text
stringlengths 640
1.02k
|
|---|
for a skateboarding tour called major threat nike also corrupted minor threat s distinctive logo designed by jeff nelson for the same campaign mackaye issued a press statement condemning nike s actions and said that he would discuss legal options with the other members of the band meanwhile fans at the encouragement of dischord organized a letter writing campaign protesting nike s infringement on june two seven two zero zero five nike issued a statement apologizing to minor threat dischord records and their fans for the major threat campaign and said that all promotional artwork print and digital that they could get ahold of were destroyed on october two nine two zero zero five fox played the first few seconds of minor threat s salad days during an nfl broadcast use of the song was not cleared by dischord records or any of the members of minor threat fox claimed that the clip was too short to have violate any copyrights members ian mackaye vocals lyle preslar guitar brian baker bass guitar jeff nelson drums s |
teve hansgen bass discography releases minor threat seven in my eyes seven out of step lp first two seven s on a one two salad days seven live vhs dvd complete discography cd first demo tape seven cd two seven hits live german bootleg compilations flex your head lp cd dischord one nine eight one the year in seven s lp cd two zero years of dischord three xcd external links minor threat profile by dischord records minor threat profile by southern records rekindling the punk flame article dischord records hardcore punk groups later punk groups inactive musical groups a mental event is a particular occurrence of something going on in the mind for example if mary is walking through a park and she sees city hall that instance of seeing city hall is an instance of perception something that is supposed to be going on in mary s mind that instance of seeing is a mental event it is an event because it is something that happens and it is mental because it happens in someone s mind if mary thinks to herself i am a human b |
eing that thought is a mental event if she feels happy after doing well on an exam that is a mental event and so on see also consciousness mental function mental image qualia consciousness studies in economics the main criteria by which one can distinguish between different market forms are the number and size of producers and consumers in the market the type of goods and services being traded and the degree to which information can flow freely the major market forms are perfect competition in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a homogeneous product monopolistic competition also called competitive market where there are a large number of independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share oligopoly in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than four zero of the market share oligopsony a market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers monopoly where there is only one provider of a product or service natural monopoly a monopo |
ly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm monopsony when there is only one buyer in a market these somewhat abstract concerns tend to determine some but not all details of a specific concrete market system where buyers and sellers actually meet and commit to trade see also economics industrial organization microeconomics macroeconomics external links microeconomics by elmer g wiens online interactive models of oligopoly differentiated oligopoly and monopolistic competition list of marketing topicslist of management topicslist of economics topicslist of accounting topicslist of finance topicslist of economists market forms this article is about the state of a player in economics for the parker brothers board game see monopoly game in economics a monopoly from the greek monos one polein to sell is defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a kind of product or service monopolies are characterized by a lack of economic com |
petition for the good or service that they provide and a lack of viable substitute goods monopoly should be distinguished from monopsony in which there is only one buyer of the product or service it should also strictly be distinguished from the similar phenomenon of a cartel in a monopoly a single firm is the sole provider of a product or service in a cartel a centralized institution is set up to partially coordinate the actions of several independent providers which is a form of oligopoly forms of monopoly monopolies are often distinguished based on the circumstances under which they arise the broadest distinction is between monopolies that are the result of government intervention and those that arise without it e g sole access to a resource economies of scale or consistently outcompeting all other firms legal monopoly a monopoly based on laws explicitly preventing competition is a legal monopoly or de jure monopoly when such a monopoly is granted to a private party it is a government granted monopoly when |
it is operated by government itself it is a government monopoly or state monopoly a government monopoly may exist at different levels of government eg just for one region or locality a state monopoly is specifically operated by a national government an example of a de jure monopoly is at t which was granted monopoly power by the us government only to be broken up in one nine eight two following a sherman antitrust suit efficiency monopoly an efficiency monopoly is one that exists because a firm is satisfying consumer demand so well that profitable competition is extremely challenging it is not the result of government granted privilege subsidies regulations etc natural monopoly main article natural monopoly a natural pool is a monopoly that arises in industry where economies of scale are so large that a single firm can supply the entire market without exhausting them in these industries competition will tend to be eliminated as the largest often the first firm develops a monopoly through its cost advantage i |
n these industries monopoly may be more economically efficient than competition although because of potential dynamic efficiencies this is not necessarily clear cut natural monopoly arises when there are large capital costs relative to variable costs which arises typically in network industries such as electricity and water it should be distinguished from network effects which operate on the demand side and do not affect costs counter intuitively the case of a monopolization of a key source of a natural resource is not considered a natural monopoly because it is based on the running down of natural capital rather than the amortization of an investment in physical or human capital whether an industry is a natural monopoly may change over time through the introduction of new technologies a natural monopoly industry can also be artificially broken up by government although eg electricity liberalization eg railtrack the results are at best mixed advocates of free markets such as libertarians assert that a natural |
monopoly is a practical impossibility and given that a monopoly is a persistent rather than a transient situation that there is no historical precedent of one ever existing they say that the idea of natural monopoly is mere theoretical abstraction to justify expanding the scope of government and that in the case of nationalization or deprivatization it is the government intervention itself that creates a monopoly where one did not actually exist local monopoly a local monopoly is a monopoly of a market in a particular area usually a town or even a smaller locality the term is used to differentiate a monopoly that is geographically limited within a country as the default assumption is that a monopoly covers the entire industry in a given country this may include the ability to charge to some extent monopoly pricing for example in the case of the only gas station on an expressway rest stop which will serve a certain number of motorists who lack fuel to reach the next station and must pay whatever is charged mo |
nopolistic competition main article monopolistic competition industries which are dominated by a single firm may allow the firm to act as a near monopoly or de facto monopoly a practice known in economics as monopolistic competition common historical examples arguably include corporations such as microsoft and standard oil standard s market share of refining was six four in competition with over one zero zero other refiners at the time of the trial that resulted in the government forced breakup practices which these entities may be accused of include dumping products below cost to harm competitors creating tying arrangements between their products and other practices regulated under antitrust law large corporations often attempt to monopolize markets through horizontal integration in which a parent company consolidates control over several small seemingly diverse companies sometimes even using different branding to create the illusion of marketplace competition such a monopoly is known as a horizontal monopol |
y a magazine publishing firm for example might publish many different magazines on many different subjects but it would still be considered to engage in monopolistic practices if the intent of doing this was to control the entire magazine reader market and prevent the emergence of competitors a monopoly arrived at through vertical integration is called a vertical monopoly a common example is vertical integration of electricity distribution with electricity generation which is common because it reduces or eliminates certain costly risks coercive monopoly main article coercive monopoly a coercive monopoly is one that arises and whose existence is maintained as the result of any sort of activity that violates the principle of a free market and is therefore insulated from competition which would otherwise be a potential threat to its superior status the term is typically used by those who favor laissez faire capitalism economic analysis primary characteristics of a monopoly single seller a pure monopoly is an ind |
ustry in which a single firm is the sole producer of a good or the sole provider of a service this is usually caused by a blocked entry no close substitutes the product or service is unique in ways which go beyond brand identity and cannot be easily replaced a monopoly on water from a certain spring sold under a certain brand name is not a true monopoly neither is coca cola even though it is differentiated from its competition in flavor price maker in a pure monopoly a single firm controls the total supply of the whole industry and is able to exert a significant degree of control over the price by changing the quantity supplied an example of this would be the situation of viagra before competing drugs emerged in subtotal monopolies for example diamonds or petroleum at present a single organization controls enough of the supply that even if it limits the quantity or raises prices the other suppliers will be unable to make up the difference and take significant amounts of market share blocked entry the reason a |
pure monopolist has no competitors is that certain barriers keep would be competitors from entering the market depending upon the form of the monopoly these barriers can be economic technological legal basic patents on certain drugs or of some other type of barrier that completely prevents other firms from entering the market monopolistic pricing diagram showing how a monopoly sets prices in economics a company is said to have monopoly power if it faces a downward sloping demand curve see supply and demand this is in contrast to a price taker that faces a horizontal demand curve a price taker cannot choose the price that they sell at since if they set it above the equilibrium price they will sell none and if they set it below the equilibrium price they will have an infinite number of buyers and be making less money than they could if they sold at the equilibrium price in contrast a business with monopoly power can choose the price they want to sell at if they set it higher they sell less if they set it lower |
they sell more in most real markets the drop in demand associated with a price increase is due partly to losing customers to other sellers and partly to customers who are no longer willing or able to buy the product in a pure monopoly market only the latter effect is at work and so particularly for inflexible commodities such as medical care the drop in units sold as prices rise may be much less dramatic than one might expect if a monopoly can only set one price it will set it where marginal cost mc equals marginal revenue mr as seen on the diagram on the right this can be seen on a supply and demand diagram for the firm this will be at the quantity qm and at the price pm this is above the competitive price of pc and with a smaller quantity than the competitive quantity of qc the profit the monopoly gains is the shaded in area labeled profit as long as the price elasticity of demand in absolute value for most customers is less than one it is very advantageous to increase the price the seller gets more money |
for less goods with an increase of the price the price elasticity tends to rise and in the optimum mentioned above it will for most customers be above one a formula gives the relation between price marginal cost of production and demand elasticity which maximizes a monopoly profit frac frac known as lerner index the economy as a whole loses out when monopoly power is used in this way since the extra profit earned by the firm will be smaller than the loss in consumer surplus this difference is known as a deadweight loss calculating monopoly output the single price monopoly profit maximisation problem is as follows the monopoly s profit is its total revenue less its total cost let the price it sets as a market response be a function of the quantity it produces q p q and let its cost function be as a function of quantity c q the monopoly s revenue is the product of the price and the quantity it produces hence its profit is pi p q cdot q c q taking the first order derivative with respect to quantity yields frac p |
q cdot q p q c q setting this equal to zero for maximisation frac p q cdot q p q c q zero frac p q cdot q p q c q i e marginal revenue marginal cost provided frac p q cdot q q one cdot p q p q c q the rate of marginal revenue is less than the rate of marginal cost for maximisation this procedure assumes that the monopolist knows exactly which is the demand function for a discussion on a monopolist who does not know it see http www economicswebinstitute org essays monopolist htm where a free software is available as well monopoly and efficiency in standard economic theory see analysis above a monopoly will sell a lower quantity of goods at a higher price than firms would in a purely competitive market in this way the monopoly will secure monopoly profits by appropriating some or all of the consumer surplus as although the higher price deters some consumers from purchasing most are willing to pay the higher price assuming that costs stay the same this does not lead to an outcome which is inefficient in the sen |
se of pareto efficiency no one could be made better off by shifting resources without making someone else worse off however total social welfare declines compared with perfect competition because some consumers must choose second best products it is also often argued that monopolies tend to become less efficient and innovative over time becoming complacent giants because they don t have to be efficient or innovative to compete in the marketplace sometimes this very loss of efficiency can raise the potential value of a competitor enough to overcome market entry barriers or provide incentive for research and investment into new alternatives the theory of contestable markets argues that in some circumstances private monopolies are forced to behave as if there were competition because of the risk of losing that monopoly to new entrants this is likely to happen where a market s barriers to entry are low it might also be because of the availability in the longer term of substitutes in other markets for example a ca |
nal monopoly in the late eighteenth century united kingdom was worth a lot more than in the late nineteenth century because of the introduction of railways as a substitute some argue that it can be good to allow a firm to attempt to monopolize a market since practices such as dumping can benefit consumers in the short term and once the firm grows too big it can then be dealt with via regulation this is a rather optimistic view of how effectively regulation can substitute for competition when monopolies are not broken through the open market often a government will step in to either regulate the monopoly turn it into a publicly owned monopoly or forcibly break it up see antitrust law public utilities often being natural monopolies and less susceptible to efficient breakup are often strongly regulated or publicly owned at t and standard oil are debatable examples of the breakup of a private monopoly when at t was broken up into the baby bell components mci sprint and other companies were able to compete effecti |
vely in the long distance phone market and started to take phone traffic from the less efficient at t historical examples salt until common salt sodium chloride was mined in quantity in comparatively recent times its availability was subject to the vagaries of climate and environment a combination of strong sunshine and low humidity or an extension of peat marshes was necessary for winning salt from the sea the most plentiful source by solar evaporation or boiling mines and inland salt springs being scarce and often located in hostile areas like the dead sea or the salt mines in the sahara desert they required well organised security for transport storage and highly monopolised distribution changing sea levels flooded many of these sources during certain periods and caused salt famines and communities were left to the mercy of those who monopolised these few inland sources the gabelle a notoriously high tax levied upon salt played a role in the start of the french revolution and is possibly the most cruel exa |
mple in recent history anyone was allowed to purchase salt however strict legal controls were in place over who was allowed to sell and distribute salt advocates of laissez faire capitalism such as the austrian school maintain that a salt monopoly would never develop without such government intervention external link salt and the evolution of monopoly salt org il see also market form duopoly triopoly perfect competition competition regulator monopsony oligopoly free market united states v microsoft long tail price discrimination list of economics topics external links monopoly by elmer g wiens online interactive models of monopoly public or private and oligopoly market failure market forms the massachusetts institute of technology or mit is a university located in the city of cambridge massachusetts usa mit is one of the world s leading research institutions in science and technology as well as in numerous other fields including management economics linguistics political science and philosophy among its most |
prominent departments and schools are the lincoln laboratory the computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory the mit media lab the whitehead institute and the mit sloan school of management history the great dome at mit illuminated at night in one eight six one the commonwealth of massachusetts approved a charter for the incorporation of the massachusetts institute of technology and boston society of natural history submitted by william barton rogers a distinguished natural scientist this was an important first step toward establishing what rogers hoped would become a new kind of independent educational institution relevant to an increasingly industrialized america with the charter approved rogers began raising funds developing a curriculum and appraising suitable real estate his efforts were hampered by the civil war and as a result its first classes were held in rented space at the mercantile building in downtown boston in one eight six five construction on the first mit building was completed i |
n boston s back bay in one eight six six in the following years it established a sterling reputation in the sciences and in engineering but it also fell on hard financial times these two factors made it a perfect fit in many peoples eyes to merge with nearby harvard university which was flush with cash but much weaker in the sciences than it was in the liberal arts around one nine zero zero a mergerwith harvard was proposed but was cancelled after protests from mit s alumni in one nine one six mit moved across the river to its present location in cambridge mit has been nominally coeducational since admitting ellen swallow richards in one eight seven zero female students however remained a tiny minority numbered in dozens prior to the completion of the first women s dormitory mccormick hall in one nine six four in the past few years the ratio of women to men among undergraduate students has approached one one mit s prominence increased following world war ii as the united states government began to fund projec |
ts at research universities with immediate or potential defense or national security applications see vannevar bush lincoln laboratory and charles stark draper laboratory during the watergate scandal it was revealed that president nixon s counsel charles w colson had prepared an enemies list tabulating people hostile to the administration mit had more names on the list than any other single organization among them its president jerome wiesner and professor noam chomsky memos revealed during watergate indicated that nixon had ordered mit s federal subsidy cut in view of wiesner s anti defense bias see the article on wiesner for details throughout its history mit has focused on invention an illustrative one nine nine seven reportshowed that the aggregated revenues produced by companies founded by mit and its graduates would make it the twenty fourth largest economy in the world in two zero zero one mit announced that it planned to put course materials online as part of its opencourseware project the same year p |
resident charles vest made history by being the first university official in the world to admit that his institution had severely restricted the career of women faculty members researchers and students through sexist discrimination and promised to take steps to redress the issue in august two zero zero four susan hockfield a molecular neurobiologist was appointed as mit s first female president she took office as the institute s one six th president on december six two zero zero four mit is particularly noted as a educational pioneer in the use of laboratory instruction and for its founding philosophy of the teaching not of the manipulations and minute details of the arts which can be done only in the workshop but the inculcation of all the scientific principles which form the basis and explanation of them for the radiation laboratory s contributions to radar development during the second world war for contributions to electronic computation particularly project whirlwind and magnetic core memory and as an in |
fluencer of u s national science policies during the years of the cold war leslie one nine nine four ranking and reputation as of two zero zero six mit s endowment stands at six seven billion dollars sixth largest in the united states since the inception of the us news and world report college rankings mit s overall ranking has fluctuated between three and seven in the nation the top five schools by peer reputation prestige according to us news are the same every year however with mit harvard stanford princeton and yale all scoring four nine five zero always above any other schools the atlantic monthly ranked mit in two zero zero four as the most selective university in the united states and it is consistently ranked one or two in terms of selectivity in most rankings the atlantic monthly ranked mit in two zero zero four as the most selective university in the united states but because of its longstanding tradition of meritocratic admissions attendance at mit has never conveyed the same social cachet as atten |
dance at harvard yale or princeton for a survey of the ways popular culture has viewed the school many of them not so serious see mit in popular culture in addition see mit people for a list of prominent individuals who are or have been associated with the institute organization the tang center at themit sloan school of management mit s schools mit is organized into five schools and one college which contain two six academic departments school of architecture and planning architecture media arts and sciences urban studies and planning school of engineering aeronautics and astronautics biological engineering division computational and systems biology chemical engineering civil and environmental engineering electrical engineering and computer science engineering systems division materials science and engineering mechanical engineering nuclear science and engineering school of humanities arts and social sciences anthropology comparative media studies economics foreign languages and literatures history humanities |
linguistics and philosophy literature music and theatre arts political science science technology and society writing and humanistic studies alfred p sloan school of management school of science biology brain and cognitive sciences chemistry earth atmospheric and planetary sciences mathematics physics the whitaker college of health sciences and technology also known as the harvard mit division of health sciences and technology other mit labs and groups mit also has many laboratories centers and programs which cut across disparate disciplines these include mit media lab lincoln laboratory mit enterprise forum mit entrepreneurship center mit center for ebusiness computer science and artificial intelligence laboratory the laboratory for information and decision systems radiation lab deshpande center for technological innovation center for cancer research francis bitter magnet lab institute for soldier nanotechnologies mcgovern institute for brain research picower institute for learning and memory whitehead inst |
itute for biomedical research broad institute of mit and harvard mit nuclear reactor lab lean aerospace initiative mit operations research center mit plasma science and fusion center external relationships mit has close ties to a number of institutions an example of cooperation the coop is the official bookstore of both institutions mit has a friendly rivalry with harvard university which dates back to the earliest days of the institute and the aforementioned merger talks between the two schools today they cooperate as much as they compete with many joint conferences and programs including the harvard mit division of health sciences and technology the broad institute and the harvard mit data center in addition students at the two schools can cross register without any additional fees for credits toward their own school s degrees another cross registration program exists between mit and wellesley college a renowned women s college in suburban wellesley ma the city of cambridge is notable for the presence of tw |
o major research universities within two miles of each other a third major research university boston university is located between mit and harvard on the boston side of the charles river these three schools jointly run the dibner institute for the history of science and technology the charles stark draper laboratory now an independent defense contractor was founded as the mit instrumentation laboratory and still shares some facilities and faculty with mit the draper lab which designed missile guidance systems was spun off during the vietnam war to assuage antiwar feeling on campus and in the city of cambridge while holding on to the more lucrative defense contracts at lincoln laboratory the woods hole oceanographic institution runs its graduate program jointly with mit mit maintains an undergraduate exchange program with the university of cambridge in england and a partnership known as the cambridge mit institute which was established to bring the entrepreneurial spirit of mit to britain and to increase know |
ledge exchange between universities and industry mit also has close but informal ties with one of britain s top engineering universities the university of southampton which has its own thriving collection of spin off businesses mit was instrumental in setting up and development of indian institute of technology kanpur iit kanpur collaborative research conducted at iit kanpur has led to significant original contributions and have been widely cited a large number of students pursued advanced degrees in usa and many of them have grown to become international authorities in critical areas of science and technology mit has also set up relationships with the national university of singapore and the nanyang technological university in singapore known as the singapore mit alliance this has enabled it to take quality engineering education to a higher number of students in two zero zero four mit set up the mit zaragoza logistics program modelled on its own masters degree in logistics the mit zaragoza program was set up |
with the local government of aragon university of zaragoza and mit and hopes to bring quality education in logistics and supply chain management to europe the malaysia university of science and technology must was set up under a collaborative agreement between mit and must ehsan foundation must s syllabus are modelled after mit s selected courses in order to create a curriculum for must s masters degree program mit publishes the mass market magazine technology review through a subsidiary company alumni of the institute receive copies with an mit news section added so that technology review serves as the institute s official alumni magazine mit students are involved in a variety of community service projects especially in educational outreach to middle and high school students this ranges from programs held on the mit campus to federal work study working with students at a variety of local schools culture and student life mit notes that it has never awarded an honorary degree and that the only way to receive |
an mit diploma is to earn it in addition it does not award athletic scholarships ad eundem degrees or latin honors upon graduation the philosophy is that the honor is in being an mit graduate it does on rare occasions award honorary professorships winston churchill was so honored in one nine four nine mit faculty and students pride themselves on pure intellectual ability and achievement and mit professors often say that they grade with all the letters of the alphabet due to these academic pressures mit culture is characterized by a love hate relationship the school s informal motto is the initialism ihtfp i hate this fucking place jocularly euphemized as i have truly found paradise institute has the finest professors etc a plaque of george eastman founder of kodak whose nose displays a high polish from generations of mit students who would rub it for good luck on the way to exams in one nine seven zero the then dean of institute relations benson r snyder published the hidden curriculum in which he argues that |
a mass of unstated assumptions and requirements dominates mit students lives and inhibits their ability to function creatively snyder contends that these unwritten regulations often outweigh the formal curriculum s effect and that the situation is not unique to mit the school has a powerful anti authoritarian ethos in which it is believed that one s social status should be determined by raw intellectual prowess rather than by social class or organizational position other beliefs that are strongly held by people within the school are that information should be widely disseminated and not held secret and that truth is a matter of empirical reality rather than the result of popular belief or management directive many of the values of the institute have influenced the hacker ethic the term hacker and much of hacker culture originated at mit starting with the tmrc and mit ai lab in the late one nine five zero s and early one nine six zero s resident hackers have included richard stallman and professors gerald jay |
sussman and tom knight at mit however the term hack has multiple meanings to hack can mean to physically explore areas often on campus but also off that are generally off limits such as rooftops and steam tunnels hack as a noun also means an elaborate practical joke and not just a clever technical feat the best hacks are humorous technical feats the most famous hacks have been the weather balloon saying mit which popped up out of the ground on the five zero yard line at the harvard yale football game and the great dome police car hack where the body shell of a campus police car mysteriously appeared on the top of the almost inaccessible great dome one morning complete with a dozen donuts the great dome was also dressed as r two d two to celebrate the release of star wars episode i see also hack technology slang and roof and tunnel hacking mit s particular strain of anti authoritarianism has manifested itself in other forms in one nine seven seven two female students juniors susan gilbert and roxanne ritchie |
were disciplined for publishing an article on april two eight of that year in the alternative mit campus weekly thursday entitled consumer guide to mit men the article was a sex survey of three six men the two claimed to have slept with and the men were rated according to their sexual performance gilbert and ritchie had intended to turn the tables on the rating systems and facebooks men use for women but their article led not only to disciplinary action against them but also to a protest petition signed by two zero zero students as well as condemnation by president jerome b wiesner who published a fierce criticism of the article mit has a student athletics program offering four four varsity level sports the institute s sports teams are called the engineers their mascot since one nine one four being a beaver nature s engineer or sometimes the beaver is the engineer among animals mit students are the animals among engineers lester gardner a member of the class of one eight nine eight provided the following just |
ification the beaver not only typifies the tech but his habits are particularly our own the beaver is noted for his engineering and mechanical skills and habits of industry his habits are nocturnal he does his best work in the dark they participate in the ncaa s division iii the new england women s and men s athletic conference the new england football conference and ncaa s division i and eastern association of rowing colleges earc for crew they fielded several dominant intercollegiate tiddlywinks teams through one nine eight zero winning national and world championships mit teams have won or placed highly in national championships in pistol track and field cross country crew and water polo mit also features a campus radio station an annual mystery hunt run on martin luther king day weekend and one of the oldest modern western square dance clubs in the country the mit science fiction society claims to have the world s largest open shelf collection of science fiction in english a hack done with the lights of s |
immons hall undergraduate housing the undergraduate dormitories tend to be extremely close knit and the institute provides live in graduate student tutors and faculty housemasters who have the dual role of both helping students and monitoring them for medical or health problems students are permitted to select their dorm and floor upon arrival on campus and as a result diverse communities arise in living groups although many dorms contain a wide range of living options the dorms east of massachusetts avenue are stereotypically more involved in countercultural activities many mit students live in fraternities sororities and independent living groups however after the alcohol related death of scott krueger in september one nine nine seven mit made several decisions that affected the lives of undergraduates in subsequent years including the decision that all freshmen live in on campus housing beginning in two zero zero two simmons hall was constructed as a response to the increased housing demand this decision b |
rought about brass rat despite the disdain that many mit graduates profess for academic tradition a very large number of them proudly wear an mit class ring which is large heavy distinctive and easily recognized from a considerable distance originally created in one nine two nine the ring s official name is the standard technology ring but its colloquial name is far more well known the brass rat the undergraduate ring design varies slightly from year to year to reflect the unique character of the mit experience for that class but always features a three piece design with the mit seal and the class year each appearing on a separate shank flanking a large rectangular bezel bearing an image of a beaver undergraduate academics barker library inside the great dome there is a large amount of pressure in the classes which have been characterized as drinking from a fire hose or academic boot camp although the perceived pressure is high the failure rate both from classes and the institute as a whole is low the school |
s emphasis on technical excellence and information sharing as well as its policy of housing undergraduates of all four classes together results in a situation where students are encouraged to help each other through difficult classes this culture of helpfulness offsets the academic stress to a certain degree furthermore students are not assigned letter grades in their first semester instead they are graded pass no record to allow the students to gradually adjust to regular grading second semester is abc no record for both semesters classes that a student fails are noted on the internal transcript but erased from all external records prior to the two zero zero two zero three academic year both terms were graded pass no record in subsequent terms students receive letter grades without a modifier or a student s grade point average is calculated on a five zero scale with a five b four c three d two and f zero majors are numbered with roman numerals for example electrical engineering and computer science is course |
vi while mathematics is course xviii students will typically refer to their major by the course number saying he s course eighteen rather than he s a math major subjects within each course also have numeric identifications which most students use more frequently than the written names the course number is given with an arabic numeral then a decimal point and a subject number this pattern differs from that of many u s universities the course which many universities would designate as physics one zero one is at mit eight zero one for brevity course number designations are pronounced without the decimal point and by replacing oh for zero unless zero is the last number thus the above course at mit would be pronounced eight oh one and the course seven two zero would be pronounced seven twenty for more information on naming and pronunciation conventions around campus see here course requirements all undergraduate students are required to take a variety of courses called the general institute requirements or girs b |
eyond those required for their major these include physics biology chemistry calculus and eight terms of humanities arts and social sciences hass the core physics curriculum has recently shifted to a seminar style technology enabled format which has been met with praise from some students and by complaints from others the hass requirements are intricately constructed students must take three distribution or hass d classes which are designed so that they give broad subject overviews with little or no prerequisites furthermore students must choose a concentration among the hass subdepartments which are not the same as the numeric hass d categories concentrations typically require three or four classes within that subject those students who graduated earlier than the class of two zero zero five had a writing requirement which was divided between phase i and phase ii a phase ii paper typically involved researching a topic in one s field of interest and writing about it in a suitable style for a textbook or a jour |
nal article more recent graduating classes have exchanged this procedure for the communication intensive system students are required to take two ci classes within their chosen major ci m courses these classes are chosen by the department to instruct the students in the forms of communication used in that field in addition to the ci ms students are required to take two ci classes outside their major chosen from the hass departments the general institute requirements and in particular the hass arrangements have drawn criticism from some quarters in the spring of two zero zero five a student operated advisory committee was formed to address the merits of changing the gir curricula the committee s initial report stressed the need to simplify the hass system in particular blog based discussions brought student input on the initial report but the committee did not substantially revise their paper deciding instead to include an addendum with students opinions that had been expressed online a subsequent proposal inc |
ludes a shift away from the original hass requirements to voluntary classes for those interested in humanities class structure most of the science and engineering classes follow a standard pattern typically a professor gives a lecture that explains a concept then teaching assistants lead recitations to explore fuller details or often to provide students help on homework problems problem sets colloquially known as psets given roughly weekly are designed to enable the student to master the concept students often gather in informal groups to solve the problem sets and it is within these groups that much of the actual learning takes place over time students compile bibles collections of problem set and examination questions and answers they may be created over several years and are often handed down from generation to generation bearing in mind that generations of student time may be short lived these bibles were one issue addressed in snyder s the hidden curriculum after studying the behavior of mit and wellesle |
y students snyder observed that the bibles are often in fact counterproductive they fool professors into believing that their classes are acquiring knowledge as intended locking professors and students into a feedback cycle to the detriment of actual education in many classes especially those beyond the introductory classes the problem sets make up a relatively small fraction of the grade the rest of the evaluation consists of performance on tests which typically contain grueling problems that measure the students ability to apply their knowledge often to something not specifically covered in class problem sets and tests even for the large introductory freshmen classes are usually free response hand graded with much partial credit given to people who almost get the answer right this is highly labor intensive and after a test for a large class one can see a room full of teaching assistants and professors hand grading the examinations the lack of machine grading and multiple choice stems from the belief that un |
derstanding the concept is almost as important as getting the right answer for example students are seldom strongly penalized for making arithmetic mistakes and partial credit tends to be generous tests often consist of a small number of large problems which are subdivided into smaller steps test problems are intentionally extremely difficult and often clever and are designed so that few students can obtain a perfect score on the other hand the assignment of grades reflects the difficulty and most classes end with a grade distribution centered around a b although professors often use the average performance of a class to gauge the difficulty of an exam or a course mit policy does not permit grade cutoffs based purely on predetermined percentages or statistics i e grading on a curve this policy is intended in part to prevent a competitive atmosphere where the students want one another to do poorly in order to improve their own prospects graduate academics unlike most colleges and universities around the world |
at mit the graduate population outnumbers the undergraduate six zero of the student body are graduate students mit graduate students can work towards doctor of philosophy phd doctor of science scd engineer master of science sm master of engineering meng master of architecture march master in city planning mcp and master of business administration mba depending on their department affiliation in addition to the work that each department does for its graduate program the graduate students office provides additional support for the graduate students and the graduate student council organizes many events such as the mit graduate student orientation and lobbies for the interests of students in addition to these two institute wide organizations there are many departmental and special interest groups that cater to the graduate community architecture killian court and the great dome a network of underground tunnels connects many of the buildings providing protection from the cambridge weather the bridge closest to mi |
t is the harvard bridge which is marked off in the fanciful unit called the smoot the kendall mbta red line station is located on the far northeastern edge of the campus the neighborhood of mit is a mixture of high tech companies seeded by mit alumni combined with residential neighborhoods of cambridge see kendall square naming and pronunciation mit buildings all have a number or a number and a letter designation and most have a name as well typically academic and office buildings are referred to only by number while residence halls are referred to by name rooms on campus are referred to by building number designation followed by a dash followed by the floor in the building on which the room resides followed by the room number on that floor thus the classroom one zero two five zero pronounced ten two fifty is actually room five zero on the second floor of building one zero campus visitors will often be confused when they hear students say something like i have one eight zero two eighteen oh two in two one zer |
o two two one oh two and then five one one one five one eleven or five eleven one in one zero two five zero ten two fifty and indeed this contributes to mit s eccentric reputation for information on pronouncing course number designations see here however based on the above it is clear that this phrase translates into english as i have multivariable calculus in building two first floor room two followed by introductory chemistry in building one zero second floor room five zero the organization of building numbers on campus may appear random but there is some order to it and it is believed to roughly correspond to the order in which the buildings were built buildings one one zero were the original main campus with building one zero the location of the great dome designed to be the main entrance buildings one eight are arranged symmetrically around building one zero with odd numbered buildings to the west and even numbered buildings to the east the east side of campus has the six s several connecting buildings t |
hat end with the digit six buildings six one six two six three six and five six with buildings four six across the street from three six the three zero s buildings run along vassar street on the north side of main campus buildings that are east of ames street are prefixed with an e e g e five two the sloan bulding those west of massachusetts avenue generally start with a w e g w two zero the stratton student center early constructions one striking part of the campus is killian court also known as the great court in front of the great dome where commencement is held as well as the annual j edgar hoover memorial celebration on may two for several years following his death on may two one nine seven two but most of the campus contains a jumble of different architectural styles which many accuse of lacking elegance a few other buildings are architecturally significant including baker house the dormitory designed by alvar aalto and eero saarinen s kresge auditorium and mit chapel the first buildings constructed on |
the cambridge campus are known officially as the maclaurin buildings completed in one nine one six after institute president richard maclaurin who oversaw their construction they surround killian court on three sides on one side of killian court is the infinite corridor which serves as something of a main artery for the campus connecting east campus with west campus the infinite corridor runs through two domes the great dome which is featured in most publicity shots and the lesser dome surmounting what is known as lobby seven after its building number which opens into massachusetts avenue and which is the entrance most often used as well as the official address of the institute as a whole the star trek episode bread and circuses uses a shot of the great dome to depict a generic building on a planet dominated by ancient roman culture frieze on building two dedicated to newton the maclaurin buildings in many ways the public entrance of mit were designed by william welles bosworth based on plans developed by wea |
lthy alumnus and hydraulic engineer john ripley freeman bosworth s design was drawn so as to admit large amounts of light through exceptionally large windows on the first and second floors many internal windows not only on office doors but above door level and skylights over huge stairwells the interior decor of the maclaurin buildings is stylistically consistent throughout its major architectural features are the infinite corridor an impressive central dome and the expansive domed lobby at the main seven seven massachusetts ave entrance the friezes of these buildings are carved in large roman letters with the names of aristotle newton franklin pasteur lavoisier faraday archimedes da vinci darwin and copernicus each of these names is surmounted by a cluster of appropriately related names in smaller letters lavoisier for example is placed in the company of boyle cavendish priestley dalton gay lussac berzelius woehler liebig bunsen mendelejeff sic perkin and van t hoff i m pei four zero designed a number of mit |
buildings constructed in this period including the green building building five four headquarters of the earth atmospheric and planetary science department and the tallest building on campus building six six the chemical engineering department and the weisner building building e one five the media laboratory whose tiled exterior was designed by kenneth noland recent building efforts mit s stata center for computer information and intelligence sciences a major building effort has been underway for several years as of two zero zero six including the simmons hall dormitory designed by steven holl the zesiger sports and fitness center and a new home for the picower institute for learning and memory the department of brain and cognitive science and the mcgovern institute for brain research designed by charles correa the frank gehry designed stata center opened in march two zero zero four boston globe architecture columnist robert campbell wrote a glowing appraisal of the building on april two five th according to |
campbell the stata is always going to look unfinished it also looks as if it s about to collapse columns tilt at scary angles walls teeter swerve and collide in random curves and angles materials change wherever you look brick mirror surface steel brushed aluminum brightly colored paint corrugated metal everything looks improvised as if thrown up at the last moment that s the point the stata s appearance is a metaphor for the freedom daring and creativity of the research that s supposed to occur inside it campbell stated that the cost overruns and delays in completion of the stata center are of no more importance than similar problems associated with the building of st paul s cathedral the two zero zero five kaplan newsweek guide how to get into college which lists twenty five universities its editors consider notable in some respect recognizes mit as having the hottest architecture placing most of its emphasis on the stata center the building of the stata center necessitated the removal of the much beloved |
building two zero in one nine nine eight building two zero was erected hastily during world war ii as a temporary building that housed the historic radiation laboratory over the course of fifty five years its temporary nature allowed research groups to have more space and to make more creative use of that space than was possible in more respectable buildings simson garfinkel quoted professor jerome y lettvin as saying you might regard it as the womb of the institute it is kind of messy but by god it is procreative for an overview of the various sculptures and art related installations at mit see mit artwork mit people as of two zero zero five six one current or former members of the mit community have won the nobel prize one four of them in the last five years for more information see nobel prize laureates by university affiliation list of massachusetts institute of technology people list of mit presidents william barton rogers one eight six two one eight seven zero one eight seven nine one eight eight one jo |
hn daniel runkle one eight seven zero one eight seven eight francis amasa walker one eight eight one one eight nine seven james crafts one eight nine seven one nine zero zero henry smith pritchett one nine zero zero one nine zero seven arthur amos noyes acting one nine zero seven one nine zero nine richard cockburn maclaurin one nine zero nine one nine two zero elihu thomson acting one nine two zero one nine two one one nine two two one nine two three ernest fox nichols one nine two one one nine two two samuel wesley stratton one nine two three one nine three zero karl taylor compton one nine three zero one nine four eight james rhyne killian one nine four eight one nine five nine julius adams stratton one nine five nine one nine six six howard wesley johnson one nine six six one nine seven one jerome wiesner one nine seven one one nine eight zero paul edward gray one nine eight zero one nine nine zero charles marstiller vest one nine nine zero two zero zero four susan hockfield two zero zero four further rea |
ding stuart w leslie the cold war and american science the military industrial academic complex at mit and stanford columbia university press one nine nine four t f peterson nightwork a history of hacks and pranks at mit mit press two zero zero three julius a stratton and loretta h mannix mind and hand the birth of mit mit press two zero zero five references one nine one one encyclopedia britannica volume four p two nine two mit was a pioneer in introducing as a feature of its original plans laboratory instruction in physics mechanics and mining the founding of mit cites one letter william barton rogers to henry darwin rogers march one three one eight four six william barton rogers papers mc one institute archives and special collections mit libraries lists of white house enemies and memorandums relating to those named the new york times june two eight one nine seven three p three eight ted morgan on becoming american houghton mifflin boston one nine seven eight pp three three zero one external links mit offi |
cial web site mymit admissions website mit undergraduate association mit graduate student council mit events website malaysia university of science and technology mit alumni association mit educational studies program mit engineering systems division experimental studies program mit opencourseware online publication of mit course materials everything i learned at mit the tech student newspaper the world s first newspaper on the web voo doo mit s only intentionally humorous campus publication mit press mit medical department mit school of architecture and planning mit student art association mit wind ensemble technology review singapore mit alliance history of wmit wtbs wmbr mit maps mit plasma science and fusion center mit professional education programs mit advanced study program mit professional institute association of american universities cambridge massachusetts massachusetts institute of technology land grant universities sea grant universities space grant universities technical universities monopolisti |
c competition is a common market form many markets can be considered as monopolistically competitive often including the markets for books clothing films and service industries in large cities characteristics monopolistically competitive markets have the following characteristics there are many producers and many consumers in a given market consumers have clearly defined preferences and sellers attempt to differentiate their products from those of their competitors the goods and services are heterogeneous there are no barriers to entry and exit the characteristics of a monopolistically competitive market are exactly the same as in perfect competition with the exception of the heterogeneous products this gives the company a certain amount of influence over the market it can raise its prices without losing all the customers owing to brand loyalty this means its demand curve is downwards sloping in contrast to perfect competition behavior of firms a monopolistically competitive firm acts similar to a monopolist |
in the short run this is due to the fact that the firm faces a downward sloping demand curve unlike the horizontal demand curve an individual firm faces in a perfectly competitive market the firm simply produces the quantity that maximises economic profit this occurs at the intersection of the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves however this situation does not exist for very long because as other firms notice that there is profit to be made they will enter the market as there are no barriers to entry unlike in a monopoly conversely if firms are actually incurring losses then they will exit the market this fluctuation in supply will continue until firms are making zero economic profit but firms would still probably record accounting profit and the quantity demanded is at the point on the demand curve where price equals average total cost unlike in perfect competition the firm does not produce at the lowest attainable average total cost instead the firm produces at an inefficient output level reaping more |
in additional revenue than it incurs in additional cost versus the efficient output level problems while monopolistically competitive firms are inefficient it is usually the case that the costs of regulating prices for every product that is sold in monopolistic competition by far exceed the benefits the government would have to regulate all firms that sold heterogeneous products an impossible proposition in a market economy another concern of critics of monopolistic competition is that it fosters advertising and the creation of brand names critics argue that advertising induces customers into spending more on products because of the name associated with them rather than because of rational factors this is refuted by defenders of advertising who argue that one brand names can represent a guarantee of quality and two advertising helps reduce the cost to consumers of weighing the tradeoffs of numerous competing brands see davies and cline two zero zero five notes external links a free business game about monopo |
listic competition setup program is in italian but application is in english monopolistic competition by elmer g wiens online interactive model of monopolistic competition market forms mathematical induction is a method of mathematical proof typically used to establish that a given statement is true of all natural numbers or otherwise is true of all members of an infinite sequence a somewhat more general form of argument used in mathematical logic and computer science replaces the natural numbers by other well founded structures such as trees this is known as structural induction it is important to note that mathematical induction is a rigorous method of proof there are no degrees of uncertainty in fact mathematical induction is a type of deductive reasoning this is in contrast with inductive reasoning which is sometimes argued as being non rigorous see problem of induction for more the first known proof by mathematical induction appears in francesco maurolico s arithmeticorum libri fuo one five seven five ma |
urolico proved that the sum of the first n odd integers is n two the simplest and most common form of mathematical induction proves that a statement holds for all natural numbers n and consists of two steps the basis showing that the statement holds when n one the inductive step showing that if the statement holds for n m then the same statement also holds for n m one the proposition following the word if is called the induction hypothesis do not call step two as a whole the induction hypothesis this method works by first proving the statement is true for a starting value and then proving that the process used to go from one value to the next is valid if these are both proven then any value can be obtained by performing the process repeatedly it may be helpful to think of the domino effect if you have a long row of dominoes standing on end and you can be sure that the first domino will fall whenever a domino falls its next neighbor will also fall then you can conclude that all dominoes will fall example suppo |
se we wish to prove the statement one two three cdots n frac for all natural numbers n this is a simple formula for the sum of the natural numbers up to the number n the proof that the statement is true for all natural numbers n proceeds as follows proof check if it is true for n one clearly the sum of the first natural numbers is one and one one one two one so the statement is true for n one we could define the statement as p n and thus we have that p one holds now we have to show that if the statement holds when n m then it also holds when n m one this can be done as follows assume the statement is true for n m i e one two cdots m frac adding m one which is clearly the left hand side s next term to both sides gives one two cdots m m one frac m one by algebraic manipulation we have frac frac frac thus we have one two cdots m one frac this is the statement for n m one it has not been proven as true we made the assumption that p m is true and from that assumption we derived p m one symbolically we have shown t |
hat p m rightarrow p m one however by induction we have p one i e the equation holds if n has the value of one hence p m holds for m one but p m one has been established thus p two follows with p two p three follows and with p three p four may be asserted et cetera we may conclude that p n holds for any natural number n q e d generalizations start at b this type of proof can be generalized in several ways for instance if we want to prove a statement not for all natural numbers but only for all numbers greater than or equal to a certain number b then showing that the statement holds when n b showing that if the statement holds for n m b then the same statement also holds for n m one this can be used for example to show that n two two n for n three in this way we can prove also claims p n that hold for all n zero or even n five this form of mathematical induction is actually a special case of the previous form because if the statement that we intend to prove is p n then proving it with these two rules is equiva |
lent with proving p n b for all natural numbers n with the first two steps assume true for all lesser values another generalization called complete induction or strong induction allows that in the second step we assume not only that the statement holds for n m but also that it is true for n smaller than or equal to m perhaps surprisingly in this form of induction it is not necessary to prove that the proposition is true in the first case that is because it is vacuously true that the proposition holds in all cases before the first case simply because there are no cases before the first case note that the proof then of the step needs to be able to work with an empty antecedent the first proof above is not of this kind but can be converted this can be used for example to show that operatorname n frac where fib n is the n th fibonacci number and one five two the so called golden ratio given that fib m one fib m fib m one it can be proven that that the statement holds for m one if we can assume that it already hol |
ds for both m and m one hence the proof of this identity requires a double basis it requires initial demonstration that the identity is true for both n zero and n one this generalization is just a special case of the first form let p n be the statement that we intend to prove then proving it with these rules is equivalent to proving the statement p m for all m n for all natural numbers n with the first two steps transfinite induction the last two steps can be reformulated as one step showing that if the statement holds for all n m then the same statement also holds for n m this is in fact the most general form of mathematical induction and it can be shown that it is not only valid for statements about natural numbers but for statements about elements of any well founded set that is a set with a partial order that contains no infinite descending chains where is defined such that a b means that a b and a b this form of induction when applied to ordinals which form a well ordered and hence well founded class is |
called transfinite induction it is an important proof technique in set theory topology and other fields proofs by transfinite induction typically distinguish three cases when m is a minimal element i e there is no element smaller than m when m has a direct predecessor i e the set of elements which are smaller than m has a largest element when m has no direct predecessor i e m is a so called limit ordinal strictly speaking it is not necessary in transfinite induction to prove the basis because it is a vacuous special case of the proposition that if p is true of all n m then p is true of m it is vacuously true precisely because there are no values of n m that could serve as counterexamples see three forms of mathematical induction for more on this point proof or reformulation of mathematical induction the principle of mathematical induction is usually stated as an axiom of natural numbers see peano axioms however it can be proved in some logical systems for instance if the following axiom called the well orderi |
ng principle for natural numbers the set of natural numbers is well ordered is employed the additional axiom is an alternative formulation of principle of mathematical induction that is the two are equivalent see proof of mathematical induction external links mathematical induction examples at cut the knot references donald knuth the art of computer programming volume one fundamental algorithms third edition addison wesley one nine nine seven isbn zero two zero one eight nine six eight three four section one two one mathematical induction pp one one two one mathematical logicproof theory proofs matrix can refer to the sciences matrix mathematics a rectangular array of scalars matrix biology the material between animal or plant cells or the material in the inner membrane of a mitochondria matrix geology the fine grains between larger grains in igneous or sedimentary rocks extracellular matrix any material part of a tissue that is not part of any cell technology matrix sound recording a disc in the early stages |
of processing a record for mass production matrix printing a mold for shaping the letters matrix it a group of data which forms the essence of an application matrix numismatics an intermediate into which the design of a coin is engraved matrix club computer club of msm the arts the matrix series the film series made by larry and andy wachowski consisting of the matrix the matrix reloaded and the matrix revolutions matrix fictional universe the world referred to in the matrix series matrix doctor who an advanced computer network and a virtual reality environment from the british series doctor who the matrix music producer a music production team matrix artist a uk drum and bass producer matrix music an element of variations which does not change especially in folk and popular music autobot matrix of leadership a talisman in the fictional transformers universe m rix pronounced matrix the one nine nine seven album by the german band p a l an information database in william ford gibson s novels one of the incarn |
ations of supergirl in dc comics the one nine nine seven remix album by the german band haujobb the matrix a book on computer networks by john quarterman other toyota matrix an automobile produced by toyota matrix management a organizational managment style metal matrix composite a type of composite material a hair styling product line of the l or al group nickname of nba player shawn marion a housing development in glasgow scotland inspired by le corbusier s unite d habitation and designed by davis duncan architects matrix the acronym for multistate anti terrorism information exchange morton downey jr morton downey jr december nine one nine three three march one two two zero zero one was a controversial and influential american television talk show host of the one nine eight zero s who pioneered the trash talk show format downey served a short stint as the general manager of a aba franchise in new orleans in the one nine eight zero s downey christened sean morton downey was working as a talk show host at kfb |
k am in sacramento california where he established his abrasive and much imitated right wing populist style relentlessly deriding anyone who disagreed with him or had a liberal point of view downey s schtick would eventually serve as an enormously influential template for all future right wing talk show hosts and pundits including rush limbaugh bill o reilly michael savage ann coulter sean hannity and many others downey later headed to new york city where his highly controversial television program the morton downey jr show was taped his replacement at kfbk was rush limbaugh one of his earliest and most successful imitators he rose to fame in one nine eight seven when his program featured screaming matches between downey his guests and his audience members downey s signature phrase pabulum puker referring to political liberals briefly enjoyed some popularity in the conservative media in one nine eight nine as fascination with downey s show had begun to wane he was involved in an incident in a san francisco in |
ternational airport restroom in which he claimed to have been attacked by neo nazis who painted a swastika on his face and attempted to shave his head some inconsistencies in downey s account e g the swastika on his forehead was painted in reverse suggesting that downey had drawn it himself in a mirror and the failure of the police to find evidence supporting his story let many to suspect that the incident was a hoax and a plea for attention years later after the statute of limitations had run on the crime of making a false report to police downey admitted the incident was staged he also appeared at wrestlemania v in one nine eight nine he was one of the guests on a special piper s pit in the sketch he antagonized host rowdy roddy piper by blowing smoke in his face calling him a transvestite and telling him to zip it in the end the good natured canadian got even by shooting a fire extinguisher in downey s face the piper s pit sketch lost him more credibility among many observers in one nine nine zero downey s |
tarred as tv tabloid journalist tony pope in predator two a role that closely mirrored his real life television antics his parents were also in show business his father morton downey was a popular singer and his mother barbara bennett downey was a singer and dancer his aunts included hollywood film stars constance bennett and joan bennett from whom he was estranged and his maternal grandfather was the celebrated matin e idol richard bennett like his father downey pursued music as a career recording in both pop and country styles one song green eyed girl scraped the bottom reaches of the billboard magazine country chart peaking at nine five in one nine eight one after the success of his talk show downey would return to the recording studio to cut an album of songs based on his show late in life downey who was sometimes known to blow tobacco smoke into people s faces on his show became an anti tobacco crusader as a direct response to his own terminal case of lung cancer from which he would die at the age of six |
seven in interviews he also expressed regret for some of the extreme theatrics of his tv show saying he had taken things too far external links official morton downey jr web site one nine three three births two zero zero one deaths american radio personalities deaths by lung cancer entertainers who died in their six zero s television talk show hosts to keep it at a reasonable length the following is only a list of male tennis players from over the years who in singles play have been ranked in the top two five in the open era in the top few prior to the open era quarter finalists or better in a grand slam tournament finalists of the masters atp tour world championships tennis masters cup or medalists at the olympic games or who in doubles have won a grand slam or olympic tournament or been ranked world no one players who have won more than one grand slam event in singles or have been ranked world no one in singles have been put in bold font so as to stand out information on each player includes year of birth |
and death country of origin or citizenship and accolades which refer to singles play unless otherwise stated a andre agassi one nine seven zero one nine nine two wimbledon champion one nine nine four and one nine nine nine u s open champion one nine nine five two zero zero zero two zero zero one and two zero zero three australian open champion one nine nine six olympic gold medalist one nine nine nine french open champion one nine nine zero atp tour world champion ranked world no one for one zero one weeks ronald agenor one nine six four one nine eight nine french open quarter finalist world no two two in one nine eight nine juan aguilera one nine six two world no seven in one nine eight four pieter aldrich one nine six five one nine nine zero australian open doubles champion one nine nine zero u s open doubles champion world doubles no one in one nine nine zero fred alexander one eight eight zero one nine six nine u s one nine zero eight australian championships champion its first foreign winner john alexand |
er one nine five one world no eight in one nine seven five wilmer allison jr one nine zero four one nine seven seven u s one nine three five u s championships champion world no four in one nine three two and one nine three five manuel alonso one eight nine five one nine eight four spain one nine two one wimbledon semi finalist one nine two two one nine two three one nine two five and one nine two seven u s championships quarter finalist world no five in one nine two seven victor amaya one nine five four u s world no one five in one nine eight zero mal anderson one nine three five australia one nine five seven u s championships champion one nine five seven french championships doubles champion world no two in one nine five seven and one nine five eight john andrews one nine five two u s one nine seven five french open quarter finalist vijay amritraj one nine five three one nine seven three and one nine eight one wimbledon quarter finalist one nine seven three and one nine seven four u s open quarter finalist w |
orld no one six in one nine eight zero mario ancic one nine eight four two zero zero four olympic games doubles bronze medalist two zero zero four wimbledon semi finalist world no one seven in two zero zero five matt anger u s world no two three in one nine eight six paul annacone one nine six three u s one nine eight five australian open doubles champion one nine eight four wimbledon quarter finalist world no one two in one nine eight six igor andreev world no two five in two zero zero five hicham arazi one nine seven three one nine nine seven first appearance and one nine nine eight french open quarter finalist two zero zero zero and two zero zero four australian open quarter finalist world no two two in two zero zero one jimmy arias one nine six four u s one nine eight three u s open semi finalist world no five in one nine eight four jordi arrese one nine six four spain one nine nine two olympic silver medalist world no two three in one nine nine one arthur ashe one nine four three one nine nine three u s |
one nine six eight u s open champion one nine seven two finalist one nine seven zero australian open champion one nine seven one finalist one nine seven five wimbledon champion one nine six eight and one nine six nine semi finalist one nine seven zero and one nine seven one french open quarter finalist world no two in one nine seven five bunny austin one nine zero six two zero zero zero one nine two eight and one nine two nine u s championships finalist one nine three two and one nine three eight wimbledon finalist one nine three seven french championships finalist luis ayala one nine three two one nine five eight and one nine six zero french championships finalist b marcos baghdatis two zero zero six australian open finalist galo blanco argentina one nine nine seven french open quarter finalist corrado barazzutti one nine five three one nine seven seven u s open semi finalist one nine seven eight french open semi finalist one nine eight zero french open quarter finalist world no seven in one nine seven eight |
pierre barthes one nine four one one of the handsome eight jeremy bates one nine six two great britain one nine eight seven wimbledon and one nine nine one australian open mixed doubles champion partnering jo durie boris becker one nine six seven west germany one nine eight five one nine eight six and one nine eight nine wimbledon champion one nine eight eight one nine nine zero one nine nine one and one nine nine five finalist one nine eight nine u s open champion one nine nine one and one nine nine six australian open champion one nine eight four quarter finalist first appearance one nine nine eight masters champion one nine nine two and one nine nine five atp tour championships champion ranked world no one for one two weeks mike belkin one nine four five one nine six eight australian championships quarter finalist alberto berasategui one nine seven three spain one nine nine four french open finalist one nine nine eight australian open quarter finalist world no seven in one nine nine four tom berdych world |
no two five in two zero zero five jay berger one nine six six u s one nine eight nine u s open and french open quarter finalist world no seven in one nine nine zero christian bergstrom one nine six seven sweden one nine nine three australian open quarter finalist paolo bertolucci one nine five four italy one nine seven three french open quarter finalist world no one two in one nine seven three mahesh bhupathi one nine seven four india one nine nine nine and two zero zero one french open champion one nine nine nine wimbledon champion all partnering leander paes two zero zero two u s open doubles champion partnering max mirnyi jonas bj rkman one nine seven two one nine nine seven u s open semi finalist one nine nine eight and two zero zero two australian open quarter finalist two zero zero three wimbledon quarter finalist one nine nine eight one nine nine nine two zero zero one australian open doubles champion partnering jacco eltingh patrick rafter todd woodbridge respectively two zero zero two two zero zero |
three and two zero zero four wimbledon doubles champion partnering woodbridge world no four in one nine nine seven ranked world doubles no one for seven zero weeks byron black one nine six nine one nine nine five u s open quarter finalist two zero zero zero wimbledon quarter finalist one nine nine four french open doubles champion world no two two in one nine nine six wayne black zimbabwe two zero zero one u s open doubles champion and two zero zero five australian open doubles champion partnering kevin ullyett james blake u s two zero zero five u s open quarter finalist world no two two in two zero zero three arnaud boetsch one nine six eight france world no one two in one nine nine six bj rn borg one nine five six sweden one nine seven four one nine seven five one nine seven eight one nine seven nine one nine eight zero and one nine eight one french open champion one nine seven six quarter finalist one nine seven six one nine seven seven one nine seven eight one nine seven nine and one nine eight zero wimbl |
edon champion one nine eight one finalist one nine seven six one nine seven eight one nine eight zero and one nine eight one u s open finalist one nine seven nine and one nine eight zero masters champion ranked world no one for one zero nine weeks jeff borowiak one nine four nine u s world no two five in one nine seven seven john bromwich one nine one eight one nine nine nine australia one nine three nine and one nine four six australian championships champion one nine three eight one nine three nine one nine four six one nine four seven one nine four eight one nine four nine one nine five zero australian championships doubles champion partnering adrian quist jean borotra one eight nine eight one nine nine four france one of the four musketeers william bowrey one nine four three australia one nine six eight australian championships champion one nine six nine australian open quarter finalist sir norman brookes one eight seven seven one nine six seven australia jacques brugnon one eight nine five one nine seven |
eight france one of the four musketeers sergi bruguera one nine seven one spain one nine nine three and one nine nine four french open champion one nine nine seven finalist bob bryan one nine seven eight u s two zero zero three french open doubles champion two zero zero five finalist two zero zero five u s open doubles champion two zero zero six australian open doubles champion two zero zero four and two zero zero five doubles finalist two zero zero five wimbledon doubles finalist two zero zero three and two zero zero four tennis masters cup doubles champion ranked world no one in doubles mike bryan one nine seven eight u s two zero zero three french open doubles champion two zero zero five finalist two zero zero five u s open doubles champion two zero zero six australian open doubles champion two zero zero four and two zero zero five doubles finalist two zero zero five wimbledon doubles finalist two zero zero three and two zero zero four tennis masters cup doubles champion ranked world no one in doubles ear |
l butch buchholz one nine four zero u s one nine six nine australian open quarter finalist one of the handsome eight don budge one nine one five two zero zero zero u s c darren cahill one nine six five australia oliver campbell one eight seven one one nine five three u s one eight nine zero one eight nine one and one eight nine two united states championships champion one eight eight eight one eight nine one and one eight nine two doubles champion guillermo ca as one nine seven seven cristiano caratti one nine seven zero kent carlsson one nine six eight sweden ross case one nine five one australia one nine seven three australian open semi finalist one nine seven seven january ray casey one nine zero zero one nine eight six united states one nine two five wimbledon doubles finalist with john hennessey pat cash one nine six five australia one nine eight seven wimbledon champion one nine eight seven and one nine eight eight australian open finalist malcolm chace one eight seven five one nine five five u s thierr |
y champion france michael chang one nine seven two u s one nine eight nine french open champion one nine nine five finalist one nine nine five atp tour world championships finalist one nine nine six australian open finalist one nine nine six u s open finalist juan ignacio chela one nine seven nine argentina andrei cherkasov ussr andrei chesnokov one nine six six ussr russia francisco clavet one nine six eight spain arnaud clement france jose luis clerc argentina william clothier one eight eight one one nine six two u s henri cochet one nine zero one one nine eight seven france grant connell jimmy connors one nine five two u s one nine seven four australian open champion one nine seven four and one nine eight two wimbledon champion one nine seven four one nine seven six one nine seven eight one nine eight two and one nine eight three u s open champion one nine seven seven masters champion ranked world no one ashley cooper one nine three six australia john cooper one nine four six australia patricio cornejo one |
nine four four guillermo coria one nine eight two argentina alex corretja one nine seven four spain one nine nine eight atp tour world championships champion albert costa one nine seven five spain two zero zero two french open champion carlos costa spain jim courier one nine seven zero u s one nine nine one and one nine nine two french open champion one nine nine three finalist one nine nine two and one nine nine three australian open champion one nine nine one and one nine nine two atp tour world championships finalist ranked world no one mark cox one nine four three great britain jack crawford one nine zero eight one nine nine one australia dick crealy one nine four four australia kevin curren one nine five eight south africa u s d two zero zero five australian open quarter finalist two zero zero five tennis masters cup semi finalist phil dent australia one nine seven four australian open finalist one nine six eight one nine seven seven january and one nine seven nine quarter finalist one nine seven seven |
french open semi finalist one nine seven seven wimbledon quarter finalist taylor dent u s steve denton one nine five six u s filip dewulf one nine seven two one nine nine seven french open semi finalist one nine nine eight quarter finalist colin dibley one nine four four australia one nine seven nine australia open semi finalist one nine seven three australian open quarter finalist eddie dibbs u s mark dickson u s one nine eight three u s open quarter finalist arnaud di pasquale france two zero zero zero olympic bronze medalist sl va dosed l czech republic one nine nine nine u s open quarter finalist hendrik dreekmann one nine seven five germany one nine nine four french open quarter finalist brad drewett one nine five eight australia one nine seven five australian open quarter finalist cliff drysdale one nine four one south africa one of the handsome eight robin drysdale one nine five two great britain one nine seven seven december australian open quarter finalist pat dupre one nine five four belgium usa one |
nine seven nine wimbledon semi finalist one nine seven nine u s open quarter finalist stefan edberg one nine six six sweden one nine eight five and one nine eight seven australian open champion one nine nine zero one nine nine two and one nine nine three finalist one nine eight eight and one nine nine zero wimbledon champion one nine eight nine finalist one nine nine one and one nine nine two u s open champion one nine eight six and one nine eight seven quarter finalist one nine eight nine french open finalist ranked world no one younes el aynaoui two zero zero zero and two zero zero three australian open quarter finalist two zero zero two and two zero zero three u s open quarter finalist jacco eltingh roy emerson one nine three six australia thomas enqvist one nine seven four sweden one nine nine nine australian open finalist one nine nine six quarter finalist two zero zero one wimbledon quarter finalist nicolas escude france one nine nine eight australian open semi finalist first appearance two zero zero o |
ne wimbledon quarter finalist one nine nine nine u s open quarter finalist kelly evernden one nine six two one nine eight seven australian open quarter finalist f roger federer one nine eight one two zero zero four and two zero zero six australian open champion two zero zero three two zero zero four and two zero zero five wimbledon champion two zero zero four and two zero zero five u s open champion two zero zero five french open semi finalist two zero zero three and two zero zero four tennis masters cup champion two zero zero five finalist ranked world no one for one two two weeks peter feigl one nine five one austria one nine seven eight australian open quarter finalist wayne ferreira one nine seven one south africa one nine nine two second appearance and two zero zero three australian open semi finalist one nine nine two u s open quarter finalist one nine nine four wimbledon quarter finalist david ferrer spain world no one five in two zero zero five juan carlos ferrero one nine eight zero spain two zero ze |
ro three french open champion two zero zero two finalist two zero zero three u s open finalist two zero zero two tennis masters cup finalist ranked world no one for eight weeks wojtek fibak one nine five two one nine seven seven and one nine eight zero french open quarter finalist one nine eight zero wimbledon quarter finalist one nine eight zero u s open quarter finalist marcelo filippini one nine six seven one nine nine nine french open quarter finalist jaime fillol one nine four six chile ken flach u s doubles specialist peter fleming u s one nine eight zero wimbledon quarter finalist guy forget france one nine nine one and one nine nine three australian open quarter finalist one nine nine one one nine nine two and one nine nine four wimbledon quarter finalist four musketeers four french players of the one nine two zero s and one nine three zero s zeljko franulovic one nine four seven yugoslavia croatia one nine seven zero french open finalist one nine seven one french open semi finalist neale fraser one n |
ine three three australia one nine five nine and one nine six zero u s championships champion one nine six zero wimbledon champion one nine five eight finalist one nine five seven one nine five nine and one nine six zero australian championships finalist rod frawley one nine five two australia one nine seven nine australian open quarter finalist frank froehling one nine four two u s one nine seven one french open semi finalist richard fromberg australia renzo furlan italy one nine nine five french open quarter finalist g patrick galbraith u s doubles specialist richard gasquet one nine eight six france world no one two in two zero zero five gast n gaudio one nine seven eight argentina two zero zero four french open champion sammy giammalva jr one nine six three u s one nine eight two australian open quarter finalist juan gisbert sr one nine four two spain one nine six eight australian championships finalist bob giltinan one nine four nine australia one nine seven seven december australian open semi finalist r |
obby ginepri one nine eight two u s two zero zero five u s open semi finalist drew gitlin one nine five eight u s one nine eight two australian open quarter finalist vitas gerulaitis one nine five four one nine nine four u s one nine seven seven december australian open champion one nine seven nine u s open finalist one nine eight zero french open finalist one nine seven seven and one nine seven eight wimbledon semi finalist one nine seven nine and one nine eight one masters finalist brad gilbert one nine six one u s one nine eight seven u s open quarter finalist one nine nine zero wimbledon quarter finalist shlomo glickstein one nine five eight one nine eight one australian open quarter finalist world no two two in one nine eight two andr s g mez one nine six zero one nine nine zero french open champion one nine eight four wimbledon quarter finalist one nine eight four u s open quarter finalist pancho gonzales one nine two eight one nine nine five u s one nine four eight and one nine four nine u s championsh |
ips champion fernando gonz lez one nine eight zero two zero zero four olympic doubles gold medalist w nicol s mass two zero zero two u s open quarter finalist two zero zero three french open quarter finalist two zero zero five wimbledon quarter finalist spencer gore england first wimbledon one eight seven seven winner tom gorman u s brian gottfried u s georges goven one nine four eight france one nine seven zero french open semi finalist jim grabb u s clark graebner u s sebastien grosjean one nine seven eight france two zero zero one australian open semi finalist two zero zero one french open semi finalist two zero zero three and two zero zero four wimbledon semi finalist two zero zero one tennis masters cup finalist hans gildemeister chile tim gullikson u s tom gullikson u s istvan gulyas one nine three one one nine seven one french open quarter finalist jan gunnarsson one nine six two sweden world no two five in one nine eight five one nine eight nine australian open semi finalist heinz gunthardt switzerlan |
d magnus gustafsson sweden one nine nine four australian open quarter finalist world no one zero in one nine nine one h tommy haas one nine seven eight germany two zero zero zero olympic games silver medalist harold hackett one eight seven eight one nine three seven u s victor hanescu romania two zero zero five french open quarter finalist handsome eight eight wtc professional players of the one nine six zero s paul haarhuis netherlands rodney harmon u s one nine eight two u s open quarter finalist tim henman one nine seven four great britain one nine nine six olympic games doubles silver medalist john hennessey united states one nine two eight u s championships champion doubles with george lott world eight in one nine two seven and one nine two eight jan hernych czech republic robert bob hewitt one nine four zero australia south africa multiple grand slam doubles champion lleyton hewitt one nine eight one australia two zero zero one u s open champion two zero zero two wimbledon champion two zero zero five au |
stralian open finalist two zero zero one and two zero zero two tennis masters cup champion ranked world no one for eight zero weeks jose higueras one nine five three spain jakob hlasek switzerland lew hoad one nine three four one nine nine four australia frederik fred hovey one eight six eight one nine four five u s one eight nine five u s championships champion dominik hrbat joseph joe hunt one nine one nine one nine four four u s one nine four three u s championships champion frank hunter one eight nine four one nine eight one u s one nine two three wimbledon finalist one nine two eight and one nine two nine u s open finalist stephen huss australia two zero zero five wimbledon doubles champion i one nine eight nine first appearance one nine nine four and one nine nine seven australian open quarter finalist one nine nine zero one nine nine two and one nine nine four french open quarter finalist one nine nine six u s open semi finalist martin jaite one nine six four argentina one nine eight five french open q |
uarter finalist francois jauffret france anders j rryd sweden one nine eight seven and one nine eight eight australian open quarter finalist one nine eight five wimbledon semi finalist one nine eight five u s open quarter finalist joachim johansson one nine eight two sweden two zero zero four u s open semi finalist thomas johansson one nine seven five sweden two zero zero two australian open champion two zero zero five wimbledon semi finalist one nine nine eight and two zero zero zero u s open quarter finalist little bill johnston united states donald johnson usa doubles specialist kelly jones usa doubles specialist boro jovanovic one nine three nine yugoslavia one nine six eight french open quarter finalist k yevgeny kafelnikov one nine seven four russia one nine nine six french open champion one nine nine nine australian open champion one nine nine nine and two zero zero one u s open semi finalist one nine nine five wimbledon quarter finalist ranked world no one for six weeks bernd karbacher one nine six ei |
ght germany nicolas kiefer one nine seven seven germany one nine nine eight and two zero zero zero australian open quarter finalist one nine nine seven wimbledon quarter finalist first appearance two zero zero zero u s open quarter finalist billy knight one nine three five britain mark knowles doubles specialist thomaz koch one nine four five brazil one nine six nine french open quarter finalist one nine seven four world no two four jan kode one nine four six czechoslovakia one nine seven zero and one nine seven one french open champion one nine seven two and one nine seven three quarter finalist one nine seven three wimbledon champion one nine seven two semi finalist one nine seven one and one nine seven three u s open semi finalist petr korda one nine six eight czech republic one nine nine eight australian open champion one nine nine three quarter finalist one nine nine two french open finalist one nine nine eight wimbledon quarter finalist one nine nine five and one nine nine seven u s open quarter finalis |
t stefan koubek one nine seven seven austria two zero zero two australian open quarter finalist world no two zero in two zero zero zero jan ko eluh one nine zero four czechoslovakia not to be confused with karel ko eluh karel ko eluh one eight nine five one nine five zero czechoslovakia not to be confused with jan ko eluh richard krajicek one nine seven one netherlands one nine nine six wimbledon champion one nine nine eight semi finalist one nine nine two australian open semi finalist one nine nine three french open semi finalist one nine nine six quarter finalist one nine nine seven one nine nine nine and two zero zero zero u s open quarter finalist jack kramer one nine two one u s aaron krickstein one nine six seven u s one nine eight nine u s open semi finalist one nine eight eight and one nine nine zero quarter finalist one nine nine five australian open semi finalist johan kriek south africa u s one nine eight one and one nine eight two australian open champion first appearance one nine eight four semi |
finalist one nine eight six french open semi finalist one nine eight one and one nine eight two wimbledon quarter finalist one nine eight zero u s open semi finalist one nine eight seven and one nine eight eight quarter finalist ramanathan krishnan india ramesh krishnan india one nine eight one and one nine eight seven u s open quarter finalist one nine eight six wimbledon quarter finalist paul kronk one nine five four australia one nine seven eight australian open quarter finalist gustavo kuerten one nine seven six one nine nine seven two zero zero zero and two zero zero one french open champion one nine nine nine wimbledon quarter finalist one nine nine nine and two zero zero one u s open quarter finalist two zero zero zero tennis masters cup champion ranked world no one for four three weeks karol ku era one nine seven four czechoslovakia slovakia one nine nine eight australian open semi finalist one nine nine eight u s open quarter finalist nicklas kulti one nine seven one sweden one nine nine two french o |
pen quarter finalist l ren lacoste one nine zero four one nine nine six france one nine two five one nine two seven and one nine two nine french championships champion one nine two five and one nine two eight wimbledon champion one nine two six and one nine two seven u s championships champion one of the four musketeers nicol s lapentti ecuador one nine nine nine australian open semi finalist two zero zero two wimbledon quarter finalist sebastien lareau canada doubles specialist william larned one eight seven two one nine two six u s art larsen one nine two five u s magnus larsson one nine seven zero sweden rod laver one nine three eight australia singles one nine six zero one nine six two and one nine six nine australian open champion one nine six two and one nine six nine french open champion one nine six one one nine six two one nine six eight and one nine six nine wimbledon champion one nine six two and one nine six nine u s open champion rick leach usa doubles specialist henri leconte one nine six three |
france ivan lendl one nine six zero czechoslovakia u s one nine eight four one nine eight six and one nine eight seven french open champion one nine eight five one nine eight six and one nine eight seven u s open champion one nine eight nine and one nine nine zero australian open champion one nine eight one one nine eight two one nine eight five one nine eight six and one nine eight seven masters champion ranked world no one for two seven zero weeks chris lewis one nine five seven ivan ljubi i croatia two zero zero four olympic games doubles bronze medalist john lloyd one nine five four britain feliciano l pez one nine eight one spain two zero zero five wimbledon quarter finalist george lott one nine zero six one nine nine one u s bob lutz one nine four nine united states m gene mako one nine one six u s xavier malisse one nine eight zero belgium two zero zero two wimbledon semi finalist two zero zero five french open doubles champion amos mansdorf alberto mancini one nine six nine argentina one nine eight ni |
Subsets and Splits