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b2b9e777e469616c62fecfe30caa7ef2a4237b04 | Buddhism | Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts. | What type of Buddhism is named after a high-altitude plateau in Central Asia? | {
"text": [
"Tibetan Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8dcc46a42405d35183b0b2ff4fac407b1ecaa1bf | Buddhism | Besides emptiness, Mahayana schools often place emphasis on the notions of perfected spiritual insight (prajñāpāramitā) and Buddha-nature (tathāgatagarbha). There are conflicting interpretations of the tathāgatagarbha in Mahāyāna thought. The idea may be traced to Abhidharma, and ultimately to statements of the Buddha in the Nikāyas. In Tibetan Buddhism, according to the Sakya school, tathāgatagarbha is the inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. In Nyingma, tathāgatagarbha also generally refers to inseparability of the clarity and emptiness of one's mind. According to the Gelug school, it is the potential for sentient beings to awaken since they are empty (i.e. dependently originated). According to the Jonang school, it refers to the innate qualities of the mind that expresses themselves as omniscience etc. when adventitious obscurations are removed. The "Tathāgatagarbha Sutras" are a collection of Mahayana sutras that present a unique model of Buddha-nature. Even though this collection was generally ignored in India, East Asian Buddhism provides some significance to these texts. | Generally, what religion is dicussed in the article? | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
1065
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cc42c3fd6298782946c4423300fb1ccdd9a1374e | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What type of cultural heritage pieces arose from the joining of Greek and Buddhist influences? | {
"text": [
"Greco-Buddhist art"
],
"answer_start": [
474
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3bb6f215fa76856b5fa13b4e6a48b2d20851c238 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What were the two examples of amalgamation of cultures. | {
"text": [
"the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
01fb04b1688515d81fb2a5c2c2e799bdaf466588 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | Who did Buddhism interact with other than Greek and Indian groups? | {
"text": [
"Persian"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f0365978c12d32256606c7b3a43a9835c839dd99 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What areas did Buddhism reach and become interested in? | {
"text": [
"Persian and Greek civilization"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6d4873402f5ac9f864d92a65692e7ae33af7de55 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | Where did a mix of Buddhism and Mediterranean culture come about? | {
"text": [
"the Indo-Greek Kingdom"
],
"answer_start": [
420
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a49e7679d3f06efa4d5ed245a7294e6fc8169c15 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What belief groups experienced a two-way interchange with Buddhism? | {
"text": [
"non-Buddhist Indian religions"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b5962bffdc90c8a1acf555ca626ba2efa515c035 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | Buddhism had interactions with what non-Asian cultures? | {
"text": [
"Persian and Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6efcb4f0d87bdc1b4941b1045f95038a06dd8dd2 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | Who was interested in Buddhism and adopted some beliefs? | {
"text": [
"Indian religions"
],
"answer_start": [
249
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e5d01fd8d22b7f1102ceabe246b79ab82c8e955e | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What was the cause of the Buddhist religion's influence from other cultures? | {
"text": [
"The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
478859dcbb2b5949cc270667ec0789a8b9c48eaf | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What was the title of the official from Greece who came to be spoken about in Buddhist records? | {
"text": [
"Greek king"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7dfcd78b12a18cc482ea86c1f1254c7ae82973e3 | Buddhism | The gradual spread of Buddhism into adjacent areas meant that it came into contact with new ethnical groups. During this period Buddhism was exposed to a variety of influences, from Persian and Greek civilization, to changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves influenced by Buddhism. Striking examples of this syncretistic development can be seen in the emergence of Greek-speaking Buddhist monarchs in the Indo-Greek Kingdom, and in the development of the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhāra. A Greek king, Menander, has even been immortalized in the Buddhist canon. | What new ethnical people did the Buddhists come into contact with? | {
"text": [
"Persian and Greek civilization"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7ac4c9ba36fd6cf6a7051cb6dbd0a76af9d10474 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What do monks live their lives by? | {
"text": [
"doctrines"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c6a75402d15c4d0935e3f0b3f1ef59d54a494ecf | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What was known as Bodhisattvayāna? | {
"text": [
"Mahāyāna"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
65493fa392f411ec0d4d0397f879c1c87822e88d | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | Who lived by the teachings of Mahayana? | {
"text": [
"bodhisattvas"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f1f7a0ba091763817d7a1da8d3eec24835a5ad3 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What, exactly, is different between Mahayana and other sects of Buddhism? | {
"text": [
"it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d9814f4cb03f177f8039e9655c92af681c38743d | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | Where do monks usually live? | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6842b75fc4f5bcd5aae4850047a2ccaa0ed54bbc | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What might be found alongside another of the same building? | {
"text": [
"monasteries"
],
"answer_start": [
869
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
272525b2e43b84b7f79dbeb6e571abc22aeb6e5c | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What religion do people in both China and India sometimes follow? | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
efeace4e2111645017e7ec923620cc62ae5f67ae | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | Who sometimes lived next to each other? | {
"text": [
"Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks"
],
"answer_start": [
804
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7b40bb119f5abdd14ac4676d8e63a2fd1b9ba686 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What was the basis of Mahāyāna? | {
"text": [
"Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5d7f8bd5a73e706d91be723810ad42d7aae7e058 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | Who has expertise in the Mahayana? | {
"text": [
"Paul Williams"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
955f3c4853d66faa4426224624bfae15074fe5e4 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | Who has studied the Mahayana? | {
"text": [
"Paul Williams"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9d2084317d5a3ed4211483faea8cddc05373d074 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | Who is knowledgeable about the Mahayana? | {
"text": [
"Paul Williams"
],
"answer_start": [
271
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b9f2078643a9e90222099808d4d078814e0f23ed | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What was Mahāyāna made of? | {
"text": [
"ideals"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1725d7be3e6551dda2e3cf906979657edafa9be5 | Buddhism | There is no evidence that Mahāyāna ever referred to a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism, but rather that it existed as a certain set of ideals, and later doctrines, for bodhisattvas. Initially it was known as Bodhisattvayāna (the "Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"). Paul Williams has also noted that the Mahāyāna never had nor ever attempted to have a separate Vinaya or ordination lineage from the early schools of Buddhism, and therefore each bhikṣu or bhikṣuṇī adhering to the Mahāyāna formally belonged to an early school. This continues today with the Dharmaguptaka ordination lineage in East Asia, and the Mūlasarvāstivāda ordination lineage in Tibetan Buddhism. Therefore Mahāyāna was never a separate rival sect of the early schools. From Chinese monks visiting India, we now know that both Mahāyāna and non-Mahāyāna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side. | What is the given English translation for Bodhisattvayana? | {
"text": [
"Vehicle of the Bodhisattvas"
],
"answer_start": [
240
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3da4f136338b45caf1d1a9fbe14cdfa1b3752bb9 | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | How often do the Three Jewels change? | {
"text": [
"never"
],
"answer_start": [
768
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f3757c60776ceb0125745f9f11f59b30fb74db9d | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | what is considered the ultimate expression of compassion? | {
"text": [
"bodhisattva path"
],
"answer_start": [
471
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9c221a429cb3604ef2eef12ec52af4941f29dca6 | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | what is the first step in most Buddhist schools? | {
"text": [
"taking refuge"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c78745f00f29a6ff99279a4de49c7f45edc855a6 | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | How long will the Three Jewels remain in existence? | {
"text": [
"eternal"
],
"answer_start": [
893
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3f4f46883649b58dd80a68998aa60b3b0a737cee | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | How often do the Three Jewels get destroyed? | {
"text": [
"never"
],
"answer_start": [
768
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
aad8f97cbfeb260a8fa3c3e4ee14ec5c9b2696cc | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | what is the foundation of one's religious practice? | {
"text": [
"taking refuge"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
36910772668147df465fb5a2bb290a8b0b75ea92 | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | What is equivalent to a vow? | {
"text": [
"pledge"
],
"answer_start": [
503
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bb1234965ba5863477cc2c15b5333d68a4a903d6 | Buddhism | Traditionally, the first step in most Buddhist schools requires taking refuge in the Three Jewels (Sanskrit: tri-ratna, Pāli: ti-ratana)[web 19] as the foundation of one's religious practice. The practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children is mentioned in the Majjhima Nikaya, recognized by most scholars as an early text (cf. Infant baptism). Tibetan Buddhism sometimes adds a fourth refuge, in the lama. In Mahayana, the person who chooses the bodhisattva path makes a vow or pledge, considered the ultimate expression of compassion. In Mahayana, too, the Three Jewels are perceived as possessed of an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect: "The Three Jewels have the quality of excellence. Just as real jewels never change their faculty and goodness, whether praised or reviled, so are the Three Jewels (Refuges), because they have an eternal and immutable essence. These Three Jewels bring a fruition that is changeless, for once one has reached Buddhahood, there is no possibility of falling back to suffering. | what is recognized by most scholars as an early text on infant baptism? | {
"text": [
"practice of taking refuge on behalf of young or even unborn children"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
04df352a3e2cd54322b868e4dfecc9e62b3e21d3 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Between seon and zen, which one is Korean? | {
"text": [
"seon"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ea4e4a8ecb4f61d7aedf0885634e16caf6723738 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | How would you write "zen Buddhism" in Chinese? | {
"text": [
"禅"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a3ece5e4d058db58db3cb5f231f48c4981172d37 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | What is the ultimate goal of Zen Buddhism? | {
"text": [
"truth"
],
"answer_start": [
396
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4160c0d1d7648124e271fc2ac9294aafa4ac5a43 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | What relaxing practice is important to most Buddhists? | {
"text": [
"meditation"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e94e879a0f13775ee860442cd84d5039ba03bb12 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Of Sanskrit and Japanese, where does the term dhyana come from? | {
"text": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b1ea95f7e760aa26e4056b6790eb37a3fda2ff8b | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Who places significance on scripture? | {
"text": [
"some other forms of Buddhism"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b08b8f32ff0faa2ba19c53afa9e7d37c6116ead4 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | What does Zen place primary importance on? | {
"text": [
"direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8874ee4a4bb4e66296431013520b7e7b2ad1dfd8 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Between Chan and Seon, which is Korean? | {
"text": [
"seon"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e7834e987fb966f42c6e1bc97dfca3deffa8eb21 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Between Chan and zen, which one is Chinese? | {
"text": [
"Chán"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3286336fe11cda3af5dd8b9c7912fcda6ff92d6c | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | How do you say Zen in Japan? | {
"text": [
"zen"
],
"answer_start": [
64
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7aa93fcfccaecc74ac82950fb356ae1f9abfb1f0 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Where did the Japanese word for Zen come from? | {
"text": [
"Sanskrit"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f2f02ed3836eff890cf62f508323f5024f682653 | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | How do you say Zen in China? | {
"text": [
"Chán"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f83415d9d9e4a2660bab1f56b5f85b8d5141ee5f | Buddhism | Zen Buddhism (禅), pronounced Chán in Chinese, seon in Korean or zen in Japanese (derived from the Sanskrit term dhyāna, meaning "meditation") is a form of Buddhism that became popular in China, Korea and Japan and that lays special emphasis on meditation.[note 12] Zen places less emphasis on scriptures than some other forms of Buddhism and prefers to focus on direct spiritual breakthroughs to truth. | Between zen and dhyana, which is Sanskrit? | {
"text": [
"dhyāna"
],
"answer_start": [
112
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a4b14af7781acb5c168933e61504998291af7f8b | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | Vetter is attributed to coining what term? | {
"text": [
"the eightfold path"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c511958697418410da6f4e53441f09bb7e854b12 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | What resulted in the description of the eightfold path? | {
"text": [
"the middle way"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b9cd4f28b5a142506fb9b421584f511121c62f4f | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | Details of right samadhi are not offered by __ | {
"text": [
"the eightfold path"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e53fa900208fce613f33eb358cd205a8179389f0 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | The description of what was elaborated? | {
"text": [
"the middle way"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4266f24397ca63b34b966313901c5997d7a52587 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | What can be used to describe if something is 8 times as numerous? | {
"text": [
"eightfold"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
468cfa317f916dbd015840eb9ed39ef83f5d6c6d | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | __ can be practiced by either gender. | {
"text": [
"the eightfold path"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4d01f8f205b82dba9326271b4972a17e06a67b3f | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | Cognitive psychoogists have studied __ | {
"text": [
"the eightfold path"
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"answer_start": [
202
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
112d835376a7502cdd725c1328aa03826c68ed21 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | What is the description for remaining pathway of three total, where two veer off either left and right? | {
"text": [
"middle"
],
"answer_start": [
109
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2434952d9fa346ecd3a3e11e3c6524e227cd6134 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | A Tibetan monk is typically described as what? | {
"text": [
"Buddhist"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
083272c268106b1bce6497f871ddcd86a65ce7bb | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | The Pixie Cut and Bob haircuts are described as what kind of hairstyles? | {
"text": [
"short"
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3523f4bc0e44038b1717b0c417676587b1d136b6 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | The description of the Buddhist party is attempt to be transcribed to? | {
"text": [
"the middle way"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
aad1bf0f2a8b0bad2e9564f3fc7d18f88ec7323e | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | What types of journeys are being described? | {
"text": [
"the description of the Buddhist path"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
744af98b5ba51d449ce3c81b74ac6eced504857f | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | If something is easily understood and without difficulty, it is described as? | {
"text": [
"simple"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bb0a451146d3bb51b37468b61bacc5b711abe557 | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | What made the transcription more helpful? | {
"text": [
"this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d92793c1b0310c240d46f47033144813231195bd | Buddhism | According to Vetter, the description of the Buddhist path may initially have been as simple as the term "the middle way". In time, this short description was elaborated, resulting in the description of the eightfold path. | The middle way may also be known as what path? | {
"text": [
"eightfold"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
131235093bceeb4f86ee1ff66e510dca847677c4 | Buddhism | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself. | __ means Great Carriage | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e080742b94e2a80649477961fd28fd5812e28ded | Buddhism | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself. | The Buddha is considered to be more than just? | {
"text": [
"human"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3317f5a10db80b61179d6e0b15d3ad0c4afcb829 | Buddhism | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself. | __ was influenced by Abhidharmakosha of Vasubandhu | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
539deb6bd917cbe9d7558f3b952b1c29bda41f7f | Buddhism | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself. | How is Buddha imagined to be in Mahayana? | {
"text": [
"beyond the range and reach of thought"
],
"answer_start": [
165
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
559f871c908e9e940e387bb3122ddf3b31c7468d | Buddhism | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself. | How is Buddha compared to Sangha? | {
"text": [
"are viewed essentially as One"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f28426c0c73044e2df503bdac5f1cd8f9a269826 | Buddhism | In the Mahayana, the Buddha tends not to be viewed as merely human, but as the earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being (see Dharmakaya) beyond the range and reach of thought. Moreover, in certain Mahayana sutras, the Buddha, Dharma and Sangha are viewed essentially as One: all three are seen as the eternal Buddha himself. | 53% of Buddhists practice __ | {
"text": [
"Mahayana"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
188b1408c42c490e533fffa545a6d3d1a26ccc7e | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Coming back is a form of? | {
"text": [
"rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c3bf29273b90bd8a7999cf0f86963cb97e8381a3 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Who serves those who can perform good actions, producing merit? | {
"text": [
"Monks"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a276a028673b477815debe5c0119489edb475f2b | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | What do buddhists believe in? | {
"text": [
"rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7f188e783fa1100c6185af2df5d773c88742dab5 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Why do the monks volunteer? | {
"text": [
"to realize rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a31380f02d3625a1382e053a2a2e7f8a6ea6de38 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Monks and who can be Buddhist? | {
"text": [
"Laypersons"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
02864225a2bff7378b7e713e556b0085182edded | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Why do monks practice vinaya? | {
"text": [
"to realize rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d40f39617fec35c1ef146d7bead9817bff6e8425 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Why do monks meditate? | {
"text": [
"to realize rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0448bb1fa812c3f10905cafc5cdfe00a4e9d4f91 | Buddhism | Theravadin Buddhists believe that personal effort is required to realize rebirth. Monks follow the vinaya: meditating, teaching and serving their lay communities. Laypersons can perform good actions, producing merit. | Why do the monks teach? | {
"text": [
"to realize rebirth"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4694a96e97a47e6d46f9c84a9228aa17e0a2dacf | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | What does samadhi belong to? | {
"text": [
"language of the Noble Eightfold Path"
],
"answer_start": [
7
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
75c6c1599995ee885c863cef5032f4ffb8be755f | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | A Buddhist teaching | {
"text": [
"Noble Eightfold Path"
],
"answer_start": [
23
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
194611616d07b8c59bc7f87a19c6b9c304f54a21 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | How is samadhi trained? | {
"text": [
"meditation"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
74c59a855b1a74e208381f25464555772f2328eb | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | __ is translated as fixity in Chinese | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5e617ee46afe038556162ce5304c605aaf7dc57b | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | What is mostly affected after learning samadhi? | {
"text": [
"one's mind"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ea374092e98447bf8f35aeec56fd9d762b8deb72 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | __ is a non-dualistic state of consciousness. | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9f6519b64f607ce3fcdd9f17669a824b2e79ecfb | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | A state of intense concentration along the path | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
79ce62aed782a6adf436097691228344d1f79727 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | How is samyaksamadhi translated? | {
"text": [
"In"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
aabe392c0c3f9910ce84262a1abb07182efc82d4 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | What do you lose when you attain samadhi | {
"text": [
"defilement"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b8d3e69473a313e2dcd747b549703ddd9221d724 | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | What language is samyaksamadhi? | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
336eb0dd858e6b8cef616aca133a31d5694cdebe | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | __ first appeared in the Maitri Upanisad. | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cb3e4cf72b10db5f5d2a6e95105c7bf3221986cc | Buddhism | In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous. | Shortened form of samyaksamadhi | {
"text": [
"samādhi"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fd9dbff06711de383a028d408849185500419e6e | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | What is responsible for the learning centers? | {
"text": [
"dynasty of the Guptas"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b3e635933cca13d8c9a3775709ec54595651b3fd | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | The Guptas established a? | {
"text": [
"dynasty"
],
"answer_start": [
82
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
84a18c86d1328eb7d3387e0ab30b431a8df96746 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | What is considered a critical school? | {
"text": [
"Nālandā University"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d5b47f6e1040283b80c291c96e266e0dc72cd8df | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | The 5th century and what was when a certain kind of Buddhism flourished? | {
"text": [
"onwards"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fe314fbedc26b19e4ad28233a1139f239154c4f8 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | Mahayana Buddhism reigned supreme during an important dynasty located in this place? | {
"text": [
"India"
],
"answer_start": [
221
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bbeeca7b0aff2748b172ab7dcf1ef94040bb749c | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | The centres of learning were all where? | {
"text": [
"Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2fc47eebd7be21e503fb29c347c51fdca0aa1f74 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | Mahayana Buddhism started to become popular during the fifth century of what era? | {
"text": [
"CE"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
14c1f70a6307ca2cf4640763bdf75724ae4993cb | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | In Mahayana Buddhism, Nalanda is very? | {
"text": [
"important"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2eccbf24a562690d8075eee4ff5b56c12db40c80 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | What era was where the Buddhism flourished? | {
"text": [
"during the dynasty of the Guptas"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a67f4f995c2e108d65f0aaf6738bbce24c7d9a62 | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | A university is a place one can partake in? | {
"text": [
"learning"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
56c8613a5cf6a819deac616a41382a7137161ace | Buddhism | Mahayana Buddhism flourished in India from the 5th century CE onwards, during the dynasty of the Guptas. Mahāyāna centres of learning were established, the most important one being the Nālandā University in north-eastern India. | The Mahayana version of the belief system was taught at this most important university in north-eastern India. | {
"text": [
"Nālandā"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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