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Stockholm Resilience Centre offers interdisciplinary courses on first (Undergraduate), second (Master's) and third (PhD) levels of University education. Want to know more about our courses? Click here!
Our engagement in science-policy-practice activities has increased steadily over the years and range from high-level UN dialogues to local resilience assessments. Want to know more about our policy work? Click here!
This new approach to sustainable development is conveyed in the coming issue of Nature where the scientists have made a first attempt to identify and quantify a set of nine planetary boundaries.
- The human pressure on the Earth System has reached a scale where abrupt global environmental change can no longer be excluded. To continue to live and operate safely, humanity has to stay away from critical ‘hard-wired´ thresholds in Earth´s environment, and respect the nature of planet's climatic, geophysical, atmospheric and ecological processes, says lead author Johan Rockström.
He warns that transgressing planetary boundaries may be devastating for humanity, but if we respect them we have a bright future for centuries ahead.
About the Stockholm whiteboard seminars
The whiteboard seminars aims to move away from lengthy presentations and go back to principles of keeping it short and simple. Only equipped with a black pen and a whiteboard, the scientist presents has approximately seven minutes to present a key issue within resilience and sustainable development. | <urn:uuid:828bb3fa-da0e-4862-8d37-4a6e41dbbe9c> | {
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Torchlighters: The John Wesley Story
When young John Wesley is miraculously saved from his family’s burning home, his mother is certain that God has a great purpose for the boy's life. John will later refer to himself as a “brand plucked from the burning.” As a man, Wesley tries to live out that special purpose on his own strength and good works, but it only brings frustration and failure.
Finally, after years of struggle, Wesley embraces saving grace! But his new message is not welcome in the established churches. Will John break all the rules and take his message outside the church walls to the needy and outcast? Find out in this action-packed episode of The Torchlighters, featuring the founder of the Methodist movement.
Torchlighters is a series of animated programs for youth ages 8-12, presenting the lives of true-life heroes from Christian history. When kids see what God can do through a “Torchlighter” who is devoted to carrying out His will and purposes, they too may want to carry a torch of faith by serving Him. For more information on the series, go to www.torchlighters.org.
DVD Special Features:
- English and Spanish languages with optional English and Spanish subtitles
- 55 min documentary on Wesley
- Comprehensive leader's guide in PDF
- Reproducible student handouts in PDF
- Age Level: Ages 8-12
- Format: DVD, Widescreen
- Length: 30 minutes + extras
- Publisher: Christian History Institute, 2006 | <urn:uuid:25c57aa6-64eb-4d5b-81a2-5a9997b2e010> | {
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Research finds maternal deaths from epilepsy have increased over the last 30 years and SUDEP Action opens the debate: why?
Women with epilepsy overwhelmingly have healthy babies but research published this month reports an increasing trend in maternal deaths from epilepsy over the last 30 years.
Earlier research this year estimated that 1:1000 women die each year from epilepsy during or shortly after pregnancy and that epilepsy-related mortality appears to be a significant risk (Nashef 2014).
The team from Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust who published the paper this month conducted a retrospective review of confidential enquiry into maternal death reports (1979–2008) encompassing 21,514,457 maternities.
The research found 92 maternal deaths from epilepsy over this period. The total proportion of maternal deaths from epilepsy over 30 years was 3.7% and showed an increasing trend. Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy (SUDEP) was the single greatest cause of maternal deaths from epilepsy over this period followed by aspiration during seizures and drowning during bathing.
The research does not answer why there has been an increase and opens an important debate. SUDEP was not defined until 1997 and before this a myth existed that people did not die from seizures. SUDEP Action led a government funded and high-profile national report into epilepsy deaths in 2002 and new guidelines on reporting of deaths were introduced in 2003. Awareness of epilepsy-mortality has continued to rise.
Jane Hanna, SUDEP Action said: “Improved reporting of epilepsy deaths is likely to explain the rise, but we need to continue to carefully monitor these deaths through the confidential enquiries and The Epilepsy Deaths Register. We are aware from bereaved families quite how traumatic these deaths are and the urgent and deep need to prevent these deaths. We need the lessons from this research and other reports in the last 15 years to be put into practice”
The research team commented: "This research shows that women with epilepsy continue to have a risk of SUDEP in pregnancy and emphasises the importance of keeping epilepsy under good control to reduce this risk. Women can be understandably anxious about continuing Anti-Epilepsy Drugs in pregnancy because of the risks to the baby but it is paramount that decisions about changes in medication only take place after informed discussion with specialist obstetricians and neurology teams"
Lessons from other reports and research to date have highlighted:
• Pre-conception counselling for women of child-bearing age
• Specialist obstetric care with neurology input neurological teams in pregnancy to improve maternal and fetal outcomes.
• Special care of medicines during pregnancy including regular checks of lamotrigine levels during pregnancy
• Essential information to women to include risks of seizures
• A review of maternal deaths in women with epilepsy by Dr Lina Nashef will be published on 5th December on www.globalconversation.org. (SUDEP Action; SUDEP Aware, Epilepsy Australia partnership making sense of science in the real world)
Article Kappoor D and Wallace S Trends in maternal deaths from epilepsy in the United Kingdom: a 30-year retrospective review. Obstet Med December 2014; Vol 7: 4 pp 160-164 http://obm.sagepub.com/content/7/4/160.abstract | <urn:uuid:60578cc8-cff3-4e56-a27a-228d694e528f> | {
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The Foundation was elated about the opportunity to make lesson plans to accompany the film RUMBLE: The Indians Who Rocked The World. The film explores the history of Native Americans through their involvement in popular music—it’s made in the model of a TeachRock lesson already! Moreover, it allowed us to address a void in our own offerings. Until RUMBLE we had no material with which a teacher could address Native Americans in U.S. history.
We’re proud of the five RUMBLE lesson plans up at Teachrock.org, but it’s not about us—our real hope is that the lessons will have a positive impact in the lives of students, perhaps by piquing the interest of a kid “on the fringe” in the back of the room, or allowing a Native student to see a positive, triumphant representation of him or herself in history.
We know that reaching these kids requires reaching out to their teachers, and we were grateful to take part in the First Nations Teachers Association winter meeting this February in Vancouver, Canada. RRFF Director Bill Carbone spent two days with a group of 40 educators from throughout British Columbia, most of whom work within predominantly First Nation populations.
In a full group presentation, Bill shared the Foundation’s arts integration philosophy as well as general techniques that use music to create engaging classroom activities in several disciplines. He also presented the RUMBLE lessons plans, and guided the participants through a classroom activity in which students gather data from various “stations” set up throughout the room, and then engage in a “Structured Academic Controversy” during which they consider diverse perspectives on the concept of cultural appropriation.
Later, Bill worked with a group of six social studies teachers to “localize” a RUMBLE lesson by re-writing it with British Columbia-focused content.
“There’s nothing better than working through this material with the people who are going to use it,” said Carbone of the trip. “When a teacher says, ‘my students are going to love this!’ it’s affirmation of everything we do. But it works the other way too because not everything we come up with is going to fit perfectly in every classroom, and it’s a chance to find out first hand why, and what we can do to improve it.” | <urn:uuid:a2cc8cb4-358a-4d02-9411-ef8316deed09> | {
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By: Leo Sutrisno / Nur Iskandar
We are learning in our live. Here the principle’s that our collected from scientist Prof. John Hattie. He said that there are195 factors influench each learner.
Originally, Hattie studied six areas that contribute to learning:
- the student,
- the home,
- the school,
- the curricula,
- the teacher, and
- teaching and learning approaches. (The updated list also includes the classroom.) But Hattie did not only provide a list of the relative effects of different influences on student achievement.
He also tells the story underlying the data.
He found that the key to making a difference was making teaching and learning visible.
He further explained this story in his book “Visible learning for teachers“.
John Hattie updated his list of 138 effects to 150 effects in Visible Learning for Teachers (2011),
and more recently to a list of 195 effects in The Applicability of Visible Learning to Higher Education (2015).
His research is now based on nearly 1200 meta-analyses – up from the 800 when Visible Learning came out in 2009.
According to Hattie the story underlying the data has hardly changed over time even though some effect sizes were updated and we have some new entries at the top, at the middle, and at the end of the list. * | <urn:uuid:09ee91ed-5d63-4e42-8ec2-d3326f52b170> | {
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Shelby Dade Foote Jr. (November 17, 1916 – June 27, 2005) was an American historian and novelist who wrote The Civil War: A Narrative, a three-volume history of the American Civil War. With geographic and cultural roots in the Mississippi Delta, Foote's life and writing paralleled the radical shift from the agrarian planter system of the Old South to the Civil Rights era of the New South. Foote was little known to the general public until his appearance in Ken Burns's PBS documentary The Civil War in 1990, where he introduced a generation of Americans to a war that he believed was "central to all our lives."
Foote did all his writing by hand with a nib pen, later transcribing the result into a typewritten copy.In a 1997 interview with Donald Faulkner and William Kennedy, Foote stated that he would have fought for the Confederacy, and "what's more, I would fight for the Confederacy today if the circumstances were similar. There's a great deal of misunderstanding about the Confederacy, the Confederate flag, slavery, the whole thing. The political correctness of today is no way to look at the middle of the nineteenth century. The Confederates fought for some substantially good things. States rights is not just a theoretical excuse for oppressing people. You have to understand that the raggedy Confederate soldier who owned no slaves and probably couldn't even read the Constitution, let alone understand it, when he was captured by Union soldiers and asked, “what are you fighting for?” replied, I'm fighting because you're down here. So I certainly would have fought to keep people from invading my native state." | <urn:uuid:287f482e-486d-4697-94fb-c7e074da1ef7> | {
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Each fall, we celebrate community helpers with our Community Helpers Research Project! Students love learning about each community helper through read alouds and graphic organizers! We draw community helpers, make snacks and of course, we dress up!
Community Helpers Research Project
For each community helper, we read a book as our “research”. As we’re reading, we’re adding information to our graphic organizer!
Students can then use these graphic organizers to do their writing!
Community Helpers: Directed Drawings
In our class, we love directed drawings! So for each community helper, we did a directed drawing! After we drew our picture, the students were free to color their drawing.
Below are the sketches and steps I created/used when doing our directed drawings. I do my modeling on chart paper so the drawings are bigger. When we finish drawing, students outline the drawing with a black crayon first. Then they color. They can choose to do boys or girls and any colors they chose.
Community Helpers Snacks
Each Friday in our class is Foodie Fun Friday. Each snack we make is tied into our unit or theme for the week. Check out our community helper snacks!
The fire truck snack is a graham cracker, red icing, a red M & M, black licorice and mini Oreos for the wheels. The window is Corn Chex.
This construction worker snack is so easy! You use pretzel sticks and cheese cubes to make a hammer and nails!
And since we’re learning about nurses and doctors, we have to make a Band-Aid snack! We use graham crackers, white icing and red icing to make a band-aid! This one is always so fun for the kids to eat!
Math And Literacy Centers
We incorporate community helpers into our math and literacy centers as well! (these are included in the research project!)
Of course this unit has to include a dress up day!
You can also request a visit from your local fire department! Who doesn’t want to spray the hose?!
For more on research projects, check out this post:
For more community research projects, check out these creations:
Join Our Newsletter
Subscribe to get our latest content by email. | <urn:uuid:68498478-c90e-42be-b489-7c96df1ca34c> | {
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President Donald Trump announced yesterday that he’s pulling the United States out of the Paris climate accords. Calling it a “bad deal” and saying that he “was elected to be president of Pittsburgh, not Paris,” Trump’s action lumps America in with Syria and Nicaragua in not ratifying the agreement.
But isn’t Mr. Trump also president of Miami, one of the cities in the world with the most to lose when it comes to sea level rise?
The goal of the Paris agreement was to reduce global greenhouse gas emissions enough to keep the earth from warming 2 degrees celsius by 2100. The contributions that countries made towards that goal were voluntary and self set. Here’s what we promised.
According to a report by Climate Central, there’s a two-thirds chance global sea levels rise between three and 6.3 meters by 2100 if the earth warms by two degrees. This is what Miami, the city you live in, looks like with just around 2 meters of SLR:
This decision leaves us with a lot to wrap our heads around. These are the pieces that have helped us the most. | <urn:uuid:de7774a8-05be-4a30-8e93-d09e3c54499f> | {
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Older Individuals with Hearing Loss more Prone to Disease, Dementia
It’s easy to joke about losing our hearing as we get older. “Speak up for grandpa over there” or “Jeez, should we get you a hearing aid?” may be funny jokes we use when speaking with friends, but the real side effects of hearing loss are less than amusing.
New studies are starting to emerge which could change the way we think about hearing loss—less as a natural part of aging and more accurately as a harbinger of worse age-related diseases to come. This week, we’re looking into the science to find out how hearing loss has been shown to be an indicator of worse issues in many older people.
What is Hearing Loss?
While hearing loss can happen at any time, age-related hearing loss is the slow deterioration of an individual’s hearing over time. Approximately one in three older adults ages 65-74 suffers from hearing loss according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Because links between hearing and overall health are beginning to surface, finding new ways to slow or stop hearing loss could deter more damning medical issues in future generations.
What Can Hearing Loss Lead To?
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) on Nov. 8, 2018 sought to discover the association between a diagnosis of hearing loss and other medical comorbidities (the presence of two or more chronic illnesses in one person) aged 50 and older. It found that while hearing loss is independent from other diagnoses, it was also “significantly associated with an increased 10-year risk of dementia, depression, falls, and myocardial infarction.” It concluded that further studies would be needed to understand why these associations take place and determine if hearing loss treatment could mitigate the prevalence of dementia and other issues in older patients.
Another JAMA study found that untreated hearing loss may contribute to higher health care costs. Among the 4,728 adults studied, “untreated hearing loss was associated with $22,434 or 46% higher total health care costs over a 10-year period” when compared with individuals without hearing loss.
A New York Times Dec. 31, 2018 article titled “Hearing Loss Threatens Mind, Life and Limb” interviewed Dr. Jennifer A. Deal. The epidemiologist and gerontologist at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and co-author of both aforementioned JAMA studies had a few theories about the links between hearing loss and dementia, falls and cardiovascular disease.
First, she stated that hearing loss issues are not a matter of volume but of sound quality. The “garbled” (Dr. Deal’s word) messages the brain receives are harder for the brain to understand, and since the brain has a hard time focusing as it works to decipher auditory signals, it has a harder time committing the message to memory. This lack of proper communication could contribute to the increased cases of dementia.
As for the increased risk of falls, a person’s inner ear is crucial to their balance, so that might be a factor. Additionally, those with hearing loss may be less aware of the sounds around them and, therefore, more easily startled and less able to adapt than someone who hears well.
Dr. Deal noted she and her co-authors were most surprised at the link between cardiovascular disease and hearing loss. She postulated that the social isolation common to those with poor hearing could lead to extra stress but noted that it could simply be attributed to an overall prevalence of cardiovascular disease in both individuals with and without hearing loss.
How to Slow Hearing Loss
Unfortunately, the Times article also stated that about 85% of individuals with hearing loss are untreated. So, it would seem that the first step in slowing hearing loss would be to get to a doctor and express concerns about hearing. Talking to a doctor about a hearing aid may be the best solution in the short term according to Dr. Frank Lin, another Johns Hopkins expert. He is currently in the planning stages of another study to find whether or not hearing aids could reduce the risk of other illnesses linked to hearing loss, but also noted “there’s no downside to using hearing aids. They help most people who try them.”
Another way to slow the onset of hearing loss is to stay socially engaged. Social isolation was a recurring theme across the studies and the Times article, as individuals suffering hearing loss may not engage in conversation as readily as those with without. So, staying engaged in a strong community of friends and family could slow the onset of hearing loss.
Talk to a doctor if you or an older loved one is having a hard time engaging with conversations or understanding people when they speak. Other indicators an individual may be suffering from hearing loss include having trouble with telephone conversations, turning up the television or radio to louder than necessary levels, becoming easily frustrated during conversation and saying “what” multiple times in conversation.
Keep up on information related to aging, the elderly and assisted living by following the Waterford’s blog. If you or someone you know is suffering from hearing loss and looking for an assisted living facility to help ease the pressures of living alone, call the Waterford today to talk about care options. | <urn:uuid:f9165660-ded0-4501-a26b-d74117da05d9> | {
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Every hobby or industry sports a unique vernacular. The world of craft beer is no exception. We have previously discussed words like, “hoppy, lager, ale and bittering,” and acronyms such as, “IPA or ABU.” This month let’s explore the world of beer containers. I hope that the discussion adds some new words to your personal vocabulary. Let’s learn about growlers and crowlers, kegs, casks and firkins.
Historically, beer was stored in oak casks in the 16th century. At that time homemade blown-glass bottles with wired corks were also used. The problem with these glass bottles was explosion due to buildup of CO2 during the secondary fermentation. It would be another century before the strength of glass bottles was perfected.
The beer casks were initially dependent on gravity to “draw” the beer. Thus, the traditional terms of draught and draft, referring to beer from a tapped keg. In the late 1700s, Englishman John Bramah, invented a “beer engine” that allowed barkeeps to leave the beer barrels in a cellar and pump the beer up to the taps.
Today, beer is processed into aluminum kegs. There is a distinct difference between a beer from a keg and a cask-conditioned beer. Keg beer is filtered and carbonated with CO2 before kegging and is then pushed out with a CO2 tap system. Recently, Nitrogen is sometimes used to push through the tap system. You will most commonly see the term Nitro with the maltier, dark beers such as a Stout or Porter. In a simple chemistry-free explanation, Nitrogen keeps the bubbles smaller, giving the beer drinker a smoother and creamier experience.
In contrast, cask-conditioned beer is not filtered or carbonated. The beer develops its carbonation in an organic process in the cask without added CO2. It should be noted that the drinking experience of a cask-conditioned beer will be quite different. Typically, it is not cold, and it will be less fizzy.
One additional note about casks, is the modern day use of “Firkins.” A firkin is a term derived from the Middle Dutch word, “vierdekijn,” that meant fourth. In America, it is a quarter barrel, or 10.8 gallons. However, in many craft breweries the Firkin is more than just a volume reference. Firkins are used to create small batches of experimental brews. The firkins have a short shelf-life after tapping. So, if your local watering-hole is tapping a firkin, get down there right away. It means you will have a limited opportunity (time and volume) to try a one-of-a-kind beer.
I want to touch on the terms Growler and Crowler. A Growler is essentially a beer jug. While jugs have been around forever, the Growler is a modern American brewpub phenomenon. Breweries fill reusable jugs with fresh beer from their taps. A Growler is usually a half gallon, but the volume seems to be quite variable. Growler beer is also intended to be drank within 24-48 hours.
Finally, let’s talk about Crowlers. A Crowler is can + growler. It is a 32-ounce aluminum can of fresh beer. The difference between a Growler and Crowler is that, unfortunately, the Crowler is a one-time use. This leads me to a whole other discussion. That is the raging battle of beer in bottles versus cans. We will have to shelf that topic for next month. Perhaps you should go out and do some research about whether you like your beer better from a bottle or a can. | <urn:uuid:e8166d36-fa60-455c-8d1f-5315616b86b9> | {
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This is a quick tutorial on how to freeze rows in Excel. I know that most of you don’t need pointers with this, but if you’re new to Excel, keep reading to get familiar with the basics.
This feature can come in handy when you have an Excel document that is so long that you need to scroll to see all the information but you want to keep the first row always visible. Or in case of sideways scrolling, make the first column sticky.
Freeze the first row and/or column
In order to freeze just the top row in Excel, you’ll need to select View > Freeze Panes > Freeze Top Row.
To freeze only the first column, you’ll need to select View > Freeze Panes > Freeze First Column.
Top Row and First Column
To freeze them both, you’ll need to select View > Freeze Panes > Freeze Panes
Note: Only one of the three options can be active at a time. Meaning – if you freeze the top row and later decide that you also want to freeze the first column, you’ll need to choose “Freeze Panes” since clicking on “Freeze First Column” will unfreeze the top row.
Freeze Multiple Rows
To freeze more than one row and/or column, select the first row/column that you don’t want to stay sticky. And just like before, go to View > Freeze Panes > Freeze Panes.
In the below example, both the first and second row will be frozen.
To unfreeze, simply go to View > Freeze Panes > Unfreeze Panes
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Empowering people disabilities
This year, the International Day of Persons with Disabilities (IDPD) focuses on the empowerment of persons with disabilities for inclusive, equitable and sustainable development as anticipated in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, which pledges to ‘leave no one behind’.
International days are occasions to:
- Educate the general public on issues of concern.
- Mobilize political will and resources to address global problems.
- Celebrate and reinforce achievements of humanity.
Promoting the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities
The annual observance of the International Day of Disabled Persons was proclaimed in 1992. It aims to promote the rights and well-being of persons with disabilities in all areas of society and development. It aims to increase awareness of the situation of persons with disabilities in every aspect of political, social, economic and cultural life.
The United Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy
The United Nations Disability Inclusion Strategy provides the foundation for sustainable and transformative progress on disability inclusion through all pillars of the work of the United Nations. Through this strategy he United Nations system reaffirms that the full and complete realization of the human rights of all persons with disabilities is an inalienable, integral and indivisible part of all human rights and fundamental freedoms.
Each International day offers the opportunity to organize activities related to the theme of the day, we found some usefull links below:
Ireland – National Purple Lights Campaign.
Ireland are running this campaign for a second year to mark the International Day of Persons with Disabilities.
Invisible Disabilities and Temporary Accessibility Needs Seminar
Bank of Ireland’s Accessibility Network invites you to attend a 60-minute seminar focusing on Invisible Disabilities and Temporary Accessibility Needs.
The Future is Accessible – Fully accessible event with BSL signers
Vernal Scott, LB Havering in conjunction with Salvation Army Romford
Tuesday 3rd December 2019, 9.00am to 4.30pm, Salvation Army Romford
The National Awards for Disability Leadership recognise and celebrate the extraordinary contribution and leadership shown by disabled people in Australia.
The Awards will be delivered across seven categories for outstanding achievement or outcomes by disabled people. They are reflecting the diversity of the community, and the intersectional nature of their lives.
Purchase your own Uccello Kettle Here: | <urn:uuid:7b86fa9a-2857-4db3-bf09-1fe50c72c2d7> | {
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the early history and scope of psychology
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DESCRIPTIONThe Early History and Scope of Psychology. Define Psychology. The science of behavior and mental processes. Early History (around 400 B.C.). Hippocrates Theory of the Four Humors, First personality theory. We are made up of four humors - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
The Early History and Scopeof Psychology
Define PsychologyThe science of behavior and mental processes
Early History (around 400 B.C.)Hippocrates Theory of the Four Humors, First personality theory. We are made up of four humorsThe dominant humor affected the individual's personality
The 4 HumorsSANGUINE (Blood) - A warm, outgoing personality. Rarely loses temper and is compassionate and loving by nature.
PHLEGMATIC (Phlegm) - A lazy, laid-back personality. Is rarely bothered by carrying out jobs or work, and does not express many emotions. Never is emotionally intense.
The 4 HumorsCHOLERIC (Yellow Bile) - An angry, aggressive personality. Is often loyal, but at the same time, has a very short fuse and is impulsive by nature. MELANCHOLIC (Black Bile) - A sad, despondent personality. Tends to display more reactions of negativity towards stimuli, and is often selfish and self-absorbed.
Early History (around 387 B.C.)Socrates, and his student Plato (Greek Philosophers)
The mind and the body are two separate entities, and do not influence each other.
Socrates, and Plato believed that:Human behavior and knowledge is pre-disposed and genetically built-in (Nature).
IE. If you are intelligent, you were born with a smart brain. If you are athletic, you were born with strong muscles and balance. If you are violent, depressed, or forgetful, you were born with a brain disorder.
Aristotle (335 B.C.)The mind and the body are inseparable and each influences the other with regards to behavior.
Aristotle (Greek Philosopher)
Human behavior and knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from the experiences stored in our memories (Nurture).
IE. You are violent because you watched it on television. You are smart because you studied. You are kind because you were loved.
Rene Descartes (French Philosopher) (1600s)The body and the mind are separate entities, though they do interact and communicate through the spirits of the brain, and the passages of the body. Knowledge is inborn as well.
Early dissections led to the early understanding of mind/body connections (biological psychology).
John Locke (British Philosopher)
Tabula rasa (Empiricism) literally means blank slate
Theory: the mind is at birth a "blank slate" without rules for processing data, and that data is added and processed based solely by our sensory experiences. It also emphasized the individual's freedom to author his or her own soul.
IE. There are no inherited notions regarding the world. Therefore, my decision to drink or not to drink is based solely on my sensory experience of the taste and effects of a glass of wine, not my parents alcoholism. My grades in school and my professional goals are based on my study and work habits, not my parents idiocy.
Stressed the scientific principles of observation and experimentation when evaluating human behavior Francis Bacon (English Scientist)1600s
1879 establishes the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig, Germany.
This is generally considered the starting point of Psychology as a science.Wilhelm Wundt
Psychology Comes to AmericaG. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)A student of WundtEstablishes 1st American laboratory at Johns Hopkins (1883) Founded 1st American Psych. journal (1887)Founded American Psychological Association-APA (1892)
Edward Titchener (Structuralism)A student of WundtMeasured and compared individuals perceptions of smells, sights, memories, etc., IntrospectionProvides direct contact with the mind.
Structuralists break human experiences down into their smallest parts in order to understand the entire behavior.
William James (turn of the century) (Functionalism)Focused on the physical functions of the brain and the body, and how they worked together
Also, reintroduced the Darwinist theory of human evolution, and that body and brain functions evolved as humans learned about and experienced the world
Humanistic PerspectiveHumanists believe that we choose most of our behaviors and these choices are guided by physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Humanists stress free will and individual choice.Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
IE. An introverted person chooses to limit social contact with others because he or she finds that social needs are better satisfied by contact with a few close friends rather than large groups.
Gestalt PsychologyEmphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.
Mostly used with Sensation & Perception
Psychoanalytic PerspectivePsychoanalysts believe that the unconscious mind (a part of our mind that we do not have conscious control over or access to) controls much or our thought and action. Sigmund Freud
IE. An introverted person avoids social situations because of a repressed memory of trauma in childhood involving an acutely embarrassing experience at a party.
Biopsychology (Neuroscience)Biopsychologists explain human behavior in terms of biological processes, including genetics, hormones, and brain (dys)functions.
IE. An introverted person may lack a certain gene for sociability, or an extroverted person may be producing an overabundance of a particular hormone. There may be a dysfunctional frontal lobe.
Evolutionary PerspectiveEvolutionary psychologists (sociobiologists) examine human behavior in terms of natural selection and survival traits.Charles Darwin
IE. An extroverted person carries a social genetic trait based upon the need to make friends or allies, thus increasing their chances of survival. An introverted person may have a genetic quality that precludes isolation as a way to avoid predators, thus increasing their chances for survival.
Behavioral PerspectiveBehavioral psychologists explain human thought and behavior by looking strictly at observable behaviors and what reaction organisms get in response to specific behaviors.Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, B.F. Skinner
IE. An introverted person may be withdrawn and shy because they are punished for speaking at home. An extrovert may get monetary rewards for garnering attention.
Cognitive PerspectiveCognitive psychologists explain human behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events. How we view the world plays a big role in what we do! Stimulus Mental process Behavior
IE. An introvert does not socialize much because they interpret friendship as pity, or whispered conversations as criticism. An extrovert may think that the world is a happy and safe place, and therefore all people are potential friends.
Social-Cultural Perspectiveemphasize the influence of groups and culture on the way that we think and act. Sociocultural psychologists:
IE. An female introvert lives in a society where women are not allowed to talk, vote, or own land. An extrovert lives in a society where gluttony and extravagance is encouraged.
Fields in Psychology What do people do with a degree in Psychology?
what can I do with a degree in Psychology?
Fields in PsychologyApplied v. Basic Psychology:
Applied refers to practical and interactive psychology.the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas Basic refers mainly to the research fields of psychology.
TherapyMental and physical rehabilitation regarding mental disorders.
Can include medications, in/out patient services, counseling, etc.
SchoolAssisting school-aged children, adolescence issues, counseling, etc.
ClinicalDiagnosis and treatment of troubled people.Career, marriage, stress counseling.
Industrial/Organizational Productivity, job stress, motivation, automation. Practical issues of selecting and training a workforce
Forensic PsychologyProvide advice to legislators, judges, correctional officers, lawyers and the police
Called upon, for example, to serve as an expert witness, diagnose and treat incarcerated and probation offenders; and screen and evaluate personnel in the law enforcement and judicial systems
Sports PsychologyIssues and techniques of sport-specific psychological assessment and mental skillsGoal-setting, visualization and performance planning, self-confidence, eating disorders, overtraining and burnout counseling, team building, sportsmanship
DevelopmentalStudy mental and physical growth from prenatal through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and into old age.
Social Study how people influence each others attitudes, prejudices, norms, interpersonal attractions, etc.
Cognitive Experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems
ExperimentalConduct research on learning, memory, sensation, perception, cognition, motivation, etc.
Major Research Areas pie chart
Careers in Psychology: Percentage of Psychology Degrees by Specialty
Current Perspectives in Psychology
Woman and MinoritiesFew woman and minorities in early 1900s
Women Margaret Floy Washburn - first PhD 1894- Mary Calkins - first president of APA- Currently woman get about 70% of PhDs
African Americans Francis Sumner - first PhD in 1920- Kenneth B. Clark- first PhD from Colombia in 1940 - brown vs. white doll study - helped with desegregation of public schools
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From a Hershey Chocolate factory to a potter’s workshop, modern and ancient metaphors help us understand that God seeks to remold and make us to be perfect — the perfect kiss.
Jesus warns about the danger of replacing God’s truth with man’s traditions.
Jesus’ call to Peter the fisherman to “fish for people” was a play on words. Responding to Jesus’ call on our lives means putting our talents to work for God.
Pastor Sande uses the examples of David and the Apostle Paul to show how God never promises us an easy life but always promises to be with us to help us overcome life’s challenges.
Through the words of the prophet Jeremiah, the LORD promises to fulfill his promise to Israel and Judah; that a “righteous branch” would come form the line of David to bring salvation to God’s people.
Just as Daniel, in the movie The Karate Kid, unknowingly learned the basics of Karate by waxing Mr. Miagi’s deck and cars, so the Israelites gradually learned of God and his plan of salvation through what as known as “progressive revelation” beginning in Genesis and continuing through the Gospels.
Jesus said, “I am the Bread of Life.” Our reflection on scripture leads us into a celebration of Holy Communion where we receive the Bread of Life in the here and now.
Jesus said, “You must be born again.” That can also be translated as born from above, born anew, or born of the spirit. But what did that mean to Nicodemus then and what does it mean for us today?
Jesus says that only those who choose the narrow gate will enter heaven while those who enter through the wide gate will find that, though the path is easy, it ultimately leads to destruction. | <urn:uuid:9683c8d3-2ed8-475d-b64e-86e9973d1363> | {
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Ahmad, Ahmed or Ahmet are the principal transliterations of an Arabic given name, أحمد.
Ahmad comes from the Arabic triconsonantal root of Ḥ-M-D, meaning "highly praised", which in turn implies "one who constantly thanks God." Several Arabic names are derived from this root word.
The name Ahmad has its origins in a prophecy attributed to Jesus, in the Quran in Surah 61: As-Saff (The Ranks). Some Muslim scholars see the names parallel in the word 'Paraclete' in the biblical text. This view is not universal considering translations, meanings and etymology.
Şehzade Ahmet (1465–1513) was an Ottoman prince who fought to gain the throne of the Ottoman Empire in 1512–13. (Şehzade means prince in Turkish and Persian)
Ahmet was the oldest living son of Beyazıt II; his mother was Bülbül Hatun. In Ottoman tradition, all princes (Turkish:şehzade) were required to serve as provincial (sanjak) governors in Anatolia (Asiatic part of modern Turkey) as a part of their training. Ahmet was the governor of Amasya, an important Anatolian city. Although the status was not official, he was usually considered as the crown prince during the last years of his father's reign, in part because of the support of the grand vizier, Hadim Ali Pasha.
Ahmet had two living brothers. Of the two, Korkut was governing in Antalya and Selim (future sultan Selim I) in Trabzon. Custom dictated that whoever first reached Istanbul after the death of the previous sultan had the right to ascend to throne (although disagreements over who had arrived first very often led to civil wars between the brothers, most prominently displayed in the Ottoman Interregnum), so the distances from the sanjaks to Istanbul more or less determined the succession and usually whoever the previous sultan favored the most as his successor. In this respect, Ahmet was the most fortunate because his sanjak was the closest to Istanbul. | <urn:uuid:2ab66738-445c-44bb-a1ed-8c1224abb765> | {
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The American Expeditionary Forces Launches Their First Major Offensive In Europe As An Independent Army
On September 12, 1918, the American Expeditionary Forces under commander in chief General John J. Pershing launched their first major offensive in Europe as an independent army.
General Pershing had placed the first American troops to land in Europe completely at the disposal of Marshall Ferdinand Foch, commander in chief of the French forces. Foch required immediate reinforcement of his troops in the Aisne-Marne region to halt the German Army's move towards Paris.
The American troops fought in the trenches alongside the fatigued French forces at the Battle of Belleau Wood and the Second Battle of the Marne. Once the allied French and American forces had succeeded in halting the German advance in the Aisne-Marne area, Foch and Pershing agreed that the First U.S. Army would establish a headquarters in the Saint-Mihiel sector. The German Army had occupied the area in fall 1914, and fortified the triangular wedge between Verdun and Nancy known as the Saint-Mihiel salient, effectively preventing rail transport between Paris and the Eastern Front.
General of the Armies John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, Honorary GCB (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), was an officer in the United States Army. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in his own lifetime to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies. (A retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976 declared that George Washington has never been nor will ever be outranked). Pershing led the American Expeditionary Force in World War I and was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley, and George S. Patton. | <urn:uuid:762cd6ad-ad23-46a2-b1f0-146a6d9c98f6> | {
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London Blitz Begins
The Blitz (from German, "lightning") was the sustained strategic bombing of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (collectively the United Kingdom) by Germany during the Second World War.
Between 7 September 1940 and 16 May 1941 there were major raids (attacks in which more than 100 tonnes of high explosives were dropped) on 16 British cities: London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth three, and there was also at least one large raid on another eight cities.
The capital, London, was bombed by the Luftwaffe for 57 consecutive nights More than one million London houses were destroyed or damaged, and more than 40,000 civilians were killed, almost half of them in London.
It began on Saturday 7th September 1940 at around tea-time, there had been one or two night time warnings during the previous week, but of short duration and no consequence. That Saturday was a warm, sunny Autumn day. In the late afternoon we of the Auxiliary Fire Service, stationed at the London Fire Brigade Station at the bottom end of the Isle of Dogs were standing in the Station yard watching the vapour trails of aircraft high in the sky when it was suggested we might get a better view from an upstairs window. Watching from the window towards Greenwich, across the Thames, we suddenly saw aircraft approaching, quite low, their shapes black against the bright sky. We watched, mesmerised, until someone said, uneasily, "I think we'd better go downstairs, these blokes look like they mean business" They did. We closed the window and were walking, unhurriedly down the stairs when suddenly came loud rushing noises and huge explosions. Bombs! we were being bombed! We huddled together in a corner of the stairwell until the noises ceased, then pulled ourselves together and made our way down the rest of the stairs.
Downstairs all was in darkness. Big, burly L.F.B. Sub-Officer Smith was marching about bellowing "First bomb lights went out, lights went out first bomb." This simple fact seemed to please him enormously. The Emergency Lighting System —candles- had been put into operation and by their flickering light we made our way to our Control Room and took our places in front of the telephones. The first call came very quickly, from V Sub-station, my telephone. They had been called out to attend a fire at a wharf on their ground. I noted the time of the call, wrote the message on the pad, and handed it to Sub-Officer Frost, our Mobilising Officer who put the Mobilising Board into use for the first time For Real. During the previous months, whilst awaiting Enemy Action, we had many exercises to get us accustomed to what would happen if and when air raids began and we all knew what we had to do, but this was the first time it was happening for real. From that first call, calls came in thick and fast, Discs were shuffled about on the Mobilising Board and coloured-headed pins denoting fires and appliances attending thereat were put into a map of the Island on the wall next to the Board. Appliances were ordered out and any who reported back after fires they had been attending were brought under control were swiftly ordered out again. It was organised chaos.
The Island was a prime target. Around the edges close to the river were timber yards, paint works, boiler making and engineering factories, and other factories producing jams, pickles and confectionery. Across the top of the Island were the three large West India Docks, down the middle were the Millwall Docks, the docksides lined with shipping from all over the world, their warehouses stuffed with the cargoes those ships had carried. At the bottom end of the Millwall Docks were MacDougalls flour mills, their tall silos an outstanding landmark, all close together, the whole of the Island highly inflammable. Jerry was well aware of this.
The air-raid continued, unabated, as well as the noise of the bombers and their bombs was the noise of the Ack-ack guns, four of them, on the Mud-chute, pounding away, the noise of their shells going up competing with the noise of Jerry's little offerings coming down. We in the Control Room carried on with what we had to do, taking and relaying messages. At some time during the evening our W.A.F.S. Sub-officer, a good and efficient lady, organised some tea for us in the W.A.F.S quarters across the Yard. We went, two or three at a time, wearing our tin hats (our battle bowlers), when my turn came I found I had no appetite, but gratefully drank two cups of tea, then we went back to carry on taking and relaying messages until one by one, the telephones were put out of order as wires were cut. We then relied on the young Messengers and our two Despatch riders ,on their motor-bikes to fetch and take.
It must have been around midnight when the Guv'nor called us together and said the way things were there was no point in all the girls staying on duty, we were to divide ourselves into two groups. This we did, he pointed to one group and said "You stay", to the other group he said "You go", to the shelter in the Yard. I was one of the Go lot. We collected tunics and tin hats and went to the back door to make our way across the Yard. It was after midnight, I had expected to walk out into the blackout we had grown accustomed to but the night was as bright as day from the light of the fires all around us flickering on the walls of houses and tall buildings. I had known, from the map of the Island in the Control Room that there were fires all around but it still came. as a shock to see it. For a moment I stood, watching, thinking that if the bridges were hit, as they quite well might be, we would be isolated in this ring of fire, but then I saw the other girls, strolling across the Yard as though on a Sunday walk in the Park, they didn't seem at all worried, so I thought, "Oh well, if you can't beat 'em, join 'em", and I did. The shelter was made of four or five corrugated iron Andersons bolted together, making one very long shelter, half buried in the soil of what had been the Station garden, the soil that had been dug out to receive it had been spread on and around it as reinforcement. The floor had been boarded, and kapok quilts, intended to cover engines and keep them as warm as possible in very cold weather, were spread upon the floor. We arranged them, and ourselves, not very comfortably, and tried to get some sleep. I suddenly thought of all the things I had been afraid of before this night, they were all so trivial compared to this that they were just not worth worrying about.
We did, eventually get some sleep, out of sheer exhaustion, but we were awake quite early, and clambered out. Dawn was breaking and all was quiet until suddenly the silence was broken by the sound of the All Clear the raid had stopped, Jerry had gone home, no doubt satisfied after a good night's work. We went up to our flat, washed, changed into clean clothes and made our way down to the Control Room to take over from the girls who had been there all night. Nobody said much. Crews were returning to the Station, exhausted after their very busy night, smoke blackened, hungry, dying for a cuppa, but there was very little food as the Mess Managers had been unable to collect the rations the previous evening due to enemy action. The girls who were not on Control Room duty made tea and put together some sandwiches from what was found in the store cupboard, the men ate and drank gratefully. Those of us on Control Room duty began to sort out the messages from the previous night so that they could be entered in the Occurrence Book. The air in the Rec and the Control Room was dank and stuffy. We opened the Emergency Hatch and let in light and fresh air. I looked out into the street. the only person in sight was a young woman pushing a pram piled high with her belongings. She looked weary and dejected, and passed by without raising her eyes or speaking. I went back to the Control Room.
Later that morning, Control Room duty finished I went home to see how they were. There was no gas or electricity, Dad had lit a fire in the kitchen range and Mum was cooking the Sunday Roast. They had spent the previous night in the Public Shelter in the local park, with friends and neighbours, much better than being by themselves in the back yard. At some time during the night Father Kingdon, Father Hickin and Miss Tabor from St. Johns had gone around distributing cups of tea. "Very good to us they were" said Mum, appreciatively. Seeing that they were O.K. I went to make my way back to the Station when the Air Raid siren sounded. We walked along the road, they making for the shelter, I for the Station. Suddenly the All Clear sounded, and at the same time a bus came along. I said goodbye to them and boarded the bus, they returned home to their delayed dinner.
Back at the Station everything was quiet, most people not on duty making up for the sleep they had lost the previous night. The rest of the day passed quietly and uneventfully, but that evening, at about the same time as the previous day, came the sound of the sirens. Jerry had come to pay us another visit and the night followed the same pattern as previously. The Post Office Engineers had miraculously restored the telephone lines so we were back in business taking calls and ordering out appliances, mainly to the docks North Quay and Rum Quay were again favoured targets.
But the following day everything changed. The Guv'nor gave the order "Get this place cleaned up!" and it needed it. The floors of the Rec. and the Control Room were covered in thick muddy, oily footprints, the Control Room was a mess after the previous hectic night.
Lethargy vanished. There was always a plentiful supply of hot water, we found buckets, brooms, scrubbing brushes and soap and set tow work. It took a long time and a lot of hard work, but eventually the job was done, the floors gleamed. The Control Room was tidied up and put in order and then we set about the Shelter, taking out floor coverings and putting them to air and sweeping the floor. A job well done. In the Yard the men were busy cleaning smoke blackened appliances and putting them in order ready for the night that was to come, and scrubbing the hoses and hanging them to dry. By this time the Mess Managers had returned from Stores with whatever they had managed to buy. Then the Guv'nor called us together and said that the way things were the A.F.S. Mess on the top floor would be abandoned as being too dangerous, and from now on all personnel would share the L.F.B. Messroom, a large room behind the Appliance Room that had original been the Stables in the days when fire appliances had been horse-drawn.
Until then the only people to use the L.F.B. Mess had been L.F.B. personnel. It was a large room, windows overlooking the Yard had replaced the stable doors, but the original small round windows on the opposite wall remained. Sink and draining board had been installed under one of the windows and at one end there was a fireplace. There were tables and chairs, but not enough to accommodate extra personnel, so while the men were busy shifting A.F.S. equipment from upstairs, we girls went across the road to the Express Dairy which had bravely opened for business and bought milk, then along to the greengrocers on the corner, also open, bought fruit and made a meal of those.
Eventually the Messroom was equipped and put in order and we had our first meal there, Eggs and Bacon. Never before had anything tasted so good.
The days that followed took the same pattern, sirens every night at about the same time, the raid lasting until the early morning Houses, shops, factories all received bomb damage, some irreparable. People moved away from the Island, as my family did once our home had been made uninhabitable. The London Blitz continued until mid-may 1941, ending with a spectacular fire-bombing. I was at home that night, sitting quietly with the others until Dad went outside and called us all to come out. The sky over London was scarlet from the light of the fires Jerry had started. The following day on my way back to the Station the bus from Ilford stopped somewhere just before Stratford, the road from them on being impassable. I walked, along could hardly believe the damage that had been done. Whole streets of houses beyond repair. Back at the Station, I was now back at V Sub-station, the girls were tired out after a hectic night. There was no water, but they had managed to get a bucketful from a standpipe and they were all attempting to wash in the tepid water, and not feeling too happy about it.
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At Access Care of America, we want to help you stay informed regarding your rights. To learn more, we encourage you to keep on reading below and to check out the resources that we provide.
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is a federal law that forbids discrimination against individuals with disabilities. ADA also requires employers to provide modifications (also known as reasonable accommodations) to accommodate applicants and employees with disabilities. These modifications must be done to allow them to enjoy the same equal employment opportunities as able-bodied individuals. Modifications can vary depending on the needs of the disabled individual, after all, not all disabled individuals require special accommodations. To learn more, please visit www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/intellectual_disabilities.cfm.
Human and Civil Rights
As stated by the American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, the human and civil rights of individuals with intellectual and/or developmental disabilities must be protected, enforced, and honored. These rights include the right to justice, liberty, community participation, autonomy, access to voting, and freedom from unwarranted guardianship. For more information, we encourage you to visit www.aaidd.org/news-policy/policy/position-statements/human-and-civil-rights.
If you have any other questions regarding your rights, reach out to Access Care of America today. Contact us at 1-800-845-4031 for assistance. | <urn:uuid:47397027-35f0-4b3d-ad1d-996336794461> | {
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This project developed diversification and intensification options for crop systems to improve the nutrition, profitability and sustainability of rural communities in southern Lao and Cambodia. The emphasis was on improving the sustainable production of short-duration crop and forages during the dry-season by optimising water and nutrition management.
ACIAR researchers aimed to establish dry season crop and forage production as an intrinsic component small holder farming system in the lower Mekong.
This project was investigating the potential of several dry season, high value crops, the compatibility of local soils, and these crops' water requirements. This project followed on from previous ACIAR projects that quantified the regional availability of water to sustain dry season crops and of method to better use water to meet crop needs. | <urn:uuid:53be9d9c-629a-45bf-821f-22d3d326b6ce> | {
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With its trillions of microorganisms—the majority of which reside in the gut—the human microbiome is, needless to say, complex. In fact, the genes in our microbiome significantly outnumber the genes in our genome—by about 100 times. Despite increasing research efforts to elucidate our inner workings (or “innard workings”), mysteries still remain.
Each person’s gut is different in terms of the types of bacteria it harbors and their respective ratios, giving rise to three different gut enterotypes. For example, a high prevalence of Bacteroides-type bacteria signifies the Type 1 enterotype; Prevotella are dominant in Type 2; and Type 3 is characterized by a majority of Ruminococcus bacteria.
Although genetics play a minor role in determining which microbes thrive in your gut, multiple environmental factors influence its composition. At birth, an infant’s mode of delivery (i.e., Caesarean section versus vaginal birth) and means of acquiring milk (by breastfeeding or formula) determine the early inhabitants of the gut. This initial colonization is crucial; diversity in gut bacteria is linked to overall better health, while poor diversity has been found to be associated with allergies and conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, among others.
But gut composition is not static. Since birth, your gut has been continuously changing, shaped not only by dietary choices—such as whether you’re a vegan, carnivore, or omnivore—and antibiotic use, but exercise, stress level, country of residence, and even whether you choose to live in the city versus the countryside.
To add another dimension of complexity, the gut has an intimate relationship with the brain; the gut is actually known as the “second brain” given the vast network of neurons in its lining. How this brain–gut–microbiota axis functions in maintaining our physical and mental health has attracted immense interest in the past few years.
In a recent study published in Advanced Science, a team of scientists set out to characterize the gut microbiota of patients with bipolar disorder (BD). This mental health condition is associated with extremes in mood, alternating between periods of severe depression and episodes of mania.
The pathogenesis of BD has not yet been fully elucidated, but previous studies suggest that its manifestation is brought about by a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Preliminary studies on the gut microbiota of BD patients indicate that the presence of certain bacteria and lower amounts of others could play a role in the development of the disease.
The study examined a total of 72 BD patients and 45 healthy controls (HCs), and the authors found that gut microbiota compositions in untreated BD patients and HCs were mainly dominated by Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, respectively. Moreover, less butyrate-producing bacteria was present in the guts of untreated BD patients. Butyrate can affect the function of the hippocampus and promote the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is known to play a critical role in mood disorders.
BD patients treated with quetiapine over a short term had a significantly altered gut microbial composition. In this case, bacteria belonging to the genera Klebsiella and Veillonella became abundant, demonstrating that even when symptoms are alleviated, a gut microbiome that differs from HCs persists.
Taken together, the results of this study suggest that the analysis of gut microbiota may serve as a noninvasive tool for diagnosing and treating BD in the future. | <urn:uuid:f6f6faf3-119b-4589-bb6e-870bc6939fea> | {
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Embedded Systems & Computers
An EMBEDDED SYSTEM is a computer system designed for specific control functions within a larger system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical parts. By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. The architecture of the embedded system is oriented on a standard PC, whereby the EMBEDDED PC only consists of the components which it really needs for the relevant application. Embedded systems control many devices in common use today.
Among the EMBEDDED COMPUTERS we offer you are JANZ TEC, KORENIX TECHNOLOGY, DFI-ITOX and other models of products. Our embedded computers are robust and reliable systems for industrial use where downtime can be disastrous. They are energy efficient, very flexible in use, modularly constructed, compact, powerful like a complete computer, fanless and noise-free. Our embedded computers have outstanding temperature, tightness, shock and vibration resistance in harsh environments and are widely used in machine and factory construction, power and energy plants, traffic and transportation industries, medical, biomedical, bioinstrumentation, automotive industry, military, mining, navy, marine, aerospace and more.
Here are a few of the most popular embedded computers we offer:
Embedded PC with Intel ATOM Technology Z510/530
Fanless Embedded PC
Embedded PC System with Freescale i.MX515
Modular Embedded PC Systems
HMI Systems and Fanless Industrial Display Solutions
Please always remember that AGS-TECH Inc. is an established ENGINEERING INTEGRATOR and CUSTOM MANUFACTURER. Therefore, in case you need something custom manufactured, please let us know and we will offer you a turn-key solution that takes away the puzzle from your table and makes your job easier.
Dowload brochure for our DESIGN PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM
Let us briefly introduce you our partners building these embedded computers:
JANZ TEC AG: Janz Tec AG, has been a leading manufacturer of electronic assemblies and complete industrial computer systems since 1982. The company develops embedded computing products, industrial computers and industrial communication devices according to customer requirements. All JANZ TEC products are exclusively produced in Germany with the highest quality. With over 30 years of experience in the market, Janz Tec AG is capable of meeting individual customer requirements – this starts from concept phase and continues through the development and production of the components up to delivery. Janz Tec AG is setting the standards in the fields of Embedded Computing, Industrial PC, Industrial communication, Custom Design. Janz Tec AG's employees conceive, develop and produce embedded computer components and systems based on worldwide standards that are individually adapted to the specific customer requirements. Janz Tec embedded computers have the additional benefits of long-term availability and the highest-possible quality along with optimum price to performance ratio. Janz Tec embedded computers are always used when extremely robust and reliable systems are necessary due to the requirements made on them. The modularly-constructed and compact Janz Tec industrial computers are low-maintenance, energy-efficient and extremely flexible. The computer architecture of the Janz Tec embedded systems are oriented on a standard PC, whereby the embedded PC only consists of the components which it really needs for the relevant application. This facilitates completely independent usage in environments in which service would otherwise be extremely cost-intensive. Despite being an embedded computers, many Janz Tec products are so powerful that they can replace a complete computer. Benefits of the Janz Tec brand embedded computers are operation without fan and low maintenance. Janz Tec embedded computers are used in machine and plant construction, power & energy production, transportation & traffic, medical technology, automotive industry, production and manufacturing engineering and many other industrial applications. The processors, which are becoming more and more powerful, enable use of a Janz Tec embedded PC even when particularly complex requirements from these industries are confronted. One advantage of this is the hardware environment familiar to many developers and the availability of appropriate software development environments. Janz Tec AG has been acquiring the necessary experience in the development of its own embedded computer systems, which can be adapted to customer requirements whenever required. The focus of Janz Tec designers in the embedded computing sector is on the optimum solution appropriate to the application and the individual customer requirements. It has always been the goal of Janz Tec AG to provide high quality for the systems, solid design for long-term use, and exceptional price to performance ratios. The modern processors currently used in embedded computer systems are Freescale Intel Core i3/i5/i7, i.MX5x and Intel Atom, Intel Celeron and Core2Duo. In addition, Janz Tec industrial computers are not just fitted with standard interfaces like ethernet, USB and RS 232, but a CANbus interface is also available to the user as a feature. The Janz Tec embedded PC is frequently without a fan, and therefore can be used with CompactFlash media in most cases so that it is maintenance-free. | <urn:uuid:e9bfc7dc-9c98-4296-b9e4-997ae4afc343> | {
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The concept of productive thinking was first proposed by German psychologist Otto Selz in the early 1930's. Selz's work was unfortunately cut short in 1933 by the rise of Nazism and anti-semitism. Until recently, very little of his work had been translated into English. Later work under name of the Productive Thinking model was put forward by Canadian author Tim Hurson who proposed a structured approach to solving problems or generating creative ideas. This structured approach combined knowledge with creative and/or critical thinking. A successful and effective productive thinker can be both fully creative yet also fully critical of the results of their creativity.
An example of this might be an author who writes from their heart and imagination but yet can go back later to what was written and honestly critique the style, and the flow of the narrative, the vocabulary and punctuation towards improving the end work. | <urn:uuid:108afd07-1373-470c-83b9-dd988469d0c8> | {
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Dublin is the largest and capital city of Ireland. The English name is derived from the Irish name Dubh Linn, meaning "black pool". It is a primate city with an urban population of over 1 million, containing almost 25% of the country's population. Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey, and at the centre of the Dublin Region. The city is listed by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) as a global city, with a ranking of "Alpha-", placing it among the top thirty cities in the world. It is a historical and contemporary centre for education, the arts, administration, economy and industry.
Latitude: 53.29026, Longitude: -6.34151 | <urn:uuid:03785b06-9be6-4c75-a963-b4ba956175df> | {
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Arthur St. Clair the Viking Descendant and Abolitionist Who Fought For America
The man who instigated the abolition of slavery in North America was born on March 23, 1734, in Thurso, a small fishing village on the north-east coast of Scotland. Arthur St. Clair would live a life of adventure which on February 2, 1787, culminated in his election as President of the United States. However, not only was the military and presidential legacy of this historical hero washed out with 18th century ‘Fake News’, but so too was his ancestral lineage of powerful Vikings and Norman warlords.
Portrait of Arthur St. Clair (1737-1818) by Charles Willson Peale (1782). Independence National Historical Park , Philadelphia. ( Public Domain) .
Arthur St. Clair’s life and key achievements were perfectly laid out in the recently deceased author R.W. Dick Phillips’ 2014 book Arthur St. Clair: The Invisible Patriot which details the meteoric rise of this Scottish born revolutionary thinker, who would challenge the dogmatic American institution to bring about the abolition of slavery.
Arthur St Clair’s Viking Lineage
There is a saying: ‘what is born in the blood cannot be driven out of the bone’ and it might have been Arthur’s mother’s tales about his Viking ancestors that woke the warrior within him. St. Clair was a brilliant military tactician from an ancient lineage of powerful Norse Sea Lords and Norman Kings. Sir Henry St. Clair, the second Baron of Rosslyn, claimed descendancy from the powerful ninth century Norse warlord Røgnvald (the Mighty or Wise) Jarl (Earl) of Møre in Norway and Chief of the Orkneys (an island group off north-east Scotland.)
Grave of Rollo of Normandy, Duke of Normandy, at the cathedral of Rouen, Seine-Maritime. Rollon (Gange-Rolf) or Walking Rolf, born in Ålesund, at the west coast of Norway. ( CC BY-SA 3.0))
According to scholar Barbara Crawford in her 1987 book Scandinavian Scotland : “in 912, Røgnvald's son Rollo signed the Treaty of St Clair-sur-Epte (from where the St. Clair family takes its name) with King Charles III of France.” Rollo secured the Duchy of Normandy and in 1066, Sir William (the Seemly) St. Clair, a Norman knight claiming to have descended from Rollo, fought in England alongside his first cousin William the Conqueror, the first Norman King of England.
The St Clairs of Rosslyn
In 1068, Sir William accompanied the Hungarian Princess Margaret to Scotland to marry King Malcolm III.
For the price of a cup of coffee, you get this and all the other great benefits at Ancient Origins Premium. And - each time you support AO Premium, you support independent thought and writing.
Ashley Cowie is a Scottish historian, author and documentary filmmaker presenting original perspectives on historical problems, in accessible and exciting ways. His books, articles and television shows explore lost cultures and kingdoms, ancient crafts and artifacts, symbols and architecture, myths and legends telling thought-provoking stories which together offer insights into our shared social history . www.ashleycowie.com.
Top Image : The Slave Trade by Auguste-Francois Biard, (1840). As of June 2007 it hangs at the entrance to the "From Slavery to Freedom" exhibit at the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center in Cincinnati, Ohio.( Public Domain )
By Ashley Cowie | <urn:uuid:ac153856-5480-4c0f-b5c5-3732d788749c> | {
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If you google “parapsychology,” the first thing that will probably pop up is a Wikipedia entry loosely (and, in my opinion, rather offensively) defining it as a “pseudoscience.” This is unfortunate, because it distracts the reader from realizing that psychical research, also known as ‘psi’ (or parapsychology), is practiced by various scientists and reputable institutions all over the world. This includes the study of paranormal activity and extended human human capacities like precognition and telepathy, among other things. As the University of Calgary points out, parapsychology is an interdisciplinary field which has attracted physicists, engineers, biologists, psychologists, and researchers in other sciences as well.
The Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research (PEAR) project is a great example of this comprehensive approach to the subject — a project that ran from 1979 until 2007, it aimed to examine if there was factual basis for theories in mind/matter interaction, or extrasensory perception (ESP). Highly significant statistical deviation, far beyond what one could expect from chance, was seen there. Another example would be the University of Virginia’s Division of Perceptual Studies, in which they explore such phenomena as reincarnation, near death experiences (NDEs), and out of body experiences (OBEs).
“Studies of the so-called ‘psi phenomena’ indicate that we can sometimes receive meaningful information without the use of ordinary senses, and in ways that transcend the habitual space and time constraints. Furthermore, psi research demonstrates that we can mentally influence—at a distance—physical devices and living organisms (including other human beings). Psi research also shows that distant minds may behave in ways that are nonlocally correlated, i.e. the correlations between distant minds are hypothesized to be unmediated (they are not linked to any known energetic signal), unmitigated (they do not degrade with increasing distance), and immediate (they appear to be simultaneous). These events are so common that they cannot be viewed as anomalous nor as exceptions to natural laws, but as indications of the need for a broader explanatory framework that cannot be predicated exclusively on materialism.” (source) – Manifesto for a Post-Materialist Science
Why are we presenting this information? Because the examination of these types of phenomena is vital to increasing our understanding about the nature of our reality. A lot of new science is revealing how many, and how diverse, are the factors are which influence the so-called ‘physical material world that we see around us. So what can we learn from this information? To keep an open mind, to know that not everything we believe to be true, is, and that maybe there are components of our reality that we have yet to understand. We can learn that it’s okay to take topics like this seriously, because there is a wealth of very compelling statistical data and observation that has many scientists interested in it… and perplexed.
“There are claims in the parapsychology field which, in my opinion, deserve serious study, [with one being] that young children sometimes report details of a previous life, which upon checking turn out to be accurate and which they could not have known about in any other way than reincarnation.” –Carl Sagan
This topic has been studied by numerous scientists who belong to various academic institutions from all over the world.
One great example comes from University of Virginia psychiatrist Jim Tucker, who in 2008 published a review of cases suggestive of reincarnation in the journal Explore. (source)
In the article, he describes a typical reincarnation case, where subjects start reporting a past life experience. One common denominator of these cases is that they all involve children, with the average age being 35 months when subjects begin to report their experiences. The experiences described are often detailed and extensive, and Tucker points out that many of these children show strong emotional involvement when speaking about their claims; some cry and beg to be taken to what they say is their previous family. Others show intense anger.
The subjects usually stop making their past-life statements by the age of six to seven, and most seem to lose the purported memories. That is the age when children start school and begin having more experiences in the current life, as well as when they tend to lose their early childhood memories. (source)
One example Tucker describes, an American case, is of a child named Sam Taylor, who was a year and a half old when he started revealing some remarkable information:
He looked up as his father was changing his diaper and said, “When I was your age, I used to change your diapers.” He began talking more about having been his grandfather. He eventually told details of his grandfather’s life that his parents felt certain he could not have learned through normal means, such as the fact that his grandfather’s sister had been murdered and that his grandmother had used a food processor to make milkshakes for his grandfather every day at the end of his life. (source)
Again, this is one of hundreds of cases. Children have also been taken to their previous families, describing the qualities and characteristics of the families, and their own past lives, about which there is no possible way the child could know. Here is another specific case that was examined by Dr. Tucker, which we wrote about a couple of months ago. And there are plenty more to choose from.
These are cases involving very young children and they offer little reason to suspect a hoax. From a scientific standpoint, however, even though these cases are intriguing, they still leave us with a problem that plagues most parapsychological research today. As Tucker points out, “the processes that would be involved in such a transfer of consciousness are completely unknown, and they await further elucidation.” (source)
For a selected list of downloadable peer-reviewed journal articles reporting studies of psychic phenomena, mostly published in the 21st century, you can click HERE. At this link, you will find a select group of articles under the “precognition & presentiment” tab and more than enough scientific analyses to see why this topic is taken very seriously by some scientists.
A recently published study (meta analysis) in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience titled “Predicting the unpredictable: critical analysis and practical impli...” examined a number of experiments, conducted by several different laboratories, regarding this phenomenon.
These experiments indicate that the human body can actually detect randomly delivered stimuli that occur 1-10 seconds in advance. In other words, the human body seems able to know of an event and react to it before it actually occurs. This reaction takes the form of physiological changes in the skin and in the cardiopulmonary and nervous systems. (source)
Quite fascinating, isn’t it?
Again, HERE you will find some more research on telepathy.
HERE is an article outlining 5 classic experiments that showed extremely significant results for human telepathy.
Some of the most interesting results come from something called “dream telepathy,” where human beings have the ability to communicate telepathically with another person while they are dreaming.
According to Stanley Krippner, Ph.D. and professor of psychology at Saybrook University in California:
A wealth of anecdotal and clinical material exist which supports the possibility of telepathic effects occurring in dreams (Krippner, 1974). However, an experimental approach to the topic did not become possible until psycho physiological laboratory technology became available. It was discovered that sleeping research participants awakened from periods of rapid eye movement (REM) activity were frequently able to recall dream episodes. As a result, it was possible to request a “telepathic receiver” to attempt dreaming about a target stimulus that was being focused on in a distant location from a “telepathic sender.” (source)
You can view a discussion and examination of these experiments in an article we published earlier on this subject here.
The “Star Gate” project was a Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA) program that examined parapsychological phenomena for more than twenty years before it was unexpectedly shut down.
One of the most interesting revelations (imo) when it comes to science and the paranormal comes from its remote viewing program.
Remote viewing is the ability of a person to describe a remote geographical location up to several hundred thousand kilometers from their actual physical location. It’s not just one person who can do this — many people have been shown to have this ability, and this is a verified fact. The CIA and NSA, in conjunction with Stanford University, were involved in the scientific study of parapsychological phenomena that lasted more than two decades; they delved into remote viewing as part of this project.
As reported by a publication in the journal Scientific Exploration, one of the study’s participants, Ingo Swann, was able to successfully describe and view a ring around Jupiter that scientists had no idea existed at the time. (source 1)
In this experiment, a double-slit optical system was used to test the possible role of consciousness in the collapse of the quantum wave-function. The ratio of the interference pattern’s double slit spectral power to its single slit spectral power was predicted to decrease when attention was focused toward the double slit as compared to away from it. The study found that factors associated with consciousness “significantly” correlated in predicted ways with perturbations in the double slit interference pattern. (source)
“Observations not only disturb what has to be measured, they produce it….We compel [the electron] to assume a definite position…. We ourselves produce the results of measurement.” (source)
“It was not possible to formulate the laws of quantum mechanics in a fully consistent way without reference to consciousness.” – Eugene Wigner, theoretical physicist and mathematician who received a share of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963
“A fundamental conclusion of the new physics also acknowledges that the observer creates the reality. As observers, we are personally involved with the creation of our own reality. Physicists are being forced to admit that the universe is a ‘mental’ construction. Pioneering physicist Sir James Jeans wrote: ‘The stream of knowledge is heading toward a non-mechanical reality; the universe begins to look more like a great thought than like a great machine. Mind no longer appears to be an accidental intruder into the realm of matter, we ought rather hail it as the creator and governor of the realm of matter. Get over it, and accept the inarguable conclusion. The universe is immaterial-mental and spiritual.’ ” – R.C. Henry, Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University , “The Mental Universe”; Nature 436:29,2005) (source) This is a great experiment to show the connection between consciousness and our physical material world.
You can read a more detailed description of this experiment and see a video demonstration of it in these articles:
Like the quantum double slit experiment, the delayed choice/quantum eraser has been demonstrated and repeated time and time again. For example, physicists at The Australian National University (ANU) have conducted John Wheeler’s delayed-choice thought experiment. The findings were recently published in the journal Nature Physics. (source)
The delayed choice experiment illustrates how what happens in the present can change what happens(ed) in the past. It also shows how time can go backwards, how cause and effect can be reversed, and how the future caused the past.
“If we attempt to attribute an objective meaning to the quantum state of a single system, curious paradoxes appear: quantum effects mimic not only instantaneous action-at-a-distance, but also, as seen here, influence of future actions on past events, even after these events have been irrevocably recorded.” – Asher Peres, pioneer in quantum information theory (source)(source)(source)
You can read more about this experiment on this article:
Below is a video of Dr. Bruce Greyson speaking at a conference that was held by the United Nations. He is considered to be one of the fathers of near death studies. He is Professor Emeritus of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science at the University of Virginia.
In the video he describes documented cases of individuals who were clinically dead (showing no brain activity) but observing everything that was happening to them on the medical table below at the same time. He describes how there have been many instances of this – where individuals are able to describe things that should have been impossible for them to have knowledge of. Another significant statement by Dr. Greyson posits that this type of study has been discouraged due to our tendency to view science as completely materialistic. Seeing is believing, so to speak, in the scientific community. It’s unfortunate that just because we cannot explain something through materialistic means, it must be instantly discredited. The simple fact that “consciousness” itself is a non-physical “thing” is troubling for some scientists; as a result of it being non material, they believe it cannot be studied by science.
Our results show that medical factors cannot account for the occurrence of NDE. All patients had a cardiac arrest, and were clinically dead with unconsciousness resulting from insufficient blood supply to the brain. In those circumstances, the EEG (a measure of brain electrical activity) becomes flat, and if CPR is not started within 5-10 minutes, irreparable damage is done to the brain and the patient will die. (source)
Another study comes out of the University of Southampton, where scientists found evidence that awareness can continue for at least several minutes after death. In the scientific world this was thought to be impossible. The study, published in the journal Resuscitation, is the world’s largest of its kind. (source)
Out of body experiences, a similar phenomenon, have also been examined in depth by science.
“Over the past thirty years, significant scientific research has been conducted on the potential effectiveness and value of distant healing practices. The practice of distant healing is drawing increased attention as an important component of integral medicine models that blend a range of approaches to health and healing. Many leading health professionals and spiritual leaders believe distant healing practices may significantly expand the capacity to facilitate healing.” (source) Marilyn Schlitz, PhD, President of the Institute for Noetic Sciences (IONS)
You can view some of this research HERE.
Another great example of this is the placebo effect, which you can read more about here.
Another study (which I have written about previously), published in the journal Explore in 2008, examined the effects of human intention on the autonomic nervous system of a human “sender” and the distant “receiver” of those intentions.
The design of the study went as follows:
Skin conductance level was measured in each member of a couple, both of whom were asked to feel the presence of the other. While the receiving person relaxed in a distant shielded room for 30 minutes, the sending person directed intention toward the receiver during repeated 10-second epochs separated by random interepoch periods. Thirty-six couples participated in 38 test sessions. In 22 couples, one of the pair was a cancer patient. In 12 of those couples, the healthy person was trained to direct intention toward the patient and asked to practice that intention daily for three months prior to the experiment (trained group). In the other 10 couples, the pair was tested before the partner was trained (wait group). Fourteen healthy couples re- ceived no training (control group). (source)
The study concluded that a strong motivation to heal another, and for one to be healed themselves, may enhance this phenomenon. It concluded that directing intention toward a distant person is associated with the activation of that person’s autonomic nervous system — in this case, using measurements of skin conductance. | <urn:uuid:b68d7e2e-a537-4bcb-b338-34e1ee4ee750> | {
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There are many different types of testing that you can use to make sure that changes to your code are working as expected. Not all testing is equal, though, and we will see here how the main testing practices differ from each other.
Manual vs. automated testing
At a high level, we need to make the distinction between manual and automated tests. Manual testing is done in person, by clicking through the application or interacting with the software and APIs with the appropriate tooling. This is very expensive as it requires someone to set up an environment and execute the tests themselves, and it can be prone to human error as the tester might make typos or omit steps in the test script.
Automated tests, on the other hand, are performed by a machine that executes a test script that has been written in advance. These tests can vary a lot in complexity, from checking a single method in a class to making sure that performing a sequence of complex actions in the UI leads to the same results. It's much more robust and reliable than automated tests – but the quality of your automated tests depends on how well your test scripts have been written.
Automated testing is a key component of continuous integration and continuous delivery and it's a great way to scale your QA process as you add new features to your application. But there's still value in doing some manual testing with what is called exploratory testing as we will see in this guide.
The different types of tests
Unit tests are very low level, close to the source of your application. They consist in testing individual methods and functions of the classes, components or modules used by your software. Unit tests are in general quite cheap to automate and can be run very quickly by a continuous integration server.
Integration tests verify that different modules or services used by your application work well together. For example, it can be testing the interaction with the database or making sure that microservices work together as expected. These types of tests are more expensive to run as they require multiple parts of the application to be up and running.
Functional tests focus on the business requirements of an application. They only verify the output of an action and do not check the intermediate states of the system when performing that action.
There is sometimes a confusion between integration tests and functional tests as they both require multiple components to interact with each other. The difference is that an integration test may simply verify that you can query the database while a functional test would expect to get a specific value from the database as defined by the product requirements.
End-to-end testing replicates a user behavior with the software in a complete application environment. It verifies that various user flows work as expected and can be as simple as loading a web page or logging in or much more complex scenarios verifying email notifications, online payments, etc...
End-to-end tests are very useful, but they're expensive to perform and can be hard to maintain when they're automated. It is recommended to have a few key end-to-end tests and rely more on lower level types of testing (unit and integration tests) to be able to quickly identify breaking changes.
Acceptance tests are formal tests executed to verify if a system satisfies its business requirements. They require the entire application to be up and running and focus on replicating user behaviors. But they can also go further and measure the performance of the system and reject changes if certain goals are not met.
Performance tests check the behaviors of the system when it is under significant load. These tests are non-functional and can have the various form to understand the reliability, stability, and availability of the platform. For instance, it can be observing response times when executing a high number of requests, or seeing how the system behaves with a significant of data.
Performance tests are by their nature quite costly to implement and run, but they can help you understand if new changes are going to degrade your system.
Smoke tests are basic tests that check basic functionality of the application. They are meant to be quick to execute, and their goal is to give you the assurance that the major features of your system are working as expected.
Smoke tests can be useful right after a new build is made to decide whether or not you can run more expensive tests, or right after a deployment to make sure that they application is running properly in the newly deployed environment.
How to automate your tests
An individual can execute all the tests mentioned above, but it will be very expensive and counter-productive to do so. As humans, we have limited capacity to perform a large number of actions in a repeatable and reliable way. But a machine can easily do that rapidly and will test that login/password combination works for the 100th time without complaining.
When your tests can be executed via script from your terminal, you can have them be automatically executed by a continuous integration server like Bamboo or use a cloud service like Bitbucket Pipelines. These tools will monitor your repositories and execute your test suite whenever new changes are pushed to the main repository.
If you're just getting started with testing, you can read our continuous integration tutorial to help you with your first test suite.
The more features and improvements go into your code, the more you'll need to test to make sure that all your system works properly. And then for each bug you fix, it would be wise to check that they don't get back in newer releases. Automation is key to make this possible and writing tests sooner or later will become part of your development workflow.
So the question is whether it is still worth doing manual testing? The short answer is yes, and it should be focused on what is called exploratory testing where the goal is to uncover non-obvious errors.
An exploratory testing session should not exceed two hours and need to have a clear scope to help testers focus on a specific area of the software. Once all testers have been briefed, is up to them to try various actions to check how the system behaves. This type of testing is expensive by nature but is quite helpful to uncover UI issues or verify complex user workflows. It's something especially worth doing whenever a significant new capability is added to your application to help understand how it behaves under edge cases.
A note about testing
To finish this guide, it's important to talk about the goal of testing. While it's important to test that users can use your application (I can log in, I can save an object) it is equally important to test that your system doesn't break when bad data or unexpected actions are performed. You need to anticipate what would happen when a user makes a typo, tries to save an incomplete form or uses the wrong API. You need to check if someone can easily compromise data, get access to a resource they're not supposed to. A good testing suite should try to break your app and help understand its limit.
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click here to translate
For this half term, we have 2 Science drivers and our questions to investigate are…
In the first Science Driver, we will be looking at why some plants and animals are endangered. We will be learning about their particular characteristics and how these have been adapted for their habitats. We will also be visiting the park to help us look at plants, animals and various micro-organisms close up and then classify them into different groups.
Within the second Science Driver, we will be looking at the process of evolution and the evidence for this. We will also be exploring the life and work of a famous scientist Charles Darwin.
Here is an outline of the other curriculum areas we will be covering this term: | <urn:uuid:36e0a1be-15d0-4650-a289-0c0f966b6206> | {
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Sustainable architecture and the passive house concept are undoubtedly subjects of priority among urban planners and architects in the 21st century. But long before concerns about reducing emissions and minimising energy use, one of the first concept homes integrating sustainable design was showcased at Expo 1933 in Chicago.
Built in the backdrop of the Great Depression, the House of Tomorrow, designed by American modernist architect, George Fred Keck, was presented at the “Century of Progress Exhibition”. It was a vision of what the future could offer and is considered as a pioneer in modern housing solar design.
Keck created the ground-breaking glass curtain-wall design for the House of Tomorrow, one of several futuristic concept homes built for Expo 1933. It is said that during construction, he found the workers inside the house wearing only shirtsleeves on a frigid winter day and this increased his awareness of the power of radiant heat from the sun passing through large expanses of glass to warm the interior.
His House of Tomorrow, a retro-futuristic exhibit located in the Home and Industrial Arts Group, was a popular attraction and the most striking of eleven model homes that put a contemporary twist on traditional styles. The circular twelve-sided glass and steel model of the house defied conventions and earned the title “America’s first glass house”. It contained the latest cutting-edge appliances of the time including electrically controlled doors, the first home dishwasher and a personal aeroplane hangar.
Unfortunately, in Summer the house experienced overheating caused by the all-glass design that strained the cooling system, and had to be closed off to visits for the duration of the Expo. However, it marked the first application of passive solar principles to contemporary architecture, including solar orientation and insulated glass windows.
Lessons learned from the House of Tomorrow led to the rise of passive solar houses that used heat-absorbing and conserving materials such as large south-facing windows, to provide natural heating in winter and recycled cool air in summer. Keck used this knowledge to create the Howard Sloan Solar Park and passive solar houses in the 1940s. In subsequent decades, however, the concept of passive solar housing was relegated to the background as it was considered unaffordable for most, with its expansion only coming much later with the oil crisis of the 1970s.
Following Expo 1933, the House of Tomorrow was moved to Beverly Shores, Indiana, and it has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Indiana Landmarks are currently in the process of raising money to restore the building.
The Bureau International des Expositions (BIE) is the intergovernmental organisation in charge of overseeing and regulating World Expos, Specialised Expos, Horticultural Expos and the Triennale di Milano. | <urn:uuid:ada247da-338c-48d1-b290-bccc13a197bb> | {
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Community Submission - Author: ADolmatov
Simply put, the word collateral is something of value given as a guarantee to obtain something else. For instance, a borrower may offer their car as a collateral to a lender when taking out a loan. The vehicle acts as a safeguard or warranty in case the borrower fails to pay their debts.
Usually, collateralized loans present much lower interest rates when compared to non-collateralized ones. Collateral can come in different forms. Some of the most common types include mortgage collaterals, invoice financing, and margin trading collaterals.
Mortgage or real estate collaterals are probably the most used by borrowers. They refer to loans that are backed by real state properties, such as an apartment, house, or farming land. In this case, the property is the asset that secures the loan. So if the borrower fails to make the payments as per the contract, the lender has the right to claim ownership of their real state property.
Invoice financing, on the other hand, is a short-term borrowing procedure employed by businesses. Such a strategy consists of companies using customers’ invoices (that are yet to be paid) as collateral. So this allows them to use funds in advance. For example, imagine that an online retailer sold $500,000 in products, but since most consumers paid by credit card, the company won’t be able to use the money anytime soon. The invoice financing strategy would be suitable in this case, allowing the company to improve cash flow, using the money beforehand for high-priority needs.
When it comes to margin trading, the term collateral refers to the assets that are kept in a margin trading account to cover potential losses traders may have when trading on leverage. In other words, when you borrow money to trade on margin, your account balance will act as collateral. The brokerage (or exchange) reserves the right to liquidate your assets in case the market moves against you. | <urn:uuid:22975992-b519-4ea0-8c97-66f445503e85> | {
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The guardian of our forest has been a part of the American scene for so many years it is hard for
most of us to remember when he first appeared. Dressed in a ranger's hat, belted blue jeans and
carrying a shovel, he has been the recognized wildfire prevention symbol since 1944. Today,
Smokey Bear is a highly recognized advertising symbol and is protected by Federal law (PL 82-
359, as amended by PL 92-318). He even has his own private zip code 20252.
To understand how Smokey Bear became associated with wildfire prevention, we must go back to
World War II. On December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked Pearl Harbor. The following
spring, in 1942, a Japanese submarine surfaced near the coast of Southern California and fired a
salvo of shells that exploded on an oil field near Santa Barbara, very close to the Los Padres
Americans throughout the country were shocked by the news the war had now been brought
directly to the American mainland. There was also fear that enemy incendiary shells exploding in
the timber stands along the Pacific Coast could easily set off numerous raging forest fires in
addition to those already being caused by people. Protection of these forests from uncontrolled
fire became a matter of national importance, and a new idea was born. If people could be urged to
be more careful, perhaps some of the fires could be prevented.
Forest fires caused by people were nothing new. For many years, the Nation had known that forest
fires presented a serious threat. As early as 1902, there was a standard General Land Office forest
fire warning poster that gave some guidelines for keeping fires under control. In 1939, a poster
showing a forest ranger who looked like Uncle Sam pointing to a raging forest fire stated "Your
Forest-Your Fault-Your Loss.”
Statistics showed that nine out of ten of the fires were person-caused and, thus, preventable. With
this in mind, in 1942 the Forest Service organized the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention Program
with the help of the Wartime Advertising Council. The Wartime Advertising Council was
composed of people experienced in the business of advertising who donated their talent to the U.S.
Government to get important messages to the people.
Posters and slogans were created through the Wartime Advertising Council, including "Forest
Fires Aid the Enemy," and "Our Carelessness, Their Secret Weapon." By using catchy phrases,
colorful posters and other fire prevention messages, the CFFP Program encouraged people to
prevent accidental fires and help with the War.
Walt Disney's motion picture, "Bambi", was produced in 1944 and Disney authorized the CFFP
Program to use his creation on a poster. The Bambi poster was a success and proved that using an
animal as a fire prevention symbol would work. Bambi could not be used in subsequent
campaigns because it was on loan from Walt Disney studios for only one year. The Forest Service
needed to find an animal that would belong exclusively to the Cooperative Forest Fire Prevention
Program. It was finally decided that the Nation's fire prevention symbol should be a bear.
On August 9, 1944, the new fire prevention symbol was agreed upon by the Forest Service and the
Wartime Advertising Council. Artist Albert Staehle was asked to paint the first poster of Smokey
Bear. It showed a bear pouring a bucket of water on a campfire. Smokey Bear soon became very
popular and his image began appearing on fire prevention materials.
"Only YOU Can Prevent Forest Fires" was first used as a slogan in 1947. Jackson Weaver, a
noted radio personality of Washington, D.C. provided the original "Voice" of Smokey Bear.
One spring day in 1950 in the Capitan Mountains of New Mexico, an observer in one of the fire
towers spotted smoke and called the location into the nearest Ranger Station. The first crew to
arrive discovered a major fire being swept along by strong winds. Word spread rapidly and more
crews were called to help. Forest Rangers, Army Soldiers, New Mexico State Game and Fish
Department employees and civilian volunteers worked together to control the raging fire. During
one of the lulls in the fire fighting, there was a report of a lonely cub seen wandering near the
The little cub had been caught in the path of the fire. He had taken refuge in a tree that was now
nothing but a charred, smoking snag. His climb had saved his life but left him badly burned on the
paws and hind legs. The firefighters removed the little bear cub from the burned tree and a
rancher, who had been helping the firefighters, agreed to take the cub home. The cub needed
veterinary aid and was flown to Santa Fe where the burns were treated and bandaged.
The news about the little bear spread swiftly throughout New Mexico. Soon the United Press and
Associated Press picked up the story and broadcast it nationwide. Many people inquired about the
little bear's progress. The State Game Warden wrote an official letter to the Chief of the Forest
Service, offering to present the cub to the agency with the understanding that the small bear would
be dedicated to a publicity program for fire prevention and wildlife conservation.
The go-ahead was given to send the bear cub to Washington, D.C. Once there, he found a home at
the National Zoo and became the living symbol of Smokey Bear. Smokey died in 1976 and was
returned to Capitan, New Mexico, where he is buried in the State Historical Park.
In November 1951, the first Smokey Bear costume was fabricated by Wass of Philadelphia for the
Virginia Division of Forestry. Its success prompted the US Exhibit Service to make additional
costumes. Today Smokey Bear costumes are only made by licensed contractors and are only sold
to Federal and State firefighting agencies. Any other sales must be approved in writing.
By 1952, the Smokey Bear symbol was sufficiently established to attract commercial interest.
Legislation was passed, PL 82-359, to take Smokey out of public domain and place him under the
control of the Secretary of Agriculture. An amendment to that Act, PL 93- 318, passed in 1974,
enabled commercial licensing and directed that fees and royalties be used to promote forest fire
prevention. Hundreds of items have been licensed under this authority over the years.
The Junior Forest Ranger program was also started in 1952. This activity encouraged children
throughout the Nation to write to Smokey Bear expressing their interest in fire prevention. In reply
they would receive a Junior Forest Ranger Kit and other fire prevention materials. By 1965, the
volume of mail for this activity was so high that Smokey Bear received his own Zip Code. The
program has been recently redesigned to keep pace with state-of-the-art educational techniques.
The CFFP Program rode through the 1970's and into the 1980's with lessened momentum.
Smokey's early years had been easy because it was a simpler time when his familiar message was
one of the few being pushed. However, intense competition, global markets and rapid
technological changes emerged, and Smokey found it difficult to compete for a share of the
In 1984, Smokey's 40th Birthday was celebrated, and the first day issue of his postage stamp took
place in Capitan, New Mexico. In 1987, Smokey Sports was launched as a new component of the
CFFP Program. "National Smokey Bear Day" was conducted with all major league baseball teams
in the United States and Canada. The decade of the 90’s opened the door for Smokey’s
revitalization and revival by celebrating his 50th birthday with a nationwide celebration engaging
in high visibility activities and events.
Smokey's message of "Only You Can Prevent Forest Fires" was changed to "Only You Can
Prevent Wildfires" in 2001. The term wildfire applies to any uncontrolled outdoor fire. The new
tagline was created by The Advertising Council, along with the US Forest Service and the National
Association of State Foresters (NASF), in response to the recent and rampant outbreak of
wildfires, and in an effort to make Smokey’s message of forest conservation more contemporary.
In 2004, Smokey celebrated his 60th Birthday with a special logo incorporating the line “60 Years
of Vigilance.” At a high-profile ceremony in Universal City, CA, Smokey blew out his candles
while children of wildland fire fighters sang Happy Birthday to him. At the celebration Smokey
Bear was presented with a giant Hallmark© Birthday card, a birthday cake and a personalized giftwrapped
To renew the important message of wildfire prevention to Americans, Smokey enlisted the help of
Bambi in 2004. Smokey has an experienced partner in Bambi, who was actually the first face of
the forest fire prevention message in 1942. DraftFCB, Southern California, who has worked on
the campaign since the beginning, featured Bambi on posters to remind us to be careful with our
forests. TV Public Service Announcements (PSAs) featuring Bambi were created, and asked us
all to "Don't Let Our Forests Become Once Upon a Time."
Has all this effort to prevent wildfires had an effect? During the 1930’s, the average annual
number of wildfires was 167,277. During the 1950’s, the average yearly number of wildfires was
down to 125,948. During the 1990’s the number was 106,306. Now this number does include
lightning started wildfires, but the trend is definitely going down.
From 2001 through 2008, almost 65,000 wildfires occurred each year from human carelessness
and those fires burned an average of 2,560,000 acres each year. We still have a lot of work to do.
Children need to hear and learn about Smokey Bear and his wildfire prevention message, and
adults need to be continually reminded of the need to prevent wildfires.
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Cycling and global goals
For the third year running the United Nations will take part in the BXL TOUR. The race offers an opportunity to highlight the importance of cycling as a mode of transport and healthy everyday activity.
Cycling can play a significant role in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)*. The SDGs, or Global Goals as they are referred to, are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity.
Mobility is an essential element of development strategies that aim to achieve the SDGs. Meeting the needs of people who cycle continues to be a critical part of the mobility solution for helping cities de-couple population growth from increased emissions, and to improve air quality and road safety.
Cycling and development
• The bicycle is a simple, affordable, reliable, clean and environmentally fit sustainable means of transportation;
• The bicycle can serve as a tool for development and as a means not just of transportation but also of access to education, health care and sport;
• The synergy between the bicycle and the user fosters creativity and social engagement and gives the user an immediate awareness of the local environment;
• The bicycle is a symbol of sustainable transportation and conveys a positive message to foster sustainable consumption and production, and has a positive impact on climate.
Initiatives such as the Brussels Tour are a opportunity for governments and local authorities to devote particular attention to the bicycle in cross-cutting development strategies and to encourage stakeholders to emphasize and advance the use of the bicycle as a means of fostering sustainable development, strengthening education, including physical education, for children and young people, promoting health, preventing disease, promoting tolerance, mutual understanding and respect and facilitating social inclusion and a culture of peace.
More on Cycling and the Global Goals
• The World Cycling Alliance has calculated** that cycling is directly linked to delivering on 11 of the Goals.
• United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
• European Cyclists’ Federation
• World Cycling Alliance
• ECF Publication: “Cycling Delivers on the Global Goals – Shifting towards a better economy, society, and planet for all”
*On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic UN Summit — officially came into force. Over the next fifteen years, with these new Goals that universally apply to all, countries will mobilize efforts to end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change, while ensuring that no one is left behind.
**Copyright and credits to the European Cyclists’ Federation’s publication: “Cycling Delivers on the Global Goals – Shifting towards a better economy, society, and planet for all” | <urn:uuid:df2548f7-a546-4958-8dc9-3a413c15fb16> | {
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Not all fats are the same. Some have been found to have a negative impact on health, while others are beneficial. We recommend choosing foods that contain mostly unsaturated fats ('good fats') and are low in saturated and trans fats ('bad fats'). Research has found that replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat in our diet reduces the risk of heart disease. For more information about heart disease visit the National Heart Foundation website.
All fats are high in energy (kilojoules), and so can contribute to weight gain.
Unsaturated fats include monounsaturated fats and polyunsaturated fats.
Foods that contain unsaturated fats (‘good fats') include:
- Olive, canola, sunflower, soybean, sesame and peanut oils
- Polyunsaturated or monounsaturated margarines
- Nuts and seeds
- Oily fish, for example salmon, mackerel, sardines, tuna
Saturated fats can increase blood cholesterol levels and increase the risk of heart disease.
Foods that contain saturated fats (‘bad fats') include:
- High-fat dairy products such as cream and ice-cream
- Pastries, biscuits, cakes, pies and chocolate
- Fried take-away foods
- Fat on meat
- Coconut and palm oil
Tips to reduce your overall fat intake and select healthier fats:
- Use reduced-fat dairy products such as milk, yoghurt, cheese, ice-cream and custard
- Buy lean cuts of meat and trim fat from meat
- Remove skin from chicken before cooking
- Enjoy at least 3 fish meals a week, and include oily fish (including atlantic salmon, gemfish and spanish mackerel, and canned fish such as sardines, salmon and tuna)
- Use non-stick cookware and try an oil spray as it reduces the amount of oil you use
- Use only healthy oils in cooking and salad dressings made with healthy oils
- Include avocado in salads and sandwiches
- Enjoy nuts as a snack or in cooking
- Replace butter with avocado, hummus or ricotta as a sandwich spread
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How Do You Learn Best?
General Methods for Unique Individuals
Why is it important to understand the different styles of learning? Because with a thorough comprehension of the different ways which people learn, a basis for more productive methods to teach people new information, and for that information to be retained over time, is established.
The key component to learning is stimulation of the parts of the brain that are associated with obtaining new information. Every individual has a unique style, or styles, of learning that appeals directly to their subconscious when it comes to retaining information. Finding methods that activate, and stimulate the parts of our brains that allow us to learn and retain information is imperative.
VARK is an acronym credited to Neil Fleming for abbreviating the four most common learning styles.
These styles are categorized as Visual, Auditory, Reading/Writing (Verbal), and Kinesthetic. It must be stated, that there are many other forms and styles of learning, however, generally speaking, these four styles are the most used in modern day teaching and learning methods.
Students and Teachers alike, the attention is forwarded to you all. Identify which styles of learning methods are most effective in order to generate the best results (results differ pertaining to each individual and/or groups). Recognizing which learning style is most suitable is achieved via trial and error. Teachers, try different styles with different students. Students, identify which styles stimulate your ability to learn the best. Be patient, over time, you will learn to discover which styles work best for you individually and in a group setting.
Visual Learners are learners who use the sense of sight to stimulate the parts of the brain when it comes to learning information. Visual learners use images, sizes, objects, space between objects, and hands on activities to interact in learning environments. If you think you might be a visual learner, try to use methods such as flash cards, graphic organizers, power points, and interactive learning games to learn and retain information.
Teachers might want to follow suit, and find ways to appeal to this style of learning by using their imagination to create a visual-based teaching methods to the concepts in which they are trying to teach. Lecturing is not the way to teach visual learners so try to avoid long talks where attention spans can be easily lost.
Contrary to visual learners, auditory learners are learners that heavily rely on the sense of hearing to best process and maintain new material. Auditory learners rely heavily on listening and speaking to stimulate their brain in order to accept the inflow of information. Because auditory learners hear so well, this can also be a distraction if they are in a loud classroom, or learning environment as they will be easily distracted by other noises that aren't related to the learning material. Oral lectures and oral presentations are good interactive suggestions to best adhere to the auditory learners in the class. Other activities such as debates, skits, songs, or recordings also will be very effective for these
types of learners.
For the reading/writing (verbal) style of learning, these learners use the senses of sight, touch, and hearing by applying written and spoken word to stimulate their learning style. As mentioned in the style type, reading and writing are preferred methods to learn and these learners attach to the "traditional" style of classroom learning. For example, a lecture from the teacher or professor, and the learner writes down notes and organizes them in a way which they will best remember the information.
Kinesthetic learners are learners who use the sense of touch to stimulate their learning style. These learners are very "hands-on" and prefer to physically touch the material in which they will be learning about. These students do best in classes such as art and music, where they can physically change the output of the information being learned. They like to take information and bend it and manipulate it in a direct way that will aid them in recalling it. A strong learning method for these learners is that of using a mind map for them to construct their flow of information in a "map" constructed by themselves. These learners are not great with reading and listening for long periods of time. They prefer physical interaction with material or other pupils in order to efficiently retain new information.
Students and teachers, learning is different for every individual. Do not be discouraged if you find yourself struggling to learn information or relate to your students. It is important to find a common ground between teachers and students to maximize the learning experience making it a success for all! | <urn:uuid:b81a4981-36db-4de8-91b4-df669e5a8f5e> | {
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Concerning health news broke in late December as coronavirus, discovered in Wuhan, China reached the public’s ears. The number of those affected rose swiftly, reaching several countries because of international travel. As of today, January 28th, more than 4,600 cases of coronavirus have been confirmed in China with 106 deaths reported. 1
Why is China so greatly affected?
The virus is a novel coronavirus – a member of the coronavirus family previously unknown. Coronaviruses originate in animals. Many of those infected in China frequented the wholesale seafood market in Wuhan. This market sells both live and freshly slaughtered animals. New viruses that raise concern among health experts often start with an animal host. Examples of such illnesses include Ebola and flu.
What is a coronavirus?
Coronaviruses cause common colds and other upper respiratory infections. These viruses are called zoonoses. Certain animals are affected, and they spread the virus to other animals. Coronaviruses have the potential to affect humans. This occurs more commonly when a mutation in the virus occurs.
The particulars of how this form of coronavirus spreads are not fully known. However, coronaviruses usually spread through droplets of large particles that can only be suspended in the air for three to six feet before dissipation. Varicella (chickenpox) or measles spread through smaller droplets and over much greater distances. Some coronaviruses have also previously been discovered in the stool of certain patients.
Given this knowledge, coronavirus is likely spread through sneezing and coughing. At this time, we do not know whether another route of transmission such as fecal-oral contact could spread the virus.
What are the symptoms of this new coronavirus from China?
From those affected in China, we can confirm that the virus can cause pneumonia. Symptoms include fever, cough and difficulty breathing. Some early cases reported non-respiratory symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea.
Most affected recover in a few days. Those at risk for experiencing pneumonia and other complications include the very young, elderly and those with compromised immunity. Many of the fatal cases of the virus occurred in patients who were already in poor health.
How do I prevent coronavirus?
All the typical steps to preventing illness apply to preventing this virus:
Wash your hands regularly.
Cover coughs and sneezes with your inner elbow.
Avoid touching your nose, mouth or hands.
Stay clear of those with symptoms such as coughing, sneezing and a runny nose.
Stay home if you have a fever.
At what point should I go to the doctor if I have coronavirus symptoms?
Treat any normal, minor respiratory symptoms at home unless you have recently traveled to China or come in contact with someone who has. It is not necessary to visit a doctor unless you have a persistent cough or additional symptoms such as difficulty breathing, chest pains, or feel very unwell.
How is coronavirus treated?
Chinese health authorities have added the virus’s full genome in international databases so scientists can study it further. There are no approved antivirals for this type of coronavirus.
When needed, care in an intensive care unit (ICU) can be lifesaving for seriously ill patients. Such patients receive fluids and support for their lungs.
How does coronavirus compare to other viruses?
It is unknown how serious coronavirus is at this time. Based on numbers from China alone, the mortality rate is less than 1%. Even 1% is likely an overestimate since data may not include cases that are unreported from those who recovered without seeking medical care.
To compare, flu typically also has a mortality rate less than 1% worldwide. The death rate of Sars, another coronavirus from the early 2000’s, was more than 10%.
Should I be concerned about coronavirus?
Oklahomans, as with all US residents have a very low risk of catching this form of coronavirus. Two Oklahoma residents who recently traveled to China are among the more than 100 being tested for the virus in the US. The results have not yet been made available to the public.
We are much more likely to come down with the flu. Consider receiving the flu vaccine if you have not done so. Reducing flu cases will reduce the burden on health services should the outbreak turn into a larger problem. Although you are not guaranteed to remain flu-free, studies demonstrate that hospitalization, complications, ICU admission, and death are less likely to occur in flu patients who received the vaccine.
Healthcare professionals may be at risk if they treat a patient who traveled to China recently.
Soon, we will learn exactly how contagious the coronavirus is. Cases of death due to coronavirus will likely climb due to travel and the rapid spread the illness has seen, but this does not mean we should panic.
As more information becomes available from public health organizations like the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO), we will share this information to help you and your family remain healthy.
Travel to China has greatly decreased to help stop the spread, and New Year’s celebrations in the country have mostly been canceled. The city of Wuhan, Hong Kong, and some other Chinese cities are on lockdown.
As always, our CCMH Providers are here for you if you have any concerns.
1 Helen Regan, Steve George, Adam Renton, Amy Woodyatt and Meg Wagner. CNN. Hong Kong closes China borders as Wuhan coronavirus spreads. 28 Jan. 2020.
The Comanche County Memorial Hospital website does not provide specific medical advice for individual cases. Comanche County Memorial Hospital does not endorse any medical or professional services obtained through information provided on this site, articles on the site or any links on this site.
Use of the information obtained by the Comanche County Memorial Hospital website does not replace medical advice given by a qualified medical provider to meet the medical needs of our readers or others.
While content is frequently updated, medical information changes quickly. Information may be out of date, and/or contain inaccuracies or typographical errors. For questions or concerns, please contact us at [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:acfd8435-a4ab-43b6-888d-52887358e94e> | {
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Haya-Lea was born in 1920 in Rovno, which then belonged to Poland. She grew up in a traditional Jewish family, joined a Zionist youth club called Hashomer Hatzair and looked forward to emigrating to Palestine, just like her sister. But the Soviets took eastern Poland in September 1939 and Haya-Lea's membership in Hashomer Hatzair earned her a ten year sentence of hard labor in Siberia. The rest of her family remained behind, not knowing that the Nazis would overrun the town soon after Haya-Lea's deportation to the east.
Haya-Lea survived the Gulag and moved to Leningrad (St. Petersburg), where she shared her story with Centropa in 2002.
This film is dedicated to Haya-Lea, who died shortly after the interview.
Poland had been partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria since 1772. This partition period, of almost 150 years, came to an end in 1918, the Second Polish Republic being formed in 1921. Though Poland's independence had been promised by Tsar Nicholas and Woodrow Wilson, the Republic was created by internal, Polish action.
Haya-Lea talks about Marshal Pilsudski, Poland's head of state for most of the interwar period. Pilsudski is considered largely responsible for Poland regaining its independence, and led the Second Polish Republic until 1922. Following a coup d'etat, he returned to power in the spring of 1926, becoming a de facto dictator.
Find here a 1919 interview with Pilsudski.
Haya-Lea would spend her adult life in the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was formed in 1922, following the 1917 October Revolution, when the Bolshevik party seized power. The 1922 declaration of state was led by Vladimir Lenin: after his death in 1924, Josef Stalin seized power and imposed a regime of terror that would continue after his death in 1953. Read more about the early Soviet Union here.
The beginning of the Second World War put an end to the Second Polish Republic. On the 1st of September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. As stipulated by the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet forces invaded and occupied East-Poland two weeks later. The Polish government did not surrender but went into exile in London.
Poland was once home to the largest Jewish community in Europe, and was an important center of Jewish culture. Poland experienced a long period of tolerance: from the sixteenth century, around 80% of the world's Jewish population lived in Poland, where the community prospered. Read a historical overview of Jewish life in Poland, and find an article on Jewish-Polish relations here.
Throughout the history of Russia and the Soviet Union there have been periods of flourishing Jewish life, and periods of intense anti-Semitic persecution. Learn more in this article.
Before World War II about 3.3 million Jewish people lived in Poland, ten percent of the total population. For them, the German invasion means the start of a time of repression, isolation, and eventually annihilation. After the invasion, many Jewish refugees fled from the advancing German army to the east of Poland and eventually ended up in Soviet-occupied Poland. Read more about their fate here. Additionally, this article discusses Jewish life in Europe before the Holocaust.
Haya-Lea was a member of the Zionist youth movement Hashomer Hatzair. The organization still exists, making it the oldest Zionist youth movement still in existence today. Learn more by exploring their website. Zionism flourished throughout Europe in the nineteenth century, popularised in Theodor Herzl's influential text Der Judenstaadt (in English, The Jewish State). Find the ebook here. Zionism called for the return of Jewish people to their ancient homeland in Israel: the Jewish Virtual Library offers a detailed definition.
Haya-Lea talks about Hashomer summer camps where "they worked as if they were on a real kibbutz". A kibbutz can best be described as a rural community based on the principle of joint ownership of property, equality and cooperation. Learn more about the kibbutz and its history.
The Second World War began with the invasion of Poland. On the 1st of September 1939, Nazi Germany invaded Poland. As per the secret Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Soviet forces invaded and occupied East-Poland two weeks later. Read about Jewish refugees in Soviet-occupied Poland here.
Following the invasion and partition, the Polish government went into exile in London, where they were central in exposing the atrocities at Auschwitz to the rest of the world. More information on the Polish government-in-exile can be found here.
In June 1941, Nazi Germany violated the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact and attacked the Soviet Union. The Axis invasion of the Soviet Union was destructive and brutal: millions of soldiers and civillians died, food stores were burned, and infrastructure destroyed. Read an article on the Soviet-German War (1941-1945) or take a look at pictures of what Russians refer to as the Great Patriotic War. It was during this time that Germans occupied Rivne and made it the capital of the Ukrainian region.
Not long after Haya-Lea was deported to the Gulag, her remaining family in Rovno were killed. The Rovno Massacre, taking place throughout November 1941, claimed over 25,000 lives. This was carried out by the occupying German forces, with assistance from some of Rovno's Ukrainian population who collaborated with the area's Nazi authorities. Flip through this ebook for more information on wartime Rovno (focus on the second chapter, "Aktion: The Holocaust in Rovno", to learn about the Rovno Massacre).
Soviet forces beseiged and captured Berlin in April 1945, effectively ending the Second World War. In narratives of this event, the experiences of soldiers, civilians, and the military high commands differ significantly between Western and Soviet perspectives. Read a Soviet and an Allied account of the Seige of Berlin, and consider their similarities and differences.
Read here about Poland at the end of the war, and the political situation in Europe.
The Gulag system was one of the most ominous parts of life in Stalin's Soviet Union, and a central aspect of the regime of terror that reached its height in the interwar years. The term Gulag is an acronym for the administrative body that operated the forced labour camps: Glavnoe Upravlenie ispravitel'no-trudovykh LAGerei (in English, Main Administration of Corrective Labor Camps).
The system was first established in 1919 under the Cheka, the Soviet Union's first secret police organisation. However it did not reach its peak until the mid 1930s, when, under the control of the Cheka's successor, the NKVD, the system held several million inmates. Those imprisoned in Gulags included murderers, thieves, and common criminals, along with political and religious dissenters.
Explore this website for an in-depth account of life in the Gulag.
The Gulag-camps were located mainly in remote regions of Siberia and the Far North. They made significant contributions to the Soviet economy: Gulag prisoners constructed the White Sea-Baltic Canal, the Moscow-Volga Canal, the Baikal-Amur railroad line, numerous hydroelectric stations, strategic roads and industrial enterprises in remote regions. A collection of maps showing the location of Gulag camps can be found here.
The Gulag Archipelago is a famous book by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn about the Gulag system. The book, first published in 1973, is a massive narrative relying on eyewitness testimony and primary research material, as well as Solzhenitsyn's own experiences as a prisoner in a Gulag labour camp.
While the Gulag was radically reduced in size following Stalin's death in 1953, forced labor camps and political prisoners continued to exist in the Soviet Union right up to the Gorbachev era.
After her release from the Gulag, Haya-Lea spent the rest of her life in the Soviet Union. From 1961 onwards she and Shaya lived in Leningrad. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city's historical name "Saint Petersburg" was restored. Founded by Tsar Peter I of Russia in 1703, Saint Petersburg, located on the Neva River, was the capital of the Russian Empire for more than two hundred years. After the 1917 Revolution and 1922 formation of the Soviet Union, the Russian capital was moved to Moscow.
Saint Petersburg is Russia's second largest city after Moscow, with 4.6 million inhabitants. The Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments constitute a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city is also home to The Hermitage, the largest art museum in the world.
In 1989 communism collapsed across Central Europe and two years later, in 1991, in the Soviet Union. Read about the dissolution of the Soviet Union in this article.
A timeline of Soviet history, from 1917-1989, can be found here.
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The Data Privacy Plan is the best way an organization can document and enforce the privacy of personal information they hold. It puts in place procedures and guidance for how to properly handle data, respond to information requests, and deal with unexpected incidents or breaches. It contains information that applies to the day-to-day work of employees, as well as higher-level policies and guiding principles that apply to the company as a whole. The Data Privacy Plan is one of the best ways for an organization to become privacy compliant.
This one day workshop will help you teach participants:
- Explain what a data privacy plan will include
- Understand and write an information request procedure
- Develop an internal data handling procedure
- Understand and write a data security policy
- Understand and write a personal data protection policy
- Develop a data breach procedure
- Decide on training solutions for data privacy
- Know the other necessary pieces of the data privacy plan
- Help your organization write, implement, and review a data privacy plan
You will spend the first part of the day getting to know participants and discussing what will take place during the workshop. Students will also have an opportunity to identify their personal learning objectives.
Writing a Data Privacy Plan
A data privacy plan is the best way for an organization to document and enforce the privacy of the personal information they hold. The data privacy plan is comprised of a series of policies and procedures that govern the privacy practices within an organization. In this session, students will learn about the elements of a data privacy plan.
A general understand of data privacy principles and law is needed to effectively create data privacy policies. Here, we cover some data privacy terminology, and the GDPR regulation.
Before you can start creating privacy procedures and policies, you need to understand the flow of data within your organization. A data map is a clear, visual way to represent this information. This lesson goes over how to create an effective data map.
Information Request Procedure
When an individual contacts your organization in relation to their personal information, it is important to have an effective process to respond to these requests in a timely way. In this lesson we will develop a general information request procedure and learn about the details required for a complete information request procedure.
Internal Data Procedures
The data handled by an organization should be governed by a set of internal rules. Data must be kept accurate, retained on a schedule, and properly deleted when appropriate. There also needs to be a process in place to monitor the implementation of these procedures by employees. In this lesson students will develop a set of internal data procedures.
Data Security Policy
Good data security is essential, both on an organizational and day-to-day operational level, to protect personal data. It is important to have a variety of security safeguards in place and documented. In this session we will consider the security measures in place at your organization and develop a data security policy.
Personal Data Protection Policy
The cornerstone document of the data privacy plan is the data protection policy, which outlines general staff guidelines around data privacy, proper data storage expectations, and specific responsibilities for privacy. Students will learn about the contents of a personal data protection policy, and develop their own.
Data Breach Procedure
A data breach is an unlikely, but serious occurrence. A procedure should be in place to ensure a structured and appropriate response to such an incident. Students will write a data breach procedure.
An effective training program will ensure that each employee in an organization receives the information they need to maintain proper data privacy within the scope of their work. Learners will brainstorm privacy training topics, and develop potential training methods for their workplace.
Other Necessary Pieces
The data privacy plan also requires supporting documents including Data Processing Agreements/Addenda (DPAs), Data Processing Impact Assessments (DPIAs), and contact information for the appropriate supervising authorities. In this final lesson, additional pieces to the data privacy plan including DPAs, DPIAs, and the supervising authorities are covered.
At the end of the course, students will have an opportunity to ask questions and fill out an action plan. | <urn:uuid:6168dc6d-96ea-4b2c-90c1-932ec9edfed8> | {
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Many leaders create mentoring relationships. A mentor is a senior employee who sponsors and supports a less-experienced employee (a protégé). The mentoring role includes coaching, counseling and sponsorship. As a coach, mentor helps to develop their protégé skills. Mentors as counselors, provide support and help bolster protégés self-confidence. Mentors as sponsors actively intervene on behalf of their protégés, lobby to get their protégés visible assignments, and politic to get them rewards such as promotions and salary increases.
Successful mentors are good teachers. They can present ideas clearly, listen well, and empathize with the problem of their protégés. They share experience with the protégé, act as role models, share contacts, and provide guidance through the political maze of the organization. They provide advice and guidance on how to survive and get ahead in the organization and act as a sounding board for ideas that a protégé may be hesitant to share with his or her direct supervisor. A mentor vouches for a protégé, answers for him or her in the highest circles within the organization, and makes appropriate introduction.
In Indian context, imparting Shiksha (education) to the Shishya (disciple) by the Guru (teacher) is a well established practice rooted in centuries old traditions. Transfer of knowledge, skills and experience to the disciple is also very well documented in the great epic. Mahabharta where in the story of Arjun, the powerful warrior, mastering the art of archery from his guru Dronacharya stands testimony to learning through the guru-shishya tradition.
Some organizations have formal mentoring program, in which mentors are officially assigned to new or high-potential employee. For instance, Mentoring System, one of the initiatives launched at NTPC is for guiding, directing and counseling the young recruit with an objective to enhance their commitment level. There are more than 350 mentors who help the new entrants in integrating and assimilating the culture and value system of the organization. They also provide the new entrant a friend, philosopher and guide showing them right way in professional and personal life.
The most effective mentoring relationships exist outside the immediate boss-subordinate interface. The boss-subordinate context has an inherent conflict of interest and tension, mostly attributable to managers directly evaluating the performance of subordinates that limits openness and meaningful communication.
A leader also wants to be a mentor because there are personal benefits to the leader as well as benefits for the organization. The mentor-protégé relationship gives the mentor unfiltered access to the attitudes and feelings of lower-ranking employee. Protégés can be an excellent source of potential problems by providing early warning signals. They provide timely information to managers about short-circuits in the formal channels. The mentor-protégé relationship is a valuable communication channel that allows mentors to have news of problems before they become common knowledge to others in upper management.
In addition, in terms of leader self-interest, mentoring can provide personal satisfaction to senior executives. It gives them the opportunity to share with others the knowledge and experience that they’ve developed over many years. | <urn:uuid:3d3374d1-060c-48e8-867c-de1ac517502e> | {
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Lady Catherine d'Aubigny
Van Dyck painted this portrait of Catherine (1620?-50) around 1638, at the time of her marriage to George Stuart, Lord d’Aubigny (1618-42), King Charles' cousin. The garland she is holding alludes to her newly wedded state. Widowed after he fell at the battle of Edgehill, she was involved in a failed Royalist plot to take over London in 1643 and was briefly held in the Tower. She subsequently remarried to James Livingston, first Earl of Newburgh, and died in The Hague. Her son George later inherited his uncle’s title as Duke of Richmond and took for his third wife the lovely favourite of Charles II, Frances Stuart. | <urn:uuid:925845f3-3d45-4409-b200-3cb7adc5a1c3> | {
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Hearing Aid Technology & Features
Hearing aid technology has advanced considerably in recent years, allowing greater hearing improvements for people with all types of hearing loss, in smaller, more discreet designs. Features like directional microphones and noise reduction can help improve hearing in a variety of listening situations, while telecoils and Bluetooth technology integrate with phones and other technology.
Hearing Aid Technology – The Basics
Hearing aids consist of four main parts. The microphone picks up environmental sound and sends it to the digital processor. The digital processor modifies the sound signal based on the settings programmed by the hearing specialist. The modified sound signal is then sent to the amplifier, which increases the volume of the sound based on the programmed settings, amplifying only the frequencies the patient has difficulty hearing. The signal is then sent to the speaker, which delivers the louder, clearer sound to the ear.
Hearing Aid Technology and Features
Digital Hearing Aids contain a microprocessor that analyzes sounds to separate background noise from speech, making millions of calculations per second, and delivers the amplified sound with automatic adjustments to the volume control. They can help reduce noise, loudness discomfort, and acoustic feedback or whistles – all with little to no input from the user. Unless otherwise requested, all hearing aids fit at Clarity Audiology & Hearing Solutions, LLC utilize digital technology.
Noise Reduction: This is a program within the hearing aid processor that senses noise in the environment and then reduces the gain in the frequency where the noise is present. The digital circuit can do this since most noise is at a steady pitch, tone, and volume. Most speech is constantly changing in pitch, tone, and volume. This feature works to maintain the loudness of speech while minimizing noise.
Directional Microphones: Directional microphones allow you to focus on the sounds and conversations directly in front of you, while minimizing the distraction of loud background noise. A conventional hearing aid microphone is equally sensitive to all incoming sounds, regardless of the direction of the sounds. Directional microphones are optimized to be less sensitive to sounds from a specific direction, typically behind the hearing aid user, and more sensitive to sounds in a different direction, typically in front of the user.
Multiple bands: In a multi-band hearing aid, input sounds are divided into a number of separate bands, each of which is separately programmed and controlled. The more bands in a hearing aid, the better we are able to “fine tune” the hearing aid to your hearing loss and listening situations. All hearing aids fit at Clarity Audiology & Hearing Solutions, LLC have multiple bands. In general, the higher the level of hearing aid technology you select, the more bands will be available in the hearing aid.
Feedback (Whistling) Cancellation: In the past, feedback or “whistling” coming from hearing aids in the ear was a significant problem. Fortunately, modern day advanced feedback suppression systems are very effective in eliminating this bothersome problem. Current hearing aids have sensor circuits to continually detect and eliminate feedback. It is normal for hearing aids to whistle while they are out of the ear, or while you are inserting them in the ear, but hearing aids should not whistle when programmed correctly and inserted properly in the ear.
Bluetooth and Wireless Technology: Wireless connection to mobile phones, which turn your hearing aids into high-quality wireless headsets. The hearing aid settings can be controlled from the phones, and sound can be wirelessly streamed directly from the phones to the hearing aids. Bluetooth uses short-range wireless radio technology to connect devices to each other, generally within a distance of 30 feet. This technology allows for better listening on the phone by sending the audio signal directly through your hearing aid. Many hearing aids on the market now have Bluetooth connectivity.
Telecoil (Telephone Program): Telecoils, or Tcoils, allow you to talk on the phone while minimizing the static caused by background noise. An induction coil inside allows you to switch from the normal listening setting to the telecoil setting in order to hear better on the telephone. Some hearing aids switch automatically to the telecoil setting when placing the phone receiver next to your ear, while other hearing aids require the push of a button. When your hearing aid switches to the telecoil setting, environment sounds are eliminated, and you only pick up sound from the telephone. You can talk without your hearing aid “whistling” because the microphone of the hearing aid is turned off. All wired telephones produced today must be hearing aid compatible through the use of a telecoil.
Manual Controls: All digital hearing aids make some automatic adjustments to different input sounds, and more advanced hearing aids can make extensive automatic adjustments depending on the listening environment and input sounds. However, sometimes it is beneficial to have a “manual override” option to access programs specially designed for a specific listening situation like music, church, or listening to your wife in the car. Manual programs can be accessed through a program button on the hearing aid, or through a remote control. Manual volume control changes are also available on certain hearing aids, or through a remote control.
Clarity Audiology & Hearing Solutions, LLC offers hearing aids with a wide selection of features and technology to patients in Ellicott City, Columbia, Catonsville, Baltimore, Sykesville and all of Howard, Carroll and Baltimore County. Contact Clarity Audiology & Hearing Solutions, LLC at 410-698-6594 to schedule a hearing evaluation. | <urn:uuid:b8bc9e27-5c38-4f10-834a-dac2a1413692> | {
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In 1927, the Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Company was formed as a merger of Alfred Butz' temperature control company (1885) and Mark Honeywell's water heater company (1906). In 1957, Honeywell, along with Ratheon, introduced one of the first computers in the U.S., the Datamatic 1000. Two years later, Honeywell's 800 and 400 models earned a solid reputation for advanced features.
In the mid-1960s, Honeywell's 200 series gave IBM serious competition. It outperformed IBM's very successful 1401 computer, which it emulated, causing IBM to accelerate its introduction of its System/360. In 1966, Honeywell acquired Computer Control Company's minicomputer line, and in 1970, it acquired the assets of GE's computer business. The computer division was renamed Honeywell Information Systems, Inc.
Through Honeywell's association with Groupe Bull in Europe and Bull's association with NEC in Japan, research and development were mutually explored and products were jointly developed. In the late 1980s, the three companies formed Honeywell Bull, and later Bull acquired the majority interest, renaming the organization Bull HN. The famous Honeywell name, having been identified with the most advanced computers, remained only as the "H" in Bull HN.
The Datamatic 1000
Introduced in 1957, the Datamatic 1000 was a monstrous, tube-driven computer that was very sophisticated for its time. One of them was still in commercial use up until the late 1960s. (Image courtesy of Honeywell Inc.)
This is a Honeywell minicomputer of the 1970s. Honeywell produced a variety of computers over the years. (Image courtesy of Honeywell Inc.) | <urn:uuid:b352c952-94dc-4c4d-b6e7-d441c7bb9b90> | {
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New SAT Essay Template
Your introduction needs to do three things:
1. Describe the text. This is where you’ll bring in the SOAPS points. This can be done in one sentence.
2. Paraphrase the argument. This is where you’ll show your grader that you understand the text by concisely summing up the main points and the overall message of the text. The Reading score comes from your demonstration of comprehension of the text.
3. Introduce the examples you will be discussing in the body paragraphs. You will establish a framework in your introduction that you should then follow for the rest of the essay.
The body paragraphs will focus on different appeals or style elements the author uses to effectively communicate the argument. Each body paragraph will need to do the following:
1. Name and explain the rhetorical device or appeal.
- Where is it in the text?
- Use short, relevant quotes to show you understand the text and the rhetorical device, but do not rely on long excerpts from the passage. In order to get a high score, you need to use your words to explain what’s going on.
2. Identify the effects of the author’s rhetorical choices.
- Explain the connection between the rhetorical device/appeal and the text, and your argument in general. Do not simply quote chunks of text and then briefly paraphrase. Your goal is to answer the question, “How does this contribute to the author’s argument?”
- For example, do not simply say, “This is an example of imagery.” Explain why the imagery is effective. Perhaps the author’s descriptions of the beautiful sunset effectively draw in the reader, creating an emotional connection between the author and her audience. This connection may make the audience more sympathetic to the author’s subsequent points because there is an emotional connection now.
- Explaining how the device or appeal works is how you show your grader your ability to analyze the text.
1. Restate the goal of the text and briefly paraphrase the elements you discussed in your essay.
2. Be concise and accurate. | <urn:uuid:5e401a0b-b41b-467f-8531-e7b7e49e3c35> | {
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OTTAWA – A pan-Canadian survey of nearly 1,900 teachers reveals a high need for quality information and education resources on Aboriginal language and culture in elementary and secondary classrooms across the country. The majority of all teachers surveyed report three of four examined resources in their school pertaining to the integration of Aboriginal content and perspectives into the curriculum are either barely sufficient or insufficient.
“Teachers are poised to share First Nations, Métis and Inuit (FNMI) perspectives with their students but there’s a gap in terms of accessible and quality information, teaching materials and professional learning,” explains Heather Smith, president of the Canadian Teachers’ Federation (CTF) which conducted the survey.
The survey shows at least three quarters of teachers surveyed believe it would be important (“very” or “somewhat”) to acquire additional knowledge or skills training for each of the seven examined issues pertaining to Aboriginal people in Canada. These issues range from strategies to addressing students’ concerns related to the challenges faced by Aboriginal peoples to instructional approaches. (To read the full report, please visit: http://www.ctf-fce.ca/Research-Library/CTF-Survey-Teachers-Perspectives-on-Aboriginal-Education-Summary-Report-web.pdf)
One of the main findings is the strong importance teachers place on having access to Aboriginal Elders and Knowledge Keepers. Elders can assist teachers with first-hand knowledge of Aboriginal cultures, provide professional learning, and offer information to develop curriculum and other resources. Respondents also indicate the need for more direct contact with local Aboriginal communities and for more Aboriginal teachers/educators in the public school system.
“With all the recent media coverage on the Truth and Reconciliation report, we’re seeing a growing interest to better understand and appreciate FNMI cultures,” says Heather Smith. “As a microcosm of society, our schools are also part of this growing movement which is a positive development for all Canadians. Our teachers play a pivotal role in maintaining this momentum.”
The survey findings are based on the responses of nearly 1,900 teachers who work in grades K-12 in public schools across the country. The survey was conducted in November and December 2015.
Founded in 1920, the Canadian Teachers’ Federation is a national alliance of 16 teacher organizations representing nearly 200,000 teachers across Canada. CTF is also a member of Education International. @CanTeachersFed
Heather Smith, CTF President
Francine Filion, CTF Communications Director,
Office: 613-688-4314 or cell: 613-899-4247 | <urn:uuid:c537ff67-35f7-41c4-b2a5-efe12c4bbefb> | {
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Depression is a very real and common occurrence in our society today. As our society has become increasingly competitive, stressful and busy, more and more people are struggling to cope with the mounting pressure on their lives. The World Health Organisation estimates that approximately 450 million people throughout the world are affected by mental health problems, with depression as one of the major categories of mental health distress affecting people (Overcome Depression, 2009).
Overall, mental health around the world is a significant issue, with the number of people suffering from some form of mental distress growing year by year. The Office for National Statistics in the United Kingdom (2009) estimates that one in six adults at any one time have 'significant' mental health problems. Another major survey that is frequently quoted puts the figure at one in four, using a wider definition of mental health problems (Mind, 2009).
The breakdown below gives an overview of mental health in Britain alone, showing the forms of treatment commonly required:
- Around 300 people out of 1,000 will experience mental health problems every year in Britain
- 230 of these will visit a GP
- 102 of these will be diagnosed as having a mental health problem
- 24 of these will be referred to a specialist psychiatric service
- 6 will become inpatients in psychiatric hospitals (Mind, 2009; Based on figures from Goldberg, D. & Huxley, P, 1992, Common mental disorders a bio-social model, Routledge.)
Approximately 12 million adults see their GPs with mental health problems each year in the UK
Mental Health Foundation
According to the National Health Service (NHS, 2009), in the UK, anxiety and depression are the most common mental health problems, and the majority of cases are caused by stress. NHS research shows that approximately 15% of people suffer a bout of severe depression at some point in their lives. This figure is likely to be even higher as many people who suffer from depression do not get help, or are not formally diagnosed with the condition.
Despite these high statistics depression should never be considered a normal part of life. Depression is a very serious mental health condition that requires medical treatment and ongoing management. Being able to recognise the symptoms and causes of depression is the key to understanding your depression and seeking the right treatment and management techniques for these negative emotions.
As a society, we still have a long way to go in providing effective treatment and support for sufferers of depression. Community education and awareness on mental illness including depression is essential in allowing for the development of appropriate services and support facilities for depression sufferers. Awareness and acceptance of mental health issues in our society will also allow depression sufferers to be more open in recognising their condition, understanding their mental health and seeking help.
As a sufferer of depression, admitting the problem and seeking help is one of the hardest things to do, however it is the only positive step you can take in gaining control of your life and managing your negative emotions. Take that step today!
Dont wait, take the Online Depression Anxiety and Stress Test Now!TAKE THE TEST | <urn:uuid:209dcf3f-aa69-4499-8846-367b9f83023c> | {
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Diabetes news, research, stories and information
Your search for staying well returned the following results:
Study suggests noninvasive
spectroscopy could be used to monitor blood glucose
People living with with diabetes have to test their blood
glucose levels several times a day to make sure they are not
getting too high or too low. Studies have shown that more than half
Most people kick off January by
creating resolutions that aim to add healthy habits to their daily
life. Which is great, but they don't always work - which is ok. So
why not think a little differently and try letting go of some
With that in mind, here are a few things you...
By Alison Crow, Diabetes Educator
Camping off grid is an
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Researchers in South Korea, have developed smart technology that
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Professor Sei Kwang Hahn and his team from POSTECH have invented
a smart photonic contact lens and a wearable medical device which
International food supply patterns are supporting
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Research carried out by the University of Kent and Imperial
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over the past 50 years in...
Researchers have developed nano capsules shown to
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Curtin University researchers have developed tiny nano capsules
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Try these five tips and take positive steps towards better
1. Lose the salt
Salt raises your blood pressure, so cut back on salty foods and
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add flavour to your...
It's the start of a new year and a perfect time to review your
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quietest time of the year for many medical practices and
Artificial sweeteners may be doing us more harm than
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Although they were developed to help people lose weight
artificial sweeteners may be doing more harm than good and
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While the New Year is a great time to reflect, reset and set new
goals, making resolutions can also be stressful, especially when
you live with diabetes.
So, this year, it might be worth trying a different
Why not start with what will help you feel good... | <urn:uuid:bc087940-1001-4afa-a420-41a4f616938a> | {
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The single quantum photon exists instead with an uncertain outcome as a superposition of paths, polarizations, and frequencies. As a result, there is a well-defined limit to the precision of any simultaneous single photon measurement of path, polarization, and frequency. Nevertheless, many of the semiclassical notions of a photon survive and result in much quantum confusion that precludes determinate outcomes.
Photon exchange is the basic quantum glue that bonds all matter together and photon exchange is what bonds both charge and gravity matter. The outcome of a photon precursor is a quantum bonding state between emitter and absorber matter. While single photon exchange bonds charge matter by exchange and complementary ephoton mission, biphoton exchange bonds gravity matter by the complementary exchange and emission of biphotons.
A photon is an electromagnetic pulse that has a spectrum of frequencies in its Fourier transform. This fundamental relation between time and frequency is the foundation of the uncertainty principle. A short pulse of light is made up of a broad frequency spectrum and a long pulse of light is made up of a correspondingly very narrow spectrum. Thus a photon is a fundamentally quantum object that can nevertheless behave like a classical particle of matter under certain conditions. A classical particle of matter has a well defined path, mass, polarization, and location and a particle of matter can behave like a photon under certain conditions as well.
A charge bond is a photon exchange with complementary emitted photons since it is necessary to lose heat to bond charges. A gravity bond is a biphoton exchange that also has a complementary emitted biphoton since it is also necessary to lose heat to bond gravity matter. As a result of quantum gravity, atomic hydrogen can exist as a cold vacuum lattice cloud. As the cloud density grows with more and more cold hydrogen, eventually molecular hydrogen forms and the lattice spacing decreases until it nucleates. At this point, there is a transition from gravity to charge dispersion and nascent stellar binary nucleates condense with orthogonal spins. One-half of the cloud lattice collapses into one spin while the other half collapses into the orthogonal spin.
Quantum gravity bonds form and emit heat in a concerted spiral of condensation in the nuclei of molecular clouds. However, quantum gravity biphotons are 1e-39 less than quantum charge photon and so represent a virtual continuum of spiral states with orthogonal spins. While one spin condenses with like spins into one spiral, the orthogonal spin condenses with complementary spins into the complementary spiral of a stellar binary. It is important that the stellar nuclei continue to lose heat as the molecular cloud collapses with radial accretion. Heat loss occurs from hot axial jets that result from the cold radial accretion until fusion eventually ignites the stellar nuclei into nascent stars.
Once again, there is really no such thing as a classical photon because a photon is a pure quantum manifestation. Complementary to an atom as a discrete quantum of matter that is a superposition of electrons and protons, a photon is a discrete electromagnetic quantum that is a superposition of frequencies, polarizations, paths, and locations. However, there are various semiclassical simplifications for a photon that people find useful in certain contexts just as there are for atoms. For example, a simplified semiclassical photon may have a single frequency even though a quantum photon is always a spectrum of frequencies and never a single frequency.
A semiclassical single photon may have a single polarization state even though a quantum photon is always in a superposition of polarizations. A polarized photon will pass an aligned polarizer, which then reflects other polarizations. In contrast, a single quantum photon always exists in a superposition of polarization states until interacting with a polarizer to form a probabilistic polarization for each single quantum photon. Thus a single quantum photon may not have a well-defined polarization state before it interacts with the electrons of a polarizer. Note that a linear polarized single quantum photon is still a superposition of right and left circular polarizations.
A semiclassical single photon has a well-defined pulse path and location and cannot be in two places at the same time. However, a quantum single photon exists as a probabilistic superposition of all locations in the universe. At any given moment, that single quantum photon can exist as any number of paths and locations with various probabilities.
A semiclassical single photon still has a well defined frequency distribution and phase called a spectrum. A semiclassical photon spectrum exists as a Fourier transform of its time pulse and so the photon spectrum relates the time pulse and frequency. A quantum single photon is a superposition of frequencies and phases that are its spectrum and the Fourier transform relates photon pulse and spectrum. The quantum photon spectrum and pulse relationship is the quantum uncertainty principle between time and frequency.
Classically, there is no limit to the precision of simultaneous measurement of a particle momentum and location. A photon, however, has a discrete quantum limit to the precision of simultaneous measurements of both photon frequency and location. As a result, the more localized the photon, the broader the frequency spectrum becomes and eventually, the light wavelength exceeds the apparatus size. At that point, the measurement becomes meaningless.
Likewise, a semiclassical photon may have a well defined average location in time, but a quantum photon is always a distribution of locations, never a single location. A semiclassical photon may have a well-defined single path, but a quantum photon always exists on a distribution of paths, never just a single path. Moreover, matter has the complementary quantum properties of light.
Matter has a well-defined average location in time and matter is stationary while light only moves at a constant speed. Matter also oscillates complementary to light with a distribution of frequencies and also has a distribution of locations about an average location. An atom of matter has an average mass or frequency, but matter is also a distribution of masses about that average mass. While there are fundamental particles with very well-defined rest masses, quantum particles really only have inertial mass complementary to light. Rest mass just represents a particle’s interaction with other matter, which photons of course mediate.
Finally, classical matter has a well-defined average path, but quantum particles exist on a distribution of paths. However, upon interaction with other matter, any such distribution decays very quickly into the one path that we call our rest frame reality. | <urn:uuid:46bf2a6f-3d37-4485-86dd-39e0aed19679> | {
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A recent study has found that virtual reality (VR) is as effective as a certified trainer in providing CPR training. This study, led by cardiologists at the Radboud University Medical Center, was conducted in August 2019 at a large music festival in the Netherlands called Lowlands. The results of this trial, dubbed Lowlands Saves Lives, were published on November 17, 2019, in JAMA Cardiology.
These researchers compared the efficacy of 20 minutes of CPR training administered via a certified trainer or through a free VR app made by Lifesaver, UK Resuscitation Council. 381 festival attendees were included in the study and were randomized to one of these two training groups. After receiving their CPR training, the participants were then evaluated by an examiner who was blind to which form of training the participant received. The goal of this work was to assess whether VR could be used to expand and expedite the spread of CPR training in society.
The two aspects of CPR evaluated after the training were speed and depth of chest compressions. The gold standard for CPR is 120 compressions per minute given at a depth of 6 cm. The team found that the participants who received VR training performed equally as well as the certified trainer group regarding the speed of their compressions, however, the trainer group performed slightly better in terms of depth.
“This result is relative and should be seen against the current standard of CPR training,” explained Joris Nas, leader of the project. “Some participants in the VR group actually achieved better results than would be expected after a four-hour regular training session. In fact, more than half of all participants met the requirements for a four-hour training session after just twenty minutes of training.”
Other measured outcomes included characteristics such as previous experience with CPR training or as a healthcare professional. This study found that VR training was as effective as the traditional training for this specific population.
“It’s great to see that virtual reality worked so well for this group,” said Marc Brouwer, team member and cardiologist at Radboud University Medical Center. “The app still has to be optimized for untrained people but for people with experience, it could mean that 20 minutes of VR training works just as well as a refresher as a four-hour course with a trainer. Because a refresher course is an annual requirement, this could lead to enormous savings in time and costs.”
“Thanks to Lowlands, we were not only able to carry out a good scientific study, but we also managed to bring resuscitation to the attention of a large group of people,” said Marc Brouwer, reflecting on the success of their study. “Almost 400 people learned how to do it. If you then hear people say enthusiastically ‘that was really good, thanks’, it means we’re a step closer to our goal.”
Over 80% of the study participants said they would be willing to partake in a follow-up study, slated to begin in January.
— JAMA Cardiology (@JAMACardio) November 17, 2019
Image credit: EurekAlert | <urn:uuid:301efe7a-9d43-496e-8e36-63f0e184a6a5> | {
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This paper explores the deep-rooted, transcultural history of justice and fairness, which has fluctuated and evolved into the contemporary concept of justice, which is linked to citizenship through the concept of rights after a long separation between the two. In this paper, justice and its evolutionary path are thus traced to Plato, Aristotle, Zeno, Cicero, and Roman law; then to the Torah, Christian teachings, and the ideal Islamic conception of rule; and, finally, to the revolution of modern thought. Exploring justice, in the context of modernity, reveals the notion of "rights," upon which justice has been founded in the modern era.
This essay further examines the expansion of the concept of justice to include social equality, in addition to natural equality, and to take "freedom" into account as one of the components of justice. Starting off with John Rawls and Amartya Sen, the paper moves on to discuss the Arab's encounter with Western modernity-especially through Egyptian intellectual Rifaa al-Tahtawi-and the current challenges confronting Arab thought with regards to what constitutes "justice" in terms of the rights related to equal citizenship, social justice, and civic and political freedoms. The paper argues that transitional phases, such as the one currently witnessed in the Arab world, represent an opportunity to broach the subject of justice and to make theoretical and practical propositions around this question.
Central to this paper is also the question of identity, a notion that is key to the building of a modern state. Identity is even more crucial in the context of the Arab world, where the phenomenon of the politicization of sub-identities within the state emerges as part of the struggle against despotism. To the author, all these challenges must be dealt with from an enlightened perspective; in search of a theory that not only organizes the relationship between the principles of equality and freedom, but also explores the concept of "justice" as inclusive of all identity groups, though not at the expense of freedom and equality.
* This study was originally published in the fifth Edition of tabayyun (Summer 2013, pp. 7-26). Tabayyun, published by the Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, is a peer-reviewed academic quarterly journal devoted to philosophical and cultural studies.
It was translated by the ACRPS Translation and English Editing Department. The original Arabic version can be found here.
To read the full text , click on the image below. | <urn:uuid:4cfe8481-34f3-4427-bfdf-8e94564c8cd3> | {
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The U.S. Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics has a variety of numbers that can be used to gauge movements in business costs. Some of them measure labor costs, while others measure the prices of goods and services.
Webpages on this Topic
Producer Price Indexes (PPI)
Latest numbers, tables, news releases, frequently asked questions, and other information about the PPI.
Compensation Cost Trends
Quarterly indexes measuring change over time in labor costs (also called "employment costs" or "compensation costs") and annual data measuring the level of costs per hour worked.
National Compensation Survey Benefits
Information on the share of workers who participate in specified benefits, such as health care, retirement plans, and paid vacations. The data also show the details of those benefits, such as deductible amounts, retirement ages, and amounts of paid leave.
Import/Export Price Indexes
Monthly data on changes in the prices of goods traded between the U.S. and the rest of the world.
Productivity and Costs
Output per hour and unit labor costs for U.S. business sector, nonfarm business sector, and manufacturing sector. In addition, output per hour and unit labor costs are available for specific industries.
International Labor Comparisons
Hourly compensation costs and unit labor cost in manufacturing for the United States and select foreign economies. | <urn:uuid:16de4128-02f9-4596-91e6-35268afc2399> | {
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Have you ever suffered from oral health issues including increased tooth sensitivity when eating foods or drinking liquids? You may be suffering from tooth decay and do not even know it. Because cavities are so common in all ages, always attend regular check-ups with your dentist to search for any tooth enamel damage that may be taking place. For a list of guidelines regarding dental sealants, consider the following:
– Dental sealants have been proven to decrease the risk of tooth decay by 80%.
– Children with dental sealants are three times less likely to have cavities.
– Dental sealants are tremendously durable and can easily last over ten years heavy use.
– Dental sealants are used for all ages and can be safely placed in children when their first molars grow in. This frequently occurs when they are about six years of age.
– Dental sealants consist of a special gel that is spread across your teeth and naturally hardened using a specialized light source. Sealants are both safe and extremely effective in providing an extra protective layer to your teeth atop of your tooth enamel.
No matter the needs you require from your smile, our team at Arel C Ondoy DMD can help. Dr. Arel Ondoy and our team can give you a comprehensive oral examination to determine which dental sealants procedure is best for you and your oral health care needs. To schedule a visit to our dentist office in Oak Forest, Illinois, call us at 708-535-0333 . Don’t wait until it’s too late. Call or visit us today! | <urn:uuid:96b40bcb-e5d1-4387-8efa-47bee901304f> | {
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While it’s in the 80’s F (30 C) and sunny….Why talk about a phenomia that only occurs in the winter? Simply because re-roofing is the only time you can effectively address its damaging effects.
Ice damning occurs when snow is warmed, by the sun or heat loss from your home, and melts and runs down the roof until it hits an unheated overhang or dead valley where it re-freezes and starts to form a ridge or dam. Subsequent freeze-thaw cycles can create large dams that hold back hundreds of litres of water. This allows the water to create very powerful hydraulic pressures that can force water back under the shingles with potentially damaging results.
The best way to prevent this is to make sure your roof is constructed for this harsh onslaught of ice and snow. Here are a few tips on what should be included in your roofing estimate – starting at the eaves and working our way up to the ridge.
- Dripedge – usually a piece of aluminum bent in an “L” shape that protects the edge of the plywood and directs the water into the eavestrough.
- Ice and Water Shield – this is a black “sticky” paper that is used to protect the eaves area from ice buildup (into a dam) which in turn allows snow melt to be forced under your shingles and into your home – not cool. Ice and Water Shield should also be used in other vulnerable areas where snow can accumulate such as valleys, skylights, dormers, low slope areas, chimney’s and pipes to name a few. The principle here is straight forward added protection to vulnerable points in your roof.
- Underlayment (synthetic is best) to the balance of your roof. This layer provides a second line of defense against ice, snow and wind driven rain.
- On very low slope or flat areas the only effective protection is to use flat roof membrane (E.P.D.M. or T.P.O.) that is designed to have snow or water actually sit on the roof. When “tying into” a shingle roof; the flat roof extends under the shingles by 36” or more. (More on this in a future article)
- Historically lead and copper were also used in low slope areas as well. These are still excellent options but somewhat pricey and usually reserved for institutional work or the well-heeled with a classic style of architecture.
Here’s the main point – the time to protect your home from ice damming is when you are re-roofing or building new – everything is open and easily accessible for these various techniques to be deployed. Please make sure your roofing contractor is aware of any trouble areas and has an effective strategy for protecting them. If they minimize any of your concerns around ice damming find a new company that is focused on prevention.
We’ll discuss heating cables, snow rakes and when to call a contractor to remove excess snow in a future article. | <urn:uuid:78b5a9a4-b5cf-47d7-b0fa-7ac56b4a9e56> | {
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- Only 26% ‘never’ use their mobile phones while driving
- 74% use their phone for incoming calls, 43% for outgoing calls
- 19% use their phone for incoming messages, 14% for outgoing messages
- Mobile calling & texting is so dangerous, because it combines the 4 elements of distracted driving.
RoadSafetyUAE and QIC Insured release the findings of their most recent YouGov research wave, shedding light on one of the most dangerous behaviours behind the wheel: the use of the mobile phone while driving.
Thomas Edelmann, Founder & Managing Director of RoadSafetyUAE states: “It is alarming to see, that only 26% of motorists ‘never’ use their mobile while driving. Distracted driving is among the top causes of accidents, injuries and death on UAE’s roads and the use of mobile phones behind the wheel is one of the major sources of distraction.” Most vulnerable are the 25-29 year olds and Sharjah residents. Westerners have the best habits in resting their mobile phone while driving.
74% of drivers use mobile phones for incoming calls, and 43% for outgoing calls,
19% for incoming messages like SMS, WhatsApp and similar, and 14% for outgoing messages.
Interestingly, older drivers respond most to incoming calls, while younger drivers lead in outgoing calls and messages.
Mobile calling and texting is so dangerous, because it combines the 4 forms of distraction:
- Manual distraction (taking the hands off the wheel)
- Visual distraction (taking the eyes off the road)
- Distraction of the mind (taking your attention off the road)
- Auditory distraction (taking your ears away from traffic sounds)
Frederik Bisbjerg, Executive Vice President MENA Retail, QIC Insured, states: “We are proud to be associated with this behaviour study, as it demonstrates the efforts of QIC Insured to actively support the creation of safer roads. For UAE’s motorists we have a very clear message: When driving, put your mobile phone in silent and put it away. No call or message can be so important to handicap your own safety, the safety of your passengers and the safety of other traffic participants around you!”
60% of respondents use their hands-free in 50% of their drives or more.
35% use the car’s built-in hands-free, 31% cable hands-free and 23% portable Bluetooth devices.
Of those drivers, whose cars have built-in hands-free, 75% actually use it, and the ones who don’t use it, claim better functionality and easier use of their hand held mobile phones.
The use of hands-free is more popular with older drivers.
“To improve the situation, the UAE needs ongoing education efforts, the creation and promotion of safe driving mobile phone applications (including an auto mute function) and a strict enforcement of the current rules and regulations with regards to the ban of mobile phones while driving. We appeal to all UAE traffic participants to obey to the above statement of Frederik Bisbjerg of QIC Insured: ‘When behind the wheel, put your mobile on silent & put it away!’”, Edelmann concludes. | <urn:uuid:115ef2e2-da65-46b9-bc34-d323f28b29f5> | {
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Note that some links will break as pages are moved, websites are abandoned, etc.
If this happens, please try searching for the page in the Wayback Machine at www.archive.org.
Also known as auricular candling, 'coning' or Thermo-Auricular Therapy (TAT).
"During the course of investigating ear candling we often encountered the belief that ear candles create a vacuum that draws fluids and wax from the ear canal, which in turn produces beneficial health effects. To investigate this notion, we obtained several ear candles from a local health food store and investigated their properties….. CONCLUSIONS: The ear candle, when burned, produced a brown waxy substance that looks like ear wax. However, since the wax appears whether or not the candle is placed in a human ear, we conclude that the source of the wax is the candle and not the ear. It is possible that the candle produced wax but also extracted solid material from the ear was mixed with the candle wax. However, since the candle remnant of the control candle and the one inserted into a human volunteer weighed exactly the same, we conclude that this did not happen. The human subject reported no feeling of a vacuum which is purported to occur during the burning of the candle. The control candle produced smoke that poured from the bottom of the tapered end, suggesting that positive, not negative pressure was being produced. The subject reported no subjective feelings invoked by the treatment, suggesting that the ear candle was ineffective in a controlled environment." Jeffries, W., et al.
"Researchers agree ear candling is a dangerous and ineffective procedure for removing cerumen (ear wax) from the outer ear. Its efficacy and safety have been questioned for more than a decade…..Ear candling is condemned by the FDA, which prohibits the sale or import of ear candles with medical claims…..Despite the documented dangers of ear candling, however, the sale of ear candles and the purported benefits of the process can be found on dozens of Web sites. In fact, one popular search engine came up with 246,000 citations for the benefits of ear candling, while the same search engine came up with only 13,300 citations for the dangers. ….Nurses, your patients are reading these Web sites, and in many cases looking for natural remedies. Some hate to have their ears flushed by their doctor and are looking for cheaper, alternative methods. Many will consider ear candles. Be prepared to relay the facts to your patients — this procedure is dangerous and pointless." Two-page article by Jess Dancer, EdD, professor emeritus of audiology at the University of Arkansas-Little Rock and Heather Shenk, AuD, staff audiologist at Advanced Tech Hearing Aid Centers, Lancaster, PA. Advance for Nurses (1st April 2009)
"…The most popular alternative practice for cerumen removal is ear candling, also known as "ear coning" or "thermo-auricular therapy…..No reliable prevalence data is available on candling, but data from wholesale distributors, thousands of Internet references to ear candling, and a survey of 122 US otolaryngologists showing that they were aware of ear candle use in at least one of their patients support the assumption that the prevalence of ear candle use is high…..Adequate research on the effect of ear candling is limited. However, a series of experiments have concluded that candling does not eliminate wax from the ear, but rather the material deposited at the end of the cone is from the candle itself, and not wax from the external auditory canal. Additionally, Seely et al concluded that the burning of the candle does not produce negative pressure. Comparison of photographs from each subject's ear canals taken before and after the ear candling procedure revealed that no cerumen was removed from these ears. These investigators also surveyed a small sample of otolaryngologists regarding the use and safety of ear candles in their patient population. Fourteen out of 122 otolaryngologists who responded to the survey had treated 21 patients for complications from ear candles, which included: 13 burns of the auricle; 7 ear canal occlusions; and 1 tympanic membrane perforation. External otitis and temporary hearing loss were secondary complications in three and six patients, respectively. In summary, these studies have shown that although ear candling is heavily promoted, the mechanism of action is implausible. Furthermore, it has no observable positive effects and ear candling use may be associated with considerable risks. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that there is no validated scientific evidence to support the efficacy of the ear candles and warns against their use." Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Vol 139, No 3S2 (September 2008) [pdf]
"Hopi Ear Candling, or thermo-auricular therapy (TAT) as it is known, is a rather strange technique that involves sticking a burning candle in your ear. The mundane reason for doing this is that it can allegedly draw out the nasty wax from your ears. Quacks never like to restrict their techniques to the obvious, so the candle apparently acts on the 'energetic level' and can also detoxify you and treat all sorts of ailments unconnected with your ear. The main manufacturer of ear candles is a German company called Biosun. Their web site tells us about the Hopi tribe of native Americans and their ancient wisdom. Pictures on their web site show tribe members and ancient murals showing the Hopi sharing candles. The problem is that all this is just made up nonsense. All of it…..ear candling looks like it is little more than twenty years old and is just abusing an American tribe to make believe that the stupid practice of sticking a candle in your ear is ancient and justified." Article by Andy Lewis, The Quackometer (27th March 2008)
"Ear candling appears to be popular and is heavily advertised with claims that could seem scientific to lay people. However, its claimed mechanism of action has not been verified, no positive clinical effect has been reliably recorded, and it is associated with considerable risk. No evidence suggests that ear candling is an effective treatment for any condition. On this basis, we believe it can do more harm than good and we recommend that GPs discourage its use." J. Rafferty, MB CHB, A. Tsikoudas, FRCS DLO, and B.C. Davis, FRCS ED. Canadian Family Physician. (December 2007)
"Ear candles do not remove earwax, have no known scientific or medical benefit, and indeed pose a significant risk. They are quite dangerous and serve no apparent beneficial purpose." Heather L. Shenk, Au.D. & Jess Dancer, Ed.D. Audiology Online (12th December 2005)
"Ear candling is a solution in search of a problem. And the solution doesn't even work." Tom Valeo, WebMD Feature (December 2005)
A news article which explores "a little bit of the outrageous claims and expectations consumers are exposed to regarding ear candles". Includes two experiments, illustrated by several photographs, which proved that ear wax was not removed from the ears via candling. Heather Shenk, Au.D., and Jess Cancer, Ed.D., healthyhearing.com (31st October 2005)
"There have been no trials so far evaluating the benefits of ear-candling so there is no evidence whatsoever that it has any clinical effect other than through a placebo response… Apparently both the Canadians and the Americans have officially banned the sale of ear-candles as the adverse reactions seem to far outweigh the possible benefits — although they remain available over the internet." Dr George Lewith, Head of the Complementary Medicine Research Unit, Southampton Medical School, UK (The Times, 8th October 2005)
"If you find, while having your ear candled, that you experience a sudden loss of hearing, and agony followed by bleeding: that'll be the deafening sound of your own painful credulity." Ben Goldacre MD, The Guardian (4th March 2004)
"Ear candles are hollow tubes coated in wax which are inserted into patients' ears and then lit at the far end. The procedure is used as a complementary therapy for a wide range of conditions. A critical assessment of the evidence shows that its mode of action is implausible and demonstrably wrong. There are no data to suggest that it is effective for any condition. Furthermore, ear candles have been associated with ear injuries. The inescapable conclusion is that ear candles do more harm than good. Their use should be discouraged." E. Ernst M.D., Ph.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.C.P.(Ed), Journal of Laryngology & Otology (1st January 2004)
Three experiments melt a New Age claim of ear wax extraction. By Philip Kaushall and Justin Neville Kaushall, Skeptical Inquirer (September 2000)
Toronto ear-nose-and-throat specialist Dr. Rick Fox first heard about ear candling when a patient arrived in his office in incredible pain. The candle had burnt right through his ear, leaving a chunk of wax lodged in it. The patient "had suffered a significant burn throughout his canal and drum," says Fox. "He had perforated his tympanic membrane so we had to do a surgical repair and graft his drum." Fox spent that Christmas day reconstructing the man's ear for a treatment he says doesn't work at all: "Many of the proponents, they cut open the candle and they show you this incredible amount of wax. What they don't show you is that if you don't put it into the ear, and you still light it on fire and you open it up, it looks the exact same. "All the junk that's in the candle is simply the beeswax and the residue," says Fox. "It's not human ear wax." CBC News (22nd February 2000)
Case report of a 55-year-old lay midwife seen at the Brigham Young University Audiology Clinic after she had burned her ear using an ear candle. Includes photographs of the ear candles used by the patient, the ear candle wax on the tympanic membrane, the tympanic membrane 5 days after removal of the ear candle wax, and remnants of 10 ear candles used by the patient over a 10-day period. Also includes audiometric and tympanometry readings before and after the removal of the ear candle wax. Richard Harris, Ph.D. (5th March 1999)
A survey of 122 otolaryngologists identified 21 ear injuries resulting from ear candle use. Ear candles have no benefit in the management of cerumen and may result in serious injury. Laryngoscope (1996) | <urn:uuid:d09f762a-3e8d-47fe-b502-9b35a239cc6d> | {
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Have you ever been asked to bring your own coffee mug to a conference? I recently attended one that was “bring-your-own everything”—mug, plate, silverware, and napkin. About half of the 400 attendees did, sporting everything from mason jars to camping gear to use for their lunch and snacks. Conference organizers provided a tub of reusable silverware from Goodwill for the rest, as well as a washing station for people to clean their utensils between meals. At the end of the all-day event, there were a lot of proud faces—only two pounds of “trash” were headed for the landfill.
The gathering was the third annual meeting of the Post-Landfill Action Network (PLAN), a non-profit student group with a presence on nearly 100 campuses nationwide and some significant momentum for growth. The organization’s mission is to empower students with the necessary skills and information to implement Zero Waste initiatives on their campuses, everything from starting a move-out program to going plastic-free on campus.
Having been at far too many “recycling” conferences where I’m talking to a sea of disposable coffee cups or where dinner was served on disposable polystyrene plates with disposable plastic forks, I have to tip my hat to PLAN for walking their talk. But even more important is what I heard at their conference. These students are keenly aware that achieving Zero Waste is more than changing individual behavior— it requires collective action to create systems that support Zero Waste, both on campus and beyond.
Founded in 2013 at the University of New Hampshire, PLAN is growing rapidly, with a goal of reaching 300 campuses by 2020. That’s ambitious but achievable, in part because they are tapping a prime population: History has shown repeatedly that young people can be powerful change agents, and there are 17.5 million active college students in the United States today. They can help us move farther and faster to achieve Zero Waste at the local level, even as national policies are likely to shift away from climate mitigation and sustainability.
The Campus-Community Parallels
College and university campuses are a lot like small to medium-sized cities. They often run their own power plants; they install and repair their own streets; and they house and feed thousands or even tens of thousands of residents. Hundreds of daily decisions must be made that impact people’s lives and collectively have a big impact on our planet and local economies.
Campuses are also the leading incubators on waste reduction: think tray-less kitchen dining, refillable coffee mugs, reusable take-out boxes, bans on bottled water, fix-it clinics to repair broken products, and move-out programs that resell used furniture to next semester’s students. There is a lot the rest of us could learn from PLAN and other student groups about how to reduce waste in our own communities, businesses, and schools.
There is also strong parallel between creating change on campus and creating change in the larger community. Both require a dedicated group of citizens, or students, who need to partner with the local government, or administration, to first gain buy-in and then implement the Zero Waste programs and services. The goal, in both cases, is to institutionalize new Zero Waste systems so that when the students graduate and move on or when the citizen group dissolves, the programs remain strong.
Embracing Student Leadership
So with all we have in common, why there isn’t a closer connection between campus efforts and our community efforts? I know that students are young and inexperienced, making many of them naïve and overly ambitious. They can also be impatient. But I’ll argue that their zealous enthusiasm, idealism, and penchant for activism are invaluable and should be seen as much-needed assets, rather than faults.
Both campuses and cities can benefit from collaborating, especially when it comes to materials management. A city cannot reach its diversion goals without the participation of the students and the college, often the largest waste stream in the community. On the flip side, as students pursue their waste reduction initiatives, they often run into sizeable obstacles—the lack of local infrastructure and programs, such as composting facilities. Campuses can, in turn, help support the city’s investment in this new local infrastructure in two ways: Their large flow of discards can help facilities run more cost-effectively, and having a group of well-spoken college students and campus staff voice their support for Zero Waste initiatives can go a long way to building the political backing necessary for city councils to move these programs forward and quickly.
An Invitation to the Table
In the past six months, I’ve heard experts at three state recycling conferences talk about how to engage younger people in our industry and broaden our diversity. I think that engaging with the campus Zero Waste movement seems a great first step. As an industry, we can start by inviting students to the table and offering scholarships for them to attend conferences, workshops, and trainings. When they do, we need to encourage their active participation as panel moderators and participants. We need to create room for them to showcase their latest campus innovations and we need to allow their enthusiasm to inspire the rest of us.
PLAN is doing a tremendous job of training our industry leaders of tomorrow, and these student activists are a tough crowd. In their lives, these students walk their talk on Zero Waste. Let’s accept this as a challenge. We talk big about “reduce and reuse” before recycling—so let’s join them by doing more to make our industry conferences a Zero Waste experience.
This blog originally ran on Waste360.
Kate Bailey is the project director of Eco-Cycle Solutions and works with citizens, government staff, and elected officials to implement Zero Waste solutions around the U.S. | <urn:uuid:d88af682-0d08-4616-9da3-4fdc9799b7f6> | {
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ON MAY 9th 150 Russian military aircraft will streak across the Moscow sky, 16,000 troops will march through Red Square and three intercontinental ballistic missiles will be put on display, all in celebration of the 70th anniversary of the Soviet Union’s victory over Nazi Germany. Vladimir Putin, the national leader with a fast-developing personality cult, will claim Russia’s ownership of the most important Soviet holidays. He will talk about Russia’s continuing struggle against fascism (in Ukraine) and attempts by its sponsor (America) to impose its dominance on the world.
The leaders of America, France, Britain and Germany will not be there. Mr Putin may be flanked by China’s Xi Jinping, but few other notables. As Andrei Zorin, a Russian cultural historian, says, Western leaders’ decision to abstain will be seen by Russians as confirmation of their continued struggle against the West.
The feelings of isolation and aggression stoked by the Kremlin in the build-up to Victory Day could hardly be more different from those that reigned in Moscow in the early hours of May 9th 1945, when thousands of people kissed and danced in the streets in a spontaneous outburst of joy and liberty, mixed with sorrow at the deaths of 27m compatriots. People waved American and British flags. Many went to the American embassy to embrace the allies. “Someone picked up an American sailor or soldier and lifted him in the air,” recalls Inna Solovyova, a Russian scholar who was 17 at the time. “It was a genuinely happy day. It was the victory of the people, of every one of us.” Fighting against fascism was a liberating experience for people who were terrorised by Stalin. The dictator himself, possessed by paranoia, was too scared to come out onto Red Square. In the evening a vast illuminated banner with his face appeared in the sky.
Stalin did not let the Russians enjoy their victory for long. A new wave of repression began a year later. In 1948 Victory Day celebrations were cancelled altogether. The feelings of freedom and compassion inspired by the victory were not to be encouraged. To avoid reminding people of the staggering losses, the limbless veterans who once dotted Moscow’s streets were shipped off to a former monastery on an island. Stalin feared victory celebrations would enhance the popularity of Soviet military commanders such as Marshal Georgy Zhukov, who signed Germany’s surrender along with the allies.
Official celebrations resumed only in 1965, a year after the fall of Nikita Khrushchev. By that time, most military commanders were too old to pose a challenge. Zhukov had been sidelined. The Soviet leaders who came to power as a result of the coup against Khrushchev used Victory Day to boost their legitimacy. It was the only unifying Soviet holiday that caused no disagreements between the people and their leaders. While the memory of the war was used by the Kremlin to assert Soviet power, it also served as a common denominator between the Soviet and American leaders who belonged to the war generation.
Mr Putin has appropriated the iconography of Victory Day, along with other Soviet symbols, to assert the dominance of the Russian state and its place in the world. Western leaders used to oblige him, taking part in celebrations meant to mark the country’s resurgence after the Soviet collapse. A decade later, the memory of the second world war was cynically exploited by the Kremlin as a pretext for the annexation of Crimea and the war in Ukraine.
During the second world war, Ukrainians ended up on both sides of the lines. Western Ukrainian nationalists who sought independence allied with Nazi Germany and fought against Ukrainians serving in the Soviet army. For much of Ukraine’s post-Soviet history these divides were dormant. But the failure of the Ukrainian government in the past quarter-century to build a nation-state has allowed the Kremlin to use history as a weapon.
Russian state television described the modern pro-European Ukrainians who ousted their corrupt and authoritarian president Viktor Yanukovych as nationalists and Nazi collaborators, planning to annihilate Russians in Crimea. It planted fake stories about Ukrainians crucifying children, while showing a Russian soldier in Crimea holding a small child in his arms—a reference to the giant statue of the Soviet Liberator Soldier erected in Berlin in 1949.
But after a year-long war against Russian aggression, Ukraine is fighting for its own right to celebrate the Soviet victory over fascism. A recent Ukrainian advert opens with a shot of a model Soviet plane in soft light. A phone rings. A boy at a modern-day military base calls to speak to his grandfather, a Soviet Red Army veteran. “Happy Victory Day, grandpa,” says the boy, who then dons his combat helmet and dashes onto a foggy battlefield. “Glory to Ukraine,” the grandfather replies, referring to Ukraine’s current struggle.
To reconcile Ukraine’s Soviet past with its European future, the president, Petro Poroshenko, announced that this year the country will honour both the Western victory celebration on May 8th and Soviet Victory Day on May 9th. The traditional Russian orange-and-black St George’s ribbon has been swapped for the British crimson poppy. Alexei Navalny, the Russian opposition leader, says Mr Putin’s “project” has destroyed any hope of a larger Russian world built on common memories. Even Alexander Lukashenko, the dictatorial president of Belarus, decided to celebrate Victory Day separately.
The display of Russia’s newest weapons is expected to be followed by a procession of 100,000 people holding photographs of those who died in the war. Yet the ideas propagated by the Kremlin seem eerily similar to the ones which Soviet soldiers defeated 70 years ago. Vladimir Medinsky, Russia’s minister of culture, recently argued that Russia’s view of its own history does not have to be acceptable to “civilised humanity”. “Let me remind you: this ‘civilised humanity’ is only civilised to the extent that the Soviet people and the Soviet soldier forced it to be in 1945. It is time to formulate our own perception of ourselves as the descendants of a great, unique Russian civilisation.”
For all the uniqueness of Russian culture, the celebration of Victory Day, just like the war in Ukraine, has been packaged into patriotically-themed consumer entertainment. “Celebrate the 70th Anniversary of Victory with Wargaming,” advertises a maker of computer games. “The World of Tanks game allows you to virtually operate armoured vehicles and better remember the heroic deed of our people in the Great Patriotic War.”
Russia’s virtual wargames have real consequences. Alexei Levinson, a sociologist, writes that “under this light moral anaesthetic, the country is getting used to actions which only a short while ago seemed unthinkable and impossible.” Opinion polls show that 90% of Russians are prepared to discuss the possibility of nuclear war. While 57% of older Russians say that such a war cannot have any winners, 40% of younger people are convinced that Russia would defeat America and NATO. As Mr Levinson puts it, “A real war starts to look like a TV show or a computer game in which you have ten lives in reserve.”
This article appeared in the Europe section of the print edition under the headline "Great patriotic war, again" | <urn:uuid:29a55c4e-8e68-4c64-b448-60db08728d58> | {
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There can be many reasons for excessively dry hair. Environmental pollution, frequent styling, blow drying and use of chemical shampoos and colouring can rob the hair of its softness and shine and make it dry. However, there are also many diseases that can cause very dry hair. Hence it becomes very important to consult a doctor if your hair suddenly becomes extremely dry, as it could be a symptom of a disease that needs prompt treatment.
Why Do Diseases Cause Extremely Dry Hair?
Hair is made of keratin (a protein) and water. The hair grows luxuriantly with shine and gloss when it is well nourished with proteins, omega-3 fatty acids and nutrients. Hence, when a disease deprives the body of such nutrients, dry hair may result. Some hormones, such as those produced by the thyroid gland, directly control the absorption of proteins and minerals by the body and, therefore, the deficiency of such hormones because of disease naturally leads to dry hair.
Diseases That Deprive Hair of Nutrients and Make It Dry
Kwashiorkor is a malnutrition disease that causes dry hair due to protein deficiency. Both anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder wherein a person eats hardly any food because of the fear of gaining weight, and bulimia, another eating disorder wherein a person first overeats and then self-induces vomiting, fearing weight gain, produce dry hair symptoms by creating a nutrient shortage. Dry hair is caused by anaemia, a condition of iron deficiency in the blood. Menkes kinky-hair syndrome is a hereditary metabolic disorder that hinders copper absorption. Copper deficiency makes hair dry and brittle.
Diseases That Cause Extremely Dry Hair by Affecting Hormones
In the case of the thyroid disorder called hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone deficiency prevents protein assimilation, which leads to dry hair. Hypoparathyroidism causes a decrease in the PTH or parathyroid hormone, which hinders assimilation of vitamin D and calcium by the body, again causing dry hair. Another disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also shows dry hair symptoms because it hampers functioning of the thyroid gland.
Dry hair is lusterless, rough in texture, unmanageable, lifeless and dull. It does not have enough natural moisture or oils in it. Combination of dry hair symptoms with some other unexplained symptom may indicate disease. For instance, dry brittle hair accompanied by sudden weight gain, fatigue and constipation could indicate hypothyroidism. You also need to visit the doctor for diagnosis of disease causing dry hair if you find that the dry-hair condition persists despite intensively caring for your hair.
The disease has to be cured for hair to get back its lustre. Besides this, gentle home care of dry hair can help the situation. Reduce use of harsh shampoos; use mild conditioners. Avoid blow drying and hair colouring with chemicals. Eat healthful, balanced meals. Consume more salmon, fish oil, flaxseed, hempnut seeds and oil, green leafy veggies, beans and walnuts. All these foods are abundant in the omega-3 fatty acids needed for soft, shiny hair. | <urn:uuid:f10afc6f-b5dc-415b-bf20-f54979640fc5> | {
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Rural New South Wales covers many separate airsheds and has a relatively low population density with no significant industrial sources of pollution. Our monitoring in regional and rural NSW comprises two networks. One network monitors air quality in key regional centres. The second network is an expansion of the NSW Community DustWatch network and monitors dust and particles in both rural centres and remote locations across central and western NSW.
Air quality monitoring in regional and rural NSW
Our monitoring network in rural New South Wales includes several regional centres and incorporates over 30 stations from the Community DustWatch network.
During the 2017 NSW Clean Air Summit, the Environment Minister stated the government’s commitment to expanding air quality monitoring in the state, to address the need for improved air quality and understanding of air pollution exposure across the breadth of the state.
The NSW Community DustWatch network is a citizen-science program that gathers data about dust storms to monitor wind erosion and help care for land and soils.
Following the Ministerial announcement, during 2018 it was adopted as the first rural NSW air quality monitoring network. While retaining its original purpose, the network is being modified to better measure air quality across rural NSW. The next phase will be to upgrade selected stations for monitoring both dust and smoke.
We monitor air quality at several regional centres in New South Wales: Gunnedah, Narrabri and Tamworth (North-west Slopes), Armidale (Northern Tablelands), Bathurst and Orange (Central Tablelands), Goulburn (Southern Tablelands), Albury and Wagga Wagga North (South-west Slopes).
The Gunnedah and Narrabri stations are part of the Namoi Air Quality Monitoring Network, which is operated by the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment and supported by the NSW Environment Protection Authority.
We monitor gaseous parameters, NEPH (visibility) and fine particles as PM10 and PM2.5 as well as meteorological variables. Data from the regional sites are reported hourly, as concentrations and AQI values.
The Rural Air Quality Monitoring Network
The DustWatch network has transitioned into the Rural Air Quality Monitoring Network, managed by Climate and Atmospheric Science, and the Department of Planning, Industry and Environment. There are over 30 rural sites across western NSW, and across the border into South Australia and Victoria (where source areas affect NSW).
We monitor particulate matter in the following size fractions: TSP or Total Suspended Particles (particles less than 100 micrometers in diameter); PM10 (particles less than 10 micrometres in diameter); and PM2.5 (particles less than 2.5 micrometres in diameter).
Particulate monitors currently used in this network do not comply with Australian Standards and provide indicative measurements only. This facilitates a cost-effective and easy-to-operate community-based network. Instrument accuracy is being investigated and selected stations will be upgraded to meet Australian Standards.
Particulate matter concentrations from the rural network sites are reported hourly, expressed as mass of particulate matter (micrograms) per cubic metre of air (µg/m3). | <urn:uuid:c5906e93-58fa-48b2-8f53-6e2a989588d5> | {
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The Biodiversity Offsets Scheme was established under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. Under the Scheme, applications for development or clearing approvals must set out how impacts on biodiversity will be avoided and minimised. The remaining residual impacts can be offset through the purchase and retirement of biodiversity credits or payment into the Biodiversity Conservation Fund.
Landholders can establish Biodiversity Stewardship Agreements to create offset sites on their land to generate biodiversity credits. These credits are then available to the market for purchase by developers, landholders or the Biodiversity Conservation Trust to offset the impacts of development or clearing. Sufficient funds are held to support the long-term management of the biodiversity stewardship sites (Site).
Changes to the discount rate
The Biodiversity Offset Scheme discount rate was reduced from 3.5% to 2.6% on 20 November 2018.
What is the discount rate?
A central component of the Biodiversity Offsets Scheme is the requirement to pay money into the Biodiversity Stewardship Payments Fund for the future management of that Site (known as the total fund deposit). The discount rate helps calculate the total fund deposit for a Site, which is then invested and the proceeds used to pay landholders to manage the Site in perpetuity.
What is the impact of this change?
Reducing the discount rate will increase the amount of money invested for the future management of the Site (i.e. the total fund deposit). This will ensure that sufficient funds are available to make all future management payments.
The revised discount rate will only apply to Biodiversity Stewardship Agreement applications received after 19 November 2018. The change to the discount rate will not apply retrospectively, or to applications received on or before 19 November 2018, or to BioBanking agreement applications.
Why did it change?
To ensure the long term financial and environmental sustainability of stewardship sites, the total fund deposit must be calculated using a discount rate that reflects prevailing market conditions. We reviewed the discount rate and determined that an adjustment is needed to ensure sufficient funds are invested for the management of stewardship sites in perpetuity. We obtained actuarial advice as part of the review.
The Total Fund Deposit Calculator
The costs of managing a stewardship site vary according to its size, location, vegetation type, cover and condition, topography, fencing and possible boundary management issues. These factors determine the total fund deposit to cover the costs of managing the stewardship site in perpetuity.
The Total Fund Deposit Calculator helps estimate the total fund deposit and payment schedule.
This calculator breaks down specific management actions and plans into individual tasks for the short and long-term, and helps determine the frequency of the actions. Landholders can price each task based on the current costs of materials and labour. All estimated annual costs should be entered on the calculator.
The landholder should enter the costs at current dollar equivalents and the calculator then calculates the net present value, or in other words the amount that needs to be invested to account for future management requirements. The amount calculated by the spreadsheet is the total fund deposit.
For more information, visit Biodiversity Offsets Scheme support or call 131 555. | <urn:uuid:408771fa-5d47-4170-bca7-f7a4481aa345> | {
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The Secret History of Pasta
This fun, animated video follows the history of pasta from 5th century Sicily to the present day. Animation: Fly Machine Picture Co.
Released on 9/19/2016
[Narrator] Oh, pasta.
So rich, so steamy, so seductive.
But listen, before I get too hot under the colander,
let's get one thing straight:
pasta is old, like super old.
Like, super, super old.
Well, maybe not that old, but really,
where did this stuff come from?
Let's find out together in The Secret History of Pasta.
The most common origin story claims pasta was brought
to Italy from the east by the explorer Marco Polo.
I got some bad news, it's not true, sorry pal.
It is true a dumpling like pasta existed in China
as early as 1700 BCE, but other forms of pasta
existed in Italy before Marco Polo ever left,
like a baked doughy pasta called lagane,
an ancestor to lasagna.
So, much like a bowl of delicious angel hair,
the ancient world is a seemingly endless tangle
of competing pasta threads, but if we slurp our way
to the bottom, what's the real pasta predecessor?
The answer takes us to the 5th century
where merchants from the Arab world brought dried noodles
known as itriyah packed for long journeys
across the Silk Road, bringing pasta to Sicily
centuries before Marco Polo, but once pasta was here,
what did Italians bring to the table?
What was there special sauce?
Up until this point pasta was eaten plain
or even as a paste, Italy also invented
mass pasta production, including the creation
of the first pasta machines, but if you think
the story's over, there's one little detail left.
At the time, even the wealthiest most aristocratic members
of society ate pasta like this.
Yeah, with their bare hands,
and with tomato sauce on the horizon,
you can just imagine.
But, thankfully, there was a hero waiting in the shadows.
Forks had never been big in Italy,
but this was a match made in heaven.
So if you love chowing down on spaghetti,
it might be better to thank your fork,
rather than Marco Polo.
It took an awfully long time to become what it is today,
but there's plenty to go around.
Just hey, hands off that last meatball, okay?
That one's mine. | <urn:uuid:28b248fb-e343-4250-8841-68a111bc0be1> | {
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Passive radiators are used in many modern speakers because they are a terrific way to get a whole lot of extra oomph out of a sound system without diverting valuable energy into creating that lovely bass effect that we all enjoy so much. They are common in smaller, modern, computer-driven speaker systems largely because they are designed to sound like a bigger speaker while remaining quite small. They are a relatively inexpensive way to deliver a full-throated, rich, and robust sound experience in a way that is mechanically efficient and ideal for the miniaturization that mobile sound systems require.
Now, we’ll explain more about what these speaker components are, how they work, and whether or not you should spend your hard-earned money on them.
What Are Passive Radiators in Speakers?
A passive radiator speaker is a clever way to get extra power and resonance out of a smaller speaker system. The reason they are called “passive” is that they are not powered by electricity, rather, they are powered by the air pressure created by the smaller speaker cones which receive all of the electrical power from the battery or AC source.
The reason passive speakers are so common is that they are ideal for the diminutive speakers you tend to get with BlueTooth capability. These are speakers that are meant to be easy to move around, carry, and that use low power from USB connections or a battery source.
As we will see, the limitations of mobile speakers make passive systems great design choices for these devices. But passive speakers are not necessarily ideal for traditional, full-sized speakers which enjoy the benefit of being plugged into an AC power outlet.
Passive Radiator Speaker Design
A passive radiator is powered by the air pressure generated by the smaller powered speaker inside a modern sound system. They use a subtle and clever method to do a lot of work using very little power.
The way they work is by sealing the entire speaker unit so that all (or a significant amount of) of the vibration generated by the active speakers is forced to move through the delicate diaphragm inside the passive speaker. Because the air pressure inside the speaker cannot escape in any direction other than through the passive speakers, the effect of a big, powerful woofer is effectively simulated.
This principle is easy to test. Simply unscrew one of the active speakers from the speaker housing. Hold the active speaker in place and play your favourite music – preferably something with a lot of bass. Now, while the music is playing, pull the active speaker out of the unit.
What you’ll experience is the resonant sound generated by the passive speaker stopping. The beautiful, deep tones cease and you’re left with the ugly, tinny whining of the unaided passive speakers. To double-check your findings, simply replace the active speaker and you’ll hear those gorgeous, golden tones return.
We don’t recommend doing this test on any speaker that you don’t mind ruining, because there’s a chance that the seal will be permanently compromised. The seal should be easy to fix with a little bit of super glue, but again – don’t do this test if you’re not willing to take the risk.
What are The Benefits of Passive Radiators?
A passive radiator makes it possible for woofers to generate deep, resonant tones that could normally only come from speakers with AC power contained in a large housing or box. Passive radiators use the principle that makes the diaphragms in your eardrums do what they do – respond to very low levels of energy for a great effect.
Depending on the tuning when passive radiators are built into a system, it will begin moving just as the drive woofer starts to create low frequencies. By engaging precisely at this point, passive radiators absorb energy from the active speaker. This reduces the motion of the drive woofer. The effect is called dampening. Because the drive woofer moves less, the risk of damage is also reduced.
In other words, passive speakers will not “blow out” as easily, like active speakers are prone to do. The power that drives passive speakers is much more gentle, in essence – making the speaker diaphragm much more likely to stay well within its mechanical tolerance. It really is an elegant solution to a longstanding problem.
This dampening effect is also conducive to the creation of smaller speakers that use less power and that are designed to be highly portable. The reduced range of motion of the woofer diaphragm, the absence of additional wires and power components, and the seal dependent design of the unit all contribute to the ability of these speakers to remain small and deliver satisfying levels of power.
Another important advantage of passive speakers is they are relatively inexpensive to produce. While the technology is still relatively new, you can expect to pay a premium for the novelty for a few more years to come. However, as these items lose the aura of newness, you can expect to be able to afford a heck of a lot of audio power at an increasingly lower price.
Passive Radiator Pros and Cons
So, we’ve talked about the reasons passive speakers are a wonderful innovation in the realm of audio reproduction. But there is still a place for traditional active woofers.
Passive radiators give you great output in a small package while consuming very little energy – and they are far less likely to blow out, as active speakers are prone to do.
- Passive radiators work great in portable systems
- They deliver richer sounds at lower octaves
- Transient responses are smoother since no mechanical change has to occur to produce different response levels
- Passive speakers are much less vulnerable to environmental conditions like temperature and humidity
Passive speakers are not as loud as ported woofers
While they can work well at lower energy levels, they do not use the available power as efficiently since the power has to be shared between the main speakers and the woofers
Passive Radiator vs Port Speakers
Traditional ported subwoofers are anything but obsolete. When it comes to delivering high-quality audio to a large audience, over long distances, and making a big impression, port speakers are still the king. They are the big guns of the audio world. So the question is, “Should I buy passive radiator speakers or port?”
The answer depends on how and where you intend to use them.
Pros & Cons of Ported Speakers
- Ported speakers are powerful
- They are more efficient with the power they use
- High-end models tend to produce less distortion
- The vent tends to let sound escape, making directional sound harder to produce
- More vulnerable to heat, cold, and humidity
- Ported speakers will not function without solid and precise construction
- Much more likely to “blow out” due to lower vibration tolerances
With that in mind, it’s not hard to see where ported speakers are best and where passive speakers will give you the most bang for your buck.
When to Buy Ported Speakers
When you place a particular penchant on power, ported speakers are probably ideal. You can still get a lot of power out of passive woofers, but not as much. Home sound systems that are going to be protected from the elements can benefit from using ported models.
The one caveat is that you should know how loud you are likely to play your system. If the answer is “very,” then you’ll want to make sure that the speakers you buy have vibrational tolerances approaching the higher end. Otherwise, you’ll just end up replacing them and spending the money you tried to save in the first place.
Of course, if you’re in a heavy metal band, ported speakers are non-negotiable – and you probably already know that.
When to Buy Passive Speakers
Passive speakers are great for everyday use, when you’re not trying to wake up the neighbours, but still want to get a decent amount of power out of your sound system.
If you’re setting up a home stereo system for the first time, passive speakers can be a great choice. This is due to the fact that BlueTooth models don’t force you to fool around with complex wiring schemes. You’ll be able to reposition the units easily. Also, because passive speakers produce more easily directed sound, it’s easier to pinpoint the centre of the stereo effect that you want to create- especially for a home theatre entertainment system.
Finally, passive speakers are great on the overall cost to own. Because they are less likely to break and less vulnerable to the elements, they tend to last longer than ported speakers. You can get a decent amount of power for less money, passive speakers draw less electrical energy, and they are more durable. All in all, you will spend less money over time on these systems.
Do you have any questions about passive radiators in speakers? Or are unsure of what would work best for your home? Ask in the comments below or contact us and we would be happy to help.
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Every minute, ESA’s Earth observation satellites gather dozens of gigabytes of data about our planet – enough information to fill the pages on a 100-metre long bookshelf. Flying in low-Earth orbits, these spacecraft are continuously taking the pulse of our planet, but it's teams on the ground at ESA’s Operations Centre in Darmstadt, Germany, that keep our explorers afloat.
From flying groups of spacecraft in complex formations to dodging space debris and navigating the ever-changing conditions in space known as space weather, ESA’s spacecraft operators ensure we continue to receive beautiful images and vital data on our changing planet.
Get in formation
Many Earth observation satellites travel in formation. For example, the Copernicus Sentinel-5P satellite follows behind the Suomi-NPP satellite (from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Flying in a loose trailing formation, they observe parts of our planet in quick succession and monitor rapidly evolving situations. Together they can also cross-validate instruments on board as well as the data acquired.
ESA’s Earth Explorer Swarm satellites are another example of complex formation flying. On a mission to provide the best ever survey of Earth’s geomagnetic field, they are made up of three identical satellites flying in what is called a constellation formation.
Swarm’s individual satellites operate together under shared control in a synchronised manner, accomplishing the same objective of one giant – and more expensive – satellite.
“Formation flying has all the challenges of flying many single spacecraft, except with the added complexity that we need to maintain a regular distance between all of these high-speed and high-tech eyes on Earth,” explains Jose Morales Santiago, ESA’s Head of the Earth Observation Mission Operations Division.
“Every decision we make, every command we send, has to be the right one for each spacecraft – particularly when it comes to manoeuvres. These must be planned properly so that they do not endanger companion satellites, while keeping a consistent configuration across the formation.”
Last year, ESA’s Earth observation missions performed a total of 28 ‘collision avoidance manoeuvres’. These manoeuvres saw operators send the orders to a spacecraft to get out of the way of an oncoming piece of space debris.
An impact with a fast-moving piece of space junk has the potential to destroy an entire satellite and in the process create even more debris. As a spacecraft ‘swerves’ to avoid collision, science instruments may need to be turned off to ensure their safety and avoid being contaminated by the thrusting engine.
Teams at mission control consider how to keep Europe’s fleet of Earth observers safe while maximising the vital work they are able to do. Recently, they came up with an ingenious concept to ‘save science’ during such manoeuvres of the Sentinel-5P satellite.
The Sentinel team quickly realised that during a collision avoidance manoeuvre they would have to suspend science collection for almost a day, because of the emergency firing of the thrusters.
“That’s a lot of data to miss out on. As the amount of space debris is currently increasing, this would be something we would need to do more and more often,” explains Pierre Choukroun, Sentinel-5P Spacecraft Operations Engineer, who came up with the fix.
“So we designed and validated a new on-board function to enhance the spacecraft’s autonomy, such that the science data loss is reduced to a bare minimum. We are very much looking forward to securing more data for the science community in the near future!”
With this new strategy, the science instruments on Sentinel-5P would be shut off for around on hour compared with an entire day!
As if dodging bits of space debris weren’t enough for Europe’s Earth explorers, they also have to navigate the turbulent weather conditions in space.
Space weather refers to the environmental conditions around Earth due to the dynamic nature of our Sun. The constant mood swings of our star influence the functioning and reliability of our satellites in space, as well as infrastructure on the ground.
When the Sun is particularly active, it adds extra energy to Earth’s atmosphere, changing the density of the air at low-Earth orbits. Increased energy in the atmosphere means that satellites in this region experience more ‘drag’ – a force that acts in the opposite direction to the motion of the spacecraft, causing it to decrease in altitude.
Operators need this information to know when to perform manoeuvres to “boost” the satellite’s speed in order to counter drag and keep it in its proper orbit.
This drag effect also changes the speed and position of space debris around Earth, meaning our understanding of the debris environment needs to be constantly updated in light of changing space weather.
“While Earth observation satellites monitor the weather on Earth, we have to stay aware of the changing weather in space,” says Thomas Ormston, Spacecraft Operations Engineer at ESA.
“This is vital because understanding atmospheric drag is fundamental to predicting when we will be threatened by space debris and determining when and how big our spacecraft manoeuvres need to be to keep delivering great science to our users.”
Space weather also impacts communication between ground stations and satellites due to changes in the upper atmosphere, the ionosphere, during solar events. Because of this, satellite operators avoid critical satellite operations like manoeuvres or updates of the on board software during periods of high solar activity.
We are changing our natural world faster than at any other time in history. Understanding the intricacies of how Earth works as a system and the impact that human activity is having on natural processes are huge environmental challenges. Satellites are vital for taking the pulse of our planet, delivering the information we need to understand and monitor our precious world, and for making decisions to safeguard our future. Earth observation data is also key to a myriad of practical applications to improve everyday life and to boost economies. This week we focus on the world’s biggest conference on Earth observation where thousands of scientists and data users discuss the latest results and look to the future of Earth observation. | <urn:uuid:673c0ade-97a4-47a3-9df1-d89abb3e3dfe> | {
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In 1995, the lower Columbia River was designated as an Estuary of National Significance, recognizing the river’s importance to the Pacific Northwest and the entire United States. At the same time, the Columbia’s habitat and water quality were severely degraded after decades of development and pollution.
The governors of Oregon and Washington, along with the Environmental Protection Agency, needed an entity to further study the lower river and coordinate its restoration. They created the Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership to study and care for the lower river, and in 1999 we incorporated as a non-profit.
We work along the lower 146 miles of the Columbia River between Bonneville Dam and the Pacific Ocean.
Our guiding document is the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan—a far-reaching plan for the lower Columbia River, developed by a collaborative team of agencies and people, and most recently updated in 2011.
Our mission is “to improve the lower Columbia River by protecting and restoring ecosystems and enhancing water quality for current and future generations of fish, wildlife, and people.” | <urn:uuid:7c4f705d-b00b-4cef-b317-c3d7f8df4bb7> | {
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Glycopyrrolate is a medicine used to treat ulcers and reduce excessive drooling caused by certain medical conditions (especially cerebral palsy).
The medicine is sold under the brand names Robinul, Cuvposa, Robinul Forte, and Glycate.
Glycopyrrolate is also given before surgery to reduce secretions in the mouth, throat, airways, and stomach — and it's given both before and during surgery to block certain reflexes and protect against side effects of some medications.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) first approved glycopyrrolate in 1961. It's manufactured by several different pharmaceutical companies.
Before taking glycopyrrolate, tell your doctor if you have, or have ever had:
Tell your doctor you take glycopyrrolate before having any type of surgery, including a dental procedure.
Glycopyrrolate may reduce your body's ability to cool down by sweating. It can cause fever or heat stroke in very high temperatures.
Be sure to drink plenty of water and avoid excessive heat while taking this medicine.
Glycopyrrolate can also make your eyes more sensitive to sunlight, so it may be helpful to wear sunglasses while taking the medication.
Elderly people and children may be more sensitive to certain side effects of glycopyrrolate. Talk to your doctor if this is a concern.
Newborns and infants should not take glycopyrrolate unless a doctor tells you otherwise.
Some formulations of the drug contain benzyl alcohol, which can cause serious and sometimes fatal side effects in babies.
Talk to your doctor if you're pregnant or become pregnant while taking glycopyrrolate.
You'll have to discuss the risks and benefits of using this medicine during pregnancy.
It's not known whether glycopyrrolate passes into breast milk. Check with your doctor before breastfeeding while taking this drug.
Tell your doctor if any of the following side effects become severe or don't go away:
Call your doctor right away if you experience any of the following serious side effects:
Tell your doctor about all prescription, non-prescription, illegal, recreational, herbal, nutritional, or dietary drugs you're taking, especially:
Glycopyrrolate may make you drowsy or cause blurred vision.
Don't drive or perform activities that require alertness until you know how this medicine affects you.
Alcohol can increase the severity of certain side effects of glycopyrrolate.
Avoid drinking alcohol while using this drug.
Glycopyrrolate comes in oral and injectable forms.
Oral glycopyrrolate comes as a tablet or solution to take by mouth.
The tablets are typically taken two or three times a day.
The solution is typically taken three times a day.
Your dosage will depend on your weight, medical condition, and response to treatment. Your doctor may start you on a low dose of glycopyrrolate and gradually increase it.
The solution should be taken at least one hour before, or two hours after, a meal. Carefully measure your dose using a special measuring device. Don't use a household spoon.
Follow the instructions on your prescription label carefully when taking this medicine. Don't take more or less oral glycopyrrolate than is recommended.
Injectable glycopyrrolate is typically administered at a doctor's office, hospital, or clinic. But you may be shown how to inject the medicine at home.
Follow your doctor's instructions carefully when injecting this drug.
Don't use injectable glycopyrrolate if it contains particles or is cloudy or discolored, or if the vial is damaged or cracked.
Symptoms of a glycopyrrolate overdose may include:
If you suspect an overdose, contact a poison control center or emergency room immediately.
You can get in touch with a poison control center at 800-222-1222.
If you miss a dose of glycopyrrolate, take it as soon as you remember.
But skip the missed dose if it's almost time for your next scheduled dose.
Don't take extra medicine to make up for a missed dose.
By Lynn Marks | Medically Reviewed by Robert Jasmer, MD
Latest Update: 2015-11-19
Copyright © 2014 Everyday Health Media, LLC | <urn:uuid:52602f01-5a74-4081-b780-65a3f6c400b7> | {
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Welcome to Everyday Kids!
Kumon's Telling Time helps children learn how to tell time down to the minute. By using a variety of different activities to keep children engaged, this workbook helps children learn this difficult skill without feeling frustrated or anxious.
Ages: 5 - 7 years
80 pages. full color. | <urn:uuid:a4824bd3-dc8b-43e2-8d55-164f92437c77> | {
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Reflectarray antennas have received a great interest from many researchers due to three main advantages: low volume compared with classical reflectors, can be fitted to most flat or curved surfaces and have flexibility to fit many specifications. However reflectarrays present some important disadvantages: relative small bandwidth, high losses and difficulties of building at millimeter and higher frequencies.
newFASANT present a design approach for reflectarrays and for only metallic reflectarrays (ultra-conformed reflectors). These last antennas maintain the previously mentioned advantages but have a larger bandwidth and are relatively easy to built at millimeter and higher frequencies with low losses. The new approach gives design of conducting reflectors with small corrugations with efficiency close to classical reflectors and bandwidth of 30% or higher. | <urn:uuid:65ba5bb2-7945-45a1-9aca-425a6100c741> | {
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Carel du Marchie Sarvaas
Global health and trade organizations have been pushing for increased access to veterinary drugs, with groups such as HealthforAnimals and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) laying out potential solutions. But vaccines could have the greatest impact on animal health, with experts in a new report calling vaccination the "biggest breakthrough" in the field in the past 100 years.
In a recent industry report titled "Innovation in animal health," HealthforAnimals highlighted vaccines as critical to the future, with the market for the products growing at a rapid clip. The global market for animal health vaccines is expected to hit $7.2 billion by 2020, up from $5.5 billion in 2015.
"Vaccination has profoundly influenced and improved the health of both animals and people globally, and it will continue to be a fundamental tool to meet future health challenges," Carel du Marchie Sarvaas, executive director of HealthforAnimals, said in a statement. "Prevention is better than a cure so it is vital we inject innovation into this field to ensure its growth."
A survey included in the report also showed that 89% of animal health experts thought that the human health sector could put a "greater focus on preventative healthcare." Preventable diseases such as rabies continue to proliferate, indicating some barriers to vaccine use, the group said in its report.
But HealthforAnimals has some ideas about how to fix the problem. The group mentioned streamlining the regulatory process for vaccines by reducing the number of people needed to sign off on a vaccine. HealthforAnimals also suggests improving teamwork, with lawmakers, farmers, researchers and companies banding together to reduce risks and costs associated with developing vaccines.
And the group cited a technique for creating vaccine banks, holding ready-to-use products, as another remedy. The OIE has already rolled out a concept that would make the banks regional, providing easier access to vaccines, HealthforAnimals said in its report. Suppliers can stock the vaccines as they're needed and renew their contracts on a rolling basis under the OIE's terms.
The report comes on the heels of efforts from health organizations and regulators to improve global animal health. In June, drug regulators converged at the 4th Global Animal Health Conference to discuss ways to increase access to vaccines, especially in developing countries with less regulatory infrastructure. A few months later, four global health organizations including the OIE launched an initiative on World Rabies Day, calling on countries to invest in mass vaccination programs for dogs.
- read the report (PDF)
- here's HealthforAnimals' statement | <urn:uuid:988dcb51-5fc9-4d7a-a539-56efe3965f6d> | {
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by Jonathan M. Stern
Advanced Instrument Procedures
One of the old-timers at National Airport used to do the New York Times crossword puzzle while he worked local control at the busiest time of the day. It wasn't uncommon to hear him say something like, "Eastern 355, taxi into position and hold Runway 36, traffic, a Sabreliner landing Runway 33, be ready for immediate departure. Hey, what's a seven letter word for..."
Holding patterns are used to maintain separation between IFR aircraft, control the flow of traffic, particularly into busy terminal areas, and to absorb delays being taken by aircraft awaiting better conditions, meteorological or otherwise, along their route of flight or at their destination.
Holding patterns are depicted on charts as a racetrack pattern. Holding may also occur in places where no pattern is published, so long as ATC ensures that sufficient terrain and obstruction clearance is provided.
A standard holding pattern appears in Figure 19.1.
Figure 19.1. There are names for virtually every portion of a standard holding pattern.
The standard pattern uses right turns and a one minute inbound leg at altitudes at and below 14,000 feet MSL and a l l/2 minute inbound leg above 14,000 feet MSL. The holding pattern consists of these elements:
- the inbound leg, the leg flown to the holding fix
- the outbound leg, flown without NAVAID guidance
- the two turns, flown at standard rate
The point perpendicular to the holding fix is known as the abeam point. The holding fix can be a VOR, NDB, or intersection of VOR radials and/or NDB bearings. See Figure 19.2.
Figure 19.2. Holding can be conducted at a variety of places.
When the holding fix is a VOR or NDB, you can identify the abeam point with the airplane's instrumentation. If the radials or bearings identifying an intersection are perpendicular to the inbound leg, the avionics can still be used to identify the abeam point. Otherwise, rollout of the turn onto the outbound leg can be used in lieu of the abeam point for timing purposes. The length of the outbound leg is adjusted to achieve the requisite time on the inbound leg.
The Federal Aviation Regulations set forth speed limits for use in holding patterns. These limits are shown in Table 19.1.
|Altitude||14,000' MSL and Below||Above 14,000 MSL|
|Propeller-Driven A/C||175 KIAS||175 KIAS|
|Turbojet-Powered A/C||230 KIAS||265 KIAS|
In a typical holding situation, use speeds substantially below the holding speed limit. For the Cessna 182RG, a speed in the vicinity of 90 knots is significantly more fuel efficient. Moreover, when you are in a holding pattern, you should not be in a rush to get anywhere, because you can't.
In a no-wind situation in holding at or below 14,000 feet, the inbound leg is one minute, the outbound leg is one minute, and each turn is one minute—for a total holding pattern time of four minutes.
If the wind is blowing, wind corrections must be made both for timing and for tracking. The first circuit of the holding pattern is flown with a one minute outbound leg and the time along the inbound leg is measured. If the resulting inbound leg is shorter than one minute, the difference is added to the outbound leg in the next circuit. For example, if a one minute outbound leg results in a 45 second inbound, the next outbound leg should be flown for one minute and 15 seconds. If, on the other hand, a one minute outbound leg results in a one minute and 20 second inbound, the next outbound leg should be flown for 40 seconds. You should recognize that this method is not scientific, but it is a simplification that usually works pretty well.
Likewise, there is a simple wind-correction procedure for tracking in the holding pattern. The outbound leg uses dead reckoning navigation. Only the inbound leg of a holding pattern is flown with reference to NAVAIDS. Therefore, only on the inbound leg can the pilot determine a wind correction angle to maintain the holding course, another name for the inbound leg. See Figure 19.3.
Figure 19.3. The wind correction angle must be determined on the inbound leg, which is the only part of the holding pattern flown with reference to NAVAIDS.
Because you cannot correct for wind while you are in a turn, the standard procedure is the double reverse correction. If on the inbound leg, you need a 10° left correction, use a 20° right correction while outbound. See Figure 19.4.
Figure 19.4. The effect of a crosswind cannot be corrected for during the turns in the holding pattern.
The doubling of the wind correction compensates for the fact that you will be blown off course during the turns. This is illustrated in Figure 19.5.
Figure 19.5. Using Flight Simulator's course tracking feature, this is what my holding pattern looked like when I flew it with a crosswind above Los Angeles International Airport.
There are three types of holding pattern entries—direct, parallel, and teardrop. The proper method of entry is purely a function of the direction from which one approaches the holding fix relative to the pattern. Figure 19.6 depicts the directions from which each of the three types of entries should be used. The direct entry (c) is used most often, its use covering 180° of a circle. The parallel entry (a) is used for 110° of the circle. Finally, the least used entry, the teardrop (b), covers 70° of the circle.
Figure 19.6. There are three types of holding pattern entries.
When making a direct entry, one simply turns in the holding pattern direction to the outbound heading. For example, in Figure 19.7, aircraft A turns right to a heading of 90° upon reaching the holding fix.
Figure 19.7. Airplane A manes a direct entry: aircraft B makes a parallel entry; and aircraft C flies a teardrop entry.
A parallel entry requires that the aircraft fly parallel to the inbound course on the non-holding side of the pattern and on the outbound heading. At the end of one minute, the aircraft turns opposite the pattern direction and intercepts the holding course inbound. Aircraft B in Figure 19.7 would turn left to 90° upon reaching the holding fix, and make another left turn to intercept the inbound course after one minute. A teardrop entry involves a turn 30° in the direction of the outbound course to join the holding pattern at the outbound end. Aircraft C in Figure 19.7 would turn right to a heading of 60° after reaching the holding fix. After one minute, Aircraft C would turn right to 270° and intercept the holding course inbound.
Pilots often have trouble with holding patterns, both because they are complicated and because there is so little opportunity to experience holding in normal operations. Pilots seem to have the most trouble, how ever, with determining which entry method to use and how to perform the entry. There are even pocket computers on the market to aid in the visualization of the holding pattern and its entry. Sporty's Pilot Shop (1-800-543-8633) sells these computers for around $10. There is, however, a relatively easy way to visualize the holding pattern and choose a method of entry, at least for a standard holding pattern (right turns). Look at the heading indicator and envision the location of the inbound course. Imagine that the holding fix is at the very center of the heading indicator. If, after reaching the holding fix, the inbound course is behind you, make a direct entry. If the holding course is ahead and to your left, make a parallel entry. Finally, if the holding course is ahead and to your right, make a teardrop entry. | <urn:uuid:031d2878-843c-40ae-98b6-89228ec4f21e> | {
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Organisations are feeling pressure from stakeholders, including customers and investors, to be more transparent about sustainability. While transparency on its own is a good thing, it doesn’t directly improve shareholder value – but having sustainability initiatives in place can make a difference in an entity’s financial performance and provides the assurance stakeholders are seeking.
More than half of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), according to a 2013 UK survey by Lloyds Banking Group, are adopting sustainability strategies to save money.
A CGMA report, Ten Key Elements to Sustainable Business Practices in SMEs, says that finance plays a key role in formulating and implementing sustainability initiatives, defining the metrics that determine goals, and also monitoring progress. In the report, SMEs’ experience was that “sustainability not only serves altruistic motives, but is also smart business because it can deliver higher profit – both in the short and the long term.”
The report includes case studies and key lessons from the organisations profiled. Here, according to the report, are ten elements of sustainable business practices for SMEs:
- Take a broad view of sustainability. Understand the main drivers, risks, and opportunities for your organisation. Finding creative ways to be a good corporate citizen can benefit your employees, customers, and suppliers. It also will benefit the business.
- Define in detail what sustainability means to your company. A clear definition and clear measures for success will lead to sustainability practices that focus on “the right goals”.
- Engage all stakeholders. If you include customers, suppliers, investors, and employees in a discussion about sustainability, it’s likely the strategy that results will be all-encompassing.
- Remember that you are not alone. Best practices for sustainability can be found around the world. National, international, and industry-specific initiatives exist that can help businesses become more sustainable. Tap into that knowledge and experience.
- Establish responsibility and communicate widely. The organisation should know who is guiding the initiatives. New programmes and strategies tend to lose momentum quickly when senior management isn’t delivering the message. Management also can appoint “sustainability champions” throughout the organisation to help communicate the importance of sustainability to all levels of the company.
- Take it step by step. Making small changes can lead to significant effects in the future. A move toward sustainability is an evolution, not a revolution. For example, a commercial freight company in the UK expanded its defensive driving courses to include topics such as optimal tyre pressure and minimising brake wear.
- Walk the talk. In short, don’t view sustainability as a marketing venture. Stakeholders will see through that if no real progress is being made.
- Tie sustainability to profit. Resource efficiency can benefit the environment and reduce costs. For example, establish a clear link between using less water and electricity and improving profit.
- Measure, monitor, and review. Tracking progress is vital to establishing the value of sustainability initiatives. Develop clear metrics, review them regularly, and continue to set reachable goals. For example, Aéroports de Montréal, the airport authority in Montreal, Canada, charts energy consumption, rate of waste recycling, greenhouse gas emissions, and the number of employees using alternate modes of transportation.
- Invest in the future. Sustainability initiatives don’t always require large capital investments. Many SMEs in the report said the biggest investment was management’s time.
Related CGMA Magazine content:
“Investors Yearn for Sustainability Disclosures”: Institutional investors want more sustainability information from corporate disclosures in most regions, a new survey shows.
“How to Make Your Supply Chain Hum”: Companies that sell into and source from markets worldwide compete on their supply-chain capabilities. Find out what supply-chain leaders do to boost their revenue and earnings. | <urn:uuid:9d28a88d-3418-40d1-9b8f-3a017095f2f1> | {
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PLATO is a post-CoRoT and post-Kepler mission among the call for proposals for ESA's 2015-2025 (Cosmic Vision) programme. The main idea is that the formation and evolution of stars, their magnetic fields and their planets are intrinsically linked and should be studied simultaneously. PLATO therefore proposes:
• to select a large sample of stars of all masses and ages (the sample including more than 100000 objects);
• to search for planets and define their characteristics by the transit method;
• to study the rotation and internal structure of the same stars by asteroseismology;
• detect, describe and map the magnetic fields of the same stars by UV monitoring and by tomography techniques.
Unlike CoRoT or Kepler, the idea for PLATO is to try to observe over the widest possible field, so as to be able to select not just the brightest objects. PLATO's field may therefore be more than 30° x 30° (i.e., nearly 1000 square degrees!).
The basic features of PLATO are currently being defined, but observing such a vast field may be envisaged as consisting of a mosaic of small telescopes (10 cm in diameter), together covering the whole field, with a photometric performance comparable with that of a telescope 1 m in diameter.
Other Space-Borne Observatories
Several space-borne observatories were used to study transiting planets.
The MOST mission (Microvariability and Oscillations of STars) is the first Canadian space observatory. It is a micro-satellite with a 15-cm telescope allowing high-accuracy photometry designed to detect stellar oscillations and the reflected light from transiting planets. The observation is performed thanks to an array of Fabry lenses which project a large, stable image of the telescope pupil. The photometry is obtained by measuring the stellar flux within the telescope's pupil. Because of stray light problems, the accuracy of MOST did not permit a definitive conclusion about the reflected light from HD 209458 b.
Even though the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) was not particularly designed to the search for planets by the measurement of transit dimming, it was the first space facility to give the lightcurve of a transiting system (HD 209458 b, Brown et al. 2001; see references for Chap. 2). HST instruments have been used for many observations, particularly the Wide Field Planetary Camera, the STIS and the NIC-MOS instruments. HST was used to perform high-accuracy photometry of a globular cluster (47 Tucanae) but did not detect any transits there. HST was also used in the detection of sodium in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b (Charbonneau et al. 2002) and in obtaining an accurate determination of the chromatic diameter of this object, enhancing the role of the atmosphere.
The Spitzer observatory (see Sect. 220.127.116.11) and particularly the IRS spectrograph, is currently used to observe secondary transits of transiting stars. Comparison with models of hot planets allowed the announcement of the detection of several gaseous species, such as H20 and CH4, in the atmospheres of HD 209458 b and / or HD 189733 b. It is currently one of the productive tools in determining the characteristics of the atmospheres of hot planets, because the observation of a secondary transit allows differentiation between the stellar and the planetary flux (this is thus a direct detection of the atmosphere), allowing direct detection of molecular species. These kinds of observation should be performed at a higher spectral resolution using the JWST (see Sect. 18.104.22.168).
Was this article helpful? | <urn:uuid:ad3043a7-7d1d-45bd-bd77-c23d13313af4> | {
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At its most basic, rock climbing involves climbing a route with one's own hands and feet and little more than a cushioned bouldering pad in the way of protection. This style of climbing is referred to as bouldering, since the relevant routes are usually found on boulders no more than 10 to 15 feet tall. As routes get higher off the ground, the increased risk of life-threatening injuries necessitates additional safety measures. A variety of specialized climbing techniques and climbing equipment exists to provide that safety, and climbers will usually work in pairs and utilize a system of ropes and anchors designed to catch falls. Ropes and anchors can be configured differently to suit many styles of climbing, and roped climbing is thus divided into further sub-types that vary based on how their belay systems are set up. The different styles are described in more detail below, but, generally speaking, beginners will start with top roping and/or easy bouldering, and work their way up to lead climbing and beyond.
Tips for spotting
- Communication- Both spotter and climber need clarity. Never assume that you're spotted, always check before you start climbing.
- Pad arrangement- Bouldereers can roll ankles on poorly placed pads, so watch for aps, tangle-pronge straps, sharp objects, and uneven landing zones.
- Spotter's stance- Have the mindset that as a spotter, you have the climber's life in your hands. Stand closely behind the climber with your elbows crooked and hands by his waist. Put your dominant foot forward and slightly bend your knees. Discern where the climber might fall, and be ready to move quickly.
In top-roping, an anchor is set up at the summit of a route prior to the start of a climb. Rope is run through the anchor; one end attaches to the climber and the other to the belayer, who keeps the rope taut during the climb and prevents long falls. At the point where the rope is attached to the anchor, a device that causes extra friction is often used to reduce the overall strain on the system in the event of a fall.
In lead climbing, one person, called the "leader", will climb from the ground up with rope directly attached (and not through a top anchor) while the other, called the "second", belays the leader. Because the climbing rope is of a fixed length, the leader can only climb a certain distance. Thus longer routes are broken up into several "pitches". At the top of a pitch, the leader sets up an anchor, and then belays the "second" up to the anchor. Once both are at the anchor, the leader begins climbing the next pitch and so on until they reach the top. In either case, upon completion of a route, climbers can walk back down (if an alternate descent path exists) or rappel (abseil) down with the rope.
Climbing communities in many countries and regions have developed their own rating systems for routes. Ratings (or "grades") record and communicate consensus appraisals of difficulty. (Hence, there may be occasional disagreements arising from physiological or stylistic differences among climbers.) The ratings take into account multiple factors affecting a route, such as the slope of the ascent, the quantity and quality of available handholds, the distance between holds, and whether advanced technical maneuvers are required. Though acrophobia (the fear of heights) may affect certain climbers, the height of a route is generally not considered a factor in its difficulty rating.
Climbs can occur either outdoors on varying types of rock or indoors on specialized climbing walls. Outdoors, climbs usually take place on sunny days when the holds are dry and provide the best grip, but climbers can also attempt to climb at night or in adverse weather conditions if they have the proper training and equipment. However, night climbing or climbing in adverse weather conditions will increase the difficulty and danger on any climbing route.
is a style of rock climbing undertaken without a rope and normally limited to very short climbs so that a fall will not result in serious injury. It is typically practiced on large boulders or artificial man-made boulders. However, it may also be practiced at the base of larger rock faces, or even on buildings or public architecture.
A climber with chalked-up hands and a crash pad on the ground. Bouldering is a style of climbing emphasizing power, strength, and dynamics. Its focus is on individual moves or short sequences of moves, unlike traditional climbing or sport climbing, which generally demand more endurance over longer stretches of rock where the difficulty of individual moves is not as great. Boulder routes are commonly referred to as problems (a British appellation) because the nature of the climb is often short, curious, and much like problem solving. Sometimes these problems are eliminates, meaning certain artificial restrictions are imposed. To reduce the risk of injury from a fall, climbers rarely go higher than 3-5 meters above the ground. Anything over 7 meters is generally considered to be free-soloing (or simply 'soloing' in the United Kingdom), although such climbs might also be termed high-ball bouldering problems. For further protection, climbers typically put a bouldering mat (crash pad) on the ground to break their fall. Lastly, climbers often have one or more spotters, who work to direct the climber's body toward the crash pad during a fall, while protecting the climber's head from hazards. Bouldering is increasing in popularity; bouldering areas are common in indoor climbing gyms and some climbing gyms are dedicated solely to bouldering. Children are joining the sport now as well as adults. In fact, studies have found that young climbers develop better skills as adults from their experience with youthful disadvantages such as height and strength. | <urn:uuid:01809898-4ae7-4ca5-8797-99d66f563cb5> | {
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Dyspepsia is the a condition that causes upset stomach, pain, and discomfort in the upper belly close to the ribs. While it is not clear what causes
dyspepsia, a few factors are motor or nerve problems, pain sensitivity, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and possible psychological and social factors.
Some of the symptoms of Dyspepsia include but are not limited to, bloating, inflammation (gastritis)
or ulcers, acute gastroenteritis due to a bacterial or viral infection, and anxiety or depression. Treating dyspepsia can be as simple as avoiding
fatty foods, small frequent meals, using antacids, proton pump inhibitors, and histamine blockers. For more information on Dyspepsia, contact
our office at (985) 446-1958. | <urn:uuid:a76c83e8-e3fc-405b-8aa9-5f7401142016> | {
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Kræmmerholmen is one of the old privileged trading posts. From the 1600s all trading in West Norway took place in Bergen, and the farmers were obliged to travel into town in order to sell their produce and buy what they needed. In Bergen City Privilege of 1702 the merchants in the city were allowed to establish “Trading posts in the countryside”. The owner had to have residency in Bergen and the trading post was to be run by an assistant. In this way the city retained financial control of those living in the districts, and not least with buying and selling of fish. | <urn:uuid:c56ea627-47eb-4570-b6a6-d2cfebad2d6d> | {
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Grade 5 - Room 224N
Welcome to Mr. Allen's
Amazing Mathematics Webpage!
Hello everyone! Welcome to a brand new year that will be full of excitement, adventure, and most of all, learning! My name is Mr. Allen and your child and I will be exploring the world of Mathematics!
This year in our 5th grade class we will be learning about factors, multiples, fractions, decimals, percents, a bit of geometry and much more!!!
If you check out my sub page and click the link, 5th Grade Math Curriculum, you will see our books and a brief description of some of the materials we teach during the school year! You can also check out my sub page links in Notes and Resources to see our bell schedule, and get the contact information for both of our main offices in case you have to call our school.
My job is to be your partner in education and make sure that your child excels in the classroom, but we must work together as a TEAM to make that happen!!! Here is how we can do that:
Classroom Expectations Academically:
In our Math classes, we will be learning about multiple concepts so I am looking for magnificent mathematicians and we need our parents help!
Our first task is to make sure we are prepared to learn by purchasing the supplies needed to ensure student excellence!!!!
Grade 5 - Go Math Program Supplies: Grade 5 Go Math Program Supplies:
- 1 ½ inch ring binder
- Lined Reinforced Notebook paper
- 5 insertable binder dividers
- Pencils with erasers (Mechanical Pencils are ok)
- One Pencil Pouch (please no pencil boxes)
- Extra erasers
- 2 Two-pocket folders
- Headphones / Ear Buds
- Dry Erase Markers
Secondly, we have responsibilities to each other that we should follow!!!
As your teacher, I have responsibilities which I promise to hold true throughout the year. I will make sure that:
- Treat your child with respect and care.
- Provide an orderly environment.
- Provide the appropriate classroom management.
- Provide the class with motivation and excitement.
- Teach the required content via the New Jersey Core Curriculum Content Standards.
In order to ensure that we have a successful year as scientists and mathematicians, your child has responsibilities as well. As my students, I expect them to:
1. Arrive to class on time with all of the appropriate materials needed.
2. Complete all assignments accurately and neatly.
3. Be cooperative and not disruptive.
4. Complete all homework to reinforce the day’s lesson.
5. Learn and master the required content.
6. Study the concepts and materials consistently and get a good night’s sleep!!!!
Homework will be posted every night on the homework link to the left of this page. Also, please make sure that you navigate through this site to get the information regarding my contact information, grading scale, and homework policy.
If you have any other questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact me. Thank you for all of your hard work, cooperation, and have a blessed day!
Your Partner in Education,
Mr. B. Allen
5th Grade Math
6th Grade Camp Director
Hackensack Middle School - 5th Grade Academy
360 Union Street
Hackensack, NJ 07601
201-646-7842 - School | <urn:uuid:2200c73a-fe7b-41d4-8404-363c23cf0d8c> | {
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There is a close link between humans and microbiomes. Microbiomes are the communities of microbes that can be found inside and on the human body. In the past, researchers believed that they could estimate the traits of an animal’s gut microbiome by analyzing closely related species. A new study argues that while there are some similarities in gut microbiomes among many mammalian species, select types of evolutionary adaptations can lead to entirely different microbial populations.
The team behind the new study decided to focus on the similarities between birds and bats, and the results are quite impressive. For the sake of the study, the researchers contacted a large number of institutions from all over the world and collected fecal samples from over 900 vertebrate species.
At the start of the initiative, the researchers thought that they would encounter numerous similarities between the gut microbes of animals who shared a similar diet. The results inferred that bats and birds do not share microbiomes as relationships with specific bacteria aren’t encountered among both species.
Evolutionary Adaptations Trigger Different Gut Microbiome
Previous research suggested that the connection between mammals and their microbes is quite old. Bats are unique among mammals since their gut microbiomes cannot be predicted when they types and quantities of bacteria found in the guts of related species were observed. The pattern is similar among birds, which also carry unpredictable microbial communities.
The ability to fly is now associated with a dynamic microbiome as birds and bats sport microbiomes, which aren’t on par with the evolutionary relationships of the hosts. This variability is quite interesting since it indicates that a specific microbial balance may not be essential for the sustenance of healthy digestion.
It is theorized that the evolutionary requirements for the use of flight can have a significant influence over the microbiome. Future studies could harness the new information in an attempt to understand more about the host-microbe relationship. | <urn:uuid:3104df74-8bdf-4aa0-9dd8-7cc60cbff066> | {
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Reclaiming your quality of life begins with a FREE hearing test. It’s that simple. This is the key to determining the type of hearing loss that is affecting you. There are four primary types of hearing loss, and they include the following:
Conductive Hearing Loss:
Conductive hearing loss can be treated with medication and in-office procedures. It is usually short-term, although some rare cases do require surgery.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss:
The only non-surgical solution to sensorineural hearing loss is to have hearing aids custom fitted. This condition is caused by the loss of small hairs within the cochlea, or when those hairs are damaged.
Mixed Hearing Loss:
In this situation, hearing aids are usually the primary solution, although some patients may require a brief, in-office procedure combined with medication. In rare instances, surgery may be necessary.
Central Hearing Loss:
The primary solution to central hearing loss, which is caused by damage to the central nervous system or by strokes, is auditory rehabilitation.
Hearing Loss Myths: Uncovering the Truth about Hearing Loss | <urn:uuid:a6303380-34a9-41cd-b750-3bf4fb19e660> | {
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Skin cancer is a serious health issue in the United States and one in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime. It is the most common cancer in the United States and every day more than 8500 persons are diagnosed with skin cancer. Skin cancer is classified as either melanoma which is the least common type and non melanoma which is much more common.
Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are collectively refered to as non melanoma skin cancer. Basal cell is the most common form of skin cancer and represents 80% of skin cancers diagnosed in the United States or about 2.8 million cases per year. It is a local non healing red bump or scaly spot of the skin usually on sun exposed areas. Basal cell carcinoma has little or no metastitic potential meaning that it rarely spreads. It is usually treated by biopsy and then surgical excision if the biopsy is positive. Simple excisional surgery is curative 99% of the time.
Squamous cell carcinoma is the second most common form of skin cancer and in 2012 there were approximately 700,000 cases of diagnosed in the United States. It often appears as a scaly patch, warty growth or nonhealing ulcer on the skin. It ususally appears on sun exposed areas and squamous cell carcinoma does have a small metastatic potential, that is it can spread to other parts of the body. Incidence of squamous cell carcinoma has increased 200% in the last 30 years and in 2012 approximately 3,900 people in the United States died from squamous cell carcinoma.
Melanoma is the least common but most dangerous type of skin cancer. It accounts for approximately 10,000 deaths per year in the United States. When melanoma is detected before it becomes invasive it is usually easily treated with excisional surgery. The five year survival rate for melanoma which has not spread to the lymph nodes is 98%. People at risk for Melanoma are fair skinned caucasians. It is the most common cancer in patients between 25-29 years old. One american dies of melanoma every hour.
Melanoma presents as a dark spot or changing mole on the skin. Usually black or dark brown but can also look red, pink, purple or nonpigmented. They occur in patients who have had numerous severe surnburns and are more common in persons with a family history for melanoma.
Prevention is the best treatment. Avoid sunburn and intense sunlight at midday. Use a broad spectrum UVA/ UVB sunscreen. Cover up with long sleeves and a hat.
Skin cancer is highly treatable when dectected early so see your dermatologist if you notice any new spot on your skin that is dark, irregular, changing, growing rapidly or bleeding. | <urn:uuid:c1a9f4c2-eea1-4357-ad61-2c9b5b291f44> | {
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Valuing Foreign Currencies
One of the main developments in international markets this year has been the plunge in the euro, which has generated an unusually attractive opportunity in foreign (and particularly European) bonds. We don't frequently get a chance to write about currencies, so the recent development gives us a chance to shift gears.
Any currency is both a means of payment and a store of value. So when you try to determine what it's worth, you have to consider both what it can buy in terms of goods, and what it can earn if you hold it as an asset. An exchange rate is just the price of a currency. So a given foreign currency might be quoted as so many dollars per unit ($/FC).
If you look at a currency as a means of exchange, you can say, "this basket of goods costs $20 in the U.S., and the same basket costs FC10 in the foreign country, so the exchange rate should be $20/FC10 = 2.0 $/FC." And even if you don't have identical baskets of goods, you can get a reasonable idea of the "long term" tendency of the currency by tracking the movements of price indices in two countries. This is what traders refer to as the "Purchasing Power Parity" (PPP) value of the exchange rate.
But PPP is only a tendency that holds loosely over the long term. Over the short term, there's another important factor: interest rates. Suppose that inflation rates are identical in two countries, so the PPP value of the exchange rate is constant over time. But let's say that interest rates in the foreign country are 8%, and they're only 6% in the United States. Well, then, if the currency was just constantly at the PPP value, investors could expect to earn 2% more over the long term by holding the foreign currency instead of the dollar. So as investors buy the currency, it will tend to rise above the PPP value by enough to offset the probable long-term advantage.
In general, anytime long term interest rates, after inflation (i.e. real interest rates) are expected to be higher in the foreign country than in the U.S., the foreign currency will be above PPP. Below, we've generated a graph to show you what this looks like. The currency is actually the German mark prior to 1999 (appropriately scaled), and uses data on the euro since then. The analysis holds up strongly using other currencies as well, so our conclusions are not affected by this splice.
The thin line is our own proprietary calculation of the exchange rate for the euro implied by interest rates as well as price levels. Note that it does a much better job of tracking actual movements in the exchange rate, though it's imperfect since we have to proxy things like "future expected inflation". Even so, notice that the recent plunge in the euro has produced a wide gap between the actual exchange rate and the exchange rate that is justified by PPP and asset-market considerations.
By our calculations, the euro would have to appreciate by over 30% to be appropriately valued, with a justified exchange rate closer to $1.14 than the current $0.85. Now, that doesn't mean that the euro has to close this gap quickly, nor does it mean that the euro can't decline further. Typically, foreign currencies can take as much as 5-10 years to move from extremely undervalued to extremely overvalued conditions. But from a reward-to-risk standpoint, foreign bonds appear attractive. They currently offer interest rates which are competitive with U.S. bonds, plus the prospect of substantial currency appreciation over time, and a low likelihood of sustained currency erosion. Add international diversification to the list of virtues, and international bonds make sense as a portion of a diversified fixed income portfolio.
The Hussman Strategic Total Return Fund has the flexibility to invest up to 30% of assets in securities outside of the U.S. fixed income market, including foreign government bonds rated A or higher, utility stocks, and precious metals shares, when market conditions suggest that such diversification is appropriate.
The foregoing comments represent the general investment analysis and economic views of the Advisor, and are provided solely for the purpose of information, instruction and discourse.
Prospectuses for the Hussman Strategic Growth Fund, the Hussman Strategic Total Return Fund, the Hussman Strategic International Fund, and the Hussman Strategic Dividend Value Fund, as well as Fund reports and other information, are available by clicking "The Funds" menu button from any page of this website.
For more information about investing in the Hussman Funds, please call us at
513-326-3551 outside the United States
Site and site contents © copyright Hussman Funds. Brief quotations including attribution and a direct link to this site (www.hussmanfunds.com) are authorized. All other rights reserved and actively enforced. Extensive or unattributed reproduction of text or research findings are violations of copyright law.
Site design by 1WebsiteDesigners. | <urn:uuid:c3eefc3c-bfd3-4dd9-be80-2f2509ed6f51> | {
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Chondromalacia Patella, also known as runner’s knee, results from direct impact, overuse, tight muscles, or altered biomechanics. It affects the cartilage on the back of the patella, causing pain and discomfort. It is a common condition for younger athletes, especially women due to a higher Q angle, the angle between the patella and the quadriceps muscle.
What is it?
Chondromalacia Patella is the inflammation, degeneration, or damage to the articular cartilage under the patella.
Common Signs & Symptoms:
Common symptoms include pain in the front of the knee, swelling in the front of the knee, and grinder or clicking when straightening or bending the knee. Pain may increase with long walking or sitting periods.
Assessment methods involve evaluating pain levels and location, testing range of motion and strength limitations, and observing swelling or tenderness points. Biomechanical factors may, also, be analyzed to determine if the cause is due to gait or foot issues. An x-ray can confirm the diagnosis.
Become A Member Today to Access The Symptom Checker | <urn:uuid:0602f8b2-bb9a-4054-a8c6-e9ad26109ea4> | {
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What Is the Effective Yield?
The effective yield is the yield of a bond that has its coupons reinvested after payment has been received by the bondholder. Effective yield is the total yield an investor receives in relation to the nominal yield or coupon of a bond. Effective yield takes into account the power of compounding on investment returns, while nominal yield does not.
- Effective yield assumes coupon payments are reinvested.
- The effective yield is calculated as the bond’s coupon payments divided by the bond’s current market value.
- Reinvested coupons mean the effective yield of a bond is higher than the stated coupon yield.
- To compare the effective yield and yield-to-maturity, the effective yield must be converted to an effective annual yield.
- Bonds trading with an effective yield higher than the yield-to-maturity sells at a premium, but if the effective yield is lower than the yield-to-maturity it trades at a discount.
Understanding Effective Yield
Effective yield is one way that bondholders can measure their yields on bonds. Effective yield is calculated by dividing the coupon payments by the current market value of the bond.
The effective yield is a measure of the coupon rate, which is the interest rate stated on a bond and expressed as a percentage of the face value. Coupon payments on a bond are typically paid semi-annually by the issuer to the bond investor. This means that the investor will receive two coupon payments per year.
Effective Yield vs. Yield-to-Maturity (YTM)
To compare the effective yield to the YTM, convert the YTM to an effective annual yield. If the YTM is greater than the bond’s effective yield, then the bond is trading at a discount to par. On the other hand, if the YTM is less than the effective yield, the bond is selling at a premium.
The drawback of using the effective yield is that it assumes that coupon payments can be reinvested in another vehicle paying the same interest rate. This also means that it assumes the bonds are selling at par. This is not always possible, considering the fact that interest rates change periodically, falling and rising due to certain factors in the economy.
Example of Effective Yield
If an investor holds a bond with a face value of $1,000 and a 5% coupon paid semi-annually in March and September, he will receive (5%/2) x $1,000 = $25 twice a year for a total of $50 in coupon payments.
However, the effective yield is a measure of return on a bond assuming the coupon payments are reinvested. If payments are reinvested, then his effective yield will be greater than the stated coupon yield or nominal yield, due to the effect of compounding. Reinvesting the coupon will produce a higher yield because interest is earned on the interest payments. The investor in the example above will receive a little more than $50 annually using the effective yield evaluation. The formula for calculating effective yield is as follows:
- i = [1 + (r/n)]n – 1
- i = effective yield
- r = nominal rate
- n = number of payments per year
Following our initial example presented above, the investor’s effective yield on his 5% coupon bond will be:
- i = [1 + (0.05/2)]2 – 1
- i = 1.0252 – 1
- i = 0.0506, or 5.06%
Note that since the bond pays interest semi-annually, payments will be made twice to the bondholder per year; hence, the number of payments per year is two.
From the calculation above, the effective yield of 5.06% is clearly higher than the coupon rate of 5% since compounding is taken into consideration. To understand this another way, let’s scrutinize the details of the coupon payment.
In March, the investor receives 2.5% x $1,000 = $25. In September, due to interest compounding, he will receive (2.5% x $1,000) + (2.5% x $25) = 2.5% x $1,025 = $25.625. This translates to an annual payment of $25 in March + $25.625 in September = $50.625. The real interest rate is, therefore, $50.625/$1,000 = 5.06%. | <urn:uuid:850f01c5-bb18-4abb-b256-a286fef7c223> | {
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Military Cap Badges
Metal Cap Badges
A cap badge, also known as head badge or hat badge, is a badge worn on uniform headgear and distinguishes the wearer's nationality and/or organization. The wearing of cap badges is a convention commonly found among military and police forces, as well as uniformed civilian groups such as the Boy Scouts, civil defense organizations, customs services, fire services etc. Cap badges are a modern form of heraldry and their design generally incorporates highly symbolic devices. We are specialized manufacture die struck copper or brass cap badges with all the details shown and in symmetry, dome shape; male and female dies; two tone finishing or antique finishing, plus fittings fixed firmly in straight position, Jin Sheu produced hat badge is an exquisite ornament for your uniforms.
- Material: Copper; brass; iron and zinc alloy
- Sizes: From 20mm to 50mm by request
- Motifs: 3D cubic or 2D flat designs
- Process: By stamping or die casting
- MOQ: 100pcs per design
- Durable plating can be gold; nickel; copper or antique finishing.
- Fitting: Cotter pin & shank; bendable legs; clips or screw & nut
- If you prefer light weight badges, we can do double stamping with male and female dies. | <urn:uuid:dcef300f-ba45-4621-b807-d13bddd37045> | {
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How can energy storage support the energy transition?
Energy storage is one of the most promising enabling technologies for a renewables-dominated system. Energy storage allows us to store excess energy and discharge it when there is too little generation or too much demand. There are many different types of technologies in development and on the market today: batteries, pumped hydro storage, thermal storage, flywheels, ultracapacitors, liquid air, compressed air, power-to-gas, and the list goes on.
What all storage technologies have in common is that they provide flexibility at different time-scales – seconds/minutes, hours, weeks, and someday, months – which will be essential to achieve a high share of renewables. Storage can help consumers increase their self-consumption of solar PV, or to generate value by providing flexibility to the system. Storage can help defer costly investments in transmission and distribution infrastructure, extending the lifetime of existing assets and helping grids function more efficiently.
Industrial consumers can install storage to reduce consumption peaks, which can entail costly charges, and to provide back-up power if there is a black-out. In addition, storage at any level can offer system and ancillary services, safeguarding the secure and efficient operation of the electricity system.
The transport, heating, and cooling sectors today depend on fossil fuels, but through electrification these sectors could run on clean energy with the help of energy storage. For instance, storage deployment could help support the roll-out of very fast charging infrastructure for EVs, particularly in areas with weak grids.
What is your view on the European Green Deal? How can energy storage support the Commission’s objectives?
EASE fully supports the European Commission’s ambitious proposal for a European Green Deal. We believe this policy is a huge step forward for Europe, and we are eager to support its success. EASE supports the target of net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in 2050, as well as an upwards revision of the 2030 targets.
Achieving these targets undoubtedly requires increased deployment of energy storage solutions, which can support a cost-effective transition by facilitating integration of high shares of variable renewables (vRES). Investing in energy storage research, demonstration, and deployment is essential to support the EU’s global leadership in clean energy technologies.
Energy storage will support the energy transition across the entire EU and in particular, has the potential to facilitate the transition of industrial, coal, and energy intensive regions (since existing infrastructure can be upgraded or complemented with energy storage solutions), and islands (where energy storage allows reducing the use of costly imported fossil fuels).
This is why we believe energy storage should be a central element of the different actions that will be taken in the next two years to deliver on the European Green Deal, from the Just Transition Mechanism proposal to the smart sector integration strategy. We hope that European policymakers will take a technology neutral approach, considering the contribution of all different energy storage technologies rather than choosing winners and losers.
EASE worked very hard with the support of its members to advocate for the role of storage before the first draft of the Clean Energy Package (CEP) was presented by the Commission. We are happy with the result: the CEP – the biggest ever package of EU legislative and non-legislative measures in the energy sector – is undoubtedly positive for the storage sector.
By establishing a binding renewables target of 32% by 2030 – along with targets for renewables in transport, heating, and cooling – the package sets a high level of ambition that can only be achieved with the widespread deployment of flexibility and sector coupling solutions such as storage.
Within the CEP, the recast Electricity Directive and Regulation tackle some of the most pressing challenges for storage technologies. They establish a definition for energy storage that covers all of the different technologies: pumped hydro storage, power-to-gas, power-to-heat, liquid air, batteries, supercapacitors, flywheels, and others. This technology neutral definition ensures that both current technologies and those that may be developed in the future are covered by the legislative framework.
Second, the Package clarifies the important issue of regulated entities owning and operating storage facilities. As a general rule, TSOs and DSOs should not own and operate storage, unless they are considered ‘fully integrated network components’. However, in situations where there is no market party willing to build a storage device, the National Regulatory Authority (NRA) may introduce a derogation. Prior to the CEP, the lack of clarity on ownership of storage held back the development of storage devices; addressing this point therefore represents an important step forward.
The CEP also focuses on the evolving role of TSOs and DSOs: they must consider energy storage in their network planning and are encouraged to develop market-based tendering of flexibility services as an alternative to grid expansion. This will allow energy storage to access more revenue streams, building a more robust business case and creating a level playing field between the different flexibility options. The Netherlands has seen some promising developments in this area already, for instance with the launch of the GOPACS platform, a collaboration between TSOs and DSOs to create a market for congestion management.
In addition, the CEP emphasises the changing role of consumers in the energy system. Instead of being passive players in the energy system, consumers can choose to play an active role, deploying renewables and storage and participating in different electricity markets. The Package formally recognises the right of ‘active customers’ and ‘citizens energy communities’ to own and operate energy storage devices. These customers and communities should be able to offer the flexibility of their storage devices to the grid, including via aggregators.
Although the CEP is a significant step forward for the industry, there are some areas that require further work. The lack of long-term contracts for energy storage services is one concern; this can significantly hold back investments in the sector due to the lack of certainty regarding revenues. Another key issue is that grid fees, taxes, and tariffs applied to energy storage may be higher than on other devices, as storage is sometimes taxed when ‘consuming’ electricity and then again when ‘generating’ electricity. This point is not adequately addressed in the CEP, since taxation remains an EU Member State competence. In the Netherlands, the government has recently promised to address this question, which we see as very positive.
What is needed now is for all Member States to rapidly implement the CEP. More work needs to be done by Member States to incorporate storage in all of their policy measures surrounding decarbonisation – including in National Energy and Climate Plans.
Now that the general market design for storage has been set, we need to go much more into detail, at EU level but especially at Member State level, to clarify some of the tricky barriers that still block storage deployment. For instance, guarantees of origin for renewable energy that has been stored or transformed via power-to-gas is an important issue that would need to be addressed.
What are the main policy priorities for energy storage in the coming years?
The Clean Energy Package (CEP) was an important focus for EASE over the past several years, and we succeeded in having energy storage recognised for the first time in EU legislation as a key element of the energy system. Although the CEP is a significant step forward for the industry, it does not address all of the issues that are holding back storage deployment. For instance, energy storage will require at least some investment certainty in the form of long-term contracts for storage services. Yet the CEP limits the duration of balancing services, which could reduce investment certainty. This means that there are ever fewer longer-term revenue streams on which storage operators – and investors – can rely.
National governments must now lead the way in implementing the CEP, while EU policymakers can play an important role in sharing best practices and ensuring energy storage is duly recognised in other legislative files, e.g. energy efficiency, alternative fuels infrastructure, and the gas package. | <urn:uuid:1b425219-9b1f-4d6d-9a80-18177d11ebae> | {
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The idea for this song came from a true story: An entrepreneur is subsidised by the government to develop a new type of car and to build the factory needed to mass produce it. But only a few of the cars are sold and the entrepreneur gets into financial difficulties. So he has the idea of to gain a new source of cash by smuggling cocaine. But the police lay a trap for him and the deal fails. After that the whole project died. The remaining cars are only of use as museum pieces. Everyone involved with the project had closed their eyes to its problems until it was too late: The workers, who didn’t want to lose their jobs; the government, that didn’t want to admit their wasted investment.
Verse one: The workers are being driven to the factory in buses on a cold morning. Their lunch is as monotonous as the work on the assembly line. Verse two: In the relevant Ministry. The curve of the sales prognosis is steeply uphill. After all, the entrepreneur has had great successes in the past. So one doesn’t look at the plans for the new cars too closely. Verse three: Commercial catch phrases for the new car are strung together. In Bogota the cocaine connection is disturbed. Snow: Slang for cocaine. Snow blind: Here a symbol for the losses that the projects participants incurred. Henry Ford: Rationalised production and introduced the assembly line. Bogota: Capital of Colombia and the biggest cocaine producer. | <urn:uuid:f070c36a-37f3-4c86-a085-c1e63beb731b> | {
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Before winter arrives, you will want to make sure your pond and filtering system are clean to ensure good water quality throughout the winter months. With the arrival of fall, it is wise to do a partial water change to remove any built up contaminants to improve water quality. Partial water changes need to be made before water temperatures fall below 60 degrees to minimize fish stress. Adding pond salt at this time will improve the slime coat of fish, helping them ward off disease and parasites. A cup of non-iodized salt can be added to your pond per 100 gallons of water. For example, if your pond is 500 gallons, you would add 5 cups of non-iodized salt, which you can buy locally.
Before the leaves begin to fall, cover your pond with one of our pond nets. The goal is to try and keep the pond as clean as possible for the winter months. Leaves will sink to the bottom of the pond and rot, causing excess carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. After the first frost, take out any floating plants, as these will begin to decay. Trim back hardy lilies and bog plants, followed by placing them below the freeze line.
Use Microbe-Lift Autumn/Winter Prep. This will help break down organic material in the pond before winter sets in. Microbe-Lift Autumn/Winter Prep helps accelerate the decomposition of leaves, scum, sediment and other organic matter during the fall and throughout the winter months. Also, Microbe-Lift Autumn/Winter Prep helps to maintain a healthy immune system for your fish during the winter months as well as jump-starting your pond to a healthier environment in the spring.
Reduce your fish feeding as the water temperatures drop below 60 degrees. Start feeding your fish a couple times a week. We recommend switching to a wheat germ based fish food, formulated for fall and spring feeding. When water temperatures drop below 60 degrees, the metabolism of your fish begin to slow down. Both Lilyblooms Spring/Fall and Microbe-Lift Cold Weather fish food are highly digestible cool weather diets that are made with less protein, but contain wheat germ, which is easily digested. They also contain higher levels of fat, which help your fish survive their winter hibernation. When water temperatures reach 50 degrees, stop feeding your fish completely. Feeding at water temperatures below 50 degrees can possibly kill your fish. A pond thermometer will help you monitor your pond's water temperature.
Adding Microbe-Lift Barley Straw Extract will help control string algae throughout the fall and winter months. Barley Straw Extract is an effective and eco-friendly way to reduce algae. Unlike algaecides, which are ineffective in water temperatures below 50 degrees, Microbe-Lift Barley Straw Extract will continue to control algae throughout the winter months.
Before freezing temperatures begin, install a pond de-icer. Ponds covered with ice do not allow toxic gases to escape, causing fish loss. A pond de-icer will keep a section of your pond open to allow oxygen and gas exchange.
Removing snow from the surface of the pond during the winter will help submerged plants and microscopic aquatic plants to continue to produce oxygen, as long as light penetrates through the ice. Insufficient light, along with the decomposition of plant and leaf debris may result in depleted oxygen levels for the fish, causing them to suffocate. Removing the snow from a portion of your surface area will reduce the likelihood of this occurring. | <urn:uuid:3393590b-fa0f-4990-b350-126cdeb81811> | {
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The pineapple diet is based on the Sexy Pineapple Diet, a fad diet created in the 1970s. Since then, many variations of the pineapple diet have been created. One version involves eating just pineapple for three days, while another involves consuming pineapple along with 500 calories of other food.
Read more: 14 Foods to Help You Get Lean
Pineapple Nutrition Facts
Pineapples are a very healthy fruit that contain a variety of essential nutrients. According to the USDA, a whole pineapple is around 905 grams. A whole pineapple's calories total 453 and are made up of 1.1 grams of fat, 4.9 grams of protein and 118.7 grams of carbohydrates. The majority of these carbohydrates are sugars; there are only 12.7 grams of fiber.
However, this is quite a lot of pineapple — the equivalent of around 5.5 cups (each cup is roughly 165 grams). The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends consuming around 2 cups of fruits each day, as well as 2.5 cups of vegetables.
According to an October 2015 review in the Iranian Journal of Health, Americans only consume around 189 grams of fruit per day, which is less than two-thirds of the recommended amount and barely more than a cup of pineapple.
While you can certainly consume more pineapple, consuming this fruit as your main source of carbohydrates may not provide you with sufficient nutrients. A whole pineapple contains:
- 9 percent of the daily value (DV) for calcium
- 15 percent of the DV for iron
- 21 percent of the DV for potassium
- 26 percent of the DV for magnesium
- 6 percent of the DV for phosphorus
- 10 percent of the DV for zinc
- 111 percent of the DV for copper
- 365 percent of the DV for manganese
- 481 percent of the DV for vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
- 60 percent of the DV for vitamin B1 (thiamin)
- 22 percent of the DV for vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
- 28 percent of the DV for vitamin B3 (niacin)
- 39 percent of the DV for vitamin B5
- 60 percent of the DV for vitamin B6
- 41 percent of the DV for vitamin B9 (folic acid)
- 5 percent of the DV for vitamin K
A whole pineapple also contains small amounts (between 1 and 4 percent of the DV) of other nutrients, like vitamin A, vitamin E and selenium. Pineapples are also rich in bromelain, a protease that can be easily obtained from fibrous parts of the pineapple. According to a December 2014 study in the Journal of Food Studies, pineapples are also rich in antioxidants, though this can vary substantially between pineapple varieties.
If you're following a pineapple diet, you'll be ingesting large amounts of certain nutrients and insufficient amounts of others. Fortunately, consuming excessive manganese, copper and vitamin C are unlikely to harm you at these levels. The National Institutes of Health state that the tolerable upper limits for these nutrients to be quite high, which means that you could theoretically consume two or three pineapples per day without triggering a nutrient-related toxicity.
Is the Pineapple Diet Healthy?
Exclusively consuming pineapple for three days might help you lose weight, but this weight is unlikely to stay off. According to Harvard Health, women shouldn't consume less than 1,200 calories a day. Men need even more calories — a minimum of 1,500 calories per day. Anything less than this is likely to be considered a crash diet, which is an unhealthy way to lose weight.
Because pineapple calories total 453 calories per pineapple, you'd likely need to consume multiple pineapples if you were exclusively eating this fruit and trying not to crash diet. Even the liberal version of this diet, which allows people to consume 500 calories from other foods and obtain other essential nutrients, would necessitate the consumption of more than one pineapple.
Other variations of this diet, like the version that asks you to exclusively consume pineapple two days per week and eat whatever you want the other five days of the week, are no healthier than the three-day pineapple diet. Ultimately, any variation of the pineapple diet is probably not your healthiest choice.
Read more: 15 Foods That Help You Peel Off the Pounds
Pineapple Benefits for Your Health
Although a pineapple diet isn't particularly healthy, pineapple is an excellent fruit to incorporate into meal plans. This fruit can have a variety of positive effects on your health, most of which come from its ascorbic acid, fiber and bromelain content. According to a February 2015 study in the International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences, pineapple's benefits include:
- Antimicrobial activity
- Antioxidant activity
- Anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce symptoms in conditions like acute sinusitis, arthritis and gout
- Counteracting nausea and promoting healthy digestion
- Helping maintain good oral health and preventing gum disease
- Preventing urinary tract infections
- Reducing the risk of certain cancers, particularly esophageal, stomach and colon cancers
- Reducing the risk of toxic metal poisoning
- Supporting the formation of collagen (which is found in various parts of the body, including bones, blood vessels, cartilage and muscle)
- Supporting the absorption of non-heme iron
- Supporting male fertility
Despite these varied benefits, this same study cautions against consuming excessive amounts of pineapple. Pineapple is rich in sugar, which can be detrimental to your health in large amounts. The high acid content of this fruit also means that it can irritate your skin, mouth and esophagus.
Essentially, it's possible for pineapple to have some negative effects when consumed in large amounts. Excessive pineapple can even damage your teeth and upset your stomach, triggering gastrointestinal issues like acid reflux.
Read more: The 10 Worst Foods for Acid Reflux
Ultimately, the pineapple is a healthy food that can be beneficial when consumed as part of a healthy diet. According to the review in the Iranian Journal of Health, increasing fruit and vegetable intake can help reduce weight gain and obesity. Consuming pineapple instead of foods with added sugars or processed foods can definitely help support weight loss. Eating pineapple in this way is also nutritionally sustainable and much healthier than a crash diet.
- International Journal of Nutrition and Food Sciences: "Nutritional Value and Medicinal Benefits of Pineapple"
- Harvard Health Publishing: "Calorie Counting Made Easy"
- NIH: "Vitamin C Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
- NIH: "Copper Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
- NIH: "Manganese Fact Sheet for Health Professionals"
- Journal of Food Studies: "A Comparative Study of the Antioxidant Properties of Three Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) Varieties"
- Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal: "Nutraceutical Supplement in the Management of Tendinopathies: A Systematic Review"
- Iranian Journal of Health: "Fruit and Vegetable Intake: Benefits and Progress of Nutrition Education Interventions: Narrative Review Article"
- Health.gov: "Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2015-2020"
- MyFoodData: "Nutrition Comparison of Pineapple and Pineapple"
- Clinical Diabetes: The 3 R's of Glycemic Index: Recommendations, Research, and the Real World | <urn:uuid:d467c510-0816-4711-9b4a-af578b51a4c7> | {
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Is There a Hope?
The Bible is about all about hope! The Bible calls this the gospel. The word gospel means “good news." We will us the word "GOSPEL" as an acrostic to explain how the Bible explains how to find hope through a relationship with God.
God created us to be with Him. (Genesis 1-2)
In these two chapters God creates all of the universe and everything in it (Genesis 1:1), including the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. God created Adam and Eve with purpose. He called them to “be fruitful and multiply” (Genesis 1:28) and fill the earth with their offspring. He gave them the mission of taking care of the earth and tending the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:15.)
God made them to be in complete fellowship with Him and with each other. Their nakedness (Genesis 2:25) represented the fact that they had no sin, therefore no shame, therefore nothing to hide before God or each other. They regularly communed with God in the garden and had sheer bliss, pure happiness and unadulterated joy. It was during this time that they were living everyday as God intended, in right relationship with each other, God and His creation. The only command God gave to them was not to eat from the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.
In the same way God made us to be in fellowship with Him. His original plan was that you and I were in absolute and perfect relationship with Him and with each other in total unity. God created us to be in harmony with all of heaven and all of earth. But that plan was disrupted by one evil act thousands and thousands of years ago.
Our sins separate us from God. (Genesis 3)
When Adam and Eve were tempted by Satan and ate of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Genesis 3:6), and thereby sinned, they immediately became aware of their “error.” They sewed fig leaves together to cover their shame and hid in the garden from God (Genesis 3:7,8). Now they were hiding from the one that they used to fellowship with regularly. Men and women have been hiding from God ever since, covering their sin and shame with the fig leaves of religion or philosophy.
God confronted them face to face. As a result of their sin there were immediate and future consequences. The immediate consequences were being banished from the garden (Genesis 3:23,24), having difficulty in childbirth (Genesis 3:16) and our work turning from a joy that we love to a job that we hate (Genesis 3:17-19).
The future consequence for Adam and Eve was physical death. God had promised in Genesis 2:17 that the day he sinned by eating of the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil that he would “surely die.” Spiritually Adam and Eve died the day they sinned in the garden. Their souls became immediately polluted by sin and selfishness. As a result all of their offspring (and that includes you and me) were born sinful and selfish. Through Adam every person ever born is born deprived and depraved, deprived of God’s fellowship and depraved to the core (Romans 5:12-14).
When confronted by God the blame game begins. Adam blames Eve (Genesis 3:12) and Eve blames the snake (Genesis 3:13). Humanity has been playing the blame game ever since. What began as paradise unraveled with a single choice to disobey God and listen to Satan instead. Every war, famine, argument, sin and tragedy can be traced back to the garden of Eden where Adam and Eve chose to turn their backs on God for a taste of fruit.
Sins cannot be removed by good deeds. (Genesis 4 – Malachi 4)
From the beginning humanity has attempted to remove the stain of sin by good deeds. When Cain offered God vegetables as an appeasement for his sin God rejected it (Genesis 4:1-4). Cain was infuriated and killed his brother Abel.
In Exodus, the second book of the Bible, God gave the Israelites the 10 Commandments (Exodus 20:1-17), not to save them from their sin, but to show them that they couldn’t live up to his perfect standards on their own (Galatians 3:23-24). Instead of looking to Him in faith many of the Jews looked to themselves and thought they could please God in their own strength. But God saw their “righteous” deeds like filthy rags (Isaiah 64:6). Even the best of their good deeds were corrupted by selfish motives.
In Leviticus, the third book of the Bible, God gave the Israelites the sacrificial system. Every time a Jew sinned he or she was to sacrifice a goat without any blemishes (Leviticus 4:27-31). Think about that. If you were a Jew in the Old Testament and had to make a sacrifice every time you lied, lusted, gossiped, complained or argued you would soon run out of goats. Other offerings included offerings of bulls and sheep.
The sacrificial system was meant to point inward, upward and forward. It pointed inward to convince you of your sinfulness. If you were honest before God then you would soon realize that you could never make enough sacrifices for your sin. It pointed upward to make you trust in God for your salvation instead of sacrifices that you could make (Psalm 51:16,17). It pointed forward to the ultimate sacrifice of the lamb of God, Jesus Christ, who would someday come to take away the sin of the world (John 1:29).
The rest of the Old Testament tells the story of the Jewish people, some of whom realized they were sinners and needed God to save them (Psalm 51:1,2) and most of whom trusted in their own goodness instead of the mercy and grace of God (Isaiah 64:6).
Paying the price for sin, Jesus died and rose again. (Matthew – Luke)
When Jesus came to the earth he came as the fulfillment of the law (Matthew 5:17) and the ultimate sacrifice (Luke 24:46). He lived the perfect life that we could not live and died in our place, for our sin. When he died upon the cross he screamed the words “It is finished” (John 19:30). What he meant by these three words was that the price for our sins was paid completely. He was fully God and entirely man. As a perfect human he could die for other humans. As the true and living God his payment for sin was infinite.
Jesus rose from the dead three days after he was murdered on the cross (Mark 16:6). He was seen by over 500 witnesses (I Corinthians 15:6) on at least 12 separate occasions over the course of forty days (Acts 1:3). Because he died our sins are paid for entirely. Because he rose from the dead we know that Jesus was who he claimed to be, God in the flesh.
Everyone who trusts in Him alone has eternal life. (John)
The amazing thing about eternal life is that it is a free gift given to us by God through faith alone and not by any of our good deeds (Ephesians 2:8,9). Jesus paid the price for our sins when he died on the cross and all we must do is receive the gift of forgiveness through faith. When we believe that Jesus died for our sins and trust in Him alone we receive eternal life, are passed out of death into life and are guaranteed a home in heaven (John 5:24).
Eternal life is not achieved by good deeds but received through faith. It’s not a matter of trying but trusting. When we believe we receive the forgiveness of sins and the gift of eternal life. Almost the entire New Testament is dedicated to talking about this eternal life and the implications of it in our everyday lives. From John through Jude the disciples of Jesus show us how to live like Jesus intended, serving each other in love. This is the heart of eternal life!
Life with Jesus starts now and lasts forever. (Acts – Revelation)
Because Jesus died on the cross and rose from the dead we will be with Jesus forever in heaven. When we trust in Jesus we enter into a personal, permanent relationship with God called “eternal life.”
Part of the reality of eternal life is that it doesn’t start after you die but as soon as you believe (John 10:10). This life is the joy of a real, exciting relationship with Jesus every single day through prayer, worship and living in the strength that God provides through his Holy Spirit (Ephesians 5:18).
The other part of the reality of eternal life is that all who have it will be with Jesus forever and ever in heaven someday. Once we receive it is ours forever and we are his forever!
The last chapter of the last book of the Bible makes it clear that we will “rule and reign forever” with Jesus (Revelation 22:5). In essence the last chapter in the story of the Bible concludes by saying, “and they lived happily ever after.”
You can start a new relationship with God NOW!
The Bible tells us that our heart and soul are transformed when we put our trust in Jesus. This decision to trust Christ launches you into a new relationship with God. So, while saying a prayer isn’t what opens the door to this life-transforming relationship with God, a prayer is one way for you to express your new-found faith in Jesus. You might say something like this to God:
“Dear God, I know that my sins have broken my relationship with you and that nothing I could do could ever change that. But right now, I believe that Jesus died in my place and rose again from the dead. I trust in Him to forgive me for my sins. Through faith in Him, I am entering an eternal relationship with you. Thank you for this free gift! Amen.”
I’m a paragraph. Double click here or click Edit Text to add some text of your own or to change the font. This is the place for you to tell your site visitors a little bit about you and your services. | <urn:uuid:991a0444-6e27-4912-b5ec-b0c123ac4c6c> | {
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Energy and the Environment
Interested in using this conversation guide? Click here to register your conversation with us!
(Doing so helps us improve – thank you!)
Since the 1970s, presidential candidates have used energy as a key platform promise, highlighting our need to be energy independent. As our awareness of our vulnerability in relying on foreign sources of energy and the global nature of energy companies grew, we started using more alternative power and accessing more domestic resources than ever before. So what exactly do we mean by energy security? In this conversation, we talk about our evolving understanding of energy, sustainability, energy choices and how our lives are impacted by the energy we use. What can we learn about our shared stories that is similar? And where are the common themes that we all share?
Let's Get Started!
Why We're Here (~10 min)
Share your name, where you live, what drew you here, and if this is your first conversation.
How We'll Engage (~5 min)
These will set the tone of our conversation; participants may volunteer to take turns reading them aloud. (Click here for the full conversation agreements.)
- Be curious and listen to understand.
- Show respect and suspend judgment.
- Note any common ground as well as any differences.
- Be authentic and welcome that from others.
- Be purposeful and to the point.
- Own and guide the conversation.
What We’ll Talk About
Optional: a participant can keep track of time and gently let people know when their time has elapsed.
Getting to Know Each Other (~10 min)
Each participant can take 1-2 minutes to answer one of these questions:
- What sense of purpose / mission / duty guides you in your life?
- What would your best friend say about who you are and what inspires you?
- What are your hopes and concerns for your community and/or the country?
What are your thoughts on Energy and the Environment? (~40 min)
One participant can volunteer to read the paragraph at the top of the web page.
Take ~2 minutes each to answer a question below without interruption or crosstalk. The group may choose to have everyone answer: A) whichever question speaks to them individually or B) the same question with an option to pass. Once everyone has answered, the group may take a few minutes for any clarifying or follow up questions/responses. Continue exploring with other topic or related questions as time allows.
- How is the energy/power you use generated?
- What are your thoughts about this type of power?
- Have you made any changes to the energy you use? Why?
- What is energy security? How would we know we have it?
- What are your concerns around the environment, as it relates to our energy types?
Reflecting on the Conversation (~15 min)
Take 2 minutes to answer one of the following questions:
- In one sentence, share what was most meaningful or valuable to you in the experience of this Living Room Conversation?
- What new understanding or common ground did you find within this topic?
- Has this conversation changed your perception of anyone in this group, including yourself?
- Name one important thing that was accomplished here.
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KS2 Spelling Bee
22 November 2019 (by admin)
We are really excited to launch the Spelling Bee for KS2! ...
A letter was emailed to parents and carers yesterday with full details of the competition along with the spelling lists for your child and details of the spelling bee badge competition.
Full details are also on the Letters page of the school website:
We wish all the children the best of luck, happy spelling!
Some Handy Hints
- Most importantly, use the words in context so your child understands their meanings.
- Write them on Post its and stick them round the house.
- Cut the words into pieces and rebuild them.
- Let your child test you.
- Paint, draw, collage, build, handwrite or imprint the words.
- Look for other words hidden within the spellings.
- Use Scrabble or Bananagram tiles to create the words.
- Write the words on steamed windows, sand, flour etc.
- Write the words incorrectly for your child to recognise the error and correct it. | <urn:uuid:e9ece61b-8643-4bca-995c-47077d3085aa> | {
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Harrisburg, PA - Tests by the National Veterinary Services Laboratory in Ames, Iowa have confirmed the presence of Asian, or longhorn tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, in Pennsylvania. An invasive species that congregates in large numbers and can cause anemia in livestock, the tick was discovered on a wild deer in Centre County. It is known to carry several diseases that infect hogs and cattle in Asia. So far, ticks examined in the U.S. do not carry any infectious pathogens.
Easily confused with other tick species, including the rabbit tick, which is common in the Eastern U.S., the species’ distinctive “horns” may not be visible without a microscope. The Asian tick infests host animals in dense clusters of numerous ticks. Female Asian ticks reproduce asexually, so a single tick can reproduce and lay 2,000 eggs after feeding on a host. Cattle, pets, small mammals, birds and humans are all potential hosts.
“Even experts have difficulty distinguishing among tick species, so it is important to take precautions to protect pets, livestock and family members from becoming a host for ticks of any kind,” State Veterinarian Dr. David Wolfgang urged. “Scientists don’t yet know how this species will adapt to the North American climate and animal hosts, but we know it survived New Jersey’s winter and has infested sheep and cattle in this region.”
“The discovery of the longhorn tick is another reminder of the importance of tick prevention for Pennsylvanians,” Secretary of Health Dr. Rachel Levine said. “Ticks can be found in your own backyard, so it is essential to wear long sleeves and pants, use insect repellant containing DEET to help keep you safe from ticks and the diseases they carry. It is also important to check yourself and your pets for ticks, as pets can bring ticks indoors.”
Native to East and Central Asia, the tick was originally identified in the U.S. in New Jersey, where it was found in large numbers in sheep in Mercer County in 2017. It has also been found in Arkansas, New Jersey, New York, West Virginia and Virginia.
Wolfgang recommends examining animals on a regular basis, and checking for ticks after being outside to prevent tick bites and disease transmission. Livestock producers and pet owners should consult their veterinarians to develop tick prevention and control appropriate to their specific animals. To reduce tick habitat, maintain a nine-foot distance between lawn or pasture and wooded areas, keep grass height low, and remove weeds and brush bordering wooded areas.
MEDIA CONTACT: Shannon Powers – Agriculture – 717.783.2628
Nate Wardle – Health – 717.787.1783
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A key aim of the project is to understand how cooking and food culture varied across time and space. Were urban and rural cuisines distinctive? How did cuisine differ between land-locked and coastal groups?
How much was food culture influenced by the political geography of Viking-Age England? Did people living in the Danelaw settlement of northern and eastern England cook and eat differently to those in the Saxon South? How did both compare to the 'homelands' of southern Scandinavia?
We will explore this through carefully selected case studies.
York and Yorkshire
This region in Viking England's northern heartland will provide a key case study. We plan to include material from the extensive excavations in the city (Coppergate and Hungate), and from surrounding villages: Burdale, Cottam, Cowlam, and Wharram.
Lincoln and the East Midlands
We will study material from Lincoln's famous Flaxengate excavations, and compare this with pottery from small towns and rural sites across Lincolnshire and the East Midlands (Flixborough, West Halton (Lincs); Newark (Notts)
Comparator 1: London
We will compare the results of the two main case studies with data from excavations along the waterfront of Saxon London, as well as existing data from elsewhere in southern England.
Comparator 2: Ribe and environs
Finally, we will compare our 'English' data against analyses from Denmark, including material from the Viking-Age towns of Ribe and Aarhus, and a number of rural sites. We will also draw on existing datasets from across central and southern Sweden. | <urn:uuid:f3c6a08c-d1b6-4516-baa9-cf34badab7c3> | {
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A study following nearly 28,000 older men for 20 years has found that regular consumption of leafy greens, dark orange and red vegetables and berry fruits, and orange juice, was associated with a lower risk of memory loss.
The study looked at 27,842 male health professionals, who were an average age of 51 in 1986, when the study began. Participants filled out questionnaires about how many servings of fruits, vegetables and other foods they had each day, at the beginning of the study and then every four years.
- those who consumed the most vegetables (around six servings a day) were 34% less likely to develop poor thinking skills than the men who consumed the least amount of vegetables (around two servings)
- 6.6% of men who consumed the most vegetables developed poor cognitive function, compared to 7.9% of men who consumed the least
- those who drank orange juice every day were 47% less likely to develop poor thinking skills than those who drank less than one serving per month
- 6.9% of men who drank orange juice every day developed poor cognitive function, compared to 8.4 % of men who drank orange juice less than once a month
Interestingly, those who ate larger amounts of fruits and vegetables 20 years earlier were less likely to develop cognitive problems, whether or not they kept eating larger amounts of fruits and vegetables about six years before the memory test.
Cognition was not, however, assessed objectively, nor was it tested at baseline. In 2008 and 2012, participants were given a short cognitive test to assess their subjective judgments of their memory and cognition. The brief test included such questions as:
- "Do you have more trouble than usual remembering a short list of items, such as a shopping list?"
- "Do you have more trouble than usual following a group conversation or a plot in a TV program due to your memory?"
Just over half the participants (55%) had good thinking and memory skills, 38% had moderate skills, and 7% had poor thinking and memory skills.
Changzheng Yuan et al. 2019. Long-term intake of vegetables and fruits and subjective cognitive function in US men. Neurology, 92 (1) e63-e75. | <urn:uuid:5cab692a-f9e5-4560-b45b-63ddd0cec48d> | {
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Considered the ultimate medical audit, an autopsy can be categorized by five different rulings for manner of death: natural, accident, homicide, suicide, or undetermined. Not everyone receives an autopsy upon death; in a case where suspicious circumstances surround the death, a medical examiner or coroner can order an autopsy without consent from next of kin. If your family has any lingering doubts about what killed you, they can request the procedure, but they'll have to cover the costs—$2,50o to $5,000—themselves.
Over the last 2,500 years, as medicine moved from mystic art to proper science, so did the field of pathology and the quest to figure out what a person's body can tell us about how they died. Autopsies can provide answers—but even now, sometimes they find nothing but a cloud of uncertainty. Here is their story.
460–370 B.C. No autopsies yet. But during this time, the Greek physician Hippocrates reasoned that diseases had natural rather than supernatural causes. He establishes the humoral theory: Four humors, black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood, make up the human body. All diseases and disabilities, he asserted, were the result of an imbalance in the ratio of the humors to elements within the body.
367–282 B.C. Ptolemy I Soter, king of Egypt, champions pathologic anatomy and establishes the great university and library in Alexandria. He becomes the first ruler to allow medical officials to cut open and examine dead bodies for the purposes of learning. Most of the early dissections were performed on executed criminals. On some occasions, the king even took part in the dissections.
335–280 B.C. Herophilus of Chalcedon, a Greek physician deemed to be the first anatomist, performs autopsies on humans and animals on a regular basis in Alexandria and records a treatise on human anatomy. He introduces many of the scientific terms used to this day to describe anatomical phenomena and was responsible for discovering the anatomical distinction between arteries and veins and the existence of and difference between motor and sensory nerves.
310–250 B.C. Erasistratus denies the prevailing "humor" theory and argues that diseases arise from changes in the organs. Despite the fact that he incorrectly described the circulation of blood, he did accurately note that the heart prevented backflow of the blood and that the epiglottis covered the windpipe during swallowing.
44 B.C. The first recorded autopsy occurs when Antistius examines Julius Caesar’s body after his assassination, determining which of the 23 stab wounds proved fatal. It was one wound to the chest that ruptured Caesar’s aorta.
A.D. 131–201 Galen of Pergamon is the first person to correlate a patient’s symptoms with what was found upon examining the affected area of the deceased. He produces a large amount of written text about the human body—his meticulous masterpiece is titled On the Usefulness of the Parts of the Body—though his writings were based on the inaccurate humoral theory.
1091–1161 Ibn Zuhr, considered the father of experimental surgery, employs testing on animals before operating on humans. In doing so, he invents the surgical procedure of tracheotomy. Zuhr was performing dissections and postmortem autopsies in a time when they were a major taboo. Through his autopsy findings, he concludes that the skin disease scabies is caused by a parasite, contradicting the four humors theory.
1231 The first law to authorize human dissection is established during the reign of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. Frederick decreed that medical schools must receive at least two bodies of executed criminals each year for study and demonstration.
1247 Song Ci wrote Hsi Yüan Lu, or The Washing Away of Wrongs, an instruction manual on how to conduct medico-legal investigations, examine corpses, and determine the time and cause of death. Other forward-thinking forensic issues were illustrated, such as poisoning, decomposition, wounds from various weapons, strangulation, and fake wounds.
1302 Influenced by The Washing Away of Wrongs, Bartolomeo da Varignana conducted the first-known legal autopsy where the death was investigated explicitly to determine if there was fault (what is referred to as a medico-legal autopsy). The investigation was requested by a magistrate in Bologna. Before the advent of the microscope, his observations were limited by the power of the human eye and his tools.
Throughout the Renaissance, anatomy teachers and students in medical schools did not perform dissections themselves. They would congregate in an operating theater and watch as a cadaver was opened by a “lay dissector.” Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo performed a number of “autopsies,” dissecting corpses and observing the anatomy unseen by the naked eye.
1507 Regarded as one of the founders of pathological anatomy due to his use of anatomic dissection to determine cause of death, Antonio Benivieni published The Hidden Causes of Disease, thus furthering the study of forensic pathology. Some of the protocols he laid out are still used to this day.
1533 The first autopsy in the New World occurs when the Catholic Church ordered an autopsy on the conjoined infant twins Joana and Melchiora, who had died eight days after birth. The goal was to determine if the children shared a soul; the priest baptized them both separately as a matter of precaution as he was not sure whether they represented two bodies and two souls or only one.
1539 A Paduan judge who shared an interest in anatomy professor Andreas Vesalius’s work granted physicians the right to dissect corpses of executed criminals. Vesalius concluded that the assumptions of Galen about the similarities between animal and human anatomy, as well as his errors of observation, were blocking a deeper understanding of the human body.
1543 Vesalius publishes his accurate documentation of human anatomy titled De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (The Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body), disproving the theory of the four humors. Unfortunately the theory still dominated pathological discourse until the 19th century. He broke the paradigm of medicine that separated the intellectual and experiential work. After Fabrica’s release, medical schools began to require that students dissect human cadavers.
1679 Théophile Bonet published Sepulchretum, a complete, organized anthology discussing 3,000 autopsies and classifying the dissections by disease and symptoms. Bonet laid the groundwork for Giovanni Morgagni, who would go on to write arguably the first and most famous pathology textbook. Discussing Bonet’s influence, Morgagni wrote, “by collecting in as great a number as possible, and digesting into order the dissections of bodies, which have been carried off by diseases, he form’d them into one compact body; and thereby caus’d those observations, which, when scatter’d up and down through the writings of almost innumerable authors, were but of little advantage, to become extremely useful, when collected together and methodically dispos’d.”
1690s Lacking the knowledge of disease transmission mechanisms and proper chemical tests, skilled Italian anatomist Antonio Valsalva sometimes tasted the fluids he encountered in cadavers to try to better characterize them. One observation: “Gangrenous pus does not taste good, leaving the tongue tingling unpleasantly for the better part of a day.”
1724 Hermann Boerhaave documented spontaneous rupture of the esophagus (a condition which became known as Boerhaave syndrome) after performing an autopsy of a Dutch Navy admiral named Baronet Wassenaer. Boerhaave stressed the importance of ascertaining complete medical histories in conjunction with completing autopsies.
1740 Anatomist Anna Morandi married artist and wax sculptor Giovanni Manzolini, and the two led a medical science resurgence in Bologna. Together, they dissected hundreds of cadavers and created hundreds of anatomical wax sculptures. The two pioneered a novel method for the time: Instead of approaching the whole body for dissection and study, they extracted organ systems for further bisection and separate study, which allowed them to create intricate wax models of individual organ systems for teaching purposes.
1751 British Parliament enacted the Murder Act, including the provision “for better preventing the horrid crime of murder” that some “further terror and peculiar mark of infamy be added to the punishment.” The Act mandated either public dissection or the hanging in chains of the cadaver.
1761 Giovanni Morgagni described what could be seen with the naked eye in his voluminous work entitled De Sedibus et Causis per Anatomen Indagatis (On the Seats and Causes of Diseases Investigated by Anatomy). He compared the symptoms and observations in some 700 patients with his anatomical findings upon examining their dead bodies, further expanding the understanding of pathology. He organized his cases by organ system and documented patients’ clinical histories, correlating these histories with his autopsy findings. Many consider De Sedibus to be the first pathology textbook and Morgagni to be the father of pathologic anatomy.
1775 After his friend Dr. Joseph Warren was shot and killed in the Battle of Bunker Hill, Paul Revere made the first forensic dental identification of his friend’s remains, as he was responsible for fashioning the ivory teeth found on the body.
1800 French physician Xavier Bichat, considered the father of histology and tissue pathology, was the first person to look deeper than the organs, dissecting the organs and analyzing the tissues that comprised them. He resolved that the human body could be broken down into 21 different kinds of tissues, the vital functional and structural elements making up organs.
1800s Karl Rokitansky performed over 30,000 autopsies (including that of Ludwig van Beethoven) and supervised 70,000 over his 45-year career. Through his thorough procedures, in which he examined every part of the body, he was able to catalogue pathological findings in more detail than ever before.
1821 Napoléon Bonaparte reportedly requested an autopsy as his dying wish: “After my death I wish you to do an autopsy … make a detailed report to my son. Indicate to him what remedies or mode of life he can pursue which will prevent his suffering … This is very important, for my father died … with symptoms very much like mine.” His personal physician, Francesco Antommarchi, performed the autopsy, which revealed unmistakable signs of stomach cancer.
1827–28 Eager to cash in on the prosperous body-snatching trend of the time, Irish immigrants William Burke and William Hare teamed up to murder 16 people in Scotland, providing the cadavers to a Dr. Robert Knox. No honor among thieves: Hare testified against Burke, who was hanged in front of a large crowd on January 28, 1829. Hare was released and Burke’s corpse was publicly dissected. Simon Pegg and Andy Serkis brought the two to the big screen in the 2010 film Burke & Hare.
1832 British Parliament passed the Anatomy Act, giving freer license to doctors, teachers of anatomy, and medical students to dissect donated bodies. It was enacted in response to the rampant revulsion to the illegal trade of corpses.
1839 The first physician-in-chief of Johns Hopkins Hospital, Dr. William Osler, helped create the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Often referred to as the father of modern medicine, Osler insisted that students learn from seeing and talking to patients rather than being confined to lecture halls. He’s credited for establishing the first residency program for the specialty training of physicians. Much of his knowledge of diseases stemmed from the 1,000 autopsies he conducted. Today, Johns Hopkins is the permier institution where autopsies are conducted.
1853 With autopsies now a mainstay in criminal investigations, Dr. J.O. Sharber performed one on a young slave in Tennessee who was suspected of being pregnant and having been poisoned. He was able to determine that she suffered from long-standing uterine cancer, which had led her to bleed to death. Her plantation owner ordered the autopsy to prove his innocence and he was eventually exonerated.
1865 An autopsy of assassinated United States president Abraham Lincoln was performed at the White House by army surgeons. Lincoln's wife, Mary Todd, sent a messenger to request a lock of hair, and a tuft was clipped from the head for her.
1870s The father of modern pathology, Rudolf Virchow realized the importance of the microscope when conducting pathological research to uncover minute details. Through his examinations, he characterized a case of leukemia, and his resulting report is one of the earliest formal reports on this cancer.
1892 American poet Walt Whitman died on March 26, and his autopsy reveals that “his brain was found to be abnormally large.”
1902 While working at the Johns Hopkins laboratories, Dr. Dorothy Reed Mendenhall, in part through analyzing autopsies, proved that Hodgkin’s disease was not a form of tuberculosis and discovered the blood cell disorder characteristic of the disease (known as the Reed cell). She was only 28 years old at the time.
1912 Oops. Richard Cabot studied 3,000 autopsy reports and reported that more than 50 percent of diagnoses were incorrect.
1915 In the first high-profile murder case involving a forensic pathologist, Bernard Spilsbury linked George Smith to murdering his three wives, each in the bathtub.
1936 Canadian physician Dr. Maude Abbott worked in the pathology department at McGill University. Her research focused on congenital heart disease, and her publication Atlas of Congenital Heart Disease outlined a new classification system for heart disease, significantly improved the understanding of the heart’s anatomy, and laid the foundation for modern heart surgery.
1946 The forensic pathologist Arthur Keith Mant headed the medical section of the British Army’s wartime group. Gaining evidence from exhumed corpses led to the execution of prominent Nazi doctors.
1951 The Joint Commission on Hospital Accreditation was founded and set a minimum hospital autopsy rate of 20 percent as a way to ensure and improve quality of hospital care and render mortality statistics more accurate.
1952 The Committee on Forensic Pathology was created by the College of American Pathologists to increase forensic training for pathologists.
1953 Dr. Edith Potter published her magnum opus Pathology of the Fetus and Newborn, paving the way for perinatal pathology. Over 33 years at the University of Chicago, Potter performed 10,000 autopsies on infants, and published 140 scientific papers and six books. In the 1930s, she determined that the leading causes of death among infants were intracranial hemorrhage and hypoxia, which were associated with long, traumatic labors. In the 1940s, she linked common abnormal facial characteristics in infants (a condition that became known as Potter’s facies) to the absence of fetal kidneys.
1962 On August 5, the day of her death, Marilyn Monroe showed signs of advanced rigor mortis, leading coroners to believe she died between 8:30 p.m. and 10:30 p.m. on August 4. The toxicological analysis determined the cause of death: acute barbiturate poisoning.
1968 U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark requested four physicians to examine photographs, X-rays, and other evidence and to evaluate their significance relating to the medical conclusions in the autopsy report pertaining to President John F. Kennedy’s assassination. They concluded that Kennedy was struck by two bullets fired from above and behind him, one of which traversed the base of his neck on the right side, without striking bone, and the other entered the skull from behind and exploded its right side.
1971 The Joint Commission for Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH) abolished its requirement for a minimum autopsy rate for hospital accreditation, which led to the further decline of autopsies.
1977 Elvis Presley dies suddenly and unexpectedly, the cause of death originally listed as a heart attack. Later toxicology reports identified levels of several pharmaceutical drugs, with codeine ten times the therapeutic level in his system.
1981 On November 28, actress Natalie Wood is found facedown in the water one mile away from her yacht, Splendour. Only two other men were on board the boat aside from her husband Robert Wagner: actor Christopher Walken and the boat’s captain, Dennis Davern. Notoriously afraid of water, the autopsy report revealed that she had bruises on her body and arms, as well as an abrasion on her left cheek. In the 21st century, the podcast Fatal Voyage digs into Wood's mysterious demise.
1987 Pathologist Dr. Lee Lehman discovered cyanide in the corpse of John Powell while conducting an autopsy at Drake Memorial Hospital. A nurse’s aid, Donald Harvey, was linked to the murder after police searched his house with a warrant and uncovered cyanide and arsenic. Harvey subsequently confessed. He had been poisoning patients for years. He was tried and convicted of 24 counts of murder. Over 17 years working at hospitals, Harvey estimated he had killed 87 people, though some people say 130.
Early 1990s As forensic photogrammetry developed, the idea for conducting noninvasive documentation of body surfaces using CT scans, MRIs and 3D surface scanning took root. Swiss Professor Richard Dirhofer coined the term ‘Virtopsy’—a portmanteau of ‘virtual’ and ‘autopsy’.
1995 After serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was bludgeoned to death in prison, his body was left partially shackled until a doctor began the autopsy. His brain was removed and preserved for possible study.
2002 The first hard evidence that playing football could cause permanent brain damage was discovered when Steelers center Mike Webster died at the age of 50. Dr. Bennet Omalu, who performed Webster’s autopsy, said,“I saw changes that shouldn’t be in a 50-year-old man’s brains, and also changes that shouldn’t be in a brain that looked normal.”
The condition Webster had was chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE).
2002 Gunter von Hagens, the creator of the Body Worlds exhibition, performed the first public autopsy in Britain in nearly 200 years. On the evening of November 20, he conducted the procedure in front of a randomly picked, paying audience, which was then broadcast in an edited, documentary-style version. The event took place in secret because its legality was ambiguous; it was uncertain whether von Hagens had a U.K. license to perform the autopsy.
2003 Virtopsy is performed on a 3,000-year-old mummy provided by the British Museum. The mummy, named Nesperennub, was virtually unwrapped using cutting-edge CT scanning technology and visualization techniques.
2007 When Anna Nicole Smith was found unresponsive on February 8, no one could hazard a guess as to the cause. Through her autopsy, it was revealed that she died of an accidental overdose of a sleeping medication and at least eight other prescription drugs.
2007 According to the CDC, the percentage of deaths for which an autopsy was performed declined by more than half from 1972 through 2007, from 19.3 percent to 8.5 percent. In 1972, 79 percent of autopsies were performed for deaths due to disease conditions and 19 percent for deaths due to external causes. By 2007, the respective percentages were 46 percent and 50 percent.
2009 An autopsy of pop icon Michael Jackson reveals that he died of a propofol overdose—consistent with major surgery anesthesia—but several sedatives that Dr. Conrad Murray gave him on the morning of his death contributed. A cardiologist, Dr. Murray served as Jackson’s tour doctor and is now serving a sentence for involuntary manslaughter for his role in the singer’s death.
2018 On January 16, 21-year-old Washington State quarterback Tyler Hilinski took his own life after experiencing early symptoms of CTE. With the brain of a 65-year-old, his death serves as a tragic reminder that CTE is not limited to athletes who have played out their careers. According to Chris Nowinski, the cofounder and CEO of the Concussion Legacy Foundation, “Scientists hope to have a preliminary diagnostic criteria for diagnosing CTE during life within five years.” | <urn:uuid:cc6423cf-7cf0-4dcc-a858-ba74bb8fd525> | {
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A new study estimates that in the United States, some 251,000 deaths per year occur because of errors in medical care and lab tests error. This makes medical errors the third leading cause of death, only after heart disease and cancer. Though this is alarming and concerning, it highlights a much larger problem, as many medical errors aren’t lethal. One proposal defines a medical error as “an act of omission or commission in planning or execution that contributes or could contribute to an unintended result.”
By this definition, failures in laboratory tests certainly qualify. Lab test failures contribute to delayed or wrong diagnoses and unnecessary costs and care. For context, a 2014 study estimated that diagnostic errors happen about 12 million times per year in U.S. outpatients. This represents 1 in 20 adults. Recently the Institute of Medicine concluded that most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their life. Errors related to lab tests are more common than you might think.Order 500+ lab tests online with HelatLabs.com — no doctor or insurance needed
More than thirteen billion tests are performed in over 250,000 certified clinical laboratories each year in the U.S., making it likely everyone will each have at least one test done in their life. These include tests for genetic disorders, lead poisoning, and diabetes, and the results routinely guide diagnostic and therapeutic decisions.
Despite its ubiquity, in my practice as a laboratory director and medical educator, I frequently experience misperceptions that diagnostic laboratory tests are always correct and useful, even though a primary tenant of my field is ‘no test performs perfectly’.
Everyone should know that whether due to misuse or a failure mode, all lab tests have limitations. Some of the most common reasons include mistakes in ordering lab tests—meaning the right tests are not ordered at the right time—and problems with the accuracy, availability, and interpretation of their results.
From a patient’s perspective, the best thing you can do to overcome lab test-related errors is to be informed about the possible problems that could arise and what to ask to try to avoid them. At the point when you, your family member or friend needs a lab test, such as cholesterol or a flu test, keep these things in mind:
Using the right test is critical to obtaining desired information
Inappropriate utilization of lab testing is a significant problem. This is particularly true for complex genetic tests. Wrong tests may be ordered or the right tests may not. When tests are used for purposes and on populations of patients outside of their intended use, results can be unhelpful, or most importantly, harmful. One test can be performed multiple ways that are not always “equal,” as is the case for Zika virus testing.
Lab Tests: No Insurance needed
What can you do? Know why tests are/are not being ordered and what the results add to your care. Don’t be afraid to ask about the tests, their risks, and why you are having them, you are your best advocate.
Using the right sample is key to getting a valid result
The way a sample is collected and handled can affect results but such instructions may not be made clear to patients. Mistakes made prior to samples being tested comprise greater than 70 percent of lab-related errors. This includes collecting the sample in the wrong container (I have even received them in Gatorade bottles, for instance), and issues relating to patient preparation and sample mix-ups.
What can you do? Ask if there are specific instructions for how you should prepare prior to lab testing, such as the time of day, if you should do so on an empty stomach and if you should stop any other medications you may be taking. Make sure you understand the instructions and then follow them. If you will need to collect a sample yourself and submit it to the lab, be sure to collect, store, and handle it as instructed. Fully fill in the labels on any samples you will submit for testing.
Lab errors happen despite a strong focus on quality operations
Clinical laboratories operate under stringent quality regulations that cover all phases of the lab testing process – from ordering to reporting. Operations are designed for prevention and early identification of errors. Test methods are validated for robust analytical performance. Yet, in spite of people’s best efforts, failures do occur, leading to wrong or delayed results.
What can you do? Insist that testing is performed at a reputable lab using verified methods. Remember that lab testing is one part of the diagnostic process and learn more about the test’s performance. Investigate when a result doesn’t make sense, given other available information. Follow up on all testing that is performed.
Results must be put into context
Misinterpretation or misapplication of test results can lead to diagnostic errors. To best utilize lab testing, one must understand what the results mean in that particular scenario. Part of this challenge lies in understanding how ‘normal’ results are defined. Another is knowing the appropriate use of the test and its limitations. This requires keeping up to date with advances in the evidence base and testing technologies. Failure to do so may cause reliance on outdated, inferior or wrong tests.
What can you do? Rely on trusted sources for information about lab tests, including specialists in laboratory medicine and consumer-focused websites, such as Lab Tests Online. Pathologists, and laboratory directors, like myself, are specifically trained and certified in this area and can partner with your healthcare team
Lab testing is a frequent and integral part of healthcare and the diagnostic process. No test is perfect, but awareness of these pitfalls and what you can do about them will increase the quality of your healthcare.
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You can also read- | <urn:uuid:583ab8a6-1f87-4c46-9d0e-a0496e098345> | {
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Distracted driving is defined by the Center for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) as driving while doing another activity. With today’s ever-present technology, that other activity is often cell phone use or text messaging. A CDC study reported that 31 percent of drivers had read or sent a text message or an email while driving in the month leading up to the survey, and 69 percent of drivers had reported talking on a cell phone. Distracted driving is a real and serious problem. Over 420,000 people were injured and over 3,100 killed in distracted driving accidents last year.
Hands Free Doesn’t Mean Safer
Recently, hands-free devices have been marketed as a safety feature that can cut down on driving distractions. A hands-free device allows a driver to talk and text without holding the phone. A number of states, including Delaware, have even legislated bans on hand-held devices, forcing drivers to use hands-free technology in the car.
A study from the University of Utah, however, found that drivers were involved in the same number of traffic incidents while talking on the phone regardless if they were using a hands-free device or not. They also found that using a talk-to-text system was the most distracting hands-free activity.
Researchers reported the following problems with hands-free devices:
- Drivers are still distracted. Research finds that talking on a hands-free device is nearly as distracting as talking on a hand-held device or with a passenger in the car. Attention is still taken away from the task of driving.
- Hands free may create a false sense of security. Because drivers think they are engaging in a safer behavior with a hands-free device, they may not give driving the attention it needs while using one.
- Accident statistics remain unchanged. Data analyzed from some of the states with hand-held bans showed either no change or an increase in accidents after the ban went into effect.
Although cell phone use is not the only cause of distracted driving, it is an increasing and often deadly problem. If you or someone you love suffered injuries due to a distracted driver, you may be entitled to compensation. Contact the experienced legal team at Morris James to fill out a no-obligation consultation form on our website. | <urn:uuid:55fcbfd3-c506-4f1e-80b0-1c409ebd91a2> | {
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Ironclad climate protection
The metal industry and materials science have numerous possibilities to make metallic materials more climate-friendly.
November 12, 2019
Modern societies would hardly be able to function without metals: alone 1.7 billion tonnes of steel and 94 million tonnes of aluminium are produced per year. They literally support industrial production, buildings, and transport as well as energy supply, telecommunications, and medicine. And by 2050, the amount of metallic materials produced and used annually could once again double – and even triple – for some materials. However, extracting metals from ores is extremely energy-intensive and produces huge amounts of CO2 emissions, thereby contributing to climate change. Steel and aluminium producers emit 30% of the greenhouse gases emitted by industrial companies worldwide. “We must reduce these industrial CO2 emissions”, says Dierk Raabe. “And the metals industry can make a significant contribution”. Not least because at least the industrial nations want to be largely climate neutral (i.e. have a positive CO2 balance) from 2050.
Growing demand for metallic materials and decreasing CO2 budget: In order to reconcile these scenarios, Dierk Raabe analyses how to reduce CO2 emissions in the metal industry together with MIT researchers C. Cem Tasan and Elsa A. Olivetti. “This is a task for both, industry and basic research”, says the Max Planck scientist. “For one thing, the metal industry already has opportunities to effectively reduce CO2 in the short term. However, there are still many potential areas for basic research in the development of sustainable alloys”. The scientists thus shed light on five fields in which industrial companies and researchers can – and must – become active:
More sustainability in production and processing
In order to reduce CO2 emissions in production, industry must recycle more scrap. Melting down a metal consumes considerably less energy than extracting it from its ore. “This applies above all to waste generated in the metal industry itself because large quantities are involved, and they can be separated relatively homogeneously”, says Dierk Raabe.
In the production of metals and their alloys, CO2-neutral processes are increasingly required. In this way, the respective ores can be electrolytically reduced directly to the corresponding metals with regenerated electricity. However, metals can also be obtained in whole or in part with the aid of regenerative hydrogen.
Companies can also save a lot of energy and thus CO2 when processing metals, especially by reducing the considerable losses that occur at all stages. For example, 40% of the molten aluminium is lost before it has even become a sheet of metal. In the case of steel, this scrap amounts to 25% at the very beginning of processing.
The city as a mine: sorting and recycling
In order to be able to increase the proportion of recycled metal, scrap must be better sorted since an alloy fulfils its function only if it does not contain too many impurities. Recycling therefore needs sophisticated techniques to identify, separate, clean, and crush alloys. Before these processes are perfected and competitive, research for the metal industry could develop alloys for which properties are hardly – or not at all – affected by impurities. Metallurgists are increasingly dedicating themselves to improving the possibilities of recycling.
Sustainable alloy design for recyclable materials
On the one hand, researchers are already investigating alloys for various applications for which the properties are not significantly affected by impurities. However, they must first understand how the smallest traces of other elements can affect an alloy in which they should not actually occur. On the other hand, materials scientists are refining the possibilities of controlling the behaviour of metallic materials not only by their chemical composition but also by their micro- and nano-structure. When the number of alloys that differ chemically decreases, it becomes easier to separate and recycle scrap metal. In a similar direction, efforts are being made to compose crossover or unitary alloys. Such alloys should be able to perform various tasks for which specialized materials were previously developed. “Research into metallic materials is facing a paradigm shift”, says Dierk Raabe. “So far, alloys have been optimized for one-time use. Yet, in the future, we will have to put more consideration into recyclability when designing composition and properties”.
Longer life thanks to corrosion protection and repeated use
The ecological footprint of the metal industry can be drastically reduced simply by making alloys (or the components made from them) more durable. Fewer metals will have to be produced to replace them. “Above all, corrosion protection would have a huge effect here”, says Dierk Raabe. The metal industry and materials scientists deal with different types of corrosion depending on which metal is involved and in which chemical environment a material is used. This ranges from conventional rust or other forms of electrochemical corrosion to wear caused by heavy mechanical stress and hydrogen embrittlement. The efforts to counter them are as varied as the corrosive effects themselves. The industry protects many metals from electrochemical decomposition with sacrificial anodes (the material of which is corroded first). Materials scientists are also investigating alloys that heal cracks and other damage themselves by changing their micro-structure. They are also developing coatings that can eliminate (or at least mitigate) corrosion damage.
However, not all metallic components are discarded or replaced because they are worn or corroded. They must often give way for economic reasons. Using them elsewhere without first melting them down and then producing the same component again would also save a lot of energy. “In order to create appropriate recycling chains, appropriate incentives must be set at the political level”, says Dierk Raabe.
Energy efficiency through lightweight construction and better temperature resistance
The ecobalance of metallic products themselves can be improved by using them for as long as possible. However, energy can also be saved if the design of the materials and components is optimized accordingly. For example, cars with lighter bodies consume less fuel, and turbines that can operate at higher temperatures generate more efficient electricity from the heat of fossil fuels. In some cases, the efficiency of the application can still be improved by the design of the components; 3D printing creates new possibilities here. In many cases, however, metallurgists are once again called upon to develop appropriate alloys. By changing the composition and the micro-structure, they can increase the strength of the materials, reduce their density, or increase their resistance to high temperatures.
“Metallic materials are indispensable in a modern economy”, summarizes Dierk Raabe. “Fortunately, we have numerous opportunities to make them fit for a sustainable – and above all CO2-neutral – economy”.
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Across the world, women are abused, trafficked, raped and killed. Violence against women is a grave violation of human rights, negatively affecting women’s well-being and precluding women from fully participating in society. It not only leads to severe physical, sexual and mental consequences to each individual victim, but tears their families, community and society apart.
Although decades of women’s movements have made unprecedented progress towards ending gender-based violence, according to UNIFEM (formerly the UN agency for gender equity, now UN Women), chasms in legal frameworks remain: states fail their international obligations and commitments to prevent violence against women; many perpetrators escape from being held accountable; and women continue to be re-victimized through the legal process. Legal reform could provide effective protections. Such reform must make legislation easy to be enforced, monitored and adequately allocate resources to address the problem. Governments, UN agencies, civil society organizations and other institutions should partner in this process of adopting and enacting legal reforms.
In this conversation, we sought to discuss how to develop effective legal reform of laws against violence against women, along with how can governments, NGOs, and civil society enforce and monitor laws against violence against women. We additionally shared successful examples of legal reform, as well law monitoring and enforcement.
Developing Effective Legal Reform
One respondent said that the first step to begin efforts for legal reform would be to identify an area of the law that needs to be strengthened, updated, or otherwise changed. This process can occur for several reasons: civil society harbors concern about a particular issue that can be ameliorated or resolved with reform of the law, recent events that bring to attention gaps within the law (supplemented by established evidence on these gaps), or have made it necessary to update the law or create new laws. The next step would be meetings, dialogues, and discussions with the stakeholders pertinent to this area of legal reform. Common stakeholders include government ministries/departments, the judiciary, civil society organizations, special interest groups, academia, the media, and other members of the community.
One respondent highlighted the importance of civil society in pushing for legal reform, citing several examples from Asia, such as the Sri Lankan Parliament passing the Prevention of Domestic Violence Act No 34 in 2005, the success of a six-year effort by women’s NGOs, despite persistent mistrust of these NGOs as too Western. Civil societies can collect and build bases of evidence needed for legal reform, along with leading advocacy and campaigning for legal reform.
Much of this section of the conversation centered on successful examples of communications campaigns that promote and foster advocacy for a particular legal reform for violence against women. For example, in the United States, the Center for Reproductive Rights used celebrities to convey a strong message about open communication and reproductive agency. Other examples include the Bell Bajao campaign, that taps on boys and men to stand up to abuse and domestic violence in their communities using PSAs, and The Everywoman Everywhere campaign, which is working to call for a global binding treaty on violence against women using tactics derived from the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL). These communication campaigns can be used to provide information and perspectives that target specific stakeholders, as well as civil society and the specific community in question.
Several respondents identified survivors of domestic violence (as well as advocates who directly interface with them) as critical to developing and advocating legal reform to prevent violence against women. Their voices would lead the campaign/movement. The centering of survivors was, for example, successful in Malaysia, when advocates began documenting how women were accessing and using the Domestic Violence Act, passed in 1996, and found that there were certain gaps in its implementation. One respondent identified that survivors’ stories are the most resonant to legislators and public officials, and they are more receptive to advocacy and change when they hear survivors. In Honduras, when advocates published videos of survivors telling their stories of clandestine abortion, sexual assault, and the loss of a loved one due to a high-risk pregnancy, legislators were willing to hear their proposal. Additionally, getting leadership from survivors ensures that these laws prioritize the needs and safety of survivors.
Enforcement of Laws
One respondent summarized why enforcing laws preventing violence against women are so challenging: a lack of clarity in the law, a lack of knowledge of the law, the influence of cultural/societal factors/discrimination, lack of resources both in terms of legal structures and accessibility by all, poverty/literacy, and a lack of social support mechanisms, among several other factors. For example, when examining specifically the rights of adolescent girls, several of these challenges emerge. As they grow, both the legal system and society begins to treat them differently, beginning to control and regulate their bodies through, for example, female genital mutilation. To combat this, adolescent girls need to know their rights and the law before they need to access it, and have spaces where they can ask questions without fear of stigma or reprisal. Adolescent girls who are victims of gender-based violence in particular need to be reassured that the justice system will not continue to perpetuate their victimization, and ensure that survivors have support systems and services that empower them to make their own decisions.
Again, respondents identified that advocacy and laws should be centered on the survivor, so the legal system is accessible to women attempting to seek it. The laws preventing violence against women should be drafted in such a way that the people who are using it are able to understand it and how to invoke or access it. For example, a respondent shared the story of a young Syrian refugee who advocated against child marriage, to indicate the success of women and survivors when they are empowered.
Monitoring of Laws
Several posts highlighted the importance of the government in upholding and monitoring the enforcement of laws preventing violence against women, which works in tandem with the efforts of civil society to ensure laws preventing violence against women are enforced. First, at the local and national level, enforcement and monitoring laws are critical to building justice. For example, in Honduras, an “Interinstitutional Committee for the Implementation of the Law Against Domestic Violence” was created as a space for governmental offices (along with several feminist organizations) to meet monthly and receive feedback on the implementation and enforcement of the law, in particular from citizens who have used the law in court. At the global and international level, the government/state has the obligation to guarantee human rights, which is dually enforced by periodic reports to the human rights bodies of the United Nations, as well as shadow reports submitted by local NGOs, that allow a venue for taboo topics (such as abortion) to be addressed and brought up. Additionally, at the global and international level, states can be held to international frameworks and conventions, which civil societies can negotiate and influence. In this regard, it is critical for civil societies to build partnerships and coalitions.
However, a couple respondents highlighted a lack of political will as obstructing justice and the access to justice for survivors of gender-based violence. For example, in Chicago, the city’s mayor and government prioritize gun violence over gender-based violence, even as Chicago’s women and girls are far more likely to suffer from sexual violence than gun violence. For gender-based violence to gain political traction, civil society must be utilized. Several respondents highlighted the critical role civil society has to play in monitoring laws the prevent violence against women.
A respondent brought up the importance of viewing gender-based violence as a women’s rights and sexual rights issue, as well as expanding the framing of gender-based violence as a public health and a reproductive health issue. This would strengthen the collaboration on advocacy against gender-based violence, by adding more perspectives from which gender-based violence can be approached.
Tactical Examples Shared
- Global Campaign for Violence Prevention
- “Draw the Line” Campaign in the United States
- “Bell Bajao!” Campaign in India
- Identifying Specific Stakeholders’ Communication Needs
- The Everywoman Everywhere Campaign (modelled on the ICBL campaign)
- “The Ugly Truth” Campaign in Illinois
- Documentation of Malaysia’s 1996 Domestic Violence Act
- Using the UN Sustainable Development Goals
- The Prevention of Domestic Violence Act No 34 in Sri Lanka
- Community-based Intervention in Tamil Nadu, India
- Construction of the Integral Law Against Forms of Discrimination of Women in Honduras
- Using Survivor Voices in Campaigning for Reproductive Rights in Honduras
- “NO means NO” campaign in Germany
- Creation of the "Interinstitutional Committee for the Implementation of the Law Against Domestic Violence" in Honduras
- Example of young Syrian refugee advocating against child marriage
- Negotiation on Laws against Violence Against Women in the 2030 Agenda
- Global Day of Action for Access to Safe and Legal Abortion
- Development of a Binding, Specific International Instrument Against Violence Against Women
- Underwear Display to Highlight Violence Against Women in Rio de Janeiro
- Use of Social Media in Campaigns Against Violence Against Women in Latin America
- Femicide on Intimate Partners in Armenia
- European Commission Call for Proposals on Combating Violence Against Women
- Challenges for Protection Services for Survivors in Latin America
- Strengthening the Medical-Legal Response to Sexual Violence | <urn:uuid:24bce07d-228d-41aa-a3d2-da9987e5206d> | {
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YOU don’t need to be whisked away to an endless field of flowers or a garden to watch flowering plants bloom.
Remarkably, the same wonder of nature occurs underwater in seagrass gardens or meadows.
Dubbed “Flowers of the Ocean”, seagrasses have been around since the time of the dinosaurs, and are unique flowering plants that have evolved to live in marine habitats.
Growing in shallow sheltered areas along coastal regions around the world, they can flower, pollinate and even produce edible fruits.
But unlike terrestrial flowers which inspire swathes of romantic poetry and art, seagrass ecosystems remain marginalised and misunderstood.
Not as visually attractive as coral reefs or as visible as mangroves, they are reported to be one of the least charismatic of coastal ecosystems.
Yet seagrass is a marine powerhouse. It’s the world’s third most valuable ecosystem (after estuaries and wetlands).
While seagrasses account for less than 0.2 per cent of the world’s oceans, they’re responsible for 10 per cent of the carbon stored in the oceans annually, and they are up to 35 times for more efficient at sequestering carbon than rainforests.
Alarmingly, close to 30 per cent of the world’s seagrass meadows have already been lost, with an estimated 110 square kilometres of seagrass lost annually.
The region with the highest proportion of sites declining? Southeast Asia. At the same time, this region has the highest diversity of seagrass species and habitat types found anywhere else in the world.
UNSUNG ECOLOGICAL HEROES
The richest coastal marine resources in Southeast Asia are found in Indonesia, the Philippines and Malaysia.
The Power of the Three — coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass — make up the rich biodiversity in this region. However, it’s widely considered that coral reefs are the most popular, mangroves the most disturbed and seagrass the least studied.
“The knowledge about seagrass is low amongst the public and decision makers, and this ecosystem remains ignored on conservation agendas,” according to Benjamin Jones, director and co-founder of Project Seagrass, a UK-based environmental charity dedicated to advancing the conservation of seagrass through education, influence, research and action.
There are common misconceptions about seagrasses, he says, mainly the confusion between seagrass and seaweed.
The former belongs to a group of plants known as angiosperms (flowering plants).
“It (seagrass) has flowers, it has seeds, it has roots and it hatches through sand, not a rock. So a seagrass is a true plant; a seaweed is not.”
Seagrasses grow when completely submerged and pollination is aided by water. They’re able to withstand the forces of wave action and tidal currents, and have adapted to survive in salty waters in mostly sand or mud sediments. Seagrass roots pump oxygen into the sediment, and they rely on light to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and water.
There is a bit of a debate as to how many species of seagrass there are, but studies point to around 60-70 species all over the world and there are clear trends of seagrass loss in all areas of the world.
Not only are seagrasses crucial to food security and alleviating poverty, they serve as nursery grounds for many species of commercially important fish and shellfishes, protect shorelines, are an essential food source for dugongs, green turtles and manatees, and provide natural protection against climate change.
Moreover, seagrass meadows offer non-consumptive services such as educational, recreational and tourism benefits and opportunities. This ecosystem is also inextricably linked to many cultural traditions of coastal communities.
Basic information seagrass distribution in Southeast Asia is still lacking, with 18 of the world’s 60 seagrass species and 33 per cent of all seagrass areas have been identified in this region where millions depend upon marine resources for their livelihoods and diets.
Jones contends that while Southeast Asia is a global biodiversity hotspot for seagrass, to what extent they’re declining is still unclear.
“We know what their threats are and we know they’re in a bad state, but how much of them are we losing?”
But it’s not all doom and gloom for seagrass meadows in the region. ‘Hope spots’, Jones mentions, are appearing on the map too.
RALLYING FOR SEAGRASS RECOVERY
One such ‘hope spot’ is located in Indonesia, a country that has experienced 30 to 40 per cent loss of seagrass beds in the last 50 years, with as much as 60 per cent around Java.
While natural variabilities such as storms and tsunamis contribute to seagrass decline, another study indicates that up to 90 per cent of seagrass in Indonesia has been extensively damaged and degraded over the past five years due largely to human activities such as coastal development, land reclamation and deforestation as well as seaweed farming, overfishing, poor water quality/sedimentation and garbage dumping.
On the island of Kaledupa in Wakatobi National Park, Sulawesi, researchers have worked together with locals to bring about change for the seagrass beds. Started in 2012, the Wakatobi Seagrass Programme is a collaborative research initiative led by scientists Leanne Cullen-Unsworth and Richard Unsworth, and supported by Cardiff University and Swansea University.
Jones is part of the team that have that been working on addressing threats through a bottom-up approach of community-level and action.
“Communities there are pioneering methods that Western and conservation scientists can only dream of,” he enthuses, referring to the integration of local ecological knowledge which helped identify sedimentation as a focal threat that needed to be dealt with.
Local non-governmental organisation, FORKANI, the project’s community partner, is pivotal in inspiring this change. It proposed the idea to provide fruit trees to land owners living adjacent to river beds. Because of mangrove destruction and terrestrial run-off, the trees serve to repopulate the riverine systems, increase water retention and reduce impact on seagrass.
To date, they have planted 6,000 trees along seven river beds. Moreover, once awareness was raised on the importance of seagrass to their livelihoods and nutrition, seagrass education was later incorporated into local school curriculums.
Jones adds: “Women go out on seagrass beds during low tide to collect invertebrates to feed their families and to sell on a daily basis. Fishermen understand that the substantial decline of seagrass affects their catch and food source. They’re the voices that need to be heard in the fight to preserve seagrass ecosystems.”
SAVING DUGONGS AND THEIR SPECIALISED DIETS
Humans are not the only ones reliant on seagrass ecosystems for food. Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are the world’s only vegetarian marine mammal and can consume up to 40kg of seagrass a day.
Also known as “sea cows” because of their tendency to “graze” on seagrass, dugongs can only survive in specific areas with healthy seagrass ecosystems.
Therefore, dugong and seagrass conservation should go hand in hand, as well as the mainstreaming policies and planning for this endangered species with their habitats needing to be national and regional priorities.
Endangered in Malaysia, it is estimated that there are only 40 to 50 dugongs left in Johor, mainly around Sibu and Tinggi islands and their adjacent waters.
Dugongs are also found in Sabah, where around 20 to 30 dugongs were recorded around Mantanani, Bangi and Mengalum islands, and in Sarawak, in the waters of Brunei Bay, Lawas.
Dr Leela Rajamani, a marine conservation biologist from Universiti Sains Malaysia, has been researching on community understanding and management of dugong and seagrass resources in Johor and Sabah.
She cites her studies as using interdisciplinary methods such as marine biology, ecology, anthropology and sociology in looking at conservation problems.
She stresses on community involvement in protecting dugongs and their seagrass habitats, and that education is key in transforming their involvement into conservation action.
Says Leela: “The older males and females seem to know about the dugong from seeing it themselves or the seeing the animals stranded on the shore. The younger people do not know much about these animals because they’ve never seen it. Using the local knowledge and anecdotes, communities on these islands are aware that the presence of dugongs on seagrass beds which they call Rumput Setu (Enhalus acoroides) and Rumput Ketam (Halophila sp.) make these plants healthier.”
Leela states that the main threats on Malaysia’s seagrasses are mainly coastal development and sedimentation.
She created focus groups to engage and educate members of the community, fishermen and resort operators on the loss of seagrass along the coastline and how this will have a negative impact on marine animals, especially dugongs.
She also met with the oldest residents in the village to collect oral histories on dugong origin stories and myths, and to use these stories to link cultural values of locals with this charismatic species.
“In most of the stories about dugongs, they’re ‘originated’ from humans — consequently the communities regard this animal with respect. They also recognise that when dugongs are around, it’s easier to get fish and other catch as the environment is thriving with sea life. For this reason, they don’t disturb dugongs or other animals like turtles as a sign of respect.”
Dugongs are protected under the Fisheries Act 1985 and the Fisheries Regulations 1999 (Control of Endangered Species of Fish) for Peninsular Malaysia and Federal Territories of Labuan, Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 and the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 for Sarawak and Sabah.
The Johor state government is in the process of gazetting the area between three islands off Mersing as a Dugong Sanctuary but Leela argues for the creation of Seagrass Marine Protected Areas (MPA). Seagrasses are usually included in MPA management plans for the sake of inclusion without any real thought on why it should be included.
“There are no reasons not to have seagrass protected areas. I can still remember the first time I went to a seagrass meadow and saw the flowers, and thought, wow! They’re not well-understood and there’s still a lot more to discover about seagrasses and its inhabitants like the dugongs, turtles and seahorses,” says Leela.
It is this same fascination with seagrasses that are driving efforts around the region to save these habitats.
Since more than 30 years ago, scientists have reported the need to stop the degradation of seagrasses and to step up protection and management of this vulnerable ecosystem.
In spite of the ample evidence accumulated on their threats, benefits and biology, the urgency hasn’t reverberated enough.
“The biggest challenge is that we simply don’t know where they are, how much they are and how much we’re losing. People do get behind initiatives that want to change things, and it’s really about education, education and education,” remarks Jones. But a little bit of technology also can’t hurt.
Project Seagrass launched the ‘Seagrass Spotter’ this year — a free database which allows for citizen scientists around the world to participate in the conservation effort instead of a handful of researchers.
Accessible with a mobile phone, anyone can upload a photo of seagrass and key in basic information such as the shape of the leaves, the location, etc. There have been 27 species uploaded within the app from 54 countries so far.
Jones explains that there’s no other global citizen science programme like Seagrass Spotter, and showcases how science can be translated into what communities and marine natural resource managers and decision-makers can use.
“It’s entry-level, anybody can use it and anybody can get involved. It was designed initially as a tool to get people to visit seagrass meadows and learn about these sites. But now it’s evolved to mapping them through pictures globally and serves as a free database for management agencies and a tool to streamline data collection for seagrasses.”
With less than 500 scientists studying seagrasses around the world, there’s a need to increase the local capacity of researchers, teams and managers. Seagrasses has never been on the big players’ table.
Getting seagrasses acknowledged on the main stage is central to efforts for the protection and conservation of seagrasses in this region and worldwide.
A petition by the international seagrass research and conservation community is underway to call on the United Nations to declare a World Seagrass Day.
Exposed only at low tide, the loss of seagrass meadows have gone largely unnoticed, but this doesn’t mean we need to submerge our appreciation for these amazing marine habitats.
Benjamin Jones and Dr Leela Rajamani were interviewed at the recent 5th International Marine Conservation Congress in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia. | <urn:uuid:d9a48d25-397f-442b-80ac-e653aabed0a7> | {
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Where in Seven Corners?
Play Based Learning
Presented by: Jennifer Reynolds and Peggy Ashbrook
Play is the heart of early childhood years. Through research, educators know more about Play now than ever before, including how play supports children’s self-regulation skills. This series will explore ways to support evidence-based teacher practices for providing an environment and materials which encourage play. Find your joy and join in the discovery of play.
Includes BOTH workshops
The hands-on experience provided for participants will link the theory of constructivism to play in the 2-5-year-old classroom. The play experience will define “play” and will build on the participant’s prior knowledge of using loose parts in their classroom environment. Play Coaches will share ways of thinking about classroom materials that are sustainable and construct a conservation ethic. Discussions will support participants in finding materials for their programs. For further development for Play advocates, a resource list and current research in play will be shared.
In the first session, participants will experience creativity and self-expression through play and develop their reflective practice. Participants from the first session may put their experience into practice in their programs and share their experience with the Play Coaches. Those that take both sessions in the series will be invited to take on a leadership role and share their learning with peers in the second session, building on their experience. The attendance in the first session is not required to attend the second.
Saturday September 16, 2017
9 a.m.-12 p.m.
Saturday January 20, 2018
9 a.m.-12 p.m.
Have questions or comments about the material you learned in your workshop? Please leave your comments, experiences in the classroom, or feedback for other participants to see! | <urn:uuid:cdd773ba-2da1-4d25-9f1b-2b0bf3f361fc> | {
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In general, physiotherapy aims to help improve and restore a patient’s strength, motion and function. However, sports physio requires a different approach. This is because athletes demand more from their bodies. Often, athletes push their joints and muscles far beyond what is typical in everyday life. As a result, sports physios need to adopt a more comprehensive and intense approach to restore athletes to their peak performance.
Sports physiotherapists work with athletes and sports players to assist with recovery, rehabilitate injuries and to help them perform at their best. Sports physio is suitable for those playing recreational sport as well as all the way up to professional athletes. Sports physiotherapists can provide advice on how to avoid injuries and to treat existing problems.
Sports physios in Perth typically consult from a private practice; however, they can also be seen working with sporting teams and organisations. They may also be available in hospitals. Sports physios are highly qualified with post graduate training. They have a thorough understanding of the structural, physical and physiological aspects of movement and the human form.
Sports Physiotherapy Can Include:
Joint mobilisation: This is used to improve a joint’s range of motion and reduce pain or stiffness. It involves small, oscillating movements to a joint performed by a physiotherapist.
Dry needling: This involves inserting needles into tight muscles to reduce tension and is similar to acupuncture.
Massage: Sports massage is tailored specifically with an understanding of the stress and demands athletes put on the body. Sports massage aims to improve function and performance using deep tissue work, cross fibre techniques and trigger point therapy.
Injury prevention and rehabilitation: Injury prevention aims to reduce both the risk of injuries and the severity of existing sports injuries. This is done through the risk assessment and screening of sports players. An example of this is a selective functional movement assessment, a detailed assessment by a suitably trained physiotherapist to screen for potential movement dysfunction and causes for pain. Rehabilitation also aims to improve overall function whilst providing the best possible outcome to assist the athlete in returning to sport.
Sports physiotherapy can also include other services such as soft tissue techniques, protection of the joints and tissues, correcting movement problems and assisting with recovery after training or competition.
The Benefits of Sports Physio
Athletes put a lot of demand and stress on their body. This may put extra pressure on an athlete’s joints, bones and muscles. Because sports injuries are different to everyday injuries, sports physios can provide the specialised treatment needed to help athletes recover and maintain strength.
Sports physios can assist with a range of musculoskeletal issues. A physiotherapist can provide exercises to improve an athlete’s strength, endurance, range of motion and speed. While also helping to reduce any swelling or pain. Sports physiotherapy not only promotes faster recovery, but it can also help to prevent any future injuries.
Sports physiotherapists use a variety of techniques to relieve pain, improve movement, restore function and prevent future injuries. Sports physios can treat many conditions including:
- Soft tissue injuries
- Knee injuries
- Ligament tears
- Tendon pain
- Overuse injuries
- And much more
Contacting a physiotherapist in Como immediately after a sports injury can significantly improve the treatment outcome. A qualified physiotherapist will assess the seriousness of the injury and develop a plan to provide the best possible outcome; whether it’s to return to recreational sport or professional athletes recovering from the competition. | <urn:uuid:944c62e7-d643-4d8d-8500-dbe785fddd9c> | {
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An Egyptian anti-Mubarak protesters sleeps on the wheels of a tank in Tahrir square, Cairo. (AP Photo/Emilio Morenatti)The 2016 Arab Human Development Report (AHDR) by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) was focused on the region’s youth – those aged between 15 and 29 – a significant group that keeps on growing. This is the first report of its kind to be released after the Arab Spring, and details how young people are more politically aware and motivated to achieve their civil and human rights. Yet they face considerable challenges, primarily economic and security-related. The poor economic planning by the existing regimes is only prolonging and worsening these problems, as a more politically-conscious population grows.
The unemployment plague
Youth unemployment among those aged between 15 and 24 was at its highest in 2014, at almost 30%, more than double the global average. By 2019, an even greater disparity will emerge, as estimates project the global average to decline, with the Arab world’s rate increasing steadily. Considering that the region’s population growth is the largest worldwide, over 60 million jobs will need to be created by 2020 simply to stabilize youth unemployment.
A limited number of jobs with a growing population means that nepotism, rather than merit, is key when finding a job.
What is the root cause of this unemployment? According to the report, it goes back to poor policy, specifically policy that “matches demographic growth and needs of the market.” A limited number of jobs with a growing population means that nepotism, rather than merit, is key when finding a job.
Therefore, it comes as no surprise that unemployment and the economy is the top priority for Arab youth, according to 75.77% of those polled. On the other hand, internal security and stability is only top priority for 2.99%.
Arab youth want to be more politically involved
This comes as no surprise, given the series of protests that took place across the region from 2009, commonly referred to as the Arab Spring or Arab Awakening. Indeed, the report does recognize a growing educated and politically active generation, who are more knowledgeable of the problems and injustices they face.
Youth participation in protests across the Arab region was over 18% in 2013 – almost double that of middle income countries. However, Arab youth have the lowest voting rate worldwide at 68.4%, whereas youth from middle income countries make up a hefty 87.4%.
Despite their eagerness to be part of the political process, and the lack of formal barriers to at least some participation (in all except eight countries), young people remain excluded. For instance, the average age at the councils of ministers in the region is 58 years old.
Future generations will pay a high price for today’s conflicts
Syria. Iraq. Yemen. Palestine. Libya. Somalia. The devastation and destruction of those countries over the past few years will take years to turn around. According to the report, 68.5% of the world’s battle-related deaths took place in the region between 1989 and 2014, which accounts for 27.7% globally.
But of course that doesn’t factor in other countries that aren’t in a formal state of war and have endured terrorist attacks. Indeed, in 2014 alone the region endured 45% of the world’s terrorist attacks.
While the region hosts 57.5% of the world’s refugees, and 47% of the world’s internally displaced, the long-term consequences as a result of the region’s conflicts are well beyond that. While the well-documented wave of Syrian refugees have played a huge role in drastic demographic transformations in the region, the report claims that the plight of the Palestinians should not be cast aside, stating that “Israel’s occupation of Palestine is the longest occupation in the modern era … during which a people has been deprived of the right to self- determination.” The report also recognizes the brutal security-oriented state response to these protests and mobilizations
The report projects more people to be living in high conflict risk areas. By 2050, they project that three out of four people will be living in such regions. Fiscal trends also indicate that this projection will be true. Between 1988 and 2014, the Arab region’s per capita military expenditure exceeded the cumulative global average by 65%, which is about US$2 trillion. Signs don’t point to a slowdown.
Such heavy spending on the military only prolongs and worsens existing security crises. The researchers concluded that this type of excessive spending has a negative effect on spending on education, healthcare, infrastructure, among other sectors that, if well taken care of, can diminish various security risks.
Is Another Arab Spring Imminent?
It is clear that regimes across the region cannot sweep these critical issues under the rug. The 100 million 15-29 year-olds make up two-thirds of the region’s population – many are intelligent and capable of leading. While the Arab uprisings did not succeed, the report concludes that the popular uprisings indicated their ability to recognize challenges to development, express their dissatisfaction, and politically organize to fight for their demands and achieve them in a peaceful and sustainable way.
The report also recognizes the brutal security-oriented state response to these protests and mobilizations. The researchers conclude that while this approach achieves some stability and repels protesters for an indefinite period of time, not taking action on the root causes of these mobilizations will come back to haunt them. In fact, it appears that we can see the buildup of these issues, coupled with violent state response, as the catalyst for not only larger mobilizations, but also more violent ones.
This article is published in association with the Westminster Foundation for Democracy, which is seeking to contribute to public knowledge about effective democracy-strengthening by leading a discussion on openDemocracy about what approaches work best. Views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of WFD. WFD’s programmes bring together parliamentary and political party expertise to help developing countries and countries transitioning to democracy. | <urn:uuid:9550b741-e868-4fb0-849b-b6c53dd65a7c> | {
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History of the laser
Who knew Albert Einstein would have his hand in dentistry? In 1917, Albert Einstein gave birth to the idea of lasers when he discovered that he could introduce a photon to an excited molecule that would then emit a second photon with the same frequency, direction, phase and polarization as the first. The result was a stimulation of light possessing significant amounts of usable energy. In 1960, building on the foundation laid by Einstein and physicists Charles Hard Townes and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, the engineer and physicist Theodore Maiman built the first functional laser at Hughes Laboratory.
The term LASER is an acronym for "light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation." This new technology ushered in a completely new form of usable energy. Since its birth, tremendous advances in the technology have occurred, and we are now seeing lasers used in dentistry for both hard- and soft-tissue applications.
Lasers differ from ordinary light in that they are coherent and their beams can be focused and concentrated into a small spot, generating significant amounts of energy on a small area. Laser light does not expand in a cone as normal light does, but stays in a column over the entire distance it is projected. This significantly decreases the attenuation of the energy received at the target, compared with that of normal light. Depending on the function of the laser, more or less energy is concentrated on the target to generate the desired effect.
In the field of orthodontics, lasers have evolved into remarkable tools that offer an extremely precise, pain-free method for manipulating oral tissues. At today's top orthodontic practices, doctors use lasers to manage common soft-tissue problems associated with patients in braces.
Four types of lasers used
Erbium laser: This laser can be used on hard tissue for cavity preparation or bone cutting, using short pulses of 50-100 microseconds. It can also be used on soft tissue, using longer pulses of 300-1000 microseconds. In this mode it can be used for periodontal procedures, gingival contouring, frenectomies, facial resurfacing or biopsies. The benefits of using this type of laser include minimal heat penetration, rapid healing and minimal postoperative pain. However, these lasers are large and expensive and have significantly more capability than an orthodontist generally would use in everyday cases.
Nd:YAG laser: This was the first laser designed for dentists, and was introduced in 1990. A pulse laser with a wavelength of 1064nm, the Nd:YAG laser has the unique ability to penetrate deep into the tissue, and can even stimulate fibrin formation, aiding in the coagulation of operative sites. This laser has been used in the periodontal field for disinfection and debridement of periodontal pockets.
CO2 laser: Introduced in the 1970s, this laser has a wavelength of 10600nm and is highly absorbed by water. It is very good at hemostasis but can be used on soft tissue only. It is useful for cutting soft tissue with reduced charring, and is used most frequently for biopsies. Sutures are seldom needed since hemostasis is exceptionally good.
Diode laser: Compact and affordable, this laser is used most frequently by orthodontists for soft-tissue management. The diode laser's wavelengths range from 805-1064nm, which means it can only be used on soft tissue. A wavelength of 940nm represents peaks for the absorption of laser energy by hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and water, making the 940nm diode laser very effective as an instrument to incise gingival tissue.
A diode laser uses heat as the energy source to incise the tissue, and it can be used quite effectively for frenectomies, biopsies, canine exposure, gingival recontouring and gingivectomies. Minor charring is very common around the surgical site, but resolves within a three- to five-day window under normal circumstances.
Diode laser techniques
The 940nm diode laser has many useful functions in orthodontics, and its unique characteristics make it the instrument of choice when it comes to gingival management. The laser has the ability to cut the gingiva while sealing the blood vessels and nerve fibers. This means minimal trauma to the tissue and less scarring, with reduced postoperative swelling and pain.
A pulsed laser is the most effective, since it delivers a pulse of energy followed by a rest interval. This gives the gum tissue time to cool slightly before being hit by the next pulse, thus reducing pain and scarring. The total amount of energy transmitted from the laser to the tissue is a function of the laser beam's diameter, power, pulse length and pulse interval, all of which can be adjusted. The exact settings a provider prefers for each procedure are determined by experience. As the clinician becomes more familiar with the laser and its cutting capability through different procedures, small adjustments can—and should—be made.
In my orthodontic practice, I find this laser most useful in recontouring the gingiva to gain access to the gingival portion of the clinical crown in cases where there is gingival overgrowth preventing the proper positioning of a bracket. While performing any procedures with the laser, it is important to maintain the 2mm biological width of the tooth (consisting of 1mm of epithelial attachment and 1mm of connective tissue attachment). This means that the gingival removal should never leave less than 2mm of attached gingiva on any tooth.
With these limits in mind, the orthodontist may find the laser gingivectomy becomes as easy as moving the laser across the gingiva at the desired depth until the laser tip has incised all the way through the tissue and is in contact with the enamel. Bleeding is virtually nonexistent, and therefore does not obscure the field of view. Using the same technique, a provider can expose a canine that has not yet erupted through the gingiva so that it can be bracketed and orthodontically erupted. Having the ability to manipulate the soft tissue on and around the clinical crown of a tooth gives the orthodontist much more control over the positioning of the teeth. Instead of placing the bracket in a less-than-ideal spot on the tooth (or not placing it at all), the provider who has a soft-tissue laser and the ability to use it can remove the redundant tissue, place the bracket where it belongs and more effectively move the tooth to its correct position.
While patients occasionally show some hesitation at the mention of a laser in their treatment plan, patients treated with selectable-pulse-mode lasers regularly report that they experience no discomfort with soft-tissue laser procedures. The dental laser delivers pulses of energy too short to trigger a neural response. An orthodontist will find little to no evidence of thermal damage when performing soft-tissue procedures with this technology. Most soft-tissue laser procedures can be performed with only topical anesthesia. When a topical anesthetic is inadequate, a local anesthetic may be needed, but this is rarely necessary. The laser stops any bleeding and seals lymphatic and nerve endings, thereby avoiding tissue inflammation and the usual discomfort that is associated with inflammation.
With good patient communication regarding the use of lasers in orthodontic treatment, the patient truly benefits from improved gingival aesthetics and potentially faster treatment times resulting from well-placed brackets. In the words of Albert Einstein, "Excellence is doing a common thing in an uncommon way." With dental laser technology's advances, orthodontists can provide their patients with the best possible outcomes.
t is associated with inflammation.
With good patient communication regarding the use of lasers in orthodontic treatment, the patient truly benefits from improved gingival aesthetics and potentially faster treatment times resulting from well-placed brackets. In the words of Albert Einstein, “Excellence is doing a common thing in an uncommon way.” With dental laser technology’s advances, orthodontists can provide their patients with the best possible outcomes.
Dr. Daniel M. Eves is a board-certified orthodontist and the owner of Tollgate Orthodontics, with locations in Warwick and Jamestown, Rhode Island. He received his doctorate of dental medicine from the University of Florida and his specialty training in orthodontics along with a master of science degree in oral biology from the University of Louisville.
Prior to private practice, he served as head of orthodontic departments at acclaimed hospitals, including the National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland and the United States Naval Air Station in southern Italy. Voted a top dentist by his peers in the field for many years running, his staff claims he’s also an all-around nice guy. Eves uses diode lasers routinely in his practice. | <urn:uuid:5c52aba6-8dc5-4513-931a-53274878b0d3> | {
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OpenCV: Computer Vision Projects with Python
OpenCV is a state-of-art computer vision library that allows a great variety of image and video processing operations. OpenCV for Python enables us to run computer vision algorithms in real time. This learning path proposes to teach the following topics. First, we will learn how to get started with OpenCV and OpenCV3’s Python API, and develop a computer vision application that tracks body parts. Then, we will build amazing intermediate-level computer vision applications such as making an object disappear from an image, identifying different shapes, reconstructing a 3D map from images , and building an augmented reality application, Finally, we’ll move to more advanced projects such as hand gesture recognition, tracking visually salient objects, as well as recognizing traffic signs and emotions on faces using support vector machines and multi-layer perceptrons respectively.
This Learning Path combines some of the best that Packt has to offer in one complete, curated package. It includes content from the following Packt products:
|Course Length||16 hours 44 minutes|
|Date Of Publication||23 Oct 2016| | <urn:uuid:76c4522c-792e-43d6-8b84-82f00e30c87f> | {
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