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Context: RNA component of mitochondrial RNA processing endoribonuclease, also known as RMRP, is a human gene.
Question: What species is RMRP specific to?
|
[
"human"
] |
task469-7e17844bd68542289c5bb084e59befb1
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Godfrey Pereira is a former Indian footballer who was last the head coach for Air India FC in the I-League.
Question: Which team does Godfrey Pereira play for?
|
[
"air india"
] |
task469-2bd260976d9a4f9f87c0fa1bc22b887b
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Steelers' ninth game was an AFC duel with the Patriots. The Steelers trailed early as QB Tom Brady made a 19-yard TD pass to TE Rob Gronkowski. This was followed by kicker Shayne Graham getting a 31-yard field goal. The Steelers responded in the second quarter with kicker Jeff Reed nailing a 22-yard field goal. The Steelers struggled further when Brady threw another TD pass to Gronkowski, this one from 9yards out. That was followed by Brady's scramble 3yards to the endzone for a touchdown (With a failed PAT as the kick went wide-right). The Steelers scored first in the 4th quarter when QB Ben Roethlisberger completed a 6-yard TD pass to WR Emmanuel Sanders. The Steelers looked to create another scoring drive, but it came to a halt when Roethlisberger's pass was intercepted by SS James Sanders and returned 32yards for a touchdown (With a failed 2-point conversion). The Steelers tried to cut the lead with a Roethlisberger 15-yard TD pass to WR Mike Wallace, but the Patriots replied with Brady getting a 25-yard TD pass to Gronkowski. Again the Steelers tried to get closer when Roethlisberger completed a 33-yard TD pass to Wallace, but the Patriots put the game away after Graham hit a 36-yard field goal.
Question: Who caught the first TD pass?
|
[
"rob gronkowski"
] |
task469-15012c04ea86446ebf006c60308b5ded
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Rev. T. Jerome Overbeck, S.J. is an American author and Christian theologian who is also a prominent priest of the Society of Jesus.
Question: What group was T. Jerome Overbeck a member of?
|
[
"society of jesus"
] |
task469-34395303dde94f609e731a4abcbddbbf
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Blood is a liquid connective tissue. It circulates throughout the body via blood vessels due to the pumping action of the heart. You couldnt survive without the approximately 4.5 to 5 liters of blood that are constantly being pumped through your blood vessels. Blood consists of both liquid and cells. The liquid part of blood is called plasma. Plasma is a watery, golden-yellow fluid that contains many dissolved substances. Substances dissolved in plasma include glucose, proteins, and gases. Plasma also contains blood cells. There are three types of blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. You can see all three types in Figure 18.8. 1. Red blood cells are shaped like flattened disks. There are trillions of red blood cells in your blood. Each red blood cell has millions of molecules of hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron. The iron in hemoglobin gives red blood cells their red color. It also explains how hemoglobin carries oxygen. The iron in hemoglobin binds with oxygen molecules so they can be carried by red blood cells. 2. White blood cells are larger than red blood cells, but there are far fewer of them. Their role is to defend the body in various ways. For example, white blood cells called phagocytes engulf and destroy microorganisms and debris in the blood. 3. Platelets are small, sticky cell fragments that help blood clot. A blood clot is a solid mass of cell fragments and other substances that plugs a leak in a damaged blood vessel. Platelets stick to tears in blood vessels and to each other, helping to form a clot at the site of injury. Platelets also release chemicals that are needed for clotting to occur. The main function of blood is transport. Blood in arteries carries oxygen and nutrients to all the bodys cells. Blood in veins carries carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells to be excreted. Blood also transports the chemical messengers called hormones to cells throughout the body where they are needed to regulate body functions. Blood has several other functions as well. For example, blood: defends the body against infections. repairs body tissues. controls the bodys pH. helps regulate body temperature. Red blood cells carry proteins called antigens on their surface. People may vary in the exact antigens their red blood cells carry. The specific proteins are controlled by the genes they inherit from their parents. The particular antigens you inherit determine your blood type. Why does your blood type matter? Blood type is important for medical reasons. A patient cant safely receive a transfusion of blood containing antigens not found in the patients own blood. With foreign antigens, the transfused blood will be rejected by the persons immune system. This causes a reaction in the patients bloodstream, called agglutination. The transfused red blood cells clump together, as shown in Figure 18.9. The clumped cells block blood vessels and cause other life-threatening problems. There are many sets of antigens that determine different blood types. Two of the best known are the ABO and Rhesus antigens. Both are described below. You can also learn more about them by watching this video: ABO blood type is determined by two common antigens, often called antigen A and antigen B. If your red blood cells carry only antigen A, you have blood type A. If your red blood cells carry only antigen B, you have blood type B. If your red blood cells carry both antigen A and antigen B, you have blood type AB. If your red blood cells carry neither antigen A nor antigen B, you have blood type O. Another red blood cell antigen determines a persons Rhesus blood type. This blood type depends on a single common antigen, typically referred to as the Rhesus (Rh) antigen. If your red blood cells carry the Rhesus antigen, you have Rhesus-positive blood, or blood type Rh+. If your red blood cells lack the Rhesus antigen, you have Rhesus-negative blood, or blood type Rh-. Some diseases affect mainly the blood or its components. They include anemia, leukemia, hemophilia, and sickle- cell disease. Anemia is a disease that occurs when there is not enough hemoglobin
Question: __genetic disorder in which abnormal hemoglobin causes red blood cells to change shape
|
[
"sickle- cell disease",
"sickle-cell disease"
] |
task469-6789324d923d43f1b650ca531308a1b7
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: DNA and RNA are nucleic acids. DNA stores genetic information. RNA helps build proteins. Proteins, in turn, determine the structure and function of all your cells. Proteins consist of chains of amino acids. A proteins structure and function depends on the sequence of its amino acids. Instructions for this sequence are encoded in DNA. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomes are contained within the nucleus. But proteins are made in the cytoplasm at structures called ribosomes. How do the instructions in DNA reach the ribosomes in the cytoplasm? RNA is needed for this task. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. RNA is smaller than DNA. It can squeeze through pores in the membrane that encloses the nucleus. It copies instructions in DNA and carries them to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Then it helps build the protein. RNA is not only smaller than DNA. It differs from DNA in other ways as well. It consists of one nucleotide chain rather than two chains as in DNA. It also contains the nitrogen base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T). In addition, it contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. You can see these differences in Figure 5.16. There are three different types of RNA. All three types are needed to make proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies genetic instructions from DNA in the nucleus. Then it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps form a ribosome. This is where the protein is made. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings amino acids to the ribosome. The amino acids are then joined together to make the protein. How is the information for making proteins encoded in DNA? The answer is the genetic code. The genetic code is based on the sequence of nitrogen bases in DNA. The four bases make up the letters of the code. Groups of three bases each make up code words. These three-letter code words are called codons. Each codon stands for one amino acid or else for a start or stop signal. There are 20 amino acids that make up proteins. With three bases per codon, there are 64 possible codons. This is more than enough to code for the 20 amino acids plus start and stop signals. You can see how to translate the genetic code in Figure 5.17. Start at the center of the chart for the first base of each three-base codon. Then work your way out from the center for the second and third bases. Find the codon AUG in Figure 5.17. It codes for the amino acid methionine. It also codes for the start signal. After an AUG start codon, the next three letters are read as the second codon. The next three letters after that are read as the third codon, and so on. You can see how this works in Figure 5.18. The figure shows the bases in a molecule The genetic code has three other important characteristics. The genetic code is the same in all living things. This shows that all organisms are related by descent from a common ancestor. Each codon codes for just one amino acid (or start or stop). This is necessary so the correct amino acid is always selected. Most amino acids are encoded by more than one codon. This is helpful. It reduces the risk of the wrong amino acid being selected if there is a mistake in the code. The process in which proteins are made is called protein synthesis. It occurs in two main steps. The steps are transcription and translation. Watch this video for a good introduction to both steps of protein synthesis: [Link] MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Transcription is the first step in protein synthesis. It takes place in the nucleus. During transcription, a strand of DNA is copied to make a strand of mRNA. How does this happen? It occurs by the following steps, as shown in Figure 5.19. 1. An enzyme binds to the DNA. It signals the DNA to unwind. 2. After the DNA unwinds, the enzyme can read the bases in one of the DNA strands. 3. Using this strand of DNA as
Question: Each gene codes for one
|
[
"protein"
] |
task469-59bc649550434a9da8b040f613c18fbf
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Ion Motroc (born 14 February 1937) is a former Romanian football defender who played for clubs in Romania and Turkey.
Question: Which player position has been associated with Ion Motroc?
|
[
"defender"
] |
task469-d31dd45cb35448dc998276eb359ea4cd
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Human health suffers in locations with high levels of air pollution. Different pollutants have different health effects: Lead is the most common toxic material and is responsible for lead poisoning. Carbon monoxide can kill people in poorly ventilated spaces, such as tunnels. Nitrogen and sulfur-oxides cause lung disease and increased rates of asthma, emphysema, and viral infections such as the flu. Ozone damages the human respiratory system, causing lung disease. High ozone levels are also associated with increased heart disease and cancer. Particulates enter the lungs and cause heart or lung disease. When particulate levels are high, asthma attacks are more common. By some estimates, 30,000 deaths a year in the United States are caused by fine particle pollution. Many but not all cases of asthma can be linked to air pollution. During the 1996 Olympic Games, Atlanta, Georgia, closed off their downtown to private vehicles. This action decreased ozone levels by 28%. At the same time, there were 40% fewer hospital visits for asthma. Can scientists conclude without a shadow of a doubt that the reduction in ozone caused the reduction in hospital visits? What could they do to make that determination? Lung cancer among people who have never smoked is around 15% and is increasing. One study showed that the risk of being afflicted with lung cancer increases directly with a persons exposure to air pollution (Figure 1.1). The study concluded that no level of air pollution should be considered safe. Exposure to smog also increased the risk of dying from any cause, including heart disease. One study found that in the United States, children develop asthma at more than twice the rate of two decades ago and at four times the rate of children in Canada. Adults also suffer from air pollution-related illnesses that include lung disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and weakened immune systems. The asthma rate worldwide is rising 20% to 50% every decade.
Question: in the united states, particulates are responsible for this many deaths a year.
|
[
"30,000"
] |
task469-d70d5c7c45254febb8c3665b8dc4793c
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Salem Abbey (Kloster or Reichskloster Salem), also known as Salmansweiler and in Latin as Salomonis Villa, was a very prominent Cistercian monastery in Salem in the district of Bodensee about ten miles from Konstanz, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany.
Question: To which religious order did Salem Abbey belong?
|
[
"cistercian"
] |
task469-7b1dbbba271343acb05cd420b7b2d120
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Riociguat (Adempas(®)), an oral first-in-class soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) stimulator, is under global development by Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals Inc. for the treatment of adult patients with inoperable or chronic/persistent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) and for the treatment of adult patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The drug directly stimulates sGC in a nitric oxide independent manner, thereby increasing the sensitivity of sGC to nitric oxide, leading to increased cyclic guanosine monophosphate generation (a key signalling molecule involved in regulating vascular tone, proliferation, fibrosis and inflammation). Riociguat is the world's first approved pharmacotherapy for CTEPH, with its first global approval in this indication occurring in Canada. It has subsequently been approved in the USA for the treatment of patients with CTEPH and also received its first global approval in patients with PAH in the USA. It is undergoing regulatory review for these indications in Europe and for use in patients with CTEPH in Japan. This article summarizes the milestones in the development of riociguat, leading to its first global approvals in patients with CTEPH and PAH.
Question: What is generic name of drug Adempas?
|
[
"riociguat"
] |
task469-85d2415ddad54a579fc5521dfd3a4e5e
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: R.O.B. has appeared as a cameo character in various video games, such as StarTropics, Kirby's Dream Land 3, the Star Fox series, the Mario Kart series, the WarioWare series, the F-Zero series, the Super Smash Bros. series, and Viewtiful Joe; his head appears in Pikmin 2, where it is referred to as ''Remembered Old Buddy''.
Question: To which fictional work does R.O.B. belong in?
|
[
"super smash bros."
] |
task469-e0096774db5a4c5399c9027a5aaea164
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Well-known companies are powered by their names and reputations. When people walk into a Pizza Hut in Tokyo, Rome, or Miami, they know exactly what they are getting. Through franchising, an investor can make use of this brand power by opening a Pizza Hut of his or her own. The risk is low, and the rewards can be big. No wonder franchising is such a successful business model. Franchising had been around for more than 100 years, but its popularity took off in the 1950s. Leading the trend were fast food restaurant like McDonald's. These days, there are franchises in more than eighty-five industries, including dry cleaning, hotels and supermarkets. It's a very big business. In the US, there are some 760,000 franchises, totaling more than $1.5 trillion in yearly revenues (income). There are two sides in a franchise: the franchisor--the owner of the business system and the franchisee--the person who licenses the system. After signing a "franchise agreement", the franchisee pays a fee. He or she also pays for equipment, supplies, and, if necessary, building costs. The total investment usually ranges from $10,000 to $1,000,000. After the business opens, the franchisee also pays a percentage of sales revenues--called a royalty--to the franchisor. Marking fees must also be paid. In return, the franchisee receives many benefits. Training is among the most common ones. It includes everything from dealing with customers to understanding the company's standards. The franchisor also handles advertising. On top of that, there's the benefit of the brand reputation that the company has built up. All of these benefits make the risk of opening a franchise much smaller than that of starting a business from scratch. However, a franchise can also have drawbacks. If a customer at a single restaurant gets sick, it may hurt every franchise in the system. Running a franchise also means closely following the company's standards. So, one has to give up a degree of independence. You have to do things their way and trust that the system will work. If you want to earn a lot of money from the business, you have to work hard. Also, remember that the monthly royalty must be paid, even if you are losing money. However, there are thousands of opportunities in franchising. They will surely grow as brand recognition becomes more important in the global economy .
Question: What is the most important factor to make a franchise successful?
|
[
"brand power."
] |
task469-d54aae73a50f428a81bca9a6c6309946
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The central nervous system (CNS) ( Figure 1.1) is the largest part of the nervous system. It includes the brain and the spinal cord. The bony skull protects the brain. The spinal cord is protected within the bones of the spine, which are called vertebrae. What weighs about three pounds and contains up to 100 billion cells? The answer is the human brain. The brain is the control center of the nervous system. Its like the pilot of a plane. It tells other parts of the nervous system what to do. The brain is also the most complex organ in the body. Each of its 100 billion neurons has synapses connecting it with thousands of other neurons. All those neurons use a lot of energy. In fact, the adult brain uses almost a quarter of the total energy used by the body. The developing brain of a baby uses an even greater amount of the bodys total energy. The brain is the organ that lets us understand what we see, hear, or sense in other ways. It also allows us to use language, learn, think, and remember. The brain controls the organs in our body and our movements as well. The brain consists of three main parts, the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem ( Figure 1.2). 1. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It sits on top of the brain stem. The cerebrum controls functions that we are aware of, such as problem-solving and speech. It also controls voluntary movements, like waving to a friend. Whether you are doing your homework or jumping hurdles, you are using your cerebrum. 2. The cerebellum is the next largest part of the brain. It lies under the cerebrum and behind the brain stem. The cerebellum controls body position, coordination, and balance. Whether you are riding a bicycle or writing with a pen, you are using your cerebellum. 3. The brain stem is the smallest of the three main parts of the brain. It lies directly under the cerebrum. The brain stem controls basic body functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. The brain stem also carries information back and forth between the cerebrum and spinal cord. The cerebrum is divided into a right and left half ( Figure 1.2). Each half of the cerebrum is called a hemisphere. The two hemispheres are connected by a thick bundle of axons called the corpus callosum. It lies deep inside the brain and carries messages back and forth between the two hemispheres. Did you know that the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body? By connecting the two hemispheres, the corpus callosum allows this to happen. Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into four parts, called lobes. The four lobes are the: 1. 2. 3. 4. Frontal. Parietal. Temporal. Occipital. Each lobe has different jobs. Some of the functions are listed below ( Table 1.1). Side view of the brain (right). Can you find the locations of the three major parts of the brain? Top view of the brain (left). Lobe Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Main Function(s) Speech, thinking, touch Speech, taste, reading Hearing, smell Sight The spinal cord is a long, tube-shaped bundle of neurons, protected by the vertebrae. It runs from the brain stem to the lower back. The main job of the spinal cord is to carry nerve impulses back and forth between the body and brain. The spinal cord is like a two-way highway. Messages about the body, both inside and out, pass through the spinal cord to the brain. Messages from the brain pass in the other direction through the spinal cord to tell the body what to do.
Question: what part of the brain controls breathing, heartbeat, and digestion?
|
[
"the brain stem"
] |
task469-e5f78dd1979549688d49846f5a525668
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The layers scientists recognize are pictured below (Figure 1.1). Core, mantle, and crust are divisions based on composition: 1. The crust is less than 1% of Earth by mass. The two types are oceanic crust and continental crust.Continental crust is felsic and oceanic crust is mafic. 2. The mantle is hot, ultramafic rock. It represents about 68% of Earths mass. 3. The core is mostly iron metal. The core makes up about 31% of the Earth. Lithosphere and asthenosphere are divisions based on mechanical properties: 1. The lithosphere is composed of both the crust and the portion of the upper mantle and behaves as a brittle, rigid solid. 2. The asthenosphere is partially molten upper mantle material and behaves plastically and can flow. A cross section of Earth showing the fol- lowing layers: (1) crust (2) mantle (3a) outer core (3b) inner core (4) lithosphere (5) asthenosphere (6) outer core (7) inner core. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL:
Question: continental crust is
|
[
"felsic"
] |
task469-b4125599cbf341ad9b38c561b65dd491
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: A lonely old woman who longs for a child is given a seed by a good witch. When planted, the seed grows into a flower, and inside the blossom is a tiny girl the size of the old woman's thumb. The old woman names the girl Thumbelina and raises her as her own. Although Thumbelina loves her mother, she craves companionship from someone her own size. One night, Cornelius, the fairy prince, stumbles upon Thumbelina after hearing her beautiful singing. The two take a ride on Cornelius' bumblebee, and fall in love; during this ride Mrs. Toad and her son Grundel are enchanted by Thumbelina's singing. Cornelius promises to return the next day, but after he's gone, Mrs. Toad kidnaps Thumbelina from her bed and takes her away. Thumbelina awakens on Mrs. Toad's show boat. Mrs. Toad wants Thumbelina to join their troupe and marry Grundel, who is in love with her. They leave Thumbelina alone on a lily pad in order to fetch a priest, but a friendly swallow, Jacquimo (the narrator of the film), overhears Thumbelina's cries for help and frees her. Jacquimo's friends, the jitterbugs, promise to help Thumbelina get home safely while Jacquimo sets off to find Cornelius. Meanwhile, Cornelius learns of Thumbelina's kidnapping and ventures out to find her. While trying to get home, Thumbelina is ambushed by Berkeley Beetle, who scares the jitterbugs away. He is enamoured with her singing, and promises to show her the way home if she sings at his Beetle Ball first. Thumbelina agrees, but when she's received poorly at the Beetle Ball, Beetle kicks her out without helping her. Winter is approaching. Jacquimo accidentally impales his wing on a thorn and is knocked out by the cold, while Cornelius falls into a lake and is frozen in ice. Grundel, who is searching for Thumbelina, finds Beetle and discovers she is in love with Prince Cornelius and upon some convincing from Beetle, decides to find and kidnap Cornelius to lure Thumbelina to him. Grundel forces Beetle to help him as Grundel steals his wings and won't return them until Beetle has found and captured Cornelius. Thumbelina is taken in by Miss Fieldmouse, who tells her that Cornelius has died. The two visit Miss Fieldmouse's neighbor, Mr. Mole who tells them about a dead bird he found in his tunnel earlier that day. It turns out to be Jacquimo, who Thumbelina discovers to be only unconscious. Mr. Mole wishes to marry Thumbelina; heartbroken over Cornelius's death, Thumbelina accepts. Jacquimo awakens under Thumbelina's care and leaves to find Cornelius, refusing to believe that he is dead. Meanwhile, Beetle brings Cornelius's frozen body to Grundel and informs him that Thumbelina is going to marry the Mole. After the two leave to stop the wedding, the young jitterbugs thaw Cornelius's body out. At the wedding, Thumbelina realizes at the last moment that she can't marry someone she does not love and refuses to take the vows. Grundel and Beetle crash the wedding, but Thumbelina flees from them and Mr. Mole. Cornelius intercepts the crowd and confronts Grundel, the ensuing fight resulting in them both falling into an abyss. Once outside and free, Thumbelina is reunited with Jacquimo, who takes her to Cornelius' kingdom, the Vale of the Fairies. Cornelius appears, having survived the fall, the pair are reunited, and Thumbelina accepts his proposal of marriage. The two kiss, and Thumbelina is granted her own wings. With Thumbelina's mother and the fairy court in attendance, Thumbelina and Cornelius are married and depart on their honeymoon on Cornelius's bumblebee. Images shown during the credits reveal that Beetle resumed his singing career and had gotten his wings back, Ms. Fieldmouse married Mr. Mole, and Grundel also survived the fall with minor injuries and married a female toad (implying that he lost interest in Thumbelina).
Question: What is the name of the prince Thumbelina loves?
|
[
"cornelius"
] |
task469-62f6ff090b524fcc8ba104a082727082
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with an incidence of one-two cases per 100,000 adults and accounts for 15% of newly diagnosed cases of leukemia in adults. CML is characterized by a balanced genetic translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), involving a fusion of the Abelson oncogene (ABL) from chromosome 9q34 with the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene on chromosome 22q11.2. This rearrangement is known as the Philadelphia chromosome. The molecular consequence of this translocation is the generation of a BCR-ABL fusion oncogene, which in turn translates into a Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. Three tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), imatinib, nilotinib, and dasatinib, have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the first-line treatment of patients with newly diagnosed CML in chronic phase (CML-CP). Clinical trials with 2nd generation TKIs reported significantly deeper and faster responses; their impact on long-term survival remains to be determined. For patients who fail standard-dose imatinib therapy, imatinib dose escalation is a second-line option. Alternative second-line options include 2nd generation TKIs. Although both are potent and specific BCR-ABL TKIs, dasatinib and nilotinib exhibit unique pharmacological profiles and response patterns relative to different patient characteristics, such as disease stage and BCR-ABL mutational status. Patients who develop the T315I "gatekeeper" mutation display resistance to all currently available TKIs and are candidate for clinical trials. Allogeneic transplantation remains an important therapeutic option for CML-CP harboring the T315I mutation, patients who fail 2nd generation TKIs, and for all patients in advanced phase disease.
Question: What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)?
|
[
"bcr-abl"
] |
task469-5f70a4dd218c489b96ff21975c9d491d
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Astro Chase is a scrolling shoot 'em up game originally released by First Star Software in 1982 for the Atari 8-bit family.
Question: Who is the developer of Astro Chase?
|
[
"first star software"
] |
task469-3ace1d9529364258b613892bc661d18b
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: This marked the first of four games against potential playoff-bound teams in the Texans, Atlanta Falcons, Buffalo Bills, and Indianapolis Colts. The Browns saw their three-game winning streak end as the Texans' defense and run game dominated the Browns in a 23-7 blowout loss. Texans DE J. J. Watt, who played tight end in high school, scored the 5th offensive TD of his career. The Browns' lone score came in the 2nd quarter. A touchdown from Brian Hoyer to Browns' receiver Andrew Hawkins tied the game at 7 in the second quarter. However, the Texans scored the final 16 points of the contest. Hoyer struggled as he was 20/50 passing for 330 yards, throwing only one touchdown while throwing a 4th quarter interception. It was only the second time this season that the Browns got shut out in the second half of a game, an event that also occurred in their 24-6 loss to the Jaguars. With the loss, the Browns fell out of 1st place in the AFC North and into a tie for 3rd place behind the Bengals and Steelers, who both won that week. Defensive linemen John Hughes and Phil Taylor were lost for the season on IR, and Jordan Cameron missed his 3rd straight game due to a concussion. On November 18, the Browns released RB Ben Tate.
Question: Which player had a 4th quarter interception, Hoyer or Hawkins?
|
[
"hoyer"
] |
task469-7ca32df4469b48b4a4c22841252f72be
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The fighting against youth smoking since I took office I've done everything in my power to protect our children from harm. We've worked to make their streets and their schools safer, and to give them something positive to do after school before their parents get home. We've worked to teach our children that drugs are dangerous, illegal and wrong. Today, I want to talk to you about the historic opportunity we now have to protect our nation's children form an even more deadly threat: smoking. Smoking kills more people every day than AIDS, alcohol, car accidents, murders, suicides, drugs and fires combined. Nearly 90 percent of those smokers lit their first cigarette before they turned 18. Consider this: 3,000 children start to smoke every day illegally, and 1,000 of them will die sooner because of it. This is a national tragedy that every American should be honor-bound to help prevent. For more than five years we've worked to stop our children from smoking before they start, launching a nationwide campaign to educate them about the dangers of smoking, to reduce their access to tobacco products, and to severely restrict tobacco companies from advertising to young people. If we do these, we'll cut teen smoking by almost half over the next five years. That means if we act now, we have it in our power to stop 3 million children from smoking and to save a million lives as a result.
Question: How many children will be stopped from smoking if we act now?
|
[
"3 million"
] |
task469-ddd1c0fc58a147cb94aefcd058396b79
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: In the county, the population was spread out with 23.5% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.5 males.
Question: Which age group is larger: 25 to 44 or 45 to 64?
|
[
"25 to 44"
] |
task469-a4713485bd574a868e1fd1e01522710b
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: This article needs an improved plot summary. (November 2015) Sidhu (Akshay Kumar) is a lowly vegetable cutter at a roadside food stall in the Chandni Chowk section of Delhi, who consults astrologers, tarot card readers, and fake fakirs despite his foster father Dada's (Mithun Chakraborty) exhortations. When two strangers from China claim him as a reincarnation of war hero 'Liu Shen' and take him to China, Sidhu, encouraged by trickster Chopstick (Ranvir Shorey), believes he will be feted as a hero, unaware of his own recruitment to assassinate the smuggler Hojo (Gordon Liu). Sidhu travels to China with Chopstick. Along the way he meets Sakhi (Deepika Padukone), the Indian-Chinese spokesmodel known as Ms. Tele Shoppers Media, or Ms. TSM, who also appears in China. Her twin sister Suzy, known as the femme fatale Meow Meow, works for Hojo, not knowing Hojo tried to kill her father, Inspector Chiang (Roger Yuan). Sidhu, through a series of accidents, initially eludes Hojo, but Hojo eventually exposes him as a fraud. Thereupon Hojo kills Dada, and Sidhu is beaten and urinated on by Hojo. Injured and disgraced Sidhu vows revenge. He thereafter encounters an amnesiac vagrant, whom he later identifies to Sakhi as Inspector Chiang. Chiang later recovers his memory and trains Sidhu in kung fu. When Hojo again meets with Sidhu, Suzy injures Chiang; but upon seeing Sakhi, betrays Hojo. Sidhu fights Hojo in single combat, eventually using a modified vegetable-cutting technique to overwhelm him. In the aftermath, Sidhu opens a vegetable stall in China, but is recruited to fight for some African pygmies. The film thereupon concludes with the announcement "To be Continued Chandni Chowk to Africa".
Question: Who exposes Sidhu as the country baffoon?
|
[
"hojo"
] |
task469-0b65115a6a704fea885dc6d78c91fd38
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: How can something that represents nothing in particular be so eye-catching to look at? If you have once said, "That is easy to paint... Who would pay that significant amount of money for something that doesn't even relate to anything?", then chances are that you do not appreciate what Abstract Art really is. When looking at Abstract Art, you are seeing the most freely formed type of artwork an artist can create. _ 1 _ . You would think that when looking at art that is non-representational, it would be less interesting to view as you do not know what the artist is truly trying to depict in his or her artwork. _ 2 _ . This type of art is meant to grab your attention and pull an emotional response right from within you. Once you see that part of the painting...the part that keeps you drawn in and your mind thinking, it is then when you know you are analyzing something special...something called Abstract Art. _ 3 _ . So what grabs your attention when seeing this particular piece of art? Well let's think...what gets your attention in any circumstance? Why is a stop sign bright red? That's right...Abstract Art, in most circumstances, is filled with color1s of all sorts that are meant to turn heads. These characteristics, along with others such as the paintings texture and other elements, are what make this form of art one of the most popular styles collected today. The creativity involved with these pieces of art brings upon a new imagination that some viewers didn't know existed within them. This art is from the heart and soul, instead of what you see is what you get. With that being said, you can now see that Abstract Art is more than just a thoughtless mess put on a canvas. _ 4 _ . While viewing the work of a very talented artist, Osnat Tzadok, I came across a quote of hers that states "Every time I pass near a blank canvas I feel something explode inside of me. It is not something I can explain or pass on to someone else...but it is, always, a beginning of a new creation". This quote of Osnat's perfectly portrays what we, the viewers, should feel when viewing an artist's abstract creation. Just as an artist gets this "explosion" that Osnat speaks of, we receive the same feeling when looking at their piece if we truly appreciate Abstract Art. The beauty of non-representational art is that we can create the story within the painting. We can ask ourselves, "Why do these color1s interact with each other?" or "What does this symbolize?".... and with those questions our imagination brings about answers.
Question: Where can we most properly put the sentence "This is where the beauty of Abstract Art comes about"?
|
[
"2"
] |
task469-a3fd71c4110b44798f5558d75391b29b
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Ion Assault is a multidirectional shooter video game developed by Coreplay and published by Black Inc. for the Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Microsoft Windows.
Question: Who worked on Ion Assault?
|
[
"coreplay"
] |
task469-23382dd8309b4c98a7f4e60c2b8a70e5
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Cecilia Underwood, 1st Duchess of Inverness (nee Lady Cecilia Letitia Gore; c. 1785 -- 1 August 1873) was the second wife of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, sixth son of George III. As their marriage was in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, it was considered legally void, and she could not be styled either as the Duchess of Sussex or a Princess.
Question: What is Cecilia Underwood, 1st Duchess of Inverness's spouse's name?
|
[
"prince augustus frederick, duke of sussex"
] |
task469-f7de4ccf433249aba02bb2da2bfafbbf
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: A Youth with a Jug is an oil painting currently in a private collection.
Question: What is the name of the place where A Youth with a Jug can be found?
|
[
"private collection"
] |
task469-bb89a78709734776bd00c01eb8a7578c
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The first batch was build as ''Object 172M'' and after some modifications it was tested again in 1973 and accepted into service as ''T-72''.
Question: What year was T-72 commissioned?
|
[
"1973"
] |
task469-e630088f80ed487c8a70d4a938454a23
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The proposition that finger print variability between individuals might be reduced by the absence of an X-chromosome in Turner's syndrome was rejected. In the present study of 58 XO patients, aged 15-50 years, relatives of several cases, unrelated female control samples and three unrelated male samples were investigated. The higher mean value of the TRC among patients supported the hypothesis forwarded by Penrose that an added X- or Y-chromosome reduces the TRC and a missing one increasing it. The figures do not speak against the hypothesis that genes affecting the TRC are located on the X-chromosome. A summary of the major dermatoglyphic investigations in Turner's syndrome is presented.
Question: What chromosome is affected in Turner's syndrome?
|
[
"x"
] |
task469-ffa6c1b77cc844fba8dc810fd944b012
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Coming off their divisional road win over the Dolphins, the Jets flew to Ralph Wilson Stadium for a Week 4 AFC East duel with the throwback-clad Buffalo Bills. New York scored in the first quarter as running back LaDainian Tomlinson got a 1-yard touchdown run. The Jets added onto their lead in the second quarter with a 19-yard field goal from kicker Nick Folk, followed by quarterback Mark Sanchez completing a 41-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Braylon Edwards. The Bills closed out the half with quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick finding tight end David Martin on a 4-yard touchdown pass. New York pulled away in the third quarter as tight end Dustin Keller caught a 3-yard touchdown pass from wide receiver/quarterback Brad Smith, followed by his 2-yard touchdown reception thrown by Sanchez. Afterwards, Tomlinson's 26-yard touchdown run effectively secured the victory. Buffalo closed out the game in the fourth quarter as Fitzpatrick threw a touchdown pass to wide receiver Steve Johnson.
Question: Who scored the last touchdown of the game?
|
[
"steve johnson"
] |
task469-b183c8cee342470aa13d5b408140330d
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Genevieve Blatt (1913--1996) was an American politician and attorney from Pennsylvania, and a member of the Democratic Party.
Question: Which political party was Genevieve Blatt a member of?
|
[
"democratic party"
] |
task469-70bbb68dc50b45b78922a9c1d2365cda
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Coming off their win over the Browns, the Bears stayed at home for a Week 9 duel with the Arizona Cardinals. Chicago would trail early in the first quarter as Cardinals quarterback Kurt Warner hooked up with wide receiver Larry Fitzgerald on an 11-yard touchdown pass. The Bears would answer as quarterback Jay Cutler competed a 33-yard touchdown pass to tight end Greg Olsen, but Arizona came right back as Warner hooked up with tight end Ben Patrick on a 6-yard touchdown pass. Chicago would find themselves in a huge deficit in the second quarter as Warner completed a 17-yard touchdown pass to Fitzpatrick and a 15-yard touchdown pass to tight end Anthony Becht, followed by kicker Neil Rackers nailing a 43-yard field goal. The Cardinals would add onto their lead as Rackers booted a 30-yard field goal in the third quarter. The Bears tried to rally in the fourth quarter as Cutler connected with Olsen on a 3-yard and a 20-yard touchdown pass, but Arizona pulled away with Warner completing a 4-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Steve Breaston.
Question: Which player scored the first touchdown of the game,Larry Fitzgerald or Steve Breaston?
|
[
"larry fitzgerald"
] |
task469-a56113949940438eb524a7c4c82a0325
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The gene encoding the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) is frequently mutated in Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA), a congenital erythroblastopenia. The consequence of these mutations on the onset of the disease remains obscure. Here, we show that RPS19 plays an essential role in biogenesis of the 40S small ribosomal subunit in human cells. Knockdown of RPS19 expression by siRNAs impairs 18S rRNA synthesis and formation of 40S subunits and induces apoptosis in HeLa cells. Pre-rRNA processing is altered, which leads to an arrest in the maturation of precursors to the 18S rRNA. Under these conditions, pre-40S particles are not exported to the cytoplasm and accumulate in the nucleoplasm of the cells in perinuclear dots. Consistently, we find that ribosome biogenesis and nucleolar organization is altered in skin fibroblasts from DBA patients bearing mutations in the RPS19 gene. In addition, maturation of the 18S rRNA is also perturbed in cells from a patient bearing no RPS19-related mutation. These results support the hypothesis that DBA is directly related to a defect in ribosome biogenesis and indicate that yet to be discovered DBA-related genes may be involved in the synthesis of the ribosomal subunits.
Question: In which syndrome is the RPS19 gene most frequently mutated?
|
[
"dba",
"diamond-blackfan anemia"
] |
task469-5b8739fcaccb4b46a40d70d57c5e789e
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Hoping to rebound from their road loss to the Steelers, the Browns went home for a Week 7 interconference duel with the Green Bay Packers. After a scoreless first quarter, Cleveland began the second quarter with kicker Billy Cundiff's 22-yard field goal. However, the Packers would take charge with quarterback Aaron Rodgers completing a 45-yard touchdown pass to tight end Spencer Havner and a 71-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Donald Driver, followed by a 1-yard touchdown run by running back Ryan Grant. Afterwards, Green Bay pulled away in the second half with kicker Mason Crosby booting an 18-yard field goal in the third quarter and Rodgers finding wide receiver James Jones on a 5-yard touchdown pass.
Question: What was the longest touchdown of the game?
|
[
"71-yard touchdown"
] |
task469-f92b97a8b4324db090badcb659a60805
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Browns were making their first trip to San Diego since 2006. The game was back and forth, with neither team leading by more than one possession. The Chargers led 7-3 after the 1st quarter. On the Browns' first drive of the second quarter, QB Josh McCown threw a 34-yard touchdown pass to RB Duke Johnson to put the Browns up 10-7. The teams traded field goals, making it a 13-13 game at halftime. The Browns scored a field goal at the start of the 3rd quarter to go up 16-13. On the Chargers' next drive, QB Philip Rivers led the Chargers to a touchdown, going up 20-16 heading into the 4th quarter. After K Travis Coons kicked a field goal to cut the deficit to 20-19, Rivers led another touchdown drive to put the Chargers up 27-19. On the Browns' next drive, they reached the end zone, assisted by an incredible catch by TE Gary Barnidge on the Chargers' 1 yard line. They converted on the two point conversion to tie the game at 27-27 with just over 2 minutes remaining. The Chargers reached the Browns' 24 yard line with under 50 seconds to play. The Browns began to use timeouts until the Chargers faced 4th down with 2 seconds to play. After the Chargers called timeout, their kicker had an opportunity to win the game with a 39-yard field goal. The 39 yard game winning attempt was off to the right, and the game appeared to be on its way to overtime.. However, CB Tramon Williams was flagged for being offside during the play, giving the Chargers another attempt, this time from 34 yards. The field goal was converted, and the Chargers won 30-27. The Browns committed 12 penalties in the game, including this critical offside penalty.
Question: Who had the most points at the end of the first quarter?
|
[
"the chargers"
] |
task469-3f416d4cef924793983b9a18408c300f
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Hoping to rebound from their home loss to the Patriots, the Cowboys stayed at home for a Week 7 intraconference game against the Minnesota Vikings. In the first quarter, Dallas scored first as QB Tony Romo completed a 5-yard TD pass to WR Terrell Owens. The Vikings would respond with RB Adrian Peterson getting a 20-yard TD run. In the second quarter, Minnesota took the lead after a turnover. WR Patrick Crayton fumbled a pass, which was picked up LB Ben Leber, who later lateraled the ball to CB Cedric Griffin, who would eventually fumble and recover the ball at the Cowboys 28-yard line and run it into the end zone for a touchdown. In the third quarter, RB Marion Barber got a 1-yard TD run, while Safety Pat Watkins returned a blocked field goal by Chris Canty 68 yards for a touchdown. It would mark the first time that a Cowboy player returned a blocked field goal since Ed "Too Tall" Jones in 1983 against the New Orleans Saints on Sept. 25, 1983. In the fourth quarter, Dallas sealed the victory with rookie Nick Folk getting a 45-yard field goal. With the win, the Cowboys entered their bye week at 6-1.
Question: Who scored the shortest touchdown?
|
[
"marion barber"
] |
task469-a31d45dd12b24a9e87f123b41896980a
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: In 1999, AudioCodes was listed on the NASDAQ stock exchange (NASDAQ: AUDC) and the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.
Question: What stock exchange is AudioCodes on?
|
[
"nasdaq"
] |
task469-a5a5c0136d5f4dd299d2deefce2efc28
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: To evaluate the effects of the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin added to metformin for 12weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes. This dose-ranging, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial randomized 495 participants with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) >7 to 10%] to receive 1, 5, 10, 25, or 50mg empagliflozin once daily (QD), or placebo, or open-label sitagliptin (100mg QD), added to metformin for 12weeks. The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c from baseline to week 12 (empagliflozin groups versus placebo). Reductions in HbA1c of -0.09 to -0.56% were observed with empagliflozin after 12weeks, versus an increase of 0.15% with placebo (baseline: 7.8-8.1%). Compared with placebo, empagliflozin doses from 5 to 50mg resulted in reductions in fasting plasma glucose (-2 to -28mg/dl vs. 5mg/dl with placebo; p<0.0001) and body weight (-2.3 to -2.9kg vs. -1.2kg; p<0.01). Frequency of adverse events was generally similar with empagliflozin (29.6-48.6%), placebo (36.6%) and sitagliptin (35.2%). Hypoglycaemia rates were very low and balanced among groups. Most frequent adverse events with empagliflozin were urinary tract infections (4.0% vs. 2.8% with placebo) and pollakiuria (2.5% vs. 1.4% with placebo). Genital infections were reported only with empagliflozin (4.0%). Once daily empagliflozin as add-on therapy to metformin was well tolerated except for increased genital infections and resulted in reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on metformin monotherapy.
Question: Which protein does empagliflozin inhibit?
|
[
"sglt2"
] |
task469-f179be66602b4daa8e82278e18fc1faa
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Fish are aquatic vertebrates. They make up more than half of all living vertebrate species. Most fish are ectothermic. They share several adaptations that suit them for life in the water. You can see some of the aquatic adaptations of fish in Figure 13.7. For a video introduction to aquatic adaptations of fish, go to this link: . MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Fish are covered with scales. Scales are overlapping tissues, like shingles on a roof. They reduce friction with the water. They also provide a flexible covering that lets fish move their body to swim. Fish have gills. Gills are organs behind the head that absorb oxygen from water. Water enters through the mouth, passes over the gills, and then exits the body. Fish typically have a stream-lined body. This reduces water resistance. Most fish have fins. Fins function like paddles or rudders. They help fish swim and navigate in the water. Most fish have a swim bladder. This is a balloon-like organ containing gas. By inflating or deflating their swim bladder, fish can rise or sink in the water. Fish have a circulatory system with a heart. They also have a complete digestive system. It includes several organs and other structures. Fish with jaws use their jaws and teeth to chew food before swallowing it. This allows them to eat larger prey animals. Fish have a nervous system with a brain. Fish brains are small compared with the brains of other vertebrates. However, they are large and complex compared with the brains of invertebrates. Fish also have highly developed sense organs. They include organs to see, hear, feel, smell, and taste. Almost all fish have sexual reproduction, generally with separate sexes. Each fish typically produces large numbers of sperm or eggs. Fertilization takes place in the water outside the body in the majority of fish. Most fish are oviparous. The embryo develops in an egg outside the mothers body. Many species of fish reproduce by spawning. Spawning occurs when many adult fish group together and release their sperm or eggs into the water at the same time. You can see fish spawning in Figure 13.8. Spawning increases the changes that fertilization will take place. It typically results in a large number of embryos forming at once. This makes it more likely that at least some of the embryos will avoid being eaten by predators. You can watch trout spawning in Yellowstone Park in this interesting video: [Link] MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: With spawning, fish parents cant identify their own offspring. Therefore, in most species, there is no parental care of offspring. However, there are exceptions. Some species of fish carry their fertilized eggs in their mouth until they Fish eggs hatch into larvae. Each larva swims around attached to a yolk sac from the egg (see Figure 13.9). The yolk sac provides it with food. Fish larvae look different from adult fish of the same species. They must go through metamorphosis to change into the adult form. There are about 28,000 living species of fish. They are placed in five different classes. The classes are commonly called hagfish, lampreys, cartilaginous fish, ray-finned fish, and lobe-finned fish. Table 13.2 shows pictures of fish in each class. It also provides additional information about the classes. Class Hagfish Lampreys Cartilaginous Fish Distinguishing Traits Hagfish are very primitive fish. They lack scales and fins. They even lack a backbone, but they do have a cranium. They secrete large amounts of thick, slimy mucus. This makes them slippery, so they can slip out of the jaws of predators. Lampreys lack scales but have fins and a partial backbone. Their mouth is surrounded by a large round sucker with teeth. They use the sucker to suck the blood of other fish. Example hagfish Cartilaginous fish include sharks, rays, and ratfish. Their endoskele- ton is made of cartilage instead of bone. They also lack a swim blad- der. However, they have a complete vertebral column and jaws. They also have a relatively
Question: All of the following classes of fish have fins except for
|
[
"hagfish"
] |
task469-f52ff3b1961e4883894c3b4d59be4b35
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Judge Dan Haywood (Spencer Tracy) arrives in Nuremberg in 1948 to preside over the trial of four Nazi judges, each charged with having abused the court system to help cleanse Germany of the politically and socially undesirable, allegedly guilty of war crimes. The opening statement of the prosecuting attorney (Richard Widmark) is a vicious one, depicting the defendants as having been willing, evil, accomplices in Nazi atrocities, but Judge Haywood wonders if it is really that simple.Confounded at how one defendant, a renowned German champion of justice named Ernst Janning (Burt Lancaster), appears to have played the greatest role in molding Germany's Ministry of Justice into a destructive instrument of Nazism, Judge Haywood resolves to gain some perspective on the period in which the German legal system strayed from a course of entirely objective justice.Probing for the truth proves difficult, though, as nobody who lived in Germany during Nazism seems to admit to having much inside knowledge. He befriends Mrs. Bertholt (Marlene Dietrich), the widow of an executed Nazi army officer, but she offers few insights, more consumed by her personal experiences than the broader matters of Nazism. Mrs. Bertholt is focusing on being a catalyst for the cultural rebirth of Nuremberg, keen on remolding the image of a city that had become notorious as the site of the Nazi raliies. An attempt to discuss the period with his housekeepers, Mr. and Mrs. Halbestadt, who had lived near the Dachau concentration camp, proves equally fruitless for Judge Haywood, as they cannot help but focus on the loss of their child in the bombing and the fact that they nearly starved from poverty. Whether anyone knew anything mattered little, for Germans were looking forward, not backward, still grappling with, and recovering from, the hardships and losses that the war brought to them and their families.Only in the courtroom will Judge Haywood have the opportunity to gain insights into the realities of the period. First hand evidence of a) all German judges having sworn to a Nazi oath of allegiance, b) human sterilization orders signed by the defendants and carried out, and c) the execution of a Jew merely for having relations with a non-Jew, painted an evil picture of the ways in which the law had been applied by the defendants during Nazism. Still, Judge Haywood cannot fully come to grips with why these judges had been willing to enforce the law in such a horrific manner. Not, at least, until the defendant Ernst Janning feels compelled to make a statement, against the advice of his counsel (Maximilian Schell).In his statement made under oath, Janning speaks of how economically-stricken Germany had become a nation of fearful, desperate people, and how only such a people could submit to Nazism. Hitler's promises, Janning explained, in which he openly vowed the elimination of those accountable for Germany's hardships were, at first, soothing and reassuring to them. Janning then noted that, even once the complicit realized the unconscionability and inhumanity of Hitler's approach, they stayed at their posts to help things from getting even worse, but, predictably, failed to derail the atrocities of the times. He explained that national allegiance had motivated most of them to the point that they sacrificed their own personal senses of morality. In a deeply personal, yet self-damning, statement, he conceded that most of them should have known better, and that those that had gone along had betrayed Germany.At long last, the issue at the heart of the case becomes clear to Judge Haywood - the choice that the defendants had to make was between allegiance to their country and allegiance to their own senses of right and wrong. Understanding the times and context in which the actions of the defendants took place, Judge Haywood is ready to pass judgment on the defendants. He sentences each to life imprisonment, noting that their actions were illegal under both International law and German law, and further notes that they were men of sufficient intellect, prominence and credibility in Germany that their refusal to help transform the German court system into an institution that, systematically, denied justice to enemies of the Third Reich might have made a difference.As noted in
Question: who took the stand?
|
[
"janning"
] |
task469-455b7008824043a89b25945cd4383c98
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: ''Halle Berry (She's Fine)'' is the lead single by American rapper Hurricane Chris from his second studio album, Unleashed, The song features guest appearances from a local rapper, named Superstarr.
Question: What artist created Halle Berry (She's Fine)?
|
[
"hurricane chris"
] |
task469-5f90ce57e4e44a4e8b5fe0f2a1a3fb91
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Many families find that when it comes to a Caribbean getaway, they prefer bigger hotels. If you're considering an Aruba vacation, there are plenty of resorts that will suit your every need. Aruba Marriott Resort and Casino This resort is on Aruba's famous palm Beach, and has the largest rooms of all Aruba hotels. A recent upgrade gives it a very fashionable look and feel. The resort offers excellent services on site including delicate fine dining and a 24-hour casino. Hyatt Regency Aruba Resort Popular with families, this resort stands out by its style and elegance. The most attractive aspect is the Spanish-style architecture and garden-like grounds. you will find waterfalls flowing into the beautiful man-made lake which add to the relaxing atmosphere. This hotel offers plenty to enjoy. Renaissance Aruba Ocean Suites This resort is absolutely fantastic for families with young children and features 40 acres of private beaches. The pool complex features several outdoor pools, two pool-side bars, and a swim-up bar. There is also a kids club which offers many activities. Guests at this hotel even have full access to the Radisson Aruba Resort Casino & Spring. Occidental Grand Aruba This resort is set on a beautiful white sandy beach and offers everything from sailing to late-night dancing. There is always plenty to do on the resort free of charge, but if you want to pay a little extra you can book yourself in for deep-sea fishing, golf, or private tennis lessons.
Question: What is the main characteristic of Hyatt Regency Aruba Resort?
|
[
"its style and elegance."
] |
task469-bebbc7e241044c3abce7aaf1d7b0c090
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: There are three major apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms. Although APOE-epsilon3 is considered a longevity gene, APOE-epsilon4 is a dual risk factor to atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease. We have expressed full-length and N- and C-terminal truncated apoE3 and apoE4 tailored to eliminate helix and domain interactions to unveil structural and functional disturbances. The N-terminal truncated apoE4-(72-299) and C-terminal truncated apoE4-(1-231) showed more complicated or aggregated species than those of the corresponding apoE3 counterparts. This isoformic structural variation did not exist in the presence of dihexanoylphosphatidylcholine. The C-terminal truncated apoE-(1-191) and apoE-(1-231) proteins greatly lost lipid binding ability as illustrated by the dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine turbidity clearance. The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor binding ability, determined by a competition binding assay of 3H-LDL to the LDL receptor of HepG2 cells, showed that apoE4 proteins with N-terminal (apoE4-(72-299)), C-terminal (apoE4-(1-231)), or complete C-terminal truncation (apoE4-(1-191)) maintained greater receptor binding abilities than their apoE3 counterparts. The cholesterol-lowering abilities of apoE3-(72-299) and apoE3-(1-231) in apoE-deficient mice were decreased significantly. The structural preference of apoE4 to remain functional in solution may explain the enhanced opportunity of apoE4 isoform to display its pathophysiologic functions in atherosclerosis and Alzheimer disease.
Question: Which ApoE isoform is associated with atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease?
|
[
"apoe4 isoform",
"apolipoprotein e4 isoform"
] |
task469-ab887ac08966440c87704de30a6c37d0
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: St. Canute's Cathedral (Danish: Odense Domkirke or Sct. Knuds Kirke), also known as Odense Cathedral, is named after the Danish king Canute the Saint (Danish: Knud den Hellige), otherwise Canute IV. It is a fine example of Brick Gothic architecture.
Question: The art style of St. Canute's Cathedral is what?
|
[
"gothic architecture"
] |
task469-1e62ba6c30084fab97396e8457336096
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: A physical change in matter is a change in one or more of matters physical properties. Glass breaking is just one example of a physical change. Some other examples are shown in Figure 3.16 and in the video below. In each example, matter may look different after the change occurs, but its still the same substance with the same chemical properties. For example, smaller pieces of wood have the ability to burn just as larger logs do. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Because the type of matter remains the same with physical changes, the changes are often easy to undo. For example, braided hair can be unbraided again. Melted chocolate can be put in a fridge to re-harden. Dissolving salt in water is also a physical change. How do you think you could undo it? Did you ever make a "volcano," like the one in Figure 3.17, using baking soda and vinegar? What happens when the two substances combine? They produce an eruption of foamy bubbles. This happens because of a chemical change. A chemical change occurs when matter changes chemically into an entirely different substance with different chemical properties. When vinegar and baking soda combine, they form carbon dioxide, a gas that causes the bubbles. Its the same gas that gives soft drinks their fizz. Not all chemical changes are as dramatic as this "volcano." Some are slower and less obvious. Figure 3.18 and the video below show other examples of chemical changes. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: How can you tell whether a chemical change has occurred? Often, there are clues. Several are demonstrated in Figures 3.17 and 3.18 and in the video below. MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: To decide whether a chemical change has occurred, look for these signs: Gas bubbles are released. (Example: Baking soda and vinegar mix and produce bubbles.) Something changes color. (Example: Leaves turn from green to other colors.) An odor is produced. (Example: Logs burn and smell smoky.) A solid comes out of a solution. (Example: Eggs cook and a white solid comes out of the clear liquid part of the egg.) Because chemical changes produce new substances, they often cannot be undone. For example, you cant change a fried egg back to a raw egg. Some chemical changes can be reversed, but only by other chemical changes. For example, to undo the tarnish on copper pennies, you can place them in vinegar. The acid in the vinegar reacts with the tarnish. This is a chemical change that makes the pennies bright and shiny again. You can try this yourself at home to see how well it works. If you build a campfire, like the one in Figure 3.19, you start with a large stack of sticks and logs. As the fire burns, the stack slowly shrinks. By the end of the evening, all thats left is a small pile of ashes. What happened to the matter that you started with? Was it destroyed by the flames? It may seem that way, but in fact, the same amount of matter still exists. The wood changed not only to ashes but also to carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases. The gases floated off into the air, leaving behind just the ashes. Assume you had measured the mass of the wood before you burned it. Assume you had also trapped the gases released by the burning wood and measured their mass and the mass of the ashes. What would you find? The ashes and gases combined have the same mass as the wood you started with. This example illustrates the law of conservation of mass. The law states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. Even when matter goes through physical or chemical changes, the total mass of matter always remains the same. (In the chapter Nuclear Chemistry, you will learn about nuclear reactions, in which mass is converted into energy. But other than that, the law of conservation of mass holds
Question: Matter cannot be created or destroyed according to the law of
|
[
"conservation of mass."
] |
task469-a66f06e082e54d4099af652fcfe71d1f
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Castigliano's method, named for Carlo Alberto Castigliano, is a method for determining the displacements of a linear-elastic system based on the partial derivatives of the energy.
Question: Who was the original discoverer of Castigliano's method?
|
[
"carlo alberto castigliano"
] |
task469-b3f3d9e9193e49b295d1dc94800bd7d3
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Many life science discoveries would not have been possible without the microscope. For example: Cells are the tiny building blocks of living things. They couldnt be discovered until the microscope was invented. The discovery of cells led to the cell theory. This is one of the most important theories in life science. Bacteria are among the most numerous living things on the planet. They also cause many diseases. However, no one knew bacteria even existed until they could be seen with a microscope. The invention of the microscope allowed scientists to see cells, bacteria, and many other structures that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye. It gave them a direct view into the unseen world of the extremely tiny. You can get a glimpse of that world in Figure 1.10. The microscope was invented more than four centuries ago. In the late 1500s, two Dutch eyeglass makers, Zacharias Jansen and his father Hans, built the first microscope. They put several magnifying lenses in a tube. They discovered that using more than one lens magnified objects more than a single lens. Their simple microscope could make small objects appear nine times bigger than they really were. In the mid-1600s, the English scientist Robert Hooke was one of the first scientists to observe living things with a microscope. He published the first book of microscopic studies, called Micrographia. It includes wonderful drawings of microscopic organisms and other objects. One of Hookes most important discoveries came when he viewed thin slices of cork under a microscope. Cork is made from the bark of a tree. When Hooke viewed it under a microscope, he saw many tiny compartments that he called cells. He made the drawing in Figure 1.11 to show what he observed. Hooke was the first person to observe the cells from a once-living organism. In the late 1600s, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch lens maker and scientist, started making much stronger microscopes. His microscopes could magnify objects as much as 270 times their actual size. Van Leeuwenhoek made many scientific discoveries using his microscopes. He was the first to see and describe bacteria. He observed them in a sample of plaque that he had scraped off his own teeth. He also saw yeast cells, human sperm cells, and the microscopic life teeming in a drop of pond water. He even saw blood cells circulating in tiny blood vessels called capillaries. The drawings in Figure 1.12 show some of tiny organisms and living cells that van Leeuwenhoek viewed with his microscopes. He called them animalcules. These early microscopes used lenses to refract light and create magnified images. This type of microscope is called a light microscope. Light microscopes continued to improve and are still used today. The microscope you might use in science class is a light microscope. The most powerful light microscopes now available can make objects look up to 2000 times their actual size. You can learn how to use a light microscope by watching this short video: http MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: To see what you might observe with a light microscope, watch the following video. It shows some amazing creatures in a drop of stagnant water from an old boat. What do you think the creatures might be? Do they look like any of van Leeuwenhoeks animalcules in Figure 1.12? MEDIA Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: For an object to be visible with a light microscope, it cant be smaller than the wavelength of visible light (about 550 nanometers). To view smaller objects, a different type of microscope, such as an electron microscope, must be used. Electron microscopes pass beams of electrons through or across an object. They can make a very clear image that is up to 2 million times bigger than the actual object. An electron microscope was used to make the image of the ant head in Figure 1.10.
Question: The inventors of the microscope were
|
[
"dutch"
] |
task469-ff6a72ded5b04c039e7768dca5ded2e1
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Coming off their come-from-behind win over the Dolphins, the Broncos traveled to Arrowhead Stadium for an AFC West rematch with the Kansas City Chiefs. The Broncos jumped out to a 14-0 lead on their first two possessions in the first quarter, with quarterback Peyton Manning throwing a pair of touchdown passes a 23-yarder to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas and a 15-yarder to running back C. J. Anderson. A 22-yard field goal by placekicker Connor Barth increased the Broncos' lead to 17-0 early in the second quarter. The scoring play occurred after the Broncos' special teams fooled the Chiefs with a fake punt run by safety David Bruton and a fourth-down conversion by Anderson. The Chiefs got on the scoreboard later in the second quarter, with quarterback Alex Smith connecting on a 20-yard touchdown pass to tight end Anthony Fasano. The Broncos' offense subsequently marched down the field, but had to settle on a 24-yard field goal by Barth just before halftime. The Chiefs' defense forced a fumble off Manning deep in Broncos' territory on the Broncos' first possession of the second half, but had to settle on a 39-yard field goal by placekicker Cairo Santos. Barth added two more field goals a 30-yarder midway through the third quarter and a 33-yarder early in the fourth quarter to increase the Broncos' lead to 26-10. The first field goal came after a DeMarcus Ware interception of Smith on a deflected pass, while the second field goal came after Chiefs' cornerback Marcus Cooper muffed a punt. The Chiefs narrowed the Broncos' lead, with Smith throwing a 12-yard touchdown pass to running back Jamaal Charles. However, Broncos' safety T. J. Ward knocked away a two-point conversion pass from Smith intended for Fasano that would have brought the Chiefs to within a one-score deficit. Barth added one more field goal a 37-yarder midway through the fourth quarter. The Broncos' defense subdued the Chiefs for the remainder of the game. With the win, the Broncos swept the Chiefs for a third consecutive season. Peyton Manning improved his personal record to 11-1 all-time in games against the Chiefs.
Question: Who kicked the third longest field goal?
|
[
"connor barth"
] |
task469-546004f9362943b6b9cb1aed9b565ddf
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Epigenetic modifications of histones regulate gene expression and chromatin structure. Here we show that Meisetz (meiosis-induced factor containing a PR/SET domain and zinc-finger motif) is a histone methyltransferase that is important for the progression of early meiotic prophase. Meisetz transcripts are detected only in germ cells entering meiotic prophase in female fetal gonads and in postnatal testis. Notably, Meisetz has catalytic activity for trimethylation, but not mono- or dimethylation, of lysine 4 of histone H3, and a transactivation activity that depends on its methylation activity. Mice in which the Meisetz gene is disrupted show sterility in both sexes due to severe impairment of the double-stranded break repair pathway, deficient pairing of homologous chromosomes and impaired sex body formation. In Meisetz-deficient testis, trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 is attenuated and meiotic gene transcription is altered. These findings indicate that meiosis-specific epigenetic events in mammals are crucial for proper meiotic progression.
Question: What is the characteristic domain of histone methyltransferases?
|
[
"set domain"
] |
task469-af23489d2e564763a41f1f84867930e4
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Water pollution contributes to water shortages by making some water sources unavailable for use. In underdeveloped countries, raw sewage is dumped into the same water that people drink and bathe in. Even in developed countries, water pollution affects human and environmental health. Water pollution includes any contaminant that gets into lakes, streams, and oceans. The most widespread source of water contamination in developing countries is raw sewage. In developed countries, the three main sources of water pollution are described below. Wastewater from cities and towns contains many different contaminants from many different homes, businesses, and industries (Figure 1.1). Contaminants come from: Sewage disposal (some sewage is inadequately treated or untreated). Storm drains. Septic tanks (sewage from homes). Boats that dump sewage. Yard runoff (fertilizer and herbicide waste). Large numbers of sewage spills into San Francisco Bay are forcing cities, water agencies and the public to take a closer look at wastewater and its impacts on the health of the bay. QUEST investigates the causes of the spills and whats being done to prevent them. Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Factories and hospitals spew pollutants into the air and waterways (Figure 1.2). Some of the most hazardous industrial pollutants include: Radioactive substances from nuclear power plants and medical and scientific sources. Heavy metals, organic toxins, oils, and solids in industrial waste. Chemicals, such as sulfur, from burning fossil fuels. Oil and other petroleum products from supertanker spills and offshore drilling accidents. Heated water from industrial processes, such as power stations. Runoff from crops, livestock, and poultry farming carries contaminants such as fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste into nearby waterways (Figure 1.3). Soil and silt also run off farms. Animal wastes may carry harmful diseases, particularly in the developing world. The high density of animals in a factory farm means that runoff from the area is full of pollutants. Fertilizers that run off of lawns and farm fields are extremely harmful to the environment. Nutrients, such as nitrates, in the fertilizer promote algae growth in the water they flow into. With the excess nutrients, lakes, rivers, and bays become clogged with algae and aquatic plants. Eventually these organisms die and decompose. Decomposition uses up all the dissolved oxygen in the water. Without oxygen, large numbers of plants, fish, and bottom-dwelling animals die.
Question: contaminants such as radioactive substances, toxic chemicals and petroleum come from __________.
|
[
"industries"
] |
task469-a001e178f573481d862ff7a10bfa91c8
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: In week 4, the Lions traveled across Lake Michigan to Green Bay, Wisconsin to play division rivals the Green Bay Packers. The Packers started the scoring in the first quarter with a 29-yard TD catch by Donald Driver from Aaron Rodgers. The Lions tied it up in the second quarter with a 23-yard TD catch by Calvin Johnson. The Packers took the lead with a 13-yard catch by Jermichael Finley. They added to their lead 17-yard catch by Greg Jennings. The Lions responded just before halftime with a 21-yard catch by Calvin Johnson. Just after the break, the Packers' Charles Woodson returned an interception for a touchdown. The Lions attempted a comeback with 4 consecutive field goals: from 39 yards and 52 yards in the 3rd quarter, and later from 49 yards and 24 yards in the 4th. With the loss, not only did the Lions fall to 0-4, but it also marked their 19th consecutive loss in Wisconsin.
Question: Who threw the first touchdown pass of the game?
|
[
"aaron rodgers"
] |
task469-71098537d8cd4f82b74a7a4a39a450e4
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Philadelphia chromosome found in leukemia cells of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients is produced by translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, resulting in expression of a chimera protein of Bcr and Abl kinase in the cytoplasm. Bcr-Abl kinase attracted oncology researchers as a molecular target for CML therapy, and a variety of small Abl kinase inhibitors were synthesized. STI571 (imatinib mesylate) was produced by modification of 2-phenylaminopyrimidine, a core structure of protein kinase C inhibitor, to improve selectivity, stability, solubility, and bioavailability. STI571 competitively binds to the ATP binding site of Bcr-Abl kinase and inhibits Abl tyrosine kinase activity. STI571 showed significant efficacy in the clinical study with CML patients at all stages: chronic phase, accelerated phase, and blast crisis. More than 90% of the patients showed good hematologic response to STI571. STI571 is also a potent inhibitor of a receptor-type c-Kit tyrosine kinase. Therefore, STI571 was examined for therapeutic efficacy against malignant Gastro-Intestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST), which are mainly caused by aberrant expression of a mutated c-Kit that is constitutively active without binding of a ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). More than a half of the metastatic GIST patients enrolled in the clinical study responded to STI571. Thus, STI571 is now used as a therapeutic drug for both CML and GIST in more than 80 countries worldwide. Certain point mutations in the ATP binding site were found to be a cause of resistance to STI571 in both Bcr-Abl and c-Kit kinases. Therefore, it would be better to make a precise therapeutic strategy with STI571 based on the gene analysis data. It is also expected that it will be possible to design an inhibitor to overcome such resistance by using the structural information on the mutants.
Question: What tyrosine kinase, involved in a Philadelphia- chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia, is the target of Imatinib (Gleevec)?
|
[
"bcr-abl"
] |
task469-d591879db4684231b588c1f6451e9f97
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: On 1 January 2016, Moustoir-Remungol, Naizin and Remungol merged becoming one commune called Evellys.
Question: By what was Moustoir-Remungol replaced?
|
[
"évellys"
] |
task469-d18979c025694129b8537c7658d94e6d
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Opicapone (OPC) is a novel catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor to be used as adjunctive therapy in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of moderate liver impairment on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD; effect on COMT activity) of OPC. An open-label, parallel-group study in patients (n=8) with moderate liver impairment (Child-Pugh category B, score of 7 to 9) and matched healthy subjects (n=8, control) with normal liver function. All subjects received a single 50-mg oral dose of OPC, with plasma and urine concentrations of opicapone and its metabolites measured up to 72h post-dose, including soluble COMT (S-COMT) activity. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the main PK and PD parameters between groups. Point estimates (PE) of geometric mean ratios (GMR) and corresponding 90% confidence intervals (90%CI) for the ratio hepatic/control subjects of each parameter were calculated and compared with the reference interval (80-125%). Exposure to opicapone (AUC and Cmax) increased significantly in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (PE [90%CI]: AUC0-, 184% [135-250%]; Cmax, 189% [144-249%]). Although apparent total clearance (CL/F) of opicapone was decreased by 35%, similar elimination half-life and unbound/bound fractions of opicapone were observed between the two groups. Both rate and extent of exposure to BIA 9-1103 were higher in the hepatically impaired group, but not statistically significant compared with the control group. Similar to the parent (opicapone), the observed increase in exposure to BIA 9-1106 was statistically significant in the hepatically impaired group over the control group. BIA 9-1106 was the only metabolite detected in urine and its urine PK parameters were in accordance with plasma data. Maximum S-COMT inhibition (Emax) occurred earlier for the hepatically impaired group with values of 100% and 91.2% for the hepatically impaired and control groups respectively. Both Emax and AUEC for the hepatically impaired group reached statistical significance over the control group. OPC was well tolerated in both hepatically impaired and control groups. The bioavailability of an orally administered single dose of 50mg OPC was significantly higher in patients with moderate chronic hepatic impairment, perhaps by a reduced first-pass effect. As the tolerability profile of OPC was favourable under the conditions of this study and its exposure is completely purged from systemic circulation before the subsequent dose administration, no OPC dose adjustment is needed in patients with mild to moderate chronic hepatic impairment. However, as OPC is under clinical development for use as adjunctive therapy in levodopa-treated patients with Parkinson's disease, an adjustment of levodopa and/or OPC regimens in patients should be carefully considered based on a potentially enhanced levodopa dopaminergic response and the associated tolerability.
Question: What enzyme is inhibied by Opicapone?
|
[
"catechol-o-methyltransferase"
] |
task469-c0a64afa84ed476d9e62b6e79fab4d2a
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Corey Tropp (born July 25, 1989) is an American professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for the Chicago Blackhawks in the National Hockey League (NHL).
Question: What is Corey Tropp's sport?
|
[
"ice hockey"
] |
task469-8bff18f2b3b942eca668e7b90f394875
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Packers were trailing the winless Cleveland Browns 14-7 in the third quarter. The Browns scored a touchdown to make it 21-7, but Hundley and the Packers responded with a touchdown drive of their own, making it 21-14. The Packers tied the game with 17 seconds left on a touchdown pass to Davante Adams. In overtime, Browns quarterback DeShone Kizer threw a costly interception to Josh Jones, and Adams took a screen pass to the end zone, improving the Packers record to 7-6 and setting the stage for Aaron Rodgers' comeback.
Question: what happened in the last 17 seconds?
|
[
"the packers tied the game"
] |
task469-e8d56c59311a45118103bd4c2fe4e530
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The opening crawl reveals that Han Solo's friends are engaged in a mission to rescue the smuggler from Jabba the Hutt and that the Galactic Empire is building a new armored space station which is even larger and more powerful than the first Death Star.Near the forest moon of Endor the new Death Star is being constructed in orbit, and a command star destroyer arrives and launches a shuttle with a fighter escort -- a shuttle bearing the Dark Lord of the Sith. Fearing his arrival, the commander of the new Death Star informs Darth Vader (David Prowse, voice: James Earl Jones) that the station will be operational on schedule, but when Vader challenges this "optimistic" appraisal of the situation, the commander admits that he needs more men to accelerate construction. Darth Vader, however, informs the commander that the Emperor (Ian McDiarmid) will be arriving soon, and that he is most displeased with the commander's progress. Shaken, the commander commits to redoubling construction efforts. Vader, pleased, remarks, "the Emperor is not as forgiving as I am."Jedi Knight Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill), Chewbacca (Peter Mayhew), Lando Calrissian (Billy Dee Williams), Princess Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher), C-3PO (Anthony Daniels), and R2-D2 (Kenny Baker) return to Tatooine to rescue Han Solo (who was encased in carbonite at the end of Star Wars: Episode V - The Empire Strikes Back) from the gangster Jabba the Hutt (voice: Larry Ward). Luke sends C-3PO and R2-D2 to Jabba's desert palace to deliver a message: In a hologram projected by R2, Luke offers to bargain with Jabba for Solo himself -- if Jabba does not, he will be destroyed. Jabba laughs at the message and refuses to give up his "favorite decoration:" Han, frozen in carbonite, hangs on a wall in Jabba's court. The two droids are sent to EV-9D9's workshop where C-3P0 is given the job of Jabba's translator and R2 will be a drink-server on Jabba's sail barge.Disguised as a bounty hunter named Boushh, Leia arrives in Jabba's court with Chewbacca in cuffs. She offers him to Jabba for a sizable bounty. After Leia dickers with Jabba over the amount and threatens him with a small thermal detonator, Jabba happily agrees to pay, impressed with the bounty hunter's nerve, and Chewbacca is imprisoned.That night, Leia sneaks into Jabba's court and frees Han from the carbonite. However, she and Solo are both captured by Jabba. Solo is imprisoned with Chewbacca and Jabba keeps Leia on display in a metal bikini and chains. Luke arrives with a final ultimatum to release Solo. Jabba again refuses and drops Luke through a trap door into a pit below his throne that houses the rancor, a fearsome beast that Jabba keeps for executions. As Leia watches in horror, she sees Lando Calrissian disguised as a palace guard. After a brief battle, Luke defeats the rancor, enraging Jabba, who declares that Luke, Solo and Chewbacca will be slowly consumed by the sarlacc -- a huge, shark-toothed, tentacled maw at the bottom of the Great Pit of Carkoon.The group is taken to the pit on Jabba's sail barge fleet and prepared for execution: Luke is the first, pushed out onto a thin plank over the pit. Luke gives R2 a short salute and a small object, Luke's new lightsaber, is launched into his hand. A battle erupts, with Luke steadily taking the fight to Jabba's men. During the battle, Leia strangles Jabba with the chain around her neck and with R2-D2's help escapes from her bonds. Solo accidentally knocks Boba Fett (Jeremy Bulloch) into the sarlacc pit. Lando is also thrown off one of the skiffs, hanging by a few cables until he's rescued from the sarlacc itself by Han and Chewbacca. Luke, having fought his way onto Jabba's sail barge, has the escaping Leia aim the deck cannon at the vehicle and sets it on automatic fire; the sail barge soon blows apart. Our heroes manage to escape before it explodes, retrieve R2 and C-3PO and zip off into the desert.
Question: Where does Luke return to with his father's body?
|
[
"endor"
] |
task469-1363ce279f704eb99a80fc41d0569ab4
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Kamakura Gongoro Kagemasa () (born 1069) was a samurai descended from the Taira clan, who fought for the Minamoto clan in the Gosannen War of Japan's Heian period.
Question: Which country's citizenship does Kamakura Gongoro Kagemasa hold?
|
[
"japan"
] |
task469-976b88be90e747e082414fbc5363323f
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Many French academics,teachers and parents complain because they feel that intellectual levels are falling rapidly!The figures prove it:young people visit museums less,spend their lives chatting on the Internet,read nothing but Stephen King,while watching American soaps such as Friends or reality shows like Star Academy on television,music player glued to their cars,and the games console handy. It is,however,easy to see these habits in a positive light.Music is the favorite leisure activity:86% of 14-to18-year-olds put it at the top of their activities,above the cinema(71%),clubbing(68%),sport(56%) and television(48%).For 90% of young people aged 14to 18,radio is also very popular:they listen to it every day without exception.International popular music has a strong showing,but songs in French are still in the majority(60%). Young people do,of course,watch a lot of television,but less than their elders,and if they tend to choose mostly soaps and reality TV shows,that is because these are the programs people talk about,which encourages social interaction.Do young people read less than they used to?Maybe,but that's also true of the elders.Young people still read more than their elders.When asked,"Do you like reading?",94% of 14-to-18-year-olds say they do,and 81% are convinced that computers will never replace books. Contrary to popular belief,reading continues to occupy an extremely important place in leisure-time activities,but the reading matter young people choose has changed considerably:there is a greater variety of media(computers and new technologies) and young people admit to taste they would perhaps have been ashamed of in the past.For example,comic strips,Stenphen King or other authors not recognized by mainstream culture,such as Betty Mahmoody (Not Without My Daughter),Mary Higgins Clark or Jostein Gaader (Sophie's World).As Beatrice Toulon,Editor in Chief of the magazine Phosphore,see it,"They don't read the same things as their parents did,but they are not afraid to admit it.They have their own culture,which they flaunt openly!"
Question: Which activity is the most popular with young French people?
|
[
"music."
] |
task469-82dd166449424b73b084b296e204b043
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Mary Ball was born in 1812, the second daughter of Bob Stawell Ball and his wife Mary nee Green.
Question: Who was the male parent of Mary Ball?
|
[
"bob stawell ball"
] |
task469-d05e5218778a491aa07486ad7dc471d1
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Extrusive igneous rocks cool at the surface. Volcanoes are one type of feature that forms from extrusive rocks. Several other interesting landforms are also extrusive features. Intrusive igneous rocks cool below the surface. These rocks do not always remain hidden. Rocks that formed in the crust are exposed when the rock and sediment that covers them is eroded away. When lava is thick, it flows slowly. If thick lava makes it to the surface, it cannot flow far from the vent. It often stays right in the middle of a crater at the top of a volcano. Here the lava creates a large, round lava dome (Figure A lava plateau is made of a large amount of fluid lava. The lava flows over a large area and cools. This creates a large, flat surface of igneous rock. Lava plateaus may be huge. The Columbia Plateau covers over 161,000 square kilometers (63,000 square miles). It makes up parts of the states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Thin, fluid lava created the rock that makes up the entire ocean floor. This is from multiple eruptions from vents at the mid-ocean ridge. While not exactly a lava plateau, its interesting to think about so much lava! New land is created in volcanic eruptions. The Hawaiian Islands are shield volcanoes. These volcanoes formed from fluid lava (Figure 8.21). The island grows as lava is added on the coast. New land may also emerge from lava that erupts from beneath the water. This is one way that new land is created. Magma that cools underground forms intrusions (Figure 8.22). Intrusions become land formations if they are exposed at the surface by erosion. Water works its way through porous rocks or soil. Sometimes this water is heated by nearby magma. If the water makes its way to the surface, it forms a hot spring or a geyser. When hot water gently rises to the surface, it creates a hot spring. A hot spring forms where a crack in the Earth allows water to reach the surface after being heated underground. Many hot springs are used by people as natural hot tubs. Some people believe that hot springs can cure illnesses. Hot springs are found all over the world, even in Antarctica! Geysers are also created by water that is heated beneath the Earths surface. The water may become superheated by magma. It becomes trapped in a narrow passageway. The heat and pressure build as more water is added. When the pressure is too much, the superheated water bursts out onto the surface. This is a geyser. There are only a few areas in the world where the conditions are right for the formation of geysers. Only about 1,000 geysers exist worldwide. About half of them are in the United States. The most famous geyser is Old Faithful at Yellowstone National Park (Figure 8.23). It is rare for a geyser to erupt so regularly, which is why Old Faithful is famous.
Question: igneous rock formation that results when lava cools in the middle of a volcanic crater
|
[
"lava dome"
] |
task469-04c9a31004a74c47a6bfdf368f2e725d
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Sharman Douglas died of bone cancer at New York Hospital in 1996.
Question: What medical condition killed Sharman Douglas?
|
[
"bone cancer"
] |
task469-37760cb8c929415080abced1524deb09
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: A 60-year-old man diagnosed clinically with Becker's muscular dystrophy 20 years ago by another physician presented with gradually progressive proximal muscle weakness since teenage years. Family history revealed a strong paternal familial inheritance pattern of similar distribution of weakness-face, forearm flexion, knee extension and foot dorsiflexion. Work-ups revealed B12 deficiency and allele 1 deletion in fascioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) DNA testing. FSHD is the third most common muscular dystrophy. Clinical diagnosis is made from the distinctive pattern of weakness, autosomal-dominant inheritance, and confirmed by genetic testing. This case strongly demonstrates the importance of a thorough and careful clinical evaluation even in a case with a long standing diagnosis.
Question: What is the mode of inheritance of Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD)?
|
[
"autosomal dominant",
"autosomal-dominant"
] |
task469-99d7544f73d640cc8578faf128f366dd
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Rudolf Lubinski died in Zagreb on March 27, 1935 and was buried at the Mirogoj Cemetery.
Question: What is the place of burial for Rudolf Lubinski?
|
[
"mirogoj cemetery"
] |
task469-92450183abe842fbb0582c858215cb92
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Karnaphuli Paper Mills is a Government-owned paper pulp and paper manufacturer is Chittagong, Bangladesh.
Question: What city is Karnaphuli Paper Mills located in?
|
[
"chittagong"
] |
task469-bac406edb06d4fe2a7512899fa6af3b6
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Snow Wolf is an espionage novel by Glenn Meade.
Question: Who wrote the Snow Wolf?
|
[
"glenn meade"
] |
task469-e6e102670da14a18ae83b2b0675a14e5
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: After a tough loss at home to the Lions, the Eagles traveled down south to New Orleans to take on the Saints in the Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The Saints scored first with Patrick Robinson returning a Michael Vick interception 99 yards for a touchdown and a 7-0 lead for the only score of the game. The Eagles got on the board in the 2nd quarter as Alex Henery kicked a 22-yard field goal to cut the lead to 7-3 not long before Chris Ivory ran for a 22-yard touchdown to move the Saints ahead by 11 with a 14-3 lead and then they would score again with Drew Brees finding Marques Coltson on a 1-yard touchdown pass for a 21-3 halftime lead. The Eagles scored 10 unanswered points in the 3rd quarter with Vick hooking up with DeSean Jackson on a 77-yard touchdown pass for a score of 21-10 and then Henery kicked a 37-yard field goal for a score of 21-13. But the Saints scored one last time as Brees found Jimmy Graham on a 6-yard touchdown pass for a 28-13 lead which would be the final score of the game as neither team scored in the 4th quarter.
Question: Which quarterback had 2 touchdown passes?
|
[
"drew brees"
] |
task469-03750a07efcf4badbaede567ef1c6527
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Shprintzen-Goldberg syndrome is an extremely rare syndrome with a characteristic face. This is one of a group of disorders characterized by craniosynostosis and marfanoid features. The aim of this study was to present a new sporadic case of the syndrome and describe in detail the findings at the maxillofacial region.
Question: Which disease is included as an additional feature in the Goldberg-Shprintzen syndrome?
|
[
"craniosynostosis"
] |
task469-a7a81f96b8a5448493ff5ff6b8128105
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The human fibulin-1 gene, FBLN1, encodes four splice variants designated fibulin-1A, B, C and D, which differ in their carboxy terminal regions.
Question: In what living being can FBLN1 be found?
|
[
"human"
] |
task469-cfbb0b795c67440888348a823e5fdf00
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Turner's syndrome (TS) is a chromosomal disorder that results from the loss of the entire or a part of the X-chromosome and occurs in 1/2,500 female births. According to the majority of specific reports, intelligence in TS is generally found to be normal and the prevalence of mental retardation does not seem to be increased in TS except for those patients with a small ring X-chromosome. We evaluated 33 girls with TS with chronological age from 6-18 years. Intellectual assessment included the WISC III and the WAIS-R scales. Our results showed: 1) mean full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) was significantly lower than expected based on normative data (p < 0.0005); 2) no correlation was present between height and general intellectual ability; 3) mean performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) was significantly lower than both mean verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) and FSIQ (p < 0.0025 and p < 0.01, respectively), and most patients had a VIQ-PIQ discrepancy; 4) the frequency of mental retardation in our study group was significantly higher than that observed in the general population (15.1% vs 2.3%, p < 0.025); 5) a significant association was found between karyotype and VIQ, and the best score was achieved in the subgroup of patients with structural abnormalities of the X-chromosome. In the light of these findings we conclude that the clinical picture in TS may encompass a slightly reduced FSIQ, VIQ and especially an inadequate PIQ, but this neurocognitive profile is not significantly affected by statural impairment. Since these neurocognitive defects can be responsible for misdiagnosed school difficulties, we suggest that girls with TS should receive specialized educational support and multidisciplinary care.
Question: What chromosome is affected in Turner's syndrome?
|
[
"x"
] |
task469-9e7c44c426e94fbbaece4b5c86992324
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Lorenzo Ricci, S.J. (August 1, 1703 -- November 24, 1775) was an Italian Jesuit, elected the 18th Superior General of the Society of Jesus.
Question: What group was Lorenzo Ricci a member of?
|
[
"society of jesus"
] |
task469-ea75a7e509b343c28085593fe6f00c4d
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Only one type of coin, the one-cent piece, was struck for the Prince Edward Island dollar, in 1871.
Question: What year did Prince Edward Island dollar start?
|
[
"1871"
] |
task469-4da01f6a77bc407cab9f6ccab5b83d66
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: In 2092, humanity has conquered mortality through the endless renewal of cells. The world watches in fascination as the 118-year-old Nemo Nobody, the last mortal on Earth, edges towards death. Curious to know of life before quasi-immortality, they interview Nemo. Dr. Feldheim, a psychiatrist, uses hypnosis to help Nemo recall some of his memories, while Nemo relates other memories to a journalist. As he is prodded, Nemo makes contradictory statements. He recounts his life at three primary points: at age 9, when his parents divorced, at age 15 when he fell in love, and at age 34 as an adult. All three unfold into their many possible outcomes. Nemo explains that before birth, children remember everything that will happen in their lives. At the moment of conception, the Angels of Oblivion erase their memory. The Angels, however, forget about Nemo, allowing him to "remember" different possible futures for himself. At age 9, at a railway station, he is forced to choose as his mother leaves on a train while his father stays on the platform. In one case, he manages to board the train while in another he stays with his father. Life with mother[edit] A rebellious Nemo lives with his mother and her new partner, Harry, in Montreal. He sees a new girl, Anna, in his school and is immediately smitten. One day on the beach, Anna asks if he would like to swim with her and her friends. Nemo insults her friends and they barely see each other again. In an alternate story line, Nemo admits to Anna he cannot swim; the two spend time together and fall in love. Anna turns out to be Harry's daughter and the two step siblings begin an illicit affair. They pledge their lives to one another. When Harry and Nemo's mother break up, Anna goes to New York with her father, and they lose touch. Years later, Nemo works as a pool cleaner, hoping to run into Anna by chance. They finally see one another at the train station and immediately recognize each other in a crowd of passers-by. After a passionate reunion, Anna announces she is not ready to immediately resume the relationship. She gives him her number, asks him to call her in two days and meet at the lighthouse. However, he loses her number when a sudden downpour makes her note illegible. Nemo waits at the lighthouse every day, but Anna does not come. In a different storyline, Anna and Nemo are married with children. Nemo works at a television studio narrating educational videos. One evening, while returning home, he hits a bird, loses control of his car, plummets into a lake and drowns. Life with father[edit] Nemo stays with his father, who later becomes disabled. He works in a shop and spends his free time at home at the typewriter, writing a science fiction story about a journey to Mars. At a school dance, he meets Elise and falls in love. A few days later, Nemo goes to Elise's house but sees her with her 22-year-old boyfriend. Frustrated, he speeds away on his motorcycle, has an accident and is hospitalized in a vegetative state. Though he can perceive the world through his senses, Nemo cannot move or speak. He detects his parents' reunion at his bedside. Nemo tries to remember the movement of his fingers on the typewriter keyboard and eventually manages to lift a finger as this story line comes to a close. In yet another alternate timeline, Nemo speaks with Elise at her house, and learns that she is still in love with her boyfriend, Stefano. Nemo does not back down and keeps assuring her of his feelings. Finally, Elise gives in and a few years later, they get married. In one version of the story line, Elise dies in an accident on the return from the wedding. Nemo keeps her ashes, having promised her to spread them on Mars. In a far future, Nemo carries Elise's ash to Mars and spreads them on the planet's surface. Aboard the
Question: Who chooses the path least traveled?
|
[
"nemo"
] |
task469-2d9a43154cd8465a988a4e155a1e7705
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) or Willis-Ekbom Disease (WED) is highly prevalent, but patients and healthcare providers alike know little about it. Furthermore, controversy persists as to the best way of diagnosing this nosological entity. To verify whether the term used to refer to this disease entity (Restless Legs Syndrome or Willis-Ekbom Disease) affects the prevalence of self-diagnosed RLS/WED in a sample of newly graduated physicians. Newly graduated physicians were asked to self-evaluate for the presence of RLS/WED. Briefly, participants were allocated randomly across two groups. One was asked to self-assess for RLS, while the other was asked to self-assess for WED. The evaluation form given to one group asked 'Do you have Restless Legs Syndrome?' whereas the form given to participants in the other group asked 'Do you have Willis-Ekbom Disease?'. Both forms also contained the four criteria for diagnosing RLS proposed by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) and instructions for self-diagnosis according to these criteria. The study sample comprised 1413 newly graduated physicians. Of the 708 participants who were given the form that used the term RLS, 87 (12.28%) diagnosed themselves with the condition. Conversely, of 705 physicians given the form with the term WED, 13 (1.84%) diagnosed themselves with the condition (p<0.0001). A greater proportion of newly graduated physicians diagnosed themselves with RLS/WED when presented with the term Restless Legs Syndrome than when presented with the term Willis-Ekbom Disease. This suggests that the term Restless Legs Syndrome may not be the most appropriate term to denote this nosological entity.
Question: Willis-Ekbom disease is also known as?
|
[
"restless legs syndrome"
] |
task469-c9a1af9b24894c12827b503506d00d51
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The film is set in 1920s China during the Warlord Era, years before the Chinese Civil War. Nineteen-year-old Songlian (Songlian, played by Gong Li), whose father has recently died and left the family bankrupt, marries into the wealthy Chen family, becoming the fourth wife or rather the third concubine or, as she is referred to, the Fourth Mistress (Si Taitai) of the household. Arriving at the palatial abode, she is at first treated like royalty, receiving sensuous foot massages and brightly lit red lanterns, as well as a visit from her husband, Master Chen (Ma Jingwu), the master of the house, whose face is never clearly shown. Songlian soon discovers, however, that not all the concubines in the household receive the same luxurious treatment. In fact, the master decides on a daily basis the concubine with whom he will spend the night; whomever he chooses gets her lanterns lit, receives the foot massage, gets her choice of menu items at mealtime, and gets the most attention and respect from the servants. Pitted in constant competition against each other, the three concubines are continually vying for their husband's attention and affections. The First Mistress, Yuru (Jin Shuyuan), appears to be nearly as old as the master himself. Having borne a son decades earlier, she seems resigned to live out her life as forgotten, always passed over in favor of the younger concubines. The Second Mistress, Zhuoyun (Zhuoyun, Cao Cuifen), befriends Songlian, complimenting her youth and beauty, and giving her expensive silk as a gift; she also warns her about the Third Mistress, Meishan (Meishan, He Caifei), a former opera singer who is spoiled and who becomes unable to cope with no longer being the youngest and most favored of the master's playthings. As time passes, though, Songlian learns that it is really Zhuoyun, the Second Mistress, who is not to be trusted; she is subsequently described as having the face of the Buddha, yet possessing the heart of a scorpion. Songlian feigns pregnancy, attempting to garner the majority of the master's time and, at the same time, attempting to become actually pregnant. Zhuoyun, however, is in league with Songlian's personal maid, Yan'er (Yan'er, played by Kong Lin) who finds and reveals a pair of bloodied undergarments, suggesting that Songlian had recently had her period, and discovers the pregnancy is a fraud. Zhuoyun summons the family physician, feigning concern for Songlian's "pregnancy". Doctor Gao (Gao-yisheng, Cui Zhigang), who is secretly having an illicit affair with Third Mistress Meishan, examines Songlian and determines the pregnancy to be a sham. Infuriated, the master orders Songlian's lanterns covered with thick black canvas bags indefinitely. Blaming the sequence of events on Yan'er, Songlian reveals to the house that Yan'er's room is filled with lit red lanterns, showing that Yan'er dreams of becoming a Mistress instead of a lowly servant; it is suggested earlier that Yan'er is in love with the Master and has even slept with him in the Fourth Mistress' bed. Yan'er is punished by having the lanterns burned while she kneels in the snow, watching as they smolder. In an act of defiance, Yan'er refuses to humble herself or apologize, and thus remains kneeling in the snow throughout the night until she collapses. Yan'er falls sick and ultimately dies after being taken to the hospital. One of the servants tells Songlian that her former maid died with her mistress's name on her lips. Songlian, who had briefly attended university before the passing of her father and being forced into marriage, comes to the conclusion that she is happier in solitude; she eventually sees the competition between the concubines as a useless endeavor, as each woman is merely a "robe" that the master may wear and discard at his discretion. As Songlian retreats further into her solitude, she begins speaking of suicide; she reasons that dying is a better fate than being a concubine in the Chen household. On her twentieth birthday, severely intoxicated and despondent over
Question: Who plays Yan'er?
|
[
"kong lin"
] |
task469-809575ba2399416fb41e91896c2a36e0
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Protein ETHE1, mitochondrial , also known as ''ethylmalonic encephalopathy 1 protein'' and ''per sulfide dioxygenase'', is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ETHE1 gene located on chromosome 19.
Question: Which chromosome is the gene ETHE1 located on?
|
[
"chromosome 19"
] |
task469-00f0babf2283485abd8532c95d1541bb
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Raiders travelled to face the San Diego Chargers with a chance to secure their first playoff bid since 2002. In a stadium at least half full of Raider fans, the Chargers took an early lead on a pass from Philip Rivers to Travis Benjamin to put the Chargers up 7-0. The Raiders responded with an 11-play drive that stalled on the Charger 27-yard line and had to settle for a Sebastian Janikowski field goal to narrow the lead to 7-3. Neither team could muster anything offensively for the remainder of the quarter. A promising Raider drive to the Charger 16-yard line stalled again as Derek Carr was intercepted inside the 10-yard line. A Charger field goal following a 14-play drive put the Chargers up 10-3 with 1:33 left in the half. The Raider offense switched to their two-minute offense and cruised down the field before Carr hit Michael Crabtree in the corner of the end zone to tie the game at 10. The Raider offense drove deep into San Diego territory to open the second half, but had to settle for another Janikowski field goal to take the lead 13-10. The Chargers answered with a Rivers seven-yard touchdown pass to Hunter Henry to retake the lead. A missed extra point left the lead at 16-13. The remainder of the third quarter saw the offenses accomplish little before Charger running back Kenneth Farrow fumbled at the San Diego 14 early in the fourth quarter. The Raiders offense could not take advantage of the turnover and settled for Jankowski's third field of the game to tie it at 16. The Raider defense again stopped the Chargers and the offense, lead by Latavius Murray and Jalen Richard, moved the ball into San Diego territory again. For the fourth time, the offense settled for a Janikowski field goal to take the lead 19-16 with 3:47 remaining. On the ensuing San Diego possession, Rivers was intercepted by Reggie Nelson to allow the Raiders to take over and run out the clock. The win gave the Raiders their first playoff appearance since 2002. With a loss earlier in the day by Kansas City, the Raiders also took back first place in the AFC West.
Question: How caught the only Raiders touchdown?
|
[
"michael crabtree"
] |
task469-2101438e2bf0468c8eb99b8853c49a68
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: To determine the efficacy and safety of different doses of secukinumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody for targeted interleukin-17A blockade, in patients with noninfectious uveitis. Three multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase III studies: SHIELD, INSURE, and ENDURE. A total of 118 patients with Behcet's uveitis (SHIELD study); 31 patients with active, noninfectious, non-Behcet's uveitis (INSURE study); and 125 patients with quiescent, noninfectious, non-Behcet's uveitis (ENDURE study) were enrolled. After an initial subcutaneous (s.c.) loading phase in each treatment arm, patients received s.c. maintenance therapy with secukinumab 300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w), secukinumab 300 mg monthly (q4w), or placebo in the SHIELD study; secukinumab 300 mg q2w, secukinumab 300 mg q4w, secukinumab 150 mg q4w, or placebo in the INSURE study; or secukinumab 300 mg q2w, secukinumab 300 mg q4w, secukinumab 150 mg q4w, or placebo in the ENDURE study. Reduction of uveitis recurrence or vitreous haze score during withdrawal of concomitant immunosuppressive medication (ISM). Other end points included best-corrected visual acuity, ISM use (expressed as a standardized ISM score), and safety outcomes. After completion or early termination of each trial, there were no statistically significant differences in uveitis recurrence between the secukinumab treatment groups and placebo groups in any study. Secukinumab was associated with a significant reduction in mean total post-baseline ISM score (P = 0.019; 300 mg q4w vs. placebo) in the SHIELD study. Likewise, secukinumab was associated with a greater median reduction in ISM score versus placebo in the INSURE study, although no statistical analysis of the difference was conducted because of the small sample size. Overall, there was no loss in visual acuity reported in any treatment group during follow-up in all 3 studies. According to descriptive safety statistics, the frequencies of ocular and nonocular adverse events seemed to be slightly higher among secukinumab groups versus placebo across the 3 studies. The primary efficacy end points of the 3 studies were not met. The secondary efficacy data from these studies suggest a beneficial effect of secukinumab in reducing the use of concomitant ISM.
Question: Which molecule is targeted by a monoclonal antibody Secukinumab?
|
[
"interleukin-17a"
] |
task469-fc40025d2a12494c88b590a38e94002d
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Brink (Sir Cedric Hardwicke) has recently taken Pud's (Bobs Watson) parents in an auto wreck. Brink later comes for Gramps (Lionel Barrymore). Believing Brink to be an ordinary stranger, the crotchety old Gramps orders Mr. Brink off the property. Pud comes out of the house and asks who the stranger was. Gramps is surprised and relieved that someone else could see the stranger; he was not merely a dream or apparition. Pud tells Gramps that when he does a good deed, he will be able to make a wish. Because his apples are constantly being stolen, Gramps wishes that anyone who climbs up his apple tree will have to stay there until he permits them to climb down. Pud inadvertently tests the wish when he has trouble coming down from the tree himself, becoming free only when Gramps says he can. Pud's busybody Aunt Demetria (Eily Malyon) has designs on Pud and the money left him by his parents. Gramps spends much time fending off her efforts to adopt the boy. Brink takes Granny Nellie (Beulah Bondi) in a peaceful death just after she finishes a bit of knitting. When Mr. Brink returns again for Gramps, the old man finally realizes who his visitor is. Determined not to leave Pud to Demetria, Gramps tricks Mr. Brink into climbing the apple tree. While stuck in the tree, he cannot take Gramps or anyone else. The only way anyone or anything can die is if they touch Mr. Brink or the apple tree. Demetria plots to have Gramps committed to a psychiatric hospital when he claims that Death is trapped in his apple tree. Gramps proves his story first by proving that his doctor, Dr. Evans (Henry Travers), can not even kill a fly they have captured. He offers further proof of his power by shooting Mr. Grimes (Nat Pendleton), the orderly who has come to take him to the asylum; Grimes lives when he should have died. Dr. Evans is now a believer, but he tries to convince Gramps to let Death down so people who are suffering can find release. Gramps refuses, so the doctor arranges for the local sheriff to commit Gramps while Pud is delivered to Demetria's custody. With the help of his housekeeper (Una Merkel), Gramps tricks both of them into believing they are scheduled to go with Mr. Brink when he comes down from the tree. They beg Gramps to convince Brink otherwise, and Demetria vows never to bother Gramps or Pud again. Gramps realizes that sooner or later he will have to let Brinks downDeath is an ultimately unavoidable part of life. He tries to say goodbye to Pud, who reacts angrily and tries to run away. Mr. Brink sees Pud in the yard and dares him to climb the tree. Pud gets over the fence Gramps has had built around the tree, but falls and is crippled for life. Distraught, Gramps lets Death down from the tree. He takes both Gramps and Pud, who find they can walk again. In the final scene, they walk together up a beautiful country lane and hear Granny Nellie calling to them from beyond a brilliant light.
Question: Who calls them from the brilliant light?
|
[
"granny nellie"
] |
task469-85969b251c7942f59715943bef6a0d27
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The H-IIB rocket with Kounotori 2 onboard was successfully launched from Tanegashima Space Center on 22 January 2011, 05:37:57 UTC.
Question: What date was Kounotori 2 launched?
|
[
"22 january 2011"
] |
task469-6748a0359f28482b9e4bc8ae458b2257
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Bone pain is a common symptom in bone metastases. The therapies that are currently available include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, steroids and gabapentin which have been demonstrated to improve neuropathic pain. In addition, preclinical studies indicate that agents such as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 antagonists and cannabinoid 2 receptor agonist could be considered as adjuncts in ameliorating opioid side effects. New drugs are in the clinical phase of development, among which the most promising molecules seem to be anti-nerve growth factor (NGF) antibodies. Anti-NGF antibody therapy may be particularly effective in blocking bone cancer pain because NGF appears to be integrally involved in the upregulation, sensitization and disinhibition of multiple neurotransmitters, ion channels and receptors in the primary afferent nerve. The best way to treat bone metastases pain is to improve the control of skeletal disease burden. Recently, denosumab, a noncytotoxic IgG2 monoclonal antibody with high affinity for human RANKL, has been demonstrated to significantly prevent clinically relevant increase in pain compared with zoledronic acid across the tumor types. Based on these data, it has been suggested that denosumab has the potential to become a new standard of treatment in bone metastases management.
Question: To the ligand of which receptors does Denosumab (Prolia) bind?
|
[
"rankl"
] |
task469-f251b35c09974a4a84de6adab99c22e2
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Si Gomar is a 1941 film from the Dutch East Indies which was written and directed by Tan Tjoei Hock and produced by The Teng Chun.
Question: What is the year that Si Gomar was released?
|
[
"1941"
] |
task469-afe0724bddb74c578ce54ff0ca14ef79
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Rachel (Andrea Bowen), a high school girl, seems to have the life that most people envy: she has a steady boyfriend, some great friends, and a place on the school's soccer team. Preparing for college and separating from her boyfriend are the main worries of this teen, as she lives a carefree life like most girls her age. However, Rachel's world falls apart the day she discovers that Jason (Eric von Detton), a former sexual partner of hers that died an untimely death, was in fact HIV positive and an IV drug user. She immediately goes to an AIDS clinic to get a rapid test, which unfortunately comes back positive. Devastated by the fact that she may actually be infected with the virus, Rachel then confides in her substitute teacher, Sarah (Jennie Garth), who has secretly been living with the disease for years. But both young women are about to find out their secrets will not be kept secret for very long, as word begins to spread throughout their high school and rumors fly, making some of these students realize that they may not be as "clean" as they think they are.
Question: What were the results of Rachel's rapid test at the AIDS clinic?
|
[
"positive"
] |
task469-90da39bcecc64910ac5e083ef92c251a
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: You are on vacation at the beach. You take your flip-flops off so you can go swimming. The sand is so hot it hurts your feet. You have to run to the water. Now imagine if it were hot enough for the sand to melt. Some places inside Earth are so hot that rock melts. Melted rock inside the Earth is called magma. Magma can be hotter than 1,000C. When magma erupts onto Earths surface, it is known as lava, as Figure 3.17 shows. Minerals form when magma and lava cool. Most water on Earth, like the water in the oceans, contains elements. The elements are mixed evenly through the water. Water plus other substances makes a solution. The particles are so small that they will not come out when you filter the water. But the elements in water can form solid mineral deposits. Fresh water contains a small amount of dissolved elements. Salt water contains a lot more dissolved elements. Water can only hold a certain amount of dissolved substances. When the water evaporates, it leaves behind a solid layer of minerals, as Figure 3.18 shows. At this time, the particles come together to form minerals. These solids sink to the bottom. The amount of mineral formed is the same as the amount dissolved in the water. Seawater is salty enough for minerals to precipitate as solids. Some lakes, such as Mono Lake in California, or Utahs Great Salt Lake, can also precipitate salts. Salt easily precipitates out of water, as does calcite, as Figure 3.19 shows. The limestone towers in the figure are made mostly of the mineral calcite. The calcite was deposited in the salty and alkaline water of Mono Lake, in California. Calcium-rich spring water enters the bottom of the lake. The water bubbles up into the alkaline lake. The Underground water can be heated by magma. The hot water moves through cracks below Earths surface. Hot water can hold more dissolved particles than cold water. The hot, salty solution has chemical reactions with the rocks around it. The water picks up more dissolved particles. As it flows through open spaces in rocks, the water deposits solid minerals. When a mineral fills cracks in rocks, the deposits are called veins. Figure 3.20 shows a white quartz vein. When the minerals are deposited in open spaces, large crystals grow. These rocks are called geodes. Figure 3.20 shows a geode that was formed when amethyst crystals grew in an open space in a rock.
Question: long, narrow mineral deposit
|
[
"vein"
] |
task469-15499695a7f048ed89f26deee24efef4
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: As of the census of 2000, there were 120,546 people, 41,668 households, and 32,292 families residing in the county. The population density was 262 people per square mile (101/km). There were 43,903 housing units at an average density of 95 per square mile (37/km). The racial makeup of the county was 68.51% Race (United States Census), 26.06% Race (United States Census) or Race (United States Census), 0.75% Race (United States Census), 1.82% Race (United States Census), 0.06% Race (United States Census), 0.72% from Race (United States Census), and 2.08% from two or more races. 2.26% of the population were Race (United States Census) or Race (United States Census) of any race. 11.6% were of german people, 10.8% irish people, 10.2% english people, 9.3% American and 5.3% italian people ancestry.
Question: Which ancestral group is smaller: Irish or Italian?
|
[
"italian"
] |
task469-67d80cb09603483488e712a74eb9b09a
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The current Governor is Lodewijk De Witte, he has been the Governor of Flemish Brabant since it was created in 1995 as a result of the splitting up of the Province of Brabant.
Question: Who became the leader of Flemish Brabant?
|
[
"lodewijk de witte"
] |
task469-014b6ee998954017b6fd1246daa9d669
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Bristol Lodekka was a low-height double-decker bus built by Bristol Commercial Vehicles in England.
Question: What company produced Bristol Lodekka?
|
[
"bristol commercial vehicles"
] |
task469-fe5d37d03c8e4ba8a69121b7fe05675b
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Rocks deforming plastically under compressive stresses crumple into folds. They do not return to their original shape. If the rocks experience more stress, they may undergo more folding or even fracture. You can see three types of folds. A monocline is a simple bend in the rock layers so that they are no longer horizontal (see Figure 1.1 for an example). At Utahs Cockscomb, the rocks plunge downward in a monocline. What you see in the image appears to be a monocline. Are you certain it is a monocline? What else might it be? What would you have to do to figure it out? Anticline: An anticline is a fold that arches upward. The rocks dip away from the center of the fold (Figure 1.2). The oldest rocks are at the center of an anticline and the youngest are draped over them. When rocks arch upward to form a circular structure, that structure is called a dome. If the top of the dome is sliced off, where are the oldest rocks located? A syncline is a fold that bends downward. The youngest rocks are at the center and the oldest are at the outside (Figure 1.3). When rocks bend downward in a circular structure, that structure is called a basin (Figure 1.4). If the rocks are exposed at the surface, where are the oldest rocks located? Click image to the left or use the URL below. URL: Anticlines are formations that have folded rocks upward. (a) Schematic of a syncline. (b) This syncline is in Rainbow Basin, California. Some folding can be fairly complicated. What do you see in the photo above?
Question: an anticline has rocks that bend.
|
[
"upward"
] |
task469-cf0221071543485e961bd499da39e815
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: This article needs an improved plot summary. (November 2015) Sidhu (Akshay Kumar) is a lowly vegetable cutter at a roadside food stall in the Chandni Chowk section of Delhi, who consults astrologers, tarot card readers, and fake fakirs despite his foster father Dada's (Mithun Chakraborty) exhortations. When two strangers from China claim him as a reincarnation of war hero 'Liu Shen' and take him to China, Sidhu, encouraged by trickster Chopstick (Ranvir Shorey), believes he will be feted as a hero, unaware of his own recruitment to assassinate the smuggler Hojo (Gordon Liu). Sidhu travels to China with Chopstick. Along the way he meets Sakhi (Deepika Padukone), the Indian-Chinese spokesmodel known as Ms. Tele Shoppers Media, or Ms. TSM, who also appears in China. Her twin sister Suzy, known as the femme fatale Meow Meow, works for Hojo, not knowing Hojo tried to kill her father, Inspector Chiang (Roger Yuan). Sidhu, through a series of accidents, initially eludes Hojo, but Hojo eventually exposes him as a fraud. Thereupon Hojo kills Dada, and Sidhu is beaten and urinated on by Hojo. Injured and disgraced Sidhu vows revenge. He thereafter encounters an amnesiac vagrant, whom he later identifies to Sakhi as Inspector Chiang. Chiang later recovers his memory and trains Sidhu in kung fu. When Hojo again meets with Sidhu, Suzy injures Chiang; but upon seeing Sakhi, betrays Hojo. Sidhu fights Hojo in single combat, eventually using a modified vegetable-cutting technique to overwhelm him. In the aftermath, Sidhu opens a vegetable stall in China, but is recruited to fight for some African pygmies. The film thereupon concludes with the announcement "To be Continued Chandni Chowk to Africa".
Question: What is the conman's name?
|
[
"chopstick"
] |
task469-d034b4c26e7e4c8dbf23c73c59a29ec7
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Two forms of neurofibromatosis, type 1 (NF1) and type 2 (NF2) are connected with genes localized on chromosomes 17 and 22, respectively. The genes that are inactivated in neurofibromatosis code for the proteins neurofibromine and merline, respectively. Since inactivation leads to neoplasia, they are called tumour suppressor genes. Neurofibromine shows resemblances to proteins that serve to inactivate oncogenes. Merline has a relationship with proteins that connect the cytoskeleton and the cell membrane. The precise function of the proteins is still unknown. The NF1 gene is characterized by extraordinarily high sensitivity to mutation; half the NF1 patients have not inherited the disease. In the familial form of neurofibromatosis, a mutated gene is inherited and the normal allele in the tumour is inactivated, making tumour growth possible. In the sporadic form of neurofibromatosis, both normal alleles are inactivated locally in the tissue so that a tumour develops in that place.
Question: Which is the gene mutated in type 1 neurofibromatosis?
|
[
"nf1"
] |
task469-c1f65788b7da464f80f32b854044ce7b
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: German submarine U-331 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. The submarine was laid down on 26 January 1940 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden, launched on 20 December 1940, and commissioned on 31 March 1941 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Hans-Diedrich Freiherr von Tiesenhausen.
Question: What company made German submarine U-331?
|
[
"nordseewerke"
] |
task469-3c799ec5110041e9a9288f6360054d31
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Zach Conroy and Celeste Mercier are the hottest couple on and off the ice until a nasty spill knocks Celeste out of competition. With their dreams of gold medals put in ice and their romance chilling as a result, Zach has to find another partner for the championship in Paris. And fast. In glides Alejandra Alex Delgado, a beautiful, tough talking hockey player with fierce moves and a fearless skating style. Zachs willing to give her a chance, but his coach, Bryan quits in a huff to train Zachs biggest rivals, Cindy Halgyord and Jason Bright. That leaves Zach with a newbie partner and no coach until he convinces former figure skating champ Jackie Dorsey to step in. She puts Zach and Alex through their paces, but the hardest trick of all is keeping them focused on practice and not each other as they bicker and struggle with a growing attraction both on and off the ice. Jackie knows these kids are fire and ice, and sees the chemistry between them. She also knows that if they cant get it together, theyll set the skating world on fire. That is, if the heat between them doesnt cause a total meltdown. With the competition fierce and the stakes higher than ever, the only way Zach and Alex can win is by putting aside their feelings and pulling out a secret weapon: the deadly Pamchecko jump. But is it worth the risk? Can Zach rise above the past and his history of injuring partners? And can Alex prove that shes got the moves to match her passion? It all comes down to the biggest moment of their lives when they learn that sometimes on the ice and in life youve got to risk it all.
Question: Who is hurt and betrayed?
|
[
"zach conroy",
"celeste"
] |
task469-346d86d796334120bc04d0ccb24f1910
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The performance of CURB65 in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been tested in two large observational studies. However, it has not been tested against generic sepsis and early warning scores, which are increasingly being advocated for identification of high-risk patients in acute medical wards. A retrospective analysis was performed of data prospectively collected for a CAP quality improvement study. The ability to stratify mortality and performance characteristics (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and area under the receiver operating curve) were calculated for stratifications of CURB65, CRB65, the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria and the standardised early warning score (SEWS). 419 patients were included in the main analysis with a median age of 74 years (men = 47%). CURB65 and CRB65 stratified mortality in a more clinically useful way and had more favourable operating characteristics than SIRS or SEWS; for example, mortality in low-risk patients was 2% when defined by CURB65, but 9% when defined by SEWS and 11-17% when defined by variations of the SIRS criteria. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of CURB65 was 71%, 69%, 35% and 91%, respectively, compared with 62%, 73%, 35% and 89% for the best performing version of SIRS and 52%, 67%, 27% and 86% for SEWS. CURB65 had the greatest area under the receiver operating curve (0.78 v 0.73 for CRB65, 0.68 for SIRS and 0.64 for SEWS). CURB65 should not be supplanted by SIRS or SEWS for initial prognostic assessment in CAP. Further research to identify better generic prognostic tools is required.
Question: CURB65 score is used for stratification of which disease?
|
[
"pneumonia"
] |
task469-9cddec6f078a4b929f2046d817b04399
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Most of the movies show our relationships and our society. What's more important is that people love to watch highs and lows of the relationships in movies. Friendship has been the favorite subject of movie makers for a long time. Many movies are based on lovely relationships like friendship. Friendship can be between two persons or among more than two persons. Movies based on friendship make us remember that the relationship among friends is delicate . These movies also show how important it is to have a true friend in life and to own the friendship. Friendship is described in different ways in movies. These movies show different faces of this lovely relationship including the pleasant and interesting faces .Let us discuss how friendship is described in movies. Friends share common interests:In most of the movies, it is shown that two people become friends easily when they share some common interests. For example, two friends may be in love with the same sports, studying in the same school or living in the same neighborhood.You can see such friendship in movies such as "Harry Potter" and "Lord of Rings". Harry Potter has two friends. All of them are interested in the use of magic. Friends make sacrifices : In most of the movies,friends make sacrifices for each other. A good example is "Sholay". In this movie,there are two friends Jay and Veeru who are there for each other till death. Jay sacrifices his life to save his friend. Friends never run away from difficulties: In movies,it is always shown that true friends always stand up for their friends in times of difficulties. Understanding: In movies,friends understand each other without even saying a word. A single smile can brighten up the faces of all the friends.
Question: What is mainly talked about in this passage?
|
[
"friendship in movies."
] |
task469-46550150c53b4862850f21d1165bff6f
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: We now know how variation in traits is inherited. Variation in traits is controlled by different alleles for genes. Alleles, in turn, are passed to gametes and then to offspring. Evolution occurs because of changes in alleles over time. How long a time? That depends on the time scale of evolution you consider. Evolution that occurs over a short period of time is known as microevolution. It might take place in just a couple of generations. This scale of evolution occurs at the level of the population. The Grants observed evolution at this scale in populations of Darwins finches. Beak size in finch populations changed in just two years because of a serious drought. Evolution that occurs over a long period of time is called macroevolution. It might take place over millions of years. This scale of evolution occurs above the level of the species. Fossils provide evidence for evolution at this scale. The evolution of the horse family, shown in Figure 7.13, is an example of macroevolution. Individuals dont evolve. Their alleles dont change over time. The unit of microevolution is the population. A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. All the genes in all the members of a population make up the populations gene pool. For each gene, the gene pool includes all the different alleles in the population. The gene pool can be described by its allele frequencies for specific genes. The frequency of an allele is the number of copies of that allele divided by the total number of alleles for the gene in the gene pool. A simple example will help you understand these concepts. The data in Table 7.2 represent a population of 100 individuals. For each gene, the gene pool has a total of 200 alleles (2 per individual x 100 individuals). The gene in question exists as two different alleles, A and a. The number of A alleles in the gene pool is 140. Of these, 100 are in the 50 AA homozygotes. Another 40 are in the 40 Aa heterozygotes. The number of a alleles in the gene pool is 60. Of these, 40 are in the 40 Aa heterozygotes. Another 20 are in the 10 aa homozygotes. The frequency of the A allele is 140/200 = 0.7. The frequency of the a allele is 60/200 = 0.3. Genotype AA Aa aa Totals Number of Individuals 50 40 10 100 Number of A Alleles 100 (50 x 2) 40 (40 x 1) 0 (10 x 0) 140 Number of a Alleles 0 (50 x 0) 40 (40 x 1) 20 (10 x 2) 60 Evolution occurs in a population when its allele frequencies change over time. For example, the frequency of the A allele might change from 0.7 to 0.8. If that happens, evolution has occurred. What causes allele frequencies to change? The answer is forces of evolution. There are four major forces of evolution that cause allele frequencies to change. They are mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. Mutation creates new genetic variation in a gene pool This is how all new alleles first arise. Its the ultimate source of new genetic variation, so it is essential for evolution. However, for any given gene, the chance of a mutation occurring is very small. Therefore, mutation alone does not have much effect on allele frequencies. Gene flow is the movement of genes into or out of a gene pool It occurs when individuals migrate into or out of the population. How much gene flow changes allele frequencies depends on how many migrants there are and their genotypes. Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequencies. It occurs in small populations. Allele frequencies in the offspring may differ by chance from those in the parents. This is like tossing a coin just a few times. You may, by chance, get more or less than the expected 50 percent heads or tails. In the same way, you may get more or less than the expected allele frequencies in the small number of individuals in the next generation. The smaller the population is, the more allele frequencies may drift. Natural selection is a change in
Question: ___all the genes in all the members of a population
|
[
"gene pool"
] |
task469-b7e401dc23d941ad8c816ab65498a919
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disorder commonly encountered in clinical practice, and is the leading cause of disability in elderly people. Due to the poor self-healing capacity of articular cartilage and lack of specific diagnostic biomarkers, OA is a challenging disease with limited treatment options. Traditional pharmacologic therapies such as acetaminophen, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and opioids are effective in relieving pain but are incapable of reversing cartilage damage and are frequently associated with adverse events. Current research focuses on the development of new OA drugs (such as sprifermin/recombinant human fibroblast growth factor-18, tanezumab/monoclonal antibody against -nerve growth factor), which aims for more effectiveness and less incidence of adverse effects than the traditional ones. Furthermore, regenerative therapies (such as autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI), new generation of matrix-induced ACI, cell-free scaffolds, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells or iPSCs), and endogenous cell homing) are also emerging as promising alternatives as they have potential to enhance cartilage repair, and ultimately restore healthy tissue. However, despite currently available therapies and research advances, there remain unmet medical needs in the treatment of OA. This review highlights current research progress on pharmacologic and regenerative therapies for OA including key advances and potential limitations.
Question: What is the target of tanezumab?
|
[
"ngf",
"nerve growth factor"
] |
task469-59889ae7e7f14970baf6873eedf4d231
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of many neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by amyloid fibril formation. Alpha-synuclein is a primary component of the fibrillar neuronal inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, that are diagnostic of PD. In addition, the alpha-synuclein gene is linked to familial PD. Fibril formation by alpha-synuclein proceeds via discrete beta-sheet-rich oligomers, or protofibrils, that are consumed as fibrils grow. Both FPD mutations accelerate formation of protofibrils, suggesting that these intermediates, rather than the fibril product, trigger neuronal loss. In idiopathic PD, other factors may be responsible for accelerating protofibril formation by wild-type alpha-synuclein. One possible factor could be molecular crowding in the neuronal cytoplasm. We demonstrate here that crowding using inert polymers significantly reduced the lag time for protofibril formation and the conversion of the protofibril to the fibril, but did not affect the morphology of either species. Physiologically realistic changes in the degree of in vitro crowding have significant kinetic consequences. Thus, nonspecific changes in the total cytoplasmic protein concentration, induced by cell volume changes and/or altered protein degradation, could promote formation of and stabilize the alpha-synuclein protofibril.
Question: Which is the primary protein component of Lewy bodies?
|
[
"αsyn",
"α-synuclein",
"alpha-synuclein"
] |
task469-4c07be98e49e44eb848d8a55515e21f2
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Leon Lemmens (born March 16, 1954 in Boorsem, Maasmechelen, Belgium) is a Roman Catholic auxiliary bishop in Belgium.
Question: Which was the position that Leon Lemmens held?
|
[
"bishop"
] |
task469-f5af2f7f218a46deaf38fbf3c3d96b04
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: Clay gets up from his trailer at the beach and drives to Mr. Jimmy's lush house, where he mows the lawn.Mr. Jimmy has a visit from David, who is concerned about his health. He then goes out to chat with Clay, his new gardener, and invites him to swim in the pool after he is done working. Clay says he needs to do another lawn later.An academic named Edmund Kay comes to visit Mr. Jimmy, and expresses his deep enthusiasm for his films. Jimmy takes him out back to the pool, and recalls his youth in London, and then his movement into movies and on to Hollywood.Mr. Jimmy becomes bored with Kay's questions, and suggests that Kay begin removing clothing in exchange for his answers. Kay begins disrobing to each of Jimmy's tales about homosexuals in Hollywood and making Frankenstein.Jimmy then gets lightheaded and needs Kay's help to get inside and lie down. His maid Hanna scolds him for chasing boys after just returning from the hospital.Jimmy goes to a doctor who explains that he had a stroke which has left his brain somewhat impaired.Jimmy sees Clay working out in the garden and invites him to talk over iced tea in his painting studio. Jimmy tells him he directed the first two Frankenstein movies, and they talk about his paintings. Jimmy tells Clay he has an expressive head and asks him to model for pay; Clay agrees.Clay arrives at Jimmy's house and Hanna asks if he is going to hurt him. Clay is confused, and she withdraws the question. Clay sits down in the studio to model for Jimmy, who asks him to remove his shirt, even though he only plans to draw his face. Jimmy begins to draw, telling Clay of a memory he has about eating fat drippings as a poor child. He explains how different he was from his family, more talented, more intelligent.Clay goes to a bar and boasts that a famous director is drawing him. Betty the bartender, whom Clay has slept with, turns on The Bride of Frankenstein on TV; meanwhile, Jimmy watches at home with Hanna. The others at the bar criticize the film for not being scary. Clay seems to understand the monster's feelings of loneliness.Flashback: Jimmy directs the performers on the set of Bride of Frankenstein.Clay and Betty talk outside the bar, and he gets upset that she does not want to sleep with him again.Clay calls his parents from a payphone but does not want to talk much.Jimmy dreams that Clay is Dr. Frankenstein, replacing his brain and electrifying him.Hanna tells Clay that Jimmy would like him to have lunch. The two talk as she cooks, and Hanna tells him he should be married. Hanna tells Clay that Jimmy commits unspeakable sins of the flesh, buggery. She is surprised that Clay did not know.Jimmy and Clay have a rather fancy lunch. Jimmy tells Clay that he had hoped Bride of Frankenstein would be seen as a comedy. Jimmy asks Clay to pose for an hour after lunch, and he declines. Jimmy explains that he had a "husband" named David, and Clay asks about his homosexuality. They smoke cigars, and Clay agrees to pose.During the sitting, Jimmy talks about how he made the successful Show Boat and then tried to make his WWI masterpiece The Road Back but the studio butchered it. He says he always wanted to go back to movies, but that was the end. He also broke up with David thereafter. Jimmy begins to describe how he used to have many male models, all naked, which upsets Clay so much he gets mad and storms out.Clay goes to Betty's bar but she is not there. He finds another woman and has sex with her in the parking lot.Clay returns to Jimmy's house and says he will sit for him again if he eases up on the locker room talk. Jimmy is curious that Clay has never known any gay men before, not even when he was in the Marines. Jimmy recalls a young soldier from WWI he mentored in the trenches, then becomes quite upset, looking at Clay intensely
Question: what is Michael watch on television?
|
[
"the bride of frankenstein"
] |
task469-5143ce11828f4ff2a83dd14fff8ff636
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Show Off (1926) is a silent film comedy produced by Famous Players-Lasky and distributed by Paramount Pictures, directed by Mal St. Clair, and starring Ford Sterling, Lois Wilson and Louise Brooks.
Question: What production company was involved in The Show Off?
|
[
"paramount pictures"
] |
task469-a6e5b85e4e80456283cf16bd1ec37a32
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: The Ak 5 or Automatkarbin 5 (''automatic carbine 5'', ''automatic carbine'' being the Swedish term for assault rifle) is the Swedish version of the FN FNC assault rifle with certain modifications, mostly to adapt the weapon to the Swedish climate.
Question: The Ak 5 is based upon what?
|
[
"fn fnc"
] |
task469-8737b5245a954d14b48253c3f91ad08f
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
Context: After he finished the 3D film, Bwana Devil (1952), The Twonky was finally released by United Artists.
Question: The distributor of The Twonky was whom?
|
[
"united artists"
] |
task469-c9e82b29ca3447f5947a034f5543ce57
|
question_answering
|
[
"Wikipedia",
"News",
"Natural Science"
] |
mrqa
|
task469_mrqa_answer_generation
|
english
|
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