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Women’s full integration into the economy is a desirable goal for equity and efficiency in OECD and non-OECD countries alike. The challenge for policy makers is to find ways and means to reduce barriers to greater gender equality in employment, thereby providing more opportunities to pursue individual aspirations and boost economic growth. Over the 2002-12 period the (unweighted) female labour force participation rate increased by just over 1 percentage point to 61% on average across the Asia/Pacific region (ILO, 2014).
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Figures for the period 2006-2016 amount to US$54.7 billion in concessional financing and US$40.6 billion in non-concessional financing. However, it is worth noting that given the breadth of the OECD reporting categories, not all reported support can be attributed to ICT connectivity or e-commerce. South-South partners are also becoming increasingly important providers of ICT financing, but data on their financing flows is limited.
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In addition, a large number of other sectoral laws and institutions still impact the sector of land use and management. It also means likely delays for project development, including of urban infrastructure. Importantly, given the pressing needs for development under urbanisation, the complexity and opaqueness of the system also open the door to corruption. An immediate policy action should be to review existing legislation and regulations in order to streamline the regulatory framework and reduce the administrative burden that hampers developments and land regularisation.
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Like most OECD countries Kazakhstan seems to be experiencing difficulties in making general practice attractive to medical graduates (vs other medical specialist training) despite an increase in the number of training places. A number of OECD countries have recognised that other factors influence the choice of specialty training beyond the number of places available. Strategies which have been proved successful include offering training places in primary care facilities (outside hospitals), improving the relative remuneration of general practice, and reducing the workload and isolation often associated with general practice by promoting group practices and team work - as detailed below (OECD, 2016d).
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Greater livestock numbers will also be required in order to meet the demand for additional meat through the outlook period, resulting in growing environmental concerns. Significant scope remains for improved productivity in both meat and dairy production, particularly in developing regions, which will be key to the growth of a sustainable livestock sector. The cost of compliance to environmental regulations will also impact the regional concentration of livestock production.
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Given that most hospitals are publicly owned, potential exists for further central-led efforts to achieve efficiency gains in the Hungarian hospital system (Section 5.3). Only a small proportion of doctors are general practitioners (GPs) (about 12% only in 2010, the latest year available), with most doctors being specialists. Furthermore, nearly half of GPs are over 60 years old, while only 10% are younger than 40 years, a factor that is expected to further reduce access to primary care when the older generation of GPs retire.
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A core group of five donors, the European Union (EU) institutions, Japan, Korea, the United Kingdom (UK) and the World Bank Group, provided approximately two-thirds of total concessional financing over the 2006-2016 period. Various methodological difficulties arise in estimating donor support for ICT connectivity and e-commerce. Indeed, the OECD CRS categories only offer a partial reflection of the elements discussed in the World Trade Organization's (WTO) E-Commerce Work Programme.
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The effective and efficient use of funding is also an issue, particularly at local levels of government where the lack of capacity may hinder the implementation of investment plans. Indicator systems are costly, both directly (i.e. the cost of development and implementation) and indirectly (i.e. opportunity costs and the potential for inadvertent generation of unintended consequences). They can also increase the administrative burden on the reporting organisation and its staff.
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It is unlikely, even with the best pollution and waste control measures in the world. Climate change is the most prominent example of such market failure. Eco-tax reform (ETR) uses fiscal policy measures to steer economic burdens away from economically beneficial activities (such as employment) towards environmentally harmful activities (such as the generation of pollution). With this approach, decision-making at every level, by the individual in society up to the highest national Government forum, is steered towards minimizing the environmental impacts of growth. While infrastructure expands, it locks economies into specific patterns of resource use (such as energy) for decades into the future.
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In other words, the ARAC MLA operates as an international passport to trade. The inflow of FDI often brings capital, skills and managerial know-how to developing countries and provides opportunities to local firms to supply products and services to FDI firms. This encourages greater integration of host countries into global value chains and provides them increased access to foreign markets (UNCTAD, 2013). During the early stages of industrialisation, developing countries usually have a comparative advantage in labour-intensive industries, because production costs in high-income countries are much higher meaning such industries are less profitable.
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The Climate Change Policy Directorate is in charge of the coordination, elaboration and implementation of the national policy on climate change (mitigation and adaptation) the participation of Bulgaria in the international negotiations regarding the UNFCC, in coordination with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, coordinates reporting and compliance with the international commitments regarding the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol and EU legislation, carries out and coordinates activities, related to the European policies on climate change and the implementation of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme in the Republic of Bulgaria. The Agency is responsible for the preparation of the GHG inventories. It carries out the procedures for issuing GHG emission permits.
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As in other emerging economies, economic expansion, urbanisation and rising income levels have also meant increased environmental pressures from growing demand for land, water, materials, energy and transport, as well as increased pollution and waste generation. Managing the natural asset base sustainably and equitably and decoupling economic growth from environmental pressures is paramount if Brazil is to achieve resilient and inclusive economic development. Renewables, mainly hydropower and biofuels, accounted for more than 40% of total primary energy supply in 2012, one of the highest shares in the world (Figure 1).
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This definition of food security is the translation of changes in food insecurity driven by market dynamics. To grasp the major transformations and consequences inherent in the emergence of an agricultural market economy, a clear understanding of what the market actually encompasses is crucial (Box 4.1). This narrow view biases analyses of agricultural transformations in important ways.
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Furthermore, elements of the women’s market intervention should be designed around the key barriers in order to temper their effect on financial access, while bearing in mind the financial institution’s strengths, strategic direction and mandate. In a global survey, of the 17 Commonwealth countries covered (incorporating responses from 57 banks), more than 3 documents were required in over 70 per cent of the countries (CGAP and World Bank 2009). Documentation requirements are usually a combination of proof of identity and proof of residential address. Banks in Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zambia require at least four different forms of documentation -including identity card and passport, letter of recommendation, wage slip and proof of address - as a prerequisite to open a current account, the first entry point into accessing formal banking services.
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This is especially true in the hilly parts of the region, which have the highest tourism potential. Many of these farms are likely to cease production in a few years and the land will return to its natural state. If this happens it will have local ecological impacts and change the visual landscape for tourists by increasing the amount of wooded land. While some mining continues, its scope has been greatly reduced.
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This series continues that originally entitled OECD Trade Policy Working Papers. The opinions expressed and the arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law.
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Positive peer pressure can also play an important role in stimulating business growth and innovation. To be effective, these initiatives should allow for a great deal of interaction between the entrepreneurs in the target group and the wider business community, so as to enlarge the pool of resources they have access to. Such networks should also have clear objectives.
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This has impacted tariffs and the country has the lowest relative price for a monthly prepaid basket of 500 MB costing just 0.84% of per capita income. Unlike many other LDCs, electricity is not a problem: the mountainous kingdom has abundant hydropower and exports electricity. The price of electricity is 5.7 US cents per kWh, the fourth lowest in the LDCs.
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Water Workshop on Re - thinking Water and Food Security Paradigms, CRC Press, London. Water, Agriculture and the Environment in Spain: Can we square the circle?, The Establishment of Baseline Groundwater Conditions for the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive in Spain", Water Resources Management, Vol. Fixed Effects Estimation of the Intensive and Extensive Margins of Irrigation Water Demand.
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As groundwater resources run out, those in the informal settlements are most immediately affected. Small-scale farmers in the Sana'a Governorate are also vulnerable given that groundwater, which represents their main source of income, is depleting at a faster pace with each passing year, which forces communities to relocate. However, for the city as a whole, including informal settlements, it would be easy to secure the drinking water source by reallocating 5-10 per cent of the irrigation share in the basin to the domestic supply. Some physical investments and economic incentives are needed to apply this solution.
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The inevitability of leakages to other agents in the supply chain, and the difficulties of targeting have already been noted. In addition such measures may crowd out the development of private input markets, may lead to the over-use of inputs, and once introduced have historically proven difficult to rescind. Nevertheless, there has been renewed optimism that a new generation of so-called “smart” subsidies, by virtue of innovative design features, such as exit strategies, can deliver income benefits while limiting their known shortcomings (Dorward, 2009b). These arguments are considered in (OECD, 2010b).
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In other terms, electricity systems are locked-in with their existing generation mix and cannot quickly adapt it to changing market conditions. In discussions about the costs of back-up capacity this is also referred to the ex post case. In the long term instead electricity companies can adapt their generation mix to new market conditions, resulting from changes in demand, fuel prices as well as the introduction of new capacity into the electricity mix. This was referred to as the ex ante case, as the analyst places him/herself at the very beginning of the investment cycle which can now be optimised.
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Org/sites/default/files/1 .pdf, accessed on 15 October 2018. A strong institutional underpinning is paramount to ensuring that the right to social protection is safeguarded and realized. Three instruments are particularly crucial to fostering institutional commitment: comprehensive legal frameworks, sector-wide approaches and nationally owned budgets. The Ministry of Population Development and Social Protection is responsible for overall management of the CMP.
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It accounted for roughly two-fifths of total exports of goods and services in 2016, thus exceeding the fisheries, which have been the foundation of the Icelandic economy for centuries. According to the Icelandic Tourist Board, the recent proportion of all international visitors who arrived in Iceland during the three summer months (June, July and August) has decreased from about 50% to 35%, while the increase of visits has been particularly high in the winter months, creating a whole new challenge for managers regarding nature protection and safety issues at the destinations. The geographical distribution of travellers is highly concentrated at a few destinations, such as Gullfoss, Geysir, Ringvellir and Jokulsarlon.
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The National Development Plans for 2000-06 and 2007-13 have contributed to Ireland’s progress in areas such as public transport and environmental infrastructure. Several mechanisms have been regularly used to integrate environmental considerations in decision-making at macro and micro levels, including SEA and regulatory impact analysis. Concerning energy, measures have been taken to promote the use of renewables and to assist businesses and households in improving energy efficiency.
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Developing countries began to demand greater flexibility for policy space, including greater freedom to pursue industrial policies and to address supply-side constraints via government interventions, preferential market access and support for institution and capacity building. If it had increased to 0.7 per cent for all Development Assistance Committee countries, net ODA would have been US$430.7bn. The shortfall between promised and delivered is some US$297bn. He has since been joined by a host of critics (cited below) making similar observations.
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The MPI is the product of two easy-to-understand and intuitive partial indices. The headcount ratio (H) can be easily explained to journalists, who are already familiar with this idea from monetary measures. And the new partial index of intensity (A)—the percentage of deprivations that poor people in that country face at the same time—creates powerful properties yet also ties the poverty measure back to human lives and experiences.
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To address the threat of climate change, it is not only necessary to charge a price for carbon emissions, governments have to do much more, through actions to support innovation and diffusion of new, low-carbon technologies. The IMF simply assumes that climate policy consists of adjusting the price of carbon, when it states: “An effective mitigation policy must be based on setting a price path for the greenhouse gas (GFIG) emissions that drive climate change” (IMF, 2008, 4:2). Moreover, it apparently does not consider the problem as being so serious.
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This includes water for drinking, personal sanitation, washing of clothes, food preparation, and personal and household hygiene (see Chapters 1 and 4). These challenges are not limited to SDG 6, as the cross-cutting nature of water and sanitation affects the implementation of most other SDGs. The transversal role of water across all segments of societies contributes to the complexity of ensuring respect for the related human rights for all, leaving no one behind. This includes indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, refugees (see Chapter 8) and migrants. Women also often are disadvantaged in terms of their enjoyment of human rights across several societies worldwide. Key barriers and mechanisms of exclusion (Figure 3.1), which have come into existence either intentionally or unintentionally, deprive certain groups of people from the possibility to realize their full potential (UNDP, 2016).
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In Alberta, Manitoba and New Brunswick, the participation rate of girls slightly exceeds that of boys. The tendency for girls to more likely be in education than boys at age 15-18 is also found among non-Indigenous students in each of these jurisdictions. In contrast, Indigenous boys in New Brunswick are more likely than Indigenous girls to be enrolled in education at this age. In Alberta and Manitoba, the participation rates of Indigenous boys and girls are similar at this level of education.
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The different estimations suggest that for a representative state 1 point increase in the share of the population above 65 would lead to a decline in participation of between 0.5 and 0.7 percentage point depending on the specification. For instance, with the share of the population above 65 having increased by 2.75 percentage points between 2000 and 2016, this would mean that aging could account for between 1.4 and 1.8 percentage points of the 4 percentage points decline in labour force participation. The estimations suggest that a permanent increase of 10 percentage points in the share of long-term unemployment in total unemployment results in a decline in participation of 0.6 percentage point in the specification without persistence effects and up to the double in the specification with lagged participation. Applied to the profile of long-term unemployment, long-term unemployment increases over the past decade could explain between 1.6 and 2.3 percentage points of the decline in participation. With the share of long-term unemployed in unemployment still above its pre-crisis level this suggests some possible future recovery in participation, albeit at a slow pace.
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Similarly for stroke, case fatality within 30 days of hospital admission is the third highest in the OECD (11.8 per 100 patients), following Mexico and Slovenia. These data signal the need for prioritising monitoring and improvement initiatives. There is still insufficient collection and public reporting of quality measures, including from the private sector. This might mitigate efforts to further drive quality gains in health-care services.
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This article explores how social science applications of photography employed in the early 1950s to both understand and change so-called ‘backwards’ people became entangled with, and drew momentum from, the geopolitical concerns of the early Cold War. Specifically, I address the employment of photography in the Cornell-Peru Project in the Andean community of Vicos, a decade-long research experiment combining development anthropology and fashionable modernisation theory emanating out of the behavioural sciences. In addition to development activities that were to serve as the catalysts of change (agricultural improvement, health and education), researchers at Vicos were at pains to uncover and validate the inner ‘predispositions’ towards change and modernity they hoped were lurking inside villagers. Reflecting Cold War priorities and concerns, researchers sought to locate a particular developing indigenous subject – one closer to liberal capitalism (and its values of self-reliance and individualism) and awa...
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At a national level, rail, road, cruise and aviation policies are usually developed within separate agencies in relatively compartmentalised processes, although there is often a range of consultative mechanisms that facilitate communication and coordination. Planning for airport infrastructure, for example, requires not only forecasting of international and domestic travel growth, but also an understanding of the characteristics of these markets in order to determine the level of services required and the need for connectivity between the transport hub and the destination. The effectiveness of information exchange, learning, communication and co-ordination across policy sectors therefore determines how transport interests are balanced in tourism policies, and how tourism interests are balanced in transport policies. The overall effect of these policies has been an increase in aircraft movements and passenger capacity and an expansion of air services.
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It can be that the reforms would have to be much more substantial to benefit also female employment. Social and cultural factors remain the principal driving factors of keeping women outside the labour force. Even after accounting for variables proxying for infrastructure, stage of development, and banking services, individual and household characteristics strongly influence the low female labour market participation. There are some signs that the influence of these factors is diminishing over time and with education.
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The programme provides loans to establish micro-businesses and promotes saving by the poor (FCOSS, 2010: 1). Another NGO in Fiji, the Foundation for Rural Integrated Enterprises N Development (FRIEND), works towards poverty alleviation through its social and economic empowerment programme. Microcredit systems exist informally in other PICs. The wantok system plays a vital role in entrepreneurial development, especially in PNG (Mannan, 1978).
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It can encourage positive developments for regions, including increased efficiency in energy management, industrial production, spatial development, public and private transport, construction and operation of buildings and water management. Up-scaling the research and innovation effort may yield significant returns in local and regional development. For example, the design of the new, three-blade turbines in the wind-energy clusters of Aalborg and Arhus in Denmark was heavily influenced by the advances of the Danish agricultural engineering industry.
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Thus, a mix of both top-down and bottom-up systems and indicators allows policy makers to better understand effectiveness by contextualising the progress of discrete interventions in contributing to transformational climate goals at global and national scales (e.g. Martins, 2013, Duarte, 2013). For example, it is easier to estimate the impacts of low-carbon infrastructure projects on emissions than it is to measure the impact of a technical assistance or outreach activity on community resilience. In the latter case, it might be more practical to measure results at the output or outcome level (e.g. number of project-management training sessions held or number of awareness workshops held in vulnerable communities).
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The paper argues that institutional accounts are useful but incomplete in providing an understanding the dynamics of the completion of the internal market. This is because they do not leave enough room for ideas and norms, which have been central to the gambling story. The paper argues that prevailing norms about gambling, which have associated it with inter alia charities, criminal activity, public health and public order, have worked to mitigate the desire for a single market and arguments about the efficiency of market liberalization. Gambling is a useful case to illustrate that there is ambivalence about market building that tries to reconcile possible efficiency gains that come with enhanced competition with an aversion to promoting risk.
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Recognition of the urgency of moving towards sustainable development pathways comes at times when “warming of the climate is unequivocal” (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 20l4e, p. 2, SPM 1.1) and is “increasing the likelihood of severe, pervasive and irreversible impacts for people and ecosystems” (ibid., The evidence points to the great economic, human and environmental losses brought about by climate hazards which, if left unattended, are likely to continue. The Survey addresses the challenges of strengthening the capacity of countries and people to avoid development reversals from those hazards. Recent data suggest that the world has already warmed 0.85° Celsius from pre-industrial levels and will continue to experience warming even if greenhouse gas emissions were immediately brought to a complete halt (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013).
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The work of the extension service in Serbia encompasses 41 500 households which are intensively monitored four times a year. Other households are included in the extension system in other ways, mainly through participation in group classes and occasional on-farm visits and consultations. It is provided free of charge to farmers. In all six SEE economies, extension services are modestly funded with a limited number of extension specialists - for example, in Kosovo there is one extension specialist for every 1 700 farmers.
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As the Fosen service matured, an intermediate-care facility was created, where people could be admitted for a few days and cared for by community primary care doctors working closely with hospital specialists. With support from the specialist hospital, Fosen DMC is providing a comprehensive package of care and services closer to where residents live, minimising travel time, promoting patient-centred care, and avoiding costly admissions to the acute hospital. For example, when the hospital was persuaded to locale an audiologist at Fosen DMC, his lists were soon full, patients were satisfied, and patient transport costs for which the hospital had been previously liable were reduced. Evidence of staff satisfaction can be seen in veiy low absence rates of around 3%.
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Funding for this study was supported, wholly or in part, by the Centre for Diet and Activity Research (CEDAR), a UKCRC Public Health Research Centre of Excellence (RES-590-28-0002). Funding from the British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Economic and Social Research Council, Medical Research Council, and the Wellcome Trust, under the auspices of the UK Clinical Research Collaboration, is gratefully acknowledged. The work of KC, EW and EvS was supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/7). Rebecca Love is funded by a Gates Cambridge Scholarship. Campbell Foubister is funded by a NIHR School for Public Health PhD Studentship.
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In addition, in Kuwait and Yemen, gender committees are active in supervising compliance with relevant national and international standards and disseminating relevant information. Additionally in Bahrain and Kuw'ait, gender committees also examine individual complaints. In Bahrain, the committee supports the integration of women’s needs in the government’s work plan.
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Diseases or conditions are defined by a range of pathological characteristics that themselves relate to biological structure and function. These physiological characteristics can be complex and measured at the level of the organ (or multiorgans) or they can be more targeted, such as genetic abnormalities or predispositions. Measures of disease states are common, and there are many examples of disease-specific measures available. Cause-of-death measures would be included here.
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The Ministry coordinates policy, management and regulatory tasks in these fields, including meteorology. The Ministry’s responsibilities include international cooperation at both bilateral and multilateral levels. The Deputy State Secretary for Water Affairs coordinates water-related tasks. Responsibilities include river basin management, water resources management, protection of surface and groundwater, flood defence and monitoring tasks.
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Where applicable, the alternative fuels to gas-based generation (such as diesel, fuel oil or coal) are mainly stored on the site of CCGTs. The period of load duration depends on a number of factors, including the ability to restock back-up fuels, generator characteristics, the type of gas supply contract - either firm or interruptible - and expectations about the variability of electricity prices as these determine the installation of back-up facilities (BERR, 2006). However, when information on this indicator remains disaggregated, the overall picture for the national energy system may be less clear.
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The intervention of military force to resolve a humanitarian crisis, such as the Security Council authorised intervention in Libya in 2011, raises a host of questions regarding the usefulness of military force to secure humanitarian goals. Within the discipline of international law, however, debates have centred on the legality of interventions under international law as a response to humanitarian crises. Considerably less attention has been given to the usefulness of a military intervention in resolving complex emergency situations, the gendered consequences of interventions or the gendered model that humanitarian interventions deploy. In this chapter I analyse the nexus between the gendered effects and gendered practice of humanitarian intervention, identifying a need for collective security strategies that attend to the politics of everyday and the necessity of working in concert to disrupt these gendered dynamics.
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Australia, Denmark, Israel, Norway, Portugal, Scotland and Sweden, for example, have specific legislation to protect patients’ rights, afford patients respect and dignity, while clarifying patient responsibilities. Such legislation generally gives patients a right to provide feedback or to raise concerns or complaints about the care they receive. Scotland provides an interesting example: patients’ rights and principles for the delivery of health care are specifically defined in the Patients’ Rights Act 2011. The legislation charges the NHS with the duty to encourage, monitor, take action and share learning from the feedback it receives.
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The complete set of safeguard principles and criteria is available at www.un-redd. These include the need for: i) comprehensive participation of Indigenous Peoples and local communities, ii) a clear protocol for the safeguard process, designed from the beginning and agreed among the stakeholders’ representatives, in) capacity building activities for Indigenous Peoples and local communities before starting the discussion of REDD+ safeguards, and iv) measures to ensure transparency and accountability shall be in place during the whole process.
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Women, meanwhile, are overburdened with work and demands as they continue to perform their traditional role as caregivers —a role regarded as natural— while simultaneously taking on new responsibilities in public life and in the labour market. The worsening care crisis calls for a reform of social protection systems and labour practices, as well as a transformation of cultural norms that sanction an unequal distribution of paid and unpaid work between women and men. These divergent trends are affecting the continuity and balance of traditional care arrangements in the region’s societies. They are limiting women’s ability to enter the labour market unimpeded by traditional barriers and thus their ability to achieve greater economic autonomy and well-being. In other words, there is a situation of rising demand (as a result of demographic transition) and falling supply (as a result of the entry of women into the labour force). The tension between these two phenomena acts as a brake on women’s ability to increase their labour market participation and calls for a review of the design and application of related public policies.
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Women say that, among all the little millet landraces, Kottapattisamai is the most beautiful, as stated in a local language (Tamil: samaikku azhaku kottapattisamai), and prefer this landrace due to ease in processing, productivity, meal quality and adaptation to diverse agro-ecosystems. Women rate the landraces according to meal quality and taste. Also, women classify little millet landraces based on bran to edible portion ratio and prefer landraces that are lower in bran proportion.
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Second, while when supply is constrained it may be efficient to ration services on the basis of willingness to pay through voluntary purchase of private insurance, this generates equity concerns (OECD, 2004). Indeed, insurance is not always affordable, and high-income groups are more likely to purchase it. Moreover, the advantages offered by PHI in terms of access to care create inherent disadvantages for those populations without it.
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This was the first time that the international community had adopted an explicit target for graduation from the LDC category. Now, halfway from the setting of the target to the date for its attainment, it seems clear that it will not be met. The projections presented in chapter 2 of this Report suggest that only 16 (one third) of the current LDCs (in addition to Samoa, which graduated in 2014) can be expected to satisfy the full graduation criteria by 2021.
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Attention to both of these can help in identifying opportunities that may not be so dependent on international climate finance. The study also aims to improve overall OECD understanding of developing country perspectives and capabilities, and thereby to inform future OECD advice to development co-operation partners on how to better orient their support for green growth. The country’s dramatic and diverse landscape encompasses lowlands, deserts, canyons and high plateaus.
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The reduction through income taxes is even greater than means-tested transfers. The redistributive impacts of fiscal policy were reduced when the benefits drastically declined and when taxes became less progressive. As a result, the percentage change in market Gini offset by taxes fell from 16.9 per cent during 1985-1995 to 10.9 per cent during 1985-2005, while those of transfers also declined from 46.7 per cent to 34.4 per cent during the same period.
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With a digital signature and its incorporation into a blockchain, for example, it is possible to check the authenticity and uniqueness of radio frequency identification tags used to track parts through a supply chain. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created a technical committee on blockchain and DLTs (ISO/TC 307).173 The standardization sector of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) established a focus group on applying DLT. The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) produces a variety of standards in the telecommunications industry, including those that enabled key global technologies, such as GSM'“, 3G, 4G, DECT™ and smart cards.
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Focus on the functional relationships and processes within ecosystems. Carry out management actions at the scale appropriate for the issue being addressed, with decentralisation to lowest level, as appropriate. It will address issues related to Goals A and E of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the relevant Aichi Targets (in particular Aichi Targets 1, 2, 3,4,17,18,19 and 20) as well as Target 16, see Annex 8 Aichi Biodiversity Targets. One example of earlier developments that related to the potential Nordic Assessment is the Ecosystem Approach, see Box 5, which has been developed under CBD and supports a landscape and seascape perspective on ecosystem management. Strategic partnerships and collaboration will help deliver the Nordic Assessment.
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There are local branches of the EBWC active in Abu Dhabi, Dubai and Sharjah (Sharjah Business Women Council, 2002). The main objectives of EBWC are to: lobby on behalf of UAE women entrepreneurs, facilitate research into the problems of women entrepreneurs, and function as a platform with national and international organisations interested in supporting UAE women entrepreneurs.
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More in-depth analysis can also help track the delivery of disbursed international climate finance to “end-users” (e.g. industry, households and sub-national governments) within a country. Such analysis can look into which domestic institutions, stakeholders, national funding entities and financial institutions are involved in the processes. The provisions of the Paris Agreement and Decision 1/CP.21 encourage, but do not require, the reporting of information on support received by developing countries.
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Stronger numeracy and literacy study in vocational programmes could not only improve the access of graduates to academic tertiary education, but also contribute to a stronger credit transfer system (Fazekas and Field, 2013). As shown by the example of the Netherlands in Box 5.3 (below) improving support for those with weak basic skills might benefit enormously from a system that facilitates information across institutions and teachers. When this information is comprehensive it also might allow policy development to tackle and anticipate the needs of certain student groups.
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The legal mandate for the public institution administering and carrying out management of a national park includes monitoring and direct protection of the national park, implementing the management practices stipulated in the management plan, and enabling and facilitating scientific research. Moreover, the national park administrations are self-financed and currently depend on revenue generated by such economic activity as timber harvesting (sanitation harvests). They are moving towards finding other funding sources and mechanisms.
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The fourth section focuses on international sources of funding for innovation which has played an important role in the past decade and is set to increase further in the wake of Croatia's recent accession to the EU, with full access to Structural Funds in addition to the already established full participation in the Framework Programmes. The final section summarises some major results of the review by discussing strategic tasks of Croatia’s innovation policy from a functional assessment perspective. Particular problems arose from the combined effect of the economic downturn, the discontinuation of supplier-customer and innovation linkages, and a troublesome privatisation process, with severe consequences for the manufacturing industry (which had been a pillar of the Croatian economy) in terms of decline of incentives and capabilities for innovation.
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This minor investment boom in the sector has not affected all economies equally, so there are still countries with supply problems owing to low investment in capacity. While privatization was complete in Chile, other countries stopped halfway (Brazil and Colombia), others opened the sector to private capital under a single-buyer model (Costa Rica and Mexico), while some, such as Uruguay, maintained the vertically integrated monopoly (Altomonte, 2002). This helped the development of privately owned Chilean firms which, as from 1992, took advantage of the reforms in other countries in the region to invest in them. This regional network made ENERSIS highly attractive to transnational corporations which were looking to expand in the subcontinent in the late 1990s. In 1999, the Spanish firm Endesa made a full takeover of ENERSIS S. A., and in the following year, the United States firm AES purchased Gener, another Chilean firm in the sector (see point 1 of section D).
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It assesses developments in international sustainability and climate change-related policies based on green economy examples. Looking at innovative measures that combine environmental and social objectives, it analyses the potential of eco-social approaches for promoting innovation and transformative change. When carbon emissions are factored into the measurement of development levels, country ranking can change significantly.
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sdg13
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The database provides information for natural resource management processes and allows the cross-referencing of data and the making of more accurate comparisons. This methodology, besides achieving the standardization or uniformity of the use of centralized information - both local and national - will give an analysis of the data suitable for feedback to the communities.
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sdg15
|
A Guide to Gender Impact Assessment”, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Belgium, http://cc.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docld=4376&langld=en. Lessons from High-Income Countries, International Labour Organization, International Institute for Labour Studies. Presented at Annual Meeting of American Political Science Association, San Francisco.
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sdg5
|
The larger consignments of Afghan heroin are first smuggled into India through Pakistan, and then smuggled out in smaller quantities to major drug consumer markets in Australia, Canada and Europe. Reports from neighbouring countries also indicated the seizure of low-quality heroin manufactured in India, but there are no reports of such locally manufactured heroin being seized in India itself. Cocaine trafficking has historically been very limited in South Asia, but the rise in annual seizures seen in India over the past few years suggests an increase in trafficking in cocaine. The quantity of cocaine seized in India in 2014 was 15 kg. In India, the quantities of opium seized in 2014 decreased by 24.3 per cent to 1,766 kg, compared with 2,333 kg the previous year. The number of seizures of opium had been decreasing since 2012 and was at its lowest since 2010.
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sdg3
|
The mining dispute has led to renewed calls for the government to adopt changes that recognize Sami ownership rights over the land. " Legally, Sweden has a long way to go to take full responsibility for the Sami people", said Christina Allard, an associate professor at Lulea University. Sweden, unlike Norway and many other countries has yet to sign legally binding international conventions that protect the rights of indigenous peoples.217 In the future, local pollution from new industries in the Arctic area will have a major impact on the living conditions and psychosocial health of the indigenous peoples living in the circumpolar areas.
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sdg3
|
It turns out that despite negative direct employment effects within certain industries, demand and interindustry effects can exert a positive net effect and thus create job opportunities. Moreover, a strong focus on human capital development and scaling up of technology adoption can transform the uncertainty related to this new paradigm into an opportunity, especially for developing countries. Second, capturing domestic and foreign demand requires policymakers to provide investments and establish a business climate in which development opportunities can be efficiently realised.
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sdg9
|
According to the System of National Accounts, the principles underlying International Financial Reporting Standards are in most cases consistent with its principles, providing a comprehensive, consistent and flexible set of macroeconomic accounts.11 The System of National Accounts states that there could be areas of difference between the two systems, however, cooperation would be useful with a view to showing a reconciliation between the two positions.
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sdg12
|
As a result, the further development of the renewable energy sector was at risk, since low spot market prices had an adverse impact on the bankability of renewable energy projects, increasing their cost of capital. To overcome the overcapacity challenge, in 2017 Chile’s National Electric Coordinator (CEN) completed a major infrastructure project to connect the SIC with the Great Northern Interconnected System (SING). The latter is located in the north of the country and services a large share of industrial activities, in particular the mining sector. The further successful development of the Chilean renewable energy sector will depend on continued technological advancement, including storage solutions, regional inter-connection with neighbouring countries, and effective energy demand management. Government may contribute to bridging remaining risk gaps in innovative pilot projects, particularly those that might otherwise not be implemented, but have significant potential to generate benefits for the economy and society in the future.
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sdg7
|
The headquarters of both agencies could facilitate the clarification process, which ideally should also take place in the regional and country contexts. This should help both agencies to establish working arrangements, particularly in areas where they address similar development challenges and can add significant value to each other’s initiatives. The establishment of improved working arrangements needs to acknowledge that a one-size-fits-all approach will be inadequate and that partnership is based on mutual understanding and a clear appreciation of contextual factors.
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sdg5
|
This reduction is explained by strong growth but also by effective social policies. Besides growth, public services and cash transfers have played the biggest role, the latter notably through the successful “Bolsa Familia” programme. Among public services, improved access to education has played a major role, allowing more Brazilians to move into better-paid jobs.
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sdg10
|
In conflict societies a strict division of sexual labour is enforced, and highly dichotomic understandings of femininity and masculinity become hegemonic. Gendered dichotomies, self/ other, friend/enemy, masculinity/femininity, “just warrior’’/“beautiful soul” (Elshtein, 1987) contribute to postulate the “other” as an existential threat. The warrior, the conflict’s hegemonic masculinity, is a “male identity” (Karner, 1998) shaped by purging, on individual, symbolic and structural levels, typically feminine characteristics such as compassion, feeling and forgiveness.
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sdg5
|
Intensive forest management will also involve extra energy use and disturbance of forest stands, with potentially negative effects on other ecosystem functions. Some of these non-forested ecosystems may, however, already have substantial soil carbon stocks. Afforestation on non-forested land will also reduce the albedo and possibly counter-balance the climate effect of increased carbon stocks. The balance between these opposing climate effects is difficult to specify in general.
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sdg15
|
The biased interpretations based on economic and social equilibriums in national accounts impacts the definition of regional food security strategies. The complementary mechanisms proposed here aim to provide additional information for narrowing interpretation bands (Annex B). The settlement matrix provided in this study estimates the size of the informal population and its localisation.
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sdg2
|
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) implies establishment of monitoring programmes for assessment, enabling the state and impact of the marine waters to be evaluated on a regular basis. Recently, several marine litter activities have been initiated parallel with the implementation of EU MSFD in Europe and thereby also in some of the Nordic countries, i.e. Sweden, Denmark and Finland. In Norway and Iceland, although not members of EU, national management plans for the marine environment in these countries also include many of the same important elements as in the EU MSFD and also targeting marine litter. For the other Nordic countries that are not EU Member States, i.e. Faroe Islands and Greenland, marine litter can also be relevant for their national marine management plans, although it is not at the moment targeted as a specific element within these plans.
|
sdg14
|
The 2030 Agenda lists rising inequalities, natural resource depletion, environmental degradation and climate change among the greatest challenges of our time. It recognizes that social development and economic prosperity depend on the sustainable management of freshwater resources and ecosystems and it highlights the integrated nature of SDGs. The report is based on the latest data available for the 11 SDG 6 global indicators' selected by Member States to track progress towards the eight global targets, plus complementary data and evidence from a wide range of sources.
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sdg6
|
Industry participation has been somewhat uneven, and SMEs in particular seem to find it increasingly difficult to participate. High success rates in attracting grants from the excellence-based European Research Council (ERC) are evident. Room for improvement has been identified regarding the provision of more targeted advice and information to various user groups.
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sdg9
|
Such changes will be complemented by recently proposed legislation by the State Council that will increase the accountability of business operators for food safety. Educational opportunities are improving, but the level of human capital in rural areas remains much lower than in urban areas (Molnar and Koen, 2015). At the secondary school level, the graduate-to-population ratio in rural areas was unchanged between 1998 and 2012 while it doubled in urban China. As the rural adjustment process continues to unfold, a solid general education will help rural citizens transition into work in the emerging sectors of the economy.
|
sdg2
|
The programme has reduced the incidence of the practice and has contributed to other favourable outcomes, such as a reduction in die number of child marriages (Diop et al., Many constraints need to be addressed, including socio-cultural norms, vulnerability to violence, costs (both direct costs and opportunity costs), inadequate school infrastructure and poor quality of teaching, as well as the impact of HIV on girls and their families. These included changing policies, laws and administrative rules that discriminate against girls (for example, those who are pregnant or have given birth to a child) and the establishment of compensatory programmes for them, providing incentives for households to help overcome dieir reluctance to send girls to school and reduce the costs they incur in doing so, improving the quality and relevance of education and expanding educational options for out-of-school girls.
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sdg5
|
Husbands with higher bargaining power (as proxied by the education gap between spouses) spend less time on housework and more time on market work. However, the education gap does not influence women's time spent on household work, while the bargaining power proxied by age gap between spouses does not affect the husband's household work time. Having young children increases the time spent in housework for both spouses, but the wife's housework increases considerably more than her husband's (89.3 minutes vs. 29.8 minutes).
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sdg5
|
Among other good practices, this also required changes in species composition, such as replacing hybrid poplars, which have damaged the soil, with willows and Prunus avium (wild cherry tree). The agreement of the Coca-Cola® bottling plant with local forest owners in Portugal is a good example. Payments were made for the owners to maintain their forests in good condition to keep theTagua Reservoir pure.
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sdg15
|
In 1971, for example, “large parts of the shipbuilding and metal products industries were amalgamated into RSV [the Rijn-Schelde-Verolme shipyard], which received handsome subsidies to develop new lines of production (and slowly close down the old ones” (van Zanden, 1998, p. 47). During the second half of the 1970s and the early 1980s the costs -and lower than expected benefits - of these old-style “defensive” industrial policies became apparent: for example, the RSV went bankrupt in 1983. As a result, the Netherlands, like other industrialised countries, shifted from supporting and restructuring ailing industries towards a more “future-oriented” policy in which technology and related instruments were assigned a key role.
|
sdg9
|
Millions of children live with a disability that makes them more likely to be marginalized or miss out on education. In crisis-affected areas, slavery is much more rampant, as children are given guns instead of toys and girls are sometimes sold for less than a pack of cigarettes. Unfortunately, 37 million children living in crisis-affected countries are out of primary or lower-secondary school.
|
sdg1
|
For instance, they often make their decisions based on speech patterns and non-verbal gestures during the pitch, lowering the willingness of investors to fund female entrepreneurs seeking capital (Balachandra et al., Furthermore, Brooks et al. ( Finally, there seems to be some degree of homophily: male investors express less interest in female entrepreneurs compared to observably similar male entrepreneurs. In contrast, female investors express more interest in female entrepreneurs (Ewens, forthcomings). The main limitations of commonly used datasets are: 1) that they do not contain information on firms seeking but not receiving VC and 2) that they do not include details on the companies and their founders.
|
sdg5
|
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends including self-rated health as a standard component of health surveys, phrasing the question as “How is your health in general?” The indicator shown in Figure 4.2 Panel A is based on data drawn from the OECD Heath Database referring to the following question: “How is your health in general?” The indicator shown in Figure 4.2 Panel B refers to the following question: “Do you have any problems that prevent you from doing any of the things that people of your age normally do?”
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sdg5
|
Furthermore, policymakers can adopt guidelines for regulating platforms and providers of internet certification, and for defining who is responsible for their quality ratings. One example is banning computer-generated reviews or reviews by users who have not purchased the product or service. Indeed, it can remove some of the freedom that is inherent in entrepreneurship.
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sdg9
|
As a result, average price of electricity sold covers only a portion of the average production costs. The total under-recovery of costs, which was estimated to be INR 431 billion (USD 10 billion) in 2008 (MoF, 2008b), discourages private investment in the Indian power sector (Mathy and Guivarch, 2009). Since August 2006, four of the regional grids have been integrated: the Northern, Eastern, Western and North Eastern grids (the NEWNE grid). Only the southern grid still operates independently, covering the states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry and Lakshadweep.
|
sdg7
|
Abstract While The National Association of Evangelicals is to be commended for signing a declaration against torture, the document does not address the issue of terrorism as justifying America's new terrorist interrogation tactics. If protecting America above all is the highest moral purpose, then many unjust means can be employed to serve that “higher” end, before long the rights of Americans, particularly of comrades in military service, rank higher than the rights of those who are, or may be, threatening us. Now is the time for institutions such as churches, colleges, and seminaries to teach just governance as the foundation of human rights protection.
|
sdg16
|
Those who have been brought up in poor homes, do not have access to financial resources, and whose parents themselves have had little experience of working and limited networks, find it increasingly difficult to enter or succeed in the labour market. As few young people qualify for out-of-work benefits, government may have limited ability to coerce the young to move into work. There is some suggestion that job-creation policies, such as the Young Persons Guarantee in the United Kingdom, which has now been dismantled, may ease transitions to work and government-supported schemes, which provide transitional jobs for those identified as most at risk, could play a greater role in future policies. Their incomes have been boosted as they both increasingly receive private pensions and income from employment, although those in receipt of just a state pension have seen some decline in their relative income.
|
sdg1
|
If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO and OECD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
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sdg3
|
Despite this challenge to place all the funds destined to compensation, the land area compensated in most of the years since the programme’s inception in 2005 has been greater than the total area approved for land-use change. This can be attributed to the equivalence ratio greater than 1:1 used during the calculation of compensation fees, so for each hectare approved for change in use of land, resources to restore and reforest an average of three hectares are available through the fund (SEMARNAT, 2013a). However, further efforts are required to increase the allocation of available compensation funds in order to achieve the desired compensation levels that the programme was designed to reach.
|
sdg15
|
This would alleviate the problem of electricity theft and enable online smart decisions by both the end user and the utility company to adjust their respective loads. The programme meets a considerable number of objectives of the WSIS Action Lines and SDGs in terms of economic growth, employment, quality education, lifelong learning opportunities, etc. The Situational Center is intended to be an "indicator board", i.e. an indicator of "health" and an instrument for the management of technological and administrative processes.
|
sdg9
|
Another option would be to allow private practitioners to use the public clinic’s facilities at low (or no) cost from where they can bill the NHI for the patients that they see. This would still offer Korea’s substantial number of solo practitioners the opportunity to reduce overhead and administrative costs for of maintaining an independent practice. Unlike these countries, Korea does not have a large number of doctors trained as general practitioners, a strong professional identity for general practitioners, and high pay rates for general practitioners relative to specialists.
|
sdg3
|
Between 2012 and 2017 the incidence did not vary significantly from one group to another, so the gaps remained constant. In 2017 the incidence among couple households without children was around 3.7%, while it was 5.4% among single-person households. The highest incidence of extreme poverty was found in single-parent households (12%).
|
sdg1
|
The meeting was hosted by HiNT and DN with main financial support from the Nordic Council of Ministers. Balancing the use and conservation of these dimensions involves quite different challenges in the Nordic countries compared with North-West Russia. However, a common desire is to strike a balance and implement conservation and sustainability policies of different kinds. A considerable proportion of the World’s biodiversity is connected to intact forest.
|
sdg15
|
However, this chapter focuses on the role of government and public policy. While this process undoubtedly has strong merits, it is also known for its inherent conservatism and is unsuitable for selecting among areas of science. For this reason, more explicit prioritisation exercises to guide the selection of research areas have been put in place in many OECD countries.
|
sdg9
|
In this latter scenario, wholesale electricity prices are below 20 euros per MWh more than 50% of the time. Results are reported in Figure 7.10 for the 12 scenarios considered. As expected, both nuclear and renewable energy allows for a significant reduction of carbon emissions. Compared with the 359 million tonnes of C02 emitted in the scenario with 15% renewables and no nuclear, emissions are reduced to as low as 41 million tonnes in the scenario featuring the highest shares of nuclear and renewables.
|
sdg7
|
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