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56272e1f70c4b151ac436c9fc023942671833451 | London | Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties for the purposes of lieutenancies. The area of Greater London has incorporated areas that were once part of the historic counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, Essex and Hertfordshire. London's status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.[note 6] | When was London made the capital of England? | {
"text": [
"never"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
af336bc37c4700f99bc27e1a577fa01bef0da055 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | What did the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green lead to? | {
"text": [
"London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
27c6cc9f8375ce4bf17ddc65333b4dd30324aa15 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | __ is the first point on the tidal portion of the River Thames which was easily fordable by foot. | {
"text": [
"Brentford"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
747018b4d6d01581e5f1f71069e16c45e7d0ac3d | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | What happened to the Lines of Communication lastly? | {
"text": [
"levelled by Parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
478
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8b1311c6e84317b7e0b5705374eafeb3c8685090 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | How did the fortifications fare? | {
"text": [
"they were levelled by Parliament the same year"
],
"answer_start": [
468
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
41f00c02729f1a54decabec6eb21cac5321fda04 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | When were the fortifications constructed? | {
"text": [
"in under two months"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0aed53569ef50a333c5f61ec7be08cbe7fb671f9 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | What was the result of the defense? | {
"text": [
"The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9d7484986f66ed8988950f9a260003f24b1efd36 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | Where did the English Civil War happen? | {
"text": [
"London"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2ed129c0d7fb305ab4585b6337b7b1e4a8cf85fa | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | How were the battle lines drawn? | {
"text": [
"the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b391c42efafbe5eac34a7930f4bf0907c6edae82 | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | __ developed around the ancient boundary between the parishes of Ealing and Hanwell. | {
"text": [
"Brentford"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6b2e106e69936c1362e2845038cfeccca3d0666e | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | How did the war progress? | {
"text": [
"London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fe46d3495b1eb1a08bc517aea38d28ae8bff876e | London | During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year. | __ pre-dates the Roman occupation of Britain. | {
"text": [
"Brentford"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
84aca7a049aac2d5beb3c7be97d5db6bef28644a | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated. | Which level has the lowest numerical value? | {
"text": [
"200 m"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ca2039a4c5f68416987c610a9d0cdb4244e9c1e4 | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated. | What would have made the thing that makes it feel stickier to be outside? | {
"text": [
"proximity of water"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7a40d09a8daa08688ed970087e84b204041c628d | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated. | Why broad reason was there for alterations to the water occur? | {
"text": [
"increase in seafloor spreading"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9af03a1ad6830c66d85f4f116e96e256f7ee437e | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated. | What became part of the body of water that wasn't there before? | {
"text": [
"new crust"
],
"answer_start": [
127
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b6a1274e8a6f88547a1b8330943e1ec7866345c0 | Mesozoic | Sea levels began to rise during the Jurassic, which was probably caused by an increase in seafloor spreading. The formation of new crust beneath the surface displaced ocean waters by as much as 200 m (656 ft) more than today, which flooded coastal areas. Furthermore, Pangaea began to rift into smaller divisions, bringing more land area in contact with the ocean by forming the Tethys Sea. Temperatures continued to increase and began to stabilize. Humidity also increased with the proximity of water, and deserts retreated. | What broad aspect of the sea was altering? | {
"text": [
"levels"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
796297a33de1afcd369c88176b7e9d21e8806566 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | Why was the ocean not likely to be habitable? | {
"text": [
"too warm"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0eb0242f3a0f80117c6890a0d37192c8094b0697 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What is a questionable situation in regard to water sources? | {
"text": [
"waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
26d0927899abf644d8adc7f6ba06810a898d753e | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What was the possible temperature of the atmosphere? | {
"text": [
"10°C"
],
"answer_start": [
333
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b0bb1506a18f4b6513cd80b7ac949220cca69a3c | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What was the discrepancy of temperature across the globe? | {
"text": [
"flat"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5f14349beabd02e8b8eac1138122b36e5d846e8d | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What would have been odd to encounter? | {
"text": [
"land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2dded1cda2b8d05e6992a00cfa184b20dd381faa | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What was a benefit from all the sea life dying? | {
"text": [
"black shale"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
304633ab3567fa58efa31c842817378c45d2928c | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What was located near the deserts? | {
"text": [
"water"
],
"answer_start": [
597
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7962e1409fe17adce970df67ccef2c4578253045 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | Why might it have been hard to spot a fish? | {
"text": [
"equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
77abebb69848270a02e85bfc407b3b3891037d70 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | Why did organic matter become black shale? | {
"text": [
"unable to decompose"
],
"answer_start": [
755
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
715bd994c8a4963e1bf0e85b24b843a7b7efaee8 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What were the average temperatures compared to today? | {
"text": [
"higher than today by about 10°C"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
928e50f34aa4854939a4e98bbc4ccd8febc89cd6 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | Higher levels of CO2 lead to two things, average temperatures being higher by about 10 degrees and? | {
"text": [
"world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5ff66f8776aa08c7860787d3cbc8b89f9a8ce9e0 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What did black shale used to be? | {
"text": [
"organic matter"
],
"answer_start": [
731
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
abf6107b0abbe9f7c12a0fcedb3c6f7547a26cb9 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What happens when organic matter cannot decompose properly? | {
"text": [
"eventually being deposited as \"black shale\""
],
"answer_start": [
788
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dcea7e3c4f6d91c28f17a10142bacd85d6ebfed9 | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | What cannot be agreed upon by historians? | {
"text": [
"climate of the Cretaceous"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e6a8f8772aea7ffd102b47a754bb6c2eaeb9fe9d | Mesozoic | The climate of the Cretaceous is less certain and more widely disputed. Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are thought to have caused the world temperature gradient from north to south to become almost flat: temperatures were about the same across the planet. Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C. In fact, by the middle Cretaceous, equatorial ocean waters (perhaps as warm as 20 °C in the deep ocean) may have been too warm for sea life,[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and land areas near the equator may have been deserts despite their proximity to water. The circulation of oxygen to the deep ocean may also have been disrupted.[dubious – discuss] For this reason, large volumes of organic matter that was unable to decompose accumulated, eventually being deposited as "black shale". | Higher levels of CO2 lead to two things, world temperature gradient north to south being flat, and? | {
"text": [
"Average temperatures were also higher than today by about 10°C"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
843f7a16f2342ec65b0150494e1b525316921463 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What is the second idea listed that controls the lighting effect | {
"text": [
"furniture"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
64be8fa1f52ad619c16946054b55339b7f0c7856 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | Which aspect of design is the excerpt concerned with? | {
"text": [
"lighting effect"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ffea056dfe95c24ae9aa34093bc39dec1d4d1674 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What design element could be placed in a room for functional purposes but also contribute to the lighting design? | {
"text": [
"furniture"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
55a29ff33dea28d32f816ecf732554d4498becff | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | Which paint is the most reflective properties | {
"text": [
"light paint does"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
44741cc105e186e33744459ae8169ac8605d0214 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What effect does dark paint have on a room that would make it feel cozy? | {
"text": [
"making the room appear smaller"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
485fb3e94c2b2109e81de8df77696ff6385913c2 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | If you prefer an intimate, lowly lit room, what type of paint would you use on your walls? | {
"text": [
"dark"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1a5d926e2a9797ef839f22199134d6d67f38a7b7 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What must you consider when thinking of the lighting of a room? | {
"text": [
"materials used on walls and furniture"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
74cc1ca1a37e4a0f923db1902f041c4e06daedee | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | More than wall color, what else can play a role on how the lighting of a room appears? | {
"text": [
"reflective surfaces"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
302b333018956661a5673dd8fe3b2137729af29e | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | Having white paint on my walls would do the opposite of what? | {
"text": [
"dark paint"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
75178cdc0f7198a780df1e262678e00205ebc885 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | If you like large and bright spaces, what paint shade should you choose? | {
"text": [
"light"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
af0d869a6c8ef2fb26bf05259e704816b73ce72c | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | What are they using light and dark paint for | {
"text": [
"lighting design"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
37352e9b73d7025e1e430869379842b894e08140 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | If I added mirrors to a room's scheme, what type of design material would I be using? | {
"text": [
"reflective surfaces"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eff673ba0ee64b5fa920ab9cbcce33bcc6c95cf4 | Lighting | In some design instances, materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect< for example dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. In addition to paint, reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. | Would dark or light paint give me the illusion of closeness? | {
"text": [
"dark"
],
"answer_start": [
116
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e73fa850ac55f3972995c13ffb14f9b995c37476 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | What could affect how you perceive the way things taste? | {
"text": [
"lighting conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
34df6a2949368204565c406ca3c4192aea33e3c7 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | Which of the following things cannot be rated on taste: juices, aggressiveness, or chicken-wing sauce? | {
"text": [
"aggressiveness"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0072b4e24f8eda9fc15980c840692125436e86b1 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | What can affect the way you perceive the personality of characters in a book? | {
"text": [
"lighting conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
134479ad98016d3ecdf3b19f91c9eaf40cf83d22 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | Which of the following is not a university: Toronto Scarborough, Northwestern, or Xu? | {
"text": [
"Xu"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3b7d9db749fe246ae65632f387e3cfb05b6e5beb | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | Which of the following is not associated with bright light: rational decisions, positive emotions or negative emotions? | {
"text": [
"rational decisions"
],
"answer_start": [
791
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
78bcdf046431fee86f08786ebc9cd3842ad7a518 | Lighting | Alison Jing Xu, assistant professor of management at the University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo of Northwestern University conducted a series of studies analyzing the correlation between lighting and human emotion. The researchers asked participants to rate a number of things such as: the spiciness of chicken-wing sauce, the aggressiveness of a fictional character, how attractive someone was, their feelings about specific words, and the taste of two juices–all under different lighting conditions. In their study, they found that both positive and negative human emotions are felt more intensely in bright light. Professor Xu stated, "we found that on sunny days depression-prone people actually become more depressed." They also found that dim light makes people make more rational decisions and settle negotiations easier. In the dark, emotions are slightly suppressed. However, emotions are intensified in the bright light. | What could affect the way you perceive how spicy something is? | {
"text": [
"lighting conditions"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a8de846f9621f855dcd0c2602fb84be8492b3acb | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What happens to the efficiency when a fixture is shaded? | {
"text": [
"decrease efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c41f1fc711b71fdbd1c2ce2ea3bf61037e10f0ee | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | How is light coming from a bulb documented? | {
"text": [
"percentage"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1d47bde2e6c5d91eb31ae34848768f9f2c2b1ba0 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | A primary feature of it is its luminous efficacy? | {
"text": [
"light fixtures"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dee7eb9e64c8ce15ba9d523633e0c8a84903b6fd | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | How are light orbs similar to fixtures? | {
"text": [
"efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the \"bulb\" to the surroundings"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b28dbc11f3883617e5ed223e05edaea0e4129277 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What is being measured regarding a light fixture? | {
"text": [
"amount of usable light"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d585e3e5b4e55c61b75b0f983fcd6ec33997ef9e | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | Shading light will increase directionality and directly effect? | {
"text": [
"efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
462
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3fb6dc0d45655f45641a9127cb1b72a758c6afe4 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | Why would a light be shaded? | {
"text": [
"increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2554a8b6a1c806591b10e779d74b46c0bddead1d | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What is a sign of an efficient light source? | {
"text": [
"more transparent"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8b8fa9290d6c4715b77e03694591870e11b97546 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What about the covering specifically effects the efficacy? | {
"text": [
"The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f695b877edd4f52e1502539f2c3107dedc962392 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What ratio is used to determine efficacy? | {
"text": [
"the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a610e6753f07c3aa553d2621cde6a21a31009114 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What should you look for while shopping for lighting for your home? | {
"text": [
"luminous efficacy"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee02c6d4e9e8b6daa01c9ddd370f9d9f0a4ee2de | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | Which of the following is not increased by shading the light: directionality, usable light or visual comfort probability? | {
"text": [
"usable light"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6a64dda79227715bcc4323068d375f4c700a980d | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | Which of the following is NOT a measure of energy, lumen or watt? | {
"text": [
"lumen"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0383b8224433a5b121a16eb5c9351da3c83a6589 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | What might be a preference? | {
"text": [
"Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
56c2a8e4793ad0da5f07a062502fb4436e718084 | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | This is usually measured in lumen per watt? | {
"text": [
"luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e9016a7991bbc0ca14d30a2b2fc539bfe3b6277e | Lighting | An important property of light fixtures is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency, meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt. A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixture is, the higher efficacy. Shading the light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability. | Which of the following does not measure the amount of usable light: luminous efficacy, directionality or wall-plug efficiency? | {
"text": [
"directionality"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bbe79f18a627f4e11fed43ac090ae4133be02bcc | Lighting | Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. | What must be done to lights that is also done to computer programs? | {
"text": [
"are installed"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c0d784fa69e2447fbf625e03a8753768bc45a8da | Lighting | Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. | Where are lights usually installed? | {
"text": [
"the entrance to a property"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
499d08513ceefdeb2a94176d8028fad26fa964f2 | Lighting | Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal the entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. | What has to be done with lights in order for them to work? | {
"text": [
"installed"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
69c76b5e4181eb3447a9cca10ea2fcedd5a1245a | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | Someone who uses the term "high hats" probably wouldn't say what to describe the same thing? | {
"text": [
"\"pot lights\""
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ad042445fc0cd466bd845dc2bdf2bef385276ac9 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | What is the name of downlights in other countries? | {
"text": [
"pot lights"
],
"answer_start": [
33
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
96db759f94396e262aff4f2b1654fa8293d09c75 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | Which is not a name for recessed lighting: pot lights, narrow beam, or can lights? | {
"text": [
"narrow beam"
],
"answer_start": [
212
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cbc9d9565e79f74e28d04537edb5b0f4fd4c246a | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | Which is not a type of downlight: LED, incandescent, or spotlights? | {
"text": [
"spotlights"
],
"answer_start": [
224
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e1d2f3affa189d9410f0acebf49dcb9dd1eb4be5 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | Which is a type of downlight: high hat, reflector, or HID? | {
"text": [
"HID"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
339e1baf1a07301d0d6c5f33214e3fdc0c37fc87 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | A person using the term "pot lights" probably does not reside in which country? | {
"text": [
"the US"
],
"answer_start": [
87
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6daaa5268d49372864384dcaba9543045e1be8b8 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | What is a benefit of the look of recessed lighting? | {
"text": [
"appear flush"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5cdab015f1cc1ed0f32629d0bdc708015ccfdf6d | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | What is another term for high hats: wider-angle, LED, or recessed lighting? | {
"text": [
"Recessed lighting"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
63a2cef18e04c990c2064ea265848945af912334 | Lighting | Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada, "can lights" or 'high hats" in the US) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider-angle floodlights, both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors. There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED. | What is a benefit of can lights? | {
"text": [
"less costly"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e6f093936182e4700e9c78d041020dbec010d6f3 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | what group is mentioned second to last? | {
"text": [
"Manufacturers"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b565b4a18eae44df38ce991d6e17fa9a3acc681a | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What does the N in IESNA stand for? | {
"text": [
"North"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
96c04979adef9df11159c62804ec8600c35599a9 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What does the A in IESNA stand for? | {
"text": [
"America"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d1f0c54ce1b0a64a6257e1b022d96746f5d9b46e | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | what group is mentioned third? | {
"text": [
"ASHRAE"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
497591dbf85e0716c290cf2b8bf45b011d885804 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | what is the first helpful thing mentioned that the IESNA provides? | {
"text": [
"guidelines"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7e5125114ca7a2825bade952482f14a97b93b3f1 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | what is the second helpful thing mentioned that the IESNA provides? | {
"text": [
"standards"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ea2762bc0b392dbb61e94f9d500493c70d2669cc | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What does the E in IESNA stand for? | {
"text": [
"Engineering"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3f3e80f9aba19b7f84aa63feb210dabd7f3a7fa5 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | what group is mentioned second? | {
"text": [
"ANSI"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bc6d050e8c5e1dae15a0b7a41e0ecf7a04494479 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What does the S in IESNA stand for? | {
"text": [
"Society"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eed16628ba960259a27baaf8683e2f3b9cf2f751 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | Which acronym is the longest among ANSI, IESNA and ASHRAE? | {
"text": [
"ASHRAE"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a0692f0bbcb5c35f79c4e72927fe8fc9b02f0133 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What type of body is the IESNA? | {
"text": [
"Society"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4687ec1fd84543a3688b9cd0025e2c20e801b3be | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | Which acronym is the shortest among ANSI, IESNA and ASHRAE? | {
"text": [
"ANSI"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
689f1c1afad3c6eac2ac18564294c1c62c287204 | Lighting | The Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA), in conjunction with organizations like ANSI and ASHRAE, publishes guidelines, standards, and handbooks that allow categorization of the illumination needs of different built environments. Manufacturers of lighting equipment publish photometric data for their products, which defines the distribution of light released by a specific luminaire. This data is typically expressed in standardized form defined by the IESNA. | What does the I in IESNA stand for? | {
"text": [
"Illuminating"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
aca81298913fcf3d1a46630915e4bdc83a7325f3 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | What is the type of the third mentioned location? | {
"text": [
"commercial"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
beb4d502aae881212fb17945831fcf9ee67465d7 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | What does the mentioned common safety measure do? | {
"text": [
"deter crime"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8b590c148ce27afb301f9bb8c99aad6bce0cf032 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | What is the second mentioned location? | {
"text": [
"homes"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c5561e11a41d74e808e20dc554fb00af39af6d32 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | What is a specific type of the example for the safety precaution? | {
"text": [
"floodlights"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dbd177e79012a36488885ccb583c3f891992ca86 | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | What is an example of the mentioned safety precaution? | {
"text": [
"extremely bright lights"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b4f045261e9eda21d4ab0fd578a7ae6f45a4ef3f | Lighting | Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights. | What is first mentioned as a location to use this type of lighting? | {
"text": [
"urban areas"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f00f2abd3c661d291f0efa6da8c10b5c6f62f434 | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. | What intangible object is central to the proper functioning of a lighting fixture? | {
"text": [
"safety codes"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3cb2eb244560b4c378211351b3be8e3696a0c5fa | Lighting | Lighting fixtures come in a wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare. Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. | What important criteria would a lighting fixture made of paper fail to meet? | {
"text": [
"tolerate the excess heat"
],
"answer_start": [
325
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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