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731f3e50e74bce7bf434a693516fafbbe6f64bd1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury. | How did the Romans adopt the religion of the Greeks? | {
"text": [
"common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6f7b4c4390cf91a26fef335b3e84218422c6fa35 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury. | __ kings were descended from Demeratus of Corinth. | {
"text": [
"Etruscan"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b327487f4121ac1deeed142ce23a780b82a69f60 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury. | Who were the gods of the Greeks? | {
"text": [
"interpretatio graeca"
],
"answer_start": [
425
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
18864a6dadff1f9aabdac5b5f92f7e1f834ae9d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury. | How did the Greeks first influence the Romans? | {
"text": [
"introducing some religious practices"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0ad178eb13cac4fa9377c38d7c8b27018af19c64 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as the cult of Apollo. The Romans looked for common ground between their major gods and those of the Greeks (interpretatio graeca), adapting Greek myths and iconography for Latin literature and Roman art. Etruscan religion was also a major influence, particularly on the practice of augury. | What did the Romans try to mesh together? | {
"text": [
"their major gods and those of the Greeks"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5643247ea6b5166d1aa9f2c8a90fa4e1b95cec84 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | What is the main point of the passage? | {
"text": [
"St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that \"imperial honours\" were contrary to Christian teaching"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c79b9ad04ca493ebe91ccc4cb22988af0bb8e29b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | What conclusion is mentioned in the passage as a result of the other events? | {
"text": [
"as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the \"Catholic Church of the Christians\""
],
"answer_start": [
493
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b21eef24e85c381b002572c42f0c9bbabb3791cc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | How powerful was St. Jerome? | {
"text": [
"authoritative"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e5a422f2c5cf31c580df52f557e4ece3b2f906bd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | What word was used by Early Christians to denote people that practice polytheism, from the Latin term for rural? | {
"text": [
"pagan"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
309b2319d3f22348a25daac766e0828d722cc80d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | What point is central to the passage's resolution? | {
"text": [
"The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem"
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
99b1c9b66a73e2b946b9e0a9a22d3f203de9087a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | Who were the emperors compared to? | {
"text": [
"God"
],
"answer_start": [
335
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bbd51c961608ba3da817cf4bc892e426d90f0c2f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | Where was lack of peace most concerning? | {
"text": [
"internal"
],
"answer_start": [
376
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
51ee4562689e6cdf7d115603fd2e8ed5cc2791d0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | Those a part of a schismatic Christian group in North African, that formed in the year 311 are? | {
"text": [
"Donatists"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
28b4a41c5c8821f869d148b027795432db8654e8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | A formal term used in law that means up to this or that time, from Middle English's word hiderto is? | {
"text": [
"hitherto"
],
"answer_start": [
467
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a8519a0932ac85bd1d6eb2256e1e1092b5fa5a4d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | In legal settings, the ending or lessening of something is called? | {
"text": [
"abatement"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bb1ae1add8cd10e27f2e159376d5d80229c9036d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors was the peace of God; as far as the Church was concerned, internal dissent and doctrinal schism were a far greater problem. The solution came from a hitherto unlikely source: as pontifex maximus Constantine I favoured the "Catholic Church of the Christians" against the Donatists because: | A word for a type of barricade that is from the Middle High German term, bolwerc is? | {
"text": [
"bulwark"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e66f40125b1904f3a9a517e5a3b965e54f7611d7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | Whose fate was committed to the gods as well as the Roman who performed the devotio? | {
"text": [
"the enemy"
],
"answer_start": [
123
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5f1666e4edd1ff6a51ce56fbdd5fa1ee7c2ed3d9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What are the names of the underworld gods? | {
"text": [
"Manes and Tellus"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b59f05b8e0866d40340e86813bd1667bf0aa6904 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | Who made the prayer committing himself to die? | {
"text": [
"Decius"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b14b442afdf3bc78dbe9582a42a6de8fe4f414a4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What gods did Decius Mus devote himself to | {
"text": [
"dii Manes and Tellus"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f8b539e7ab8f343de0a8672d8535a93c9e53dba | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | Who made sure the story of Decius was carried on? | {
"text": [
"Livy"
],
"answer_start": [
172
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8f4fb814222e17335f95889cfe43f6c11c309c78 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | Why were other members of Decius Muls' family also committed to his offering | {
"text": [
"family tradition"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3b1f0306f2d19175aaec88cdf63223737a47f021 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What did Decius Mus offer as a sacrifice? | {
"text": [
"liver"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3d82b9b2ba55e12806f33de695fd2945fcde4648 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | Who relayed the message to Decius that the gods are pleased? | {
"text": [
"the haruspex"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4a952aa95699fb09d97f4e4de084354caca165dd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What is the name of Decius Mus's son? | {
"text": [
"Decius Mus"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
8a222807e60ec7b8071a99ec9f0e38a836f4437b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What gods are offered the devotio from Decius? | {
"text": [
"dii Manes and Tellus"
],
"answer_start": [
689
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d9f902559153b15bdf3e8d41b85257bacd5cfbae | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What is the name of Decius Mus' grandson? | {
"text": [
"Decius Mus"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4e243dee0022107f78821d32d0acb73d3f6df235 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator. | What did the military seek to honor with the committal? | {
"text": [
"underworld gods"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d079f99a83fd48ba66d8eb5f3047ea1bae36e46d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | How was Jupiter getting all animals born in spring taken care of? | {
"text": [
"All due care would be taken of the animals"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3162b15f57593bf11b72b14f336795e181b2ee66 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What was counted as a sacrifice if it was stolen? | {
"text": [
"animals"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
134b3937d49b5a08d2d6d59e05001fdd446e5fad | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What was the reason behind extraordinary sacrifices? | {
"text": [
"Extraordinary circumstances"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5dd3273ec1e3b79b4d4a0c28b26b02d8bc4360f6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What might be offered if it wasn't appropriate to offer a large offering? | {
"text": [
"minor offerings"
],
"answer_start": [
888
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bef8768e136036a8248c8ec4f0a20b92767d256e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What if a sacrifice was made but the deal wasn't kept up by the gods? | {
"text": [
"the offered sacrifice would be withheld"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e52230aaf471bcca35f557bf851ff068e673e5cf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What had already been consecrated? | {
"text": [
"animals"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cd87fe8decf615488778cb4dc59b232b0d971d20 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What was not given to the Gods if people were upset with them? | {
"text": [
"sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c2e4aacee6e78e29f2000494e1242bc7b9d5b737 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What similar event went bad for the gods? | {
"text": [
"sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4aa019045854a953a8db5a00f84b196f5c408ae4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What was an example of a major sacrifice? | {
"text": [
"animals"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5d2e831cbcf0601cfe9d38a64ddf30b597438dcf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What was the cause of the sacrifices withheld? | {
"text": [
"Trajan's death"
],
"answer_start": [
678
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
7f0fbab1248484405147cbb0d170950af9f99d76 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | What was protected from Hannibal? | {
"text": [
"every animal born that spring"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1c2fe880fba853554ef7a80d0596fb88e7094f0c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | In Pompeii, if the gods did not fulfill their side of the bargain, what were the consequences? | {
"text": [
"offered sacrifice would be withheld"
],
"answer_start": [
584
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
85195ce257a4ce61c329ecd32b2bcb2c63547c5a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | When was the contract promised? | {
"text": [
"Second Punic War"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f50f028f93a7af3681e02837502b96414c28c9d7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | Why was a contract with the gods made? | {
"text": [
"protection"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3e36980d15de85eef132cc4bc664a982a5565c07 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made. | Why was Jupiter promised every animal born that spring? | {
"text": [
"Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4dd73284a28e301dac5c01d753ab9600ba161ae2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | Of the people who had voting rights, who did not have the ability to vote? | {
"text": [
"adult males"
],
"answer_start": [
268
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dd7da645e6327fa6ee7e00c1286679b0f24965ad | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What traits were required of a person in order to participate in Romanian government? | {
"text": [
"educated, male, landowning military aristocracy"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
59bdd168ae8a69579f31db2c23a4fe7bc71e50e7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What group of people were below men in society? | {
"text": [
"Women"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
2fa65918412ead6d647d90f2c1b0c78e265c7780 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | Who is implicated to play an unimportant role in politics? | {
"text": [
"Women"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
cd2510a99a00f2e41f9e2f102a7420739b778ea2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What were you allowed to participate in if you were a man who had had schooling, owned land, and associations with miltary? | {
"text": [
"politics and religion"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
eab36a6aa06150b5dd076d0cca27cadbba9a4b23 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What was the other half of roman population alongside the non-citizens? | {
"text": [
"citizens"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
025cb9aad565cbd55ccad383237a3d54c6c952e2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | Ultimately, how did the Romanian government operate in terms of decision making? | {
"text": [
"all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. \"In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans\""
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ba092673a6890d98643b2f9a28ebec1bcf4928c5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | Of all people of Rome, how many of them were without free will or not proper residents? | {
"text": [
"Approximately half Rome's population"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e835304c80e69dcd86ab92e2cab3396b54cf3fe4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What did men have that women did not? | {
"text": [
"voting rights"
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
de60e10ec0bccb84c5241d7d008293e4938ce423 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What were the realities of those who were seemingingly allowed to vote? | {
"text": [
"Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b846afef77cd8b6895817c2a5b01dcf3e557201b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | In what way is it implied that Rome did not care about the citizens opinions? | {
"text": [
"Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a39e9c7fbfc96a74ed0349653e9beb18f25b296c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What did you need to be in able to participate in Roman government? | {
"text": [
"an educated, male, landowning military"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
604d2e6d1a29dd9875015a654ff3218670707637 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans". | What many people could actually vote? | {
"text": [
"Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b44efde457fa68269ccdf3103772f205f7ddc890 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | When were pleas noted during the reign under Theodosius I | {
"text": [
"402"
],
"answer_start": [
330
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
79ac230e37c876cd6034d26e4670a41c5fc88588 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What God-fearing group was top dog in 380? | {
"text": [
"Nicene Christianity"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
658351b36fef25e13be303291906c7a99164caa9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What religion failed to become the official religion of the Roman Empire? | {
"text": [
"Judaism"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
5b4fbcc6310d47d572a90a90b41359b7577a0470 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What was the last religion listed before emperor Theodosius. | {
"text": [
"Judaism"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
1111879844eeb95a01aff1fea26c31dd5b2a611e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | Who rejected pleas for tolerance? | {
"text": [
"the Roman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
227
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
f907c4e85831a0ed784227e6da1de850053bde63 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | Which political figure wanted freedom of religion? | {
"text": [
"senator Symmachus"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b3027efaf4c4dcf97320ffecb070d85d57d32d47 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What resulted from senator Symmachus' desires? | {
"text": [
"rejected"
],
"answer_start": [
340
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
66523f164ab3e353d272f58c86bcddc2fbf9a72d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What was the religion in Rome in 200 AD | {
"text": [
"Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
4639d025b32418bf283697c9deba9e73bc5faea8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What is the second religion listed in the text. | {
"text": [
"Hellenistic"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
a09d70a97b2396e795877f8649b9dd6e94e780ec | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | Who wanted Christianity to be the official religion? | {
"text": [
"Theodosius I"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fe8e51a75d792f3316d1f32864481ffc960469d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What group was looking for freedom of religion? | {
"text": [
"traditionalists"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b3d81c6e302a7d0dd5cfacec7872547bee3680f5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What land area did Theodosius I lead? | {
"text": [
"Roman Empire"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dfc1ee8d12b80983a161ef5d9fcda371c774401d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | What was looked down upon? | {
"text": [
"non-Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ac7c20be1c5a29811f00ad0fdfc4664c7eb108e8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symmachus (d. 402) were rejected. Christianity became increasingly popular. Heretics as well as non-Christians were subject to exclusion from public life or persecution, but Rome's original religious hierarchy and many aspects of its ritual influenced Christian forms, and many pre-Christian beliefs and practices survived in Christian festivals and local traditions. | Who was looked down upon? | {
"text": [
"Heretics as well as non-Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c5fbdb7e2a5d6813877a5d1270bc8d9d67e51502 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | What was significant for the future of the country? | {
"text": [
"Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation"
],
"answer_start": [
815
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
249d3b56e5973f84e83d2bd46acadd85d0a90687 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How did religion affect the ruler of the country? | {
"text": [
"personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers"
],
"answer_start": [
182
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
57c838446c2d6a35f7d74d2e9ae6a504bca8d204 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How did religion and politics shape the country? | {
"text": [
"the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
004058032942752289650ac47c6e290df744b9d6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | What areas did Augustus have influence over? | {
"text": [
"political, military and priestly"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
672cda18b48721c7ded761510fd04b34c473c1e1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | What did the emperors continue? | {
"text": [
"pax deorum"
],
"answer_start": [
837
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
02a4054671f0d278ced4641b4e7de8269b5e6def | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | Who benefited from Augustus? | {
"text": [
"Compitalia"
],
"answer_start": [
699
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee96bada03a40b7d77898de3af535fb9e814e206 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | What is the Republic mentioned? | {
"text": [
"Rome"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
3b2e9042f2dc09b7afdc6609d8ddcfbd027b9a94 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | What type of power did Augustus have besides political and priestly? | {
"text": [
"military"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
90c18f411399bf1fcfb821c15e98d45f8d36c737 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How long did Augustus have all of his powers after the beginning? | {
"text": [
"lifetime"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bfb9672206ff714f9f0ea9a707ebe36326086bbd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How did the political leader of the coutnry affect religion? | {
"text": [
"He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ca44d19cfed03167e091c1b6eb177ab3a8a5c49d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How did Augustus ensure pax deorum would continue? | {
"text": [
"adopted a successor"
],
"answer_start": [
893
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
c5d55a0c2e8a1dbfa2f4bd518803430f4c45e2e4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How long did Augustus have all of his powers in the beginning? | {
"text": [
"temporarily"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
53895cf7de35ce300ef1c402b1420240039b05a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. He acquired or was granted an unprecedented number of Rome's major priesthoods, including that of pontifex maximus; as he invented none, he could claim them as traditional honours. His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality. Augustus obtained the pax deorum, maintained it for the rest of his reign and adopted a successor to ensure its continuation. This remained a primary religious and social duty of emperors. | How did he change religion? | {
"text": [
"His reforms were represented as adaptive, restorative and regulatory, rather than innovative; most notably his elevation (and membership) of the ancient Arvales, his timely promotion of the plebeian Compitalia shortly before his election and his patronage of the Vestals as a visible restoration of Roman morality"
],
"answer_start": [
500
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
75cdf3bf2394b04e0a5e5304885a67f836606c45 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Who was Dionysus compared with? | {
"text": [
"Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
87f7c2ffe552cdf70d1f6044072cd748e487d498 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | What is the first name of the man with whom, other than Father Liber, Dionysus was equated? | {
"text": [
"Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
405
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
fe0c8fd322b375cdc8185455df6d2933a8795ec1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Who was NOT an inventor: Dionysus or Father Liber? | {
"text": [
"Dionysus"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
9deeab74a9d5e00c7138f531fdeeeb6a3866f12a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Marsyas was a victim of? | {
"text": [
"Apollo"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
d96f4daec651f7485304890eb3dd9ac8eab49c45 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Cults experienced what form of oppression? | {
"text": [
"suppression"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
bd43cf32c0097360cd066072f8972d18c5e624ab | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Who was the inventor: Dionysus or Father Liber? | {
"text": [
"Father Liber"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dc4a513550de00326a4f45a1ebadc10ad1ee349c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | What did the statue of Marsyas represent? | {
"text": [
"symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship"
],
"answer_start": [
696
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
dff1a608839066cc7efc743c3794767d1331bf17 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued. | Dionysus was compared to someone whose festival is called? | {
"text": [
"Liber's festival"
],
"answer_start": [
923
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ab703fa70e513276c2006ad8143669e872c1d515 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | What did the Super Game Boy have that the SNES did not? | {
"text": [
"an adapter"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
6ea7084073852de24973656ab4468ab1ae9981c2 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | the only place to get super game boy 2 was | {
"text": [
"Japan"
],
"answer_start": [
559
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
e6c12fe8b37d01242f7d93b845a861698250ff4d | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | pallete sustitution is in what system | {
"text": [
"The Super Game Boy"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
79e8aee254031af1578fec2fd40e5546b3261740 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | What console came after the Game Boy? | {
"text": [
"Super Game Boy"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
b2f9ec68f229653813f45634de090adf093bb77e | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | what do watch the NES games on | {
"text": [
"TV"
],
"answer_start": [
152
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ee03ab22ea11b9c2bac86d73c4c6dcff9cdba446 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | what could you do with the super gameboy 2 but not the game boy | {
"text": [
"multiplayer games"
],
"answer_start": [
687
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
ef7ba53615c29d708f62d4c5b49a2425c35feb7b | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | What did Nintendo never release for the SNES? | {
"text": [
"an adapter for playing NES games"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
0cc4c69e3455c01daf43b0ef5c5f0196c33f6202 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | What games from another console can be played on the SNES? | {
"text": [
"games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
19e6e6feecb53f7d0f3cbeb39a3ddd2bd1f55982 | Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System | While Nintendo never released an adapter for playing NES games on the SNES (though the instructions included a way to connect both consoles to the same TV by either daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs for one or both systems), the Super Game Boy adapter cartridge allows games designed for Nintendo's portable Game Boy system to be played on the SNES. The Super Game Boy touted several feature enhancements over the Game Boy, including palette substitution, custom screen borders, and (for specially enhanced games) access to the SNES console. Japan also saw the release of the Super Game Boy 2, which added a communication port to enable a second Game Boy to connect for multiplayer games. | What did daisy chaining the RF switches or using AV outputs enable one to do? | {
"text": [
"playing NES games on the SNES"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} | {
"split": "train",
"model_in_the_loop": "Combined"
} |
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