Pama-Nyungan language. Recent studies indicate a close grammatical relationship with HRLM. There are many cognates (words which occur in both languages) as well as many structural similarities between the two languages. There are also a significant number of cognates in Gathang with Gumbaynggirr. There are many definitions in the Gathang vocabulary which have two words, where one word has a cognate from the south (HRLM) and the other has a cognate in the north, either Gumbaynggirr or Dhanggati.
Today, many Birrbay, Warrimay and Guringay people are involved in revitalising Gathang language, by learning language and using it in such areas as speeches, artwork, and radio broadcasting, and in naming people, organisations and buildings.
Alternative spellings include: Bahree, Cottong, Gadang, Gadhang, Guttahn, Karrapath, Carapath, Katanga, Kathang, Kattang, Katthung, Kittang, Kutthack, Kutthung, Watthung, Molo, Port Stephens tribe, Warimi, Warramie, Warrimee, Watthungk, Wattung, Worimi, Warrangine, Wannungine, Buraigal, Gamipingal, Maiangal, Garuagal, Gooreeggai, Goreenggai, Gourenggai, Gingai, Gooreenggai, Gringai, Birripai, Bripi, Biripai etc.
Gathang is characterised by having:
- Three vowels: i, a and u, each of which can also be pronounced as a longer vowel ii, aa and uu. It is not known if vowel length is contrastive. There are 13 consonants. The writing system developed for Gathang uses the voiced series for stops, and includes both pronunciations of the laminal stop (dh ~dj) and nasal (nh ~ny): b, d, dh ~dj, g, m, n, nh ~ny (~yn), ng, r, rr, l, w, y.
- Variant forms for words ending in a nasal have alternate pronunciations which end in a stop eg. Marrung ~marruk good, bakan ~bakat stone or rock.
- A system of noun suffixing (tag endings) to mark the grammatical roles of subject, object and agent, and other suffixes indicate instrument, location, movement towards, movement from, cause etc.
- Verbs have three tenses, past, present-habitual and future. Other suffixes convey different meanings, including ‘in order to’ do something, ‘want’ and ‘must’ do something, and ‘be’ something.
- Free word order, although there is a tendency towards agent – object – verb in a transitive sentence, unless there is focus on a non-agent participant.
Language Resources and Recordings
The historical record for Gathang language is, unfortunately, not particularly large in quantity or high in quality. Conversely, there are many place names in Gathang country in use in modern times, more than is usually found in NSW.
Several people recorded the language in the 1900s, with varying degrees of accuracy. In 1887 Curr published the earliest word list, compiled by John Branch. Enright wrote a description of the language and wordlist published in 1900. In 1929, the American linguist Gerhardt Laves worked with Charlie Briggs, Bill Dungie, Charlie Bugg, Jim Moy, Albert Lobban, Hannah Bugg, Susna Russell, Ted Lobban, Mrs Russell, Laves’ work is in the form of unpublished field notes. In 1961 an unknown compiler worked with Jim Davies. The linguist Nils Holmer made audio recordings in the 1960s with Eddie Lobban and Fred Bugg. From this he compiled a grammar, a wordlist and also published traditional and non traditional stories.
Following consultation with Gathang community groups and individuals, Muurrbay-MRALC linguist Amanda Lissarrague analysed the data from these and other sources, and we published A grammar and dictionary of Gathang: the language of the Birrbay, Guringay and Warrimay in 2010. This provides a collection of all that is known about Gathang language at this point, a standardised writing system and will serve as a reference for the production of teaching and learning materials.
The main published texts are:
Branch, J 1887 “No 186: Port Macquarie” in EM Curr (ed.), The Australian Race. Melbourne: John Ferres, Government printer, 3:338-350.
Elkin, AP 1932 “Notes on the Social Organisation of the Worimi, A Kattang-Speaking People”. In Oceania, 2(3), 359-63.
Enright, WJ 1900 “The language, weapons and manufactures of the Aborigines of Port Stephens, NSW”. In Journal of the Royal Society of NSW, 34:103-18.
Enright, W J.1933. “Social Divisions of the Birripai”. In Mankind 1(5):102.
Holmer, N 1966, An attempt towards a comparative grammar of two Australian languages, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.
Holmer, N. 1967. An attempt towards a comparative grammar of two Australian languages, Part 2 Indices and vocabularies of Kattang and Thangatti, Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.
Holmer, NM & Holmer, V, 1969, Stories from two native tribes of eastern Australia, Carl Bloms Boktryckeri, Lund.
Gathang welcome to/acknowledgement of country
Gathang Welcome to Country
Minyang nyura wubaliyn?
Nyura yiigu marala barraygu.
(Yii barraba barray.)
Yii Gathangguba barray.
Welcome. What are you doing? You have come here. (This is my country.) This is Gathang country. Let us go together.
( You can leave out line three to do an acknowledgement of country.)
Below is a breakdown in more detail showing how the words are formed according to the rules of Gathang grammar.
Minyang nyura wuba-li-yn?
what you.all do-ing-PRES
What are you doing? (A common way of greeting is to ask a question.)
Nyura yii-gu mara-la barray-gu.
you.all here-to come-have country-to.
You have come here, to this country.
(Yii barraba barray.)
this my country
This is my country.
Yii Gathang-guba barray.
this Gathang-‘s country
This is Gathang country.
Let us go together.
Worth Place Park – Honeysuckle Newcastle 2009
In 2007 Lillian Eastwood from the Guraki Aboriginal Advisory Committee of City of Newcastle Council consulted Muurrbay linguist Amanda Lissarrague outlining the possibility of incorporating local languages from Warrimay (Gathang) and the language from the Hunter River – Lake Macquarie for a public artwork commissioned by the Honeysuckle Development Corporation, Newcastle.
This sculpture designed by Zenscapes Landscape Architects Milne and Stonehouse, reflects layers of Aboriginal and English languages, and historically aspects of geology, maritime, and mining that continues to be evident in and around the mouth of the Hunter River.
“The languages and the representation of the midden in the artwork, convey the message that Aboriginal people occupied that space from long ago and had a great diverse life on the river. I personally believe if we can add and build the layer of Aboriginal language and history into the fabric of the Newcastle landscape then we build hopefully a safer, more tolerant and inclusive Novocastrian community” (Lillian Eastwood). | <urn:uuid:d4a0ebb1-e6d8-4722-a05e-dbf552f1f86d> | {
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There were 403,000 marathon finishers in 2007 (28). This 36% increase since 2000 occurred despite the fact that running marathons incurs a small risk for sudden cardiac death (18-21) and is specifically proscribed for those at high cardiovascular disease risk (21). On average, eight sudden cardiac deaths occur per 1,000,000 participants, or approximately two deaths per million hours of vigorous exercise (21). The most common location for these sudden deaths is within 1.6 km of the finish (21). Autopsies show coronary atherosclerosis is the primary underlying cause (21). Marathon participation is negatively impacted by the media attention given to these deaths, resulting in less public support for the event. Little is written about the health benefits of marathoning to counter the somewhat exaggerated portrayal of its risk. Whether the health benefits of marathoning outweigh its risks will depend in part on whether there are additional benefits to marathon training and participation beyond those that could be obtained by accumulating the same annual mileage throughout the year.
This report compares the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes by marathon participation rates in over 100,000 men and women who completed baseline surveys for the National Runners' Health Study between 1991 and 2000. We have previously shown that annual running distance is inversely associated to the prevalence of these conditions cross-sectionally (37) and to the incidence of these conditions prospectively during the 7.8-yr follow-up (34). Marathon training necessarily requires long training distances, which may simply translate into greater annual mileage with increased participation. Therefore, the hypothesis to be tested is whether the prevalence of these conditions decreases with marathon participation when adjusted for total annual mileage. We also test whether faster finish times are related to lower prevalence of these conditions, and whether this differs from their expected prevalence given the runners' cardiorespiratory fitness as estimated from their 10-km performance times (37). Finally, we consider more generally the importance of longer training runs in the prevention of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes when adjusted for total mileage. This was done because long training runs are characteristic of marathon preparation, which could account for decreased hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes with marathon participation.
The design and the baseline characteristics of the National Runners' Health Study have been reported previously (30-38). Briefly, a two-page questionnaire, distributed nationally at races and to subscribers of the nation's largest running magazine (Runner's World, Emmaus, PA), solicited information on demographics, running history, weight history, diet (vegetarianism and the current weekly intakes of alcohol, red meat, fish, fruit, vitamin C, vitamin E, and aspirin), cigarette use, and medications for blood pressure, thyroid conditions, cholesterol levels, or diabetes. Runners were excluded if they smoked or followed strict vegetarian diets. All participants signed a statement of informed consent in accordance with the study protocol approved by the Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects University of California, Berkeley review board.
Marathon participation was determined by the survey questions "How many marathons did you run during the previous five years (write zero if none)?" and "What was your best marathon time during the previous five years (minutes, leave blank if none)." Running distances, reported in miles run per week, have been shown to have a strong correlation between repeated questionnaires (r = 0.89) (31). Running was the predominant physical activity of the study population. Although other leisure-time physical activities were not recorded for many in this cohort, data from runners recruited after 1998 (when the question was introduced in the survey) show that running represents (mean ± SD) 91.5% ± 19.1% and 85.2% ± 24.0% of all vigorously intense activity in men and women, respectively, and 73.5% ± 23.7% and 69.4% ± 25.7% of total leisure-time physical activity. Use of antidiabetic, antihypertensive, or LDL-cholesterol-lowering medications was reported by the participants as part of their baseline survey.
Table 1 presents means ± SD for all variables assessed; all other statistics are expressed as mean ± SE or coefficients ± SE. The logistic regression models (JMP version 5.1, SAS Institute, Cary, SC) were computed with the log odds of medication users as linear functions of annual distances and marathon participation rates.
There were 62,284 male and 45,040 female nonsmoking runners who provided complete information on usual running distance and body mass index (BMI). By self-report, 31.7% of men and 29.1% of women ran 0.2 and 0.8 marathons per year, 8.6% of men and 4.4% of women ran between 1.0 and 1.8 marathons per year, and 3.8% of men and 1.5% of women ran an average of ≥2 marathons per year. Table 1 shows that the more avid marathoners tended to be older, somewhat more educated, consume less meat and more fruit, and were generally leaner than nonmarathoners. As expected, total annual running distance increased with participation, and those who ran more marathons were fitter as measured by their 10-km performance times.
Annual marathon participation
Table 2 shows that men who ran more marathons per year had significantly lower odds for using medications, which remained significant when adjusted for annual running distance. Adjustment for BMI had little effect on their odds ratios. Marathon participation was also associated with lower use of LDL-cholesterol-lowering and antidiabetic medications in women, but not when adjusted for annual distance. Although women and men had similar adjusted odds ratio for the cholesterol-lowering medications, the women's odds ratio probably failed to achieve statistical significance due to insufficient statistical power. Adjustment for the 10-km performance time in addition to annual mileage did not eliminate the significance of the odds ratios for marathons per year versus antihypertensive (P = 0.005), LDL-cholesterol-lowering (P = 0.02), or antidiabetic medications (P = 0.002) in the 49,755 men who provided these data (analyses not displayed).
Figure 1 (left) shows that compared with nonmarathoners, men who averaged 0.2-0.8 marathons per year had 13% lower odds for antihypertensive medication use, 22% lower odds for LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use, and 32% lower odds for antidiabetic medication use when adjusted for annual mileage (km·yr−1). There were significant incremental reductions in antihypertensive medication use in men who ran ≥1.0 vis-à-vis 0.2 to 0.8 marathons per year (P < 0.0001) and ≥2 vis-à-vis 1 to 1.8 marathons per year (P = 0.03). A significant dose-response relationship is also shown through 1.0 to 1.8 marathons per year for men's use of antidiabetic and LDL-cholesterol-lowering medications. Men who averaged ≥2 marathons per year had 41% lower odds for antihypertensive medication use, 32% lower odds for LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use, and 87% lower odds for antidiabetic medication use than nonmarathoners.
Marathon finish time
The analyses of Table 3 are restricted to the 88% subset men and 80% subset of women with 10-km performance times in addition to their marathon finish times. The slower men were at significantly greater odds for using medications for hypertension and hypercholesterolemia independent of their BMI and annual running distance, which remained statistically significant when adjusted for the number of marathons run per year. Their significance was lost when adjusted for the 10-km performance times. The slower women runners were more likely to use antidiabetic medications, which was not accounted for by annual mileage, marathon participation, or even 10-km performance times.
Longest usual weekly run
The question about longest weekly run was not included in the survey until 1998, and therefore its analyses include only 24,120 men and 27,226 women (Table 4). Longer usual run was associated with reduced use of all three medications; however, the odds ratios remain significant in men but not women when adjusted for total annual mileage and when adjusted for both BMI and annual mileage albeit less significantly so. Figure 1 (right), which displays the odds ratio for medication use versus longest usual run, shows that the odds for medication use declined incrementally through 10-km distance runs. Compared with men whose longest run was ≤5 km, those running >15 km had 39% lower odds for using antihypertensive medications, 34% lower odds for LDL-cholesterol-lowering medications, and 65% lower odds for using antidiabetic medications when adjusted for total annual mileage (km·yr−1). The odds reductions associated with longer usual runs remained significant when adjusted for BMI.
Although differences between marathon runners and sedentary men, sedentary women, and those engaged in other activities are widely reported, to our knowledge this report is unique in assessing the potential health benefits of marathon participation while controlling for total annual mileage. The current findings show that being genetically predisposed to run longer distances or endurance training itself is associated with substantially lower medication use for these three afflictions, even when adjusted for total annual running distance. The adjustment demonstrates that higher total annual mileage per se, shown elsewhere to be associated with the lower prevalence and incidence of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia (34,37), does not explain the reduced medication use of the more avid marathoners.
Marathoners are distinguished from shorter-distanced recreational runners in their ability to meet the energy requirements of 2-5 h of sustained vigorous exercise using fat and carbohydrates derived from liver, adipose tissue, and muscle stores (24). Marathon training increases the muscles uptake of plasma free fatty acids, storage and oxidation of intramuscular triacylglycerol, and reliance on fat oxidation to spare carbohydrates (9). Dramatic fatigue occurs with muscle glycogen depletion and hypoglycemia (2,7). Marathon training also decreases slow-twitch (MHC I) and fast-twitch (MHC IIa) myosin heavy chain muscle fiber size without loss of strength so that the force per cross-sectional area is increased (27). The smaller size may facilitate endurance by reducing the diffusion distance for oxygen and substrates during running (27). Marathon training also increases capillary density, mitochondrial density, oxidative enzymes, and myoglobin in muscle cells (26).
In addition to training effects, men and women who run marathons may be genetically endowed with greater exercise capacity due to better aerobic metabolism, which may in itself confer lower risks of diabetes and hypertension and improved lipoprotein metabolism. In addition to their 350% greater running capacity, rats bred over 11 generations for high intrinsic exercise capacity showed 39% lower percent visceral fat than those bred for low running capacity, in addition to 16% lower fasting glucose, 57% lower insulin, 63% lower triglycerides, and 48% lower free fatty acid concentrations in plasma (39). The high-capacity rats also had 13% lower 24-h blood pressure in association with improved endothelial function (39).
Hyperinsulinemia of rats bred for low intrinsic exercise capacity has been attributed to reduced insulin clearance rather than impaired secretion (39). Impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle may arise from the increased intracellular levels of various lipid metabolites (22) due to less lipid oxidation by mitochondria (17). Data in humans and rats suggest that the muscular adaptations to training may contribute to lower risk for diabetes. The muscles of high exercise capacity rats have 46% lower triglyceride and 56% diacylglycerol content and 73% higher triglyceride lipase activity than low-capacity rats (23). Impairment in the muscle oxidative capacity in type 2 diabetics has been attributed to low mitochondrial numbers rather than impaired mitochondrial function (4). Chronic training increases mitochondrial biogenesis, whereas mitochondrial number is reduced by inactivity (13). Exercise may also improve insulin sensitivity through its effects on skeletal muscle GLUT 4 content and capillary density (10).
Figure 1 shows that even among those genetic predisposed to have run at least one marathon, men who ran one or more marathons annually had lower odds for using antihypertensive (P < 0.0001), LDL-cholesterol-lowering (P = 0.03), and antidiabetic medications (P = 0.01) than those who ran fewer. This suggests to us that the effects may be at least partially due to training, independent of both total annual mileage and BMI. Longest mileage covered per training session is the best predictor for the successful marathon completion (40). The more frequent marathoners will have included longer runs as a more regular component of training. Table 4 shows that for runners in general, the length of the usual longest run contributes significantly to lower odds for antihypertension, LDL-cholesterol-lowering, and antidiabetic medication use, and in men this effect was independent of both total annual distance and BMI. The importance of including extended activity sessions does not appear to be limited to vigorous exercise, that is, in walkers we have shown that the length of the longest usual walk was a better discriminator of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia than the total cumulative mileage, particularly in men (35). Although marathon training is unlikely to be formally included in public health guidelines, the current findings suggest that some importance should be assigned to exercise of extended duration (11). The current analyses do not address the question of whether the same exercise dose accumulated over multiple sessions versus a single session yields the same health benefits.
Except for diabetes medication in women, faster marathon finish times were not indicative of less prevalent medication use when adjusted for 10-km race performance. Others have argued that 10-km performance times reflect V˙O2max (1,6,12). Thus, the decline in medication use with finish time may reflect its reduction with greater cardiorespiratory fitness, as previously shown (34,37). Marathon training may have less effect on increasing V˙O2max than reducing oxygen consumption at submaximal running speed (14). The declines in medication use with faster finish times were independent of both total annual mileage and BMI, which led us once again to speculated that genes related to innate differences in cardiorespiratory fitness or the ability to improve fitness with training play a role. The heritability of cross-sectional differences in V˙O2max (estimated as high as 50% in sedentary individuals) and the longitudinal changes in V˙O2max with training are well documented (3,8,25).
In comparing low- and high-mileage runners, differences in BMI contribute significantly to both lower prevalence cross-sectionally (34) and lower incidence prospectively (37) of diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. Even among ostensibly healthy-weight men and women (BMI ≤25 kg·m−2), being less fat is associated with significantly lower risk to all three afflictions (38). The lower BMI of the longer-distanced runners is not due exclusively to self-selection (33) and is due in part to the attenuation of age-related weight gain (32), particularly among those who exercise consistently (36). Although the more avid marathoners were significantly leaner than other runners, adjustment for BMI had remarkably little effect on the odds for antidiabetic, antihypertensive, and LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use beyond that already explained by annual running distance. However, BMI may be a poor indicator of reductions in total fat mass associated with marathon frequency. For example, marathoners are reported to have one half the total fat mass and two thirds of the percent body fat as BMI-matched sedentary controls (14) and correspondingly lower leptin concentrations (14).
The limitation of these analyses warrant acknowledgement. As with all cross-sectional associations, it is not possible to distinguish the causal direction of the relationship, that is, whether marathon training reduces the need for medications, or contrariwise, whether medications reduce marathon participation and performance. More avid marathon runners might also be less willing to take medications. Marathoners are likely to differ from other runners and from nonrunners (Table 1). There may also be a tendency for individuals with higher V˙O2max to self-select for marathoning (14).
We also acknowledge the error inherent to self-reported survey data. Weekly running distances are reported with error, and marathon frequency may achieve statistical significance in part because 1) for any given reported distance, those reporting more marathons actually run further weekly, and 2) average running distance may fail to include atypical training in preparation for a marathon (more likely for the occasional marathoner than those averaging ≥2 marathons per year). Although self-reported hypertension and high cholesterol have been demonstrated by others as generally reliable using repeated surveys and confirmed diagnosis from medical records (5), their self-report in our study may be subject to greater error than that in cohorts of physicians or nurses despite the runners' average 4-yr post-high-school education. Errors in reporting these outcomes will contribute to less statistical power to detect an association, but there is no a priori reason to assume that this would vary by marathon participation or performance. We do not believe that the declining incidence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes with running is due to avoidance of opportunities for diagnosis in the more athletic men. The Health Professionals Follow-up Study reported that their more vigorously active participants had more routine medical check ups than less active men (15), and there was no difference in routine medical check up by activity level in the Nurses' Health Study (16).
In summary, the limitation of these cross-sectional associations not withstanding, these results suggest that there may be additional benefits to the more strenuous training required to run marathons or important genetic effects associated with marathon participation in lowering metabolic disease risk.
The author thanks Ms. Kathryn Hoffman for her assistance in conducting the study. This research was supported in part by grants HL-45652 and HL-72110 from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute and by grant DK066738 from the Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases of the National Institutes of Health and was conducted at the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Department of Energy DE-AC03-76SF00098 to the University of California). There are no professional relationships to disclose. The results of the present study do not constitute endorsement by ACSM.
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40. Yeung SS, Yeung EW, Wong TW. Marathon finishers and non-finishers characteristics. A preamble to success. J Sports Med Phys Fitness | <urn:uuid:43c60b60-a40b-4018-953b-48448df182d2> | {
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On the shores of Lake Ontario this week, budding graduates of Jack Miner Public School filled Whitby’s Heydenshore Pavillion, tastefully decorated with an arch of silver, black and gold helium balloons that swayed in the air conditioning.
The pretty picture was almost ruined by a mini crisis: two days earlier, the store supplying helium had called to say it was out of the buoyant gas. This, after the decorating committee had already faced considerable trouble finding someone to sell the precious resource.
“Nobody had helium,” said Kelly Koechlin, in charge of decorations for the grad. Prices went up within two weeks. She eventually sourced a tank to fill the 450 balloons, but to find a tank took at least 10 tries.
It turns out helium, the second-most common element in the universe after hydrogen, known for being lighter than air and making voices sound funny, is in rather short supply. Scientists have been warning about it for years, noting that, like oil or natural gas, helium’s reserves are finite, and could one day disappear. And while most of us equate helium with balloons, it has a wide array of applications in medicine, science and electronics that make news of its dwindling supply more ominous.
Helium is the most stable element on the periodic table. It does not burn or react with other elements and, at extremely cold temperatures, turns into a liquid, but does not freeze. The unique properties make it useful for magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, machines, which diagnose illness, and help NASA’s shuttle get into space. It is used in welding, to detect leaks, the manufacturing of LCD flat panels, in weather balloons, to cool thermographic cameras for rescue missions and in deep sea diving.
“One of the things you quickly realize with helium is that there are a limited number of sources,” said Nick Haines, who is in charge of global sourcing of the element for Linde Global Helium, one of the largest suppliers of the gas. There are just 14 active sites in the world. Historically, the United States has been the largest producer and still accounts for 30% of the world supply, found in a helium-rich swath under Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, dubbed Hugoton Field. Helium is abundant on the sun, but we get our helium from the radioactive decay of heavy minerals such as uranium in the Earth’s crust. It is distilled from natural gas.
In the 1920s, the U.S. deemed helium a strategic resource and in the 1960s began stockpiling it in a natural reservoir in Amarillo, Texas. Then, in 1996, the government decided to privatize its helium reserve by 2015 in order to pay off the debt it had built while accumulating it. It is considering an extension to that deadline, but, experts say, the effect has been the fast depletion of an important helium reserve, while supply growth has not kept up with demand.
“It’s definitely a shortage and it is a global shortage,” said Sam Burton, assistant field manager at the U.S. Bureau of Land Management in Amarillo, who blamed maintenance issues with older equipment, and the drop in natural gas prices, which affects production.
“The majority of our customers are getting at least a big portion of their volumes,” said Mr. Haines, with Linde. “Having said that … big natural gas facilities have shutdowns in the summer period and the industry had outages in a number of helium producing plants.”
Added Mr. Burton: “It’s not a resource issue. There is plenty of helium resource available.”
Still, estimates for how long the helium supply could last have ranged anywhere from 25 to 100 years.
Cornell University scientist Robert C. Richardson, who won a Nobel prize in physics for the discovery of super fluidity in Helium-3, has blamed low prices. “It should be treated as a precious commodity,” he said in 2010, prior to the release of a report that called on the U.S. to reconsider its decision to sell off its helium reserves. A party balloon should cost $100, he has said, to reflect the true value of the gas that lifts it.
Mr. Haines says three new helium sites are set to open in the next 12 months, in Wyoming, Algeria and Qatar, adding around 25% to the world supply and thereby eliminating the shortage. In the meantime, prices have already risen — the U.S. Bureau of Land Management will increase the cost of its federal stash by 11% next year — forcing researchers to look for ways to cut back.
In the University of Alberta’s physics department, scientists have bought three small-scale re-liquefiers, which allow them to recycle about 70% of the helium they use. “It’s a money issue, and a non-renewable resource issue,” said Dr. John Beamish, a physicist at the U of A who is studying helium. The rising cost means the department is more reluctant to allow graduates to use helium to test theories, he said.
What cost $6.85 a litre in 2010 now costs $11, said Deryck Webb, a technologist at the university’s National High Field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Centre.
“Last year, we got an emergency call from one of our suppliers saying, ‘We know you have an order that is supposed to come next week, we have an emergency situation in the Maritimes and we need to send your helium there,’” he said.
A scarcity of helium would have the most impact on the general public if it ever affected an MRI machine, Mr. Webb said, although the technology has evolved and the machines don’t need as much as they used to. Three major hospitals in Toronto, for example, have not been affected by a helium shortage.
Peter Madrid, a chemical engineer at the Bureau of Land Management, chuckles when asked if he can foresee the end of helium. “No ma’am. There have been several people who put estimates out and projections out and they are trying to project the future and project production,” he said. “They are just estimates.”
While the Texas reserve could evaporate by 2020, or 2030, he said, the search is always on for more sites. He is traveling to the Rocky Mountain region next week to collect samples that could identify new ones.
“It’s considered to be a shortage because the main producing reservoir is depleting rapidly, however, with all the other helium facilities throughout the world, there is not a shortage,” said Mr. Madrid.
Mr. Burton, meanwhile, can foresee the U.S. government being involved with helium for at least another 50 years. And if all known sources are one day gone, helium could still be extracted from the air, he said, although it will be much more expensive. Which will likely doom helium balloons.
Even now, it seems that party decorators are the biggest victims. Mike Gazo, owner of Perfect Party Place in Bowmanville, Ont., is one who planned ahead.
He heard about a looming shortage back in January, so he ordered 10 times the amount of helium he usually gets to see him through the rough patch. “I’m sitting on a lot of helium,” he said. “So far so good for me. For a lot of people out there, that’s not the case.” | <urn:uuid:25fd37de-811f-480d-817d-5c65d596d01a> | {
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On August 30, 2017, the International Olympics Committee (IOC) claimed that Pyeongchang, South Korea is ready to welcome the world to the 2018 Olympics. In fact, the huge preparations for this event, such as building great infrastructures like ski slopes, high-speed railways, and the Gangneung Ice arena, have given countless people high expectations for the upcoming games. However, although there are several benefits of hosting the Olympics, many people are still not aware of the consequences that exist.
Many concerning environmental problems are present due to the preparation of the Paralympics. While the Pyeongchang Olympics Committee (POC) promised to preserve the environment while preparing for the games, it failed to keep its promise. According to The Guardian, the committee not only removed numerous animals from their habitats in order to build huge facilities but also destroyed more than 58000 trees. Though the POC cannot be blamed fully for the ruination of the environment, it is still questionable whether such a large-scale degradation of the environment was really necessary for the preparation of the Olympics.
The Guardian further stated that in order to make up for the current environmental damage in the Gangneung area, the POC promised that they would replant more than a 1000 trees to restore the beauty of the mountains. However, this task is difficult, costly and most importantly, ineffective. The organizers of this Paralympics must realize that the rising costs put into preparing for the Olympics would prevent them from replanting all the trees. Rather, it would be more likely for the ski slopes to turn into a permanent tourist attraction instead. Furthermore, the chemicals used to treat the soil and snow would scar the grounds, making it difficult to replenish the mountains with natural resources. Thus, an impossible promise made by the POC would be broken to disappoint the citizens of Gangneung once again.
Apart from the severe environmental problems, political controversies regarding the Pyeongchang Olympics also rose as President Moon Jae-in announced his plan to ease tensions between North and South Korea through the upcoming Paralympics. In other words, President Moon suggested that despite the rising pressures on the Korean peninsula established by North Korea’s recent nuclear missile programs, a successful hosting of the Pyeongchang Olympics could decrease restlessness over security as well as universally show regional stability and peace on the Korean Peninsula.
Of course, President Moon’s point is valid; as Pyeongchang is able to host better games, it is more likely that people will keep their mind off from the tensions occurring on the Korean peninsula. However, it is doubtful whether it is possible to completely eradicate the conflicts between the two Koreas through the Olympics like President Moon’s guarantee. In fact, his promise could simply fail to work out and disappoint numerous citizens after the failure to actually bring inter-Korean peace. With so many problems regarding the upcoming Olympics, is South Korea really ready to welcome the world as the IOC suggested a few months ago?
It is undeniable that the POC is diligently preparing for the 2018 Pyeongchang Olympics by not only inviting talented athletes from all around the world to compete in this event but also establishing new unique features in Gangneung such as the high-speed railroad. Nevertheless, what is important is not only whether people will enjoy themselves at the event. Rather, it is also essential for all of us to consider addressing the controversies regarding the Olympics.
Even if it may seem unlikely to tackle the several contentions regarding the Games, we must remember that hosting this huge event does not merely have its benefits, and take action as soon as possible to ease both the environmental and political controversies. As for the environmental concerns, we could start campaigns to destroy fewer trees instead of trying to replant the thousands of trees that were destroyed. In addition, for the political problems, efforts could be made to lessen the anxiety over current tensions between the two Koreas although it may not be possible to fully eradicate it. Both solutions may not work too effectively, but it is still likely that these methods of preserving the environment and lessening tensions on the Korean peninsula could prevent such problems from worsening. | <urn:uuid:d71a7310-8290-4738-a17e-1cfa3e720c27> | {
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Rotary snowplow at work.
The first rotary snowplow was designed, but never built, by J.W. Elliot, a dentist in 1869. It took a trio of Canadian entrepreneurs to produce the first working Rotary Snowplow. The designer, Orange Jull, and the builders, Edward and John Leslie, constructed a prototype of their unstoppable invention in Orangeville, Ontario in the 1880s
It was turned down by investors until a new design was proposed by 1883-84, when the Leslie Brothers of Orangeville manufactured it and had it tested by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Leslies soon purchased the manufacturing rights to the plow and went into business building ‘Leslie’ type rotaries.
The basis of the Rotary Snowplow is a sloped steel casing that scooped snow from the tracks into a revolving fan inside a wheel. The wheel is driven by a rotary engine on a shaft. Blades on the rim of the wheel catch the snow and it is propelled through an opening at the top of the wheel.
Older snowplows had an air communication line that was hooked to the engine. The modern snowplows have an electrical box that is placed in the engine and is attached to the plow by an electrical cord. By 1910 the Pere Marquette had 16 snowplows and purchased its last snowplow, the SP-22 in 1944. The snowplow allowed for the cleaning of the tracks during winter in an efficient way, thus enabling trains to run under harsher conditions. | <urn:uuid:30813209-3aca-4813-ac84-ad3e5c704a0e> | {
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Share how you encourage your children to express themselves creatively with Crayola - £300 voucher to be won(197 Posts)
Whether your child is a young artist in the making or you sometimes wonder if their creations are even fridge worthy, children can be happiest when they’re expressing themselves through crafts and colouring. With that in mind, Crayola would like to hear about how and why you encourage your children to express their creative ideas using colour..
Here’s what Crayola has to say: “We believe in the power of self-expression via colour! Whether it’s providing tools to put a purple octopus on the moon, or inspiring arts infused projects to bring to life together as a family, Crayola is passionate about raising creatively alive children and unleashing their originality. Via a wide range of innovative colourful tools and crafting activities, especially designed for kids, like washable pens, markers and paint, coloured pencils and twistable crayons that last longer, Crayola gives colourful wings to the imagination that grows in the hearts and minds of the children”.
What are your favourite crafting activities with your children? Which colouring tools do your children like using most? Perhaps your children most enjoy being creative if they’re developing their masterpieces as gifts for others? Or do you have children that love drawing and painting so much any encouragement from you is unnecessary? Do more creative tasks like colouring help your children to be more mindful? Or perhaps you find encouraging your children to be creative or art a great way to get them to open up and share what they’re feeling?
All who share how or why they encourage their children to express themselves and their ideas via colouring on the thread below will be entered into a prize draw where one MNer will win a £300 voucher for the store of their choice (from a list).
Thanks and good luck
Insight Terms and Conditions apply
I bought a roll of lining paper from a diy shop and let them draw all over it with crayons
My DD has ASD colouring and painting helps her get her emotions and feelings out. Our fridge is covered in her pictures. I take her to the craft shop to pick out new paints and colours, she will spend hours picking the right ones then when we come home she'll say "come on mum let get creative". She's very talented for her age.
He loves art and goes to a regular art class which he really does well in - I have a few framed pictures up that he did aged between 6 to 8 that some visitors have asked me where I bought them from!
I let him whatever he likes art wise as he is so good at it and it gives him so much clever - sadly I am not artistic at all - I just do adult colouring!
Dd always prefers pens - I'd love to find some coloured pencils or crayons that are vibrant enough to temp her to use them. We have all the arty supplies accessible all the time, so she can create whenever the mood grabs her. We've found that focusing on the process -rather than trying to coach her into producing a specific craft or product- seems too give her a bit more autonomy and enthusiasm.
I used to spread lining paper out on the decking in the garden in the summer, take all the kids clothes off, put all the paint out and let them go as nuts as they wanted to. Was great fun, super messy and they loved it.
We love hand print painting, and will use cheap rolls of wallpaper , and make footprint 'paths'. The are lovely keepsakes, and keep my children amused for hours and are so cheap - it's in the bath afterwards to complete a lovely afternoon.
Crayoning is great for on the go, the train journeys go a lot quicker with a pack of crayons and colouring book.
It brings out their inner joy and creativity.
A box of pavement chalks, and every horizontal surface in the garden is fair game. All year round.
We have gone through gazillions of chalks in 12y and the patio and paths have been every colour/story/design. It never palls - even the 18yo and their friends will doodle from time to time. One year they spent an hour colouring every coping stone on the top of the low wall a different colour for youngest dc's birthday party. Then it rained, and party had to be indoors. But one of dc1's friends dashed home for his camera to photograph the running colours and submitted the pictures as part of his GCSE Photography coursework!
I let DS choose what he wants to wear, within reason. I also try to give him freedom to choose his activities - which usually don't involve art but some kind of singing, fighting or racing.
My daughter loves her easel. Chalk on one side, magnetic white board on the other. She will spend hours stood there doodling away
None of my children are very artistic sadly, so we've got loads of coloured pencils and pens knocking around, and lots of rolls of newsprint/lining paper that I used to try and interest them in. I have to confess, I've kept it all for me really. I love to draw but can't do it very well when I feel it matters or I'm trying too hard, so using kids' art materials frees me to enjoy myself without pressure. I find it really zen and relaxing, and one of the few things I can do 'in the moment'. I wish they enjoyed it too!
Lots of great ideas on this thread. Currently my dd just enjoys trying to eat crayons/throwing them across the room but hoping she will get into colouring and drawing in the next few months.
My 7yo DD loves anything creative. I keep her boxes and cardboard and she can spend hours cutting it up and sellotaping or gluing it together into ‘art’
Chalk on the paving outside also goes down a treat. She has paints but I hate the mess so they are a treat to get out.
She loves markers for colouring in. And I’ve recently bought her a couple of the scratch and sketch books, she loves them, but was done the whole book in a day.
She loves to talk about whatever it is she’s drawing/ making. And I indulge her by complementing her creativity. Even when her pictures are a little lacking!
Tbh, I think my DC just like getting messy and use drawing/crafting/painting as the perfect excuse. Even just simple colouring in results in a body art masterpiece.
Needless to say, they prefer the messier stuff e.g paint, glitter, glue, felt tips, paintpens, charcoal etc.
We have a really well stocked art and craft cupboard and I encourage my dc to have a go at making/ drawing whenever they like.
When the children were little we had quite a small house so we used to take big cardboard boxes outside into the garden and paint them in the sunshine, they could get as creative as they wished, and I didn't have to worry about mess as I would just wash them down before they came back inside. The grass went a funny colour though!
I also buy cheap clip frames so if they produce a picture they are particularly proud of we can frame it and hang it on their wall.
Ds2 loves using oil pastels; they're so tactile to use and give such a soft and pleasing effect. I didn't know how to get him started with them so we looked at a few tutorials online which really helped advise on technique.
Crayons, pens and paper are always available. My children are most creative when I just leave them to it with their art work. By not interfering they really use their own imaginations and produce some lovely pictures. We always have a blackboard and chalk up so that they are free to draw on that as often as they want to too.
I have two daughters age 4 and 7 who love drawing, painting, sticking, cutting and all things creative. We colour how we feel and stick it on the fridge for that day. We have had bright yellow bursts of sunshine to portray happiness and squiggly green lines and swirls to show anxiety about a school day or a stagecoach performance. We've had pink daisies and lilac clouds to symbolise feelings of contentment. It really helps me to find how they're feeling and talk to them about it. It was an activity we picked up in a childrens mindfulness book and it just stuck. We also have lots of their artwork framed in Daddy's office which gives them a sense of pride.
I’ve three art mad girls. I’ve always been arty and have encouraged this! We have a huge sideboard and one wall of shelves full to bursting of all sorts of art items. From crayons, pencils, twistable, chalk, clay, plasticine to fineliners, alcohol blending pens, plaster of paris, fimo, and posca pens!
My 5 year old loves to go through my stack of printer paper using it all up with her creations. My eldest who is 11 has just started her own drawing focussed tictok (I’m slightly uneasy but she loves it and I’m monitoring it massively!!). She won an art award at school and used art to relax while doing her 11+ studies where she would draw every day for at least an hour.
I’m trying not to get all mumboasty but I’m chuffed to bits that she’s arty and that all the encouragement has led to a talent for something she loves.
We’ve always had a display wall of their best art and it has a selection that is ever changing in special frames that you can slip the pictures into.
So for me, the three things to encourage creativity are: access to art materials, an art space to create and the recognition of good work by displaying the creation!
DD loves making stuff and decorating them. She uses anything she could find around the house, digs in to recycling bins and creates amazing houses, rockets, beds for her cuddly toys, hospitals, torches etc. And uses paints to decorate them. She would make and decorate different wall papers to go with her cardboard living rooms and bedrooms!
We have a large blackboard and easel for their pictures and drawings also they use different coloured chalks. Needless to say its full of Picaso's
My daughters love art and create loads of stuff out of egg cartons, toilet rolls, anything that helps with their imagination!
I keep stuff for junk modelling then we use it when we have enough
My eldest loves creating pictures and making things. Especially for her friends. I always like to make a fuss and praise her as I think this encourages her
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Would more product options help or hinder prospects in making a buying decision? This was the question that two behavioral scientists, Sheena Iyengar from Columbia University and Mark Lepper from Stanford University sought to answer. Iyengar and Lepper conducted numerous scientific experiments regarding how the quantity of information influences the decision to purchase. One of their most well-known experiments occurred at an upscale grocery store in Melo Park, California. For numerous weeks the researchers set up a tasting booth that allowed consumers to sample an assortment of jams. The first week, 24 different jams were exhibited for the patrons to taste. In spite of the fact that many people tried the jams, only 3% purchased any. The following week the researchers went back to the store, but this time they offered only six jams to the shoppers. The result was that by limiting the choice of jams, sales skyrocketed by 900%. The conclusion of this and the other experiments that Iyengar and Lepper organized was that limiting the amount of selections increased buying behavior.
Why would fewer products improve the likelihood of a buying decision? Extensive research in the fields of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience has provided definitive answers to this significant question. These scientific studies have revealed how the human brain achieves cognition. One such example comes from social psychologist George Miller in his famous article, “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits of our capacity for processing information” which was published in the Psychological Review. Miller wrote, “the span of immediate memory impose severe limitations on the amount of information that we are able to receive, process, and remember.” As neuroscientist John Medina confirms, “The typical brain can only hold about seven pieces of information for less than 30 seconds.” This is the reason that telephone numbers are only seven digits long. If phone numbers, excluding area codes, were more than seven numerals they would be forgotten with far greater frequency.
This is extremely relevant for sales people because science has verified that prospects have the mental capacity to process only a small amount of information at once. When this threshold is surpassed prospects become overwhelmed and confused. Psychologist Barry Schwartz affirms this scientific principle as his extensive research had demonstrated that too many possibilities cause people to become bewildered rather than empowered. Likewise, many sales people frequently thwart their selling efforts by engulfing their prospects in a plethora of options. They mistakenly believe that more data will help their prospects make better choices. Yet, contrary to this popular belief, science has conclusively proven that when people are given too much information it obstructs the brain’s capacity to arrive at a positive buying decision. This fact has been so well established that even mass retailers are changing how they present products to consumers. Wal-Mart eliminated two brands of peanut butter and their peanut butter sales rose. Proctor & Gamble also reduced the range of skin care products at some of their retail outlets and the sales of those products still on the shelves skyrocketed.
It is important to remember that prospects are universally afraid of making the wrong decision. Your prospects would rather make no decision than one that they do not have confidence in. This reality is seen through some enlightening research published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology that analyzed what influenced the participation of nearly eight hundred thousand employees in their company sponsored 401k plans. The study disclosed that when a company provided an abundance of investment options an alarming amount of employees declined to participate in the company’s 401k program. One company who participated in the assessment only gave its employees 2 mutual funds to choose to invest in. In spite of this restriction, the company had an impressive 75% of its employees choose to participate in their 401k program. In contrast, another organization which offered its employees 59 different mutual funds to choose from had a participation rate of only 60%. The analysis of the participation rate for each company revealed that for every 10 investment opportunities, employee participation declined by 2%.
Consequently, resolve to only provide your prospects with the information necessary for them to confidently make a positive buying decision. Adopting this approach will increase both your effectiveness and sales production because when it comes to the brain’s ability to process information, less really will help you sell more.
Click here to download this article in pdf.
Sheena Iyengar and Mark Lepper. “When Choice is Demotivating: Can One Desire Too Much of a Good Thing.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 79, 2000. p. 995 – 1006.
G. A. Miller. “The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits of our capacity for processing information.” Psychological Review, 63, 1956. p. 81 – 97.
John Medina. Brain Rules. (Seattle: Pear Press, 2008). p. 130.
Barry Schwartz. “Self-Determination: The Tyranny of Freedom.” American Psychologist, vol. 55, no. 1, January, 2000. p. 86.
Marina Strauss, “In Store Isles, Less Is More but Customers Can Still Be Particular.” Globe and Mail, May 18, 2010
Shenna Iyengar, G. Huberman and W. Jiang. “How Much Choice Is Too Much? Contributions to 401 (k) Retirement Plans.” in O.S. Mitchell and S. Utkus (eds.), Pension Design and Structure: New Lessons from Behavioral Finance. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). p. 83 – 97. | <urn:uuid:3de7df6e-10d7-40e7-a594-ce28641c69bd> | {
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What is it?
The pathological reactions of the denture bearing palatal mucosa appear under several titles and terms such as denture-induced stomatitis, denture sore mouth, denture stomatitis, inflammatory papillary hyperplasia and chronic atrophic candidosis. The term denture stomatitis will be used with the prefix Candida associated if the yeast candida is involved.
Three types of denture stomatitis can be distinguished.
Type I: A localizes simple inflammation or pinpoint heperemia.
Type II: An erythematous or generalized simple type seen as more diffuse erytheme involving a part or the entire denture-covered area.
Type III: A granular type (inflammotry papillary hyperplasia) commonly involving the central part of hard palate and the alveolar ridges. Type III often is seen in association with type I or type II.
Strains of genus Candida, in particular Candida Albicans , may cause denture stomatitis. Still this condition is not a specific disease entity because other causal factors exist such as bacterial infection, mechanical irritation, or allergy. Type I most often is trauma induced, whereas type II and III most often are caused by the prescence of microbial plaque accumulation (bacteria or yeast) on the fitting denture surface and the underlying mucosa. The often relative association of Candida associated denture stomatitis with angular chelitis or glossitis indicated a spread of infection from the denture covered mucosa to the angles of the mouth or the tongue, respectively.
The diagnosis of Candida associated denture stomatitis is confiemed by the finding of mycelia or pseudohyphae in a direct smear or the isolation of candida species in high numbers from the lesions(>/=50 colonies). Usually, yeast are recovered in higher numbers from the fitting surface of the dentures then from corresponding areas of the palatal mucosa. This indicates that Candida residing on the fitting surface of the denture is the primary source of infection.
Factors Predisposing To Candida Associated Denture Stomatitis:
Ø Old age
Ø Diabetes Millitus
Ø Nutritional deficiencies(iron, folate, or vit B12)
Ø Malignancies(acute leukemia, agranulocytosis)
Ø Immune defects
Ø Corticosteriods, Immunosuppressive drugs.
Ø Dentures(changes in environmental conditions, trauma, usage, denture cleanliness).
Ø Xerostomia(sjogren syndrome, irradiation, drug therapy).
Ø High carbohydrate diet.
Ø Broad spectrum antibiotics.
Ø Smoking tobacco.
ETIOLOGY AND PREDISPOSING FACTORS:
The direct predisposing factor for Candida associated denture stomatitis is the presence of the denture in the oral cavity(box 1). Thus the infection prevail in patients who are wearing their dentures both day and night; the infection will disappear if the dentures are not worn. It is likely that bacteria, which constitute the major part of the micro-organism of the denture plaque, are also involved in the infection. In addition, trauma could stimulate the turnover of the palatal epithelial cells, thereby reducing the degree of keratinization and the barrier function of the epithelium; thus the penetration of fungal and bacterial antigens can take place more easily.
The colonization of the fitting denture surface by Candida species depends on several factors, including adherence of yeast cells, interaction with oral commensal bacteria , redox potential of the site and surface properties of the acrylic resin. The pathogenicity of the plaque can be enhanced by the factors stimulating yeast propagation, such as poor oral hygiene, high carbohydrate intake, reduced salivary flow and continuous denture wearing. The more important factors that can modulate host-parasite relationship and increase the susceptibility to Candida associated denture stomatitis may be aging, malnutrition, immunosuppression, radiation therapy, diabetes mellitus and possibly treatment with antibacterial antibiotics.
Evidence supports that unclean dentures and poor hygiene care are major predisposing factors because healing of the lesions is often seen after meticulous oral and denture hygiene is instituted. However, the tissue surfaces of dentures usually shows micropits and microporosities that harbor microorganisms that are difficult to remove mechanically or by chemical cleansing. According to several in vitro studies, the microbial contamination of denture acrylic resins occurs very quickly, and yeast seems to adhere well to denture base materials.
Angular chelitis is often correlated to the presence of Candida associated stomatitis, and it is thought that the infection may start beneath the maxillary denture and from that area spread to the angels of the mouth. It seems, however, that this infection results from local and systemic predisposing conditions such as over closure of the jaws, nutritional deficiencies, or iron deficiency anemia. Frequently, a secondary infection caused by staphalococcus aureus could be present. It must be recognized that visible infection by Candida species can be an early indicator of immune dysfunction and the discovery of such should prompt a review of the patient’s clinical background.
Although denture stomatitis and angular chelitis usually do not reflect a serious predisposing disease or abnormality , with denture wearind as the direct cause of the lesions, it should be realized that severe infections by Candida species may occur in the immunocompromised host . | <urn:uuid:4ff95eea-7fda-43a6-9bd9-72b3301fb1c6> | {
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We are not afraid to die of bullets,
It is not hard to stay homeless,
But we will preserve you, the Russian speech,
The great Russian word.
As is known, the Russian language is considered one of the largest languages in the world. It is the most common among Slavic languages. It is the only state language of the Russian Federation. Also the Russian language is an official language in many countries and one of the six UN official languages.
The ancestor of the modern Russian was the ancient Russian or East Slavic language, consisting of two eras: pre-literate and literate. After the collapse of the Old Russian in the 16th century, there was the Great Russian, which was based on a variety of dialects of the north and south.
A huge contribution to the development of the Russian language was made by Cyril and Methodius. Being born in Byzantium, they were familiar with the Slavic customs and speech from their childhood. Their father gave them a good education, but they refused to build a career like their father, and went to the service of God. Later, in 863, the ambassadors of Knyaz Rostislav arrived, asking for a teacher of writing for writing the words of the Lord. Cyril and Methodius were sent to this mission. They created the Slavic alphabet, but the Cyrillic characters were created much later, after the death of Cyril and Methodius, by their scholars.
It should also be noted that Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov did a lot for the Russian language. Actually the new Russian language started with him. Lomonosov introduced the pseudo-classicism in the Russian literature, which lasted the entire 18th century. Lomonosov was a reformer who introduced new rhythms, values and standards. He wrote and published such works as “Russian Grammar”, “Letter on rules of Russian poetry writing”. Lomonosov created strict scientific rules for the grammar, many of which are still used. Having studied the living Russian language, Lomonosov identified three groups of “dialects”: Moscow, north and Little Russian. The modern spelling was created by M.V. Lomonosov.
Finishing touches in the Russian language were made by A.S. Pushkin. The Russian language as we are used to it now is largely his work. He enriched and diversified our speech. Due to his works, many hundreds of thousands of ordinary people of that time were interested in grammar. Pushkin not only created something new, but also pointed the way for many future poets.
In Hands company, located on 6 Maroseyka, we perform professional translation from Russian and into Russian for both individuals and legal entities. This includes both technical and medical translations, as well as fiction translations. All our translators are graduates of the leading educational institutions and have a great experience. | <urn:uuid:43979e90-6994-4fdb-8f9a-5bc3d5977aa1> | {
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Migration: An Essential Pillar of Human Civilisation
Migration has always been a catalyst of knowledge, of culture, of science – an aspect that often goes unmentioned in the recent, heated debates on migration. On the occasion of the Global Compact for Migration, Christopher Dekki outlines how important migration is to urban areas, while at the same time emphasising the role cities and communities have to play in these dynamics.
Migration has been essential to the development of human civilisation. It was the movement of people that underpinned the critical cultural, scientific, and knowledge exchanges at the heart of human history. Moreover, migration has allowed for the flourishing of cities: it is a central pillar of urbanisation, which ultimately established the type of human settlements which solidified our ancestors’ place as the apex species on Earth.
Certainly, migration is an act not unique to human beings. Birds migrate in search of friendlier climes, fish migrate in search of food. Nevertheless, the complexity of the human person, the multidimensional nature of our existence, and our understanding of our place in the world mean that the reasons why people move from one place to another rises above the movements of flocks of birds or schools of fish.
It was this multifaceted reality of the human person that helped fuel migration, whether to satisfy basic needs or to achieve certain wants, whether in search of greater glory or peace – it was this very act of movement that truly facilitated our social, political, and economic evolution.
Despite all this, migration in contemporary times has been framed a “problem” on which governments must act, an “issue” that needs to be solved. Echoes of the recent past, when nativists in places like the United States blamed social, economic, and political ills on immigrants leaving their home countries, are once again being heard.
Such nativists turn against entire groups of people that are forced to migrate: Rohingya, Syrians, Iraqis, Hondurans, West Africans, and many more. They are often reduced to their desperation and desire for security elsewhere. At the same time, voices of hatred and prejudice directed against them can be heard clearly and distinctly.
Whatever the case, whatever lies at the heart of these movements of migrants, whatever their reasons, hopes, or dreams, it is critical that mankind recalibrates its general views regarding migrants and that it rediscovers the creative energy of migratory activity.
Without the interaction, sharing, and mixing of the past millennia, the world and the place that human beings occupy in it would be radically different. The revolutionary progress humanity has made century after century, era after era, epoch after epoch, has been catalysed by the migration of ideas, of technological advancements, of science, language, and literature, and of course, people.
The Urban Phenomenon
Urban growth and migration go hand in hand, and as the world comes to terms with the movement of people today, it is cities that have the most central role to play in welcoming, resettling, and integrating migrants.
For all the rancour by some on a national level, it is in fact local communities that must ultimately work with migrants at the most human level. Therefore, it is cities and towns that can harness migrant energy for their own sustainable development, as well as the sustainable development of regions and countries.
The Global Compact for Migration
With the finalisation and imminent adoption of the United Nation’s Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, attention is finally being paid at the highest political levels to the important issues facing migrants and the communities to which they migrate. Energy, resources, and political will help to ease the pressing problems facing migrants, as well as assist the people and places welcoming them.
Throughout the compact, UN member states promise to work directly with local and subnational authorities to help to manage migration meaningfully, as well as to replicate the many successes that local governments have had in dealing with the resettlement and normalisation of migrants.
Together, national and subnational governments can help improve the situation of migrants, as well as build the trust necessary to support civic engagement and improve sustainable development. The Global Compact for Migration can help restore an understanding of the historical benefits of migration. It presents a path forward to meaningfully include a vulnerable and often marginalised group in the implementation of global development commitments, from the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development to the New Urban Agenda.
But there are new dangers to the efforts of the international community, as well as threats to the cities and towns who are setting examples in how to best treat, integrate, and value migrants. In far too many countries, old, divisive political ideologies are resurfacing, gaining ground, attracting followers, and, most worryingly, forming governments.
Even average voters, regular citizens with little hate and no inclination towards prejudice, have been desperately searching for alternatives to an economic and political status quo that has spurred excessive inequalities. This dynamic has been leading far too many citizens in countries throughout the world to embrace far-right, anti-migrant ideologues.
As the adoption of the Global Compact for Migration draws near, the success of the intergovernmental process could be derailed by the growing challenges presented by increasing nationalism. More than ever, cities must rise to the challenge and continue to set the tone for how migrants can become participants in the sustainable development of the communities in which they settle. History has proven that migration is an essential feature of the growth and development of human civilisation. The time has come to remind the world of this important fact.
Latest posts by Christopher Dekki (see all)
- Migration: An Essential Pillar of Human Civilisation - 11. December 2018
- Localisation is Mobilisation: The 2030 Agenda in Asia-Pacific - 19. July 2018
- Where there’s a will there’s a way: Vertical Partnerships for a Sustainable Future - 21. April 2017 | <urn:uuid:d9978322-57e0-48c2-b22e-d610d24e3f54> | {
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We are in the process of creating virtual field trips and guide books for different coastal environments along the Texas coast.
Galveston Island is a sandy barrier island located 50 miles southeast of Houston. The island, which is about thirty miles long and up to three miles wide, separates the Gulf of Mexico from West Bay, which a part of the Galveston Bay system. It lies at the eastern end of a nearly continuous chain of barrier islands that extends more than 600 miles along the Texas and Mexican coasts.
To virtually explore Galveston Island, please follow this link: http://www.beg.utexas.edu/UTopia/coastal/coastal_what.html. Clicking on the tab labelled "Where," you will see an aerial photograph of Galveston Island with several hyperlinks. By clicking on each "Stop" you can visit different coastal environments on Galveston Island and the northern end of Follets Island.
Mustang Island is a 30 km- (~18 mile) long barrier island located between Corpus Christi Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, south of San Jose Island (or St. Joseph's) and north of Padre Island. Mustang Island has a unique and complicated ecosystem. This field guide visits both ends of Mustang Island and traverses the island from the Gulf of Mexico to the edge of Corpus Christi Bay. We will visit and learn about Packery Channel, Corpus Christi Pass, Mustang Island State Park, the Leona Belle Turnbull Birding Center, and Aransas Pass.
Mustang Island Field Guide
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The Chimney Swift (Chaetura pelagica) is a small bird (a type of swift).
In flight, this bird looks like a flying cigar with long slender curved wings. The plumage is a sooty grey-brown; the throat, breast, underwings and rump are paler. They have short tails.
The breeding season of Chimney Swifts is from May through July. Their breeding habitat is near towns and cities across eastern North America. Originally, these birds nested in large hollow trees, but now they mainly nest in man-made structures such as large open chimneys. The nest is made of twigs glued together with saliva and placed in a shaded location. They will lay three to seven white eggs, which the female will cover at night. The incubation period is 19-20 days, and the fledglings leave the nest after a month. Chimney swifts can nest more than once in a season.
|This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2011)|
They are long distance migrants and winter in eastern Peru; other nesting locations in South America may exist. They migrate in flocks. This species has occurred as a very rare vagrant to western Europe. The gregarious nature of this species is reflected in that two individuals of this species turned up together on the Isles of Scilly. Most Chimney Swifts can fly for 1 year without perching.
These birds live on the wing, foraging in flight. They eat flying insects. They usually feed in groups, flying closely together and making a high-pitched chipping noise. A vigilant observer can see them entering and exiting chimneys at a high speed, almost as if they were being shot out. Their flight is distinctive: they make rapid angular turns unlike most other birds.
Their population may have increased historically with the introduction of large chimneys as nesting locations. With suitable man-made habitat becoming less common, their numbers are declining in some areas. They were listed as Threatened by COSEWIC for several years with a likely listing of the species on Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act.
- ^ BirdLife International (2010). "Chaetura pelagica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011. International Union for Conservation of Nature. http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/142783. Retrieved 20 de August de 2011. Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened | <urn:uuid:ff886ede-3814-46ec-9c8d-528b81f75ed6> | {
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The First Coloring Book Is From 1760 And It Was For Adults! –
Here is The Florist, probably one of the first coloring books of the world, dating from 1760, and it is for adults! While the trend of the coloring books for adults exploded a few years ago, a botanist from the Missouri Botanical Garden discovered this amazing book, filled with floral illustrations for coloring. Written and drawn in London by Robert Sayer, these pages contain all the codes of the coloring book, with explanations on the colors and the techniques to be used.
An amazing discovery that reminds us that well before the Winnie the Pooh or Frozen coloring books for kids, the coloring books were intended for adults! The book The Florist has been digitized and published online on the Botanicus website. | <urn:uuid:b01fd20b-8b4a-46bb-a062-9e2ea7041021> | {
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In matters related to regionalism, the community's efforts have generally resulted in mixed results in measures characterizing economic activity, environmental quality and transportation.
The regionalism indicators are the Coastal Empire Coincident Economic Index, solid waste recycling per person, air quality, use of alternative transportation, public transportation ridership, and average commute time. A strong regional economy, interwoven with an efficient transportation network and a healthy environment are essential to the quality of life for the area's citizens.
Regional economic activity is measured by the Coastal Empire Coincident Economic Index. In the first quarter of 2013, the economy held steady, but remains on pace to register about 2% growth through 2013. The underlying fundamentals of the regional economy in overall employment, port activity, manufacturing and tourism are strong, while the housing market is showing increasing strength.
The region's environmental quality is characterized by recycling activity and air quality. Air quality decreased somewhat from 2011 to 2012, but remains better than elsewhere in Georgia. Recycling in the city of Savannah increased on a per person basis, reaching nearly 100 pounds per person. Private sector recycling activity is likely increasing alongside municipal recycling as the desire for recycling in underserved areas strengthens. However, data from private recycling businesses is not available.
There are mixed signals from the region’s transportation indicators. Among alternative forms of transportation, carpooling and walking declined, while bicycling and use of public transportation increased. Chatham Area Transit ridership increased on a per person and per mile basis in 2012, as compared to 2011. Commute time to work increased slightly but remains nearly 20% shorter than the state average.
• The Coastal Empire coincident economic index increased by 1.9% on an over-the-year basis, rising to 158.0 in the first quarter of 2013.
• In 2012, 99.4 pounds of waste per person was recycled, an increase of 21% from the previous year.
• In 2012, the percent of ‘Good’ air quality days in Savannah decreased to 62.3% from 64.1% (2011). Georgia also experienced a decline in the percent of ‘Good’ air quality days in 2012 (48.9%) from 2011 (51.2%).
• Alternative transportation was used by 15% of the commuters in Chatham County in 2011, and the county out performs the state level of 14.6%.
• Carpooling and walking decreased from 2010 to 2011, while bicycling and use of public transportation increased.
• Public transportation usage increased by 4.9% from 2011 to 2012; at the same time, the number of bus riders per mile driven increased from 1.37 (2011) to 1.46 (2012).
• Commute time in Chatham County rose to 22.1 minutes from 2010 to 2011. Georgia commute time was little changed between 2010 (27.0 minutes) and 2011 (27.1 minutes). | <urn:uuid:4cdaefc8-9979-451e-9f4b-342d5764d864> | {
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Radon Alert is a series of classroom investigations and activities exploring radon and its health effects. The activities were originally designed to support the New Jersey Department of Education's core course proficiencies for biology, earth science, chemistry, physics and the general academic course framework at the elementary, junior high and high school level. The lessons have been also correlated with the State Core Course Curriculum Standards.
Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas given off by uranium found in nearly all soils. It can become trapped in buildings and build up to high concentrations which can lead to cancer in humans. In fact, radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, and the leading cause for non-smokers.
These lessons and activities can easily be incorporated into physical science, math, language arts, social studies, civics, general health and some vocational technology courses.
Educators of all grades
NJDEP Bureau of Environmental Radiation
Anita Kopera, Supervisor
Mail Code 25-01 Box 420
Trenton, NJ 08625-0420
Phone (609) 984-5425
Fax (609) 984-5595 | <urn:uuid:d928f7e1-db5c-4681-8a0b-011eaf503020> | {
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MIDDLETOWN, Conn. – An industrial practice that involved the widespread release of natural gas at a Connecticut power plant shortly before it exploded is "inherently unsafe," and should be curbed to prevent similar incidents, a federal safety investigator said Thursday.
Six people were killed in the Feb. 7 explosion at the Kleen Energy Systems plant, where workers were cleaning pipes in a common procedure known as a "gas blow."
The 400,000 cubic feet of natural gas blown through the pipes was released into the air in tight quarters, creating an explosive mixture large enough to fill a professional basketball arena, said Donald Holmstrom, lead investigator for the U.S. Chemical Safety Board.
With the U.S. building more natural gas power plants, he said, it is important to develop standards and new methods — such as cleaning pipes with air, steam or other substances — to prevent similar accidents.
"Thousands and thousands of workers across the country will be involved in constructing these plants. The safety of these workers and the nation's energy independence are at stake as these gas-fired plants are built over the next 20 years," he said.
The Middletown explosion comes as power generators are increasingly relying on natural gas to produce electricity because it's plentiful and cleaner than coal, and the use of gas is growing to power factories and heat homes.
Gas is used to make about a fifth of America's electricity. That's expected to grow to 26 percent by 2018 as older, coal-fired plants are retired. There are 35 gas-fired power plants in the U.S. either under construction or built but not yet operational.
The explosion ripped apart the nearly completed 620-megawatt Kleen Energy Systems plant as workers for O&G Industries Inc. purged the gas line.
Exactly what sparked the blast has not been determined, though Holmstrom said there were "several" potential ignition sources nearby.
He would not say what they were, but said that in general, natural gas can be sparked by anything from welders' tools and electrical devices to static electricity.
Several other industrial accidents involving natural gas have occurred in recent years, including one that killed four people last year the ConAgra Foods Inc. plant in Garner, N.C.; and another in 1999 at a Ford Motor Co. power plant in Dearborn, Mich., that killed six.
"Companies must ensure that flammable gases are not vented into close proximity with ignition sources and workers. That is a vital safety message from all these tragedies," Holmstrom said.
The Middletown blast, heard and felt for miles, occurred about an hour after some workers at the site complained of a heavy gas smell.
While some victims' relatives and blast survivors questioned safety standards at the plant and workers' long hours, other workers said the job was handled safely. The plant was scheduled to begin operation in June.
The U.S. Chemical Safety Board investigates serious chemical accidents. State and local authorities have interviewed survivors and sifted through debris for evidence as they conduct a separate investigation into whether there was any criminal negligence.
Holmstrom said the board is examining how the accident could have been prevented; determining exactly what ignited the gas at the Middletown plant is not a major focus of the its investigation.
"Our focus is not on finding out blame," Holmstrom said.
Middletown South District Deputy Fire Chief Marc Fongemie said Thursday that its investigation is continuing. State and local police and the federal Occupational Safety and Health Administration also are investigating. | <urn:uuid:aa0faab7-04f3-4760-a18e-f29e6273a1e9> | {
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There are three areas in gardening and landscaping that mistakes are often made. Planting, mulching and watering seem like simple chores, but when they are not done correctly plants often suffer. These three tasks are often done incorrectly. Individuals and businesses purchase healthy plants that are then planted, mulched, and watered incorrectly resulting in poor growth, disease and insect infestation. Many problems with plants in the landscape can be avoided by using proper planting, mulching and watering methods.
When digging individual planting holes be sure it is two to three times the width of the root ball. The reason the hole should be this wide is to provide loose soil around the root ball for new roots to easily grow into and allow for easy water infiltration around the root ball. Do not dig holes just wide enough to drop plants in, because the roots will become restricted and grow in circles around the root ball. Do not plant too deep. Be sure not to put any soil on top of the root ball. The reason for keeping the root ball level with the surrounding soil is that roots need oxygen and covering them up will cause suffocation. Planting too deep causes the buried portion of the root to struggle, the trunk stays wet causing decay, plants weaken, and the appearance of the plant is not what you were looking for in your landscape or garden.
Mulch is generally applied shortly after planting is completed. Mulch is a material placed on top of the soil to cover and protect it. Pine straw, pine bark, hardwood mulch and wood chips are commonly used. The benefits of mulch include moisture conservation, weed reduction, appearance and prevention of damage from lawn equipment. Mulch should be placed around plants to a depth of two to four inches. If trees are planted in lawn areas, an area of mulch should be placed around the tree. Do not put any mulch within three to four inches of tree stems. Mulch placed against the stem can cause bark decay and root suffocation just like planting too deep. Do not pile mulch against stems; instead, use the excess mulch to make wider mulch rings that will help the plant’s root system become established.
Proper watering is just as important as correct planting and mulching. Plants often die or perform poorly due to under or over watering. In many situations plants suffer due to lack of watering shortly after planting. Remember – in southeast Georgia we are never more than two weeks away from a drought. Plants installed in the landscape are either container grown in well drained pine bark or field dug and loose many of their roots. In either case, water is an important part of planting and establishment. Regular watering is critical during establishment of newly planted trees and shrubs. Keep the root system moist, but not too wet, for the first six to eight weeks after planting. The amount of water and frequency of application depend on the soil type and the type of plant. Trees and shrubs may require watering twice a week when there is no rain. Annuals and ground covers may need daily watering during establishment. Let soil moisture be your guide for watering frequency.
Watering after plants are established is also important. However, take special care not to over water. The best recommendation for water conservation is to water only when plants first begin to show signs of wilt.
Bill Tyson is the coordinator for Effingham County Cooperative Extension of the University of Georgia. Email him at [email protected] or call the Extension office at 754-8040. | <urn:uuid:fcaeab8c-6ea0-4e79-84b5-d0005a6c1a1b> | {
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How do I reach all students? Students in our heterogeneous classrooms bring many distinct challenges to learning.
One very important way to address the challenges is to consider them from the planning phase of the lesson. Rather than only relying on differentiating instruction as a response to student understanding of lessons. Universal Design for Learning is just such a process. The Universal Design for Learning (UDL) Guidelines 2.0 is an interactive assistant for thinking about and planning for individual student needs as we develop our lessons.The goal is the success of all students in an engaging and motivating learning climate.
In fact, the Model Curriculum Unit Project has used UDL as a lesson-planning component. Since the standards in math and ELA do not address the specifics of instruction for special populations, UDL has provided that support.
Access the guidelines document at https://sites.google.com/site/udlguidelinesexamples/home. The guidelines were developed by the Center for Applied Technology (CAST). You may wish to check out the very informative CAST site at www.cast.org. In the meantime, the districts involved in our Southeast DSAC Leadership Network will be invited to use the tools as they plan units and lessons and to support one another through the Network as they work toward providing the means for development of resourceful and knowledgeable learners who are strategically goal-directed and purposefully motivated.
Researchers (like Nonie Lesaux of Harvard) and practitioners (like consultant, Regie Routman) are realizing and talking about how language and literacy development are connected to the development of self-regulation and executive function. UDL makes it a point to bring these two critical areas together. The Guidelines document is an indispensable reference when planning successful lessons with learners of all ages. | <urn:uuid:5cc132a5-3c73-4b61-8dd6-ce915a86d165> | {
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Lets take education these positive consequences not only affect our understanding but placed an impact on google exemplifies how the internet serves as a. Internet is the crucial technology of the information age this global network of computer networks creates a multimodal and interactive communication. The impact of broadband on education 222 the internet broadband to affect fundamental change in education, the many positive impacts that.
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The impact of modern technology on the educational attainment of adolescents to internet, cell phones both positive and negative effects in the area of education. The internet is the world's largest library it's just that all the books are on the floor this is a personal reflection on the impact of internet technologies on higher education around the world over the last 13 years. The impact of the internet on globalization the internet is seen by some socio-economic commentators as a major driving force in creating a unified global community. The paper examines the effects of internet access at school and/or at home on students’ academic performance in urban areas utilizing a brazilian unique dataset.Download | <urn:uuid:21e66646-26c8-486f-9446-293008f5bd51> | {
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Osprey Publications produces history books covering a broad span of historical events in differing levels of depth; this is one of the books with depth and focus. It focuses on the Second Crusade (Hattin 1187), and examines it from a top-down, and a bottom-up point of view. This battle returned control of Jerusalem to the Muslims and sparked the Third Crusade (lead by Richard the Lionhearted).
The first part of the book discusses the opposing leaders and armies, the military plans and campaigns, and the after-effects of the battle. The second part of the book digs into the opposing armies themselves, from the level of the soldier-what he thought, why he fought, how he trained, what he wore for protection and carried for weaponry, how he fit into his culture and was regarded by it. Outside of this look from the soldier's point of view, the book does not go extensively into the culture, peoples, and religions of the time-the reader should bring that knowledge with him.
The brief conclusion of the book alludes to the effects of the Crusades evident in our day, but this is not the point of the book. A tripartite appendix gives further content regarding traveling to the site of the battle, the location of remaining artifacts or sites of departure for the European crusaders.
The book contains a good number of pictures of art, artifacts, and geography. The maps enliven the textual descriptions of terrain and campaigns. Several tables provide relevant timelines for the events of the Second Crusade, for the events of the Crusades in toto and for the world at large.
Any reader of this book should bring to it a broad picture of the history of the times, the overall history of the Crusades and the peoples and religions involved in them. As with any period of history, it is helpful to read books from more than one point of view, this is especially true of the period of the Crusades. Current scholarship is providing new insights into the Crusades; students who read their last history of the Crusades 30 years ago could benefit by a brush with current writings about this part of the story of Western civilization.
This book is appropriate for a college-age or adult history buff whom wants to dig deeper into the Second Crusade or into the mind and life of a soldier of the times. A high school student or advanced junior high student could use the book for reference, but probably not as a "required reading" text for this period of history. The writing itself is accessible to a good and willing reader of high-school age. The book is 208 pages long. | <urn:uuid:07dbaa12-0646-492e-acfc-9abbeb078365> | {
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Title: Horticultural value of wild genetic resources: introduction to the workshop Authors
Submitted to: HortScience
Publication Type: Peer Reviewed Journal
Publication Acceptance Date: March 29, 2011
Publication Date: November 1, 2011
Citation: Volk, G.M., Richards, C.M. 2011. Horticultural value of wild genetic resources: introduction to the workshop. HortScience. 46(11): 1436-1437. Interpretive Summary: The USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System maintains many accessions of plants that are of wild origin. These plants do not exhibit many of the desirable traits that have been selected for during the breeding and domestication process. However, these wild materials often have novel forms of genes, such as disease resistance, that can be incorporated into cultivars using traditional breeding techniques or genomic technologies. A workshop titled “Horticultural Value of Wild Genetic Resources” was sponsored by the Genetics and Germplasm Working Group at the 2011 American Society for Horticultural Science meetings. This manuscript serves as an introduction to the series of papers authored by the workshop presenters.
Technical Abstract: Wild plant genetic resources are increasingly becoming valuable for breeding, genomics, and ornamental horticulture programs. Wild relatives of horticultural species may offer desirable traits that are not available in cultivated varieties, but “wilds” often also have traits that are highly undesirable. Advances in comparative genomics and marker-assisted breeding facilitate the inclusion of the valued traits from wild materials in plant breeding programs. As technologies advance, wild plant genetic resources will become even more valuable for future research developments. | <urn:uuid:65377755-0e3e-41ea-9c96-90db9ea9b247> | {
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Jan 1, 2017 ... June bugs can cause damage to many landscape plants and be a pest to the
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Learn facts about June bugs and learn how to get rid of June bugs, those giant
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Jun 25, 2013 ... Bombarded by June bugs? Daphne Richards explains how to control their larvae
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Information about June Beetles (May beetles), damage by their grubs in lawns ...
Topics covered include biology of the bug, lawn grub damage and control of ...
June bugs are “grubs” or beetles that can be really pests in great numbers.
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Catseye Pest Control profiles an insect you may be seeing this summer - the
June Bug (June Beetle). | <urn:uuid:b15a8815-bab0-4754-81d8-82e0134031d3> | {
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The great majority of convicted criminal defendants serve the sentences that were handed down from the bench, during the sentencing hearing. Except for reductions for good behavior while in custody, these sentences play out as they were announced.
Now and then, however, a convicted defendant can take steps to modify his sentence. Rarely, a court or prosecutor will take the initiative. Here, we explain the circumstances that allow for or result in a sentence that varies from the one initially imposed.
When Can Sentences Be Changed?
As a general rule, once a final judgment has been entered in a criminal case—once the judge has delivered a legally valid sentence—the judge loses the ability to change that sentence unless a specific law gives the court authority to modify it. Notably, these permissive laws do not extend to the imposition of mandatory sentences (sentences that the legislature requires to be imposed).
Federal courts, as well, can modify sentences only in a narrow range of circumstances. The biggest exception in federal cases concerns defendants who are convicted of crimes that now carry reduced, retroactive ranges under the Sentencing Guidelines. These defendants may ask the court for the benefit of the new, retroactive sentencing ranges.
The rule explained above (modifying legal sentences) doesn’t apply to sentences that are illegal. An illegal sentence is one that has no basis in law, or was the result of a clerical error. It is almost always subject to correction, but only according to rules of criminal procedure. In the federal system, a trial court has 14 days from the date of sentencing to correct arithmetical, technical, or other “clear errors.”
Examples of illegal sentences include sentences that resulted from arithmetical or technical error; and those that resulted from an incorrect application of the sentencing guidelines. Further examples of illegal sentences include:
- A sentence imposed by a court without “jurisdiction.” This means that the court did not have the authority to hear that matter in the first place.
- A sentence that does not conform to the requirements of the relevant statute. For example, if a statute provides for a sentencing range, and the judge imposes a sentence that is not within that range, the sentence would be illegal.
- A sentence that is ambiguous as to how and when the defendant must serve it.
- A sentence that fails to comply with a plea bargain, or is inconsistent with the judge’s oral pronouncement from the bench.
Importantly, a claim that a sentence is unconstitutional does not bring that claim within the laws that allow for the correction of illegal sentences (that claim must be raised in an appeal of the underlying conviction). Similarly, a claim that the judge was subject to impermissible motivations when choosing and imposing the sentence must be raised on appeal, not in a motion to correct an illegal sentence.
Defendants who successfully argue on appeal that their sentences were illegal do not obtain a reversal of their convictions. Instead, the case is sent back to the trial court for re-sentencing.
Normally, defendants are limited on appeal to raising issues that were argued at trial, which they lost. For instance, a defendant cannot argue on appeal that his confession was improperly admitted unless he objected to its admission at trial. But when it comes to illegal sentences, the appellate court can take up the issue even if the defendant didn’t object to it at sentencing time.
Reducing Sentences for Those Who Cooperate
Most of us are familiar with the “cooperating witness” scenario, wherein a person charged with or even convicted of a crime agrees to cooperate with the prosecution, giving information or testimony (or both) to aid in the investigation and prosecution of someone else. These cooperators do so for a price: A reduced charge or light sentence for those not yet convicted; or a promise of a reduced sentence for those whose cases are final.
The federal system, like many state systems, provides by rule for reducing the sentences of convicted and sentenced cooperators. (Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(b).) Within one year of conviction, a cooperating defendant who provided “substantial assistance” may petition the court for a reduction, which must accord with the Sentencing Commission’s guidelines on reductions.
Compassionate Modifications of Federal Sentences
Federal law allows a narrow range of defendants to ask the court to reduce their sentences, based on the length of their incarceration, their age, and their apparent lack of dangerousness. Under 18 U.S. Code Section 3582, if the Director of the Bureau of Prisons so recommends, a judge may modify a prison term for a prisoner who has served at least 30 years in prison, who is at least 70 years old, and whom the Director feels is not a danger to other people or the community.
Questions to Ask Your Attorney
- I had a court-appointed lawyer at trial, and I’d like to file a motion to modify my sentence. Does that lawyer have to represent me? If not, can I get another appointed lawyer?
- A prosecutor promised to ask the judge to reduce my sentence if I "worked" for him in prison and gathered information on another case. I've been helping for over a year, and he still hasn't asked for the reduction. Can we take him to court and force him to ask for the reduction?
- Do prison officials have to give access to the law library so that I can file a motion for sentence reduction?
- If I'm granted a reduction, will I get credit for the time I served between the date that I filed my motion and the date the judge made a decision? | <urn:uuid:d1413bba-2068-435c-8098-984b3a20eb4e> | {
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This post was originally published on The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s Culture of Health blog.
This is the first of a 5-part blog series, curated by RWJF, a TEDMED Global Partner. This blog series showcases the real and tangible ways that communities around the country are supporting the healthy development of children and young adults. The series helps to set the stage for the important conversations about child health and development that RWJF will host at TEDMED this year.
By Mark Greenberg and Tracy Costigan
Social emotional skills can help students set goals for themselves and build positive relationships with peers. They can also lead to long-term societal benefits that extend far beyond the individual child.
At an elementary school in the Menominee Nation in Wisconsin, the school day starts in an unusual way. Before they do anything else, students sit down at a classroom computer and select the face that best matches how they feel that morning.
If they’re feeling upbeat, they pick a green, smiling face. If they’re upset about something, there’s a red sad face. And if they feel somewhere in the middle there’s a yellow neutral face. This exercise helps these students develop self-awareness and emotional management skills. It also helps teachers recognize which students are having a tough day and where they might need help.
Ryan Coffey, a teacher and counselor at the Wisconsin school, calls this simple check-in an incredible tool that “can change the whole day.”
“It’s about being proactive—before they blow up—instead of reactive. Because [incidents in the community] are hard on them, hard on their classmates and hard on their teacher. It’s traumatic for everyone. When they get older, those negative coping skills lead to the smoking, the drinking, the drug use. If we give them positive skills now … those are life skills they’ll use forever.”
This community has recognized, and put into practice, what research increasingly shows is clear: social emotional development is essential to long-term wellbeing and success.
In fact, building social emotional skills in students as young as kindergartners can have long-term benefits, not just for the students themselves but for society as a whole. Every dollar invested in effective social emotional programs in schools can bring an average of more than $11 in benefits in the long run.
These benefits come in a few different ways. First of all, students with stronger social emotional skills tend to do better in school. One study of eighth grade students found that a measure of self-discipline—one aspect of social emotional development—was a better predictor of grades, school attendance, and admission into a competitive high school program than even IQ.
Secondly, social emotional development can help students graduate from college and land a well-paying job. Children who demonstrate greater social emotional skills as young as kindergarten are more likely to have graduated from college and hold a full-time job 20 years later. Adolescents with these skills earn more as adults.
The long-term benefits of self-control, managing one’s emotions, and building strong relationships extend beyond the educational setting itself. Research shows that children with a stronger social emotional skill set were less likely to experience health problems, struggle with substance abuse, or engage in criminal activity as they got older.
All of these positive long-term outcomes benefit not just the student, but broader society. For instance, when students succeed in school and grow up to become productive adults, they’re ultimately supporting the overall well-being of their neighbors and communities. If, as adolescents grow older, they avoid substance abuse and crime, they’re also preventing associated societal costs.
Now, it’s no secret that investing early, supporting the whole child and student early on, pays off in the long run. Additional research further illustrates how early education programs promote social mobility within and across generations, helps prevent obesity, reduce health care expenditures and leads to overall higher-quality of life.
But what is new and exciting is that more and more schools are putting these social emotional principles and programs into practice the way the Menominee Nation is. Schools have always focused on building the academic skills and knowledge of students, and we’ve always viewed that as a long-term investment in our human capital. A large and growing body of research should make it clear that supporting students’ social, emotional, and physical health is just as strong an investment.
Learn more about research from RWJF and Pennsylvania State University, covering how teachers, parents, schools and others can support the social emotional learning of students. | <urn:uuid:ca66221c-7626-47a7-948a-5b6035176be5> | {
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Individual differences |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
The Third Wave was the name given by history teacher Ron Jones to an experimental recreation of Nazi Germany which he conducted with high school students.
The experiment took place at Cubberley High School in Palo Alto, California, during one week in 1967. Jones, unable to explain to his students why the German citizens (particularly non-Nazis) allowed the Nazi Party to exterminate millions of Jews and other so-called 'undesirables', decided to show them instead.
Jones writes that he started with simple things like classroom discipline, and managed to meld his history class into a group with a supreme sense of purpose and no small amount of cliquecliquishness]].
Jones named the movement "The Third Wave," after the common wisdom that the third in a series of ocean waves is always the strongest, and claimed its members would revolutionize the world.
The experiment allegedly took on a life of its own, with students from all over the school joining in; Jones wrote that he agonized over the outcome of the exercise before bringing it to a halt by claiming that the movement had a world-wide leader, and then displaying a film clip of him: Adolf Hitler.
Despite the clear implications of this study on the malleability of young minds, of particular interest to both psychologists seeking to understand and prevent it, and would-be world dictators attempting to recreate it, little had surfaced on the subject until recently. Todd Strasser, under the pen name Morton Rhue, wrote a young-adult novel on the subject (entitled The Wave), which was a novelization of the 1981 Norman Lear TV movie "The Wave." Original students were interviewed in the 1991 article by Leslie Weinfield (linked below), and in fall 2010 the new documentary film "Lesson Plan" debuted wherein the original Third Wave students and their teacher Ron Jones re-tell the story in their own words.
- In 2006, a Florida middle school history class attempted to recreate the experiment with even younger children.
- Milgram experiment
- Stanford prison experiment
- Peer pressure
- Jane Elliott brown-eye/blue-eye demonstration
- ^ School's 'Holocaust' Experiment Upsets Parents from a local news channel, accessed March 30, 2006 from http://www.local6.com/news/8345157/detail.html.
- ^ Strasser, T. (1981). The wave. New York: Dell Publishing Co.
- The Wave at The Internet Movie Database
- An essay by Jones
- Remembering the 3rd Wave, 1991, Leslie Weinfield (on Ron Jones' website).
- www.thewavehome.com - the Wave FAQ story resource site, run by original Wave students
- www.lessonplanmovie.com Website of the Wave documentary movie "Lesson Plan"
- www.thewave.tk includes information about novel, stage and theater adaptations of the story
- The Western Neighborhoods Project's short biography of Ron Jones
- Mob Mentality Act 2 (RealAudio)
- el:Το Τρίτο Κύμα
- es:Tercera Ola
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The Henry VIII play is set in the Royal Palace, London, and at other houses near London. Read more about Henry VIII settings.
Genre classification: Henry VIII is a History Play.
Main characters in Henry VIII: King Henry is a wilful monarch who confronts the Roman Church by marrying Anne Bullen.
Cardinal Wolsey is the Lord Chancellor of England. He is rich and powerful and manipulative. He over reaches himself and loses his property and his life.
Katherine of Arragon is Henry’s wife, the Queen of England.
Anne Bullen is Katherine’s maid of honour, the object of Henry’s lust and the cause of the play’s conflict.
Cranmer is the Archbishop of Canterbury
Duke of Buckingham is the King’s supporter and Wolsey’s opponent. See a full list of characters in Henry VIII.
Henry VIII themes: Power corrupts; the search for immortality, reflected in Henry’s obsession with producing a male heir; the treatment of women in a male-dominated society and repentance. | <urn:uuid:685b095c-640d-4204-8537-56cd6c9cb9eb> | {
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Frequency of Urination during pregnancy
The uterus is growing and begins to press on the woman's bladder, causing the need for her to urinate more frequently. Further, the increased volume of body fluids and the improved efficiency of the kidneys, help to rid the body more quickly of waste products. The pressure on your bladder is often relieved once the uterus rises into the abdominal cavity around the fourth month and doesn't return until the third trimester when the baby "drops" back down into the pelvis in the ninth month. By leaning forward when you urinate, you will ensure that you empty your bladder completely and reduce trips to the bathroom.
It is important to remember that if you notice pain, burning, pus or blood in your urine to see your health care provider right away. You might have a urinary tract infection that needs treatment. | <urn:uuid:6f988205-5e2e-4242-82b5-a227bfa33151> | {
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Army Intelligence Center established at Fort Holabird, Md.
Sept. 1, 1954
In the years following World War II, the Army’s intelligence organizations were divided into the assistant chief of staff for Intelligence (previously the Military Intelligence Division, or MID), the Army Security Agency, or ASA, with its headquarters at Arlington Hall, Va, and the Counter Intelligence Corps (CIC) Center, headquartered at Fort Holabird, Md. While the ASA maintained operational control over signals intelligence collection assets worldwide, the CIC Center was largely an administrative and training organization.
When the Korean War broke out, ASA and CIC Center personnel found themselves scrambling to put together organizations of intelligence assets to support the theater of operations. Since there was no active duty Military Intelligence Branch at the time, trained specialists were hard to find and even harder to retain, as those who had experience were only detailed to work in intelligence while holding other primary specialties. In addition, the skills that were taught at the CIC School were specific to counterintelligence. The Army needed to professionalize its human intelligence collection capability without diverting trained CIC agents to do that work.
The lessons learned during Korea caused the Army to take corrective action. First, in June 1953, the Army’s assistant chief of staff for Intelligence, or ACSI, recommended the creation of an intelligence board that would consolidate in one location an intelligence school, a field intelligence center and the intelligence units that were in the Army’s reserve forces. Fort Holabird, with its CIC School and Center and counterintelligence records facility seemed the logical site.
The Army had been training CI personnel at Fort Holabird since 1945. However, in 1954, the mission of the CIC School expanded to include Field Operations Intelligence training in order to fulfill the Army’s new mission of training a human intelligence collection capability. The records facility, which contained all of the Army’s counterintelligence files, was moved under the command of the CIC Center soon thereafter.
On Sept. 1, 1954, the ACSI officially redesignated the CIC Center as the Army Intelligence Center, and the chief of the Counter Intelligence Corps became its commanding general. The following year, the Intelligence Center expanded further with the addition of the Photo Interpretation Center. Additionally, combat intelligence training, including order of battle techniques, photo interpretation, prisoner of war interrogation and censorship, was transferred from the Army General School at Fort Riley, Kan., to Fort Holabird, giving the commanding general the additional title of commandant, U.S. Army Intelligence School.
This arrangement centralized nearly all intelligence training at the U.S. Army Intelligence Center and School, Fort Holabird. The Intelligence Center and School remained at Fort Holabird until overcrowding during the Vietnam War forced its relocation to Fort Huachuca, which became the “Home of Military Intelligence” on March 23, 1971, and the last class graduated from Fort Holabird on Sept. 2, 1971, nearly 17 years to the day after the Army Intelligence Center was established there. | <urn:uuid:09afb33d-693e-4ee5-a13c-f251bfff9522> | {
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Last week I had the opportunity to be in Kansas City, and devoted some time to researching Louisiana’s colonial presence in “the heartland” during the 18th century. Even before there was a Louisiana, the French presence at the mouth of the Arkansas was well established by LaSalle and Tonty (more on this in the future). And by 1716 (300 years ago), Upper Louisiana aka the Illinois Country aka the western end of New France had several active settlements. But it is the Missouri Valley, believed in 1716 to be the passage west to the Pacific, that is being considered today. A century before Lewis & Clark, the explorers of Louisiana were making their way up the great river to the Rockies. Even earlier, throughout the 17th century, the coureurs des bois (runners of the woods) from New France were trapping and trading the furs that formed the basis of much of the wealth which provided the Bourbon North American empire with its raison d’etre. There is a myth in Louisiana history that these coureurs des bois were the romantic nomads of Upper Louisiana who finally settled the mid Mississippi valley and became the economic basis of river trade through the mid 18th century. But the truth is, by the heyday of French Louisiana, the coureurs des bois were already fading into history. New France and Louisiana began to exert more control over the lucrative fur trade by licensing the formerly free trappers. Almost simultaneously with the establishment of New Orleans the coureurs were steadily being replaced by voyageurs (often the same individuals carrying official licenses). Regardless of what we moderns call these folks, the fur trade continued well into the twentieth century as an essential part of the Louisiana and New Orleans economies.One such individual who lived through these changes and went on to be rightly called the Discoverer of the Missouri Valley was Etienne V. De Bourgmont.
Like many European explorers in this timeframe, De Bourgmont travelled up the Missouri looking for the northwest passage to the Pacific. He lived among the Missouri Indians near the mouth of the Grand River from 1712-1719. (Dictionary of Missouri Biography, p. 108) Working under the aegis of the governor of New France and out of New Orleans under Bienville himself, he travelled up the Missouri to the Yellowstone and provided the data to DeLisle in New Orleans to create the first reasonably accurate map of the region. Later traveling back to France he wrote his journal and “opened the eyes of the Europeans to a new world within the New World: the 433,000 fertile square miles of the Missouri River basin, twice as large as France, and readily accessible via navigable rivers. ” (p. 109 DOMB)
Later, during Louisiana’s Spanish period, Bourgmont was followed into the Missouri valley by James Mackay and John Thomas Evans. Their travels provided much of the more contemporary information that Lewis and Clark used on the opening stages of their expedition. They made it to Three Forks, Montana but were forced to turn around due to resistance from the Sioux.One fun fact we can draw from their expedition was that Evans, a Welshman, was searching for descendants of a medieval legend which told of Welshmen arriving in North America in the 12th century. There were tales of an Indian group up the Missouri who exhibited Welsh racial coloring, and whose language contained words and sounds akin to Welsh. Sadly though, Evans found no evidence of this on the wide Missouri.
More info on all of this may be found in:
Frank Norall. Etienne V. De Bourgmont. (1988, U. Of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.) ISBN: 0803233167
Wood, W. Raymond. Prologue to Lewis & Clark. (Norman, OK: U. Of Oklahoma Press,2003.) ISBN 0806134917
And a very good website at:
Finally, I must note a sad fact about all of this European activity in the Missouri Valley. The Mandan Indians, the first significant nation up the river and the trading partners to all of the above mentioned explorers, had disappeared from the West by 1840 due to the European diseases that followed the explorers upstream. Of course, more description and info can be found in George Caitlin’s book, the great painter and chronicler of the Western Indians before “manifest destiny” brought about its terrible effects. | <urn:uuid:07f7aa32-d0b2-46a0-afb1-5dc62bb4cb8b> | {
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While the world coffee crisis of the past few years has increased problems faced by the Mayan people in Guatemala, they have been facing a permanent crisis for centuries, ever since the Spaniards arrived and began to disrupt indigenous ways of life. This began when the Spanish crown awarded large swaths of land to settlers, and what had been traditional Mayan lands became large estates upon which the indigenous people were forced to work. Throughout the colonial period and after Central American independence in 1823, various laws around land tenure either drove indigenous people off their land or converted them into “residents” of the new plantations.
With the invention of chemical dyes in Europe in the 1800s, the export market for Guatemala’s indigo and cochineal collapsed. Coffee was developed as an export crop to take their place, supported by the government through preferential trade and tax treatment. By 1859, over a half million coffee trees had been planted around Antigua, Coban, Fraijanes and San Marcos and close to 400 quintales (100 lb. bags) were exported to Europe. The next year, production tripled to over 1100 quintales1.
Guatemalan dictator Justo Rufino Barrios made the export of coffee the backbone of his government’s program in the 1870s. Barrios expropriated land belonging to the Catholic hierarchy, as well as communal lands held by Mayans, and by 1877, Barrios had virtually eliminated communal ownership of land in Guatemala. By 1880, coffee accounted for 90% of Guatemala's exports2. While exports of sugar, bananas and other fruits and vegetables, as well as beef and clothing, have also grown, coffee remains Guatemala’s largest export3.
The social unrest resulting from the world-wide economic depression of 1929 led to the Matanza (massacre) of 1932 in neighboring El Salvador; to Guatemala it brought the presidency of Jorge Ubico in 1931. Ubico’s dictatorship inaugurated a 13 year repressive campaign against trade unions and other forms of popular organization. The tide began to turn in 1950, when populist Jacobo Arbenz was elected president and slowly began implementing a land reform, incurring the wrath of the large coffee plantation owners as well as the United Fruit Company and the US government. The Arbenz government was overthrown by a CIA-organized coup in 1954. The land reform was reversed, the unions and popular organizations disbanded, and thousands of people were murdered, including organizers and members of agricultural cooperatives.
The terror unleashed by the US overthrow of Arbenz continued through a succession of governments, leading to the outbreak of civil war in 1962, which lasted through 1996 when Peace Accords were finally negotiated. The war functioned as a laboratory for methods of terror as a means to control the population. Entire villages were wiped out as the military, right-wing paramilitary, and government-organized “village patrols” murdered mostly rural, mostly poor, mostly indigenous people with impunity. The Guatemalan civil war resulted in an estimated 200,000 deaths and a society in which violence, distrust of government and law, and a culture of fear continue to this day.
The accomplishment of the peace agreements was that they brought an end to the longest war in the Americas. However, the causes of the conflict -- poverty, hunger, unequal land distribution, and racism faced by the indigenous population -- continue today and continue to define Guatemala’s coffee economy.
Labor relations in the coffee sector have not changed much in the last century. Plantation residents continue to complain of indentured servitude as some farms promote indebtedness through rents, credit policies at the company store, and loans for emergency health care. Many say they were evicted from their ancestral homes without being paid legally-mandated severance benefits. Others, however, have been able to negotiate land titles in exchange for leaving their places of origin. Tensions around land have resulted in some large growers establishing private security forces, increasing the levels of fear, violence, and inequality in rural areas4.
The coffee harvest depends on a massive, seasonal influx of migrant workers who travel to supplement the meager income generated by their small plots of land in the highlands. Seasonal and sometimes daily contract laborers, instead of permanent employees, represent significant savings for growers by not demanding year round wages and benefits. This arrangement also tends to lower wages in general, and makes access to food (and the land to grow it on), housing, medical care and schooling more difficult. In general, a season’s worth of work will only generate 1/3 of a family’s corn and bean calorie requirements for a family5.
Guatemalan coffee production peaked at the turn of the 21st century when it reached around 5 million quintales; however, production fell by 1/3 in just a few years (to 345,000 quintales in 2004) as coffee prices dropped drastically6. The decline in coffee’s price and production increased the already difficult conditions for Guatemala’s peasant farmers.
About the same size as the state of Ohio, Guatemala ranks second in the world (after Colombia) in the amount of high grade coffee it produces, and it has the highest percentage of its crop classified as high quality. Over half its coffee is exported to the US, representing 1/8 of the country’s GNP and generating about 1/3 of Guatemala’s foreign exchange. But when these hundreds of millions of dollars trickle down, this intense labor generates little for the coffee workers. Refugees International’s Larry Thompson believes that in the recent crisis, “those fortunate enough to have found work in the coffee harvest saw their wages fall from a previous average of about $3.00 per day to about $2.00 per day.”7 These starvation wages occur despite the existence of a legal daily rural minimum wage of $2.488.
Although statistics vary significantly, even the more conservative sources like USAID estimate that 56% of the population lives in poverty, and 20% in extreme poverty. Infant mortality is among the worst in the region (39 per 1,000 live births), maternal mortality is extremely high (153 per 100,000 births) and chronic malnutrition remains a serious problem (49%)9. Others believe that as many as 85% of children under 5 are malnourished, and that stunted growth affects up to 95% of non-Spanish speaking children in some regions10. A survey of a region in eastern Guatemala in October 2001 found 2.1% of children under five suffered from acute malnutrition; a March 2002 re-survey of the same region found that acute malnutrition had increased to 4.3%11.
Increased access to land and income in rural areas continues to be key to resolving these stark issues of malnutrition, disease and mortality. Unfortunately, solutions remain among the failed promises of the Peace Accords as real land reform and an end to discrimination against the Mayan peoples seem to be absent from the government’s agenda. While only a small step toward rectifying centuries of injustice, fair trade coffee is helping to improve the situation for Guatemala’s small coffee farmers.
One of Equal Exchange’s partners in Guatemala is Manos Campesinas (Farmers Hands). Founded in 1997 by 620 farmers organized in 6 cooperatives, it now has 1,073 members organized in 7 cooperatives located in the Departments of San Marcos, Quetzaltenango, Retalhuleu and Solola12. The majority of these farmers each own less than 2 ¼ acres of coffee. In their first season (1997-1998), Manos Campesinas exported one container of coffee. The following harvest, they exported four containers. Over the next three years, their exports increased to six, nine and thirteen containers respectively. In 2003, they exported 16 containers, 40% of their total production. Considering that the fair trade price for coffee that year was $1.26, while the market (unfair) price was 60 to 70 cents13, the improvement in coffee farmers’ lives, health and nutrition becomes obvious.
According to Jerónimo Bollen, former General Manager of Manos Campesinas, “Fair Trade keeps farmers on their land. While low coffee prices have forced thousands of farmers to emigrate to Mexico and the U.S., none of our members have had to give up their land.”14
Carlos Reynoso, current General Manager of Manos Campesinas, agrees: “About four or five years ago, coffee prices began to fall. That made our existence and our lives that much more difficult. We received less income for our production, but that also meant less money for food, health care, and education. The premiums we receive from fair trade help us send our children to school, and provide food and medicines for our families.”15
The incentive to organize into cooperatives promoted by Equal Exchange and other fair trade partners is perhaps just as important for survival as is the extra income. When Hurricane Stan devastated Guatemala in October 2005, Manos Campesinas was able to mobilize to help its members and their neighbors. Jerónimo Bollen noted: “In an attempt to alleviate the problems caused by Hurricane Stan, Manos Campesinas first worked to provide emergency assistance such as food and supplies as well as medicines and medical assistance. Once the majority of these needs were met, Manos Campesinas was able to shift its focus onto the reconstruction of houses and infrastructure, economic reactivation, coffee production and the demarcation of landslides to ensure safety.”16
In a world in which inequality and hunger are increasing as a result of corporate-led globalization, Fair Trade is a good example of how globalization-from-below helps to improve people’s lives and strengthen their communities.
A good, readable book about the role of coffee in Guatemalan history from Arbenz through the peace accords is Daniel Wilkinson, Silence on the Mountain: Stories of Terror, Betrayal, and Forgetting in Guatemala (Houghton Mifflin, 2002).
- [Guatemalan] National Coffee Association
- COVERCO, Feb 2000
- International Trade Centre, UNCTAD/WTO
- COVERCO, op.cit.
- John D. Abell, “The Neoliberal World Order: The View from the Highlands of Guatemala,” NACLA Report on the Americas, July 1999.
- International Coffee Organization
- Global Exchange
- Abell, NACLA Report, op.cit.
- Refugees International
- Equal Exchange, Producer Relations Report, 2003.
- “Putting Love Into Action” Fair Trade Coffee Information Sheet
- Equal Exchange, op.cit.
- Coffee Kids, Dec. 19, 2005 | <urn:uuid:e8563639-4f61-4c7b-8241-5d065698dac3> | {
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Scabiosa, a native of southern Europe, is like a pincushion with flowers up to 3 inches in size and scores of yellow or white stamens. The original flowers had a sweet scent. Pincushion flower and mourning bride are two common names for scabiosa.
Description of scabiosa: Scabiosa can grow up to 21/2 feet tall; modern varieties are shorter. The many branched plants are topped with flowers in white, pink, lavender, and deepest maroon (almost black), from which the name "mourning bride" comes. Both double and single forms are found.
Growing scabiosa: Scabiosas grow well in any moderately fertile, well-drained soil. They need full sun. Plant outdoors after all danger of frost has passed, spacing them 8 to 15 inches apart, depending on variety. The taller varieties will need staking, but the shorter ones do not if protected from high winds, Scabiosas are sensitive to water. Apply water in the morning so that it can dry off before night.
Propagating scabiosa: Start new plants from seeds. Sow outdoors as soon as all danger of frost has passed, thinning seedlings to the proper spacing. For earlier bloom, sow seeds indoors 4 to 6 weeks prior to outdoor planting. Seeds germinate in 10 to 15 days at 70 to 75 degrees Fahrenheit.
Uses for scabiosa: Scabiosa is a delight in cottage gardens and mixed borders. It can also be grown and flowered in greenhouses or in sun rooms through fall and winter. Scabiosa makes good cut flowers.
Scabiosa related varieties: Blue Cockade has double flowers of rich, lavender-blue. It is a tall, 3-foot variety. Dwarf Double is a mix of colors in white, lavender, lavender-blue, and rose, growing to 18 inches. Giant Imperial features large flowers on long stems, ideal for cutting. They are a mix of lavender-blue, white, rose, and pink. Double Mixed are fragrant, fully double flowers that include the darker colors of purple and deep crimson as well as white and pink. Ace of Spades is deep maroon. Ebony and Ivory is a mix of white and deep red-black.
Scientific name of scabiosa: Scabiosa atropurpurea
Want more information? Try these links:
- Annual Flowers. Discover your favorite annual flowers. We've organized them by color, sunlight, soil type, and height to make it easy to plan your garden.
- Annuals. There's more to an annuals garden than flowers. Learn about all of the annuals that enhance your garden.
- Perennial Flowers. Complement your annuals with these delightful perennial flowers. They are also organized by height, soil type, sunlight, and color. | <urn:uuid:e2a6450d-8c33-4a84-a55c-857813b40a46> | {
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According to Alan Boyle, MSNBC, starting in January, scientists who have been studying the data collected by the Kepler Observatory will begin to report on what rumor suggests will be the first dozen of what will be potentially thousands of extrasolar planets revealed over the next three years.
Scientists are on their way to discovering thousands of new planets, potentially including hundreds of worlds the size of Earth, in Earth-like orbits around sunlike stars. They expect to achieve that goal within three years or so. But they'll start with the weirdest worlds.
(See: MSNBC: Looking for Alien Earths? Here They Come.)
So far, over 400 planets have been discovered orbiting other stars. However, our detection methods have favored larger planets and those that are closest to their parent stars. This means that we have mostly discovered 'hot Jupiters' - planets the size of Jupiter and larger - much larger - orbiting close in to the star.
The Kepler Observatory also favors finding planets close in to their parent star. However, it is capable of discovering planets the size of earth. So, this first batch of planets to be reported will likely include a number of hot Jupiters. However, it will also include some super-hot Venus-like planets.
They will still be too hot to expect to hold any life. However, those planets will come. Each time another set of data is downloaded from the Kepler Observatory, scientists have the opportunity to confirm planets that are further and further away from the parent star.
The Kepler Observatory finds a planet by measuring the change in brightness as the planet orbits the parent star. As the planet passes in front of the star, the star gets a little bit dimmer. Kepler records these dips in brightness. Three dips in brightness over a regular period tells scientists that the dips were caused by a planet that had passed on front of the star three times.
Scientists want to see the brightness dip three times before they will suggest that a planet is responsible. This means, with 45 days' worth of data, scientists can discover planets that orbit their parent star in 15 days or less (hot Jupiters and hot Venuses).
With 1100 days worth of data, scientists can discover planets that take a whole year to orbit their parent stars - planets very much like Earth.
However, we do need to add the fact that our sun is a particularly large star. The vast majority of stars are smaller and cooler. As such, any wet planets or wet moons orbiting those stars will have smaller, tighter orbits. The discovery of those planets will take less than three years.
One more interesting fact to consider. A planet has to be in an orbit that lines up with the Earth for Kepler Observatory to detect them. That will be rare. For every earth-like planet that Kepler can discover, there can be hundreds that do not line up correctly.
Not only is Kepler able to discover planets orbiting other stars, it can discover moons orbiting those planets, if the moons are large enough. It may well be that, where life is possible in another solar system, it will be on a large wet moon orbiting a Jupiter-like planet, rather than on a planet like Earth.
All of this holds out the hope that the year 2010 will see some very interesting discoveries - with the discoveries getting more and moe interesting every year thereafter - culminating in the potential discvery 3 to 5 years from now of an Earth-size planet (or a wet moon) orbiting a parent star at just the right distance for liquid water, potentially with signs that its atmosphere contains heavy concentrations of nitrogen and oxygen,
That will be a very interesting day indeed. | <urn:uuid:50c92d56-affd-423e-89aa-8c2ab23cda7e> | {
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This article was published in ROCKHURST, in Spring/Summer 2001. The title of the article was Unmasking the Muse by William Sturgell PHD.
HOW TO TAP YOUR CREATIVITY
- You must want to create: Creative solutions come from intrinsic motivation, from the joy of working on a particular kind of thing, from the love of working in a particular field.
- Identify a problem in the field or an artistic endeavor to work on. It must be something that garners your genuine interest.
- Commit. You must believe in the value of your creative endeavor, that in the end you will produce something useful.
- Surround yourself with friends who believe in you and your endeavor.
- Learn as much about your endeavor as you can. Not only will you learn, you will discover previously unrecognized problems, which in itself is a creative contribution.
- Question the assumptions and presuppositions of everything. Think critically. Seek your biases. Test your beliefs.
- Let your imagination go where it may. Get playful with your thinking. Observe Carefully.
- Get a hobby - Something to take your mind off your creative endeavor.
- Schedule leisure. Play. | <urn:uuid:2b54c594-5d29-4fbd-82dc-454b23feb72b> | {
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Title text: Proper User Policy apparently means Simon Says.
On a UNIX computer system, users can be assigned to all kinds of rights, for example rights to access to certain directories and files to execute certain commands. The sudo command overrides these policies by executing the command typed behind it as if the user were an administrator — the Super User, who can access much more of the system than a normal user.
Cueball is demanding a sandwich from a friend. Not being properly asked, the friend denies the request. Cueball then (ab)uses the sudo command on the friend, who then has no choice but to go and make the sandwich, because Cueball has all the rights.
On a real UNIX machine, to prohibit abuse of the command, the user must be in the sudoers group, and the user first must type their password before the command will be executed.
Simon Says is a children's game in which a leader gives various commands which must be followed if and only if (iff) the leader prefixes the command with "Simon says". And though UNIX's user rights management system, which one could refer to as proper user policy, is complex and powerful, people's use of it often degenerates into merely prepending "sudo" to a failed command so that it will work. For example, sometimes a command to delete a file "rm -f /path/to/some-system-file" will fail because the user does not have enough permissions, but the user knows they really want to delete the file, so they simply repeat the command with "sudo": "sudo rm -f /path/to/some-system-file".
The title text compares the way the computer will run some commands if they are preceded with "sudo" to the way Simon Says players are supposed to follow orders if they are preceded with "Simon says".
Alternatively, the title text might merely be referring to the similarity between Cueball ordering his friend around with "sudo" to the Simon Says game leader ordering other players around. Wikipedia suggests the "Simon" in the name of the game may be the powerful lord Simon de Montfort, or a corruption of Cicero, both of whom were influential politicians of their day.
- [Cueball is sitting on a couch, talking to a friend.]
- Cueball: Make me a sandwich.
- Friend: What? Make it yourself.
- Cueball: Sudo make me a sandwich.
- Friend: Okay. | <urn:uuid:638135c6-e5d2-42a5-b3c5-3b6d3a6a6cdc> | {
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There is a new edition of the book and this is an old link.
Ownership is Rust’s most unique feature, and it enables Rust to make memory safety guarantees without needing a garbage collector.
- Each value in Rust has a variable that’s called its owner.
- There can only be one owner at a time.
- When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped.
Here are the relevant sections in the new and old books: | <urn:uuid:fdffcb83-ae77-450b-ba55-9a59ad1724cb> | {
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As Mexico City archaeologists sort through the surreal array of Aztec sacrificial skulls recently uncovered while excavating their city's subway system, it's worth remembering that parts of the London Underground were also tunneled, blasted, picked, and drilled through a labyrinth of plague pits and cemeteries.
In her excellent and morbidly fascinating book Necropolis: London and Its Dead, author Catharine Arnold describes in detail the subterranean presence of corpses found throughout the British capital. To no small extent, she makes clear, dead bodies were basically buried everywhere, to the point that, as Arnold pithily states, "London is one giant grave."
Here are just a few of my favorite examples, all of them taken from Arnold's book, of how London is saturated from below with corpses, and I'd encourage anyone interested in this sort of thing simply to buy a copy of Necropolis.
Finally, at the end of this post, we'll get back to how all these bodies affected the construction of the Tube—London's subway—which is why this post was started in the first place.
London Hospital students play football on hospital grounds; photo courtesy Getty Images
The London Hospital maintained its own on-site burial ground for six years, from 1849 to 1854. However, Arnold explains, "burials continued until about 1860, with porters acting as gravediggers." Somewhat astonishingly, we learn that housing projects for the medical staff were then built over these old graveyards—and the coffins were not very far below the surface.
As Arnold describes, this made for some rather unsafe ground conditions:
The remaining part of the burial ground became a garden for nurses and medical students, complete with tennis court, "where they are in the habit of capering about in their short times off-duty, and where it sometimes happens that the grass gives way beneath them—an ordinary occurrence when the subsoil is inhabited by coffins!"
In other words, these tennis-playing nurses "capering about" on their grass tennis courts would occasionally and literally fall through the surface of the earth only to find themselves standing in the rotting coffins hidden under the soil, an infernal honeycomb of badly tended graves like something out of Dante.
This image—of women frolicking in their 19th-century sports gear suddenly falling into coffins—is absolutely astonishing and surely belongs in a movie coming soon to a cinema near you.
Ooh, That Smell
Far more horrifically, some local churches got in on the financial action of corpse disposal by accepting dead bodies—along with the high fees associated with their interment—only to do nothing at all with the corpses but toss them down into the cellar.
One church was so bad, Arnold writes, that its parishioners would often pass out from the horrible smell of rotting and partially liquified bodies wafting up from below.
Photo courtesy Fox Photos/Getty Images
A particularly nightmarish location described by Arnold is Enon Chapel, a Baptist church founded "as a speculative venture." That is, the minister—a Mr. W. Howse—was in it purely for the money.
Arnold's own description of what happened next says it best:
Worship there was a dangerous business; for members of the congregation frequently passed out—yet, because nobody guessed at the minister's appalling secret, it never occurred to them that the cause of their sickness lay beneath a flimsy layer of floorboards, in the vault of the chapel.
In warm, damp weather, local residents were assaulted by a peculiarly disgusting smell. Occasionally, when a fire was lit in a nearby building, an intolerable stench arose, which did not originate from the drains. Vast numbers of rats infested the houses; and meat exposed to the atmosphere turned putrid after an hour or two.
The parishioners could even taste it, apparently: an acrid, oily slick on their tongues, resulting from the humid corpse-fog that filled the church, a kind of artificial weather system created by the dissolving bodies of the dead jumbled up beneath the floorboards.
Mind-bogglingly, when all of this was finally discovered, how many corpses do you think London city authorities found down there? Several dozen? A few hundred, perhaps?
They found twelve thousand corpses. 12,000 corpses all turning into jello and contaminating the local water supply.
The Unforgettable Fire
Yet those churchgoers were lucky to escape with their own lives. At times, Arnold writes, London's urban burial grounds simply exploded, their cheap coffins dangerously over-pressurized from within with corpse gas.
Image courtesy Getty Images
The resulting subterranean infernos, for the most part limited to the crypts and basements of churches, were physically repellent and not at all easy to extinguish. "In the 1800s," Arnold writes, "fires beneath St. Clement Dane's and [architect Christopher] Wren's Church of St. James's in Jermyn Street destroyed many bodies and burned for days."
To help prevent these corpulent bombs from bursting, sextons of the churches were required to "tap" the coffins now and again; this tapping would jostle the bodies within and thus "facilitate the escape of gases which would otherwise detonate from their confinement."
A Pyramid to Rival Giza
We've looked at the design and construction of vertical cemeteries before here on Gizmodo, but necropolitan entrepreneurs in London were looking into this nearly 200 years ago. Why bury, in other words, when you can build?
Specifically, Arnold explains, an architecturally inclined businessman named Thomas Willson once "proposed a huge pyramid for Primrose Hill. At an estimated cost of £2,500, this massive mausoleum, higher than St. Paul's, would contain five million Londoners."
Intended to invoke solemnity and inspire awe, Willson's colossal geometric structure was to be funded through subscription and run by a corporation called the Pyramid General Cemetery Company. As Arnold describes it:
Constructed from brick, with granite facing, the plans comprised a chapel, office, quarters for the Keeper, Clerk, Sexton and Superintendent, four entrances and a central ventilation shaft. A series of sloping paths would allow bodies to be moved. Each catacomb took up to twenty-four coffins and could be sealed up after all interments had been completed. Resembling a beehive, it would be a thing of awe and wonder to all who saw it.
The pyramid was never constructed, of course, but perhaps in our own era of London megaprojects, some brick and granite Giza might yet emerge on the marshy edges of town to support and protect the dead of southeast England.
Drill, Baby, Drill
All of which finally brings us to the real reason I started writing this post, which was to tell the story of how these corpses—the city absolutely littered with burial grounds and plague pits—came to influence the construction of London's Underground train system. It's a brief anecdote, but it's both ghoulish and interesting.
Photo courtesy Fox Photos/Getty Images
As Arnold points out, there is an otherwise inexplicable shift in direction in the Piccadilly line passing east out of South Kensington. "In fact," she writes, "the tunnel curves between Knightsbridge and South Kensington stations because it was impossible to drill through the mass of skeletal remains buried in Hyde Park."
Put another way, the ground was so solidly packed with the interlocked skeletons of 17th-century victims of the Great Plague that the Tube's 19th-century excavation teams couldn't even hack their way through them all. The Tube thus deviates SW-by-NE to avoid this huge congested knot of skulls, ribs, legs, and arms tangled in the soil—an artificial geology made of people, caught in the throat of greater London.
Image courtesy Hulton Archive/Getty Images
Thus, like the example of the Aztec skulls unearthed by subway crews in Mexico City, London's Tube also sits atop, cuts around, and tunnels through a citywide charnel ground of corpses, its very routes and station locations haunted by this earlier presence in the ground below.
For many more gruesome and interesting stories of London's dead, check out a copy of Necropolis.
Lead image courtesy Getty Images/Oli Scarff | <urn:uuid:71ea5815-e935-4ae9-8aa3-036cfbb4ef4a> | {
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As part of his master plan for capturing the Hudson Valley General Burgoyne detached General Barry St Leger to invade the Mohawk Valley to divert American resources. To secure this natural avenue, St Leger’s expedition aimed to capture Fort Stanwix (Renamed Schuyler by the Americans) which guarded the portage road between Wood Creek and the Mohawk River. He was joined by Sir John Johnson and his step Uncle Joseph Brant with 1,000 Iroquois and his own regiment of loyalists (Royal New York). Thinking it a ruin guarded by 60 men, when in fact it was newly rebuilt and had a Garrison of 550 men, Brant’s force advanced through Wood Creek as an advance guard to cut the fort off. Moving fast despite obstacles, terrain and enemy troops they managed a pace of 10 miles a day but arrived just too late to stop a supply column getting inside the Fort on August 2nd. Three days later on the 5th as St Leger was busy carving a supply road through the forest, building earthworks and having his sharpshooters start picking off stray colonials when he heard that a relief force, which had left Fort Dayton on the 4th would be upon him the next day. Continue reading
This is the first part of a little series dedicated to the Navajo code talkers who served in the US Marines in World War 2. These were men who for half their lives had been told to forget their language and culture, and yet enlisted to defend their country, a country that had more often than not persecuted them and told them that unless they changed they weren’t welcome to be a part of it. Ironically it was their language, the one that America tried to suppress that helped secure victory in the Pacific.
Traditionally the Diné people, or the Navajo didn’t celebrate birthdays, for Peter MacDonald who was to his recollection born in May or June 1928 it was puzzling to be given the birthday December 16th by the United States Government. His parents were from rural Four Corners a, near Teec Nos Pos in northeastern Arizona it was a farming community and they had a small place with some sheep, horses, and cows. The family were basically self sufficient, moving with the seasons between four corners, the mountains and Utah.
His young experiences were all bound up in a fluid multi layered, very Navajo oriented world. Bounded by the peaks of the four sacred mountains, Sisnaajíníí (Sierra Blanca) to the east, Tsoodził (Mt. Taylor) to the south, Dook’o’ooslííd (San Fransisco Peaks) to the west and Dibé Ntsaa (La Plata Mountain) to the north. One of these experiences was to watch his grandfather load his dump truck up with coal to take to sell to boarding schools. For Peter the connection between the truck driving away out of their rural neighbourhood and his grandfather coming home with money, which he would use to buy things made a big impression. When asked what he wanted to be when he grew up, he’d reply to drive a dump truck like his grandfather, or maybe to work in an office.
Navajo Children born at the turn of the 20th century grew up in small close knit farming communities whose livelihood depended on livestock and what they could produce from the soil.
Chester Nez’s family were sheep farmers during the 1920s and 30s in Chi Chil Tah, New Mexico. His mother died when he was very young but like other young Navajos he was able to lean on a very close family unit, his grandparents and aunts and uncles, on the reservation. There he grew up helping tend a flock of over 1,000 animals.
It was a hard life in a hard country, especially in the winter when the snow banked up to a man’s waist, and the only water had to collected by hand in barrels. Conditions weren’t helped by the empty promises made by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, to improve housing and living standards. Chester philosophically remembered a humble, honest, rough life but figured it was something he had to go through. He wasn’t alone, Joe Vandenver Sr. Who was raised in traditional Navajo ways, was toughened from birth to face hardships positively. To the extent that his father would throw his children naked into deep snow in order to help them endure in the long run.
Traditional tribal values remained important to the Navajo. Whose tribal structure was based on a number of individual clans. They were so remote from the rest of the United States that it was relatively easy to maintain a sense of separate culture within communities. Samuel Tom Holliday had been born in monument valley, he was raised by his parents, his mother taught her children about the natural world and made sure they grew up fit and strong. Until he was 12 he had never heard an English voice. He was raised on stories about the cruelty of the White man during the long walk, from his grandmother, whose mother died in the ordeal. These stories affected deeply and were all too common.
Bill Toledo was an all round strong man. Like most other children he was inducted into the life of a sheep herder at a young age, no more than 5 years old. Yet he did dream of the world outside the closed Navajo community. Once he watched a plane soar overhead and wondered what it would be like to be up that high, like a bird. He would look out towards mount Taylor and wonder what was on the other side.
His parents died when he was still young and Bill was raised by his grandparents who brought him up in the traditional manner. Every morning he awoke with the dawn to pray with his grandparents. When the first snow fell he was told to strip and roll in the snow for a short while, to keep him strong and healthy. When he was watching sheep, he might chose to sit and relax when his grandfather would ride up on horseback and ask him why he was just sitting around. Shouldn’t he be running somewhere?
Mistakes would be met with scolding from his grandmother. Both grandparents placed great store in exercise and activity, Bill would often run barefoot with his grandfather, who regularly used to leave him in the dust until he got older.
A Harsh New World.
Life was tough, the BIA consistently failed to improve housing and living standards in the reservation. Then just to make it harder came the livestock reduction. The tribe had been herders since Spanish Colonial times and in the treaty of 1868 which had delineated the initial limits of the reservation, the tribe was given 15,000 sheep and 500 cattle. Which had been expanded to 500,000 by the 1920s.
Federal assessors had calculated the Navajo could maintain 500,000 sheep on the reservation. By 1931 the number was as high as 2,000,0000 animals. The maths are testament to how capable the Navajo were at animal husbandry, the tribes’ wool accounted for half of the cash income for an individual Navajo, and constituted the only source of livelihood for women. However the government was adamant that they were overgrazing and ruining the land.
Without consulting the tribe, Commissioner of Indian Affairs, John Collier ruthlessly pushed through legislation to remove up to 80% of the Navajo livestock.
Agents appeared thereafter to buy up animals and the tribal flocks were decimated, the horses, goats and cattle deemed superfluous were taken away for destruction. Chester’s grandparents and aunts and uncles watched with tears streaming down their faces as the sheep were herded into a pit or trench, soaked in paraffin oil and set alight. Not even the lambs were spared. The livestock massacre, coming at the height of the Great Depression, broke the back of the fragile Navajo economy and rammed home just how helpless and powerless the tribe was over their own destiny.
Indeed the aura of freedom and cultural independence was a false, because if a Navajo family wanted to get a child educated they had to eventually send them to a BIA boarding school. Article VI of the 1868 treaty actually compelled parents to send all children between the ages of 6-16 to schools so that they could be “civilised.”
Peter MacDonald never aspired to anything that he could not see. Therefore he desired nothing more than to be like his grandfather, and although he knew he was a leader, a chairman of the Navajo Nation Peter would have been content just to drive a truck or work in an office, and nothing more. Despite having no aspirations to go to college, he enjoyed maths at the local school, where he learned to write, read and speak basic English but Peter was then enrolled in a BIA run boarding school at Baycone. He soon found the alien environment, away from his family and familiar routines of home life suffocating. He was picked on by bigger students, and the faculty were cold and mean to him.
After the 6th Grade he dropped out and apprenticed under his grandfather for a year to become a medicine man. However after that year he dropped out of that as well and went looking for other work.
Peter’s experience of boarding school was not unusual. Already the treaty had done its best to dismantle Navajo values, principally by introducing the concept of private property. Incentives being put in place to encourage the tribe to become independent farmers. But these “Indian Schools” were in reality “De-Indianising” stations where everything children had been taught to believe was drummed out of them so they could become, “Americans”.
They were given birthdays if they didn’t have any, and Anglicised names to replace their Indian ones.
Chester Nez went away to school were he had no choice but to learn English. Here the Navajo language was discouraged as was all aspects of their culture. “It was pretty bad,” he said, this was an understatement, and the students suffered week long punishments of they were caught talking in Navajo.
Keith M. Little, born in Arizona, was an orphan raised by his sisters and relatives. Sent to Ganado Mission school, he was subject to the same harsh rules and discipline of the system and was repeated told how “dumb” he was.
Parents would try to keep their children at home for as long as possible, but if children over a certain age were discovered they were sent away. Samuel T. Holliday was 12 when he injured his leg and was hospitalised for 3 months, in which time he was taught basic ABC’s and numbers in an adjoining room. One day his mother came and asked when she could take her boy home, but the officials told her that Tom had to go to school, she pleaded with them not to take him, but they’d didn’t listen.
Tom arrived at school and was greeted in Navajo, but then informed it would be English from there on in. It was one of the hardest experiences of his life. He suffered from bullying, the strict rules and the confusing language. Snitches were a common problem and after being outed for speaking Navajo he would be punished on Saturdays and Sundays, scrubbing the walls and hallways. He was sent at 13, but most kids would go at 5 so it was incredibly hard for him to catch up.
Sam used to trade cookies to other kids in return for teaching him English so he wouldn’t be beaten by the teachers, corporal punishment was a staple of boarding school life.
The name Kee Etsicitty Basically means Boy Blacksmith. Born in May 1924, Kee was sent to boarding school, were the government issue him “normal clothes”, a new name, fed him three meals a day and beat him if he spoke his own language or didn’t learn English fast enough.
Bill Toledo had attended a local school, taking the bus that came around to collect students from their houses or sheep herding camps. At the time Bill went to boarding school his hair was long, like all Navajo children. It flowed down to his waist and he usually bunned it back so when he wore the straw hat his grandfather gave him he looked almost like a Mexican. When he went to boarding school he was told he didn’t need his long hair there. The government was strict on anglicising the Indians, like the others he was not allowed to speak Navajo, if he did his mouth was washed out with yellow laundry soap, and his hair was cut off to conform with American standards of decency.
The material for the above comes from Various filmed Interviews with the sited Navajo Codetalkers from a great database navajocodetalkers.org
The foundations of the success of the “Great League of Peace and Power” were centred on a unified vision of cooperation and neutrality. From the early days until the mid 18th century the Haudenosaunee, proved adept in using their network of alliances to expand their territory and influence their neighbours.
When the Europeans had grown stronger. It had become obvious to the leaders of the League that they must not allow themselves to get embroiled in matters of no concern to them. Therefore they retained their powerful position and remained aloof while the French and British manoeuvred to gain influence over them.
As long as this status quo continued it seemed as if the Iroquois might survive as a nation, they were still expanding, and European trade was profitable. The “French and Indian War” changed everything. With the two great foreign powers locked in a death struggle for control of America, the Iroquois were inevitably drawn into the conflict. In this war they chose the winning side, mostly because the Mohawks respected William Johnson.
After the war and Pontiac’s failed uprising, the League tried to go back to its former course. However their strong policy of neutrality was gone, and they now had bonds of alliance and obligations to Britain, meaning that if there was another war they would get sucked into it again. Between 1758 and 1770 things went along peacefully for the Haudenosaunee. Men hunted and traded and went on raids, women farmed, oversaw things in the longhouse and had babies, winter turned to spring. Everything seemed normal, even if there was a war, there was no reason to think it would change anything. The British had beaten the French, and no one imagined another war on that scale occurring again. Few could have realised what was to come. Joseph Brant in many ways encapsulates the story of the Iroquois during this time. A legendary figure, still labouring under the stigma of Patriot propaganda, he was central to the Indian story of the American Revolution. For more on the rise of the Iroqouis please read my blogs on the subject by following the links above.
This is a story of adventure, massacre, honour and revenge and it all started because of some underwear. There are many non-wars with odd names, such as the Pig War, and perhaps if this non-war could have been called anything other than the Underpant War, perhaps this would have joined the list. It is the story of two ultimately flawed men, victims of their times and cultures, set in a mysterious beautiful and dangerous land, and it was all started because someone hung the washing out to dry. Read on and I’ll tell you about it. Continue reading
What happened after the Peacmakers and how the Iroquois got the nickname the Romans of the North. Continue reading
How the Peacemakers made the 5 nations bury the Hatchet and formed the foundation of America. | <urn:uuid:89b9ecb7-a68a-4cbf-ad0b-df1547b89969> | {
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Spanish art is internationally renowned for being diverse, innnovative and exciting with many pieces embodying that timeless quality which leaves viewers awe-struck time and again. Some of the world's most famous painters and sculptors have been Spanish artists and the country continues to produce talented creative brains throughout the ages.
From the baroque brush strokes of Diego Velázquez and religious relics of El Greco to Pablo Picasso's concept of Cubism and the surrealist sphere inhabited by Salvador Dalí, Spanish art is among the world's best and it draws people to the country year in and year out.
At Enforex, we have acted upon our students' great interest in learning more about Spanish artwork, which is precisely why we offer a Spanish + Art History course in several of our Spanish schools. Not only will you improve your Spanish skills by leaps and bounds, but you'll gain a brand new appreciation and understanding of the marvelous artwork so characteristic of Spain.
Plus, our schools have the added advantage of being located in several of Spain's most emblematic cities, where art surrounds you and museums abound! From the Prado in Madrid to the Salvador Dalí Museum in Barcelona, the Picasso Museum in Málaga (Picasso's birth city) and the Museum of Fine Arts in Sevilla, Spain is chock-full with world-famous artwork. Don't just look at it online or in a book... come to Spain and see these masterpieces for yourself!
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In the previous chapter, we looked at RPM's build process from a conceptual level. In this chapter, we will be performing an actual build using RPM. In order to keep things understandable for this first pass, the build will be very simple. Once we've covered the basics, we'll present more real-world examples in later chapters.
RPM requires a set of directories in which to perform the build. While the directories' locations and names can be changed, unless there's a reason to do so, it's best to use the default layout. Note that if you've installed RPM, the build directories are most likely in place already.
The normal directory layout consists of a single top-level directory (The default name is /usr/src/redhat), with five subdirectories. The five subdirectories and their functions are:
/usr/src/redhat/SOURCES — Contains the original sources, patches, and icon files.
/usr/src/redhat/SPECS — Contains the spec files used to control the build process.
/usr/src/redhat/BUILD — The directory in which the sources are unpacked, and the software is built.
/usr/src/redhat/RPMS — Contains the binary package files created by the build process.
/usr/src/redhat/SRPMS — Contains the source package files created by the build process.
In general, there are no special requirements that need to be met when creating these directories. In fact, the only important requirement is that the BUILD directory be part of a filesystem with sufficient free space to build the largest package expected. Here is a directory listing showing a typical build directory tree:
# ls -lF /usr/src/redhat total 5 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1024 Aug 5 13:12 BUILD/ drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 1024 Jul 17 17:51 RPMS/ drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 1024 Aug 4 22:31 SOURCES/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Aug 5 13:12 SPECS/ drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 1024 Aug 4 22:28 SRPMS/ #
Now that we have the directories ready to go, it's time to prepare for the build. For the remainder of this chapter, we'll be building a fictional piece of software known as cdplayer.
In reality, this software is a mercilessly hacked version of cdp, which was written by Sariel Har-Peled. The software was hacked to provide a simple example package, and in no way represents the fine work done by Sariel on cdp. | <urn:uuid:c6a0bba9-8c96-44d7-932e-67b4e4aa2245> | {
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This document serves as a companion to ALNS’ English Verb Tenses – An Overview. You can also purchase practice templates for present and future tense verb forms. This resource aims to help teachers primarily but could be appropriate for some learners. It summarises all the past tenses of English and provides space to practise them in. Visually, it portrays the relativities between each past tense to promote understanding. It doesn’t include any verb theory; it just highlights past tense forms and helps students practise them. It’s especially useful with learners who use verbs well but need to learn what past tenses include. ALNS’ English Verbs – Past Tense Practice Template is available as a .pdf and/or MS Word document.
Due to the nature of the online environment, it is not possible to provide a pre-purchase view of this resource. You are charged a nominal fee to cover a very small part of its production. How we stagger teaching and learning is subjective; I am not inferring that mine is the only approach. My aim in providing this resource is to help you prepare efficiently and revise what you need to. It is not a lesson plan so you will need to assess its appropriateness in your program.
In purchasing this template, you are permitted to copy and use it in educational and non-commercial settings only if you leave the branding and copyright notices in place. ALNS’ resources are registered with Australia’s Copyright Agency Limited so this permission extends to government-recognised teaching institutions. In purchasing this resource, you are not permitted to distribute it freely to your wider networks. The terms and conditions for downloading, using and modifying this document can be found here.
ALNS’ templates aim to help teachers primarily although many are suitable for learners, too. None of them, however, substitute the need for you to research and deliver to the needs of your students.
All the best with your teaching! | <urn:uuid:d6e98cdf-c857-4c5a-9e56-3c53f6cf16b6> | {
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What is Gender Selection?
Gender selection (also called sex selection) is used by prospective parents who choose to specify the sex of their offspring. Sometimes couples will do this for medical reasons, such as avoiding genetic or chromosomal disorders that are gender-specific. Other times, parents turn to sex selection when they have a strong desire to complete or “balance” their family according to their own personal plans.
There are two different methods used in Gender Selection, sperm separation and genetic testing. Sperm separation simply increases your chances of an X-bearing or Y-bearing sperm fertilizing the egg. This separation occurs through a washing technique and separates the sperm by how quickly they swim, called the Ericsson Albumin Method, or “sperm spinning”. Sperm spinning methods, depending upon the exact technique used, have a 50-80% success rate of having the desired gender.
Gender selection with Preimplantation Genetic Screening (PGS) is the most effective option because the embryo is genetically tested for the presence of two X chromosomes (female) or one X and one Y chromosome (male), as opposed to sperm separation which only increases the chance of one sex or the other. With PGS, the embryos are analyzed with almost 100% accuracy, and embryos with the desired sex are then implanted into the woman’s uterus. | <urn:uuid:83a3805d-be28-4dbf-9c7d-9f243c51074d> | {
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About 29 milllion pumpkins will be carved in American homes this year for Halloween.
Are you satisfied with your pumpkin carving abilities? Need some tips on how to create the perfect pumpkin?
Here are steps to follow to get great carving results:
- Select a good quality pumpkin and remember not to carry it by the stem.
- Assemble the tools you’ll need – large and small knives, ice pick or nail, large spoon or ladle, patterns, masking tape, saw, candles, and candle holders. Update: It's better to buy a pumpkin carving kit than use knives. They aren't expensive, and the tools are generally safer than using knives.
- Cut the pumpkin open and remove the seeds and inner membranes. Save the seeds if you want to make roasted pumpkin seeds
- Cut the top of the pumpkin off in a jagged way or hexagon, and cut at an angle, so it creates a small ledge for the lid to rest on. If you cut in a circle, the top will fall through when you put the lid on. Another option is to cut a small hole in the bottom of the pumpkin, discard the piece, and place the pumpkin over the candle. Setting the pumpkin on its side and using the stem for the nose is another idea.
- Remove the insides and scrape away at the pumpkin until the walls are about one-inch thick.
- Mark your design with a crayon or washable pen. If you’re using a pattern, attach it with masking tape.
- Use a nail, ice pick, or other sharp pointed object to transfer the pattern onto the face of the pumpkin, if you're using one. Press the tip through the design lines on the paper about 1/8 inch apart.
- Saw slowly and gently to make your design. Start at the center and work your way outward. Each time you remove a piece of the design the pumpkin gets weaker. If something falls off, put toothpicks in the area that broke off, then push it back into place.
- Use battery-operated candles or put candles in a glass container. You can cut a small hole in the pumpkin lid to let smoke and steam escape.
- Keep your pumpkin moist by soaking it in water overnight. Another idea is to coat all cut surfaces with petroleum jelly right after carving, including the entire inside of the pumpkin. The petroleum jelly acts as a barrier to seal in the moisture to help slow down the dehydration process.
See Washington State University Extension’s “Pumpkin Carving” for more information.
Happy carving. I hope you have great results this year.
Copyright 2010, Rita R. Robison, Consumer Specialist | <urn:uuid:9a4338c1-414b-4b65-b2f2-0d9486fa16fd> | {
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Child traumatic stress occurs when children and adolescents are exposed to traumatic events or situations that overwhelm their ability to cope. Such events might actually be life threatening to the child or someone close to them, or it may appear very threatening through the eyes of the child.
Traumatic events can evoke powerful psychological and emotional reactions such as an overwhelming sense of terror, helplessness, and horror, as well as physical sensations such as a racing heart, trembling, dizziness, and loss of bowel or bladder control. In the aftermath of trauma, children may become jumpy and hypervigilant, may struggle with intrusive images related to the traumatic events, may be unable to sleep or have nightmares, and may find it difficult to concentrate or take in new information. Some children will simply shut down and appear to be very disconnected or withdrawn. These are all normal protective responses to an overwhelming experience.
Children are exposed to many kinds of traumatic events, both short and long term (chronic), including physical and sexual abuse; violence in the home or community; loss of loved ones; removal from home or family, intrusive medical procedures, major accidents or illnesses that the child cannot understand; persistent bullying, harassment and victimization, natural disasters; and experiences with terrorism or war.
Although exposure to traumatic stress is widespread, most children who receive the support of family and community are resilient, and do not suffer long-term developmental consequences. It is critical that the child's safety is assured (and reassured), their responses normalized, and that they are allowed to express their fears and concerns in a nurturing and accepting environment. | <urn:uuid:a541be5f-2ed5-4aed-99d1-28df6c55e054> | {
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