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s were concerned only to win the strike the general public at large however subjected to the sudden coercion of the general strike was only too likely to decide that a revolutionary seizure of power was in view in the aftermath eight leaders went on trial and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy illegal combinations and seditious libel four were aliens who were deported under the immigration act labor was weakened and divided as a result famers meanwhile were patiently organizing the united farmers of manitoba with plans to contest the one nine two zero provincial elections the result was no party had a majority the farmers running against politics as usual won in one nine two two with three zero seats against seven liberals were returned six conservatives six labour and eight independents manitoba legislature government of manitoba founding of the legislative assembly the legislative assembly of manitoba was established on july one four one eight seven zero at that time manitoba attained fu |
ll fledged provincial rights and responsibilities of self government manitoba was unusual in its leap to provincial status eastern canada saskatchewan and alberta all had intervening periods of apprenticeship as territories before becoming provinces only british columbia had circumstances similar to manitoba in joining confederation prior to one eight seven zero the power over manitoba was almost exclusively within the domain of the hudson bay company in the red river settlement the company invested little in the function of government save for rudimentary justice and a few public works education was the responsibility of the church the decision to make manitoba a full fledged province in one eight seven zero came as the result of three things a misunderstanding on the part of the canadian authorities the rise of nationalism of the metis fears of manifest destiny sentiments in the united states ignoring americans denials of any such goals initially the subject of provincial status did not come up during the n |
egotiations between canada britain and the hudson s bay company it was assumed that territorial status was granted in the act for the temporary government of ruperts land in one eight six nine louis riel first introduced the subject of provincial status to the committee of forty appointed by the citizens of red river in one eight seven zero riel s proposal to donald smith emissary for the government of canada was rejected by the government of john a macdonald the list of demands from riel did goad the government of canada to act on a proposal of its own on regarding red river s status john a macdonald introduced the manitoba act in the house of commons and pretended that the question of province or territory was of no significance the bill was given royal assent and manitoba joined canada as a province it was a significant leap of faith imposing responsible government on manitoba in one eight seven zero without any adjustment period it went against all conventional wisdom of the time however macdonald s misun |
derstanding of territorial versus provinical status the rise of the metis people and the burgeoning growth of the united states all compelled him to act in a nation building initiative in the years that followed much like the years that preceded manitoba went through many upheavals however parliamentary government and provincehood that was created in one eight seven zero prevailed demographics ethnic origin note the percentages do not necesarily add up to one zero zero as multiple responses are allowed two two eight canadian two two zero english one eight one german one seven seven scottish one four two ukrainian one three zero irish one two six french nine nine north american indian six six polish five one m tis ethnic origins with less than three of the responses are not listed source manitoba is home to the largest icelandic population outside of iceland there are about two six zero zero zero people with icelandic ancestry living in manitoba about three five of the icelandic canadian population lives in ma |
nitoba religious groups four three zero protestant two nine three roman catholic four zero christian not included elsewhere one four christian orthodox one one jewish one eight six no religious affiliation religions that make up less than one are not listed source downtown winnipeg taken from the forks economy pre confederation manitoba s early economy was one that depended on mobility and living off the land a number of native tribes that included the cree ojibwa dene sioux and assinibone followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province the first fur traders entering the province in the one seven th century changed the dynamics of the economy of manitoba forever for the first time permanent settlements were created and communties evolved over time most of the trade centered around the fur trade the first major diversification of the economy came when lord selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers to an area just north of present day winnipe |
g in one eight one one the lack of reliable transportation and an ongoing dispute between the hudson bay company the north west company and the m tis impeded growth the eventual triumph of the hudson bay company over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization any trade not sanctioned by the hbc was frowned upon it took many years for the red river colony to develop under hbc rule the company invested little in infrastructure for the community it was only when independent traders such as james sinclair and andrew mcdermot dermott started competing in trade that improvements to the community started to happen by one eight four nine the hbc faced even greater threats to its monopoly a m tis fur trader named pierre guillaume sayer was charged with illegal trade by the hudson bay company sayer had been trading with norman kittson who resided just beyond the hbc s reach in pembina north dakota the court found sayer guilty but the judge levied no fine or punishment |
in one eight five three a second agricultural community started in portage la prairie the courts could no longer be used by the hbc to enforce its monopoly the result was a weakening of hbc rule over the region and laid the foundations of provincehood for manitoba famous manitobans see also list of manitobans randy bachman musician the guess who bachman turner overdrive bto ed belfour nhl goalie david bergen novelist tom cochrane musician burton cummings musician the guess who len cariou actor tommy douglas politician voted the greatest canadian deanna durbin actress terry fox cancer activist and national hero monty hall tv celebrity television game show host doug henning magician chantal kreviazuk musician actress margaret laurence author todd macculloch basketball player guy maddin director marshall mcluhan media guru arthur meighen prime minister of canada bob nolan musician anna paquin actress fred penner children s entertainer musician frank pickersgill soe agent in world war ii executed by the nazis lo |
uis riel politician gabrielle roy author john k samson singer songwriter the weakerthans terry sawchuk nhl goalie sir william stephenson aka intrepid spy man on whom the character of james bond is based miriam toews novelist neil young musician nia vardalos actress and writer j s woodsworth politican map references carr ian and robert e beamish manitoba medicine a brief history isbn zero eight eight seven five five six six zero four one nine nine nine clark lovell ed the manitoba school question majority rule or minority rights one nine six eight historians debate the issue chafe j w extraordinary tales from manitoba history one nine seven three cook ramsay the politics of john w dafoe and the free press one nine six three dafoe john w clifford sifton in relation to his times one nine three one donnelly m s the government of manitoba one nine six three ellis j h the ministry of agriculture in manitoba one eight seven zero one nine seven zero one nine seven one ewanchuk michael pioneer profiles ukrainian settl |
ers in manitoba one nine eight one isbn zero nine six nine zero seven six eight four three kinnear mary ed one st days fighting days women in manitoba history one nine eight seven friesen gerald and potyondi barry a guide to the study of manitoba local history one nine eight one morton william lewis manitoba a history one nine seven zero isbn zero eight zero two zero six zero seven zero six the standard scholarly history petryshyn jaroslav peasants in the promised land canada and the ukrainians one eight nine one one nine one four one nine eight five whitcomb ed a short history of manitoba one nine eight two isbn zero nine two zero zero zero two one five three yuzyk paul the ukrainians in manitoba a social history one nine five three see also manitoba act legislative assembly of manitoba provinces and territories of canada manitoba cabinet ministers manitoba hydro manitoba telecom services list of cities in canada list of manitoba general elections list of manitoba lieutenant governors list of manitoba premie |
rs list of manitoba regions list of communities in manitoba list of canadian provincial and territorial symbols louis riel republic of manitoba one eight six seven six eight dominion land survey red river flood one nine nine seven same sex marriage in manitoba list of rural municipalities in manitoba list of manitoba school divisions and districts first nations in southern manitoba first nations in the northern region of manitoba external links government of manitoba the manitoba school question the manitoba historical society architecture of manitoba the timelinks image archive manitoba history of canada mount logan is canada s highest mountain and the second highest peak in north america after denali mount mckinley the mountain was named after sir william edmond logan a canadian geologist and founder of the geological survey of canada gsc mt logan is located within kluane national park and reserve in southwestern yukon and is the source of the hubbard and logan glaciers logan reportedly has the largest base |
circumference of any mountain on earth due to active tectonic uplifting mt logan is actually still rising in elevation before one nine nine two the exact height of mt logan was unknown and measurements ranged from five nine four nine m to six zero five zero m in may one nine nine two a gsc expedition climbed mt logan and fixed the current height of mt logan using gps temperatures are extremely cold on and near mount logan on may two six one nine nine one a record seven seven five c one zero six six f was observed making it the coldest recorded temperature outside of antarctica it is not counted as the coldest temperature in north america since it was recorded at a very high altitude the mt logan massif is considered to contain all the surrounding peaks with less than five zero zero m of prominence as listed below mt logan was first climbed on june two three one nine two five by a h maccarthy h f lambart a carpe w w foster n read and a taylor following the death of former prime minister pierre trudeau prime m |
inister jean chr tien a close friend of trudeau s considered renaming the mountain mount trudeau however opposition from yukoners mountaineers geologists trudeau s political critics and western canadians forced the plan to be dropped on the last few days of may two zero zero five three climbers from the north shore search and rescue team of north vancouver became stranded on the mountain a joint operation by canadian and american forces rescued the three climbers and took them to anchorage alaska for treatment of frostbite see also list of highest points of canadian provinces and territories external links mount logan on bivouac canadian mountain encyclopedia photos climbing info mount logan gsc mount logan on peakware photos map showing location of mount logan in the saint elias range conquering mt logan bc climbers rescued from mt logan acc accident report for may two zero zero five mountains of the yukon in philosophy a subject is a being which has subjective experiences or a relationship with another enti |
ty or object a subject is an observer and an object is a thing observed this concept is especially important in continental philosophy where the subject is a central term in debates over human autonomy and the nature of the self marx nietzsche and freud are three one nine th century philosophers who questioned the notion of a conscious subject which is the foundation of the liberal theory of the social contract in critical theory and psychology subjectivity is also the actions or discourses that produce individuals or i the i is the subject the observer nietzsche s critique of the subject nietzsche has criticized the groundworks of the subject rejecting the notion of substance heidegger later showed how subject came from the greek substance self identity is assured by conscience as john locke showed which is according to nietzsche a hypostasis of the body and the multiple forces composing it nietzsche stated that the subject was a grammatical fiction there is no doer behind the doing later heidegger thought t |
he dasein as being there which must not be mistaken with a personal subject these thinkers opened up the way for the deconstruction of the subject as a core concept of metaphysics social construction of the subject thinkers such as althusser foucault or bourdieu would diagnosticize the subject as a social construction according to althusser the subject is an ideological construction more exactly constructed by the ideological state apparatuses it is constituted through the process of interpellation according to foucault it is the effect of power and disciplines see discipline and punish construction of the subject as student soldier criminal etc the psychoanalytic subject jacques lacan inspired by heidegger and althusser developed a psychoanalytic model of the subject in which the split subject is constituted by a double bind alienated from jouissance when he enters into the imaginary during the mirror stage and separated from the other when he comes under the name of the father and enters into the symbolic s |
ee also louis althusser s conception of ideological state apparatuses i s a and interpellation of the subject cognitive linguistics ethics michel foucault s critic of the subject and the oxymoron historical subject list of ethics topics meta ethics moral relativism neo kantianism philosophy subject object problem personhood theory rudolf carnap david hume c l stevenson s ren kierkegaard endnotes see pierre klossowski nietzsche and the vicious circle philosophical concepts philosophical terminology subjectivism this is the main article on media bias for specific information on liberal and conservative bias in the united states please see media bias in the united states media bias is a term used to describe a real or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of which events will be reported and how they are covered the term media bias usually refers to a pervasive or widespread bias contravening the standards of journalism rather than the perspective of an individua |
l journalist or article the direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed although its causes are both practical and theoretical practical limitations to media neutrality include the inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts and the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative newton one nine eight nine since it is impossible to report everything some bias is inevitable government influence including overt and covert censorship biases the media in some countries market forces that can result in a biased presentation include the ownership of the news source the selection of staff the preferences of an intended audience or pressure from advertisers political affiliations arise from ideological positions of media owners and journalists the space or air time available for reports as well as deadlines needed to be met can lead to incomplete and apparently biased stories types of bias ethnic or racial bias including racism nationalism and |
regionalism corporate bias including advertising coverage of political campaigns in such a way as to favor corporate interests and the reporting of issues to favor the interests of the owners of the news media class bias including bias favoring one social class and bias ignoring social or class divisions political bias including bias in favor of or against a particular political party or candidate religious bias including bias in which one religious viewpoint is given preference over others sensationalism which is bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary this includes the practice whereby exceptional news may be overemphasized distorted or fabricated to boost commercial ratings studies and theories of media bias media bias is studied at schools of journalism university departments including media studies cultural studies and peace studies and by many independent watchdog groups from various parts of the political spectrum in the united states many of these studies focus on issues of a conservative l |
iberal balance in the media other focuses include international differences in reporting as well as bias in reporting of particular issues such as economic class or environmental interests the glasgow media group carried out the bad news studies a series of detailed analyses of television broadcasts and later newspaper coverage in the united kingdom eldridge two zero zero zero published between one nine seven six and one nine eight five the bad news studies used content analysis interviews and covert participant observation to conclude that news was biased against trade unions blaming them for breaking wage negotiating guidelines and causing high inflation martin harrison s tv news whose bias one nine eight five criticised the methodology of the glasgow media group arguing that the gmg identified bias selectively via their own preconceptions about what phrases qualify as biased descriptions for example the gmg sees the word idle to describe striking workers as pejorative despite the word being used by striker |
s themselves street two zero zero one p three one herman and chomsky one nine eight eight proposed a propaganda model hypothesizing systematic biases of u s media from structural economic causes they hypothesize media ownership by corporations funding from advertising the use of official sources efforts to discredit independent media flak and anti communist ideology as the filters that bias news in favour of u s corporate interests efforts to correct bias one technique used to avoid bias is the point counterpoint or round table an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue this approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media however the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose people who really represent the breadth of opinion to ask them non prejudicial questions and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly when done carelessly a point counterpoint can be as unfair as a simple biased report by suggesting that the losing si |
de lost on its merits the skeptics society has accused reporters of misusing the point counterpoint format by giving more time to superstitions than to their scientific rebuttals using this format can also lead to accusations that the reporter has created a misleading appearance that viewpoints have equal validity sometimes called false balance this may happen when a taboo exists around one of the viewpoints or when one of the representatives habitually makes claims that are easily shown to be inaccurate one such allegation of misleading balance came from mark halperin political director of abc news he stated in an internal e mail message that reporters should not artificially hold george w bush and john kerry equally accountable to the public interest and that complaints from bush supporters were an attempt to get away with renewed efforts to win the election by destroying senator kerry when the drudge report published this message many bush supporters viewed it as smoking gun evidence that halperin was usin |
g abc to propagandize against bush to kerry s benefit by interfering with reporters attempts to avoid bias another technique used to avoid bias is disclosure of affiliations that may be considered a possible conflict of interest this is especially apparent when a news organization is reporting a story with some relevancy to the news organzation itself or to its ownship individuals or conglomerate often times this disclosure is mandated by the laws or regulations pertaining to stocks and securities commentators on news stories involving stocks are often required to disclose any ownership interest in those corporations or in its competitors in rare cases a news organization may dismiss or reassign staff members who appear biased this approach was used in the killian documents affair and after peter arnett s interview with the iraqi press finally some countries have laws enforcing balance in state owned media since one nine nine one the cbc and radio canada its francophone counterpart are governed by the broadca |
sting act this act states amongst other things the programming provided by the canadian broadcasting system should i be varied and comprehensive providing a balance of information enlightenment and entertainment for men women and children of all ages interests and tastes iv provide a reasonable opportunity for the public to be exposed to the expression of differing views on matters of public concern blogs and media bias weblogs or blogs have become over the past few years a formidable screening tool against inaccuracies published by the big medias astute readers will look at the blogger s collective rant to discover the multiple facets of a news item many not mentionned in the original article paradoxically it is the overt and clearly stated bias of blogs that makes them look more honest and therefore attractive to readers as their readership increases the big media channels cannot ignore their influence and are forced to adapt with incidents like the rathergate affair blogs have already started changing the |
face of the big networks a short list of blogs specializing in exposing apparent media bias is given below history of bias in the mass media political bias has been a feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the printing press the expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people historians have found that publishers often served the interests of large or powerful social groups john milton s pamphlet areopagitica a speech for the liberty of unlicensed printing published in one six four four was one of the first publications advocating freedom of the press in the nineteenth century journalists began to recognize the concept of unbiased reporting as an integral part of journalistic ethics this coincided with the rise of journalism as a powerful social force even today though the most conscientiously obejctive journalists cannot avoid accusations of bias like newspapers the broadcast media radio and television have been used as a mechanism for pr |
opaganda from their earliest days a tendency made more pronounced by the initial ownership of broadcast spectrum by national governments although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the western broadcast media in private hands there still exists a strong government presence or even monopoly in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe at the same time the concentration of media in private hands and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals has also lead to accusations of media bias there are many examples of accusations of bias being used as a political tool sometimes resulting in government censorship in the united states in one seven nine eight congress passed the alien and sedition acts which prohibited newspapers from publishing false scandalous or malicious writing against the government including any public opposition to any law or presidential act this act was in effect until one eight zero one during the american civil war president abraham linc |
oln accused newspapers in the border states of bias in favor of the southern cause and ordered many newspapers closed chancellor adolf hitler of germany in the years leading up to world war ii accused newspapers of marxist bias an accusation echoed by pro german media in england and the united states politicians who favored the united states entering world war ii on the german side asserted that the international media were controlled by jews and that reports of german mistreatment of jews were biased and without foundation hollywood was said to be a hotbed of jewish bias and films such as charlie chaplin s the great dictator were offered as proof in the one nine eight zero s the government of south africa accused newspapers of liberal bias and instituted government censorship in one nine eight nine the newspaper new nation was closed by the government for three months for publishing anti apartheid propaganda other newspapers were not closed but were extensively censored some published the censored sections b |
lacked out to demonstrate the extent of government censorship in america during the civil rights movement southern politicians often accused the media of being biased against southern whites film and television media were accused of bias in favor of mixing of the races and many television programs with racially mixed casts such as i spy and star trek were not aired on southern stations during the war between the united states and north vietnam vice president spiro agnew accused newspapers of anti american bias and in a famous speech delivered in san diego in one nine seven zero called anti war protesters the nattering nabobs of negativism it is very common for members of political movements to express the belief that media coverage is biased against their ideology even on opposing sides in a conflict for example it is a common belief that western media coverage is consistently biased against israel glossing over palestinian crimes but similarly it is also an equally common belief among supporters of the pales |
tinians that western media coverage is consistently biased against the palestinians glossing over israeli crimes not all accusations of bias are political science writer martin gardner has accused the entertainment media of anti science bias he claimed that television programs such as the x files promote superstition carl sagan made a similar claim about the flintstones role of language in media bias mass media despite its ability to project worldwide is limited in its cross ethnic compatibility by one simple attribute language ethnicity being largely developed by a divergence in geography language culture genes and similarly point of view has the potential to be countered by a common source of information therefore language in the absence of translation comprises a barrier to a worldwide community of debate and opinion although it is also true that media within any given society may be split along class political or regional lines furthermore if the language is translated the translator has room to shift a b |
ias by choosing weighed words for translation language may also be seen as a political factor in mass media particularly in instances where a society is characterized by a large number of languages spoken by its populace the choice of language of mass media may represent a bias towards the group most likely to speak that language and can limit the public participation by those who do not speak the language on the other hand there have also been attempts to use a common language mass media to reach out to a large geographically dispersed population such as in the use of arabic language by news channel al jazeera many media theorists concerned with language and media bias point towards the media of the united states a large country where english is spoken by the vast majority of the population some theorists argue that the common language is not homogenizing and that there still remain strong differences expressed within the mass media this viewpoint asserts that moderate views are bolstered by drawing influenc |
es from the extremes of the political spectrum in the united states the national news therefore contributes to a sense of cohesion within the society proceeding from a similarly informed population according to this model most views within society are freely expressed and the mass media is accountable to the people and tends to reflect the spectrum of opinion language may also be a more subtle form of bias use of a word with positive or negative connotations rather than a more neutral synonym can form in the audience s mind a biased picture the best example of this bias is the use or avoidance of the word terrorist most mainstream media will not use this word opting instead for less accusatory synonyms for example a two zero zero five memo to the staff of the cbc states rather than calling assailants terrorists we can refer to them as bombers hijackers gunmen if we re sure no women were in the group militants extremists attackers or some other appropriate noun in a widely criticized episode initial online bbc |
reports of the seven july two zero zero five london bombings identified the perpetrators as terrorists in contradiction to the bbc s internal policy but by the next day tom gross and many others noted that the online articles had been edited replacing terrorists by bombers even more subtle is the preference of the word terrorist in one context not another for example searching the cbc web site the string palestinian suicide was used one four times more frequently than the string palestinian terrorist but al qaeda suicide was two three times less frequent than al qaeda terrorist in contradiction to the memo cited above clearly cbc editors want their readers to judge these acts differently depending on the origin of the people targeted for killing this particular word bias is not unique to the cbc but can also be found in many western news source another example of language bias would be using the phrase freedom fighters instead of insurgents the former phrase creates an image of a noble struggle while the lat |
ter is more neutral national and ethnic viewpoint many news organizations reflect or are perceived to reflect in some way the viewpoint of the geographic ethnic and national population that they primarily serve media within countries is sometimes seen as being sycophantic or unquestioning about the country s government western media is often criticized in the rest of the world including eastern europe asia africa and the middle east as being pro western with regard to a variety of political cultural and economic issues al jazeera has been frequently criticized in the west about its coverage of arab world issues the israeli palestinian conflict and wider arab israeli issues are a particularly controversial area and nearly all coverage of any kind generates accusation of bias from one or both sides this topic is covered in a separate article media bias and religion media bias towards religion is most obvious in countries where the media is controlled by the state which is in turn dominated by a particular relig |
ion in these instances bias against other faiths can be explicit and virulent but even in countries with freedom of religion and a free press the dominant religion exerts some amount of influence on the media in nations where christianity is the majority faith reporters tend to focus on the activities of the christian community to the exclusion of other faiths but the opposite may also occur with media self consciously avoiding reporting on any religious matters at all in order to avoid the appearance of favoring one faith over another this type of bias is often seen with reporting on new religious movements it is often the case that the only view the public gets of a new religious movement controversial group or purported cult is a negative and sensationalized report by the media for example most new or minority religious movements only receive media coverage when something sensational occurs e g the mass suicide of a cult or illegal activities of a leader in the religious movement according to the encyclope |
dia of social work one nine th edition the news media play an influential role in the general public s perception of cults as reported in several studies the media have depicted cults as problematic controversial and threatening from the beginning tending to favor sensationalistic stories over balanced public debates beckford one nine eight five richardson best victor one nine nine three it furthers the analysis that media reports on cults rely heavily on police officials and cult experts who portray cult activity as dangerous and destructive and when divergent views are presented they are often overshadowed by horrific stories of ritualistic torture sexual abuse mind control etc furthermore unfounded allegations when proved untrue receive little or no media attention other influences the apparent bias of media is not always specifically political in nature the news media tend to appeal to a specific audience which means that stories that affect a large number of people on a global scale often receive less co |
verage in some markets than local stories such as a public school shootings a celebrity wedding a plane crash or similarly glamorous or shocking stories for example the deaths of millions of people in an ethnic conflict in africa might be afforded scant mention in american media while the shooting of five people in a high school is analyzed in depth the reason for this type of bias is a function of what the public wants to watch and or what producers and publishers believe the public wants to watch bias has also been claimed in instances referred to as conflict of interest whereby the owners of media outlets have vested interests in other commercial enterprises in such cases in the united states the media outlet is required to disclose the conflict of interest see also objectivity journalism media ethics news media bias in the united states media coverage of the israeli palestinian conflict media bias in south asia media and ethnicity yellow journalism hostile media effect propaganda model cultural bias cultu |
re of fear mass media coverage of missing pretty girls metanarrative group attribution error media transparency bryant gumbel bibliography what liberal media by reporter eric alterman eldridge j two zero zero zero the contribution of the glasgow media group to the study of television and print journalism journalism studies one one pp one one three two seven harrison m one nine eight five tv news whose bias london policy journals herman e and chomsky n one nine eight eight manufacturing consent the political economy of the mass media new york pantheon jefferson m one nine eight seven media bias in r goodin and a reeve eds liberal neutrality london routledge pp one three zero five five bias a cbs insider exposes how the media distort the news by former cbs reporter bernard goldberg isbn zero zero six zero five two zero eight four one arrogance rescuing america from the media elite by former cbs reporter bernard goldberg isbn zero four four six five three one nine one x press bias and politics how the media fram |
e controversial issues by professor jim kuypers isbn newton k one nine eight nine media bias in r goodin and a reeve eds liberal neutrality london routledge pp one three zero five five gutmann stephanie two zero zero five the other war israelis palestinians and the struggle for media supremacy encounter books isbn one eight nine three five five four nine four five references robins susan p encyclopedia of social work one nine th edition national association of social workers washington dc one nine nine seven update external links blogs and websites about media bias reporting wars compares msm news items side by side attempting to expose any media bias with their own news stories what is media bias honest reporting a site about perceived anti israeli media bias times watch website updated daily that provide examples of claims about bias in the new york times reporting camera another site documenting bias in the coverage of middle east biased bbc a blog critical of the british broadcasting corporation bbc news |
cbcwatch a blog critical of the canadian broadcasting corporation cbc media research center website updated daily that provide examples of claims about liberal bias and misinformation in the news newsbusters org daily blogs that provide examples of claims about liberal bias and misinformation in the news media matters website updated daily that provides examples of claims about conservative bias and misinformation in the news medialens a group of six blogs on this topic media bias indicators from chronically biased other what s wrong with the news analysis of what is wrong with the media today content analysis the memory hole site for the preservation of foiaed documents and material removed from government websites the media awareness project site about drug reform those aren t stones they re rocks seth ackerman article concerning perceived pro israel bias blinded by science how balanced coverage lets the scientific fringe hijack reality by reporter chris mooney a measure of media bias a paper in progress at |
tempting to analyze media bias by looking at sources statistically criticism of journalism propaganda bias muhammad c five seven zero six three two arabic also transliterated mohammad mohammed muhammed and sometimes mahomet following the turkish is believed by muslims to be god s final prophet sent to guide all of mankind with the message of islam he is referred to as the prophet arabic or the messenger arabic within the faith non muslims generally consider him to be the founder of islam according to traditional muslim biographers he was born c five seven zero in mecca makkah and died on june eight six three two in medina madinah both mecca and medina are cities in the hejaz region of present day saudi arabia the name muhammad means the praised one in arabic summary the name muhammad written in arabic calligraphy as a form of devotion born muhammad ibn abdullah he is said to have initially been a merchant who traveled widely muhammad often retreated to the mountains outside mecca for prayer and contemplation |
muslims believe that in six one zero at about the age of forty while praying in one of these mountain caves called hira he was visited by the angel gabriel who commanded him to memorize and recite the verses sent by god these verses were later collected as part of the qur an gabriel told him that god allah in arabic had chosen him as the last prophet to mankind he eventually expanded his mission as a prophet publicly preaching a strict monotheism and warning against a day of judgement where all humans shall be held responsible for their deeds he did not completely reject judaism and christianity two other monotheistic faiths known to the arabs rather he said that he had been sent by god in order to complete and perfect their teachings many in mecca resented his preaching and persecuted him and his followers muslims believe that this was in part due to his followers holding muhammad s authority above that of their leaders eventually persecution followed and in six two two he was forced to flee from mecca the h |
ijra and settled in yathrib now known as medina with his followers where he was the leader of the first avowedly muslim community war between factions in mecca and medina followed in which muhammad and his followers were eventually victorious the military organization that was created by this struggle was then set to conquering the other tribes of arabia by the time of muhammad s death he had unified arabia spread islam throughout the arabian peninsula and launched expeditions to the north towards syria and palestine under muhammad s immediate successors the islamic empire expanded into palestine syria mesopotamia persia egypt north africa and iberia later conquests commercial contact between muslims and non muslims and missionary activity spread islam over much of the globe sources the main sources for biographies of muhammad are found in islamic documments such as the qur an the sira biographies and the hadith collections while the qur an is not a biography of muhammad it does provide information about his |
life the earliest surviving biographies are the life of the apostle of god by ibn ishaq d seven six eight edited by ibn hisham d eight three three and al waqidi s d eight two two biography of muhammad ibn ishaq wrote his biography some one two zero to one three zero years after muhammad s death the third source the hadith collections like the qur an are not a biography per se in both the sunni and shia belief they are the accounts of the verbal and physical traditions of muhammad some skeptical scholars wansbrough cook crone and others have raised doubts about the reliability of these sources especially the hadith collections they argue that by the time the oral traditions were being collected the muslim community had grown and also fractured into rival sects and different schools of thought and each sect and school had its own sometimes conflicting traditions of what muhammad and his companions had done and said traditions multiplied and muslim scholars made a strenuous effort to weed out what they felt were |
spurious stories traditionalists rely on their efforts while the skeptics feel that the question must be revisited muslim and non muslim scholars alike agree that there are some inauthentic traditions concerning the life of muhammad in the hadith collections thus most of these traditions are acknowledged by muslim clerical authorities to be weak and only a few hadith collections are considered reliable a very small minority called the qur an alone muslims consider all hadith as unreliable however the historicity of the biographical material about muhammad presented in the summary above is not generally contested traditionalists both muslim and non muslim paint a much more detailed picture of muhammad s life his life according to sira genealogy according to tradition muhammad traced his genealogy back as far as adnan whom the northern arabs believed to be their common ancestor adnan in turn is said to be a descendant of ismaeel ishmael son of ibrahim abraham though the exact genealogy is disputed muhammad s g |
enealogy up to adnan is as follows muhammad ibn abd allah ibn abd al muttalib shaiba ibn hashim amr ibn abd manaf al mughira ibn qusai zaid ibn kilab ibn murra ibn ka b ibn lu ay ibn ghalib ibn fahr quraish ibn malik ibn an nadr qais ibn kinana ibn khuzaimah ibn mudrikah amir ibn ilyas ibn mudar ibn nizar ibn ma ad ibn adnan ibn means son of in arabic alternate names of people with two names are given in parentheses he was also called abul qaasim by some meaning father of qaasim after his short lived first son childhood prophet muhammad saw was born into a well to do family settled in the northern arabian town of mecca muslims believe it to be april two six and some as five seven one prophet muhammad saw s father abdullah had died before he was born and the young boy was brought up by his paternal grandfather abd al muttalib of the banu hashim clan of the quraish tribe tradition says that as an infant he was placed with a bedouin wetnurse halima as desert life was believed to be safer and healthier for childr |
en at the age of six prophet muhammad saw lost his mother amina and at the age of eight his grandfather abd al muttalib prophet muhammad saw now came under the care of his uncle abu talib the new leader of the hashim clan of the quraysh tribe the most powerful in mecca muslims differ as to whether or not muhammad was brought up as a hanif a monotheist and whether or not he ever engaged in the polytheist worship see hanif for further information mecca was a thriving commercial centre due in great part to a stone temple now called the kaaba that housed many different idols merchants from different tribes would visit mecca during the pilgrimage season when all inter tribal warfare was forbidden and they could trade in safety while still in his teens hazrat muhammad saw began accompanying his uncle on trading journeys to syria he thus became well travelled and knowledgeable as to foreign ways middle years hazrat muhammad saw became a merchant and one of his employers was khadijah a widow then forty years old the |
young twenty five year old prophet muhammad saw had impressed khadijah and she proposed to him in the year five nine five ibn ishaq records that khadijah bore prophet muhammad saw five children one son and four daughters all of khadija s children were born before prophet muhammad saw received his first revelation his son qasim died at the age of two the four daughters are said to be zainab bint muhammad ruqayyah bint muhammad umm kulthum bint muhammad and fatima zahra the first revelations muhammad had a reflective turn of mind and routinely spent nights in a cave hira near mecca in meditation and thought muslims believe that around the year six one zero while meditating muhammad had a vision of the angel gabriel his wife khadijah and her christian cousin waraqah ibn nawfal were the first to believe muhammad was a prophet she was soon followed by his ten year old cousin ali ibn abi talib and abu bakr whom sunnis assert to have been muhammad s closest friend until his death muhammad reportedly received frequen |
t revelations although there was a relatively long gap after the first revelation this silence worried him until he received surat ad dhuha whose words provided comfort and reassurance around six one three muhammad began to spread his message amongst the people most of those who heard his message ignored it a few mocked him some however believed and joined his small group rejection as the ranks of muhammad s followers swelled he became a threat to the local tribes and the rulers of the city their wealth after all rested on the kaaba a sacred house of idols and the focal point of meccan religious life if they threw out their idols as muhammad preached there would be no more pilgrims no more trade and no more wealth muhammad s denunciation of polytheism was especially offensive to his own tribe the quraysh as they were the guardians of the ka aba furthermore muhammad and his followers bypassing the rulers forged a relationship with the christian nation of ethiopia a nation traditionally considered an enemy of m |
ecca muhammad and his followers were persecuted some of them fled to abyssinia present day ethiopia and founded a small colony there under the refuge of the ethiopian king several suras and parts of suras are said to date from this time and reflect its circumstances see for example al masadd al humaza parts of maryam and al anbiya al kafirun and abasa in six one nine both muhammad s wife khadijah and his uncle abu talib died it was known as the year of sorrows muhammad s own clan withdrew their protection of him muslims patiently endured hunger and persecution isra and miraj some time in six two zero muhammad told his followers that he had experienced the isra and miraj a miraculous journey said to have been accomplished in one night in the first part of the journey the isra he is said to have travelled from mecca to jerusalem in the second part the miraj muhammad is said to have toured heaven and hell and spoken with earlier prophets such as abraham moses and jesus muslims believe that the jerusalem mosque o |
n the temple mount known as the masjid al aqsa is built over the site from which muhammad ascended to heaven hijra by six two two life in the small muslim community of mecca was becoming not only difficult but dangerous muslim traditions say that there were several attempts to assassinate muhammad muhammad then resolved to emigrate to medina then known as yathrib a large agricultural oasis where there were a number of muslim converts by breaking the link with his own tribe muhammad demonstrated that tribal and family loyalties were insignificant compared to the bonds of islam a revolutionary idea in the tribal society of arabia this hijra or emigration traditionally translated into english as flight marks the beginning of the islamic calendar the muslim calendar counts dates from the hijra which is why muslim dates have the suffix ah after hijra muhammad came to medina as a mediator invited to resolve the feud between the arab factions of aws and khazraj he ultimately did so by absorbing both factions into hi |
s muslim community forbidding bloodshed among muslims however medina was also home to a number of jewish tribes whether they were ethnically as well as religiously jewish is an open question as is the depth of their jewishness muhammad had hoped that they would recognize him as a prophet but they did not do so some academic historians attribute the change of qibla the muslim direction of prayer from the site of the former temple in jerusalem to the kaaba in mecca which occurred during this period to muhammad s abandonment of hope of recruiting jews as allies or followers non muslim settlements within muslim territories were taxed rather than expelled muhammad drafted a document now known as the constitution of medina c six two two six two three which laid out the terms on which the different factions specifically the jews and other peoples of the book could exist within the new islamic state this system would come to typify muslim relations with their non believing subjects and that tradition was one reason f |
or the stability of the later muslim caliphate or khilafah in this the islamic empire was more tolerant than another great power of the area the byzantine empire which was actively hostile to any religions or sects other than the state sponsored version of orthodox christianity war relations between mecca and medina rapidly worsened see surat al baqara meccans confiscated all the property that the muslims had left in mecca in medina muhammad signed treaties of alliance and mutual help with neighboring tribes muhammad turned to raiding caravans bound for mecca caravan raiding al ghazw was an old arabian tradition muslims justified the raids by meccan s confiscation of all their property left at mecca and the state of war deemed to exist between the meccans and the muslims secular scholars add this was also a matter of survival for the muslims they owned no land in medina and if they did not raid they would have to live on charity and whatever wage labor they could find both of which were in short supply in the |
small oasis in march of six two four muhammad led some three zero zero warriors in a raid on a meccan merchant caravan the meccans successfully defended the caravan and then decided to teach the medinans a lesson they sent a small army against medina on march one five six two four near a place called badr the meccans and the muslims clashed though outnumbered more than three times one zero zero zero to three zero zero in the battle the muslims met with success killing at least forty five meccans and taking seventy prisoners for ransom only fourteen muslims died this marked the real beginning of muslim military achievement rule consolidated to the muslims the victory in badr appeared as a divine authentication of muhammad s prophethood and he and all the muslims rejoiced greatly following this victory after clashes and the breaking of a treaty that risked the security of the city state the victors expelled a local jewish clan the banu qainuqa virtually all the remaining medinans converted and muhammad became |
ruler of the city after khadija s death muhammad married again to aisha the daughter of his friend abu bakr who would later emerge as the first leader of the muslims after muhammad s death in medina he married hafsah daughter of umar who would eventually become abu bakr s successor muhammad s daughter fatima married ali muhammad s cousin according to the sunni another daughter umm kulthum married uthman each of these men in later years would emerge as successors to muhammad and political leaders of the muslims thus all four of the first four caliphs were linked to muhammad by marriage sunni muslims regard these caliphs as the rashidun or rightly guided see succession to muhammad for more information on the controversy on who the first caliph should have been continued warfare in six two five the meccan general abu sufyan marched on medina with three zero zero zero men the ensuing battle of uhud took place on march two three ending in a stalemate the meccans claimed victory but they had lost too many men to pu |
rsue the muslims into medina in april six two seven abu sufyan led another strong force against medina but muhammad had dug a trench around medina and successfully defended the city in the battle of the trench many of the muslims believed that abu sufyan had been aided by sympathizers among the medinans the jewish tribe of the banu qurayza as soon as the battle was over the muslims turned upon the banu qurayza after the banu qurayza were defeated all the adult men were beheaded by the order of saad ibn muadh an arbiter chosen by the banu qurayza the remaining women and children were taken as captives and were not harmed muslims believe that this was necessary however some critics of islam believed it was unjust the matter is discussed at greater length in the article on the banu qurayza following the muslim s victory at the battle of the trench the muslims were able through conversion and conquest to extend their rule to many of the neighboring cities and tribes the conquest of mecca by six two eight the musl |
im position was strong enough that muhammad decided to return to mecca this time as a pilgrim in march of that year he set out for mecca followed by one six zero zero men after some negotiation a treaty was signed at the border town of al hudaybiyah while muhammad would not be allowed to finish his pilgrimage that year hostilities would cease and the muslims would have permission to make a pilgrimage to mecca in the following year the agreement lasted only two years however as the meccans broke the treaty in six three zero as a result muhammad marched on mecca with an enormous force said to number more than one zero zero zero zero men the meccans submitted without a fight and thus there was no bloodshed muhammad promised a general amnesty to all the meccans regardless of religion and ensured that no harm will be done to them as a result of this most meccans converted to islam and muhammad destroyed the idols in the kaaba henceforth the pilgrimage would be a muslim pilgrimage and the shrine a muslim shrine uni |
fication of arabia the capitulation of mecca and the defeat of an alliance of enemy tribes at hunayn effectively brought the greater part of the arabian peninsula under muhammad s authority this authority was not enforced by any formal governments however as he chose instead to rule through personal relationships and tribal treaties the muslims were clearly the dominant force in arabia and most of the remaining tribes and states hastened to convert to islam muhammad as a warrior for most of the sixty three years of his life muhammad was a merchant then a prophet he took up the sword late in his life he was a warrior for ten years much criticism has been leveled at muhammad for engaging in caravan raids and taking part in battles critics say that his wars went well beyond self defense muslim commentators however argue that he fought only to defend his community against the meccans and that he insisted on humane rules of warfare family life from five nine five to six one nine muhammad had only one wife khadijah |
after her death he married aisha then hafsa later he was to marry more wives for a total of eleven nine or ten living at the time of his death the status of maria al qibtiyya is much disputed she may have been a slave a freed slave a concubine or a wife khadija was muhammad s first wife and the mother of the only child to survive him his daughter fatima he married his other wives after the death of khadija some of these women were recent widows of warriors in battle others were daughters of his close allies or tribal leaders one of the later unions resulted in a son but the child died when he was ten months old companions the term companions refers to anyone who met three criteria first he must have been a contemporary of muhammad second he must have seen or heard muhammad speak on at least one occasion third he must have converted to islam companions are responsible for the transmission of hadith as each hadith must have as its first transmitter a companion there were many other companions in addition to th |
e ones listed here list in alphabetic order aamir abdullah ibn abbas abdulrahman abu bakr abu dharr ali ammar bilal ibn ribah hamza al miqdad sa d sa eed sad ibn abi waqqas salman the persian suhaib the roman talha umar uthman zubair death after a short illness muhammad died around noon on monday eight june six three two in the city of medina at the age of sixty three according to shi a islam muhammad had appointed his son in law ali as his successor in a public sermon at ghadir khumm shi a believe that muhammad s companions abu bakr and umar conspired to oust ali and make abu bakr the leader or caliph the majority of the sunni sect dispute this and say that the leaders of the community conferred and freely chose abu bakr who was pre eminent among the followers of muhammad however it happened abu bakr became the new leader and the split between ali and abu bakr precipitated the split between shi a and sunni abu bakr spent much of his short reign suppressing rebellious tribes in the ridda wars with unity resto |
red in arabia the muslims looked outward and commenced the conquests that would eventually unite the middle east under the caliphs descendants masjid al nabawi in medina the mosque contains the tombs of muhammad and the first two caliphs abu bakr and umar ibn al khattab muhammad was survived by his daughter fatima and her children some say that he had a daughter zainab who had borne a daughter amma or umama who survived him as well in shi a islam it is believed that fatima s husband ali and his descendants are the rightful leaders of the faithful the sunni do not accept this view but they still honor muhammad s descendants descendants of muhammad are known by many names such as sayyids syeds and sharifs plural ashraaf many rulers and notables in muslim countries past and present claim such descent with various degrees of credibility such as the fatimid dynasty of north africa the idrisis the current royal families of jordan and morocco and the agha khan imams of the ismaili branch of islam in various muslim c |
ountries there are societies that authenticate claims of descent some societies are more credible than others historical significance before his death in six three two muhammad had established islam as a social and political force and had unified most of arabia a few decades after his death his successors had united all of arabia and conquered iran iraq egypt palestine syria armenia and much of north africa by seven five zero islam had emerged as the spiritual counterpart to the two great monotheistic belief systems judaism and christianity and as the geopolitical successor to the roman empire the rest of north africa had come under muslim rule as well as the entire iberian peninsula and much of central asia including sind in the indus valley under the ghaznavids in the tenth century islam was spread to the mainly hindu principalities east of the indus by conquering armies in what is now northern india even later islam expanded into much of africa and southeast asia islam is now the faith of well over a billi |
on people all over the globe and is the second largest religion of the present day muslim veneration of muhammad image muhammad callig gif the name muhammad written in arabic calligraphy many muslims believe that islam prohibits depicting the prophet muhammad or arts depicting humans or animals much islamic art is decorative calligraphy or arabesque abstract pattern image miraj two jpg a one six th century persian miniature painting celebrating muhammad s ascent into the heavens a journey known as the miraj muhammad s face is veiled all muslims feel a great love and veneration for muhammad and express this feeling in many ways when speaking or writing muhammad s name is preceded by the title prophet and is followed by the phrase peace be upon him or peace be upon him and his descendants by shias in english often abbreviated as pbuh and pbuh or just simply as p concerts of muslim and especially sufi devotional music include songs praising muhammad see muslim music qawwali some muslims celebrate the birthday of |
muhammad mawlid with elaborate festivities others do not believing that such festivities are modern innovations criticism of muhammad is often equated with blasphemy which is punishable by death in some muslim states muhammad is often refered to with titles of praise some revere muhammad s relics such as his grave his sword his clothing and strands of his hair even non iconic representations of muhammad are traditionally discouraged from the one six th century however persian and ottoman art frequently represented muhammad in miniatures albeit with his face either veiled or emanating radiance see e g siyer i nebi modern caricatures of muhammad have caused great controversy and criticism see jyllands posten muhammad cartoons for an example beyond the stories accepted as ical by islamic scholars of hadith or oral traditions there are many folktales praising muhammad and recounting miraculous stories of his birth upbringing and life see also islam islam and veneration for muhammad the one zero zero sira hadith |
hanif family tree of muhammad ibn abdallah muhammad s marriages zulfiqar succession to muhammad siyer i nebi list of islamic terms in arabic list of founders of major religions informative films about muhammad seal of the prophets mohammad messenger of god aka the message ya muhammad references external links non sectarian biography public broadcasting system program on muhammad encarta encyclopedia one nine one one encyclopedia article of muhammad muslim biographies biography by harun yahya ar raheeq al makhtum the sealed nectar memoirs of the noble prophet about muhammad critical perspectives answering islam s critical analysis of muhammad trends in biographies of muhammad wives of muhammad other swords of the prophet muhammad muhammad five seven zero births six three two deaths arab people islam islamic prophets muslims one nine two two chart of the morse code letters and numerals morse code is a method for transmitting information using standardized sequences of short and long marks or pulses commonly kno |
wn as dots and dashes for the letters numerals and special characters of a message originally created for samuel morse s electric telegraph in the mid one eight three zero s it was also extensively used for early radio communication beginning in the one eight nine zero s however with the development of more advanced communications technologies the use of morse code is now largely obsolete although it is still employed for a few specialized purposes including navigational radio beacons and by cw continuous wave amateur radio operators morse code is the only digital modulation mode designed to be easily read by humans without a computer making it appropriate for sending automated digital data in voice channels morse code can be transmitted in a number of ways originally as electrical pulses along a telegraph wire but also as an audio tone as a radio signal with short and long pulses or tones or as a mechanical or visual signal e g a flashing light using devices like an aldis lamp or a heliograph because morse c |
ode is transmitted using just two states on and off it was an early form of a digital code international morse code is composed of six elements short mark dot or dit longer mark dash or dah intra character gap between the dots and dashes within a character short gap between letters medium gap between words long gap between sentences however the variable length of the morse characters made it hard to adapt to automated communication so it was largely replaced by more regular formats including the baudot code and ascii what is called morse code today actually differs somewhat from what was originally developed by morse and his assistant alfred vail in one eight four eight a refinement of the code sequences including changes to eleven of the letters was developed in germany and eventually adopted as the worldwide standard as international morse morse s original code specification largely limited to use in the united states became known as railroad or american morse code and is now very rarely used development pi |
ngala a scholar musician mathematician who lived in ancient india betwen four zero zero bc and two zero zero bc first conceived the notion of a morse code he used a binary code of short and long syllables short and long dashes very similar to that of the morse code with a long syllable equal in length to two short syllables to represent musical symbols rather than letters beginning in the mid one eight three zero s samuel morse and alfred vail developed an electric telegraph which used electrical currents to control an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the transmission wire the technological limits of the time made it impossible to print individual characters in a readable form so the inventors had to devise an alternate method of communication beginning in one eight three seven william cooke and charles wheatstone operated electric telegraphs in england which also controlled electromagnets in the receivers however in their systems needle pointers were rotated in order to indicate the cha |
racters being sent in contrast morse and vail s initial telegraph system which first went into operation in one eight four four marked a paper tape when an electrical current was transmitted the receiver s electromagnet rotated an armature so that it began to scratch a moving tape and when the current was removed the receiver retracted the armature so that portion of the tape was left unmarked the morse code was developed so that operators could translate the indentions marked on the paper tape into text messages initially morse had planned to only transmit numerals and use a dictionary to look up each word according to the number which had been sent however the code was expanded to include letters and special characters so it could be used for more complete messages the shorter marks were called dots and the longer ones dashes and the letters most commonly used in the english language were assigned the shortest sequences in the original morse telegraphs the receiver s armature made a clicking noise as it mov |
ed into and out of position for marking the tape operators soon learned to directly read the clicks as the beginning and end of dots and dashes meaning that it was no longer necessary to use the tape when morse code was adopted to radio the dots and dashes were normally sent as short and long tones it was later found that people become more proficient at receiving morse code when is taught as a language that is heard instead of one read from a page to reflect the sound of morse code practitioners vocalise a dash as dah and a dot as dit when a dit is not the final element of a character its sound is shortened to di to maintain a better vocal rhythm morse messages are generally transmitted by a hand operated device such as a telegraph key so there are variations introduced by the skill of the sender and receiver more experienced operators can send and receive at faster speeds in general any code representing written symbols as variable length signals can be called a morse code but the term is used specifically |
for the two kinds of morse code used for the english alphabet and associated symbols telegraph companies charged based on the length of the message sent elaborate commercial codes were developed that encoded common phrases in five letter groups that were sent as single words examples byoxo are you trying to crawl out of it liouy why do you not answer my question and ayylu not clearly coded repeat more clearly the letters of these five letter code words were sent individually using morse code in computer networking terminology one would say the commercial code is layered on top of morse code which in turn is layered on top of binary code which in turn is layered on top of a physical telegraph wire still in use in amateur radio are the q code and z code they were and are used by the operators themselves for service information like link quality frequency changes and telegram numbering when considered as a standard for information encoding morse code had a successful lifespan that has not yet been surpassed by a |
ny other electronic encoding scheme morse code was used as an international standard for maritime communication until one nine nine nine when it was replaced by the global maritime distress safety system when the french navy ceased using morse code in one nine nine seven the final message transmitted was calling all this is our last cry before our eternal silence see also international distress frequency recently a few widely publicized speed contests have been held between expert morse code operators and expert cellphone sms text messaging users see external links morse code has consistently won the contests leading to speculation that cellphone manufacturers may eventually build a morse code interface into cellphones the interface would automatically translate the morse code input into text so that it could be sent to any sms capable cellphone so therefore the receiver of the message need not know morse code to read it other speculated applications include taking an existing assistive application of morse c |
ode and using the vibrating alert feature on the cellphone to translate sms messages to morse code for silent hands free reading of the incoming messages several cellphones already have informative audible morse code ring tones and alert messages for example many nokia cellphones have an option to beep sms in morse code when it receives an sms text message these kinds of innovations could lead to a morse code revival there are third party applications already available for some cellphones that allow morse code input for sending sms see external links modern international morse code the modern international morse code was invented by friedrich clemens gerke in one eight four eight and used for the telegraphy between hamburg and cuxhaven in germany after some minor changes in one eight six five it has been standardised at the international telegraphy congress in paris one eight six five and later normed by the itu as international morse code international morse code is still in use today although it has become |
almost exclusively the province of amateur radio operators until two zero zero three the international telecommunications union itu mandated morse code proficiency as part of the amateur radio licensing procedure throughout the world in some countries certain parts of the amateur radio bands are still reserved for transmission of morse code signals only since morse relies on only an on off keyed radio signal it requires less complex equipment than other forms of radio communication and it can be used in very high noise low signal environments it also requires less bandwidth than voice communications typically one zero zero one five zero hz compared to the roughly four zero zero zero hz of single sideband voice the extensive use of pro signs q codes and restricted format of typical messages facilitates communication between amateur radio operators who do not share a common mother tongue and would have great difficulty in communicating using voice modes morse code is also very popular among qrp operators for en |
abling very long distance low power communication readability can be sustained by trained operators even though the signal is only faintly readable this level of penetration is due to the fact that all transmitted energy is concentrated in a very small bandwidth making the use of a narrow receiver bandwidth practical a narrow bandwidth receiver uses filters to exclude interference on frequencies close to the desired frequency concentrating the transmitted energy in a small bandwidth gives the signal a spectral brightness that is much higher than the average natural noise but see also spread spectrum in the united states until one nine nine one a demonstration of the ability to send and receive morse code at five words per minute wpm was required to receive an fcc amateur radio license demonstration of this ability is still required for the privilege to use the hf bands until two zero zero zero proficiency at the two zero wpm level was required to receive the highest level of amateur license extra class effect |
ive april one five two zero zero zero the fcc reduced the extra class requirement to five wpm the world radiocommunication conference of two zero zero three wrc zero three made optional the international morse code requirement for amateur radio licensing in july two zero zero five the federal communications commission published a notice of proposed rulemaking that if made a permanent fcc rule would eliminate all morse code testing for amateur radio licensees as with all informal rulemaking under the administrative procedures act it will take time for the rule to go into effect as a long comment period must be observed most expect the period of comment and debate to be contentious as many amateur operators believe eliminating code testing to be detrimental and contrary to the heritage of radio while others strongly hold that requiring code is outdated and keeps new blood out of the hobby amateur and military radio operators skilled in morse code can often understand copy code in their heads at rates in excess |
of four zero wpm international contests in code copying are occasionally held there are also several amateur clubs that require solid high speed copy the highest of these has a standard of six zero wpm in july one nine three nine at a contest in asheville north carolina ted r elroy set a still standing record for morse copying seven five two wpm in his online book on high speed sending william pierpont n zero hff notes some operators may have passed one zero zero wpm by this time they are hearing phrases and sentences rather than words for a slower level the american radio relay league offers a code proficency certification program that starts at one zero wpm although the traditional telegraph key straight key is still used by many amateurs the use of semi and fully automatic electronic keyers known as bugs is prevalent today computer software is also frequently employed to produce and decode morse code rf signals the fastest speed ever sent by a straight key was achieved in one nine four two by harry turner |
w nine yze d one nine nine two who reached three five wpm in a demonstration at a u s army base a commercially manufactured iambic paddle used in conjunction with an electronic keyer to generate high speed morse code as of two zero zero six commercial radiotelegraph licenses are still being issued in the united states by the federal communications commission designed for shipboard and coast station operators they are awarded to applicants who pass written examinations on advanced radio theory and show two zero wpm code proficiency this requirement is waived for old two zero wpm extra class licensees however since one nine nine nine the use of satellite and very high frequency maritime communications systems gmdss have essentially made them obsolete on may two four two zero zero four the one six zero th anniversary of the first telegraphic transmission the itu added the the commercial at or commat character to the morse character set and is the digraph ac probably to represent at commercial or the letter a ins |
ide the swirl appearing to be a c the new character facilitates sending electronic mail addresses by morse code and is notable since it is the first official addition to the morse set of characters since world war i morse code as an assistive technology morse code has a two one st century role as an assistive technology helping people with a variety of disabilities to communicate morse can be sent by someone with severe motion disability as long as they have some minimal motor control in some cases this means alternately blowing into and sucking on a plastic tube puff and sip interface people with severe motion disabilities in addition to sensory disabilities e g people who are deaf and or blind and have severe motion disabilities can receive morse through a skin buzzer products are available that allow a computer operating system to be controlled by morse code allowing the user access to the internet and electronic mail see morse two zero zero zero assistive communications site in one case reported in the ra |
dio amateur magazine qst an old shipboard radio operator who had a stroke and lost the ability to speak or write was able to communicate with his physician a radio amateur by blinking his eyes in morse a better confirmed case occurred in one nine six six when prisoner of war jeremiah denton brought on television by his north vietnamese captors morse blinked the word torture representation and timing there are two symbols used to represent letters called dots and dashes or more commonly among cw users dits and dahs the length of the dit determines the speed at which the message is sent and is used as the timing reference here is an illustration of the timing conventions its intent is to show exact timing it would normally be written something like this m o r s e space c o d e where represents dah and represents dit here s the exact conventional timing for the same message represents signal on represents signal off each for the length of a dit dah dit dit symbol space word space letter space in text book full s |
peed morse a dah is conventionally three times as long as a dit spacing between dits and dahs in a character is the length of one dit spacing between letters in a word is the length of a dah three dits spacing between words is seven dits those learning morse are often taught to send and understand letters and other symbols at their full target speed that is with normal relative timing of the dots dashes and spaces within each symbol for that speed exaggerated spaces between symbols and words are used to give thinking time which can be reduced with practice and familiarity this makes the sound shape of the letters and symbols easier to learn this teaching method is referred to as the farnsworth method another popular teaching method is the koch method which uses the full target speed from the outset but begins with just two characters once strings containing those two characters can be copied with nine zero accuracy an additional character is added and so on until the full character set is mastered morse code |
is often spoken or written as follows dah dah dah dah dah di dah dit di di dit dit dah di dah dit dah dah dah dah di dit dit note that there is little point in learning to read written morse as above rather the sounds of all of the letters and symbols need to be learned both to send and to receive the speed of morse code is typically specified in words per minute wpm the paris standard defines the speed of morse transmission as the dot and dash timing needed to send the word paris a given number of times per minute the word paris is chosen because it is precisely five zero dits based on the text book timing it has been claimed that musicians learn the rhythms of the morse code characters faster than non musicians conversely morse code has been used in music both as a source for rhythmic patterns and as recorded samples such as vladimir ussachevsky s wireless fantasy and in the rock band rush s song yyz based on the morse code for toronto s pearson international airport s iata airport code the theme tune to th |
e bbc s television series inspector morse is another example letters numbers punctuation prosigns note all links with the loudspeaker icon image loudspeaker png are sound files for the international version of each symbol see media help for assistance two telegraph keys used for morse code the unit on the left is a world war ii era j three eight an easy way to learn the two six basic letters is to cross reference them with their respective phonetics numbers common punctuation the symbol was added in two zero zero four and combines a and c into one character special symbols prosigns prosigns or procedural signals are dot dash sequences that have a special meaning they can often be viewed as if they were composed of one two or three morse code alphabetic characters when composed in this way of more than one character they are sent run together that is omitting the normal pauses that would occur if they were being sent as letters of text these ligatures are normally represented in print by the letters with a lig |
ating bar above them stop end of message often written overline wait for one zero seconds respond with c yes as two means wait two min as five five min etc for pauses of one zero min or longer use qrx see q code overline separator within message often written in practice indistinguishable from overline and sometimes written thus overline going off the air clear overline shift to wabun code overline general invitation to transmit often sent after cq overline specific invitation to transmit often indicates back to you overline received and understood roger overline end end of contact in practice indistinguishable from overline and sometimes written thus overline serious distress message and request for urgent assistance not to be used unless there is imminent danger to life or to a vessel at sea see sos although these are not really prosigns an error may be indicated by some series of overline s non english extensions to the morse code alternate display of more common characters for the international code some |
methods of teaching or learning morse code use the dichotomic search table below in order to understand the table consider the second row is i is a is n and is m you can follow a pattern of dots and dashes from the top and move left for dot and right for dash until the letter is complete commonly used morse code abbreviations abbreviations differ from prosigns in that they observe normal interletter spacing that is they are not run together the way prosigns are see also q code these abbreviations are used in conjuction with the q codes common to amateur radio conversation in morse code the skill to have sensible conversations with morse is more than knowing just the alphabet to make communication efficient there are many internationally agreed patterns of communication a sample cw conversation between station one s one and station two s two s one cq cq cq de s one k calling anyone cq this is de s one listening k s two s one de s two kn calling s one this is s two back to you kn now we have a connection s one |
s two de s one ga dr om ur rst five nine nine hr qth timbuktu op is mike hw s two de s one kn good afternoon dear old man you are rst five nine nine here very readable five very strong signal nine very good tone nine i m located in timbuktu the operator s name is mike how do you copy s two s one de s two tnx fb rprt dr om mike ur five five eight qth himalaya name is yeti s one de s two kn thanks for the nice report dear old man mike i read you five five eight i am in the himalayas my name is yeti s one s two de s one ok tnx qso dr yeti seven three es hpe cuagn s two de s one kn okay thanks for this conversation dear yeti best regards and hope to see you again s two s one de s two r tu cuagn seven three s one de s two sk understood thank you best regards signing off with heavy use of the q code and abbreviations surprisingly meaningful conversations can be had note that very few english words have been used is and name only abbreviations s one and s two might not speak the same native language of course real r |
ag chewing lengthy conversations cannot be done without a common language on the worldwide amateur bands this is often english contesters often use a very specialized and even shorter format for their contacts their purpose is to process as many contacts as possible in a limited time e g one zero zero one five zero per hour see also amateur radio five zero zero khz sos wabun code external links morse code resources morse telegraph club inc the morse telegraph club is an international non profit organization dedicated to the perpetuation of the knowledge and traditions of telegraphy just learn morse code learn morse code in one minute morse code resources music and morse code nokia files patent for morse code generating cellphone march one two two zero zero five engadget a race to the wire as old hand at morse code beats txt msgrs april one six two zero zero five the times online nokia app lets you key smses in morse code june one two zero zero five boing boing back to the future morse code and cellular phones |
june two eight two zero zero five o reilly network generate midi morse code ringtones for mobile phones and for morse two email messages october one one two zero zero five oldest manufacture of american keyers about heliography morse code translators and software learn morse code just learn morse code learn morse code with factacular koch method morse code trainer there are a number of translators on the web that will convert text to morse code and play it via a pc wardcunningham s morse trainer for unix pc and mac open source stephen c phillips java translator open source stephen c phillips non java translator enhanced variant of phillips java translator open source a morse code trainer for windows three two bit machines open source morse code for esperanto morse code characters of russian greek hebrew arabic japanese korean esperanto morse code music mirror morse code mnemonic chart morse quiz dos software and flash based vibroplex demo by ae four rv morse code web translator this firefox extension support |
s morse code encoding decoding typing rich hong s java morse code applet and for series six zero phones tap in some morse code and send it by sms online chat in morse code click on link for cw communicator no license needed can use keyboard or key connected to serial port or joystick to generate sound notes history of radio amateur radio assistive technology encodings radio modulation modes survival skills telecommunications history character sets latin alphabet representations the word mapping has several senses in cartography creating maps depicting features on the earth s surface by various means such as land surveying or photogrammetry in mathematics and related technical fields especially topology and geometry it is some kind of function see map mathematics in computer science it can be any computable function a procedure or a table e g relating a key to its value in an associative array in computer games the process of building a virtual environment for a new game in formal logic it is sometimes used fo |
r a functional predicate in cognitive psychology and cognitive science it is the relationship between a source domain and target domain typically reflecting a conceptual metaphor or the relation between the elements of source and target in an analogy in genetics gene mapping reveals the relative position of genes in a genome specific senses of mapping in computer science include a correspondence between transient data structures e g objects to persistent data structures e g relational data tables in three d computer graphics texture mapping refers to the process of applying a two d image to the surfaces of a three d object many computers and operating systems implement some form of address mapping or page mapping that automatically translates addresses from the address space of a computer process to actual addresses in real or virtual memory similarly cache mapping translates process addresses to locations in the cache memory of a processor the technique of memory mapping allows convenient access to a periphe |
ral device by means of memory read write operations see also memory mapped i o through network mapping one can obtain a visual or textual description of a computer network peripheral devices are assigned names or letters through device mapping external links google maps master index of open source gis applications r two four maps streetmaps germany see also map cartography emergency contraception ec also known as emergency birth control ebc the morning after pill or postcoital contraception refers to measures that if taken after sex will prevent a pregnancy forms of ec include emergency contraceptive pill referred to simply as emergency contraception ecps or ecs or morning after pill are hormones that act both to prevent ovulation or fertilization or the subsequent implantation of a fertilised egg zygote ecps are not to be confused with chemical abortion drugs like mifepristone formerly ru four eight six that act after implantation has occurred intrauterine devices iuds usually used as a primary contraception |
method but sometimes used as emergency contraception as opposed to regular methods of contraception ecs are considered for use in occasional cases only for example in the event of contraceptive failure since they act before implantation they are considered medically and legally to be forms of contraception however many who take the pro life anti abortion viewpoint choose to measure a pregnancy from conception which means they classify some contraceptives including ec as abortion see controversy section for more detail ecps emergency contraceptive pills ecps are an oral drug containing high doses of the same hormones found in regular oral contraceptive pills which when taken after unprotected sexual intercourse may prevent pregnancy from occurring there are several mechanisms of action by which such drugs may work depending on the time during the menstrual cycle that they are taken this drug may inhibit or delay ovulation inhibit tubal transport of the ovum or sperm cell interfere with fertilization or in cas |
es where it fails to prevent fertilization prevent implantation in this respect emergency contraceptive pills work by triggering the same hormonal changes in the body as regular birth control pills or even breastfeeding but they require much higher doses and are less effective than ongoing hormonal contraceptives the phrase morning after pill is a misnomer that is falling out of use due to the fact they are licensed for use up to seven two hours after sexual intercourse emergency contraception or emergency contraceptive pills is the phrase preferred by the medical community unlike forms of chemical abortion such as mifepristone emergency contraception does not end pregnancies and will not harm a developing embryo types of ecps emergency hormonal contraception is available in two main forms the original version is the combined or yuzpe regimen which uses large doses of both estrogen and progesterone taken as two doses at one two hour intervals this technique is believed to be approximately seven five effective |
depending on how soon it is taken after unprotected intercourse with this regimen being less effective and causing more side effects than the more recently introduced progesterone only method specific products are being withdrawn preven united states schering pc four united kingdom and tetragynon france the progesterone only method uses the progesterone levonorgestrel in a dose of one five mg either as two seven five zero microgram doses one two hours apart or more recently as a single dose this method is now known to be more effective up to eight nine percent and better tolerated less nausea or vomiting than the yupze method and is available in the u s and canada as plan b in the uk as levonelle and in france as norlevo dedicated products such as plan b and levonelle are specifically designed and marketed as emergency contraceptive pills it is also possible to obtain the same dosage of hormones and therefore the same effect by taking a number of normal progesterone only pills ecps are most effective the soo |
ner they are taken the limit of seven two hours is based on a study by the who a subsequent who study has suggested reasonable effectiveness continues for up to one two zero hours five days however many doctors particularly in the uk advise alternative methods for between seven two and one two zero hours these are covered below ecps as a birth control method emergency birth control cannot be recommended as the main means of birth control because it is not as effective as any ongoing method of contraception it also does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases however it is used by some as a back up when other means of contraception have failed for example if a woman has forgotten to take a birth control pill or when a condom is torn during sex it is also a first line of treatment for victims of sexual assault contraindications and that having a prescription refused is intimidating and upsetting to women who are likely to be in a crisis situation as well in the instance of emergency contraception ther |
e is a short window of time during which ec is effective advocates for women say that conscience clauses are often overly broad and that women have a right to medically appropriate effective and legal reproductive health services without being refused such services because of the medical professional s personal beliefs in may two zero zero four canada s health minister announced that plan b would soon become available from pharmacists in all provinces without a prescription this occurred on april two eight two zero zero five the new system would still require the person to buy the pills directly from the pharmacist in january two zero zero zero france decided to dispense emergency birth control in junior and high schools by school nurses without prescription because of high rates of undesired pregnancies among teenaged girls after strong opposition from the roman catholic church and much debate around the fact the teenager could later suffer from the doubt of not knowing whether fertilization had occurred or |
not the decision was overruled by a court in july two zero zero zero the french parliament changed the relevant law in october two zero zero zero and now school nurses are again able to dispense the drugs the emergency contraceptive pill norlevo is now available in france without prescription without parent authorization and free of charge for teenagers under the age of one eight since january nine two zero zero two emergency contraception is available without prescription in the following four two countries albania australia belgium benin bulgaria cameroon canada china congo denmark estonia finland france french polynesia gabon ghana guinea conakry iceland india israel ivory coast jamaica latvia lithuania madagascar mali mauritania mauritius morocco netherlands new zealand norway portugal senegal south africa sri lanka sweden switzerland togo tunisia turkey and the united kingdom controversy in relation to abortion the morning after pill should not be confused with mifepristone also called mifeprex and forme |
rly known as ru four eight six an abortifacient which is taken to end a pregnancy after implantation has occurred the morning after pill must be taken before implantation or it will have no effect the morning after pill may however prevent the implantation of an embryo in cases where it fails to prevent fertilization in the first place although the united states food and drug administration national institutes of health the american college of obstetricians and gynecologists and other health agencies define pregnancy as beginning with implantation some pro life medical professionals embryology texts and activists argue that preventing implantation is unethical as the blastocyst early stage embryo then dies instead of growing into a fetus and ultimately being carried to term recent medical studies in animals the rat and the monkey were inconclusive as to how often or whether the morning after pill prevents implantation however this mechanism of action cannot be ruled out in all cases as it is impossible to pro |
ve a negative therefore women who believe it is immoral to prevent a fertilized egg from implanting may wish to avoid use of this drug i feel very strongly that this shouldn t be about abortion politics this is a way to prevent unwanted pregnancy and thereby prevent abortion this should be something we all agree on dr susan f wood former director of the fda office of women s health who resigned in protest after the fda denied over the counter status to ec issues against pro life groups often label emergency contraceptives as abortion pills rather than contraceptive pills in a statement regarding the morning after pill the american association of pro life obstetricians one must be careful of the terminology many now speak of conception as that moment when the human blastocyst the early ball of approximately one zero zero cells implants in the mother s uterus womb the time from actual fertilization sperm and egg unite in the fallopian tube until implantation a period of about seven one zero days is ignored even |
though no genetic change occurs in the cells during this time period many family planning specialists who have supported the terminology change can thus rationalize that the destruction of the human embryo between fertilization and implantation should be labeled contraception rather than early abortion issues for different drugs also have variant effects as they may use different mechanism for action and dosages of hormone in may of two zero zero five a study was published showing that plan b appears to work by interfering with ovulation thus preventing fertilization and not by disrupting events that occur after fertilization in addition manufacturers of oral contraceptives have long claimed that the pill provides three lines of defense against pregnancy it prevents ovulation most of the time blocks sperm by thickening cervical mucus and should all else fail theoretically reduces the chances that a fertilized egg will implant in the uterus by hormonally altering the uterine lining however it is not known if |
this post fertilization effect actually happens there is no evidence that the pill s effect on the uterine lining interferes with implantation or has a post fertilization effect says contraception expert felicia stewart md codirector of the center for reproductive health research and policy in san francisco documenting it would be a very difficult research task david grimes md a clinical professor in obstetrics and gynecology at the university of north carolina school of medicine says the pill and other hormonal contraceptives work primarily by preventing ovulation consensus comes from a surprising source the post fertilization effect was purely a speculation that became truth by repetition says joe decook md a retired ob gyn and vice president of the american association of pro life obstetricians and gynecologists in our group the feelings are split we say it should be each doctor s own decision because there is no proof further clouding the issue is the fact that even among women trying to become pregnant w |
omen obviously not taking the pill embryos naturally fail to implant four zero to six zero percent of the time these are eliminated upon the next menstruation controversy a massachusetts law that went into effect on one four december two zero zero five requires all hospitals in the state to provide emergency contraceptives to any female rape victim of childbearing age the massachusetts catholic conference opposed this law with their representative stating that they believe the law interferes with religious freedom this law also contradicts the ethical and religious directives for catholic health care services catholic church teaching is opposed to the provision of emergency contraceptives to rape victims since the contraceptives may prevent the implantation of the fertilized ovum and thus are a form of chemical abortion related statistics and studies more than three zero zero zero zero zero women are sexually assaulted each year in the us of these an estimated two five zero zero zero will become pregnant as a |
result about two two zero zero zero of these pregnancies could be prevented if all women who were raped had easy access to emergency contraception nearly one half of america s six three million annual pregnancies are accidental unintended pregnancies result in one four million abortions annually a study in the uk found that the shift towards greater promotion of emergency contraception appears to have worsened the impact of sti rates since two zero zero zero in one nine nine eight washington was the first state to allow women to get emergency contraception directly from a pharmacist without first going to a doctor doctors and pharmacies collaborated and set up criteria that women were required to meet in order to receive emergency contraception there were almost three five six zero zero prescriptions filled from february one nine nine eight until the trial expired in june two zero zero one references who task force on postovulatory methods of fertility regulation randomised controlled trial of levonorgestrel |
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