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Social Media Use Tied to Disordered Eating in Young Teens
Association seen for both number of social media accounts and daily time spent using them
FRIDAY, Dec. 6, 2019 (HealthDay News) -- Use of social media (SM), particularly platforms with a strong focus on images, is associated with disordered-eating (DE) thoughts and behaviors in young adolescents, according to a study published online Dec. 3 in the International Journal of Eating Disorders.
Simon M. Wilksch, Ph.D., from Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, and colleagues assessed the relationship between SM use (Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Tumblr) and DE using data from 996 seventh-grade and eighth-grade adolescents (534 girls; mean age, 13.1 years).
The researchers found that DE behaviors were reported by 51.7 percent of girls and 45 percent of boys, with strict exercise and meal skipping being the most common. The vast majority of children (75.4 percent of girls and 69.9 percent of boys) had at least one SM account, with Instagram being the most common. Global Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores were significantly higher among boys and girls with each type of SM account, except for Facebook and Instagram for girls. There was an association between a greater number of SM accounts and higher DE scores for both cognitions and behaviors. More daily time spent using Instagram was associated with significantly higher Global EDE-Q scores and DE behaviors for girls.
"A clear pattern of association was found between SM usage and DE cognitions and behaviors with this exploratory study confirming that these relationships occur at younger age than previously investigated," the authors write. | <urn:uuid:b22cc680-5a36-4101-a1c7-e6fef323787d> | {
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You remember Atom Ant? Not Adam Ant, the new wave rocker — Atom Ant, the cartoon character. Atom Ant was fast, but is he as fast as the silver ants of the Sahara?
In the deserts of the northern Sahara, blink and you may miss the fastest ants in the world.
These speedy silver ants "travel 108 times their body length per second and have stride rate 10 times that of Usain Bolt," according to The Guardian, scampering across scorching sands. These Saharan silver ants, known as Cataglyphis bombycina, in the science world, "emerge from their nests and zip about looking for food — often the carcasses of less fortunate creatures that have succumbed to the brutal temperatures," writes The Guardian's science editor, Ian Sample. That works out to about 120 mph.
The World's host Marco Werman talked with Sarah Pfeffer, who studies animal behavior as a biologist at Ulm University in Germany, about her fieldwork, focused on Saharan silver ants in the deserts of Douz, Tunisia. Her new study about the incredibly fast ants in the Sahara appears in the Journal of Experimental Biology.
Courtesy of Verena Wahl
Marco Werman: Sarah, how did you come across these Saharan silver ants of North Africa?
Sarah Pfeffer: There has been a lot of research with desert ants and of course, researchers already saw these ants and they know they are fast.
You timed them. They clocked in at 2.8 feet per second, which is 108 times their body length in a single second. If they're moving that fast, how do you follow them? How do you monitor their speed?
We used high-speed recording to analyze those runs. Of course, you just can't take a measuring tape or clock next to your side. So we [installed] some channels on the desert floor.
Courtesy of Sarah Pfeffer
And so, those channels, that's like little race tracks for these ants?
Yeah, exactly. You can. It's a U-shaped aluminum channel and we just installed it in the desert. So it makes the work easy for us.
It sounds like it could be fun, too, just watching ants race. I get that a really small ant moving about a meter per second — that's really fast. But if I, as a human being, were to run that fast, proportionately speaking, how fast would I be running?
Depends on your size.
I guess I'm like, a meter and seven.
One meter seven? [Multiplied] 108 times your body length. You have to run 180 meters per second. (Editor's note: This translates to roughly 402 mph.)
Yeah. Well, that's not going to happen. So, is the speed of the Saharan silver ant about the length of their legs or the speed of their legs — or how many legs they have?
So, they have six legs, three legs in two groups. It's almost like walking as humans do.
Courtesy of H. Wolf
Why do these silver Saharan ants move so fast? Is it about adaptation? And if it is, what are they running from?
They are living in a very hot desert environment. So, to not fall victim to the heat, they need to be very fast. This is one aspect. The second aspect is that they have to go quite long distances. They are living in the desert and there is almost no food around.
What we haven't said yet is that they are leaving their nest during the midday sun, which sounds crazy to go out in this heat, but there is an advantage [in] that there are not many predators around. So, the predators don't like the midday sun. They just search for some shadow to cool down. But these desert ants then they are able to go there. And of course, if they are going there, they really need to be fast.
This interview has been condensed and edited for clarity. | <urn:uuid:0931f9d7-af72-4b70-ba6d-62a6ec57789e> | {
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In an ode trumpeting the suicide in 30 B.C. of the brilliant but (to most Romans) subversive Egyptian queen Cleopatra, the poet Horace proclaimed, nunc est bibendum, "now we must drink." Horace even urged his countrymen to kick off their sandals and dance a jig in celebration of the monarch’s defeat, along with her lover Mark Antony, by Octavian, the future emperor Augustus.
The Latin word meaning "to drink" was bibere, source of our verb imBIBE, as well as the adjective BIBulous, for someone who drinks too much, and BIB, something to wear if you’re a baby or a sloppy drunk. The same word has given us BEVERage, Spanish beber, and the tagline of the Athens, Georgia, brewpub Akademia Brewing Company, aut BIBas aut abeas. Adapted from the Roman statesman Cicero, the ancient adage meant "either drink or leave," and was equivalent to our expression "either fish or cut bait." Michelin Tire’s plump Michelin Man mascot and their slogan nunc est bibendum (seen in a floor mosaic in the reception area of the company’s headquarters building) were inspired in large part by a brewery that had considered versions of both for their marketing program.
Cleopatra, who had first seduced Julius Caesar and then later his lieutenant Mark Antony, doubtless enjoyed the occasional adult beverage, just as so many Americans do. And she is perhaps more likely than Antony or Caesar, whose favorite potion was wine (Lat. vinum, as in VINe and VINiferous), to have sampled some of Egypt’s local beers. Indeed the malted brew, in ancient times usually made from barley, or barley bread, sometimes from rye or wheat, was an important element of the Egyptian diet.
The brewing of beer, which may have been discovered accidentally from the natural fermentation of grain, dates back to the neolithic, when farming replaced the nomadic lifestyle of the old stone age and cereal crops came to be routinely cultivated. Archaeological evidence suggests that beer was being produced in Iran 7,000 years ago and in Europe as early as 3,000 B.C. Sumerian texts discovered in 1974 show that Syrians were concocting beer from 2,500 B.C. onward. In the Akkadian Atrahasis epic of the second millennium, the mother goddess Nintu is depicted as thirsting for beer, and the superhuman hero of the later Mesopotamian epic Gilgamesh is advised by Siduri, goddess of beer and wine, to "fill (his) belly and make merry."
Near easterners consumed the beverage with a straw, sometimes from a shared bowl, to avoid the sediment and grains floating on the surface that were common in fresh brew. Ha, I recall being told - and believing - way back in my college days that drinking brewskies through a straw would intensify or at least hasten the buzz!
Though it was never a favorite, Greeks and Romans knew something about beer from their travels. Roman legionnaires often developed a taste for it on tour in provincial outposts, possibly in part because it was cheaper than wine. Romans took the names of local beers from the natives, who also knew about keeping beer (and wine as well as other beverages and produce) chilled in deep underground pits with snow from the mountains - everybody loves an ice-cold brew!
The first-century A.D. polymath Pliny the Elder wrote about an Egyptian beer called zythum as well as a variety in Gaul known as cervesia or cervesa, source of Spanish cerveza. A 2,000-year-old flask from Roman Gaul bears the slogan Ospita reple lagona cervesa (think hOSPITAlity/REPLEnish/fLAGON/CERVEZA), "Guest, refill your bottle with beer!" Another ancient word for beer, curmi, turns up in a third-fourth century A.D. bi-lingual Gaulish-Latin inscription from eastern France that means, "beautiful girl, give me a beer," nata vimpi, curmi da!
On March 22, 1933, the first day of spring and 10 days following his first "fireside chat," President Franklin D. Roosevelt famously remarked, "I think this would be a good time for a beer." He proceeded to sign the Cullen-Harrison Act, legalizing after 13 years of prohibition the sale, purchase, and drinking of the malty brew and other spiritous libations. The law went into effect on April 7, which is recognized around the U.S. as National Beer Day. April 6 is celebrated by some as "New Beer’s Eve," in case you’d like to get an early start at your favorite tavern (Lat. taberna). Just be sure as you hoist that frosty mug to shout out nunc est bibendum and maybe raise a toast to Cleopatra and dear old F.D.R.!
Rick LaFleur is retired from 40 years of teaching Latin language and literature at the University of Georgia, which during his tenure came to have the largest Latin enrollment of all of the nation’s colleges and universities; his latest book is "Ubi Fera Sunt," a lively, lovingly wrought translation into classical Latin of Maurice Sendak’s classic, "Where the Wild Things Are," ranked first on TIME magazine’s 2015 list of the top 100 children’s books of all time. | <urn:uuid:a1122178-d270-49a3-b9de-8600a70adfdf> | {
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Getting Your Soil Ready
- Add one inch of well-rotted horse manure (cattle manure tends to compact too much) and wood shavings. Thoroughly work this material deeply into the soil (8-10 inches). Then add another 1-2 inches of wood shavings or peat moss and work this in. Weathered wood shavings are preferred. Caution: Higher rates of pine shavings could cause an accumulation of turpentine.
- Attention to soil preparation before seeding or sodding a lawn will help assure satisfactory results and help reduce your water bill. Before establishing a lawn, remove all debris such as rocks and building materials. The top 8 to 12 inches of soil should be free of any large debris.
- Avoid walking on the new lawn as much as possible. Keep footprints to a minimum by temporarily laying boards across the lawn to support all foot traffic. Mow the new lawn when the grass reaches a height of 2 to 2.5 inches. Avoid the use of herbicides until after mowing two, and preferably three times.
- Check the soil before laying the sod. If it is dry, sprinkle it lightly. Lay the first strip of sod in a straight line and the next strip as tightly against the previous strip as possible. Think of it as laying bricks for a wall. Roll the sod after first using a light roller to help firm and smooth the surface.
- For heavier soils, it's good to add 2-5 inches of sand. Sand should be washed to remove salt and silt. Sand needs to be round particles, not crushed, as round won't compact as easily. All fill material should be selected for cleanliness and absence of alkali and salt. During soil preparation, work 5-10 pounds of available phosphate per 1,000 square feet into the soil. This will help supply phosphorus to the deeper growing turf grass roots. Soils prepared in this manner require less water and are healthier.
- Frequent, light watering, as many as three or four a day, is necessary during warmer periods, until the seed germinates. This may take two weeks or longer depending on the weather.
- Grade the lawn area so it slopes away from the house. Thoroughly soak excavated areas such as around sewer and water lines and over septic systems to settle the fill dirt. After the fill areas are settled, add topsoil. Make sure all topsoil is free from salt or alkali. Repeat soaking and tilling until the surface is level.
- If the decision has been made to sod the lawn, remember that sod is perishable. Sod should not be left rolled or folded for more than a day in warm weather.
- If the lawn is to be seeded, use a drop type or broadcast spreader. Seeding in two directions reduces the likelihood of skips.
- One problem when laying sod is the inability of the grass roots to penetrate the soil. To avoid this, make sure that the soil beneath the sod is of a lighter texture than the soil in the sod. Numerous cases exist where the roots from the sod, after several years, have still not penetrated the base soil.
- Quality is the prime consideration in buying seed or sod. Planting cheap seed mixtures or cut-rate sod often results in a poor lawn. Although varieties of Kentucky Bluegrass would work fine in some areas of the county, it's not very hardy in areas with a high salt content or in drier climates. For alkali or salty areas use Tall Fescue, Red Fescue and perennial Rye grass varieties. These varieties are more drought and salt tolerant and very good for dry rocky soils, yet still develop a very attractive lawn. Lawn mixes that contain large amounts of annual rye grass should be avoided.
- Soak the sod as soon as possible after laying. Turn back a few corners to make sure water has penetrated the sod. Water to keep the new sod damp, but not wet.
- Watering a day or so before finishing the soil preparation will help eliminate large, hard clods. Soil should be well worked and left firm, but not packed, prior to turf establishment. If walking over the lawn site leaves footprints greater than 1" deep, firm the soil with a roller. | <urn:uuid:5154fa3e-d1f2-48f3-9e17-d4bef06dd5b0> | {
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Brown's Road Military Cemetery, Festubert
Historical Information (Source: CWGC)
Festubert was occupied by Commonwealth forces in October 1914 and on 23-24 November, the Indian Corps repulsed a German attack. The Battle of Festubert (15-25 May 1915) resulted in a short advance which left the village somewhat less exposed than it had been. Except for an advance which was attempted just to the south of Festubert (the Second Action of Givenchy, 15-16 June 1915), this sector remained quiet until 9 April 1918 and the beginning of the Battle of the Lys. Festubert was held by the 55th (West Lancashire) Division against the German assault, and successive attacks lasting through the month were repelled by the 1st and other Divisions. It remained an outpost for Commonwealth forces until the final advance began in September 1918. The cemetery was begun in October 1914, and carried on by fighting units and field ambulances until November 1917, when it contained 299 graves. It was greatly enlarged after the Armistice when graves were brought in from small cemeteries and isolated sites on the surrounding battlefields.
Brown's Road Cemetery now contains 1,071 burials and commemorations of the First World War. 407 of the burials are unidentified but special memorials commemorate three casualties believed to be buried among them. The cemetery was designed by Charles Holden.
- United Kingdom (642)
- Canadian (18)
- South African (6)
- Army (664)
- Air Force (2) | <urn:uuid:3cd144f5-4e02-42a9-bf86-eb0852fe0277> | {
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A Day in the Life of ADHD
A lot of people have heard of ADHD and are familiar with the more common symptoms of the disorder, including hyperactivity and the inability to concentrate for long periods of time, but most people are not really aware of what being ADHD means, or how difficult the condition makes everyday life—not just for the person diagnosed, but for their family members as well. The thing about ADHD is that you never know what to expect. Every person with ADHD is different, and every day for every person is different, which can get exhausting. For many people, not knowing what the next day will bring is a scary thought—most people have a daily routine that they stray very little from—but for people with ADHD, the unknown is a part of life. Not only do diagnosed individuals not have a routine, but also, their emotions, thoughts and feelings are always in a scramble, with happiness, sadness, anger, depression, anxiety and calm always vying for attention.
That said, some things that an individual with the disorder can count on are the following:
- A rollercoaster of successes and failures;
- Feelings of ineptitude as their good intentions go awry yet again;
- Moments of feeling like a genius, and others of feeling as if they are not smarter than a 5th grader;
- Moments of distractibility followed by moments of hyperfocus, sometimes within minutes of each other;
- Feelings of self-consciousness and of not belonging; and
- A desire to be understood and accepted for who they are.
If you don’t have ADHD but want to know what, exactly, it feels like, consider these ___ analogies shared by people who live everyday with ADHD.
What It Can Feel Like
An Outdated Operating System
One anonymous Quora user described having ADHD as being similar to an outdated computer operating system. “For me, it’s like my brain is a computer with really low RAM,” they started. They then continued to describe the instance in which too many programs are opened, which causes the computer to freeze. In order to unfreeze the computer, it has to be restarted (go to sleep). However, because the person cannot sleep during the day (due to work, school and other obligations), they go about their rest of the day with their brain in “shut down mode” and able to perform only the simplest of tasks.
Too Many Tabs Open
In sticking with the computer theme, one user described their brain as an internet browser with too many tabs open. Even the best systems can only handle so many tabs open at once, and once you start to get into the 20s, 30s or even 40s, the computer starts to slow down and is unable to process information as quickly as it’s being input.
The Steam Roller Effects
One person described her symptoms as being similar to that scene in Austin Powers when a steam roller is coming his way. He sees it and comprehends that if he doesn’t move, he’ll get rolled over, but despite that knowledge, he can’t seem to get out of the way.
Paying Attention to the Wrong Things
For one diagnosed individual, ADHD isn’t so much about the inability to focus—it’s the inability to focus on the right things. This person says that he can keep up with four or five conversations at once, that he can tell you exactly where his coworkers will park each day and that he can explain the details of his meals in such exquisite detail people think that he’s a gourmet chef. However, when it comes to keeping track of the important details—where he placed his keys last or where he put that assignment for work—he cannot for the life of him remember a thing.
One person described her life as being a TV show with very bad signal. She’s trying to watch this show despite the poor signal, but in the background, there are a bunch of children screaming and throwing things.
Forgetting Why You Entered a Room
“You know when you go into a room and completely for get why you went in there?” one person asks. For him ADHD is like that, except all day, every day.
Several users described their days as chasing balloons. They have one balloon in their hands and are happy—until they see another balloon floating away. They race to catch that balloon but accidentally drop the first one. They catch the first and have the two balloons in their hands when a third pops up. Balloons keep popping up, and no matter how hard they try, they can’t catch and keep them all at once. Every time they grab one, another flies away. These balloons are tasks, such as “turn off the over,” “get work done,” “clean the fridge,” “pick up the dry cleaning” and a bunch of other important and not-so-important chores.
A Thousand Reminders
On patient describes her life as a constant struggle to remember what needs to be done next, what needs to be done first, what papers she needs to bring to an appointment, what appointments are on the schedule and so on and so on. Her life is full of reminders in the form of sticky pads and phone alarms, but as soon as she turns her back on those reminders, she forgets again.
The Hamster Wheel
Many people with ADHD have described their brains as being like a hamster wheel, except the hamster is running very, very fast and they cannot keep up.
People with ADHD have it rough, and not just because they can’t focus or because they focus too hard on the wrong things, but because from the outside they appear to be perfectly normal. It’s only when they start talking, or take a test, or lose something or appear confused that people start to pass judgement. People who don’t have ADHD cannot understand why it is so hard for those with the disorder to just pay attention, and they make assumptions about the person that are completely unfair and wrong. If you don’t have ADHD but want to understand it better, just check out the hundreds of forums for people with the condition and you’ll find dozens more analogies that will put things into perspective for you.
If your son or daughter has ADHD and if you want to help them control that hamster wheel or close a few tabs, reach out to the doctors at The Reynolds Clinic today. | <urn:uuid:b7399cd2-cc2e-4a6c-a0f5-355349681e00> | {
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An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors network or system activities for malicious activities or policy violations and produces reports to a management station. IDS come in a variety of “flavors” and approach the goal of detecting suspicious traffic in different ways. There are network based (NIDS) and host based (HIDS) intrusion detection systems.
Some systems may attempt to stop an intrusion attempt but this is neither required nor expected of a monitoring system. Intrusion detection and prevention systems (IDPS) are primarily focused on identifying possible incidents, logging information about them, and reporting attempts. In addition, organizations use IDPSes for other purposes, such as identifying problems with security policies, documenting existing threats and deterring individuals from violating security policies. IDPSes have become a necessary addition to the security infrastructure of nearly every organization.
A network-based intrusion prevention system (NIPS) is a system used to monitor a network as well as protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of a network. Its main functions include protecting the network from threats, such as denial of service (DoS) and unauthorized usage.
The NIPS monitors the network for malicious activity or suspicious traffic by analyzing the protocol activity. Once the NIPS is installed in a network, it is used to create physical security zones. This, in turn, makes the network intelligent and quickly discerns good traffic from bad traffic. In other words, the NIPS becomes like a prison for hostile traffic such as Trojans, worms, viruses, and polymorphic threats.
An intrusion prevention system (IPS) sits in-line on the network and monitors the traffic. When a suspicious event occurs, it takes action based on certain prescribed rules. An IPS is an active and real-time device unlike an intrusion detection system, which is not inline and is a passive device. IPSs are considered to be the evolution of the intrusion detection system. | <urn:uuid:79a7d706-0f8b-4b53-8bb9-76ff6db1ec0e> | {
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Banishing HPV-Related Cancers
The human papillomavirus (HPV) is more menacing than previously believed. In addition to causing 99 percent of cervical cancers, the virus is linked to some types of oral and other genital malignancies.
Docs Not Hot on HPV Vaccines
Let's call a spade a spade. Since it was first introduced, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine has been mired in controversy. For a different perspective of the topic, researchers asked doctors what they thought about these shots.
Bee Gees Singer Robin Gibb Loses Cancer Battle
Robin Gibb , singer with the rock group the Bee Gees, has died after battling colon cancer, which had spread to his liver.
Young Women Not Going All the Way
Since 2006, the human papillomavirus ( HPV ) has been suggested for girls and young women to cut their risks of developing cervical cancer. Young men are also being urged to complete the 3-shot series.
Liver Cancer's Inheritance
The link between viruses that cause hepatitis and the development of cancer is believed to be why several areas in Asia have higher rates of liver cancer. New research indicates that may not be the full story.
HPV-Related Throat Cancers Fare Better
The human papilloma virus (HPV) has surpassed smoking, drinking and poor diet as the leading cause of oral cancers in this country. New research is showing that people with HPV oral cancers have a better outlook than those whose oral cancers are not caused by HPV. Findings from a review of a large Danish database suggest that people with HPV-positive oropharyngeal (throat) cancer who are light smokers can be treated with radiotherapy alone and don't need chemotherapy. These folks also had a better overall outcome than people with HPV-negative throat cancer. Talk to your doctor ...
Infections Cause 1 in 6 Cancers
Millions of people around the world are diagnosed with cancer after being infected with a virus, bacteria or parasite. That accounts for one in six cancers.
HPV Shot can Protect From Reinfection
HPV is among the most common sexually transmitted diseases and can lay groundwork for developing cervical cancer. But even women who have had HPV disease can benefit from the vaccine.
HPV Shot Protects Boys from Cancer Too
One of the easiest ways to prevent more than five different kinds of cancers is to get vaccinated for HPV - but doctors may not be vaccinating boys as frequently as they should be.
Arsenic and Organic-Laced Foods
While organic brown rice syrup may sound like a healthier alternative to high fructose corn syrup, the "organic" sweetener could lead to more inorganic arsenic - a carcinogen - in your body. | <urn:uuid:e0f39e98-d3e5-4590-9995-5a73bdf4bf1e> | {
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First, you might ask yourself, "what is the different between a nutritionist and a registered dietitian?" Knowing the answer to this question could help you in your career path to becoming a nutritionist or dietitian. An expert adviser when it comes to food and nutrition, a registered dietitian (RD) is a nationally recognized profession with certification. They are certified by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND). It can be hard to understand the difference between a nutritionist and a registered dietitian: A nutritionist is not nationally recognized, but individual states sometimes require nutritionists to be licensed. If you're lucky enough to land an internship in a clinical or medical setting, the difference might be clearer when you talk to peers who might have one of those job titles.
The new designation Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RND) was introduced to convey certification that focuses on a broader concept of wellness as well as treatment of conditions.
What Do Nutritionists and Registered Dietitians Do?
Although the difference in certification between a registered dietitian career and a nutritionist is distinct, the responsibilities of the two careers have overlap. Many nutritionists or RDs work in medical or clinical settings, but many also work in home and different types of care settings or at institutions, like a university.
Some of the daily activities of each job include:
- Answering nutritional questions and assessing health needs
- Developing individualized meal plans based on the patient's individual needs or health goals
- Monitoring the progress of clients and adjusting meal plans as needed, can ideally supervise if needed
- Advocating and promotion of the importance of proper nutrition and exercise to individuals and communities
- Studying the latest information on proper eating habits, disease prevention and diagnosis, plus healthy living practices
Nutritionists or registered dietitians might be strong analytical thinkers and have strong organizational and communication skills. Nutritionists should feel comfortable to supervise people, work independently and with a team, and work with all types of people. It might be in your favor if you've had an interest in dietetics, food science, or clincial nutrition in general.
Where Do Nutritionists Work?
Your career in nutrition might take you to any number of different work settings, from creating meal plans for medical patients or helping set governmental policy to running your own business from home. Here's a list of some of the top employing industries for graduates of nutritionist degree programs:
- State, local and private hospitals
- Outpatient care centers
- Nursing and residential care facilities
- Local government agencies
- Federal government, executive branch
- Special food services
How to Become a Nutritionist or RD
If you're interested in working as an RD or an RDN, you'll likely want to start with a clear nutritionist education path. The following are some of the steps you may have to take in order to become a nutritionist:
- Choose your academic approach (dietetics, foods and nutrition, clinical nutrition, public health nutrition, etc.) and earn a bachelor's degree, either in person or through online courses. Read about the top schools for nutrition degree programs.
- Enter into an internship or other supervised professional training program, unless one was included in your nutritionist degree requirements. Consider a dietetic internship program.
- Earn the RD or RDN credential d
- Determine whether it's necessary to earn a state license or other special credential in your state
Exams and licensing for nutritionists and RDs
Dietitian and nutritionist licensing standards vary from state to state, so check with authorities in your state to find out what it takes to earn special recognition. Credentials such as Registered Dietitian (RD) and Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) may be preferred or required by individual employers but not regulated at the state level.
Internships for nutritionists and registered dietitians can vary in length, but most programs last between 9 and 12 months. Some internship programs can also be completed through online courses, making it possible to finish your nutritionist degree program entirely online.
Important Skills and Abilities for Nutritionists
- Active listening, or giving your full, engaged attention to someone when speaking, is a necessary component of co-creating meal plans with patients and clients
- Monitoring the performance of the plans and policies you create, as well as your own performance, can help you deliver the highest possible quality of work
- Oral expression skills provide an effective means by which you can communicate the importance of proper nutrition to clients and patients
- Problem sensitivity -- the ability to tell when something has gone wrong or is likely to go wrong -- makes it possible to avert potential issues before they arise
- Deductive reasoning allows you to derive sensible conclusions by applying general nutritional rules and concepts to specific personal circumstances
Nutritionist Salary and Career Outlook
As with any career, pay and job growth for nutritionists could vary by experience, educational level, and location, among other factors. Here's a general idea of what to expect for a nutritionist salary and job outlook in the coming years:
|Career||Total Employment||Annual Mean Wage||Projected Job Growth Rate|
|Dietitians and Nutritionists||64,670||$61,210||11.2%|
Professional Organizations for Nutritionists
- Registered Dietician Nutritionist/Registered Dietician: These national certifications through the Commission on Dietetic Registration are required by many states for employment. States that don't require this certification often have the same certification qualifications, the BLS notes. Dieticians and nutritionists must complete 75 continuing education credits every five years to maintain their certification.
- Certified Nutrition Specialist: Offered by the Board for Certification of Nutrition Specialists, this certification demonstrates advanced competence in clinical nutrition.
- Specialty certifications: There are many different specialty certifications offered through the Commission on Dietetic Registration, including pediatric nutrition, oncology nutrition, sports dietetics, renal nutrition and obesity and weight management.
- Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, accessed July 31, 2018: Dietitians and Nutritionists, Occupational Outlook Handbook, https://www.bls.gov/ooh/Healthcare/Dietitians-and-nutritionists.htm; Dietitians and Nutritionists, Occupational Employment and Wages, 2017, https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes291031.htm;
- Nutritionists, Occupational Information Network, accessed July 31, 2018, https://www.onetonline.org/link/summary/15-1134.00
- Registered Dietitian (RD) or Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN) Certification, Commission on Dietetic Registration, accessed July 31, 2018, https://www.cdrnet.org/certifications/registered-dietitian-rd-certification
- Nutritionist, Licensed Nutritionist, and Registered Dietitian Requirements By State, NurtritionED.org, accessed July 31, 2018, https://www.nutritioned.org/state-requirements.html
- Dietetic Internships, Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, accessed July 31, 2018, https://www.eatrightpro.org/acend/accredited-programs/dietetic-internships
- Adult Obesity Facts, Centers for Disease Control, http://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html, Accessed August 2017
- Occupational Employment and Wages: Dietitians and Nutritionists, Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, May 2016, on the internet at https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes291031.htm Accessed August 2017 | <urn:uuid:9384cf34-dd30-4dca-a4a6-97577fd2075d> | {
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The Problem with Drowsy Driving
When you get behind the wheel of a car without proper sleep, you put yourself and everyone else on the road at risk. In fact, the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety says that people who sleep 6-7 hours a night are twice as likely to be involved in a crash than are people who sleep 8 hours a night.
That doesn't stop many of us from driving drowsy, though. In a 2005 National Sleep Foundation poll, 37 percent of people said they had fallen asleep at the wheel, and 13 percent said they did so once a month. Nearly a quarter of adults say they know someone personally who has crashed due to falling asleep while driving. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates 100,000 (this is likely to be a conservative number) police-reported crashes are the direct result of sleepy drivers every year, resulting in a roughly 1,550 deaths and 71,000 injuries.
Some of us are more likely than others to be on the road when we're tired. Young adults ages 18-29 are more likely to say they've driven drowsy (71 percent), compared to roughly half of adults ages 30-64. Indeed, it's estimated that younger drivers account for almost two-thirds of drowsy-driving crashes, even though they represent only one fourth of licensed drivers.
Men are more likely to drive drowsy than women (56 vs. 45 percent) and are almost twice as likely to fall asleep at the wheel. With their irregular schedules, it's not surprising that shift workers often drive drowsy to and from work. And unfortunately, adults with kids are also more likely than childless adults to be sleepy behind the wheel.
We all know that alcohol impairs our driving skills, but alcohol and sleep-deprivation together are especially dangerous. Sleepiness exacerbates the sedating effects of alcohol, and the combination of the two affects a person's ability to move and think clearly—more so than either of the two alone. Researchers have seen that when people are sleepy, alcohol has a greater effect on their driving ability. For example, using an in-laboratory driving simulation, one study found that even with alcohol levels within the legal limit, drivers with eight hours of sleep deviated from the road four times more than sober drivers, but those with four hours of sleep veered off the road 15 times more. Another study found that more than a third of drivers involved in drowsy-driving crashes had consumed some amount of alcohol. In fact, driving without sleep for just one night produces sedating effects equal to 10 alcoholic beverages. Ask yourself: "Would I want to be on the road with anyone following a night of sleep loss?". | <urn:uuid:21899528-182c-4453-b527-2472de9ec3df> | {
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Thermography, or Thermal Imaging, or Thermographic testing is a non-contact, non-invasive, and hence non-destructive testing technique which is used to obtain thermal images of objects. These thermal images, also called thermograms, are colourful images depicting temperature distribution & variation on the surface of the test object. The variation in colour in different regions is an indication of corresponding temperature differences leading to flow of heat. Hence, hotter regions appear differently coloured than colder regions. This technique is based on the principle of Planck’s law of ‘black body radiation’ according to which every material above absolute zero (0 Kelvin) temperature emits infrared (IR) radiation, & the intensity of radiation depends on the temperature of surface emitting that radiation. This testing is accomplished using Infrared imaging cameras that can detect infrared radiations emitted by an object & convert them into visible images or thermograms. Such detections can indicate the thermal anomalies, also called ‘hot spots’ in any material substance and also in mechanical and electrical installation systems. Thermal imaging technology has become one of the most useful & valuable diagnostic tools for various industrial applications. It can detect & characterize any physical surface condition like voids, inclusions, de-laminations, crevices, cracks etc. by analyzing the differential heat flow patterns on the surfaces being tested.
What are Infrared rays?
Infrared light is a substantial part or portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, and extends beyond the nominal red edge of the visible spectrum at 740 nm to 300 μm (or 300000 nm). It lies between the visible & the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Although human beings cannot detect IR light but they can realize it quite well. As per a scientific study, the nerve endings in human skin respond to temperature changes as small as 0.009 °C (0.0162 °F). This region of the spectrum can be divided into 3 sub-regions: near infrared (0.78 to 3 μm), mid infrared (3 to 50 μm), & far-infrared (50 to 1000 μm). The IR light is associated with the vibrational motion of molecules. The region from 8 to 15 μm is referred to as the ‘thermal imaging’ or ‘thermal infrared’ region, & is considered to be the optimum region for taking thermal images. The thermal imaging devices work best in this region. The credit of discovering IR radiation (in 1800) goes to a German astronomer Sir Frederick William Herschel, who measured the temperature differences of the spectrum created by making sunlight to pass through a prism & then based upon his observations concluded that the region beyond the red light marks the beginning of IR spectrum.
Working of a Thermal Imaging Camera
Infrared thermography involves transforming or converting an infrared image into a radiometric one, and then the temperature values can be read from the image. The infrared radiation or energy coming from a test object is captured by an IR detector after being focused by the optics. The information from the detector is then sent to the sensor electronic system for image processing. Finally, the data from the detectors get translated into an image which can be viewed in the viewfinder or on a standard video monitor.
Applications of Thermography
Thermographic method of testing finds use in a number of industrial & other commercial applications like monitoring of high voltage power lines, internal fuse damage, damaged insulation, steam trap, corroded connections in electrical panel, overheated motor, water loss or leakage through ceilings, energy loss in buildings, damage in concrete, buildings & other constructions etc. Such monitoring facilities help in predicting failure of key components & also of entire systems in important machineries.
Some basic advantages of thermographic testing can be summarized as follows:
Safety, ease of operation, handling, and very less consumption of time.
Non-destructive nature of testing allows the integrity of test materials to remain intact.
Non-contact nature of testing makes it possible to monitor those substances which are either dangerously too hot or hazardous like high voltage electric wires.
Can be operated on test specimens during their functioning or while they are running
Can be operated on stationary as well as on objects in motion.
Can detect failing components, faults in a structure or machinery, corrosion or loose connections in an electrical system at an early stage, before such abnormalities become critical & lead to shut-downs and breakdowns in industries.
Can help prevent costly and unscheduled downtime problems, and serious accidents like outbreak of fire etc.
Can help in scheduling of ‘Preventive Maintenance’ programs for extending the ‘useful life’ of industrial machiner
In contrast to other NDT techniques which determine defects at particular points of testing, thermography provides a two-dimensional image of the test surface.
Spectro Analytical Labs Ltd. has been a pioneer service provider in the field of Non-destructive testing (NDT) for a long period of time. It comprises of an elite team of certified engineers who are not only well-trained & experienced in their respective field of work, but also possess a keen insight about the subject. Besides, Spectro possesses extremely modern & sophisticated thermal imaging instruments or cameras, which can provide superior quality thermal images because of finer details as a result of higher detector resolution. Hence, now Spectro can provide a highly improved & almost complete package of services in the field of NDT testing. In a nutshell, Spectro offers the following thermography services: | <urn:uuid:984ffae4-d3b1-40e7-85cd-2c458fad8627> | {
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The Discussion Board is a tool for sharing thoughts and ideas about class materials.
Optional Online Resources for Further Study
Sound in the video is the noise of children playing on the playground. Somewhat audible is the sound of the teacher giving a few words of encouragement to the child preparing to jump.
There is a growing body of research that highlights the benefits for children when play environments provide risk and challenge. There is also corresponding evidence of negative outcomes when children are not given such opportunities. When planning for play environments and activities, safety considerations need to be balanced with children’s needs for play, learning and fun. Risk free play environments can actually diminish learning and development opportunities for children.
"Agree or Disagree" is not considered an answer.
You are required to type an appropriate response.
Discuss the following:
1) Identify situations where risk can have positive outcomes for children?
2) What are the benefits of risk taking for children?
Possible further points to discuss: Distinguish between a challenge and a hazard when it comes to risky child activities. For example, a challenge is something obvious to the child where he/she can determine their ability and decide whether to take that risk. Whereas a hazard can be viewed as something unseen or not obvious to the child that often results in injury. Both are risks.
New Enrollments Set-Up
Monday - Friday 7 am – 8 pm
Saturday & Sunday 9 am – 8 pm
Holidays 9 am – 8 pm
Live Chat and Email Support
Monday - Friday 7:00 am – 8:00 pm
Saturday and Sunday 9:00 am – 7:00 pm
Holidays 10:00 am – 5:00 pm
Monday - Friday 7 am – 6 pm
Saturday & Sunday Email and Chat Only
Holidays Email Support Only | <urn:uuid:480bea9b-1c6e-4f54-8e9b-97bdfd9b5cdc> | {
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Facet Joint Pain
Facet joints, also called zygapophyseal joints are located at the back of the spine which connects the vertebrae together. There are two joints between each pair of vertebrae located on either side of the spine. The facet joints provide stability for the spine.
Facet joint arthritis also known as facet joint syndrome is a form of arthritis that affects the facet joints of the spine. This condition related to the aging process. Facet joints are synovial joints. Normally the facet joints are lined by a cartilage and a membrane of synovium.
Loss of cartilage and synovial fluid in these joints causes friction due to contact between the bones. This results in development of osteophytes or bone spurs on or around the facet joints. Bone spurs are the bony growth formed along the edges of the bones.
Classical symptoms are pain and swelling around the joint. If a cervical joint is affected, the pain is usually felt over the neck radiating to the shoulder. If the joint is in the back, the pain is felt in the lower back that radiates to the buttocks and upper thigh area.
A diagnosis of facet joint arthritis is confirmed by injecting a small amount of a combination of x-ray contrast material, local anesthesia and corticosteroid into the joint. Relief of pain after the injection confirms the diagnosis of facet joint arthritis.
In most cases, symptoms can be managed using conservative line of management such as pain medication, use of braces, exercise, and corticosteroid injections. Surgery may be considered in conditions refractory to conservative therapy. | <urn:uuid:347ce478-eaa0-48ba-b6e1-ae951433e936> | {
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Preparation for Pointe Work
It is every ballerina’s dream to ‘dance on her toes’. At SDSD we understand it is an exciting prospect and we aim to help students have an enjoyable and safe ‘Pointe Work’ experience.
Our professionally trained and qualified teachers know that starting a student on Pointe too young and before being technically strong, can damage their feet – we remind students that their feet have to serve them for the rest of their life.
We have our own Preparation for Pointe training programme and at this level, we expect a student to be attending two lessons a week.
The teacher will ensure the dancer has achieved good placement of the body, strong feet and leg muscles, plus the correct use of the feet and ankles. It is also of great importance for the dancer to be able to point her foot without curling the toes. This is why we introduce strengthening and special preparatory exercises for a student to practice at home.
The decision for a student to commence onto full pointe work will be left to the professional judgement of the teacher. Teachers at SDSD are fully aware that no two students are identical and each will be ready in their own time. | <urn:uuid:f7f2619d-716d-4365-a648-41d5900b5e3a> | {
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Evolution of Cosmetic Microbiology Beyond Agar Plating
The early 1880s were pivotal years for microbiology, bringing two simple but defining innovations that established procedures that both enabled our science and persist today as effective technological limits (1). First hausfrau-turned-laboratory technician Fannie Hesse proposed the use of agar over the problematic gelatin as the basis for culture on solid media. A few years later, the Prussian Richard Petri introduced what is now called the Petri plate, replacing the cumbersome gelatin-coated slide/bell jar combinations employed until that time with a portable and effective means of studying and maintaining pure cultures. Combined, these established a standard of practice that remains central to our science. | <urn:uuid:33644b6d-3fc5-4421-940d-64975393b476> | {
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Developing a mentor–mentee relationship
This chapter explores the role of the mentor and the specific aspect of being an English mentor. The relationship between mentor and trainee, which is not a straightforward one, will be explored and ways of setting expectations and boundaries covered. M. Izadinia researched the metaphors that mentors and mentees used to describe their relationships. Many were categorised as parent–child or teacher–student, which indicates a clear hierarchy. The mentor’s role has a number of different facets: role model; guide; provider of assistance; developer of reflective practice; emotional supporter. A significant part of mentoring might be described as a kind of affective practice–that is, a way of understanding and using emotions as part of professional interpersonal relationships. As mentors moved more towards understanding their role as ‘teacher of teaching’, rather than as supervisor or assessor, their professional identity shifted. The key to developing a productive mentor–trainee relationship is finding common ground and setting and adhering to expectations. | <urn:uuid:ee550518-abd9-4032-8bb6-59b181466f38> | {
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IBM has a new security computer cleverly mounted in an 18-wheeler. There is precedent for this going back to the 1950s and beyond.
IBM recently installed its new Security Operations Center in a tractor trailer, which is a smart decision for marketing and field use alike, but it's hardly a modern innovation: IBM and the US government were doing this seven decades ago.
The idea wasn't new even back then. Horse-drawn carts moved telegraph equipment in the Civil War, while a combination of mules and trucks carried radio gear during World War I. IBM and the US Army developed Machine Records Units, which were pairs of 18-wheelers loaded with punch-card accounting hardware that followed every Allied corps worldwide.
Then, in the first half of the 1950s, the computer industry became less experimental and more commercial. The US Department of Commerce tasked its National Bureau of Standards (today called the National Institute of Standards and Technology) with being a clearinghouse for government computer consulting, purchases, and pure research. NBS staff did research on memory, input-output methods, signals timing, and logic circuits.
One of the NBS testbeds was a computer called DYSEAC. "DY" meant second; "SEAC" was the Standards Eastern Automatic Computer. But where SEAC in 1950 lived in a stable room, the team behind DYSEAC designed it to fit into two 40-foot trailers. It would be a mobile computer, moving as needed just like the telegraph carts and accounting trucks before it.
NBS produced a single DYSEAC in 1953. Five years later, its designers wrote:
"In the course of the planning for certain types of control system experiments, it became evident that considerable advantage would accrue if DYSEAC could be moved to the actual operating site. The packaged modular form of the machine... readily lends itself to a compact and sturdy construction suitable for transportable service. Accordingly, the program was altered and appropriate structural modifications were incorporated so that the machine could be installed in a trailer van... Thus, DYSEAC could operate as an independent installation in an isolated field location."
Engineers beefed up everything in DYSEAC from its mercury acoustic memory in Pyrex glass tubing, to its modular components for quick replacement in the field--some of which used printed circuit boards--quite possibly the first time this ever happened in a computer.
"It is believed that the use of printed-circuit techniques will materially reduce the troubles that have resulted from the wiring methods that have been used in SEAC. In addition, the need for more rugged construction of removable components which has been indicated by SEAC experience has been incorporated into the DYSEAC design," the engineers wrote.
The computer had 1,024 I/O units and 4 kilobytes of 48-bit words. NBS delivered it to the White Sands Signal Agency in 1954. A test application was the automated evaluation of wind forecasts for White Sands' Missile Geophysics Program. "The manual reduction and analysis of this data involves a large number of man hours," technicians noted in a report. "Use of the DYSEAC computer in reducing winds aloft data is highly feasible for the following reasons: (1) It reduces computational time; (2) It eliminates the possibility of human errors resulting from hand calculations; (3) It provides an easy check for any errors made in feeding the values into the machine; and (4) It requires fewer personnel to produce the end results."
DYSEAC's rugged design and testing were impressive for its day. Unfortunately, its testing in New Mexico exposed an Achilles' heel. "It was an unfortunate destination because the white sand at this proving ground infiltrated the computer circuitry, causing it to malfunction," head engineer Alan Leiner wrote. "But the logical design of this machine was a significant advance towards our ultimate goal of organizing a network of computers to meet deadlines."
(Author's note: This article is adapted from Chapter 1 of my book, Abacus to smartphone: The evolution of mobile and portable computing.)
- Photos: The tech that changed us: 50 years of breakthroughs (ZDNet)
- Hacking the Nazis: The secret story of the women who broke Hitler's codes (cover story PDF) (TechRepublic)
- Cracking Hitler's unbreakable code: How the Colossus computer helped beat the Nazis (TechRepublic)
- Ghosts of tech past: Photos of data storage from the 1950s - 1980s (TechRepublic)
- Photos: Looking back to the birth of the IBM mainframe (TechRepublic)
- Photos: The women who created the technology industry (TechRepublic) | <urn:uuid:834396a0-df6c-479b-9c83-1289325c8761> | {
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This science reading comprehension looks at the benefits of exercise on the body from a science perspective. It’s important for students to become informed citizens and understand what exactly exercise is and does for our health.
Check out Teach Science With Fergy for my personal blog on teaching ideas and more resources.This resource covers the following topics:
- What is exercise?
- Different types of exercise
- The benefits of exercise
- General exercise guidelines
- Additional Research and Future Issues
Furthermore, this resource works very well as an emergency substitute plan as it will keep your students on task and focused while you are away.
This resource will take your students between 50-75 minutes to complete and includes some open-ended questions. An answer key is also included for your reference. | <urn:uuid:31d93147-6dfc-4d77-a3a3-719e978d5c02> | {
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Which Disability is the most prevalent in North America: Down syndrome or spina bifida? Autism or cystic fibrosis? None of the above. What about muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy? Nope, not those, either.
The most common congenital disability in North America is largely unknown, despite its disabling effects on thousands of babies each year.
The Van Zwier* family didn’t know about invisible disabilities when they adopted a beautiful blue-eyed, blond-haired toddler. All their love, Christian education, and work to create a wholesome environment seemed to have no effect on their daughter as she grew up, piling up one school suspension after another and finally ending up in trouble with the law.
The Smiths were in a similar state of ignorance when their son, a handsome and apparently healthy 11-year-old, sexually molested a younger sibling and, even after Christian therapy, later molested a neighbor child.
And the church eventually gave up on Scott Vanderklet after his financial woes fell into a predictable pattern of spree-spending each time cash came his way.
Wait a minute—we were talking about disabilities, weren’t we? What do disabilities have to do with behaviors like those?
The answer lies in a well-known toxin and in a specific part of the brain it contacts. That toxin is alcohol and the brain area is the frontal lobe.
Adults display predictable behaviors when alcohol overtakes them—they may forget their manners, relax their morals, or entertain grandiose notions. Chronic alcoholics shed their responsibilities and lose their grip on reality. But babies? Babies don’t drink, so how could they be disabled by alcohol?
Tens of Thousands
Society has coined the term “crack babies” to describe the shivering, underweight infants born under the influence of drugs. The rush of cocaine through their little bodies leaves them weakened and unhealthy. But “alcohol babies” suffer damage that is much more permanent and disabling.
As alcohol passes freely through the placenta and directly into an unborn child’s brain, it chemically burns away cells that govern logic, reasoning, and self-control. Depending on the amount and frequency of alcohol exposure and the child’s stage of development, the damage can be slight or it can be completely devastating.
There are tens of thousands of “alcohol babies” among us, most of them with no visible signs of their disability. They may be small in stature or have facial features that are slightly unusual. Then again, there may be nothing at all unusual about their appearance. But the damage to their brains starts drawing attention as they grow older. They usually have
- trouble with self-control, leading to problems respecting limits, persons, and property;
- trouble with logic and mathematics, leading to the inability to handle money;
- trouble with memory and reality, making it difficult to be seen as reliable tellers of facts.
Which skills are missing depend on which part of the brain is chemically burned during its tender growth. Living without those skills is like trying to use a computer with a seriously flawed operating system.
Tragically, the damage is irreversible. At this time, coping mechanisms are all that can be offered in the way of hope to alcohol babies.
What does it mean to home, church, school, and community to realize that many criminals, “down-and-outers,” and sex-trade workers are prenatally brain-injured people? How does God view their responsibility for what they do? What can Christians do to help such people? And how can we prevent the increasing numbers of alcohol-related brain injuries?
Those questions are a long way from being answered. Since prenatal alcohol disability (often called FASD, or Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder) has been clinically studied for only a few years, there isn’t a lot of information available to assist in diagnosis or treatment. What we can address right now is prevention. But advice to abstain from alcohol during pregnancy often falls on resistant ears. Adding to that the fact that up to half of pregnancies are unplanned leads to the even more unpopular conclusion that sexually active women of childbearing age should avoid alcohol entirely.
Whatever decisions are made at the individual level, it’s time to take the alcohol-and-pregnancy issue out of the shadows and into the public forum for education and examination. Our homes, churches, and communities will be the better for it.
*Names have been changed to protect privacy.
If this information about prenatal alcohol brain injuries describes you or someone you care about, there is a lot more to learn. Getting a proper diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder is not easy, given that many family physicians were trained before FASD was clinically identified. You should probably start with an Internet search on the subject within your geographic area, entering a topic such as “FASD diagnosis—Alberta.”
Alcohol babies can be upbeat people
—loving, exuberant, and gifted. Learning how to cope with their disabilities can be easier if their brain injury is identified at an early age.
Parents of alcohol babies can find a series of helpful teaching tips under “Resources” at www.skfasnetwork.ca.
The following sites are also helpful:
- www.withchildwithoutalcohol.com (medical facts about drinking alcohol during pregnancy)
- www.publichealth.gc.ca (search for “FASD”)
A Word from Scripture
The Old and New Testaments are not silent on the subjects related to alcohol and pregnancy. Consider the following:
- For pregnant women: “Don’t you know that you yourselves are God’s temple and that God’s Spirit lives in you?” (1 Cor. 3:16).
- For people dealing with brain-injured people: “Take tender care of those who are weak. Be patient with everyone” (1 Thess. 5:14, New Living Translation).
- For alcohol babies themselves: “For if the willingness is there, the gift is acceptable according to what one has, not according to what one does not have” (2 Cor. 8:12, TNIV).
- According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 40,000 babies are born with alcohol damage annually in the United States—more than infants with spina bifida, Down syndrome, and muscular dystrophy combined.
- The Public Health Agency of Canada estimates that 1 percent of Canadians, or about 300,000 individuals, have some form of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, and that 9 in every 1,000 are born with FASD.
- A recent forum in Illinois put the cost of caring for alcohol babies in that state alone at $741,000 per day (foster care, special education, criminal justice, social services).
- More than 50 percent of alcohol babies end up in the criminal justice system.
- Prenatal alcohol brain injuries are 100 percent preventable. | <urn:uuid:a336504b-48bd-4f9e-9291-780826d111e6> | {
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Probiotics are defined as live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. The term “probiotic” means “pro-life” and was coined as an antonym to the word “antibiotic.”
For centuries, people have been eating foods that were fermented using live cultures of bacteria. Historically, health benefits have been attributed to these foods. Within the last few decades however, probiotics have gained the attention of the scientific and medical communities.
Research supports the role of our intestinal microflora in disease protection and prevention. Probiotics affect intestinal bacteria by increasing the numbers of beneficial bacteria and decreasing the population of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. They help to restore the natural balance of good bacteria in the intestinal tract. In general, the strongest evidence for probiotics is related to their use in improving gut health and stimulating immune function.
Picturing the human body as a host for bacteria and other microorganisms is helpful in understanding probiotics. Most probiotics are bacteria similar to the beneficial bacteria found naturally in the human gut. The body, especially the lower gastrointestinal tract, contains a diverse and dynamic community of mircoflora. In the body of a healthy adult, cells of microorganisms are estimated to outnumber human cells by a factor of ten to one. Although we tend to think of bacteria as harmful germs, many actually help the body to function properly. They alter the intestinal environment by reducing harmful organisms, producing antimicrobial compounds, and stimulating the body’s immune system.
You don’t necessarily need to take probiotics if you are in good health and are consuming a healthful plant-based diet. Your gut microflora are fed and nourished by the foods you consume. Eating a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and beans naturally balances intestinal flora. The factors that appear to decrease an individual’s immunity or ability to resist the effects of pathogenic microbes include a diet high in animal proteins and fat, a low-fiber diet, antibiotic use, age, stress, inflammatory conditions, malnutrition, digestion problems and immune status.
Who Should Take Probiotics?
Probiotics can be of value in the treatment of a variety of health concerns. These include diarrhea associated with antibiotic intake, acute infectious diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease.
A number of clinical trials have tested the effectiveness of probiotics in the prevention of acute diarrhea, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Certain situations, such as antibiotic use, can reduce the number of good microorganisms in your gut and increase the growth of potentially harmful bacteria such as Clostridium difficile. C. difficile is a major cause of diarrhea in hospitalized patients and people in long-term care facilities. Probiotics may reduce the harmful bacteria by receptor competition, competition for nutrients, inhibition of epithelial and mucosal adherence of pathogens, introduction of lower colonic pH favoring the growth on nonpathogenic species, stimulation of immunity or production of antimicrobial substances. There is evidence that taking probiotics when you first start taking an antibiotic may reduce the chance of developing antibiotic-related diarrhea. Meta-analysis of controlled trials show that the probiotic bacteria L. rhamnosus and S. boulardii are particularly effective for this purpose. Probiotics have also been shown to be useful as treatment of acute infectious diarrhea. Infectious diarrhea is caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites. Several strains of Lactobacillus and the yeast S. boulardii may help treat and shorten the course of infectious diarrhea.
Symptoms of abdominal pain, bloating and flatulence commonly occur in patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). These symptoms may result in part from fermentations taking place in the colon that generate gas. Certain gut bacteria process leftover food that reaches the colon without producing gas. Recent research suggests that an imbalance of the intestinal microorganisms with a significant reduction of bifidobacteria and a dysfunctional intestinal barrier may contribute to the development of IBS and its symptoms. In some studies, probiotics have been shown to be effective in alleviating symptoms of IBS. Research is continuing to determine which probiotics show the most benefit.
For inflammatory bowel disease such as ulcerative colitis, patients may be helped by a high dose of a combination of Lactobacillus, Bilidobacterium, and Streptococcus probiotic species. Some studies show a benefit in inducing or maintaining remission of disease activity in mild to moderately severe ulcerative colitis. Other autoimmune illnesses may also benefit by the use of probiotics.
Not All Probiotics Are Equal
Probiotics vary by genus, species and even different strains within the same species. Most probiotic products contain bacteria from the genera Lactobacillus or Bifidobacterium although other genera including Saccharomyces (a yeast) have been developed as probiotics. They are further identified by species such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) or Bifidobacterium lactis (B. lactus). Within species, different strains are given an alphanumeric designation. It cannot be assumed that research published on a particular species or even strain of probiotic applies to others. Different strains of the same species of probiotics have different characteristics or benefits. Probiotic supplements should contain species, strains and the number of viable organisms per dose (expressed as colony forming units or CFUs) that have been tested and proven to be effective. Product packaging should ensure an effective level of live bacteria through the “best by” or expiration date. Since probiotic supplements pass through the digestive system and are considered to be transient in nature, their benefits are dependent on regular consumption.
Prebiotics differ from probiotics. They are non-digestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and/or activity of beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract. They are found naturally in a variety of plant-based foods including onions, garlic, asparagus, leeks, artichokes, oats, and bananas. These short-chain carbohydrates or oligosaccharides are not hydrolyzed by digestive enzymes in the upper GI tract and, therefore, arrive in the colon intact where they provide food for the good bacteria. Prebiotics are beneficial, perhaps even necessary, to promote the growth and survival of probiotics in the GI tract. Probiotic supplements frequently contain prebiotics in the form of fructo-oligosaccarides (FOS), inulin and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS).
The use of probiotics shows promise for a number of health concerns, primarily those relating to the gastrointestinal tract. They have an excellent safety record and represent an option for prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and relief of symptoms due to irritable bowel syndrome. Probiotics may also be helpful for those with allergies and autoimmune diseases. Much research is currently underway in this area and progress will be continue to be made in identifying the specific species and strains of probiotics that are the most effective in each situation. | <urn:uuid:0f855dc1-c1a3-46f1-ad18-ce4ee2023fb3> | {
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Cancer-Causing Chemical Glyphosate Found In Cheerios And Snack Products.
The (https://www.ewg.org/release/new-round-ewg-tests-finds-more-children-s-cereals-tainted-monsanto-s-cancer-causing) Environmental Working Group 's (EWG) Children's Health Initiative found that 21 oat-based cereal and snack products, which are very popular with children, contained traces of the "active ingredient".
A new round of laboratory tests revealed that glyphosate was detected in every sample. An (https://www.ewg.org/release/new-round-ewg-tests-finds-more-children-s-cereals-tainted-monsanto-s-cancer-causing) official statement said all but four of the 21 products contained levels of glyphosate, which is the main ingredient in Bayer-Monsanto's Roundup, higher than what EWG scientists consider protective for children's health with an adequate margin of safety.
(https://www.cheerios.com/products/honey-nut-cheerios-medley-crunch/) General Mill's Honey Nut Cheerios Medley Crunch contained the highest levels of the weedkiller at 833 parts per billion (ppb) and Cheerios at 729 ppb. "EWG's health benchmark for children in 160 ppb. A child would only need to eat a single 60 gram serving of food with a glyphosate level of 160 ppb to reach the maximum dose considered safe by EWG," said (https://www.ewg.org/release/new-round-ewg-tests-finds-more-children-s-cereals-tainted-monsanto-s-cancer-causing) the statement.
Olga Naidenko, vice-president for science investigations at EWG said the latest tests show that a box of Cheerios, or other oat-based foods on store shelves today almost certainly come with a "dose of a cancer-causing weedkiller". Naidenko questioned whether General Mills wants to keep using a chemical that causes cancer, made by a company that three juries have "ound guilty of covering up" its health hazards. "Or will they listen to the growing chorus of concerned consumers calling on General Mills and other companies to remove glyphosate from the cereals kids love to eat."
General Mills said (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/glyphosate-breakfast-cereal-still-contains-roundup-ingredient-study-finds/) food safety is a 'top priorty ' for the company. The company said they are working to minimize the use of pesticides on the ingredients it uses. The (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/glyphosate-breakfast-cereal-still-contains-roundup-ingredient-study-finds/) company's statement said, "most crops grown in fields use some form of pesticides and trace amounts are found in the majority of food we all eat. Experts at the FDA and EPA deterine the safe levels for food products, which it adheres to, as well as farmers that grow the crops."
(https://www.ewg.org/release/new-round-ewg-tests-finds-more-children-s-cereals-tainted-monsanto-s-cancer-causing) EWG revealed that every year, more than 250 million pounds of glyphosate are sprayed on crops in the US, mostly on '(https://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Roundup_Ready_Crops) Roundup ready ' corn and soybeans genetically engineered to withstand herbicide. But glyphosate is also applied to non-GMO wheat, barley, oats and beans. Experts say the weedkiller kills the crop, drying it out so it can be harvested soon.
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|Publication:||International Business Times - US ed.|
|Date:||Jun 13, 2019|
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Country Immunization Information System Assessments--Kenya, 2015 and Ghana, 2016.
In 2001, WHO developed a methodology, the Data Quality Audit (1) to be used in lower--and middle-income countries to assess NIP administrative vaccination coverage data quality (2,3). WHO adapted this methodology for NIPs as a self-assessment tool, the Data Quality Self-Assessment (4). However, these methodologies focused on data validation and often missed underlying systemic issues, sometimes resulting in recommendations that were not actionable, not implemented, or that had little impact (5,6). In 2014, WHO and CDC collaborated to develop updated guidance for IISAs. Designed to be adaptable to a specific country context, the IISA guidance consists of four modules (Box). Modules are designed to identify the root causes of data quality problems and inform the development of actionable DQIPs.
BOX: Immunization information system assessment modules Module 1: Desk Review * Review of systems, processes, governance, and workforce to create an immunization data flow diagram. * Support from a checklist and implemented through individual and focus group interviews. * A systematic review of forms, tools, and the reports of previous assessments is performed to identify redundant tools and follow up any actions taken on previous recommendations. Module 2: National Data Review * Evaluation of the completeness, internal consistency, trends, and external consistency of national administrative vaccination coverage data through triangulation with external sources following a defined protocol. Module 3: Field Data Collection * Field teams administer a qualitative questionnaire and triangulate multiple sources of immunization data in a purposive sample of geographic regions, subnational sites, and health facilities. * Team members are assigned a thematic area on which to focus observations during site visits. * Topics include the following: --Recording and data verification --Data reporting, analysis --Denominator --Workforce, training, and human resources Module 4: Data Quality Improvement Plan (DQIP) Development * Debrief and review of all data and information gathered in the prior three modules. * Develop a plan through root cause discovery using an established framework with engagement of stakeholders.
The first IISA was conducted in Kenya in 2015. The desk review and national data review modules were performed remotely over a 3-month period using data and documents gathered by the Kenya Ministry of Health; the reviews were finalized 2 months before fieldwork began (Figure). Field questionnaires were refined using desk review findings and pilot testing. Teams collected data from four counties, eight subcounties, and 16 health facilities over a 5-day period. The DQIP was finalized 6.5 months after conclusion of the fieldwork.
An USA was conducted in Ghana during 2016; modules were adapted to suit country needs. The desk review and national data review modules were conducted collaboratively by the Ghana Ministry of Health, WHO, and CDC during a 3-day in-country meeting 2.5 months before commencement of fieldwork. Participants were divided into two teams; one created a detailed description of the immunization data system, and the other analyzed immunization data trends and selected field assessment sites. After piloting the questionnaires, field teams visited four regions, eight districts, 14 subdistricts, and 34 health facilities over 7 days. Teams conducted initial analyses to create region-specific presentations for the debriefing. The DQIP was finalized 4.5 months after completion of the fieldwork.
In both countries, four field data collection teams were deployed for the USA, each composed of three to four members, including national and subnational ministry of health and NIP officials and one partner (WHO or CDC) representative. Subnational staff members evaluated sites outside their jurisdiction. Purposive sampling was used to select diverse sites, accounting for setting, population density, and vaccination coverage. Field teams used standardized questionnaires to gather information on immunization data practices and challenges. To assess concordance among data sources, teams compared aggregate totals of administered third doses of diphtheria and tetanus toxoid and pertussis (DTP3) vaccine and oral poliovirus (OPV3) vaccine among different facility data collection tools (tally sheets, monthly reports, and child registers). These totals were compared with data at higher administrative levels. After data analysis was finalized, a DQIP was developed.
Assessment results indicated a range of performance across indicators in Kenya and Ghana (Table). Staff members in 10 of 16 health facilities in Kenya and 23 of 34 in Ghana reported meeting monthly to discuss vaccine administration data. However, only five health facilities in Kenya and 14 in Ghana displayed these data using an updated monitoring chart. Staff members in half of facilities (Kenya = 50%, Ghana = 53%) reported that monthly targets for immunization of children aged < 1 year were not accurate; targets were felt to be too high or too low compared with the actual population size. Reasons cited by staff members for concerns about target population sizes were similar across sites, including population migration and clients crossing between ill-defined health facility catchment areas. Staff members at most facilities (Kenya = 81%, Ghana = 100%) reported needing additional training in at least one of the following immunization-data-quality domains: record-keeping, reporting, analysis, and use for action.
In Kenya, concordance was higher between data reported at the subcounty and health facility levels (63%) than between different data sources within the health facility (0%-31%); in Ghana, concordance was poor between subdistrict and health facility data (25%). In both countries, concordance between immunization tally sheets and child registers at health facilities was low (Kenya = 0%, Ghana = 3%) (Table). Root causes of data quality challenges reported by staff members in Kenya include redundant data collection tools, lack of transportation, limited supportive supervision, and lack of airtime or internet access for electronic data reporting. In Ghana, the subdistrict level is responsible for providing supportive supervision to assigned health facilities. However, subdistrict staff members are co-located within designated health facilities; one set of staff members are responsible for all operations within their own facility as well as subdistrict supervisory activities. Root causes of data quality challenges noted by staff members in Ghana include poorly defined roles of subdistrict staff members and a lack of training on supportive supervision, data management, and interpretation. In contrast, district staff members in Ghana demonstrated proficiency in data analysis, use, and interpretation, based on field team observations of vaccination rate monitoring charts and responses to interview questions on calculation of key indicators.
In addition to identifying opportunities to improve NIP vaccination data quality in each country, the updated approach described here for assessing immunization data quality and developing a plan for improvement in Kenya and Ghana can inform future IISAs. Fieldwork was rapid in both countries; however, scheduling all the steps of an IISA in a condensed period can be challenging because of multiple NIP priorities and activities. One year from initiation of planning to consensus on a DQIP might be a realistic timeframe for many countries. Partner engagement and planning should begin at least 5 months before the projected start of fieldwork. The desk review might vary in duration depending upon the amount of information included, size of the team reviewing, and whether the review is done remotely or in-country. Additional time should be allotted for special circumstances such as political instability or the need for document translation.
The experiences in Kenya and Ghana illustrate that the desk review and national data review modules can be adapted by countries under flexible IISA guidelines. More expedient implementation of the two modules was accomplished in Ghana by working in-country with the Ghana Ministry of Health and partners. Regardless of where reviews are conducted, ministry of health and in-country partners are necessary for compiling the required data and documents. For fieldwork, three to four member teams were sufficient for data collection, yet manageable for facilities. Diverse field teams composed of national, subnational, and partner staff members incorporated multiple viewpoints into findings. Assigning subnational staff members to geographical subunits outside their jurisdiction reduced the potential for bias and provided staff members with a range of perspectives.
Various root causes of data quality challenges were identified. In both Kenya and Ghana, data in health facility registers were incomplete and demonstrated low concordance with other data sources. Other challenges included a low level of confidence in target population data, self-identified need for facility staff member training, and infrequent analysis and use of immunization data. Triangulation of data identified stronger subnational data concordance in Kenya, whereas Ghana had administrative and training support challenges at the subdistrict level.
The findings in this report are subject to at least two limitations. First, findings are not nationally representative, which could have resulted in over--or underestimation of the concordance of vaccination event data between data collection tools and administrative levels. Second, this report describes the data from two countries; because each country is unique, these findings might not be generalizable to other contexts.
Importantly, IISA guidance emphasizes following up all findings with an evidence-based, feasible DQIP developed collaboratively to fit within existing ministry of health and NIP timelines. Concrete actions have been taken based on the findings of the IISAs described. In Kenya, national and county target-setting workshops were convened; as a result, the DQIP was integrated into Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance health systems, strengthening support to 17 selected counties. In Ghana, pilot changes are being made to improve the managerial and supervisory skills of subdistrict staff members. In addition, data quality content is being incorporated into preprofessional coursework for health professional studies as well as continuing education for current staff members. In this way, the updated IISA guidance and its focus on data for action is providing an impetus for long-term change. Ultimately, higher quality immunization data provide better evidence for subsequent investments and interventions related to immunization programs, vaccine preventable disease surveillance, and outbreak response.
What is already known about this topic? The availability, quality, and use of immunization data are widely considered to form the foundation of successful national immunization programs. Lower--and middle-income countries have used systematic methods for the assessment of administrative immunization data quality since 2001, when the World Health Organization (WHO) developed the Data Quality Audit methodology. WHO adapted this methodology for use by national programs as a self-assessment tool, the Data Quality Self-Assessment. This methodology was further refined by WHO and CDC in 2014 as an immunization information system assessment (IISA).
What is added by this report?
Findings of immunization information system assessments in Kenya and Ghana identified some common challenges, such as incompleteness of the facility child register, low confidence in target population data, and infrequent analysis and use of data at the facility level. The assessments also examined larger systemic challenges that could explain the root causes of these problems, such as a poorly defined subdistrict administrative level in Ghana and need for training on data quality and data use among facility staff in both countries.
What are the implications for public health practice?
The experience gained from implementing assessments using updated IISA guidance in Kenya and Ghana provides an opportunity to inform other countries interested in best practices for assessing their data quality and creating actionable data quality improvement plans. Data quality improvement is important to provide the most accurate and actionable evidence base for future decision-making and investments in immunization programs. This review provides best practice experiences and recommendations for countries to use an IISA to assess data quality from national administrative structure down to the facility level. This methodology also meets the requirements for use by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance, for monitoring national immunization data quality at a minimum interval of every 5 years in conjunction with funding decisions.
National immunization staff members at all levels in Kenya and Ghana.
Conflict of Interest
No conflicts of interest were reported.
(1.) World Health Organization. The immunization data quality audit (DQA) procedure. WHO document WHO/V&B03.19. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/68462/1/WHO_V-B_03.19_eng.pdf
(2.) Lim SS, Stein DB, Charrow A, Murray CJ. Tracking progress towards universal childhood immunisation and the impact of global initiatives: a systematic analysis of three-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunisation coverage. Lancet 2008;372:2031-46. https://doi. org/10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61869-3
(3.) Murray CJ, Shengelia B, Gupta N, Moussavi S, Tandon A, Thieren M. Validity of reported vaccination coverage in 45 countries. Lancet 2003;362:1022-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14411-X
(4.) World Health Organization. The Immunization Data Quality Self-Assessment (DQS) tool. WHO document WHO/IVB/05.04. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2005. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/69034/1/WHO_IVB_05.04.pdf
(5.) Ronveaux O, Rickert D, Hadler S, et al. The Immunization Data Quality Audit: verifying the quality and consistency of immunization monitoring systems. Bull World Health Organ 2005;83:503-10.
(6.) Woodard S, Archer L, Zell E, Ronveaux O, Birmingham M. Design and simulation study of the Immunization Data Quality Audit (DQA). Ann Epidemiol 2007;17:628-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.01.038
Colleen Scott, DrPH ; Kristie E. N. Clarke, MD ; Jan Grevendonk, MBA ; Samantha B. Dolan, MPH ; Hussein Osman Ahmed, MD ; Peter Kamau, MHMIS ; Peter Aswani Ademba, MHMIS ; Lynda Osadebe, PhD, DVM ; George Bonsu, MD ; MPH4; Gregory Amenuvegbe, MPH ; Pamela Quaye ; Fred Osei-Sarpong, MPH ; Francis Abotsi ; Joseph Dwomor Ankrah ; Adam MacNeil, PhD
Global Immunization Division, CDC; World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Kenya Immunization Information System team; Ghana Immunization Information System team.
Corresponding author: Colleen Scott, [email protected], 404-718-8692.
Caption: FIGURE. Timeline of key steps* in immunization information system assessments'1'--Kenya, 2015 and Ghana, 2016
* Indicates time between initiation of key steps rather than time of continuous work on each step; work on each module had to fit within the national immunization program calendar.
([dagger]) Module 1 = desk review; Module 2 = national data review; Module 3 = field data collection; Module 4 = Data Quality Improvement Plan development.
TABLE. Vaccine administration data concordance * and selected data quality and data use indicators, by country--Kenya immunization information system assessment (IISA), 2015 and Ghana IISA, 2016 No. subnational sites (%) Selected data quality and Kenya, n = 8 Ghana, n = 16 data use indicators from IISA Subnational level Concordance between received 5 (63) 4 (25) facility monthly report and subnational database No. facilities (%) Health facility data quality Kenya, n = 16 Ghana, n = 34 and use indicators Concordance between child 0 (0) ([dagger]) 1 (3) vaccination register and facility vaccination tally sheets Concordance between facility 5 (31) 13 (38) monthly report and facility vaccination tally sheets Staff members meet at least 10 (63) 23 (68) monthly to discuss immunization data Up-to-date, properly filled 5 (31) 14 (41) immunization monitoring chart Staff members felt they need 13 (81) 34 (100) more training in at least one domain of immunization data management Staff members felt their 8 (50) 18 (53) monthly target population for immunization was not accurate ([section]) * Defined as 100% concordance for both the third dose of oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV3) and the third dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine (DTP3) over all months compared. ([dagger]) Field team compared tally sheet and register data at 15 of 16 facilities visited in Kenya. ([section]) Targets were thought to be too high or too low compared with actual population size observed by staff members.
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|Author:||Scott, Colleen; Clarke, Kristie E.N.; Grevendonk, Jan; Dolan, Samantha B.; Ahmed, Hussein Osman; Kam|
|Publication:||Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|
|Article Type:||Statistical table|
|Date:||Nov 10, 2017|
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Scientists discover pulsating star that hosts a giant planet.
A group of researchers from the Institute of Space Sciences (IEEC-CSIC) at Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona had made the discovery.
The study was carried out by the PhD student, Enrique Herrero, the researcher Dr. Juan Carlos Morales, the exoplanet expert, Dr. Ignasi Ribas, and the amateur astronomer, Mr. RamEn Naves.
WASP-33 (also known as HD15082) is hotter, more massive than the Sun (1.5 Msun) and is located at a distance of 378 light years away, in the constellation of Andromeda. It has the peculiarity of being a star that pulsates radially, like a balloon that inflates and deflates continuously, and non-radially, like the tides in Earth's oceans caused by the presence of the moon, which deforms the bodies of water between the poles and the equator.
This star hosts a giant planet, WASP-33b, that was detected in 2006 through the transiting method. The planet's mass is four times the mass of Jupiter and it orbits the star at such a high speed that it only takes 1.2 days to complete its orbit. This very short orbital period indicates its extreme proximity to the star, 0.02 astronomical units (AU) when Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun, is at 0.39 AU. This planet is quite particular because it has a retrograde orbit and, evenmore, its orbit is quite inclined in angle respect to the star's equator.
The study also suggests that the star's pulsations could be caused by the presence of the giant planet, something never seen before in any other planetary system. A small periodic signal, visible in the overall signal during the transit of the planet, called the attention of the researchers and through a thorough study, the pulsating modes of the star were determined and their possible relationship with the planet.
The finding has been in an article of the Astronomy and Astrophysics journal. (ANI)
Copyright 2011 Asian News International (ANI) - All Rights Reserved.
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|Publication:||Asian News International|
|Date:||Jan 19, 2011|
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Researchers from Stanford University have developed a new kind of advanced synthetic skin.
This new ‘skin’ is notable in that it can mimic a sense of touch, through the use of embedded sensors.
These sensors detect how hard they are being pressed and generate an electric signal to deliver this sensory input directly to a living brain cell.
Developed by Dr Zhenan Bao, the synthetic skin also maintains the general elastic properties of natural skin, able to stretch over a given area.
“This is the first time a flexible, skin-like material has been able to detect pressure and also transmit a signal to a component of the nervous system,” said Bao.
In order to achieve this, Bao’s team of 17 researchers built their ‘skin’ in two layers, with each ply performing a separate function.
The top layer functions as a sensor able to detect pressure with the same range as human skin – “from a light finger tap to a firm handshake”. The sensor makes use of carbon nanotubes in a ‘waffle pattern’ which conduct electricity when compressed.
The second layer of the skin functions as a circuit able to transport the electrical signals from the first layer and translate them into biochemical stimuli compatible with nerve cells in an organism.
To manufacture these high tech layers, the Stanford University team turned to PARC, a subsidiary of Xerox. The company helped them use technology similar to that used in inkjet printers to deposit the flexible circuits onto a plastic substrate.
Finally, the researchers used a line of mouse brain cells in order to simulate the human nervous system to prove that their synthetic skin could transmit signals to nerves.
Bao’s team hopes that one day their skin will enable a new generation of prosthetic limbs with a sense of touch.
This being said, there is still much work to be done, as their current skin can only detect compression.
Further refinements of their technology would be needed in order to provide similar functionality to natural skin, including the ability to detect changes in temperature and texture. | <urn:uuid:f1f47012-6571-4965-b904-d49fd28b17b8> | {
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Finding a plastic straw in a drink is about as normal and mundane as getting a plastic fork or pack of soy sauce with your Chinese takeout. What’s more, it’s not uncommon to get two teensy straws in a cocktail to mix your drink while you sip. How else are you expected to suck down that frosty Tom Collins or keep that White Russian perfectly blended?
But, when it comes down to it, most of us probably wouldn’t even notice if that plastic straw suddenly disappeared. Many of us would even be glad. Admit it: They’re often more of a nuisance than they are a help. And when your drink’s finished, the straw is thrown in the trash, never to be seen again.
Or so you thought.
The seemingly benign object isn’t so innocuous after all. It’s one of the most wasteful and potentially damaging plastic objects used by bars and restaurants, thrown out after a single use and unable to be recycled or composted. The United States alone consumes—and discards—nearly 500 million straws each day. As the National Parks Service points out, that’s enough to fill 125 school buses.
Luckily, it might not be long before plastic straws are passé in bars—for all the right reasons.
Two years ago, some particularly gruesome footage went viral. The video, which currently has more than 14 million views on YouTube, shows a group of researchers using pliers to slowly extract a plastic straw from a sea turtle’s nostril as it sneezes repeatedly and bleeds.
It’s hard to watch, but as researcher Chris Figgener, who was present during the filming of the video, notes on her GoFundMe page, “No biologist, regardless of his or her location, is actively seeking out injured wildlife as seen in my video. But [...] we are consistently witnessing the byproducts of human consumerism, and its consequences.”
Because straws are made of polypropylene, a byproduct of petroleum, they never degrade. Nor can they be recycled. That means they’re headed straight to a landfill or, as is often the case, into the environment where they break down into smaller and smaller fragments over time.
“Just because you responsibly use an item and throw it away or recycle it doesn’t mean that it’s not necessarily going to get into the marine environment through the waste management system, and what we call leakage,” says Lippiatt. According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), straws are one of the top 10 plastic items found littering marine environments.
“In 2016, during the one day cleanup worldwide, volunteers found and reported 409,087 straws,” says Sherry Lippiatt, California Regional Coordinator of the NOAA Marine Debris Program. She also points to a study done by the NOAA that found that a staggering 660 species of marine life had been affected by debris and that “a significant majority have been confirmed to ingest marine debris, primarily plastics.”
Lippiatt adds that researchers are still quantifying the risk straws pose to habitats of marine life. “But just knowing that they’re one of the most common items that are found and documented during monitoring efforts, it is an item of concern,” she says.
As it turns out, bartenders across the country are taking note and making moves to reduce the amount of plastic waste their watering holes produce, instituting bans on plastic straws and encouraging dialogue throughout the industry and with customers.
“We realized the impact plastic has on our water, soil, air, animals and our bodies, so we decided to minimize our use of plastic and toxic materials,” says Naama Tamir, owner of Lighthouse in Brooklyn and one of the early adopters of a plastic straw ban, along with a number of other sustainable bar practices. She stopped using plastic straws in her bar in 2012, but she hasn’t, however, done away with straws completely. Instead, she’s started using metal straws, which can be washed and reused rather than discarded.
“Guests definitely react to the metal straws, and we make a point to share our efforts for mindful actions when people express curiosity,” she says. “It's our way to educate and further the green agenda in an organic and conversational way.”
Dozens of other establishments have since followed suit. Well-known bars like Pouring Ribbons, Sunday in Brooklyn, Jimmy’s Aspen, Westbound, The Penrose, Bar Goto and Freehold Brooklyn have switched to paper or reusable straws.
On the West Coast, entire cities have even implemented full bans plastic straws or enacted soft bans (meaning bars and restaurants are permitted to give out straws only if requested by a customer). In Summer 2018, Seattle’s ban on plastic straws will take effect thanks to the Strawless in Seattle movement, though some places have already made the switch to reusable or biodegradable materials.
Chicago is also considering a full ban, and the practice is catching on in a number of New York and Philadelphia bars, as well as with plenty of other eco-conscious bartenders in smaller cities nationwide and overseas.
Renowned chef and restaurant owner Edward Lee stopped using straws in all of his Louisville and Washington D.C. establishments, including MilkWood and 610 Magnolia, in summer 2016. “We have paper straws on hand but only by request from customer,” says Lee, adding that this is just one of the first steps he’s taking to make his bar more environmentally friendly. He’s also getting rid of bottled water.
Some places have also made do with no straws at all—paper or otherwise. Scott Koehl, beverage director of DMK Restaurants in Chicago, did away with plastic straws for all the bars he manages this past summer. Instead of finding a replacement, he says, “We've adapted how we serve drinks in order to make them less dependent on straws.” That includes serving fewer drinks with crushed ice, which often require straws, and creating more drinks in short glasses that are easier to sip from, rather than tall and narrow Collins glasses.
The change came after one of DMK’s restaurants, Fish Bar, helped fund a study at the city’s Shedd Aquarium.
“The results of straws’ impact on the environment and marine life was shocking to us,” he says. “I think this is a trend that will not just affect the bar community but businesses in general will have to adapt to these preferences as people start to care how our consumption affects the planet's future.”
Though the problems facing the environment—and particularly the oceans—are concerning, bartenders are taking pains to do what they can and to educate the community.
This past summer, the annual Tales of the Cocktail conference, which draws in thousands of bar professionals from around the world, hosted its first Sustainability Summit, where plastic straws were one of the hot topics discussed by event moderators Chad Arnholt and Claire Sprouse of the Tin Roof Drink Community.
Spirits company Rémy Cointreau also took a stand this past summer when it partnered with the Lonely Whale Foundation and Tamir’s Lighthouse for an Instagram campaign called #stopsucking. | <urn:uuid:927e2c92-e699-47b3-95ca-246af87b0f87> | {
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In June 2014, David Cameron emphasised the role that British Values play in education.
How well a school promotes such values is also part of the Ofsted school inspection process. Ofsted defines fundamental British Values as 'democracy, the rule of law, individual liberty and mutual respect and tolerance of those with different faiths and beliefs'.
At Townley School and Pre-School, British Values are promoted in much of what we do, for example through assemblies, Religious Education lessons, personal, Social and health Education (PSHE) and through our studies of other counties within topic work.
British Values Statement:
At Townley School, we are committed to serving our community and surrounding areas. We recognise the multi-faith nature of Cambridgeshire and the United Kingdom and understand the crucial role our school plays in promoting these values. We encourage admissions of all entitled to education under British Law, regardless of faith, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, political or financial status. We educate all equally. We aim to promote a love of learning in all our children which will stay with them into adulthood. We are in pursuit of excellence in all subjects. This statement outlines the key British values we actively promote.
Democracy is embedded at the school. Children are always listened to by adults and are taught to listen carefully and with concern to each other, respecting the right of every individual to have their opinions and voices heard. Children also have the opportunity to air their opinions and ideas through our School Council and questionnaires etc. The elections of the School Council members are based solely on pupil votes, reflecting our British electoral system and demonstrating democracy in action. The children were involved in the interview process when appointing the new headteacher and they will be involved with key appointments where necessary.
The Rule of Law - The importance of laws whether they are those that govern the class, the school or the country, are consistently reinforced. Our school has rules, which are deeply embedded in our work every day. We have high expectations of pupil and staff conduct and this is reflected in our clearly structured Behaviour Policy and Code of Conduct. Each class also discusses and sets its own rules that are clearly understood by all and seen to be necessary to ensure that every class member is able to learn in a safe and ordered environment. Our children are taught the value and reasons behind laws, that they govern and protect us, the responsibilities that this involves and the consequences when laws are broken. To encourage and promote good behaviour, attitude and work, we have devised a reward system which is consistently followed throughout the school. We are committed to praising children’s efforts. We endeavour to praise the children informally, individually, during group work, in front of the whole class and the whole school. There is recognition for exhibiting good and caring behaviour and consistent demonstration of our values through whole school assemblies. Some assemblies are delivered with a focus on the law e.g. elections. The school has links with our local Police Community Support Officers (PCSOs) who help our children to develop an understanding of British law and to understand their role in maintaining a peaceful community. Visits from other external agencies such as the Fire Service and Health professionals reinforce their understanding of the responsibilities held by various professions. Through our assemblies, circle time and PSHE/Citizenship curriculum, children are taught how to earn trust and respect and are supported to develop a strong sense of morality. This includes knowing right from wrong and doing the right thing even when it is difficult.
Individual Liberty -Within school, children are actively encouraged to make choices, knowing that they are in a safe and supportive environment. As a school we educate and provide boundaries for our children to make choices safely, through the provision of a safe environment and an empowering education. Our children are taught about personal, choices, ambition and aspiration. Children are valued for their differences they are encouraged to know, understand and exercise their rights and personal freedoms, responsibility and are advised how to exercise these safely; examples of this can be clearly seen in our e-safety and P.S.H.E. lessons. Whether it is through choice of challenge; of how they record; of participation in our numerous extra- curricular activities; our children are given the freedom to make choices. There are opportunities for children to take on more responsibility within school. For example Year 6 children can apply for a place on T.O.P.S to support others at break time and assist in running a range of play activities; they also support our Reception children, during the first term, in the dining hall; the children have to opportunity to be involved in fundraising and taking responsibility for organsising resources.
Mutual Respect: Respect is one of the core values of our school as can be seen on our school badge. The children know and understand that it is expected and imperative that respect is shown to everyone, whatever differences we may have and to everything, however big or small. The core value of Respect underpins our work every day both in and out of the classroom. A Class Code of Conduct is drawn up at the beginning of each academic year to set clear expectations of respectful behaviour. Through our school’s values, PSHE, circle time and assemblies children are taught to respect each other, to be co-operative and collaborative, be supportive and to look for similarities, while being understanding of differences. Our PSHE curriculum embodies values of mutual respect through units such as ‘Relationships’ and being responsible citizens. Assemblies focus on helping other children to understand specific needs. We celebrate and reward success and learn to be magnanimous in defeat. An ‘Anti-Bullying Week’ and various well-being events/themed weeks are held throughout the year.
Tolerance of Those With Different Faiths And Beliefs. We are situated in an area which is not greatly culturally diverse, therefore we place a great emphasis on promoting diversity with the children. Our core value of Respect ensures tolerance of those who have different faiths and beliefs. We have high expectations of pupil conduct and this is reflected in our Behaviour and Equality policies. We enhance children understanding of different faiths and beliefs through religious education studies; P.S.H.E. work; visits to other schools in different settings, participation in celebrations such as Diwali; school visits to different places of worship, including our parish church where we hold services such as Harvest and Christingle; welcoming visitors from other schools and enjoying a depth of study through our curriculum. Children reflect on their own beliefs and those of others in a respectful way. Through assemblies and topics taught in class, the children develop an understanding of a range of cultures to help them prepare for life in modern Britain and gain an enhanced understanding of their place in a culturally diverse society.
Our duty to safeguard children from radicalisation and extremism through adherence to 'The Prevent Strategy' ensures that any dissent or opposition to these fundamental British Values is not tolerated at our School. | <urn:uuid:22655f68-2a18-435a-877d-7dedd5a1222d> | {
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Nanjing Confucius Temple is located in Gongyuan Street on the North Bank of Qinhuai River in Qinhuai District of Nanjing City and west of Jiangnan Gongyuan Temple, namely Nanjing Confucius Temple, Nanjing Confucian Temple and Wenxuanwang Temple. It is the first highest institution of learning in China and also the four major Chinese Confucian temples. It is the site of ancient Chinese cultural hub and the gathering place of history and humanity of Jinling Mausoleum. It is not only the cultural and educational center of Nanjing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but also the cultural and cultural building complex ranking the top in the southeastern provinces. It is now an important part of the Qinhuai Scenic Belt of the Confucius Temple.
Confucius Temple is a group of large-scale ancient buildings, mainly composed of Confucius Temple, Xuegong Palace and Gongyuan, occupying a large area. There are such buildings as Zhaobi, Panchi, archway, Juxing Pavilion, Quixing Pavilion, Weixing Gate, Dacheng Hall, Mingde Hall and Zunjing Pavilion. The Confucius Temple, known as the scenic spot of Qinhuai River, has become the characteristic landscape area of Nanjing, the ancient capital of China. It is the largest traditional ancient street market in China. It is the four bustling cities in China with Chenghuangmiao in Shanghai, Xuanmiaoguan in Suzhou and Tianqiao in Beijing.
The Confucius Temple was first built in 337 years of Sima Yan Xiankang, Emperor Chengdi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In 1034, the first year of Jingyou of the Song Dynasty, it was rebuilt as a Confucius Temple. From the Six Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the great families gathered nearby, so there was the saying of "gold powder of the Six Dynasties". Hundreds of famous militarists, politicians and writers, such as Fan Li, Zhou Yu, Wang Dao, Xie An, Li Bai, Du Mu and Wu Jingzi, have made immortal achievements here, and have written a chapter that has been recited for thousands of years.
The Confucius Temple in Nanjing was destroyed in four places and five buildings. The last time it was destroyed was in the artillery fire of Japanese invaders who invaded China in 1937. After the renovation of the Confucius Temple in 1985, it has received more than 100 million tourists, more than 100,000 tourists on weekdays, and more than 300,000 holidays. It is a well-known open national AAAAA-class tourist attraction in China and a well-known tourist attraction both at home and abroad.
Qinhuai River is an ancient place of Nanjing cultural origin, while the Inner Qinhuai River is 4.2 kilometers long from Dongshuitou to Xishuiguan along both sides of the river. Since the Six Dynasties, it has been the place where the Wangzu people live. Businessmen and scholars gathered together, Confucianism flourished, and it is known as "the golden powder of the Six Dynasties".
The Confucius Temple, located on the Bank of Qinhuai River in Nanjing, was built in 337 years by Sima Yanxiankang, Emperor Chengdi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. According to Wang Dao's proposal, "the emphasis of governing the country is to cultivate talents", Taixue was established on the South Bank of Qinhuai River. At that time, there was only Xuegong, but no Confucian Temple was built.
Confucian temple was built in the first year of Jingyou, Renzong of Song Dynasty (1034) on the Eastern Jin School Palace. Because Confucius is sacrificed, it is also called Confucius Temple. The purpose of building Confucius Temple in front of the Academic Palace is to hope that scholars will follow the path of sages and sages and accept feudal enlightenment.
From the Six Dynasties to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the flourishing scenes and unique features of the Qinhuai River in ten miles were eulogized by scholars of all dynasties. Located on the North Bank of Qinhuai River, the Confucius Temple was originally a place to worship Confucius. It was built in the first year of Jingyou in the Song Dynasty (1034), and was expanded from the old site of Xuegong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
During the Jianyan period of the Southern Song Dynasty, it was destroyed by fire and war.
Shaoxing was rebuilt in the ninth year (1139). It was called Jiankang Fu School.
The Yuan Dynasty changed to Jiqing Road Science.
In the early Ming Dynasty, it was the study of Guozi, merging Shangyuan and Jiangning counties, and then the study of Tianfu.
In the Qing Dynasty, the government schools were relocated to the old site of Guozijian in the Ming Dynasty in the north of the city, which became the county schools of Jiangning and Shangyuan. In the early Qing Dynasty, when the government moved to the former Guozijian, it changed the original place of the Confucius Temple into the county schools of Shangyuan and Jiangning counties.
Xianfeng was destroyed by war again and rebuilt in Tongzhi eight years (1869).
In 1937, during the War of Resistance Against Japan, the Japanese army burned and seriously damaged it.
In 1984, in order to protect the cultural heritage of the ancient capital, the Municipal and District People's Governments, after scientific demonstration and planning by relevant experts, allocated special funds several times for meticulous maintenance and reconstruction over the years. From Taoyedu in the East and 1.8 kilometers west to the Qinhuai River in Zhonghua Gate, a number of cultural relics and tourist attractions have been restored and constructed, as well as a number of bookstores, snack shops, teahouses and restaurants on the commercial street, which are scattered and rich in local traditional features, such as river halls, River houses, song houses and dance pavilions. "Qinhuai Painting Boat" has been around for many years.
In 1985, the ancient buildings of Confucius Temple were renovated, and the surrounding tea shops, restaurants, shops and other buildings were also transformed into Ming and Qing styles. The Confucius Temple complex was composed of Confucius Temple, Xuegong Palace and Jiangnan Gongyuan, which is the essence of Qinhuai scenery. Gongyuan Street near the river is an ancient tourist cultural commercial street. At the same time, according to the pattern of temple fairs formed in history, the eastern and Western markets were rebuilt. Traditional food and snacks are served here. Every year from the first to eighteenth day of the first lunar month, the Confucius Temple Lantern Fair is held.
After more than 10 years of efforts, more than 1 billion yuan has been invested in the restoration and construction of more than 20 and 300,000 square meters of ancient buildings, including Dacheng Hall, Mingde Hall, Zunjing Pavilion, Jiangnan Gongyuan, Wuyi Lane, Wang Xie Guju and Wu Jingzi's former residence. Pavilions, terraces, pavilions and halls are scattered in different places, which reproduce the features of Jiangnan Street and the ancient Qinhuai River Hall in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Hefang Landscape, Six Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties culture has been further excavated and displayed. It has formed a group of market groups with distinctive characteristics, such as small commodities, antique paintings, flowers, birds, fish and insects, and has become one of the commercial centers in Nanjing.
In 1991, it was named "Forty Best Tourism Resorts in China" and became a well-known tourist attraction, cultural corridor, food center and shopping park at home and abroad.
Confucius is a sacrificial ritual in ancient times. Confucian temples everywhere belong to one of the national sacrificial rituals. Therefore, the characteristics of Confucian temple are that the temple is attached to learning and is integrated with the learning of universities and prefectures (prefectures) and counties. The temple is located either in the front of the school palace or on one side.
Nanjing Confucius Temple is the layout of the former temple and the latter. Confucius Temple, Xuegong Palace and the tribute courtyard on the east side (where people are selected through examinations) constitute three major cultural and educational ancient buildings. Confucian temples in ancient times had certain layout forms.
In general, the front of the temple square is set up with illumination wall, Moxing gate and east-west archway. In front of Moxing gate, a semi-circular pool is set up, which is called "panchi". Panchi is the unique form of Confucian temple, which originated from Zhou Li, while Confucius Temple chiseled the Qinhuai River as Panchi, which is the only case that Tianming River is used as Panchi. On the north bank is the Shilan, with the archway of "World Wenshu". Visitors can take a rest with the archway and browse the scenery of Qinhuai River.
The Dazhaobi of the Confucius Temple is located on the South Bank of Qinhuai River. It was built in 1575, the third year of Wanli in Ming Dynasty. It is 110 meters long and is the longest in Zhaobi of China.
The stone fence beside Panchi was built in 1514 in Ming Zhengde in 9 years, and is now fully decorated. There are Kuiguang Pavilion in the East and Juxing Pavilion in the west, which symbolize the prosperity of literary style. Stone pillars stand on both sides of the square in front of the temple, and the letter "Minister of Culture and Wushu dismounts hereafter" is written to show his respect for "King Xuan of the Supreme Saint Wen". In front of the temple gate, there is a Baimu archway called "World Wenshu". Behind the archway, there is "Weixing Gate". The archway is Yugaoshi archway with six pillars and three gates. The inscription of "Weixing Gate" is inscribed on the middle gate. Between the three doors are embossed with peony brick carvings, with cloud carvings on the pillars, the shape of which is Huabiao. This is the passage for the emperor to go on pilgrimage and worship holes, which is not accessible to ordinary officials and people. On weekdays, it is closed by wooden fences.
There are two old streets in the East and west of the street, namely, Taoguan Ancient and Modern and De Paitiandi Tiandi, which were demolished after the Republic of China. Around the square, there were two pavilions of "gathering stars" and "thinking music". Juxing Pavilion was built in 1983, and the Confucius Temple was rebuilt in 1983.
The Weixing Gate is composed of three single stone archways. There are relief carvings with peony patterns on the walls between the stone archways. In the middle, there are three inscriptions of "Weixing Gate" engraved on the cross lintel of the stone archway. The shape is simple and unadorned. When entering the gate, there are honor gates on both sides of the East and west, with Dacheng gate in the middle, also known as the halberd gate. In feudal times, when pilgrimages and Spring and Autumn Festivals were held in Shuoshuo and Wangwang (the first and fifteenth day of the lunar calendar), officials of prefectures and counties, oracles and instructors entered through Dacheng Gate. Scholars held the door of respect and were not allowed to overstep the rules. The next step is Danxue, with three monuments standing side by side. The East is the monument of the Saint Lady in the second year of Yuan to Shun (1331), the west is the monument of Siya, and the west is the monument of the Xiuxue Palace of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. There are two halls around Danxue, with corridors leading to the main hall. The two Lu worship the 72 sages of Confucius.
In the middle is the "Dacheng Hall", with a terrace outside, a place for dancing and music during the Spring and Autumn Festival, surrounded by stone railings on three sides, copper stoves at four corners, tung oil torches, and sacrifices mostly at midnight, like daylight. In the middle of the hall, the position of Confucius, the most holy teacher of Dacheng, was worshipped, and the Four Saints of Asia, Yan Hui, Zeng Shen, Meng Kai and Kong Ji, were shared right and left. On the east side of the hall is a small gate palace for learning.
Dacheng Gate in Ming and Qing Dynasties has five rooms, with ear chambers on both sides for deacons to rest. In the middle, there are three doors. Inside the door, halberds are displayed, drums are set in the east, and clothes are set in the west. Every New Year's Pilgrimage and Spring and Autumn Festival, officials of prefectures and counties enter by Dacheng Gate (the middle gate), and deacons of scholars are divided into side doors. The gate and the hall were destroyed by Japanese weapons. In 1986, Dacheng was built with three wide doors. In the middle of the door was a white jade screen with the inscription of "Rebuilding the Temple of Confucius" and four ancient monuments were erected. Among them, the "Map of Confucius Inquiring Rites" in Qi Yongming's two years was an important monument moved here from the courtyard of Nanjing Municipal People's Government.
The main hall of the Confucius Temple is Dacheng Hall. The present hall was built on the basis of the eight years of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1869). The back wall of the original Confucian temple was cancelled to integrate it with the academic palace. Seven halls, 18 meters high, double eaves Xie Mountain top. In the middle of the original hall is the "Divine Place of Confucius, the most holy teacher of Dacheng", with Siya Saints on both sides. There are bronze statues of Confucius in the hall, with white jade statues of the twelve disciples of Confucius on both sides. In front of the temple, there is a spacious terrace surrounded by stone fences. It is the place where ancient sacrifices were held for music and dance. The front and front sides of the hall are connected by corridors and luxuries. They were places for worshiping the 72 sages of Confucius and Confucians of all dynasties, and for storing sacrificial utensils. Now it has been transformed into a stele gallery, with more than 30 pieces of calligraphic steles on the walls, which display the famous people of today.
Between the walls of the Confucian temple and the school palace, there are wide passages in the east, West and north. Hundreds of cypress trees have been planted. The ancient trees are towering in the sky, and they are gloomy and pale. At that time, on the Wende Bridge outside the temple, the yellow glazed tile roof of the Dacheng Hall looked magnificent and magnificent in the shade. The empress of the palace was "Ming De Tang". According to legend, the inscription was Wen Tianxiang's regular script in the Southern Song Dynasty, which was later changed from Zeng Guofan to seal script. In the back of the hall is "Zunjing Pavilion". The pavilion was originally a lecture hall for oracles. There are many stereotypes of Confucian classics and many portraits of sages in the upstairs. During the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty, the war destroyed it again.
During the eight years of Tongzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1869), Zeng Guofan and Li Hongzhang rebuilt and expanded one after another to restore their old appearance. However, the main buildings of the temple were destroyed in 1937 by the artillery fire of the Japanese invaders. After liberation, the former Xuegong was part of the people's playground in Qinhuai District, while the "Xianci Temple of Famous Eunuch Township" was replaced by the Confucius Temple Primary School, and the Dacheng Palace site was opened as the Confucius Temple Square. During the Cultural Revolution, the remaining buildings were destroyed again. In 1983, the government allocated funds to rebuild the ancient buildings of the Confucius Temple, and the main buildings were basically restored to their old appearance.
The Eastern and Western markets on both sides of the Confucius Temple were originally the road in front of the Xuegong Temple. Dongyong Road is the main entrance to the Xuegong Palace. There is a square in front of the door, and the book "Pangong" is written. Fangdong is the top-ranking, eye-catching and flower-exploring famous-brand square in Ming and Qing dynasties. Fangxi is a famous workshop for Huiyuan and Jieyuan. On the back of the workshop is a famous workshop for Wuke. There were three ancestral halls and two offices beside East-West Yongdao. After the Republic of China, the imperial examinations were abolished, schools were revitalized, and the palace gradually declined. The ancestral halls and offices were changed into schools, educational bureaus, libraries, and so on. The road of the palace became a vendor's market. From then on, the name of the East and West markets began.
Now the East-West market was built in 1987, with a total floor area of 4400 square meters. It absorbs the space form and scale of traditional commercial streets in China. It adopts the market style of Ming and Qing Dynasty, paves the floor with stone slabs, and stores adopt the "green brick, daiwa, horse-head wall, corridor hanging with flower lattice windows". The stores, temples, markets and streets are integrated and have a rich land. Square features.
After Ming De Tang, Zunjing Pavilion was built in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. It used to have five rooms on the upper and lower floors. After Jiaqing of Qing Dynasty, Zunjing Academy was set up here, with books collected upstairs and lectures downstairs. The Zunjing Pavilion rebuilt in 1987 is three stories high, 18.7 meters, with a double-eaved T-shaped ridge at the top, five at the bottom, and three at the second and third floors. The first floor is "Qinhuai Lantern Hall", the second floor is "Qinhuai Cultural Relics and Historical Sites Showroom", and the third floor is equipped with tea seats for visitors to rest and overlook the panoramic view of the Confucius Temple.
Gongyuan, located on the east side of Xuegong Palace, was built in the fourth year of Qiandao in Song Dynasty (1168). It was the place where the Kangfu and county school examinations were built at that time, and the scope was very small. Zhu Yuanzhang, Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, built Jinling, the capital of the Ming Dynasty. He gathered the local test and would try it here. There were many candidates, which could not be applied. During the Yongle reinvention of Ming Chengzu, tribute courtyards began to take shape. Although Yongle's ancestor moved to Beijing in nineteen years (1421), it was still the site of the rural test in the south of the Yangtze River. The Qing Dynasty inherited the Ming Dynasty system, as it used to be, and it was rebuilt during the Daoguang Period. During the Xianfeng period, the Confucian Temple and the Xuegong Palace were under fire, but the tribute courtyard survived alone. Tongzhi reinvented and expanded, with more than 20,000 test rooms, ranking first among all provinces in China.
At that time, Gongyuan started from Yaojiaxiang in the east, from Gongyuan East in the south to Hegongyuan Street in the east, and from Gongyuan West Street in the west to Fuzimiao across the street. From now on, Jiankang Road has been built in the north. The whole courtyard is square. There are 20644 halls (commonly known as test rooms), one for each person. Each examination can accommodate more than 20,000 people. At that time, the main entrance of the Gongyuan was between Jinyonghe Garden and Qinhuai Theatre.
There is a wooden archway in the East and west of the street outside the gate, namely the East and West Yuanmen. Outside the gate, there are a pair of stone lions and two stone archways. On the axis, there are three gates, which are called "Gongyuan", "Starting Astronomical Transport" and "Longmen".
There are Mingyuan Tower, Gonggong Hall and Caution Hall behind Longmen. There is a door behind the hall and a flying rainbow bridge behind the door. The south of the bridge belongs to the outer curtain, and the Feihong Bridge is the boundary between the outer curtain and the outer curtain. Finally, Hengjiantang is the place where the examiner reads the examination papers and evaluates the ranks. During the examination, the curtain is strictly separated from the curtain, and no unauthorized access is allowed. The whole courtyard is surrounded by high walls, with streets outside and shops and houses on the other side. Since the abolition of the imperial examination in Guangxu 31 years (1905), the tribute courtyard has been idle and useless. In 7 years of the Republic of China, it decided to dismantle the tribute courtyard and open up the market. Only 22 inscriptions of Mingyuan Tower, Feihong Bridge and Mingyuan Tower were retained.
Mingyuan Building was built in Yongle of Ming Dynasty and rebuilt in Daoguang of Qing Dynasty. Plane square, three-storey wooden structure. At the bottom, there are four walls, each with circular arches, four eaves from the bottom to the roof, beams and columns interlaced, and windows on all sides. The whole tribute courtyard is clear at a glance. It is the place where examiners and deacons warn and issue orders during the examination. The Mingyuan Building has been established as the historical exhibition hall of the imperial examination system in Jiangnan Gongyuan. More than 100 precious documents and pictures reflecting the imperial examination system in China have been displayed, and 40 numbered houses have been rebuilt as before. The 22 inscriptions of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, originally placed in the courtyard, are now concentrated on the East and west sides of the Mingyuan Tower. They are material materials for studying the evolution of the system of the courtyard and the imperial examination in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. | <urn:uuid:a4007902-02bf-46cd-b9f1-f8872d3d3c84> | {
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The new state standards define the knowledge and skills students should have within their K–12 education careers so that they will graduate high school able to succeed in entry-level, credit-bearing, academic college courses and in workforce training programs.
In June 2010, the State Board of Education adopted the current standards in English language arts and mathematics as a result of a multi-state effort. Those standards have been in use in Ohio classrooms since the 2014-2015 school year.
The board also has adopted Ohio’s Learning Standards in science, social studies, fine arts, world languages and several other subjects.
Descriptions of the standards are available online through the Ohio Department of Education. | <urn:uuid:4b5e882a-fd75-4b98-92b6-5d23c6106f81> | {
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Aerobic septic systems are complicated, with more moving parts and complex electronics than standard systems. For this reason, aerobic systems must be checked more frequently and carefully.
The wastewater first enters the trash tank or compartment. This is where most of the solids are separated from the liquids. The liquids then move into the aerobic unit or compartment, then to the pump tank or compartment.
Over time, the sludge in the trash compartment accumulate and begin to enter the aerobic unit, and then the pump compartment. Activated sludge can build up in the aerobic unit and pass through to the pump tank.
Your maintenance provider should check your aerobic system every four months, and sludge readings should be part of that care. We recommend taking sludge readings in both the aerobic tank and the pump tank. If a high sludge accumulation occurs in either of the tanks, we recommend pumping all the tanks or compartments of the system.
High sludge accumulations in the aerobic tank prevent the bacteria from doing its job and cause insufficient treatment of the wastewater.
High sludge accumulations in the pump tank can cause premature pump failure, it can clog the spray or drip lines, clog the spray heads, or—if it’s bad enough—cause sludge to spray out on the lawn.
All aerobic systems need to be pumped, but the frequency varies greatly from system to system, and depends on the system’s usage. Here are a few factors involved on how often your aerobic system needs to pumped out.
Systems with smaller tanks need more frequent pumpings than systems with larger tanks.
More occupants means more wastewater entering the system, so sludge accumulates faster.
Also, surges on the system (using a lot of water within a short time frame) can cause sludge to push through the system faster, causing higher sludge accumulations in the pump tank. This can also occur with drippy faucets and running commodes.
The aerobic bacteria in these systems cannot survive without oxygen. If there is a lack of oxygen, the treatment of the wastewater decreases and sludge can accumulate at a faster rate.
When the compartments are overfull (such as when your submergible pump goes out), it can allow sludge to move more freely between the tanks.
Cleaning services may use more and stronger chemicals to clean, which can kill the bacteria. Some long-term medication use can have a negative impact on the bacteria in the system, as well as fats, grease, and oils (including tanning oils, bath oils, etc.). | <urn:uuid:d158c459-6b92-4636-ab0e-6076959a69bc> | {
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Written by: Niina Haiminen for the IBM Research blog
When you buy food from the supermarket or order at a restaurant, an apple can clearly be identified as an apple. But how can you be sure of the contents of a spice mix, ground beef, or fish cakes? Unintentional contamination and intentional fraud can occur in the food supply chain. Food authentication is emerging as an important field, and at IBM Research we are applying a multidisciplinary approach in collaboration with industry and academia to address this global challenge.
As food supply chains become increasingly global and complex, more sophisticated approaches to ensuring safe food are needed. The Consortium for Sequencing the Food Supply Chain aims to explore the application of genomics and big data to food safety in order to generate new insights and understanding of the total supply chain, ultimately moving towards prediction and prevention of food safety incidents. Consortium founders IBM Research and Mars Incorporated, together with member Bio-Rad Laboratories and consulting professor Dr. Bart Weimer of the UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, have been testing a new way to authenticate the composition of raw materials. Through the application of metagenomics, analytics and cloud technology we are generating new insights and understanding of food supply chains.
As described in our co-authored research paper Food authentication from shotgun sequencing reads with an application on high protein powders, published today in the Nature Partner Journal Science of Food, the consortium has created a new pipeline for food component identification that can simultaneously detect multiple expected and unexpected components. In a world where global food supply chains are increasingly complex, this research showed that such a pipeline has potential for reliable ingredient authentication.
How does the pipeline work?
This new approach involves evaluating DNA and RNA sequencing data from food against a database of thousands of plant and animal genomes. In this proof-of-concept work, a food authentication pipeline was initially developed using simulated and experimental datasets, and then applied to 31 high protein powder (HPP) samples.
Analyzing the HPP samples was exciting as this was the first time that food ingredient sequencing at this scale had been done, and we did not know what to expect from applying the pipeline. This research indicated traces of other ingredients introduced — possibly during ingredient transport or processing — and the effectiveness of sequencing in verifying authenticity.
More work and data is needed and ongoing efforts within the Consortium for Sequencing the Food Supply Chain include assessing microbiomes for potential food safety applications. Together, we are building new capabilities through advancing science and technology to better ensure the safety, quality and authenticity of foods and their ingredients.
Haiminen, N., Edlund, S., Chambliss, D. et al. Food authentication from shotgun sequencing reads with an application on high protein powders. npj Sci Food 3, 24 (2019) doi:10.1038/s41538-019-0056-6 | <urn:uuid:73a1bead-8eaa-494f-bf7b-d6519f6e70f8> | {
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What are Bonds?
A bond is a security that denotes the debt owed by the issuer to the bondholders and he is liable to pay the coupon (an interest) on the same or repay the actual amount in the future and these are also negotiable and here interest can be paid monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or even annually.
Market Price of Bond
The market price of a bond is the present value of all expected future principal and interest payments of the bonds discounted at the bonds yield to maturity (rate of return). It is to be noted that the yield and price of the bond are inversely related so that when the market rate rises, prices of the bond will fall and vice-versa.
The success of a bond is measured depending on the yield which they offer. Yield is the annual percentage of return earned on a security.
The current yield of the bond is computed as Annual Coupons / Current Bond Price
For instance, if a bond was issued for $1,000 with an annual coupon of $100 but if it is selling in the market for $1,100, then the yield would be: 100/1100 = 9.09%
Types of Bonds
Some of the popular types of bonds are:
- Fixed-rate bonds have coupons remaining constant throughout the life of the bond.
- Floating Rate Notes are those having the coupon linked to the reference rate of interest such as the LIBOR. Since these are volatile in nature, they are classified as Floating. For e.g. the interest rate may be defined as LIBOR + 0.25% and does get re-calculated on a periodical basis.
- Corporate Bonds is a debt security issued by various Corporations and sold to various investors. The backing for such bonds depends on the payment ability of the company which in turn is linked to future possible earnings of the company from its operations. These are the aspects looked in by the credit rating agencies before giving in their confirmation.
- Government Bonds is a bond issued by the National Government promising to make regular payments and repay the face value on maturity. The terms on which the government can market depends on the creditworthiness in the market.
- Zero-Coupon Bonds do not pay periodical interest. They are usually issued at a discount to the par value making it attractive. This difference is then rolled up on maturity and the full principal amount is paid on maturity. Such bonds can also be issued by financial institutions by stripping off the coupons from the principal amount.
- High Yield Bonds are those which are rated below investment grade by the credit rating authorities. Since these are lower grades, they are expected to offer larger yield and making them attractive. These are also termed as Junk Bonds.
- Convertible Bonds allow the holder to exchange a bond against a number of equity shares. These are considered as hybrid securities since they combine features of equity as well as debt.
- Inflation-indexed bonds are those in which the principal and the interest amount is linked to the inflation prevailing in the economy.
- Subordinated bonds have a lower priority than other bonds of the issuer at the time of liquidation. The risk is higher compared to Senior bonds and once the creditors and senior bondholders are paid, the subordinated bondholders are prioritized. Comparatively, they have a lower credit rating and some of the examples are bonds issued by banks, asset-backed securities, etc.
- Foreign Bonds are issued in the domestic market by a foreign entity in the currency of the domestic market as a means of raising capital. As most of the investors would be from the domestic market, it can prove to benefit as they will get an opportunity to include foreign exposure in their respective portfolios. Some of the instances of foreign bonds are:
- Bulldog Bond
- Samurai Bond
- Yankee Bond
- Matilda Bond
Types of Risks
Bonds are subject to various types of risks such as:
- Credit Risk
- Liquidity Risk
- Foreign Exchange Risk
- Inflation Risk
- Sovereign/Country Risk
- Volatility Risk
- Yield Curve Risk
Changes in the prices of the bond have an immediate impact on the portfolio of securities as it offers relatively stable returns. Additionally, the price of the Government bond is very sensitive as it will depict the economic stability of the respective country. The prices can also be impacted by the credit rating agencies upgrade or downgrade.
A number of bond indices exist for the management of portfolios and measuring performances such as:
Most of the indices are branches of other indices for measuring global bond portfolios or can be further subdivided for the management of customized portfolios depending on maturity or industry splits.
In financial terms, a bond is an instrument of debt from the bond issuer to the bondholder. It is security confirming debt, in which the issuer owes a debt to the holder and has an obligation for payment of the interest amount (coupon rate) at specified intervals or the making the entire principal amount at a later date on maturity. These interest amounts could be paid Annually, Semi-annually or even monthly. The ownership of the bond is transferable in the secondary market which makes it more liquid.
This has been a guide to what are bonds, the price of a bond, types of bonds, types of riks and bond indices. You may also have a look at the following articles to learn more about fixed income – | <urn:uuid:33d38b33-7d90-421d-8dc5-3a2c36d5bd1e> | {
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Forests cover over 30% of the world’s land, but human activity is chipping away at the tree line.
At the outset of the 20th century, there was approximately 31 million square miles (50 million square km) of forest around the world. Today, that number has shrunk to less than 25 million square miles (40 million square km). Much of this decline can be attributed to expanding agricultural land use and increasing demand for wood and paper products.
The growth and decline of forest cover is hardly uniform. Deserts, farmland, and urban areas ebb and flow around the world, and while some countries are rapidly removing trees from their ecosystem, others are seeing increases in their forest cover.
Receding leaf line
Since 1990, global forested area has shrunk by 2 million square miles (3.1 million square km), with many of those losses occurring in South America and Sub-Saharan Africa.
The Amazon Rainforest, one of the most important carbon sinks on the planet, has faced intense pressure from human activity over the last few decades. Brazil’s expanding network of roads has been critical for economic development, but the landscape often pays the price as the country increases its GDP per capita.
Across the Atlantic Ocean, Africa is grappling with deforestation.
West Africa, for example, has lost a shocking 90% of its forest cover over the last century – in a number of countries, all of the forest outside of protected areas has been logged, while illegal logging threatens parks and reserves.
If nothing is done, we may lose everything.— Abraham Baffoe, Africa regional director at Proforest
Images of slash-and-burn land clearing and denuded hillsides grab the headlines, however, there are a few places in the world where forests are expanding.
Europe, in particular, has seen widespread regeneration of forests over the past century.
China is another, perhaps surprising, place where there have been big increases in forested areas.
Each year, dust storms blowing in from the expanding Gobi Desert displace as much as 800 square miles (2,000 square km) of topsoil and damage crops adjacent to the expanding desert. In response, the government created the Three-North Shelterbelt Program, which they hope will halt desertification. Thousands of miles of newly-planted vegetation will act like a wall, containing the spread of the Gobi Desert.
The big picture
Activities that lead to deforestation differ from region to region, but they’re always economic in nature. Palm oil, logging, raising cattle, and even charcoal production are all ways people can pull themselves out of poverty in developing countries.
The good news is that as per capita incomes in developing countries continue to rise, pressure on forests should lessen.
This theory is best visualized by Kuznets Curve, which demonstrates a link between economic development and environmental degradation.
In regions with lax enforcement, corruption, and a large population of people living below the poverty line, deforestation could remain a problem until economic conditions improve. Thankfully, the five countries with the most forest cover – Russia, Brazil, Canada, U.S., and China – are on or are moving towards a more favorable side of the curve.
Another bright spot in this story is that governments are increasingly protecting habitat in the form of nature reserves and national parks. Since 1990, the amount of nationally protected land in the world has nearly doubled. | <urn:uuid:d508f111-734c-43aa-8cc5-7a39fb416a5e> | {
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Slovenia is a small European country with a population of just over 2 million people. Due to its predominantly mountainous terrain and vast forests, natural wilderness can still be found here. More than half of the country is covered by forests that are still home to all three European large carnivores: Brown Bear, Wolf and Lynx.
Slovenia lies in an extremely diverse area, at the junction of different geographical regions and climates. The northern part, with the Alps, is mountainous and the peaks rise to 2800 metres above sea-level. The central and southern part lies in the Dinaric mountains and is mainly forested. The east of the country is quite flat and gives way to the Pannonian plain, while the western part is dominated by the Karst region and the Adriatic sea and has a sub-Mediterranean climate.
Being a small country in such a diverse region means that one can move between a great variety of landscapes in a relatively short space of time. In Slovenia you can enjoy the the Mediterranean sea and the high mountains of the Alps on the same day! Slovenia’s diverse landscapes and climates make this country one of the most biodiverse in Europe. | <urn:uuid:dab4d8b1-37b7-4ed4-aff4-c4b34d8410a4> | {
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Social bees, such as bumblebees and honeybees, have lives - and winter habits - that revolve around their hive and queen. In early summer they live in a nest made up of a queen bee and female worker bees. As summer progresses, the queen lays eggs which produce a new generation of queen bees and male bees.
The colony eventually leaves the nest and mates, with the young queens gorging on nectar and pollen to build up fat in their bodies. Eventually, the new queens hibernate alone underground, with their vital fat stores helping them survive through the winter.
The rest of the nest - including the old queen, the male bees and the female worker bees - falls away with the leaves, dying out through autumn.
Come the spring, the warmer temperatures wake the queens from their hibernation and they’ll seek nectar to feed on before finding a suitable nest site for the year. Having already mated before they hibernated, they will lay their first brood of eggs in early summer, which will produce female worker bees. The lifecycle is complete.
Because spring temperatures influence when hibernating bees wake up, it makes them a good species to observe for Nature’s Calendar. | <urn:uuid:0ef3caa8-eae8-4abb-aa36-c3c1fbf0bc30> | {
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Safety is mandatory in the construction industry, and many countries have strict construction rules which contractors must follow. However, we still hear of numerous contractors ignoring these safety procedures. The construction industry is hazardous, and thousands of people have lost their lives in the past while erecting some of the magnificent structures we see today, due to the lack of safety procedures and ignorance. Some of the most deadly construction projects of all time are listed below.
1. Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is the 51-mile long artificial waterway that connects the Pacific Ocean with the Atlantic Ocean. The Panama Canal was one of the biggest engineering projects of all time and also one of the deadliest. The Panama Canal cuts through the Darien Isthmus. The French initiated the project in 1881, but they had to stop because of high worker mortality rate and engineering issues. The death rate of the entire project was 408.12 death per a thousand employees. Over 25,000 people had lost their lives due to the harsh working conditions by the time the French were stopping the project. When the United States took over in 1904, 5,600 more people died due to starvation and diseases. About 30,600 people lost their lives during the entire project.
2. Burma-Siam Railway
The Burma-Siam railway, also known as the Burma railway or even the Death Railway, is the 258-mile long railway that connects Thanbyuzayat, Burma to Ban Pong, Thailand. The Empire of Japan built the railway to support their troops in the Burma campaign of the Second World War in 1943. Over 61,000 prisoners and 250,000 laborers were forced to make the railway. The entire project resulted in the death of about 12,000 prisoners and 90,000 laborers. The majority of these people died due to starvation and the officers’ brutality while lions killed others.
3. Hawk Nest Tunnel
The Hawk Nest Tunnel was one of the worst tragedies in the history of the United States. It is a 3-mile tunnel that was built in Mountain Gauley in 1931. About 3,000 workers were sent to build the tunnel, and while constructing the tunnel, they found silica. The workers were asked to mine the silica without wearing protective masks, and this resulted in a majority of them getting a debilitating lung illness known as silicosis. The project resulted in 764 deaths, but the exact number of people who died from silicosis is unknown as the disease takes some few years to be fatal.
4. White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal
The White Sea-Baltic Sea Canal connects Lake Onega, which is linked to the Baltic Sea, to the White Sea. It is a ship canal that was opened on August 2, 1933, in Russia. Gulag inmates built the channel. The project resulted in the death of about 12,000 inmates. The unofficial estimates confirmed that over 25,000 people died because of physical exhaustion, cold and starvation.
5. Transcontinental Railroad
The Transcontinental railway, initially known as the Pacific railway, is the 1,912-mile long railroad that was built from 1863 to 1869. The railroad connected the Pacific coast with the railway network in Nebraska and Iowa. Over 1,200 deaths were reported, but the exact number of casualties was never verified as a majority of the workers were illegal immigrants and prisoners.
6. Suez Canal
The Suez Canal is the manmade channel that connects the Red and the Mediterranean seas through the Suez Isthmus. The Suez Canal was opened on November 17, 1869. The canal offers marine vessels a short journey between the northern India Oceans and the North Atlantic through the Red and Mediterranean Seas by avoiding the southern parts of the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean. The project had over 1.5 million workers, and it recorded the highest number of casualties of all the canals in the world. Over 120,000 workers lost their lives while building the Suez Canal.
7. Karakoram Highway
The Karakoram highway is the 808-mile long highway that extends from Khujerab-Pass to Punjab. It connects Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces in Pakistan with Xinjiang Uyghur in China. It is one of the highest highways on earth and passes the 15,466 foot high Karakoram Mountain. The road was built between 1959 and 1978. The death rate of the Karakoram Highway was 54.17 per 1,000 employees. The majority of workers died due to falls and landslides. Over 200 Chinese and 810 Pakistani employees lost their lives while building the highway.
8. Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is a suspension bridge that stretches across the East River, linking Brooklyn and Manhattan. It is one of the oldest highway bridges in the country whose construction process lasted for fourteen years. The construction process of the bridge began in 1869, and it is the first steel cable bridge in the world. Previously it was named East River Bridge, but its name was changed to Brooklyn Bridge. The Brooklyn Bridge recorded about 30 deaths in fourteen years.
9. Erie Canal
Erie Canal is part of the west-east cross-state route of the canal system in New York. It was built to create an accessible route from the Great Lakes to New York and to the Atlantic Ocean. Previously the journey was over 363 miles long, and it stretched from where Lake Erie meets Buffalo to where Hudson River meets Albany. After its completion in 1825, it became the second longest canal on earth. The construction process of the Erie Canal had over 50,000 workers, and it recorded over 1,000 deaths. The majority of these deaths were attributed to frequent canal collapses, drowning, careless use of gunpowder and diseases from the swampy place.
10. World Trade Center
The World Trade Tower (WTC) complex was located in Lower Manhattan. The WTC featured the Twin-Towers, which were destroyed by the terrorist’s attack of September 11, 2001. Back in 1973, the two building were the biggest structures on earth. The complex was in the Financial District and had 13,400,000 sq feet of office space. The core of the WTC was constructed from 1975 to 1985, and on a typical day, over 50,000 individuals worked on the building. About 60 people died during the entire construction period. The death rate was about 17.14 individuals per 1,000 workers.
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Temperatures this mild had not been felt since the year 1910.
- Published On July 31, 2017
For many years now scientists have warned of global warming and its effects on the environment. These effects are beginning to unfold with the entire planet experiencing changing weather patterns. The rise of the El Niño phenomenon in the past century is one example. This climatic phenomenon has led global temperatures to reach levels unprecedented in human history. The Met Office of the UK together with NASA and NOAA from the United States conducted a study in 2016 and released shocking findings. According to the three organizations, 16 of the 17 warmest years in recorded history have all been from the 21st century.
Carbon Dioxide Levels High
According to the Guardian the data from The Met Office has shown that 2016 was the warmest year since direct temperature measurements were first recorded in 1880, a record set for the third year in a row. Many regions in the world are experiencing weather extremes that have not been experienced for hundreds or even thousands of years. Records from NASA show that the earth has not had levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as high as they are today in the last 4 million years.
The United Kingdom Sees the Warmest Winter Since 1910
The United Kingdom is an excellent example. According to the State of UK Climate, an annual climate report from The Met Office, in 2016 England and Wales experienced the warmest winters the two countries have ever gone through since 1910. The report showed that over the last ten years, the air frost number in the UK has dropped by 7% while the number of ground frost had dropped by 9% with the air frosts numbers being compared to the average number between 1981 and 2010. The report also showed that the winter of 2016 had the lowest snowfall since 1959 and the year was also the first time in 57 years when the snow depth in winter was less than 20cm.
Increased Temperature Linked to Increased Rainfall
The increased atmospheric temperature also meant that the warm air carried more water vapor leading to increased rainfall, a fact also established by the Met Office Report with the 2016 winter being the second-wettest in history behind the 2014 winter. Several regions in the UK such as Lancashire and Cumbria also experienced floods as a testament to this increased precipitation. The wet winter was also compounded by Storm Desmond which poured 13.4 inches of rain in the Cumbria region. Scientists from the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute and Oxford University established that global warming was primarily responsible for the storm’s development.
Benjamin Elisha Sawe is a writer based in Kenya. He holds an MBA from the University of Nairobi. | <urn:uuid:b2cb1b95-c555-40d3-800f-c0c15b8409cb> | {
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Collective Amnesia: American Apartheid is a comprehensive study of the treatment African Americans have encountered since their arrival in Virginia in 1619, a saga of racism and white supremacy. It is actual history, not the popular mythology about the Civil War and its aftermath taught in our schools. Numerous tables, photographs, maps, and charts make the study easy to read. The topic is extremely pertinent due to the four hundredth anniversary of African Americans’ presence in North America in 2019 and encouragement of racism from the White House.
Chapters cover white supremacy and racism, slavery, the service of US Colored Troops in the Civil War, devastation of the South, evolution of emancipation, and Reconstruction and the Freedman’s Bureau. Other chapters address “redemption” and the “lost cause,” Jim Crow, blacks’ significant military contributions in the two world wars, the Great Migration, the civil rights movement, and the backlash that continues today.
The book also addresses contemporary issues, including white supremacy, Confederate statuary, and evaluates the status of blacks compared to other groups in society. Note is taken of Professor James Whitman’s observation that Hitler admired Jim Crow and antimiscegenation laws, as well as Richard Rothstein’s study of federal and local housing law, documenting whites’ responsibility for creating inner-city ghettos. | <urn:uuid:b101ef5b-028d-4e59-a1a5-c0fd064faf2b> | {
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Two tiny and very delicate Johnston’s Chameleons hatched the UK’s Exmoor Zoo. Just over an inch (3 cm) long, the babies had an auspicious start in life: they were laid by a female that was part of an illegal shipment en route to the Czech Republic and seized by customs agents in Belgium.
Because Johnston’s Chameleons occur only in the western branch of Tanzania’s African Rift Valley – the Albertine Rift – they are extremely rare in captivity, according to Danny Reynolds of the Exmoor Zoo. “They are probably the first of this species ever born in captivity within UK zoos,” he said.
The illegal shipment of 59 Chameleons was due to be destroyed when the UK’s Specialist Wildlife Services and UK Customs officials intervened and placed all the lizards in UK zoos. Females at several other zoos have laid eggs, but those at the Exmoor Zoo were the first to hatch.
Like all Chameleons, Johnston’s Chameleons are zygodactylous – they have two toes pointing forward and two toes pointing backward, which enables them to easily cling to tree branches (or toothpicks, as seen in the photos above). They capture insects with their long, extrudable tongues. In captivity, the babies are fed fruit flies and day-old crickets.
Photo Credit: Exmoor Zoo | <urn:uuid:c007a2d1-b71d-4b4d-9dd5-28b315697806> | {
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” Collection History
Photographs of British Algae is a landmark in the histories both of photography and of publishing: the first photographic work by a woman, and the first book produced entirely by photographic means. Instantly recognizable today as the blueprint process, the cyanotypes lend themselves beautifully to illustrate objects found in the sea. The Library’s copy of British Algae originally belonged to Sir John Herschel (1792-1871), inventor of the blueprint process, among his many other photographic as well as scientific advances. One of thirteen known copies of the title, Photographs of British Algae was acquired in 1985 at auction directly from Herschel’s descendants.
“The difficulty of making accurate drawings of objects as minute as many of the Algae and Confera, has induced me to avail myself of Sir John Herschel’s beautiful process of Cyanotype, to obtain impressions of the plants themselves,” explained Anna Atkins in October 1843. Mrs. Atkins (1799-1871) was an amateur botanist especially interested in scientific illustration and taxonomy. Her goal in producing Photographs of British Algae was to provide a visual companion to William Harvey’s pioneering but unillustrated 1841 publication Manual of British Algae; to that end, Atkins’s specimen titles follow Harvey’s nomenclature.
Through her father, scientist John George Children (1777-1852) whose Royal Society circle included Herschel and William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877), Atkins was aware of the group’s experiments with photography. Talbot’s “photogenic drawing” technique involved placing a flat object against a light-sensitized sheet of paper (sometimes pressed beneath a sheet of glass to prevent movement and ensure a sharp image) and exposing it to sunlight until the area around the object began to darken. Herschel devised a chemical method to halt the darkening and “fix” Talbot’s silver-salt image – the basis for all photography until the digital era.
Hershel experimented with other light-sensitive metal compounds in addition to silver, and in 1842 discovered that colorless, water-soluble iron salts, when exposed to sunlight, form the compound known as Prussian Blue; unexposed areas remain unaffected and the salt rinses away in plain water, leaving a blue ‘negative’ image. Inexpensive and easy to use, the blueprinting process, or cyanotype, is familiar today as an artists’ medium as well as a popular children’s pastime.
Atkins used Talbot’s “photogenic drawing” method, arranging her specimens on sheets of glass for easier handling for repeat exposures, and adopted Herschel’s blueprinting process, to generate the multiple copies of specimen plates comprising Photographs of British Algae. She also used this same method to produce title pages and contents lists instead of having them conventionally typeset. Atkins issued the work in parts, distributing them privately between 1843 and 1853; she occasionally supplied new plates as updates and substitutions when better specimens were available (for example, see the variations in The Library’s two copies of Part IV), which recipients all handled differently. Today British Algae survives in at least thirteen different copies in widely varying states of completeness. The Library’s copy is among the most complete; it is also one of the most rare for retaining its original parts’ wrappers and stitching.
Following the conclusion of British Algae, Atkins explored the cyanotype medium for more personal expression, creating assemblages of flowers and plants in elegant and sometimes whimsical designs. In some of her scientific plates one catches a glimpse of her ability to compose an arrangement in defiance of anything found in nature.” | <urn:uuid:e6f1cd9d-80a1-4afd-a467-f9ba67e782d5> | {
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Shares So what is a Series? Well, we already know that a Sequence is just a listing of numbers that follow a pattern.
Further examples[ edit ] Absence of formulas[ edit ] It may be possible to apply the chain rule even when there are no formulas for the functions which are being differentiated.
This can happen when the derivatives are measured directly. Suppose that a car is driving up a tall mountain.
The car's speedometer measures its speed directly. If the grade is known, then the rate of ascent can be calculated using trigonometry.
To find the temperature drop per hour, we apply the chain rule. Let the function g t be the altitude of the car at time t, and let the function f h be the temperature h kilometers above sea level.
For example, the altitude where the car starts is not known and the temperature on the mountain is not known. However, their derivatives are known: The chain rule says that the derivative of the composite function is the product of the derivative of f and the derivative of g.
This is because the above model is very simple.
A more accurate description of how the temperature near the car varies over time would require an accurate model of how the temperature varies at different altitudes.
This model may not have a constant derivative. Composites of more than two functions[ edit ] The chain rule can be applied to composites of more than two functions. For concreteness, consider the function y.Sigma notation mc-TY-sigma Sigma notation is a method used to write out a long sum in a concise way.
In this unit we look at ways of using sigma notation, and establish some useful rules.
The chain rule can be used to derive some well-known differentiation rules. For example, the quotient rule is a consequence of the chain rule and the product attheheels.com see this, write the function f(x)/g(x) as the product f(x) · 1/g(x).First apply the product rule.
The Development of Mathematics, in a Nutshell. Though mathematical knowledge is ancient, stretching back to the Stone Age, the evolution of mathematics to its current modern state has seen fundamental changes in concepts, organization, scope, outlook, and attheheels.comt understanding the evolution of mathematical thought, it is difficult to appreciate modern mathematics in its contemporary.
Functions – In this section we will cover function notation/evaluation, determining the domain and range of a function and function composition. Inverse Functions – In this section we will define an inverse function and the notation used for inverse functions.
We will also discuss the process for finding an inverse function. Trig Functions – In this section we will give a quick review of. A series can be represented in a compact form, called summation or sigma notation. The Greek capital letter, ∑, is used to represent the sum. To generate the terms of a series given in sigma notation, successively replace the index of summation with consecutive integers from the first value to.
several web pages intended for students; this seems to be the most popular one. FONTS FINALLY REPAIRED November Browser adjustments: This web page uses sub scripts, super scripts, and unicode attheheels.com latter may display incorrectly on your computer if you are using an old browser and/or an old operating system. | <urn:uuid:97abe1dc-e546-4faa-9b4a-e74383ae2cce> | {
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||The Army increasingly relies on night operations to accomplish its objectives. These night operations frequently require using Night Vision Goggles and other light-sensitive devices which are strongly affected by ambient lighting, a large component of which is urban. An urban illumination model is proposed for use in tactical decision aids and wargames which would allow for more accurate prediction of target acquisition ranges and increased realism in simulations. This model will build on previous research that predicts broadband brightness as a function of population and distance from the city center. Since city population and aerosols affect light distributions, the model is being extended and generalized for multiple city types and natural and man-made aerosols. An overview of the model along with future improvements will be presented. | <urn:uuid:bb25046e-c238-4bc7-a830-06bcf3d452ef> | {
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President slams xenophobia as Poland remembers pogrom
PR dla Zagranicy
Polish President Andrzej Duda has spoken out against anti-Semitism, racism and xenophobia at the anniversary of a 1946 massacre of Jews in Kielce, southern Poland.
Photo: PAP/Grzegorz Michałowski
“Such behavior must be condemned,” the president said, speaking at Monday’s commemorations of the killing of some 40 Jewish residents by their Polish neighbours 70 years ago.
The commemorations were attended by former Knesset speaker Shevach Weiss and Poland's Chief Rabbi, Michael Schudrich.
In a speech, Duda said that the Polish state strives to guarantee security to all its citizens “regardless of their background, their religious convictions or lack thereof, and the language that is closest to their heart.”
The Kielce Pogrom was carried out by Poles on 4 July 1946, ten months after the official end of World War II.
As many as 42 people perished in the massacre, and the crime prompted thousands of Jews who had survived the war to emigrate.
The pogrom was sparked by false claims that a Polish Catholic boy named Henryk Blaszczyk had been kidnapped by Jews, thus raising the ancient spectre of ritual murder.
Police and soldiers, accompanied by an angry mob of hundreds of locals, surrounded a building occupied by members of the Jewish community. Waves of violence broke out shortly thereafter.
Some Jews were murdered within the building, while others were dragged out into the street and beaten by the mob. Nine death sentences were later handed down to some of those accused of taking part in the murders. (aba) | <urn:uuid:f4af8f83-1d17-4a1f-b70b-1cddff9f2f1f> | {
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Terrell State Hospital |+|
|Title= State Hospital
In 1883, when word was circulated that the State of Texas was seeking a location for a second major mental facility and that it would be located in Northeast Texas, the competition among cities must have been quite similar to the quest for industry and other major developments that exist today. |+|
|Body= , the of mental in , the to the .
| || |
|−|Terrell was fortunate at that time to include among the citizens of a still young town a large group of people with the foresight to understand what such a facility could mean to a growing city. But even the farsightedness of legendary rancher and banker Col. Jim Harris, who gave the necessary acreage to the state for a meager return, could not have visualized the proportions to which Terrell State Hospital has grown today nor the immense impact it has had on the local economy for over 100 years. |+|
the of the . the of . the the not the the the .
| || |
|−|A total of $200, 000 was appropriated for the purchase of the property and construction of the original facilities. It all began, officially, on February 16, 1883, when the 18th Texas Legislature enacted a statute introduced by Judge John Austin. The word "asylum"--by the original definition--was a place of refuge and safety and that, at best, was the primary service offered by mental facilities in the United States at that time. |+|
of , of the and . on , a a of the .
| || |
|−|Governor John Ireland commissioned the purchase of 672.65 acres of land located east of Terrell and offered by Jim Harris. This would be site for the branch asylum and the new institution was to be known as North Texas Lunatic Asylum. Its stated purpose was to provide treatment and care for the "chronic incurable insane" of the state's northern counties. [[ Terrell State Hospital|Click here for more...]] |+|
the of the and the to Lunatic Asylum . to provide for the of . [[State Hospital|Click here for more...]]
Featured Article Of The Week
South Carolina State Hospital
rom the establishment of the South Carolina State Hospital over 175 years ago, to the beginning of community mental health services in the 1920's, to the evolution of a complex mental health care delivery system, South Carolina has achieved an impressive record in its efforts to meet the needs of its mentally ill citizens.
As far back as 1694 the Lord Proprietors of the Carolinas decreed that the indigent mentally ill should be cared for locally at public expense. In 1751 the colonial government similarly recognized the mental health needs of slaves. In 1762 the Fellowship Society of Charleston established an infirmary for the mentally ill. But it was not until the 1800s that the mental health movement received legislative attention at the state level.
According to legend, when Colonel Samuel Farrow, a member of the House of Representatives from Spartanburg County, traveled to Columbia to attend sessions of the legislature, he noticed a woman who was mentally distressed and apparently without adequate care. Her poor condition made an impact on him and spurred him on to engage the support of Major William Crafts, a brilliant orator and a member of the Senate from Charleston County.
The two men worked zealously to sensitize their fellow lawmakers to the needs of the mentally ill, and on December 20, 1821, the South Carolina State Legislature passed a statute-at-large approving $30,000 to build the S.C. Lunatic Asylum and school for the deaf and dumb. This legislation made South Carolina the second state in the nation (after Virginia) to provide funds for the care and treatment of people with mental illnesses. Click here for more... | <urn:uuid:d0bf078a-d45d-4f99-9b08-692a5c8358f8> | {
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The River Bottom
The Choctaw-Apache tribe of Ebarb, Louisiana, has been living off the land in western Louisiana for hundreds of years. In the 1960’s tribal members were forced to move out of the river bottom to nearby lands. Many had to sell their land for as little as $25 an acre to the governments of Louisiana and Texas. The land was flooded to create Toledo Bend Reservoir and the Choctaw-Apache people lost their ancestral land. This short documentary follows the tribe as they continue to practice their culture and preserve their native identities despite challenges. | <urn:uuid:963f37ff-8893-4133-a761-73be44736569> | {
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Plant, Animal and the Human Being – Reading 2
“The question now is, is it true at all to put the kingdoms of Nature in series in this way? Can it be done? Or, if we do, are we doing justice to their most evident and essential features? Compare a creature of the plant kingdom with an animal to begin with. Taking together all that you observe, you will not find in the forming of the animal anything that looks like a mere continuation or further elaboration of what is vegetable. If you begin with the simplest plant, the annual, you may well conceive its formative process to be carried further in the perennial. But you will certainly not be able to detect, in the organic principles of plant form and growth, anything that suggests further development towards the animal. On the contrary, you will more likely ascertain a polarity, a contrast between the two. You apprehend this polarity in the most evident phenomenon, namely the contrasting processes of assimilation: the altogether different relation of the plant and of the animal to carbon, and the characteristic use that is made of oxygen. I may remark, you must be careful here, to see and to describe it truly. You cannot simply say, the animal breathes-in oxygen while the plant breathes oxygen out and carbon in. It is not so simple as that. Nevertheless, the plant-forming process taken as a whole, in the organic life, reveals an evident polarity and contrast (as against the animal) in its relation to oxygen and carbon. The easiest way to put it is perhaps to say: What happens in the animal, in that the oxygen becomes bound to carbon and the carbonic acid is expelled, is for the animal itself and for man too. — an un-formative process, the very opposite of formative, a process which must be eliminated if the animal is to survive. And now the very thing which is undone in the animal, has to be done, has to be formed and built in the plant. Think of what in the animal appears in some sense as a process of excretion, what the animal must get rid of makes for the forming and building process in the plant. It is a tangible polarity. You cannot possibly imagine the plant-forming process prolonged in a straight line, so as to derive therefore the animal-formation. But you can well derive from the plant-forming process what has to be prevented in the animal. From the animal the carbon has to be taken away by the oxygen in the carbonic acid. Turn it precisely the other way round, and you will readily conceive the plant-forming process.
You therefore cannot get from plant to animal by going on in a straight line. On the other hand you can without false symbolism imagine here an ideal mean or middlepoint, on the one side of which you see the plant — and on the other the animal — forming process. It forks out from here (Fig. 7). What is midway between, — let us imagine it as some kind of ideal mean. If we now carry the plant forming process further in a straight line we arrive not at the animal but at the perennial plant. Imagine now the typical perennial. Carry the stream of development which leads to it still further; in some respects at least you will not fail to recognise in it the way that leads toward mineralisation. Here then you have the way to mineralisation, and we may justly say; In direct continuation of the plant forming process there lies the way that leads to mineralisation. Now look what answers to it at the contrasting pole, along the other branch (Fig. 7). To proceed by a mere outward scheme, one would be tempted to say: this branch too must be prolonged. There would be no true polarity in that. Rather should you think as follows: In the plant-forming process I prolong the line. In the animal-forming process I shall have to proceed negatively, I must go back, I must turn round; I must imagine the animal-forming process not to shoot out beyond itself but to remain behind — behind what it would otherwise become.
Observe now what is already available in scientific Zoology, in Selenka’s researches for instance on the difference between man and animal in the forming of the embryo and in further development after birth, — comparing man and the higher animals. You will then have a more concrete idea of this “remaining behind”. Indeed we owe our human form to the fact that in embryo-life we do not go as far as the animal but remain behind. Thus if we study the three kingdoms quite outwardly as they reveal themselves, without bringing in hypotheses, we find ourselves obliged to draw a strange mathematical line, that tends to vanish as we prolong it. This is what happens at the transition from animal to men, whilst on the other side we have a line that really lengthens.” | <urn:uuid:24655487-7f5a-4d4c-b7c0-ba2d48cfc8d0> | {
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Did you know that you can eat the fresh growth of some evergreen trees such as fir, spruce and hemlock?
These are the 8 deadliest, most lethal, poisonous and toxic plants and trees in the world. Be careful before touching any of these leaves, berries, fruits or flowers.
Are Man eating trees far fetched? What about Carnivorous Plants?! The Madagascar Tree wraps it’s arms around humans and eats them!
How to identify toxic yew trees and shrubs, There are a variety of Yew species. Yew may grow as a shrub or tree.
This video shows the difference between the American elm and Slippery elm samaras. | <urn:uuid:6dda1a93-f6d9-4f21-8d95-f3b21ba5fdd6> | {
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Trading Economics members can view, download and compare data from nearly 200 countries, including more than 20 million economic indicators, exchange rates, government bond yields, stock indexes and commodity prices.
The Trading Economics Application Programming Interface (API) provides direct access to our data. It allows API clients to download millions of rows of historical data, to query our real-time economic calendar, subscribe to updates and receive quotes for currencies, commodities, stocks and bonds.
Please Paste this Code in your Website
Battle-related deaths are deaths in battle-related conflicts between warring parties in the conflict dyad (two conflict units that are parties to a conflict). Typically, battle-related deaths occur in warfare involving the armed forces of the warring parties. This includes traditional battlefield fighting, guerrilla activities, and all kinds of bombardments of military units, cities, and villages, etc. The targets are usually the military itself and its installations or state institutions and state representatives, but there is often substantial collateral damage in the form of civilians being killed in crossfire, in indiscriminate bombings, etc. All deaths--military as well as civilian--incurred in such situations, are counted as battle-related deaths. | <urn:uuid:9fcf6ff8-11fe-4775-acc8-0e40750bd767> | {
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Finnish Meteorological Institute’s (FMI) road weather model has been in operational use for almost 20 years. The main outputs of the model are road surface temperature and amounts of water, snow and ice on the road. Based on these values, the model determines also the road condition (e.g. wet, icy or snowy), calculates friction and gives index for overall driving conditions (normal, difficult, very difficult). The forecasts help in the road maintenance decision making and give useful information to the road users about the driving conditions. In the actual forecast phase, the input is obtained from forecast edited by duty meteorologist.
There are several things that know about the model behavior. For example, the model is very dependent of the driving forecast. The typical errors in the input data will also present themselves in the road weather forecast. In addition, the present model assumes open sky conditions and doesn't take into account the openness of the surroundings. This can cause error to the forecasts for example in forested areas. The model aims to improve the first forecast hours by utilizing a method called coupling. This correction is used during the forecast phase so that its effect reduces as the forecast advances. Although coupling improves the forecast in average, in some situations it might not work as intended. | <urn:uuid:b8b30512-ed28-4493-8f35-734b12c78439> | {
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One of the secrets of Drosophila's success as
a laboratory organism is its enormous developmental speed. Within only
10 days, it develops into an adult organism (at 25°C).
embryo already hatches after 24 hours. Its development is optimized to
meet this temporal requirement. The first 13 divisions occur in a sysncytium,
only the nuclei are dividing in a single cell. The omission of cytokinesis
allows these divisions to be extraordinarily fast, with a cycle time of
less than 10 minutes. At blastoderm stage, when cellularization takes
place, the embryo is genetically subdivided into 14 segments, all arising
at the same time. Not only in mammals, but also in most other insects,
these segments arise sequentially.
At the end of embryogenesis, the larva hatches. Drosophila goes
through three larval stages that are specialized for eating and growth.
Larvae increase their mass about 200 fold during the three days which
they spend feeding prior to pupariation. This increase in size is not
achieved by cell divisions but by a tremendous growth of larval cells
which is accompanied by an endoreplication of nuclear DNA.
The purpose of larval growth is to prepare for the pupal stage in which
metamorphosis takes place and a completely new organism emerges. Adult
wings and other appendages develop inside the growing larva. The imaginal
cells are the only cells that divide during larval life. At metamorphosis,
the body is restructured completely. Adult structures are everted (turned
outwards) and substitute the larval tissue, which slowly disintegrates. | <urn:uuid:8417a785-f6ea-4a60-8f2f-a3f1fa6e6f46> | {
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Sharia Law and the U.S. Legal System
Sharia Law is a type of medieval Fascism. It is essentially a set of laws made up by Islamic scholars which then became the laws of all the Islamic Caliphates. Now, radical Islam seeks to impose it on the U.S., whether through violent jihad or through cultural jihad, the latter of which is a jihad to overthrow our existing civil society and to impose Sharia Law from within. North America is the strongest bastion of freedom, democracy, humanistic values and secularism, where state and church have nothing in common, and this situation cannot be tolerated by Islamic fundamentalists. Hence, the desire to impose Sharia Law here, bit by bit.
“Religious” Sharia Law is a contradiction in terms, as it controls not only religious practices, but every aspect of the individual’s life. Under Sharia, leaving Islam is punishable by death. Under Sharia, when a woman is raped, she receives the death penalty for adultery while virtually nothing happens to the rapist. That is why Sharia Law appeals to rapists and other criminals, and it motivates them to become radical Islamists. That also helps explain why Islamic Jihadist Fascism thrives in America's prisons.
The United States is heading down the same road as Europe: Cultural jihad is eating into more and more of America's institutions. Some parts of Europe already have Sharia courts and “no-go” zones for the police where Sharia is enforced. Muslim radicals plan to use those areas as bases in order to expand into the rest of Europe, imposing their Fascist system which includes Sharia Law.
But Sharia Law and U.S. Constitution are diametrically opposed. Let us have a look at the Sharia Law as it is practiced today. Sharia judicial proceedings have significant differences with other legal processes, including those in both common law and civil law.
1. Sharia courts do not generally employ lawyers; plaintiffs and defendants represent themselves.
2. Trials are conducted solely by the judge, and there is no jury system.
3. There is no pre-trial discovery process, no cross-examination of witnesses, and no penalty for perjury (on the assumption that no witness would thus endanger his soul) Unlike common law, the judges’ verdicts do not set binding precedents under the principle of stare decisis, and unlike civil law, Sharia does not utilize formally codified statutes (These were first introduced only in the late 19th century during the decline of the Ottoman Empire).
4. Instead of precedents and codes, Sharia relies on medieval jurists’ manuals and collections of non-binding legal opinions, or fatwas, issued by religious scholars (ulama, particularly a mufti); these can be made binding for a particular case at the sole discretion of a judge. Some of these fatwas are incredibly outrageous. For example, in May, 2007, Dr. Izat Atiyah, a religious scholar who headed the department of the teachings of the Prophet at the Foundation of Religion College in Al Azhar University issued a fatwa stating that there were instances in the time of Prophet Muhammad when adult women breast-fed adult men in order to overcome the need for women to veil in front of men.
This would allow unrelated men and women to work together in the same office cubicle. "Breast-feeding an adult puts an end to the problem of the private meeting, and does not ban marriage. A woman at work can take off the veil or reveal her hair in front of someone whom she breast-fed."
5. The Sharia courts’ rules of evidence also maintain the distinctive custom of prioritizing oral testimony and excluding written and documentary evidence (including forensic and circumstantial evidence), on the basis that it could be tampered with or forged.
6. A confession, an oath, or the oral testimony of a witness are the only types of evidence admissible in a Sharia court. Written evidence is admissible only with the attestations of multiple witnesses deemed reliable by the judge, such as notaries.
7. Testimony must be from at least two witnesses, and preferably from free Muslim male witnesses who are not related parties and who are of sound mind and reliable character. Testimony to establish the crime of adultery, or zina, must be from four direct witnesses. (Since a woman’s testimony is worth half that of a man, it would take eight female eyewitnesses to certify that a woman was indeed raped!)
8. Forensic evidence (i.e. fingerprints, ballistics, blood samples, DNA, etc.) and other circumstantial evidence are rejected in hudud cases (crimes for which there are specific punishments in the Quran -- including theft, fornication, consumption of alcohol, and apostasy) in favor of eyewitnesses, a practice which can cause severe difficulties for female plaintiffs in rape cases.
9. Testimony from women is given only half the weight of men, and testimony from non-Muslims may be excluded altogether in cases against a Muslim.
10. In lieu of written evidence, oral oaths are accorded much greater weight. Rather than being used simply to guarantee the truth of ensuing testimony, they are themselves used as evidence. (Since takiyya (dissembling) is a practice established in Quran Surah 3:28 (tuqah), the credibility of oaths against non-Muslim plaintiffs or defendants is highly questionable.)
11. Plaintiffs lacking other evidence to support their claims may demand that defendants take an oath swearing their innocence, and their refusal to do so can result in a verdict for the plaintiff.
12. The civil rights of women are denied or severely limited by Sharia Law with regard to the following family issues: consent to marriage (m3.13(1), honor murder (o1.2(4), wife beating (m10.12), marital rape (m5.1), divorce (n1.1(a), polygamy (m6.10), and child custody (m13.3 – m13.5). (Note: the References are to sections of the “classic manual of Islamic Sacred Law,” titled Reliance of the Traveler, which has been certified by the International Institute of Islamic Thought (USA) and Al-Azhar University.)
13. While it might be argued that Sharia courts are more streamlined and informal, those advantages are outweighed by an absence of U.S. Constitutional safeguards and protections. Sharia Law’s tradition of pro se representation, simple rules of evidence, and their absence of appeals courts, prosecutors, cross examination, complex documentary evidence and discovery proceedings, juries and voir dire proceedings, circumstantial evidence, forensics, case law, standardized codes, exclusionary rules, and most of the other infrastructure of civil and common law court systems rob citizens of their rights to due process under Articles 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the Bill of Rights.
In short, Sharia Law is strict Islamic law. It is designed to guide devout Muslims in their personal and professional dealings, and has been used by the Taliban and others to justify limits on women's rights and harsh punishments, including amputation, lex talionis eye-for-an-eye retribution, and stoning. While non-Muslims are not supposed to be ruled by it, many of the provisions in Sharia Law directly impact non-Muslims. Examples include: the prohibition of non-Muslims marrying Muslim women, the reduced indemnity when a non-Muslim is the victim, the refusal of Muslims to conduct business involving haram items (including alcohol, pork, dogs, and loan interest), and the “requirement” for special, tax-payer provided accommodations for Muslims. You cannot have two systems of laws in the same country. Such a situation cannot ensure “equal justice for all.” Furthermore, if each religious faith had its own personal laws, there would be societal chaos.
The notion that Sharia Law can exist simultaneously with secular laws in the U.S. is an anathema. It is high time, that people who value the American justice system stand up and raise a voice against any suggestion of such a disastrous action. | <urn:uuid:73dfaeb7-78b2-422b-b267-dc7dc2e03cc4> | {
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Roads can be unpredictable at times, at one moment you be driving along peacefully and at the next you may be in an accident and that is why traffic control is enforced in the form of signals and markings to ensure the safety of all road users. Traffic lights are strategically placed on road to guarantee the safe flow of vehicles and have the basic colors of red, yellow and green but may carry according to different countries. The red colors tell users to stop, while the yellow symbolizes getting ready to go and the green means to get going. Green and red ones last longer than the yellow and sometimes the red light may even last for 5 minutes if there is some construction work going on or some obstruction on the road that is getting cleared. In cities with a low population, the traffic signals are turned off at night as there is almost no risk of any mishap occurring. Some lights also use sounds to improve their effectiveness and is extremely useful for people that have vision problems. When the light is red, there will be a small beep and when it turns green the beeping will sound continuously to tell people to move. The main purpose of signals may be traffic control but they were used long before the invention of auto mobiles. As early as the 1800s they were used to guide horse carriages and were fueled by gas and needed to be manually operated by a police officer. Visit http://www.safewaytms.com.au/tmp/ for traffic control plan.
Traffic management through signals not only makes people feel secure but is also an important tool used for safety. Some signals also have a camera system attached to them so that anyone that is breaking the rules can be caught directly. The cameras are linked to a main center that is responsible for collecting information to enforce the Traffic controllers in Sydney. They run around the clock and help guide the traffic through difficult times. Signals area form of control and allow harmony at intersections as they relay what to do and what not to do. Children are taught traffic signals at an early age from school or by the parents themselves so that right from the start they know that rules have to be followed. They are also extremely easy to learn and remember and you don’t even need to be educated to know what these signals mean. There are many advantages of traffic signals. A properly designed traffic signal system stops heavy traffic at an intersection allows vehicles from the other side or pedestrians to pass. They make sure that traffic moves continuously and does not get stuck and also reduces the intensity as well as the frequency of accidents especially those that happen from a certain angle and can be controlled. | <urn:uuid:7db6b7cb-fa51-40be-bd84-051774d9594c> | {
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As we saw in the previous posting on this subject, John Maynard Keynes established his reputation as the World’s Greatest Economist™ by employing the simple expedient of telling people what they wanted to hear, regardless how goofy it ended up being once it was examined. Take, for example, his claim that the only way to finance new capital formation is by reducing consumption and accumulating the excess production in the form of money savings.
|It's not a joke. He was serious. No, really.|
Sounds logical, doesn’t it? Except when you start to think about it. If the only way to produce goods to consume in the future is to produce goods that are not consumed in the past, then how were the first goods produced out of which savings were generated to be able to produce goods after that? After all, as Keynes clearly stated in his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936), “So far as I know, everyone is agreed that saving means the excess of income over expenditure on consumption.” (II.6.i)
Of course, having made that statement, Keynes then spent twenty pages or so ridiculing the people who do not agree that “saving means the excess of income over expenditure on consumption.” He didn’t say how they were wrong, just that he was right — or how they even exist if everyone agreed with Keynes about the meaning of saving! No, Keynes just called them stupid for not agreeing with him because everybody agrees with Keynes . . . except stupid people who don’t.
The idea that you cannot produce anything until you have produced something is the giant “chicken or the egg” conundrum at the heart of Keynesian economics that no one ever asks about. If you can’t produce without first saving, and saving is defined as consuming less than is produced . . . where did the first production come from out of which to save?
Don’t worry, however. It gets worse.
|Jean-Baptiste Say, whose "Law" Keynes misstated.|
Keynes believed that labor is the only thing that really produces. That is the only way to make sense of his rejection of Say’s Law of Markets that he misstated and then ridiculed. As he said,
In the previous chapter we have given a definition of full employment in terms of the behaviour of labour. An alternative, though equivalent, criterion is that at which we have now arrived, namely a situation, in which aggregate employment is inelastic in response to an increase in the effective demand for its output. Thus Say’s law, that the aggregate demand price of output as a whole is equal to its aggregate supply price for all volumes of output, is equivalent to the proposition that there is no obstacle to full employment. If, however, this is not the true law relating the aggregate demand and supply functions, there is a vitally important chapter of economic theory which remains to be written and without which all discussions concerning the volume of aggregate employment are futile. (I.3.i)
In economics, “income” and “demand” are the same thing, and assuming there is no artificial manipulation of demand and everything else being equal, production equals income. Thus, by insisting that only labor generates “effective demand,” Keynes was effectively saying that only labor is productive, at least for general purposes . . . and immediately got himself into a trap.
|Adam Smith, whose first principle Keynes ignored.|
Keynes’s restatement of Say’s Law — which assumes that production is the result of labor, land, and capital* and thus aggregate demand (income) is equal to aggregate supply (production) — took for granted that labor alone is responsible for aggregate demand, and thus aggregate supply. This, of course, meant that since Keynes failed to take into account the fact that capital is productive as well as labor, there is production that labor can’t account for, and thus (as Keynes himself pointed out) aggregate supply and aggregate demand are not equal! It did not occur to him that income from/production by capital is the equal in every way as income/production by labor.
*In binary economics, land and capital are grouped together as the non-human factors of production under “capital.”
This led Keynes to what seems objectively to contradict common sense, and to violate Adam Smith’s first principle of economics as stated in The Wealth of Nations: “Consumption is the sole end and purpose of all production.” No, to Keynes, the purpose of production is 1) to provide people with consumption goods, and 2) to accumulate savings to finance new capital.
This led to another conclusion, that income from labor is for consumption, while income from capital is for investment. With capital producing more and more, and labor producing less and less, however, yet another difficulty occurred: if labor cannot produce enough, or if there is unemployment, how do people who own no capital get enough income to meet consumption needs?
|The Keynesian Economic Program in essence.|
Keynes’s answer: create artificial demand by issuing counterfeit money backed by government debt, using the money to create jobs so that people will have income.
. . . . which creates another problem! Capital is already producing far more than people can consume, and creating jobs means that even more will be produced. Keynes’s answer? Create useless goods that nobody wants or needs! As he said,
When involuntary unemployment exists, the marginal disutility of labour is necessarily less than the utility of the marginal product. Indeed it may be much less. For a man who has been long unemployed some measure of labour, instead of involving disutility, may have a positive utility. If this is accepted, the above reasoning shows how “wasteful” loan expenditure may nevertheless enrich the community on balance. Pyramid-building, earthquakes, even wars may serve to increase wealth, if the education of our statesmen on the principles of the classical economics stands in the way of anything better. (III.10.vi)
|The Keynesian Utopia is built on waste and consumerism.|
Translated into English, this means that in order to create jobs, businesses must manufacture goods that are wasteful. The rationale is that such goods are not really wasteful because they are produced by people in order to purchase other, useful goods, and besides, the fact that they are produced means that production exceeds consumption, thereby generating savings for reinvestment!
Brilliant! . . . except for one small problem. . . .
In order to have sufficient savings from excess production to finance new capital to create jobs for people to consume existing production, the excess production must be turned into cash, and the only way to do that is to get people to buy things that neither they nor anyone else wants or needs! In order for the Keynesian system to work, businesses must make things people don’t want or need, and then convince them that they do want and need them, or businesses won’t have enough savings to finance new capital formation and thus create jobs to increase demand for already existing goods that people don't want or need.
Keynesian economics therefore not only tolerates waste and consumerism, it absolutely requires them in order to function. It also requires manipulation of the currency through “legal” (?????) counterfeiting in order to drive up prices so that people spend more and get less ("forced savings" by the poor to benefit the rich) to increase corporate profits so that the rich have enough savings to reinvest in more capital.
Is there an economics more attuned to reality than Keynes’s weird fantasies? That is what we’ll look at in the next posting on this subject.#30# | <urn:uuid:8d05e6d6-0f7a-4910-b2d2-e7cdb5e6690e> | {
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March 22, 2018 – The second Kawartha Conservation Watershed Report Card has revealed there is little change in the average quality of the watershed’s water, forest natural resources and wetlands compared with the first report card in 2013.
The 2018 report card, released today, reveals while approximately 20 percent of the watersheds have shown improvement, the majority remain consistent with the first report, indicating some watersheds are continuing to experience stressed conditions in the water and forest natural resources.
“Overall, there has been improvement to about 20 percent of the sub watersheds in our jurisdiction, with the remaining sub watersheds remaining unchanged from five years ago,” said Kawartha Conservation CAO Mark Majchrowski. “Looking closely at the data reveals that the northern portions of the watershed have the best water quality and forest cover, while sub watersheds more central and south – closer to urbanization and development – have greater challenges.”
The 2018 Watershed Report Card average grade for water quality in the Kawartha watershed is C or Fair. Forest cover remained the same as in 2013, receiving an average grade of C while Wetland cover also remained the same as 2013, receiving an average grade of A across the entire jurisdiction.
Groundwater remained unchanged from 2013, receiving an average grade of B across all the wells that are monitored in the Kawartha watershed.
“The good news for our watershed and our member municipalities is that our lakes, rivers, streams, forests and wetlands have not experienced significant decline since the first report card in 2013. Our programs and stewardship efforts have been effective in maintaining the quality of our watershed,” said Mr. Majchrowski. “It is clear however, we need to do more to begin improving the overall quality of our watershed as we work to address with the impacts of urbanization and climate change.”
Using a variety of methods, including provincial monitoring networks, Kawartha Conservation monitors and reports on four resource categories: surface water quality, forest conditions, wetlands and groundwater quality.
Conservation Authorities across the Province work in many local, provincial and federal partnerships with governments, other agencies, landowners and residents to plan and deliver watershed management programs that strive to keep Ontario’s watersheds healthy.
You can access your own report card and find more information about the watershed report cards at www.watershedcheckup.ca. As well, a story map has been developed to show more detailed information about conditions across the province. | <urn:uuid:aac74eaa-3263-4cd4-9f6f-32b0ebd9390c> | {
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Mockingbirds can imitate any sound from a squeaking door to a cat meowing.
An ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain.
An ostrich can run at speeds up to 45 miles per hour.
A bird’s eye takes up about 50 percent of its head; our eyes take up about 5 percent of our head. To be comparable to a bird’s eyes, our eyes would have to be the size of baseballs.
A bird sees everything at once in total focus. Whereas the human eye is globular and must adjust to varying distances, the bird’s eye is flat and can take in everything at once in a single glance
The penguin is the only bird that can swim, but not fly. It is also the only bird that walks upright. | <urn:uuid:e8e52cfe-e0fa-408c-b9d0-8e5d773db23b> | {
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Review of Short Phrases and Links|
This Review contains major "Ancient Egypt"- related terms, short phrases and links grouped together in the form of Encyclopedia article.
- Ancient Egypt was a complex state and the pharaoh was served by numerous officials and courtiers.
- Ancient Egypt was a long-lived civilization geographically located in north-eastern Africa.
- Ancient Egypt was a power to be contended with by both the Near East, the Mediterranean and Subsahran Africa.
- Ancient Egypt is home to some of world's greatest wonders and some of these treasured sites are situation along the Nile River between Aswan and Luxor.
- Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as Upper and Lower Egypt.
- Akhenaten ruled during the New Kingdom period of ancient Egypt.
- Viziers in ancient Egypt were powerful officials tasked with the day-to-day running of the kingdom's complex bureaucracy.
- Description: It is one of the oldest mathematical texts, dating to the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt.
- The oldest documentary evidence for circumcision comes from ancient Egypt.
- Students will gather information from original documents about laws governing women in ancient Egypt.
- The Children of Israel experienced the Exodus (meaning "departure" or "exit" in Greek) from ancient Egypt, as recorded in the Book of Exodus.
- The neolithic concept of a solar barge, the sun as traversing the sky in a boat, is found in ancient Egypt, with Ra and Horus.
- She was one of the most prolific builders in Ancient Egypt, commissioning hundreds of construction projects throughout Egypt.
- Ancient Egypt ians threw the brain away prior to the process of mummification.
- The first known system of taxation was in Ancient Egypt around 3000 BC - 2800 BC in the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom.
- The Pschent was the name of the double crown in Ancient Egypt, combining the Red Crown of Lower Egypt and the White Crown of Upper Egypt.
- Hatshepsut was an 18th-dynasty pharaoh who was one of the handful of female rulers in Ancient Egypt.
- It should engender (no pun intended) much discussion in classrooms on the role of women in ancient Egypt, as well as on female rulers in general.
- He reigned Ancient Egypt from 2323 until 2291 BC. Queen Ipwet (his wife), is the daughter of King Wenis who was the conclusion king of the fifth Dynasty.
- The mijwiz (Arabic: مجوز) is a traditional musical instrument of ancient Egypt and the Levant.
- The twelfth dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XII) is often combined with Dynasties XI, XIII and XIV under the group title Middle Kingdom.
- Heqamaatre Ramesses IV (also written Ramses or Rameses) was the third pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt.
- The Eleventh (all of Egypt), Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Middle Kingdom.
- The Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, New Kingdom.
- The Fifteenth, Sixteenth and Seventeenth Dynasties of ancient Egypt are often combined under the group title, Second Intermediate Period.
- Hatshepsut was the fifth Pharaoh of the18th-dynasty who was one of the handful of female rulers in Ancient Egypt.
- It is built into a cliff face that rises sharply above it, and is largely considered to be one of the "incomparable monuments of ancient Egypt".
- Unas (also Wenis, Oenas, Unis, or Ounas) was a Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt, and one of the rulers of the Old Kingdom.
- There are many forms of bowling, with the earliest dating back to ancient Egypt; it is now known that the Egyptians had invented bowling.
- Given the diverse tapestry of religious history in ancient Egypt, it comes as no surprise that many different forms of theism evolved.
- The Pyramids Of Ancient Egypt: An 8 page paper on the great pyramids of ancient Egypt.
- Mentuhotep reunited ancient Egypt in the following years for the first time since the 6th dynasty.
- Documents have been recovered dating back to as early as Ancient Egypt that discuss the enjoyment and uses of herbal tea.
- The Valley of Kings In the midst of the desert you will find one of the most famous sites of ancient Egypt.
- Bouza is produced in Egypt and is probably the forerunner of beer in Ancient Egypt.
- During the reign of Menes, construction was first started on the greatest city of ancient Egypt, Memphis, which became the capital of this first kingdom.
- Linen was sometimes used as currency in ancient Egypt.
- A newer term of "Medjay" refers to a division of ancient Egypt 's police during its 18th dynasty (a part of New Kingdom).
- In ancient Egypt, wine played an important part in ceremonial life.
- It is so hard that ancient civilizations (such as ancient Egypt) used diorite balls to work granite.
- Kang knew that Apocalypse, one of the most powerful mutants who ever lived, was destined to rule the world, and had been born in ancient Egypt.
- Archaeologists say they have found the largest funerary complex yet dating from the earliest era of ancient Egypt, more than 5,000 years ago.
- Egypt introduces the collectors, explorers, and archaeologists who have come to dominate the story of the rediscovery of ancient Egypt.
- The people of ancient Egypt believed that death on Earth was the start of a journey to the next world.
- In ancient Egypt the city was known as Tamiat, but it became less important in the Hellenic period after the construction of Alexandria.
- It was very important in ancient Egypt for married couples to have children, especially a son.
- Cinnamon, which is native to Sri Lanka, was in use in Ancient Egypt in about 1500 BC, suggesting that there were trading links with the island.
- Cinnamon, which is native to Sri Lanka, was used in Ancient Egypt in about 1500 BC, suggesting that the island had trading links with the outside world.
- In ancient Egypt, Orion was the "Place of Osiris," suggesting a deep connection between the constellation and the myth of death and rebirth.
- The history of the alphabet started in ancient Egypt.
- He claims that Orestes is led by the Furies to Taurus in ancient Egypt, where his sister Iphigenia is being held.
- Next to the Pyramids of Giza, Abu Simbel is perhaps the most recognized monument of ancient Egypt.
- John Romer has again given a fascinating and different view of ancient Egypt and its most well known monument.
- This type of empirical geometry, which flourished in ancient Egypt, Sumer, and Babylonia, was refined and systematized by the Greeks.
- Next, they tour the mortuary Temple of Hatchepsut, the only Pharaonic woman who reigned ancient Egypt.
- We devote the seder to discussing slavery and how fervently the Hebrews of ancient Egypt cried out to be free.
- The ancient Egypt ians had a thoroughly developed system for the acquisition of intelligence, and the Hebrews used spies as well, as in the story of Rahab.
- The consistency is intended to remind those participating in the Seder of the bricks and mortar their ancestors made as slaves in Ancient Egypt.
- The use of diorite in art was most important among very early Middle Eastern civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Babylonia, Assyria and Sumer.
- This is one of the last temples built in Ancient Egypt and is famous for its sculptures and inscriptions.
- The key was found to unlock the language and inscriptions of ancient Egypt: its records of Pharaonic feats, the glorification of its gods.
- Encyclopedia of Keywords > Information > Structure > Pyramids
- Places > World > Countries > Egypt
- Time > History > Bronze Age > Mesopotamia
- Golden Triangle Tour > India > Ancient India
* Ancient Egyptian Religion
* Ancient Greece
* Ancient India
* Ancient Texts
* Ancient World
* Antimony Sulfide
* Body Sounds
* Emmer Wheat
* Facto Ruler
* First Cataract
* Human Sacrifice
* Jewish People
* Modern Times
* Oxford History
* Religious Ceremonies
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Location: SCR 357
The Status of Reuse in Colorado
WATER RESOURCES REVIEW COMMITTEE
|Votes: View-->||Action Taken:|
10:04 AM -- The Status of Reuse in Colorado
Brenley McKenna, President, WateReuse Colorado, explained the mission of her organization is to promote water reuse and educate the public about the benefits of water reuse. She explained that water reuse involves capturing wastewater and treating it for another use (Attachment D). She explained that there are two types of reuse. Nonpotable reuse involves the treatment of wastewater for specific purposes other than drinking including industrial uses and irrigation. Potable reuse involves highly treating wastewater to augment a water supply that is used for drinking and all other purposes. Currently, 26 cities in Colorado use recycled water for nonpotable purposes including irrigation and commercial uses. She explained that reused water is less costly than new water supplies and it benefits the environment. Ms. McKenna responded to questions from the committee about water reuse regulations in Colorado and other states.
John Rehring, WaterReuse Colorado, Project Manager for Carollo Engineers, responded to questions from the committee about water reuse regulations. He explained that Regulation 84 allow reused water to be applied to non-food crops. The regulation defines "non food crops" as crops not meant for human consumption.
Eric Hecox, General Manager, Meridian Metropolitan District, explained that Colorado water law limits the types of water that may be reused to water that is introduced into a basin from transbasin diversions and nontributary groundwater. He explained how his district uses recycled water and discussed the possible use of aquifer storage and recovery by the district to store surplus recycled water. He also responded to questions from the committee regarding the district's wastewater system that is not allowed to discharge wastewater into streams or other water bodies.
Laura Belanger, Water Resources and Environmental Engineer, Western Resource Advocates, discussed Colorado's growing water demand and the potential for reuse to help address that demand. She also explained how the Colorado Water Plan addresses water reuse and discussed opportunities to increase reuse in Colorado. She explained that reused water is less costly than new water supplies, benefits the environment, and provides a reliable supply that is available throughout the year. The South Platte Basin Basin Implementation Plan identified 58,135 acre-feet of water that available for reuse in the basin. She identified funding to promote water reuse and responded to questions from the committee about the effect of water reuse on downstream users who may rely on reusable flows.
Mr. Rehring responded to questions from the committee about issues considered when developing Regulation 84 and Regulation 86. He explained that direct potable reuse (DPR) provides several benefits for water providers. For example, it provides a reliable water supply that is available year round and, unlike other forms of water reuse, it does not require dual distribution systems. He explained that WaterReuse Colorado has several goals to promote DPR in Colorado including the development of a clear regulatory framework, increasing public understanding and acceptance of DPR, and helping utilities identify DPR opportunities. He explained how DPR regulations will help increase public acceptance of DPR. He also explained that Big Spring Texas operates the only DPR project in the US. However, several DPR projects are being planned.
Mr. Rehring identified issues that should be addressed in a DPR regulation including definitions, pathogen control, monitoring and reporting requirements, facility operator certification, and education. He discussed the role of public outreach and education in increasing public acceptance of DPR. He also responded to questions from the committee about the EPA standards for water reuse and the potential cost for CDPHE to develop DPR regulations. He also discussed the authority of CDPHE to draft DPR regulations under current law.
Mark Marlowe, Town of Castle Rock Department of Water, discussed the town's water reuse program and explained that much of the city's water rights may be used to extinction because the water comes from nontributary aquifers and transbasin diversions. He also explained the town is interested in implementing a DPR project and discussed the benefits of DPR to the city including infrastructure savings.
Ms. Belanger responded to questions from the committee about the impact of water reuse on downstream water users. She discussed the nexus between energy use and water reuse. She also discussed water reuse opportunities related to oil and gas development and electric generation. | <urn:uuid:87f3b754-9a3a-4006-b73c-6aebdc2d0559> | {
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Pre-Raphaelite Sisters at the National Portrait Gallery
‘Pre-Raphaelite Sisters’ highlights twelve overlooked women, but rather than underline their contributions somehow promotes the artistic talents of men.
In her 1856 poem “In an Artist’s Studio,” Christina Rossetti offers a cutting critique of how women are painted by male artists: “He feeds upon her face by day and night…Not as she is, but as she fills his dream.” Since many of the male Pre-Raphaelite artists shared models — most frequently their sisters, wives, or lovers — there is a tendency to talk about the women in the Pre-Raphaelite circle only in terms of their superficial attributes. With this focus on roles as muses and models for the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, the women behind the movement rarely have their own work as artists, makers, and partners acknowledged as more than a breathy aside.
Pre-Raphaelite Sisters, the newest exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery, attempts to remedy this by highlighting twelve women associated with the movement: Christina Rossetti, Georgiana Burne-Jones, Effie Millais, Jane Morris, Elizabeth Siddal, Maria Zambaco, Annie Miller, Fanny Eaton, Joanna Wells, Fanny Cornforth, Marie Spartali Stillman, and Evelyn de Morgan. All these women had an undeniable impact on the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, but the exhibition struggles to separate who they were as people in their own rights versus who they were to the men.
Each section is organized after a different woman, theoretically giving them space to tell their stories. However, this means that while the Pre-Raphaelite men are talked about in aggregate, the same is never true of the women. Each woman follows the next in isolation. We never learn what their relationships with each other were.
These women are also all the celebrated objects of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’s gaze. Wandering through the exhibition means that we are treated to the men’s paintings of the women while the exhibition text describes their relationship to the men. Instead of underlining the women’s contributions, it somehow serves to promote the talent of the men, both in art and in seduction. But the women deserve recognition on their own.
Take Christina Rossetti (1830-1094), who was widely considered one of the finest poets of her time. During her career, which spanned more than half a century, she authored numerous books of poetry, including Goblin Market and Other Poems (1862), The Prince’s Progress (1866), A Pageant (1881), and The Face of the Deep (1882). She also wrote the lyrics to two well-known British Christmas carols, “In the Bleak Midwinter” and “Love Came Down At Christmas.” The Eclectic Review hailed her as “a true and most genuine poet,” and she was considered the natural poetic successor of Elizabeth Barrett Browning.
Her friend Jane Morris (1839-1914) rubbed shoulders with famous poets, novelists, politicians, and aristocrats. She was both heavily involved in the foundation of Morris & Co., a furnishings and decorative arts manufacturer, and did much of their embroidery. As the company grew, she headed up their embroidery arm and her work won the firm a prestigious award at the 1862 International Exhibition. This drew the attention of new clients and popularised the company. However, needlework has historically ranked at the bottom of the aesthetic hierarchy thanks to gender associations that have devalued the domestic and Jane Morris’ work still has not received the attention it deserves.
Evelyn de Morgan (1855-1919), the final subject of The Pre-Raphaelite Sisters, was one of the first three women to enroll in the Slade School of Art where she won a prestigious scholarship and several awards. She was also one of the first artists to exhibit at the Grosvenor Gallery in London. She was determined to not be defined by the men in her life and fiercely resisted the idea of getting married, famously declaring that “No one shall drag me out with a halter round my neck to sell me!” She spent her life dedicated to art, writing in her diary: “Art is eternal, but life is short… I will make up for it now, I have not a moment to lose.” She did eventually marry and the profits from her art kept her husband’s business afloat.
Christina Rossetti, Jane Morris, Fanny Eaton, and many of the other women in the exhibition, are preserved for posterity through the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood’s paintings but those same artworks have exacted the price of silence. The women are ethereal and ageless. Even in just the past few years in London, we have seen numerous exhibitions flaunt the beauty of the young Pre-Raphaelite women with their distinctive hair and piercing gazes, as painted by the men. Yet, after her husband’s death, Jane Morris also chose to sit for Evelyn de Morgan, a close family friend, who painted Morris as she looked in 1904 — complete with furrowed brow and shock of white hair. This image of the Pre-Raphaelite’s aging muse stands in sharp contrast to the youthful paintings decorating the exhibition walls up till this point and offers a much-needed visual counterpoint of the Pre-Raphaelite women forging their own artistic path separate from the men.
The exhibition Pre-Raphaelite Sisters is at the National Portrait Gallery, London, from 17 October 2019 – 26 February 2020. For more information, visit npg.org.uk. | <urn:uuid:e999cc8d-5b51-4084-9ea9-3af8ee67b582> | {
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On March 18, 1943, seventy-six B-17 bombers, accompanied by twenty-seven B-24 bombers, departed England for a daring daylight bombing mission against U-Boat pens in Vegesack, near Bremen, close to the North Sea coast of Germany.
A B-17F christened Duchess was the lead bomber on the mission with 21 year-old 2nd Lieutenant Jack Mathis as bombardier. Due to the mission being flown deep into German territory, Duchess, as the mission lead, was the only aircraft fitted with the top-secret Norden Bomb Sight. It was imperative that Lt. Mathis drop his bombs on target since all the other bombers in the massive raid would be following his lead. If he was unable to properly identify and mark the target, the entire mission could very well end in failure.
It was not merely chance that Jack and the crew of Duchess had been selected to lead this critical mission. They were among the most experienced in the 303rd Heavy Bombardment Group, with Jack considered one of the best bombardiers.
Just before reaching Vegesack, and minutes from dropping the bomb load, an anti-aircraft shell exploded near the front of Duchess, shattering the nose of the heavy bomber and sending shards of burning hot shrapnel into the bombardier and navigator compartment. The explosion threw Lt. Mathis backward to the rear of the compartment. His right arm was nearly severed at the elbow and a large hole was ripped into the right side of his abdomen. In shock, bleeding profusely and mortally wounded, Lt. Mathis bravely crawled back to his position and, with mere seconds to spare, put the target in the crosshairs and dropped the explosive payload with absolute precision. He then slumped over his bomb sight and died from his massive injuries.
Back at the headquarters of the 303rd, at RAF Station Molesworth, 25 year-old 1st Lieutenant Mark Mathis, also a bombardier, patiently waited for the Duchess to return. He had seen his younger brother off that morning and was looking forward to his return. The Commanding Officer of Jack’s Bomb Group had already approved a three-day pass for the brothers to spend some time together in London, a welcome relief from the nasty business of waging war.
Later that afternoon, when Mark finally caught sight of Duchess returning to base, his initial relief quickly turned to horror as he saw the bombardiers’s nose section completely destroyed. With tears welling up in his eyes, he cast his head downward. He instinctively knew Jack was gone.
Jack had enlisted in the Army in June of 1940 and had been assigned to an artillery unit at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. In January of 1941 his older brother Mark had also enlisted in the Army and had been sent to Goodfellow Airfield near the family home in San Angelo, Texas, where he had been assigned to a ground crew in the 49th Training Squadron. Eager to serve with his brother and be closer to home, Jack requested a transfer to Goodfellow. The request was granted and he headed back to San Angelo to begin his duty as a clerical assistant while his older brother Mark tended the flight line.
2nd Lt. Jack Mathis
1st Lt. Mark Mathis
Immediately following the entry of the United States into World War II, both brothers requested transfers to the Army Air Force. Their requests were granted and they departed for flight training in January of 1942. During flight crew classification, the brothers were designated as bombardiers.
Due to differences in their flight training schedules, Jack graduated before Mark. In October of 1942 Jack departed for RAF Station Molesworth as the bombardier of the B-17 Duchess. Shortly thereafter, Mark was sent to North Africa as a bombardier of a B-24 Liberator. In March of 1943 Mark’s B-24 unit was transferred to England and, in yet another ironic twist of fate, the two brothers were again reunited. Over drinks at the Officer’s Club in Molesworth, on the evening of March 17, Jack persuaded his older brother to seek a transfer to his unit, the 303rd, known affectionately as “Hell’s Angels.” Mark agreed and, although the transfer would take several weeks, Jack asked his brother to accompany him on the next day’s mission, his seventeenth, to Vegesack. As fate would have it, the commanding officer of the Group refused to let Mark accompany his brother on the mission, attributing his decision to not wanting to fill out the required paperwork. Nevertheless, Mark saw his little brother off that morning, riding with him and the other officers to the flight line. As the engines revved to life and thick plumes of oily smoke filled the air, Jack gave his brother a smile and a wave from the nose cone of Duchess. It was to be the last time the two brothers saw each other alive.
After Jack’s tragic death, a devastated Mark requested to take his younger brother’s place as bombardier of Duchess, a request which was approved. When their required 25 missions were reached, the crew received orders back to the states to train new airmen. However, despite his great personal loss, Mark requested to stay with the 303rd in Molesworth and continue combat duty.
On May 13, 1943, Mark was bombardier on the B-17F FDR's Potato Peeler Kids. Their objective was to destroy the Krupp Submarine Works in Kiel, Germany. The valuable target was heavily defended by a ring of deadly anti-aircraft fire and over 100 Luftwaffe fighters. The bombing was a success but FDR was badly damaged in the process and began to lose altitude and drop out of formation. Other B-17s tried to protect the crippled bomber from enemy fighters but the damage was already too great. Somewhere over the North Sea, Mark Mathis and the rest of the FDR crew perished. In just under two months the two brothers had heroically given their lives in service to their country.
The story of the Mathis brothers is one of courage, honor, duty, and brotherly love. Their valiant sacrifice serves as a reminder to all of us that the freedom we enjoy is by no means free. It has been bought and paid for by brave American men and women, such as the Mathis brothers, who selflessly gave their lives in service to their country. May they rest in eternal peace and never be forgotten.
2nd Lieutenant Jack Mathis was posthumously awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for his heroic actions over Vegesack, Germany, on March 18, 1943.
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The development of the double screw plastic extruder, first developed in Italy in the 1930 s, early seventy s to 60 s developing rapidly. Mesh differential twin screw is along with the development of RPVC products, meshing direction is developed with the polymer modification, twin screw extruder research will not be able to adapt to the development of application of the theory of formed a consensus around the world, and become the research hot spot.
First of all, the twin screw extruder has the extruder principle of single screw extruder: solid conveyance, melting, pressurization and pumping, mixing, stripping and devolatilization, but it is not simple. The research on twin screw extrusion theory started late, and its type is many, the screw geometry is complex, and the extrusion process is complex, which brings many difficulties to the research.
On the whole, the study of twin screw extrusion theory is still in the initial stage, which is called "craftsmanship more than science ".
The physical model is established to guide the design of double screw plastic extruder and the optimization of extrusion process.
2. It is necessary to make clear the actual situation of the change of state of two or more polymers and materials in the extrusion process, the process of mixing morphology, structure change, and the relationship between final mixture and performance.
Iii. As a double-screw plastic extruder, the internal relationship between the reaction process, performance, speed, screw configuration and operating conditions during extrusion reaction is established to guide the extrusion reaction. | <urn:uuid:8fc83f39-9a5e-4078-b7e6-2f483bcf92c2> | {
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Athletes and sportspersons always want to push themselves harder, further and higher so that they may achieve more, without giving thought to the well-being of their body and their general health. Due to this effort and the spirit of ‘pushing on’ even when they are putting their bodies at risk, makes them prone to various ailments, discomforts and injuries.
Hence, it is very important for every athlete to go for sports physiotherapy as often as possible and if possible, to hire a professional in this field. Such professionals play a big role in the life of any athlete and their role is crucial as seen below.
Though mostly working in clinics and hospitals, many teams for the case of college sports and professional sports bodies hire them to protect their athletes not only from injuries but also to offer treatment in case of ailments, which their players may suffer from. Many professional athletes have also hired personal physiotherapists who offer them important advice on how to respond to diseases and how to respond to discomforts that may deem them unfit for competitions.
Rehabilitate physical injuries
Many athletes are prone to physical injuries throughout their career. Some of these injuries and ailments may be the reason some of the athletes are retiring earlier than expected from sports and at times bringing ruin to the streaks and careers of some of the sportspersons. This is the reason many professional sports bodies recommend regular visits to a physiotherapist.
Offer pain control therapies
Apart from rehabilitating physical injuries and ailments, they offer help to the athletes in matters of pain control. After the athletes suffer injuries, the physiotherapists step in so that they may ease the discomfort and pain that they go through due to the injuries. This is done through various sports exercises, which involve mainly stretching and massage. These exercises may be viable treatment in case of sprains, torn ligaments, and bruises.
Injury prevention and maintenance
Since most athletes receive their treatment and then turn to action as soon as possible, there may be recurring instances of injuries. However, sports physiotherapists not only focus on offering treatment, but also focus on how people can prevent future injuries and maintain a good form. Furthermore, they help their patients to gain strength and train them on the best methods to react to and brace injuries whenever they occur. This advice is essential helpful to athletes who are still mending injuries but have returned to action. | <urn:uuid:efe4731a-6562-4d30-a42a-7c17c68e5579> | {
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What Happened to Math Class?
Understanding the Shifts in Mathematics Teaching and How to Support Your Child’s Learning
Thanks for stopping by this page. I recently facilitated an information sessions for parents and educators to help them understand the changes in mathematics education and had the session recorded so I could share it with you. Below are resources (websites, articles, etc.) you may find helpful. Feel free to share the link to this page with parents, colleagues, administrators, and anyone else you think might be interested.
Also, if you are interested in having me come to your district to work with your teachers, administrators, or parents, please reach out to me at [email protected]. Thanks.
These sites are loaded with great math tasks, articles, blogs, videos, and resources to support you and the learning of the students you support.
These are just a few of my favorite math games to play with students and adults. Just click the images to learn more about the games and how to purchase them.
These articles address a lot of the common challenges families face when making sense of the changes in mathematics education. They’re helpful for educators as well.
11 Ways to Help Your Child Enjoy Math by Michaelson Monaghan
Fluency Without Fear by Jo Boaler
Helping Your Child With Today’s Math: A parents’ guide to surviving math class all over again: valuable tools to help you help your your child with today’s mathematics from the National Education Association.
Back Off Parents: It’s Not Your Job to Teach Common Core Math When Helping with Homework: What should parents do when they don’t understand their kids’ Common Core homework? By Kathleen Lucadamo | <urn:uuid:ffc5f0c2-e692-4b1b-aeda-26eece515c77> | {
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The Sun is a luminous object; by definition:
“A luminous object is one that gives off light. In other words, it glows of its own accord. To be able to glow, the object must have its own source of energy. A torch shines because of the energy stored in its batteries, whereas all stars shine using energy created by nuclear fusion.” – Source: http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/stars/luminous
To find out how long it would take for the Sun’s light to reach us, we must use a few mathematical tools.
We must know that:
We then manipulate this formula algebraically to get:
Now it is said that the Earth’s distance from the Sun is 149,600,000 km (Source: Google) and that the speed of light in a vacuum is 299,792 km per second (Source: Google). As space is mostly empty we’ll be using the speed of light in a vacuum to measure how long it would take for the Sun’s light to reach us.
So knowing that:
Distance = 149,600,000 km
Speed = 299,792 km / s
Let’s plug these values into the time formula in order to know how long it would take for the Sun’s light to reach us:
Now what is 499.0126488 seconds in minutes? Let’s find out:
Knowing this we can say that:
So it takes approximately 8.32 (to 2 decimal places) minutes for the Sun’s light to reach us. We are in fact seeing the Sun how it was approximately 8 minutes ago. When we look into space or at any distant object for that matter, we are actually seeing the past. | <urn:uuid:f88fd253-86f4-4218-869d-d374772d8a2c> | {
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A study involving 187 children and adolescents with multiple sclerosis, plus 44 who experienced their first neurologic episode (clinically isolated syndrome) indicative of MS, has found that 35% of those with MS and 18% of those with clinically isolated syndrome were cognitively impaired. Cognitive assessment was done using a battery of 11 tests. The most common areas of impairment were fine motor coordination, visual-motor integration, and speeded information processing.
(2013). Cognitive Impairment Occurs in Children and Adolescents With Multiple Sclerosis Results From a United States Network.
Journal of Child Neurology. 28(1), 102 - 107. | <urn:uuid:05806900-bcff-4c87-b7c8-e814a9bd5779> | {
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Why we need a republic
All of these proposals for change would of course be squashed by the Crown under the current system.
A republic is a country where the supreme power of the state is dependent on the consent of the citizens it governs. In a republic it is commonly said that political power operates only with the ongoing consent of the people. This is usually expressed through elections. The citizens elect representatives who are in turn responsible to the citizens who have elected them.
The majority of the world’s nations are republics. Not all of them are fully democratic, although two-thirds of fully democratic countries are republics. In a republic the head of state is not a hereditary leader. The head of state is either directly elected or is appointed by an elected assembly. They are most often called the president.
New Zealand will not be fully independent until we have a New Zealander as head of state. New Zealand likes to think of itself as an independent country. However, it cannot objectively be argued New Zealand’s current head of state represents this.
Democracy. New Zealand’s Head of state is our Governor General. This person has considerable powers and should be elected rather than appointed by a monarch on the recommendation of a Prime Minister.
This is in line with the principle that all systems with integrity must have semi-permeable borders. | <urn:uuid:867d5de8-fa2e-4652-bc5a-b20e005f04bf> | {
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Gently encourage kids to brush their teeth properly, twice a day, with these fun and playful teeth brushing activities. We made an Easy DIY Giant set of teeth to clean and used a dry erase printable to teach Miss T to brush her teeth properly. There’s a little video at the end of the post that shows how we did it. These simple teeth brushing activities give parents an opportunity to show children how to brush, in a fun playful manner- No stress! Its much easier to teach kids where they need to brush properly, where food and plaque builds up and to encourage good dental hygiene with these DIY Giant set of teeth and a Dry erase printable.
Teeth brushing activities.
How to make a Giant Set of Teeth.
- Collect some white yoghurt tubs
- Find a plastic base – try a plastic table cloth, an old place-mat or an ice-cream container lid
- Have your Hot glue ready
- Lay your “teeth” yoghurt tubs out
- Glue them into place
- Use water based paint to resemble dirty teeth, food scraps and plaque.
- Add some small paper snippets, or even some real food.
- Let it sit for 5mins to dry
- Gather some old tooth brushes
They are ready to play with. We used an old tooth brush, a cup of water and I mixed up some “tooth paste” from a teaspoon of bicarbonate soda and a few drops of vinegar- Enough to make it into a paste. Miss T took to brushing the teeth straight away and we chatted around brushing properly; up and down, round and round, side to side, remember the backs of the teeth.
(HINT: Always supervise! Miss T has just turned 4, so I knew she wouldn’t stick the paint and bi-carb covered brush in her mouth)
She noticed where I had put the paint and pointed out that the teeth were dirtier and harder to clean around the edges or the ‘gums’ and in the gaps between teeth. Once she had gotten most of it off, we used water to sprinkle over them, to “rinse” them, and then I wiped them clean. The great thing about both of these teeth brushing activities is that you can easily make them, store them and use them time and time again. Whenever you need to remind your child about good dental hygiene, or when ever your child shows an interest in playing with them, you can simply use them again then wipe them clean.
How to use the Dry erase teeth brushing print out.
- Click here
- Print it out on A4 paper
- Laminate it
- Use white board markers to draw pieces of food
- Use an old tooth brush
- Sing the tune and brush away.
- Wipe clean when finished.
This is a great follow up activity that uses the same concept of teaching children where germs gather and how the hidden gaps, gums and backs of teeth are important too. Use a white board marker to draw the food scraps and germs in between teeth and around the gums and teach your child the tune to sing as they brush away.
To the tune of row row row your boat – “Bush brush brush your teeth, brush them twice a day. In the morning, in the night, Gentle scrub them clean and white.”
Teeth brushing tips.
These teeth brushing activities are great to help encourage kids to think about how they brush their teeth and to make it a normal every day topic. But of course not every kids loves to brush their teeth. So here are some tips that you can put in to place to encourage healthy brushing habits.
- Start them early, even before teeth – Babies can “brush” too
- Have bright, fun tooth brushes. Let me pick their own brush from the grocery shop.
- Have a Cool egg timer, or sand timer and make it a challenge.
- Make brushing time playful: sing songs, watch them and praise how much their care for their teeth, playful say that they missed a bit and tickle under their chin. Ask to see their sparkling teethy pegs!
- Make it a twice a day habit that is consistent with your routine.
- Model good dental hygiene. let them see that you brush twice, or even brush at the same time they do.
- Make sure they can see themselves. Kids love looking at themselves anyway, but especially when brushing teeth.
- Add it in to their daily routine chart and give them a sticker each day they brush well.
- Talk positively about teeth hygiene, regular check ups and the dentist.
- Encourage only water and milk as a majority of their drinks but only allow water in the couple of hours before bed.
- Talk positively about their teeth and their smile. “What a friendly smile you have, those clean healthy teeth are well looked after. You really care about them” – “A happy face needs a happy smile”
- Give them the control. Children often engage in power struggles, they like to be in control, which means often if you try to force them to do something they will push back and refuse even more so (eg: they don’t brush properly so you try to do it for them, or you try and make them do it). Let them do it, encourage them to do it. if you have to, tell them you need to check up the back and give them an extra brush over.
- If power struggles occur, give them an option. Eg: Do you want to use your blue brush or your green brush. Do you want to brush your teeth before we read a book or after. You can brush your teeth in front of the bathroom mirror or in the kitchens mirror.
- Make it a game. Time them with a stop watch & tell them to start slow and then race as the two minute mark is approaching. Or make them only brush in zigzags, and then only brush in tiny circles and then try only on their tongue. Tell them so switch hands and see how fast they can go and so on. If it is fun, they wont see it as an unnecessary chore and it will become part of every day life before you know it.
Thanks for reading my teeth brushing activities and tips
I hope you enjoyed reading this post. I would love to hear from you.
Do you have any teeth brushing tips that you can share with other readers? if so, leave a comment for others to read 🙂 | <urn:uuid:fbed17d1-85b2-4667-b3be-54c479409c89> | {
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The 2D2 is a double diode introduced by Mullard in 1937 for battery radios. Indirectly heated battery valves are rare.This exhibit has had the external screening paint scraped away to reveal the inner structure.
The filament is a single insulated strand that passes through the cylindrical cathode. The anodes are just wraps of tape that have been spot welded to the anode support struts.
A closer view of the electrodes.
The balloon envelope is 28 mm in diameter, and excluding the B5 base pins is 62 mm tall.
References: Datasheet, 4048, 1040 & 1043. Type 2D2 was first introduced in 1937. | <urn:uuid:0b3e7fb1-8fda-4d02-a35e-59bc2aff57ae> | {
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Nearly all of us were taught to view astigmatism as the result of some accidental, idiopathic misshaping of the cornea, and that two types of astigmatism exist: with- and against-the-rule. In the old days, we measured the corneal curvatures with keratometers and applied Javal’s rule to predict the amount of astigmatism present in the eye. If the astigmatic portion of the refraction was close to the Javal’s rule prediction, we knew that the astigmatism was due to the corneal curvature. If the astigmatic portion of the refraction didn’t match our Javal’s rule prediction, we knew the lens was the cause of the refractive error. Regardless, we knew that it should not change significantly over a person’s lifetime.
Then, along Elliott Forrest, OD, a professor at the State University of New York, College of Optometry with a model about eye scan, head scan, and posture and astigmatism. Dr. Harris first heard of Dr. Forrest’s model of astigmatism in the early 1980s and the significance of the information hit home almost immediately. Dr. Harris, a classically trained bass trombonist, came upon a way to test the theory. He knew first-hand that musicians must remain in constrained postures for extended periods of time to play their instruments. For example, we are all familiar with the head tilt left of the violinist or the head tilt right for those who play the flute. A trombone, particularly a bass trombone, blocks left visual space and all trombone players around the world must look at their music to their right.
|Fig. 1. A trombone player with the music placed asymmetrically to his right. Here, he is practicing a concerto with the orchestra, standing to play. |
So without getting much into the specifics of Dr. Forrest’s theory, let’s take this month’s column to look at some evidence that supports it. In a future article, we can look at the clinical prescribing insights that emerge from this model.
The model predicts that in the case of a person with a chronic asymmetric posture where they have to look to their right more, that the left eye should have more astigmatism. This is just what we expect to see with a trombone player as well as a string player, who shares a stand and is seated on its left side, and has to look back to their right.
The theory predicts that the trombonist (Figure 1) should have more astigmatism in the left eye. Let’s see if this holds. The prescription worn by the trombone player is:
OD -1.00 -1.75 x 15
Fig. 2. A cello player with her music well off to her right. She shares the music stand with another player on her right and is in this posture chronically as she sits in the front row of players closest to the conductor.
- OS -3.00 -2.25 x 160
This is just what we expect. Why, you might ask, isn’t the difference even greater? The answer: trombonists rarely get to play concertos—a solo performance requiring the musician to stand up. When they do give such performances, they are maximally off-center as seen in Figure 1. Most of the time, their role as a trombonist dictates simply a need to sit directly behind the stand, which is only slightly more rightward than centered.
The theory also predicts that the cellist (Figure 2) should have more astigmatism in her left eye. Let’s see if this holds. The prescription worn by our cello player is:
- OD +0.75 -0.75 x 100
- OS +0.75 -1.50 x 90
This is just what we expect, more astigmatism in the left eye.
Let’s look at one more example, violin players. A refraction from a violinist in the Baltimore Symphony is:
- OD -5.25 -1.50 x 175
- OS -4.75 -1.50 x 175
Again, just as Dr. Forrest predicted.
“Okay,” you say, “seems like just few cases here, which could be carefully chosen to make a point. Seriously, this couldn’t really hold for so many musicians, could it?”
|Fig. 3. The famous violinist Joshua Bell, with the classic head tilt left while performing. |
In 1996, four Norwegian authors went to six different Norwegian symphony orchestras, and after performing refractions found 212 musicians with astigmatism. Their results were published in a paper entitled, “Synssituasjonen blant profesjonelle orkestermusikere” a strict translation of which is “Visual conditions of professional orchestra musicians.” Their data showed a nearly 100% correlation between the instruments played, the corresponding posture necessary to play the instruments and the predicted astigmatism.
Dr. Forrest’s insights have proven invaluable in prescribing. In particular, with some patients we find a change in their refraction, specifically a change in either the axis of the cylinder or the amount of the astigmatism. This information helps us know to look for a chronic change in posture that may explain the development of asymmetric astigmatism. In future articles, we will explore some of those cases.
1. Harris P. Visual conditions of symphony musicians. JAOA. 1988;59(12):952-9.
2. Forrest EB. A new model of functional astigmatism. JAOA 1981;52(11):889-97.
3. Stensland M, Myklebust E, Faaberg T, Jonassen H. Synssituasjonen blant profesjonelle orkestermusikere. Thesis for graduation from Hogskolen I Buskerud, Kongsberg, Norway, | <urn:uuid:8ef54e1a-14b6-4492-97cd-2bb6f9dd764b> | {
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One Lakh Kindle E-Books
Functionalism is necessary if the social and economic crisis was to be overcome and controlled. Functionalism projects an ideal picture of harmonious social relationships. Main idea in Functionalism, and the starting point of all Functionalism is that all societies have certain basic needs and Functional requirements which must be met if a society is to survive. Functionalism is often referred to as consensus perspective theory because it doesn’t address the issue of conflict and conflict perspectives.
Functionalism emerged in Europe in the 19th century as a response to what was perceived as a crisis of social order. Functionalism seemed to be the result of two developments. The emergence of a new industrial society with its subsequent loss of community, poor working conditions, increase in crime, growth of housing slums, poverty led to the French Revolution, which suggested ideals of equality, happiness and freedom of the individual.
According to Functional State Identity Theories, mental states are the particular "realizers" of the functional role, not the functional role itself. Unlike standard versions of functionalism, FSTs do not allow for the multiple realizability of mental states, because the fact that mental states are realized by brain states is essential.
These historical conditions which were seen to approximate a crisis of economic and political order thus gave rise to a very conservative type of sociology which reflects a concern with the need for social order and integration. Functionalists are therefore concerned with the contribution the various parts of a society make towards those needs. All Functionalism is concerned with the basic need and desirability for social order and stability to prevail in society.
David Emile Durkheim draws an analogy between the way a biological organism works and society. The various organs of a living thing work together in order to maintain a healthy whole in much the same way that various institutions in society work together to produce social order.
Central Value System - Functionalists believe that the basis of an orderly society is the existence of a central value system that imposes common values on all its members. Therefore, when Functionalists look at the ways in which the various parts of society contribute to bringing about social order they are mainly concerned with the ways in which these parts help to perpetuate and maintain this common value system.
Parsons and Education
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Top Tips for a Sustainable Christmas
Christmas is a time for celebration, but all the excess that goes with it can also put a strain on the environment: tonnes of extra rubbish, surplus packaging and mega watts of flashing lights. It’s a busy time when Australians tend to travel, eat and drink more than usual.
With a little imagination and thought, we can all reduce the impact of the holiday season on the environment and have a happy green Christmas! Here’s how:
Don’t Fake It
If a Christmas tree is a must for your family, make sure you get a real tree and not a plastic one. Although plastic trees can be reused many times they still ultimately end up in landfill. Real trees – they smell fresh, look more authentic and are biodegradable through your green waste. You could also look into investing in a tree or shrub which you could then plant in your garden.
Use LED lights for house and Christmas tree lighting. LED lights use about 80-90% less energy than old light bulbs. Make the effort to turn your lights off when out of the house or before bedtime.
Plan Your Shopping
Last minute panic shopping often ends up in unsuitable purchases. It’s best to be organised and plan ahead what you need to buy for Christmas day – make a list and stick to it. Try and get it all done in one shop to avoid repeat journeys and the temptation of buying unnecessary extras.
Give original gifts that will be of real value to your friends and family. Steer away from material presents – gift them a service or experience. Maybe create vouchers for babysitting, cleaning, massage or gardening. Give them a ticket to an event, concert or a fun day out with you. Is there something your friends have always wanted to learn or try out, but never got around to doing? Perhaps they’d like a guitar, cooking or painting lesson?
Help them to become more environmental and give a membership to a car sharing club or help them save energy by gifting low-flow shower heads and energy saving light bulbs.
Use your culinary skills to make homemade food or drink gifts. Your time spent in the kitchen is probably no more than the time spent gift-hunting online or at the shops. Homemade presents are often more personal, better for the environment and not likely to go to waste.
For those who have everything gifting a charity donation that helps others or the environment is often the best way to go. Carbon Neutral provides eCards which allow you to gift native trees or you could calculate you friends’ emissions and offset their vehicle or household emissions at cncf/offsets.
Get creative with your wrapping – newspaper with a bright ribbon looks great or cut out colorful, patterned pages from old magazines to package up presents or use an attractive scarf and make it part of the present.
If you receive a new mobile phone for Christmas make sure you recycle the old one – visit www.cleanup.org.au and click on ‘Clean Up Mobile Phones’. You can register to receive a free pre-paid postal satchel that you can use to send your phone to recyclers.
Been given something you don’t want from an estranged second aunt? Don’t just throw it away – take it to an op shop or sell it on eBay.
Store away wrapping paper and cards that you receive – you can recycle them next year for wrapping and you can cut up old Christmas cards to make unique gift tags.
For anything else check out www.recyclingnearyou.com.au which will help you find out the best way to recycle in your area.
Fight the Christmas Bulge
Feeling a little heavy after all the Christmas excess? Why not get some free exercise and help the environment at the same time. Check out www.cleanup.org.au and find out how you can volunteer to pick up rubbish and enjoy the outdoors.
Send an electronic card which does not require physical resources to make or distribute. Click here to check out Carbon Neutral’s Christmas eCards. Every eCard sent will help revegetate rural Australia through the planting of biodiverse native trees. You can choose from a range of beautiful designs, include a personalised message, and from just $3.75 send a gift that will make a difference for future generations. Click here to order eCards.
Stock up on green rechargeable batteries for any gadgets you might need to use. If you do give a battery operated gift give a battery charger too.
Invest in good quality decorations that can be used again and again and passed on to future generations or be inventive and make your own from recycled materials.
Plan ahead to prevent food wastage. To find out more about ideal serving sizes, storing and using up leftovers check out www.lovefoodhatewaste.nsw.gov.au. Compost any unusable leftover food to reduce the harmful methane emissions that are generated when food waste decomposes in landfill.
Reduce your footprint between events and on holiday by walking, cycling, using public transport or car pooling where possible. Before embarking on any long journeys ensure your car tyres are pumped up and your engine tuned.
Opt for organic or carbon neutral beers and wines. Carbon Neutral supporter Taylors Wines has a great offer online which will save you 20% off their 100% carbon Neutral wine range based on the international standard for lifecycle assessment (ISO14044). Click here to find out more.
When choosing flowers for gifts or for decorating select ‘in season’ locally grown varieties.
Serve up locally produced food and drink and choose produce with less packaging. Set up clearly marked recycling bins before your party starts to make it easier for your guests and to make the clean up quicker. Deck out the tables with reusable plates and cutlery so they can be washed and used again. | <urn:uuid:450dcdf5-a433-4847-937f-d3dfe23de389> | {
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Child Clinic –
80% of a child’s learning is visual, so it’s really important to have their eyes tested at an early age to ensure nothing holds them back. The NHS offers free eye tests to all children under 16 and full-time students under 19. And if they need glasses, we have a huge range of free kids’ specs to choose from.
So if your child hasn’t had their eyes tested yet, or if they’re due a check-up, book them an appointment at our child clinic.
Is It The Same As An Eye Screening At School?
No. An eye test with a qualified optometrist is an essential health check. About 4 in 100 children aged five have a squint – this can lead to visual loss called amblyopia, which can become permanent unless treated early in childhood. Our specialised equipment can help detect eye diseases before a child has even noticed any change in their vision.
What Are The Symptoms?
Telltale signs of eye problems include:
- Sitting close to the TV
- Rubbing their eyes
- Holding objects very close to their face
- Blinking a lot
- One eye turning either in or out
What Happens During The Eye Test?
One of our friendly optometrists will carry out a comprehensive eye test, which includes:
- Checking the vision in each eye using a letter chart (which is compared to expected levels of development and growth)
- Eye muscle balance tests (to check alignment of the eyes)
- Pupil responses
- An internal examination of the eye using a special instrument that shines light all the way to the back of the eye
- A fundus camera to photograph the back of the eye to monitor any findings (where required)
- Shining a light into the eye to observe the reflection from the back of the eye to help the optometrist determine any glasses prescription
- An assessment of colour vision and 3D vision at the first test | <urn:uuid:fdc07b16-6aab-4194-a48d-e674fe5e4341> | {
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12/21/2010 01:08 pm ET Updated May 25, 2011
I FIRST WROTE THIS POST IN 2010 AND I BELIEVE IT HAS ONLY BECOME MORE RELEVANT AS TIME HAS PASSED. WE ARE LIVING IN A TIME OF SPLINTERED REALITIES IN AMERICA. IT IS HELPFUL TO KNOW THAT DURING ONE OF THE WORST TIMES IN OUR HISTORY THAT AN INTELLIGENT MAN, A GOOD MAN WHO LOVED HIS COUNTRY STEPPED FORWARD. ALTHOUGH THIS POST IS ABOUT CHRISTMAS, IT IS REALLY ABOUT ANY TIME OF THE YEAR WHEN A LEADER IS DESPERATELY NEEDED.
Abraham Lincoln never really sent out a Christmas message for the simple reason that Christmas did not become a national holiday until 1870, five years after his death. Until then Christmas was a normal workday although people did often have special Christmas dinners with turkey, fruitcake and other treats.
If Abraham Lincoln were president today we can only imagine what he might say in a Christmas message. During the Civil War, he and his wife, Mary Todd, and also their son, Tad, would visit wounded Union soldiers in hospitals. The Lincolns also used their own money to buy lemons and oranges for soldiers so they wouldn’t get scurvy. Lincoln was also an innovator and known for using the telegraph to keep in immediate and up-to-the-minute touch with his generals and troops during the Civil War. Today, he would probably tweet and like many recent presidents videotape messages to the country and the troops stationed abroad.
He would be sensitive to the trials and tribulations of Americans who are out of work and who have lost their jobs and homes during the Great Recession. Given his deep sense of empathy, he would feel for those who can’t find work and all the stress and sorrow that come from not having a paying job. Like his feelings for the plight of the slaves, Lincoln would probably express a profound understanding for the situation faced by those in poverty during a joyful and generous time like Christmas.
As a man of principle but also a clever political strategist, Lincoln would balance his words in such a way that he would acknowledge the pain without making new enemies or revealing any impending political decisions. As we learned from the Gettysburg Address he knew the power of brevity. He also knew that people want to believe in something greater than them. His Second Inaugural Address is filled with the sense of a higher power that knows better than mortal humans what might be best for all. He spoke to that Almighty power and connected that source to the work at hand — bringing the Civil War to its just conclusion.
Interestingly, Lincoln did have something to do with the image of Santa Claus, as we know it today. In 1863 he commissioned his friend and former campaign poster artist, the cartoonist Thomas Nast, to illustrate Santa Claus handing out gifts to Union troops. Lincoln wanted to cheer them up. Before Nast, Father Christmas was shown as tall and thin but Nast made him bearded and plump. Besides creating the image of Santa, Nast also created the donkey and elephant images for the Democratic and Republican parties and the familiar image of Uncle Sam.
Revisiting Lincoln today makes sense because we are living in a time of policy technocrats and dealmakers. Visionaries at the national level are few and far between. Our leading voices seem diminished rather than larger than life and mired in the messy politics of the moment to the point that they lose sight of something greater than the next election cycle.
If Abraham Lincoln were president today in the midst of two wars, the prolonged economic collapse, growing income inequality, battles around net neutrality, rampant consumerism and creeping climate change, this is what I imagine his 2010 Christmas message to be:
To the American People:
In this season of peace and hope arriving at a time of much suffering among many of our fellow citizens, I ask you to take solace in knowing that you live in a nation founded on the principles of fairness and equality and these birthrights shall endure as long as this country stays true to their promise. Our destiny as nation of democratic ideals is still evolving.
Remain steadfast in the knowledge that, in time, good conquers evil and truth will triumph. Be patient through these dark days and compassionate for the less fortunate. These difficult times are but momentary ripples in the history of our nation.
I extend the nation’s appreciation to our soldiers in distant lands and wish them a swift and safe return home. To our allies I offer our continued friendship. And, to the enemies of freedom and fairness, whether they are within or without, I say that we will never waver in keeping our people free, safe and secure. The pursuit of life, liberty and happiness still guides our journey forth.
In this time of uncertainty, hold hope close to your heart and know that America will return to its rightful inheritance of freedom and justice once again.
May the Almighty bless the American people and bless this great land. | <urn:uuid:f4e11134-b672-42c8-a42d-07d80bf00b6d> | {
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This subject has opened my eyes to the affordances of digital storytelling as opposed to the affordances of storytelling in a non digital environment. Storytelling in a digital environment makes it much easier to share the story than it would otherwise be. Interactive digital storybooks such as SHERLOCK: Interactive Adventure and The History of Jazz: An Interactive Timeline provide a much more immersive experience for the user. Instead of reading a factual piece on World War I in a traditional printed book you can read a multimodal digital story about World War I and feel like you’re actually there witnessing what you’re reading. In other words, digital storytelling has the potential to be much more engaging and immersive than storytelling of the past.
Serafini and Youngs (2013) state that reading was predominantly an individual experience in the past whereas digital storytelling is much more social in that new and emerging digital platforms allow the reader to share responses to texts on a global platform. As an example, I recently published a digital story using the Shorthand Social platform. Anyone viewing my digital story can immediately get in contact with me via my author page.
Digital storytelling also offers versatility in the sense that many ebooks include text-to-speech options, dictionaries and note-taking. This is something most traditional print books do not provide.
Moreover, digital storytelling platforms like Shorthand Social and Microsoft Sway make it easy for anyone to self-publish. Whereas in the past it was quite difficult for a budding author to find a publisher, nowadays a budding author can publish to a much wider audience. Moreover, these tools are so easy to use that an author can have their digital content on the Internet within minutes.
Of course, now that anyone and everyone can be a prosumer, anyone who is creating a digital story needs to be aware of intellectual property issues that can and do arise. For example, its important to avoid infringing copyright on images, music, video and text. If you are using an image in your digital story and the image was not created by you then you most probably do not own the copyright on that image. Therefore, you should make every effort to find out who has the copyright on the image and then contact them to get their permission to use the image. If you don’t then you’re putting yourself at risk of being taken to court for breach of copyright.
One of the other issues associated with digital storytelling and one that I have touched on previously is that of streaming media. A YouTube video that was viewable yesterday may not be viewable today. If you have created a digital story which includes an embedded YouTube video then you run the risk of your embedded video not being viewable in the future. If you have embedded YouTube videos that you created and uploaded to YouTube then you are unlikely to have this problem. However, if you have embedded someone else’s YouTube videos in your digital story then it is entirely possible that at some point in the future your embedded YouTube video will be removed from YouTube. As a result, anyone trying to view the YouTube video in your digital story will not be able to do so. This is just one of the problems associated with digital storytelling.
Also, currency is important with digital storytelling. A historical digital story may need to be updated from time to time. For example, the story may be a feature on a historical figure who is still alive. Once that person has passed away the digital story should be updated. However, if the digital story has been developed as an app then its possible that the developer may, for commercial reasons, no longer be interested in maintaining the app.
As an educator, I know that digital storytelling is a powerful teaching and learning tool. In particular, a learner’s digital literacy can be greatly boosted by their use of digital storytelling tools. These tools (many of which are free) make it easy for learners to create their own digital stories by combining text, images, video, music, etc. Learners can do this by themselves or collaboratively with others. After having created their personal multimedia stories the learners can then share them with others.
Alexander, B. (2011). The New Digital Storytelling: Creating Narratives with New Media. ABC-CLIO.
Leu, D.J. et al (2011). The new literacies of online reading comprehension: Expanding the literacy and learning curriculum. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 55(1), 5-14. doi: 10.1598/JAAL.55.1.1
Serafini, F. (2013). Reading Workshop 2.0. Reading Teacher, 66(5), 401-404. http://ezproxy.csu.edu.au/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=92711892&site=ehost-live
Walsh, M. (2013). Literature in a digital environment (Ch. 13). In L. McDonald (Ed.), A literature companion for teachers. Marrickville, NSW: Primary English Teaching Association Australia (PETAA). https://www.csu.edu.au/division/library/ereserve/pdf/walsh-m3.pdf
Yokota, J. & Teale, W. H. (2014). Picture books and the digital world: educators making informed choices. The Reading Teacher, 34(6). Retrieved from http://www.academia.edu/3886534/Picture_Books_and_the_Digital_World_Educators_ Making_Informed_Choices | <urn:uuid:c308118a-1fef-4058-818d-3270d4b136b0> | {
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Information Literacy is the ability to identify what information you need and the best sources for that information, locate those sources, understand how the information is organised, evaluate the information and its source critically, and share that information safely and ethically. It is the knowledge of commonly used research techniques in a discipline and provides a basis for lifelong learning. It is also widely defined as “people’s ability to operate effectively in an information society” (Bruce, C 1999).
Drawing on international frameworks, including university of Adelaide’s Research Skills Development framework and the Association of College & Research Libraries’ Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education, this resource outlines strategies that will assist your students to engage with information literacy concepts and empower them to apply these skills in the workplace.
Demonstrate capability as inquirers to locate, evaluate, manage, and use information and research to develop and guide their own knowledge, learning, and practice
Demonstrate that disciplinary knowledge is developed through research and evidence
Demonstrate the skills required to locate, access and critically evaluate existing information and data
|Synthesise and apply information and data to different contexts to facilitate planning, problem solving and decision making| | <urn:uuid:d966207c-838a-466e-84ff-99b4d258ae8a> | {
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|Classification:||Nilo-Saharan, East Sudanic|
|This language has||25 segments|
|Its Frequency index is||0.473082040 (average percentage of segments; 0.1: many very rare segments; 0.39: average; 0.7: many common segments)|
|The language has these sounds:||tD t k b dD d dj g s m n nj N l[ rr l j w i e E a O o u|
|Comment:||Nyimang is spoken in the Sidra area of Jebel Dair, Sudan. Tucker and Bryan (1966) remark that "there appear to be three tone levels."|
|Source(s):||Stevenson, R.C. 1957. A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structure of the Nuba mountain languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang. Afrika und ubersee, Band XLI.
Tucker, A.N. and Bryan, M.A. 1966. Linguistic Analyses: the Non-Bantu Languages of North-Eastern Africa. Oxford University Press for International African Institute, London. | <urn:uuid:6eb04797-7b5f-4955-9c1d-5ce601935c6c> | {
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Thomas Russell Wingate
January, April 2010
September, October 2012
July, October 2014
Bodies of water—here we may use waters (plural) alone—may be still or flowing (moving). Their bottoms are beds: lakebeds, seabeds, riverbeds, streambeds.
The International Seabed Authority is based at Kingston, Jamaica.
The high seas are waters outside the jurisdiction of any state. In non-legal reality, such waters are level with all others (“sea level”). Tides are “high” and “low,” but seas are not. (Landlocked seas, such as the Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea, may be far above or far below the level of the oceans, but they have levels of their own.)
The high frontier refers to places, natural or artificial, populated or intended to be populated, above Earth’s atmosphere.
The International Space Station is the doorsill to the high frontier.
The town is an hour’s walk from the coast.
Offshore drilling platforms in the North Sea are vital to Norway’s future.
Ye banks and braes o’ bonnie Doon
The Latin Quarter is on the left bank of the Seine.
Iowa is on the right bank of the Mississippi River and the left bank of the Missouri River.
|Lake Erie||U.S. / Canada|
|Lake Tahoe||California / Nevada|
|Seneca Lake||New York|
|Lake Bonneville||Utah (prehistoric)|
|Hudson River||New York|
|Les Moulins County||Quebec|
County of Hants = Hampshire
County of Salop = Shropshire
He sailed his yacht up the coast from Charleston to Boston.
The tourists went down the Nile from the Pyramids to Luxor.
Please: when you are writing, be more thoughtful than that.
Montreal is farther north than Toronto. That is not why the French-speaking city was said in British colonial times to be in Lower Canada, while the city on Lake Ontario was said to be in Upper Canada. Look at the St. Lawrence River, the world’s avenue to populated Canada. The terms came from maritime experience and common sense. It would not matter if the maps were Dutch or Chinese or medieval.
Lower and Upper do not equate to directions—but we must explain the case of California. The Spanish arrived by ship in the southern peninsula (Baja California) first, and then later to the more hospitable mainland (Alta California). Coastal elevations do not differ impressively. In 1848 the United States formally acquired what it chose to call California. (The Romans would have called these lands Nearer and Further California, as they did with Mediterranean Spain.) In Mexico, the older usage endures; the Gulf of California is entirely Mexican.
The highest mountains in Iberia are “the snowy mountains” or “the snowcapped range” in Andalusia. The highest mountains in Alta California were honored by the same name: Sierra Nevada.
Michigan’s two peninsulas are another exception. If Wisconsin extended to Canada, no one would speak of Upper Wisconsin. Montana, despite the Spanish name, is flat in the east, but we do not speak of Lower Montana.
The Highlands and Lowlands of Scotland are exactly that.
More Neanderthal campsites have been discovered in Ambijordania.
The Strait (singular) of Magellan is far to the north of Cape Horn. Vessels use the strait to avoid the storms of the alarmingly open ocean north of Antarctica. Cape Horn (“the Horn”) is the southernmost headland of a tiny, inaccessible, treeless, unpopulated island of legendary but no practical importance, Horn Island, where the Chilean Navy maintains a lighthouse. By convention, Cape Horn, long thought to be attached to Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, is the extremity of South America.
The Cape of Good Hope (“the Cape”) is not the extremity of Africa. That distinction is reserved for Cape Agulhas. The Cape of Good Hope is a peninsula ending in Cape Point; by convention, the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are separated at Cape Point.
Two mountain-piercing railroads joined in Box Elder County, Utah, in 1869. The Union Pacific started westward from Omaha in 1865; the Central Pacific started eastward from Sacramento in 1863. They met with much ceremony at Promontory Summit north of the Great Salt Lake. The Promontory Mountains jut southward into the lake; the peninsula’s extremity is called Promontory Point. Golden Spike National Historic Site is north of the peninsula.
A smoother Atlantic–Pacific rail connection between New Orleans and San Diego had been intended. In 1853 southern Arizona was purchased from Mexico to advance it. Before anything much could be done, our hugest war took precedence. The precious metals of Nevada and California were urgently needed for victory. Cargo sent over both oceans took too long.
Money and manpower were scarce; the Union Pacific started only after the war was over. Public domain lands equal in size to Colorado capitalized the national endeavor.
One hundred years after two locomotives touched cowcatchers at Promontory Summit for still photographs, two Americans walked on the Sea of Tranquility for live television shown (eventually) all over the Blue Planet.
The dinosaurs never saw the lunar farside. Think that over.
In 1959 and 1965 Soviet space probes photographed it. In 1968 orbiting Americans saw it. As yet, no one’s foot has been set there.
Russian names—Mendeleev, Gagarin, Tsiolkovsky—are affixed to farside craters. Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, esteemed by Russians, received the same honor.
The Sea of Muscovy is the only one named for a country.
My favorite lunar feature is the Sea of Ingenuity. Too bad I’ll never see it.
In modern English a few countries are poetically known by other names.
Russia Muscovy / Rus
India (sometimes maximum) Hindustan / Hind / Ind
England Albion / Britannia
Scotland Scotia / Caledonia
Southern states Dixie
States east of New York New England
Araby, the domain of the Arabs, extends from Morocco to Oman. Arabia is the world’s largest peninsula; most of it is in the Saudi kingdom, the ceremonial (but not the demographic) center of the Islamic world.
Egypt is the most populous Arab country. Indonesia is the most populous Islamic country.
The Middle East, where clamor knows no bounds, is understood to include Turkey, Iran, and Israel, which stress their ancientries and look down upon Arabs.
The New World city closest to Jerusalem in latitude, elevation, and climate is Tucson, Arizona.
Unexplored topic: why has longitude never been reckoned from Jerusalem?
Wikipedia has an excellent article “Names of Istanbul.” Everyone whose writing (or reading) touches the City should factor this in.
San Francisco, younger by far, is also the City.
Istanbul’s harbor has been called the Golden Horn (Greek Chrysoceros) since antiquity.
In the nineteenth century Russia built a city, Vladivostok (“Lord of the East”), on the Pacific. Its harbor was named the Golden Horn.
Earlier in the nineteenth century, an American explorer in Mexico’s Alta California was struck by the beauty of a strait wider than the Bosporus. John C. Frémont called it the Golden Gate (Chrysopylae). The unforeseen Gold Rush made the new name fit.
The old name, suitable for harbors on the coasts of England and New England, was La Boca del Puerto (“The Mouth of the Port”) de San Francisco. Seven words in Spanish gave way, not to one in English, but to two in English translated from one in Greek.
Everyone knows that the Golden Gate and the two Golden Horns differ widely in longitude. Be the first of your acquaintance to notice that they do not differ greatly in latitude.
1 Cismississippi would be logical, but I have not seen it used. The “Father
of Waters” was the new republic’s border for twenty years.
2 Transjordan was in official use from 1921 to 1949. Before then, the
Jordan-Arabah line had never been a state frontier.
3 French writers avoid the awkward and recent term “West Bank” by
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Do you know what your blood pressure should be? Knowing your blood pressure is important and could save your life because people with high blood pressure rarely have symptoms. Your blood pressure is made of two numbers a systolic and diastolic. Normal systolic is 120 and normal diastolic is 80. A systolic blood pressure of 140 or higher is considered high blood pressure and a diastolic of 90 or higher is considered high blood pressure. So, 120/80 is an average “normal”. However, eating healthy and engaging in frequent exercise weekly, can keep your pressure lower than normal, while still at a healthy reading.
In the October issue of Dynamic Chiropractic Magazine it was reported that a new study shows both blood pressure and pulse rate were lowered after specific chiropractic adjustments. Blood pressure decreased approximately 7 percent and a significant decrease was noted in pulse rate. The doctors at Woodstock Chiropractic understand that adjustments can benefit you more than just your back or neck pain! | <urn:uuid:87304469-85d2-4098-9ef0-f0868149812b> | {
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How do you get a golf ball out of a Coke bottle?
Keith Schaefer, Editor
Oil & Gas Investments Bulletin
April 30th, 2016
It's a puzzle that Ken Gerbino and his team at Titan Oil Recovery solved years ago, but have yet to commercialize on a grand scale. He's hoping a new business model will find some entrepreneurs willing to fund this proven technology. Titan has had several producers use the technology on field-wide basis.
Titan breaks down oil droplets into smaller ones, so they can escape out of the "Coke bottle" - the analogy of the microscopic pore spaces where the oil is in a conventional oil field.
"The Titan process makes that golf ball into little BB's and so it can flow through the reservoir a lot easier," Gerbino said in an interview recently.
Titan's process uses naturally occurring microbes in the reservoir to break down the oil so it will flow through the pores in the reservoir rock. This process is what's called "tertiary recovery".
The industry calls whatever oil comes out of a well naturally "primary recovery". Secondary recovery would be processes like a water-flood or gas flood. Titan's microbial technology works with a waterflood, and is considered a tertiary process. The all-encompassing name for all these secondary and tertiary processes is called Enhanced Oil Recovery, or EOR. EOR is a $100 billion industry, because it is estimated that 65% of the oil in already discovered fields is left behind. That's right - when an oil field finally goes dry, there is still WAY more than half the oil in the reservoir. The Recovery Factor (RF) is rarely more than 35%, and in tight/shale oil it's often only 5-10%.
The Titan Process is designed to increase the RF - at a very low cost per barrel.
The process involves feeding microbes, which are single cell organisms so tiny that you could fit millions of them through the eye of a needle.
Titan analyzes a sample of the reservoir for the microbes, and then injects a custom food for them down the wellbore, usually in one day. These nutrients create a dramatic response in the microbes that are already in the reservoir.
The microbes multiply by 100 million to a billion times, grow larger and then shrink dramatically. The microbes also have a change in the skin structure which results in them seeking to move away from water and rock and attach themselves to droplets of oil left in the reservoir. With billions of microbes pushing themselves up against the oil droplets - they, deform and break apart, making them into smaller micro-droplets. The microbes also create a more slippery surface for the oil droplets to squeeze through the pore spaces in the rocks as they now are between the rock grains, water and oil interface.
Imagine a golf ball being stuck inside a Coke bottle. The oil droplet is the golf ball and microbes break it into smaller pieces that fit through the neck of the bottle.
The feedings should take place every 4-6 months.
The process works best on conventional fields where a waterflood program has been applied. Gerbino and Titan believes that up to 25% of the oilfields in the United States and 17,000 to 20,000 fields in total around the world would be suitable for the Titan Process.
Now, everybody does waterfloods - even in tight oil. But only one producer in the world--Pertamina, Indonesia's National Oil Company (NOC)--is now using The Titan Process - even though Titan has had some success convincing companies to give the process a try. Three of them (Husky Energy, Venoco and Atinum) each published SPE (Society of Petroleum Engineers) papers detailing their results.
All of which were very positive. But even after positive results those same companies have not adopted the Titan Process in any sweeping manner. In total the Titan Process has been applied over 300 times to over 100 different wells in almost 50 fields - and the average result has been a 92% increase in production.
The company says their process costs only $6-$10 per barrel of incremental oil recovered and I verified that figure last week when I spoke with a field manager who used the process successfully when they worked at a major oil producer.
I asked them - and they wished to remain anonymous - why they chose the process:
"It's low startup capital for mature water flooded areas, and you don't need a lot of surface equipment like with a polymer flood where you need something to carry a base (like water or alkaline) and it's a lot of facility upgrades and pipeline work required beforehand; whereas with a Titan process it's just the nutrients...... its lower risk with higher reward."
Gerbino says there are obvious financial rewards for producers, even at today's low prices.
"Our numbers we have are, if:
1) an oil field is declining at 10%
2) and the oil price is $40
3) and the Titan process can increase production by 30% for the first 2 years only
4) and with feeding the microbes every 6 months and then you go back down to that decline slowly and it's a $20 per barrel lifting cost, the NPV of that field doubles after 2 years. It's pretty cool. This would be at current rates."
But the producer mentioned above did not continue using the process. Now PERTAMINA the world's 23rd largest oil company is using the process. I asked Gerbino why the slow adoption rates from oil customers.
"It was our fault. We didn't have advertising or a marketing budget or any salesmen.
"And a lot (of engineers) were trying this on 1-2 barrels a day wells to see if they could get a miracle out of it. When they didn't they didn't want to go any further."
Another issue for Gerbino is that it's mostly large, conservative, staid producers who own the big conventional fields are very slow to adopt any form of new technology.
That has caused Gerbino to now set his sights on Titan acquiring its own oil fields and getting all the upside themselves. Their balance sheet doesn't allow them to go bid on assets immediately, so the company is now in the process of arranging external capital to help finance this plan. Gerbino says this way Titan can make sure that the process is directed at exactly the right types of oilfields applied correctly. With the oil industry in disarray he believes there is great potential to pick up unwanted, high cost oil fields for very reasonable prices.
Then Gerbino and his team can start turning golf balls into bbs and get the oil flowing - for $10/barrel or less.
The service we endeavor to provide is to analyze and clarify the nature and potential of certain North American junior oil and gas producers, and identify those situations where the market either misunderstands the nature of the company or assigns unduly optimistic or pessimistic success odds to the company. Keith Schaefer is not a registered investment dealer or advisor. No statement or expression of opinion, or any other matter herein, directly or indirectly, is an offer to buy or sell the securities mentioned, or the giving of investment advice. Oil and Gas Investments is a commercial enterprise whose revenue is solely derived from subscription fees. It has been designed to serve as a research portal for subscribers, who must rely on themselves or their investment advisors in determining the suitability of any investment decisions they wish to make. Keith Schaefer does not receive fees directly or indirectly in connection with any comments or opinions expressed in his reports. He bases his investment decisions on his research, and will state in each instance the shares held by him in each company.
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January 18th, 2020
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And God made the beast of the earth after his kind,
and cattle after their kind,
and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind:
and God saw that it was good.
And God said,
Let Us make man in Our image, after Our likeness:
and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea,
and over the fowl of the air,
and over the cattle,
and over all the earth,
and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth.
Human DNA is 98.4 percent identical to the DNA of chimps and bonobos, a lesser-known chimp-like ape.
"What is it in that other 1.6 percent that makes us different from them?"If humans and chimpanzees are over 98% identical base-for-base, how do you make sense of the fact that chimpanzees have 10% more DNA than humans? That they have more alpha-hemoglobin genes and more Rh bloodgroup genes, and fewer Alu repeats, in their genome than humans? Or that the tips of their chromosomes contain DNA not present at the tips of human chromosomes? Obviously there is a lot more to genomics than just nucleotide substitution. But the percentage comparison renders that fact invisible, and thus obscures some of the most interesting genetic questions." (from http://ist-socrates.berkeley.edu/~jonmarks/aaa/marksaaa99.htm) "Our DNA is about 75% similar to that of a nematode, which is basically a small soil-dwelling worm. No-one would suggest a nematode is 75% human? Another good example is that during the sixties, American doctors tried to use chimpanzee organs for transplants in humans, but in all cases the organs were totally unsuitable. ... An interesting footnote that shows how complex this issue really is, ... humans differed from most other animals, including chimpanzees, in a small but possibly vital way. In most animals, the surface of every cell, except brain cells, carry glycoproteins that contain one particular member of a family of sugar molecules called sialic acid. In humans, a genetic mutation means this sugar is not present in any cell in the body. Proteins and membrane lipids that have sialic acid take part in many processes. They help cells stick to one another. They may also play a part in disease susceptibility. This might be a reason why Chimpanzees seem far less susceptible for infectious diseases like malaria and cholera. ... This might be one factor in those chimp to human transplants in which organs were rejected." (from http://www.fromlondon.freeserve.co.uk/cuchimpdna.html)
That's the critical question," said de Waal, a renowned primatologist.
A more recent "Study found only 86.7% genetic similarity when segments of human and chimpanzee DNA (totaling 1,870,955 base pairs) were laid side by side. This study also included indels (insertions/deletions) in addition to substitutions." ref: Tatsuya Anzai st al., "Comparative Sequencing of Human and Chimpanzee MHC Class | Regions Unveils Insertions/Deletions As the Major Path to Genomic Divergence," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 100 (2003); 7708-13
GENETIC MATHEMATICS Human 100 % Chimpanzee 86.7 % Nematode 75 %
That puts the Chimpanzee at
LESS than HALFWAY
between a Worm and Human!
And even more recently researchers found that about
This comparison is very significant because proteins are ultimately responsible for an organism’s anatomical, physiological, and behavioral characteristics. Therefore, a high degree of genetic similarity doesn’t necessarily mean that humans and chimpanzees are closely related organisms.
80% of the proteins in the human
and chimpanzee genomes are different.
(reference: Galina Glazko, Vamsi Veeramachaneni, Masatoshi Nei and Wojciech Makalowski, "Eighty Percent of Proteins are Different between Humans and Chimpanzees," Gene volume 346 14 February 2005, Pages 215-219 )
We say. !VIVE LA DIFFERENCE!
Language is one critical difference. Humans are "left brained" -- the planum temporale that controls language is much larger on the left. (Laymen may know the term because the left brain also controls right-handedness.) Human infants are born as language learning machines. "First, infants begin forming up categories for the common speech sounds they hear, not whole words so much as the little units we call phonemes, less than a tenth of a second in duration. Categories allow them to generalize across speakers, so that the mother’s /ba/ sound and the father’s somewhat deeper /ba/ sound are treated the same despite their differences. By about a year of age, babies stop hearing many of these differences, having standardized them.
By a year of age, babies are discovering patterns in the strings of phonemes and acquiring six to nine new words every day, just from the examples they hear (long before they begin speaking them). The words acquiring meaning, the phonemes remain meaningless. You can say kids are like ‘sponges’ soaking up words but that’s too passive a notion, one of the reasons I prefer the more active ‘acquisitive’ as the characterization.
So kids have pyramided words atop the phonemes, and now have compound structures made from building blocks. But then they do it again, discovering patterns in the strings of words they hear and inferring the grammar of that particular language: ways of making plurals and past tenses and nested phrases. This happens between the ages of 18 and 36 months. Then they’re off detecting patterns on even longer time scales, that of the collection of sentences we call a story. They infer that a satisfying story has a beginning, middle, and a wrap-up ending - and then they start demanding proper endings for their bedtime stories." (from http://faculty.washington.edu/wcalvin/2000/SanDiegoSpeech.htm)
Another great and obvious difference is brain size and function. From our brain comes control of the involuntary and voluntary functions, the sensory perceptions, memory, emotions, consciousness, and intelligence.
As the primate brain size increases the depth and number of creases and convolutions increase.
Endocranial Volume (in cm3)
[From Aiello and Dean 1990, Pp. 193]
Species Lower 95% Limits for Mean Upper 95% Limits for Mean
How do scientists explain the unusually large human brain?A recent study exposes the difficulty faced by evolutionary biologists as they attempt to account for the emergence of the human brain by naturalistic processes. Researchers studied 214 genes involved in human brain development and showed, from an evolutionary perspective, that these genes must have undergone hyper-fast evolution to produce the large human brain with its advanced cognitive capacities. In the words of one of the investigators involved with the work, "To accomplish so much in so little evolutionary time…requires a selective process that is perhaps categorically different from the typical processes of acquiring new biological traits." This type of rapid and extensive genetic change makes little sense from an evolutionary perspective, given the deleterious effects of most mutations and the extensive complexity and integration of the biological systems that make up the human brain. If anything, this hyper-fast evolution should be catastrophic." Reference: Steve Dorus et al., "Accelerated Evolution of Nervous System Genes in the Origin of Homo sapiens," Cell 119 (2004): 1027-40.
"Among mammals there are two patterns of brain growth. The first pattern is called altriciality. In this pattern the animal is born helpless and extremely immature. The brains of altricial animals are usually half the size of the adult's, and double in size by adulthood. Because of this it takes lots of parental effort to raise the young. Animals following this pattern usually have litters and perform this care for multiple offspring at once. Cats, with their blind and helpless kittens are altricial. The other pattern is precocial. In this pattern the offspring are usually born single and from birth are able to get around quite well. Their brains are nearly adult size at birth. The are alert and all their organs are functioning. An example of this pattern is the horse, the wildebeest etc., where the young will run with the herds within minutes.
Now, according to Walker and Shipman (1996, pp220-222), altricial species almost never have bigger brains than precocial species. The reason is that for all mammals save one, the brain grows rapidly during gestation but then grows less rapidly after birth. There is a kink in the graph of brain size vs. time which occurs at birth. Altricial species whose immature state at birth and subsequent slow down in the rate of growth forever remain behind the more maturely born precocial species.
What humans seem to have accomplished is the trick of keeping the brain growing at the embryonic rate for one year after birth. Effectively, if humans are a fundamentally precocial species, our gestation is (or should be) 21 months. However, no mother could possibly pass a year old baby's head through the birth canal. Thus, human babies are born "early" to avoid the death of the mother. Walker and Shipman (1996, p. 222) write:
"Humans are simply born too early in their development, at the time when their heads will still fit through their mothers' birth canals. As babies' brains grow, during this extrauterine year of fetal life, so do their bodies. About the time of the infant's first birthday, the period of fetal brain growth terminates, coinciding with the beginnings of speech and the mastery of erect posture and bipedal walking."
This pattern of growth has huge implications. Every other primate doubles their brain weight from birth to adulthood. But due to the early birth of humans, we triple our brain's birth rate. Our last 12 month of fetal growth rate of the brain occurs outside the sensorially deprived womb. The vast quantities of sensory input during the first year of life affects the rate and nature of the neural connections. Because of this year of helplessness, parents must provide close physical and emotional support for the infant. Unlike chimp babies who can cling to their mother's fur, human infants cannot even hang on to mother in spite of having the hand reflex. The mother has no fur because she sweats and she sweats because of a big brain which is why she gives birth to her child early. This early birth then requires the mother to care for the infant and increases the bond between mother and child which partially makes us human." (from http://home.entouch.net/ dmd/sweat.htm)
The physical differences are many!
The structural changes to the feet are not simple in that they involve an elaborate plantar aponeurosis, strong plantar ligaments, longitudinal arches, an enlarged musculus flexor accessories, a remolded calcaneocuboid joint, a long tarsus, reorganization of the neuronal innervation and blood vascularization, an adducted (non-opposable) hallux and shortened toes. Many are quick to point out that primates needed to possess opposable digits so they could grasp, and quickly swing from tree branches. But then, how about the feet, did they devolve, humans have the opposable thumb, but not the opposable big toe?
In his 1999 paper published in the Journal of American Podiatric Medical Association, R. Kidd described the evolution of the feet as follows:
"The evolution of the human foot presents an obfuscation: explanations for its occurrence and the exact nature of the mechanisms of change are still not fully understood."For more details on the differences between humans and the other primates see Appendix A & B.
"Richard Klein, professor of anthropological sciences, in his new book, The Dawn of Human Culture (John Wiley & Sons, April 2002), proposes a plausible theory for the latest stages of human evolution. "It's a nontestable hypothesis," Klein admits. "The book is about human evolution as I understand the record. My genetic explanation for the major behavioral change 50,000 years ago is the most plausible one, but I can't prove it." For Klein this neural mutation hypothesis is the most economical explanation of why anatomy and human behavior drifted apart. Fossilized skulls reveal little about the brain underneath. But a gene mutation may have changed critical neural processes such as speech and language.
The now widely accepted "Out-of-Africa-2" hypothesis is based on the appearance of anatomically and behaviorally modern humans on a small patch in Eastern Africa as recently as 50,000 years ago. All of a sudden these early modern humans developed a new repertoire of hunting skills, novel forms of social interaction and a sense of art. They became creative innovators expanding their mental and technical capabilities. These new achievements drove the early modern humans out of Africa to spread over Europe and Asia. Within a short period of only about 15,000 years they supplanted the Neanderthals in Europe and other nonmodern humans in other parts of the world.
The cause for the drastic change in behavior in the early modern humans is unknown. But the most plausible explanation for the success of modern humans is a sudden biological change.
"A fortuitous mutation may have promoted the fully modern brain,"Klein says. As human brains reached today's size hundreds of thousands of years earlier and skull size didn't change drastically, this mutation would have affected cognitive power rather than overall brain structure. ...
Some of the new (and old) evidence is ambiguous, circumstantial, or even contradictory, but this is inevitable in historical science, which has more in common with a criminal trial than it does with a physics experiment. " (examples, Toumai, Monkey or man?)
(Stanford Report, April 26, 2002, "Anthropologist explores the dawn of human culture in new book" by Christian Heuss and "The Dawn of Human Culture" by Richard G. Klein with Blake Edgar, 2002)
"A fortuitous mutation" , the basis for the entire "theory of evolution", multiplied over and over, from organic slime to the modern human!! "It's a nontestable hypothesis", doesn't this also apply to and describe the entire "theory of evolution"?
It is doubtful that we will ever fully understand the human brain. Some want to say it is no more than a wonderful organic computer, but that seems like a great over simplification. It is a computer that can change and modify its functionality. Tests with people who have had brain surgery and lost some capabilities indicates that over time part or much of the lost functionality can be recovered with non- damaged portions of the brain assuming capability that lost brain sections once controlled. It has "plasticity", it is continually changing. These changes come about by synapses becoming activated or deactivated through the growth or contraction of dendritic spines. And these changes can take place in surprisingly short times. Varying genetic factors combined with varing environmental factors and the "plasticity" of the brain gives us "individuality".
Domination; man was charged to subdue the earth and have dominion over all the life forms that occupy it (Genesis 1:28). Many scientists tell us that the other primates preceded humans by many millions of years, and if this was true, then they had their chance to dominate. And obviously they failed to do so. To our knowledge there is no evidence that either Cro-Magnon man or Neandertal qualified since there is no apparent evidence that they had dominion. Some will argue that presently humans are royally messing it up, and possibly they have a good point. For as one looks around at the state of the human society at this time, one can see many things that seem to be rather undesirable, and which would seem to be detrimental to the ecology.
Conclusion: Question: Do we understand the full implications of "in Our image, after Our likeness"?
Answer: Obviously not!!
But this we do know, the differences between humans and the other primates is wonderfully great!
Only man has what it takes to "have dominion" !!
Appendix A: Physical Primate differences
Human Skeletal and Dental Anatomy
Humans are contrasted with chimpanzees to illustrate the unique features of our anatomy. Other primate species are included when they are needed to demonstrate a point.
Primates have four types of teeth - incisors, canines, premolars and molars. Incisors are like tiny shovels or spatulas that cut food. Canines are generally pointed, stabbing teeth that can serve as weapons in most primates. Premolars and molars have large crown surfaces that shear and crush food during mastication.
The number and type of teeth are summarized by listing only elements on one side from incisor, canine, premolar to molar (mesial to distal) for each jaw. Thus the primitive mammalian formula of represents a hypothetical mammalian ancestor with 44 teeth. Whatever the ancestral condition, no living primate has more than three incisors or three premolars on each side in either maxilla or mandible. Prosimians and Platyrrhines have three premolars; Catarrhines have only two. Third molars are often absent in some primate genera. Once a tooth is lost in a species, it is usually not reproduced again. Thus ancestral forms generally may have more teeth, but not fewer teeth of a particular kind than their descendants.
A tooth consists of a crown, the portion covered with enamel, and a root of dentine covered with cementum. The interior of the tooth is the pulp chamber that contains soft cellular tissue. The primary mineral in both bone and dental structures is crystals of apatite - a form of calcium phosphate. Dentine is a bone-like substance (about 75% mineral) but enamel is much more heavily mineralized (96% mineral by weight). Cementum, whose composition differs only slightly from that of dentine, attaches the tooth to its periodontal ligament and provides a dynamic interface between tooth and surrounding bone, while enamel forms a crystalline cap over the working surface of the crown.
Primates have two sets of teeth during their lives, a deciduous set that is replaced by permanent teeth during childhood and adolescence. The human dental formulas are:
Deciduous Permanent Maxilla
2 1 2
2 1 2 3
2 1 2
2 1 2 3
Note that humans have no deciduous molars. Substantial individual variation occurs in tooth number, but most often the variant is the loss of a tooth at the boundary between tooth kind (incisor/canine/premolar/molar). Infrequently there can be supernumerary teeth or additional teeth near a boundary. In traditional notation the most mesial permanent premolars and the most distal incisors are lost in primates. Consequently the premolars of primates are designated the second, third, and fourth premolars -- presumably homologous to the primitive mammalian second, third, and fourth premolars. Humans are also missing fourth premolars, leaving us with premolars three and four. For example, the notation pm3 refers to mandibular third premolar, the premolar next to the canine on the lower jaw.
The greatest differences between humans and chimpanzees occur in the canine teeth. Small peg-like human canines do not project from the tooth row. In contrast, chimpanzee canines are much larger, robust, and project far above their tooth row. Diastemas, gaps in the tooth row of the maxilla allow projecting mandibular canines to pass the opposing canine and incisor during occlusion. The maxillary canine passes the buccal side of its opposing pm3, allowing the lingual surface of the canine to make contact with a blade-like sectorial surface on the premolar. Humans lack the large diastema and the human pm3 is non-sectorial. Human anterior teeth (canines and incisors) are greatly reduced in size and human incisors are positioned close to a transverse plane that passes through the canine teeth. Chimpanzee incisors are positioned well forward of this plane. Consequently the parabolic or elliptical human dental arcade contrasts sharply with the U-shaped arcade of chimpanzees. Human molars tend to be rounder and more compact than chimpanzee molars. Occlusal molar surfaces of human teeth are relatively flat, and quickly become even flatter with attrition
The skull consists of 28 bones that are conveniently described as the bones of the calvarium (supporting and surrounding the brain) and those of the face. Tiny bones of the middle ear, the conchae and vomer in the nose, and the ethmoid of the orbital vault are not easily seen. Although usually not considered part of the face, the hyoid bones form a skeletal element for the larynx. In addition to the openings that represent the eyes, nose, mouth and ears, the skull has numerous foramina for the passage of nerves and vessels. The bones of the cranium (the skull minus the mandible) are joined by irregular sutures that are obliterated after growth ceases.
Seven major differences between humans and chimpanzee skulls include:
(1) brain volume -- The human skull has a three -fold greater endocranial volume - reflecting a larger brain size, about 1200 cc in human and about 400 cc in chimpanzees. The larger size of the human calvarium allows ample surface area for the attachment of the powerful M. temporalis. Fibers from this muscle attach to the skull in the fossa temporalis and pass behind the zygomatic arch to insert on the coronoid process and anterior margin of the ascending ramus of the mandible. The temporal lines or temporal crests on the calvarium mark the terminal fibers of M. temporalis. If brain volume is small, producing a small calvarium (as in a chimpanzee), there may not be enough surface area on the calvarium for M. temporalis fibers to attach. Where fibers from the opposite muscle meet, a bony crest, in this case a sagittal crest is formed. Crest formation usually signifies a small calvarium relative to muscle size.
Endocranial Volume (in cm3)
[From Aiello and Dean 1990, Pp. 193]
Species Lower 95% Limits for Mean Upper 95% Limits for Mean
The larger human brain volume also means that the calvarium is large relative to the size of the face. As the brain expands (comparing chimp and human), it appear to flex on an axis around the pituitary fossa. This produces flexion of the cranial base, a downwards shift in the posterior part of the cranium, and a forward rotation of the foramen magnum.
Expansion of the occipital lobes and cerebellum balloons the posterior cranial fossa, that in turn correlates typically with an asymmetrical cranial venous sinus system. In the human, a superior sagittal sinus drains venous blood in a transverse sigmoid route to the internal jugular veins. Enlarged occipitomarginal sinus systems typical of humans are infrequent in chimpanzees. The human middle cranial fossa expands with enlarged temporal lobes of the brain expanding the mid-section of the calvarium outward above the petrous portion of the temporal bone and the glenoid fossa. In chimpanzees, the calvarium is narrower than the cranial base but the human calvaria has its maximum width high on the parietal eminences rather than low at the cranial base. The anterior cranial fossa expands with the human frontal lobes. Consequently humans lack the postorbital constriction that occurs in chimpanzees and humans exhibit frontal eminence (forehead) above a greatly less obvious supraorbital torus (eyebrow ridge). Olfactory nerve tracts pass through the cribriform plate, a sieve-like structure in the middle of the ethmoid bone. In humans the median plane of the cribriform plate is the site of a process, the crista galli. This process is diminutive or absent in chimpanzees.
Ballooning of the calvaria in the temporal and occipital areas associated with the expansion of brain volume produces an apparent forward shift in the relative position of the foramen magnum. The human foramen magnum lies on a line, the bitympanic line, that connects the most inferior points on the lateral end of the right and left tympanic plates. The chimpanzee foramen magnum lies well behind the bitympanic line.
(2) nuchal crests -- Muscles that attach to the cranial base serve to position, move, and stabilize the head and cervical vertebrae. From a functional perspective, the skull is also the most superior point of origin for muscles (such as M. trapezius) that provide movement and stability to the back and shoulder. Consequently, some of the powerful muscles that attach to the skull have large attachment surfaces. The human occipital is a cup-like bone with a noticeable eminence, the external occipital protuberance. It is marked by nuchal lines and markings that represent attachment surfaces. The nuchal crests of the chimpanzee are more extreme. Its small skull combined with a much more robust musculature produces strong crests. Due to the flexion of the cranial base with expanded endocranial volume, the superior nuchal line is lower on the human skull.
(3) mastoid process -- The human mastoid process, the attachment surface of the sternocleidomastoid muscles, is distinct and separated from the outline of the occiput by a digastric fossa.
(4) premaxilla -- The smaller human incisivum, a homologue of the chimpanzee premaxilla, unites with the maxilla near the time of birth. The chimpanzee premaxilla is expanded to support the large and forward projecting incisors. It unites with the maxilla postnatally and the suture between it and the maxilla becomes obliterated.
(5) facial prognathism -- The projection of the face beyond the calvaria is greater in chimpanzees than humans. Flat faces are called orthognathic and projecting faces are called prognathic. The craniofacial angle, the angle between the most anterior point on the maxilla, the most anterior point of the sphenoid bone and the most anterior point of the foramen magnum, is used to quantify the extent to which the face projects beyond the neurocranium. Since this angle can not readily be measured on intact skulls, the angle that a sellion-prosthion line makes with the Frankfort plane serves as a convenient measure of facial projection. [The "Frankfurt plane" is the plane that passes through porion (right and left) and orbitale (right and left).] The porion is the most lateral and superior point of the external auditory meatus. The orbitale is the lowest point on the infraorbital margin. The sellion is the deepest point in the hollow beneath the glabella in the median plane. The glabella is the most anterior point in the median plane on the supraorbital torus. The prosthion is the most anterior point on the maxilla in the median plane.]
(6) chin -- The human mandible is reinforced by a bar of bone, the mental protuberance, that strengthens the symphysis, the union of right and left halves of the bone. The lingual or posterior surface of the symphysis bears a pair of genial tubercles that represent muscle attachment sites for M. genioglossus and M. geniohyoid. The ape mandible lacks a mental protuberance and is reinforced by an inferior transverse torus or "simian shelf". Viewed from above, the contrasting shape of the dental arcades is distinct.
(7) hyoid -- The human hyoid is a U-shaped bone just above the larynx. The stylohyoid ligament attaches the lesser horn of the hyoid to the styloid process of the temporal bone. Generally, these styloid processes point to the lesser horns of the hyoid bone. The chimpanzee hyoid is expanded anteriorly to accommodate a laryngeal air sack, and is located higher in the neck
The human vertebral column consists of 33 vertebrae divided into five functional regions.
1. Seven cervical vertebrae, easily recognized by their transverse foramina, form the skeleton of our neck. The joints (articular surfaces) between cervical vertebrae are very mobile.
2. Twelve thoracic vertebrae, mobile only in the coronal plane, support the ribs.
3. Five robust lumbar vertebrae in the lower back are tightly articulated to withstand the weight of the torso.
4. Five sacral vertebrae fuse to form the sacrum, the component of the axial skeleton in the pelvis.
5. Four caudal vertebrae extend downward from the sacrum. In adults these caudal vertebrae unit to form the coccyx, a hidden human tail that partially blocks the inferior pelvic aperture.
Viewed from the side, humans have a series of four curvatures. The dorsal outline of the cervical and lumbar regions are concave while the thoracic and sacral regions are convex. The forward curve of the lumbar region is called lordosis and that of the thoracic region is called kyphosis.
Chimpanzees generally have one more thoracic, one less lumbar vertebra, and one less caudal vertebra than do humans. Both normally have seven cervical vertebrae and normally the combined thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions consists of 22 vertebrae. Chimpanzees lack the extreme curves of the human column, and the angle between the lumbar and sacral region is more acute .
Average Number and Range of Number of Vertebrae in Humans and Chimpanzees (after Schultz 1961)
Species Thoracic Lumbar Sacral TLS Caudal Human Mean 12.0 5.0 5.2 22.2 4.0
13.2 3.6 5.7 22.5 3.3 Human Range 11-13 4-6 4-7 2-5 Chimpanzee Range 12-14 3-4 4-8 2-5
The human chest consists of 12 paired ribs that articulate with the vertebral column. Ribs I through VII attach ventrally to the sternum. Ribs VIII through X terminate in cartilage extensions that eventually fasten to the sternum. Ribs XI and XII have free distal ends. The sternum is composed of six flat bones that fuse in adults to three units, the manubrium (segment I), body (segments II through V), and xiphoid process (segment VI). In some persons, especially in old age, the three units of the sternum may fuse to each other.
Consistent with their extra thoracic vertebra, chimpanzees usually have one extra rib (13 pairs). The human rib cage is slightly broader for its depth than the chimpanzee and the human thorax is less funnel-shaped. Chimpanzee ribs are also somewhat rounder in cross-section than human ribs
The shoulder is formed by the humerus, clavicle and scapula. The clavicle attaches firmly to the manubrium and acts as a strut to hold the shoulder joint away from the chest. Distally, the clavicle articulates with the acromion process of the scapula, a large triangular flat bone in the back of the shoulder. The glenoid cavity of the scapula articulates with the head of the humerus.
The most striking difference between the chimpanzee and human shoulder is in the proportions of the scapula. Human arm strength, much less powerful in movements when in a raised position, is reflected in the shape of the scapula that provides attachment surfaces and lever arms for muscles
The upper arm is a single bone, the humerus. The forearm is formed medially by the ulna, which articulates firmly by a hinge joint to the humerus, and laterally by the radius which is firmly attached to the hand. The radius pivots on the humerus and ulna to supply hand rotation (pronation) and is attached to the ulna by powerful interossesous muscles and ligaments.
The head of the humerus is useful in identification of gender of a mature unknown cadaver. If the maximum diameter of the head is greater than 45 mm, the individual is probably male. If the head diameter is less that 42 mm, it is probably female.
The chimpanzee distal humerus contrasts with the human. The human lacks the robust lateral supracondylar ridge, a high and robust lateral epicondyle, and the steep, sharp, lateral margin of the olecranon fossa . The chimpanzee forearm is relatively long in comparison to humans . Chimp radius and ulna are more curved than in humans and the chimpanzee distal radius has a radiocarpal joint surface that diverges medially. The major differences between human and chimpanzee limbs are contrasts in relative proportion. Chimpanzees have large powerful arms, slightly longer than their very short legs. Human arms are about 70% as long as human legs.
Long bone indices of Humans and Chimpanzees
[ From Aiello and Dean 1990, Pp. 249]
Species Intermembral Index Humerofemoral Index Brachial Index Crural Index Human (male) 69.7 71.4 77.9 82.4 Human (female) 68.5 69.8 77.0 81.3 Chimpanzee (male) 108.0 101.1 91.9 79.8 Chimpanzee (female) 109.4 102 92.4 80.4 Pygmy chimpanzee (male & female) 102.2 98.0 91.9 82.6
Intermembral index = [(humerus + radius) x 100]/)femur + tibia)
Humerofemoral index = (humerus x 100)/femur
Brachial index = (radius x 100)/humerus
Crural index = (tibia x 100)/femur
The hand has three skeletal regions: (1) The carpus, a series of eight carpals, form the wrist. (2) The hand consists of five metacarpal bones. (3) Phalanges form the skeleton of the fingers. The thumb, digit I has two phalanges (proximal & distal), while digits II through V have three phalanges (proximal, middle and distal).
The chimpanzee hand is notably different from the human hand in the relative length of its digits. The chimp thumb is much shorter than in humans, phalanges exhibit much more robust insertion areas for flexor tendons, and metacarpals have transverse ridges across their heads that limit dorsiflexion
The pelvic girdle is formed by the sacrum, coccyx, and the two coxae. Each coxa is attached by strong ligaments to the sacrum and to each other at the pubic symphysis. A coxa is formed by the fusion of three bones, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which meet in the acetabulum or hip socket.
The human female has a larger birth canal than does a male. Consequently there is a constellation of characters that can be used to identify the gender of an unknown pelvis. The pelvic inlet of females is larger and has a greater absolute circumference. The superior ramus of the pubic bone is longer, increasing the pubic/ischium ratio. The greater sciatic notch is wider and forms a longer angle. The increased pubic length and laterally displaced ischia result in a wider subpubic angle. The growth and remodeling of the pubis produces extra bone at the symphysis, leaving a concave inferior ramus, a ventral arc that represents a previous border of the symphysis, and a narrow inferior pubic ramus. The female pubic symphysis is likely to be longer in its superior-inferior diameter and smaller in its dorsal-ventral diameters than is that of a male. Females are more likely to have a well-developed preauricular sulcus, and those who have borne children may have pits or guttering along the dorsal border of the pubic symphysis. Since they have smaller femurs, females have smaller acetabula.
Sexual Dimorphism in the Primate Pelvis
(After Schultz 1949 and A & D 1990
Species n Mean Min Max Human (male) 50 79.9 71.0 88.0 Human (female) 50 95.0 84.0 106.0 Chimpanzee (male) 21 86.2 69.7 95.2 Chimpanzee (female) 30 87 78.9 98.9
Differences in the pelvis reflect the differences between the habitual bipedal locomotion of humans and quadrupedal movements of chimps . The pelvis of the two primates have radically different form and locomotor function. The relative width of the iliac blade (width/length x 100) is much larger in humans (125.5) than in chimpanzees (66.0). The human ilium is broad and low, while the chimp ilium is narrow and high. The human has a barely noticeable iliac pillar or thickening which extends from the iliac tubercle to the acetabulum. The human has an anterior inferior iliac spine. The human acetabulum is larger, reflecting the larger head of the femur, and the superior border of the acetabulum is reinforced to sustain the pressure of bipedal walking. The inferior border of the ilium near the auricular surface forms a greater sciatic notch in humans. The auricular surface is larger in the human. The ape sacrum is long and narrow
The femur, the bone in the thigh, articulates ball and socket fashion in the acetabulum of the coxa. The lower leg contains a large medial bone, the tibia, which articulates with the femoral condyles to form the knee. Lateral to the tibia, the fibula is a small, irregular bone that provides attachment surfaces for muscles. Projections on the distal ends of tibia and fibula, the medial and lateral malleolus, form a secure slotted proximal structure for the ankle joint.
As in the head of the humerus, a maximum diameter of 45mm or greater for the femur head indicates a male gender.
The human femur is longer than the chimp femur and usually has an elevated pilaster that supports the linea aspera down the shaft. The angles of the head, shaft, and condyles contrast markedly with those of the ape. The load axis never intersects the shaft in a chimpanzee femur. The femoral condyles of the human are larger and more elliptical than are those of the chimp. The human femur has a larger articular surface and mid-shaft circumference when compared to the arm than does the chimpanzee. The chimpanzee has a similar ratio between femur length and tibia length but the chimpanzee leg (including both femur and tibia length) is much shorter relative to the arm. The chimpanzee proximal tibia is smaller, less well supported by the shaft, and has condyles than are more convex than is usual in humans
Like the hand, the foot has three anatomical regions: (1) The seven bones of the tarsus form the ankle and proximal half of the foot. (2) The middle portion of the foot consists of five metatarsals. (3) Phalanges, the skeletal elements of the toes, have the same number and arrangement as in the fingers.
The primary difference between the human and chimp foot is the contrast between prehensile functions of the ape foot and the anatomy of bipedal striding in the human. The chimpanzee foot has an opposable hallux and long phalanges. The human foot has greatly reduced digits, with all metatarsals parallel and an increase in the lever arm of the tarsus for striding. In the human foot, a longitudinal arch provides a shock absorbing and weight distribution system. The orientation of the ankle joint allows the tibia to take a straighter path over the foot during walking
The bones of the limbs and vertebral column are endochondral, that is, they are first formed as cartilage that is gradually replaced with bone. Centers of ossification in the cartilage gradually enlarge to form the bone. The body or shaft in long bones is called the diaphysis, or primary center of ossification. The ends of long bones have secondary centers of ossification, called epiphyses, that are separated from the diaphysis by cartilage plates. Eventually, the cartilage plates, the epiphyseal cartilage, are replaced by bone and the epiphyses unite with the diaphysis to form a single bone. The flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicles are intramembranous bones, formed from membranes, and generally do not have epiphyses
Much of primate anatomy reflects habits of movement and commonly utilized substrate. Since the powerful legs of most primates are slightly longer than their arms, the pelvis is normally higher than the head when standing quadrupedally. However a few species exhibit extreme locomotor specialization, emphasizing arms for arm-swinging, legs for leaping, or arms and legs comparable in length for quadrupedal climbing or walking on the ground. Thus, limb length (Intermembral Index or IM = Length of Humerus + Radius x 100/ Length of Femur + Tibia) can serve as an index of the relative emphasis upon the arm versus the leg for propulsion:
1. Short limbs with leg and arm comparable - quadrupedal and arboreal
These animals walk on larger horizontal tree branches as if they were pathways. Short, usually robust, arms and legs lower their center of gravity. IM index is usually about 80 but approaches 100 in howler monkeys. Other characteristics include moderately sized fingers and toes; very prehensile hands and feet; and relatively mobile shoulder joints located and directed sternally on the thorax. Some species, especially those which perform spectacular leaping feats, have flexible, elongated backs (with extra vertebra) and powerful musculature associated with the back and hind limb. A few species in the Americas have somewhat prehensile tails that serve to anchor the animal when it feeds near the ends of branches.
2. Long limbs with leg and arm of equal length - quadrupedal and terrestrial
Terrestrial quadrupeds tend to have shortened digits and elongated, robust tarsal and metatarsal elements. IM index is above 90. The shoulder joint, lying alongside the narrow and laterally flattened thorax, is oriented toward the ground. The weak clavicular-sternal joint is easily dislocated from the segmented sternum. Arms and legs, modified for powerful sagittal motions, have a relatively small range of movement. The humerus bears a prominent deltoid process (the attachment surface for the M. deltoideus) and the ulna has a large olecranon process, the insertion point of the M. triceps brachii, a powerful forearm extensor. Hands are pronated when in contact with the ground. One species, the patas monkey, is digitigrade (like a cat), with specialized anatomy for terrestrial running in which only fingers and toes make contact with the ground.
3. Very long limbs with leg and arm of comparable length - quadrupedal and arboreal with an emphasis on quadrupedal climbing and suspension
A few primate species in the Family Lorisidae combine quadrupedal suspensory climbing with quadrupedal arborealism, requiring great joint mobility and wide range of movement. IM index is about 90. Their hands and feet are particularly prehensile.
4. Arm longer than leg - brachiation and arboreal
Brachiation (arm swinging) is a special form of locomotion in which the body is suspended below branches. It allows utilization of small branches near the fringe of a tree canopy since the brachiator is suspended beneath its handholds. In contrast, a large bodied quadruped that tries to walk on a small branch has difficulty balancing as the supporting tree limb bends. A brachiator can easily exploit the very fringe of a tree canopy by dispersing its weight to the ends of several branches. New World brachiators use their prehensile tail as a fifth prehensile limb to further disperse weight. Most rapid brachiation is attained by using gravity to convert vertical height to speed. IM index is 100 or above.
Brachiation generally is associated with major alterations in the arm, hand, and thorax. The shoulder joint is positioned laterally and cranially on a barrel-shaped thorax. Robust muscles attach to the sternum, vertebral column, head, and rib cage, stabilizing the shoulder. The more powerful the arm movements, the more robust the stabilizing musculature must be. The clavicle acts a strut to stabilize the shoulder joint against a sternum whose segments unite to form a single bone. This clavicular-sternal joint is very strong and is not easily dislocated. A relatively round head of the humerus reflects a very wide range of motion. Additional elbow strength results from a more distinct separation of the radius and ulna on the articular surfaces of the distal humerus. The olecranon process of the ulna is small, allowing full extension of robust forearms. Brachiators tend to have reduced thumbs. If a thumb is present, it is folded out of the way against the palm where it does not interfere with elongated fingers that hook or snag handholds. The lumbar region of the vertebral column is shortened and stabilized, and a very mobile hip joint allows the foot to grasp anchorage in a wide range of positions.
There are several types of brachiators. Gibbons and siamangs, who use arm swinging as a major means of travel, are the best brachiators. Chimpanzee, gorillas, and humans are capable of this type of brachiation, but do not practice it as a primary means of locomotion. The orangutan combines quadrupedal climbing and brachiation, but like chimpanzees and gorillas, is typically a terrestrial quadruped.
At least one New World primate, the spider monkey, practices a variation of brachiation in which the body is kept vertical while brachiation is performed by hands, feet and sometimes the tail. This requires unusually long legs and mobile hips. When moving at slower speeds or while feeding, the spider monkey behaves as an arboreal quadruped. Its tail is the most prehensile of any primate.
5. Arm longer than leg - quadrupedal knuckle-walking and fist walking
Knuckle-walking is quadrupedal locomotion with the hands pronated and fingers flexed resulting in dorsal surfaces of the middle phalanges contacting the ground, supporting the weight on the knuckles. Gorillas and chimpanzees are habitual knuckle-walkers, whereas orangutans usually move quadrupedally with the hand made into a fist. IM indexes for the chimpanzee, gorilla, and orangutan are 102, 116, and 139, respectively.
6. Leg longer than arm - leaping and arboreal
A special class of leaping locomotor behavior, in which the body is positioned vertically at rest, is called vertical clinging and leaping. It requires powerful hind limbs to propel the leap as well as to break the impact of landing. Most (but not all) vertical clinging and leaping species have a tail that is used maintain attitude control during leaps. Rapid movements are so well-coordinated during flight that the animal transits the crown of a tree without appearing to make contact with branches. This visual impression of suspending the laws of gravity fueled many "ghost" myths associated with vertical clinging and leaping primates. There is a tendency toward elongation of tarsal elements, especially calcaneus and navicular. Posterior elongation of tuberosity of the calcaneus serves as a robust lever arm for M. gastrocnemius and M. soleus, powerful flexors of the foot. The tendency for fusion of the tibia and fibula is fully expressed only in the tarsier. IM index is below 70.
7. Leg longer than arm - bipedalism
Though obligate bipedalism is found only among humans, many other primate species are capable of facultative bipedalism. Foot specializations for bipedalism include an enlarged and robust tarsal region, greatly reduced phalanges, and strong ligaments that bind tarsals and metatarsals into shock-absorbing longitudinal and transverse plantar arches. A large calcaneus tuberosity acts as a lever arm for plantar flexion. The most unique character of the long, robust legs is the placement of the knees (when in anatomical position) close to the median sagittal plane, functionally beneath the body's center of gravity. The knee itself is adapted to locking in full extension with deep groves to stabilize the patella, a bone that forms in tendons of the quadriceps muscle. The broadened hip becomes a primary weight-bearing joint, characterized by an enlarged femur head as a weight-bearing surface. Pelvic anatomy is dramatically rearranged. A relatively broad sacrum positioned above the hip joint transfers weight to femur head via a wide and robust illium. A shortened ischium places the ischial tuberosity relatively close to the acetabulum. The vertebrae, increasing in size progressively from skull to sacrum, are arranged in a ventral-dorsal S-shaped curve above the pelvis. Though free of locomotor tasks, the arm retains the range of movement seen in brachiators. IM index is 70.
8. Climbing by nails
Elongated and laterally compressed nails of callithricines have the functional attributes of claws. Although they climb by grasping small branches, they are able to use these specialized nails to cling to relatively flat, vertical surfaces of larger trees. IM index ranges from 70 to 80
Color vision is a primate characteristic that presumably reflects our arboreal ancestry. There two types of photoreceptors in the primate retina: rods which function better at low light levels (scotopic vision), and cones which respond to much higher light intensities (photopic vision). The eyes of most diurnal mammals have cones more numerous toward the center of the retina (the region of sharp focus) and more rods toward the periphery. Nocturnal primates have only rod photoreceptors in the retina. The retina of higher primates has a macula lutea (yellow spot) of cones. The fovea, a small depression in the center of the macula in which there is only a single layer of cones, is the area of keenest vision and the target of focusing by the lens.
Color vision is produced by photosensitive pigments that differentially absorb wavelengths. Color perception depends upon the relative degree to which each pigment is stimulated. Primates have three different pigments, producing trichromatic vision.
Anthropoid vision is stereoscopic; that is, the eyes are positioned forward, allowing an overlap of most of the fields of vision with the optic axes parallel. An object is focused on both retinas simultaneously. The optic nerve tracts that pass information from retina to the brain meet at the optic chiasma. In most vertebrates and marsupials the fibres of the optic nerves cross at the chiasma and pass to the opposite of the brain. However in mammals, some of the fibres do not cross over so information from each eye is processed on both hemispheres of the brain
Appendix B: More on Differences
"I'm not interested in what I share with the mouse; I'm interested in how I differ from our closest relatives, chimpanzees," says Svante Pääbo, a geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Such comparisons, he argues, are the only way to understand "the genetic underpinnings of what makes humans human." With the human genome virtually in hand, many researchers are now beginning to make those comparisons. At a meeting here last month, Pääbo presented work by his team based on samples of three kinds of tissue, brain cortex, liver, and blood from humans, chimps, and rhesus macaques. Pääbo and his colleagues pooled messenger RNA from individuals within each species to get rid of intraspecies variation and ran the samples through a microarray filter carrying 20,000 human cDNAs to determine the level of gene expression. The researchers identified 165 genes that showed significant differences between at least two of the three species, and in at least one type of tissue. The brain contained the greatest percentage of such genes, about 1.3%. It also produced the clearest evidence of what may separate humans from other primates. Gene expression in liver and blood tissue is very similar in chimps and humans, and markedly different from that in rhesus macaques. But the picture is quite different for the cerebral cortex. "In the brain, the expression profiles of the chimps and macaques are actually more similar to each other than to humans," Pääbo said at the workshop. The analysis shows that the human brain has undergone three to four times the amount of change in genes and expression levels than the chimpanzee brain ... "Among these three tissues, it seems that the brain is really special in that humans have accelerated patterns of gene activity," Pääbo says." (from http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/292/5514/44)
Another known chemical difference is the use of DHEA through out the longer life span of the human as compared to the chimpanzee and a monkey. The use of DHEA may be a main factor in the growth of the brain. In the competition for DHEA among tissues, nervous tissues capture DHEA better than other tissues. Brain tissue naturally contains 6.5 times more DHEA than is found in other tissues. Also DHEA along with testosterone may be a factor in hair growth.
This figure is derived from the first chart (human DHEA); Journal of Reproduction and Fertility 1985; 74: 347, from Text- fig. 5, page 355 (monkey); and J. Repro. Fert. Supplement No. 28; 1980, from Text-fig. 5, page 137 (chimpanzee) (from James Michael Howard http://www.anthropogeny.com)
Studies of the usage of the antioxidants have revealed another difference. Antioxidants may be a major factor in health and longevity.
The studies will continue as the evolutionists search for the ultimate proof that man and chimps evolved from a common ancestor!! But, as more and more differences are discovered, which is proved, the theory of evolution, or the creation record of the Scriptures?
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The Region of the South Aegean extends over an immense marine zone, from the island of Makronisos (off the coast of Attica) to the island of Kastelorizo, a stone’s throw away from the Turkish coastline, comprising 50 inhabited islands and a further 669 smaller islands and rocky islets. Accounting for 5.286 square kilometres (4% of the Hellenic national territory), the Region of South Aegean hosts 308.610 inhabitants (according to data yielded as of the latest census, dating from 2011). The Region is further divided in 13 Regional Units comprising a total 34 Municipalities, essentially encompassing the territory that had in the past consisted of the Departments of Cyclades and the Dodecanese.
The Dodecanese extends over an area of 2.714 square kilometres and is home to 190.770 people. Named by order of size, the islands constituting this insular complex are: Rhodes, Karpathos, Kos, Astypalaea, Kalymnos, Kasos, Tilos, Symi, Leros, Nisyros, Patmos, Halki, Lipsi, Megisti (aka Kastelorizo) and Agathonisi. Further to these islands, there is a multitude of islets, the most important of which being Pserimos, Levitha, Alimiá, Arkoi, Saría, Telendos, Kinaros, Ofi ousa, Syrna, Armathia, Farmakonisi, Kounoupoi, Nimos, Ro, Astakida, Sesklio. Rhodes, the largest of all the Dodecanese islands and fourth in order of size amongst all Greek islands, after Crete, Euboea and Mytilene (aka Lesvos), proudly hosts the capital city of the complex, and has become the most important hub of organized tourism activities in the country.
The Cyclades complex extends over an area of 2.572 square kilometres, with a population of 117.840. Listed by order of size, these are the main Cycladic islands: Naxos, Andros, Paros, Tinos, Milos, Kea, Amorgos, Ios, Kythnos, Mykonos, Syros, Santorin (aka Thira), Serifos, Sifnos, Sikinos, Anafi , Kimolos, Antiparos, Folegandros, Iraklia, Therasia, Schinousa and Koufonisia, followed by several other smaller and bigger islets, like Makronisos, Gyaros, Despotiko, Delos, Polyaegos, Karos, Renea, Donousa, Annanes, Falkonea, Anydros, Strongylo, Tragonisi, Seriphopoulo, Karavi, Palaea and Nea Kammeni Syros is the capital island of the Region of South Aegean, having evolved into a hub of city-break style tourism after a bright presence as an important centre for shipping, industry and culture in the once fl edgling Hellenic State.
Tourism is by far the most dynamic sector in the array of opportunities for economic development in the Region of South Aegean, hence the leading position of this region in Greek tourism. Typical of the dynamism of the sector is the fact that for 2015, the Region of South Aegean accounted for 2076 accommodation facilities – 21% of the overall national capacity – translating in 195.648 beds (24.9% of the overall national capacity). Thirty-one point seven percent (31.7%) of the total number of hotel facilities, 29.2% of the total number of rooms and no less than 29.7% of the total number of beds available at 5-star Hotels in Greece are indeed to be found within the Region of South Aegean (as per data supplied by the Hellenic Chamber of Hoteliers on 31.12.2015).
The Region of South Aegean is one of the 3 Hellenic Regions to have been formally classifi ed as Regions Depending on Fishing; there are 11 Regions in Europe to have in total been classifi ed as such. No wonder, therefore, that this is considered to be a crucial sector for the economy of the Region, all the more since fi shing is greatly contributing to the preservation of the economic and social tissue within insular communities whilst helping maintain a base of production, especially on islands where possibilities for tourist or agricultural development remain limited. As estimated by the Fisheries Service departments around the Region of South Aegean, there are some 4700 people currently active in the sector of professional fi shing, yielding an overall production of 6000 tons in catches. Out of such volume, more than 400 tons account for Swordfi sh, 280 for Long-Finned Tuna and about 120 tons for Bluefi n Tuna, all such quantities being almost entirely exported. A considerable proportion of population on the islands of Amorgos, Kythnos, Milos, Paros, Iraklia, Schinousa, Kalymnos, Kasos, Karpathos, Kos and Lipsi are professionally active in fi shing-related activities that most of the times also constitute a family trend from one generation to the next.
Agriculture is a traditional sector of economic activity throughout the Region of South Aegean. The highest concentration of farming activities may be found on the more sizeable islands of the Region, namely Rhodes, Santorini, Paros, Naxos, Kos, Andros and Tinos. When it comes to specifi c domains in farming, the highest interest for the Region of South Aegean is placed on wine-producing grapes, citrus and most and above all, olive groves. In terms of tonnage, the yearly production volumes for the Region of South Aegean (source: General Direction of Regional Agricultural Economy and Animal Health, 2015) were:
- Olive oil: 3.433 tons
- Grapes: 6.000 tons
- White and Red Wine: 3.440 tons (the greatest part of wines produced in the Region are PDO or PGI certified)
- Citrus Fruit: over 11.000 tons produced
tons Olive Oil
tons White & Red Wine
tons Citrus Fruit
Livestock breeding fares fi rst amongst the various domains of economic activity in the primary sector, its role being all the more pronounced in the Cyclades. The most important areas for animal husbandry are in Amorgos, Andros, Kythnos, Naxos, Tinos, Kasos, Karpathos and Kos, the highest interest being placed on ovine and caprine breeding, swine raising and cattle breeding. Dairy production is also quite important.
In terms of tonnage, the yearly production volumes for the Region of South Aegean (source: General Direction of Regional Agricultural Economy and Animal Health, 2015) were:
- Ovine and Caprine: 69.778 carcasses
- Swine: 5.276 carcasses
- Cattle: 4.370 carcasses
- Poultry: 64,8 tons of meat
- Eggs: 38.325 000 units
Ovine & Caprine carcasses
Poultry tons of meat
Apiculture is yet another important domain of activity for the Region of South Aegean. There were 96.211 beehives registered in 2015 and 1.088 tons of honey produced (source: General Direction of Regional Agricultural Economy and Animal Health).
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True Humility: Selfless Respect for Reality
From the potential unique location – the site of devastation that we might become – we understand that we are no grander than the rest of the world. Indeed, we are less than most things. The smallest stone we pick up randomly from a riverbed has long preceded us and will outlive us. Humans are barely existing entities: how can we claim privileges? Fundamentally, we are vulnerable, fragile creatures. And if unlike the rest of existence, people are endowed with reason, it is this gift of reason that should lead us to understand how modest our place in the Cosmos actually is.
The experience of failure, then, ought to inculcate humility. Rather than a virtue in the narrow sense, humility should be seen, more broadly, as a certain type of insertion into the world, as a way of life. In The Sovereignty of Good (1970), Iris Murdoch came up with one of the best, most economical definitions of humility, which is simply ‘selfless respect for reality’. She thinks that ordinarily, people suffer from a poor adjustment to reality (‘our picture of ourselves has become too grand’, we have lost ‘the vision of a reality separate from ourselves’), and it’s one that harms us, above anything else. To reverse the process, to heal, it helps to learn humility, ‘the most difficult and central of all virtues’.
I see three major phases here. In a first movement, humility presupposes an acknowledgment of our cosmic insignificance. This is something as old as philosophizing itself; it is what Yahweh wanted to instill in Job when he asked him: ‘Where were you when I laid the foundation of the Earth?’ and what the Stoics meant when they recommended ‘the view from above’; what Lady Philosophy sought to teach a terrified-to-death Boethius in his prison cell; or what, more recently, Carl Sagan popularized so well. Embracing our cosmic insignificance is the zero-degree of the human existence – lower than this we cannot go. At this stage, shattered by failure and overwhelmed by the realization of our fundamental precariousness, we rightly feel ‘crushed’, ‘flattened’, ‘reduced to dust’. Humility, thus, places us where we belong; we are brought back to our naked condition. But this is no small feat: for along with the sense of our own self-importance, we also manage to get rid of that mix of self-deceiving habits and self-flattery, which usually keep us hidden from ourselves.
In a second movement, we realize that thanks precisely to our being brought ‘to earth’, we are in fact in a better position because we are finally on firm ground. We can now stand on our own feet – we’ve undergone a rebirth of sorts. Importantly, we also realize that there is no degradation at this stage because, by embracing our cosmic insignificance, we’ve come to be true to ourselves. We may be poor, but we are frightfully honest – especially with ourselves. And that’s always the best place to start; wherever we will go from here, it will be progress and a worthwhile journey. Not to say that there is nothing healthier and more refreshing, especially for minds all too frequently pulled up in the air by the force of their own fantasies, than to be drawn back down to earth once in a while. Hardened dreamers undertaking the mud cure are in for a feast.
The third movement is expansive: thanks to having lowered an anchor into the world and regained an existential equilibrium, we can move on to other, bigger things. The dreams now have the necessary ballast to be dreamt properly. At this stage, humility is no longer an impediment, but an enhancement to action; sometimes there is nothing more daring than the act of the humble. In an important sense, then, humility is the opposite of humiliation: there is nothing demeaning or inglorious about it; on the contrary, humility is rejuvenating, enriching, emboldening. If humiliation leaves us paralyzed and powerless, humility empowers us greatly. True humility, wrote the rabbi Jonathan Sacks, ‘is one of the most expansive and life-enhancing of all virtues’. What it presupposes is not ‘undervaluing yourself’ but an ‘openness to life’s grandeur’.
Humility in response to an experience of failure, then, is at its core a form of therapy, the beginning of a healing process. Properly digested, failure can be a medicine against pretentiousness, arrogance, and hubris. It can get us cured, should we care to try it.
Seed questions for reflection: What does true humility mean to you? Can you share a personal story of a time you experienced humility as a form of therapy? What helps you practice true humility?
9 Previous Reflections:
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Celebrating the African American Roots of Barbershop Harmony
The thought of Barbershop Harmony or Barbershop quartets brings to mind four guys in straw hats and sleeve garters… and they are always white.
However, recent music scholarship has shown that barbershop harmony is actually rooted in the African-American music tradition of the 19th century. Barbershop harmony originated with African American quartets in the late 19th and early 20th century, along with Blues and Jazz, which share the same musical foundations.
Largely lost to musical history is that so many jazz greats, like Scott Joplin, Sydney Bechet, Jelly Roll Morton, W. C. Handy, and even the great Louis Armstrong, sang in barbershop quartets on street corners as young men.
The harmonies and rhythms they and others developed served as a basis for what followed: Jazz, Blues and Gospel. | <urn:uuid:4a56729a-a8c4-4bdc-b5f1-d65f83d04a9d> | {
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In successfully planning for a sustainable future, addressing the past is essential. At Boeing, that means implementing remediation activities, cleanup, and restoration of at-risk sites contaminated through past practices. Tactics of early, mid-1980s remediation have shifted from compliance-motivated responses to today’s strategic, holistic practices aimed at providing community, environmental and economic benefits.
“Green and sustainable remediation is an important, evolving trend in our work,” said Nick Garson, a Boeing remediation senior manager chairing a session at the 2019 RemTEC Summit in Denver, CO. Boeing employs sustainable remediation strategies to help reduce the demand on the environment and natural resources during cleanup. Examples of these practices include the reuse of food-grade waste products for bioremediation projects, re-use of treated groundwater to support site operations and the use of alternative energy such as solar and wind to power treatment systems. While highly effective in achieving remediation goals and compliance requirements, these practices can also lower costs and decrease overall carbon footprints.
Sharing best practices also helps broaden positive effects of remediation while advancing environmental science. “The Olathe Pollinator Prairie is one of our great remediation success stories,” said Boeing Environment director Steve Shestag while speaking on a panel of environmental experts at the same event. “The project’s success was due in large part to integration among Boeing, community groups and non-profit organizations to transform a former chemical brokerage and recycling facility into a thriving ecological habitat and community resource.”
What started out as the Chemical Commodities, Inc. (CCI) Superfund site is now home to bees, birds and butterflies. This educational and recreational community resource near Kansas City, KS was also recognized in 2014 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 7 for their first-ever Leading Environmentalism and Forwarding Sustainability (LEAFS) Award. “Engaging with stakeholders early and often is key to remediation,” said Shestag. “Advancing technology is important, but advancements can’t do much good if all of the interested parties don’t agree.”
In addition to a long-standing responsibility toward remediating sites affected by past practices, Boeing has set aggressive goals for improving the company’s operational footprint by 2025. These targets are aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 25 percent, lower water consumption and solid waste to landfill by 20 percent, cut energy use by 10 percent and decrease hazardous waste generation by five percent. | <urn:uuid:8dded940-ae8e-4fb5-b38d-488a94cf2aaf> | {
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Chronic Disease Management
Chronic disease management focuses on patients with conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, hypertension or terminal illnesses that usually last longer than six months and requires multidisciplinary care.
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia, the presence of high glucose level in the blood. The level of glucose in the blood is regulated by insulin hormone. Impaired production, action or both of insulin increases glucose level in the blood leading to hyperglycaemia and uncontrolled hyperglycaemia damages various organ systems of the body including cardiovascular system, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and blood vessels. Thus, timely detection and management of blood glucose level to normal is crucial to prevent long term serious complications of diabetes.
Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases throughout the world. It is considered as one of the major causes for development of cardiovascular diseases.
Hypertension is characterized by a high blood pressure (BP).
Asthma is a respiratory condition in which the airways of the lungs (breathing passages) narrow and swell, often in response to an allergen. This disease affects people of all ages, but usually starts in childhood.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also called chronic obstructive lung disease, is a term that is used for two closely related diseases of the respiratory system: chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
The brain requires a continuous supply of oxygen and nutrients from the blood in order to function properly. A blockage, interruption or severe reduction in the supply of blood to the brain can result in a condition called a stroke. Stroke is a medical emergency that leads to the death of brain cells within minutes of the interruption in blood supply. Prompt treatment is vital to minimize brain damage and improve outcomes.
Low Back Pain
Back pain is very common and affects people of all ages. While it generally improves in a few days, or sometimes weeks, back pain can continue for a long period. | <urn:uuid:9ddac207-76c9-478e-b684-0c788bf98c88> | {
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Learning A-Z Introduces New Vocabulary A-Z to Help K–5 Students Build Vocabulary and Increase Reading ComprehensionAt ILA 2019 Conference (booth 1000), educators can see first-hand how the digital solution makes it easy to provide engaging, effective vocabulary instruction and practice
TUCSON — Oct. 09, 2019 — Decades of research show that vocabulary instruction is essential for proficient reading. To provide educators with engaging resources for effective vocabulary instruction and practice, Learning A-Z has introduced a new version of Vocabulary A-Z. Learning A-Z will debut the new digital solution at booth 1000 at the International Literacy Association (ILA) 2019 Conference in New Orleans Oct. 10–13.
“Vocabulary skills are important for achievement in reading and all academic areas. Traditional vocabulary instruction, however, has not been as effective as it needs to be. The new Vocabulary A-Z solution empowers educators to integrate vocabulary lessons and practice into reading instruction in a way that makes it more engaging for students and time saving for teachers,” said Learning A-Z President Patrick Marcotte. “Plus, with online and mobile access, students can complete assignments in class and at home to extend their learning.”
With premade and customizable vocabulary lists and lessons, online student practice activities, and reporting tools, Vocabulary A-Z is a comprehensive solution that makes it easier for K–5 teachers to provide effective, differentiated vocabulary instruction and practice. The newly enhanced solution includes new digital game-based activities and online quizzes that motivate students to practice vocabulary. All activities emphasize definitions and context sentences through engaging audio and imagery. Once students have successfully completed practice exercises, they can take a vocabulary quiz for that lesson.
To teach vocabulary in context and connect instruction to current topics of study, the new Vocabulary A-Z includes pre-made and customizable vocabulary lessons tied to Learning A-Z’s popular, standards-aligned reading products such as Raz-Plus®, Reading A-Z®, Raz-Plus ELL Edition, and Science A-Z®. Teachers can also select premade vocabulary lessons that connect instruction to other popular reading series, or they can create custom lessons from a library featuring thousands of frequently taught words. In addition, the new solution includes enhanced reporting tools to monitor student progress and inform classroom instruction.
About Learning A–Z
Learning A-Z® is a literacy-focused PreK-6 educational provider of technology-enabled learning solutions. Our products blend traditional teacher-led instruction with robust online resources to make teaching more effective and efficient, practice more accessible and personalized, assessment more strategic and automated, and learning more informed and proactive. Our suite of products includes: Raz-Plus®, Reading A-Z®, Raz-Kids®, Headsprout®, Science A-Z®, Writing A-Z™, and Vocabulary A-Z™. Learning A-Z products are used by more than 8 million students in more than 170 countries. Learning A-Z is a business unit of Cambium Learning® Group, Inc.
About Cambium Learning Group, Inc.
Cambium Learning® Group is an award-winning educational technology solutions leader dedicated to helping all students reach their potential through individualized and differentiated instruction. Using a research-based, personalized approach, Cambium Learning Group delivers SaaS resources and instructional products that engage students and support teachers in fun, positive, safe and scalable environments. These solutions are provided through Learning A-Z® (online differentiated instruction for elementary school reading, writing and science), ExploreLearning® (online interactive math and science simulations, a math fact fluency solution, and a K–2 science solution), Voyager Sopris Learning® (blended solutions that accelerate struggling learners to achieve in literacy and math and professional development for teachers), and VKidz Learning (online comprehensive homeschool education and programs for literacy and science). We believe that every student has unlimited potential, that teachers matter, and that data, instruction, and practice are the keys to success in the classroom and beyond.
Come learn with us at www.cambiumlearning.com.
Lisa Jabara-May, Vice President of Marketing | <urn:uuid:9f0120fe-1c60-49ca-a1a3-a88fdfd933c7> | {
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Machine things you don't know
First, the machining process
Machining production processes include transportation and storage of raw materials, production preparation, blank manufacturing, processing and heat treatment of parts, and assembly and debugging of products. Through machining, the shape, size and performance of raw materials can be changed to make them into a finished product. This process, also called the process, consists of one or several sequential processes.
Second, the first is the commonly used equipment for machining
Including digital milling machine, digital forming grinding machine, digital display lathe, EDM machine, universal grinding machine, cylindrical grinding machine, internal grinding machine, precision lathe and other equipment, these equipment can be used for precision parts of the car, milling, planing, grinding and other processing Its processing accuracy can reach 2um.
Third, the precautions of machining
1. It is necessary to facilitate the processing operation and minimize unnecessary bending and squatting.
2. Positioning should be accurate and reliable to prevent vibration and cause errors.
3. The moving direction of the equipment operating parts and the moving direction of the operated parts should meet the specified requirements and should be easily marked.
4. Set the necessary interlocking mechanism to prevent uncoordinated movements during operation and cause danger.
5. The structure and arrangement of the handle, handwheel and button should meet the requirements. The general start button should be installed in the casing and equipped with a retaining ring to prevent accidental touch. The shaft should be equipped with an automatic release device.
Fourth, the type of machining production
In machining, production types can usually be divided into three categories:
1. Single-piece production: It is the production of a certain part separately, and there is little repeated production.
2, batch production: is the production of the same parts in batches.
3. Mass production: When the production volume of the product is large, it is necessary to repeat the production of one part frequently.
The process of the part is scheduled, due to the different types of parts produced; therefore, the processing methods, equipment, tools, blanks, and technical requirements are different.
Deshengrui Machinery is a professional CNC manufacturing and Sheet metal fabrication company, including CNC machining services, CNC turning service, CNC milling services, CNC drilling services, laser cutting services, stamping services, Die casting service, iron casting service and Steel Forging service. | <urn:uuid:ca78d1a8-e1e3-426f-9c18-2bf6a0e217ff> | {
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Fugly Pickles is an enterprise created by second-year designers Eden Lew, Jon Lung, Ziyun Qi and Roya Ramezani aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by removing “perfectly edible” discarded food from landfills—which contribute 16% of U.S. methane emissions a year. As part of a Lifecycle and Stakeholder Management Theory business course, taught by Rebecca Silver and Jen van der Meer, team Fugly Pickles was initially interested in the California drought and the potential for related food shortages across the nation. During their research phase, they learned that billions of tons of food are wasted yearly, and that the rotting food in landfills contributes to a significant amount of yearly greenhouse gas emissions. Further research revealed that much of this food waste is avoidable: there is a host of healthy fruits and vegetables being tossed out due to their aesthetic qualities. “People toss out food that doesn’t ‘look perfect’,” argued Qi. “In fact, people don’t even pick it at the point of purchase. We knew that this ‘ugly food’ had huge potential, and looked towards pickling and preservation as ways of rescuing and extending its life.” Interviews with farmers at New York’s acclaimed Green Market—along with farm-to-table caterers, and food activists—bore out the day-to-day reality. A representative from Keith’s Organic Farms revealed that &ldqup;any produce we have left over at the end of the day, we give to City Harvest—and that’s about $100-$200 worth. But the amount of food that’s still left on the farm is a lot. We try to eat as much as we can, and most of our compost is made up of edible food.” He added, “pickling and preserving is a project on its own,” so the students took on the challenge of designing a business for pickling and preserving wasted food.
Fugly Pickles would have to begin with a gleaning service to collect the leftover produce from industrial organic farms. The team called up farmers to collect various prices that they would be willing to charge for their ugly fruits and vegetables. Planning out the business was multi -tendrilled: Fugly Pickles would have to begin with a gleaning service to collect the leftover produce from industrial organic farms—the team called up farmers to collect various prices that they would be willing to charge for their ugly fruits and vegetables. Moving toward in-house pickling food preparation and distribution necessitated further research into permits, food preparation protocols, industrial kitchen locations and fees, machinery costs, storage, truck rentals, driver wages, advertising costs. Only then could the team get a comprehensive view of what such a business would entail and how any growth predictions could be made with reasonable assumptions. Many other key points were researched and combined into a business plan as well as business growth predictions. Combining this business research with their climate change research, the team estimated the potential for Fugly Pickles to impact global warming by calculating the amount of greenhouse gas emissions saved from pickling the estimated amount of ugly fruits and vegetables Fugly Pickles could sell. Finessing the brand came next: Both the brand identity and the actual “pickling recipes” were developed simultaneously in order to create realistic, fully-functioning prototypes for more advanced market research resulting in fully functioning prototypes, packaging and campaign concepts. By furthering the Ugly Foods movement with the brand Fugly Pickles, the team hopes to encourage more consumers to become aware of their own consumption and wastes, and to be open to eating ugly. | <urn:uuid:876127e2-8bcc-4927-b088-2ff429c99329> | {
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It is possible to design a dual power supply using a positive and negative three terminal IC regulator. This is referred as split power supply.
The dual power supply of ±12V is shown below using positive IC regulator 7812 and negative IC regulator 7912.
The input capacitors prevent the oscillations. The output capacitors improve the transient response. The diode D1 and D2 protect the regulator against the short circuit at the input terminals.
The diodes D3 and D4 protect the circuit in a situation when both the regulators may not turn on simultaneously. Both the diodes are out of the circuit once the regulator starts functioning properly. | <urn:uuid:ca6188ba-4fdc-4ec2-8d45-5191b446b10e> | {
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A chalazion is the medical term for a slowly developing lump on the eyelid that occurs due to an oil gland blockage. At first, the eyelid may appear to be red, tender and swollen. After several days, the chalazion will form on the eyelid, appearing as a slow growing lump. While it is initially painless and nearly impossible to detect, with steady growth, the chalazion may reach the size of pea. Chalazia are most common in adults between the ages of 30 to 50, although individuals of all ages, including children, can develop a chalazion.
Initially, chalazia can be difficult to diagnose as they are often confused with styes. A stye is also a red, swollen lump along the eyelid. However, styes are located on the edge of the eyelid or inside the eyelid’s immediate surface. They are more painful than a chalazion and typically occur closer to the eyelid’s surface. A stye is caused by an infection of the oil gland within the eyelid; a chalazion, in contrast, is caused by a blockage in the actual oil gland.
Causes and Risk Factors
Glands within the eyelids known as the meibomian glands naturally produce oil. Should a blockage within these glands occur, oil will build up inside the gland and eventually thicken, forming a lump known as a chalazion. In some cases, the gland may even break open, releasing the oil into the surrounding eyelid tissue, which causes inflammation. In some cases having a stye can also result in a chalazion. Risk factors for chalazion development include conditions associated with excessive oil production, such as seborrhea and acne rosacea. A viral infection, tuberculosis, and chronic blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids and lashes) also increase the risk for developing a chalazion.
Diagnosis and Treatment
In some cases, a chalazion will resolve itself over the course of several weeks without the need for medical intervention. At-home remedies can speed the healing process. For example, an eye care provider may recommend the application of a warm compress to the eyelid for 10 to 15 minutes four to six times per day. Warmth from the compress can help soften the hardened oil that is blocking the gland, facilitating the healing process. Light massage on the external area of the eyelid may also help to facilitate drainage. Never attempt to squeeze or drain a chalazion by yourself. If the chalazion does not heal within one month, contact your eye doctor for additional medical care. | <urn:uuid:210680b6-dc49-4df1-8506-bdd5c434e77d> | {
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In the War of 1812, the United States took on the greatest naval power in the world, Great Britain, in a conflict that would have an immense impact on the young country’s future. Causes of the war included British attempts to restrict U.S. trade, the Royal Navy’s impressment of American seamen and America’s desire to expand its territory. The United States suffered many costly defeats at the hands of British, Canadian and Native American troops over the course of the War of 1812, including the capture and burning of the nation’s capital, Washington, D.C., in August 1814. Nonetheless, American troops were able to repulse British invasions in New York, Baltimore and New Orleans, boosting national confidence and fostering a new spirit of patriotism. The ratification of the Treaty of Ghent on February 17, 1815, ended the war but left many of the most contentious questions unresolved. Nonetheless, many in the United States celebrated the War of 1812 as a “second war of independence,” beginning an era of partisan agreement and national pride.
Causes of the War of 1812
At the outset of the 19th century, Great Britain was locked in a long and bitter conflict with Napoleon Bonaparte’s France. In an attempt to cut off supplies from reaching the enemy, both sides attempted to block the United States from trading with the other. In 1807, Britain passed the Orders in Council, which required neutral countries to obtain a license from its authorities before trading with France or French colonies. The Royal Navy also outraged Americans by its practice of impressment, or removing seamen from U.S. merchant vessels and forcing them to serve on behalf of the British.
In 1809, the U.S. Congress repealed Thomas Jefferson’s unpopular Embargo Act, which by restricting trade had hurt Americans more than either Britain or France. Its replacement, the Non-Intercourse Act, specifically prohibited trade with Britain and France. It also proved ineffective, and in turn was replaced with a May 1810 bill stating that if either power dropped trade restrictions against the United States, Congress would in turn resume non-intercourse with the opposing power.
After Napoleon hinted he would stop restrictions, President James Madison blocked all trade with Britain that November. Meanwhile, new members of Congress elected that year–led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun–had begun to agitate for war, based on their indignation over British violations of maritime rights as well as Britain’s encouragement of Native American hostility against American westward expansion.
The War of 1812 Breaks Out
In the fall of 1811, Indiana’s territorial governor William Henry Harrison led U.S. troops to victory in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The defeat convinced many Indians in the Northwest Territory (including the celebrated Shawnee chief Tecumseh) that they needed British support to prevent American settlers from pushing them further out of their lands. Meanwhile, by late 1811 the so-called “War Hawks” in Congress were putting more and more pressure on Madison, and on June 18, 1812, the president signed a declaration of war against Britain. Though Congress ultimately voted for war, both House and Senate were bitterly divided on the issue. Most Western and Southern congressmen supported war, while Federalists (especially New Englanders who relied heavily on trade with Britain) accused war advocates of using the excuse of maritime rights to promote their expansionist agenda.
In order to strike at Great Britain, U.S. forces almost immediately attacked Canada, which was then a British colony. American officials were overly optimistic about the invasion’s success, especially given how underprepared U.S. troops were at the time. On the other side, they faced a well-managed defense coordinated by Sir Isaac Brock, the British soldier and administrator in charge in Upper Canada (modern Ontario). On August 16, 1812, the United States suffered a humiliating defeat after Brock and Tecumseh’s forces chased those led by Michigan William Hull across the Canadian border, scaring Hull into surrendering Detroit without any shots fired.
War of 1812: Mixed Results for American Forces
Things looked better for the United States in the West, as Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry’s brilliant success in the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813 placed the Northwest Territory firmly under American control. Harrison was subsequently able to retake Detroit with a victory in the Battle of Thames (in which Tecumseh was killed). Meanwhile, the U.S. navy had been able to score several victories over the Royal Navy in the early months of the war. With the defeat of Napoleon’s armies in April 1814, however, Britain was able to turn its full attention to the war effort in North America. As large numbers of troops arrived, British forces raided the Chesapeake Bay and moved in on the U.S. capital, capturing Washington, D.C., on August 24, 1814, and burning government buildings including the Capitol and the White House.
On September 11, 1814, at the Battle of Plattsburgh on Lake Champlain in New York, the American navy soundly defeated the British fleet. And on September 13, 1814, Baltimore’s Fort McHenry withstood 25 hours of bombardment by the British Navy. The following morning, the fort’s soldiers hoisted an enormous American flag, a sight that inspired Francis Scott Key to write a poem he titled “The Star-Spangled Banner.” (Set to the tune of an old English drinking song, it would later be adopted as the U.S. national anthem.) British forces subsequently left the Chesapeake Bay and began gathering their efforts for a campaign against New Orleans.
End of the War of 1812 and its Impact
By that time, peace talks had already begun at Ghent (modern Belgium), and Britain moved for an armistice after the failure of the assault on Baltimore. In the negotiations that followed, the United States gave up its demands to end impressment, while Britain promised to leave Canada’s borders unchanged and abandon efforts to create an Indian state in the Northwest. On December 24, 1814, commissioners signed the Treaty of Ghent, which would be ratified the following February. On January 8, 1815, unaware that peace had been concluded, British forces mounted a major attack in the Battle of New Orleans, only to meet with defeat at the hands of future U.S. president Andrew Jackson’s army. News of the battle boosted sagging U.S. morale and left Americans with the taste of victory, despite the fact that the country had achieved none of its pre-war objectives.
Impact of the War of 1812
Though the War of 1812 is remembered as a relatively minor conflict in the United States and Britain, it looms large for Canadians and for Native Americans, who see it as a decisive turning point in their losing struggle to govern themselves. In fact, the war had a far-reaching impact in the United States, as the Treaty of Ghent ended decades of bitter partisan infighting in government and ushered in the so-called “Era of Good Feelings.” The war also marked the demise of the Federalist Party, which had been accused of being unpatriotic for its antiwar stance, and reinforced a tradition of Anglophobia that had begun during the Revolutionary War. Perhaps most importantly, the war’s outcome boosted national self-confidence and encouraged the growing spirit of American expansionism that would shape the better part of the 19th century. | <urn:uuid:954040a4-7976-41b9-b809-646a054ed2b4> | {
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عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]چکیده [English]
This study was conducted to analyze the hazards of Helleh Area of Boushehr. For this purpose, risks were identified in the region according to the field visits, interview with natives as well as studying the environmental characteristics. Then the screening of identified risks was completed using Delphi technique and its related questionnaires. Finally 26 risk factors were determined in both natural events and environmental risks. In the next step, Multiple Attribute Decision Making methods namely AHP and TOPSIS were applied for analyzing and prioritizing of identifed risks. In this research, risk factors were analyzed using three criteria of the severity, occurrence probability and sensitivity of recipient environment. Entropy technique was used for obtaining the criteria weights of TOPSIS method. Then the final priorities of risks were concluded from Average Method (combined TOPSIS and AHP). Water supply for Rayis Ali Delvari dam at the upper part of the study area threats for the wetland. So according to result of Average method, water supply for Rayis Ali Delvari dam as the most important risk factor with score 1 places in first preference. Unpermitted hunt of birds, irregular use of chemical poisons and fertilizer, construction of border road from safe and sensitive areas of wetland with score 4 place in second preference and conflagration in forest places in third preference with score 5. This prioritization shows the high importance of human risks than natural events. Use of modern irrigation systems in the area and biological ways for pest control are recommended among the most effective managerial strategies to control the identified risks. | <urn:uuid:b6804518-8165-4943-85c1-9cc6b3abb2c1> | {
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July 17, 2019 by Karthik
There are clear advantages and disadvantages of online communication that need to be considered when planning an online community engagement process.
Note: You can find a significantly updated and expanded version of this post describing the benefits of online communication for community engagement here, and another describing the disadvantages of online communication of community engagement here.
I found this on Wikiversity, one of the many resources on Wikipedia, today. Whenever we talk about engaging communities online we are inevitably questioned about “exclusion” issues. What socio-demographic group does this technology favour? Who is being excluded from this debate?
As with any and all community engagement techniques, online community engagement is not a panacea. It has advantages and disadvantages. It is a relatively easy technology for some and relatively more difficult for others. There are two critical messages… No technique can stand alone. And, just because a technique is new that doesn’t mean it has to solve every single problem to be worthwhile.
What follows is drawn from a post on Wikiversity about online education. Many of the comments and lessons are similar and familiar, particularly if you think about the community engagement process as a mutual learning space.
Continue to read Advantages and Disadvantages of Online Communication | <urn:uuid:32a5e87e-1036-4799-ab8b-bb0ada762e81> | {
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What is Resource Mapping?
Community resource mapping is not a new strategy or process. It has been in use for many years in varying forms. Community resource mapping is sometimes referred to as asset mapping or environmental scanning. Community resource mapping is best noted as a system-building process used by many different groups at many different stages in order to align resources and policies in relation to specific system goals, strategies, and expected outcomes.
Mapping of youth services, supports, and programs within a community can have essentially three outcomes: 1) the identification of resources available to individual youth in a particular community—often referred to as “youth mapping,” 2) the identification of new or additional resources to sustain existing specific youth activities or initiatives within a community, and/or 3) the identification of resources to assist in creating and building capacity to support a more comprehensive community system for serving youth. The first outcome typically occurs at the local level while the second and third outcome can happen at any level—local, state, or federal.
This guide focuses on strategies for building the capacity of communities to better serve youth with disabilities and their families.
How Resource Mapping Can Help Transform Your Community
“No one agency can meet the needs of all youth all of the time.” —State policy maker
The community resource mapping process acknowledges that individuals, organizations, and local institutions all have the capacity to create real change in their communities, but that no agency can do it alone. With increased accountability, tight budgets, resource shortages, and fragmented services, it is a sound decision for communities to encourage cross-agency and cross-systems coordination. Insight into a community’s existing partnerships and programs, resource allocations and policies, and priorities and assets can contribute to its ability to evaluate its overall effectiveness in serving its youth with disabilities. It can also support the creation of a strategic plan to improve the alignment, coordination, and, ultimately, delivery of services. When combined with this community information, resource maps can provide a comprehensive picture of a community’s vision, goals, projects, and infrastructure.
In short, community resource mapping can help communities to accomplish a number of goals, including:
Table of Contents
3: Taking Action
4: Maintaining, Sustaining, and Evaluating Mapping Efforts
Citation: Crane, K., & Mooney,
M. (2005). Essential tools: Community resource mapping. Minneapolis,
MN: University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, National
Center on Secondary Education and Transition.
Permission is granted to duplicate this publication in its entirety or portions thereof. Upon request, this publication will be made available in alternative formats. For additional copies of this publication, or to request an alternate format, please contact: Institute on Community Integration Publications Office, 109 Pattee Hall, 150 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, (612) 624-4512, [email protected].
This document was published by the National Center on Secondary Education and Transition (NCSET). NCSET is supported through a cooperative agreement #H326J000005 with the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Programs. Opinions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the policy or position of the U.S. Department of Education Programs, and no official endorsement should be inferred. The University of Minnesota, the U.S. Department of Education, and the National Center on Secondary Education and Transition are equal opportunity employers and educators. | <urn:uuid:5934ac6c-7701-46e2-a166-a2569c5935ce> | {
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n the last decade, science has developed at a mind-blowing pace and dentistry has made amazing progresses. It is not an overstatement that implantology is a branch which revolutionized dentistry. Due to it, we can preserve the integrity of teeth on either side of the edentation without sacrificing healthy dental tissue through polishing. Although the first dental implants where inserted more than 50 years ago, only in the last two decades has implantology become predictable.
Implantology is a surgical specialty, whose purpose is to replace lost or badly damaged teeth by inserting implants under maximum safety conditions. They become the support for ceramic aesthetic restorative pieces.
Jokingly, we say that implantology is the science which deals with titanium screws. Bone integration is the process which has a result the structural and functional direct connection between the bone tissue and the surface of the implant. A quality implant has as specially treated surface for a better adherence of the bone cells. The insertion of the implant depends on the strength of the bone. If the bone is not reliable enough, a graft is added through surgical augmentation.
Implantology is not only the science of bone integration, but also the art of dental aesthetics, the art of tissue manipulation, of camouflage, of optical illusions. During our lifetime, we lose one or several teeth because of accidents, old age or periodontal disease. The goal of implantology is to imitate, as much as possible, the natural look, which requires the outstanding ability of a good surgeon. Therefore, manual labor, the practical skill of performing task with maximum prowess, constitutes a craft.
In conclusion, we can say that implantology is the science of implant bone integration, but the real art is to use this craft towards making people happy. | <urn:uuid:4b62cf98-1123-45b9-8416-ba3a4b1c9192> | {
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In the fall the cutting height of your mower should be gradually lowered in order to begin the winter with no tender young grass that will be susceptible to disease. In addition young grass will be vulnerable to drying out in the cold winter winds leaving you with a brown lawn. Lower the cutting height in steps so that the grass is gradually cut shorter or you may damage the turf by removing all the green growth.
Fertilize the Lawn
It is a good idea to give your lawn a final dose of slow release nitrogen fertilizer in the fall. The nutrients will not be used immediately as the grass is becoming dormant but they will be stored ready for use in the spring.
Aerate the Lawn
Give your lawn a final aerating before the winter sets in. This will discourage thatch growth and prepare the lawn for good growth in the spring.
Watch Out For Weed Growth
During the winter the grass is growing more slowly but weeds will be growing much faster. Remove any weed growth regularly to prevent damage to your lawn. Weeds growing unchecked all winter can kill all your grass before the spring.
Water the Lawn
Grass in your lawn will need watering a lot less often than in the summer months. As long as the ground is not frozen the lawn should be watered about once a month. Take care of areas that are exposed including slopes, south or west facing areas and place where grass is growing on shallow soil.
Remove the Fallen Leaves
Removing leaves from your lawn is essential at this time as they can cause damage to your lawn if left through the winter. The grass can be smothered by the leaves and die and the leaves can decompose under a layer of snow and cause damage to the grass. The leaves can be used later in the year for composting or mulching so before you rake the leaves decide how you will be using them as this makes a difference in how they are treated.
Composting the Leaves
In composting organic material is completely broken down to release nutrients into the soil. Composting is not an easy task, the leaves cannot just be tossed into a container and left! for good compost start by shredding the leaves with a garden shredder or by running them over with a lawn mower. Place the shredded leaves in the bin and add water. The materials need to be mixed well and turned regularly. After the decomposition of the leaves is complete the compost still needs to be protected from the elements to prevent loss of all the nutrients.
Mulching the Leaves
A mulch is used to act as a protection for soil of the lawn and has to act as a barrier to the elements. Leaves and other organic material therefore do not need to be decomposed as decomposed material will not make a good barrier. Mulches are usually finely chopped grass or leaves. After shredding place the mulch in a bin to protect it from the elements. You are aiming to preserve the integrity of the leaves or grass rather than encouraging decomposition. Shredded leaves will pack down less than whole leaves. No water should be added as this will encourage the leaves to decompose and the leaves do not need turning as the leaves in the compost bin need.
With good care your lawn will weather the winter and in the spring you will have a lawn to be proud of.
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in the context of the Annual Conference of the Collaborative Research Centre 980 "Economies of Knowledge − Order and Transgression in Premodern Cultures"
There are many different ways for bodies of knowledge to be set in motion and to undergo restructuring: for one, a text can be transmitted via a sequence of copying practices. Individual copyists can draw on just one, but also on two or more prototypes; if the latter is the case, we speak of contamination. This term, however, is quite inadequate to accurately describe this process. It would be much more apposite to envisage a dynamic scenario of reciprocal exchange between the individual manuscripts, initiated by their travels from one place to another and by the commissioning of further copies. This dynamic scenario finds its continuation in the subsequent trajectories of old and new codices. As knowledge is transferred from one scholar to another, marginal glosses are added to the individual manuscript, and the text is supplemented with new readings and explanations, or, conversely, established readings are “expurgated”/the text is “liberated” from established readings via crossing out of undesirable lines. In this process, knowledge is constantly rewritten, embarks on its further travels equipped with a surplus of text (e.g. an Aristotelian treatise), and is thus reconstituted for future readings. Many actors and factors are involved here – e.g. the paper or parchment used, the commissioner of the copy, the choice of itinerary, the number of compiled textual witnesses, the techniques of the scribal school, the intended readers and owners of the manuscript etc. – whose complex entanglements can be described through an historical analysis of their interactions and the related processes of epistemic change.
In other epistemic constellations and situations of knowledge transfer, too, a plurality of factors and protagonists comes into play – for example in Early Modern language primers/textbooks, where aspects such as the didactic concept, the author’s level of knowledge, his or her own reading experience and real-life encounters, the book’s overall objective and intended audience, but also the target language for the translation, all interact with each other.
Similarly, printed editions of certain works or authors can also act as dynamic carriers of knowledge by transferring items of knowledge to a new library at a new location, by becoming part of a library’s new organisation system and by being read alongside other, newer texts, by being linked to the reading experience and interests of their respective users via annotations, by being furnished with a new title page, or by being bound together in a volume with other, more recent treatises.
Based on cutting-edge information technology, the workshop aims to demonstrate that multidirectionalities of this type can, in many cases, be identified as a characteristic trait of knowledge transfer. The bespoke information infrastructure that has been developed specifically for the participating projects not only serves to represent this multidirectionality – the workshop will also showcase tools that have been designed with the goal of detecting it in the first place. Further to this, tools will be presented that are capable of illustrating the various factors of influence governing the reconstruction and reconceptualisation of knowledge.
In so doing, the workshop will provide a contribution to the current discussion on methodology in digital humanities, exploring models for a mutually beneficial complementarity of methods between the qualitative approaches of the historical humanities on the one hand – the participating projects belong to academic disciplines as diverse as Classical Philology, Egyptology, Modern Greek studies and German studies – and computer science on the other hand.
To register for this workshop, please send an email to [email protected].
Conzept: Gyburg Uhlmann, Germaine Götzelmann, Philipp Hegel, Michael Krewet, Sibylle Söring and Danah Tonne
The workshop will be held in English. | <urn:uuid:c34252fa-63d6-48ff-a994-8f52dc314b04> | {
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From: The Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs
Teenagers who drink alcohol and smoke marijuana may be at increased risk for unsafe driving, according to a study in the May issue of the Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs.
Researchers said the findings point to a need for education on the risks of "simultaneous use" of alcohol and marijuana.
The study of U.S. high school seniors found that teens who had used both drugs in the past year had higher rates of traffic tickets/warnings and car accidents.
At particular risk were kids who used alcohol and marijuana at the same time: They were about 50 to 90 percent more likely to admit to unsafe driving than their peers who did not drink or smoke pot.
"It's well known that both drinking and other drug use are linked to risky driving," said lead researcher Yvonne Terry-McElrath, of the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research in Ann Arbor.
"But this suggests that it's not only the frequency of substance use that's important," Terry-McElrath said. "The patterns of drug use are also related to the risk of unsafe driving."
The findings come from surveys of more than 72,000 U.S. high school seniors, conducted yearly from 1976 to 2011 through the Monitoring the Future study, supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse.
The good news: Both drinking and marijuana use declined over time. In 2011, one third of high school seniors said they hadn't used either drug in the past year—versus only 12 percent in 1979.
Still, a "significant number" of students were using both drugs in 2011, Terry-McElrath said. That included 21 percent who said they used the drugs at the same time, at least occasionally. And those kids were at heightened risk for reporting unsafe driving—even compared with their peers who only drank, and those who used alcohol and marijuana but not at the same time.
Roughly 40 percent of teens who used both drugs together had received a traffic ticket or warning in the past year. And about 30 percent had been in an accident.
It's not clear why those teenagers were at increased risk, according to Terry-McElrath. One possibility, she said, is that they are bigger risk takers in general. But it's also possible that using both drugs together impairs teenagers' driving—and judgment—to a greater degree.
Terry-McElrath said it's important to make kids—and the public, in general—aware of the risks of simultaneous drug use.
"Driver's education needs to talk more about the risks, in believable ways—not using inaccurate scare tactics," she said.
More broadly, she added, media messages about unsafe driving should go beyond alcohol.
"We often hear the message 'Don't drink and drive,'" Terry-McElrath noted. "But we don't hear much about the risks of using additional substances, either alone or simultaneously with alcohol." | <urn:uuid:0883fad1-c17f-422b-b9a8-dd2679d7daed> | {
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|Title||Final Report for Critical Thresholds and Ecosystem Services for Coastal Ecological and Human Climate Adaptation|
|Year of Publication||2017|
|Authors||Staudinger, Michelle D., Powell Emily, Milliken Andrew, and Tyrell Megan|
|Date Published||July 2017|
|Type||Final Project Report|
|Keywords||climate change, Coastal adaptation, tipping points, vulnerability|
Understanding how climate change will impact natural and human communities is a crucial part of decision making and management related to the protection of our coasts. As the effects of climate change on ecological communities grow, the possibility of crossing tipping points or thresholds of viability increases the potential for rapid and possibly irreversible changes in ecosystems. Therefore, understanding thresholds related to climate change is critical for facilitating conservation and management actions, which could help to prevent more costly and possibly catastrophic effects in the future. As part of a broad effort to synthesize and deliver coastal resilience information through the Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs), Climate Science Centers, states, and other partners along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, we synthesized existing quantitative threshold information for 45 priority coastal fish, wildlife, and plant species and habitats in response to sea level rise and storm projections. Additional information was synthesized on climate change adaptation actions that can increase the persistence and resilience of species and their habitats and how these actions relate to human community resilience. In addition to two peer-reviewed manuscripts, results from these synthesis efforts were disseminated online through easily accessible, topic-specific web pages in the Massachusetts Wildlife Climate Action Tool (climateactiontool.org) to make this information more easily accessible to stakeholders across the region. The compilation and dissemination of species and habitat threshold information will help to develop a more comprehensive understanding of how natural systems will respond to climate change and how land and resource management decisions could potentially help these species. | <urn:uuid:a2e81fa3-d265-4f69-9a87-7f43485020fa> | {
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1. Increase in vocabulary
It is not recommended that children memorize a large number of words, but
words are the basis of improving their spoken English. How to improve their
vocabulary? Foreign teachers one-to-one suggest that we learn new words by
reading picture books, English cartoons, English parent-child games and so on.
Never force children to memorize words.
2. Exercise Logical Ability
Speaking well has a great relationship with children's logical ability.
Through observation, we find that some children talk freely, one can say this,
another can say that, which is actually the reason why their logical ability is
not good enough.
Parents should pay attention to the cultivation of children's logical
thinking in their daily life. When speaking, they should first think about what
they want to express, what they want to say first, and then what they want to
say. This is especially true when speaking English.
Most children's poor spoken English is related to their lack of vocabulary.
Some of the words they want to say are not able to speak and they are reluctant
to speak. Listening, looking and reading are all ways to improve their
3. Providing Opportunities for Performance
Children are eager to express themselves, whether they are encouraged or
stressed. Some parents may feel that: our children are introverted, when they
speak, they are nervous, especially when there are many people. One-to-one
foreign teachers say that parents should not be too strict with children of this
type, and the more afraid they are of making mistakes, the more they should
exercise. Children can start training from the closest people, encourage and
praise more, and let them speak from the willing.
4. Good foreign teachers
Although many children have been teaching English with foreign teachers,
they have to admit that the level of foreign teachers in the market is really
uneven. Parents really need to polish their eyes when they choose foreign
Professional foreign teachers not only have excellent teaching ability, but
also are loving and responsible friends. Children learn in a relaxed and
diversified environment. What they gain is not only the improvement of language
ability, but also the development of international vision. | <urn:uuid:af0840a3-6e39-4aa9-8946-ec6e58cf6310> | {
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B O S T O N, Aug. 7, 2000 -- If you have a baby in California, the doctor must test the infant for galactosemia, a genetic condition that requires a milk-free diet. But if you reside in Louisiana, the test is not mandated.
Concerned by such inconsistencies, a new federal report calls for national standards in the screening for diseases of the 4 million babies born each year in the United States. But one prominent children’s organization is criticizing the report for not going far enough.
The report, published in this month’s Pediatrics, is being released today by the federal Health Resources and Services Administration and the American Academy of Pediatrics, a year after a national task force met in Washington to examine current practices.
The report found that state newborn screening systems need to be both modernized and standardized.
“Newborns are being denied services just by the states in which they are born,” says Dr. Edward McCabe, co-chairman of the task force and physician-in-chief at the Mattel Children’s Hospital in Los Angeles. “There should be a consideration at the national level of what the core battery of tests are.”
Health Resources and other agencies will use the report in working with states to “try to produce some national agreement on what tests should be developed or be part of a core set of tests that at a minimum states should test for,” says Dr. Peter van Dyck, director of HRSA’s Maternal and Child Health Bureau.
Currently, every baby born in the United States is tested for anywhere from two to as many as 35 genetic or metabolic diseases that are treatable with special diets or medication.
But screening is done on a state-by-state basis through the local health department, with requirements varying widely from state to state.
State Disparities Every state requires newborns be tested for phenylketonuria (PKU) and hypothyroidism, two metabolic disorders that can lead to mental retardation without a special diet or medications. But only around half of all states require babies be given universal hearing tests.
States such as Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Michigan, Virginia and Arizona require testing of at least seven conditions, while others, like Utah and South Dakota, only require three.
If your baby has sickle cell anemia — a condition caused by abnormally shaped red blood cells that is common in the black community — but you happen to live in Idaho, Utah, North or South Dakota, chances are the infant won’t be tested. If your baby has galactosemia, but you live in a state that doesn’t currently require testing for it — Louisiana, Pennsylvania or Washington — it may not be detected.
Without treatment, the child may have developmental disabilities. This spotty screening means that many children with these rare diseases develop severe illnesses or even die, which could have been prevented with proper treatment.
“It’s clear that if you’re born in one state, that state may be giving you more or less tests than the others,” says Brad Ferrell, a task force member and chairman of the National Newborn Screening and Genetic Resource Center in Austin, Texas. “People might legitimately ask their state legislators, why does our state gets fewer tests than the state next door?”
Self-Testing Some parents have resorted to paying independent labs for tests not done in their own states. Baylor University Medical Center in Dallas offers a $25 test kit parents can order by mail.
Director Dr. Larry Sweetman says the lab has received around 1,000 requests for supplemental screening kits this month alone. “It’s increasing,” he says, “because parent support groups are making it known.”
And Charles Hehmeyer, a Philadelphia attorney, has several lawsuits pending on behalf of parents whose children went undiagnosed because their states didn’t mandate testing. “Kids die of these disorders every day because they’re not screened,” he says. “It’s so random, so nonsensical. Why is there no urgency here?”
Dr. Donald R. Mattison, medical director of the March of Dimes, the national health agency that works to prevent birth defects, agrees the screening system is in disarray, but says the new report does not take a firm enough stand.
The March of Dimes is recommending that eight core tests — for PKU, hypothyroidism, maple syrup urine disease, biotinidase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, galactosemia, homocystinuria and sickle cell anemia — should be done in every state and for all babies, despite the cost.
At What Cost? But the cost factor is an issue, says McCabe. Overall, one out of 1,500 newborns will be born with a disorder that a simple screening test could have found.
But while some conditions, like hypothyroidism, affect as many as 1 out of 4,000 babies, others — like maple syrup urine disease, which causes the urine to have a syrupy odor — affect only one out of 250,000 babies.
The current cost of screening can range from about $10 to $25 per child, bringing the cost annually to about $40 million to $100 million nationwide. With more tests, the costs would go up.
The issue will only become more pressing as new disorders are discovered and new tests are developed. Already, several states including Massachusetts, North Carolina and Pennsylvania are looking into adding tandem mass spectrometry, a new technique using blood samples that costs around $25 but can screen for 30 or more diseases, to their screening programs.
“One of the tenets of newborn screening is that you have to demonstrate that it is more cost-effective to screen than to diagnose and treat,” says the task force’s McCabe. “In order to sell this to the states, we have to argue that it’s cost-effective. Public health agencies have finite resources and have to look at costs.”
But Mattison disputes that way of thinking. “Cost is not an issue that has to be addressed,” he says. “These are valuable human beings — how nickel-and-diming do we want to be?”
The Associated Press contributed to this report. | <urn:uuid:e90b963e-7b24-40b4-9004-6808e4da54d0> | {
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Micronutrients and the food you eat
Published: September 05, 2014
Micronutrients are vitamins, and minerals, which are required by your body in small amounts. Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients which in most cases cannot be synthesised within your body and must come from the food and beverages that you consume.
Vitamins are organic coumpounds that have specific functions within your body. Vitamins support growth, reproduction and the maintenance of body functions which contribute to health and life. Vitamin deficiencies can result in less than optimum body function; the greater the deficiency of a specific vitamin the greater the loss of a specific body function.
Unlike carbohydrates, proteins and fats, vitamins are not an energy source; instead vitamins contribute to the many metabolic reactions which release energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins as well as the many other metabolic reactions that occur in your body. Specific vitamins are required for various processes within your body such as your eye sight, and the synthesis of your skin, hair, and bone.
Vitamins are generally required in very small amounts measured in micrograms (mcg) or milligrams (mg). All the vitamins that you require are available from a variety of food.
However, the bioavailability of vitamins (the amount of the vitamin that is absorbed and utilised) is dependent on a number of factors including: the efficiency of your digestive process, nutrient intake, nutrient status, the combination of foods you consume at the same time, and how you prepare, cook and store your food.
Vitamins are divided into two groups:
- Fat soluble: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K
- Water soluble: Thiamine (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Biotin (B4), Pantothenic acid (B5), vitamin B6, Folate, vitamin B12, and vitamin C
Although your body produces "vitamin D" when your skin is exposed to direct sunlight this "vitamin" is considered essential as it is a necessary metabolite in several important metabolic processes and some people, for a variety of resons, may not synthesise sufficient vitamin D. In addition, despite its designation as a vitamin, vitamin D has hormone-like properties.
Vitamin K is produced by bacteria in you intestine, but as with vitamin D, the amount may not be sufficient to meet a person's daily requirement thus a dietary source of the vitamin is required.
Within the body, water soluble vitamins are contained in watery fluid compartments of your body cells and fat soluble vitamins are stored in your fat tissue and your liver.
In general, water soluble vitamins are not stored in your body and excess water soluble vitamins are excreted in the urine on a regular basis. Therefore, water soluble vitamins need to be consumed regularly.
Although it is unlikely that you will consume toxic amounts of vitamins when the only source is food, in some instances, particularly if excessive doses of supplemental vitamins are consumed on a regular basis, vitamin toxicity may occur which may be harmful to your body.
Minerals are inorganic elements such as calcium, iron, sodium, zinc, and potassium which cannot be altered in any way and once in your body remain in your body until excreted.
Minerals may combine with other elements to form salts, but the chemical identity of the mineral is not changed. For example, sodium and chloride together form sodium chloride (table salt), but sodium remains sodium and chloride remains chloride.
Minerals are easily preserved during food preservation and cannot be destroyed by heat, acid, air or mixing. When food is burned the resulting ash contains the minerals that were in the food.
However, minerals can leech into water or other fluid cooking mediums during the cooking process. If the liquid is discarded then the minerals will be lost.
Major and Trace Minerals
You need major minerals, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, sodium, chloride, and magnesium in amounts measured in 100s of milligrams or grams. You need trace minerals, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, iodine, and selenium in smaller amounts which are measured in 10s of milligrams or micrograms.
Both major and trace minerals are essential for your health and the importance of a mineral is not determined by the amount of the mineral required. Trace minerals are as important as major minerals.
As with vitamins, minerals have various roles in your body.
Minerals do not have the same bioavailability. The way in which your body absorbs and excretes minerals varies according to each mineral. In some foods, minerals are bound with other minerals or substances (phytates and oxalates) which impair absorption.
For example, although spinach is a good source of calcium it contains oxalates which reduce calcium bioavailability to less than 5% of the total amount of calcium contained in a serving of spinach.
Interactions between minerals may also affect the bioavailability of certain minerals especially when there is an excess of one mineral over another.
When sodium intake is high, both sodium and calcium excretion increases. High intakes of phosphorus impair magnesium absorption.
Mineral toxicity is unlikely to occur if your mineral source is unprocessed food. However, consumption of large amounts of supplemental minerals may become toxic and lead to adverse health effects.
A group of non-nutrient plant compounds, phytochemicals,have biological activity in your body and also contribute to your metabolic processes and health.
In general, the majority of the vitamins and minerals that you require for your body to function optimally are available in food and beverages. Eating well by consuming adequate amounts of the foods that contain these essential vitamins and minerals will help you maintain a healthy body.
Whitney, E. & Rady Rolfes, S. (2005). Understanding Nutrition. Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth
Gropper, S.S., Smith, J.L. & Groff, J.L. (2005). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism (4thEd.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth. | <urn:uuid:69399970-1f47-44c2-8023-a763ee654fe8> | {
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