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and im f is a subspace of w the following dimension formula is often useful dim ker f dim operatorname f dim v the number dim im f is also called the rank of f and written as rk f or sometimes f the number dim ker f is called the nullity of f and written as f if v and w are finite dimensional bases have been chosen and f is represented by the matrix a then the rank and nullity of f are equal to the rank and nullity of the matrix a respectively continuity a linear transformation between normed spaces is continuous and bounded for example when the domain is finite dimensional an example of an unbounded hence not continuous linear transformation is differentiation with the maximum norm a function with small values can have a derivative with large values see discontinuous linear map applications a specific application of linear transformations is in the field of computational neuroscience an example of a system being modeled is the innervation of v one primary visual cortex by the retina this transformation is c |
alled the logmap transformation this kind of transformation is known as a domain coordinate transformation and provides a mathematical model of how neural states can be conferred within the system cns and pns when a change of state is required such as from the retina to v one as previously mentioned another specific application is for geometric transformations such as those performed in computer graphics where the translation rotation and scaling of two d or three d objects is performed by the use of a transformation matrix another application of these transformations is in compiler optimizations of nested loop code and in parallelizing compiler techniques see also transformation matrix continuous linear operator neural network computer graphics references field computation in motor control real time rendering abstract algebra linear algebra original capacitor the leyden jar was the original capacitor developed in the one eight th century and used to conduct many early experiments in electricity description t |
he device was a glass jar coated inside and out with metal the inner coating was connected to a rod that passed through the lid and ended in a metal ball typical designs consist of an electrode and a plate each of which stores an opposite charge these two elements are conductive and are separated by an insulator e g the glass dielectric the charge is stored at the surface of the elements at the boundary with the dielectric history leyden jars museum boerhaave leiden the ancient greeks used balls of amber on spindles that they rubbed to generate sparks this is the triboelectric effect mechanical separation of charge in a dielectric their work was a precursor to the development of the leyden jar around one six five zero otto von guericke built a crude friction generator a sulphur ball that rotated at high speed on a shaft when guericke held his hand against the ball and turned the shaft quickly a static electric charge built up in one seven four five another german ewald j rgen georg von kleist found a method o |
f storing this charge he lined a glass jar with silver foil and charged the foil with a friction machine kleist was convinced that a substantial charge could be collected when he received a significant shock from the device this invention went on to be known as the leyden jar because in one seven four six pieter van musschenbroek of the university of leiden netherlands independently made the same discovery musschenbroek made the storage jar known to the scientific world hence the jar was named after leiden the home town of the university circuit theory the physicist james clerk maxwell invented the concept of displacement current d d dt to make ampere s law consistent with conservation of charge in cases where charge is accumulating for example in a leyden jar he interpreted this as a real motion of charges even in vacuum where he supposed that it corresponded to motion of dipole charges in the aether although this interpretation has been abandoned maxwell s correction to ampere s law remains valid a changing |
electric field produces a magnetic field the displacement current must be included for example to apply kirchhoff s current law to a leyden jar the dissectible leyden jar myth a popular demonstration of the leyden jar involves taking one apart after it has been charged and purportedly showing that the energy is stored on the dielectric and not the plates a leyden jar is constructed out of a plastic cup nested between two snugly fitting metal cups when the jar is charged with a high voltage and carefully dismantled it is discovered that all the parts may be freely handled without discharging the jar if the pieces are reassembled a large spark may still be obtained this demonstration shows that the charge has been transferred to the surface of the dielectric and is not on the metal conductors when the jar is taken apart simply touching the cup does not give enough contact area to remove all the charge the conductors normally provide this surface area this behaviour is not typical of capacitors however and does |
not happen at lower voltages in a typical capacitor the charge is on the surface of the conductors the transfer of charge to the dielectric in the above experiment results from the high voltages present when the conductors are separated from the dielectric which deposit charge on the dielectric by means of a corona discharge if the experiment were performed in an insulating fluid like oil instead of air the effect would no longer be present see also electricity astronomy and cosmology examine the universe to understand the large scale structure of the cosmos currently many large structures have been found stars are organised into galaxies which in turn appear to form clusters and superclusters separated by voids prior to one nine eight nine it was commonly assumed that the superclusters were the largest structures in existence and that they were distributed more or less uniformly throughout the universe in every direction however based on redshift survey data in one nine eight nine margaret geller and john h |
uchra discovered the great wall a sheet of galaxies more than five zero zero million light years long and two zero zero million wide but only one five million light years thick the existence of this structure escaped notice for so long because it requires locating the position of galaxies in three dimensions which involves combining location information about the galaxies with distance information from redshifts galaxies dot the sky like jewels in the direction of a mass so large it is known simply as the great attractor the galaxies pictured above are part of a cluster of galaxies called aco three six two seven or the norma cluster near the center of the great attractor the great attractor is a diffuse mass concentration two five zero million light years away but so large it affects the motion of our own milky way galaxy and millions of others galaxies in more recent studies the universe appears as a collection of giant bubble like voids separated by sheets and filaments of galaxies with the superclusters ap |
pearing as occasional relatively dense nodes at the centre of the local supercluster there is a gravitational anomaly known as the great attractor which affects the motion of galaxies over a region hundreds of millions of light years across these galaxies are all redshifted in accordance with hubble s law indicating that they are receding from us and from each other but the variations in their redshift are sufficient to reveal the existence of a concentration of mass equivalent to tens of thousands of galaxies the great attractor discovered in one nine eight six lies at a distance of between one five zero million and two five zero million light years two five zero million is the most recent estimate in the direction of the hydra and centaurus constellations in its vicinity there is a preponderance of large old galaxies many of which are colliding with their neighbours and or radiating large amounts of radio waves another indicator of large scale structure is the lyman alpha forest this is a collection of abso |
rption lines which appear in the spectral lines of light from quasars which are interpreted as indicating the existence of huge thin sheets of intergalactic mostly hydrogen gas these sheets appear to be associated with the formation of new galaxies finally there have been occasional claims of the quantisation of redshift although there have been numerous studies investigating this phenomenon it is not widely regarded as valid and remains the subject of considerable controversy some caution is required in describing structures on a cosmic scale because things are not always as they appear to be bending of light by gravitation gravitational lensing can result in images which appear to originate in a different direction from their real source this is caused by foreground objects such as galaxies curving the space around themselves as predicted by general relativity deflecting light rays that pass nearby rather usefully strong gravitational lensing can sometimes magnify distant galaxies making them easier to dete |
ct weak lensing gravitational shear by the intervening universe in general also subtly changes the observed large scale structure as of two zero zero four measurements of this subtle shear show considerable promise as a test of cosmological models the large scale structure of the universe also looks different if one only uses redshift to measure distances to galaxies for example galaxies behind a galaxy cluster will be attracted to it and so fall towards it and so be slightly blueshifted compared to how they would be if there were no cluster on the near side things are slightly redshifted thus the environment of the cluster looks a bit squashed if using redshifts to measure distance an opposite effect works on the galaxies already within the cluster the galaxies have some random motion around the cluster centre and when these random motions are converted to redshifts the cluster will appear elongated this creates what is known as a finger of god the illusion of a long chain of galaxies pointed at the earth th |
ere is much work in cosmology which attempts to model the large scale structure of the universe using the big bang model and assumptions about the type of matter that makes up the universe it is possible to predict the expected distribution of matter and by comparison with observation work backward to support and refute certain cosmological theories currently observations indicate that most of the universe must consist of cold dark matter models which assume hot dark matter or baryonic dark matter do not provide a good fit with observations the irregularities in the cosmic microwave background radiation and high redshift supernovae give complementary approaches to constraining the same models and there is a growing consensus that these approaches together are giving evidence that we live in an accelerating universe in the quasi steady state model of hoyle burbidge and narlikar the process of structure formation has been studied in the context of a toy model which may be a viable alternative to the standard ho |
t big bang model of structure formation large scale structure of the cosmos the lennon wall was formerly an ordinary wall in prague but since the one nine eight zero s people have filled it with john lennon inspired graffiti and pieces of lyrics from beatles songs in one nine eight eight the wall was a source of irritation for the then communist regime of gustav husak young czechs would write grievances on the wall and in a report of the time this led to a clash between hundreds of students and security police on the nearby charles bridge the movement these students followed was described ironically as lennonism and czech authorities described these educated peaceful people variously as alcoholics mentally deranged sociopathic and agents of western capitalism the wall continuously undergoes change and the original portrait of lennon is long lost under layers of new paints even when the wall was re painted by some autorities on the second day it was again full of poems and flowers today the wall represents a s |
ymbol of youth ideals such as love and peace the wall is owned by the knights of the maltese cross who graciously allowed graffiti to continue on what actually is a lovely renaissance wall and is located at velkop evorsk n m st grand priory square mal strana see also list of famous walls external links image of the wall in two zero zero five buildings and structures in prague walls los angeles redirects here for other uses see los angeles disambiguation the city of los angeles from spanish los ngeles also known simply as l a or informally as the city of angels is the second largest city in the united states in terms of population as well as one of the world s most important cultural economic and entertainment centers it was incorporated as a city in california on april four one eight five zero and is the county seat of los angeles county as of the two zero zero zero u s census the city had a population of three six nine million though a july one two zero zero five estimate placed the city s population at thre |
e nine five million and the metropolitan area at one seven five four five six two three in may of the same year many residents are speaking of the greater metropolitan area when they refer to the city as it is informally considered to be one large place rather than the combination of several smaller ones the city is also large by geographic standards since it sprawls over more than four six five square miles one two zero zero square kilometers making it larger than either new york or chicago in area in addition los angeles has hosted two olympic games in one nine three two and one nine eight four and is home to world renowned scientific and cultural institutions the city is also one of the most cosmopolitan places in the world as well as a vanguard of creativity since it is home to individuals from virtually every nation on earth people have always been attracted to the city for its balmy weather its vibrant lifestyle its unique high velocity energy and the opportunity to realize the american dream los angele |
s is the center of the greater los angeles area history the los angeles coastal area was occupied by the tongva or gabriele os chumash and even earlier native american peoples for thousands of years the spanish arrived in one five four two when juan cabrillo visited the area in one seven six nine gaspar de portola led an expedition across southern california with franciscan padres junipero serra and juan crespi portola named a beautiful river they discovered el r o de nuestra se ora la reina de los ngeles de porci ncula the river of our lady the queen of the angels of the porciuncula porci ncula meaning little portion fr crespi had picked out a site along the river for a mission but in one seven seven one fr serra had the mission san gabriel built near whittier narrows after a one seven seven six flood the mission was moved to its present site in san gabriel olvera street on september four one seven eight one four four mexican settlers set out from the san gabriel mission to establish a town at fr crespi s po |
rciuncula river site the town was duly named el pueblo de nuestra se ora la reina de los ngeles sobre el r o porciuncula the town of our lady the queen of the angels on the river porciuncula it remained a small ranch town for decades today the outline of the pueblo is preserved in a historic monument familiarly called olvera street mexico s independence from spain was achieved in the one eight two zero s but the greatest change took place in present day montebello after the battle of rio san gabriel in one eight four seven which decided the fate of los angeles yankees gained control after they flooded into california during the gold rush and secured the subsequent admission of california into the united states los angeles was incorporated as a city in one eight five zero railroads arrived when the southern pacific completed its line to los angeles in one eight seven six oil was discovered in one eight nine two and by one nine two three los angeles was supplying one quarter of the world s petroleum even more i |
mportant to the city s growth was water in one nine one three william mulholland completed the aqueduct that assured the city s growth and led to the annexation by the city of los angeles starting in one nine one five of dozens of neighboring communities without water supplies of their own a somewhat fictionalized account of the owens valley water war can be found in the motion picture chinatown in the one nine two zero s the motion picture and aviation industries both flocked to los angeles and helped to further develop it the city was the proud host of the one nine three two summer olympics world war ii brought new growth and prosperity to the city although many of its japanese american residents were transported to internment camps for the duration of the war this period also saw the arrival of the german exiles which included such notables as thomas mann bertolt brecht and lion feuchtwanger the postwar years saw an even greater boom as urban sprawl expanded into the san fernando valley the watts riots in |
one nine six five showed the nation the deep racial divisions that the city faced the xxiii olympiad was successfully hosted in los angeles in one nine eight four the city was once again tested by the one nine nine two los angeles riots and the one nine nine four northridge earthquake and a city wide vote on san fernando valley and hollywood secession was defeated in two zero zero two now urban redevelopment and gentrification has been taking place at a furious pace in various parts of the city most notably downtown which is poised to be the home of many more spectacular cultural and entertainment institutions than ever geography and climate geography los angeles large urban sprawl about one eight million people live in the imaged area according to the united states census bureau the city has a total area of four nine eight three mi one two nine zero six km four six nine one mi one two one four nine km of it is land and two nine two mi seven five seven km of it is water the total area is five eight six water |
the extreme north south distance is four four miles seven one km the extreme east west distance is two nine miles four seven km and the length of the city boundary is three four two miles five five zero km the land area is the nine th largest in the continental united states excluding alaska and hawaii the highest point in los angeles is sister elsie peak five zero eight zero feet at the far reaches of the northeastern san fernando valley part of mt lukens the los angeles river is a short largely seasonal river flowing through the city with headwaters in san fernando valley its length is almost entirely lined in concrete the los angeles area is remarkably rich in native plant species with its beaches dunes wetlands hills mountains and rivers the area contains a number of important biological communities the largest area is coastal sage scrub which covers the hillsides in combustible chaparral native plants include california poppy matilija poppy toyon coast live oak giant wild rye grass and hundreds of others |
unfortunately many native species are so rare as to be endangered such as the los angeles sunflower there are many exotic flowers and flowering trees that are blooming year round with subtle colors including the jacaranda hibiscus phlox bougainvillea coral tree blossoms and bird of paradise if there were no city here flower growing could still flourish as an industry as it does in lompoc wisteria has been known to grow to house lot size and in descanso gardens there are forests of camellia trees orchids require special attention in this mediterranean climate geology like most areas of california los angeles is subject to earthquakes due to its proximity to the san andreas fault as well as to the smaller san jacinto and banning faults in southern california the most recent major earthquake was the one nine nine four northridge earthquake which was centered in the northern san fernando valley coming less than two years after the l a riots the northridge earthquake was an emotional shock to southern californian |
s and caused physical damage totalling billions of dollars other major earthquakes in the los angeles area include the one nine eight seven whittier narrows earthquake the one nine seven one sylmar earthquake and the one nine three three long beach earthquake nevertheless most earthquakes are relatively minor many angelenos feel one or two minor earthquakes per year which do little or no damage imperceptible quakes are detected by seismometers on a daily basis climate a large jacaranda tree in bloom the city is situated in a mediterranean climate or subtropical zone experiencing mild wet winters and warm to hot dry summers generally the weather is warm and dry in all seasons with three two five days of sunshine a year breezes from the pacific ocean tend to keep the beach communities of the los angeles area cooler in summer and warmer in winter than those further inland and summer temperatures can sometimes vary by as much as two zero degrees warmer in the inland communities compared to that of the coastal com |
munities temperatures in the summer can get well over nine zero f three two c but average summer daytime highs are eight five f two nine c with overnight lows of six six f one eight c winter daytime high temperatures will get up to around seven zero f two one c on average with overnight lows of four eight f eight c and during this season rain is a possibility the median temperature in january is five eight three f one four six c and seven four three f two three five c in july the highest temperature recorded within city borders was one one six zero f four six seven c in canoga park in one nine eight five the lowest temperature recorded was one eight zero f seven eight c in one nine eight nine also in canoga park the highest temperature ever recorded for downtown los angeles was one one two zero f four four four c on june two six one nine nine zero and the lowest temperature ever recorded was two eight zero f two two c on january four one nine four nine rain occurs mainly in the winter and spring months februa |
ry being the wettest month with great variations in storm severity year by year los angeles averages one five inches three eight one mm of precipitation per year it rarely snows in the city basin but the mountains slopes within city limits typically receive snow every year when the weather is just right it is possible to snow ski and surf on the same day in the los angeles metropolitan area pollution downtown los angeles on a smoggy late afternoon with griffith observatory in the foreground due to the city s geography as well as the population s heavy reliance on automobiles as a major form of transportation the city suffers from severe air pollution in the form of smog the los angeles basin and the san fernando valley hold in the fumes from automobiles diesel trucks shipping and locomotive engines as well as manufacturing and other sources in addition the groundwater is increasingly threatened by mtbe from gas stations and perchlorate from rocket fuel some consider urban sprawl to be a result of the city s t |
ransportation system light pollution is also a problem unlike other large cities that rely on rain to clear smog los angeles only gets one five inches of rain each year so the smog is able to accumulate over multiple consecutive days this has brought much attention from the state of california to the need for low emissions vehicles as a result pollution levels have dropped markedly in recent decades the number of stage one smog alerts has declined from over one zero zero per year in the one nine seven zero s to almost zero in the new millennium despite this remarkable success pollution began to increase again in the early two zero zero zero s the two zero zero four annual report of the american lung association ranks los angeles as the most polluted city in the united states with short term particle pollution year round particle pollution and ozone pollution government los angeles city hall the city is governed by a mayor council system the current mayor is antonio villaraigosa there are one five city council |
districts other elected city officials include the city attorney rocky delgadillo and the city controller laura chick the city attorney prosecutes misdemeanors within the city limits the district attorney elected by the county voters prosecutes misdemeanors in unincorporated areas and in seven eight of the eight eight cities in the county as well as felonies throughout the county the los angeles police department lapd polices the city of los angeles the los angeles county sheriff s department polices all unincorporated areas of los angeles county and some cities which have contracted for law enforcement services because they lack police departments of their own including calabasas temple city west hollywood and compton the lapd los angeles public library system and los angeles unified school district are among the largest such organizations in the country the los angeles department of water and power provides service to city residents and businesses the city government has been perceived as inefficient and i |
neffective by residents of some areas which led to an unsuccessful secession movement by the san fernando valley and hollywood in two zero zero two the main problem seems to be that the city administration in downtown gives priority to high density neighborhoods like mid city and downtown at the expense of its far flung suburban neighborhoods to make the government more responsive and to help encourage the cohesiveness of neighborhood communities the city council has promoted the formation of neighborhood councils these advisory councils were first proposed by city council member joel wachs in one nine nine six and were incorporated in the charter reform of one nine nine nine the councils cover districts which are not necessarily identical to the traditional neighborhoods of los angeles the borders of which often reflect those of cities that were annexed to los angeles more than nine zero neighborhood councils have been formed and all stakeholders in a district may vote for council members though the councils |
have little actual power they are still official government bodies and so must abide by california s brown act that strictly governs the meetings of deliberative assemblies these and other regulatory requirements have proven frustrating for activists unaccustomed to bureaucratic procedures the first notable achievement of the neighborhood councils was their organized opposition in march two zero zero four to an one eight increase in water rates by the los angeles department of water and power a municipal monopoly which led the city council to suspend the rate hike pending further study legal system one of the superior court s many courthouses the los angeles county superior court has jurisdiction over all cases arising under state law while the u s district court for the central district of california hears all federal cases both are headquartered in a large cluster of government buildings in the city s civic center unlike the largest city in the united states new york all of the city of los angeles and most |
of its important suburbs are located within a single county as a result both the county superior court and the federal district court are respectively the busiest courts of their type in the nation thanks to hollywood celebrities like o j simpson were frequently seen in los angeles courts in two zero zero three the tabloid television show extra based in nearby glendale found itself running so many reports on the legal problems of local celebrities that it spun them off into a separate show celebrity justice state cases are appealed to the court of appeal for the second appellate district which is also headquartered in the civic center and then to the california supreme court which is headquartered in san francisco but also hears argument in los angeles again in the civic center federal cases are appealed to the court of appeals for the ninth circuit which hears them at its branch building in pasadena the court of last resort for federal cases is the u s supreme court in washington d c economy the economy of |
los angeles is driven by international trade entertainment television motion pictures and recorded music aerospace agriculture petroleum and tourism los angeles is also the largest manufacturing center in the united states the contiguous ports of los angeles and long beach together compose the most significant port in north america and one of the most important ports in the world they are vital to trade within the pacific rim los angeles is the world center for the entertainment industry including adult entertainment other significant industries include media production finance aerospace telecommunications law tourism health and medicine and transportation the city is home to three major fortune five zero zero companies including aerospace contractor northrop grumman energy company occidental petroleum corporation and homebuilding company kb home other companies headquartered in los angeles include twentieth century fox herbalife univision metro interactive llc premier america cb richard ellis gibson dunn sev |
en eight seven six eight mi there were one three three seven seven zero six housing units at an average density of one one zero one one km two eight five one eight mi the racial makeup of the city was four six nine three white one one two four african american zero eight zero native american one five eight nine asian zero one six pacific islander two five seven zero from other races and five one eight from two or more races four six five three of the population were hispanic or latino of any race and two nine seven five were white not of latino hispanic origins los angeles is home to the largest community of asian americans of any city in the united states filipinos form the largest asian ethnic group there were one two seven five four one two households of which three three five had children under one eight four one nine were married couples one four five had a female householder with no husband present and three seven four were non families two eight five of households were made up of individuals and seven |
four had someone living alone who was six five years of age or older the average household size was two eight three and the average family size three five six the age distribution was two six six under one eight one one one from one eight to two four three four one from two five to four four one eight six from four five to six four and nine seven who were six five or older the median age was three two for every one zero zero females there were nine nine four males for every one zero zero females age one eight and over there were nine seven five males the median income for a household was three six six eight seven and for a family was three nine nine four two males had a median income of three one eight eight zero females three zero one nine seven the per capita income was two zero six seven one two two one of the population and one eight three of families were below the poverty line three zero three of those under the age of one eight and one two six of those aged six five or older were below the poverty line |
the city s gross population density statistic is deceptively low because of the sparsely inhabited santa monica mountains which separate the los angeles basin from the san fernando valley south of the santa monica mountains the population density throughout most of the city is much greater than three zero four one three km seven eight seven six eight mi los angeles has some of the most densely populated urban land in the united states parts of l a would rank second only to new york city in population if they were separate cities the region bounded approximately by the los angeles river sunset boulevard and hollywood boulevard fairfax avenue and vernon avenue provides a good example the land area one three zero km five zero mi is only slightly larger than san francisco but according to u s census bureau data this region housed about three zero more people at two zero zero zero more than one zero zero zero zero zero zero it is also of interest to note that the post one nine five zero population increase did no |
t occur exclusively in suburban or peripheral locations national origins of two one eight two one one four native people one four eight five five seven six were born in california six six three seven four six were born in a different state of the united states of america and three one seven nine two were born in a united states territory puerto rico guam u s virgin islands or northern marianas of one five one two seven two zero foreign born people one zero zero two five two were born in europe three seven six seven six seven were born in asia two zero seven three zero were born in africa four one zero four were born in oceania nine nine six nine nine six were born in latin america and one three eight five nine were born in northern america of such foreign born people five six nine seven seven one entered between one nine nine zero to march two zero zero zero five zero nine eight four one are naturalized citizens and one zero zero two eight seven nine are not citizens crime the compstat unit of the lapd tabula |
tes part i offenses violent and property crimes committed in the city los angeles has been experiencing significant decline in part i offenses since the mid one nine nine zero s hitting a record low in two zero zero five criminality peaked in one nine nine two with seven two six six seven recorded acts of violence of which one zero nine six were homicides and two four five one two nine recorded property crimes in two zero zero five there were three zero three seven zero recorded violent crimes of which four eight seven were homicides the distribution of homicides in the city is uneven with nearly half of such crimes occurring in the four stations of the south bureau of the lapd encompassing south los angeles and the harbor area a further quarter occur in the areas covered by the central bureau which covers downtown and its environs property crimes were three times more common than violent crimes one one zero two three one were recorded in two zero zero five gangs are also present in the city as well as car ch |
ases but aggressive steps have been taken to eliminate them completely despite negative stereotypes when compared to other large cities los angeles fares relatively well with a total crime index lower than that of san francisco chicago and boston among the largest cities in the united states only new york city has a lower overall crime rate still many movies and songs about los angeles depict the notion that the city is home to a large number of gangsters and professional criminals which is true but in ratio to the population of los angeles this number is very small according to a may two zero zero one drug threat assessment by the national drug intelligence center los angeles county is home to one five two zero zero zero gang members organized into one three five zero gangs in los angeles car chases happen more often than in most other major cities sometimes several per week the city s complex freeway system allows for lengthier pursuits which may take them throughout the city other common crimes include car |
to car shootings see road rage drive by shootings thrill killings hit and run accidents and carjackings reports of all these crimes are documented on the lapd press release web site also los angeles has been a popular setting for several crime based video games such as grand theft auto san andreas which features los santos a city largely based on the los angeles metropolitan area and true crime streets of la which takes place in a close replica of the los angeles area people and culture the people of los angeles are known as angelenos l a can truly be described as a world city alpha world city that is it has one of the largest and most diverse populations of any municipality anywhere the hispanic and asian american populations are growing particularly quickly the asian american population is the second largest of any city in the u s los angeles hosts the largest populations of armenians cambodians filipinos guatemalans hungarians israelis koreans mexicans salvadorans thais and vietnamese outside of their res |
pective countries los angeles is also home to the largest populations of iranians and japanese living in the u s and has one of the largest native american populations in the country los angeles is home to people from more than one four zero countries who speak at least two two four different languages ethnic enclaves like chinatown historic filipinotown koreatown little armenia little ethiopia little persia little tokyo and thai town give testimony to the polyglot character of los angeles great restaurants of all types abound in los angeles thus the city is a perfect place for exquisite dining many celebrity chefs are also based in the city the most notable being wolfgang puck the nightlife in los angeles is unmatched with an immense array of bars clubs lounges and other venues that cater to every taste imaginable nighttime hotspots include places such as downtown los angeles silver lake hollywood and west hollywood which is the home of the world famous sunset strip furthermore the los angeles area also boas |
ts an unrivaled shopping scene anything can be bought in the city some of the best shopping areas include rodeo drive in beverly hills third street promenade and montana avenue in santa monica old town pasadena the hollywood and highland complex the beverly center the grove melrose avenue and robertson boulevard religion los angeles is home to adherents of many religions and by some estimates is the most religiously diverse location in the history of world containing sizable communities of all major religions the city has the second largest jewish community in the united states after new york city the roman catholic archbishop of los angeles leads the largest archdiocese in the country roger cardinal mahony oversaw construction of the cathedral of our lady of the angels completed in two zero zero two at the north end of downtown the los angeles temple of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints is their second largest temple and is located in west los angeles the azusa street revival one nine zero six |
one nine zero nine in los angeles was a key milestone in the history of the pentecostal movement los angeles can be called the birthplace of christian fundamentalism from one nine zero eight to one nine five nine the bible institute of los angeles b i o l a now biola university was located in downtown at the corner of hope and sixth streets in front and to the west of the los angeles central library building in one nine one three b i o l a published a set of books called the fundamentals which presented a defense of the traditional conservative interpretation of the holy bible the term fundamentalism is derived from these books in the one nine two zero s aimee semple mcpherson established a thriving evangelical ministry with her angelus temple in echo park open to both black and white church members billy graham became a celebrity during a successful revival campaign in los angeles in one nine four nine herbert w armstrong s worldwide church of god used to have its headquarters in nearby pasadena now in glend |
ale until his death in two zero zero five dr gene scott was based near downtown the metropolitan community church a fellowship of christian congregations a focus on outreach to gays and lesbians was started in los angeles in one nine six eight by troy perry jack chick of chick tracts was born in boyle heights and lived in the area most of his life because of los angeles s large multi ethnic population there are numerous organizations in the area representing a wide variety of faiths including islam buddhism hinduism sikhism bah various eastern orthodox churches sufism and others immigrants from asia for example have formed a number of significant buddhist congregations los angeles has been a destination for swamis and gurus since as early as one nine zero zero including paramahansa yogananda one nine two zero the self realization fellowship is headquartered in hollywood and has a private park in pacific palisades los angeles is the home to a number of neopagans as well as adherents of various other mystical r |
eligions one wing of the theosophist movement is centered in los angeles and another is in neighboring pasadena maharishi mahesh yogi founded the transcendental meditation movement in los angeles in the late one nine five zero s the kabbalah centre is in the city church of scientology has had a major presence in los angeles since it opened february one eight one nine five four and the city probably contains more scientologists than any other city in the world they have several churchs museums and recuiting sites in the area most notably the celebrity centre in hollywood arts and entertainment the famous hollywood sign a symbol of the city s world famous entertainment culture los angeles is a center of entertainment the largest entertainment industries in los angeles are television and film production with music business and art being huge industries as well the city has also begun offering more institutions of culture following behind that of new york city and chicago some of the most notable cultural institu |
tions include the los angeles county museum of art lacma the getty center the museum of contemporary art moca the museum of neon art mona the norton simon museum the museum of tolerance the skirball cultural center the latino museum of history art and culture the george c page museum the japanese american national museum the california science center and the natural history museum of los angeles county there are also numerous smaller art galleries throughout the area most noticeably in west hollywood and santa monica in regards to the performing arts there are many venues such the music center of los angeles county consisting of the dorothy chandler pavilion home of the los angeles opera the ahmanson theatre which hosts big broadway productions and the mark taper forum the ford amphitheatre the greek theatre the hollywood bowl the pantages theatre and the new home of the academy awards the kodak theatre the city also has many smaller theaters such as the famous actors gang theatre or the coronet theatre there |
are also many architectural landmarks such as the walt disney concert hall home to the world renowned los angeles philharmonic orchestra the cathedral of our lady of the angels and the bradbury building in addition the region is home to many well known theme parks one such as universal studios hollywood as well as many famous beaches such as those in santa monica venice and malibu because the city is the center of the film industry movie theaters also abound in the metro area with the most famous being grauman s chinese theatre which hosts many film premieres and the el capitan theatre as a major global metropolis los angeles has also evolved a unique culture of glamour opulence and prosperity that is widely portrayed in popular media residents of the city of los angeles are served by the los angeles public library lapl and its branch locations residents of the unincorporated areas of los angeles county and various cities within the county are served by the county of los angeles public library the lapl is fu |
nded by voter approved bond and tax levy packages the central library is located in downtown los angeles and has been recognized as a national historic site districts and communities sunset strip the city is divided into many neighborhoods many of which were towns that were annexed by the growing city there are also several independent cities in and around los angeles but they are popularly grouped with the city of los angeles by most people since they lie mostly in los angeles county and are thus very intertwined generally the city is divided into the following areas downtown east los angeles south los angeles the harbor hollywood mid city westside los angeles the san fernando valley and the san gabriel valley some well known communities of the los angeles region include the downtown financial district los feliz silver lake burbank glendale pasadena hollywood hancock park koreatown and the very affluent neighborhoods and towns of the western los angeles metro area such as west hollywood beverly hills bel air |
century city westwood brentwood santa monica pacific palisades and malibu transportation high capacity freeway interchange in los angeles los angeles has one of the largest freeway systems in the world which handles millions of commuters as they journey a daily collective migration of about nine nine million miles one six zero million km the los angeles county metropolitan transportation authority and other agencies operate an extensive system of bus lines as well as subway and light rail lines which together carry over a million passengers a day the major rail system includes the red line subway the gold blue and green line light rail and the orange line a dedicated busway the special red metro rapid bus lines have also been highly touted as a prime example of a successful bus transit program since these buses operate like a rail line and run through the best known parts of the city currently under construction is an eastside extension of the gold line in the works is a new rail line called the exposition l |
ine momentum is slowly building to extend the subway under wilshire boulevard all the way to the ocean in santa monica ushering in an even more extensive public transportation system rail passenger service is provided by amtrak and metrolink from historic union station rail shipping is handled by union pacific railroad and bnsf railway the los angeles metropolitan area is served by more airports than any major city in the world with five major commercial airports and many more general aviation airports the main los angeles airport is los angeles international airport the fifth busiest commercial airport in the world lax handled five five million passengers and two million tons of cargo in two zero zero three other major commercial airports include ontario international airport bob hope airport formerly known as burbank airport long beach municipal airport and john wayne international airport los angeles also has the world s busiest general aviation airport van nuys airport the sea ports of the port of los ang |
eles and port of long beach together make up the los angeles long beach harbor the busiest and overall third largest container shipping port in the world there are also smaller non industrial harbors along l a s coastline most of these contain sailboats and yachts like manhattan beach redondo beach and marina del rey education university of california los angeles university of southern california the school district that serves the city of los angeles is the los angeles unified school district after proposition one three in one nine seven eight urban school districts had considerable trouble with funding and lausd became known for its underfunded overcrowded and poorly maintained campuses wealthy and upper middle class parents placed their children in elite private schools while middle class families fled into suburban school districts beyond lausd boundaries since then the lausd has embarked on an aggressive school construction program to relieve overcrowding there are several public colleges and universitie |
s in the city including the university of california los angeles ucla california state university los angeles csula and california state university northridge csun private schools in the city include the university of southern california usc pepperdine university loyola marymount university lmu mount st mary s college occidental college oxy otis college of art and design otis alliant international university southwestern university school of law and southern california institute of architecture sci arc the community college system consists of los angeles city college lacc los angeles harbor college los angeles pierce college los angeles valley college los angeles mission college east los angeles college west los angeles college los angeles southwest college los angeles trade technical college professional sports club sport founded league venue logo los angeles dodgers baseball one eight eight four major league baseball national league dodger stadium los angeles dodgers logo los angeles angels of anaheim baseb |
all one nine six one major league baseball american league angel stadium of anaheim los angeles angels logo los angeles lakers basketball one nine four six national basketball association western conference staples center los angeles lakers logo los angeles clippers basketball one nine seven zero national basketball association western conference staples center los angeles clippers logo los angeles aftershock basketball two zero zero four american basketball association los angeles southwest college arena los angeles sparks basketball one nine nine seven women s national basketball association western conference staples center los angeles sparks logo los angeles kings ice hockey one nine six seven national hockey league western conference staples center los angeles kings logo mighty ducks of anaheim ice hockey one nine nine three national hockey league western conference arrowhead pond mighty ducks of anaheim logo c d chivas usa soccer two zero zero four major league soccer western conference home depot cente |
r c d chivas usa logo los angeles galaxy soccer one nine nine five major league soccer western conference home depot center los angeles galaxy logo los angeles avengers arena football two zero zero zero arena football league american conference staples center los angeles avengers logo los angeles is the home of the los angeles dodgers the los angeles lakers and los angeles clippers the los angeles sparks the los angeles kings the club deportivo chivas usa and los angeles galaxy and the los angeles avengers los angeles has been without an nfl franchise since one nine nine five despite being the second biggest television market in north america prior to one nine nine five the rams one nine four six one nine nine four and the raiders one nine eight two one nine nine four of the nfl were in the los angeles market the city of anaheim about two five miles four zero km to the south east of downtown in orange county is home to the mighty ducks of anaheim and the los angeles angels of anaheim at various times in histo |
ry the angels have been known as the los angeles angels one nine six one one nine six five the california angels one nine six five one nine nine seven and the anaheim angels one nine nine seven two zero zero four talks in two zero zero four suggested the team was considering returning to the original name over loud protests from the anaheim government the name was officially changed to the los angeles angels of anaheim in late december two zero zero four in order to link with the larger city while still complying with contractual obligations beach volleyball and windsurfing were both invented in the area though predecessors of both were invented in some form by duke kahanamoku in hawaii venice also known as dogtown is credited with being the birthplace of skateboarding and the place where rollerblading first became popular area beaches are popular with surfers who have created their own subculture los angeles has twice played host to the summer olympic games in one nine three two and in one nine eight four su |
per bowls i and vii were also contested in the city the los angeles area contains all kinds of topography notably the hills and mountains rising around the metropolis it s the only major city in the united states bisected by a mountain range four mountain ranges extend into city boundaries thousands of miles of trails crisscross the city and neighboring areas providing exercise and wilderness access on foot bike or horse across the county a great variety of outdoor activities are available such as skiing rock climbing gold panning hang gliding and windsurfing numerous outdoor clubs serve these sports including the angeles chapter of the sierra club which leads over four zero zero zero outings annually in the area los angeles also boasts a number of sports venues most noticeably the staples center a state of the art sports and entertainment complex that also hosts concerts and awards shows such as the grammys media the major daily newspaper in the area is the los angeles times la opini n is the city s major sp |
anish language paper there are also a wide variety of smaller regional newspapers alternative weeklies and magazines including the los angeles newspaper group s daily news which focuses coverage on the valley village voice media s l a weekly l a city beat los angeles magazine los angeles business journal los angeles daily journal legal industry paper the hollywood reporter and variety entertainment industry papers the planning report and los angeles downtown news in addition to the english and spanish language papers numerous local periodicals serve immigrant communities in their native languages e g korean persian and japanese most of the above papers are center left or left in their political stance with the clear exception of the daily news which is center right one example of this is that the l a times often does thorough investigative journalism on inner city issues such as health care and crime while the l a daily news is usually content to run wire stories on those issues if it covers them at all the l |
a daily news also focuses on business issues education and crime it strongly supports lowering taxes many cities adjacent to los angeles also have their own daily newspapers whose coverage and availability overlaps into certain los angeles neighborhoods examples include the daily breeze serving the south bay and the long beach press telegram the los angeles metro area is served by a wide variety of local television stations and is the second largest designated market area dma in the u s with five four three one one four zero homes four nine five six of the u s the major network television affiliates include kabc tv seven abc kcbs two cbs knbc four nbc kttv one one fox ktla five wb and kcop one three upn and kpxn three zero i there are also four pbs stations in the area including kvcr two four kcet two eight koce five zero and klcs five eight world tv operates on two channels knet two five and ksfv lp two seven there are also several spanish language television networks including kmex three four univision kft |
r four six telefutura kvea five two telemundo and kaza five four azteca america ktbn four zero trinity broadcasting network is a religious station in the area several independent television stations also operate in the area including kcal nine owned by cbs viacom ksci one eight focuses primarily on asian language programming kwhy two two spanish language knla lp two seven spanish language kjla three three variety kpal lp three eight kxla four four kdoc five six classic programming and local sports kjla five seven variety and krca six two asian language programming telephone area codes map of major socal area codes area codes serving the greater los angeles area include two one three downtown l a from one nine four seven to one nine five one when the seven one four area code was created the two one three area code covered all of southern california three one zero the westside including the cities of santa monica beverly hills west hollywood and culver city the south bay cities the palos verdes peninsula malibu |
topanga and santa catalina island created in one nine nine one from two one three area code three two three donut shaped area surrounding downtown including greater hollywood mid wilshire the eastside northern south l a created in one nine nine eight from two one three area code four two four contiguous with three one zero created in two zero zero five five six two the gateway cities in southeast l a county including long beach and the suburbs of whittier cerritos and norwalk among others created in one nine nine seven from three one zero area code six two six san gabriel valley suburbs including pasadena created in one nine nine seven from eight one eight area code six six one santa clarita and the antelope valley suburbs including palmdale and lancaster created in one nine nine nine from eight zero five area code seven one four northern orange county suburbs created in one nine five one from two one three area code eight zero five ventura county suburbs created in one nine five seven from two one three are |
a code eight one eight the san fernando valley including burbank and glendale created in one nine eight four from two one three area code nine zero nine northern inland empire suburbs including san bernardino created in one nine nine two from seven one four area code nine four nine southern orange county suburbs created in one nine nine eight from seven one four area code nine five one southern inland empire suburbs including riverside created in two zero zero four from nine zero nine area code for most area code changes see sister cities los angeles has twenty two sister cities as designated by sister cities international inc sci trivia los angeles is the most car populated metropolis in the world with about one car per every one eight people los angeles is crossed by two seven freeways there are more registered vehicles in los angeles than licensed drivers the entire population could ride in only the front seats of their vehicles at the same time the arpanet the internet s ancestor was born in los angeles a |
lthough some of the necessary components were made in massachusetts in one nine six nine the first arpanet transmission was sent from ucla to sri in menlo park santa monica bay is one of the longest urban waterfronts in the world references mike davis city of quartz excavating the future in los angeles vintage books one nine nine two norman m klein the history of forgetting los angeles and the erasure of memory verso one nine nine seven lynell george no crystal stair african americans in the city of angels london verso one nine nine two leonard pitt dale pitt los angeles a to z an encyclopedia of the city and county university of california press two zero zero zero peter theroux translating la a tour of the rainbow city norton one nine nine four david l ulin ed writing los angeles a literary anthology library of america two zero zero two external links official city website los angeles chamber of commerce l a inc los angeles convention visitors bureau city and county of los angeles official cultural calendar |
guide los angeles almanac l a past present and future l a s historic sites online los angeles timeline los angeles superior court communities on u s highway six six host cities of the summer olympic games los angeles california cities in los angeles county lepus latin for hare is a constellation lying just south of orion and possibly representing a hare being chased by him lepus was one of the ptolemy s four eight constellations and counts also among the eight eight modern constellations this constellation should not be confused with lupus mythology although lepus constellation is an old constellation it has little mythology associated with it apart from a possible incidental role in the orion myth where it was placed in the sky for the great hunter to chase it is best visible at nine pm in the month of january stars stars with proper names lep two five eight arneb arnab hare lep two eight one nihal nibal nih l camels quenching their thirst r lep hind s crimson star variable five five one one seven stars with |
bayer designations lep double three five nine six one five lep three seven six lep three one nine lep three five five has possible asteroid belt lep four six seven lep three seven one lep four four five lep four three six lep four two nine lep three two nine lep five two nine stars with flamsteed designations one lep five seven four nine lep five two five one zero lep five five three one two lep five eight eight one seven lep four nine two one nine lep five two eight other notable stars gliese two two nine eight one four brown dwarf companion nearby external links the deep photographic guide to the constellations lepus lepus constellation for the autoimmune disorder see lupus erythematosus for other uses see lupus disambiguation lupus latin for wolf is a southern constellation it is one of the eight eight modern constellations and was also one of the four eight in ptolemy s almagest it is between centaurus and scorpius notable features lupus has no extremely bright stars but has around thirty stars of second |
and third magnitude and seven zero of greater than sixth including a number of binary or multiple stars among the stars which make up the constellation figure only a few are named stars the brightest is lupi or men a blue giant lupi has the name ke kouan notable deep sky objects towards the north of the constellation are globular clusters ngc five eight two four and ngc five nine eight six and close by the dark nebula b two two eight two open clusters are to the south of the constellation ngc five eight two two and ngc five seven four nine on the western border are two spiral galaxies and the wolf rayet planetary nebula ic four four zero six containing some of the hottest stars in existence another planetary nebula ngc five eight eight two is towards the centre of the constellation mythology and history the constellation has no clear mythology but is sometimes associated with the tale of king lycaon although known from ancient times no particular animal was associated with it until the latin translation of p |
tolemy s work identified it with the wolf it was not separated from centaurus until hipparchus of bithynia named it therion meaning beast in the two zero zero s bc prior to its separation it was considered an asterism of centaurus and was considered to have been an arbitrary animal killed or about to be killed on behalf of or for centaurus as such together with other constellations in the zodiac sign of virgo specifically sagitta and centaurus it may have formed the basis of the tale of the erymanthian boar one of the twelve labours of herakles stars stars with proper names lup two three zero men or kakkab lup two six eight kekouan one lup three eight eight two lup five seven zero lup four zero seven lup four two seven one lup four nine nine two lup five six five one lup five one four two lup five five nine lup four three two lup double three nine one four eight two lup four zero five lup four four four one lup four five six two lup four three three lup five three six five lup three nine seven one lup three f |
ive seven two lup four five four three one lup four six six four two lup four seven five lup four three four a lup five three nine b lup five two two c lup five three eight d lup four five five e lup four eight three two f lup four three five g lup four six four h lup five two three one i lup four nine one k lup four six zero lupus constellation lyra latin for lyre is one of the four eight constellations listed by ptolemy and is one of the eight eight modern constellations recognized by the international astronomical union lyra is a small constellation but its principal star vega is one of the brightest in the sky vega forms a vertex of the summer triangle asterism lyra took its name from the stringed musical instrument well known for its use in classical antiquity and still in some areas of greece according to ancient greek mythology the young god hermes created the lyre from the body of a large tortoise shell khelus which he covered with animal hide and antelope horns lyres were associated with apollonian v |
irtues of moderation and equilibrium contrasting the dionysian pipes which represented ecstasy and celebration beginning at the north lyra is surrounded by the dragon draco the greek hero hercules the little fox vulpecula and cygnus the swan notable features here are some of lyra s brighter stars lyr vega with an apparent brightness of zero zero three m this is the second brightest star of the northern hemisphere after arcturus and the fifth brightest star in all its spectral class is a zero v and it lies at a distance of only two five three ly actually it is a multiple star system five components it was the first star to be photographed lyr sheliak a group of eclipsing binaries is named after this variable star three four five m spectral class b eight ii the beta lyrae stars lyr sulafat the main star of this multiple star system is of magnitude three two four m and spectral class b nine iii lyr a double star consisting of a blue white star of mag six m and a semi regular red giant varying between four m and |
five m lyr a well known quadruple star also called the double double because each of the two brighter components is itself a close double lyr another double star which can be split using binoculars rr lyr lent its name to a class of pulsating variable stars the rr lyrae stars notable deep sky objects m five six a rather loose globular cluster at a distance of approximately three two nine zero zero ly with a diameter of about eight five ly its apparent brightness is eight three m m five seven also known as the ring nebula this is one of the best known of all planetary nebulae its integrated magnitude is eight eight m it is thought to be between six zero zero zero and eight zero zero zero years old as we see it today kuiper nine zero also known as one seven lyrae c gliese seven four seven ab a red dwarf system near one seven lyrae but really at two six l y from the sun period five years magnitude one one two six in v band mythology older maps of the sky show a bird especially a vulture vultur cadens in this pos |
ition since in early times the constellation and its stars were taken to resemble one as such together with other constellations in the zodiacal sign of sagittarius specifically cygnus aquila and sagittarius itself lyra may be a significant part of the origin of the myth of the stymphalian birds one of the twelve labours of herakles by taking into account nearly parallel lines of fainter stars in the centre of the constellation it appears to resemble a lyre and consequently lyra gradually shifted from being considered a vulture to being considered a lyre for a while it was even regarded as a vulture holding a lyre associated with its identity as a lyre lyra was considered to be the lyre used by orpheus to produce music that charmed even hades and which was placed into the stars upon his death popular culture the constellation lyra is featured in gene brewer s k pax trilogy in which a patient in a manhattan mental institution claims to be from the planet k pax in the constellation lyra the constellation is men |
tioned in the song cygnus x one by the band rush on the one nine seven seven album a farewell to kings lyra was one of four constellations depicted in a united states postal service commemorative stamp issue of october two zero zero five entitled constellations stars stars with proper names three lyr zero zero three vega wega or fidis or harp star c the swooping eagle one zero lyr three five two sheliak shelyak shiliak eclipsing binary lyr variable prototype one four lyr three two five sulafat sulaphat one lyr double four six seven six zero two five two lyr double four five nine five three seven two zero lyr four four three aladfar al uz fur the talons of the swooping eagle with lyr two lyr five one one alathfar al athfar al uz fur the talons of the swooping eagle with lyr stars with bayer designations one one one lyr five five eight one two two lyr four two two six one lyr four three four seven two lyr five seven three two one lyr four three five one eight lyr five two five one lyr four three three one five |
lyr four nine four nine lyr five two two eight one lyr five nine three stars with flamsteed designations one three r lyr four two zero variable one six lyr five zero zero one seven lyr five two zero one nine lyr five nine three other notable stars rr lyr seven eight pulsating variable rr lyr variable prototype gsc zero two six five two zero one three two four two mass one nine zero four zero nine eight five three six three seven five seven four one one four has a transiting planet stars with planets external links the deep photographic guide to the constellations lyra lyra constellation legnica pronounce formerly lignica german liegnitz is a town in south western poland as of the two zero zero five census estimate the town has a total population of one zero six one two two situated in the lower silesian voivodship since one nine nine nine on the kaczawa river previously capital of legnica voivodship one nine seven five one nine nine eight history founded in the seven th century legnica derives its name from t |
he polish verb le e to lay down first mentioned in chronicles in one zero zero four legnica is famous for the battle of legnica that took place at legnickie pole near the city on april nine one two four one between the mongols of the golden horde and the combined army of duke henry ii the pious henry s army supported by the feudal nobility included poles germans the teutonic knights the hospitallers and the knights templar although the mongols killed henry and annihilated his forces they stopped their advance into europe and turned back to attend to the election of a new khagan grand khan following the death in the same year of the khan gedei poles celebrate april nine th each year as the day they saved europe from the mongol hordes when the truth was had the mongols wished to they could have easily finished their conquest of europe subutai was putting together such an invasion plan when recalled to the court of the great khan where he died in one two four eight after ogedei s death the tension between the he |
irs to jochi and the remainder of the khanate only worsened and it was this the necessity for batu and his heirs to keep the bulk of their army ready to defend from an attack from the other mongols that saved europe not the defeat at legnica legnica became the residence of the dukes of lower silesia in one one six three and was the seat of a principality ruled by a branch of the piast dynasty from one two four eight to one six seven five legnica along with silesia became part of the kingdom of bohemia during the middle ages and part of the habsburg monarchy of austria after the death of the bohemian king louis ii in one five two six in one six seven six legnica passed to direct habsburg rule after the death of the last piast duke georg wilhelm the protestant reformation was introduced in the duchy as early as one five two two until one seven four two the town was known as lignica but the name was changed to liegnitz with the incorporation of silesia into the kingdom of prussia following prussia s defeat of au |
stria at that time the town was germanized in one eight one three the prussians under field marshall bl cher defeated the french in the battle of katzbach during the napoleonic wars the town became a part of poland again in one nine four five and in one nine four eight changed its spelling to legnica as lignica sounded archaic the biggest contingent of the ussr s red army in poland was stationed in legnica between one nine four five and one nine nine zero at that time the town was divided into polish and soviet areas with the latter closed to the public in the one nine five zero s and one nine six zero s local copper and nickel industry became a major factor in the economic development of the area until the winter of two zero zero three the longest osobowy train stopping train service in poland ran from katowice to legnica via k dzierzyn ko le nysa and jaworzyna l ska economy industry copper mining and processing kghm polska mied owns a large steel mill on the western outskirts of town education state run col |
leges and universities witelon university of applied sciences pa stwowa wy sza szko a zawodowa im witelona wroc aw university of technology foreign language teacher training college other wy sza szko a zarz dzania the polish open university wy sza szko a mened erska wy sze seminarium duchowne twin towns as of two zero zero five legnica is twinned with four other european towns blansko drohobych orenburg wuppertal sports mied legnica men football team polish cup winner one nine nine two three rd league in seasons two zero zero three two zero zero four and two zero zero four two zero zero five politics municipal politics legnica tends to be a political left of center town with a considerable influence of workers unions the municipal council of legnica rada miejska miasta legnica is the legislative branch of the local government and is composed of two five members elected in local elections every five years the mayor or town president prezydent miasta is the executive branch of the local government and is direct |
ly elected in the same municipal elections legnica jelenia gora constituency members of parliament sejm elected from legnica jelenia gora constituency ryszard bonda samoobrona bronis awa kowalska sld up adam lipi ski pis tadeusz ma ka a po ryszard maraszek sld up olgierd poni nik sld up w adys aw rak sld up tadeusz samborski psl jerzy szmajdzi ski sld up halina szustak lpr micha turkiewicz sld up ryszard zbrzyzny sld up train station in legnica one nine one five people paul l be external link the web page of legnica cities in poland urban counties of poland silesia liverpool football club usually known simply as liverpool is an english football club based in liverpool merseyside the current champions of europe they are also statistically the most successful english football team to date since being founded in one eight nine two liverpool is the only english team to have won the champions league five times the club also has one eight football league titles to its name as well as being the english club to have |
won the most number of uefa cups european supercups and english league cups despite having won the most number of football league titles the club have yet to win the fa premier league since its first season in one nine nine two three the club s home ground is the four five three six two capacity anfield stadium which is about three miles from the centre of liverpool the club was founded on march one five one eight nine two by john houlding the owner of anfield houlding decided to form his own team after everton left anfield in an argument over rent the original name was to be everton f c but was changed to liverpool f c after the f a refused to recognise the team as everton liverpool were elected to the football league alongside woolwich arsenal two years later the club was present at two of the biggest tragedies in european football at heysel in one nine eight five and hillsborough in one nine eight nine after heysel english clubs were withdrawn from european competition for a period of five years six in the |
case of liverpool liverpool football club is not to be confused with liverpool rugby football club which was formed in one eight five eight and is now known as liverpool st helens history main article history of liverpool f c early successes in one nine zero one scottish international alex raisbeck was the first liverpool captain to collect the football league championship liverpool were league champions again in one nine zero six on april two five one nine one four liverpool made their first appearance in the fa cup final at crystal palace but lost one zero to burnley in one nine two two and again in one nine two three captained by england full back ephraim longworth liverpool won the league in one nine four six seven the first season after world war two liverpool were surprise league champions over a decade of mediocrity was to follow the bill shankly revolution bill shankly became liverpool manager in one nine five nine and over the next one five years he transformed them into one of the finest club sides |
in europe in his third season as manager they won the second division championship and were promoted to the top flight where they have remained ever since never finishing below eighth in the league in one nine six four liverpool lifted the league championship they failed to retain the championship trophy the following season but compensation came in the form of a first ever fa cup a year later liverpool regained their championship crown by now shankly was one of the most highly rated managers in the game and his squad contained some of the finest players in england roger hunt ian st john and ron yeats to name but a few liverpool made their first impact on the european game in one nine seven three with a uefa cup triumph as well as winning another league title that season they won the fa cup again a year later but shankly stunned the footballing world soon afterwards by announcing his retirement the club s players and fans tried to persuade him to carry on and a local factory even threatened to go on strike s |
hankly ignored these pleas and joined the club s fans on the kop as a spectator while he handed over his managerial duties to bob paisley bob paisley the greatest glory days bob paisley was manager of liverpool f c from one nine seven four until one nine eight three and during those nine years he became one of the greatest managers ever to take charge of an english club he won a total of two one trophies including three european cups and three successive league titles during his spell as manager and ended his career on a high with the league championship and league cup double under paisley a new era of stars emerged they included graeme souness ian rush alan hansen and arguably the greatest player to ever wear liverpool colours kenny dalglish who is also a celtic legend joe fagan brief but glorious veteran coach joe fagan moved up to the manager s seat on paisley s retirement and his first season at the helm saw liverpool become the first english club to win three major trophies in a single season the league |
title the league cup and the european cup fagan s second season as manager was his last and it had a traumatic ending having lost to neighbours everton in the race for the league title fagan decided to retire and wanted to go out on a high with the european cup the reds had a rare trophyless season as they lost one zero to juventus in the european cup final at heysel stadium in brussels but the disappointment of the defeat was irrelevant as three nine spectators nearly all juventus fans were crushed to death during crowd trouble before the kick off some liverpool fans were later convicted on manslaughter charges relating to the tragedy the sequel of the tragedy was a five year ban on english clubs in european football while liverpool had to serve an extra year once all other english clubs were readmitted kenny dalglish success in exile fagan handed over the reins to striker kenny dalglish who had established himself as a world class player and now wanted to prove himself as a top manager his first season in c |
harge one nine eight five eight six could not have been better as the reds fought off competition from everton west ham united and manchester united to win the league title they also beat neighbours everton three one in the f a cup final to become only the third team to win the league championship f a cup double in the two zero th century one nine eight six eight seven was trophyless as dalglish s men finished league runners up to everton and lost to arsenal in the league cup final there were fears that liverpool s glory days were over when striker ian rush was sold to juventus in a three two million deal but his seven five zero zero zero zero successor john aldridge silenced the critics by topping the club s goalscoring charts in the one nine eight seven eight eight season and inspiring the reds to another championship success this time achieved with just two defeats all season new winger john barnes was credited with the player of the year award the downside of the season was a shock one zero defeat at the |
hands of wimbledon in the f a cup final liverpool had by this stage been one of england s strongest sides for more than two zero years wimbledon meanwhile had been first division members for just two seasons and had only joined the league one one years earlier liverpool came close to repeating the double once more in one nine eight eight eight nine they lifted the f a cup with another victory over everton in the final but the league title slipped out of their grasp in the last minute of their last game of the season at home to arsenal a last minute goal from arsenal s michael thomas who later joined liverpool gave the league title to the visitors because they had a superior goal difference but the season was overshadowed by the hillsborough stadium tragedy which had struck the club in the f a cup semi final hundreds of liverpool fans were trampled on the terraces at hillsborough nine four fans died that day and nine five th fan died in hospital from his injuries four days later a nine six th fan died nearly f |
our years later having never regained consciousness ian rush had rejoined liverpool after one miserable season with juventus and scored twice in the one nine eight nine fa cup final he helped them win their one eight th league title in one nine eight nine nine zero but nobody could have guessed at the time that it would be their last championship success to date liverpool have had some glorious moments during the years that followed the one nine nine zero title glory but life at anfield has never been the same without the championship trophy in the club s boardroom graeme souness fa cup winners kenny dalglish stunned the football world by resigning as liverpool manager in february one nine nine one his liverpool side looked well placed to win the domestic double but he quit the club and blamed the pressures of management for his decision to leave long serving coach ronnie moran spent two months in temporary charge of the team but by the time his successor graeme souness arrived the league title and f a cup ha |
d been whisked away by arsenal and tottenham respectively souness had captained liverpool during the glorious one nine eight zero s before taking the rangers manager s job in one nine eight six and had brought a host of titles to ibrox but his only success as manager at liverpool came with the fa cup in one nine nine two and he was finally ousted in january one nine nine four parting by mutual consent after a shock fa cup defeat at home to bristol city and three years of reckless spending on players who often failed to live up to expectations ian rush was now the only player remaining from the paisley era and the current squad was mostly made up of unfashionable players who just a few seasons earlier would never have pulled on a red jersey however there was a promising young striker emerging in the shape of one eight year old robbie fowler roy evans the nearly men boot room veteran roy evans took over from souness and in his first full season one nine nine four nine five they finished fourth in the premiershi |
p and won the league cup liverpool continued to progress the following season being within a shout of the domestic double right up to the final few weeks of the season but they finished third in the premiership behind champions manchester united and runners up newcastle and lost one zero to man united in the fa cup final still liverpool were recognised as a top team once again and were starting to attract top players once more the club s youth system had produced two excellent players in robbie fowler and steve mcmanaman and including jamie redknapp and stan collymore all of whom went on to play for england looked to be the most potent attacking force in the premier league in the mid late one nine nine zero s liverpool led the premiership at several stages during the one nine nine six nine seven season but in the end they finished fourth and had to settle for a uefa cup place they had been hoping to win the cup winners cup for the first time but defeat at the hands of paris st germain in the semi finals put p |
aid to these hopes one nine nine seven nine eight saw liverpool finish third in the premiership but the big news of the season was the emergence of brilliant young striker michael owen the premiership s equal top scorer with one eight goals who became the youngest full england international at the time and also won the pfa young player of the year award g rard houllier cup kings the liverpool directors brought in frenchman g rard houllier to work alongside roy evans for the one nine nine eight nine nine season after houllier had gained fame as the technical director of france s world cup winning side in one nine nine eight evans quit in november after failing to settle into the partnership the reds finished eighth in the premiership their lowest finish since one nine nine four and failed to qualify for the uefa cup despite robbie fowler s return from injury and michael owen s continued impressive showings but one nine nine nine two zero zero zero was a bit better as liverpool finished fourth and qualified for |
the uefa cup they would have qualified for the champions league had it not been for a one zero defeat at bradford on the final day of the season two zero zero zero zero one was liverpool s best season for many years the likes of michael owen robbie fowler steven gerrard and sami hyypia contributed to an excellent season in which the reds finished third in the premiership thus qualifying for the champions league as well as completing a unique treble of the fa cup league cup and uefa cup followed by the fa community shield and european super cup later in two zero zero one houllier at last won the faith of the club s fans who were delighted at this triumph liverpool finished premiership runners up in two zero zero one zero two their best league finish since one nine nine one but suffered a humiliating defeat in the league cup third round at the hands of grimsby town houllier guided liverpool to another league cup triumph in two zero zero three but at the end of the two zero zero three two zero zero four season |
houllier became the first manager in the history of the club to be sacked for failing to deliver the premiership title and ultimately because the gap between the champions arsenal and liverpool that season was too large to be overlooked three zero points this was despite having spent large sums of money on players who failed to live up to the potential that houllier expected of them rafael ben tez back on top of europe spaniard rafael ben tez took over from houllier but erratic league form put paid to their premiership title hopes in which liverpool eventually finished fifth however the season had a glorious ending at the european cup final in istanbul after eliminating hot favourites juventus in the quarter finals and english rivals chelsea f c in the semis the reds met italian side ac milan in the final liverpool having trailed zero three at half time scored three goals in a vibrant second half forcing extra time and then a penalty shoot out which liverpool won club captain steven gerrard lifting the europe |
an cup in two zero zero five as the uefa champions league two zero zero five winners liverpool earned the right to represent uefa in the fifa club world championship two zero zero five held in japan liverpool joined the competition at the semi final stage courtesy of a bye the semi final was played against deportivo saprissa which liverpool won three zero with the goals coming from peter crouch two and steven gerrard liverpool s opponent in the final were to be s o paulo the game was decided by a single goal scored by s o paulo midfielder mineiro on two seven january two zero zero six ben tez pleased the vast majority of liverpool fc fans and re signed the prominent former striker robbie fowler he was signed on a free transfer from manchester city until the end of the season when an extension to his contract will be considered the reds will soon be looking to mount a title challenge although their chances for two zero zero five zero six have been virtually ended by chelsea s efficient form under jose mourinho |
benitez and his players will be looking to play their best football so far during two zero zero six zero seven in hope of ending the championship trophy s one seven year absence from anfield on one eight february two zero zero six benitez s side broke an eight five year jinx by beating manchester united one zero in an f a cup match at anfield their first victory over their arch rivals in the competition since one nine two one new stadium on july three zero two zero zero four liverpool city council granted the club planning permission to build a new six zero zero zero zero seat stadium nearby at stanley park despite pressure from governmental and funding bodies liverpool refused to share the new ground with their local rivals everton and final talks on a groundshare failed in january two zero zero five at that time the club was hoping to start construction in summer two zero zero five and open the ground in two zero zero seven but finance has not yet been obtained and the likely completion date is not current |
ly known the old stadium will become a public plaza surrounded by apartments offices bars restaurants and a hotel and possibly including a memorial garden treatment of the old stadium requires sensitivity as a number of deceased fans have had their ashes officially scattered on the pitch over the years honours football league one eight one nine zero one one nine zero six one nine two two one nine two three one nine four seven one nine six four one nine six six one nine seven three one nine seven six one nine seven seven one nine seven nine one nine eight zero one nine eight two one nine eight three one nine eight four one nine eight six one nine eight eight one nine nine zero football league second division four one eight nine four one eight nine six one nine zero five one nine six two lancashire league one one eight nine three uefa champions league five one nine seven seven three one vs borussia m nchengladbach one nine seven eight one zero vs club brugge one nine eight one one zero vs real madrid one nine e |
ight four one one four two in penalty shootout vs as roma two zero zero five three three three two in penalty shootout vs ac milan uefa cup three one nine seven three one nine seven six two zero zero one fa cup six one nine six five one nine seven four one nine eight six one nine eight nine one nine nine two two zero zero one fa youth cup one one nine nine six league cup seven one nine eight one one nine eight two one nine eight three one nine eight four one nine nine five two zero zero one two zero zero three fa community shield one four one nine six four one nine six five one nine six six one nine seven four one nine seven six one nine seven seven one nine seven nine one nine eight zero one nine eight two one nine eight six one nine eight eight one nine eight nine one nine nine zero two zero zero one european super cup three one nine seven seven two zero zero one two zero zero five super cup one one nine eight six reserves division one one six one nine five seven one nine six nine one nine seven zero one ni |
ne seven one one nine seven three one nine seven four one nine seven five one nine seven six one nine seven seven one nine seven nine one nine eight one one nine eight two one nine eight four one nine eight five one nine nine zero two zero zero zero more than any other english club title shared miscellaneous facts and figures match statistics liverpool s first ever competitive game was in the lancashire league against higher walton they won eight zero their side did not have one english player fa cup debut september one eight nine two four zero v nantwich league debut two zero v middlesbrough ironopolis f c on two september one eight nine three division two first honour in the one eight nine three nine four season they became the second division champions liverpool played against blackburn rovers f c on september five one eight nine six rovers won one zero but six goals were disallowed during this game december one nine zero nine newcastle united led five two at anfield but the reds rallied to win six five in |
one nine one zero liverpool won the first match at old trafford beating manchester united four three biggest defeat zero eight v huddersfield in one nine three five and one nine birmingham city f c on one one december one nine five four in football league division two roger hunt has the most league goals for one season in the one nine six one six two season he scored four one goals first european match on august one seven one nine six four they played against kr reykjavik iceland for the european cup and won five zero away only one four first team players were used in the one nine six five six six season when liverpool won the league biggest win one one zero v str msgodset i f on september one seven one nine seven four ian rush holds the record in liverpool fc for most goals in all competitions for one season he scored four seven goals in the one nine eight three eight four season biggest league win nine zero v crystal palace f c on september one two one nine eight nine only four people have scored five goal |
s in one match these are andy mcguigan one nine zero one zero two john evans one nine five four five five ian rush one nine eight three eight four robbie fowler one nine nine three nine four most career hat tricks gordon hodgson one seven one nine two six three six three consecutive hat tricks jack balmer one nine four six seven his only hat tricks quickest premiership hattrick robbie fowler vs arsenal f c one nine nine four five four minutes three two seconds liverpool s longest distance goal was scored by xabi alonso six five yards from goal club culture the song you ll never walk alone originally from the rodgers and hammerstein musical carousel and famously recorded by liverpool musicians gerry you ll never walk alone were featured in the pink floyd song fearless other popular chants include fields of anfield road to the tune of the fields of athenry poor scouser tommy liverbird upon my chest we ve won it five times and ring of fire celebrity fans of the club include the late dj john peel clive owen ian m |
cculloch elvis costello cherie blair and former world heavyweight boxing champion mike tyson the late pope john paul ii who played as a goalkeeper in poland like current no two keeper jerzy dudek also professed a fondness for liverpool when he met the polish keeper under benitez today s liverpool f c has a strong spanish influence as well as having a spanish manager there are five spaniards in the current squad and one zero players in total brought to liverpool directly from la liga the six english players he has brought in are strikers peter crouch and robbie fowler goalkeepers scott carson and david martin and youth players jack hobbs and paul anderson other first broadcast of bbc tv s match of the day on the two two august one nine six four playing against arsenal the bbc two broadcast was presented by kenneth wolstenholme with immediate effect in the next season it has been announced that the jersey kit for liverpool fc would be sponsored by adidas current squad as of three one january two zero zero six c |
aptain to arrive in july two zero zero six players out on loan mark gonz lez on loan to real sociedad bruno cheyrou on loan to bordeaux salif diao on loan to portsmouth robbie foy on loan to wrexham chris kirkland on loan to west brom anthony le tallec on loan to sunderland carl medjani on loan to metz neil mellor on loan to wigan athletic david raven on loan to tranmere rovers florent sinama pongolle on loan to darren potter on loan to southampton zak whitbread on loan to millwall reserve and academy players jack hobbs miki roque godwin antwi danny o donnell ramon calliste paul anderson charlie barnett paul barrett james frayne danny guthrie adam hammill michael burns michael nardiello lee peltier conal platt david roberts james smith paul willis calum woods liverpool s reserve team plays its home games at the racecourse ground the home stadium of wrexham a f c see also list of liverpool fc players staff famous players and managers stars see also list of liverpool fc players managers statistics main article |
liverpool f c statistics famous liverpool fans external links official websites uk ireland liverpool f c official site european belgian official liverpool f c branch cyprus official liverpool f c branch danish official liverpool f c branch aalborg danish official liverpool f c branch aarhus french official liverpool f c branch german official liverpool f c branch greek official liverpool f c branch luxembourg official liverpool f c branch maltese official liverpool f c branch dutch official liverpool f c branch dutch dutch official liverpool f c branch alsin norwegian official liverpool f c branch spanish official liverpool f c branch swedish official liverpool f c branch swiss official liverpool f c branch bulgarian official liverpool f c branch international australian official liverpool f c branch canadian official liverpool f c branch toronto canadian official liverpool f c branch ontario chinese official liverpool f c branch guangzhaou chinese official liverpool f c branch shanghai chinese official liver |
pool f c branch hong kong indonesian official liverpool f c branch japanese official liverpool f c branch malaysian official liverpool f c branch new zealand official liverpool f c branch singapore official liverpool f c branch south african official liverpool f c branch malaysian official liverpool f c branch thailand official liverpool f c branch usa official liverpool f c branch florida usa official liverpool f c branch new york vietnam f c branch other websites liverpool clips goals lfc blog liverpool f c wallpapers anfield online anfieldred anfield road koptalk com lfc pl lfc three six five liverpool fc bootroom lfchistory net lfc news lfc online lfc stats www liverpool is in icelandic liverpool nu portal swedish www liverpoolfc ru in russian www liverpoolfc se in swedish lfc fans forum lfc history the liverpool way liverweb red all over the land red and white kop shankly gates talklfc the road end this is anfield through the wind and rain you ll never walk alone tv liverpool stadium location liverpool f |
ootball chants english football clubs liverpool f c fa premier league g one four clubs lysosomes contain digestive enzymes acid hydrolases to digest macromolecules they are found in both plant and animal cells and are built in the golgi apparatus at ph four eight the interior of the lysosomes is more acidic than the cytosol ph seven the lysosome single membrane stabilizes the low ph by pumping in protons h from the cytosol and also protects the cytosol and therefore the rest of the cell from the degradative enzymes within the lysosome the digestive enzymes need the acidic environment of the lysosome to function correctly for this reason should a lysosome s acid hydrolases leak into the cytosol their potential to damage the cell will be reduced because they will not be at their optimum ph all these enzymes are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and transported and processed through the golgi apparatus the golgi apparatus produces lysosomes by budding each acid hydrolase is then targeted to a lysosome by pho |
sphorylation the lysosome itself is likely safe from enzymatic action due to having proteins in the inner membrane which has a three dimensional molecular structure that protects vulnerable bonds from enzymatic attack some important enzymes in lysosomes are lipase which digests lipids carbohydrases which digest carbohydrates e g sugars proteases which digest proteins nucleases which digest nucleic acids the lysosomes are used for the digestion of macromolecules from phagocytosis ingestion of cells from the cell s own recycling process where old components such as worn out mitochondria are continuously destroyed and replaced by new ones and receptor proteins are recycled and for autophagic cell death a form of programmed self destruction or autolysis of the cell which means that the cell is digesting itself other functions include digesting foreign bacteria that invade a cell and helping repair damage to the plasma membrane by serving as a membrane patch sealing the wound lysosomes also do much of the cellular |
digestion required to digest tails of tadpoles and to remove the web from the fingers of a three six month old fetus there are a number of illnesses that are caused by the malfunction of the lysosomes or one of their digestive proteins e g tay sachs disease or pompe s disease these are caused by a defective or missing digestive protein which leads to the accumulation of substrates within the cell resulting in impaired cell metabolism broadly these can be classified as mucopolysaccharidoses gm two gangliosidoses lipid storage disorders glycoproteinoses mucolipidoses or leukodystrophies the constant ph of four eight is maintained by hydrogen proton pumps and cl ion channels references campbell neil a and reece jane b two zero zero two biology six th ed benjamin cummings san francisco isbn zero eight zero five three six six two four five organelles leg spin is a type of spin bowling in the sport of cricket the stock delivery of a leg spinner is the leg break and is bowled by using the wrist to spin the ball ant |
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