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i clockwise at the point of delivery when the ball bounces the spin causes the ball to deviate sharply from right to left as seen by the bowler i e away from the leg side of a right handed batsman which is the origin of the name leg spin the description applies exclusively to right arm bowlers spinning the ball in this manner the same action when performed with the left arm is known as left arm unorthodox spin or chinaman bowling as with all spinners leg spinners bowl the ball far slower than fast bowlers four five five five miles per hour whereas fast bowlers can top nine zero mph and typically use variations of flight by sometimes looping the ball in the air allowing any cross breeze and the aerodynamic effects of the spinning ball to cause the ball to dip and drift before bouncing and spinning usually called turning sharply while very difficult to bowl accurately good leg spin is generally seen as the most threatening type of bowling to bat against since the flight and sharp turn make the ball s movement e |
xtremely hard to read and the turn away from the batsman assuming he is right handed is more dangerous than the turn into the batsman generated by an off spinner good leg spin bowlers are also able to bowl deliveries that behave unexpectedly including the googly which turns the opposite way to a normal leg break and the topspinner which doesn t deviate significantly a few exceptional leg spinners notably shane warne have also mastered the flipper a delivery that like a topspinner goes straight on landing but travels quickly and barely bounces often dismissing batsmen leg before wicket or bowled another variation in the arsenal of some leg spinners is the slider a leg break pushed out of the hand somewhat faster so that it doesn t spin as much but travels more straight on in the one nine seven zero s and one nine eight zero s it was feared that leg spin would disappear from the game with the success of australian and later west indian teams exclusively using fast bowlers however leg spin has again become popul |
ar with cricket fans and a successful part of cricket teams driven largely by the success of shane warne beginning with his spectacular ball of the century to mike gatting in one nine nine three modern audiences now appreciate that the contest between batsman and leg spin bowler is more cerebral than the physical contest between batsmen and faster bowlers notably england has never produced a great leg spinner though doug wright was occasionally successful this has usually been ascribed to the slow pitches in england which allow batsmen time to read the spin it is also significant that english batsmen tend to treat wrist spin very aggressively which hampers the development of what is considered one of the hardest skills to master in cricket unsuccessful leg spinners are rarely given the time to develop that is often afforded to promising young batsmen or fast bowlers as chris schofield and ian salisbury discovered in the one nine nine zero s list of current or notable leg spinners shahid afridi pakistan mushta |
q ahmed pakistan malinga bandara sri lanka richie benaud australia upul chandana sri lanka bhagwat chandrasekhar india tich freeman england clarrie grimmett australia j w hearne england eric hollies england danish kaneria pakistan alok kapali bangladesh anil kumble india terry jenner australia stuart macgill australia bill tiger o reilly australia abdul qadir pakistan laxman sivaramakrishnan india shane warne australia cameron white australia doug wright england see also list of cricketers cricket terminology bowling cricket the original lisp machine built by greenblatt and knight lisp machines were general purpose computers designed usually through hardware support to efficiently run lisp as their main software language in a sense they were the first commercial single user workstations despite being modest in number perhaps seven zero zero zero units total as of one nine eight eight many now commonplace technologies including effective garbage collection laser printing windowing systems computer mice high re |
solution bit mapped graphics computer graphic rendering and a number of networking innovations were all first developed on lisp machines such as the ones used in xerox parc s research center history historical context artificial intelligence ai computer programs of the one nine six zero s and one nine seven zero s intrinsically required what was then considered a huge amount of computer power as measured in processor time and memory space the power requirements were only exacerbated by the fact that american ai research was done almost exclusively in the lisp symbolic programming language when all commercial hardware were designed and optimized for assembler and fortran like programming languages at first the cost of such computer hardware meant that it had to be shared among many users but as integrated circuit technology shrank the size and cost of computers in the one nine six zero s and early one nine seven zero s and the memory requirements of ai programs started to exceed the address space of the most c |
ommon research computer the dec pdp one zero researchers considered a new approach a computer designed specifically to develop and run large artificial intelligence programs and tailored to the semantics of the lisp programming language to keep the operating system relatively simple these machines would not be shared but would be dedicated to a single user initial development one of lmi s lambda machines in one nine seven three richard greenblatt and thomas knight programmers at mit s ai lab started what would become the mit lisp machine project when they first began building a computer hardwired to run certain basic lisp operations rather than run them in software in a two four bit tagged architecture the machine also did incremental or arena garbage collecting more specifically since lisp variables are typed at runtime rather than compile time a simple addition of two variables could take five times as long on conventional hardware due to test and branch instructions lisp machines ran the tests in parallel |
with the more conventional single instruction additions if the simultaneous tests failed then the result was discarded and recomputed this meant in many cases an increase by several factors this simultaneous checking approach was used as well in testing the bounds of arrays when referenced and other memory management necessities not merely garbage collection or arrays type checking was further improved and automated when the conventional byte word of three two bits was lengthened to three six bits for symbolics three six zero zero model lisp machines to four zero bits or more usually the excess bits not accounted for by the following were used for error correcting codes the first group of extra bits were used to hold type data and the remaining bits were used to implement cdr coding wherein the usual linked list elements are compressed to occupy roughly half the space aiding garbage collection by reportedly an order of magnitude a further improvement were two microcode instructions which specifically supporte |
d lisp functions reducing the cost of calling a function to in some symbolics implementations as little as two zero clock cycles the first machine was called the cons machine named after the list construction operator cons in lisp often it was affectionately referred to as the knight machine perhaps since knight wrote his master s thesis on it it was extremely well received it was subsequently improved into a version called cadr a pun in lisp the cadr function which returns the second element of a list is pronounced kay der or kah der as some pronounce the word cadre which was based on essentially the same architecture about two five of what were essentially prototype cadrs were sold within and without mit for five zero zero zero zero it quickly became the favorite machine for hacking many of the most favored software tools were quickly ported to it e g emacs was ported from its in one nine seven five it was so well received at an ai conference held at mit in one nine seven eight that darpa began funding its |
development a fork symbolics line of lisp machines c one nine eight six in one nine seven nine russell noftsker convinced that lisp machines had a bright future commercially due to the strength of the lisp language and the enabling factor of hardware acceleration made greenblatt a proposal they would take the technology commercial in a counter intuitive move for an ai lab hacker greenblatt acquiesced hoping perhaps that he could recreate the informal and productive atmosphere of the lab in a real business a bit like apple computer these ideas and hopes were considerably different from the ones noftsker held the two negotiated at length but neither would compromise as the proposed company could only be a success with the full and undivided assistance of the ai lab hackers as a group noftsker and greenblatt decided that the fate of the enterprise was up to them and so the choice should be left to the hackers the ensuing discussions of the choice rent the lab into two factions in february one nine seven nine mat |
ters came to a head the hackers sided with noftsker believing that a commercial venture fund backed company had a better chance of surviving and commercializing lisp machines than greenblatt s proposed self sustaining start up greenblatt had lost the battle it was at this juncture with noftsker s enterprise slowly coming together while he was paying them a salary he didn t actually have a building or any equipment for the hackers to work on so he bargained with patrick winston that in exchange for allowing symbolics staff to keep working out of mit symbolics would let mit use internally and freely all the software symbolics developed and a disgruntled and inactive greenblatt that a consultant from cdc who was trying to put together a natural language computer application with a group of west coast hackers came to greenblatt seeking a lisp machine for his group to work with about eight months after the disastrous conference with noftsker greenblatt had decided to start his own rival lisp machine company but he |
had done nothing the consultant alexander jacobson decided that the only way greenblatt was going to actually start his company and build the lisp machines that jacobson desperately needed was if jacobson pushed and otherwise helped greenblatt launch his company jacobson pulled together business plans a board a partner for greenblatt one f stephen wyle the newfound company was named lisp machine inc lmi and was funded by cdc orders via jacobson around this time symbolics notfsker s company began operations it had been hindered by noftsker s promise to give greenblatt a year s head start and by severe delays in procuring venture capital symbolics still had the major advantage that while three or four of the ai lab hackers had gone to work for greenblatt a solid one four other hackers had signed onto symbolics the lion s share of the ai lab s hackers there would be two exceptions two ai lab people who did not get hired by either richard stallman and marvin minsky a screenshot of the sophisticated debugger on a |
symbolics macivory machine regardless after a series of internal battles symbolics did get off the ground in one nine eight zero one nine eight one selling the cadr as the lm two while lisp machines inc sold it as the lmi cadr symbolics did not intend to produce many lm two s since the three six zero zero family of lisp machines was supposed to ship quickly but the three six zero zero s were repeatedly delayed and symbolics ended up producing one zero zero lm two s each of which sold for seven zero zero zero zero both companies developed second generation products based on the cadr the symbolics three six zero zero and the lmi lambda of which lmi managed to sell two zero zero the three six zero zero which shipped a year late expanded on the cadr by widening the machine word to two eight bits expanding the address space and adding hardware to accelerate certain common functions that were implemented in microcode on the cadr the lmi lambda which came out a year after the three six zero zero in one nine eight t |
hree was compatible with the cadr it could run cadr microcode but there were hardware differences texas instruments ti joined the fray when it licensed the lmi lambda design and produced its own variant the ti explorer symbolics continued to develop the three six zero zero family and its operating system genera and produced the ivory a vlsi implementation of the symbolics architecture starting in one nine eight seven several machines based on the ivory processor were developed boards for suns and macs stand alone workstations and even embedded systems i machine custom lsi three two bit address symbolics xl four zero zero ux four zero zero macivory ii in one nine eight nine available platforms were symbolics xl one two zero zero macivory iii ux one two zero zero zora nxp one zero zero zero pizza box texas instruments shrunk the explorer into silicon as the microexplorer lmi abandoned the cadr architecture and developed its own k machine but lmi went bankrupt before the machine could be brought to market these |
machines had hardware support for various primitive lisp operations data type testing cdr coding and also hardware support for incremental garbage collection they ran large lisp programs very efficiently the symbolics machine was actually competitive against many commercial super mini computers but it was never adapted for conventional purposes though the symbolics lisp machines were also sold to some non ai markets like computer graphics modelling and animation the mit derived lisp machines ran a lisp dialect called zetalisp descended from mit s maclisp the operating systems were written from the ground up in lisp often using object oriented extensions later these lisp machines also supported various versions of common lisp with flavors new flavors and clos bbn developed its own lisp machine called jericho which ran a version of interlisp it was never marketed frustrated the entire ai group resigned and were hired primarily by xerox so xerox parc had simultaneous with greenblatt s own development over at mit |
developed their own lisp machines which were designed to run interlisp and later common lisp as well as other languages such as smalltalk but they failed to enter the market and found themselves a distant third behind lmi and symbolics these included the xerox one one zero zero aka dolphin one nine seven nine the xerox one one three two aka dorado the xerox one one zero eight aka dandelion one nine eight one and the xerox one one zero nine aka dandetiger and the xerox six zero eight five aka daybreak the xerox machines were a commercial failure but they did influence the creation of apple computer s macintosh the operating system of the xerox lisp machines has also been ported to a virtual machine and is available for several platforms as a product called medley the xerox lisp machine was well known for its advanced development environment for its early graphical user interface and for novel applications like notecards one of the first hypertext applications a uk company racal norsk attempted to repurpose no |
rsk data superminis as microcoded lisp machines running symbolics zetalisp software there were several attempts by japanese manufacturers to enter the lisp machine market including the fujitsu facom alpha mainframe co processor which was actually marketed as early as one nine seven eight and several university research efforts that produced working prototypes as part of the fifth generation with the onset of the ai winter and the early beginnings of the pc revolution which would gather steam and sweep away the minicomputer and workstation manufacturers cheaper desktop pcs soon were able to run lisp programs even faster than lisp machines without the use of special purpose hardware their high profit margin hardware business eliminated most lisp machine manufacturers went out of business by the early nine zero s leaving only software based companies like lucid inc or hardware manufacturers who switched to software and services to avoid the crash besides xerox symbolics is the only lisp machine company still ope |
rating today selling the open genera lisp machine software environment as well as the macsyma computer algebra system in the late nine zero s there were plans by sun microsystems and other companies to build language specific computers for java similar in concept and execution to the lisp machines see also icad example of knowledge based engineering software originally developed on a lisp machine that was useful enough to be then ported via common lisp to unix generic blackboard example of an ai system developed for lisp machines references https dspace mit edu handle one seven two one one five seven five one lisp machine progress report alan bawden richard greenblatt jack holloway thomas knight david moon daniel weinreb ai lab memos ai four four four one nine seven seven cadr thomas knight david a moon jack holloway guy l steele ai lab memos aim five two eight one nine seven nine design of lisp based processors or scheme a dielectric lisp or finite memories considered harmful or lambda the ultimate opcode gu |
y lewis steele gerald jay sussman ai lab memo aim five one four one nine seven nine david a moon https dspace mit edu handle one seven two one one six three five three chaosnet a i memo six two eight massachusetts institute of technology artificial intelligence laboratory june one nine eight one implementation of a list processing machine tom knight master s thesis lisp machine manual six th ed richard stallman daniel weinreb david moon one nine eight four anatomy of a lisp machine paul graham ai expert december one nine eight eight free as in freedom newquist harvey the brain makers sams publishing one nine nine four isbn zero six seven two three zero four one two zero external links symbolics an html mirror of lisp machine progress report an html mirror of cadr cadr documentation the lisp machine manual lisp machine inc k machine the deffenbaugh marshall powell willison architecture as remembered by joe marshall my lisp experiences and the development of gnu emacs a transcript of a speech richard stallman g |
ave about emacs lisp and lisp machines if it works it s not ai a commercial look at artificial intelligence startups symbolics inc a failure of heterogenous engineering pdf cadr simulation l machine simulation ftp www lispmachine org pub symbolics pdf symbolics documentation ftp www lispmachine org pub symbolics patents img symbolics original patent document with source cadr lisp machine source code released by mit oct three two zero zero five the explorer iii project a project to develop a portable software emulator of the ti explorer ii lisp machine jaap weel s lisp machine webpage a collection of links and locally stored documents appertaining to all manner of lisp machines a few things i know about lisp machines another collection of links but mostly a discussion of purchasing lisp machines ralf m ller s symbolics lisp machine museum a page of screenshots of genera rainer joswig s web page with lisp machine videos and screen shots genera concepts web copy of symbolic s introduction to genera vintage compu |
ter festival pictures of some lisp machines one running genera picture of a partially disassembled symbolics three six four zero medley yahoo group for lisp machines lispmachine net lisp books and information lisp programming language computer workstations minicomputers links is an open source text and graphic web browser with a pull down menu system it renders complex pages partial html four zero support including tables and frames support for multiple character sets supports color and monochrome terminals and allows horizontal scrolling unlike lynx and w three m it is oriented toward visual users who want to retain many typical elements of graphical user interfaces pop up windows menus etc in a text only environment the focus on intuitive usability makes it suitable as a web browser for low end terminals in libraries internet cafes etc the original version of links was developed by mikul pato ka in the czech republic his group twibright labs later developed a separate version of the links browser called lin |
ks two that displays graphics links two g renders fonts in different sizes with anti aliasing and supports javascript the resulting browser is very fast but it does not display many pages as they were intended the graphical mode works even on unix systems without x or any other window environment using either svgalib or the framebuffer of the system s graphics card elinks experimental enhanced links is a fork led by petr baudis it is based on links zero nine it has a more open development and incorporates patches from other links versions and from internet users links hacked is another version of the links browser which has merged elinks features into links two see also list of web browsers comparison of web browsers external links links umbrella site official links homepage twibright labs links elinks home page links hacked web page linux web browsers mac os web browsers text based web browsers free web browsers a learning object is a reusable unit of instruction for teaching typically in e learning in order |
to use a learning object in different contexts or different virtual learning environments the presentation of the instruction is usually to be separated from the other non visual content or course metadata scorm is an example of this format alongside scorm a draft learning object metadata scheme is underway in the uk the uk learning object metadata core attempts to create a consistent tagging system which enables educationalists to tag their learning objects learning object portability before any institution invests a great deal of time an energy into building high quality learning content which can cost over one zero zero zero zero per classroom hour it needs to consider how this content can be easily loaded into a learning management system if all of the properties of a course can be precisely defined in a common format the content can be serialized into a standard format such as xml and loaded into a new system when you consider that some classes need to include video mathematical equations using mathml c |
hemistry equations using chemical markup language and other complex structures the issues become very complex especially if the importing system needs to understand and validate each structure and then place it into the correct places in the database typical components of a learning object the following is a list of some of the types of information that may be included in a learning object general course descriptive data course identifiers language of content english spanish subject area math reading etc descriptive text descriptive keywords life cycle version status instructional content text html web pages images sound video glossary of terms terms definition acronyms quizzes and assessments questions answers rights cost copyrights restrictions on use relationships to other courses prerequsite courses educational level grade level age range typical learning time difficulty learning object projects merlot merlot short for the multimedia educational resource for learning and online teaching is a free and open |
resource designed primarily for faculty and students of higher education merlot includes links to online learning materials along with annotations such as peer reviews and assignments to learn more about the merlot project visit http taste merlot org for the latest news from merlot visit http taste merlot org portal grapevine finally to browse the subsets of the whole merlot collection that are focused on specific disciplines visit http www merlot org home sites po united kingdom learning object metadata core united kingdom learning object metadata core or uk lom core is currently a draft schema researched by a community of practitioners to identify common uk practice in learning object content by comparing one two metadata schemas uk lom puts together the common core of metadata elements and seeks to record common practice rather than best practice its aim is not to be prescriptive but rather reflect what practitioners are doing whilst tagging content there are three types of elements within uk lom mandator |
y optional optional recommended mandatory elements must always be completed to ensure interoperability optional elements may be included where there is a benefit of doing this optional recommended elements should be included wherever possible canada learning object project edusource edusource is a canada wide project to create the infrastructure for a network of interoperable learning object repositories a repository differs from standard web materials by providing teachers students and parents with information that is structured and organized to facilitate the finding and use of learning materials regardless of their source location the edusource project is based on national and international standards it is bilingual french english and it is accessible to all canadians and internationally including those with disabilities the edusource suite of tools is available on the licef website at uqam cancore cancore is an application profile like the uk lom core of the learning object metadata standard ieee one four |
eight four one two one two zero zero two however unlike many application profiles cancore provides detailed guidance for the interpretation and implementation of each data element in the lom standard these guidelines constitute a two five zero page document and have been developed over three years through consultation with experts across canada and throughout the world these guidelines are also available at no charge from the cancore website burrokeet burrokeet is an open source software tool that assists in the creation of learning objects from existing content it is able to take as input a wide range of document formats and export them as consistently styled content within learning objects this frees the content developer to focus on the quality of their content without having to overly concern themselves with presentation similarly editors of learning objects need not concern themselves with ensuring authors use the same development tool they are free to use whatever tool they are most familiar with as a |
result burrokeet enhances the reusability of content within learning objects vlorn the vet learning object repository network vlorn is a network of organisations in the australian vocational education and training vet that contribute via agreed standards to enable the discovery and use of learning objects vlorn was established in two zero zero four through australian flexible learning framework funding see http www flexiblelearning net au for more information on the framework learning object metadata and searching one of the key aspects of learning objects is how the can be identified by search engines this is usually achieved by adding descriptive metadata to the learning object just like a book in a library has a record in the card catalog described by standards such as dublin core learning objects must also be tagged with metadata technical communication the dessert harmony in red one nine zero eight by henri matisse les fauves french for wild beasts a short lived and loose grouping of early modern artists |
whose works emphasized painterly qualities and the use of deep color over the representational values retained by impressionism fauvists simplified lines made the subject of the painting easy to read exaggerated perspectives and used brilliant but arbitrary colors they also emphasised freshness and spontaneity over finish one of the fundamentals of the fauves was expressed in one eight eight eight by paul gauguin to paul s rusier how do you see these trees they are yellow so put in yellow this shadow rather blue paint it with pure ultramarine these red leaves put in vermilion the name was given humourously to the group by art critict louis vauxcelles in french fauves means wild beasts the painter gustave moreau was the movement s inspirational teacher and a professor at the cole des beaux arts in paris who pushed his students to think outside of the lines of formality and to follow their visions the leaders of the movement moreau s top students were henri matisse and andr derain friendly rivals of a sort eac |
h with his own followers the paintings for example matisse s one nine zero eight the dessert or derain s the two barges use powerful reds or other forceful colors to draw the eye matisse became the yang to picasso s yin in the two zero th century while time has trapped derain at the century s beginning a wild beast forever their disciples included albert marquet henri manguin charles camoin the belgian painter henri evenepoel jean puy maurice de vlaminck raoul dufy othon friesz georges rouault the dutch painter kees van dongen and picasso s partner in cubism georges braque fauvism as a movement had no concrete theories and was short lived they only had three exhibitions matisse was seen as a leader of the movement he said he wanted to create art to delight art as a decoration was his purpose therefore his use of bright colors tries to maintain serenity of composition among the influences of the movement were paul gauguin and vincent van gogh both of whom had begun using colors in a brighter more imaginative m |
anner see also art history visual arts and design history of painting external links fauvism the wild beasts of early twentieth century art fauvism french art modern art post impressionism western art the name labour party or labor party is used by several political parties around the world they are usually social democrats and traditionally allied to trade unions many labour parties are members of socialist international antigua antigua labour party armenia united labour party australia australian labor party barbados barbados labour party democratic labour party bulgaria a historical name of bulgarian communist party burkina faso defunct voltaic labour party canada canadian labour party canada cape breton labour party dominica dominica labour party egypt socialist labour party currently freezed fiji fiji labour party georgia labour party gibraltar gibraltar labour party grenada grenada united labour party guyana guyana labour party iran islamic labour party ireland labour party ireland isle of man manx labo |
ur party israel labour israel jamaica jamaican labour party lithuania labour party democratic labour party of lithuania malta malta labour party mexico labour party mauritius mauritius labour party namibia defunctlabour party netherlands labour party new zealand labour party newlabour party norway norwegian labour party papua new guinea papua new guinea labour party poland polish labour party solomon islands solomon islands labour party south africa labour party labour party new labour party saint kitts and nevis saint kitts and nevis labour party saint lucia saint lucia labour party saint vincent and the grenadines unity labour party senegal defunct labour party of sine saloum singapore labour party south korea democratic labor party suriname labour party sweden swedish social democratic labour party tanzania tanzanian labour party united kingdom labour party social democratic and labour party northern ireland defunct belfast labour party northern ireland labour party scottish labour party united states labo |
r party defunct u s labor party american labor party see also labour movement workers party socialist labour party list of political parties lists of political parties by generic name louisiana state quarter reverse louisiana state quarter louisiana pronounced or french louisiane pronounced image ltspkr png is a southern state of the united states of america it uses the u s postal abbreviation la the state is bordered to the west by the state of texas to the north by arkansas to the east by the state of mississippi and to the south by the gulf of mexico among the states louisiana has a unique culture owing to its french colonial heritage while the state has no declared official language its law recognizes both english and french today english is by far the main language of everyday life but french is spoken by nearly five of the population and its influence can be seen in local dialects and in many place names history louisiana was inhabited by native americans when european explorers arrived in the one seven |
th century and settlement and colonization began in the one eight th century some current place names including atchafalaya natchitouches now spelled natchitoches caddo houma tangipahoa and avoyel avoyelles are from native american dialects several native tribes inhabited the region using current parish boundaries to describe approximate locations the atakapa in southwestern louisiana in vermilion cameron lafayette acadia jefferson davis and calcasieu parishes the chitimacha in the southeastern parishes of iberia assumption st mary lower st martin terrebonne lafourche st james st john the baptist st bo st charles jefferson orleans st bernard and plaquemines the bayougoula part of the choctaw nation in areas directly north of the chitimachas in the parishes of st helena tangipahoa washington east baton rouge west baton rouge livingston and st tammany the houma in east and west feliciana and pointe coupee parishes about one zero zero miles north of the town named for them the avoyel part of the natchez nation |
in parts of avoyelles and concordia parishes along the mississippi river the tunica in northeastern parishes of tensas madison east carroll and west carroll the remainder of central and north louisiana was home to a substantial portion of the caddo nation exploration and settlement the first european explorers to visit louisiana came in one five two eight the spanish expedition led by panfilo de narv ez located the mouth of the mississippi river in one five four one hernando de soto s expedition crossed the region then spanish interest in louisiana lay dormant in the late one seven th century french expeditions which included sovereign religious and commercial aims established a foothold on the mississippi river and gulf coast with its first settlements france laid claim to a vast region of north america and set out to establish a commercial empire and french nation stretching from the gulf of mexico to canada the french explorer robert cavelier de la salle named the region louisiana to honor france s king lo |
uis xiv in one six eight two the first permanent settlement fort maurepas at what is now ocean springs mississippi near biloxi was founded by pierre le moyne d iberville a french military officer from canada in one six nine nine the french colony of louisiana originally claimed all the land on both sides of the mississippi river and north to french territory in canada the settlement of natchitoches along the red river in present day northwest louisiana was established in one seven one four by louis juchereau de st denis making it the oldest permanent settlement in the louisiana purchase territory the french settlement had two purposes to establish trade with the spanish in texas and at the same time to deter spanish advances into louisiana also the northern terminus of the old san antonio road sometimes called el camino real or kings highway was at natchitoches the settlement soon became a flourishing river port and crossroads giving rise to vast cotton kingdoms along the river over time planters developed la |
rge plantations and built fine homes in a growing town a pattern repeated in new orleans and other places louisiana s french settlements contributed to further exploration and outposts concentrated along the banks of the mississippi and its major tributaries from louisiana to as far north as the region called the illinois country around peoria illinois and present day saint louis missouri see also french colonization of the americas initially mobile alabama and biloxi mississippi functioned as the capital of the colony recognizing the importance of the mississippi river to trade and military interests france made new orleans the seat of civilian and military authority in one seven two two from then until the louisiana purchase made the region part of the united states on december two zero one eight zero three france and spain would trade control of the region s colonial empire most of the territory to the east of the mississippi was lost to great britain in the french and indian war except for the area around |
new orleans and the parishes around lake pontchartrain the rest of louisiana became a colony of spain by the treaty of fontainebleau of one seven six two although spain presided over louisiana for about the same amount of time as france spain held the territory during its later more rapid development still french immigration and cultural influences had a lasting effect during the period of spanish rule several thousand french speaking refugees from the region of acadia made their way to louisiana following british expulsion settling largely in the southwestern louisiana the acadian refugees were welcomed by the spanish and descendants came to be called cajuns in one eight zero zero france s napoleon bonaparte acquired louisiana from spain in the treaty of san ildefonso an arrangement kept secret for some two years then in one eight zero three bonaparte sold the territory to the united states which see louisiana purchase divided it into two territories the orleans territory which became the state of louisiana |
in one eight one two and the district of louisiana which consisted of all the land not included in orleans territory the florida parishes were annexed from spanish west florida by proclamation of president james madison in one eight one zero the western boundary of louisiana with spanish texas remained in dispute until the adams on s treaty in one eight one nine with the sabine free state serving as a neutral buffer zone as well as a haven for criminals from its time as a possession of france louisiana retains a civil law legal system based on the louisiana civil code which is similar to and often confused with the napoleonic code like france and unlike the rest of the united states which uses a common law legal system derived from england also derived from french governance is the use of the term parishes in place of counties for the subdivisions of government in one eight four nine the state moved the capital from new orleans to baton rouge donaldsonville opelousas and shreveport have briefly served as the |
seat of louisiana state government louisiana was a slave state it also had one of the largest free black populations in the united states some free blacks in louisiana were themselves slave owners some accounts say the state s population of slave owning blacks was among the largest in the country in the american civil war louisiana seceded from the union on january two six one eight six one new orleans was captured by federal troops on april two five one eight six two because a large part of the population had union sympathies or compatible commercial interests the federal government took the unusual step of designating the areas of louisiana under federal control as a state within the union with its own elected representatives to the u s congress louisiana in the two one st century on august two nine two zero zero five hurricane katrina struck and devastated southeastern louisiana while damaged levees in new orleans flooded the city the city was essentially closed until october estimates are that more than |
two million people in the gulf region were displaced by the hurricane with more than a thousand storm fatalities in louisiana the next month southwestern louisiana was struck by hurricane rita in two zero zero six and beyond louisiana faces fiscal and social challenges basic references the standard history of the state though only thru the civil war is charles gayarr s history of louisiana various editions culminating in one eight six six four vols with a posthumous and further expanded edition in one eight eight five a number of travel relations by one seven c and one eight c french explorers among whom the following at least should be cited jean bernard bossu fran ois marie perrin du lac pierre fran ois xavier de charlevoix dumont as published by fr mascrier fr louis hennepin lahontan louis narcisse baudry des lozi res jean baptiste b nard de la harpe and laval in this group the explorer antoine simon le page du pratz may be considered the first historian of louisiana with his histoire de la louisiane three |
vols paris one seven five eight two vols london one seven six three fran ois xavier martin s history of louisiana two vols new orleans one eight two seven one eight two nine later ed by j f condon continued to one eight six one new orleans one eight eight two is the first scholarly treatment of the subject along with fran ois barb marbois histoire de la louisiane et de la cession de colonie par la france aux etats unis paris one eight two nine in english philadelphia one eight three zero alc e fortier s a history of louisiana n y four vols one nine zero four is the most recent of the large scale scholarly histories of the state the works of albert phelps and grace king should also be mentioned among the more important as well as the publications of the louisiana historical society and several works on the history of new orleans q v among them those by henry rightor and john kendall smith law and government greetings from louisiana the capital of louisiana is baton rouge its governor is kathleen babineaux bla |
nco democrat and its two u s senators are mary landrieu democrat and david vitter republican louisiana has seven members of congress five republicans and two democrats louisiana is the only state whose legal system is based on roman spanish and french civil law as opposed to english common law technically it is known as civil law or the civilian system it is often incorrectly referred to as the code napol on or the napoleonic code it is important to note that the louisiana civil code and the french civil code often referred to as the napoleonic code came into existence at roughly the same time louisiana was never governed by the napoleonic code great differences still exist between louisiana civil law and the common law found in her four nine sister states while some of these differences have been bridged due to the strong influence of the common law in the united states it is important to note that the civilian tradition is still deeply rooted in most aspects of louisiana private law thus property contractua |
l business entities structure much of civil procedure and family law are still mostly based on traditional roman legal thinking and have little in common with english law in contrast criminal law and public administrative law are entirely based on the anglo american common law moreover as in the rest of the u s federal law in louisiana is entirely anglo american common law except in the rare case where it deals with an area of louisiana law that is civilian e g property law louisiana is unique among u s states in its method for state local and congressional elections all candidates regardless of party affiliation run in an open primary on election day if no candidate has more than five zero of the vote the two candidates with the highest vote total compete in a runoff election approximately one month later this runoff does not take into account party identification therefore it is not uncommon for a democrat to be in a runoff with a fellow democrat or a republican to be in a runoff with a fellow republican al |
l other states use the first past the post electoral system to elect senators representatives and statewide officials louisiana has a statewide police force the louisiana state police it began in one nine two two and its motto is courtesy loyalty service its troopers have statewide jurisdiction with power to enforce all laws of the state including city and parish ordinances each year they patrol over one two million miles of roadway and arrest about one zero zero zero zero impaired drivers troopers are also responsible for investigating the casino and gaming industry all hazardous material incidents anti terrorism training and general criminal narcotics and insurance fraud investigations each parish in louisiana has an elected sheriff with the exception of orleans parish it has two elected sheriffs one criminal and one civil the sheriffs are responsible for general law enforcement in their respective parish orleans parish is an another exception to this rule as the general law enforcement duties fall to the n |
ew orleans police department the sheriff also controls and manages the parish jail and or correctional facility the sheriff is also the tax collector for each parish la sheriff s association most parishes are governed by a police jury eighteen of the sixty four parishes are governed under an alternative form of government under a home rule charter they oversee the parish budget and operate the parish maintenance services this includes parish road maintenance and other rural services la parish government geography map of louisiana topography the surface of the state may properly be divided into two parts the uplands and the alluvial and coast and swamp regions the alluvial regions including the low swamps and coast lands cover an area of about two zero zero zero zero square miles they lie principally along the mississippi river which traverses the state from north to south for a distance of about six zero zero miles and ultimately emptying into the gulf of mexico the red river the ouachita river and its branch |
es and other minor streams the breadth of the alluvial region along the mississippi is from one zero to six zero miles and along the other streams it averages about one zero miles the mississippi flows upon a ridge formed by its own deposits from which the lands incline toward the low swamps beyond at an average fall of six feet per mile the lands along other streams present very similar features these alluvial lands are never inundated save when breaks occur in the levees by which they are protected against the floods of the mississippi and its tributaries these floods however do not occur annually and they may be said to be exceptional with the maintenance of strong levees these alluvial lands would enjoy perpetual immunity from inundation the uplands and contiguous hill lands have an area of more than two five zero zero zero square miles and they consist of prairie and woodlands the elevations above sea level range from one zero feet at the coast and swamp lands to five zero and six zero feet at the prairi |
e and alluvial lands in the uplands and hills the elevations rise to driskill mountain the highest point in the state at only five three five feet one six three m above sea level located in northwest louisiana besides the navigable rivers already named some of which are called bayous there are the sabine forming the western boundary and the pearl the eastern boundary the calcasieu the mermentau the vermilion the teche the atchafalaya the boeuf the lafourche the courtableau the d arbonne the macon the tensas the amite the tchefuncte the tickfaw the natalbany and a number of other streams of lesser note constituting a natural system of navigable waterways aggregating over four zero zero zero miles in length which is unequalled in the united states and probably in the world the state also has one zero six zero square miles of land locked bays one seven zero zero square miles of inland lakes and a river surface of over five zero zero square miles geology the underlying strata of the state are of cretaceous age an |
d are covered by alluvial deposits of tertiary and post tertiary origin a large part of louisiana is the creation and product of the mississippi river it was originally covered by an arm of the sea and has been built up by the silt carried down the valley by the great river near the coast there are many salt domes where salt is mined and oil is often found owing to the extensive flood control measures along the mississippi river and to natural subsidence louisiana is now suffering the loss of coastal land area state and federal government efforts to halt or reverse this phenomenon are under way others are being sought highways interstate highways interstate one zero interstate one one zero baton rouge downtown spur interstate two one zero lake charles loop interstate three one zero spur connecting houma area to one zero interstate five one zero spur connecting new orleans east and chalmette to one zero interstate six one zero new orleans downtown bypass interstate nine one zero unofficial designation of west |
bank expressway future four nine interstate one two baton rouge to slidell new orleans bypass interstate two zero interstate two two zero shreveport bossier city bypass interstate four nine interstate five five interstate five nine there are proposed plans to extend interstate six nine to the texas mexico border which will go through north eastern louisiana also interstate four nine is slated to be expanded north into arkansas and east along interstate one zero to new orleans replacing part of u s highway nine zero the city of lake charles has an east west loop called interstate two one zero which provides interstate highway access throughout the city united states highways north south routes east west routes u s highway one one u s highway four two five u s highway five one u s highway six one u s highway six five u s highway one six five u s highway one six seven u s highway seven one u s highway one seven one u s highway three seven one u s highway seven nine u s highway eight zero u s highway eight four u |
s highway nine zero u s highway one nine zero economy the total gross state product in two zero zero three for louisiana was one four zero billion its per capita personal income was two six three one two forty third in the united states the state s principal agricultural outputs include seafood it is the biggest producer of crawfish crayfish in the world cotton soybeans cattle sugarcane poultry and eggs dairy products and rice its industrial outputs include chemical products petroleum and coal products food processing transportation equipment paper products and tourism demographics as of two zero zero five louisiana has an estimated population of four five two three six two eight which is an increase of one six nine four three or zero four from the prior year and an increase of five four six seven zero or one two since the year two zero zero zero this includes a natural increase since the last census of one two nine eight eight nine people that is three five zero eight one eight births minus two two zero nin |
e two nine deaths and a decrease due to net migration of six nine three seven three people out of the state immigration from outside the united states resulted in a net increase of two zero one seven four people and migration within the country produced a net loss of eight nine five four seven people as of two zero zero three the state s population included approximately two one five zero zero zero native french speakers the racial makeup of the state is six two five white three two five black two four hispanic one two asian zero six native american one one mixed race the five largest ancestries in the state are african american and franco african three two five french french canadian one six two american one zero one german seven one irish seven the u s census which continues to use race as a determinant does not recognize that much of louisiana s african american heritage is in fact distinctly franco african with a sizable number designating themselves not as african american but as creole which to many of |
them is a non racial term ancestors of both franco africans and african american blacks who long made up the majority of the state s population in slavery days dominate much of the southeast central and northern parts of the state particularly those parishes along the mississippi river valley but in recent years the percentage of whites has experienced a growth due to all of the predominantly white senior citizens that have begun to relocate there because of the friendly atmosphere mild winters and beautiful scenery creoles of west african descent french and spanish ancestry and cajuns of french canadian ancestry are dominant in much of the southern part of the state whites of southern u s background predominate in the hillier areas of northern louisiana as of two zero zero zero nine one two of louisiana residents age five and older speak english at home and four eight speak french spanish is the third most spoken language at two five followed by vietnamese at zero six and german at zero two religion like the |
other southern states louisiana is mostly protestant however there is also a large native catholic population in the state particularly in the southern part of the state which makes louisiana unique among southern states the current religious affiliations of the people of louisiana are shown in the table below christian nine zero protestant six zero baptist three eight methodist four pentecostal two other protestant one six roman catholic three zero other christian one other religions one zero zero zero zero urbanized area hammond new iberia luling opelousas morgan city west monroe ruston thibodaux natchitoches plaquemine abbeville fort polk leesville bastrop crowley donaldsonville franklin bogalusa minden eunice de ridder new roads tallulah jennings width three three population one zero zero zero zero zero urbanized area alexandria baton rouge shreveport lafayette lake charles houma monroe population one zero zero zero zero zero zero urbanized area new orleans new orleans suburbs chalmette slidell harvey co |
vington folsom mandeville madisonville kenner laplace marrero hahnville metairie terrytown five most populous parishes in louisiana orleans parish pop four seven three six eight one jefferson parish pop four five two seven eight nine east baton rouge parish pop four one two zero zero eight caddo parish pop two five one one four five st tammany parish pop two zero one four six two five least populous parishes in louisiana tensas parish pop six four nine three red river parish pop nine five nine two cameron parish pop nine six four four st helena parish pop one zero four zero three catahoula parish pop one zero eight nine zero parishes with highest latino population jefferson parish seven one two vernon parish five nine two st bernard parish five zero nine allen parish four five zero bossier parish three one five parishes with highest white non hispanic population livingston parish nine four three five cameron parish nine three six five st bernard parish eight eight two nine la salle parish eight six one three |
grant parish eight five four three parishes with highest african american population east carroll parish six seven two nine orleans parish six seven two five madison parish six zero four five tensas parish five five three eight st helena parish five two four two ten richest places in louisiana ranked by per capita income mound nine two two zero zero population one two as of the two zero zero zero census oak hills place three four nine four four elmwood three four three two nine eden isle three one seven nine eight gilliam three zero two six four shenandoah two nine seven two two westminster two eight zero eight seven river ridge two seven zero eight eight prien two six five three seven mandeville two six four two zero education further information list of school districts in louisiana professional sports teams as of two zero zero five louisiana is nominally the least populous state with more than one major professional sports league franchise however the effects of hurricane katrina have forced the national b |
asketball association s new orleans hornets to play their games in oklahoma city for the two zero zero five zero six season the national football league s new orleans saints are playing most of their two zero zero five regular season games in baton rouge however the long term future of that franchise is also uncertain football national football league new orleans saints arena football league new orleans voodoo nwfl new orleans spice nifl southwest louisiana swashbucklers lake charles nifl af two bossier shreveport battle wings af two safl baton rouge riverboat bandits safl lake charles riverkats safl minden roughriders safl lafayette bayou bulls safl ruston rage safl shreveport steamers safl greater new orleans gladiators safl hammond headhunters safl louisiana houma blazing bulldogs safl central louisiana warriors safl slidell steelsharks safl defunct teams shreveport bombers ipfl louisiana bayou beast ipfl baseball minor league baseball teams new orleans zephyrs shreveport sports alexandria aces baton rouge |
river bats houma hawks new orleans pelicans one eight eight seven one nine five nine new orleans creoles negro league dates basketball national basketball association new orleans jazz one nine seven four team moved to salt lake city and became the utah jazz in one nine seven nine the charlotte hornets moved to new orleans in two zero zero two to become the new orleans hornets now known as the new orleans oklahoma city hornets at least for two zero zero five zero six hockey minor league hockey louisiana icegators one nine nine five two zero zero five echl baton rouge kingfish one nine nine six two zero zero three echl new orleans brass one nine nine seven two zero zero three echl bossier shreveport mudbugs chl miscellaneous information state dog catahoula leopard dog state bird eastern brown pelican state flower magnolia state fossil petrified palmwood state tree bald cypress state mammal louisiana black bear state wildflower louisiana iris state reptile american alligator state insect honeybee state crustace |
an crawfish state amphibian green tree frog state food gumbo state songs you are my sunshine every man a king and give me louisiana state tartan state drink milk state instrument diatonic accordian state freshwater fish sac au lait state gemstone agate state soil ruston state colors blue white gold state pledge i pledge allegiance to the flag of the state of louisiana and to the motto for which it stands a state under god united in purpose and ideals confident that justice shall prevail for all of those abiding here louisiana is home to two distinct cultures the non anglo creole and the french speaking cajun the ancestors of creoles came to louisiana before the louisiana purchase one eight zero three from western europe france germany spain and from senegal west africa and settled along the major waterways in the state the blending of these disparate lifestyles is called creole and continued as the dominant cultural social economic and political lifestyle of louisiana well into the two zero th century when it |
would finally be overtaken by the anglo american mainstream the ancestors of the cajuns are the acadians a french speaking people of what are now new brunswick and nova scotia canada when the british won the french and indian war the british forcibly separated families and evicted them today called ethnic cleansing because of their long stated political neutrality most captured acadians were placed in internment camps in england and the new england colonies for one zero to three zero years many of those who escaped the british remained in french canada once freed by england many scattered some to france canada mexico the falkland islands with the majority finding final refuge in south louisiana centered in the region around lafayette and the lafourche bayou country until the one nine seven zero s cajuns were often considered lower class citizens with the term cajun being derogatory but once flush with oil joie de vivre lifestyle quickly gained international acclaim there is also a distinct spanish descended |
group in louisiana the islenos are direct descendants of canary islanders forced to migrate by the spanish king beginning in the mid one seven seven zero s there were intended to help guard the eastern approaches to new orleans from invasion by the british they settled in what is modern day st bernard parish in the river passes east of the city along an old mouth of the mississippi river which they named terre aux boeufs literally land of cattle for the cattle living there many of their descendants remained insulated from the city and continued to speak an archaic version of spanish well into the two zero th century they still maintain contacts with the canary islands and have an annual caldo festival named for a native dish for almost two zero years there was only one small amusement park in louisiana called hamel s amusement park in shreveport which is now mostly closed there is now a six flags in new orleans east since louisiana is under constant threat from hurricanes the louisiana state police are sponso |
ring a contraflow lane reversal program in order to evacuate the new orleans metropolitan area as quickly as possible louisiana s license plates depict a brown pelican and include the motto sportsman s paradise which emphasizes the state s opportunities for hunting fishing and other outdoor activities the motto is often used in state tourism campaigns references sturdevent william c one nine six seven early indian tribes cultures and linguistic stocks smithsonian institution map eastern united states yiannopoulos a n the civil codes of louisiana reprinted from civil law system louisiana and comparative law a coursebook texts cases and materials three d edition similar to version in preface to louisiana civil code ed by yiannopoulos rodolfo batiza the louisiana civil code of one eight zero eight its actual sources and present relevance four six tul l rev four one nine seven one rodolfo batiza sources of the civil code of one eight zero eight facts and speculation a rejoinder four six tul l rev six two eight on |
e nine seven two robert a pascal sources of the digest of one eight zero eight a reply to professor batiza four six tul l rev six zero three one nine seven two joseph m sweeney tournament of scholars over the sources of the civil code of one eight zero eight four six tul l rev five eight five one nine seven two kinsella n stephan a civil law to common law dictionary five four louisiana law review one two six five one nine nine four see also external links official state of louisiana website u s census bureau history of louisiana photos of louisiana terra galleria louisiana politics news parish maps louisiana louisiana parish maps cities towns full color louisiana authors and literature from the southern literary review louisiana states of the united states one eight one two establishments runway layout at lax los angeles international airport is the primary airport serving los angeles california it is generally referred to by californians simply as lax it is estimated to be the world s fifth busiest airport s |
erving some six zero million passengers and more than two million tons of freight in two zero zero four it is the third busiest airport in the united states and second busiest international gateway behind only jfk international airport in new york city according to the u s bureau of transportation statistics lax handles more origin and destination i e not connecting passengers than any other airport in the world it is a major hub for united airlines lax has service to destinations in north america latin america europe asia and oceania its most prominent airlines are united one five one of passenger traffic american one five and southwest one two seven it is also a secondary hub for delta northwest and alaska airlines the airport occupies some three four two five acres one four km of the city on the pacific coast about one five miles two four km southwest of downtown los angeles lax is one of the most famous locations for commercial aircraft spotting most notably at the so called imperial hill area also known |
as clutter s park in el segundo where nearly the entire south complex of the airport can be viewed another famous spotting location sits right under the final approach for runways two four l jet age postcard showing the theme building in one nine two eight the los angeles city council selected six four zero acres two six km in the southern part of westchester as the site of a new airport for the city the fields of wheat barley and lima beans were converted into dirt landing strips without any terminal buildings it was named mines field for william w mines the real estate agent who arranged the deal the first structure hangar no one was erected in one nine two nine and is now a historic landmark mines field was dedicated and opened as the official airport of los angeles in one nine three zero and the city purchased it to be a municipal airfield in one nine three seven the name was officially changed to los angeles airport in one nine four one and to los angeles international airport lax in one nine four nine p |
rior to that time the main airport for los angeles was the grand central airport in glendale the architecture shown in the jetsons was based on the theme building s exterior then the theme building s interior was redesigned to have a jetsons feel until this time the entire airport was located east of sepulveda boulevard as the airport expanded westward to meet the pacific ocean a tunnel was completed in one nine five three so that sepulveda boulevard would pass underneath the airport s runways it was the first tunnel of its kind the distinctive white theme building constructed in one nine six one resembles a flying saucer that has landed on its four legs it was designed by a team of architects and engineers headed by william pereira and charles luckman that also included paul williams and welton becket the initial design of the building was created by james langenheim of the pereira luckman firm a restaurant that provides a sweeping view of the airport is suspended beneath two intersecting arches that form th |
e legs the los angeles city council designated the building a cultural and historical monument in one nine nine two a four million renovation with retro futuristic interior and electric lighting designed by walt disney imagineering was completed before the encounter restaurant opened there in one nine nine seven the first jet service appeared at lax in one nine five nine transporting passengers between lax and new york the first wide bodied jets appeared in one nine seven zero when twa flew boeing seven four seven s between lax and new york the theme building decorated for christmas two zero zero four groundbreaking for the new tom bradley international terminal was conducted in one nine eight two by mayor tom bradley and world war ii aviator general james doolittle and the one two three million terminal was opened in one nine eight four in one nine nine six a new two seven seven foot eight four m tall air traffic control tower with overhanging awnings that shade the windows and make the building vaguely rese |
mble a palm tree was constructed at a cost of two nine million soon afterward fourteen plexiglass cylinders each up to ten stories high were placed in a circle around the intersection of sepulveda boulevard and century boulevard with additional cylinders of decreasing height following century boulevard eastward the cylinders lit from inside slowly cycle through a rainbow of colors and provide an additional landmark for visitors arriving by air at night at various points in its history lax has been a hub for twa air california continental delta psa usair western airlines and the flying tiger line starting in the mid one nine nine zero s under los angeles mayors richard riordan and james hahn modernization and expansion plans for lax were prepared only to be stymied by a coalition spearheaded by residents who live near the airport angry at noise pollution and traffic impacts of the existing facility in late two zero zero five newly elected l a mayor antonio villaraigosa was able to reach a compromise allowing s |
ome modernization to go foward while efforts are made to encourage future growth be spread among other facilities in the region airlines terminals sepulveda boulevard passes under lax s southern runway and taxiways lax has nine passenger terminals arranged in a u and served by a shuttle bus in addition to these terminals there are two million square feet one eight six zero zero zero sq meters of cargo facilities at lax and a heliport operated by bravo aviation terminal one southwest airlines albuquerque austin baltimore washington chicago midway el paso houston hobby kansas city las vegas nashville oakland philadelphia phoenix reno tahoe sacramento st louis salt lake city san antonio san jose ca tucson us airways charlotte philadelphia pittsburgh us airways operated by america west airlines acapulco las vegas phoenix america west express operated by mesa airlines las vegas phoenix puerto vallarta terminal two air canada calgary montr al toronto vancouver air canada jazz edmonton starts may one two zero zero s |
ix air china beijing air france paris charles de gaulle papeete air mobility command air new zealand apia auckland christchurch seasonal london heathrow nadi rarotonga papeete aviacsa canc n le n mexico city monterrey avianca bogot service begins june one five two zero zero six hawaiian airlines honolulu klm amsterdam northwest airlines detroit hong kong honolulu indianapolis las vegas memphis milwaukee minneapolis st paul tokyo narita taca departures guatemala city managua san jos cr san salvador virgin atlantic london heathrow terminal three airtran airways atlanta alaska airlines anchorage boise calgary canc n eugene guadalajara ixtapa zihuatanejo loreto los cabos manzanillo mazatlan mexico city portland or puerto vallarta reno tahoe san francisco seattle tacoma spokane vancouver washington reagan horizon air boise bozeman eugene medford sun valley redding eureka arcata ata airlines chicago midway honolulu kahului frontier airlines denver midwest airlines kansas city milwaukee westjet calgary vancouver int |
erior view of terminal four terminal four american airlines austin boston chicago o hare dallas fort worth denver fort lauderdale honolulu kahului kona las vegas lihue london heathrow los cabos miami nashville newark new york jfk orlando san antonio san francisco san jose cr san juan san salvador st louis tokyo narita toronto vail washington dulles american eagle fayetteville ar fresno monterey san diego san francisco san jose ca san luis obispo santa barbara qantas see below terminal five aerolitoral culiac n hermosillo monterrey aerom xico arrivals aguascalientes canc n guadalajara le n mexico city delta boeing seven five seven two three two at lax in august two zero zero three air jamaica montego bay china southern airlines guangzhou delta air lines atlanta canc n starts june three two zero zero six cincinnati northern kentucky columbus honolulu kahului raleigh durham starts june eight two zero zero six salt lake city tampa delta connection operated by skywest salt lake city song operated by delta air line |
s boston fort lauderdale hartford new york jfk orlando tampa spirit airlines detroit sun country airlines minneapolis st paul terminal six aerom xico departures aguascalientes canc n guadalajara le n mexico city continental airlines cleveland honolulu houston intercontinental kahului newark guam continental express operated by expressjet airlines aguascalientes durango mx le n montrose telluride morelia copa airlines departures panama city bogota united airlines international departures and arrivals canc n starts march four two zero zero six guatemala city ixtapa zihuatanejo london heathrow mexico city san salvador sydney tokyo narita terminal seven united airlines baltimore washington boston chicago o hare dallas fort worth denver honolulu kahului kona lihue new orleans new york jfk newark oakland orlando philadelphia portland or sacramento san francisco seattle tacoma washington dulles ted operated by united airlines canc n starts june eight two zero zero six las vegas los cabos phoenix terminal eight unite |
d airlines united express operated by air wisconsin aspen united express operated by skywest albuquerque bakersfield carlsbad colorado springs fresno imperial inyokern monterey oakland ontario orange county oxnard palm springs phoenix reno tahoe sacramento salt lake city san antonio san diego san jose ca san luis obispo santa barbara santa maria st george tucson visalia yuma tom bradley international terminal the lax control tower and theme building as seen from terminal four note this terminal is named in honor of tom bradley the first black mayor of los angeles aer lingus dublin aero california culiac n guadalajara hermosillo la paz los cabos los mochis manzanillo mazatl n mexico city monterrey puerto vallarta tampico torre n aeroflot moscow sheremetyevo air india frankfurt delhi air pacific nadi air tahiti nui auckland papeete paris charles de gaulle alaska airlines canc n guadalajara ixtapa zihuatanejo loreto los cabos manzanillo mazatl n mexico city puerto vallarta all nippon airways tokyo narita asiana |
airlines seoul incheon british airways london heathrow cathay pacific hong kong china airlines taipei chiang kai shek china eastern airlines beijing shanghai pudong copa airlines panama city bogota el al tel aviv toronto eva air taipei chiang kai shek japan airlines tokyo narita korean air seoul incheon tokyo narita lan airlines buenos aires ezeiza lima santiago lan peru lima ltu international dusseldorf lufthansa frankfurt munich malaysia airlines kuala lumpur taipei chiang kai shek mexicana canc n guadalajara le n los cabos mazatl n mexicali mexico city morelia zacatecas philippine airlines manila qantas auckland brisbane melbourne sydney singapore airlines singapore taipei chiang kai shek tokyo narita swiss international airlines zurich taca arrivals guatemala city managua san jos cr san salvador thai airways international bangkok varig rio de janeiro gale o s o paulo guarulhos charter interstate jet miami air omni air international world airways privatair ground transportation lax can be reached using the |
century boulevard exit on interstate four zero five or the sepulveda boulevard exit on interstate one zero five there is also a shuttle bus that connects to the aviation i one zero five station on the metro green line light rail the line was originally intended to connect directly to the airport but budgetary restraints and opposition from local long term parking lot owners impeded its progress plane crashes and terrorism on the morning of june three zero one nine five six a twa lockheed super constellation and a united airlines douglas dc seven departed lax within three minutes of each other on eastbound transcontinental flights the two propeller driven airliners subsequently collided over the grand canyon in arizona while both were flying in unmonitored airspace killing all one two eight passengers and crew aboard both planes on january one three one nine six nine a scandanavian airlines system dc eight six two crashed into santa monica bay approximately six nautical miles west of lax at seven two one pm l |
ocal time the aircraft was operating as flight sk nine three three nearing the completion of a flight from seattle of nine crewmembers three lost their lives to drowning while one two of the three six passengers also drowned on january one eight one nine six nine a united airlines boeing seven two seven two two c bearing the registration number n seven four three four u crashed into santa monica bay approximately one one three miles west of lax at six two one p m local time the aircraft was destroyed resulting in the loss of all three two passengers and six crewmembers aboard on the evening of june six one nine seven one a hughes airwest douglas dc nine jetliner departed lax on a flight to salt lake city utah when it was struck nine minutes after takeoff by a u s marine corps mcdonnell douglas f four phantom fighter jet over the san gabriel mountains the midair collision killed all four four passengers and five crew members aboard the dc nine airliner and one of two crewmen aboard the military jet on august s |
ix one nine seven four a bomb exploded near the pan am ticketing area at terminal two two people were killed and one seven were injured on march one one nine seven eight two tires burst in succession on a continental airlines mcdonnell douglas dc one zero one zero during its takeoff roll at lax and the plane bound for honolulu veered off the runway a third tire burst and the dc one zero s left landing gear collapsed causing a fuel tank to rupture following the aborted takeoff spilled fuel ignited and enveloped the center portion of the aircraft in flames during the ensuing emergency evacuation a husband and wife died when they exited the passenger cabin onto the wing and dropped down directly into the flames two additional passengers died of their injuries approximately three months after the accident seven four others aboard the plane were injured as were one one firemen battling the fire on the morning of september two five one nine seven eight pacific southwest airlines flight one eight two which was on a |
sacramento los angeles international airport lindbergh field san diego route collided in midair with a cessna one seven two while descending for a landing at lindbergh field both planes crashed in san diego s north park district killing all one three five on board the psa jetliner both occupants of the cessna aircraft and seven persons on the ground on the evening of march one zero one nine seven nine swift aire flight two three five a twin engine aerospatiale nord two six two a three three turboprop enroute to santa maria was forced to ditch in santa monica bay after experiencing engine problems upon takeoff from lax the pilot co pilot and a female passenger drowned when they were unable to exit the aircraft after the ditching the female flight attendant and the three remaining passengers two men and a pregnant woman survived and were rescued by several pleasure boats and watercraft in the vicinity on may two five one nine seven nine american airlines flight one nine one a mcdonnell douglas dc one zero dropp |
ed an engine during takeoff and crashed while en route to los angeles from o hare international airport in chicago illinois killing all two seven one passengers and crew on board and two people on the ground on the morning of august two one nine eight five delta air lines flight one nine one on a fort lauderdale dallas los angeles route crashed at dallas fort worth international airport killing one three six of the one six seven passengers on board on december seven one nine eight seven pacific southwest airlines psa flight one seven seven one bound from lax to san francisco international airport was cruising above the central california coast when a disgruntled usair employee aboard the plane shot his ex supervisor both pilots and then himself causing the airplane to crash near the town of cayucos all four three aboard perished if project bojinka had not been discovered after a fire in manila philippines one or more aircraft owned by a u s carrier s at this airport would have blown up over the pacific ocean |
on january two one one nine nine five as part of the project s first phase on february one one nine nine one usair flight one four nine three a boeing seven three seven landing on runway two four l at lax collided upon touchdown with a skywest fairchild metroliner flight five five six nine that had been holding in position on the same runway the collision killed all one two occupants of the skywest plane and two two persons aboard the usair seven three seven on october two one nine nine six aeroperu flight six zero three a boeing seven five seven en route to lax from arturo merino benitez international airport in santiago chile via lima s jorge chavez international airport crashed in the waters of the pacific ocean all seven zero passengers and crew on board died on october three one one nine nine nine egyptair flight nine nine zero which was on a los angeles jfk new york new york cairo route crashed into the atlantic ocean after takeoff from new york killing all two one seven persons on board in the year two |
zero zero zero al qaeda attempted to bomb lax during the millennium holiday although the bomber was caught at the u s canadian border ahmed ressam was captured in port angeles washington with a cache of explosives in the trunk of his car the plot was part of the two zero zero zero millennium attack plots ressam was sentenced to two two years in prison on july two seven two zero zero five on the afternoon of january three one two zero zero zero alaska airlines flight two six one a mcdonnell douglas md eight three jetliner flying from puerto vallarta mexico to san francisco and seattle requested to make an emergency landing at lax after experiencing control problems with its tail mounted horizontal stabilizer before the plane could divert to los angeles it suddenly plummeted into the pacific ocean approximately two seven miles north of anacapa island off the california coast killing all eight eight persons aboard the aircraft on october three one two zero zero zero singapore airlines flight zero zero six which |
was on a singapore changi airport singapore chiang kai shek international airport taipei los angeles route crashed upon takeoff from taipei killing eight three occupants of the one seven nine persons on board three of the flights hijacked during the september one one two zero zero one attacks american airlines flight one one wtc north tower american airlines flight seven seven pentagon and united airlines flight one seven five wtc south tower were bound for lax on july four two zero zero two a gunman killed two israelis at the ticket counter of el al airlines at lax although the gunman was not linked to any terrorist group the man an egyptian was upset at us support for israel and therefore was motivated by political disagreement this led the fbi to classify this shooting as a terrorist act one of the few on u s soil since the september one one two zero zero one terrorist attacks though not a crash on september two one two zero zero five jetblue airways flight two nine two performed an emergency landing at l |
ax due to a failure with its nose landing gear during retraction the plane circled the airport to burn fuel and then attempted to land the landing was a success with no fatalities on the evening of december one nine two zero zero five air india flight one three six departing for frankfurt germany and mumbai india made an emergency landing back at lax after a tire blowout on the right landing gear one passenger sustained a stress related injury see also busiest airports in the united states by international passenger traffic external links lax homepage airports of los angeles airports in california the la t ne culture was an iron age culture named after the archaeological site of la t ne on the north side of lake neuchatel in switzerland where a rich trove of artifacts was discovered by hansli kopp in one eight five seven la t ne culture developed and flourished during the late iron age from four five zero bc to the roman conquest in the one st century bc in eastern france switzerland austria southwest germany |
the czech republic and hungary to the north extended the contemporary pre roman iron age culture of northern germany and scandinavia la t ne culture developed out of the early iron age hallstatt culture without any definite cultural break under the impetus of considerable mediterranean influence from greek and later etruscan civilizations a shift of settlement centres took place in the four th century our knowledge of this cultural area derives from three sources from archaeological evidence from literary evidence and more controversially from ethnographical evidence suggesting some la t ne artistic and cultural survivals in traditionally celtic regions of far western europe some of the societies that are archaeologically identified with la t ne material culture were identified by greek and roman authors from the five th century onwards as keltoi and galli herodotus placed keltoi at the source of the danube in the heartland of la t ne material culture whether this means that the whole of la t ne culture can |
be attributed to a unified celtic people is difficult to assess archaeologists have repeatedly concluded that language material culture and political affiliation do not necessarily run parallel frey notes frey two zero zero four that in the five th century burial customs in the celtic world were not uniform rather localised groups had their own beliefs which in consequence also gave rise to distinct artistic expressions in some cases where la t ne archaeological sites are overlain by slavic culture any identification of la t ne material culture with celts may become a sensitive local issue a disputed la t ne homeland though there is no agreement on the precise region in which la t ne culture first developed there is a broad consensus that the center of the culture lay on the northwest edges of hallstatt culture north of the alps within the region between the valleys of the eifel marne and moselle in the west east to modern bavaria and austria in one nine nine four a prototypical ensemble of elite grave sites |
of the early five th century bce was excavated at glauberg in hesse northeast of frankfurt am main in a region that had formerly been considered peripheral to the la t ne sphere their homeland la t ne groups expanded in the four th century bce to spain the po valley to the balkans and even as far as asia minor in the course of several major migrations in the four th century bce a celtic army under their leader brennus reached rome and took the city in the three rd century bce celtic bands entered greece and threatened the oracle of delphi while another band settled galatia in asia minor celtic culture lost its identity under pressures from rome and germans in the one st century bce la t ne culture as with many archaeological periods la t ne history was originally divided into early six th century bc middle ca four five zero one zero zero bc and late one st century bc stages with the roman occupation effectively driving the culture underground and ending its development la t ne metalwork is characterized by in |
tricate spirals and interlace on fine bronze vessels helmets and shields horse trappings and elite jewelry especially the neck bracelets called torcs and elaborate clasps called fibulae it is characterized by elegant stylized curvilinear animal and vegetable forms with elements akin to scythian animal designs from the area of ukraine allied with the hallstatt traditions of geometric patterning la t ne cultural material appeared over a large area including parts of ireland and britain the lake dwellings at glastonbury england are a well known example of la t ne culture northern spain burgundy and austria elaborate burials also reveal a wide network of trade in vix france an elite woman of the six th century bc was buried with a bronze cauldron made in greece exports from la t ne cultural areas to the mediterranean cultures were based on salt tin and copper amber wool and leather furs and gold initially la t ne folk lived in open settlements that were dominated by the chieftains towering hill forts the developm |
ent of towns oppida appears in mid la t ne culture la t ne dwellings were carpenter built rather than of masonry la t ne peoples also dug ritual shafts in which votive offerings and even human sacrifices were cast severed heads appear to have held great power and were often represented in carvings burial sites included weapons carts and both elite and household goods evoking a strong continuity with an afterlife discovery la t ne site la t ne is a village on the northern shore of lake neuch tel lac de neuch tel switzerland it is both an archaeological site and the eponymous site for the late iron age la t ne culture also spelt lat ne or la t ne in one eight five seven prolonged drought lowered the waters of the lake by about two m on the northernmost tip of the lake between the river zihl and a point south of the village of marin epagnier hansli kopp looking for antiquities for colonel fr d ric schwab discovered several rows of wooden piles that still reached about five zero cm into the water from among these |
kopp collected about forty iron swords the swiss archaeologist ferdinand keller published his findings in one eight six eight in his influential first report on the swiss pile dwellings pfahlbaubericht in one eight six three he interpreted the remains as a celtic village built on piles eduard desor a geologist from neuch tel started excavations on the lakeshore soon afterwards he interpreted the site as an armory erected on piles over the lake and later destroyed by enemy action another interpretation accounting for the presence of cast iron swords that had not been sharpened was of a site of sacrifices with the first systematic lowering of the swiss lakes from one eight six eight to one eight eight three the site fell completely dry in one eight eight zero emile vouga a teacher from marin epagnier uncovered the wooden remains of two bridges designated pont desor and pont vouga originally over one zero zero m long that crossed the little thiell river today a canal and the remains of five houses on the shore |
after vouga had finished f borel curator of the marin museum began to excavate as well in one eight eight five the canton asked the soci t d histoire of neuch tel to continue the excavations the results of which were published by vouga in the same year all in all over two five zero zero objects mainly made from metal have been excavated in la t ne weapons predominate there being one six six swords most without traces of wear two seven zero lanceheads and two two shield bosses along with three eight five brooches tools and parts of chariots numerous human and animal bones were found as well interpretations of the site vary some scholars believe the bridge was destroyed by high water while others see it as a place of sacrifice after a successful battle there are almost no female ornaments the original homeland of la t ne society is also debated it lay somewhere in the area north of the alps from the marne in eastern france to the upper danube la t ne sites la t ne bern engelhalbinsel oppidum manching oppidum m |
nsingen burial field basel oppidum bibracte oppidum of the aedui at mont beuvray in burgundy erstfeld hoard bopfingen viereckschanze a characteristic rectangular enclosure fellbach schmiden near stuttgart viereckschanze ritual objects recovered from a well kleinaspergle elite graves of la t ne i waldalgesheim an elite chariot burial four th century glauberg hessen elite graves of la t ne i d rrnberg near hallein burial field and earthworks of late hallstatt early la t ne donnersberg oppidum vill near innsbruck remains of dwellings some outstanding la t ne artifacts strettweg cart seven th century bc found in southeast austria a four wheeled cart with a goddess riders with axes and shields attendants and stags landesmuseum johanneum graz austria a princess in vix ch tillon sur seine burgundy buried with a one one zero zero litre two nine zero gallon bronze greek vase the largest ever found the silver gundestrup cauldron three rd or two nd century bc found ritually broken in a peat bog near gundestrup denmark b |
ut probably made near the black sea perhaps in romania national museum of denmark copenhagen battersea shield three five zero five zero bc found in the thames made of bronze with red enamel british museum witham shield four zero zero three zero zero bc british museum london turo stone galway eire chariot burial at waldalgesheim bad kreuznach germany late four th c b c bonn rheinisches landesmuseum chariot burial at la gorge meillet st germain en laye mus e des antiquit s nationales further reading collis john the celts origins myths invention london tempus two zero zero three james simon the atlantic celts london british museum press one nine nine nine james simon and valerie rig britain and the celtic iron age london british museum press one nine nine seven external links excellent and detailed summary of excavations and interpretations in german map and pictures of finds in french sampling of celtic works of art la t ne site brief text illustrations in french images from world history iron age westen europe |
charles bergengren cleveland institute of art one nine nine nine illustrations of la t ne artifacts otto hermann frey a new approach to early celtic art setting the glauberg finds in context of shifting iconography archaeological cultures celts celtic art iron age the lorenz curve was developed by max o lorenz in one nine zero five as a graphical representation of income distribution it portrays observed income distributions and compares this to a state of perfect income equality it can also be used to measure distribution of assets some doctrines e g socialism consider it to be a graphical representation of social inequality as well as income inequality explanation in discussions of personal income we frequently make statements such as the bottom twenty percent of all households have ten percent of the total income the lorenz curve is based on such statements every point on the curve represents one such statement the lorenz curve is a graph that shows for the bottom x of households the percentage y of the t |
otal income which they have the percentage of households is plotted on the x axis the percentage of income on the y axis a perfectly equal income distribution in a society would be one in which every person has the same income in this case the bottom n of society would always have n of the income thus a perfectly equal distribution can be depicted by the straight line y x we call this line the line of perfect equality or the four five line a perfectly unequal distribution by contrast would be one in which one person has all the income and everyone else has none in that case the curve would be at y zero for all x l f frac xf x dx infty xf x dx frac where x f is the inverse of the cumulative distribution function f x see for example the pareto distribution references lorenz m o one nine zero five methods of measuring the concentration of wealth publications of the american statistical association nine two zero nine two one nine also will dawson s contributions see also distribution of wealth welfare economics i |
ncome inequality metrics gini coefficient robin hood index roc analysis social welfare political science economic inequality zipf s law pareto distribution external links measuring income inequality a new database with link to dataset free online software calculator computes the gini coefficient plots the lorenz curve and computes many other measures of concentration for any dataset economics curves welfare economics literate programming is the writing of computer programs in the form of documents designed for casual human reading similar to a work of literature hence the name literate programming documentation and source code are written into one source file both the complete source code and its documentation can be extracted from this file with specific utilities the information is written and presented in a reading order suitable for human consumption with detailed explanations the code is automatically rearranged for ordinary processing by other computer tools such as compilers or interpreters history and |
current implementations the first published literate programming environment was web introduced by donald knuth in one nine eight one for his tex typesetting system it uses pascal as its underlying programming language and tex for typesetting of the documentation the complete commented tex source code was published in knuth s tex the program volume b of his five volume computers and typesetting knuth had internally used a literate programming system called doc as early as one nine seven nine he was inspired by the ideas of pierre arnoul de marneffe the free cweb written by knuth and levy is web adapted for c c and java runs on most operating systems and can produce tex and pdf documentation other implementations of the concept are noweb and funnelweb related concepts outlining outlining editors are sometimes seen as providing a variant of the original concept of literate programming as used by knuth in particular leo combines outlining with interfaces to noweb and cweb processors embedded documentation there |
are also less powerful systems to integrate documentation and code than literate programming examples are pod for perl doc for c c and java javadoc for java and doxygen for many languages these however do not quite follow the literate programming philosophy since they typically just produce documentation about the program such as specifications of functions and parameters and not documentation of the program source code itself they also do not allow rearrangement of presentation order which is critical to the effectiveness of literate programming see documentation generator haskell is a modern language that makes use of a limited form of literate programming this semi literate style does not allow code re ordering or multiple expansion of definitions but lets the programmer intersperse documentation and code freely it is the fact that documentation can be written freely whereas code must be marked in a special way see the example below that makes the difference between semi literate programming and excessive |
documenting where the documentation is embedded into the code as comments example of a simple literate program this whole article is in fact a simple program that can be run using the example literate interpreter on the interpreter page for this particular interpreter all the program code must be written on lines starting with a dash everything else i e the bulk of this article is ignored by the interpreter this does not support some important aspects of advanced literate programming like code rearrangements or multiple expansion and so should only be called basic literate programming or semi literate literate programming program and interspersed documentation firstly in the interests of putting the user at ease the program will simulate personal interest in the user by asking for their name accepting the input and generating a greeting based on the input text cls print text please type your name store input print hello there print value print nice to meet you newline newline continuing the query response mo |
de of operation prompt the user for the radius of a circle which is then used to calculate the area of a circle using the standard formula for the area of a circle a pi r two due to syntax limitations this is done by multiplying the input value by itself then by pi this calculated value is returned to the user note the value of pi used is an approximation that is sufficiently accurate for our purposes print text let s work out the area of a circle newline print text please enter the radius of the circle in furlongs store input multiplyby value multiplyby three one four one five nine print thank you newline print text the area of the circle is print value print text square furlongs newline newline finally the user is asked for the required information and the area of the rectangle is worked out using the standard width by height formula print text now let s work out the area of a rectangle newline print text please enter the width of the rectangle in ells store input print text please enter the length of the r |
ectangle in ells multiplyby input print thank you newline print text the area of the rectangle is print value print text square ells newline newline print text goodbye and that is the finished program references donald e knuth literate programming stanford california center for the study of language and information one nine nine two csli lecture notes no two seven pierre arnoul de marneffe holon programming univ de liege service d informatique december one nine seven three literate programming news comp programming literate external links leo is a literate programming oriented outliner funnelweb is a powerful literate programming macro preprocessor that enables you to weave programs and documentation together select a literate programming example using noweb xmlliterate literate programming using xmlliterate literateprograms is a literate programming wiki software engineering technical communication programming paradigms the logistic map is a polynomial mapping often cited as an archetypal example of how comp |
lex chaotic behaviour can arise from very simple non linear dynamical equations the map was popularized in a seminal one nine seven six paper by the biologist robert may the logistic model was originally introduced as a demographic model by pierre fran ois verhulst later it was applied on surplus production of the population biomass of species in the presence of limiting factors such as food supply or disease and so two causal effects reproduction means the population will increase at a rate proportional to the current population starvation means the population will decrease at a rate proportional to the value obtained by taking the theoretical carrying capacity of the environment less the current population mathematically this can be written as one qquad x r x n one x n where x n is a number between zero and one and represents the population at year n and hence x zero represents the initial population at year zero r is a positive number and represents a combined rate for reproduction and starvation behaviour |
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