id
stringlengths
40
40
title
stringlengths
3
59
context
stringlengths
152
3.36k
question
stringlengths
1
296
answers
sequence
metadata
dict
03ab5c099ecd26d4e3583d17cd12e43e6ae526d1
Classical_music
Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.
How do you make a show sound fancy
{ "text": [ "classical music" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a9b50bf1ca7dc4186f61dee91ee6603eac972adb
Classical_music
Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.
Bach's music is in what engre?
{ "text": [ "classical" ], "answer_start": [ 79 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
16bd6a646ceae6ab9173c07cf4036fba7f7969b7
Classical_music
Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.
What is a popular song that is also the name of a hotel?
{ "text": [ "Four Seasons" ], "answer_start": [ 259 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
c632f208a246ddaf477a590c52e13fb3bae77e1b
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
Which is not a last name, Wagner or Lied?
{ "text": [ "Lied" ], "answer_start": [ 716 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d9ba94f8f53bb8c523390a7efe31819644cfdb0e
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
What tipified the style?
{ "text": [ "free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes" ], "answer_start": [ 368 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
5f1039b4b73ed6f98a26d87ddd6cc0e4baece605
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
Which of the following was not characteristic of music of the Romantic era: an extended melodic line, emotional elements, or Classical era forms?
{ "text": [ "Classical era forms" ], "answer_start": [ 306 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
fbe3f36c7717f5eaa643056766afb2625d4857e1
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
Which of the following musical traits did not become more common during the Romantic era: chromatic, tonally colorful, or codified?
{ "text": [ "codified" ], "answer_start": [ 352 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
603bbf88e365f859804bb980d6f2958e4025b8e9
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
How does the music differ in the two centuries?
{ "text": [ "characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms" ], "answer_start": [ 112 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
1260bfa14814d5928ce177e23c8a76001dce020d
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
What changed in music as time progressed?
{ "text": [ "Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
6decb633316b13682ae8f16232243c0a81724dfb
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
Which of the following is not a type of free-form piece: nocturnes, preludes, or emotional elements?
{ "text": [ "emotional elements" ], "answer_start": [ 204 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
7fa1b65ce7d7946dd6f69fd3a1654eabd6920cce
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
How did this affect the playing of music?
{ "text": [ "Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
523e034e376b1d82cc55ef5fbff3672eb172941f
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
What is worn on the finger next to the pinky?
{ "text": [ "Ring" ], "answer_start": [ 834 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
70e40478f0b32b47c19b0f2a1277e935ac853496
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
Where was this seen most?
{ "text": [ "The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera" ], "answer_start": [ 699 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
7964de24ac38d94706404265b6a91feb9e2e63b6
Classical_music
The music of the Romantic era, from roughly the first decade of the 19th century to the early 20th century, was characterized by increased attention to an extended melodic line, as well as expressive and emotional elements, paralleling romanticism in other art forms. Musical forms began to break from the Classical era forms (even as those were being codified), with free-form pieces like nocturnes, fantasias, and preludes being written where accepted ideas about the exposition and development of themes were ignored or minimized. The music became more chromatic, dissonant, and tonally colorful, with tensions (with respect to accepted norms of the older forms) about key signatures increasing. The art song (or Lied) came to maturity in this era, as did the epic scales of grand opera, ultimately transcended by Richard Wagner's Ring cycle.
Which is not a last name, Wagner or Codified?
{ "text": [ "codified" ], "answer_start": [ 352 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
4393108e519a72b99852da99519c17f5529b020b
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
Counterpoint is heard as part of?
{ "text": [ "music" ], "answer_start": [ 8 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e262849ebcea228a515a2615d1dcb5d7c43d3801
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
What is the texture of Baroque music?
{ "text": [ "a continuous bass line" ], "answer_start": [ 105 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b106304609e5362faced48bb111dbb1bafb562c5
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
Which of the following is not a musical form: sonata, canzona or shape?
{ "text": [ "shape" ], "answer_start": [ 425 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f001dcab2e1fcd3c1a7cd2cd45130cab28f24764
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
Which of the following is not a tonality: major, sonata or minor?
{ "text": [ "sonata" ], "answer_start": [ 226 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d9f4b41ff649c3cfda16d46883ddb7d74ce44ac8
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
Which of the following is not a characteristic of music: dissonance, beginnings or chromaticism?
{ "text": [ "beginnings" ], "answer_start": [ 208 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
fc8fc3d75673ded8cfa13762bf21c926b34bb91d
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
What can produce Baroque music?
{ "text": [ "basso continuo" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
762e2475ae1b2b0d780eed8610b727fb5d7de9fb
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
How is Baroque music different from the classical music?
{ "text": [ "more complex" ], "answer_start": [ 142 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
faa4b14334b77bdab30741062e8dfe38cc4c4514
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
What never stops?
{ "text": [ "basso continuo" ], "answer_start": [ 89 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
6c9e4e2640a247b84a9ef526c51b29be397c185d
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
What first came out in the Baroque period?
{ "text": [ "The tonalities of major and minor" ], "answer_start": [ 322 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
bf356efd612ec35c7efb6e3155a7744058ef090e
Classical_music
Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.
We wouldn't have sonatas without?
{ "text": [ "canzona" ], "answer_start": [ 256 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ab214199fc4acd8755f722b063ece524035b1a8b
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
Which of the following is not part of a larger piece of music: Flight of the Bumblebee, Ride of the Valkyries, or Dies Irae?
{ "text": [ "Flight of the Bumblebee" ], "answer_start": [ 633 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0a88f853b0405508e996be4d6ca48ed90b6b6a07
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
Which of the following was NOT written by Aaron Copland: Rodeo or Ride of the Valkyries?
{ "text": [ "Ride of the Valkyries" ], "answer_start": [ 575 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
853b48a5afef0768e19279b9a7393c15dc9e78fc
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
what artist's piece of work is mentioned second to last?
{ "text": [ "Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee" ], "answer_start": [ 615 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
8697700c7a5bdfde2a6a8332ef03ab2a0d0a3ffe
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
Excerpts of this work by Strauss are often used commercially.
{ "text": [ "Also sprach Zarathustra" ], "answer_start": [ 222 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b8407def981021c772dcc7aebe962d58c5429812
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
what is the name of the second artist mentioned?
{ "text": [ "Carl Orff" ], "answer_start": [ 333 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
25ab5b7db80274af5504b8e837262c02f30c0589
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
what artistic piece of work is mentioned last?
{ "text": [ "Aaron Copland's Rodeo" ], "answer_start": [ 674 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0fa628c2daf6532d4629e7e6587856b4c2699e65
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
what music genre is mentioned first?
{ "text": [ "classical" ], "answer_start": [ 19 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ba023f1316789eaaade591dbe1f9aea9da3a422e
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
A composition featuring which insect is often used in advertising and movie soundtracks?
{ "text": [ "Bumblebee" ], "answer_start": [ 647 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
4efa76263bd57723577d1c1e2b25720fc7313a51
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
Which of the following is not the name of a piece of music: Flight of the Bumblebee, A Space Odyssey, or Symphony No. 5?
{ "text": [ "A Space Odyssey" ], "answer_start": [ 277 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ec026e6552575a7a94fd84c2e837af538e25557d
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
Which section of Also sprach Zarathustra was featured in a famous film?
{ "text": [ "the opening" ], "answer_start": [ 190 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0838d3b90e435193387ac4a521e76ed53593df2d
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
The openings of "O Fortuna", "Also sprach Zarathustra", and this other opening are often used commercially.
{ "text": [ "Symphony No. 5" ], "answer_start": [ 550 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b4afc7fad853607fdc8cc2b3ac64371fb48a9f25
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
Which number Symphony of Beethoven's is often used commercially?
{ "text": [ "5" ], "answer_start": [ 563 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d0c12bd7dc851ba712c2ed86b4cac41e55eccf47
Classical_music
Certain staples of classical music are often used commercially (either in advertising or in movie soundtracks). In television commercials, several passages have become clichéd, particularly the opening of Richard Strauss' Also sprach Zarathustra (made famous in the film 2001: A Space Odyssey) and the opening section "O Fortuna" of Carl Orff's Carmina Burana, often used in the horror genre; other examples include the Dies Irae from the Verdi Requiem, Edvard Grieg's In the Hall of the Mountain King from Peer Gynt, the opening bars of Beethoven's Symphony No. 5, Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre, Rimsky-Korsakov's Flight of the Bumblebee, and excerpts of Aaron Copland's Rodeo.
what artistic piece of work is mentioned third to last?
{ "text": [ "Wagner's Ride of the Valkyries from Die Walküre" ], "answer_start": [ 566 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e5966a7555b75e826e0157675a9a53d59fc641e4
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
The performer's personal artistic tastes helps the performer do what?
{ "text": [ "interpret the piece in terms of production or performance" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
9e100d803da90dec62e63f9d3c606a7e61c5a76e
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
Aside from achieving the objective measures in the test, how do musicians determine how to perform?
{ "text": [ "guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices" ], "answer_start": [ 285 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
178b3840a24a5e6786b79114beb84ff8f7d97329
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
What do the performers get to determine?
{ "text": [ "how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a95fa59d8103f685d8b16d06cd362b89b4d72eca
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
What instructions does the written piece contain?
{ "text": [ "dynamics, tempo and expression" ], "answer_start": [ 173 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
2cf746af2da35f81fdc5da6b15d1333fbe82afed
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
Why may some argue the score is subjective?
{ "text": [ "does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
427334e4b7e4a46cff47d120e2b519cdae7e65db
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
A certain extent of direction is supplied for what?
{ "text": [ "expression" ], "answer_start": [ 193 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
2244332bf12782cdf74ebc883274cf78f97b18d2
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
What is left to the discretion of the performers?
{ "text": [ "interpret the piece in terms of production or performance" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3b628778797b08b7ef756b23035a42d53fa692da
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
How does a musicians' personal artistic tastes play into their performance?
{ "text": [ "how to interpret the piece" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
74f4d144d1b38393fa6a48466d9a9c3cdbd3149c
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
What is the main idea of the passage?
{ "text": [ "how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression" ], "answer_start": [ 81 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
adb4123921a7cc6055f9d3c2ac38bef72c6f0f1f
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
What does the passage make an important point about the main topic?
{ "text": [ "does not usually contain explicit instructions" ], "answer_start": [ 28 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
39d35a1837fd9305e0dddfdd26ec7ab9cdb59048
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
What guidance is provided for musicians?
{ "text": [ "directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent)" ], "answer_start": [ 158 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e25185125dfe595afe749a8a5ee7c22483a8419f
Classical_music
The written score, however, does not usually contain explicit instructions as to how to interpret the piece in terms of production or performance, apart from directions for dynamics, tempo and expression (to a certain extent). This is left to the discretion of the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices.
Who are the ones that make the most impact on a production and why?
{ "text": [ "the performers, who are guided by their personal experience and musical education, their knowledge of the work's idiom, their personal artistic tastes, and the accumulated body of historic performance practices" ], "answer_start": [ 261 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
21e734d1e03f7b9be298bc80aecdae45d1df9727
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What type of musician is Randy Rhoads?
{ "text": [ "lead guitarists" ], "answer_start": [ 317 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
fc90fc8cc38de572ad595098c5630b8141f8d1d1
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What type of musician is Ritchie Blackmore?
{ "text": [ "lead guitarists" ], "answer_start": [ 317 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d1dc30f87250040e8b16a339d6823ec4d0a4d2f7
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What has Pachelbel's music been used in?
{ "text": [ "popular songs" ], "answer_start": [ 70 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
5099edff929fcb449fd0b543e6c211de521df547
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What genre has Pachelbel's music been used in?
{ "text": [ "popular music arena" ], "answer_start": [ 268 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
312113da651043fa4fb3ee7d0c2c01204210f001
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
If a popular songwriter is looking for inspiration, what is a source with proven success?
{ "text": [ "classical music" ], "answer_start": [ 93 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3f2995358011b773a04aeed763f72bf3b9f1407d
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What genre of music is Blackmore's specialty?
{ "text": [ "heavy metal" ], "answer_start": [ 292 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ee565c1f75872c588701e5fb4c57734a3b84bd7e
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What type of musician has been influenced by Classical music?
{ "text": [ "lead guitarists" ], "answer_start": [ 317 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e31f9f8c61c500490e0e39267bb433ce5b74f2bc
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
Where has Pachelbel's music been used?
{ "text": [ "the popular music arena" ], "answer_start": [ 264 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ad29e7652ceab9678b2596831b525415d199fe1a
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What musicians are influenced by classical music?
{ "text": [ "Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads" ], "answer_start": [ 446 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d4597c60002d0820239d9aa88c852bc63a26c870
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What period besides Classical influenced popular musicians?
{ "text": [ "Baroque" ], "answer_start": [ 391 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
7cf09a5635a31822f690c9d3de02405cc6a6973c
Classical_music
Numerous examples show influence in the opposite direction, including popular songs based on classical music, the use to which Pachelbel's Canon has been put since the 1970s, and the musical crossover phenomenon, where classical musicians have achieved success in the popular music arena. In heavy metal, a number of lead guitarists (playing electric guitar) modeled their playing styles on Baroque or Classical era instrumental music, including Ritchie Blackmore and Randy Rhoads.
What roles do Blackmore and Rhoads play in their musical groups?
{ "text": [ "lead guitarists" ], "answer_start": [ 317 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
1a23e679caf66d7e4983eab9e82d41310ae51e4f
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
It is implied that social dancing although popular during the Renaissance era, came about prior to what date?
{ "text": [ "1400" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
924601fff795ba0ed6cc1a145199a1c8b6de4dbf
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
What is implied to have not existed prior to the Renaissance in regards to music?
{ "text": [ "bass instruments" ], "answer_start": [ 161 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
aa9eadb670a96f55602337cf7dc738a0d1565e88
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
Multiple interweaving melodic lines became popular in what centuries?
{ "text": [ "1400 to 1600" ], "answer_start": [ 29 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0d2a1bfd59b837f59c9475f897080426f111e593
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
What activity involves interaction and movement?
{ "text": [ "dance" ], "answer_start": [ 263 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a950b42bfc06944c8e016fc0c28bed5a185dc24b
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
When did music change
{ "text": [ "Renaissance" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
14e3fd019d1d8b9a213092517eb1f43e55578f2b
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
What got used more from 1400-1600
{ "text": [ "instrumentation" ], "answer_start": [ 82 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a3d71b2a64df01498586961e752bc652b7ce2a3f
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
When did bass music start
{ "text": [ "Renaissance" ], "answer_start": [ 4 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
7d3d0bfa963467ee73ffb4512a3a25af34465305
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
During the 14th century until the 16th century, the Renaissance did what to music in regards to social dancing?
{ "text": [ "standardize" ], "answer_start": [ 278 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
1c2edffb462b58e0089e185979b906b9cdf91e62
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
Dancing is done with what playing?
{ "text": [ "musical forms" ], "answer_start": [ 221 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
056aaf48f620bc9451a07ff6bd32db213163d003
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
How did the music change
{ "text": [ "standardize" ], "answer_start": [ 278 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f047af4e373588a345c3aae0d33c217a889838f4
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
The Renaissance unlike the Enlightenment Period focused more on types of art such as what?
{ "text": [ "musical forms" ], "answer_start": [ 221 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
fd2c69f9da0a076051eb129978509e814e9b230e
Classical_music
The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.
The Renaissance era in regards to music had which unique aspect regarding musical notes?
{ "text": [ "interweaving melodic lines" ], "answer_start": [ 108 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f71d7466a2d66df616a57e7203beb58359d0bed3
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What event was aid given for
{ "text": [ "the quake" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f1e8bf3cdd7ca084714078674bbe5d93a8c99e18
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
Which country's response to a natural disaster was profoundly lacking?
{ "text": [ "Myanmar" ], "answer_start": [ 113 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b348800557485ba91f8127c1e39d52ea2c4469eb
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
A hurricane that occurs in the south pacific
{ "text": [ "Cyclone" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
30e4513ec3140d28b9c194e7a8b504e860010096
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What was the other natural disaster besides the big storm
{ "text": [ "the quake" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e1a9c5eb744be18930b7cf83e5e4378888f39dcd
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What natural disaster did Myanmar not handle well?
{ "text": [ "Cyclone Nargis" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f9b761e1afe17bd64d5a5ed3627a98b73ddb7007
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What did Myanmar do after their natural disaster that was seen as non praiseworthy?
{ "text": [ "blockade of aid" ], "answer_start": [ 147 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
fe55a89db629c14692a45cf5be5e360280a95722
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What happened in Myanmar
{ "text": [ "Cyclone Nargis" ], "answer_start": [ 170 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
712ea6582d3d4690608a641043972c1d95d3d04a
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What happened in China
{ "text": [ "quake" ], "answer_start": [ 78 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0703c4f15bc841534a89246d085170fd7ca7e3d9
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Although the Chinese government was initially praised for its response to the quake (especially in comparison to Myanmar's ruling military junta's blockade of aid during Cyclone Nargis), it then saw an erosion in confidence over the school construction scandal.
What event took place where the government offered aid
{ "text": [ "the quake" ], "answer_start": [ 74 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
cc2da5d59f873a305378ec36ffc9310b7a9803f6
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
How many people no longer have a place to live?
{ "text": [ "4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million" ], "answer_start": [ 205 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
9d074bb76c525498f1e20e9d4989bc447dc71880
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
What is the 3rd worst earthquake to hit this area?
{ "text": [ "1950 Chayu earthquake" ], "answer_start": [ 506 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
ac4186492d969e237d1f9e9e6d06709f70363c21
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
What was it going to take to get things back on track after the earthquake?
{ "text": [ "the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake" ], "answer_start": [ 655 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
a9033ff58f4d9820bbccdae67f1e663637565bad
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
Were there more dead or missing?
{ "text": [ "dead" ], "answer_start": [ 83 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
b8570c99c8b0ba4f96044152a4350151eaf1c7bc
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
What area was ravaged by the earthquake that hit three decades before?
{ "text": [ "Tangshan" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
fecd1ed591db6cf0e7fd61aa75fd3312e3e27ab1
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
How strong was the Chayu earthquake?
{ "text": [ "8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale" ], "answer_start": [ 549 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
11bee58cdf002391b760991b161e83873b3dbf9e
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
How many people lived in Sichuan province before the earthquake?
{ "text": [ "Approximately 15 million" ], "answer_start": [ 284 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
0327d753b665413a144d109462a446b47379ec85
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
Were more people killed in Sichuan province or in the Tangshan earthquake?
{ "text": [ "Tangshan earthquake" ], "answer_start": [ 404 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
43562342616576b77e2e47a46b2971343591eb2f
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Official figures (as of July 21, 2008 12:00 CST) stated that 69,197 were confirmed dead, including 68,636 in Sichuan province, and 374,176 injured, with 18,222 listed as missing. The earthquake left about 4.8 million people homeless, though the number could be as high as 11 million. Approximately 15 million people lived in the affected area. It was the deadliest earthquake to hit China since the 1976 Tangshan earthquake, which killed at least 240,000 people, and the strongest in the country since the 1950 Chayu earthquake, which registered at 8.5 on the Richter magnitude scale. It is the 21st deadliest earthquake of all time. On November 6, 2008, the central government announced that it would spend 1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion) over the next three years to rebuild areas ravaged by the earthquake, as part of the Chinese economic stimulus program.
Which happened first, the strongest earthquake or the deadliest earthquake?
{ "text": [ "strongest" ], "answer_start": [ 471 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
910d2392e3360152815cdf27f4dd06fd127335b5
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What were the parents offered from school to school?
{ "text": [ "amounts varied" ], "answer_start": [ 618 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
f98acfd58587f70cb299b202ba3ff618272d0f48
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What did the government do to keep the parents away from the school buildings?
{ "text": [ "set up cordons around the schools" ], "answer_start": [ 928 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
3e54c10ef202bdb18e27b6123cf46c795468fe27
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What did the governments of Beijing and Sichuan claim?
{ "text": [ "they are investigating the collapses" ], "answer_start": [ 88 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
49599dcb092f4eb18a1c32258d4a672363943038
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
How did the government try to get people to agree not to protest?
{ "text": [ "money" ], "answer_start": [ 553 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
aedd45adaf9940fa609d14b991adc3f0f88bc5ad
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What happened to parents who wouldn't take the deal offered by officials?
{ "text": [ "some who refused to sign were threatened" ], "answer_start": [ 564 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
d03b953a0a3d7ddbf3370338e1f53cbfa6d7fa35
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What did officials do if parents didn't like their agreement?
{ "text": [ "threatened" ], "answer_start": [ 594 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
e89f9334dbb355b5a76da52c9e6c4ca1c469077f
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What was the currency described for the bribe?
{ "text": [ "USD" ], "answer_start": [ 747 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
9b2ebfb31151426c4c8a4821c1b1333f33178f5c
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What did the government give people as a bribe?
{ "text": [ "money" ], "answer_start": [ 553 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
df12f941479968c7a4f0c16f191f3c34d5152b25
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
How did the government keep people from knowing about further problems?
{ "text": [ "officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses" ], "answer_start": [ 967 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }
896c4a178ee3797ab4090b7bed322bcf9ae806d1
2008_Sichuan_earthquake
The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
What deal did officials come up with to minimize organized demonstrations?
{ "text": [ "officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money" ], "answer_start": [ 451 ] }
{ "split": "train", "model_in_the_loop": "Combined" }