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The Sino-Russian online verification system for custom clearance certificates for aquatic products with legal origins has been implemented, which greatly facilitates the fisheries trade between two countries. Sino-USA fisheries dialogues have led to a mutual understanding of fisheries sustainability, combatting IUU fishing, and protection of aquatic wildlife. Sino-European dialogues in 2015 have resulted in agreement on the establishment of a joint working committee for combating IUU fishing and ensuring the smooth flow of Chinese marine capture products to European markets. Between 2011 and 2015, China ratified the “Convention on Fisheries Resources Conservation and Management in the South Pacific High Seas”, “Convention on Conservation and Management of Inter American Tropical Tunas”, and “Convention on Conservation and Management of Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific”. Capture fisheries production value increased at annual average rate of 7.7 % between 2011 and 2015, but growth has slowed considerably after 2013 (Figure 4.12). The total value of aquaculture output in 2015 was four times that of marine landings, at RMB 827.4 billion (USD 131.7 billion). | sdg14 |
The recent legislations on accountability in Turkish Public Administration increased the importance thereof and gave a rise to a debate thereon with regard to education system. The present study is a descriptive study in screening model examining the views of participants, including educational administrators, educational inspectors, and union administrators, about implementation of accountability in Turkish National Education System. Data was collected from 165 educational administrators, 693 educational inspectors and 84 union managers based on the scale as developed by the researcher. The findings suggested that many accountability practices in the Turkish National Education System were below satisfactory levels. Furthermore, significant differences were found among participants’ views by assignment, sex, age, seniority, and level of education variables. The findings of the research contributed in development of recommendations towards a more effective accountability in education. | sdg16 |
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) managed to conclude an agreement of this sort, cutting tariffs on a slim list of 54 goods to 5 per cent as of 2015. The real prize in this respect is non-tariff barriers, as well as services. It is hoped that the current plurilateral efforts to negotiate an Environmental Goods Agreement will eventually lead to such broader commitments. | sdg13 |
This is particularly true for indirect and dynamic innovation spillovers transcending the sectors’ barriers. Similarly, a reliable and competitively priced energy supply, as well as gains in energy efficiency, support the competitiveness of energy users. Both these added values are not counted in the statistics of the energy sector, but in upstream and downstream sectors. A list is given in Table 10.1. | sdg7 |
It should be gathered from the published literature, including grey literature according to IPBES guidelines. The amount of primary research that should be analysed has to be judged case by case, and depends on available resources, and the hierarchy of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, traditional literature reviews, and primary publications. Whether the source is trustworthy regarding reviews and synthesis, or if there is a need to compile the information from primary publications should also be determined. | sdg15 |
In the latter - Amazon being a prominent example - the platform acts as both a facilitator and a vendor. It manages its own inventory, making use of economies of scale and dispatching orders directly to customers, while also allowing other firms to participate. There is, however, a potential threat to the latter model: platforms can behave in a noncompetitiveway. | sdg9 |
The measures need to be included in national and local road safety programmes and fully funded. Targets should be set ‘bottom-up', that is based on the modelled potential to reduce deaths and serious injuries of the interventions planned for introduction or intensification of enforcement. Preferably, a target should be expressed in terms of an absolute number of casualties (deaths or seriously injured) to be saved rather than in terms of a rate (e.g. number of deaths per 100 000 population). | sdg11 |
Regional partnerships are also an effective mechanism for bringing together social and economic actors around a specific project (in this case a new economic agenda) and in implementing the actions required to move the agenda forward. The WIRED model in the USA is a good example of this. It will be important to make processes more efficient and less bureaucratic to facilitate the expansion of new industries and the creation of businesses in these sectors. Businesses may also benefit from having easy access to information on support schemes, technical assistance, financing and market perspectives in one single place. | sdg9 |
There are more tertiary or upper-secondary educated men only in Switzerland, Austria and Turkey. In all countries for which information is available, women’s educational attainment has increased significantly over the past 30 years: educational attainment of women has been multiplied by 9 in Korea and by more than 3 in Spain, Portugal and Mexico (OECD, 2011b). If these recent trends continue over the next two decades, women graduates will outnumber men graduates of all ages in most OECD countries. | sdg4 |
The Human Rights Act enables applicants in judicial review and other legal proceedings to complain that a public authority has violated a Convention right, but only if they are “victims” of that violation. The victim standing test was adopted from the Strasbourg institutions without any consideration being given in Parliament to the appropriateness of such a test in the domestic context. It is argued that the suitability of a particular standing rule for a given jurisdiction cannot properly be evaluated until a theory explaining the juristic function of standing rules has been identified and articulated. Two theoretical aspects of standing rules in public law cases are suggested here, in order to provide a framework in which to assess the appropriateness of the victim test for judicial review cases raising Human Rights Act arguments. | sdg16 |
A new Forestry Act (LMD 2005] was approved in 2005, and a White Paper on Agriculture and Food policy (LMD 2011] was presented in 2011, with a chapter on "Sustainable value chains for forests and forestry." The reason for this chapter was to stimulate the forest industry and other kinds of forest related value creation, combined with ambitious goals concerning forests and energy needs, climate change, natural and cultural environment, outdoor recreation and public health improvement. It also proposes a more goal directed environmental effort in forestry and a yearly report on "knowledge about conditions and developments on forests- and environmental values" (SSB 2008). | sdg15 |
For example, women argued for 12 reserved seats in the new Constitution of an Autonomous Bougainville, but achieved only three’ (Saovana-Spriggs 2007: 106). ‘ It is striking that since the 2005 election, there are only three women members of the government, out of a total of 40’ (Charlesworth 2008: 347-361). Voters were provided with three ballots: a general one, a woman ballot and a youth ballot. Throughout all levels of government in Rwanda, positions have been created to address women’s issues and gender concerns. At national level, the Ministry of Gender and Women in Development co-ordinates with the government in gender-mainstreaming policies, creating gender focal points in other key ministries and conducting gender awareness training. At provincial level, there are civil servants with gender and women portfolios. | sdg5 |
Moreover, in both countries a significant element of remittances is communal social objectives, including support for sporting teams but particularly support for local churches. Few churches have been constructed in recent decades in either country without remittances playing a very important role. There is now no consensus on whether remittances improve or worsen income distribution and inequality. Until relatively recently the dominant view was that remittances still tended to reinforce income inequality, by enhancing the capacity of recipient households to invest in additional migration, education and other income-generating assets. However, as migration has become more extensive this perception is no longer valid. | sdg10 |
This is especially important since data indicate wage gaps are closing very slowly, in large part due to women’s exclusion from high-paid jobs. A good deal of research shows that once employed, gender and racial inequality is largely attributable to job segregation. Even in rapidly growing middle-income countries, which are experiencing industrial upgrading, we observe evidence of defeminization of manufacturing employment (Tejani and Milberg20i6). As a result of the higher consumption rates of low-income groups, higher minimum wages also stimulate aggregate demand and job growth, reducing women's unemployment and offsetting negative effects of higher female wages on female unemployment. Evidence from Latin America’s decade of inequality reduction indicates that the gender employment gap was narrowed in the 2000s in part due to higher minimum wages in a number of countries (Braunstein and Seguino 2012). Because the employment data are broad, they do not allow us to assess the quality of employment. | sdg5 |
Rights are vital for the arrival of equal beings. Of late, rights are marginalised in the context of capitalism-led pauperisation and heightening ascriptive discrimination. In social sciences, rights discourse has been replaced by citizenship discourse wherein the state becomes the decider of rights. In this context, rekindling of rights discourse becomes immensely significant in the backdrop of creative theory. Rights are political affirmations and delinked from duties. There have to be interdependence and interconnection of varied rights. Besides, the new direction of rights emphasises on theorisation of world or critical knowledge production domain on four accounts (production of collective epistemic, arrival of critical theory, treatment of critical knowledge as counteraction of post-ideologies/ism /philosophies and delinking abstract and concrete rights). Reconceptualisation of rights in creative society brings back the domain of normative political theory while highlighting the deficiency of prevale... | sdg16 |
This was compensated for in that year by a reduction in both the quantity of rice distributed per household from 20 to 10 kg and a reduction in the number of months from 12 to 10. Over 2000-07, an average of 1.9 million tonnes of rice was distributed each year through RASKIN (Figure 2.8). The number has since fallen to 17.5 million in 2010. | sdg2 |
In that sense, it could be attractive and probably wise in future situations to reverse the process and create committees only when executive powers in a river basin are clarified and effective. This may require specific legislation and an investment in improving the capacities of relevant institutions first, before formalising such institutions as, according to the specific circumstances, a basin agency linked to the state water agency, or the state water agency itself. Shortly, emphasis should be put on the side of the executive capacity of the system. | sdg6 |
Current debates concerning the rise of health diplomacy are polarized between competing international relations theories of realism, based on power politics, and constructivist approaches, which emphasize the norms, values, and identities shaping foreign policies. A case study of Brazil's health diplomacy over the past 10 years, focusing on issues related to pharmaceuticals, seeks to provide data to assess these theories. The country's intellectual property disputes, multilateral lobbying efforts, and foreign assistance programs are contrasted with those of the United States, Mexico, and other countries. Instead of viewing Brazilian efforts as a form of soft power, the evidence suggests that the origins of Brazil's involvement and continued efforts in this arena stem more from values based on human rights and social democratic principles. A close examination of domestic political considerations leads to a more nuanced understanding of the drivers behind a country's health diplomacy. | sdg16 |
The share of private primary care providers has increased rapidly in recent years. Some regions allowed unrestricted establishment for accredited providers already ten years ago and in 2010 this right to freely establish new primary care clinics with public reimbursement became national law. Public and private physicians (including hospital specialists) and other health workers are predominantly salaried employees. Highly specialised care, requiring the most advanced technical equipment, is concentrated in seven public university hospitals. | sdg3 |
According to chapter 1.3.1 the cost sector represents 53% of all meals served within the hospitality sector in Finland). There are also some key figures from the survey performed in this project used as a supplement to data from other sources. Some reports only focus on food waste that is source separated and ignore thus the fact that food waste also is disposed together with residual waste even though recycling has been introduced. | sdg12 |
However, the 2008 evaluation of the programme concluded that, despite progress observed in the capacity of competent authorities, much remains to be done. While it might still be too early to assess long term impacts, because capacity building programmes need time to generate effects on the ground, it appears that the project was insufficiently endowed with financial resources in view of its extremely ambitious objectives. Important delays to the programme’s implementation until the second quarter of 2006 led to the compression of some activities for a much shorter implementation period and the impossibility for others to be completed before the end of the project, foreseen for end 2007. Implementation of technical assistance activities requires a long-term commitment and needs time for planning and delivery. | sdg2 |
The Agreement explicitly indicates that it applies to transboundary waters of the Narva River Basin, including Pskovsko-Chudskoye/Peipsi Lake. Over time, the competence of joint bodies has expanded to include fishing and fisheries, water allocation, irrigation, power generation, construction of water facilities and bridges, and the protection against floods. For example, in the agreements concluded between or with participation of EECCA States from the early 1990s, groundwaters are included in the competence of some joint commissions (agreements 2, 8, 20 in table 1) and plenipotentiaries (agreements 1, 4, 9, 18 in table 1). | sdg6 |
This chapter will examine how Australia receives and approaches international law, and explore and assess Australia’s position within the schema of monist, dualist or a hybrid of both. This chapter will briefly examine the development of the Australian legal system, a common law system that developed as a result of Australia’s colonisation by the British in 1788. The chapter will then look at the Australian approach to and reception of international law, including the differing roles of the executive, judiciary and legislature. The chapter will examine how these branches of government have dealt with international law in treaty and customary form, and how the judiciary has negotiated and reconciled the complexities and ambiguities that arise out of the interaction between Australia’s international law obligations, and its domestic legal system. Finally, the chapter will then assess Australia’s relationship to international law within the monist-dualist dynamic. | sdg16 |
We are proud to present the second issue of feminists@law . Our first piece in this issue is Madhumanti Mukherjee’s alternative feminist judgment in the Indian Supreme Court case of Sakshi v. Union of India . The issue will develop over the next few months to include papers on Nordic Feminist Perspectives, Feminist Engagements with the Commons, and Latin American Feminism and Constitutionalism. We will also be publishing new articles and video material. We hope you enjoy the issue. | sdg16 |
Those factors include mother’s age, urban/rural residence and key characteristics of the child, such as sex, birth order, length of previous birth interval. Therefore, health policies that focus on reducing inequalities, as proposed by the United Nations Children Fund (UNICEF), seem more likely to yield large returns on the investments being made by countries, averting more child and maternal deaths than policies focused on improving overall levels of health and mortality without attention to the role of inequalities. While it is important to invest globally in maternal, adolescent and child health (Every Woman Every Child, 2015), it is critical that these efforts target the most economically vulnerable children and their families. | sdg3 |
Thirty-seven surveys saw inequality grow in the 2000s, while 39 experienced drops. Clearly inequality is not on the rise all over the world. The choice of welfare measure (e.g. income, wage earnings, consumption expenditure, wealth) and the unit of analysis (e.g. individual or household, per capita, or adult equivalent) impact greatly on any conclusions drawn from the data. | sdg10 |
A man testified that his trauma resulting from the rape was such that he could not talk about it to the doctor who was treating him for another medical condition." [ Domestic legislation might lack legal protections for male victims of sexual violence due to gendered definitions of rape that exclude male rape. The guidelines are designed to assist criminal justice and human rights investigators, reporters and monitors to fully ana properly monitor, document and investigate sexual violence against men and boys that may amount to war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide and other egregious violations of international humanitarian, criminal and human rights law. | sdg5 |
The most important and climate active naturally occurring GHGs are: Water vapour (H20), carbon dioxide (C02), nitrous oxide (N20), methane (CH4), and ozone (03). There are also manmade GHGs that also contribute to global warming.38 The most important contributor to global warming through the greenhouse effect is made by C02 followed in descending order by methane, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ozone and nitrous oxide.39 With time, and especially over the past 50 years or so, rising concentrations of GHGs in the atmosphere have increased the level of absorption of the outgoing radiation. This has led to more heat being trapped in the atmosphere and consequently, in an increase in the average temperature of the earth's surface. | sdg10 |
The United States Federal Government has repeatedly put the people of Vieques, Puerto Rico in harm’s way due to the injurious after-effects of air-to-ground weapons testing. Most of the harm happened during the Navy’s 70 years on the island. Yet, the harm continues today considering that aspects of the cleanup count as continued acts of environmental injustice, viewed within the context of the island’s colonial history. Usually, this harm deals with public health issues, but the remediation protocols do not account for considerations such as cultural identity and heritage. This paper shows how the procedures for environmental remediation in Vieques qualify as a case of environmental injustice according to Robert M. Figueroa’s ‘environmental justice paradigm.’ The aim of employing this kind of approach is to pinpoint the underlying reasons why this is a case of environmental injustice. | sdg16 |
This paper examines the complex relationships between gender, education, extremism and security. After defining extremism and fundamentalism, it looks first at the relationship of gender to violence generally, before looking specifically at how this plays out in more extremist violence and terrorism. Religious fundamentalism is also shown to have gendered concerns. The paper concludes with drawing together the educational implications of these analyses, arguing for a politicised education to promote both national and personal security. Five components are proposed: acceptance of ambiguity rather than absolutism and single truths, a secular basis in human rights, breaking down ‘otherness’, reconciliation rather than revenge, and free speech and humour. | sdg16 |
Concentration of practical training in workshops serving a few schools is another way of lowering the cost of VET provision. Better co-ordination between different levels of government is a necessary condition to improve the planning of VET provision according to the principles presented below. Suppose, for example, that engineering skills drive innovation and economic growth in a manner which is very helpful to the economy but where the benefits are not captured in the wages of engineers. This would mean that the incentives to pursue engineering qualifications would be limited and there would be fewer VET engineering students than would be socially desirable. | sdg4 |
It will also provide standards for sustainable management and conservation of natural aquatic resources including for fish stocks. Among other activities this will be coordinated with the private sector, banks, financial institutions, and others for promoting development partnerships in the fisheries sector. The first Aquaculture Lab was accredited by the Indian National Authority in 2014. With the decision by the Accreditation Board for Testing & Calibration Laboratories (NABL) as per ISO/IEC 17025: 2005, the Central Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory of the Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Aquaculture (RGCA), under Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA) will perform as the sole accredited aquaculture lab. | sdg14 |
Some countries are raising the relevancy of career guidance services by developing indicators of labour market outcomes of alumni by institutions and programmes (Box 3.12). These indicators have to be of good quality and easy to understand. To ensure transparency, they should exist at institution and programme levels. | sdg4 |
They then add to the personal contribution of the financing plan for the project. Finally, in some financing plans, including specific loans or the intervention of a mutual guarantee organisation, a minimum personal contribution may be imposed. In addition, this contribution will help to fund the start-up costs or certain investments not covered by bank loans. | sdg5 |
A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climote Chonge. Combridge, UK, ond New York, USA, Combridge University Press. Locally Weighted Regression: An Approach to Regression Anolysis by Local Filling. Journol of the American Statistical Association, 83(403): 596-610. | sdg2 |
However, many businesses, in particular SMEs, but also governments and individuals - in particular those with low or no formal education - lack the necessary skills and know-how, and financial resources to take advantage of ICTs, and to introduce the changes needed for their productive use in businesses and across society. Established businesses, in particular, may have too low incentives to invest in ICTs and in the necessary complementary KBC (in particular organisational change). One reason is that investments in ICTs can take scarce resources away from sustaining the most profitable business units, in particular when ICT investments have to be complemented with additional investments in organisational change and human capital. In addition, these investments are risky: they may not be profitable enough in the short run and are often associated with sunk costs (that cannot be recovered often due to a high degree of organisation specificities). | sdg9 |
As discussed in the Report on the World Social Situation 2016: Leaving No One Behind—The Imperative of Inclusive Development (United Nations, forthcoming), the term social exclusion refers to both the inability of individuals to participate fully in the economic, social, political and cultural life of the community to which they belong and the processes leading to their exclusion. The structural inequalities that result in social exclusion are reproduced by the economic rules, institutions and social norms that govern societies. People and communities are relatively more exposed and vulnerable to climate hazards when their livelihoods depend on natural resources and they have few options for diversifying their income sources, when they are without appropriate access to insurance and financial markets, and when they have low levels of education and inadequate access to health services or inadequate access to appropriate facilities for persons with disabilities and older persons. This Survey will strive to delineate the structural inequalities that most increase vulnerability and exposure to climate hazards. | sdg13 |
Agricultural processing in Bangladesh accounts for a relatively large share of RNF self-employment income (21 per cent), in contrast to the more dominant manufacturing sector, which represents 31 per cent of RNF wage employment income (chart 26F). The authors identify rurality via the domicile of the household, and not the location of the job. Participation is defined as the receipt of any household income (negative or positive) by any household member from that income-generating activity. All the charts are based on the mean of shares which is defined as the income shares calculated for each household, and then the mean of the household shares of each type of income is calculated. | sdg8 |
Their profit will also depend on prices for finished products which could be unrelated to water risks. Relatively larger companies may also be subject to different types of impacts, beyond future production losses, not responding to endogenous water risks may affect their reputation, reducing their sales and the confidence of their financial investors. Larger operating companies that rely on a broader market may not suffer significant losses from production risks in hotspot located farms, therefore, other things being equal, their threshold for response is higher. Smaller companies are more vulnerable to losses and will need to find ways to adapt more rapidly. | sdg6 |
Quality of legal frameworks signifies the ability to produce the regulatory reforms required by policy makers. Effective legislation must have a clear purpose and introduce consistent and well thought-out rules and enforcement mechanisms, and unambiguous rules and obligations. Finally, it must allow for systematic monitoring and evaluation of the results of legislation. Implementing an evidence-based NUP process requires investment in civil services, research, university curricula and educational opportunities. | sdg11 |
Teachers typically enjoy helping children develop and making a contribution to society, and have no reason to shy away from the challenges of teaching disadvantaged students. But teachers are also more likely to want to work in disadvantaged schools if they feel they have support from principals, can collaborate with colleagues, and are provided with adequate resources to deal with the problems they face. School leaders who support and empower teachers can not only attract more and better-qualified teachers to work in disadvantaged schools, they also have a positive impact on the school climate more generally. | sdg4 |
The International Labour Organization has shown active involvement in the operations of the SAICM Quick Start Programme Trust Fund Implementation Committee. The ILO has also supported relevant activities in the SAICM's Global Plan of Action (IOMC 2015), for instance regarding the chemical safety of workers. In addition to the ILO, the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC), for instance, has participated in the work of SAICM. | sdg12 |
Compared to an average employment growth rate of 3.2% across all occupations, growth rates of high- and medium-skilled occupations were relatively high in South Africa. Together with the slight underrepresentation of foreign-born workers among plant and machine operators and agricultural workers, the slowest growing and shrinking occupations, this pattern suggests that labour immigration is to an important extent demand driven. Black foreign-bom workers are overrepresented, compared to their South African-bom counterparts, in all the major occupational groups exhibiting growth except among clerks, professionals, and plant and machine operators. | sdg8 |
Much of the expected urban growth will take place in countries of the developing regions, particularly Asia and Africa. As a result, these countries face numerous challenges in meeting the needs of their growing urban populations, including for housing, infrastructure, transportation, energy and employment, as well as for basic services (such as water, electricity, drainage, and waste management). Sustainability and resilience in physical infrastructure are now critical. | sdg9 |
A study of energy-efficient motor systems in China noted that the purchasers of electric motors within a company are generally not the end-users (Yang 2007). Often, people without the knowledge, information and incentives to minimize operating costs are responsible for procuring equipment, and energy management staff might not have the time to check their decisions. Maintenance staff, too, might have incentives unrelated to running costs, including energy consumption, focusing instead on minimizing capital costs or repairing failed equipment. Efficiency experts suggested that the company also link its personnel policy (promotions, salaries) to energy conservation. | sdg7 |
Since Nuremberg, the ethics of scientific research involving human beings has been for decades the source of concern and controversy. Profit-driven experimentation sponsored by the pharmaceutical industry has progressively migrated to the South, turning into a widespread phenomenon imbued with ethical challenges and dilemmas. The protection of vulnerable communities from the risks of unethical behaviour and exploitation, often associated with the outsourcing of clinical trials in developing countries, calls for respect of internationally agreed standards. This Article argues that massive experiments conducted in disregard of universal bioethical principles and human rights may amount to crimes against humanity under international criminal law. It also suggests that, in such cases, the International Criminal Court would have jurisdiction over a broad range of liable individuals, including public officials of host and sponsoring States, physicians and researchers acting in their private capacity, as well as officers and directors of pharmaceutical corporations. | sdg16 |
The t-tests show that Korea’s average pedestrian fatality rate between 2000 and 2013, 5.2 fatalities per 100 000 inhabitants, is statistically significantly higher than in any other country with a margin for error of less than 0.1%. A p-value of less than 0.05 indicates a difference that is statistically significant at the 5% level. Korea ranked highest in the elderly traffic fatality rate, w'ith a rate of 3.6 per 100 000 inhabitant elderly traffic fatalities, i.e. fatalities among the over 65 year olds, on average from 2000 and 2013. | sdg11 |
The Canadian security & intelligence community’s historical development and scope reflect the country’s relatively favourable geopolitical circumstances. Since 9/11, anti-terrorism has been the country’s clear security priority, possibly to the point of ignoring other critical issues. Because responses to terrorism involve both criminal law and intelligence-led preemptive activities, Canada’s chief police and intelligence agencies now overlap in their investigations to a considerable degree, creating conundrums for both operations and accountability. This article traces the impact of these developments on the Canadian management of national security, and the institutional design of Canada’s S&I community and accountability mechanisms. It concludes with a series of questions Canadian policy makers must ponder in deciding how best to address Canada’s operational and accountability national security challenges. | sdg16 |
By doing this they counteract eutrophication and improve water quality. They support a high diversity of associated species such as amphipods and snails and are an important nursery grounds for fish. The salinity gradient across the Baltic region creates functional differences in biodiversity and food webs in seagrass meadows, showing a decline in the number of species but an increase in the biomass of mesograzers. | sdg15 |
Sustainable development implies a radical reconfiguration of patterns of production and consumption, and changes in the relationship between societies and the natural environment. It therefore requires the structural transformation of economies, especially in LDCs, which need to transition to high-productivity economic activities and sectors in order to tackle the traditional challenges of economic and social development in a new way that mainstreams environmental considerations. The concept of sustainable development links three dimensions of sustainability — economic, social and environmental — and the 2030 Agenda emphasizes the unity of, and mutual support between, these dimensions. | sdg4 |
For climate change adaptation, regulators were required to assess possible climate impacts in four areas: human health, infrastructure and location, land use, landscape, ecosystems and biodiversity, and water resources. The presumption was that the most climate-friendly alternative would be selected. Legislative texts were required to include a statement on the climate relevance of the act and alternatives considered, and, if the alternative chosen was not the most climate-friendly among those considered, a short statement of justification. | sdg13 |
Across the countries and economies that participated in PISA 2015, only in Belgium and the United Kingdom the PISA index of Economic, Social and Cultural Status (ESCS), which is based on occupational prestige, education levels and home possessions, is higher among rural than among urban families. Only in six countries, namely Costa Rica, France, Germany, Israel, Switzerland and the United States, there is no socio-economic gap among rural and urban families (Figure 4). In all other countries, particularly in Hungary, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Tunisia and Turkey, socio-economically disadvantaged students are more frequently found in rural than in urban schools. | sdg4 |
The approach to municipal mergers is a combination of voluntary and forced. Voluntary mergers include some that cut across county boundaries (0stfold/Akershus and Akershus/Buskerud). Sweden has established a parliamentary committee in charge of investigating ways to strengthen the capacity of municipalities to meet new societal needs, which is scheduled to submit its proposal by 2019. | sdg11 |
The clusters can be organised and combined in different ways to enhance their effectiveness and to create unique approaches to teaching and learning. Combining the approaches means moving beyond the fragmented focus on specific pedagogical innovations to highlight the importance of the creative work of teachers and schools w'hen adjusting, adapting, mixing and updating the clusters of innovative pedagogies. This pedagogical approach blends student work and teaching for understanding, adapts their sequencing and draws heavily on digital learning resources. | sdg4 |
The point of making the discussion about an acceptable level of water risks explicit is to ensure that these decisions are informed by both a robust evidence base as well as an informed public debate in order to ensure that policy responses are proportional to the risks faced. However, given that only 63% of the flood defences currently meet those standards, the actual level of protection is lower. Safety' standards for regional flood defences ultimately remain an administrative decision by the provinces. | sdg6 |
Purpose – This study aims to map the dynamics of e-government rhetoric through a discourse analysis. The discussion and understanding is based on an identification and interpretation of emerging concepts in e-government reports and research journals. The goal is to unveil established concepts that influence e-government policy development in the public administration context. Design/methodology/approach – Institutional discourse and a policy cycle model are initially selected to guide an inter-textual meta-analysis and meta-synthesis of relevant e-government and public administration outlets. Key concepts are analysed based on their frequency in order of appearance and proximity to each-other. Themes emerging from concept-ideas feed-back to the theory by helping us to suggest a new e-government policy development framework informed by practice and research domains. Findings – The findings suggest that although a number of concept-ideas are being institutionalized in the field of e-government, there are pe... | sdg16 |
All requests for commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to [email protected]. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Much of this rise has reflected a widening dispersion of labour income. It seems that the benefits of economic growth have not been shared equally across all parts of the population. | sdg10 |
It also recognized the obligation of State of due diligence, which requires prevention, investigation and punishment of acts of violence against women "whether those acts are perpetrated by the State or by private persons" (art. United Nations General Assembly 1993. See, e.g., Concluding observations of the UN CEDAW Committee on Norway, CEDAW/C/NOR/CO/8, 9 March 2012 and Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of India, CEDAW/C/IND/O/4-5, 24 July 2014. | sdg5 |
This is especially important for the poor, who rely on good health and nutrition for productive work. If they are to improve their incomes and their quality of life they must be able to resist and recover from diseases, and women should be able to count on safe pregnancies. Yet, as outlined in die previous chapter, it has seen health disparities widen — notably for infant and child mortality, maternal mortality and the proportion of underweight children. This echoes the concerns raised by the MDG Summit in September 2010 which drew attention to the persistent imbalances in the current workings of the global economy, which are socially, economically and environmentally unsustainable. | sdg3 |
Drinking water companies charge a user fee for the services provided, which partly depend on the amount of water used. Within these regions, there is no explicit cross-subsidisation between urban and rural areas, because payments are mainly based on the use of water services. Although, since part of the levies (of regional water authorities) are related to property values, urban areas (with typically higher property values) and higher income groups might contribute relatively more. | sdg6 |
Travel costs from Siberia and the Far East could exceed average monthly wage levels in these regions by several times. In addition, an increase in the permanent population in areas with extraction industries operating in extreme climatic conditions also poses particular problems because health care services are often lacking in such localities, diet is poor and pollution is extensive. This may reflect differences in the organisation of primary-care provision between rural and urban areas (see Chapter 1). Persons living in rural areas may not have doctors who they can consult and patients have to be satisfied with paramedical services which are limited in the care that they are allowed to provide. Surveys show that the access to health care in rural areas is worse than in urban areas, both in terms of the presence of medical facilities and in the quality of health care provision (Bremzen et al., | sdg3 |
The inputs were accepted into the draft, which was gazetted for public comment in September 2012. Throughout these revisions, it was necessary for the informal working group to remain involved with the project, and motivate to the DWA for important inputs to be accepted, included or retained. This required patient persistence, as well as continued relationship building as staff turnover occurred during the process. | sdg15 |
In the former case, a rise in the skilled equilibrium wage can increase incentives for private investment in education, in the latter, an increase in the unskilled equilibrium wage can increase private resources available for such investment. In addition, it is argued that full development demands that all people in a society eventually enjoy the same opportunities of superior education, and that successful development ought to mean that development be managed in such a way that income inequalities are kept as low as possible without compromising people’s incentives to invest in education. In the long run, poverty is to be eradicated as part and parcel of this development process. | sdg1 |
None of the countries are expected to achieve any of the targets, with many targets unlikely to be met by 2030 (Figure 2.9). Countries are not expected to achieve the SDGs even in 2050, with the exception of Fiji’s performance on Goals 1 and 2 (Figure 2.9). The situation is exacerbated given that the current Tier 1 indicators only cover just over one-third of the indicators meant to track all the SDGs. | sdg15 |
The Spatial Planning Directorate is responsible for spatial management at the national and municipal levels, as well as construction, housing and real estate transactions. The Public Services and Investment Directorate is responsible for the preparation and management of environmental investments for which public funding is provided, co-ordination of the Ministry’s relations with public environmental protection services, and management of public procurement procedures. It issues environmental permits, monitors environmental pollution, and ensures the quality of public environmental data. The ARSO has approximately 400 staff at its headquarters and in 27 local offices. | sdg6 |
Abstract As with most British media coverage in 1994, the BBC did not report genocide in Rwanda, preferring instead to depict political violence as tribal civil war and ‘primitive’ ethnic conflict. Yet when the international community declared that genocide had taken place, the BBC was quick to change its tack, moving away from reporting ethnic conflict towards memorialising genocide. Referring to the BBC's website, political discussion programmes and documentary films, the article considers how over time an institutional narrative on the 1994 genocide has developed. The author argues that the BBC has been required to reconcile the problem of depicting genocide—conventionally seen as modern, ‘Western’ political violence—in Africa. The ways in which the BBC has remembered Rwanda's genocide also conceal from view British foreign policy decision-making between April and July 1994. The author then considers how, since Rwanda joined the Commonwealth in November 2009, the BBC's reporting has shifted again—this ... | sdg16 |
Aid dependence can potentially undermine the quality of governance and public sector institutions by weakening accountability, encouraging rent-seeking and corruption, fomenting conflict over control of aid funds, siphoning off scarce talent from the bureaucracy, and alleviating pressures to reform inefficient policies and institutions. Analyses of cross-country data in this paper provide evidence that higher aid levels erode the quality of governance, as measured by indices of bureaucratic quality, corruption, and the rule of law. These findings support the need for donors to develop less costly and less intrusive ways of disseminating state-of-the-art knowledge on public sector reform in developing countries. | sdg16 |
Improving conditions with respect to these other factors can therefore also help attract investment in clean energy. Considering the numbers of risks faced by clean electricity generation projects (e.g. completion risk, technology risk, revenue risk, supply risk, weather risk, etc.) The inability to do so will affect both the risk and the cost of clean energy projects. Similarly, with regards to energy efficiency, it is crucial for energy service companies that their counterpart can be forced to comply with its obligations under the service contract. | sdg7 |
Civil war (1990–1994) and genocide (1994) left the Rwandan government with the daunting task of re-establishing internal security. The policing model they have pursued, reflecting their regime ideology, is a hybrid model. It combines a modern professional and disciplined police force with the informal social control mechanisms of popular justice. The article, based on two months fieldwork in 2006, demonstrates that the model has provided an effective, popular and universally accessible policing that is not resource intensive. Yet its success has to be tempered by reflection that civil liberties have been compromised by an intrusive surveillance at local level, and by repressive responses to anything perceived as opposition to the ruling party at national level. Rwanda's special circumstances make listing durable substantive lessons with widespread applicability unwise. But, there is a case for re-examining the potential of using informal security structures with varying degrees of connection to the state ... | sdg16 |
Abstract Rent allocation is key to natural-resource rich countries' development. A life cycle model is used to study optimal rent allocation considering the uncertainties derived from government quality and rent measurement. Chile's private copper industry is used as a case study. Results show that between 1988 to 2018 roughly USD 161.7 billion of copper rent has been allocated to the private sector, which accounts for 62.6% of the total rent generated by the industry. Given the quality of Chile's government (i.e., level of accountability, political stability, effectiveness, regulatory quality, control over corruption, and adherence to the rule of law), rent allocation has likely been suboptimal and institutional change is likely warranted. | sdg16 |
Ministry of Agriculture Decree No. The second phase of the project “Rood Prevention Programme II" and “Support for Renewal, Dredging and Reconstruction of Fishponds and Construction of Water Reservoirs" followed. The total costs are estimated to be around CZK 15 billion. The project also includes the implementation of land adaptations aimed at flood prevention, httpJ/eagri.cz/public/web/erZmze/water/flood-prevention. This is predominantly an investment programme. | sdg13 |
The support worker’s goal is to facilitate healthy relationships, which research shows helps youth to develop the social capital they need to succeed, while connecting them in a positive way to the larger community. Financial support: bus tickets were provided to participating students for transport to and from school and vouchers were provided as needed for school lunches. Students who fail to attend classes lose their eligibility for bus tickets and lunch vouchers. | sdg11 |
Anthropologists have become increasingly concerned about the discipline's lack of ‘public engagement’ with contemporary issues of late, but a key underlying problem - anthropology's unwillingness to address the nature and evidentiary status of anthropological knowledge itself - has remained largely unacknowledged. Here I approach this problem initially through an analysis of the rise of ‘evidence’ as a central concept in public policy and practice. Using the exemplar of ‘evidence-based’ medicine, I analyse anthropological responses to these evidentiary requirements, arguing that this turn to evidence can be seen in many other arenas of research and public policy and presents a fundamental challenge for the credibility and legitimacy of anthropology as a discipline. In the second part of the article comparison with anthropological work on legal issues provides a reflexive opening through which to begin to consider the nature of anthropological ‘evidence’ itself. | sdg16 |
Similarly, the report co-chairs and all coordinating lead authors, lead authors and review editors would have to go through the entire process. In order to be able to perform this, the Nordic Assessment also needs to establish its equivalent to the Committee on Conflicts of Interest. For the Nordic Assessment a Committee on Conflicts of Interest could consist of three members from the Steering Committee and the Expert Committee, as decided by the Steering Committee. | sdg15 |
Some research is done on crop production and climate-change-related issues. The development of water economy technologies such as bio-agriculture can be used to reduce the pressure on water resources and production costs in terms of ecology and economy. In 2010, the emissions from fuel combustion arose mostly from electricity and heat production (66 per cent), followed by the transport (14 per cent), manufacturing industries and construction (12 per cent) and residential (7 per cent) sectors. | sdg13 |
Biodiversity stewardship is an approach to enter into agreements with private and communal landowners to protect and manage land in biodiversity priority areas, led by conservation authorities in South Africa (SANBI, 2014). In particular, the Protected Environment biodiversity agreement type is valuable in agricultural landscapes. Protected Environments can be declared across multiple properties and can allow for some forms of production on the land, as long as this is integrated into an approved management plan (SANBI, 2014). | sdg15 |
Problems emerged in situations where irrigation expansion followed individual plans and decisions, as individual entrepreneurs failed to factor in the consequences of their decisions on the local community. The objective was to define an institutional framework or policy tool that could provide for the revision of water entitlements, revisit the “first come first served” practice, and grant local farming communities the capacity to self-manage. The policy positions were developed arising from the consultative process and under the strong political guidance of the Minister of Water Affairs. To guide the reform, the Department of Water Affairs, in consultation with stakeholders on a national and regional basis, developed a set of underlying principles. | sdg6 |
Non-use” values refer to water that people will not actually use themselves at any point, but may want to preserve for others, for future generations, or simply because they attach a value to their very existence. It is particularly difficult in situations when irreversibility and possible disastrous outcomes enter the equation, and when the resilience of water systems is being - or is close to being - overrun. This is not an argument against trying to make as good an assessment as one can, but it makes it particularly important to take into account those cost and benefit elements that cannot be expressed in monetary terms. | sdg6 |
Connections between urban centres and rural areas are crucial for greater development and widening access to labour force and education. While no robust data was available about the inequalities in access to communication, they are likely to broadly correspond to disparities in GDP per capita. Improving access to telecommunications represents a potential source of growth and should be favoured. The new medical school provides an opportunity to address the health challenges in the region and build capacity for collaboration. It can also mark the beginnings of the first university in the Galilee. | sdg4 |
Larger firms (55%) are more likely to be partnering for innovation than smaller firms (36%), while the same holds for exporters (58%) and cross-border traders (53%) compared to domestic firms (31%). Exporters have a systematically higher rating in all kinds of business innovation attributes than cross-border traders, while the latter display higher ratings than domestic firms. These relationships are focused heavily on clients/customers and suppliers, with collaboration generally much less widespread for other partners. Overall, international partnerships are more widely reported than cross-border relationships for links with suppliers, higher education institutes, intermediaries and business services. | sdg9 |
While all other steps of the energy chain such as refinement or enrichment, conversion and distribution can be moved physically closer to the final customer, exploration and production of primary energy cannot. Whether this is a good approach depends on a country’s geographical position, its own energy endowment, the state of its physical infrastructures for transport and storage, the diversification of its supplies, the willingness of its population to accept higher average long-term prices for lower volatility, and a host of other issues. Free and global energy trade through smoothly functioning competitive markets can ensure timely delivery of all necessary energy resources. | sdg7 |
In 2014, New Zealand announced that its drug enforcement relationship with China will be strengthened further to help identify members of organized criminal groups in China and to reduce the supply of precursors and methamphetamine from China trafficked into New Zealand. The move follows the signing of a memorandum of arrangement on precursor controls between China and New Zealand in April 2013. New Zealand has also taken action to improve regional border security through cooperation with the authorities of Fiji. In 2015, New Zealand established a training programme for the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority and the Fiji Police Force to focus on border security by introducing drug detector dogs in Fiji. In 2015, the Fiji Revenue and Customs Authority announced that it aimed to further strengthen its partnership with both Australia and New Zealand in order to carry out joint operations and share more information about the flow of drugs in the region. In 2013, the Government of New Zealand introduced the Psychoactive Substances Act to control the importation, manufacture and sale of new psychoactive substances in the country—with interim approvals for 47 products by 150 licensed retailers. | sdg3 |
Indeed, in 2017, close to one in every three participants of integration training fell into unemployment three months following the end of their participation, a further 62 % were in other PES measures. The majority of the remainder continued to vocational training or independent study while fewer than 10% moved into work trials or employment. Coverage, however, is heterogeneous and multiple providers often serve to complicate the integration landscape still further. | sdg4 |
Existing scholarship lacks important knowledge about how protest and coercion change during regime change. This study provides new evidence by studying legal reforms as well as patterns of protest and repression during the first 46 months of Myanmar’s regime change. By examining law amendments and analyzing protest data compiled via a protest event analysis from local news resources, it can be shown that the de jure exercisability and de facto exercise of protest have changed considerably over time. Informal repression of protest, such as by arbitrary violence, have gradually made way for methods that are formally in accordance with the rule of law, but remained inconsistent with human rights standards. Additionally, repression has become more selective, demonstrating a continuous high state control over the civil society. I suggest that the observed changes may be general features of elite-controlled transitions to competitive authoritarianism, a hypothesis that merits future cross-national research. | sdg16 |
Another notable result is that long-term unemployment rose more sharply for medium-skilled workers (2 percentage points) than for both less and more educated workers. Annex Figure 1.A1.4 in OECD (2011c) shows that men accounted for the majority of the increase in the number of long-term unemployed persons in most OECD countries, as did prime-age and medium-skilled persons. However, some notable national exceptions emerge. For example, low-skilled workers accounted for more than half of the increase in long-term unemployment in Iceland and Spain (and 46% in Italy). The chart below shows that the post-crisis increase is unprecedented in recent decades. | sdg10 |
In the State of Mexico, the Ministry of Communications (through the department in charge of roads) always issues an opinion on the feasibility of incorporating road and pedestrian flows generated by developments in the existing road infrastructure. A positive opinion is required for the State Commission of Urban Development and Housing (which includes representatives of various ministries including the Ministry of Communications) to issue a proof of viability. This document is needed in turn for the Ministry of Urban and Metropolitan Development to grant construction authorisations. | sdg11 |
In a new wave of construction from 1970 to 1979, their number increased from 26,000 to 90,000, with mean size doubling to only 70 kW. Much larger hydro plants in the MW and GW ranges have been built since the 1980s. Many technical and maintenance problems (silting, drought, leaks) with hastily built microplants meant low load factors and relatively high costs (Smil, 2010a). In 2006, China completed the world’s largest hydropower plant, with a capacity of 18.2 GW. | sdg7 |
The final step would be quantitative field testing and validation through comparison of the proposed assessment tool in small survey samples in different countries and contexts. This process is explained in detail in Frongillo et al. [ Collecting data directly from children in such a measurement system would require attention to a number of details. | sdg2 |
Activities on demining forestland are progressing very slowly in relation to actual needs. Forests and forestland are not included among the priorities in the demining plans. Forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina comprise a large diversity of types, ranging from coastal Mediterranean forest to mountain forest. | sdg15 |
The major objective in offering BDS services to women is to assist them in generating more income so that they are better able to become economically independent, which will eventually contribute to community welfare. Many women in Qatar are highly educated but are not in the workforce for cultural reasons. The Roudha Center aims to promote a female entrepreneurial and leadership culture in Qatar by identifying, organising and promoting women entrepreneurs and innovators. Through a network of partnerships, it seeks to provide programming and resources, interactive workshops, incubation, mentorship and legal services to address women’s needs and support their entrepreneurial activities. | sdg5 |
This problem is somehow circumvented, since most existing water-supply systems have difficulties in meeting these standards, and the new ongoing constructions mentioned in previous sections are in line with currently less stringent international accepted standards (e.g. WHO or EU). It also identifies a list of 341 chemical substances for which sanitary maximum allowable concentrations are established, including ammonia, fluorine, sulphates, (heavy) metals and organic micropollutants. In accordance with the 2000 Law on Water Supply and Wastewater, drinking water sources should be protected through pollution prevention measures in order to meet the requirements of sanitary and environmental legislation. | sdg6 |
In particular, the authors conducted an analysis of six cases concerning national water policies from Australia, Brazil, New Zealand and South Africa, the European Union’s Water Framework Directive and the Lisbon Charter on Water and Sanitation3 (IWA, 2015). The paper did not compare the existing policy frameworks with each other, but rather their “performance” against the 12 OECD Principles. The analysis of what influences the implementation of the OECD Principles provided a basis for further recommendations, in relation to both water resources and water services. | sdg6 |
As the price of mobile phone ownership continues to fall, many more people, including in extremely impoverished areas, are likely to own and use a mobile device. A growing number of projects have shown that mobile technologies provide an excellent medium for extending educational opportunities to learners who may not have access to high-quality schooling. This technology helps ensure that students are not held back or left behind by larger groups. | sdg9 |
World’s total values of production for catch and aquaculture were sourced from the FAO Yearbook, Fishery and Aquaculture Statistics, 2015. Both numbers have been corrected adding the value of seaweed production, aquaculture has also been adjusted to account for the value of Chinese production reported to the OECD. | sdg14 |
Other experts have suggested royalties comprising the marginal cost of production plus 5 per cent of the compulsory licensee’s selling price, see Reichman, UNCTAD paper, p. 20, quoting A. Engelberg. A general royalty rate of 4 per cent is suggested, as representing the average royalty rate for pharmaceutical products in the United States market. Second, the general royalty rate is adjusted according to each country’s capacity to pay, as reflected in relative per capita income or, where a disease affects a country in an unusually high degree, the relative income per person needing treatment. | sdg3 |
In addition, being one of the instruments of the water resources policy, the fundamentals, concepts and guidelines to be followed should be consistent with those that guided the formulation of the Water Resources Management Systems - both at the national and state levels - especially in terms of decentralisation and participation. Should the national plan or the state plan be understood as a sum of the river basin plans? Conceptually, the answer is no. From this perspective, on the top of the tendency for “accommodation” and transfer of responsibilities, and resistances in the implementation of charges for water use, there will be a conceptual inconsistency leading to the substitution of an effective decentralisation by a deconcentration of tasks. | sdg6 |
Community type” where a group of farmer households pool their rights and undertake unified planning, production, operation and management of the land. Collective leasing type" where farmers entrust the operation rights to a collective cooperative which then may re-organise the land before issuing it for public lease. Joint operating type" where farmers transfer shares to a rural land joint-stock company, which is often a larger agricultural enterprise with modern technologies and skills. Farmers retain a share of the profits derived from the land. The first such trust was CITIC Trust Co., Ltd which was established in 2013 in Yongqiao district, Suzhou, Anhui province. As part of this arrangement, in return for their operation rights, farmers receive rent and a share of the net profits of the trust (dependent on the area of land they initially contributed). | sdg2 |
The establishment of EE institutions, such as national EE agencies, may be useful for the design, coordination, implementation and evaluation of EE programmes and measures. For example, several initiatives were launched at the 2002 World Summit for Sustainable Development (WSSD), such as the EU Energy Initiative for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development and the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership. Another example is the Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund, a global risk capital fund that mobilizes private investment in EE and renewable energy projects in developing countries and in countries with economies in transition. For example, certain EE improvements in developing countries may be considered as part of “nationally appropriate mitigation actions” by devel-oping-country parties to the Convention in the context of sustainable development, which, according to the Bali Plan of Action, may be “supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity-building.” | sdg7 |
Pre-primary, primary and lower secondary teachers have a common salary scale but a different salary scale exists for upper secondary education (the rationale for this differentiation relates to the level of initial qualifications required, i.e. bachelor’s or master’s degree). In addition, a great number of salary scales coexist for upper technical and vocational secondary education. Teachers in management functions have separate salary scales. | sdg4 |
Digital innovation refers to: (i) in a narrow sense, the implementation of a new or significantly improved ICT product (good or service), i.e. ICT product innovation-, and (ii) in a broader sense, to the use of ICTs to implement a new' or significantly improved product, process, marketing method, or organisational method, i.e. ICT-enabled innovation. Data are an infrastructural resource - a form of capital that cannot be depleted and that can be used for a theoretically unlimited range of productive purposes. Available evidence suggests that firms using data-driven innovation (DDI) have raised productivity faster than non-users by around 5-10%. | sdg9 |
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