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When talking about the American Revolution, newspapers are often touched upon lightly; Tory (Loyalist) newspapers are overlooked completely, yet for good reason. By the time this country achieved it’s independence, the word “Loyalist” was rarely seen in writing, let alone in speech.
Even before the Revolution, Tory newspapers were far and few between. Many were based in the Massachusetts Bay area, mainly Boston. Some titles included the Boston Weekly Advertiser, the Boston News-Letter, and the Boston Gazette. Due to Boston’s well-known anti-British stance, these papers’ publishers were under fire constantly and changed hands (and names) often. For example, over the Weekly Advertiser’s 18 year lifespan, it had four different titles, eventually ending with The Massachusetts Gazette and the Boston Post-boy and Advertiser.
How much criticism did these publishers face? James Rivington was the founder of the New York Loyal Gazette, a newspaper that debased colonists and the Patriots. Rivington was hung in effigy often, which was a contributing factor to the paper’s closing in 1783. (which was a surprisingly long time after the Revolution) Loyalist publishers were often intimidated in this manner; in some instances, authority figures were often the ones intimidating. Benjamin Towne, publisher of the Evening Post, was threatened by Thomas Paine for printing material against the creation of a Constitution in 1776.
The anti-constitution stance was widespread among other Loyalist publishers like Eleazer Oswald (stopped printing after libeling Chief Justice Thomas Mckean) and Philip Freneau. (stopped printing after he criticized George Washington and the Federalist Party)
Aside from intimidation, Loyalist newspapers were shut down for another reason: lack of support and change of viewpoint. Papers like the Boston Weekly Advertiser initially “loyally sustained the British government.” By the end of it’s lifespan, front page articles often called for Revolution. In the January 2, 1776 issue, the front page contained extremely revolutionary articles referencing the British Parliament as “tyrants.” The Boston Gazette, another Loyalist-founded paper eventually changed its content’s opinion completely with the arrival of correspondents like John Adams and Paul Revere.
Though the Gazette embraced a pro-American standpoint, it was discontinued due to lack of support. With so many other publishers who were printing papers on the side of the colonists, what need would there be for another one? (especially a formerly Loyalist one) The Boston News-Letter was a Loyalist paper that changed hands an absurd number of times. The only reason it was still in print by 1776 was because the British troops stationed in Boston bought it. When the troops left, so did the News-Letter.
Overall, Loyalists never really stood a chance in the printing industry, an industry that at the time, was widely known to help provoke the Revolution. (illegally and somewhat secretly of course) The two reasons for such a failure: publishers were overwhelmingly intimidated and nobody had a need to buy a Loyalist newspaper after 1776.
Dictionary of Literary Biography, Vol.33: American Newspaper Journalists 1690-1782. Edited by: Perry J. Ashley, USC
Check-list of Boston Newspapers, 1704-1780. By: Mary Ayer and Albert Matthews
Readex’s online Archive of Americana: America’s Historical Newspapers | <urn:uuid:0441de4c-96fe-4da7-9db3-f3b423ce744f> | {
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Botanical name: Helianthus annuus
Sunflowers epitomize summer, sunshine and happiness. There’s also a reason why they’re called sunflowers: their great round flower heads follow the sun. Wise, then, to give consideration as to where you plant your flowers lest you find yourself looking at the back of their heads for most of the day. Native to North America, sunflowers have sturdy stems that can shoot up to 10 feet or more. The seeds, which are edible are a favourite with birds.
Sunflower history: sunflowers were commonly grown by the American Indian tribes of North America as early as 3000BC. They used them as flour for bread, for making oil and as a snack. The plant was also used for the production of purple dye, body painting and other decorations. Parts of the plant were used medicinally ranging from snakebite to other body ointments. The oil of the seed was used on the skin and hair. The dried stalk was used as a building material. The plant and the seeds were widely used in ceremonies.
- How: Sunflowers are usually grown direct from seed in the garden because they don’t like to have their roots disturbed. Plant seeds 1-3 inches deep and 6-12 inches apart. Cover them with row covers until the plants are a foot or two high. Watering regularly will help them flower. They will stop blooming during periods of drought.
Where: Choose a well-drained soil with a good amount of organic matter as they are extremely fast growers. For the best flowering and the sturdiest stems, plant your sunflowers in full sun. Their flower heads will turn and follow the sun all day, so a full sun exposure will help them grow tall. Be careful when growing the taller varieties of sunflowers as they can easily shade other plants. Tall sunflowers work best as a screen or in the back of a border. They’re also great for growing vines on.
- Maintenance: sunflowers tend to get top heavy when they bloom and often benefit from the support of stakes. If they are planted very close together, they may support themselves, but usually a heavy rain or strong wind will cause them to lean and they won’t straighten up on their own. Planting sunflowers along a fence is the easiest way to stake them. Bamboo stakes are also strong enough to keep the upright. Use care when inserting the stakes, so you don’t damage the sunflower roots.
Harvesting: you will know when the flowers are mature because their heads will turn downwards and the florets in the center disk will shrivel. To harvest, cut the whole flower head with about 1 ft. of stem attached and hang in a warm, dry, ventilated spot, away from insects and rodents. Cover the seed heads with cheesecloth or a paper bag, to catch loose seeds. Poke some small holes in the paper bag for ventilation. When the seed is completely dried and ready for use, it can be easily rubbed off the flower head and collected.
Article by Jane Barsby | <urn:uuid:76cf3747-8145-4a6a-ab28-aaf5e85181e4> | {
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A great teacher can be defined in two simple words: Best Friend. Who better to trust that a best friend? And if your teacher is your best friend, what can be better than that? You get to entrust your child to a teacher who is your child’s best friend! If this is gained, you know you’ve secured a very good education for your child.
What is this best friend/teacher/great teacher like? Or let’s discover what is this teacher supposed to be like? A good teacher must have a pleasing personality, good communication skills, friendly attitude, and explicit outlook towards problems and teaching skills that indulges the student’s interest in studying while teaching the subject in more interesting ways than one.
Being a good teacher can be the most rewarding and exciting job in the world – however, being a teacher who doesn’t work effectively can be stressful, painful, and exhausting. Here are some great tips to being the best teacher you can be.
- Ø Set an example for your students, i.e. create an image of yourself that makes your students ‘look up to you’ in honor and respect and even making them want to be someone like you.
- Ø Have well-defined consequences for your students if they break rules or disobey
- Ø Be compassionate: develop a strong relationship with your student by showing them that you care for them, that you are warm, accessible and enthusiastic.
- Ø Set some ground rules as consequences for any rules broken and that too, with the opinion of the students so that they feel listened to and even feel loyal towards you.
- Ø Try maintaining a creative environment where each class becomes a new and exciting hour for your students.
- Ø Maintain peace in the classroom by not allowing any violent debates.
- Ø Be ever-ready to help your students when they come to you with their problems (even when it’s out of syllabus or a personal problem.).
- Ø Orally clear all the basic doubts or ignorance about a topic before an in-depth teaching of the same, so that the students can follow and understand what’s being taught.
- Ø Keep your class interactive by asking more basic questions than just what was taught in class that particular day.
- Ø Use debates as a form of learning method for your students. Make this a positive competition rather than one where either of the two is stubborn to prove one-self right. Instead make it engaging and interesting enough by which your students can learn something new and extra.
- Ø Be smart enough to distract the attention of your students from everything else to the topic. Make them focus.
- Ø Appeal to students’ interest in the topic instead of commanding them to study.
- Ø Understand and make your students realize that everything they learn in their lessons have practical implications or connection.
These are a few ways that can make you take the leap from being a teacher to being a great teacher. | <urn:uuid:5f74b720-9e7e-4906-b6bd-858cc31c8ed9> | {
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Assessment for Learning and Doddle
“Assessment for learning is the process of seeking and interpreting evidence for use by learners and their teachers to decide where the learners are in their learning, where they need to go and how best to get there”.
- The Assessment for Learning Strategy
Assess what stage students are at, share that information with them, then decide and implement what the next steps are that they need to take.
But, as a recent survey conducted by Manchester University shows, recognising the value of AfL and putting it into practice are two quite different things. Whilst 80% of the 480 heads surveyed rated AfL as a “very high priority”, a follow-up visit revealed that only 24 schools were regularly using AfL principles in the classroom.
Surveys like this are a reminder of the challenges teachers face when trying to incorporate pedagogical strategies like AfL into their everyday teaching practice. Techniques like marking only with comments rather than grades, or encouraging students to set self-assessment targets, are powerful tools but they require a lot of forward planning to implement.
With this in mind, we’ve come up with some ways that you can use Doddle to support AfL in your school:
AfL for students
One of the main aims of AfL is to empower students with knowledge of their own progress. Sharing results, learning objectives and success criteria with students makes them aware of where they are and what they need to do to progress.
With Doddle, students can see both short and long-term progression. In the short-term, students can see how they did at the end of each assessment, whilst the Completed tab lets them view a record of results over time.
But AfL isn’t just about data, it’s also about fostering higher-level skills such as self-assessment.
Doddle helps your students get into the self-assessment habit through confidence scores. Confidence scores get students thinking about their own level of understanding, whether they’re happy with it, or whether they need to do something to improve it. As a teacher, you can use these scores as a starting point for a discussion with students about their progress.
AfL for teachers
The kind of personalised, qualitative feedback required by AfL is, frankly, time-consuming to produce. The Doddle online markbook gives you back the time that you need to provide in-depth, personalised feedback.
After results have been reported back automatically, the markbook allows you to analyse these results in greater detail. You can spot dips or leaps in progress and see the specific topics that are causing problems for individual students/whole classes.
Knowing all this information allows you to:
• develop personalised homework programmes for students;
• adapt teaching based on results within specific topics – does a topic need to be recapped/taught in a different way?;
• set differentiated, meaningful homework that supports or stretches students as appropriate.
Take back the time you need to implement AfL effectively; book an in-school visit and see how Doddle could help support AfL in your school.
See what Doddle can do for your school
Book a free in-school visit at a time and date to suit you. You can meet with one of our Education Consultants to find out more about how Doddle can help you improve outcomes. | <urn:uuid:7f2e0101-b91b-4d22-aba9-c137802e6735> | {
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The Second Ecumenical Council was convened in the year 381 and consolidated the victory of Orthodoxy attained in the year 325 at the First Ecumenical Council.
During the difficult years which passed after the acceptance of the Nicene Symbol of Faith (Creed), the Arian heresy developed new offshoots. Under the guise of struggle against the Sabellian heresy, which taught about a blending of the Hypostatic Persons of the Father and the Son [as mere aspects or modalities within the Trinity], Macedonius began to employ the word “homoiousios” “of similar essence” [in contrast to the Orthodox teaching of “homoousios”, “of the same essence”] regarding the essence of the Son and that of the Father.
This formula still presented a danger because Macedonius presented himself as a struggler against the Arians, who used the term “like the Father.” Besides this, the Macedonians, being semi-Arians, depending on conditions and advantages of the moment, sometimes inclined towards Orthodoxy, sometimes towards Arianism. They blasphemed the Holy Spirit by suggesting that He was not “of the same essence” with the Father and the Son.
A second heretic, Aetius, introduced the concept “anomoion” (“different in essence.” He said that the Father has a completely different essence from that of the Son. His disciple Eunomios taught a hierarchical subordination of the Son to the Father, and of the Holy Spirit to the Son. Everyone who came to him was rebaptized into the “death of Christ,” denying Baptism in the Name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, which is commanded us by the Savior Himself (Mt. 28:19).
A third heresy arose from the teachings of Valentius and Ursacius at the Arimonian Council. They attempted to deceive the Orthodox bishops, proclaiming that the Son of God is from God, and is in the likeness of God the Father, and is not a created being as the Arians taught. The heretics did not wish to use the term “one in essence” in describing the relation of the Son to the Father, saying that the word “essence” is not found within the Holy Scripture. Besides these three main heresies, there were also many other false teachings. The heretic Apollinarios said, “The flesh of the Savior did not have a human soul or reason. The Word of God took the place of the absent soul; and Divinity remained dead for three days.”
For dealing with these crafters of heresy, the holy Emperor Theodosius the Great (379-395) convened an Ecumenical Council at Constantinople, at which 150 bishops were present. Upon investigation by the holy Fathers it was proposed to affirm a Confession of Faith from a Roman Council, which holy Pope Damasus had sent to Bishop Paulinos of Antioch. After reading the document aloud, the holy Fathers rejected the false teaching of Macedonius, and unanimously affirmed the Apostolic teaching that the Holy Spirit is not a subordinate being, but is rather the Life-Creating Lord, Who proceeds from the Father, and is worshipped and glorified with the Father and the Son. In order to combat other heresies, of the Eunomians, Arians and Semi-Arians, the holy Fathers affirmed the Nicene Symbol of the Orthodox Faith.
In the Symbol (Creed), accepted by the First Ecumenical Council, the divine nature of the Holy Spirit was not addressed, since at that earlier time [in 325] heresies against the Holy Spirit had not become widespread. Therefore, the holy Fathers of the Second Ecumenical Council added to the Nicean Symbol its eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth sections. They definitively formulated and affirmed the Nicene-Constantinople Symbol of Faith, which is used even now by all the Orthodox Churches.
The Second Ecumenical Council also established the norms for ecclesiastical courts [Canon VI], and it decided to receive those repentant heretics who were properly baptized in the name of the Holy Trinity through Chrismation, but those baptized with a single immersion were to be received as pagans. | <urn:uuid:a29eb33a-a6d2-433f-920f-75f3e4dfb11d> | {
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The LIBOR definition is a benchmark interest rate derived from the rates at which banks are able to borrow funds from one another in the London inter-bank market, is the foundation of all lending rates. Furthermore, this term is a common reference rate for short-term lending transactions around the world. The British Bankers‘ Association publishes this rate daily at approximately 11:30am GMT.
LIBOR, explained below, is one of the most pivotal lending rates for the entire world. LIBOR rates are based on a filtered average of the market rates at which banks are willing to offer deposits to other banks for certain currencies, maturities, and fixing dates. In addition, LIBOR publishes rates for Australian Dollars, Euros, Japanese Yen, Sterling, US Dollars, and other currencies. Maturities can range from overnight to one year. LIBOR commonly quotes the rates for 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year. The fixing date is the date on which the rate is relevant. While actual market rates fluctuate throughout the day, LIBOR remains fixed for 24 hours.
LIBOR as a Reference Rate
For example, a borrower with good credit might secure a loan at LIBOR, the reference rate, plus a narrow quoted margin, or the percentage point spread above the reference rate. Meanwhile, a borrower with poor credit might secure a loan at LIBOR plus a wider quoted margin. LIBOR swap rates are also used as a reference rate for currencies, mortgages, interest rate swaps and other financial instruments.
LIBOR, calculated daily by the British Bankers’ Association (BBA), is based on a filtered average of inter-bank deposit offer quotes submitted from certain contributor banks.
The BBA selects a panel of at least 8 Contributor Banks for each relevant currency. For example, the Australian Dollar panel consists of 8 banks. The Canadian Dollar panel consists of 12 banks. And the Japanese Yen panel consists of 16 banks. The Contributor Panel selections are based on the banks’ credit standing, reputation, participation in the London inter-bank market, and other relevant factors. The compositions of the Contributor Bank Panels are reviewed annually.
Each day, between 11:00am GMT and 11:10am GMT, each Contributor Bank submits to the BBA the actual rate at which it could borrow funds just before 11:00am GMT on that day in the London inter-bank market for particular currencies, maturities, and fixing dates.
Then the submitted rates are ranked. Then they calculate the mean using only the two middle quartiles of the ranking. For example, if 16 rates are submitted, then calculate the mean using the middle 8 rates. Whereas if 12 rates are submitted, then use the middle 6 rates. And if 8 rates are submitted, then use the middle 4. The calculated mean becomes the London Inter-bank Offered Rate for that particular currency, maturity, and fixing date. The BBA then publishes this rate at approximately 11:30am GMT.
History of LIBOR
LIBOR was established between 1984 and 1985. It provides a standardized rate to facilitate the increasing usage of new financial instruments, such as interest rate swaps, foreign currency options, and forward rate agreements.
LIBOR Historical Rates and Current Rates
For LIBOR rates, see:
Download your free External Analysis whitepaper that guides you through overcoming obstacles and preparing how your company is going to react to external factors.
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Click here to access your Execution Plan. Not a Lab Member?
Click here to learn more about SCFO Labs | <urn:uuid:ba9a388b-b242-44da-8ae4-cdd580e24d59> | {
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Wernher von Braun, the Nazi physicist-turned-leading figure in US space exploration, created the 166-page document for his PhD dissertation in April 1934. It contains the scientist's handwritten annotations as well as his charts and graphs.
Von Braun was awarded a doctorate in physics on the basis of the dissertation, but its contents were considered so pivotal to the future of rocket development that it was seized by the German military and remained classified until 1960.
Von Braun developed Nazi Germany's V2 combat rocket, which was known as the Vergeltungswaffen 2, or Vengeance Weapon 2, and was launched on London on September 7 1944.
He and his fellow scientists surrendered to US troops at the end of the war and were integrated into the American scientific community. Von Braun went on to become the director of Nasa's Marshall Space Flight Centre and the main architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle for Apollo 8, which enabled the Americans to put a man on the moon.
But Von Braun remains controversial to this day, as does the decision to recruit a former top Nazi scientist.
Although von Braun always contested the charge that he was a willing card-carrying member of the National Socialist party, there is evidence to suggest he may have joined it voluntarily as early as 1932. He later became an officer in the Waffen-SS.
While initially viewed sceptically by many Americans, von Braun, who died in 1977, soon endeared himself to them with his plans to conquer space, even collaborating with Walt Disney to make educational films.
Until now the manuscript, which is being auctioned at Bonhams in Manhattan, had been in the possession of a fellow scientist who worked with von Braun on the V2 project in Peenemunde, on Germany's Baltic coast.
"Von Braun's revolutionary dissertation changed the course of world history," said Catherine Williamson, director of Bonhams' books and manuscripts department. "It allows the reader a rare glimpse into the beginning of a great career." | <urn:uuid:1073d323-c0bb-4bcb-81f1-85cc21c15a4c> | {
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Controlled burn done at elementary
In the interest of safety, a controlled and permitted burn took place on Monday, April 25 at Otsego Elementary School prairie land and adjoining fields.
The contractor, Prairie Restoration, notified school district officials that morning that the weather conditions were expected to be near perfect for the controlled burn.
The contractor attempted a controlled burn last year; however, wind conditions were such that the burn had to be canceled. During the controlled burn, school property was cordoned off with only fire experts allowed on site.
The reason for the controlled burn is to reduce what is referred to as “fuel buildup,” which if not managed early in the season leads to the potential of uncontrolled field fires (lightning, etc.). The burn also controls non-native weeds while stimulating the growth of the native grasses and forbs.
Experts recommend that prairies be scheduled for controlled burns every five to seven years; Otsego Elementary School is now in that window. School Principal Erin Talley says management now not only helps “ensure the safety of our students and school, but also lessens the possibility of an uncontrolled fire affecting neighbors’ property.” | <urn:uuid:70badd41-575f-4e18-b1b4-b097ab3304a6> | {
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Buy Nothing Christmas Bible study guide for high school youth
by Erin Morash
People not consumers
Luke 2: 1-7; psalm 139
Reflection: numbers or names
Somewhere around age sixteen we start collecting numbers. We get driver's
license numbers, Social Insurance Numbers, health care numbers, student
numbers, phone numbers, bank account numbers, and it goes on and on. We
lose our names and we gain this weird collection of numbers that identify
us to institutions as this particular person. Of course, not unlike the
Roman census in Luke's story, our government frequently counts us and
sorts according to age, gender, employment status, income, marital status,
Names are something from our childhood years. As children, we give names
to things that we think are important, whether animate or inanimate. We
name security blankets, pets, people, our favourite tree, whatever. Most
farm kids are cautioned not to name the pigs or the chickens or the beef
cattle. It's hard to eat a friend. Reverse that: it's way easier to take
advantage of or even kill something or someone who is nameless to you.
As we become adults, the only people who know our names are friends, co-workers
(sometimes!) and family. Occasionally someone pins a name tag to us at
work so the customers can tell one server from another; one friend of
mine hated it and would wear her name tag upside-down or on her belt.
Her name was not something she wanted strangers throwing around as though
they were long time friends.
Names indicate relationship. Numbers indicate a user relationship. My
name is like my face. It has to do with my identity and who I am as a
person. If someone knows my name it's usually because we know each other.
It is far, far easier to dismiss a statistic than it is to dismiss a particular
face or person with a name.
A few years ago UNICEF used the funds from its annual Halloween drive
to have the children in several nations registered-by name. They are hoping
that it will make governments more hesitant about making street kids 'disappear'
or about claiming that only a few have died, when they are disappearing
by the thousands. Names have power.
Numbers are impersonal. My numbers may tell you what I earn, how much
money I have, or what I spend my money on. But they won't tell you who
I am. Names, however, have power.
When Mary and Joseph were ordered to get registered for a Roman census,
this was not the start of a personal relationship between them and the
occupying foreign government. It was so they could be sorted, tracked,
and taxed. If they caused any trouble, the government knew who their family
members were. It was a way of reducing their humanity, making them cattle
Speaking of cattle . . . What does the title 'consumer' suggest to you
and how does it compare with 'citizen' or 'person?' More and more often,
we are being referred to by government, by media, and especially by corporations
and advertisers, as 'consumers.' Somehow the word brings to mind an image
of a cow 'consuming' something so that it can in turn be used, either
to give milk or be eaten.
Citizens and people are thinking, participating, powerful beings. Consumers
exist only for what they can buy and produce. Who exactly is benefiting
from our 'consumption?' Who, exactly, is 'milking' us for all they can
This Christmas, when you are encouraged to be a good 'consumer' and buy
your brains out, be a rebel: be a person instead. Take back your identity
as a person with a name and with value beyond what you can afford to buy.
Thinking about it
1. What are some situations where you have felt like a number or a consumer?
2. What kinds of advertising messages make you feel good about yourself?
What kind of messages make you feel worse about yourself?
Start a flyer collection. If your family doesn't get the paper, see if
you can collect from a friend. For two weeks during December (early December
works really well) save every flyer that comes to your door. Stack the
flyers on a frequently used surface in your home (you might want to negotiate
with your family on which surface this will be): dining room table, kitchen
counter, bathroom sink, whatever. It should be a surface that you have
to clear at least once a day.
As you build your collection, ask yourself these questions:
"Why do these people want me to buy their stuff?"
"What do they believe the central message of the Christmas celebration
is and how do they want me to express that message?"
"Even if I accept that they only have my best interests in mind and
they want me to build closer relationships with my family and friends,
are there other ways I can do this besides buying these products?"
"Where is this stuff made?"
"Who made it?"
"It's a total inconvenience having these stupid flyers piled on the
table/counter/sink. Who am I 'inconveniencing' by buying this stuff? Who
pays for it in environmental terms? Are the citizens of some other country
being overworked and underpaid to make it? What kind of family and holiday
time do they get? How am I 'littering' in the world in a social sense?
And how does that reflect my faith?"
Do you have a Christmas wish list? Here's a research project. Choose one
item on your list and find out some information about it. Where is it
made? Who made it? How well are they paid? What is the social/environmental
cost of producing this item? Who benefits and who loses in the production
of this item? Share what you have learned with your group.
Merry Christmas everyone. Buy less. Live more. Be a person, not a consumer.
Take up the challenge. Be courageous.
Additional activities for church youth groups
1. Use the 3-session study guide for youth. Carry out the action suggestions
accompanying the study.
2. Prepare and perform the Buy Nothing Christmas skit for a worship time
or some other
congregational gathering. Request the skit by sending
a message to the organizer.
3. Greet people as they arrive for a worship service. Hand out small Buy
Nothing Christmas cards or make your own.
4. Invite the artists in your group to design one or more bulletin inserts
about Buy Nothing Christmas. Or have your entire group create posters
(see others) that can be displayed throughout
5. Plan an evening for making and sharing ideas about alternative gifts.
See these alternative suggestions.
Make this an inter-generational event.
6. If you would like to give gifts to your loved ones, but would prefer
not to support big box stories, shop for fairly-traded gifts at Ten Thousand
Villages or make a charitable donation, in your loved one's name, to your
denominations relief and development organization.
7. Plan an evening of carolling. Use the alternative lyrics for carols
provided by Buy Nothing Christmas (see here).
Try doing this in a shopping mall.
8.Rewrite a traditional carol with your own lyrics. Submit it to the Buy
Nothing Christmas web site.
9. Plan an evening of baby sitting for members of your church-not so they
can go Christmas shopping-but so they can visit a friend.
10. Learn about poverty in your community. Get to know the challenges
faced by people living in poverty at Christmastime. Plan a special service
project that reaches out to the poor.
About the author: Erin Morash works as an associate pastor at North
Kildonan Mennonite Church in Winnipeg, Canada.
Session 1: Challenging conformity
Session 2: Turning it upside-down
Session 3: People not consumers
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The sixties were a time of radical social change in America. Along with this climate of change came a cultural curiosity about of drug use and a more tolerant attitude toward drug abuse. The counter cultural movement that was spurred on by the British Invasion and led to the Summer of Love caused many Americans to experiment with drugs like Hallucinogens and marijuana. Many of these curious drug users became addicted to more sinister opiate and methamphetamine based drugs became incarcerated instead of getting the help that NA had to offer. All of these factors actually had a negative effect on the size of the NA fellowship in the early 1960s.
Narcotics Anonymous Gets Back to Basics
After a rocky end to the fifties and tumultuous social developments in the sixties, Jimmy K and the other NA founders felt that Narcotics Anonymous had to return to basics and abide by its traditions or risk dissolving.
Meetings that had died out were re-started and literature was printed (at this time, a collection of writings by Jimmy K and other founders was the main piece of literature for NA members and known as the “Little White Book”). By the late 1960s, the little white book would be expanded to include personal stories of members of NA. Also in the late 1960s an NA newsletter would be printed “The Voice of NA.”
NA Begins to Grow
The NA organization was receiving letters from doctors, addicts, and others affected by drug addiction. Jimmy K mailed out recordings of meetings and corresponded with people in need of NA. Meetings began to spring up in various places around the US (and also in Australia). Correctional facilities also began allowing inmates to facilitate Narcotics Anonymous meetings.
The service body of Narcotics Anonymous was established and formalized by Jimmy K and other members of the governing board. The participants in the early NA governing organization dedicated themselves to spreading the word of the program but also abide by the 12 traditions to ensure longevity.
NA Finishes the Sixties on Solid Ground
By the end of the 1960s there were 16 regular meetings in Southern California and 9 in Northern California. For a decade that had begun tumultuously, NA had survived and formed itself poised to grow even stronger throughout the U.S. and then the world. NA members credit a dedication to the 12-Steps and the traditions as being critical for the organization to have survived this period. Some of the highlights of this period include the creation of:
a formalized piece of literature
a regular newsletter
a public information strategy
a General Service Board of Trustees
Next: NA Goes Worldwide in the 70′s | <urn:uuid:fec2d357-9e76-46ff-9a98-10baa99f9a08> | {
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cord(redirected from Tethered cord)
Also found in: Thesaurus, Medical, Legal, Financial, Encyclopedia.
cord- An amount of wood containing 128 cubic feet (4x4x8 feet); the name comes from the old practice of measuring a stack of firewood with a cord of a certain length. To cord is to stack or put up wood in cords.
cord, chord - Cord comes from Greek khorde, "gut, string of a musical instrument," and chord is a refashioning of cord.
Corda string composed of strands which are woven or twisted together, a central idea or link that strings things together; a measure of cut wood, stone, or rock.
These words are both pronounced /kɔːd/.
A chord is a number of musical notes played or sung together to produce a pleasant sound.
Cord is strong, thick string. A cord is a piece of this string.
A cord is also a length of wire covered with plastic which connects a piece of electrical equipment to an electricity supply.
Past participle: corded
|Noun||1.||cord - a line made of twisted fibers or threads; "the bundle was tied with a cord"|
agal - a cord (usually of goat's hair) that Arabs (especially Bedouins) wind around their heads to hold down the kaffiyeh
apron string - (usually used in the plural) a cord used to tie an apron at the waist
bowstring - the string of an archer's bow
clews - the cords used to suspend a hammock
clothesline - a cord on which clothes are hung to dry
fishing line - a length of cord to which the leader and float and sinker and hook are attached
lace, lacing - a cord that is drawn through eyelets or around hooks in order to draw together two edges (as of a shoe or garment)
line - something (as a cord or rope) that is long and thin and flexible; "a washing line"
log line - a knotted cord that runs out from a reel to a piece of wood that is attached to it
piping - a thin strip of covered cord used to edge hems
plumb line, perpendicular - a cord from which a metal weight is suspended pointing directly to the earth's center of gravity; used to determine the vertical from a given point
ripcord - a cord that is pulled to open a parachute from its pack during a descent
ripcord - a cord that is pulled to open the gasbag of a balloon wide enough to release gas and so causes the balloon to descend
slack - a cord or rope or cable that is hanging loosely; "he took up the slack"
static line - a cord used instead of a ripcord to open a parachute; the cord is attached at one end to the aircraft and temporarily attached to the pack of a parachute at the other; it opens the parachute after the jumper is clear of the plane
string - a tightly stretched cord of wire or gut, which makes sound when plucked, struck, or bowed
thread, yarn - a fine cord of twisted fibers (of cotton or silk or wool or nylon etc.) used in sewing and weaving
tie - a cord (or string or ribbon or wire etc.) with which something is tied; "he needed a tie for the packages"
whipcord - closely twisted hard cord used for the lashes of whips
wick, taper - a loosely woven cord (in a candle or oil lamp) that draws fuel by capillary action up into the flame
wick - any piece of cord that conveys liquid by capillary action; "the physician put a wick in the wound to drain it"
|2.||cord - a unit of amount of wood cut for burning; 128 cubic feet|
|3.||cord - a light insulated conductor for household use|
conductor - a device designed to transmit electricity, heat, etc.
extension cord - an electric cord used to extend the length of a power cord
power cord - a cord to conduct power to an electrical appliance
|4.||cord - a cut pile fabric with vertical ribs; usually made of cotton|
Bedford cord - a heavy corded fabric similar to corduroy; used for clothing
cloth, fabric, textile, material - artifact made by weaving or felting or knitting or crocheting natural or synthetic fibers; "the fabric in the curtains was light and semitransparent"; "woven cloth originated in Mesopotamia around 5000 BC"; "she measured off enough material for a dress"
narrow wale - corduroy with narrow ribs
wide wale - corduroy with wide ribs
|Verb||1.||cord - stack in cords; "cord firewood"|
|2.||cord - bind or tie with a cord|
to cut or sever the cord → soltar amarras
see also spinal, vocal | <urn:uuid:94641cd7-9fb1-4ef2-9f73-b8d2829d18a9> | {
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On this day in 1881, Charles Darwin published The Formation of Vegetable Mold Through the Action of Worms. He considered the work a more important accomplishment than his The Origin of Species (1859), which turned out to be one of the most influential and controversial books in history.
Darwin, the privileged and well-connected son of a successful English doctor, had been interested in botany and natural sciences since his boyhood, despite the discouragement of his early teachers. At Cambridge, he found professors and scientists with similar interests and with their help began participating in scientific voyages, including the HMS Beagle‘s trip. By the time Darwin returned, he had developed an outstanding reputation as a field researcher and scientific writer, based on his many papers and letters dispatched from South America and the Galapagos Islands, which were read at meetings of prominent scientific societies in London.
Darwin began publishing studies of zoology and geology as soon as he returned from his voyage, while also secretly working on his radical theory of evolution. Knowing that scientists who had published radical theories before had been ostracized or worse, Darwin held off on publishing his theory of natural selection for nearly two decades. Meanwhile, he married and had seven children. He finally published The Origin of Species after another scientist began publishing papers with similar ideas. His book laid the groundwork for modern botany, cellular biology, and genetics. He died in 1882. | <urn:uuid:a1ed326d-2624-4c19-8d66-d445d18f85dd> | {
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Sustainable architecture and the passive house concept are undoubtedly subjects of priority among urban planners and architects in the 21st century. But long before concerns about reducing emissions and minimising energy use, one of the first concept homes integrating sustainable design was showcased at Expo 1933 in Chicago.
Built in the backdrop of the Great Depression, the House of Tomorrow, designed by American modernist architect, George Fred Keck, was presented at the “Century of Progress Exhibition”. It was a vision of what the future could offer and is considered as a pioneer in modern housing solar design.
Keck created the ground-breaking glass curtain-wall design for the House of Tomorrow, one of several futuristic concept homes built for Expo 1933. It is said that during construction, he found the workers inside the house wearing only shirtsleeves on a frigid winter day and this increased his awareness of the power of radiant heat from the sun passing through large expanses of glass to warm the interior.
His House of Tomorrow, a retro-futuristic exhibit located in the Home and Industrial Arts Group, was a popular attraction and the most striking of eleven model homes that put a contemporary twist on traditional styles. The circular twelve-sided glass and steel model of the house defied conventions and earned the title “America’s first glass house”. It contained the latest cutting-edge appliances of the time including electrically controlled doors, the first home dishwasher and a personal aeroplane hangar.
Unfortunately, in Summer the house experienced overheating caused by the all-glass design that strained the cooling system, and had to be closed off to visits for the duration of the Expo. However, it marked the first application of passive solar principles to contemporary architecture, including solar orientation and insulated glass windows.
Lessons learned from the House of Tomorrow led to the rise of passive solar houses that used heat-absorbing and conserving materials such as large south-facing windows, to provide natural heating in winter and recycled cool air in summer. Keck used this knowledge to create the Howard Sloan Solar Park and passive solar houses in the 1940s. In subsequent decades, however, the concept of passive solar housing was relegated to the background as it was considered unaffordable for most, with its expansion only coming much later with the oil crisis of the 1970s.
Following Expo 1933, the House of Tomorrow was moved to Beverly Shores, Indiana, and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Indiana Landmarks are currently in the process of raising money to restore the building.
The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the intergovernmental organisation in charge of overseeing and regulating World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos and the Triennale di Milano. | <urn:uuid:ada247da-338c-48d1-b290-bccc13a197bb> | {
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Ayn Rand was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, in February 1905, and grew up in Russia during one of the country’s most tumultuous periods. Socialist revolutionaries overthrew the monarchy in 1905, and in 1906 the first Duma, the new Russian congress, convened. Several different socialist groups emerged after the revolution of 1905, chief among them the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Several groups of revolutionaries fell to infighting, especially during World War I, in which the Bolsheviks urged an international civil war to bring about the rule of the proletariat, or governance by the working class. The country fell into a bitter civil war. The Bolsheviks, under Lenin, eventually emerged as the preeminent party, and the group later became the Communist Party.
In 1917, when she was twelve, Rand witnessed the Bolshevik Revolution, in which the Bolsheviks took control of the Soviet government, ushering in the Communist era in Russia. Her family lost its business and was reduced to a state of extreme poverty during the new regime. Rand despaired of the corrupt Communist system, which claimed to subjugate the needs of the individual to the needs of the many, but was ultimately manipulated by a few greedy and tyrannical leaders, with disastrous consequences for Russia’s economy and people.
Rand completed high school in the Crimea, where she had fled to escape the civil war. She returned to St. Petersburg (then called Petrograd), where she attended the University of Petrograd, and she graduated in 1924 with a degree in philosophy and history. She also studied screenwriting at the State Institute for Cinema Arts.
After Joseph Stalin ascended to power in the early 1920s, a disillusioned and disgusted Rand escaped to Chicago in 1926. She then moved to Hollywood to pursue a career as a screenwriter. In Hollywood, she met her husband-to-be, actor Frank O’Connor, whom she married in 1929. Rand and O’Connor remained married until his death fifty years later. In 1932, Rand sold her first screenplay, Red Pawn, and her first stage play was produced on Broadway. The play, Night of January 16th, was a largely autobiographical account of the Soviet Union just after the revolution. She completed her first novel, We the Living, in 1933, and it was first published in 1936.
Anthem, Rand’s second work of fiction, was first published in Great Britain in 1938. She later revised the novella and, in 1946, published it in the United States. According to the preface she wrote for the American edition, the only differences between the two editions were stylistic. In the American version, Rand sought to eliminate poetic and flowery language and to simplify and clarify the themes she laid out.
Rand is best known for her two longest works of fiction, The Fountainhead (1943) and Atlas Shrugged (1957). She began work on The Fountainhead in 1935, at the same time she was working on Anthem. Both works introduce her theory of objectivism, or egoism, the idea that an individual’s worth comes from him- or herself and not from what he or she contributes to society or to mankind. Objectivism is, as both The Fountainhead and Anthem make explicit, a wholesale rejection of the collectivist theories and tactics that Rand believed were at the center of the brutalities visited on Russia during the early part of the twentieth century. While The Fountainhead is the fictional embodiment of objectivism, Anthem is Rand’s political manifesto. It takes the form of an allegory, a fictional story whose purpose is to present a philosophical idea. Anthem describes a dystopia, a nightmarish imaginary world through which Rand speculates on the eventual result of society’s negative aspects. Rand uses the dystopia to show what she believes will happen when a nation or society embraces collectivism and community ideals.
The novella largely mirrors the state of the Soviet Union under the Stalinist terror, during which Stalin ordered purges of all those who opposed him, especially independent thinkers and intellectuals. In her novels, Rand idealizes those of the sort Stalin executed and exalts her hero, a vibrant, intelligent, and physically beautiful youth, who fights his way through the nameless, faceless mass of society that seeks to use him for its own ends while draining him of all vitality and vigor. She rejects religion and group identity in favor of ego and self-determination.
Many consider Atlas Shrugged, which Rand began in 1946 and first published in 1957, to be her greatest accomplishment as a fiction writer. It is her longest and most elaborate novel, and it was her last fictional work. In the novel, she traces the lives of several individuals who are involved in big business in the United States, exalting their will to succeed and self-centered egoism. Atlas Shrugged fleshes out the philosophy Rand had been developing all her life, the beginnings of which are introduced in the concluding chapters of Anthem. The world depicted in Atlas Shrugged is modeled closely on America in the 1890s, during the height of free markets and governmental nonintervention in business.
After the publication of Atlas Shrugged, Rand wrote and lectured on objectivism. She died on March 6, 1982. Her books have garnered her a cult following of philosophers and thinkers, who continue her pursuit of objectivism and egoism in the form of foundations and think tanks devoted to her work.
Chapter 7 is one of the most important chapters in the book as it is basically the climax or turning point of the book! I know a lot of you kids prefer spark notes than reading, but I would really suggest reading this one chapter. It is very useful
1 out of 1 people found this helpful
Hello,friend I am miss Lisa Maxwell,I am interested knowing you because i have an important issue to discuss with you,please contact me via this e-mail ( [email protected] )waiting for your email to send my pictures and tell you more about me, your friend, Lisa Maxwell, | <urn:uuid:009c4ed6-3f2d-43f9-aee5-9041381a65be> | {
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Back to Conference page
The 13th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health
Building capacity for a tobacco-free world
July 12-15, 2006, Washington, DC, USA
Objective: A better understanding of adolescent non-smokers and susceptibility to smoking could be used to target enhance the effectiveness of prevention programs. The objective of this study was to understand adolescent non-smokers in terms of their reasons for abstaining from smoking and their susceptibility to smoking in future.
Methods: This research employed a secondary analysis of data from students participating in the British Columbia Youth Survey on Smoking and Health in 2001/2002, which took place in two regions of British Columbia, Canada. The final sample included 1,870 grade 10 and grade 11 students who were non smokers with either White or Chinese ethnic background.
Results: Although the majority of non-smokers (85%) reported that the negative consequences of smoking was their primary reason for not smoking, significant differences were found between White and Chinese subgroups as well as between boys and girls. The prevalence of susceptibility to smoking was 27.7% among the total sample. There were more susceptible students in grade 10 than in grade 11, and more susceptible girls than susceptible boys. The interaction between gender and ethnicity on the susceptibility to smoking was also examined. These findings provided a better understanding of adolescent non-smokers and their cognitive predisposition to smoking. Knowledge obtained from this study can be used to guide the development of tailored prevention interventions. | <urn:uuid:08cf97c8-f055-4804-9a85-5359b3373cd0> | {
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David F. Coker and Victor Batista
Department of Chemistry
Large amounts of energy can be deposited in molecules by photoexciting them with lasers. If enough energy is deposited into an isolated molecule in this way, it may fly apart and dissociate into fragments (photodissociation). For excited molecules dissolved in liquid solutions or frozen into solid matrices, on the other hand, some of the excitation energy of the dissociating fragments can be dissipated as the fragments collide with their surroundings. This effect is known as solvent “caging” and it can lead to the excited molecule actually reforming soon after breaking apart. The recombined fragments generally still possess a lot of extra energy which may be partitioned in various ways in the reformed molecule. For example, the molecule may recombine with its electrons highly excited, or alternatively the excess energy of the recombined fragments may appear as rapid nuclear vibrational motion.
Our calculations provide a remarkably accurate interpretation of recent experiments on photodissociation and recombination in liquids and solids. Probing these processes of bond breaking and bond making and how they are influenced by solvent conditions provides a fundamental understanding of how chemical reactions can be controlled.
The first three video sequences show trajectories of a diatomic iodine molecular anion, I2¯, which starts out in its lowest energy electronic state at equilibrium with a surrounding liquid configuration of argon atoms. The I2¯ molecule next absorbs a photon of laser light and is photoexcited to a high energy electronic state in which the molecule begins to dissociate. Sequence 1 shows a trajectory where the surrounding liquid configuration is ineffective at caging the dissociating iodine fragments and they fly apart. In sequence 2 collisions with the liquid surroundings cause the dissociating iodine fragments to recombine and the I2¯ molecule reforms into a different excited electronic state in which it undergoes slow vibrational motions. Sequence 3 shows a trajectory in which the I2¯ recombines into its lowest energy electronic state leaving a large amount of excess energy in rapid vibrational motions of the reformed molecule.
The final video sequence shows photoexcitation of an I2¯ molecule frozen in a crystal of solid argon. The rigid nature of the crystal environment gives a strong solvent cage from which no dissociation fragments can escape. Thus recombination always takes place, with the molecule recombining into various different electronic states.
Sequence 1: Photoexcitation in liquid argon: Dissociation.
Sequence 2: Photoexcitation in liquid argon: Dissociation followed by electronically excited recombination.
Sequence 3: Photoexcitation in liquid argon: Dissociation followed by vibrationally excited recombination.
Sequence 4: Photodissociation and recombination of I2¯ in solid argon.
Hardware: SGI Power Challenge Array and SGI Origin2000.
Software: Fortran 77, MPI. Visualization done using IRIS Performer.
Graphics programming and video production: Erik Brisson, Scientific Computing and Visualization Group, Boston University.
Acknowledgments: We gratefully acknowledge financial support for this work from the National Science Foundation (Grant No’s. CHE-9058348 and CHE-9521793), and the Petroleum Research Fund administered by the American Chemical Society (Grant No. 27995-AC6), and a generous allocation of supercomputer time from Boston University’s center for Scientific Computing and Visualization. | <urn:uuid:8c868fec-44d4-4884-9c0d-585300b78c9f> | {
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The rough-hewn wooden traffic barrier, surrounded by well-groomed shrubs and flowers, blends easily into the leafy streets of the suburb of Shaker Heights.
At the Shaker Heights City Hall, the structure is known a ''traffic diverter.'' But across the border, in Cleveland, it has been dubbed ''the Berlin Wall for black people.''
Astride the barrier are two signs, both facing Cleveland. One says ''No Road,'' although on each side of the fence there is clearly a road. The other decrees: ''No playing on this street.''
The barricade and three others like it were erected by Shaker Heights in 1976 in the name of traffic control but were immediately perceived as something quite different by some Clevelanders. 'The Symbol of Racism'
''They have become the symbol of racism,'' said Kenneth L. Johnson, a Cleveland City Councilman who is black and lives two blocks from the Shaker Heights border.Continue reading the main story
On June 1, Mr. Johnson and his 20 colleagues on the City Council voted to retaliate by putting up at least five barricades of its own along its southern border with Shaker Heights. Some would be just a block from the four barricades Shaker Heights maintains in the immediate area.
Shaker Heights officials heatedly deny any racial motivation, citing the suburb's long record of integration, including the spending of about $400,000 a year to encourage mixed neighborhoods. They say that the barriers were erected to slow speeding commuters and young hot rodders, and that they have accomplished their purpose.
A visitor's first impression would also raise questions about the racism charge. Although southwest Shaker Heights was predominantly white when the barricades were erected, the balance of the neighborhood has now shifted to black. What has stayed the same is the wealth of Shaker Heights residents relative to their Cleveland neighbors. The Class Struggle
''It's more of a class struggle than it is a racial struggle,'' said James L. Hardiman, president of the Cleveland chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. ''Shaker Heights doesn't want the riff-raff of Cleveland contaminating their city.''
James E. Blackwell, a sociology professor at the University of Massachussets at Boston and a native Clevelander, said the barricades represent ''the intersection of race and class, where persons of one particular class fear the intrusion of another class, irrespective of race.''
It certainly looks that way from the Cleveland side. ''They're trying to keep their property values up,'' said Abdul Abebo, a black repairman who lives several blocks from the barrier.
So, too, on the Shaker Heights side. ''Black people want to keep blacks out,'' said Kenneth Turner, a black Shaker Heights resident who owns a company that cleans grease from restaurant kitchens. ''If others want to get in, let them buy a house here.''
The battle over the barricades subsided for years, as a suit by Cleveland to remove them inched slowly through the Ohio courts. Then, in April, the State Supreme Court reversed two lower court rulings and declared the barricades legal. Flap Over Quotation
Although Cleveland's Mayor, George V. Voinovich, insists the dispute is ''not a big deal,'' bitterness nonetheless seems to be mounting. Last week, the Mayor of Shaker Heights was quoted by a respected black minister as calling Clevelanders ''uncivilized'' in a private conversation, igniting a firestorm of protest in racially torn Cleveland.
Stephen J. Alfred, the Shaker Heights mayor, does not deny that he used the word but said he was ''set up'' and quoted out of context.
''It was almost like words were being put in my mouth,'' he said. ''It was extremely strange.''
The Rev. Otis Moss Jr., the minister involved, said he challenged Mayor Alfred's statement, calling it racist.
He demands that the barricades come down. ''The Shaker barricades are disrupting our community relations, wounding our human relations and sabotaging our race relations,'' he declared. Mr. Moss contended that even if the barriers were erected with ''angelic motive and saintly intent,'' they still exacerbate animosities. Controversy in New Orleans
With some fearing an increase in racial tensions nationally this summer, including Benjamin Ward, the New York City Police Commissioner, and several black and white Cleveland City Council members, neighborhood barriers like those in Shaker Heights are obvious flash points. Last February, in Louisiana, Jefferson Parish, a predominantly white suburb of New Orleans, erected barricades against the adjoining mainly black city neighborhood.
Jefferson Parish leaders called the action a crime control measure, but the Mayor of New Orleans, Sidney Barthelemy, with the support of the Louisiana highway department, ordered city workers to tear them down. Jefferson Parish, he said at the time, ''can't lock my people in.''
Nationally, the courts have sanctioned the erection of such traffic barriers. In 1981, the United States Supreme Court ruled that Memphis could block vehicular traffic between a white neighborhood and black neighborhood without violating the constitutional rights of black residents.
This principle was reiterated by the Ohio Supreme Court in the Cleveland case when it ruled, in essence, that a municipality can regulate its own traffic, regardless of the effect on an adjoining city. Cleveland Plans Barriers
Cleveland is considering an appeal to the United States Supreme Court. And the City Council has already appropriated $20,000 to study the best spots for putting up Cleveland's own obstacles.
In contrast to the nicely landscaped Shaker Heights barricades, Cleveland plants to put up 55-gallon drums, painted orange. They will be positioned to divert Shaker Heights motorists, while minimizing inconvenience to Clevelanders.
''We have traffic problems,'' Mayor Voinovich explained. ''There is nothing racial about our barricades. It is not retaliation.''
But Mr. Hardiman of the N.A.A.C.P. said Cleveland's barricades would ''hit back'' at Shaker Heights. ''It sounds childish, but it may be the only way to get their attention,'' he said. Traffic Is Disrupted
Racial questions aside, Clevelanders think the Shaker Heights barricades have already given them plenty to complain about. Nowhere is the problem greater than on Invermere Boulevard, the first street south of the Shaker Heights border.
Residents of Cleveland say traffic congestion necessitates waits of 10 minutes or longer in the morning to get out of their driveways; trips around the barricades to some area shops are nearly an hour longer.
To be sure, opinion in Shaker Heights is not uniform. Members of the city's Human Rights Commission called last week for the barricades' removal.
One of the commission members, Jordan C. Band, said: ''Sometimes perception of racism creates a reality in and of itself.''Continue reading the main story | <urn:uuid:61018f8b-0cef-496a-8f85-bf8b4509d3ee> | {
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Lawsonomy Volume One
Matter is composed of substances of different density.
Density has limitless variability and is everywhere in space.
Matter is the physical contents of space that takes shape, moves about and changes from one thing to another.
Substances combine and take various forms according to immutable laws.
All substances are composed of substances without end. Solids, liquids, air, gases, heat, light, electricity and sound are made up of different proportions of different substances.
A ray of light too small for the naked eye of man to see is made up of a number of substances each of which is composed of substances.
As space has no size there can be no limit to the smallness of things and those contents of space which appear small to the eye of man are large to the formations that compose them.
The Earth is large to man but small when compared to the Solar System. But the Solar System is small when compared to the Universe.
So the contents of space obtain size only when one thing is compared with another.
A difference in density is caused by various substances taking up more or less space.
Substances of greater density take up less space and substances of lesser density take up more space.
Greater density in space is mass and lesser density in space is volume.
Matter is separable without limit. There is no thing in space that cannot be divided and subdivided.
So-called wise men thought that the atom was the smallest bit of matter in existence and that it could not be divided.
Then later other wise men found that the electron was smaller than the atom. They, however, then decided that the electron was the smallest thing in existence and that it could not be divided.
But I say that the electrons cannot only be divided into parts but that its constituents can also be divided and subdivided.
Elements are the substances that compose a formation or the substance in which a formation is immersed.
Man first began to notice the elements that affected his senses, such as light, heat, cold, sound, gases, air and water.
Little by little man extended his range of vision until he realized that the elements affecting his senses were also composed of elements.
Now, man partially understands the nature of certain elements that make up the substances of his own body as well as the nature of the elements that compose air, water, gases and light.
With the magnifying glass man is enabled to enlarge minute particles that his naked eye cannot see.
But hundreds of years elapsed from the time man first learned that he could see these microscopic particles through a magnifying glass and the time he began to realize that they played an important part in life.
Man's perspective of life will be enlarged as he increases his range of vision.
Man must learn that the elements composing air, light, heat, cold, electricity and sound are also made up of elements.
It is the proportions of different elements that make up formations that cause the difference in their density and their nature.
Man may be made up of sixteen different elements and these same sixteen elements may be found in different animals, fish and plants, but the difference in proportions of the elements that constitute the different structures is what makes the difference in the structures.
Man may find the same elements in the air that he finds in water, but it is the difference in the proportions of their constituents that causes the difference in their nature and density.
Man may find the same constituents in solids that he finds in light, but the difference in proportions of these constituents is what makes the difference in their nature and density.
Many kinds of atoms may contain electrons, but it is the difference in the proportions of their constituents that makes the difference in their nature and density.
Many different kinds of electrons may contain the same minute formations, but it is the difference in their proportions that makes the difference in their nature and density.
So, by and through the different proportions of elements brought together in formations, density takes on different qualities and quantities which expand or contract in volume or mass and make possible the movement and changeability of matter and the physical manifestations of life.
Comparison is the rule that measures the
difference in quantities and qualities.
Return to Contents.
Return to Home Page.
Please mail to: [email protected] should you have questions or concerns about this site. | <urn:uuid:5aab5b27-9c4b-4ab2-801a-5f0e89e2a7b8> | {
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), also known as corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. It is an important component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is often produced in response to biological stress (along with its precursor corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus). Its principal effects are increased production and release of corticosteroids. A deficiency of ACTH is a cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency and an excess of it is a cause of Cushing's disease.
Suitable for use in ELISA and Immunohistochemistry. Other applications not tested.
Immunohistochemistry (Formalin/paraffin): 0.2-0.4ug/ml. Incubate 30 minutes at RT. No special pretreatment required for staining.
Optimal dilutions to be determined by the researcher.
Normal pituitary glad or pituitary adenoma
Storage and Stability:
May be stored at 4°C for short-term only. Aliquot to avoid repeated freezing and thawing. Store at -20°C. Aliquots are stable for 12 months. For maximum recovery of product, centrifuge the original vial after thawing and prior to removing the cap.
|Intended for research use only. Not for use in human, therapeutic, or diagnostic applications.|
1. Hsu DW; Hooi SC; Hedley-Whyte ET; Strauss RM; Kaplan LM. Coexpression of galanin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in human pituitary and pituitary adenomas. American Journal of Pathology, 1991 Apr, 138(4):897-909. 2. Kasper M; Kasper M; Kern F; Heitz PU; Gudat F. Immunohistochemical studies on human pituitary gland and adenomas. Journal fur Hirnforschung, 1991, 32(6):725-34. 3. Berg KK; Scheithauer BW; Felix I; Kovacs K; Horvath E; Klee GG; Laws ER Jr. Pituitary adenomas that produce adrenocorticotropic hormone and alpha-subunit: clinicopathological, immuno-histochemical, ultrastructural, and immunoelectron microscopic studies in nine cases. Neurosurgery, 1990 Mar, 26(3):397-403. 4. Vrontakis ME; Sano T; Kovacs K; Friesen HG. Presence of galanin-like immunoreactivity in nontumorous corticotrophs and corticotroph adenomas of the human pituitary. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 1990, 70(3):747-51. 5. Nakane PK. Classification of anterior pituitary cell types with immunoenzyme histochemistry. J Histochemistry and Cytochemistry, 1970, 18:9-20. 6. Ueda G; Moy P; Furth J. Multihormonal activities of normal and neoplastic pituitary cells as indicated by immunohistochemical staining. International Journal of Cancer, 1973, 12:100-14. 7. Heitz PU. Multihormonal pituitary adenomas. Hormonal Research, 1979, 10:1-13. 8. Martinez D; Barthe D. Heterogeneous pituitary adenomas. A light microscopic, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. Virchows Arch Pathol Anat, 1982, 394:221-33. 9. Horvath E; Kovacs K. Histologic, immunocytologic, and fine structural finding in pituitary adenomas associated with the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MENS). Lab Invest, 1979, 40:261. 10. Robert F; Pelletier G; Hardy J. Pituitary adenomas in Cushing’s disease. A histologic, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1978, 102:448-55. 11. Young LW; Lim GHK; Forbes GB et. al. Postadrenalectomy pituitary adenoma (Nelson’s syndrome) in childhood: Clinical and roentgenologic detection. Am J Roentgenol, 1976, 126:550-9. 12. Mukai K; Wolseth DG; Bonner RA, et. al. Pituitary carcinoma with liver metastases: An immunocytochemical study. Lab Invest, 1980, 42:42.| | <urn:uuid:3511382d-78aa-4ca0-a5d5-644258ef1cad> | {
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Here’s a win-win: Geothermal power can make lithium for electric vehicles
Existing geothermal power plants are powered by a hot brine from deep within the earth's crust, which is just lousy with dissolved minerals — literally "half the periodic table," reports Scientific American. One of those elements is lithium, which can be extracted from the geothermal fluid that existing power plants in California's Salton Sea are already pulling out of the ground.
This is remarkable on many levels at once.
1. The world is desperately in need of more sources of the “rare earth” elements that are required to build advanced batteries and just about everything else in cleantech.
2. Usual hard-rock mining of lithium is terribly environmentally destructive, whereas this process isn't, because it relies on already-existing reservoirs of hot water to extract the mineral from rocks down below.
3. This process turns geothermal power, already an excellent source of emissions-free base load power, into a potential source of many of the minerals and metals required to build all those electric vehicles, wind turbines, and solar panels we'd like to see grow up alongside it.
4. This source of lithium is in California, close to ports, and not in some remote corner of China or South America.
The entire rundown of this process — which is happening now to the tune of 500 metric tons of lithium per year — is worth reading about at Scientific American. | <urn:uuid:b1659e8a-3794-4f76-982a-da6d7b24d5af> | {
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Researchers using this database are asked to acknowledge the SPLLOC projects (http://www.splloc.soton.ac.uk) in any publication arising from their work. They are also asked to acknowledge the CHILDES project as outlined at http://childes.psy.cmu.edu.
The overall goal of the Spanish Learner Language Oral Corpora (SPLLOC) programme is to promote research on the acquisition of Spanish as L2, by:
- Establishing a small scale, high quality database of spoken learner Spanish;
- Making this resource freely available to other bona fide researchers;
- Undertaking substantive research into L2 Spanish.
Research such as this enables us to better understand the processes involved in learning a second language in a classroom setting, and thus supports curriculum design for L2 education, as well as exploring fundamental theoretical questions in second language acquisition.
So far, the programme consists of two research projects, SPLLOC 1 (April 2006-March 2008) and SPLLOC 2 (August 2008-January 2010). In both projects, data has been collected from classroom learners of Spanish (with English as their first language), from beginners to advanced level, using specially designed elicitation tasks. For comparison purposes, native speakers were also recorded undertaking the same tasks. The resulting database of L2 Spanish contains digital soundfiles of learner speech, in varying genres, accompanied by transcripts in CHILDES format.
The material collected through SPLLOC 1 includes learner narratives, interviews and picture description tasks. This material is now freely available for use among the Spanish second language acquisition research community, through this website.
The substantive research programme of SPLLOC 1 is investigating the acquisition of central morphosyntactic properties of Spanish, such as word order and clitic pronouns, providing a description and analysis of developmental sequences of L2 Spanish from an interface perspective. Phenomena such as lexical diversity and the role of rote-learned formulas in instructed L2 Spanish are also being studied.
Fieldwork for SPLLOC 2 is currently in progress. The substantive research programme of SPLLOC 2 concerns the development of tense and aspect in L2 Spanish, and new elicitation tasks have been designed to elicit especially rich data in this area.
The SPLLOC projects adhere generally to the researcher and user ground rules which have been developed by the CHILDES project at Carnegie Mellon University, USA. Our data is also available to the SLA community via Talkbank.
These projects are funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) (RES-000-23-1609 and RES-062-23-1075).
A flyer is available about the SPLLOC projects. | <urn:uuid:f77ff8d6-3c98-4088-9906-9bca11ae430c> | {
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Eric Ayars made this tidy Arduino-Controlled Physics Lab Fan-Cart for simple physics demonstration. What’s a fan cart, you ask? Ah, good question! It’s basically just a fan on wheels, that can be used in physics classes to study constant force. Eric’s version goes a step further, allowing the cart to be turned on and off automatically by placing small magnets along it’s path. When the device drives over a magnet, a reed switch mounted on it’s bottom is triggered, which tells the microcontroller to start or stop. With a bit more configuration, it could also be used to vary the fan speed, allowing for more sophisticated experiments than a simple on/off switch would be allow. This could be a fun introductory project to build in a science class. | <urn:uuid:82951b72-cf7b-4d87-8e8a-25ea64ea8e0d> | {
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A History of the County of Bedford: Volume 3. Originally published by Victoria County History, London, 1912.
This free content was digitised by double rekeying. All rights reserved.
Salford is a small parish of about 975 acres, of which 451 are arable land and 469 permanent grass. (fn. 1) The slope of the ground, which varies little, is from west to east. The soil is gravel and loam, the subsoil gravel. The principal crops produced are wheat, oats, barley, peas and beans. The parish is watered by a tributary of the Ouzel, and has 28 acres of woods and plantations, Salford Wood in the north being of some extent.
The village of Salford is situated in the south-east of the parish. Adjoining the church is the Manor Farm, a pleasant building dating from the early 19th century. The cottages which compose the village are for the most part half-timbered with thatched roofs. Salford Mill, which marked the site of a much older building, was recently destroyed by fire, the house adjoining which is a half-timbered structure with thatched roof. Salford has a Wesleyan chapel built in 1814.
The parish was inclosed by Act of Parliament in 1807–8. (fn. 2)
In 1086 Hugh de Beauchamp held a 5-hide manor in Salford which included a mill worth 9s. 4d. and woodland for 150 swine. His predecessor was Turchil, a thegn of King Edward. (fn. 3) The overlordship of the manor was attached to the barony of Bedford (q.v.) and was held by John de Steyngreve in 1275 (fn. 4) and William de Patishull in 1366. (fn. 5)
No tenant of Hugh is mentioned at Domesday, but this manor was early held by a family who assumed the name de Salford. Nigel de Salford, the first of whom mention has been found, was a 12th-century benefactor of Newnham Priory. (fn. 6) His son, Hugh de Salford, had succeeded his father by 1199, in which year Walter son of Gregory quitclaimed a virgate of land to him in this parish. (fn. 7) His name also appears in the Newnham cartulary, as does that of his son Nigel, who held one fee of the barony of Bedford c. 1240. (fn. 8) John de Salford, probably his son, held in this parish between 1275 and 1303, being succeeded at the latter date by his son Nigel de Salford. (fn. 9) Hugh brother of Nigel acknowledged in 1312 the latter's claim to Salford Manor, (fn. 10) which was held in 1346 by Peter de Salford, who received a grant of free warren here in 1353. (fn. 11) He was still holding in 1366, (fn. 12) and is the last member of his family of whom mention has been found in Salford. In 1428 this manor is described as late belonging to Ankareta, who was wife of Thomas Drakelowe, and whom it has not been found possible to identify. (fn. 13) At this date Oliver Groos and other trustees relinquished their rights to Thomas Widville and others. (fn. 14) Ten years later All Souls College, Oxford, was founded and endowed by Archbishop Chicheley, and this manor, together with Weedon Pinkney, appears to have formed part of the early endowment of the college, to which it belongs at the present day. (fn. 15) Robert Hoveden, warden of the college, brought an action against Robert Johnson c. 1558 complaining that the latter, acting as his steward, had been entrusted with certain rentals that he might keep the courts of Salford Manor and now refused to deliver them to their rightful owner. (fn. 16) All Souls has been in the habit of leasing the manor-house and lands, which were held by the Langfords and Pedders in the 16th and 17th centuries. (fn. 17) In 1662 Thomas Hackett appears to have acquired the lease, (fn. 18) which his family still retained in 1722 when the trustees of Nicholas Hackett were negotiating a transfer on behalf of his daughter and only child Elizabeth Carew. (fn. 19) The manor-house is now used as a farm in the occupation of Barnard Charnock Sturges.
The church of ST. MARY THE VIRGIN has a chancel 24 ft. 6 in. by 14 ft. 2 in., the oldest details of which belong to the 13th century. It has a modern north vestry (1900). The nave, 47 ft. by 16 ft., and the south aisle 7 ft. 10 in. wide, date from the last quarter of the 13th century. There is a north porch. On the west gable of the nave is a wooden frame for three bells, quite modern, which succeeded a low masonry tower apparently of the 18th century, shown in Fisher's drawing of the church (1813) and elsewhere. The building has been considerably repaired in modern times, but much old work has survived. The three-light east window of the chancel with net tracery is of c. 1330, as is a low side window at the north-west, a rather wide trefoiled light, and the trefoiled piscina recess is of the same date, but the oldest feature is the south-west door, which is plain 13th-century work of earlier character than anything else in the church, and suggesting a date in the first half of the century for the building of the chancel. The chancel arch, which is a good deal repaired, is contemporary with the south arcade of the nave, which is of four bays with quatrefoiled piers, moulded capitals and arches of two chamfered orders with labels, c. 1280. The capitals of the responds are well preserved, but those of the three piers are too small for the arches and the shafts, and have probably been cut down to their present shape by way of repair. The nave has two north windows of c. 1300 repaired, one of two trefoiled lights with a pierced spandrel, the other of three uncusped lancets. The west window is of three uncusped lights, with three flattened circles in the head, a good specimen of early tracery, though somewhat repaired.
The porch is of wood on low masonry walls, and was largely repaired in 1633, as appears by a date on one rafter, but a good deal of the construction is older, and a beam now resting on the roof timbers is of peculiar interest, having a line of dog-tooth ornament cut on its lower edge, and a rose, a star and a heart-shaped leaf panel. It seems to be of 13thcentury date, and may be a relic of an original porch contemporary with the church.
In the north aisle is a mutilated 14th-century canopied tomb with a cross-legged effigy in mail, with a surcoat, c. 1310–20; on the base of the tomb are shields charged with a cheveron.
There is a coffin-lid in the sill of the north-east window of the nave, which is of early 14th-century date, and has on it a cross and the inscription '[Vous ke pa]sses par ici prie pur la alme Jon Polein ke Deus eit [merci].'
In a modern recess in the north wall of the chancel is the top of a 15th-century tomb, probably meant to lie as a floor slab; on it are a cross and sword with a shield bearing a cheveron on which are three escallops. The slab is about 10 in. thick and has a moulded edge, beneath which are carved similar shields and flowers alternately, and the heraldry is repeated at one end. There can be little doubt that it is a memorial of a Salford. At the west end of the nave is a similar slab, having on it a sword to which is hung a shield charged with a saltire engrailed. In the aisle floor are brasses of John Peddar, 1505, and his wife Alys, and their children, six sons and four daughters; the inscription belonging to the figures is now in the vestry. There are several inscriptions to the Woodward family, the earliest being to Robert Woodward, 1629, and Mary Woodward, 1638.
There are some pews of the 15th century, and the nave roof is of the same date.
The three bells are (1) by James Keene, 1626, and bearing his initials and marks, (2) by Christopher Graye, 1661, and (3) by Roger Landon, c. 1450, inscribed 'Ave Maria.'
The plate consists of a flagon of 1802, the gift of Elizabeth Hervey, a chalice of 1638 with a cover paten, and a salver of 1763, on three feet with an openwork border, given in 1771.
The registers are as follows: (i) 15–8 to 1661; (2) 1653 to 1704; (3) 1749 to 1787; and (4) marriages 1755 to 1782.
Salford Church was granted to Newnham Priory by Nigel de Salford in the 12th century, (fn. 20) and was confirmed to the prior by various members of the family, and by the Crown in 1317. (fn. 21) In 1291 it was valued at £4 6s. 8d., (fn. 22) and at the Dissolution at £7 16s. 3d. (fn. 23) The advowson, with which was included the rectory, was retained by the Crown till 1587, when it was granted to Edward Downing, a well-known fishing grantee. (fn. 24) From him it passed shortly after to Robert Barber alias Grigg, who together with his brother Thomas sold the advowson to John Langford, c. 1597. (fn. 25) The latter presented in 1605, (fn. 26) and died seised twenty years later, when his son Robert was his heir. (fn. 27) Christian Langford, the widow of Robert, presented in 1642 and 1646, and Robert Langford, a member of the same family, in 1661. (fn. 28) In 1664 it had passed to Thomas Hackett and Elizabeth his wife, who transferred it at that date to Thomas Sickling. (fn. 29) By 1690 the advowson had passed to Sir Villiers Chernock, bart., (fn. 30) and henceforward followed the same descent as Holcot (q.v.), with which it was united in 1750. (fn. 31) The right of presentation at the present day is vested in Mrs. Chernock Smith.
Charities of Elizabeth Hervey and others (see under parish of Holcot).
The town land consists of 3 acres or thereabouts awarded on an inclosure in 1807 in lieu of dispersed lands in the open fields immemorially under the management of the minister and churchwardens. The charity is regulated by a scheme of the Charity Commissioners of 14 July 1868, the income of which, amounting to £14 a year or thereabouts, is applicable mainly for educational purposes in connexion with the school. (fn. 32)
An annuity of £5 is received from the Bursar of New College, Oxford, charged by the will of Dr. Woodward, dated 4 June 1675, on a farm at Brightwell, Herts., for binding out of poor children apprentices, born in the parish of Salford, male or female. | <urn:uuid:6ecbe7dd-08f9-479a-886f-9d8f2ff29954> | {
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Scientists have found out how turtle shells evolved - and that the process began 40 million years earlier than previously believed.
Turtles are unique among Earth's vertebrates in that they are the only one to form a shell on the outside of their bodies through fusing their ribs, vertebrae and shoulder girdle bones - around 50 bones in total.
However, how they came to have shells has remained a mystery.
Until recently, the oldest known turtle fossil dated back 210 million years but it already had a fully formed shell and offered no clue as to how it evolved.
But in 2008, scientists found the remains of an earlier turtle, traced to 220 million years ago. The Odontochelys semitestacea, found in China, had a fully developed shell on its belly, but its back shell was not fully formed. Instead, it was made up of broadened ribs and vertebrae.
From studying this fossil, scientists looked at a newly discovered specimen called the Eunotosaurus africanus, a species around 40 million years older than the O.semitestacea.
This new species had nine broadened ribs found only in turtles and lacked intercostal muscles between its ribs - another common feature - suggesting it represents one of the first species to form an evolutionary branch of turtles.
Tyler Lyson, from Yale University and the Smithsonian, said: "The turtle shell is a complex structure whose initial transformations started over 260 million years ago in the Permian period.
"Like other complex structures, the shell evolved over millions of years and was gradually modified into its present-day shape.
"Eunotosaurus neatly fills an approximately 30-55-million year gap in the turtle fossil record.
"There are several anatomical and developmental features that indicate Eunotosaurus is an early representative of the turtle lineage; however, its morphology is intermediate between the specialised shell found in modern turtles and primitive features found in other vertebrates.
"As such, Eunotosaurus helps bridge the morphological gap between turtles and other reptiles."
Explaining why more animals did not evolve shells in the way turtles did, Lyson said turtles have had to modify the way they breathe with specialised muscles.
"The reason, I think, that more animals don't form a shell via the broadening and eventually suturing together of the ribs is that the ribs of mammals and lizards are used to help ventilate the lungs.
"If you incorporate your ribs into a protective shell, then you have to find a new way to breathe."
The research team now plans to investigate the turtle respiratory system that allows them to breath with their ribs locked up: "It is clear that this novel lung ventilation mechanism evolved in tandem with the origin of the turtle shell," Lyson said. | <urn:uuid:8df1763b-e7bd-47b8-a35d-d8888eae04a5> | {
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A little more than three years ago, this was shallow, open water where the marsh had subsided over time. But in 2000, the Greater Lafourche Port Commission began filling it in. The levee and the higher ground behind it were built with sediment dredged from a shipping channel, he explained.
Stopping land loss and ultimately restoring Louisiana's coastline is complicated, and researchers from the LSU AgCenter are working in coastal marshes to learn more about how to enhance the process.
"This site represents one of the techniques for restoration," he said. "It's a good example of beneficial use sediments."
The site was created by the Greater Lafourche Port Commission, which acquired about 13,000 acres to establish a mitigation area, including a wildlife sanctuary.
With a grant from the Barataria-Terrebonne National Estuary Program, the LSU AgCenter is working with the USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service to study how different plants survive in the various environments on the man-made island.
"Seven or eight discrete habitats on this 250-acre site provide opportunities to evaluate planting techniques, plant responses to disturbed soils – the whole dynamics across a number of different habitats," Materne said. "Our target is a functionally equivalent natural marsh."
The area is typical of the Louisiana coast, Materne said. It originally was elevated and vegetated, but the land has subsided and is now mostly under open water.
"Eighty percent of all coastal losses in the United States are in Louisiana," Materne said. "Most aren't shorelines washing away but rather land lowering, subsiding and compacting."
Louisiana's coastal wetlands were built up over time as sediments carried by the Mississippi River settled out during spring floods. For the past hundred years or so, the gradual accumulation of new land has been hindered by levees that prevent the river from spilling out into coastal areas and depositing the silt.
But building new islands won't solve the problem if waves and tides wash the soil away. That's why the LSU AgCenter and NRCS are working to find the plants that will hold the coast together and stop the wetlands loss.
Since it opened more than 15 years ago, the NRCS Plant Materials Center at Golden Meadow, La., has been selecting and collecting coastal plants that show potential for revegetating the marshes.
"We develop plants and technologies for coastal restoration efforts," said Gary Fine, manager of the Golden Meadow facility. Fine and his staff look for native vegetation and select promising plants. Then they bring the plants to the Plant Materials Center where they grow and evaluate them.
The center also provides space where marsh plants developed from LSU AgCenter research are being grown in wetlands nurseries – thanks to grant funding from USDA’s Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service.
Most of the plants Fine has been working with are native grasses that can be prolific in the marsh but don't reproduce very well from seed. To propagate the plants, the staff divides them into small clumps for planting. After the clumps grow larger, they're cut into small pieces and planted again to continue the process.
Once the Plant Materials Center has produced enough plants, they give starter clumps to commercial growers, who continue the increase until they've produced enough plants for transplanting in the marsh.
Materne said it takes 2,000 plants in 1-gallon containers to plant an acre of marsh. And those plants have to be transplanted by hand.
One of the first plants used in marsh restoration was Spartina alterniflora, or smooth cordgrass.
"It has a high stem density and slows down water movement - buffering the force of waves," Materne said.
Cordgrass is one of the primary marsh plants found in Louisiana, where it grows in shallow water and provides the first line of defense against erosion from waves and tides. With a high tolerance for both fresh water and salt water, it grows aggressively throughout the coastal region.
"It makes up nearly 99 percent of the vegetation in the salt marshes in Louisiana," Materne said. "It's the plant that's holding Louisiana together."
Spartina, however, doesn't produce very good seeds in the wild.
To help solve the problem, scientists at the LSU AgCenter have been applying traditional plant breeding techniques used for agricultural crops in an effort to improve seed production and plant vigor in Spartina and other marsh plants.
In 1988 and 1989 NRCS scientists collected seeds of native Spartina plants from Louisiana's coastal marshlands and planted them in Golden Meadow. Researchers have been evaluating the results in coastal marshes and nurseries since then.
LSU AgCenter scientists identified plants with improved seed set, disease resistance or plant vigor and cross-pollinated them to produce new plants that combine all of the desired traits, according to Steve Harrison, an AgCenter plant breeder who also works with wheat and oats.
"This is similar to the methods used to develop improved varieties of cultivated crops such as wheat or sugarcane, except that the final product must be genetically diverse and representative of native populations in addition to having the selected traits," Harrison said.
The researchers have been successful enough that about 35 acres of shoreline levees around the Port Fourchon site were seeded successfully with Spartina by airplane in March 2002.
With the levees protected and the area filled in, AgCenter and NRCS researchers began looking at plants for other environmental conditions.
"The area's well on its way to recovery," Materne said. "The Spartina is on the levees to protect and maintain the barrier – to stop soils moving out to open water with rainwater runoff or moving with the tide."
Behind the Spartina, researchers planted 6,000 black mangrove plants later in the spring of 2002. The following December they planted woody species – sweet acacia, oak, hackberry, red mulberry and wax myrtle trees – on the higher ground.
Calling the plantings "field trials," Materne said researchers are evaluating plants in relation to altered hydrology, disturbed soils and soil salts. "Not all salt is in the water," he said.
He pointed to the acacia trees that appear to be thriving on the island. This salt-tolerant tree grows to 30 feet tall and can provide habitat for migratory birds.
"We've developed engineering technology to create marsh. Now we need plant technology," Materne said. "Before we recommend that somebody spend money, we need to be sure the recommendations are good."
Rick Bogren is a writer for the LSU AgCenter. | <urn:uuid:ae5189bd-e010-40db-802f-985c8b42c47a> | {
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The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (“GINA”), is a federal law enacted in 2008 which prohibits employers from requesting “genetic information” from their employees. Specifically, it prohibits employers with 15 or more employees from discriminating against an employee on the basis of the employee’s genetic information. “Genetic information” includes information from genetic tests, the genetic tests of the employee’s family members, and family medical history. GINA also prohibits employers from retaliating against an employee who has opposed a practice made unlawful by GINA. Finally, GINA prohibits employers from requesting an employee’s genetic information, subject to six exceptions.
While GINA is still a relatively new law, it has started to catch the eye of plaintiff’s attorneys. In fact, the first jury verdict in a GINA case came this year when a jury awarded two workers a $2.2 million verdict after their employer asked them to take a DNA swab test in order to determine who had been repeatedly defecating on warehouse property. Additionally, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) settled a lawsuit in 2014 which it brought against a company for requesting family medical information as part of its post-offer, pre-employment process. The EEOC claimed the company used the information gathered to discriminate against some individuals based upon their genetic information.
GINA’s enactment is generally seen as a positive response to employers seeking to rely on genetic information to screen out potentially unhealthy employees and lower healthcare costs. However, GINA has also complicated matters for employers interested in offering “wellness programs” to their employees. Wellness programs include things such as health risk assessments, health screenings, flu shots, health fairs and workshops, exercise groups, fitness classes, smoking cessation classes, and/or participation incentives. Wellness programs have obvious benefits to both employers and employees, but they also frequently involve gathering medical (including genetic) information. However, GINA provides an exception for wellness programs if the employee provides prior, knowing, voluntary and written authorization; there is no penalty for not participating in the part of the program seeking genetic information; only the employee and licensed health care professional or counselor receive individually identifiable information concerning the results of such services; and genetic information cannot be disclosed to the employer except in aggregate terms.
The EEOC has begun to focus on whether employer’s wellness programs comply with these requirements. Due to the lack of guidance in this area, including on whether an employer may request genetic information from an employee’s spouse as part of a wellness program, the EEOC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking on October 30, 2015 to address how GINA applies to wellness programs offered as part of group health plans. According to the EEOC, “[t]he proposed rule clarifies that an employer may offer, as part of its health plan, a limited incentive (in the form of a reward or penalty) to an employee whose spouse (1) is covered under the employee's health plan; (2) receives health or genetic services offered by the employer, including as part of a wellness program; and (3) provides information about his or her current or past health status. Information about current or past health status usually is provided as part of a health risk assessment (HRA), which may include a questionnaire or medical examination, such as a blood pressure test or blood test to detect high cholesterol or high glucose levels.”
The EEOC is currently accepting comments on the proposed rule. The initial deadline of December 29, 2015 was recently extended to January 28, 2016. The final rule is expected sometime in 2016. | <urn:uuid:50ff552b-4ddc-4a91-b532-2fcce4f2c660> | {
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Architect Roald Gundersen and his team at Whole Tree Architecture and Construction are all for putting small-diameter trees — the “weeds” of the forest — to practical use. Forests need thinning to grow healthy stands of millable trees, Gundersen observes, and his company works with “the waste product” of that process.
Studies by the USDA-funded Forest Products Laboratory have found that a small round timber is 50 percent stronger in bending than an equivalent cross-sectional area of milled lumber. Gundersen’s work takes advantage of that attribute: “We’re looking at the architecture of trees, the result of 200 million years of environmental testing, and using...
to read the full article. | <urn:uuid:8986d0e2-6d2e-4009-9bba-bc634c6e55e4> | {
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The antelope is a deer-like mammal found in Africa, Asia and parts of the Americas. There are many different species of antelope including the tiny Royal antelope that stands at the height of a rabbit!
Unlike deer that renew their horns annually, the antelope has strong permanent horns, that antelope mainly use to defend their herd or to fight other antelopes.
An antelope tends to get to between 8 and 10 years old in the wild although they have been known to live for longer when kept in captivity. Many antelope individuals however, wouldn\'t last into old age in the wild as antelope are a key target for many large carnivorous mammals. If the antelope was old then the antelope would naturally be slower at running from danger.
The antelope is one of the many medium-sized mammals holding the African food chain together. The antelope may only graze on grasses but it is a stable food source for many of Africa\'s large carnivorous predators, such as lions, hyenas and crocodiles.
Antelope display different defensive behaviours based on their size, habitat, number and species. The smaller solitary antelope tend to live in dense forested areas and these species of antelope defend themselves by hiding. The duiker antelopes get their name from this specie\'s ability to dive into the vegetation. Gazelle-sized antelope run and leap, and some species of antelope exhibit their unique behaviour of pronking or stotting. Large antelope congregate in larger herds and can depend on running as group defence.
The antelope is found in a wide range of habitats, typically woodland, forest, savannah, grassland plains, and marshes. Several species of antelope have adapted to living in the mountains and rocky outcrops, a few species of antelope have adapted to deserts (both hot and cold), and a couple of species of antelope are even semi-aquatic and these antelope live in swamps.
After mating, female antelopes give birth to a single calf or, more rarely, twins, after a gestation period that can last up to eight months. A mother and her newborn calf are vulnerable to predators, and antelopes have had to evolve different strategies for surviving this period. For most antelope species, the female gives birth in dense cover and leaves the calf while she feeds. The calf comes to its mother when she calls it, and once fed, the calf will hide away again. Once in its hiding place, the calf remains completely still and will run away only if it is on the verge of being discovered. | <urn:uuid:75f28877-93b1-48f8-aecd-fb4dec8cee0f> | {
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Water choices have always been central to the development of nations. After its banks broke in the 11th century, the Po river abruptly changed course, diverting sediment-rich waters into to the lagoon of the Republic of Venice. Left to run its course, eventually sediment would have filled up the lagoon, grounding the city. Modern simulations show that, if that scenario had occurred, Venice today would have been a quaint village some five miles inland from the coast.
But the Venetians chose not to let that happen. At the turn of the 17th century, they finally embarked on a colossal hydraulic engineering project, cutting a vast canal to divert the Po out of the lagoon and into a bay south of the city.
At completion, in 1604, the project had cost the Republic – one of the wealthiest trading states in the world – 300,000 gold Ducati, roughly equivalent to 10% of its annual budget. The canal redesigned the Italian coastline enough to be seen from space, a reminder that wrestling with nature at these scales is not a new phenomenon.
The story continues today. The south-to-north Water diversion project under construction in China – a colossal transfer of water from the Yangtze river towards Beijing to supply parched northern China – is expected to cost a similar amount in today's money, and is likely to have as profound an impact. The world is full of examples where developed and developing nations face critical issues of water security and consequential choices for their future.
This is not to say that megaprojects are the answer to the world's water problems. However, not a day goes by without someone invoking an impending water crisis. The irony is that despite the enormity of the issues, the crisis is actually not about water. Water, for the most part, is not consumed in the way that, say, oil is. Its quantity on the planet, while finite, is not changing substantially, as it washes through the hydrologic cycle.
The crisis is really about us.
Our capacity to invest and manage water for the long term is inadequate. In theory, we know how to solve most water issues – a mix of infrastructure investments, ecosystems management, and hard decisions about what water is used for – yet countries seem to consistently struggle to mobilise sufficient capital, resources and political will to do so. We add diversions without managing demand for water. We construct the next levy without considering alternatives. We build one dam at a time, instead of planning for the whole basin. In the end, we find ourselves stuck with second or third best options, and in some cases no options at all. The quality of our environment and of people's lives bears the brunt of these failures.
In this context, the business community has a critical role to play. It is not enough for business to concern itself only with what happens to water in its operations and supply chains. Whilst a good step, that is not where the critical issues are.
The world will invest around $80bn to try to harness 300 gigawatts of hydropower from rivers across the world over the next two decades. How can we deliver on the promise of such an investment without jeopardising the future viability for food production of the great rivers of the world? Land under irrigation will need to expand by some 20% to feed an additional two billion people. How can we do so without compromising the world's aquifers and the quality of our surface waters?
It is on issues of this scale that the struggle to manage water resources of our planet plays out.
These are important, contextual choices that call into play values and require judgments about the kind of economy and environment we want to live in. Governments have a critical role to play as mediators of multiple public interests, but do not always have the resources and skills to fully articulate the implications of all choices available to us. Civil society organisations bring specific voices and science to the table but often lack the capabilities to engage on broader economic implications.
This year, the World Economic Forum asked business leaders which risks they fear most. "Global water supply crisis" ranked highest for both impact potential and likelihood.
It must therefore fall to businesses to ensure that world class economic and technical skills are brought to bear, so that infrastructural investments, economic planning, and the protection of ecosystems are integrated, and that water stewardship becomes a politically salient issue.
We may not always converge on the same answers, and at times may find ourselves on opposite sides of a debate, but the quality of our collective engagement will finally be commensurate to the consequences we will all face. | <urn:uuid:db60f0a1-6f99-446c-92f6-465019ba8237> | {
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The new Olympic Channel brings you news, highlights, exclusive behind the scenes, live events and original programming, 24 hours a day, 365 days per year.
9-11 year-old pupils
Multi-activity programme including an audio-visual presentation and an educational web site.
The OLI mascot, created specifically for this programme, interacts with the children during the presentations.
A 45-minute show is presented in schools or to groups visiting the Olympic House to teach the principles of Olympism and its values. A web site has been created to support this activity.
The National Olympic Committee of Turkey's Culture and Olympic Education Commission has prepared and initiated "Sport Culture and Olympic Education Project" for 4th and 5th grade students in Turkey.
This interactive educational program, prepared with the help of experts, includes the topics of Olympic sports and disciplines, Olympic values, our body and movements during sport, benefits of sport, importance of nutrition, Fair Play, environment and sport. Presentations are being carried our either at Olympic House or at the school halls in different cities of Turkey.
During interactive presentations and video shows, as part of the program, questions asked to the students and small presents were distributed for right answers to Olympic and sport related questions.
A mascot created and named OLI has taken active part at presentations. Participant students sing a song during and at the end of presentations with the mascot OLI.
Surveys were prepared and after each presentation, students were asked about what they learned and if the presentation was effective and made a difference.
Carrying out this project to as many children as possible is crucial for development and promotion of Sport Culture and Olympism in Turkey.
Spread the Olympic values and sports culture among children, their teachers and their families.
Five times per week, a show is organised in a school in a region of the country. Pupils aged from nine to 11 attend a multimedia presentation, including a film and a photo and illustration show.
A mascot called Oli, created specifically for this activity, animates the presentation and interacts with the children throughout the presentation, thus contributing to the attractiveness of the programme and its dynamism.
The subjects presented illustrate various themes: the values and benefits of sport, the importance of nutrition, fair play, sports disciplines, the environment, the history of the IOC and the Olympic Games.
A special web site has been created to accompany the programme. It contains information on summer and winter sports, interactive games, useful links and a sports dictionary.
Communications measures have been implemented to make people aware of the programme: posters and brochures have been published, and information has been disseminated in the press and on television.
Since 2006, when the programme was launched, 2.5 million children have taken part in presentations throughout the country.
Discover the initiative's web site and meet Oli the mascot at the following link: http://www.olimpistler.org.tr/
The NOC of Turkey has the trademark rights for OLI and logo
National Olympic Academy of Turkey / Olympic Academy Commission
Mr. Bilal PORSUN, President of the Culture and Olympic Education Commission, Turkish NOC
Türkiye Milli Olimpiyat Komitesi
34158 Ataköy Istanbul
+90 212 560 0707
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The priorities set by the G20 Argentina Presidency: unleashing people's potential through quality education, building infrastructure for development and ensuring a sustainable food future, while promoting gender equality, are indeed fundamental enablers of a developed and inclusive future.
In turn, the Business Community of the G20 countries firmly believes that multilateral cooperation is crucial to define consistent rules and standards that ensure investment predictability, promote economic growth and ultimately improve governability. In this respect, the United Nations 2015 Sustainable Development Goals comprise the most ambitious multilateral consensus reached so far. Consequently, the B20 adopted this agenda as a fundamental guidance for policy-making.
Ten months into the G20 Argentine Presidency, the 1200 companies and business federations members of the B20, have engaged into more than 56 task force meetings to provide meaningful consensus-based recommendations into eight policy documents for the G20 leaders as a contribution toward these goals.
Our societies expect from the G20 more than a set of shared principles, they expect concrete actions and solutions to crucial challenges, prioritizing relevance and impact of results. In this regard, we focused on the most fundamental and structural issues deemed to be urgent and implementable, either at multilateral level or within national policies, looking for consensus on best practices for moving forward.
Policy Recommendations and action plans presented in this document belong to three main pillars:
I. EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES AND INCLUSIVENESS
II. PROMOTING GROWTH
III. CLIMATE ACTION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF RESOURCES
In a new evolving scenario where employability is key, it is necessary to develop inclusive policies that help people enter the labor market through innovative educational systems, within the framework of a new technological revolution
A revolution underpinned by artificial intelligence and other technologies is already underway and will redefine the economy. Along with digital economy, these innovations can become engines of growth and inclusion if we bridge technological divides in a socially sustainable and responsible way
Infrastructure is a fundamental driver for economic growth. We will seek a business consensus on practical recommendations to close the persistent infrastructure gap. We also need to discuss regulatory coherence and innovative financial instruments to achieve a sustainable GDP growth.
Comprising a comprehensive approach to the construction of an inclusive, fair and balanced international Trade and Investment system for the 21st century
In an era marked by volatility and uncertainty, the world prepares to feed an increasingly growing population on a declining resource base. Nutrition security and global food production are ongoing concerns.
Climate change is a threat to development that poses increasing risks to societies, economies, and ecosystems. Tackling climate impacts through adaptation strategies and building resilient societies will help to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
SMEs are the backbone of economies around the world, they generate about 50 to 70 percent of jobs and income, they foster creativity and they enable comprehensive market innovations. Yet they face some structural constraints that call for special attention
Corruption triggers inequality, undermines sustainable development and has a corrosive impact on growth. Countries need to be united to collect and share information in order to prevent, detect and crack down on corruption. We face a global problem that requires a global solution | <urn:uuid:da35257f-33d8-433d-985a-44ae8a806ced> | {
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Trail Closure: Gorge Path weekdays, 7 am - 4 pm
The section of the Gorge Path between the Hemlock Path intersection and the A. Murray Young Trail intersection is closed until rehabilitation work is completed. The closure will be in effect Mondays through Fridays only, from 7 am to 4 pm.
Construction is continuing throughout the park. More information can be found on our Temporary Closures page. More »
The method used to increase falcon populations is the reintroduction of captive-reared chicks into the wild, a process termed "hacking." In hacking programs, selected adult birds are bred in captivity. The eggs are incubated and hatched in a laboratory. Chicks three to four weeks old are transferred to a location, called a hack site, where scientists hope to establish a new falcon territory. Once there, to prepare the chicks for release, they are kept several weeks in a protective wooden box with a view of the area.
Hack sites are staffed by trained specialists who carefully monitor, tend, and feed the chicks for approximately three weeks. Attendants observe only from a distance at this time. Food drops are made via a long, sloping tube, preventing the association of food with humans. When their wings are strong enough for flight, fledglings are released. The young falcons continue to eat at the hack site until they learn to hunt on their own.
PEREGRINES AT ACADIA
Adult peregrines often return to areas near their original hack sites, which was the case at Acadia. When an adult peregrine hacked in 1986 returned to the site in 1987, the park discontinued the hacking program for fear that this adult male would prey upon any released chicks.
The returning male came back again in 1988 and attracted a mate. He and his mate had their first successful nest in 1991, the first in Acadia in 35 years. Since that time, at least one pair and sometimes three other pairs have produced young in the park, bringing the total to 87 chicks.
Some of the young have been banded to learn about peregrine migration, habitat use, and longevity. Many variables are involved in allowing the researchers to band. The speed at which the chicks develop allows only a three-to-four-day window in which the researchers can band. The chicks must be large enough that the band does not fall off and not too large to attempt to fly without the proper flight feathers.
Falcon banding provides valuable information on the activity of the peregrines. It allows scientists to keep track of peregrine migration, movement, breeding activity, and longevity. Peregrines are known to travel very far for the winter, including South America, Costa Rica, and the Virgin Islands. Banding also allows park biologists to track where peregrines set up nesting sites.
Peregrine chicks born in the park have been found in several places:
Banding has allowed scientists to determine that peregrine falcons have a 50% survival rate in the first year. Only 25% of birds make it to age two. With such a high mortality rate, the park is proud to host successful nesting areas to help this falcon regain its status.
Each year, in early spring, park resource managers watch intently for signs of returning peregrines. (Visit the Peregrine Falcon Photo page to see pictures of banding during the 2006 season.) If mating or nesting behavior is observed, certain trails are temporarily closed to avoid disturbance to the nesting area. These measures are helping this magnificent falcon make a triumphant comeback in Acadia National Park, and contributing to the success story of the Endangered Species Act.
Feeding: Hunts most vigorously at dawn and dusk in open areas like shores, marshes, and valleys. Hunting is often accompanied by a series of sharp, aggressive, territorial calls, "kee, kee, kee, kee, kee—kee, kee, kee, kee, kee." Plucks feathers from the prey as it feeds.
Strikes: Usually in mid-air, knocking the quarry to the ground. Less commonly, it will strike and grab prey and fly away.
Nesting: Mostly on precipitous cliffs, but will also nest under suspension bridges and atop tall city buildings. Eggs are laid on a sand- or gravel-covered ledge with a depression that has been scratched in preparation for the clutch. This area is called a scrape.
March to Mid-April (courtship)
Mid-April though May (nesting)
July through August (fledging)
Fall and Winter (migration)
Wings: Long, pointed, sickle shaped. All falcons in a dive appear to have sickle-shaped wings. Wing shapes depend on the degree to which the bird is soaring or diving. Be careful in making identifications.
Head: Small with dark "sideburns"
Size: Crow-sized, female larger than male
Feet: Large (hence the nickname "big-footed falcon")
HELP PROMOTE THE CONSERVATION OF PEREGRINES
Did You Know?
Since 1999, propane-powered Island Explorer buses have carried more than two million passengers in Acadia National Park, eliminating more than 685,000 automobile trips and preventing 6,444 tons of greenhouse gases. The fare-free buses are supported by your entrance fees. More... | <urn:uuid:c5a23f61-4549-4961-a10e-464627ddf230> | {
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Without timely efforts to adapt to sea level rise brought on by climate change, our beloved beaches could virtually disappear, leaving a ragged and dangerous coastline in its wake. That’s a future sand artist Sudarsan Pattnaik never wants to see. To raise awareness about the real threat of global warming, the artist, together with 30 of his students, created a massive art installation on the beach behind Panthanivas hotel in Puri, Odisha, India. The project features 500 Santas springing up from the sand, lounging, and walking the beach full of the holiday spirit.
Normally, any mention of Santa is coupled with wishes for gifts or myths about toy-making elves, but these ‘Sand-tas” exist to spread messages about saving the Earth. The installation, which also includes a massive sculpture of Jesus with the message “Go green, save earth” inscribed at his feet, required nearly 5,000 tons of sand and around four days to complete. Some of the sand was colored green and red to represent Saint Nick’s flashy coat and green grass.
“I always try to give some awareness messages through my sculpture to the world, so I chose the awareness about global warming through Santas as the subject at the year end,” Pattnaik told the India Education Diary. The Puri beach installation wasn’t the first time the artist has attempted a record-setting number of sand sculptures in one place. He created 100 sand Santa Clauses in 2009, setting a record in the Limca Book of World Records. | <urn:uuid:da2c14c7-6990-4477-ba92-c50acb689c6f> | {
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The light bulb that saves the most energy is the light bulb that is not humming. Building the habit of turning off lights when you are not using them may take some time to get used to, but the savings in energy and money will make the habit worth it. It is also important to know which types of light bulbs you are using to figure out how much energy you are saving every time you flip the switch.
Not All Bulbs Are Created Equal
How much energy you save by turning off your lights depends on the type of bulbs you are using. The least energy efficient bulbs are incandescent lights. In fact, 90 percent of the energy incandescent lights use is given off as heat and only about 10 percent results in light. Therefore, turning off incandescent light bulbs is going to save more energy than turning off halogen lights or the far more energy-efficient compact fluorescent light and light emitting diode light bulbs.
Energy and Money Saved
Turning off lights saves energy and it also saves money. To calculate how much energy you save for every hour each light bulb in your house is switched off, first check the watt rating printed on it. If the bulb is a 60-watt bulb and it is off for one hour, then you are saving .06 kilowatt hours. To then calculate how much money you are saving, grab your most recent electric bill, find out how much you are charged per kilowatt hour, and then multiply the price by the amount of kilowatt hours. This number changes depending on the region in which you live, as well as--in some areas--the time of day or the season in which you use the lights. If your electric rate is 20 cents per kilowatt hour, then you are saving 1.2 cents for every hour that one light bulb is turned off.
Sciencing Video Vault
The Snowball Effect
While saving a few dollars and a handful of kilowatt hours on your electric bill every month may not seem like a huge deal in itself, the savings grow large rapidly when many people join the movement. For example, universities across the U.S. have started encouraging students to turn off unused lights. Lights Off Cornell is one of hundreds of these energy=saving and sustainability movements in the college arena. Cornell started to encourage students to reduce their light consumption after it calculated in 2010 that the university could save up to $60,000 per year by simply turning off lights that are not in use.
Take the Guesswork Out
If you want to save energy in your house or at your business by turning off unused lights, consider using lighting controls such as dimmers, motion detectors or timers. Dimmers provide variable indoor lighting, reducing their wattage and output, which helps save energy. They are relatively inexpensive to install, and they can be used to bring the amount of light in the room you're occupying to the most desirable level. Motion sensors automatically turn lights on when they detect motion and then they turn the lights off a short while after motion has stopped. Manual and programmable timers can be used to turn on and off outdoor and indoor lights at specific times. By employing these lighting controls, you can rest assured knowing that energy is not being wasted without having to continually check every light personally. | <urn:uuid:c994ad48-c496-4624-b170-6e5f8b1794bf> | {
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Knowledge of the Target
Knowledge of the target is the most important starting point for designing a focused screening library, and it’s important to assess how much information is available about the target before deciding how to proceed. With an uncharacterized target, random screening is the first approach. But the more users know about the target, the better chance they have of finding new compounds to hit the target, and the more focused the library can be.
For example, when designing a library for H3 antagonists the target is well characterized. There are a number of ligands for it and there are also drugs on the market that hit the receptors. With this knowledge it is possible to build a field template that will lead to a focused screening library with a high chance of success.
Field templates, or pharmacophores, are used in library design to predict the activity of compounds at therapeutic targets. They can be compared to the biological fingerprint for a protein binding site.
The first step in building a field template is to analyze active ligands that interact with the target to find a common shape for binding. Where the 3D shape of the protein active site is not known, Cresset’s forgeV10 computational suite is used to compare the conformations of the ligands to find their optimum alignment in the binding site of the protein. This alignment, or an alignment generated from protein-ligand crystal data, together with structure activity data is used to find the field points that are likely to correspond to important features in the active site.
To illustrate this point, forgeV10 was used to build a library of potential H3 antagonists. A series of seven highly active H3 antagonists were identified from the literature and aligned in their bioactive conformations to generate a consensus field template (Figure 2).
As confirmation of the predictive capability of this template, the field match score was compared against the known activity (Ki) scores of 68 further H3 antagonists described in the scientific literature and outside the original training set. A good match of fields to activity was confirmed.
The H3 template was then used to screen Cresset’s compound collection to identify potential H3 antagonists. A large number of matches were identified, with 68 distinct chemical scaffolds.
This example demonstrates how forgeV10 can be used to search new areas of chemical space for new candidates. The field analyses take users beyond the limitations of chemical structure, to find compounds with similar activity but varying chemotypes, leading to new starting points for research.
Field templates can also be built for toxicity targets as well as for therapeutic targets. A range of such templates can be derived and used as filters to counterscreen a library of compounds.
In the H3 example, the compounds were screened against field templates for CYP 2D6 and hERG. Approximately 4% of the compounds were rejected due to potential 2D6 toxicity and a further 8% due to potential hERG toxicity. | <urn:uuid:f20356af-0ab8-40b1-95e1-cc6d643c5f1a> | {
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November 4, 2008, will be forever remembered as the day change came to the nation. American voters went to the polls and gave Barack Obama a resounding victory. He won more votes than any candidate in U.S. history. His popularity was proven once again as 2 million people braved frigid temperatures on the National Mall to witness history on January 20, 2009, when Obama officially became the first African-American President of the United States.
Obama’s father, Barack Obama, Sr., was born and raised in Kenya, Africa. His mother, Ann Dunham, was raised in Kansas. He grew up in Hawaii and graduated from Harvard Law School, in Boston, Massachusetts. Obama worked as a civil rights lawyer in Chicago, Illinois, and in 1996, was elected to the Illinois State Senate. He won a U.S. Senate seat in 2004.
The Illinois senator entered the Presidential race as an underdog, running against New York senator Hillary Clinton for the Democratic Party nomination. But his promises to unite the nation and bring change to Washington, D.C., helped him win the Democratic Party nomination and ultimately the Presidency. His historic victory reminds people that America is a place where all things are possible.
Click here to return to the time line. | <urn:uuid:014d9cbb-1de8-46ab-bd46-a4afdefa274c> | {
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New imperialism essay - quality essay and research paper writing and editing website - get custom written assignments starting at $10/page professional paper writing help - order custom written essays, research papers, reviews and proposals with benefits custom term paper writing assistance - we can write you affordable essay papers of the best quality. Related documents: essay about new imperialism in africa imperialism: united states and imperialism essay examples causes of imperialism imperialism in late 19th century america involved both territorial and economic expansion, but not necessarily at the same time or in the same place. Read this essay on new imperialism come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays alliance system and new imperialism alliance system and new.
Although the build up of new militaristic technology was a cause, ultimately a complicated alliance system, competition for foreign lands, and a strong call for nationalism were the driving factors behind the outbreak of world war one. High schoolers study the definitions of militarism, imperialism, and nationalism, and the significant individuals involved in the world alliance system prior to 1914 they examine the events that lead to world war i. The alliance system was bending under the strain of international pressures the new imperialism the growth of national states permitted western nations to deploy. Free essay: alliance system and new imperialism jessica gray, bernadine cross, tameka freeman, rikia wyatt his/114 january 4, 2012 darrett pullins alliance.
Belgium: history, the alliance system, and new imperialism history, the alliance system, and new imperialism the country of belgium received its name from the belgae. For all your academic essay/ research/ thesis/ dissertation/ writing needs at an affordable price 100% authenticity and on-time delivery/ overnight delivery/ 6 hours delivery try our services and we assure you of getting a good grade in your coursework, term paper, research paper, thesis, or dissertation. In world war i, imperialism caused increased tensions among european nations as germany sought to gain power by vying for more control over the colonies in africa imperialism refers to an imbalance of power in the political sphere, usually among nations it happens when a stronger nation takes over. The entry of the us in may 1917 and the russian revolution of nov1917 quite changed the nature of war from a confrontation between nationalism and imperialism, and competition between imperial powers, to one for establishing a new international order, based on national self-determination and collective security.
Imperialism was the cause of wwi imperialism is the practice of maintaining an empire or collection of colonies and expanding imperialism european imperialism. The colonization of africa conflicts and organized african resistance to european imperialism this system operated in alliance with preexisting political. New imperialism gave rise to new social views of colonialism as well as building an irrigation system for increasing agricultural production suggested a.
European imperialism 2 describe the alliance system and list the various alliances before world war i fri 3/1 essay friday - read dbq rubrics and grade. Imperialism and the great war study play new imperialism the alliance system that changed a one-on-one fight into a major conflict, the creation of germany. Sample research paper on imperialism in the mid 1800's to early 1900's, there was a rush of imperialism by european countries the need for new markets, the desire to foster national pride and spread european values, and the lure of adventure all fostered imperialism (world history: perspectives on the past.
Arrayed against the anti-imperialist alliance were the imperialist powers bound together by the nato alliance and their client states the 'new' imperialism. Homework help - post questions, assignments & papers alarm_on 24/7 on demand writing alliance system and the new imperialism paper studypool values your privacy. Read this essay on alliance system and new imperialism come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays get the knowledge you need in order to pass your classes and more.
This analysis of new imperialism has mainly focused on the macro-political and economic explanations, however it is important to mention that there is a sociological aspect of new imperialism which schumpeter explores. Anti imperialism essay - top-quality research paper writing service - we help students to get quality papers in high quality high-quality term paper writing website - order affordable papers in high quality secure student writing website - purchase custom written essays, research papers, reviews and proposals at the lowest prices. The alliance system and the new imperialism essaysduring the 19th and 20th century an abundance of change was occurring within the world in terms of the bonding and binding of alliance systems. Revolution and the new imperialism combined to alliance system and new imperialism - term paper read this essay on alliance system and new imperialism come browse our large digital warehouse of free sample essays. | <urn:uuid:d5aeaafd-6b9a-474b-a5a7-5799fca143f8> | {
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Commercial Fishing and Fish Farms
Many people who are otherwise opposed to meat-eating seem to exclude fish from their equation of compassion – hence an entire term, “pescatarian,” for those who will not eat the flesh of land animals but will eat fish. The commercial fishing industry, however, practices its trade in ways that are horrendously cruel to fish, destructive to the environment, and worrying for our health.
Factory trawling vessels, which rake the sea floor with huge nets to catch specific breeds of commercially desirable fish, destroy ecosystems and result in the deaths of millions of animals per year. Approximately 8% of fish caught by such methods are “by-catch” and are unwanted by the industry. This process is highly damaging to our oceans, and some scientists estimate that most fish species will be extinct within the next century if current fishing trends continue.
On fish farms, life is no better for fish than it is for their four-legged cousins in factory farms. Animals are kept in overcrowded and dirty conditions, which necessitate the use of chemicals to kill bacteria and prevent the growth of vegetation. The polluted waste produced by such practices damage coastal estuaries and other nearby bodies of water. Finally, the process used to transport farmed fish to slaughter is extremely stressful and damaging to the animals, who are treated as if they feel no pain (a belief that has been thoroughly debunked by modern science).
Mercy For Animals – Sealife to Seafood
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals – Fish Feel Pain
Farm Sanctuary – Factory Seafood Production
Mercy For Animals – “Skinned Alive” Undercover Investigation
Eating Animals by Jonathan Safran Foer
Just Food: Where Locavores Get It Wrong and How We Can Truly Eat Responsibly by James McWilliams
- Why Should We Care?
- Animal Testing
- Companion Animals
- What to Do? | <urn:uuid:143ade69-4289-412e-bab9-c6015561434e> | {
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- Arc cards describe a future trajectory (grow / collapse / discipline / transform) and a timeframe (10 years, 100 years, etc)
- Terrain cards describe a context ("Education" / "Security", etc)
- Object cards define the thing from this future.
- Mood cards ("excitement", "dread") define an emotional inflection.
The job of players is to synthesize these prompts into a future scenario, then create an object from this future. | <urn:uuid:82384989-d3af-4c5b-9642-9b75d31d6e29> | {
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Going to the zoo with the whole family is one great way to bond and create wonderful memories. Aside from that, you also get to help your kids know more about the different animals and instill a deeper appreciation for these creatures. But to make the most out of your zoo trip, there are several things that you need to consider first. To give you a jump start, here are seven cool tips that you might want to use when you visit the zoo.
– Visit the zoo’s website beforehand and try to learn the shows and presentations they offer. Also, try to know the particular times that they are shown. Be sure to find out the feeding schedule of animals so that you’d be able to see them in action.
– Watch out for any animal shows or small talks delivered by zookeepers. This is one of the best ways to learn about and appreciate more the different creatures kept in the zoo. This is also the best time to ask questions about the zoo animals.
– Consider the weather when you visit the zoo. Keep in mind that during very hot weather, animals tend to move a lot slower and are quieter than usual (especially if the animals are from a much colder place).
– Let the kids navigate your trip. This will prove to make the whole trip more fun for them. Before going to the zoo, have a map of the place printed out or ask for a copy at the zoo information desk. Let your child mark the things and animals that he’d like to see.
– It is important for you to obey zoo rules and help protect the animals living inside the zoo. Avoid littering and refrain from feeding the animals. Remember that litter and human food can actually make the animals sick.
– Instead of moving from one cage to another, linger in a particular cage for quite some time especially if you want to know more about the animals.
– For your safety, stay only in the designated areas and avoid crossing over the fences or going to restricted places.
There’s so much to love about the zoos and visiting one will definitely be memorable for the whole family. The key to making this happen is for the whole trip to be well prepared and planned. So, the next time your family plans a zoo trip, make sure that you follow these seven tips and you’ll surely have a roaring wonderful day! | <urn:uuid:3b07d055-164c-4c28-82f0-4883652e2310> | {
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ChristianAnswers.Net WebBible Encyclopedia
alpha, the first letter of the Greek alphabet (Omega is the last letter of the Greek alphabet.)
These letters occur in the text of Rev. 1:8, 11; 21:6; 22:13, and are represented by “Alpha” and “Omega” respectively (omitted in the Revised Version, New International Version, and the New Revised Standard Version 1:11). They mean “the first and last.” (Compare Hebrews 12:2; Isa. 41:4; 44:6; Rev. 1:11, 17; 2:8.)
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Caller IDs for Whales
Crowd-sourcing helps sort marine mammal vocalizations
Imagine extraterrestrials come to Earth, seeking to understand human life. They dangle recording devices beneath the clouds or occasionally tag people with retrievable recorders. They collect thousands of bits of conversations—from individuals and congregations of people, at cocktails parties, Thanksgiving gatherings, subway platforms, baseball stadiums, and bedrooms.
They have mounds of data, but in a language they don’t understand. Yet within those mounds are patterns—repeated phrases, sounds, inflections, rhythms. Unraveling those patterns is a key to revealing what humans are saying and doing.
Now imagine the poor extraterrestrial whose job it is to sort through all those snippets of sound and identify the patterns.
Marine mammal scientists face a similar situation. They have collected troves of recordings of calls from pilot whales, killer whales, dolphins, and other marine mammals. Many of these calls have similar acoustic features that biologists can categorize into call types.
But examining and comparing thousands of recorded calls and making careful judgments on how to sort them consumes huge chunks of time. I got a taste of this during a fellowship in 2012 at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), where I spent hundreds of hours over several weeks making 3,127 comparisons of my own. [See and hear dolphin calls.]
Confronted with the task of categorizing more than 4,000 pilot whale calls, WHOI research specialist Laela Sayigh and colleagues from the University of St. Andrews seized the idea of plugging into the power of crowd-sourcing. Team member Alexander Von Benda-Beckmann remembered Zooniverse, a citizen-science hub that asked the public to help classify galaxy images from NASA's Hubble Space Telescope according to their shapes. He realized that the same could be done for marine mammal calls, which led to the creation of Whale FM (http://whale.fm/), a website that asks people “to help us understand what whales are saying.”
"We didn't have to round up volunteers," Sayigh said. They came to the scientists.
Since the fall of 2011, more than 10,000 people have linked to Whale FM to listen to recorded whale calls and look at their spectrograms, or visual representations of the sounds. They compare a given call with a list of other spectrograms, clicking a “✓” next to calls that are similar, or an “X" button to discard calls that don’t match. Visitors from around the world, averaging 30 call matches per visit, have categorized nearly 200,000 calls—not for cash, prizes, or even recognition.
"People seem to feel rewarded," Sayigh said—by helping science, or furthering understanding of marine mammals, or perhaps by just the game of “spot-the-difference.”
"I think there's an internal joy in listening to animal calls," WHOI scientist emeritus Peter Tyack said.
Scientists have been trying to automate the classification process, and early work suggests that mathematical algorithms may work. University of Tennessee researcher Arik Kershenbaum is experimenting with using a human music recognition code for use in dolphin whistle classification.
Still, even the most advanced computers tend to overlook or can’t discern subtle features of the vocalizations, Sayigh said—features that are clearly important, because they appear over and over again. Dolphins, for example, retain tiny blips in their whistles from year to year, and individuals who copy their whistles retain these features as well. Sometimes computers will conclude that two whistles came from different dolphins, when they actually came from the same dolphin who just varied certain features, such as the duration, of its whistle. And sometimes a dolphin decides to loop its whistle several times, making a single long, multi-looped whistle; a computer program comparing a three-loop to a four-loop whistle will show those whistles as very different, Sayigh said—even if those two whistles were in fact from the same dolphin and, whose spectrograms, to a human observer, had obviously identical contours.
Unlike computers, people can distinguish such things, and both Tyack and Sayigh are confident that at this stage, the human brain trumps mathematical algorithms to sort out marine mammal vocalizations.
Not everyone agrees. Some of the strongest criticisms of the human visual inspection technique came from a 2001 paper published in the journal Animal Behavior by scientists Brenda McCowan and Diana Reiss. They said human visual inspection of spectrograms was subjective and could not stand up to "more objective quantitative methods."
Six years later, Sayigh and colleagues issued a rebuttal in the same journal, validating human visual inspections and showing that even naive judges were very adept at grouping together whistles with similar contours; indeed, they almost always grouped together whistles from the same individuals without knowing that the whistles were from the same individuals.
"Since that paper has been published I have really not experienced criticisms of using visual categorization," Sayigh said.
Another study, published in 2012 by Sayigh, Tyack, and colleagues in the journal Marine Mammal Science, compared their own call categorizations with those made by Whale FM citizen-scientists. The two groups, one novice and the other highly experienced, matched at least 74 percent of the time.
"Humans are unbelievably good at perceiving complex patterns," Tyack said.
Whale FM is sponsored by Scientific American magazine and the University of St. Andrews. Sayigh's and Tyack's research was funded by the Office of Naval Research. Thean's research as a WHOI Summer Student Fellow was funded by WHOI, the Becky Colvin Memorial Award, and Princeton Environmental Institute.
See and hear dolphin calls
Click to enlarge these images of dolphins, listen to whistles recorded by temporary tags on the dolphins, and see spectrograms,or visual representations, of each dolphin's whistle. (Photos courtesy of Chicago Zoological Society/Sarasota Dolphin Research Program, taken under National Marine Fisheries Service Scientific Research Permit No. 15543.)
Originally published: July 25, 2013 | <urn:uuid:42f6f761-1ceb-487d-9999-5d99967ea58a> | {
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For most of us garlic is simply a spice. We consider it a taste enhancer for the continental dishes that are common in the region of Asia. Today you’ll be amazed to know the fact that one feeble grocery item could render wonders for your personal health. Here, we are talking about various diversified health benefits that could be derived from garlic.
Garlic, as an antioxidant
One of the recent scientific investigation carried out in Washington State University shows that garlic has the affinity to fight with certain type of viruses. This power lies in garlic therefore we always love to enjoy garlic soup in winter season when we are more vulnerable to the attack of viruses causing flue and cold. It is found that surprisingly garlic’s detoxifying power is 100 percent higher that two most effective antibiotic drugs. Researchers revealed that this virus’s halting ability of a garlic is because of a chemical Allicin that is present in it.
Other Health Benefits
Garlic could serve as a remedy to high cholesterol level in our blood and it significantly regulates the blood pressure. The garlic will become even more effective when its cloves are crushed. Garlic could also serve as a natural healer for various digestive ailments. Apart from this garlic appear to be the best way to prevent cancer also. Helen Bond, who is a consultant dietitian in Derbyshire- revealed that scientist has found vivid evidences about the affinity of garlic to nurture our immune system. Expert pharmacologists of the University of California revealed after their sheer investigations that the Allicin component found in garlic makes it effective for people having problem of bad breath.Garlic is beneficial as it increase boob size by reducing inflammation.
Brazilian dentists also found that crushed garlic cloves if blended with warm, cozy water, it could serve as a tonic for decayed tooth and it even soothes down the aching gums. Garlic could offer a great favor to the diabetic patients because it releases a special type of insulin that regulates blood sugar level. One of the research conducted in South Carolina endorsed the fact that the effectiveness of garlic cloves is enhanced if it is baked or left open in the air for 10 to 12 minutes. After finding out the significance of garlic for treating various ailments, another thought provoking question arises here that how garlic works as an effective antioxidant?
How It acts as an Antioxidant
Various studies throw light over this topic and it was found that garlic contains Sulfenic acid. The reactivity of this compound makes it a good antioxidant. Sulfenic acid had the affinity to react with the radicals of any toxin therefore neutralizes the toxin.
Anti Fungal Properties
Garlic could serve as a remedy for fungal infections. This is because it contains a substance Ajoene, that is effective against fungal infections.
Garlic as a Mosquito repellent
Apart from all the health benefits garlic cloves offer a natural way to keep nasty mosquitoes away. Allicin is that wonder substance that is responsible for this great contribution a garlic could offer. It makes garlic a good mosquito repellant. Preferably garlic could help you to keep your kitchen a hygienic place. | <urn:uuid:da2e7dfa-81b5-40b2-922a-d2f5a2350c09> | {
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What better way for your students to learn about CULTURE and DIVERSITY than through the fairy tale genre, particularly Cinderella. This unit gives you everything you need to integrate READING, WRITING, SPEAKING AND LISTENING, GEOGRAPHY, and WORLD CULTURE. The projects, activities, graphic organizers and close reading questions work well with FAIRY TALES AROUND THE WORLD. It offers a large variety of student opportunities for every learning style, differentiation, and covers 4 Domains within the Common Core State Standards.
LESSONS, PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES INCLUDE:
* AROUND THE WORLD SCAVENGER HUNT - USING REFERENCE MATERIALS
* BEFORE, DURING, AFTER READING DISCUSSION Guide
* OPINION STATEMENTS with EVIDENCE
* PROBLEM AND SOLUTION with EVIDENCE and student REWRITE
* SUMMARIZING - Graphic Organizers
* CHARACTER ANALYSIS - Students graph how STORY EVENTS INFLUENCE a CHARACTER’S EMOTIONS
* COMPARE AND CONTRAST 2 Fairy Tale (Cinderella) stories from 2 countries
* COMPARE AND CONTRAST 3 stories from different countries
* Fairy Tale DRAMATIZATION Project - Students learn to change a fairy tale to script format and create a puppet play
* CULTURE FOLDABLE PROJECT- Students use reference materials including maps to RESEARCH A SPECIFIC CULTURE.
THIS UNIT INCLUDES:
* Unit Overview
* Table of Contents
* CCSS list for each Lesson
* 2 Styles for a Parent Letter
* Student Cover Sheet for folders or Notebooks
* Family Heritage Homework Project
* “Rules for Discussion” Poster
* “Guidelines to Presentations” Poster
* 10 Detailed Lessons
* 18 pages of Graphic Organizers (Many with Suggested Answers
using The Egyptian Cinderella and The Irish Cinderlad)
* 27 + 1 blank Essential Questions to support the lessons
* 5 Domain Headers for CCSS
* 54 ELA Common Core (Skills) Vocabulary
* Culture Definition Poster for the Word Wall
* Cultural Features Header
* 15 Cultural Feature Definitions for the Word Wall
* 3 Heritage Definitions + 1 blank for the Word Wall
* Map Features Header for the Word Wall
* 4 Map Feature Definitions for the Word Wall
* 3 Way Venn Diagram Poster (color or black and white choices)
* 3 Way Venn Diagram student samples
* Drama Vocabulary Poster
* How to Change a Story to a Script Direction Poster
* Puppet Direction Poster (color or black and white choices)
* Foldable Directions
* Cinderella / Culture Research Foldable Project
* Direction sheet for making a Shutter Book Foldable
* Student samples of Foldable Project
* 3 pages of Website References to choose from
* 7 pages of Culture and Cinderella book choices
* Cinderella Rubric and Self Evaluation Brochure for 3 of the Projects (color or black and white choices)
IF THIS PRODUCT HAS TOO MUCH COLOR FOR YOU, CHECK OUT THE BLACK AND WHITE VERSION BELOW AS WELL AS OTHER ENGAGING RESOURCES
Cinderella, Culture and the Common Core: A Multicultural Fairytale Unit Black and White Version
Biography Informational Text Research and Project
The Mystery Genre: Bundled Unit for Grades 3-5
Winter Math Centers with Task Cards and Games: CCSS Aligned
Vocabulary Aquisition and Synonym Games and Practice
BAT MATH, BAT ACTIVITIES, BAT PROJECTS for 4th Grade
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All new products are on sale the first 2 days after publishing. To find out about my new products, sales, freebies, and any product updates, click the star green ★ button at the top of my store page or when you download a free resource. | <urn:uuid:121717a9-f650-49eb-9cfa-df026849b0d8> | {
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The Minimalist Approach
In 1965 and 1966, Steve Reich composed two minimalist pieces consisting entirely of repetitions of a speech loop. Copies of the same loop were played on two tape recorders, but one copy was spliced slightly shorter than the other. As a result, the loops started in synchronization and slowly drifted out of phase. The key word here is slowly. The minimalist nature of the process requires that the evolution be barely perceptible, with the result that at various times you suddenly become aware that you are hearing an entirely new cadence or rhythm.
Creating that kind of phase process in a digital audio sequencer is again extremely simple. Place single copies of the clip to be looped on two tracks, and use a high zoom level to slightly shorten one of the clips by a few milliseconds. (You don't necessarily have to restrict yourself to the same clip for both tracks.) Then loop both clips for enough repetitions that the clips eventually come back into alignment.
You can calculate the number of repetitions required to come full circle by dividing the time difference into the total time for the unaltered clip. For example, if the original clip is three seconds long and you shorten the copy by 10 ms, you will need 300 repetitions (3,000/10). At three seconds per repetition, that will take 900 seconds or 15 minutes.
You might not have use for a 15-minute, minimalist, shifting-phase loop in any of your songs, but there's more here than meets the ear. And the process is not just applicable to spoken word loops--it produces very interesting results with background parts such as strings, pads, and background vocals. The idea is not to use the whole thing, but to cull it for interesting new loops.
The audio example StringPhase.mp3 is the first minute of a 12-minute piece made using a string loop. The example StringClips.mp3 is made up of nine different loops cut from the full 12-minute piece. (Each loop repeats four times.)
It is easiest to find and extract loops if you start by setting the song tempo so that the original loop occupies a single bar. Once you've looped the clips, render the two tracks to a new audio file, mute the original tracks, and place the rendered file on a new track. Listen to the whole thing, marking measures of particular interest, or simply audition single measures at random until you find something you like. When you find a repetition you like, listen to several repetitions on either side of it--there will be very slight differences, and you may find one you prefer. When you've zeroed in on a specific repetition, slice the audio file at the measure boundaries, and you have a new loop. | <urn:uuid:d517a330-3206-4867-98ab-3d3614b23256> | {
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Ice cores are obtained by drilling core samples of ice in regions where glaciation has occured, such are near the Arctice and Antarctic Circes. Visible light and dark rings can be found in such cores that are then analyzed to determine the age of the ice. These layers are presumed to be the result of annual fluxuations in climate, and using this method, uniformitarians purport ages of over 100,000 years.
Creationists, such as Michael Oard, contend that these laminations are from subannual events, including layering due to dust to be found in a post-flood ice age. Sub-annual formation is supported by observations that several such layers of snow and ice can result from the storms within a single winter season.
The rapid rate at which ice sheets can accumulate is further demonstrated by the case of the Lost squadron . In 1952, P-38 Lightning fighter planes ran out of gas and landed in Greenland. Then in 1990, a group started looking for the planes. They finally found them in May, 1992, under 250 ft. and hundreds of layers of ice. Now it is true that neither of these is representative of the glaciers used for ice core analyses today, but they could have been representative of those glaciers in the past.
Dating Ice Cores
This problem is recognized by those who date ice cores and so they use a number of other methods to find the annual layers. However most articles do not make a distinction between these so called annual layers and the visible layers. While these methods work well for relatively recent ice as one goes back in time they become less certain. One such method is 10Be/9Be isotopic analysis, but over time diffusion renders it useless in detecting annual distinctions. Likewise, 18O/16O isotopic analysis suffers from diffusion as well. Ice flow also blurs any indication of years so that ages for deeper ice are derived from models of variations in accumulation rate and ice flow. This makes ice core dating very dependent on the theoretical models used; as such, none of these methods are independent indicators of age nor are they calibrated to climatic models.
Carbon-14 (14C) is also used to assign dates to ice cores but it has itself been partially calibrated to ice cores and therefore it is not an independent method.
All ice core "dates" are derived by calibrating the various methods to the Uniformitarian theoretical system. When calibrated to the Creation theoretical system the dates derived agree with time of the Biblical flood.
In 2004, the North Greenland Ice Core Project uncovered the remains of plants in an ice core of Greenland. The plant matter, buried 10,400 feet deep, was "the first organic material ever recovered from a deep ice-core drilling project" according to Prof. James White. Dorthe Dahl-Jensen, a professor at the Niels Bohr Institute and the leader of the project, said the plant matter suggested that the Greenland Ice Sheet "formed very fast."
In 2005, research published in the journal Geology significantly lowered the estimated age of glacial ice from 8 million years to less than 310,000 and even as low as 43,000 years.
Molecular clocks vs. ice cores
Eske Willerslev work on molecular clocks (using various insects) shows that the glacial free Greenland existed some 450,000 years ago. However, geologists (using ice cores and dust trapped in the ice) date the warm period some 125,000 years ago. So who’s right?(Willerslev et al 2007)
An interesting quote from Willerslev:
|“||There are no established methods for dating basal ice, and it remains uncertain whether the overlying clean ice of Dye 3 is temporally contiguous with the lower silty section. Therefore, to obtain a tentative age estimate for the Dye 3 silty ice and its forest community, we applied a series of dating techniques: 10Be/36Cl isotope ratios, single-grain luminescence measurements, amino acid racemization coupled with modeling of the basal ice temperature histories of GRIP and Dye 3, and maximum likelihood estimates for the branch length of the invertebrate COI sequences (7). All four dating methods suggest that the Dye 3 silty ice and its forest community predate the Last Interglacial (LIG) [130 to 116 thousand years ago (ka)] (Fig. 2), which contrasts with the results of recent models suggesting that Dye 3 was ice-free during this period (28, 29). Indeed, all four dating methods give overlapping dates for the silty ice between 450 and 800 ka (Fig. 2), exceeding the current record of long-term DNA survival from Siberian permafrost of 300 to 400 ka (9). However, because of the many assumptions and uncertainties connected with the interpretation of the age estimates (7), we cannot rule out the possibility of a LIG age for the Dye 3 basal ice.||”|
- Ice Cores and the Age of the Earth by Larry Vardiman, ICR Impact No. 226, April 1992, Institute for Creation Research.
- Do Greenland ice cores show over one hundred thousand years of annual layers? by Michael Oard 2001. Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal 15(3):39–42.
- The lost squadron
- Ice Cores and the Age of the Earth Book by Larry Vardiman
- Ancient Ice - Sean D. Pitman
- Ice core Yec Headquarters
- Dating ice cores
- Radiocarbon dating - Calibration
- Willerslev et al, “Ancient Biomolecules from Deep Ice Cores Reveal a Forested Southern Greenland,” Science, 6 July 2007: Vol. 317. no. 5834, pp. 111-114, DOI: 10.1126/science.1141758. | <urn:uuid:b9080240-f1b7-4a80-89d9-68d5481f8482> | {
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Despite what you may think, stroke is preventable. In fact, it's estimated that up to 80% of all strokes could be prevented by making healthy lifestyle changes and working with your physician to control health conditions that raise your risk for a stroke. In this article, we'll teach you 3 simple ways you can improve your health--and therefore, minimize your risk for stroke risk.
Choosing to eat healthy foods can help you prevent stroke. Eat plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables and foods low in saturated fats, trans fat, and cholesterol. Eating foods high in fiber can help prevent high cholesterol. Limiting salt (sodium) intake can help lower your blood pressure. High levels of cholesterol and high blood pressure increase your chances of having a stroke.
Being overweight or obese increases your risk for stroke. To determine whether your weight is in a healthy range, doctors often calculate your body mass index (BMI). If you know your weight and height, you can calculate your BMI at CDC’s Assessing Your Weight website. Doctors sometimes may also use waist and hip measurements to estimate excess body fat.
Physical activity will help you maintain a healthy weight, lower your cholesterol, and lower blood pressure levels. For adults, the Surgeon General recommends 2 and a half hours of moderate-intensity physical activity each week. Are you concerned about the aging loved one in your life? Our registered nurses offer health and wellness assessments to determine if any (and which) in-home senior care services would be beneficial. Contact us today to learn more! | <urn:uuid:e875d10d-f1aa-4104-b281-ba195f65357a> | {
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ERIC Number: ED323123
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1986
Reference Count: N/A
Teaching Map Skills: An Inductive Approach. Topics in Geography, No. 8.
This document contains lessons designed for teaching geography and map skills to intermediate level students, although many may be adapted to other grade levels. The lessons place heavy reliance on children making a series of individual and collective maps. The 16 lessons included are: (1) mental maps; (2) conventional maps; (3) map elements; (4) map evaluation; (5) map symbols; (6) orientation; (7) making a photomap; (8) community map; (9) making a turf map; (10) using map grids; (11) map scale; (12) making a map scale; (13) map-reading review; (14) using the grid; (15) making outline maps; and (16) special purpose maps. Thirty-six figures appear throughout the guide, and a 31-item reference list is included. Three appendixes refer to sources of specialized maps. (DB)
Descriptors: Cognitive Structures, Elementary Secondary Education, Geographic Concepts, Geography, Geography Instruction, Induction, Instructional Materials, Learning Processes, Learning Strategies, Map Skills, Resource Units, Social Studies, Teaching Guides
National Council for Geographic Education, 16A Leonard Hall, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 15705 ($5.00).
Publication Type: Guides - Classroom - Teacher
Education Level: N/A
Audience: Teachers; Practitioners
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Urban Mods 2018
Transcript of Urban Mods 2018
"Race, Class, and Gender in American Cities"
"Space, Place, and Landscape
"Privilege in America: The embodiment of race, neighborhood activism, neoliberalism and racial democracy
Jake Halpern and Zareena Grewal
"Narrating Lives of Refugees": lives and misrepresentation of the lives of refugees in New Haven
African American Studies
Race in U.S. political culture 1790–present, including U.S. imperialism, immigration and migration
The Cosmopolitan Canopy: Race and Civility in Everyday Life
Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City
Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community (1990),
"New Haven and the American City"
urban land systems, including green infrastructure, local and regional park design
Three major eras in modern day environmentalism in USA
What does is mean to be an environmentalist?
Early Environmentalism in USA, mid 1800s
New Environmentalism of the 1970s
The Third Moment in Environmentalism: Environmental Justice, 1980s
Nature must be protected from man
All human activities have a negative impact on natural resources
Fostered a belief and interest in the importance of nature to save humanity from its worst vices
Early conservation successes under Roosevelt
1851 US Mariposa Battalion massacred the Miwok of Yosemite to make the area safe for European colonists
Dark side of Conservation
Roosevelt and early champion of preservation of wilderness
150 National Forests
51 Federal Bird Reservations
4 National Wildlife Preserves
5 National Parks
18 National Monuments
24 Reclamation Projects
new environmental ethic, focusing less on wilderness preservation and more on how we interact with environments close to populations
Warned of the simplification of the landscape
Concerned with displacement of the problems to future generations
A growing recognition that humans are having an irreversible impact on the environment that we interact with daily.
Concern over the disparities between race and class over access to good resources and exposure to hazardous resources
Environment is conceived as everywhere, even in cities, and it is a human right to live in a safe environment
Increasing holistic thinking about connections between people and nature
Romanticism & Transcendentalism, 1820s
"Nature: The divine, or God, suffuses nature; reality can be understood by studying nature"
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Warren County Landfill: Watershed Moment in EJ
1982 a landfill was created by the state to dump soil contaminated with 30,000 gallons of PCB
located in rural Warren County, which was primarily African American.
Warren County citizens lay in front of 10,000 truckloads of contaminated PCB soil
Over 6 weeks of collective nonviolent direct action,
Over 550 arrests
"the largest civil disobedience in the South since Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., marched through Alabama."
It was the first time in American history that citizens were jailed for trying to stop a landfill
In an editorial titled "Dumping on the Poor," the Washington Post described Warren County's PCB protest movement as "the marriage of environmentalism with civil rights"
1990 Letter to Environmental Organizations
"In nature nothing exists alone"
1970 Environmental Protection Agency created
1970 Clean Air Act Extension
1970 Occupational Safety and Health Act created OSHA and NIOSH
1970 Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act
1970 Environmental Quality Improvement Act
1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972
1972 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)
1972 Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
1973 Endangered Species Act
1974 Safe Drinking Water Act
1975 Hazardous Materials Transportation Act
1976 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
1976 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
1977 Clean Water Act. Amended FWPCA of 1972
1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
1978 National Energy Conservation Policy Act
A glimpse at New Haven's social
& environmental history
John Muir, and most Americas, held blatantly racist ideas that shaped their visions of what a National Park should look like.
Dispossession and genocide of native people, many who whom lived in national parks, was driven by strong notions of white-supremacy
the idea that a “superior” civilization knew better how to utilize America’s vast land, and in particular, how to profit from it.
“We know they [Indians] are not our equals; we know that our right to the soil, as a race capable of its superior improvement, is above theirs; and let us act openly and directly .… Let us say to him, you are our ward, our child, the victim of our destiny, ours to displace, ours to protect. We want your hunting grounds to dig gold from, to raise grain on, and you must ‘move on.’ … when the march of our empire demands this reservation of yours, we will assign you another..."
For the land in the area, colonials traded
Protection from the Pequot and...
12 coats of English trucking cloth
12 alchemy spoons
4 cases French knives and scissors
Yale moves to New Haven
Planned City: Nine Squares
1870s-Major Industrial Center - Newhallville
Settlement and Early Colonialism
Industrialization & Suburban Expansion
The heroic preservation of “pristine wilderness”
places supposedly devoid of human inhabitants that were saved in an unaltered state for future generations
Foundational Myth of National Parks
150 living members of the Quinnipiac tribe in 1638
Census of 1790 - pop. 4,487
Census of 1890 - pop. 86,045
Map from 1911 - pop. 133,605
Map of 1911
1908 - Undeveloped Farm Land - Beaver Hills
Newness and attractiveness of development.
Minor executives; Estimated annual income: $5000 and up; Infiltration: Jewish 70%
Fair sized singles; brick, stucco and frame; Average age: up to 10 year; Repair: Excellent
“This is a new development of which the architecture s varied and pleasing. The houses are not built too closely together and are well cared for. Were it not for the fact that this area is entirely Jewish, it would command a higher rating.”
Buying a home in the Beaver Hills neighborhood required signing a contract that specified:
All houses must be set back 30 feet from the curb
Building plans had to be approved by the Beaver Hills Company’s architect
Minimum cost of the house had to be $7000
Houses had to be single-family only
Convenient to places of employment and center of city
Age and obsolescence of dwellings
Skilled mechanics; Estimated annual income: $2000 and up; Infiltration: Mixed foreign
“This area contains a mixture of singles, doubles and triples and a scattering of apartments located on comparatively small plots. In habitats are mostly employed in adjacent Winchester Plant and are skilled mechanics. Pride of ownership is decidedly spotty”
OAK STREET REDEVELOPMENT
881 households were displaced
Oak Street was the densest and most diverse neighborhoods in New Haven, filled with tenements, factories, business, garages and churches
Federal Housing Administration
Home Owners Loan Corporation
in 1934 which engaged in discriminatory practice of delineating areas where banks would avoid investments based on community demographics
Census of 1940 - pop. 160,605
350 business cleared
Demolition to create:
1 mile of highway & 1 million square feet of surface parking
A Social History of Environmentalism & the Urban Landscape in New Haven
the city seized 42 acres of private land
Urban Renewal, 1953-58:
New Haven as a Model City
USA president 1901-1909
By 1950 federal money insured over half the mortgages in the USA - but only in white segregated neighborhoods
To New York
To Macy's parking garage
We replaced the "slum" with a highway that goes perhaps one mile, and then stops dead at a parking deck
Route 34 bisected between the Hill and Downtown
Program is aimed at slowing flight to the suburbs, provides
$30,000 over 10 years to Yale employees purchasing homes within New Haven
additional $5,000 incentive for purchasing homes in Dixwell before December 31, 2017.
Fall of 2015, the program has supported more than 1,134 homebuyers throughout the city
vibrant social life...characterized by streets teeming with factory workers, school children, delivery boys going to and from industrial plants, schools, and storefronts
Urban Renewal and white flight to suburbs
European immigrants arriving to meet growing needs of industry
African American migration from the south coincides with decline in industry
Present day demographics
Yale in the urban landscape
Yale University was intimately involved in the city’s urban renewal efforts – various faculty and departments consulted for New Haven’s Redevelopment Agency.
A failed Yale -supported proposal for a loop road that would provide some insulation from the city
3 positive initiatives between Yale and New Haven
New Haven Promise
Provides 100% tuition to in-state public colleges and universities and a partial subsidy to in-state private colleges and universities.
attend New Haven public schools
earn a 3.0 GPA
40 hours of community service.
Since 2011 1,665 students have benefited from New Haven Promise
Flyer advertising Siloam Springs as an exclusively white town; circa 1919.
Letter signed by 100 cultural, arts, community and religious leaders -- all people of color -- and addressed to the directors of the Big 10 conservation groups, the letter charged the organizations with a history of "racist and exclusionary practices"
wilderness viewed as a dangerous, untamed region that needed to be brought under control
Distrust of government and science--given history of lack of informed consent
they don't represent minorities
they don't prioritize minorities
history of lying to and victimizing minorities
Forced sterilization of Native American women
PEOPLE OF COLOR Environmental Leadership Summit, 1991
Dismantles nature-culture dualism and shift focus away from wilderness conservation
Marginalized people are trapped at many institutional levels in unhealthy environments that are beyond their control to change
Expansion of environmentalism to broader Issues of inequity
A healthy environment is seen as a basic human right
Urban Resources Initiative
316 sites (~50 active per summer) in 15 neighborhoods
800-1100 individual volunteers per year
2742 trees planted (average of 120 trees per summer), not including 2018
Grassroots, volunteer led, current leadership includes 16 groups over 10 years old, including 4 groups that started 20 years or more ago.
5191 trees planted
255 high school students have received green job skills training
Hire about 25 high school students every year
Hire formerly incarcerated adults work 3-4 weekdays per week in fall and spring: 147 individuals (since spring 2010)
Constructed first bioswale in Dec 2013 and began experimenting with designs and monitoring effectiveness with Professor Gabe Benoit
Currently constructing 75 bioswales in partnership with Emerge and New Haven
Newhallville illustrates the relationship between industrial growth and the emergence of a large working-class, residential neighborhood emblematic of the late 19th century.
Background to "Silent Spring”
In terms of controlling pests, rapid economic growth, human modification of the environment was by definition good - no perceived harm from DDT
During the growth in industry in
Newhallville 65% to 75% of housing units were occupied by families whose household head worked for Winchester Company.
To stop the degradation of the planet's natural environment and to build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature, by:
conserving the world's biological diversity
ensuring that the use of renewable natural resources is sustainable
promoting the reduction of pollution and wasteful consumption.
WWF Mission statement
How resources are valued change over time
For more classes on urbanism, race, history and politics at Yale
The Community Greenspace program provides material supplies, technical advice, and classroom-based and hands-on training to support resident-driven community greening projects. Since 1995, Greenspace has supported more than 297 diverse urban restoration projects with an annual participation of about 1,000 New Haven residents.
URI GreenSkills is a local green jobs program that employs high school students and adults with employment barriers through the planting of trees. GreenSkills connects people to their communities, their environment, and each other.
Increased Coordination and Control in Urban Development
@ FES Spring 2019
Michael Mendez, "Justice, Nature, and Reflective Practice"
Understanding a sense of history and cultural dynamics in a society is integral to understanding and shaping the built environment...
....and the natural environment
Advancing Green Infrastructure Program Wins Harvard's Roy Award for Environmental Partnership
URI, Common Ground School, WPCA, Emerge, Yale FES & City of New Haven
Colonialists knew the myth of wilderness areas devoid of people was a myth
Early critique of EJ as a framework for explaining came from economists
disparities exist because the market functioning properly
some people are willing to live or work in a contaminated areas if the rent is low enough or wages high high enough | <urn:uuid:f0f01580-546d-4ad5-8ff6-5949d016be27> | {
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Student Participation… Take Two
January 23 to January 27, 2012
In my last post I shared statistics on student participation with regards to watching their first video lecture and taking an online quiz. The video was a review on cell division while the quiz was assigned to assess my student’s ability to glean important information from the video. Being disappointed in the initial results, I went back to reteach students on how to watch the video while taking the quiz.I have graphed the differences in my results. Week one is when I first presented my students with the video and assigned them the quiz to take as they listened to the content. When comparing the initial results with week two, where students were given one more chance to complete the assignment or redo their initial attempt, you’ll notice an increase in both student participation and achievement.
The number of students completing the assignment increased 23% from week one to week two, while the average grade on the assignment increased by 10.5% (7% in General Biology and 14% in Practical Biology).I wanted more student feedback into this first video assignment and the flipped classroom idea so I put together a Google form survey that my students have randomly taken. Here is what my students think about the idea so far.
The answers that my students provided have helped me realize some important points. First, I was surprised at how many students didn’t watch the video while taking the quiz as was directed. After some discussion I realized that many students got hung up on the word “quiz” and felt as if they would be cheating if they watched the video while they answered the questions. Many also stated that they were not aware of the fact that they could watch the video while taking the quiz, even after they had received both verbal and written instructions to do so.
Instead of a quiz for this week, I have designed a modified Cornell notes worksheet so students can take notes, ask questions and write a summary about what they learn from the video. On Monday, I will model how to watch a video lecture while filling in the worksheet as students participate in rounds of “think, pair, share”.The second thought that came to mind as I reviewed the data is how high school teachers often assume that students come into their classrooms knowing how to “learn” the content that's presented to them, but where would they have learned these skills? Unless students have had a study skills class they may have never been shown how to take notes or decipher important information from a discussion or lecture.
This week I will provide my students with detailed training on how to learn and take notes from a lecture. I was surprised to see that over 90% of my students requested this direct training. Sometimes we can learn the biggest lessons from the simplest questions!
Question: What type of strategies or training do you provide to your students when it comes to helping them become better learners? | <urn:uuid:3db6fa74-34bb-4d1a-b3bb-5fd8ca96f504> | {
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Miniature horse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Miniature horses are found in many nations, particularly in Europe and the Americas. The designation of miniature horse is determined by the height of the animal ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_horse - Cached
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Miniature Horse Breed Information
Information on miniature horses, types, colors, uses. ... What is a Miniature Horse? A Miniature Horse is a scaled down version of a full size horse.
here are sites that will answers all the question you may have and more | <urn:uuid:3ee6c22d-011a-4f76-9a11-92bb19760359> | {
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Trepang fishery and licences
Trepang is more commonly known as sea cucumber in the Northern Territory (NT).
You must have a trepang licence to commercially fish for sea cucumber in the NT.
The fishery is restricted to six licences which can be bought, sold and leased. All are currently allocated.
Read more about buying, selling or leasing a commercial licence.
Commercial fishing for sea cucumber is allowed from the high water mark to three nautical miles seaward from the territorial sea baseline. Go to the Australian Government Geoscience website for more information.
Most sea cucumbers are collected along the Arnhem Land coast, mainly around the Cobourg Peninsula and Groote Eylandt.
Trepang are harvested by hand either on foot or by diving, usually on neap tides during the dry season when the water is clearer.
Read more about the commercial trepang fishery in the Fisheries Regulations.
Sandfish are the primary species of sea cucumber taken.
No bycatch species are taken due to the hand selection method.
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Read: an article on this research in Agricultural Research.
Research Aims To Help Ranchers Manage ForageBy Kathryn Barry Stelljes
November 6, 2000
The annual weed called Japanese brome can make up 40 percent of the spring forage available for livestock in the Northern Great Plains. But studies show it can provide adequate nutrition for only a short window.
Agricultural Research Service scientists in Miles City, Mont., have found that if ranchers graze animals on brome-infested pastures too early and stay too long, they can hinder development of perennial grasses. These grasses form the mainstay of livestock nutrition for the rest of the spring and summer. The scientists are helping ranchers use the weed without depleting native grasses.
The tricky part is predicting the amount of forage likely to be produced during any year. Sometimes, annual brome grasses produce 600 pounds of forage per acre, while in other years, they provide only 20 pounds.
The scientists are measuring soil water, nitrogen and precipitation to determine what factors drive brome productivity. Eventually, they'll produce a decision-support tool to help ranchers better plan their annual grazing strategies.
An article on this research appears in the November issue of Agricultural Research, the agency's monthly magazine.
ARS is the chief scientific research agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Scientific contact: Marshall R. Haferkamp, ARS Fort Keogh Livestock and Range Research Laboratory, Miles City, Mont., phone (406) 432-8211, fax (406) 432-8209, [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:3ed1a3ef-1afd-498e-8ee7-97ae71479a39> | {
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Pemphigus in Dogs
Pemphigus is the general designation for a group of autoimmune skin diseases involving ulceration and crusting of the skin, as well as the formation of fluid-filled sacs and cysts (vesicles), and pus filled lesions (pustules). Some types of pemphigus can also affect the skin tissue of the gums. An autoimmune disease is characterized by the presence of autoantibodies that are produced by the system, but which act against the body’s healthy cells and tissues — just as white blood cells act against infection. In effect, the body is attacking itself. The severity of the disease depends on how deeply the autoantibody deposits into the skin layers. The hallmark sign of pemphigus is a condition called acantholysis, where the skin cells separate and break down because of tissue-bound antibody deposits in the space between cells.
There are four types of pemphigus that affect dogs: pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, and pemphigus vegetans.
In the disease pemphigus foliaceus, the autoantibodies are deposited in the outermost layers of the epidermis, and blisters form on otherwise healthy skin. Pemphigus erythematosus is fairly common, and is a lot like pemphigus foliaceus, but less afflictive. Pemphigus vulgaris, on the other hand, has deeper, and more severe, ulcers because the autoantibody is deposited deep in the skin. Pemphigus vegetans, which affects only dogs, is the rarest form of pemphigus, and seems to be a gentler version of pemphigus vulgaris, with somewhat milder ulcers.
full article can be found here: http://www.petmd.com/dog/conditions/skin/c_dg_pemphigus?page=show#.UQbd3R3WLXA | <urn:uuid:4789f75c-0f0b-44cf-8b4a-3656eb54d7c7> | {
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All around the hull of the longest Viking warship ever found there are swords and battle axes, many bearing the scars of long and bloody use, in an exhibition opening in Copenhagen that will smash decades of good public relations for the Vikings as mild-mannered traders and farmers.
"Some of my colleagues thought surely one sword is enough," archaeologist and co-curator Anne Pedersen said, "but I said no, one can never have too many swords."
The exhibition, simply called Viking, which will be opened at the National Museum by Queen Margrethe of Denmark on Thursday, and to the public on Saturday, will sail on to to London next year to launch the British Museum's new exhibition space.
In contrast to recent exhibitions, which have concentrated on the Vikings as brilliant seafarers, highly gifted wood- and metal-workers, and builders of towns including York and Dublin, this returns to the more traditional image of ferocious raiders, spreading terror wherever the shallow keels of the best and fastest ships in Europe could reach, armed with magnificent swords, spears, battleaxes and lozenge-shaped arrows. "The arrow shape did more damage," Pedersen explained, "the wounds were bigger and more difficult to heal than a straight-edged slit."
Other powers employed the fearless warriors as mercenaries, including Byzantium and Jerusalem, but some were anxious to keep weapons of mass destruction out of their hands: a Frankish law forbade selling swords to Vikings. They got them anyway, as the exhibits prove.
A skull from a grave in Gotland bears the marks of many healed sword cuts, but also decorative parallel lines filed into the warrior's teeth, like those recently found on teeth from a pit of decapitated bodies in Dorset, in what must have been an excruciating display of macho bravado.
"Probably only a small percentage of the Vikings ever went to sea on raiding parties, but I think those who stayed home would have told stories of great warriors, great ships and great swords they had known," Pedersen said. "It was very much part of the culture."
Some of the objects assembled from collections in 12 countries, such as a heap of walnut-sized pieces of amber, or jewellery made to incorporate Islamic and Byzantine coins, probably did come through trade. Others, such as a pair of brooches from the grave of a Viking woman made from gold intricately twisted into tiny animals, originally panels chopped up from a shrine made in Ireland to hold the relics of a saint, certainly were not.
One magnificent silver collar found in Norway has an inscription in runes saying the Vikings came to Frisia and "exchanged war garments with them" – but that may be a black joke. Iron slave collars from Dublin confirm that the wealth they sought wasn't always gold and silver.
This is the largest Viking exhibition in more than 20 years, bringing together loans from across Europe, including hoards from Yorkshire, Norway and Russia, a silver cross and a diminutive figure of a Valkyrie, a mythological battlefield figure, both found in Denmark only a few months ago. Loans from Britain include some of the famous Lewis chessmen carved as fierce Viking warriors, biting on the edge of their shields in an ecstasy of rage.
The most spectacular object, fitting into the gallery with just 1.7 metres (5ft6in) to spare – the new space in Bloomsbury has already been measured carefully – is the sleek, narrow hull of the longest Viking warship ever found, specially conserved for the exhibition and on display for the first time. Just over 36m in length, it was built to hold at least 100 men on 39 pairs of oars.
The ship was found by accident at Roskilde, home of the famous Viking ship museum. The museum was built 50 years ago to hold a small fleet of Viking boats that were deliberately sunk 1,000 years ago to narrow and protect the approach to the harbour. In the 1990s, workers building an extension chopped through the massive timbers of what turned out to be nine more ships, including the awesome length of the warship, estimated to have taken around 30,000 hours of skilled labour to build: only a king could have afforded such a vessel.
Recent scientific tests show it was built from oak felled in 1025 near Oslo, probably for King Cnut the Great – the sea-defying Canute to the English – who conquered England in 1016, and Norway in 1028. Only a quarter of the timbers survived, but they included the entire length of the keel.
Although the exhibition includes sections on Viking politics, strategic alliances through marriage and trade, and beliefs including the contents of the grave of a sorceress with her iron magic wand and little pots of narcotic drugs, the warlike tone was dictated by the ship, which was itself a weapon of war. Vikings sang about ships – one refers to a new ship as "a dragon" – played as children with toy ships and, if rich enough, were eventually buried in ships.
The displays and some of the contents will change in London, but in Copenhagen the ship is spectacularly displayed against an animated backdrop of stormy seas and a ferocious raid that leaves the target settlement in flames.
The animation was made in the United States and the Danish team was initially dismayed as it appeared to show raiders attacking a much later medieval walled town. Eventually, curator Peter Pentz said, a Hampshire site saved the film: they agreed it was plausible that the towers and curtain walls could represent the ruins of a Roman shoreline fort, such as Portchester castle near Portsmouth.
As well as the swords, some bent like a folded belt to destroy their earthly use as they went into a warrior's grave, there is one unique weapon, a battleaxe with an intricately decorated golden shaft. Such golden axes are described in the sagas, but this, from a settlement in Norway, is the only real example ever found.
"I think the main point was to impress, not to kill somebody," Pedersen said, adding with satisfaction: "but you can kill somebody with it if you want. | <urn:uuid:9a04034f-90dc-4349-9cdb-047ec4bfa6f4> | {
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FRANKFORT, Ky. (9/24/13) – According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), over 200,000 people are hospitalized every year from influenza complications and an average of 23,000 die annually. Even though this is a major viral disease, it can also be prevented.
Influenza, most commonly known as the flu, is a serious, infectious, viral respiratory disease that has the capability of claiming lives. Influenza occurs all year round, but most cases that occur are during the months of December through April.
The flu virus can easily be spread by people who are ill through airborne droplets produced by coughing and sneezing.
“Some signs and symptoms to look out for would be a temp of 100.4 or greater or feeling feverish, cough and/or sore throat, stuffy or runny nose, head and/or body aches, chills, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting… which is more common in children,” said Amanda N. Lewis, RN-BSN. “If anyone you know with these symptoms, steer clear to avoid getting sick. In return, if you are experiencing any of these symptoms avoid going out in public. In this case sharing is not caring.”
You can also contract influenza by touching things that have been contaminated by the flu virus.
“Hand-washing is always the biggest defense against spreading any nasty stuff,” said Lewis. “You should really limit your public exposure if you have the flu.”
Complications one can get from the flu include bacterial pneumonia, sinus and ear infections, dehydration and worsening of chronic medical conditions.
Also according to CDC, most healthy people might be able to infect others starting one day before symptoms develop and up to five days after being sick.
The primary technique of preventing the flu virus is obtaining the flu shot each year.
“The flu vaccine is a touchy subject,” said Lewis. “Some people says it’s more harmful than it is good, but any ounce of protection you can take is a good defense against getting the flu.”
During the influenza season, you want to avoid those who have already contracted the flu, get optimal amounts of sleep, eat a well-balanced meal nutritious diet daily, drink plenty of fluids, wash your hands and avoid touching places of entry for germs. It is also important to cover coughs and sneezes to prevent spreading the flu virus.
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Human beings are quite eccentric creatures. We are affected by almost everything in our surroundings. Our organic composition and mind react to whatever it interacts with. The behavior varies from case to case. Our moods are dependent upon our interaction with the environment. The colors our eyes are exposed to contribute a great deal in shaping our decision making and other actions. The same principle can be applied in the field of web design as well where colors play a significant role in determining the reaction and decision making of your intended audience.
Just like a bull can be instigated into action by showing a red color, human beings can also be induced into performing specific desirable activities through the proper use of color and hue. Every color has an indirect and unique effect on how we react to a particular exposure. That is why designers need to learn and understand the psychology of color and its effects on human behavior.
This post will narrate you about the five most commonly used and famous colors in the field of web design and how they aid in generating traffic by persuading visitors to click wherever you want them to.
The example I mentioned regarding red color, and the bull signifies the intensity of this color. Using it in web design can portray a sense of dynamism and strength. From a business point of view, red color induces a feeling of urgency in people and can lead to quick sales. Wherever you wish to excite your customers, apply the red color in combination with other complementary colors like white, blue and light gray. Pinterest generates a lot of clicks by using red color on most of its web design elements. Following coordinates are to be used for the red color: Hex Triplet: #FF0000, RGB: (255, 0, 0).
Orange is another web color that induces people to click on an individual object, button or CTA. One of the most successful uses of orange color is by Amazon that earns millions through its online business. You can apply orange color on the Subscribe button on your website to make customers stimulated, cheerful and motivated. Following coordinates are to be used for the orange color: Hex Triplet: #FF7F00, RGB: (255, 127, 0).
You may have noticed that sales-oriented websites and other product websites don’t have that amount of blue in them. However, if we move towards social media and networking sites like Facebook and Twitter, blue dominates the turf. Blue has an exactly opposite effect as compared to that of red. It is a soothing color and generates calmness and sociability among the users. It can be applied in places where you want the visitors to feel comfortable and relaxed. Following coordinates are to be used for the blue color: Hex Triplet: #0000FF, RGB: (0, 0, 255).
If your website is somewhere close to being environmentally friendly or you wish to show concern for the environment, then the green color is the best. The green color, when used on a design element like a Subscribe button, can cause clicks as people tend to be more relaxed and harmonious. Following coordinates are to be used for the green color: Hex Triplet: #00FF00, RGB: (0, 255, 0).
If your website is a corporate one and you want people to believe in you, then purple is a very effective color. The color stands for things like dignity, royalty, and nobility. Yahoo rebranded itself from the intense red color to a purple theme to make people believe in their services. Purple can overpower people and persuade them into clicking a certain Call To Action button. Following coordinates are to be used for the purple color: Hex Triplet: #800080, RGB: (128, 0, 128). | <urn:uuid:6bdbea57-d9e2-4df6-a539-1e7c5fbc74b0> | {
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When was the last time you were at a neighborhood playground and heard a father yell to his 3-year-old son, “Share!” Then you turn around and see a mother tell her 4-year-old daughter, “Say ‘thank you.’” Two minutes later, you spy a 5-year-old hitting another child and his nanny telling him, “Behave yourself.”
These are all familiar scenes of how adults are speaking to and interacting with children in their communities, schools, and homes across the country. According to author Jennifer Lehr and her book “Parentspeak: What’s Wrong with How We Talk to Our Children — and What to Say Instead,” these sayings, no matter how well-intended, can have a negative impact on children.
Lehr writes that although neuroscientists argue that children’s “brains aren’t fully developed” until their mid-20s, kids are human beings whose thoughts and feelings should be respected by the adults who care for them. Clarifying that children are not subservient underlings who should do what they are told to all the time, Lehr writes that kids have the right to speak up for themselves when they are feeling overwhelmed or uncomfortable.
One word Lehr thinks should be eliminated from our vocabulary is “misbehavior.” She believes that when parents tell their children, “behave yourself” that this phrase is inappropriate to describe children’s actions.
Instead, Lehr believes every child has essential needs and when they are not being met, the child acts in the most effective way possible to get what he needs. Lehr explains, “In the 1960’s, [American psychologist] Marshall Rosenberg developed a method of communicating and solving conflicts known as nonviolent communication that relied on identifying the underlying need or needs driving our behavior in order to find more mutually acceptable ways to meet the need.”
Citing a real-life example in the book that Lehr remembered from one of her parenting classes, she shares the story of a father who would feed his baby breakfast at the table in the morning. Every time the father fed the baby, his 3-year-old son would stand up on the table and bang the chandelier with his hands.
Instead of punishing the child, the father asked his son to explain why he was acting the way he was. The father found out that the older child felt excluded from the breakfast scene. Once the father identified the problem, he and his son brainstormed together to figure out that when the 3-year-old helped his father feed the baby, he felt included. Coincidentally, the older son also stopped climbing up on the table to hit the chandelier.
Furthermore, Lehr thinks that parents use phrases with their children about ideas that they are not yet able to comprehend. When a father tells his three-year-old son to “share” his toy drum every time another child wants it, he is not only ignoring his own child’s right to play with his toy in the time he needs, but the parent is expecting the toddler to feel empathy — a concept most children don’t develop until they are 6 or 7 years old.
Another phrase quoted in the book is when parents tell their kids to say “thank you” every time something is given to them. Instead of getting upset when such phrases aren’t being used, the parent can tell their child that they don’t feel they are being appreciated when spoken to in such a demanding manner. Lehr also has the adults examine how they speak to their children since most kids model their behavior after their parents’ actions.
The most overused expression is probably “good job,” says Lehr, which parents can apply to anything their child does that pleases them. She recounts when she observed a 4-year-old girl who didn’t want to put her coat on to go outside. Instead of asking her child why she didn’t want to wear her coat, the mother told her daughter “good job” four times — after every successful effort the girl made to put on her coat.
Not only can parents use the phrase “good job” to manipulate their kids to do things they want, it has a harmful effect on children as they learn to do only things that please their parents. Later on in life, these children will become adults who continue to people-please and never grasp a true sense of their own genuine thoughts, feelings, or needs.
Instead of constantly “good jobbing” every developmental milestone a child makes, sometimes it is best to just stay silent. Another way parents can avoid saying “good job” is by simply stating what they are observing. Lehr says she complimented her son on his fort-building project by saying, “This is so elaborate … This is your longest construction ever! What a lot of work.”
Lehr also recommends adults respect their children’s efforts at creating physical boundaries. She describes tickling as a manipulative way for a parent to get a sad child to smile. It can also turn into a nightmare for some children who cannot express their desire to have the tickling stopped while the parent presses on.
Lehr says adults should never tickle children who cannot speak. If parents tickle older children, they should discuss together a signal the child can give the adult to have the tickling stopped. Although tickling seems like innocent play, Lehr reminds us, “If a child is taught as a toddler that ‘no’ or ‘stop’ just means someone will force you into their arms or keep tickling you or kiss you anyway, what do we expect from them as teens and adults?”
Another illustration of this is when relatives come to visit, the parents automatically tell their children, “Give Grandma a kiss.” Again, disregarding how their children are actually feeling, parents expect children to kiss or hug relatives on command. Some children need to warm up to adults they have not seen in a while before making physical contact.
Parents, of course, want their visitors to feel welcome in their home. If parents and children brainstorm together, they can find alternative ways to initially welcome family members such as the child taking a coat, offering a beverage, or drawing a picture for the guest.
Another faux pas parents make is asking their children, “Do you want a time-out?” Lehr says that when children are upset, they need to be with their parents to help them identify their feelings and solve problems. Not only does a “time-out” isolate a child, but the parent is doing the exact opposite of what the child needs.
If a parent sends a child away every time he acts inappropriately, he will begin to fear abandonment. He will think he can only act in certain way to be with his parents. No matter how a child acts, the parent must love, support, and help their child. When a child knows he is loved unconditionally, he feels more secure, more aware of his emotions, and more likely to take healthy risks.
The book ends with the most detrimental phrase of all: “Do you want a spanking?” Children who are spanked become more aggressive and delinquent as well as more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol and develop mental illness. When children are physically abused, Lehr writes that “the prefrontal cortex of their brains” is affected, which lowers their IQ.
While there are 50 countries that have outlawed corporal punishment of children, the United States is not one of them. In fact, Lehr writes, “A 2013 Harris Poll tells us that 81 percent of Americans believe it’s acceptable to ‘spank’ a child.”
While 100 countries worldwide have banned corporal punishment in schools, Lehr adds that the United States does nothing to physically protect students from their teachers in classrooms.
“Estimates from the federal Department of Education during the 2012-2013 school year alone” show thousands of children across the United States receiving corporal punishment in classrooms.
“A disproportionate number of those children were boys and African-Americans,” Lehr writes, “And even more tragically, many suffered from disabilities.”
Lehr ends her book on this sad note, perhaps hoping that these facts will provoke us, as a country, into action to advocate for our children’s mental and physical wellbeing.
Allison Plitt is a frequent contributor to NY Parenting and lives in Queens with her 11-year-old daughter.
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News Brief by Meg Thode
Researchers at Saarland University in western Germany released findings last week as part of the LipiDiDiet Project—a broad, EU-sponsored examination of nutritional lipids’ effects on alzheimer’s patients. This particular study provided a medical nutrition formula, Fortasyn Connect, to individuals with prodromal (predementia) Alzheimer’s and compared their performance on cognitive function tests against a control group offered an “iso-caloric drink.” The primary assessment in the study was cognitive function as measured by tests monitoring recall, recognition, and information processing. The secondary outcomes monitored included retention of cognitive ability as measured by dementia rating sums. Although the nutritional intervention was not enough to reverse the effects of Alzheimer’s, it was able to conserve episodic memory and brain mass.
This is the first study to show that such a formula has potential as an effective intervention for prodromal Alzheimer’s patients. Project coordinator Tobias Hartmann believes that it was the combination of nutrients that made this formula successful: “We have known for a while that diet can reduce the risk of developing dementia… [however] single nutrients simply aren't powerful enough to fight a disease like Alzheimer's alone. Today's clinical trial results have shown that the key is combining certain nutrients, in order to increase their effects.”
Although there have been great advances in diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer’s, a disease which affects 47 million people, currently there is no treatment, pharmacological or otherwise. Hartmann offers that the findings of this study are “exciting because [they show] that in the absence of effective drug options, we really have found something that can help slow down some of the most distressing symptoms in prodromal AD.”
Saarland University. "Nutritional drink can help to conserve memory in case of prodromal Alzheimer's disease: Medical food in the form of a daily nutritional drink can help to conserve memory, the ability to think and perform everyday tasks, as well as reduce brain shrinkage in people with prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD)1." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 10 March 2016. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/03/160310111933.htm>. | <urn:uuid:3bb13783-9430-437f-b918-d44b620cfa29> | {
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The Australian Government is committed to providing aid to developing countries to help people less fortunate than ourselves and to improve the lives of the billion people worldwide who live in extreme poverty. Australia's development assistance program is guided by the MDGs, the internationally agreed targets for poverty reduction. The program aims to assist developing countries reduce poverty and achieve sustainable development, in line with Australia's national interest. Australia assists developing countries build stronger communities and more stable governments which improves Australia's economic and security interests. Australia is committed to scaling up the aid program to 0.5 per cent of GNI by 2015-16.
Progress towards the MDGs has slowed as a consequence of the global economic crisis. Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP) declined by 2.2 per cent in 2009.1 Developing countries were severely affected, with economic growth falling to 1.2 per cent in 2009 compared with 8.1 per cent in 2007.2 The World Bank estimates that an additional 64 million people will be living in extreme poverty (less than USD 1.25 a day) by the end of 2010 as a result of the global economic crisis.3
Developing countries more exposed to reductions in export revenue and remittances tended to suffer the biggest impacts. Other countries appeared to emerge relatively unscathed. The capacity of governments to respond to the crisis with fiscal stimulus measures varied significantly. For example, many Pacific Island Countries had less capacity to spend more on basic services.
Global recovery is now underway and major developing economies such as China, India, Indonesia and Vietnam are leading the way. The key challenge for the Australian aid program is how to regain momentum towards progressing the MDGs and build developing countries' long-term resilience.
Millennium Development Goals Summit 2010
The UN General Assembly will convene an MDG Summit in September 2010, with the primary objective of accelerating progress towards all MDGs by 2015.
Ten years on from the original adoption of the MDGs at the 2000 Millennium Summit, and despite remarkable progress in some countries, collectively developing countries are falling short of achieving the MDGs. This combined with the effects of the global economic and food crises and the impacts of climate change means that improvements in the lives of the poorest are happening at a slow pace, and in some countries, hard fought gains are being eroded.
The 2010 MDG Summit will focus on undertaking a comprehensive review of successes, best practices, lessons learned, gaps, challenges and actions for the way forward.4
While the nature of shocks varies, their very existence undermines development efforts and has a particularly negative impact on the livelihoods of the poor. For governments, the global economic crisis has resulted in significant declines in revenue, which impacts on the delivery of essential services. The ongoing vulnerability to shocks is a significant risk to development and the achievement of the MDGs.
To reduce poverty, a country's economy needs to grow. Shared and sustained economic growth and achieving the MDGs are mutually reinforcing. Economic growth creates jobs and incomes and generates revenues for governments to be invested back into communities, schools and health facilities. Health and education are themselves critical drivers of sustained economic growth.
Promoting shared and sustained economic growth is a central theme of Australia's aid program. Although recovery from the global economic crisis is underway, there remain challenges to progressing growth in developing countries. Australia is committed to intensifying support towards achieving the MDGs and assisting our developing country partners achieve sustained recovery.
If www.budget.gov.au responds slowly or you are having trouble downloading a document, try one of the Budget Website Mirrors
Note: Where possible, Budget documents are available in HTML and for downloading in Portable Document Format(PDF). If you require further information on any of the tables or charts on this website, please contact The Treasury. | <urn:uuid:f7aa5dbf-2d13-47de-9d68-3b9b7777dc4b> | {
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The term seafood refers to a wide array of marine edibles including shell and ocean fish. Consumers in the United States (US) have a wide choice of locally sourced products as well as seafood imported from around the world. Seafood is available in both farm raised and wild varieties. Fish such as catfish, tilapia, and salmon are routinely farm raised while swordfish, tuna, and shark are harvested from the wild. American consumers have a diverse selection of seafood to choose from including such foreign delicacies as geoduck (a large burrowing clam) and bream (used in Mediterranean dishes) to regional favorites like lobster, Alaskan king crab, and southern crawfish.
Most Popular Seafoods in the US
The most widely served seafood in the US is shrimp; a crustacean and member of the Decapoda order. Shrimp can be farm raised or wild. In their nutritional value shrimp is high in calcium, protein, omega-3s, and iodine. Shrimp and related prawns are used in a variety of dishes and can be baked, boiled, fried, and grilled on a barbecue. Some popular shrimp dishes include gumbo (a stew thought to have originated in Louisiana during the 18th century), prawn cocktail, and shrimp creole.
Salmon and Tuna
Salmon and tuna are tied as the second most popular seafood consumed by Americans. These two types of fish have long been favorite ingredients for uncomplicated meals such as sandwiches and salads. Although both fish contain high levels of healthy omega-3 fatty acids, salmon is a fattier and more costly fish than tuna which contains more protein. Part of the popularity of these products may be due to their availability in a convenient-to-use canned form. Salmon can be prepared using various methods including smoking, baking, and frying. It’s also a favorite ingredient in sushi. Among the species of tuna sold in the US include Albacore, Yellowfin, Skipjack, and Southern Bluefin.
Other Popular Fish
Other popular types of fish in the US include tilapia, Alaska pollock, pangasius, cod, and catfish. Tilapia is also known as St. Peter’s Fish because some Biblical scholars believe it was the type of fish used by Jesus to feed a gathering at the Sea of Galilee. Alaska pollock is commonly used as the main ingredient in products such as fish-sticks, imitation crabmeat, and in fish sandwiches at various fast food restaurants. The Basa and Swai species of pangasius are freshwater fish native to Asian countries like China and Vietnam. Often imported from Canada, Iceland, or China American consumers can choose between Atlantic and Pacific species of cod. Catfish are native to the southern regions of the US and are one of the country’s most successful home-grown seafood products.
Crab and clams
Two popular types of shellfish in the US include crab and clams. Among the most well known and most consumed species of American crabs include the King, Snow, Dungeness, and Blue. Crabs can be purchased live, canned, or frozen. Clams are bivalve mollusks available in more than 150 varieties throughout the world.
Sustainability Is The Key To Save Marine Life
With factors such as global warming and pollution at play sustainable fishing practices have become more important than ever before. In recent years consumers in the US and around the world have become increasingly aware of the fragile state of the marine environment. Efforts have been made by local governments as well as international conservation organizations to educate consumers and those in the seafood industry as to the importance of sustainable consumption and protection of threatened and endangered species such as the Atlantic halibut, winter skate, and bluefin tuna.
Most Popular Seafood Products In The United States
|Rank||Type of Seafood||Per capita consumption/per year (in lbs), 2014|
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Our kidneys perform several functions in order to maintain balance in
our bodies. They filter waste products and excrete them in the urine.
They adjust the amounts of water and electrolytes like sodium, potassium
and calcium in the body. They also help excrete excess acid or alkali,
maintaining acid base balance. A reduction in their ability to perform
these tasks is called kidney/renal failure.
How to diagnose kidney failure?
When both kidneys fail, there is a build-up of waste products in the
blood, the easiest of which to measure in the laboratory being creatinine
and urea. Formulas to estimate kidney function or glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) using the serum creatinine are easily accessed on-line or in
apps. Importantly, even a slight rise in the serum creatinine reflects a
significant decrease in kidney function. A value of just 1.6 mg/dl may
indicate over 50% loss of kidney function.
Can failure of one Kidney lead to kidney failure?
No. When only one of two kidneys fails or is removed, overall kidney
function may not be significantly affected. The remaining kidney may
compensate and take over the workload of both kidneys.
Kidney failure means loss of functions of both kidneys.
Two major types of kidney failure
Kidney failure may either be acute or chronic in nature.
Acute Kidney Failure
Acute insults to the kidneys may cause a reduction or loss in their function
within a short period of time like a few hours to days. This decline in function was previously called acute renal failure (ARF) but has been recently named Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) .
This type of kidney failure is usually temporary. With proper treatment
kidney functions return to normal in most patients.
Chronic Kidney Failure
Gradual progressive and irreversible loss of kidney function over several
months to years is called chronic kidney disease (CKD), (previously
known as chronic renal failure or CRF). Declining kidney function may
reach a stage when the kidneys stop working almost completely. This
advanced and life-threatening stage of disease is called end stage kidney
disease - ESKD (End Stage Renal Disease or ESRD).
When kidney failure is diagnosed, over
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There's a new factor in the diet and obesity equation that bears consideration.
Part of the equation is simple: if you eat high-calorie foods, you're more likely to add extra weight. But new evidence suggests - perhaps not conclusively, but persuasively - that one high-calorie staple of our modern diet may actually encourage overeating.
Scientists have used magnetic resonance imaging to study the effects of the sugar fructose on the human brain. Their findings show fructose can trigger brain changes that may lead to overeating. This small study stops short of claiming that fructose - commonly used in the high-fructose corn syrup sweetening many processed foods and beverages - can cause obesity. But experts say it suggests these sweeteners pose special risks.
The study determined that after a person drinks a fructose beverage, the subject's brain doesn't register the same feeling of being full as when simple glucose sugar is consumed.
Researchers used MRI scans to track blood flow in the brains of 20 subjects before and after they had drinks containing glucose or fructose. Scans showed that drinking glucose suppressed the activity of areas of the brain that register reward and desire for food. Fructose didn't. As a result, researchers think the desire to eat continues despite the consumption of fructose.
There's circumstantial evidence as well. Consumption of fructose has risen dramatically since the 1970s - and, perhaps not coincidentally, so has obesity. A third of U.S. children and teens and more than two-thirds of adults are now classified as obese or overweight.
Many in the food industry would dispute the study's conclusion and argue that the risk of fructose-based sweeteners is no higher than for other sweeteners. But that begs the question - shouldn't most of us be consuming less sugar in all its forms? Certainly, most doctors agree that typical American diet probably contains too much refined sugar.
Some pressure is building for a ban on high-fructose corn syrup. One Facebook page promoting the ban has upwards of 200,000 "likes." But we're not in favor of bans on products which aren't innately harmful - we don't think the government needs to play the role of a nanny or dietician for the public. We think informed citizens will make the right health decisions for themselves.
We're sure there will be more studies of the health effects of fructose. In the meantime, it's undoubtedly a good idea to avoid any refined sugars whenever possible. | <urn:uuid:c8d07c42-477f-4ead-84ce-88286b429c35> | {
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Child and adolescent social work volume 3, number 3, fall 1986 self-transcending and the adolescent ego ideal randolph l lucente phd. Adolescent egocentrism construct tion between adolescent egocentrism and formal operations the reliability of the total adolescent ego. Ch 2 adolescents in theoretical context ego, ad superego and that frequency of contacts and closeness between parents and adolescents decrease 5. Adolescent egocentrism is a term that david elkind used to describe the phenomenon of adolescents' inability to distinguish between their perception of what others. The changing nature of adolescent friendships: longitudinal links with early adolescent ego development. Erik erikson maintained that whereas freud was an id psychologist, erikson was an ego during this stage the body image of the adolescent changes erikson. Erik erikson's theory of identity the cote concept in this theory is the acquisition of an ego-identity, and the exploration of adolescent identity crisis. Psychology definition of adolescent egocentrism: the feeling or disposition of individuality which is frequently felt during the younger teenage years- the feeling.
Analyses of 80 families identified family interactions relevant to adolescent ego development relations between family style and each family member's ego development. Studying adolescent ego development using loevinger's model and assessment of ego development, our research group studied stages and paths of ego development as they. Because contrary to popular belief, the male ego is not just any child, it’s a 14-year-old girl and like with any 14-year-old girl. But beyond learning to anticipate the shifting currents of adolescent emotion, mothers and fathers may be struggling with some conflicting emotions of their own. Gender differences in adolescent ego 4 other’s for one’s own mistakes according to cramer (1999) the use of denial is characteristic of. The six elements of ego functioning i was supervising a therapy case the other day of a college student who was not reporting clinically significant levels of.
Chapter ten identity development during adolescence billy, the adolescent hero in cormac mccarthy's novel, the would refer to as billy's sense of ego. Parenting teenage boys the issue isn’t trust but a realistic assessment of the dangerous world that adolescents must rather than the momentary ego. Child & adolescent development 1 how to use this resource book this child and adolescent development resource book was created for use as both a training. The environment this research extends the theory to the prediction of educational outcomes, examining whether the increasing individual dif-ferences in ego.
,journal ofadolscence x989, 12, 83-94 adolescent ego development: relationship to family cohesion and adaptability linda bakken and charles romig adolescence has. An introduction to ego states an introduction to ego abuse addictions adolescents affairs anger anxiety book review bullying career case study cbt children.
Psychosocial theory: erikson doug the adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear to others ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner. Adolescent development by jennifer lansford duke university adolescence is a period that begins with puberty and ends with the transition to adulthood. Older tweens and teens typically experience adolescent egocentrism learn what adolescent egocentrism means.
We describe a series of analyses that were carried out using the constraining and enabling coding system (cecs) this scheme was specially constructed to identify. Ego and leadership among adolescents introduction education is a character building process enhancing one's personality and making him/her rational, capable. Psychology definition for adolescent egocentrism in normal everyday language, edited by psychologists, professors and leading students help us get better.
This shows that the adolescent is exhibiting egocentrism, by struggling to distinguish whether or not, in actuality. Adolescent health brief adolescent violent behavior and ego development pamela pershing dinapoli, phd, rn abstract: the guiding hypothesis of this study was. Adolescents often rebel against their parents and try out new and different things in this lesson, we'll look at erik erikson's theory of. Behavior which falls short of the ideal self may be punished by the superego through guilt the super-ego can also reward us through the ideal self when we behave.
Erikson’s theory: identity vs identity confusion identity • defining who you are adolescents –stories that present a conflict between two moral values. | <urn:uuid:e09d135e-3705-4113-b446-81da4a068a9b> | {
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The sympathy of the Irish Catholic for the persecuted German Jew springs from the fact that the Irish Catholic in the past has suffered from repression; and, as a result, the Free State feels a strong sense of kinship with oppressed Jewry. So declares the Irish Press of Dublin, in an editorial statement published recently.
“In Ireland there have never been acts of hostility to the Jews. This nation has been a place of refuge for the race when it suffered outrage and persecution abroad.
“Our tolerance is the fruit of both peoples having suffered similar repression in the past. More than almost any race on earth we know what it is to be friendless and hunted, and a passionate sympathy goes out from us to the oppressed everywhere.
“We have earned the Jews’ gratitude, and their leaders in this country pay many a tribute to us. One that will be particularly appreciated comes from Cork. The Senior Minister of the Hebrew Congregation there said on Monday:
“I think that the Irish Free State is the country of greatest religious tolerance and liberty in the world. I ascribe this to the fact that the religious atmosphere is cultivated in the minds of the population.”
“We treasure this reputation for fair play and charity, and will preserve it in this and, let us hope, every crisis of the future.” | <urn:uuid:623b9029-c756-4a7f-9d59-e166312246b6> | {
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False Poets And True
by Thomas Hood
Look how the lark soars upward and is gone,
Turning a spirit as he nears the sky!
His voice is heard, but body there is none
To fix the vague excursions of the eye.
So, poets' songs are with us, though they die
Obscured and hid by Death's oblivious shroud,
And earth inherits the rich melody,
Like raining music from the morning cloud.
Yet, few there be who pipe so sweet and loud,
Their voices reach us through the lapse of space:
The noisy day is deafened by a crowd
Of undistinguished birds, a twittering race;
But only lark and nightingale forlorn
Fill up the silences of night and morn.
Source:The Poetical Works Of Thomas Hood
Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Company | <urn:uuid:2c0e3533-16ec-47a2-ad77-4340e2657e24> | {
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Q&A: Dr Anoop Shah on using data from health records
Information from health records can be extremely useful in medical research, but at the moment not all the data can be extracted automatically. At University College London, Dr Anoop Shah is developing software to pull out more detail without compromising patient anonymity. By Michael Regnier.
How are health records used?
The General Practice Research Database (GPRD) has been collecting data from GPs’ electronic health record systems for 25 years. The information is anonymised and can be used for medical research, such as studies on drug safety. About 5 per cent of the UK population is covered by the database, so it has millions of patient records, many more than you could access by setting up a new research project.
Why isn’t all the data available?
GPs record major diagnoses using a system called Read Codes, which is standardised across the NHS. But doctors also enter information as free text: this could include specific symptoms, a suspected diagnosis or even a negative diagnosis. If a researcher wants to use the information in the free text, someone has to manually look at each record, anonymise it and pull out the relevant data. It’s not very practical.
How does your program work?
I have developed software that identifies pieces of free text that could potentially be coded in Read, even if they have been written using non-standard terms. It also detects the context of the diagnosis. For example, the coded term in a patient’s record might be “chest pain” but in the free text the GP may have written “not myocardial infarction”. Both bits of information are relevant and the program would pick them up while recognising that myocardial infarction was a negative diagnosis. On the other hand, the program deliberately omits any information that could identify the patient, such as names and locations.
Initially, we tested whether the program could detect causes of death recorded in free text. It was very successful – of diagnoses detected by the program, 98 per cent were correct. More generally, it can be harder because it has become common to include correspondence between GPs, hospitals and patients. These letters can have complex language structures that confuse the program, but we are continually developing and improving it.
What could it be used for?
If you are studying patients with a particular disease, you probably want to know whether they eventually died of that disease or some complication linked to their treatment. Much of that information will be in the free text. It may also contain suspected diagnoses, which cannot be recorded in the coded data.
With further development, this type of software could also help doctors to fill in records: analysing their free text in real time, the software could suggest standardised terms. If it wasn’t right, the doctor could rephrase the information.
What drew you to this problem?
I started developing the program when I worked at the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, which holds the GPRD. I’ve had an interest in computing for years but it had always been more of a hobby. Now I’ve combined it with my research.
My medical training was in clinical pharmacology and general medicine, and now I have a Wellcome Trust Research Training Fellowship to do a PhD looking at biomarkers and prognosis of coronary heart disease, mostly using electronic health records. This program is intended to be a resource for anyone but it would certainly help me as well.
This feature also appears in issue 72 of ‘Wellcome News’.
Shah AD et al. The Freetext Matching Algorithm: a computer program to extract diagnoses and causes of death from unstructured text in electronic health records. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2012;12:88. | <urn:uuid:f8955b11-971e-4b0a-91d5-cf54aa08bc7c> | {
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Sensitive urban zone
A sensitive urban zone (ZUS) is an urban area in France defined by the authorities to be a high-priority target for city policy, taking into consideration local circumstances related to the problems of its residents.
Social problems within the zones
Nearly five million people live in zones of difficulty.
Their problems include:
- A high percentage of public housing, with little home ownership.
- High unemployment.
- A low percentage of high-school graduates.
French Government policy
A law passed November 14, 1996 created sensitive urban zones (ZUS) and urban tax-free zones (ZFU). 752 of these zones were created in France, including 718 in mainland France. The law of November 14, 1996 (which implements a renewed urban policy) distinguishes three levels of intervention:
- Sensitive urban zones (ZUS)
- Urban renewal zones (ZRU)
- Urban tax-free zones (ZFU)
The three levels of intervention (ZUS, ZRU and ZFU), characterized by fiscal and social measures of increasing importance, target the difficulties encountered in these districts with differing degrees of response. Contrary to generally accepted ideas, these sensitive districts are in the center of cities and not just the outskirts.
The situation in these areas in difficulty was (until recently) difficult to evaluate precisely, based on many statistics which were inadequate in certain areas, scattered or badly collected. To remedy these problems and more accurately measure the effect of policy implementation, the National Observatory of Sensitive Urban Zones (ZUS) was created in a law passed on August 1, 2003.
These ZUS are distributed throughout 490 communes and include 4.7 million inhabitants. Among them a subset of 416 zones of urban renewal (ZRU) was created, including 396 in mainland France. The ZRU contain 3.2 million inhabitants, and present unique challenges. Almost all departments are affected; the only exceptions are nine strongly agricultural departments.
- "La carte des ZUS commentée par Christophe Guilluy", 20minutes.fr, June 1, 2006 | <urn:uuid:9d1e425c-98b5-470e-b5a4-6fc4a22ff826> | {
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Princess Sobeknakht Suckling a Prince
Beginning in the Middle Kingdom, craftsmen demonstrated great skill in designing and manufacturing metal statuary. This copper statuette, representing a woman suckling a male child, is considered among the finest of these sculptures. The inscription on the base identifies the subject as the "hereditary noblewoman" Sobeknakht; her fillet and uraeus-cobra show that she is a princess. The figure may have been commissioned to celebrate the birth of a prince, to signal a reigning king's devotion to his mother, or to reflect Sobeknakht's wish for divine help in conceiving a child who would become Egypt's king.
- Medium: Copper alloy
- Place Made: Egypt
- Dates: ca. 1700-after 1630 B.C.E.
- Dynasty: XIII Dynasty
- Period: Middle Kingdom-Second Intermediate Period
- Dimensions: 4 x 2 3/4 x 3 1/4 in. (10.2 x 7 x 8.3 cm) (show scale)
- Collections:Egyptian, Classical, Ancient Near Eastern Art
- Museum Location: This item is on view in Egypt Reborn: Art for Eternity, Old Kingdom to 18th Dynasty, Egyptian Galleries, 3rd Floor
- Accession Number: 43.137
- Credit Line: Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund
- Rights Statement: Creative Commons-BY
- Caption: Princess Sobeknakht Suckling a Prince, ca. 1700-after 1630 B.C.E. Copper alloy, 4 x 2 3/4 x 3 1/4 in. (10.2 x 7 x 8.3 cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 43.137. Creative Commons-BY
- Catalogue Description: Copper figurine of seated woman suckling child. The woman clad in a short garment sits on the ground with the left knee raised and the right leg folded under her with foot protruding from in back of the left ankle. She holds a nude child to the right breast. The base consists of a thin, bronze placque, on the front of which is scratched an inscription, which seems to read: AbC. T’t s’bk-nht m 3 ‘t-h2w “the Princess Sebek-nakht, the justified.” Condition: Tip of nose slightly rubbed.
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Right at the center of this image, there's a dim orange dot. Somewhere around that dot, one of the stars in a binary system once went supernova, creating the vast red gaseous remnant you see all around it.
The problem is that no one can find the other star in that binary system, the one that should have been left over when the star went supernova. And that's bad news, because this is a Type Ia supernova, a particular type of cosmic explosion that happens when a white dwarf explodes. Because white dwarfs always have just about the same mass when they explode in these supernovas, they always have the same luminosity, which makes Type Ia supernovas incredibly useful in calculating the distances of faraway galaxies. Indeed, it was measurements of just these supernovas that helped reveal the existence of dark energy.
But there's a lot more we could understand about Type Ia supernovas — and, by extension, the precise nature of deeper cosmic mysteries like dark energy — if we could find the companion star left over from this explosion. That's why its apparent absence is so frustrating. As NASA explains:
At the center of this supernova remnant should be the companion star to the star that blew up. Identifying this star is important for understanding just how Type Ia supernova detonate, which in turn could lead to a better understanding of why the brightness of such explosions are so predictable, which in turn is key to calibrating the entire nature of our universe. The trouble is that even a careful inspection of the center of SNR 0509-67.5 has not found any star at all. This indicates that the companion is intrinsically very faint — much more faint that many types of bright giant stars that had been previous candidates. In fact, the implication is that the companion star might have to be a faint white dwarf, similar to — but less massive than — the star that detonated. | <urn:uuid:6432677d-0a23-4a9d-86de-68bffb214819> | {
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On 31 May 1910 these four colonies came together to form the Union of South Africa and the individual colonial flags were no longer used and new South African flags came into being. Once again, as a British dominion the British Union Flag was to continue as the national flag and the standard British ensign pattern was used as a basis for distinctive South African flags.
As was the case throughout the British Empire, the Red and Blue Ensigns were the official flags for merchant and government vessels at sea, and the British Admiralty authorised them to be defaced in the fly with the shield from the South African coat of arms. These ensigns were not intended to be used as the Union's national flag, although they were used by some people as such. Although these ensigns were primarily intended for maritime use, they were also flown on land.
Most mass-produced flags are commonly 150x90cm / 5x3' or 90x60cm / 3x2', which will often vary from the official size ratio. We now offer a custom-manufactured official size option for our many of our flags. | <urn:uuid:51d84cb7-7865-46eb-a308-e6b5e5d422fc> | {
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Quantitative or Qualitative, Which is Better?
by Lynn Halverson
Both quantitative and qualitative research can provide important answers and insights into research questions. Many times, however, a decision must be made to limit the costs, and therefore the scope of a research project. How do you decide when to use quantitative research methods and when to use qualitative research?
A quick way to make an initial determination is to remember the following suggestions:
Use quantitative research when –
- You need scientifically verifiable numbers
- Your research questions can be answered with “How many…?” “What percentage….?” “Which segments of the population…?” or other answers that require counting
Use qualitative research when –
- You need to understand motivation
- Your research questions revolve around questions that start with “Why…?”
Assume that you are concerned about teen drinking and driving. You have developed five different print ads that you want to test with teenage drivers to see which approach is most effective. How would you test this campaign?
You could use quantitative research, such as an intercept survey, if you want to know the answers to the following questions:
Which of the five concepts was preferred by the greatest number of respondents?
- Which did they like the least?
- How did the other concepts rank in order?
- Which of the pre-selected attributes (message, colors, size of font, photo) of Ad X did they like?
- Which of the pre-selected attributes did they not like?
You could use qualitative research, however, to get at a deeper understanding of respondents’ reactions to the five concepts:
- Which of the five concepts did respondents prefer?
- What did they like about the concept they chose?
- What did they not like about it?
- How could they change this particular ad to make it more desirable/believable, etc.?
- Why do they prefer Ad X to Ad Y?
- Could we incorporate any of the positive characteristics in Ad X to make Ad Y better? How?
Whichever approach you choose, it is important to use researchers qualified in that particular kind of research. Although qualitative research does not result in scientifically verifiable numbers, it is an important method of collecting data that can help you answer “Why” questions in your research. Consequently, it is important to use experienced qualitative researchers for qualitative projects such as focus groups or cognitive interviews, and quantitative researchers when you need statistical reliability of your data. | <urn:uuid:5685761d-1d5f-4030-be26-da027ef17a6f> | {
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10:00 AM CDT, May 19, 2013
It was called the “seventh engineering wonder of the world,” a herculean effort to reverse the flow of the Chicago River.
Typhoid fever, cholera and other waterborne diseases were running rampant in Chicago in the late 19th century, and for good reason: The river was being used as a dumping ground for blood and guts from stockyards and tanneries, and for mountains of human waste. That toxic stew was pouring directly into Lake Michigan, the city's source of water.
Turning the river's current in the opposite direction could wash the sewage and other detritus away from the city, via the Illinois River into the Mississippi River, and Chicago could continue its explosive growth as a modern metropolis.
That story has been told in history books and classroom lectures, but now it's coming to life in a novel way: a jazz symphony composed by Chicagoan Orbert Davis and inspired by the revelatory photo book “The Lost Panoramas: When Chicago Changed Its River and the Land Beyond” (CityFiles Press). In effect, Chicago history will be told here not by academics but by writers and musicians.
Co-authors Richard Cahan and Michael Williams spent years unearthing 21,834 forgotten photographs documenting in luminous black and white the reversal of the river — and its triumphant and disastrous effects on the world around it. Their 2011 book in turn has led trumpeter Davis to tell the tale in “The Chicago River,” a major opus he and his Chicago Jazz Philharmonic will perform in its world premiere Friday evening at Symphony Center, with historic photos projected on a screen.
Neither the coffee-table book nor the symphony would have happened, however, if the precious photos hadn't been discovered more than a decade ago in the basement of the James C. Kirie Water Reclamation Plant in Des Plaines. The stench of decaying film negatives attracted workers' attention and drew them to an even more precious find: 130 boxes of glass-plate negatives spanning 1894 to 1928, with written records accompanying them.
Williams began digging into the images in 2000 and spent the next several years, with Cahan, studying them. Not until they had been through everything, however, could Williams deduce that several of the plates needed to be viewed alongside one another, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle, to show panoramic views the photographers had shot. That meant Williams and Cahan had to pore over everything anew to fit the pieces together, then travel along the banks of the Chicago, Des Plaines and Illinois rivers to identify the exact locations.
The result, with highlights in the “Lost Panoramas” book, documents as never before the process of reversing the river and illuminates a critical era in Chicago's history.
“You've heard stories about the reversal of the river, but nobody saw the actual pictures, the evidence,” says Williams. “Nobody had seen pictures of sewer pipes coming out of a tannery, where smoke is coming from it too. Or the stockyards, where it's just feet and feet of muck and refuse.”
Adds Cahan: “People read about Chicago in ‘The Jungle,' by Upton Sinclair, but there's never been pictures of the edge of the stockyards. Then there's this contrast to the beauty of downstate Illinois. There's this amazing connection — people in St. Louis hate us not only because of the Cubs, but because we've been dropping our refuse on them for the last century.”
Indeed, the effects of reversing the course of the river were as negative outside Chicago as they were beneficial here. By digging the Chicago Drainage Canal — known in the 1890s simply as the Big Ditch — the city reversed the river's flow and sent away a torrent of waste. The venture nearly doubled the size of the Illinois River, submerged land masses, deluged nearby waterways and killed vegetation.
“From 1903 to 1921,” the authors write, “half the river's wildlife habitat was eliminated.” The photographs, in fact, were taken partly to be used as evidence in lawsuits, which proliferated once the canal opened and the waters reversed in 1900.
That's the story composer Davis has sought to tell in “The Chicago River,” in five movements.
“I didn't consult them,” says Davis, referring to the authors, “just the book. The old adage — a picture is worth a thousand words — is true. But not only words — sounds. I can hear the music by looking at the pictures.”
Not everyone, however, would hear jazz when studying these vivid images of a rougher, more rambunctious Chicago of more than a century ago. Jazz, however, stands as the ideal music for this time and place, because the turn of the previous century marked the explosive beginnings of jazz in Chicago. Jelly Roll Morton, the first jazz composer, came here from New Orleans as early as 1910, followed by Joe “King” Oliver, Louis Armstrong and a generation of New Orleans artists, making Chicago not only the next jazz capital but the exporter of the music to the rest of the world.
“Jazz was brewing in Chicago in the early 1900s, and the sounds that these very people in these pictures were probably hearing were jazz,” Davis says.
The Mississippi River on the western border of Illinois, of course, played a key role in the development of jazz, with New Orleans musicians working the riverboats that traveled north from the Crescent City and spread the music to riverside towns like St. Louis and Davenport, Iowa, (home of cornetist Bix Beiderbecke). Which is a key part of the narrative that Symphony Center hopes to explore with its ongoing series “Rivers: Nature. Power. Culture.”
“In planning, I kept saying we had to do something on the Chicago River — I grew up hearing from my father about this amazing engineering feat of the reversal,” says Jim Fahey, director of programming for Symphony Center Presents, which commissioned Davis' symphony.
“Over the past couple of years, I've been wanting to bring the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic to the (jazz) series. … I mentioned the river idea, and (Davis) responded interestedly. The kicker was when this book came out — I thought that would be a great thing to bring to Orbert and ask him to work from.”
How well Davis' “The Chicago River” addresses its subject remains to be heard. At the very least, Davis will have added to the ever-growing repertoire of his Chicago Jazz Philharmonic, and he will have explored a key moment in our history.
“This is the Chicago story,” says Cahan. “If not for this, we all wouldn't be here.”
How fitting that the tale will be told in a music bound up with the meaning of Chicago: jazz.
Orbert Davis' “The Chicago River,” and other works, will be performed by Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic at 8 p.m. Friday at Symphony Center, 220 S. Michigan Ave.; $23-$54 at 312-294-3000 or [email protected] | Twitter @howardreich
Copyright © 2014 Chicago Tribune Company, LLC | <urn:uuid:858ef07c-2944-4177-847c-069dd713ebff> | {
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Trial of weights and measures at the Exchequer, A. 12 Henry VII (1497)
|Caption||Trial of Weights and Measures at the Exchequer, A. 12 Henry VII (1497). Illustration from A Short History of the English People by J R Green (Macmillan, 1892).|
|Artwork medium||Printed material|
|Copyright notice||© Look and Learn|
|Keywords||England English Trial of Weights Measures Exchequer Henry VII|
|Image ref||Maximum size available||Views|
|M072256||3,654 x 4,379 pixels||154|
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Environment and parental factors as determinants of mode for children's leisure travel
Publikation/Tidskrift/Serie: Journal of Environmental Psychology
Förlag: Elsevier Science Ltd.
This study was aimed at increasing our understanding of environmental and parental factors influencing mode choice for children's journeys to organized leisure activities. Three hundred and fifty-seven Swedish parents of 8-11-year-old children completed a questionnaire and kept a travel diary. The design of urban environment, in which the families lived, was assessed by a group of five experts. By means of multiple regression analyses it was found that the parents' attitude towards chauffeuring was related to environmental factors such as traffic environment, quality of footpaths and cycle paths, and sense of community as well as the number of cars in the household. The attitude towards independent travel was related to characteristics of the child, such as age and maturity, and individual parental factors, such as trust and the need to protect their child, and whether there were older children in the household. Both the relative frequency of journeys made independently and by car was related to the parent's attitude towards independent travel, as well as environmental and parental factors. To decrease car usage and increase children's independent travel to leisure activities, planners and policy-makers should focus on improvements in the traffic environment and promote a favourable attitude towards independent travel. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Social Sciences
- Technology and Engineering
- ISSN: 0272-4944 | <urn:uuid:4c13de20-c2d9-4f4a-8c93-11e3e3a391f4> | {
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1931—"The Tragic Year"
The year 1931, which politicians and economists were sure would bring recovery, brought instead a far deeper crisis and depression. Hence Dr. Benjamin Anderson's apt term "the tragic year." Particularly dramatic was the financial and economic crisis in Europe which struck in that year. Europe was hit hard partly in reaction to its own previous inflation, partly from inflation induced by our foreign loans and Federal Reserve encouragement and aid, and partly from the high American tariffs which prevented them from selling us goods to pay their debts.
The foreign crisis began in the Boden-Kredit Anstalt, the most important bank in Austria and indeed in Eastern Europe, which, like its fellows, had overexpanded. It had suffered serious financial trouble in 1929, but various governmental and other sources had leaped to its aid, driven by the blind expediency of the moment telling them that such a large bank must not be permitted to fail. In October, 1929, therefore, the crumbling Boden-Kredit-Anstalt merged with the older and stronger Oesterreichische-Kredit- Anstalt, with new capital provided by an international banking syndicate including J.P. Morgan and Company, and Schroeder of England, and headed by Rothschild of Vienna. The Austrian Government also guaranteed some of the Boden bank's investment. This shored up the shaky bank temporarily. The crisis came when Austria turned to its natural ally, Germany, and, in a world of growing trade barriers and restrictions, declared a customs union with Germany on March 21, 1931. The French Government feared and hated this development, and hence the Bank of France and lesser French banks suddenly insisted on redemption of their short-term debts from Germany and Austria.
The destructive political motive of the French government cannot be condoned, but the act itself was fully justified. If Austria was in debt to France, it was the Austrian debtors' responsibility to have enough funds available to meet any liabilities that might be claimed. The guilt for the collapse must therefore rest on the bank itself and on the various governments and financiers who had tried to shore it up, and had thus aggravated its unsound position. The Kredit-Anstalt suffered a run in mid-May; and the Bank of England, the Austrian Government, Rothschild, and the Bank of International Settlements—aided by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York—again granted it many millions of dollars. None of this was sufficient. Finally, the Austrian Government, at the end of May, voted a $150 million guarantee to the bank, but the Austrian Government's credit was now worthless, and Austria soon declared national bankruptcy by going off the gold standard.
There is no need to dwell on the international difficulties that piled up in Europe in latter 1931, finally leading Germany, England, and most other European countries to renounce their obligations and go off the gold standard. The European collapse affected the United States monetarily and financially (1) by causing people to doubt the firmness of American adherence to the gold standard, and (2) through tie-ins of American banks with their collapsing European colleagues. Thus, American banks held almost $2 billion worth of German bank acceptances, and the Federal Reserve Bank of New York had participated in the unsuccessful shoring operations. The fall in European imports from the United States as a result of the depression was not the major cause of the deeper depression here. American exports in 1929 constituted less than 6 percent of American business, so that while American agriculture was further depressed by international developments, the great bulk of the American depression was caused by strictly American problems and policies. Foreign governments contributed a small share to the American crisis, but the bulk of responsibility must be placed upon the American government itself.
Although we must confine our interest in this work to the United States, we may pause a moment, in view of its international importance, and consider the shabby actions of Great Britain in this crisis. Great Britain—the government that induced Europe to go onto the treacherous shoals of the gold bullion and gold—exchange standard during the 1920s, that induced the United States government to inflate with disastrous consequences, that induced Germany to inflate through foreign investment, that tried to establish sterling as the world's premier currency—surrendered and went off the gold standard without a fight. Aided by France instead of the reverse, much stronger financially than Germany or Austria, England cynically repudiated its obligations without a struggle, while Germany and Austria had at least fought frantically to save themselves. England would not consider giving up its inflationary and cheap credit policy, even to stay on sound money. Throughout the crisis of 1931, the Bank of England kept its discount rate very low, never going above 4? percent, and in fact, inflated its deposits in order to offset gold losses abroad. In former financial crises, the bank rate would have gone to 10 percent much earlier in the proceedings, and the money supply would have been contracted, not expanded. The bank accepted loans of $650 million from the Federal Reserve Banks and the Bank of France; and the Bank of France, forced against its better judgment by the French Government, kept its accounts in sterling and did not ask for redemption in gold. And then, on September 20, Britain went coolly off the gold standard, inflicting great losses on France, throwing the world into monetary chaos, and disrupting world markets. It is a final measure of the character of Governor Montagu Norman that only two days before the repudiation, he gave Doctor Vissering, head of the Netherlands Bank, unqualified assurance that Britain would remain on the gold standard and that therefore it was safe for the Netherlands to keep its accounts in sterling. If the Netherlands was tricked, it is possible that Montagu Norman's fast friends in the United States were informed in advance. For in the summer of 1931, Governor Norman visited Quebec, for "health" reasons, and saw Governor Harrison of the New York Federal Reserve Bank. It was shortly after Norman's return to England that Great Britain went off the gold standard.
Throughout the European crisis, the Federal Reserve, particularly the New York Bank, tried its best to aid the European governments and to prop up unsound credit positions. In mid-July, the executive committee of the New York Bank had an all-day conference with the leaders of J.P. Morgan and Company, and there decided to follow the "lead" of the Bank of International Settlements, the "club" of European central banks. It therefore loaned money to the Reichsbank to purchase German acceptances, and made special loans to other Central Banks to relieve frozen assets there. The New York Federal Reserve loaned, in 1931, $125 million to the Bank of England, $25 million to the German Reichsbank, and smaller amounts to Hungary and Austria. As a result, much frozen assets were shifted, to become burdens to the United States. The Federal Reserve also renewed foreign loans when borrowers failed to pay at maturity.
The American Monetary Picture
In the meanwhile, the depression grew ever worse in the United States, and not because of the European situation. Production continued to plummet drastically, as did prices and foreign trade, and unemployment skyrocketed to almost 16 percent of the labor force. The Federal Reserve Board (FRB) index of manufacturing production, which had been 110 in 1929 and 90 in 1930, fell to 75 in 1931. Hardest hit, in accordance with Austrian cycle theory, were producers' goods and higher order capital goods industries, rather than the consumer goods' industries. Thus, from the end of 1929 to the end of 1931, the FRB index of production of durable manufactures fell by over 50 percent, while the index of nondurable production fell by less than 20 percent. Pig iron production fell from 131 thousand tons per day (seasonally adjusted) in June, 1929, to 56 thousand tons daily in December, 1930, to 33 thousand tons in December, 1931, a drop of nearly 80 percent. On the other hand, retail department store sales only fell from an index of 118 in 1929 to 88 at the end of 1931, a drop of about 25 percent.
The American monetary picture remained about the same until the latter half of 1931. At the end of 1930, currency and bank deposits had been $53.6 billion; on June 30, 1931, they were slightly lower, at $52.9 billion. By the end of the year, they had fallen sharply to $48.3 billion. Over the entire year, the aggregate money supply fell from $73.2 billion to $68.2 billion. The sharp deflation occurred in the final quarter, as a result of the general blow to confidence caused by Britain going off gold. From the beginning of the year until the end of September, total member bank reserves fell by $107 million. The Federal Government had tried hard to inflate, raising controlled reserves by $195 million—largely in bills bought and bills discounted, but uncontrolled reserves declined by $302 million, largely due to a huge $356 million increase of money in circulation. Normally, money in circulation declines in the first part of the year, and then increases around Christmas time. The increase in the first part of this year reflected a growing loss of confidence by Americans in their banking system—caused by the bank failures abroad and the growing number of failures at home. Americans should have lost confidence ages before, for the banking institutions were hardly worthy of their trust. The inflationary attempts of the government from January to October were thus offset by the people's attempts to convert their bank deposits into legal tender. From the end of September to the end of the year, bank reserves fell at an unprecedented rate, from $2.36 billion to $1.96 billion, a drop of $400 million in three months. The Federal Reserve tried its best to continue its favorite nostrum of inflation—pumping $268 million of new controlled reserves into the banking system (the main item: an increase of $305 million in bills discounted). But the public, at home and abroad, was now calling the turn at last. From the beginning of the depression until September, 1931, the monetary gold stock of the country had increased from $4 billion to $4.7 billion, as European monetary troubles induced people to send their gold to the United States. But the British crisis made men doubt the credit of the dollar for the first time, and hence by the end of December, America's monetary gold stock had fallen to $4.2 billion. The gold drain that began in September, 1931, and was to continue until July, 1932, reduced U.S. monetary gold stock from $4.7 billion to $3.6 billion. This was a testament to the gold-exchange standard that Great Britain had induced Europe to adopt in the 1920s. Money in circulation also continued to increase sharply, in response to public fears about the banking structure as well as to regular seasonal demands. Money in circulation therefore rose by $400 million in these three months. Hence, the will of the public caused bank reserves to decline by $400 million in the latter half of 1931, and the money supply, as a consequence, fell by over four billion dollars in the same period.
During 1930, the Federal Reserve had steadily lowered its rediscount rates: from 4? percent at the beginning of the year, to 2 percent at the end, and finally down to 1? percent in mid-1931. When the monetary crisis came at the end of the year, the Federal Reserve raised the rediscount rate to 3? percent. Acceptance buying rates were similarly raised after a steady decline. The Federal Reserve System (FRS) has been sharply criticized by economists for its "tight money" policy in the last quarter of 1931. Actually, its policy was still inflationary on balance, since it still increased controlled reserves. And any greater degree of inflation would have endangered the gold standard itself. Actually, the Federal Reserve should have deflated instead of inflated, to bolster confidence in gold, and also to speed up the adjustments needed to end the depression.
The inflationary policies of the Federal Reserve were not enough for some economists, however, including the price stabilizationist and staunch ally of the late Governor Strong, Carl Snyder, statistician at the New York Federal Reserve. As early as April, 1931, Snyder organized a petition of economists to the Federal Reserve Board urging immediate cheap money, as well as long-range credit expansion. Among the signers were: John R. Commons, Lionel D. Edic, Virgil Jordan, Harold L. Reed, James Harvey Rogers, Walter E. Spahr, and George F. Warren.
The Fiscal Burden of Government
How did the fiscal burden of government press upon the public during 1931? The gross national product fell from $91.1 billion in 1930, to $76.3 billion in 1931. Gross private product fell from $85.8 billion to $70.9 billion; total government depredations, on the other hand, rose from $14.1 to $15.2 billion. Total government receipts fell from $13.5 billion to $12.4 billion (Federal receipts fell from $4.4 to $3.4 billion), but total government expenditures rose sharply, from $13.9 billion to $15.2 billion. This time, the entire rise in expenditures came in federal, rather than state and local, spending. Federal expenditures rose from $4.2 billion in 1930 to $5.5 billion in 1931—excluding government enterprises, it rose from $3.1 billion to $4.4 billion, an enormous 42 percent increase. In short, in the midst of a great depression when people needed desperately to be relieved of governmental burdens, the dead weight of government rose from 16.4 percent to 21.5 percent of the gross private product (from 18.2 percent to 24.3 percent of the net private product). From a modest surplus in 1930, the Federal government thus ran up a huge $2.2 billion deficit in 1931. And so President Hoover, often considered to be a staunch exponent of laissez-faire, had amassed by far the largest peacetime deficit yet known to American history. In one year, the fiscal burden of the Federal government had increased from 5.1 percent to 7.8 percent, or from 5.7 percent to 8.8 percent of the net private product.
Of the $1.3 billion increase in Federal expenditures in 1931, by far the largest sum, $1 billion, was an increase in transfer payments. New public construction also increased at the same pace as the previous year, by over $60 million; grants-in-aid to state and local governments rose by almost $200 million. Of the $1 billion rise in transfer payments, $900 million was an increase in "adjusted compensation benefits," largely loans to veterans.
Public Works and Wage Rates
What of Hoover's cherished programs of public works planning and maintenance of wage rates? We have noted that Hoover established an Emergency Committee for Employment in October, 1930, headed by Colonel Arthur Woods. Woods was a trustee of the Rockefeller Foundation and of Rockefeller's General Education Board. Also on the committee were industrialists Sewell Avery, William J. Bault of Metropolitan Life, the ever ubiquitous Beardsley Ruml, and economists such as Professor Joseph H. Willits, Leo Wolman, J. Douglas Brown, W. Jett Lauck, Lewis E. Meriam, and Fred C. Croxton. The Committee strongly recommended increased expenditures for public works at all levels of government. The President's Committee was one of the major forces supporting the Wagner Employment Stabilization Act of February, 1931—its Public Works Section being especially active. And, in signing the bill, Hoover gave a large amount of the credit for the measure to none other than Otto Tod Mallery. The President's Committee was the main government organ dealing with employers and urging them to maintain wage rates. Writing proudly of the Committee's work, one of its members later praised its success in inducing employers to refrain from those reductions in wage rates "which had marked similar periods" of depression. It is, of course, not surprising that there were very few strikes in this period. In March, Colonel Woods proudly hailed the "new view" of industry—in accepting its "responsibility toward labor." Industry, instead of cutting wage rates, was now maintaining the purchasing-power of the workers as a measure of "enlightened self-interest." The Committee persuaded ten outstanding industrial and labor leaders to give public radio talks, explaining the brave new philosophy. The Committee was also gratified to see advances in public works construction during the year. The Employment Stabilization Act of February merely served to whet, rather than allay, the appetites of the public works agitators. During the year, Senator Wagner suggested a $2 billion public works program, and Senator LaFollette urged a gigantic $5.5 billion outlay. At the end of the year 1931, 31 leading economists convened in New York City at a conference sponsored by William Randolph Hearst, and recommended a $5 billion public works program. It was to be financed by a bond issue. The economists emphasized that a rise in Federal public works outlay during 1931 had been offset by a decline in state and local construction, so that overall public construction was less than in the previous year. They urged a bold program, accompanied by credit expansion, and conducted in the good old spirit of a wartime emergency. Among the signers of this document were Professors James C. Bonbright, Phillips Bradley, Paul F. Brissenden, Thomas Nixon Carver, Paul H. Douglas, Seba Eldridge, William Trufant Foster, Arthur D. Gayer, John Ise, J.E. LeRossignol, W.N. Loucks, Robert M. Maclver, George R. Taylor, Williard L. Thorp, and Norman J. Ware.
We might mention here that at the very time President Hoover was sponsoring make-work schemes, he stepped in to hamper private production in another field. In May, he ordered the cessation of the leasing of Federal forests for new lumbering, thus withdrawing forest land from production and aggravating the severe depression in the lumber trade.
On the state level, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York pioneered in public works planning, setting up a Committee on the Stabilization of Industry for the Prevention of Unemployment, with Henry Bruere chairman and Paul H. Douglas, technical adviser. The Committee recommended a state planning board for public works, and work-sharing among workers. Roosevelt also called a seven-state conference at the end of January, 1931, to urge Federal and state public works: the chief adviser was Professor Leo Wolman, and others were Professors William Leiserson and Paul H. Douglas. The next few days saw a Conference on the Permanent Prevention of Unemployment, convened by the social action departments of the Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish churches. At this conference, Edward Eyre Hunt, of the President's Emergency Committee for Employment, called for public works; William T. Foster urged an increase in the money supply, John P. Frey of the A.F. of L. called for yet higher wages as a remedy for the depression, George Soule urged socialist planning, Professor John R. Commons and John Edgerton of the NAM quarreled over compulsory unemployment insurance, and Senator Wagner boosted his bill for public works and stabilization.
During early 1931, California set up a State Unemployment Committee to aid localities and stimulate public works, and Pennsylvania presented a planned program of public works. Maryland speeded its public works program, Massachusetts floated a bond issue for public works, and Michigan continued highway construction during the winter—normally a slack season. Michigan insisted that contractors not cut the wage rates paid to their workers. Minnesota went so far in a make-work policy on its public work programs as to stipulate that "wherever practical, and whenever the cost is substantially the same, work should be performed by hand rather than by machines in order to provide for the employment of a greater number of persons."
Maintaining Wage Rates
The maintenance of wage rates in the face of steadily declining prices (wholesale prices fell by 10 percent in 1930, by 15 percent in 1931), meant that the real wage rates of the employed were sharply increasing, thereby greatly aggravating the unemployment problem as time went on. Summing up the wage question at the end of 1931, Professor Leo Wolman pointed out that business leaders, as well as government, were still under the influence of the prevailing doctrine of the 1920s: that "high and rising wages were necessary to a full flow of purchasing power and, therefore, to good business." During the depression, business leaders typically continued to say: "reducing the income of labor is not a remedy for business depression, it is a direct and contributory cause"; or
in this enlightened age when it is recognized that production is dependent upon consuming power, it is my judgment that large manufacturers and producers will maintain wages and salaries as being the farsighted and in the end the most constructive thing to do.
Until the end of 1931, most businesses, and particularly the large firms, staunchly resisted wage cuts. Some small firms in textiles and coal reduced their wage rates, but the large firms in the basic steel, public utility, and construction industries "publicly announced their adherence to a policy of high wages and their unwillingness to reduce prevailing standards." Wolman concluded that "it is indeed impossible to recall any past depression of similar intensity and duration in which the wages of prosperity were maintained as long as they have been during the depression of 1930-31." He noted, however, that pressures to cut wage rates were building up almost irresistibly, and that some construction labor had been able to maintain their employment by accepting sub rosa wage cuts. Wage cuts responding to severe losses at the end of 1931 took place secretly for fear of the disapproval of the Hoover administration.
Secretary of the Treasury Mellon summed up the administration's philosophy on wage rates in May, 1931:
In this country, there has been a concerted and determined effort on the part of both government and business not only to prevent any reduction in wages but to keep the maximum number of men employed, and thereby to increase consumption.
It must be remembered that the all-important factor is purchasing power, and purchasing power . . . is dependent to a great extent on the standard of living . . . that standard of living must be maintained at all costs.
The Federal government also did its part by enacting the Bacon-Davis Act, requiring a maximum eight-hour day on construction of public buildings and the payment of at least the "prevailing wage" in the locality.
It is no wonder that British economist John Maynard Keynes, in a memorandum to Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, reporting on a visit to America in 1931, hailed the American record of maintaining wage rates. Meanwhile, several Governors (of New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, Texas, and Wyoming) went beyond the Hoover voluntary work-sharing program to urge maximum-hour legislation.
Amid the chorus of approval on the Hoover wage program there were only a few cool, dissenting voices. John Oakwood wrote in Barron's that the modern industrialists and labor leaders are saying, in effect, that "they intend to keep up wage levels even if they have to close the mills." This may be fine for these leaders, but not so welcome to "employees who have been deprived of their jobs by such rigid policies." Oakwood pointed out that on the free market, selling prices determine costs and not vice versa, and that therefore falling prices must be reflected in falling costs, else there will be unemployment and declines in investment and production. Wage rates are a basic part of production cost. Oakwood went on to stress the essential distinction between wage rates and buying power from wages. He pointed out that an individual's buying power is really "his ability to create goods or render services that have an exchange value for other goods or services," and that the worker will always tend to receive in wages the worth of his particular productive service. True purchasing power is therefore exchange power based upon production; if a good is in great demand or in short supply, its purchasing power in terms of other goods will be high; and if vice versa its purchasing power will be low. During the preceding boom, credit expansion had caused a rise too high to be sustained, and the propaganda about a "new era" and a divinely-ordained American Standard of Living created the idea that this standard was some sort of vested divine right of the American worker. Hugh Bancroft, publisher of Barron's, wrote that it was particularly necessary for wage rates to decline in the producer goods' industries in view of the great decline in prices there, and noted that real wage rates for the employed had increased, so that the employed workers were profiteering at the expense of the unemployed. Wage cuts were necessary to the restoration of effective purchasing power.
By the fall of 1931, economic reality was at last beginning to force its way through the tangle of mischievous fallacies, and the severe pressures, of the Hoover program. Wage rates, at long last, were beginning to fall. The U.S. Steel Corporation, over the opposition of its President, James A. Farrell, summoned up the courage to cut wage rates in September, whereupon William Green accused U.S. Steel of violating its 1929 pledge to the President. And even Henry Ford, despite his philosophic devotion to the artificial wage maintenance policy, had to cut wages in the following year.
Suspension of immigration also helped to keep wage rates up, and Hoover moved diligently on this front as well. In his December, 1930, message, Hoover urged Congress to enact the suspension of immigration into law, where it would be more firmly rooted than in Presidential decree. Bills to eliminate all immigration except that of relatives of American residents were criticized by Secretary of State Stimson for not going far enough. Stimson suggested instead a general 90 percent reduction. This new bill passed the House, but failed to reach a vote in the Senate.
Direct relief was just about the one sphere where President Hoover seemed wholeheartedly to prefer voluntary to governmental action. The previous fall, Hoover had refused to call a special session of Congress for unemployment relief, saying this was the responsibility of voluntary agencies. In fact, the voluntaryist tradition was still so strong in this field that the Red Cross opposed a bill, in early 1931, to grant it $25 million for relief. The Red Cross declared that its own funds were adequate, and its Chairman told a House Committee that such a Congressional appropriation would "to a large extent destroy voluntary giving." Many local Red Cross leaders strongly opposed all federal aid, and even all public relief generally, and so the bill, after passing the Senate, was killed in the House. Many private charity organizations, philanthropists, and social workers had the same views, and the New York Times hailed the "voluntary spirit" as opposed to public aid. A social worker, writing of this period, has said in obvious bewilderment that:
the theory that England's depression, which began before the American disaster, had in some mysterious way [sic] been connected with their unemployment insurance system (or "dole") had been accepted by many people in this country.
State and local direct relief, however, totaled $176 million in 1931, as compared to $105 million in 1930, and $71 million in 1929. The Federal Government, while not engaging in direct relief, continued to aid the farmers. In February, it appropriated $20 million for loans to assist local agricultural credit corporations and granted $2 million for loans to various farmers.
Despite his initial voluntaryism in this field, however, Hoover appointed an Emergency Committee for Employment the previous fall. He had appointed the committee reluctantly, and warned the members that unemployment was strictly a local responsibility. The chairman, Colonel Woods, however, kept urging upon Hoover a highly interventionist program, including greater public works, as well as Senator Wagner's bills for public works planning and a national employment service. Woods finally resigned in April, 1931, and was replaced by Fred Croxton. In contrast to Woods, many business leaders, understanding the role of the British governmental unemployment "dole" in creating and perpetuating unemployment, attacked any idea of governmental relief. These included Henry Ford, the leaders of the National Association of Manufacturers and the Chamber of Commerce, and former President Coolidge.
Hoover in the Last Quarter of 1931
How, specifically, did President Hoover rise to the challenge of crisis in the latter part of 1931? In the first place, ominous signs began to appear that he was getting ready to weaken or abandon his devotion to the principle of voluntary relief. As early as June, 1930, the Conference of Governors had petitioned Hoover for a one billion dollar emergency federal relief appropriation. Hoover did not agree, but on February 3, he declared:
I am willing to pledge myself that if the time should ever come that the voluntary agencies of the country, together with the local and state governments, are unable to find resources with which to prevent hunger and suffering in my country, I will ask aid of every resource of the Federal Government.
In mid-August, Hoover abolished the old Woods-Croxton Emergency Committee for Employment, and replaced it by a larger President's Organization on Unemployment Relief. Head of the new committee was Walter S. Gifford, President of American Telephone and Telegraph Company. Others connected with the new committee were: Newton D. Baker, Bernard M. Baruch, Fred C. Croxton, John W. Davis, Pierre DuPont, John Edgerton, William Green, Will Hays, Jacob Hollander, Alexander Legge, Wesley C. Mitchell, William S. Paley, Rabbi Abba Hillel Silver, Walter Teagle, William Allen White, Matthew Woll, and Owen D. Young. While Gifford was personally opposed to governmental unemployment relief, a subcommittee of the Organization on Unemployment recommended, at the end of October, encouraging everyone to buy, spurring confidence and combating hoarding, urging banks to lend liberally and employers to spread available work, increasing public works, and transferring surplus urban labor to the farms.
As early as mid-July, Hoover returned to a favorite theme: attacking short-selling, this time the wheat market. The short-selling speculators were denounced for depressing prices and destroying confidence; their unpatriotic "intent is to take a profit from the losses of other people"—a curious charge, since for every short seller there is necessarily a long buyer speculating on a rise. When the crisis came in the fall, the Stock Exchange authorities, undoubtedly influenced by Hoover's long-standing campaign against such sales, restricted short selling. These restrictions helped drive stock prices lower than they would have been otherwise, since the short-seller's profit-taking is one of the main supports for stock prices during a decline. As soon as the crisis struck in the fall, Hoover reverted to his favorite technique of holding conferences. On September 15, he laid plans for a Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership to be held in December, to promote the widening of home ownership and to lower interest rates on second mortgages. The resolutions of the December conference originated many of the key features of later New Deal housing policy, including heavy long-term credit at low rates of interest and government aid to blighted, low-income housing.
By October, as Britain left the gold standard and gold reserves dwindled, Hoover was subjected to contradictory pressures. On the one hand, Hoover recalls with distaste that he was advised by "bitter-end liquidationists" and "reactionary economists" to let "the liquidation take its course until we found bottom." On the other hand, Governor Eugene Meyer, Jr., of the Federal Reserve Board, had been agitating since summer to reenact a form of the old War Finance Corporation for government loans to the private economy, and now urged upon Hoover a special session of Congress for this purpose. The former was the type of wise advice that Hoover, devoid of laissez-faire principles or sound economic knowledge, was incapable of understanding. Instead, he could only worry about the immediate hardships that would arise from foreclosures, declines in security prices, and bankruptcies. Staunchly rejecting this "reactionary" advice, and yet reluctant to launch a government lending program, Hoover resolved on a "broad program of defense and offense" by mobilizing a quasi-"voluntary" lending agency to be financed by the nation's leading bankers. The first step was to call a secret conference of 40 leading New York bankers and insurance executives at Secretary Mellon's apartment on October 4. Such men as Thomas W. Lamont and George Whitney of J.P. Morgan and Company, Albert H. Wiggin of Chase National Bank, and Charles E. Mitchell of National City Bank, met with Secretary Mellon, Governor Meyer, Undersecretary Mills, and Hoover. Hoover presented his plan—to create a National Credit Corporation (NCC) with capitalization of $500 million to extend credit to banks in need and to permit banks to extend credit to needy industrial firms. The banks were to finance the capital for the NCC, and the NCC would be allowed to borrow up to $1 billion, with Federal Reserve assistance. The idea was that the strong banks would pool their resources to bail out the weak banks; with Federal help, the NCC was to rediscount bank assets not legally eligible to be rediscounted with the Federal Reserve. Insurance companies were asked not to foreclose mortgages and, in return, they would be helped by aid from the Federal Farm Loan Banks. Although both Mills and Meyer enthusiastically backed this program, the banks and the insurance companies balked at the shoring up of unsound positions. At this point, the iron fist became evident in the velvet glove of "voluntary industry-government cooperation" in the Hoover scheme of things. If the banks did not agree, Hoover threatened, he would obtain legislation to force their cooperation. The banks then agreed to set up the NCC, and the insurance companies agreed not to press foreclosure of mortgages. In return, Hoover promised that the NCC would be temporary, for the duration of the year, and that he would soon ask Congress to recreate a new and broader War Finance Corporation (WFC) for emergency loans (the old WFC had lapsed in the spring of 1929), to broaden eligibility requirements for bank rediscounts with the Federal Reserve System, and to expand the Federal Farm Loan Banks.
In addition, Hoover induced Paul Bestor, head of the Federal Farm Loan Board, to promise to refuse foreclosing any mortgages unless the debtor wanted to leave his farm, and the President decided he would recommend an increased appropriation of $125 million for these land banks. Hoover also induced the Federal Reserve Board to encourage banks to lend to depositors on the latter's frozen assets in bankrupt banks.
The NCC quickly aided faltering banks in South Carolina and Louisiana, and, over a three-month period, loaned $153 million to 575 banks; but this hardly stemmed the tide of weakness and failure. Strengthening Hoover's aim to establish a government lending corporation—which was soon established as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation—was the advice of Eugene Meyer, Ogden Mills, Louis Wehle, formerly counsel of the old WFC, and Chicago banker Melvin A. Traylor. Meyer, in particular, put pressure upon the President, to the extent of preparing his own bill for Congress. Hoover was finally completely persuaded to push for an RFC by Meyer in early December.
On October 7, Hoover called another White House Conference of the leading insurance, mortgage company, and building-and-loan executives. He proposed to them a grandiose program—a national system of Federal mortgage discount banks, with one central bank, like the Federal Reserve System, and with the capital subscribed by the government. The regional banks would discount mortgages and the central mortgage banks would stand behind the branches; all could issue debentures to raise more capital. This system would then stand behind all the mortgages of savings banks, insurance companies, and commercial banks. This grandiose statist and inflationist scheme was flatly rejected by the insurance companies and by most of the savings banks, although it was supported by the building-and-loan associations. Hoover therefore had to modify his plan, and to settle for a Home Loan Bank system, which Congress would later ratify, as a compulsory central mortgage bank for the building-and-loan (now "saving-and-loan") associations, and a voluntary bank for savings banks and insurance companies.
By early October, therefore, the forthcoming Hoover New Deal program for 1932 was already clear: the major measure, a new government corporation to make loans to business—a Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to replace the stopgap, largely banker-financed National Credit Corporation; the broadening of rediscount eligibility for the Federal Reserve; the creation of a Home Loan Bank System to discount mortgages; and an expansion of the Federal Farm Loan Bank System.
On October 27, a Presidential committee of business, agricultural, and labor leaders, as well as economists, endorsed the prospective Hoover program, and called also for expansion of credit, spreading of work, and especially public works. These included Leonard P. Ayres, Fred C. Croxton, William Green, Alvanley Johnston, and Wesley C. Mitchell. On December 21, however, a highly unusual event occurred; another Presidential Committee on Public Works condemned further public works, urged a balanced budget, and readjustment to new conditions. This committee included Leonard P. Ayres, Jacob Hollander, Matthew Woll, and others.
The Spread of Collectivist Ideas in the Business World
Meanwhile, strange collectivist plans for ending the depression were brewing in the business world. In September, Gerard Swope, head of General Electric, far surpassed the radicalism of his old public-works proposal by presenting the Swope Plan to a convention of the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. The Plan, which garnered a great deal of publicity, amounted to a call for compulsory cartellization of American business—an imitation of fascism and an anticipation of the NRA. Every industry was to be forcibly mobilized into trade associations, under Federal control, to regulate and stabilize prices and production, and to prescribe trade practices. Overall, the Federal Government, aided by a joint administration of management and employees representing the nation's industry, would "coordinate production and consumption." To its grave discredit, the U.S. Chamber of Commerce endorsed this socialistic plan in December by a large majority, as a means of employing Federal coercion to restrict production and raise prices. Leading the march for approval was the new President of the U.S. Chamber, Henry I. Harriman, of the New England Power Company. Harriman wrote, in his report of the Chamber's Committee on the Continuity of Business and Employment, that "We have left the period of extreme individualism. . . . Business prosperity and employment will be best maintained by an intelligently planned business structure." With business organized through trade associations and headed by a National Economic Council, any dissenting businessmen would be "treated like any maverick. . . . They'll be roped, and branded, and made to run with the herd." The president of the National Association of Manufacturers wanted to go beyond the Swope Plan to forcibly include firms employing less than fifty workers.
Also supporting the Swope Plan were Swope's friend Owen D. Young, Chairman of the Board of General Electric, President Nicholas Murray Butler of Columbia University, who had been thinking along the same lines, Royal W. France of Rollins College, Karl T. Compton, the leftist Stuart Chase, and Charles F. Abbott of the American Institute of Steel Construction. Abbott called the Swope Plan:
a measure of public safety. . . . We cannot have in this country much longer irresponsible, ill-informed, stubborn and non-cooperating individualism. . . . The Swope Plan, seen in its ultimate simplicity, is not one whit different in principle from the traffic cop . . . an industrial traffic officer. . . ! Constitutional liberty to do as you please is "violated" by the traffic regulations—but . . . they become binding even upon the blustering individual who claims the right to do as he pleases.
Furthermore, former Secretary of the Treasury William G. McAdoo proposed a Federal "Peace Industries Board" to adjust national production to consumption, and Senator LaFollette organized a subcommittee to investigate the possibility of a National Economic Council to stabilize the economy—and Swope was a leading witness. H.S. Person, managing director of the Taylor Society, displayed the na?vete of the technocrat when he said, in a puzzled way: "we expect the greatest enterprise of all, industry as a whole, to get along without a definite plan." The historian Charles A. Beard denounced laissez-faire and called for a Five Year Plan of industrial cartels headed by a National Economic Council. And the popular philosopher Will Durant called for national planning by a national economic board, ruling over boards for each industry. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis suggested complete state control of industry on the legal ground of public convenience and necessity.
Other business leaders were thinking along similar lines. Benjamin A. Javits had developed a similar plan in 1930. Dean Wallace B. Donham, of the Harvard School of Business, had the gall to cite the Soviet Union as showing the value and necessity of a "general plan for American business." Paul M. Mazur, of Lehman Brothers, referred to the "tragic lack of planning" of the capitalist system. Rudolph Spreckels, president of the Sugar Institute, urged governmental allocation to each company of its proper share of market demand. Ralph E. Flanders, of the Jones and Lamson Machine Company, called for fulfillment of the "vision" of the new stage of governmental planning of the nation's economy. And Henry S. Dennison, president of the Dennison Manufacturing Company, developed his own Five Year Plan for a national cartel of organized trade associations.
One of the most important supporters of the cartellization idea was Bernard M. Baruch, Wall Street financier. Baruch was influential not only in the Democratic Party, but in the Republican as well, as witness the high posts the Hoover administration accorded to Baruch's prot?g?s, Alexander Legge and Eugene Meyer, Jr. As early as 1925, Baruch, inspired by his stint as chief economic mobilizer in World War I, conceived of an economy of trusts, regulated and run by a Federal Commission, and in the spring of 1930, Baruch proposed to the Boston Chamber of Commerce a "Supreme Court of Industry." McAdoo was Baruch's oldest friend in government; and Swope's younger brother, Herbert Bayard Swope, was Baruch's closest confidant.
Collectivist ideas had apparently been fermenting in parts of the business world ever since the depression began, as witness the reaction of a writer in a prominent business magazine to the White House Conferences for concerted maintenance of wage rates at the end of 1929. Hailing the conference as Hoover's "splendid adventure in economic democracy," the writer called for national economic planning through nationwide trade associations and suggested coordination of the economy by "collective reason."
So far had the business world gone, that a report for the left-wing National Progressive Conference of 1931, praised the Swope Plan, albeit suggesting a less "pro-business" and more egalitarian twist to the scheme of centralized planning. The entire collectivist movement in business was well summed up by one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's more extreme Brain Trusters, Rexford Guy Tugwell, when he wrote of Harriman, Swope, and the rest that they
believed that more organization was needed in American industry, more planning, more attempt to estimate needs and set production goals. From this they argued that . . . investment to secure the needed investment could be encouraged. They did not stress the reverse, that other investments ought to be prohibited, but that was inherent in the argument. All this was, so far, in accord with the thought of the collectivists in Franklin's Brains Trust who tended to think of the economy in organic terms.
In short, Virgil Jordan, economist for the National Industrial Conference Board, was not far from the mark when he wrote that businessmen were ready for an "economic Mussolini."
Despite all the pressure upon him, Herbert Hoover staunchly refused to endorse the Swope Plan or anything like it, and sturdily attacked the plan as fascism. His speeches, however, began to be peppered with such ominous terms as "cooperation" and "elimination of waste." In the slide toward intervention, meanwhile, the Chamber of Commerce also called for public works and Federal relief, and a joint committee of the National Association of Manufacturers and the National Industrial Council urged public works and regulation of the purchasing power of the dollar.
The American Federation of Labor also adopted a radical Emergency Unemployment Program in October. As was to be expected, it hailed the Hoover policy of keeping wage rates high and cutting hours, and also advanced its own unionized version of fascism. It proposed that the government force employers to hire workers;
Industries and employers should therefore be given quotas of jobs to be furnished, according to their ability to provide work. The allocation of these quotas should be the task of a central board, representing the Government and all industrial groups.
This would ensure "effective organization of the labor market." In short, the A.F. of L. wanted to have an equal share in running a Swope Plan for industry.
A further typically union scheme was to compel restriction of the labor supply, thus raising wage rates for the remainder of the labor force. It is a curious "cure" for unemployment, however, to compel large groups of people to remain unemployed. Thus, the A.F. of L. adopted as a slogan: "Keep young persons in school to avoid their competing for jobs," and urged employers to fire married women with working husbands; "Married women whose husbands have permanent positions which carry reasonable incomes should be discriminated against in the hiring of employees." It is a measure of how far we have traveled in hypocrisy that unions would not today publicly advocate these policies for such frankly ruthless reasons; instead, they would undoubtedly be cloaked in pieties about the glories of education and home life.
The A.F. of L. also endorsed compulsory unemployment insurance at this convention, in contrast to William Green's attack on the government dole at the 1930 convention as turning the worker into a "ward of the State." The railroad union leaders bellicosely threatened Hoover with "disorder" if he did not act to provide employment and relief.
Particularly enthusiastic among union leaders for the new drive for government "planning" were John L. Lewis, of the United Mine Workers, and Sidney Hillman, of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers. Both called for a national economic council for planning to include labor and management representatives. Schlesinger is certainly correct when he says that "Lewis and Hillman, in the end, differed little from Gerard Swope and Henry I. Harriman."
The A.F. of L. also praised the Hoover administration for carrying out the following objectives during 1930-1931: maintaining wage rates on public buildings, reduction of hours in government employ without a reduction in pay, public works planning, raising of wages for some government employees, increased appropriation for border immigration patrol (thus "relieving unemployment" by preventing Mexicans from coming here to improve their condition), appropriations for naval ships, and requiring all new naval work to be done in navy yards and arsenals instead of on private contract.
Meanwhile, the states moved in to compel cartellization and virtual socialization of the crude oil industry. The oil-producing states enacted laws to enable governmental commissions to fix the maximum amount of oil produced, and this system is basically still in effect. The state laws were enacted under the public guise of "conservation," which is a pat excuse for any compulsory monopoly or cartel in a natural resource. In 1931, new oil discoveries in East Texas drove the price of crude down from one dollar a barrel to 2? cents a barrel, and cartelists and conservationists set up a hue and cry. The lead was taken by Oklahoma's Governor "Alfalfa Bill" Murray, who ordered a general shutdown of the crude oil industry until the price of oil should rise to the "minimum fair price" of one dollar a barrel. When some producers proved recalcitrant, Murray sent the Oklahoma National Guard into the oil fields to enforce his decree with bayonets. Soon, Texas followed suit, and the leading oil states of California, Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma passed "conservation" and proration laws to fix production ceilings in a more orderly manner. Two emergency sessions of the Texas legislature were called to broaden the oil-regulating powers of the Texas Railroad Commission, after it had suffered unfavorable court injunctions.
The oil states also organized an Oil States Advisory Committee to decide on quotas—soon to become an interstate compact—and a "Voluntary Committee" of the Federal Oil Conservation Board aided in the effort. Some well owners found that they could evade the troops and decrees and smuggle "hot oil" out of the state, but this "loophole" of freedom was finally closed by the New Deal. To bolster the oil cartel, the Federal budget of 1932 included a tariff on imported crude oil and on petroleum products. This made the domestic cartel more effective, but it also reduced American exports of petroleum. It is, of course, curious to find a restriction on imports imposed as part of a domestic resource conservation program, but we find the same phenomena today. If conservation were really the goal, then surely imports would have been encouraged to ease demands on domestic oil.
Let it not be thought that Hoover was idle in this movement. Even before the depression, he was considering coercive restrictions on oil production. The President canceled permits to drill for oil in, large parts of the public domain, and he and Secretary of Interior Ray Lyman Wilbur were in large part responsible for the new state "conservation" laws. Hoover and Wilbur also pressured private oil operators near the public domain into agreements to restrict oil production.
As 1931 drew to a close and another Congressional session drew near, the country and indeed the world were in the midst of an authentic crisis atmosphere—a crisis of policy and of ideology. The depression, so long in effect, was now rapidly growing worse, in America and throughout the world. The stage was set for the "Hoover New Deal" of 1932.
Benjamin M. Anderson, Economics and the Public Welfare (New York: D. Van Nostrand, 1949), pp. 232ff.
The secret relations between Governor Norman and the head of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York continued during the depression. In August, 1932, Norman landed at Boston, and traveled to New York under the alias of "Professor Clarence Skinner." We do not know what transpired at this conference with Reserve Bank leaders, but the Bank of England congratulated Norman upon his return for having "sowed a seed." See Lawrence E. Clark, Central Banking Under the Federal Reserve System (New York: Macmillan, 1935), p. 312.
Clark plausibly maintains that the true motive of the New York Federal Reserve for these salvage operations was to bail out favored New York banks holding large quantities of frozen foreign assets, e.g., German acceptances. Ibid., pp. 343f.
See Winthrop W. Aldrich, The Causes of the Present Depression and Possible Remedies (New York, 1933), p. 12.
Joseph Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization (New York: Viking Press, 1959), vol. 5, p. 675.
See Irving Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960) and Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, vol. 5, p. 7n. However, Hoover did veto a Woods-supported bill, passed in March, to strengthen the U.S. Employment Service. See Harris Gaylord Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 24ff.
E.P. Hayes, Activities of the President's Emergency Committee for Employment, October 17, 1930-August 19, 1931 (printed by the author, 1936).
The director of the new Federal Employment Stabilization Board, D.H. Sawyer, was critical of the time lag inherent in public works programs, and preferred to leave public works to the localities. In addition, J.S. Taylor, head of the Division of Public Construction, opposed public works in principle. Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of The American Worker, 1920-1933, pp. 273-74.
Congressional Record 75 (January 11, 1932), pp. 1655-57.
Monthly Labor Review 32 (1931): 834ff.
The truth is precisely the opposite; consuming power is wholly dependent upon production.
Leo Wolman, Wages in Relation to Economic Recovery (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1931).
Secretary of Commerce Lamont declared in April, 1931, that "I have canvassed the principal industries, and I find no movement to reduce the rate of wages. On the contrary, there is a desire to support the situation in every way." Quoted in Edward Angly, comp., Oh Yeah? (New York: Viking Press, 1931), p. 26.
National Industrial Conference Board, Salary and Wage Policy in the Depression (New York: Conference Board, 1933), p. 6.
Angly, Oh Yeah?, p. 22.
We might also note that Keynes found the attitude of the Federal Reserve authorities "thoroughly satisfactory," i.e., satisfactorily inflationist. Roy F. Harrod, The Life of John Maynard Keynes (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951), pp. 437-48.
See John Oakwood, "Wage Cuts and Economic Realities," Barron's (June 29, 1931); and "How High Wages Destroy Buying Power," Barron's (February 29, 1932); Hugh Bancroft, "Wage Cuts a Cure for Depression," Barron's (October 19,1931) and "Fighting Economic Law-Wage Scales and Purchasing Power," Barron's (January 25, 1932). Also see George Putnam, "Is Wage Maintenance a Fallacy?" Journal of the American Bankers' Association (January, 1932): 429ff.
See Fred R. Fairchild, "Government Saves Us From Depression," Yale Review (Summer, 1932): 667ff; and Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civlization, vol. 5, p. 620.
Stimson also added a racist note, fearing that permitting relatives would allow the bringing in of too many of the "southern" as against the "Northern" and "Nordic" races. See Robert A. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 1924-1932 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1957), p. 78.
On the vigorous attempts of the President's Emergency Committee for Employment to pressure the Red Cross into giving relief to coal miners, see Bernstein, The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920-1933, pp. 308ff.
By June, however, the American Association of Public Welfare Relief was calling for a federal relief program.
Edith Abbott, Public Assistance (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1940), vol. 1, pp. 657-58, and 509-70. Even voluntary relief, if given indiscriminately, will prolong unemployment by preventing downward pressure on wage rates from clearing the labor market.
See Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), pp. 169, 507.
Daniel R. Fusfeld, The Economic Thought of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the New Deal (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956), p. 267.
Monthly Labor Review 33 (1931): 1341-42.
See Paul F. Wendt, The Role of the Federal Government in Housing (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Association, 1956), pp. 8-9.
Nash maintains that it was Meyer who made the promise to the bankers after Hoover and Mellon had left. Meyer and Senator Joseph Robinson, Democratic Senate leader, urged a special session to enact a new WFC, but Hoover still held back. At this point, Meyer secretly put a staff together, headed by Walter Wyatt, counsel of the FRB, to draft what was later to become the RFC. Gerald D. Nash, "Herbert Hoover and the Origins of the RFC," Mississippi Valley Historical Review (December, 1959): 461ff.
Nash, "Herbert Hoover and the Origins of the RFC"; and Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression, pp.ff.
See Monthly Labor Review 33 (1931): 1049-57.
Quoted in Schlesinger, The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933, pp. 182-83.
J. George Frederick, Readings in Economic Planning (New York: The Business Bourse, 1932), pp. 332ff. Frederick was a leading Swope disciple.
See Fusfeld, The Economic Thought of Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Origins of the New Deal, pp. 311ff.; David Loth, Swope of GE (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1958), pp. 201ff.; Schlesinger, The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933, p. 200.
Wallace B. Donham, Business Adrift (1931), cited in ibid., p. 181. Nicholas Murray Butler also considered the Soviet Union to have the "vast advantage" of "a plan." See Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, vol. 4, pp. 631-32.
Later, the Swope idea took form in the NRA, with Swope himself helping to write the final draft, and staying in Washington to help run it. Swope thus became perhaps the leading industrialist among the "Brain Trust." Henry I. Harriman, another contributor to the drafting of the NRA, also turned up as a leader in the agricultural Brain Trust of the New Deal. Another Baruch disciple, and a friend of Swope's, General Hugh S. Johnson, was chosen head of the NRA (with old colleague George Peek as head of the AAA). When Johnson was relieved, Baruch himself was offered the post. See Margaret Coit, Mr. Baruch (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), pp. 220-21, 440-42; Loth, Swope of GE, pp. 223ff.
Theodore M. Knappen, "Business Rallies to the Standard of Permanent Prosperity," The Magazine of Wall Street (December 14, 1929): 265.
The report, "Long-Range Planning for the Regularization of Industry," was prepared by Professor John Maurice Clark of Columbia University, and concurred in by George Soule, Edwin S. Smith, and J. Russell Smith. See Dorfman, The Economic Mind in American Civilization, vol. 5, pp. 758-61.
Rexford Guy Tugwell, The Democratic Roosevelt (New York: Doubleday, 1957), p. 283.
Hoover relates that Henry I. Harriman warned him that if he persisted in opposing the Swope Plan, the business world would support Roosevelt for President, because the latter had agreed to enact the plan. He also reports that leading businessmen carried out this threat.
Monthly Labor Review 33 (1931): 1049-57.
Schlesinger, The Crisis of the Old Order, 1919-1933, p. 186.
See George W. Stocking, "Stabilization of the Oil Industry: Its Economic and Legal Aspects," American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings (May, 1933): 59-70.
If the coal industry was not as successful as the oil in becoming cartellized, it was not for lack of trying. C.E. Bockus, president of the National Coal Association, wrote in an article, "The Menace of Overproduction," of the need of the coal industry
to secure, by cooperative action, the continuous adjustment of the production of bituminous coal to the existing demand for it, thereby discouraging wasteful methods of production and consumption. . . . The European method of meeting this situation is through the establishment of cartels.
Quoted in Ralph J. Watkins, A Planned Economy Through Coordinated Control of Basic Industries (mimeographed manuscript, submitted to American Philanthropic Association, October, 1931), pp. 54ff.
Hoover also reduced production in other fields by adding over two million acres to the virtually useless national forests during his regime, as well as increasing the area of the totally useless national parks and monuments by forty percent. If Congress had not balked, he would have permanently sequestered much more usable land. See Harris Gaylord Warren, Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 64, 77-80. | <urn:uuid:75b0fef0-fbae-41e7-b011-531fa75ac9e8> | {
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The name Event Horizon was coined by the brilliant British physicist Stephen Hawking to describe the circumference of a so-called "black hole", the remains of a collapsed star with a gravity-pull so powerful, so that not even light can escape from it.
This 5-minute study for piano has - needles to say - nothing to do with black holes, but the term "event horizon" fascinates med and strikes me as near-perfect description of virtually any stretch of organized sound evolving in time, e.g. a musical composition with a strong linear focus.
So - "Event Horizon" it is, as seamless composition of high density, evolving in three parts: swingning-ricocheting-sweeping, a musical journey of speed, from fast to furiously fast, a study based on a high economical compositional material constantly renewing itself, the hands running parallel, separating, meeting again. The discreetest use of pedaling is advised ...
Poul Ruders May 2001 | <urn:uuid:a85dd10a-62aa-4c8b-a9b4-e014ac9f4dfd> | {
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Steel and brass bullet extractor, Europe, 1500-1600
Although attempts had previously been made to remove bullets from wounds when firearms were introduced into warfare in the mid 1200s, only bullets near the surface of the skin could be treated. Special instruments for removing deeper bullets only came into use in the early 1500s. In this example a hollow tube containing a screw-ended rod is placed in a gunshot wound and twisted into the soft lead of the bullet to remove it. The screw can be lengthened or shortened by turning the handles. This steel and brass bullet extractor was part of the private collection of Noel Hamonic (d. 1928), which was purchased in June 1928 for £4,400 by Henry Wellcome. The collection consisted mainly of surgical instruments and pharmacy ware.
Related Themes and Topics
There are 465 related objects. View all related objects
Glossary: bullet extractor
An instrument resembling elongated forceps and used for extracting bullets from the human body. | <urn:uuid:df654980-ff5a-4ac0-a57c-df2e613347d6> | {
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The osteopathic medical practice offers more than conventional medicine.
Physicians in this field are trained in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine (OMM). This treatment targets structural dysfunctions or blockages which may be interfering with the body’s ability to heal. These can include lymphatic obstructions, segmental or regional restrictions of motion, muscle spasms, and structural irregularities.
The application of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine is possible in virtually every patient case, especially when related to musculoskeletal pain. Osteopaths have great knowledge of the neuromusculoskeletal system and how it integrates with other bodily structures. Through physical manipulation, an osteopath can stimulate other systems including respiratory, cardiovascular, immune, and lymphatic systems to treat disease.
OMT for Respiratory Conditions
The use of OMT on top of conventional medical care increases a patient’s fighting chance against disease. At the same time, it also complements other conventional medical care techniques. This is clearly visible when it comes to the treatment of respiratory infections like the flu or pneumonia, which claims the lives of thousands of Americans every year. In addition to recommended standard-of-care administration, osteopaths offer manipulative medicine to support lymphatic flow, rib cage mobility, immune function, and respiratory function.
OMT for the treatment of respiratory conditions was first recorded in 1918 during the time of the Spanish influenza pandemic. During this time, patients treated by osteopathic physicians experienced a mortality rate of 10%. In comparison, allopathic physicians produced a 33% mortality rate. Additionally, patients treated with OMT experienced reduced hospital stay and time receiving intravenous antibiotics, and reduced prevalence of respiratory failure and death (Yao, 2014).
This trend is visible throughout the history of Osteopathic medicine, osteopathic hospitals experience lower mortality rates when compared to allopathic hospitals when it comes to the treatment of respiratory conditions. OMT can help free-up any blockages which may be interfering with an individual’s ability to breathe without extra resistance. Manipulation techniques of this kind can help strengthen respiratory muscles, promote lung expansion, and eliminate secretions. Individuals with respiratory infections, allergies, and COPD can all benefit from this type of manipulative medicine.
OMT for Musculoskeletal Pain
Osteopathic manipulative treatment involves diverse manual techniques to relieve and diagnose pain. A patient might experience manipulation of the spine, soft-tissue structures, the application of manual pressure or even being asked to perform basic movements with increased resistance. With these techniques, the osteopath is able to affect desired organs or structures of the body by reading their relation to the neuromuscular and musculoskeletal systems.
OMT can be used to treat a variety of pains, including discomforts that present themselves in response to pain. One example of this is lower back pain and morning sickness experienced by pregnant women. The shift in gravitational pull, the extra weight, and the relaxation of smooth muscles around the pelvic area to provide extra space for the fetus all play a role in this discomfort. The pregnancy itself can represent a series of physical obstacles for the body’s function. The added pressure and rearranged internal configuration can lead to muscle spasms affecting the gastrointestinal system and inducing morning sickness. Osteopathic treatment can ease morning sickness through pure body manipulation.
In sum, osteopathic treatment is a great alternative to surgical or medicated alternatives. By taking a “full-body” approach, osteopaths can determine how one structure is affecting another, and thereby remedy that issue.
If you would like to explore osteopathic treatments, come to CORE! This March, we are introducing several new services including OMT, as well as prolotherapy, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and more! Get out of pain now!
Yao, Sheldon, et al. “Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment as a Useful Adjunctive Tool for Pneumonia.” Journal of Visualized Experiments: JoVE, MyJove Corporation, 6 May 2014, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4173698/. | <urn:uuid:5e5c560e-1ba0-4dfa-85fa-f9d914a12b3f> | {
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First and foremost, sperms are released within the seminal fluid which needs to be in the right volume (1.5 to 5 mL) and pH (7.05-7.8) and contain optimal nutrients (fructose), enzymes, proteins and other substances necessary for survival of sperms.
If released within the body of a female, sperms can stay alive for up to 3 – 5 days. This means that if released before a woman ovulates, the sperms can still fertilize the ova if ovulation occurs up to 5 days from the time of intercourse.
If sperms are released in other environments e.g. on a dry surface, their survival period is shorter. | <urn:uuid:d09a8ae0-d6fb-4f96-b7e5-3062142aa014> | {
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Chapter 2 and 3:THE NATURE OF CANCER & TUMOR VIRUSES
Presenter: Radina P. Soebiyanto
Date of Lecture: May 21, 2007
Scribe: Jayant Avva
Date Posted by Scribe: May 22, 2007
Chapter 2 deals with the nature of cancer. Studying cancer statistics, especially the cancer death rates the last 50 years, gives us an understanding of how complex the disease is. Morphological characteristics of cancer cells, as well as a step-by-step description of cancer progression from normal cells to invasive carcinoma, helps us look at the several dimensions underlying this complexity. Additionally, abnormal cellular features such as hyperplasia, metaplasia and dysplasia qualify various cancer phenotypes.
Tumor classification into carcinomas, sarcomas, neuroectodermal tumors as well as hematopoietic malignancies is done based on the tissue of origin. Each of these categories has specific cytological features and encompasses different sub-categories.
An overview of how normal cells become cancerous involves the conversion of proto-oncogenes into oncogenes. Moreover, cancerous tumors can be either monoclonal or polyclonal. Several statistics in the textbook show the importance of various mutagens, and the environment in general, in cancer proliferation.
Chapter 3 deals with Tumor viruses. Viruses have a specific structure that was discussed in the presentation. Virus cycles can be either temperate or virulent. Moreover the virus can be categorized based on how it carries its genetic content- as either a DNA virus or an RNA virus. The replication cycle of DNA viruses is usually virulent and the host cell is destroyed. The Rouse sarcoma virus was a key turning point in tumor virus study, and helped researchers realize that the key to cancer was hidden at the cellular level. Tumor viruses can be classified into acquired-oncogene bearing, non-oncogene bearing and naturally-oncogene bearing.
There were several salient points that were discussed during the presentation. When going over the contact inhibition present in normal cells, it was noted that normal (non-pathological) fibroblasts could also grow on top of one another. However, the growth will not be to the extent of cancerous cells that form a focus. In other words, while the contact inhibition explanation in the textbook was sound in theory- it wasn’t as black and white in practice.
Other discussion points were:
• Fibroblasts and their exact nature.
• The Ames test for finding out whether certain mutagens were carcinogens or not. There were surprising findings here, showing us that many carcinogens are naturally occurring as toxic compounds in vegetables.
• A promising new area of cancer research dealing with the causal role of inflammation in many cancers.
• A question on whether leukemia occurs in the bone marrow or not was also discussed- with the final consensus that there is no way of knowing any different.
• Oncogenes are not inherited, though tumor suppressor genes are. | <urn:uuid:6057e0c4-5e4a-42e3-94e4-1bc24cc597d0> | {
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Anti-Bullying in Action
Workshops and School Presentations
Practicing ways to behave and react to others is an amazing way to increase self confidence, self knowledge, and relationship skills. Sometimes young people just need the space and time in which to grow and develop in a more mindful and compassionate way. It is through this deep, thoughtful work that bullying can be thwarted. Our goal is to positively change lives, and to possibly save lives through these pro-active and fun workshops. Nobody wants to be a bully, nor do they want to be bullied. Let us help!
CHARACTER EDUCATION – ANTI-BULLYING WORKSHOPS
You choose which classes our facilitator meets with, as well as the amount of days you would like us to work with the classes. We customize our workshops according to your school’s needs, issues, and desired outcomes.
Our professional educator/facilitator will guide your students through a variety of fun, interactive exercises. Using role-play and dynamic exercises, students reflect upon and become more aware of how they think, speak, behave, and react. They will look at ways in which their thoughts and reactions may be affecting their lives and their relationships. Our goal is for students to develop a compassionate consciousness. Shutting down self-deprecating thoughts, practicing non-reaction strategies to defuse bullying, and choosing kindness to build community will be tackled.
ANTI-BULLYING LEADERSHIP CREW WORKSHOPS & SCHOOL PRESENTATION
This option has our facilitator working with your school leadership students (volunteers) to determine what areas of character need further development within your school community. In a safe, and open environment the students will have fun creating a presentation for their school.
Day 1: DISCOVERY.
Leadership students (students who volunteer to play a lead role in the workshops and subsequent presentation) participate in activities and group discussions to identify the problem areas in which they would most like to see positive change at their school. Students are then left with some reflective homework and are asked to email the Imperative Education facilitator with five true to life scenarios that repeatedly occur in their school. (The name of the person submitting each scenario remains confidential).
Day 2: EXPLORATION.
The student leadership team chooses the scenarios that will form the basis of a presentation to the school. Under the guidance of the Imperative Education facilitator, scenes are developed through improvisation and the principles of Forum Theatre. The group runs through the presentation day’s order of events.
Day 3: PRESENTATION.
Following a verbal introduction by the Imperative Education facilitator, students present the dramatized scenes that reflect their school’s interpersonal dynamics and challenges. The scenes are open ended – it is up to the audience (the spect-actors) to join the crew on stage to enact possible solutions – methods of intervening safely to defuse bullying behaviour or mistreatment.
Build Your Own WorkshopMix and Match workshops on this page to Customize for your Unique Community!
We use techniques adapted from Augusto Boal’s Theatre of the Oppressed to bring students to a more honest place, where they can dissect their young relationships without fear or judgment. Introspection is encouraged through journal writing where their words need not be seen or evaluated by any adults and where they can examine their own identity safely and with a focus on self-improvement.
By the last session we have created our own anti-bullying mandate, rules to enforce the new initiative and repercussions if the rules are broken. In addition, we’ve come up with, and practiced ‘snappy comebacks’ that they can use when confronted with someone being bullied. We end on a positive note with students feeling inspired to positively influence their peers and feeling safer because of the agreed upon mandate.
This program works and 4 weeks is all it takes!
Mindfulness For Teens
THIS IS YOUR BRAIN…THIS IS YOUR BRAIN ON TEEN
Mindful Self Workshop
Most teenagers do not understand what they are up against. Their brains are not fully developed and their neural pathways are reeking havoc on their nervous systems. Teens react with rage, fear, or intense grief and they don’t know why. Losing control of their reactions is negatively affecting their relationships.
When we know what we are up against – we have a better chance of dealing with it. This mindfulness training workshop is designed to educate adolescents about the parts of their brain, and how their development is causing them to feel, react, and act the way they do. Knowledge is power and this workshop is designed to empower teens to gain some much needed control over their brains and consequently, their lives.
We can control our minds – we just need to learn how. Following a neuroscience lecture is a guided meditation. Meditation is the simplest way to calmly gain control of our monkey minds. It is a proven method which improves mental and emotional health.
This dynamic workshop has students meditating, playing, discussing, and observing modern relationship practices by analyzing the manner in which we interact (or not) within our communities. A focus is placed on how missing live connections can negatively influence us in ways that we never imagined.
A guided meditation aims to build their appreciation for those whom they connect with in life. The games and discussions are fueled with facts about human connection and how integral building mindful communities are to good health and leading a happy, fulfilling life.
Let’s warm our social climate, and reduce bullying by fostering mindfulness!
Studies on meditation are flooded with facts about how they improve neural development, increase focus and academic scores, and calm the emotions. Naturally, when people develop a daily practice their anxiety levels decrease and their overall sense of well being increases. It is essential that we offer this kind of curriculum to our school communities. In a world that is consistently looking outside itself for fulfillment, offering people a chance to look inside can be a game changer. We owe this kind of education to our kids, parents and educators.
The Rules of !mprovisation
Are The Rules of Life!
All ages. Duration: 1.5-2 hours
What is !mprovisation? Acting without a script… just like LIFE!
The workshop will have participants moving, creating, and laughing while practicing The Rules of Improvisation: Yes-and! Listen. No blocking. Be in the moment. Give and Take. Have fun! to foster mindfulness, as well as healthy collaboration. Stepping outside their comfort zones, participants will be guided to consciously delve deeply into their own strengths and challenges, while working towards common goals in a group. The workshop leaves participants with more clarity regarding their own nature, interpersonal communication and habits of collaboration.
This workshop is perfect for any group wishing to find its creative flow and is facilitated in a safe and compassionate manner. Confronting ourselves in each given moment, as we navigate our way through life, is both daunting and challenging but it can be easier than we think when we learn to let go, listen and trust in ourselves and the group with whom we share some common goals.
Mindfully engaging with others can teach us more about ourselves than we ever dreamed!
How to be a Leader!
While we all must appreciate who we are, and recognize our positive characteristics, we also have to set game plans for ourselves to become even better versions of ourselves. This kind of mindset is a lifelong practice and takes us to another level when it comes to self-knowledge and socialization with the communities which we are immersed in.
This interactive workshop includes:
- Compassion & empathy building.
- Honing our listening skills.
- Empowering others to succeed.
- Effective collaboration.
- Organizing and planning.
Note: this workshop can involve collaboratively creating a school presentation on a topic of choice.
ME • YOU • US
Healthy Relationship Workshop for Girls
Four 90 minute sessions. Ages 8-18
The girls will gain:
- A stronger sense of self (as in: who am I? What am I really about? What are my strengths? Weaknesses? How can I love myself no matter what?)
- Self-leadership and establishment of personal and social goals (as in: how can I maintain my authentic self within all of my relationships? How can I develop authentic friendships with girls who have different interests than I have? How can I really go for my goals without compromising my friendships?)
- Friendship building strategies (as in: how can I better read non-verbal cues to practice more effective social engagement? What does compassion and empathy really look like? How will understanding what others are going through help me develop better friendships?)
We will attain these goals through fun and interactive workshops. Each week will focus on a particular theme for the girls to be learning about, role-playing, and developing goals and strategies around. Each workshop will offer a high spirited variety of cooperative games, movement, mindfulness meditation, journaling, acting, and honest discussion to promote well being and social growth.
- Healthy communication – practicing the art of conversation (a life enhancing skill!)
- Our feelings – labeling them and figuring out what they are trying to tell us
- Mind control – controlling and choosing our thoughts…it can be done!
- Reactions – where they come from and how they can be tamed
- Life and its stories – to better understand others (and ourselves)
- Compassion building – through perspective development
- Social conflicts – practicing strategies for positively working through social challenges
- Anxiety and why we feel it – a closer look at fear: fact or fiction?
- Self-image – what the media tells us about how we should look and behave
- True friendship – what it looks and feels like and how to get more of it
- Standing up for ourselves – without alienating ourselves from others
- Upstander – standing up for others because it’s the right thing to do, and because it makes us feel good | <urn:uuid:e8124699-0f9a-4989-949e-308da088768d> | {
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ALAMINOS CITY is a 5th class city in Pangasinan, Philippines. The City boasts of its world famous Hundred Islands National Park which composed of 123 small islands. Tourists often visit this place.
Zambals were the first settlers of Alaminos that was once existed as barrio “Suyang” named after the leader of Zambals. They settled in the shoreline and fishing became their main source of living. The place has a panoramic view of the Capurwapurwan or now known as the Hundred Islands and Cabaruyan Islands which is now known as Anda Islands.
In 1735, the settlers built their very first church, convent and tribunal house and St. Joseph became the Patron Saint of the place. However, in 1737 the settlers decided to leave the settlement because it is always devastated by typhoons, and continuous pestilence of their livestock was observed. The settlers transferred to a new high level site and named it Casborran. Then in 1747, the barrio became an independent town.
Peace and harmony was broken in 1758 due to dissension and disagreement among the inhabitants which was then governed by Don Antonio Nicolas. This led to the migration of some natives to another barrio together with Don Nicolas, although some disengaged their support to the latter and returned to Casborran town soon thereafter. This event prompted Don Antonio Nicolas to return to Pangasinan and engaged the service of a rebel group in San Carlos names “Palaris”. These rebels went to Casborran town, burned the whole town and looted all pocessions of the inhabitants. Later on the inhabitants came out from their hiding place and rebuilt the town again. In 1764, Don Antonio dela Cruz was elected Gobernadorcillo, however peace and unity in the town has not yet been achieved. The town was in chaos that ultimately led to its reversion into a barrio and the descendants of Suyang migrated to Bani. A few years later, Lord Delegate Don Jose de Cervantes visited the province and made his own observation of the place that prompted him to decide that the barrio should be immediately transferred to a new site which is now known as the Alaminos. Ultimately, tranquility among the inhabitants was restored.
Nevertheless, the inhabitants renamed the barrio to Salapsap or Sarapsap which means river cascade. The land was rebuilt with chapel, convent, tribunal house and a school building. In 1840, the first stone Church was built. By the turn of the 19th century, Salapsap became a progressive town in north of Zambales. Then in 1872, under the leadership of Captain Domingo Montemayor, Sarapsap was renamed to Alaminos in honor of the then Governor-General of the Philippines, Lieutenant Governor-General Alaminos.
The administrative land area of Alaminos is 166.23 square kilometers or 14, 486.144 which consists of Forest Lands, Fishpond, coastline, and roads.
The current population of Alaminos City is 73,448 people in 15,527 households. The predominant language used is Ilocano and Panggalatok, followed by Tagalog.
COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY
The City is now a booming trade, commercial and educational center of Western Pangasinan because of its strategic location, abundant natural resources and the most famous tourist attraction, Hundred Islands National Park. With these advantages it attracted more investors and helped in the economic development of the city.
There are two pronounced seasons in Alaminos, the dry season from months of November to April and wet season during the rest of the months. Maximum rainfall happens in August, and the average temperature is 27.91ºC.
The main temperature of the city is 27.92, the highest temperature occurs in the months of April and May
with 30°C, and the lowest is 26°C during December, January and Friday.
ARTS & CULTURE
Priceless customs, beliefs and crafts are well valued by the people of Alaminos such as the following customary celebrations:
Agri-Trade Fair – This festivity showcases the best of Alaminos products from various native delicacies such as Alaminos longanisa, grilled bangus belly, unique binungey and oyster nuggets.
City and Barangay Fiestas – This is a weeklong celebration that starts on March 17 and highlights various fun-filled activities such as concerts of famous artists, beauty pageants and sports competitions.
Flores De Mayo (Flowers of May) – This starts with the traditional Novena for nine days, in honor of the Virgin Mary followed by Santacruzan in celebration of the Holy Cross. Loveliest Alaminos ladies are selected to participate in the late afternoon procession that often stretches into evening wearing elegant gowns.
Hundred Islands Festival – This Festival is the most anticipated event in Alaminos City, showcasing sky diving competition, skills Olympics or island adventure race, inviting the thrill-seeking foreign and local tourists. Aqua products and seafood cuisine are also displayed and restaurants prepare sumptuous menus.
Moro-Moro or Zarzuela – This is a traditional musical play that presents the rich history or colorful origin of the city during the Spanish regime.
Senakulo – This is celebrated during Lenten season, re-enacting the Savior’s death together with a solemn parade.
Talaba Festival –The Oyster Festival is one of the seafood specialties in the city. People can be found cheering the contestants in an oyster-shucking contest or cooking showdown. There is also a beauty pageant and some performances of local bands.
Alaminos City is well known for its bangus production, Pancit miki, quality snow-white salt, rattan and bamboo craft industries.
Visitors can immerse one self in a wide array of delectable cuisines and dishes such as the steamy bowl of pinakbet or a binungey topped with sugar. Have a taste of the
seafoods in the restaurants dotting the wharf, as well as the native cakes sold abundantly in the city market. Other foods and delicacies to savor for are longanisa, patupat, suman, talaba, bangus, sila-sila, seaweeds, bagoong (Alaminos style).
Roman Catholic is the main religion in Alaminos City; the city’s main church is St. Joseph Cathedral.
LIST OF “BARANGAYS” (or communities)
The City has 39 barangays:
Tourists can enjoy a variety of adventures to choose from in Alaminos City. One can certainly snorkel and scuba dive in turquoise waters or explore the many seductive coves of the Hundred Islands National Park. Visitors can also see extraordinary formations of the Umbrella Rock in Sabangan. Other site attractions are:
This beach is situated 10 kilometers from the city proper. It is a famous weekend destination and getaway for families and friends. This beach is horseshoe-shaped and has shallow waters. The beach also provides wooden sheds and cottages, complete with picnic tables and videoke equipment for all-out entertainment.
Visitors can marvel the ten caves that have been identified and is located at the Hundred Islands.
The Hundred Islands National Park is also a home to the fragile and diverse jewels of Coral Reefs. These corals also protect the 123 islets coast from the impact of waves. Divers and snorkelers can surely enjoy this adventure. However due to dynamite and cyanide fishing some of the coral reefs have started to deplete and become endangered, but with the concerted effort of the localities rehabilitation and restoration has been done by planting artificial reefs in some parts of the park. Just like the natural reefs, they will serve as vital breeding grounds for the sea creatures, so they could again flourish and replenish the Park’s resources. The City is committed in securing the protection of these new treasures.
HUNDRED ISLANDS NATIONAL PARK
This park covers an area of 1,844 hectares and the Islands are believed to be two million years old. The Islets scattered in Lingayen Gulf are numbered to 124 at low tide, and 123 when high tide. Be mesmerized by the beauty of this park and the white sand of its islets.
TAKLOBOS OR GIANT CLAMS
The Giant Clams or locally known Taklobos is regarded as the world’s largest bivalve mollusks which extends over a meter and can weigh over 225 kg. The massive size is a magnificent attraction to visiting tourists who dive or snorkel in the area. These Clams are also endangered and through a concerted effort established by the University of the Philippines Marine Science Institute (UPMSI), they started replanting clams in some parts of the park which is strictly protected and prohibited from divers or snorkelers in those areas.
Five Star bus line have trips 24/7 bound for Manila and Victory Liner have late night scheduled trips all bound for Cubao. Bolinao town proper on the other hand is a 45minute to 1-hour ride from Alaminos City. | <urn:uuid:cc3703f3-3161-48ed-9add-e61cf212cdd4> | {
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Biography of the Italian composer Alessandro Scarlatti by Rosalind Halton
Contributor: Rosalind Halton
No Italian baroque composer produced more varied or more vividly singable music in his time than Alessandro Scarlatti. A compulsive worker, driven perhaps by the poverty of his childhood in famine-stricken Sicily, he made an early success as an opera composer in Rome, gaining the favour and protection of Queen Cristina of Sweden. With both his sisters giving rise to scandal and gossip, Alessandro and other members of his family left Rome in 1684 for Naples, where he took up the position of maestro di cappella at the vice-regal Court. A year later, in 1685, his most famous son, Domenico, was born. More successful operas followed, but Scarlatti was equally involved in the more intimate genre of the cantata.
By 1700 political instability at the court in Naples led him to look elsewhere, first to Prince Ferdinando de’ Medici in 1702. He received a few opera contracts – resulting in the composition of the operas he regarded as his best (Lucio Manlio, and Il Gran Tamerlano). These lost works are the subject of a fascinating correspondence between composer and his patron. But Florence did not offer him long-term work and Rome became his base again, with employment at San Maria Maggiore. In 1706 he was at the peak of his activity in Rome, and was elected to the Arcadian Academy, one of few musicians to be so honoured, along with Corelli and Pasquini.
Above all, Rome offered Scarlatti the opportunity to develop the cantata and the serenata. Opera was banned altogether by Papal ordinance during much of his time in Rome. But the existence of the Accademia Arcadiana and the regular conversazioni of the Roman artistic patrons, Cardinals Ottoboni and Pamphili, and Prince Ruspoli, regularly brought together poets and musicians, with a sophisticated audience in an environment that encouraged subtlety and experimentation.
Rome in 1707 and 1708 was also the scene for Handel’s many triumphs in oratorio and cantata. Nothing is documented on the subject, but maybe it is no coincidence that he left Rome soon after Handel’s extended visit. 1707 saw Scarlatti in Venice, with a new opera, and a visit to Urbino followed, where he composed a number of chamber duets on pastoral themes. Towards the end of 1708 he accepted the Austrian Vice-Roy’s invitation to return to his position in Naples, taking the place of Francesco Mancini, who had served in Scarlatti’s prolonged absence. In 1716 he received the honour of a knighthood from Pope Clement XI.
From works like his Regole per Principianti, a treatise on figured bass, it seems that Scarlatti was active as a teacher; the German composers Quantz and Hasse were among those who sought him out. His last opera, Griselda composed for Rome in 1721, shows great spirit and energy, as does the cantata, Là dove a Mergellina dated 1725, the year of his death.
Studies of composers usually stress the large-scale works – the operas and oratorios – but with Alessandro Scarlatti it is in the cantatas that we see his most perfectly realised and imaginative music. He excelled in the art of the soliloquy and the duet, in detailed imagery, in dialogue between voice and instruments – all features that find unrivalled outlet in his cantatas.
Rosalind Halton 2000. | <urn:uuid:1f2fcc58-0c94-4dfb-b514-1e5845a75d3f> | {
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Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 - August 2, 1923) was the twenty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1921 until his death from a heart attack, aged 57, in 1923. A Republican from Ohio, Harding was an influential newspaper publisher. He served in the Ohio Senate (1899-1903) and later as Lieutenant Governor of Ohio (1903-1905) and as a U.S. Senator (1915-1921)
Medical practitioner who is regarded as the father of medicine
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High School Social Studies
The High School Social Studies curriculum emphasizes instruction in Maryland’s core learning goals for Social Studies - History, Geography, Economics, Political Systems and Peoples and Nations of the World. The WCPS curriculum is built on the foundations of Maryland’s State Curriculum. Teachers utilize reading, discussion, writing and participation in various Social Studies skillsets, such as collaborative problem solving, visual discovery and experiential activities in order to challenge and engage students while increasing their understanding of history, politics, geography, economics and culture.
Social Studies instruction is founded in a common philosophy guided by district-wide PreK-12 Transfer Goals:
- Transfer Goal 1: Formulate investigations using multiple sources of information to address a question, form an opinion, or to solve a problem.
- Transfer Goal 2: Apply the relevance of historical lessons to a given situation, problem, or challenge.
- Transfer Goal 3:Apply knowledge of political and social structures to actively participate as an informed global citizen.
- Transfer Goal 4: Communicate and support ideas effectively to address a particular audience and purpose.
In High School Social Studies, students must complete the following required courses for graduation:
9th Grade: United States Studies II
10th Grade: Local, State and National Government
The Government High School Assessment is administered at the conclusion of the Local, State and National Government class. As a graduation requirement, students must pass this exam to earn a Maryland state diploma.
Find More Information about the Government High School Assessment at: http://marylandpublicschools.org/NR/rdonlyres/841ABD3D-FC95-47AB-BB74-BD3C85A1EFB8/30756/FS1_2011.pdf
11th Grade: World History
Find more detailed course information, including information about AP and elective courses, through the High School Program of Studies.
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An innovative UCF scientist has helped land two NIH grants totaling $5.5 million, the University of Central Florida announced Friday. The National Institutes of Health funding will be used to research a better treatment for hemophilia, the life-threatening blood disorder.
UCF microbiologist Henry Daniell will share the award with his colleagues at University of Florida, who will collaborate on the project. One five-year grant for $3.5 million will go toward treating hemophilia A, and a second four-year grant for $2 million will go toward treating hemophilia B. Both research projects involve developing a safer, far less expensive way of treating the disease.
Competition for NIH funding is stiff these days, said Daniell, principle investigator on the project. "Only five percent of the projects put before the 35-member NIH panel got funded. So everyone had to think this was great."
A blood disorder in which a person lacks the proteins necessary to make blood clot, hemophilia affects 20,000 Americans, mostly male, according to estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The inherited blood disorder affects one in 5,000 males, putting them at greater risk of spontaneous bleeding.
An injectable protein replacement is available, but more than half of all hemophiliacs develop allergic reactions to the protein, said Daniell. "If the body doesn't mesh with the protein replacement, it develops an immune reaction that is highly toxic and can be fatal."
To get around that, UCF and UF scientists are encasing the protein in genetically engineered plant material, and creating capsules that patients swallow. When delivered to the gut this way, the body tolerates the protein and doesn't fight it off.
Besides being life threatening, the current protein treatment is also expensive and must be provided in a hospital. Costs can reach up to $1 million over a patient's lifetime, according to the National Hemophilia Foundation. The plant-wrapped protein pills would be inexpensive, have a long shelf life and could be taken at home.
Daniell, who has spent the past decade developing vaccines grown inside genetically engineered lettuce, is also working on a polio vaccine that can be delivered this way for just pennies apiece. That project has been funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which plans to bring the vaccine to third-world countries.
On the hemophilia project, Daniell is working with UF professor Roland Herzog, whom he mentored. "The collaboration has an excellent chance of developing treatments that improve the lives of people with hemophilia and lower health care costs," said Herzog.
Their research was featured last year in the journal of the National Academy of Sciences.
Once the polio pill vaccine is available, the pill for hemophiliacs will be right behind it, Daniell said. He expects the hemophilia pill to be on the market within the next five years.
[email protected] or 407-420-5158 | <urn:uuid:f555c981-c638-492c-98d1-79f0bf54fce8> | {
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Muslims worldwide are currently in the midst of observing Ramadan. But just what, exactly, is Ramadan?
Ramadan is well known as the famous month-long fast of Islam. But Ramadan is actually also the proper name of a specific month in the Islamic calendar. Just as September is the name of the ninth month of the Western calendar, so Ramadan is the name of the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.
And yes, the calendar month of Ramadan is the month during which Muslims fast, from sunrise until sunset, every single day throughout the entire month. This is not considered optional, but is regarded as a compulsory religious duty (it is one of the so-called “Five Pillars of Islam,” each of which is incumbent upon all Muslims to abide by).
The month of September always runs 30 days. However, the month of Ramadan, like all months in the Islamic calendar, may run either 29 or 30 days. Islam follows a lunar calendar, according to which each successive new month does not technically begin until the first sighting of the crescent moon, just after sunset, on the last day of the previous month; the new month then runs for 29 or 30 days, depending upon when the next crescent moon is sighted (which in turn marks the beginning of the following month in the calendar).
This introduces a brief variable of uncertainty which makes it impossible to precisely predict, in advance, just exactly when a given month is going to end or begin; it also means that when months begin and end may vary slightly from location to location (from Muslim country to Muslim country).
This method of calculating months also means that the Islamic year ends up being 10 or 11 days shorter than a Western calendar year. In contrast to the Gregorian solar calendar followed by the West, with its 12 months of 365 days per year, Islam’s lunar calendar has 12 months of only 354 or 355 days per year. This means that its months are not locked in fixed synch with the seasons of the year, but instead fall 10 or 11 days earlier each year than they did in the previous year; as this creeping drift gradually accumulates year after year, Islamic calendar months slowly cycle their way back through each season, as the calendar years pile up.
Unlike the month of September, then, the month of Ramadan does not always fall at the beginning of autumn. Some years it might, making for a comparatively more pleasant or manageable fasting experience; in other years, however, Ramadan may fall at the peak of summer, with long and hot days making the daily fasting particularly challenging.
This is one of those years, with Ramadan currently falling during the Western calendar’s hot summer month of July. Last year (2011), Ramadan fell in August; this year (2012), Ramadan began at sunset on either Friday, July 20, or Saturday, July 21, depending on where you are (as described above, the beginning of any given month can vary, since it depends upon when the crescent moon is first spotted in the sky at any given location, or in any given Muslim country). And it began at sunset because Islam, like Judaism, regards sunset (not sunrise, and not midnight) as marking the “official start” of each new day.
What’s so special about the month of Ramadan? Well, it’s regarded by Muslims as the holiest month in the entire Islamic calendar. It was during the month of Ramadan that Muhammad first began to receive the divine revelations that would then continue for the remaining 23 years of his life, and which would subsequently be compiled by his followers as the holy Quran (or Koran), which Muslims revere as the actual, literal Word of God.
Fasting during Ramadan means no eating, no drinking (not even water), and no sexual relations from dawn till dusk. Fasting is not required of children until puberty, and health-based exceptions to the month-long fast are permitted for illness, old age, pregnancy, and similar recognized extenuating circumstances (although in some such cases, missed fast days must be made up later, where possible).
In addition to fasting, Ramadan is also a month of increased worship and prayer, reading and recitation of the Quran, religious devotion and spiritual reflection, self-examination and charity to the poor. It is said that the spiritual rewards reaped for such intensive extra efforts during Ramadan are greatly multiplied.
The daily fast is broken at sunset with an evening meal known as iftar. Often a community meal, iftar is frequently a chance for social gathering and religious fellowship throughout Ramadan.
So, depending upon where you are in the world (and depending when the first sighting occurred of the new crescent moon which signaled the start of the month), Ramadan began this year on or about July 20; it will run for 29 or 30 days, ending on or around August 18 (again, its actual length will depend upon when the new crescent moon is again sighted, marking the end of the month of Ramadan and the start of the following Islamic calendar month).
Each year, the entire month-long fast of Ramadan concludes with the festive annual celebration of Eid al-Fitr, a big fast-breaking feast and one of the Islamic calendar’s major holidays (it actually stretches over three days).
On July 20, President Barack Obama issued the following statement:
“On behalf of the American people, Michelle and I extend our warmest wishes to Muslim Americans, and Muslims around the world, at the start of Ramadan. For Muslims, Ramadan is a time of fasting, prayer, and reflection — a time of joy and celebration. It’s a time to cherish family, friends, and neighbors, and to help those in need.
“This year, Ramadan holds special meaning for those citizens in the Middle East and North Africa who are courageously achieving democracy and self-determination, and for those who are still struggling to achieve their universal rights. The United States continues to stand with those who seek the chance to decide their own destiny, to live free from fear and violence, and to practice their faith freely. Here in the United States, Ramadan reminds us that Islam is part of the fabric of our Nation, and that from public service to business, from healthcare and science to the arts, Muslim Americans help strengthen our country and enrich our lives.
“Even as Ramadan holds profound meaning for the world’s 1.5 billion Muslims, it is also a reminder to people of all faiths of our common humanity and the commitment to justice, equality, and compassion shared by all great faiths. In that spirit, I wish Muslims across America and around the world a blessed month, and I look forward to again hosting an iftar dinner [the daily fast-breaking meal observed each evening during Ramadan] here at the White House. Ramadan Kareem.”
Ramadan Kareem means something like “Ramadan is generous.” This traditional expression reflects a sentiment of thanksgiving for the generous blessings that one has received, while also serving as a reminder that one should be generous in return. | <urn:uuid:87c43e0c-8a81-4aae-82b8-d926ddd2d3d7> | {
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Reintroducing Wolves into National Parks Could Restore Ecosystems
Photograph courtesy of the National Park Service
In a landscape empty of a critical carnivore, parts of Yellowstone National Park became denuded, its greenery eaten by elk, its biodiversity diminished. Then in 1995, wildlife managers reintroduced gray wolves to restore the population and found that their presence actually benefited the environment around them. Successful examples like that are the basis for a new paper in BioScience in which the authors propose that national park officials reintroduce managed wolf packs on conserved land in order to restore damaged habitats.
"The pros, the benefits, would far outweigh the negatives," says lead author Daniel Licht, a wildlife biologist with the National Park Service. “We have these ecosystems that are in dire need of wolves, and we think that the debate now should say, 'Consider reintroducing wolves even when the population is not viable or self-sustaining.'”
Wolves eat ungulates like elk and deer, reducing their numbers. The mere existence of wolves in the same ecosystem also creates what biologists call an “ecology of fear,” so ungulates spend less time eating in one place. As a result, trees and shrubs come back and there’s more biodiversity. In Yellowstone, researchers saw that open fields became more vegetated when they reintroduced wolves. Wolves also increase biodiversity by providing food for scavengers and influencing the way that coyotes behave.
The benefits aren’t limited to the environment. “Wolves in Yellowstone National Park increased visitation and ecotourism spending by $35 million in 2005,” Licht and his four co-authors write in the paper. Having the predators in the park could make visitors more appreciative of the wild environs and give them a thrill when they hear a howl or see another wolf sign.
The populations wouldn’t be self-sustaining, they say, and could be managed with GPS, contraception, and surgery—a potentially less expensive and energy intensive alternative to ungulate fertility control. People overseeing the project could erect fences, eliminating predation on livestock and animals, and protecting people.
Yet wolf reintroduction and protection remains a polarizing issue, despite the fact that biologically predators are a vital part of a healthy, natural ecosystem. “We need to go through the planning process and look at the alternatives and weigh all of the pros and cons,” says Licht. “Every place is going to be different, but we think this concept warrants more serious discussion than it’s been given in the past.”
If someone had mentioned reintroducing wolves into Yellowstone 50 years ago, he wouldn’t have been taken seriously, says Licht. Now that wildlife biologists know how wolves benefit the environment and the public, reintroducing them in more national parks could be the next step for ecosystem management, write the authors. “While the use of wolves for ecosystem restoration and stewardship on small natural areas will not be a panacea, it will move all of these areas closer to true and meaningful biodiversity conservation.” | <urn:uuid:c3d1fe13-6615-40cf-b1ec-a3110f649202> | {
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How Could Fish Survive Noah's Flood?
by John D. Morris, Ph.D.
As a creationist geologist, I enjoy speculating about Noah's Flood and its geologic results. If such a flood took place, it would have laid down multiple layers of mud full of the remains of plants and animals which died in the Flood. These layers would be widespread (since the Flood was global) and give evidence of having been laid down rapidly.
While we can't be certain of the exact nature of the Flood, it certainly involved tsunamis (sometimes called tidal waves)—incredibly energetic shock waves in the ocean, traveling at the speed of sound, which pummeled the land with towering walls of water. Likewise, it involved underwater mudflows, which even today are known to flow at up to 100 miles per hour, following an underwater earthquake or other disturbance. Volcanism, tectonism, erosion, redeposition, etc., occurred at rates, scales, and intensities far beyond similar processes occurring today.
The Flood was not only an episode of judgment, it was also a time of God's grace and salvation. Noah and his family, and two representatives of each "kind" of land-dwelling, air-breathing animal (seven of each "clean" kind), were protected and preserved on board Noah's Ark. Outside, "all in whose nostrils was the breath of life, of all that was in the dry land, died" (Genesis 7:22).
But what about the fish and other marine creatures? Obviously, they weren't taken on board the Ark. How could they survive, particularly both fresh and salt water forms? As a matter of fact, most of them didn't survive. Over 95 percent of all fossils are marine creatures. They died, and are fossilized, by the trillions. Many are buried in great fossil graveyards, tightly packed together, choked with sediments, buried before they had time to decay. Obviously, they didn't live in the environment in which they died. But how could any have survived?
In the complex of events and conditions that made up the Flood, certainly there were pockets of fresh and/or clean water at any one time. Remember, it was raining in torrents, and we can expect that the rain was fairly fresh water. Many studies have shown that waters of various temperatures, chemistries, and sediment loads do not tend to mix; they tend to remain segregated into zones. It would be unlikely for any one area to retain such zones for very long during the tumult of the Flood, but on a worldwide scale, some such segregated zones would have existed at any given time. Furthermore, we don't know the tolerance levels of pre-Flood fish for sediment, salt, and temperature. Modern fish have a great variety of responses to different environments. Perhaps before the Flood, fish were even more adaptable.
There is also the possibility that great amounts of vegetation were dislodged from the pre-Flood continents and remained intertwined during the Flood as floating mats. Many creationists feel that the decay and abrasion of these mats are responsible for our major coal seams, but underneath these mats, the turbulence of the surface would have been lessened. Perhaps many fish found shelter and nutrition under them, as insects may have, on the mats themselves.
Even though there is much we don't know about what went on during the Flood, we can see that there is at least a plausible answer that can be proposed to such questions.
* Dr. John Morris is the President of the Institute for Creation Research.
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Vital Stats:Dog Breed Group: Working Dogs
Height: 1 foot, 5 inches to 1 foot, 8 inches tall at the shoulder
Weight: 30 to 50 pounds
Life Span: 13 to 16 years
The Standard Schnauzer is a medium-size dog who inspired early breeders to develop two more breeds who look just like him — the Miniature Schnauzer and the Giant Schnauzer.
It's no wonder breeders wanted to duplicate this dog in different sizes for different needs. Standard Schnauzers are not only highly intelligent and excellent family companions, they're uniquely handsome, even aristocratic, in appearance. Renowned for their guarding abilities and devotion to their families, they're also often described as a dog with a human brain.
Squarely built, these dogs have stiff, wiry coats that shed little with minimal "doggy" odor. A hallmark of the breed is the face furnishings, which include arched eyebrows and a bristly mustache and beard. The high-set ears are carried erect when cropped but are otherwise V-shaped, carried forward with the inner edge of the ear close to the cheek.
Standard Schnauzers typically carry themselves with a great deal of self-importance. They are agile and athletic, and excel in performance sports such as agility, tracking and herding. Highly versatile, they're good hunters and have been used as retrievers both on land and in the water. They're also excellent herders of sheep and cattle, one of their original jobs as an all-around farm dog. In fact, many Standard Schnauzers have earned American Kennel Club (AKC) herding titles.
With their working dog heritage, they also make excellent watchdogs. Standard Schnauzers are territorial, quick to bark at any disturbance. They have a deep bark that sounds as though it should come from a much larger dog and are vigorous in carrying out their watchdog duties.
Their personality is sometimes mischievous, always clever, and inevitably dignified. They learn quickly and want to please, which makes them great therapy dogs. And when socialized with children, they make an excellent and affectionate companion for the younger members of the family.
The Standard Schnauzer's highly developed senses, intelligence, trainability, courage, stamina, and resistance to adverse conditions have found many a place in a field that most would not expect — search and rescue. Many of the Standards have proven to be exceedingly good at this important work, and their smaller size enables them to search in areas that larger dogs can't reach.
Standard Schnauzers do have strong personalities, and can be stubborn. They have an uncanny way of determining your weaknesses and will take advantage of you whenever possible. If you're not careful, they'll rule the household; this is a breed that requires consistent and firm guidance from owners.
With all of his innate skills and exceptional good looks, is it any wonder breeders felt one size was not enough? As the original model for both the Miniature and Giant Schnauzers, Standards are truly the foundation of a great legacy in dogs.
- Standard Schnauzers are intelligent, but they can be stubborn. This can sometimes make them difficult to housetrain. Crate-training is recommended.
- Standard Schnauzers are protective of their homes and families. While they generally don't bark without good reason, they will bark if they sense anything is threatening their homes and families.
- Standard Schnauzers are highly intelligent and become bored with repetitive tasks. They thrive on varied activities and exercise. Make sure you give your Standard Schnauzer both or he could become destructive and ill-tempered.
- Because of their intelligence and self-assurance, Standard Schnauzers will capitalize on any weaknesses in their people and could start "ruling the roost." Be consistent with your Standard Schnauzer, and make sure he knows you are the alpha dog in your house.
- When training, do not use harsh methods, which could make your Standard Schnauzer resentful.
- Schnauzers can be suspicious of strangers, including guests, until they know they are accepted by the family.
- Standard Schnauzers have a great deal of energy and require adequate exercise each day to prevent them from using that energy in destructive ways.
- Because one of their many jobs has been to catch rats, Standard Schnauzers should not be trusted with small, furry family pets, such as hamsters, guinea pigs, and gerbils. Most Standard Schnauzers seem to tolerate sharing their homes with cats, however, especially if they have been introduced to them at an early age.
- Standard Schnauzers are curious and fearless — a dangerous combination if you allow your dog to run off-leash in unfenced areas.
- Never buy a Standard Schnauzer from a puppy mill, a pet store, or a breeder who doesn't provide health clearances or guarantees. Look for a reputable breeder who tests her breeding dogs to make sure they're free of genetic diseases that they might pass onto the puppies and who breeds for sound temperaments.
The Standard Schnauzer has a long history in his homeland of Germany. Based on paintings by Renaissance artists Rembrandt and Albrecht Durer, as well as a tapestry created in 1501 by Lucas Cranach the Elder, it's evident dogs of this type have existed for several centuries.
Schnauzers were used to guard farm families and livestock, herd cattle and sheep, get rid of vermin, and protect their owners as they traveled to market.
German breeders took an interest in standardizing this breed in the mid-1800s. At that time, crosses were made with the gray Wolfspitz and black German Poodles to produce the distinctive texture and color of the breed's hair. At around the same time, Standard Schnauzers were crossed with other breeds to develop first the Miniature Schnauzer and later, the Giant Schnauzer.
In their early years and until the late 1800s, Standard Schnauzers were called Wirehaired Pinschers. They were first exhibited at the Third German International Show in Hanover in 1879, and the first-prize winner was a dog named Schnauzer. A breed standard was written in 1880 and the first specialty show was held at Stuttgart in 1890 with an entry of 93 dogs.
By 1900, the breed was becoming known as the Schnauzer, thought to be both a reference to the breed's unique muzzle (for which the German word is schnauze), which sports a beard and mustache, and to the name of the first winner in the show ring. The Bavarian Schnauzer Klub was formed in Munich in 1907.
During World War I, the dogs were used to carry dispatches and aid Red Cross workers. They were also used in Germany for police work.
Records indicate that some Standard Schnauzers were brought to the U.S. in the early 1900s by families who immigrated here, and by world travelers who fell in love with the breed in Germany. The breed wasn't imported in great numbers, however, until after World War I.
The Schnauzer Club of America was formed in 1925. In 1933, the club split to form the Standard Schnauzer Club of America (SSCA) and the American Miniature Schnauzer Club.
At first, the breed was classified as a terrier in the U.S., which is how the Miniature Schnauzer continues to be organized. But Germans always regarded the Schnauzer as a working dog. So in 1945, the AKC reclassified the Standard Schnauzer and placed it in the Working group. Today, the Standard Schnauzer ranks 99th among the 155 breeds and varieties recognized by the AKC.
Males are ideally between 18 to 20 inches high at the shoulder and generally weigh 35 to 50 pounds. Females are ideally between 17 and 19 inches high at the shoulder and generally weigh 30 to 45 pounds.
The dignified Standard Schnauzer has above-average intelligence and is inquisitive, creative, and sometimes stubborn in the way he thinks. It takes an equally intelligent and creative person to stay a step ahead of him and you'll need to train him with firmness and consistency.
The Standard is affectionate and protective of family members. He's territorial and will alert you to the presence of strangers with a deep bark. Once you welcome someone into your home, however, he'll accept them as well. He loves to be the center of attention.
As with every dog, Standard Schnauzers need early socialization — exposure to many different people, sights, sounds, and experiences — when they're young. Socialization helps ensure that your Standard Schnauzer puppy grows up to be a well-rounded dog.
Standard Schnauzers have very few health problems. Nonetheless it's recommended that all breeding dogs be radiographed (x-rayed) clear of hip dysplasia and tested annually for eye disease. A breeder should be able to show you health clearances for both parents from the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals for hips and certification from the Canine Eye Registry Foundation (CERF) that the eyes are normal.
The Standard Schnauzer is an adaptable dog and can live as comfortably in a city apartment as on a country farm, provided he gets enough exercise each day. Whatever his environment, he should live in the home with his people. A fenced yard is highly recommended for these dogs, who has been known to jump a six-foot fence.
The Standard Schnauzer needs at least an hour of vigorous activity every day. He's a high-energy dog, and should be walked briskly a minimum of three times a day, about 20 minutes each time. Or you could take him for two half-hour walks. Other good forms of exercise for this breed include swimming, playing fetch or Frisbee, and hiking.
Begin training when your Standard Schnauzer is young, and continue to reinforce lessons throughout his life. He requires a trainer who's patient, firm, and consistent and he responds best to positive reinforcement techniques such as food rewards, praise, and play.
Although he's intelligent and wants you to be happy, his idea of how things should be may outweigh any desire to please.
Recommended daily amount: 1 to 2 cups of a high-quality dog food daily, divided into two meals.
How much your adult dog eats depends on his size, age, build, metabolism, and activity level. Dogs are individuals, just like people, and they don't all need the same amount of food. It almost goes without saying that a highly active dog will need more than a couch potato dog.
The quality of dog food you buy also makes a difference — the better the dog food, the further it will go toward nourishing your dog and the less of it you'll need to shake into your dog's bowl.
Keep your Standard Schnauzer in good shape by measuring his food and feeding him twice a day rather than leaving food out all the time. If you're unsure whether he's overweight, give him the eye test and the hands-on test.
First, look down at him. You should be able to see a waist. Then place your hands on his back, thumbs along the spine, with the fingers spread downward. You should be able to feel but not see his ribs without having to press hard. If you can't, he needs less food and more exercise.
Coat Color And Grooming
The Standard Schnauzer's outer coat is wiry, hard, and dense, with hairs that stand up from the skin. Beneath is a soft undercoat. On the back, the coat can be from 3/4 to 2 inches long.
People tend to like to keep the coat on the ears, head, neck, chest, stomach, and under the tail closely trimmed, which means frequent trips to a groomer. Over the eyes and on the muzzle, the hair is left longer to form the eyebrows and beard. The hair on the legs is longer than that on the body.
All furnishings (the longer hair on the head, legs, and tail) have a harsh texture. Soft, smooth, curly, wavy or shaggy hair that is too long or too short; an undercoat that is too sparse, and excessive or lack of furnishings are all considered faults in the show ring.
Standard Schnauzers may be either pepper and salt or pure black. The pepper and salt coloring is a combination of black and white hairs, and white hairs banded with black. Pepper and salt coloring can range from dark iron gray to silver gray.
Pepper and salt-colored Standard Schnauzers should have a gray undercoat, but a tan or fawn-colored undercoat is acceptable. It's also desirable for the facial mask to be darker and to complement the coat color. Sometimes, the pepper and salt colorations fades out to a light gray or silver white in the eyebrows, whiskers, cheeks, under the throat, across the chest, under the tail, and on the legs and belly.
Black Standard Schnauzers have a dark, rich color that isn't discolored or mixed with any gray or tan hairs. The undercoat should also be black. As the dog ages or if he's exposed to sunlight a great deal, the black may fade and become a bit discolored.
Standard Schnauzers require a lot of grooming to look their best. You'll need to brush the beard and legs daily to prevent tangles, and wash his face after every meal.
A Standard Schnauzer's coat usually must be hand-stripped every four to six months if you show your dog or like the look and feel of the proper coat, but pets can be clipped by your groomer. Be warned, however, that if his coat is clipped, instead of stripped, the texture will soften, and he'll shed more.
Other grooming needs include dental hygiene and nail care. Brush your Standard Schnauzer's teeth at least two or three times a week to remove tartar buildup and the accompanying bacteria. Daily is better.
Trim his nails once or twice a month, as needed. If you can hear the nail clicking on the floor, they're too long. Short nails keep the feet in good condition and won't scratch your legs when your Standard Schnauzer jumps up to greet you.
Begin accustoming your Standard Schnauzer to being brushed and examined when he's a puppy. Handle his paws frequently — dogs are touchy about their feet — and look inside his mouth and ears.
Make grooming a positive experience filled with praise and rewards, and you'll lay the groundwork for easy veterinary exams and other handling when he's an adult.
Children And Other Pets
Sturdy and energetic, Standard Schnauzers can be loyal and affectionate companions to children. They generally get along well with children of all ages, playing gently and kindly with younger ones.
Always teach children how to approach and touch dogs, and always supervise any interactions between dogs and young children to prevent any biting or ear or tail pulling on the part of either party. Teach your child never to approach any dog while he's sleeping or eating or to try to take the dog's food away. No dog, no matter how good-natured, should ever be left unsupervised with a child.
Standard Schnauzers aren't especially fond of unknown dogs and may be aggressive toward them, but they can get along well with dogs and cats they're raised with. Keep pet mice, rats, hamsters and similar pets safely away from him. His instinct to be a rat-catcher is still strong! | <urn:uuid:3ba07b01-2ae8-42fd-a5a3-92b8d01c145e> | {
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Most everyone feels “worn out” now and then from stress, lack of sleep, or just the pace of daily living. That’s normal. But when fatigue becomes prolonged or overwhelming, it could be a sign of serious illness.
You may have read or heard about chronic fatigue syndrome, called CFS for short. CFS typically starts as a sudden, flu-like condition. But instead of getting better, a person may develop a host of lingering symptoms including incapacitating fatigue, mild fever, swollen glands, sore throat, muscle weakness, headaches, dizziness or lightheadedness, difficulty in concentrating, confusion and depression. These symptoms may come and go, vary from mild to incapacitating and last for months or years.
CFS isn’t well understood. In fact, it was only first officially described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a branch of the federal government, in 1988. (CFS has gone by several names over the years, including chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome, chronic Epstein-Barr virus syndrome, chronic mononucleosis, myalgic encephalomyelitis and “yuppie flu.”) Theories about what causes it and how to treat it abound, but there are no clear-cut answers.
Further complicating matters is the fact that there is no conclusive laboratory test for CFS. That means doctors can arrive at a diagnosis of CFS only by ruling out a long list of other conditions that have similar symptoms.
To help doctors diagnose CFS, scientists associated with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have developed a detailed definition of the illness.
The major criteria are:
- Onset of persistent fatigue that doesn’t get better with bed rest and reduces daily activity by 50 percent for at least six months
- Fatigue not explained by another medical or psychiatric illness.
- Four or more of the following symptoms concurrently: substantial impairment in short-term memory or concentration; sore throat; tender lymph nodes; muscle pain; multi-joint pain without swelling or redness; headaches of a new type, pattern or severity; unrefreshing sleep; and postexertion malaise lasting more than 24 hours.
The symptoms must have persisted or recurred during six or more consecutive months of illness and must not have predated the fatigue.
How is CFS treated? Most doctors recommend that patients improve their general health and physical condition by eating a balanced diet, getting enough rest, gradually increasing regular exercise without overdoing it (strenuous activity can cause setbacks), cutting back on caffeine and alcohol, stopping smoking and avoiding stressful situations.
Taking medication for CFS has met with mixed results. Recent tests of antiviral drugs that boost the immune system have been inconclusive, working no better than placebos in some studies. Low doses of certain antidepressants, on the other hand, appear to be helpful.
If you feel tired all the time, don’t ignore it. The feeling could be a sign of CFS—or another serious illness. | <urn:uuid:b18adc8e-c845-4042-b060-bf0d8d17c7b4> | {
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Okay, so we don’t think the world is really going to end Friday. The end of the Mayan calendar is confusing, sure. Ominous? You bet. But we’ve made it through Y2K together, and Snowpocalypse, and Carmageddon, and countless other would-be apocalypses (apocali?).
Apocalyptic thinking can distract us from the very real problems that people and the planet are facing every day. From climate change to social justice issues, pollution, violence, heck, even the seemingly miniscule fact that your coworker is in a bad mood today are all more pressing than a distant daydream of disaster.
And imagining an apocalypse can push you into a mood of despair, which makes it hard to take practical measures to ensure you’ll be okay if something bad does happen. Don’t waste time being fearful that the end is nigh — take some time to get prepared so you can feel safe no matter what happens.
With the books below, you’ll be able to do just that. Prepare to make the best of it no matter what.
There’s never been a better time to “be prepared.” When Technology Fails is Matthew Stein’s comprehensive primer on sustainable living skills—from food and water to shelter and energy to first-aid and crisis-management skills.
The book prepares you to embark on the path toward sustainability. But unlike any other book, Stein not only shows you how to live “green” in seemingly stable times, but to live in the face of potential disasters, lasting days or years, coming in the form of social upheaval, economic meltdown, or environmental catastrophe.
In Matthew Stein’s newest book, When Disaster Strikes, he breaks down how to be prepared for specific disastrous events and the particular challenges they pose. Stein instructs you on the smartest responses to natural disasters—such as fires, earthquakes, hurricanes and floods—how to keep warm during winter storms, even how to protect yourself from attack or other dangerous situations. With this comprehensive guide in hand, you can be sure to respond quickly, correctly, and confidently when a crisis threatens.
Here at Chelsea Green, we’re not afraid to look at the dark side. Just in case it becomes abundantly clear that the world as we know it IS going to end, we hope you’ll have at least a few hours to prepare. Why not contemplate your demise with the help of a great book? Here are a couple we recommend.
Open the book one way, and read Tyler Volk’s essay on DEATH: What is shared by spawning Pacific salmon, towering trees, and suicidal bacteria? In his lucid and concise exploration of how and why things die, Tyler Volk explains the intriguing ways creatures—including ourselves—use death to actually enhance life.
. . . then flip the book over to read Dorion Sagan’s essay on SEX: In Sex, Dorion Sagan takes a delightful, irreverent, and informative romp through the science, philosophy, and literature of humanity’s most obsessive subject. A brief, wonderfully entertaining, highly literate foray into the origins and evolution of sex.
Join renowned essayist Edward Hoagland as he ponders the meaning of life, aging, and sex in his book, Sex and the River Styx. Called the best essayist of his time by luminaries like Philip Roth, John Updike, and Edward Abbey, Edward Hoagland brings readers his ultimate collection. In Sex and the River Styx, the author’s sharp eye and intense curiosity shine through in essays that span his childhood exploring the woods in his rural Connecticut, his days as a circus worker, and his travels the world over in his later years.
Don’t forget: during our Holiday Sale you can save 35% on every purchase. Just use the discount code CGFL12 when you check out!
Image credit Matthew Stevenson | <urn:uuid:168c359d-bb9a-4410-95f3-86b901586a7a> | {
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Kidney transplant may be recommended for patients with kidney failure caused by:
- severe, uncontrollable high blood pressure (hypertension)
- diabetes mellitus
- congenital abnormalities of the kidneys
- other diseases which cause renal failure, such as autoimmune disease
Donor kidneys are obtained from either brain-dead organ donors, or from living relatives or friends of the recipient. | <urn:uuid:568ed164-07cc-4391-b75b-e24f199d4aa9> | {
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Statistical methods for establishing equivalency of a sampling device to the OSHA standard.
Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 2002 Sep/Oct; 63(5):567-571
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations allow the use of an alternative sampling device for exposure monitoring provided the device has been demonstrated to be equivalent to the standard device. For example, the OSHA standard allows the use of an alternate cotton dust sampler that is equivalent to the Lumsden-Lynch vertical elutriator (VE); also, OSHA defines the accuracy of the monitoring device for measuring airborne chemicals such as benzene and sulfur dioxide. Typically, the OSHA criterion is that 90% of the readings of the sampling device should be within +/- 25% of the readings obtained by the standard device or within +/- 25% of the actual airborne chemical concentration. This article proposes two statistical tests for establishing that an alternative measuring device of airborne chemicals or dust is equivalent to the OSHA standard. The statistical tests are illustrated using an example.
Statistical-analysis; Epidemiology; Exposure-assessment; Risk-analysis; Sampling-equipment; Sampling-methods; Samplers; Cotton-dust
K. Krishnamoorthy, Department of Mathematics University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette, LA 70504
Research Tools and Approaches: Exposure Assessment Methods
American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
University of Maryland, Baltimore | <urn:uuid:cd253524-e614-4dd7-9a3d-0e2decbc916c> | {
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Two of the 19th century’s most notable minds meet in poet Enid Shomer’s debut novel, The Twelve Rooms of the Nile.
With a novel like this, you know there was a historical fact that provided the initial spark to your imagination. What was it?
The initial spark was learning that Flaubert and Nightingale traveled the Nile at the same time. I’m not talking about approximately the same time. They were towed from Cairo to the navigable part of the river through the Mahmoudieh Canal on the same boat. That day, Flaubert wrote a description in his journal of a woman in a “hideous green eyeshade,” and we know that Nightingale had such a contraption that she wore attached to her bonnet. Their itineraries throughout their Nile journeys were almost identical. It’s kind of a miracle that they didn’t meet!
Did you know a lot about Florence Nightingale and Flaubert before you started the novel? Do you think readers need to know about them before they read the novel?
I did not know a lot. My sense of Nightingale at the outset was based on Lytton Strachey’s book Eminent Victorians, which depicts Nightingale as a shrewish and eccentric control freak. (He claims she actually worked one of her friends to death.) The more I read about and by her, the more I came to reject this depiction. She was, for one thing, blessed with a fabulous wit, a virtue Strachey ignored completely. Other early biographers painted her in saintly sepia tones. I set out to find out who the real Nightingale was.
I knew that Flaubert was an important writer and I’d read many of his books, but I was unfamiliar with his life. His journals and letters were a revelation to me. And he, too, had a magnificent sense of humor.
Readers don’t need to know anything about either character before encountering them in my novel. For one thing, in 1850 they both were unknown, confused and upset about their futures, so any notion the reader may have of who they are doesn’t apply. They hadn’t yet done the deeds that would inscribe them into canonical history. She was 29; he was 28. They considered themselves failures. Part of the pleasure of the novel for the reader is taking the journey to self-discovery with them.
It’s hard to imagine Flaubert and Nightingale together, yet there are so many similarities regarding what stage they were in their lives. Did that surprise you?
Despite the obvious differences between Nightingale and Flaubert, I always intuited that they had something essential in common, and my faith in that connection was one of the driving forces behind the book.
Certainly on the surface the dissimilarities were huge, and not just to me. One scholar of the period I consulted told me that these two lived in different lobes of her brain despite being contemporaries, and that she had never thought of them in the same breath. Of course, it turned out that they had a tremendous number of things in common, for they shared the same general culture and came from similar social classes. They both rebelled against upper-middle-class European values, and perhaps most importantly, they were both geniuses.
You based the character of Trout, Nightingale’s maid, on the real life writings of a different 19th-century servant. Why did you do that and what do you think she adds to the novel?
As part of my research, I delved into the lives of Victorian servants. Also, the real-life Trout had disappeared into the vast bone-pile of history, so I had to make her up from scratch. The only clue I had was that she and Flo didn’t always get along, that there was friction in their relationship. Reading the historical servant’s journals helped me to shape a vocabulary and a love life for the fictional Trout.
To me, Trout is an especially endearing and important character. First of all, she is amusing as well as wise in her own way. We get to read parts of her journal and thus get another view of things, one that is often at odds with Nightingale’s. The class differences between them provide insights into Nightingale’s limitations as a would-be humanitarian and social thinker. Trout forces Nightingale to grow—by example and also by challenging her assumptions.
This is not your first foray into the life of historical person—I am thinking of your poem cycle about the first woman pilot to break the sound barrier, Jacqueline Cochran. Can you talk about the challenges of exploring a famous person’s life in prose versus poetry?
I began my writing career as a poet, but soon turned to writing short stories, and eventually, the novel. Though I wrote the Cochran poem-biography (Stars at Noon) in an attempt to deal with character through poetry, I believe that except for epic or book-length poems, poetry is not well-suited to exploring character, especially as it evolves over time. For me, poetry is primarily about language and metaphor, while fiction, though it, too, requires powerful language and metaphor, is essentially about time.
What did you discover about this time period or any of the characters that you couldn’t or chose not to add to the novel?
I learned a lot of surprising things about the period and my characters. For example, in the late Victorian Age, nearly one in four persons in England was a servant. There were juicy bits, too. Richard Monckton Milnes, the first biographer of Keats and the man Nightingale refused to marry, amassed the largest collection of pornography in England. (It is now housed in the British Library). He was also part of a group of prominent Victorian men who wrote pornography together as a hobby. They composed it round-robin style, and published under pseudonyms, always attributing their books to publishers in exotic locales—Constantinople, Cairo or Aleppo in Syria. Nightingale would not, I venture, have approved. I think she was right to refuse to marry Milnes. She would have been much better off with someone like Flaubert.
Have you been to Egypt and if not, did writing this make you want to visit?
I have never visited Egypt, though I have lived in two countries in the Middle East. Egypt is currently at the top of my travel list. I especially want to travel down the Nile.
What’s next for you?
I am currently working on a project that involves two stories: a contemporary one set in the early 1990s, and an historical one set in 1599. I love doing research, which, after all, is just focused reading and travel.
Read a review of The Twelve Rooms of the Nile. | <urn:uuid:686cce47-a090-4d22-b754-34c73cadb0b5> | {
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A new study has found that hydrogen sulfide gas levels in hog barns often reach levels that are dangerous to the health of workers, according to a report from the Prairie Swine Centre in Saskatchewan, Canada.
Researcher Stephane Lemay evaluated worker exposure to the potentially deadly gas while performing normal tasks such as pulling plugs to manure pits or power washing rooms.
She took measurements over two seasons in all parts of the barns. In many cases, the gas levels recorded were well above recommended maximum levels.
"We have measured from 50 to 200 parts per million (ppm) of hydrogen sulfide and in some cases we have exceeded the limit of the monitors," says Lemay. Monitors are able to monitor up to 1,000 ppm.
She advises the use of hydrogen sulfide monitors in hog buildings to apprise workers of the levels present when manure is handled.
For more information, click on www.prairieswine.com. | <urn:uuid:efc0cb03-b0ef-4bc7-8fa0-fcf7a9ab9dc8> | {
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97% of the Pakistani Population
|Regions with significant populations|
|Majority in all Provinces|
Islam in Pakistan
|Schools of law|
|Schools of thought|
|Sects in Pakistan|
|Mosques in Pakistan|
Part of a series on
Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In the 1998 census, it found 97% of the total population were Muslims, and in 2007 at 97% and out of Muslim population (Sunni 75%, Shi'a 20%, Ahmadi 1.42%). The estimated population of Muslims of Pakistan in 2009 is 175,376,000. Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The majority of Muslims in Pakistan are Sunnis, and the Shi'a Muslim population is the second largest in the world after Iran, more than 50 million.
Islam arrived in the area now known as Pakistan in 711 CE, when the Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir, this was due to the fact that Raja Dahir had given refuge to numerous Zorostrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of Iran. Mohummad Bin Qasim's army was defeated in his first thee attempts. The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea. The arrival of the Arab Muslims to the provinces of Sindh and Punjab, along with subsequent Muslim dynasties, set the stage for the religious boundaries of South Asia that would lead to the development of the modern state of Pakistan as well as forming the foundation for Islamic rule which quickly spread across much of South Asia. Following the rule of various Islamic empires, including the Ghaznavid Empire, the Ghorid kingdom, and the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals controlled the region from 1526 until 1739. Muslim technocrats, bureaucrats, soldiers, traders, scientists, architects, teachers, theologians and Sufis flocked from the rest of the Muslim world to Islamic Sultanate and Mughal Empire in South Asia and in the land that became Pakistan.
Sufism has a strong tradition in Pakistan. The Muslim Sufi missionaries played a pivotal role in converting the millions of native people to Islam. As in other areas where Sufis introduced it, Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. The Naqshbandiya, Qadiriya, Chishtiya and Suhrawardiyya silsas havea a large following in Pakistan. Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Data Ganj Baksh (Ali Hajweri) in Lahore (ca. 11th century), Baha-ud-din Zakariya in Multan and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan (ca. 12th century). and Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai in Bhit, Sindh and Rehman Baba in North-West Frontier Province.
The Muslim poet-philosopher Sir Allama Muhammad Iqbal first proposed the idea of a Muslim state in northwestern South Asia in his address to the Muslim League at Allahabad in 1930. His proposal referred to the four provinces of Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, and the NorthWest Frontier -- essentially what would became Pakistan. Iqbal's idea gave concrete form to two distinct nations in the South Asia based on religion (Islam and Hinduism) and with different historical backgrounds, social customs, cultures, and social mores.
Islam was thus the basis for the creation and the unification of a separate state, but it was not expected to serve as the model of government. Mohammad Ali Jinnah made his commitment to secularism in Pakistan clear in his inaugural address when he said, You will find that in the course of time Hindus would cease to be Hindus and Muslims would cease to be Muslims, not in the religious sense, because that is the personal faith of each individual, but in the political sense as citizens of the State. This vision of a Muslim majority state in which religious minorities would share equally in its development was questioned shortly after independence.
From the outset, politics and religion have been intertwined both conceptually and practically in Islam. Because Prophet Muhammad established a government in Madina, precedents of governance and taxation exist. Through the history of Islam, from the Ummayyad (661-750) and Abbasid empires (750-1258) to the Mughals (1526- 1858), Safavis (1501-1722) and the Ottomans (1300-1923), religion and statehood have been treated as one. Indeed, one of the beliefs of Islam is that the purpose of the state is to provide an environment where Muslims can properly practice their religion. If a leader fails in this, the people have a right to depose him.
In 1977, the government of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto outlawed alcohol and changed the weekend from Sunday to Friday, but no substantive Islamic reform program was implemented prior to General Zia-ul-Haq's Islamization program. Starting in February 1979, new penal measures based on Islamic principles of justice went into effect. These carried considerably greater implications for women than for men. A welfare and taxation system based on Zakat and a profit-and-loss banking system were also established in accordance with Islamic prohibitions against usury but were inadequate.
Census data indicates that over 97% of the population is Muslim. The Muslims belong to different schools which are called Madhahib (singular: Madhhab) i.e., schools of jurisprudence (also 'Maktab-e-Fikr' (School of Thought) in Urdu). Around 75% of Pakistani Muslims are Sunni Muslims and there is a minority 20% Shi'a Muslims. The Hanafi school includes the Barelvis and Deobandis schools. Although the majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to Ithna 'ashariyah school, there are significant minorities: Nizari Ismailis (Aga Khanis) and the smaller Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra branches. The Salafi sect is represented by the Ahle Hadith movement in Pakistan. Many people on the Makran coast of Balochistan follow the Zikri sect of Islam.
The two subsects of Sunni Hanafi school, Barelvis and Deobandis, have their own Masjids. The Shia Ithna 'ashariyah school has its own Masjids and Hussainias (Imambargahs). Mustaali Dawoodi Bohra and Sulaimani Bohra also have their own Masjids. While the Nizari Khoja Ismailis (Aga Khanis) pray in Jama'at Khanas.
The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, a minority Muslim group is also present. Ahmadis have been declared non-Muslims by the Government of Pakistan, although international organisations such as Amnesty International have viewed that such a decision is a move against the international human rights. In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim "as a person who believes in finality of Prophet Muhammad". For this reason, Ahmadis are persecuted on behalf of their beliefs. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the best and the last law bearing prophet and Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Christ of Muslims who was prophesized to come in the latter days and unite the Muslims. Consequently they were declared non-Muslims by a tribunal, the records of which have not been released to date. According to the last Pakistan census, Ahmadis made up 0.25% of the population. However the website adherents.com proposes that the Ahmadiyya Muslim community made up 1.42% of the population; which is likely to be a less biased source. The Ahmadis claim their community is even larger.
There is no law in Pakistan enforcing hijab, although there is strong social pressure for women to observe Purdah in some regions. The practice of wearing Hijab among younger women is growing due to media influence from the Middle East and Persian Gulf countries. Pakistan is also the country with the highest number of Niqab (full-veil) wearing women in the world. In the North-West Frontier Province, Balochistan and some areas in the Punjab they make significant of females.
The episodes of sectarian violence have significantly decreased in frequency over the years due to the conflictual engagement of the Islamic militant organizations with the state's armed forces and intelligence agencies.
Media and pilgrimages has influenced Pakistani Muslims to learn more about Islam as a result the local heterodox beliefs and practices are being replaced with orthodox beliefs from Quran and Sunnah. The inexpensive travel, simpler visa rules and direct air travel to Saudi Arabia has resulted in large number Pakistani Muslims going to Madina and Mecca for Haj and Umrah. This has helped to increase Pan-Islamic identity of Pakistani Muslims. The Muslim print media has always existed in Pakistan which included newspapers, books and magazines. The Muslim satellite channels are widely available and are watched by Pakistani population.
Islamic education is compulsary for all Muslim students upto Matriculation in all schools in Pakistan. Islamic education to the masses is also propagated mainly by Islamic schools and literature. Islamic schools (or Madrasahs) are for the devoted Muslims, mostly comprising youth and those learning to be Islamic clerics. More casual and even research oriented material is available in the form of books. While the most prominent of these schools are being monitored, the latter are being 'moderated' by both the government and some of the scholars, thereby also removing in the process the various material present in it that is used by Anti-Islam/Anti-Sunni writers. Oldest and universally accepted titles such as the Sahih Bukhari have been revised into 'summarised' editions and some of the old, complete titles, translated to Urdu, the national language, are not available for purchase now. These changes are also a herald to new outbreaks of religious controversy in the region.
Islam is the official religion of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. In the 1998 census, it found 97% of the total population were Muslims, and in 2007 at 97% and out of Muslim population (Sunni 75%, Shi'a 20%). The estimated population of Muslims of Pakistan in 2009 is 175,376,000. Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. The majority of Muslims in Pakistan are Sunnis, and the Shi'a Muslim population is the second largest in the world after Iran, more than 50 million. | <urn:uuid:7d872c44-92a3-4ca9-9ddb-29d90f8d6e11> | {
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- Animal Nutrition & Health
- Future of Farming
- Feeding the World
- About Alltech
"Can someone tell me the difference between haylage and silage and how they relate to hay?"
Haylage and silage are both products of conserved grass. That is to say, the grass has been cut, harvested and packed into either a large, wedge-shaped clamp or a bale wrapped in plastic. The aim of conservation is to preserve excess grass in the spring/summer so that there is forage in the winter – here both haylage and silage are the same as hay. Where they differ is the method used to conserve them. Hay is obviously grass that has been cut and left to dry and the amount of moisture remaining is very low (~15-10%). The drying process is designed to stop undesirable microbes growing in the hay. Haylage and silage are generally wetter products and their method of conservation is quite different from that of hay. The grass is not allowed to dry out for as long as hay so it is still wet when baled. The aim of packing it in a silage clamp or wrapping it in plastic is to create an environment with no oxygen as quickly as possible. This has the same effect as drying out the grass for hay. By removing as much oxygen as possible, the pH of the forage drops – this helps to stop any undesirable bacteria growing and ‘spoiling’ the forage.
The ultimate difference between haylage and silage is the moisture content at which the grass is harvested and packed/wrapped. This makes haylage somewhat drier than silage (~30 – 35% moisture compared with ~75 – 50% for silage) and also alters slightly the processes that occur while the forage is ensiling – the time it spends packed in the clamp or wrapped in the bale before it’s fed. There can be large differences in the nutrient levels found in silage but these variations are much smaller in haylage.
Expert Answer by: Helen Warren | <urn:uuid:b05cbd5c-8c2e-46dd-9d52-88db7b2962a3> | {
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Bob Marley should be celebrating his 71st birthday today. Instead, the Jamaican singer, musician and songwriter died of melanoma in 1981 when he was only 36.
It’s easy to see how he could have missed the warning signs. People with very fair skin are the ones most at risk for skin cancer. When a dark spot appeared under his toenail, Marley attributed it to a recent soccer injury. He probably never imagined it could be anything serious, but the spot turned out to be an aggressive form of skin cancer called acral lentiginous melanoma.
Darker Skin Is at Risk
While most melanomas are caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or from tanning machines, this type, which develops on hairless skin such as under nails, on the soles of the feet or palms of the hands, is more likely caused by genetic factors. While this form is rare, the incidence is highest in people of color.
If Marley’s cancer had been detected early, it could have been treated and even cured. Instead, his melanoma spread, or metastasized, to other areas of his body and tragically cut his life short. Advances in melanoma treatment today likely could have saved or extended his life.
When to Check Your Skin
Remembering Bob Marley is a reminder that anyone—of any age or skin color—can develop melanoma. That’s why it’s so important to note any changes in your skin. If a mole is new, changing, frequently bleeds, doesn’t heal or just doesn’t seem right to you, we say “get up, stand up,” and have it checked out. | <urn:uuid:085e18c4-dc30-480d-927b-a03102bee2f0> | {
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