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Context: In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications.
Question: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
Answer: 1957
Question: Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
Answer: Kroemer Braunstein
Question: The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
Answer: a GaAs diode
Question: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
Answer: a PbS diode
Question: What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Answer: audio amplifier
Question: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for radio communication?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who discovered radio uses for early LED devices?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: The current in radio communication had to go through what type of component?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What other component was needed to detect the second current of a radio signal?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What first device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: If impaired blood flow to the heart lasts long enough, it triggers a process called the ischemic cascade; the heart cells in the territory of the occluded coronary artery die (chiefly through necrosis) and do not grow back. A collagen scar forms in their place. Recent studies indicate that another form of cell death, apoptosis, also plays a role in the process of tissue damage following an MI. As a result, the person's heart will be permanently damaged. This myocardial scarring also puts the person at risk for potentially life-threatening abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias), and may result in the formation of a ventricular aneurysm that can rupture with catastrophic consequences.
Question: What does necrosis trigger?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is a collagen scar called?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is another name for a ventricular aneurysm?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: apoptosis is the death of what artery?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is impaired blood flow called?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Scholars have debated the relationship and differences within āstika philosophies and with nāstika philosophies, starting with the writings of Indologists and Orientalists of the 18th and 19th centuries, which were themselves derived from limited availability of Indian literature and medieval doxographies. The various sibling traditions included in Hindu philosophies are diverse, and they are united by shared history and concepts, same textual resources, similar ontological and soteriological focus, and cosmology. While Buddhism and Jainism are considered distinct philosophies and religions, some heterodox traditions such as Cārvāka are often considered as distinct schools within Hindu philosophy.
Question: What have scholars argued about with regards to nastika and astika philosophies?
Answer: relationship and differences
Question: In what centuries the writings of scholars been used to debate the philosophies?
Answer: 18th and 19th
Question: What are Buddhism and Jainism regarded as in relation to religion and philosophy?
Answer: distinct
Question: What are other schools regarded as within Hindu philosophy?
Answer: distinct schools
Question: How available are the sources of knowledge on Indian philosophy?
Answer: limited
Question: When were the astika and nastika philosophies written?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What are the two sibling traditions?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What differentiates the various sibling traditions?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What do scholars agree on within the astika and nastika philosophies?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which two named philosophies are considered to be the same?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Kenneth Samuel Wuest holds that all three original New Testament verses' usages reflect a derisive element in the term Christian to refer to followers of Christ who did not acknowledge the emperor of Rome. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames. However Peter's apparent endorsement of the term led to its being preferred over "Nazarenes" and the term Christianoi from 1 Peter becomes the standard term in the Early Church Fathers from Ignatius and Polycarp onwards.
Question: Kenneth Samuel Wuest believes that the Biblical Christian term referenced people who did not acknowledge who?
Answer: the emperor of Rome
Question: In what city did the term Christians start?
Answer: Antioch
Question: When Peter endorsed the term, the term Christian was used instead of what other term?
Answer: Nazarenes
Question: Which city did not have a reputation for coming up with nicknames ?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Because Christianoi endorsed it, which term was preferred over Nazarenes?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which nickname was endorsed by Kenneth Samuel Wuest?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In which city were they given the nickname "Peter"?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Comcast is sometimes described as a family business. Brian L. Roberts, Chairman, President, and CEO of Comcast, is son of co-founder Ralph Roberts. Roberts owns or controls just over 1% of all Comcast shares but all of the Class B supervoting shares, which gives him an "undilutable 33% voting power over the company". Legal expert Susan P. Crawford has said this gives him "effective control over its [Comcast's] every step". In 2010, he was one of the highest-paid executives in the United States, with total compensation of about $31 million.
Question: Who is the current head of Comcast?
Answer: Brian L. Roberts
Question: Who co-founded Comcast?
Answer: Ralph Roberts
Question: In what year was Roberts ranked as the country's highest-paid executive?
Answer: 2010
Question: What was Roberts' yearly salary in that year?
Answer: about $31 million
Question: What is Roberts power on the Comcast board?
Answer: "undilutable 33% voting power over the company"
Question: Who is Brian L. Robert's son?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percentage of voting power does Susan P. Crawford have?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is Susan P. Crawford's salary?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did Roberts become the CEO of Comcast?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What type of supervoting shares does Robert not have?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: With house music already massive on the '80s dance-scene it was only a matter of time before it would penetrate the UK pop charts.[citation needed] The record generally credited as the first house hit in the UK was Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around" which reached #10 in the UK singles chart in September 1986.
Question: what is credited as the first house hit in the UK?
Answer: Farley "Jackmaster" Funk's "Love Can't Turn Around"
Question: what did "Love Can't Turn Around" peak at in the UK charts?
Answer: #10
Question: what year did Farley Funk have his first UK hit?
Answer: 1986
Question: What is created as the second house hit in the UK?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did "Love Can't Turn Around" peak at in the Farley charts?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What year did Love Funk have his first UK hit?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which song reached #6 in the UK singles chart?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did "Jackmaster" reach #10 in the UK singles chart?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Boundaries can be inclusive or exclusive depending on how they are perceived by other people. An exclusive boundary arises, for example, when a person adopts a marker that imposes restrictions on the behaviour of others. An inclusive boundary is created, by contrast, by the use of a marker with which other people are ready and able to associate. At the same time, however, an inclusive boundary will also impose restrictions on the people it has included by limiting their inclusion within other boundaries. An example of this is the use of a particular language by a newcomer in a room full of people speaking various languages. Some people may understand the language used by this person while others may not. Those who do not understand it might take the newcomer's use of this particular language merely as a neutral sign of identity. But they might also perceive it as imposing an exclusive boundary that is meant to mark them off from her. On the other hand, those who do understand the newcomer's language could take it as an inclusive boundary, through which the newcomer associates herself with them to the exclusion of the other people present. Equally, however, it is possible that people who do understand the newcomer but who also speak another language may not want to speak the newcomer's language and so see her marker as an imposition and a negative boundary. It is possible that the newcomer is either aware or unaware of this, depending on whether she herself knows other languages or is conscious of the plurilingual quality of the people there and is respectful of it or not.
Question: What are the two types of group boundaries?
Answer: inclusive or exclusive
Question: A marker that imposes restriction on the behavior of others is what kind of boundary?
Answer: exclusive
Question: A marker that people are ready and willing to associate with is what kind of boundary?
Answer: inclusive
Question: What boundary is given as an example that can be inclusive or exclusive?
Answer: language
Question: What are two types of individual boundaries?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does an inclusive boundary impose restrictions on?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What are people not ready and willing to do within inclusive boundary?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What foundry is neither inclusive or exclusive?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: By the 12th century, Romanesque architecture (termed Norman architecture in England because of its association with the Norman invasion), was established throughout Europe and provided the basic architectural forms and units that were to remain in evolution throughout the Medieval period. The important categories of building: the cathedral church, the parish church, the monastery, the castle, the palace, the great hall, the gatehouse, the civic building, had been established in the Romanesque period.
Question: What is Romanesque architecture known as in England?
Answer: Norman architecture
Question: By the beginning of what century was the Romanesque style established all over Europe?
Answer: the 12th century
Question: The Romanesque style continued to affect and inspire the basic architectural forms throughout which period?
Answer: the Medieval period
Question: What is one important category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?
Answer: the cathedral church
Question: What is another category of building that was established during the Romanesque period?
Answer: the palace
Question: What is Romanesque architecture no longer known as in England?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What century was the Romanesque style forgotten all over Europe?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is one useless category of building that was recognized during the Romanesque period?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the only category of building that was demolished during the Romanesque period?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The modern term "culture" is based on a term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes, where he wrote of a cultivation of the soul or "cultura animi", using an agricultural metaphor for the development of a philosophical soul, understood teleologically as the highest possible ideal for human development. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a modern context, meaning something similar, but no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection. His use, and that of many writers after him "refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human".
Question: What is the modern term "culture" based on?
Answer: term used by the Ancient Roman orator Cicero
Question: Who took over the metaphor used by Cicero?
Answer: Samuel Pufendorf
Question: Samuel changed something that was in the old meaning of the metaphor, what was it?
Answer: no longer assuming that philosophy was man's natural perfection
Question: What term was used by the Ancient Roman Emperor Cicero in his Tusculanae Disputationes?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What had written in it an agricultural metaphor for the destruction of a philosophical soul?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who first introduced the metaphor later used by Cicero?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who assumed that philosophy was man's natural perfection?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.
Question: What trait do people most commonly link red with?
Answer: courage
Question: Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?
Answer: to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs
Question: What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?
Answer: a red cross on a white field
Question: What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?
Answer: St. George's Cross
Question: Who was Saint George believed to be?
Answer: a Roman soldier
Question: Why is the color red worn in the Catholic Church?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the banner of the Catholic soldiers in the First Crusade?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the Catholic cross of the First Crusade called?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was Saint George according to Catholic tradition?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What cross became the Roman flag in the 16th century?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored. However, to protect the identity of the competition, the sponsored name has always included 'The FA Cup' in addition to the sponsor's name, unlike sponsorship deals for the League Cup where the word 'cup' is preceded by only the sponsor's name. Sponsorship deals run for four years, though – as in the case of E.ON – one-year extensions may be agreed. Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018, renaming the competition as 'The Emirates FA Cup', unlike previous editions, which included 'The FA Cup in association with E.ON' and 'The FA Cup with Budweiser'.
Question: is the Fa cup sponsered?
Answer: Since the start of the 1994–95 season, the FA Cup has been sponsored.
Question: How long does the sponsor remain?
Answer: Sponsorship deals run for four years
Question: Can they extend their deal?
Answer: one-year extensions may be agreed
Question: Who is the current sponsor?
Answer: Emirates airline is the sponsor from 2015 to 2018
Question: What is the competition called now?
Answer: The Emirates FA Cup
Question: Who was the sponsor from 1994-95?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what competition is the sponsor's name not in the title?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What company has not agreed to a one year extension?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is not the sponsor from 2015 to 2018?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What company has sponsored the League Cup?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.
Question: What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?
Answer: Infrared reflectography
Question: What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?
Answer: carbon black
Question: What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?
Answer: pentimenti
Question: What painting technique is used to reveal working practices?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is visible in alterations of paintings?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is it called when visible layers differ from the reflectogram?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is useful to show if a painting is original or part of a reflectogram?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: With carbon black what is the painting more likely to be?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the 1949 Armistice Agreements and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water. However Israel is so narrow that the exclusive economic zone in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country. The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi), and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi). Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the Negev desert in the south to the inland fertile Jezreel Valley, mountain ranges of the Galilee, Carmel and toward the Golan in the north. The Israeli Coastal Plain on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to 57 percent of the nation's population. East of the central highlands lies the Jordan Rift Valley, which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) Great Rift Valley.
Question: Where does the Jordan Rift Valley lie?
Answer: East of the central highlands
Question: What's home to 57% of the nation's population?
Answer: Israeli Coastal Plain
Question: How big is the sovereign territory of Israel?
Answer: 20,770 square kilometers |
Context: The introduction of the guided missile resulted in a significant shift in anti-aircraft strategy. Although Germany had been desperate to introduce anti-aircraft missile systems, none became operational during World War II. Following several years of post-war development, however, these systems began to mature into viable weapons systems. The US started an upgrade of their defences using the Nike Ajax missile, and soon the larger anti-aircraft guns disappeared. The same thing occurred in the USSR after the introduction of their SA-2 Guideline systems.
Question: Which weapon caused a major shift in anti-aircraft strategy?
Answer: guided missile
Question: Which company wanted to introduce missile systems during the second World War but was not successful?
Answer: Germany
Question: What missile did the United States upgrade their defences with?
Answer: the Nike Ajax missile
Question: The introduction of the Nike Ajax missile caused what to disappear?
Answer: the larger anti-aircraft guns
Question: The introduction of what caused the larger anti-aircraft guns to disappear in the USSR?
Answer: SA-2 Guideline systems |
Context: Weinrich et al. (1993) and Weinberg et al. (1994) criticized the scale for lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories. When applying the scale, Kinsey considered two dimensions of sexual orientation: overt sexual experience and psychosexual reactions. Valuable information was lost by collapsing the two values into one final score. A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience. It would have been quite simple for Kinsey to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information. Furthermore, there are more than two dimensions of sexuality to be considered. Beyond behavior and reactions, one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle etc. This is addressed by the Klein Sexual Orientation Grid.
Question: What did both Weinrich and Weinberg critisize the KInsey scale for?
Answer: lumping individuals who are different based on different dimensions of sexuality into the same categories.
Question: What caused valuable information to be lost while using the KInsey scale?
Answer: collapsing the two values into one final score
Question: Why was collapsing the two values into one score a problem?
Answer: A person who has only predominantly same sex reactions is different from someone with relatively little reaction but lots of same sex experience
Question: How could Kinsey have avoided losing this crucial information?
Answer: to have measured the two dimensions separately and report scores independently to avoid loss of information
Question: Besides behavior and reactions what else could have been used in the KInsey scale?
Answer: one could also assess attraction, identification, lifestyle |
Context: Since 1973 Plymouth has been supplied water by South West Water. Prior to the 1973 take over it was supplied by Plymouth County Borough Corporation. Before the 19th century two leats were built in order to provide drinking water for the town. They carried water from Dartmoor to Plymouth. A watercourse, known as Plymouth or Drake's Leat, was opened on 24 April 1591 to tap the River Meavy. The Devonport Leat was constructed to carry fresh drinking water to the expanding town of Devonport and its ever growing dockyard. It was fed by three Dartmoor rivers: The West Dart, Cowsic and Blackabrook. It seems to have been carrying water since 1797, but it was officially completed in 1801. It was originally designed to carry water to Devonport town, but has since been shortened and now carries water to Burrator Reservoir, which feeds most of the water supply of Plymouth. Burrator Reservoir is located about 5 miles (8 km) north of the city and was constructed in 1898 and expanded in 1928.
Question: When did Plymouth begin receiving water from South West Water?
Answer: 1973
Question: Who provided Plymouth's water prior to 1973?
Answer: Plymouth County Borough Corporation
Question: When did Drake's Leat open?
Answer: 24 April 1591
Question: From where did Drake's Leat draw water?
Answer: River Meavy
Question: When did construction finish on Devonport Leat?
Answer: 1801 |
Context: John initially adopted a defensive posture similar to that of 1199: avoiding open battle and carefully defending his key castles. John's operations became more chaotic as the campaign progressed, and Philip began to make steady progress in the east. John became aware in July that Arthur's forces were threatening his mother, Eleanor, at Mirebeau Castle. Accompanied by William de Roches, his seneschal in Anjou, he swung his mercenary army rapidly south to protect her. His forces caught Arthur by surprise and captured the entire rebel leadership at the battle of Mirebeau. With his southern flank weakening, Philip was forced to withdraw in the east and turn south himself to contain John's army.
Question: Who accompanied John?
Answer: William de Roches
Question: Why was Philip forced to withdraw in the east?
Answer: southern flank weakening
Question: Who was caught by surprised?
Answer: Arthur |
Context: The Sun remained loyal to Thatcher right up to her resignation in November 1990, despite the party's fall in popularity over the previous year following the introduction of the Poll tax (officially known as the Community Charge). This change to the way local government is funded was vociferously supported by the newspaper, despite widespread opposition, (some from Conservative MPs), which is seen as having contributed to Thatcher's own downfall. The tax was quickly repealed by her successor John Major, whom The Sun initially supported enthusiastically, believing he was a radical Thatcherite – despite the economy having entered recession at this time.
Question: When did Margaret Thatcher leave office?
Answer: November 1990
Question: What is another name for the Community Charge?
Answer: Poll tax
Question: Who took over for Thatcher?
Answer: John Major
Question: Who opposed the poll tax?
Answer: Conservative MPs
Question: How did The Sun feel about the Poll tax?
Answer: was vociferously supported by the newspaper |
Context: Following the defeat of the German empire in World War I and the abdication of the German Emperor, some revolutionary insurgents declared Alsace-Lorraine as an independent Republic, without preliminary referendum or vote. On 11 November 1918 (Armistice Day), communist insurgents proclaimed a "soviet government" in Strasbourg, following the example of Kurt Eisner in Munich as well as other German towns. French troops commanded by French general Henri Gouraud entered triumphantly in the city on 22 November. A major street of the city now bears the name of that date (Rue du 22 Novembre) which celebrates the entry of the French in the city. Viewing the massive cheering crowd gathered under the balcony of Strasbourg's town hall, French President Raymond Poincaré stated that "the plebiscite is done".
Question: In what war was the German Empire defeated?
Answer: World War I
Question: What kind of Republic did some insurgents declare Alsace-Lorraine?
Answer: independent
Question: What date was Strasbourg declared a soviet government by insurgents?
Answer: 11 November 1918
Question: Who commanded the French troops on November 22?
Answer: French general Henri Gouraud
Question: What French President said "the plebiscite is done"?
Answer: Raymond Poincaré
Question: In what year was Raymond Poincare made French President?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What nationality was under Soviet rule in 1918?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was made ruler of Strasburg when it was proclaimed as a "soviet government"?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What political persuasion was French general Henri Gouraud?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: who was the German Emperor who abdicated?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Dietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption and digestibility. Dietary fiber consists mainly of cellulose, a large carbohydrate polymer which is indigestible as humans do not have the required enzymes to disassemble it. There are two subcategories: soluble and insoluble fiber. Whole grains, fruits (especially plums, prunes, and figs), and vegetables are good sources of dietary fiber. There are many health benefits of a high-fiber diet. Dietary fiber helps reduce the chance of gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and diarrhea by increasing the weight and size of stool and softening it. Insoluble fiber, found in whole wheat flour, nuts and vegetables, especially stimulates peristalsis – the rhythmic muscular contractions of the intestines, which move digesta along the digestive tract. Soluble fiber, found in oats, peas, beans, and many fruits, dissolves in water in the intestinal tract to produce a gel that slows the movement of food through the intestines. This may help lower blood glucose levels because it can slow the absorption of sugar. Additionally, fiber, perhaps especially that from whole grains, is thought to possibly help lessen insulin spikes, and therefore reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. The link between increased fiber consumption and a decreased risk of colorectal cancer is still uncertain.
Question: What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans?
Answer: Dietary fiber
Question: How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized?
Answer: four
Question: What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber?
Answer: cellulose
Question: What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea?
Answer: constipation
Question: What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels?
Answer: slow the absorption of sugar |
Context: In July 1973, Queen finally under a Trident/EMI deal released their eponymous debut album, an effort influenced by the heavy metal and progressive rock of the day. The album was received well by critics; Gordon Fletcher of Rolling Stone said "their debut album is superb", and Chicago's Daily Herald called it an "above average debut". It drew little mainstream attention, and the lead single "Keep Yourself Alive", a Brian May composition, sold poorly. Retrospectively, "Keep Yourself Alive" is cited as the highlight of the album, and in 2008 Rolling Stone ranked it 31st in the "100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time", describing it as "an entire album's worth of riffs crammed into a single song". The album was certified gold in the UK and the US.
Question: In what year was Queen's first album released?
Answer: 1973
Question: What was the name of Queen's first album?
Answer: Queen
Question: What was the lead single from Queen's first album?
Answer: Keep Yourself Alive
Question: Which Queen song ranked as the 31st greatest guitar song in a 1998 Rolling Stone article?
Answer: Keep Yourself Alive
Question: Which critic called Queen's debut superb?
Answer: Gordon Fletcher |
Context: The final showdown was between Justin Guarini, one of the early favorites, and Kelly Clarkson. Clarkson was not initially thought of as a contender, but impressed the judges with some good performances in the final rounds, such as her performance of Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff Like That There", and eventually won the crown on September 4, 2002.
Question: What year did Kelly Clarkson win?
Answer: 2002
Question: Who was the runner up to Kelly Clarkson?
Answer: Justin Guarini
Question: What month did Kelly Clarkson win?
Answer: September
Question: Of the final two, which was an early favorite to win?
Answer: Justin Guarini
Question: Who won the first season of American Idol?
Answer: Kelly Clarkson
Question: When did Clarkson win the crown?
Answer: September 4, 2002 |
Context: The design of the Institute's Mycenean lions medal and the motto ‘Usui civium, decori urbium' has been attributed to Thomas Leverton Donaldson, who had been honorary secretary until 1839. The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (Angela Mace,1986) records that the first official version of this badge was used as a bookplate for the Institute's library and publications from 1835 to 1891, when it was redesigned by J.H.Metcalfe. It was again redesigned in 1931 by Eric Gill and in 1960 by Joan Hassall. The description in the 1837 by-laws was: "gules, two lions rampant guardant or, supporting a column marked with lines chevron, proper, all standing on a base of the same; a garter surrounding the whole with the inscription Institute of British Architects, anno salutis MDCCCXXXIV; above a mural crown proper, and beneath the motto Usui civium decori urbium ".
Question: What was the first Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
Answer: Usui civium decori urbium
Question: Who is responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
Answer: Thomas Leverton Donaldson
Question: What was Donaldson's role within the Royal Institute?
Answer: honorary secretary
Question: Who reworked the Royal Institute's medal desgin in 1931?
Answer: Eric Gill
Question: When did Joan Hassall redesign the Royal Institute's medal?
Answer: 1960
Question: What was the last Latin phrase used by the Royal Institute?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who is not responsible for the use of 'usui civium decori urbium'?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was Donaldson's role outside the Royal Institute?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who left the Royal Institute's medal design unchanged in 1931?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did Joan Hassall acquire the Royal Institute's medal?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Vegetation of the state includes lodgepole pine, ponderosa pine; Douglas fir, larch, spruce; aspen, birch, red cedar, hemlock, ash, alder; rocky mountain maple and cottonwood trees. Forests cover approximately 25 percent of the state. Flowers native to Montana include asters, bitterroots, daisies, lupins, poppies, primroses, columbine, lilies, orchids, and dryads. Several species of sagebrush and cactus and many species of grasses are common. Many species of mushrooms and lichens are also found in the state.
Question: About how much area do forests cover the state?
Answer: approximately 25 percent |
Context: While the Federal District was ruled by the federal government through an appointed governor, the municipalities within it were autonomous, and this duality of powers created tension between the municipalities and the federal government for more than a century. In 1903, Porfirio Díaz largely reduced the powers of the municipalities within the Federal District. Eventually, in December 1928, the federal government decided to abolish all the municipalities of the Federal District. In place of the municipalities, the Federal District was divided into one "Central Department" and 13 delegaciones (boroughs) administered directly by the government of the Federal District. The Central Department was integrated by the former municipalities of Mexico City, Tacuba, Tacubaya and Mixcoac.
Question: When were the powers of the municipalities of Mexico City first reduced?
Answer: 1903
Question: When was the autonomy of the municipalities eliminated?
Answer: 1928
Question: How many boroughs did the city consist of when they were first established?
Answer: 13
Question: Who first reduced the power of the municipalities of Mexico City?
Answer: Porfirio Díaz
Question: Who led Mexico City?
Answer: an appointed governor |
Context: As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were characterized by one of two types. The first is the foreign war, normally begun as a counter-offensive or defense of an ally. The second is the civil war, which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century. Roman armies were not invincible, despite their formidable reputation and host of victories. Over the centuries the Romans "produced their share of incompetents" who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats. Nevertheless, it was generally the fate of the greatest of Rome's enemies, such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal, to win early battles but lose the war. The history of Rome's campaigning is, if nothing else, a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses.
Question: Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?
Answer: Rome's military
Question: What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?
Answer: obstinate persistence
Question: What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?
Answer: civil war
Question: What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?
Answer: defense of an ally |
Context: Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).
Question: What do critics claim people of color have?
Answer: limited media visibility
Question: What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
Answer: hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.
Question: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
Answer: northern Europeans
Question: What is another word for "Light Skinned"
Answer: mulatto |
Context: Near the northern Greek borders there are also some Slavic–speaking groups, locally known as Slavomacedonian-speaking, most of whose members identify ethnically as Greeks. Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian Slavic or Bulgarian. It is estimated that after the population exchanges of 1923, Macedonia had 200,000 to 400,000 Slavic speakers. The Jewish community in Greece traditionally spoke Ladino (Judeo-Spanish), today maintained only by a few thousand speakers. Other notable minority languages include Armenian, Georgian, and the Greco-Turkic dialect spoken by the Urums, a community of Caucasus Greeks from the Tsalka region of central Georgia and ethnic Greeks from southeastern Ukraine who arrived in mainly Northern Greece as economic migrants in the 1990s.
Question: Where are Slavic speaking groups generally found?
Answer: northern Greek borders
Question: Macedonia has how many Slavic speakers?
Answer: 200,000 to 400,000
Question: Greece's Jewish community spoke what language traditionally?
Answer: Ladino
Question: The Urums are known to speak what dialect?
Answer: Greco-Turkic |
Context: The Richmond Times-Dispatch, the local daily newspaper in Richmond with a Sunday circulation of 120,000, is owned by BH Media, a subsidiary of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway company. Style Weekly is a standard weekly publication covering popular culture, arts, and entertainment, owned by Landmark Communications. RVA Magazine is the city's only independent art music and culture publication, was once monthly, but is now issued quarterly. The Richmond Free Press and the Voice cover the news from an African-American perspective.
Question: What company owns the company that owns the Richmond Times-Dispatch?
Answer: Berkshire Hathaway
Question: How many people buy the Richmond Times-Dispatch on Sunday?
Answer: 120,000
Question: What newspaper is published by Landmark Communications?
Answer: Style Weekly
Question: Before switching to its current publication schedule, how often was RVA Magazine published?
Answer: monthly
Question: Along with the Voice, what is Richmond's black-oriented news publication?
Answer: Richmond Free Press |
Context: The University of Notre Dame has made being a sustainability leader an integral part of its mission, creating the Office of Sustainability in 2008 to achieve a number of goals in the areas of power generation, design and construction, waste reduction, procurement, food services, transportation, and water.As of 2012[update] four building construction projects were pursuing LEED-Certified status and three were pursuing LEED Silver. Notre Dame's dining services sources 40% of its food locally and offers sustainably caught seafood as well as many organic, fair-trade, and vegan options. On the Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2010, University of Notre Dame received a "B" grade. The university also houses the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies. Father Gustavo Gutierrez, the founder of Liberation Theology is a current faculty member.
Question: In what year did Notre Dame create the Office of Sustainability?
Answer: 2008
Question: What percentage of the food served at Notre Dame is locally grown?
Answer: 40%
Question: Notre Dame got a "B" for its sustainability practices from which entity?
Answer: Sustainable Endowments Institute
Question: Gustavo Gutierrez is faculty of which institute?
Answer: Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies |
Context: A collector of film memorabilia, Spielberg purchased a balsa Rosebud sled from Citizen Kane (1941) in 1982. He bought Orson Welles's own directorial copy of the script for the radio broadcast The War of the Worlds (1938) in 1994. Spielberg has purchased Academy Award statuettes being sold on the open market and donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation. His donations include the Oscars that Bette Davis received for Dangerous (1935) and Jezebel (1938), and Clark Gable's Oscar for It Happened One Night (1934).
Question: When was Citizen Kane released?
Answer: 1941
Question: When was 'The War of the Worlds' radio broadcast?
Answer: 1938
Question: When did Spielberg buy a sled from Citizen Kane?
Answer: 1982
Question: When did Spielberg buy Orson Welles' personal script copy from 'The War of the Worlds'?
Answer: 1994
Question: What does Spielberg do with Academy Awards he buys?
Answer: donated them to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, to prevent their further commercial exploitation
Question: Who directed Citizen Kane?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who wrote The War of the Worlds (1938 version)?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year did Spielberg buy his first open market Academy Award?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year was the Academy of Motion Pictures and Sciences established?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who directed the 1935 movie Dangerous?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: It was announced on 19 March 2015 that self-governance for the island would be revoked by the Commonwealth and replaced by a local council with the state of New South Wales providing services to the island. A reason given was that the island had never gained self-sufficiency and was being heavily subsidised by the Commonwealth, by $12.5 million in 2015 alone. It meant that residents would have to start paying Australian income tax, but they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare.
Question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would no longer be governed by itself?
Answer: 19 March 2015
Question: What did the Commonwealth want to replace the Norfolk Island government with?
Answer: a local council
Question: From what state did the proposed council come from?
Answer: New South Wales
Question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents receive as a result of the new council?
Answer: they would also be covered by Australian welfare schemes such as Centrelink and Medicare
Question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to start paying as a result of the new council?
Answer: Australian income tax
Question: When did the Commonwealth of Australia announce that Norfolk Island would always be governed by itself?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did the Commonwealth want to combine the Norfolk Island government with?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What state did the proposed council dismiss?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What benefits would Norfolk Island residents lose as a result of the new council?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What would Norfolk Island residents have to stop paying as a result of the new council?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The term "high fidelity" was coined in the 1920s by some manufacturers of radio receivers and phonographs to differentiate their better-sounding products claimed as providing "perfect" sound reproduction. The term began to be used by some audio engineers and consumers through the 1930s and 1940s. After 1949 a variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies, especially stereo recordings, which became widely available in 1958, gave a boost to the "hi-fi" classification of products, leading to sales of individual components for the home such as amplifiers, loudspeakers, phonographs, and tape players. High Fidelity and Audio were two magazines that hi-fi consumers and engineers could read for reviews of playback equipment and recordings.
Question: What term was coined to differentiate better sounding products in the 1920s?
Answer: high fidelity
Question: What magazines provided reviews for audio equipment?
Answer: High Fidelity and Audio
Question: What happened in 1958 that changed the home music scene?
Answer: variety of improvements in recording and playback technologies
Question: During what years did the term HiFi take off with engineers?
Answer: 1930s and 1940s
Question: What term would be used when one said they produced perfect sound reproduction?
Answer: high fidelity |
Context: Miami (/maɪˈæmi/; Spanish pronunciation: [maiˈami]) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the seat of Miami-Dade County. The 44th-most populated city proper in the United States, with a population of 430,332, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the Miami metropolitan area, and the second most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States after Washington, D.C. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the eighth-most populous and fourth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Question: What is the approximate population of the Miami metro area?
Answer: 5.5 million
Question: In what geographic portion of Florida is Miami located?
Answer: southeastern
Question: What county is Miami located in?
Answer: Miami-Dade County
Question: Where does Miami rank among American cities by population?
Answer: 44th
Question: How many people live in Miami?
Answer: 430,332
Question: On which coast of Florida is Miami not located?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Miami isn't located in which Florida county?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where does Miami fall among the least populous urban areas in the United States?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which city is the only one with a smaller population than Miami in the southeastern United States?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What isn't the approximate population of Miami's metro area?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.
Question: Who tried to outlaw slavery?
Answer: Wang Mang
Question: What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?
Answer: Gradual silt buildup
Question: Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?
Answer: Han engineers
Question: What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?
Answer: The Yellow River
Question: What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?
Answer: massive floods |
Context: Most common glass contains other ingredients to change its properties. Lead glass or flint glass is more 'brilliant' because the increased refractive index causes noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Adding barium also increases the refractive index. Thorium oxide gives glass a high refractive index and low dispersion and was formerly used in producing high-quality lenses, but due to its radioactivity has been replaced by lanthanum oxide in modern eyeglasses.[citation needed] Iron can be incorporated into glass to absorb infrared energy, for example in heat absorbing filters for movie projectors, while cerium(IV) oxide can be used for glass that absorbs UV wavelengths.
Question: What element is used in glass to keep it from becoming too hot?
Answer: Iron
Question: How does barium affect glass?
Answer: increases the refractive index
Question: What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in eyeglasses?
Answer: radioactivity
Question: What is another name for lead glass?
Answer: flint glass
Question: What is the benefit of thorium oxide in addition to its refractive index?
Answer: low dispersion
Question: What element is used in glass to help it from becoming more reflective?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How does barium affect movie filters?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What property of thorium oxide has caused it to no longer be used in projectors?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is another name for cerium oxide?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the benefit of heat absorbing filters in addition to its refractive index?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The redevelopment of the city was planned by Sir Patrick Abercrombie in his 1943 Plan for Plymouth whilst simultaneously working on the reconstruction plan for London. Between 1951 and 1957 over 1000 homes were completed every year mostly using innovative prefabricated systems of just three main types; by 1964 over 20,000 new homes had been built transforming the dense overcrowded and unsanitary slums of the pre-war city into a low density, dispersed suburbia. Most of the city centre shops had been destroyed and those that remained were cleared to enable a zoned reconstruction according to his plan. In 1962 the modernist high rise of the Civic Centre was constructed, an architecturally significant example of mid twentieth century civic slab-and-tower set piece allowed to fall into disrepair by its owner Plymouth City Council but recently grade II listed by English Heritage to prevent its demolition.
Question: Who was the author of the 1943 Plan for Plymouth?
Answer: Sir Patrick Abercrombie
Question: In the period 1951-1957, how many new houses were constructed yearly in Plymouth?
Answer: over 1000
Question: In the postwar period to 1964, how many houses were built in Plymouth?
Answer: over 20,000
Question: When was the Civic Centre built?
Answer: 1962
Question: What English Heritage status does the Civic Centre possess?
Answer: grade II |
Context: In September 1695, Captain Henry Every, an English pirate on board the Fancy, reached the Straits of Bab-el-Mandeb, where he teamed up with five other pirate captains to make an attack on the Indian fleet making the annual voyage to Mocha. The Mughal convoy included the treasure-laden Ganj-i-Sawai, reported to be the greatest in the Mughal fleet and the largest ship operational in the Indian Ocean, and its escort, the Fateh Muhammed. They were spotted passing the straits en route to Surat. The pirates gave chase and caught up with Fateh Muhammed some days later, and meeting little resistance, took some £50,000 to £60,000 worth of treasure.
Question: How much treasure was taken by pirates?
Answer: £50,000 to £60,000
Question: waht was the name of largest ship operating in the Indian ocean?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai,
Question: how often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mocha?
Answer: annual
Question: What type of Captain was Henry Every?
Answer: English pirate
Question: What was the name of the Pirate on board the Fancy who later teamed up with five other pirate captiains to attack the Indian Fleet?
Answer: Captain Henry Every
Question: When did Captain Henry Every attack the Indian Fleet
Answer: 1695
Question: Where was the indian Fleet headed when they were attacked by Captain Every
Answer: Mocha
Question: What was reportly the largest ship in the Mughal Convoy in the Indian Fleet?
Answer: Ganj-i-Sawai
Question: How much treasure was given away by pirates?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the name of the only ship operating in the Indian Ocean?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How often did the Indian fleet voyage to Mars?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What type of Prince was Henry Every?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did Captain Henry Every attack the Russian Fleet?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Between 1042 and 1052 King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peter's Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style. The building was not completed until around 1090 but was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edward's death on 5 January 1066. A week later he was buried in the church, and nine years later his wife Edith was buried alongside him. His successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year.
Question: Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
Answer: King Edward the Confessor
Question: What style was the church rebuilt in?
Answer: Romanesque
Question: When was the building consecrated?
Answer: 28 December 1065
Question: When did King Edward the Confessor die?
Answer: 5 January 1066
Question: Who was the first documented coronation?
Answer: William the Conqueror
Question: What architectural design wasn't St Peter's abbey considered?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What year was the building started?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the date of the Abbey's demolition?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was the last recorded coronation at the Abbey?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1062?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Since the Middle Ages, the Galician Catholic Church has been organized into five ecclesiastical dioceses (Lugo, Ourense, Santiago de Compostela, Mondoñedo-Ferrol and Tui-Vigo). While these may have coincided with contemporary 15th-century civil provinces, they no longer have the same boundaries as the modern civil provincial divisions. The church is led by one archbishop and four bishops. Moreover, of five dioceses, Galicia is divided between 163 districts and 3,792 parishes, a few of which are governed by administrators, the remainder by parish priests.
Question: Which church has had a large influence over Galicia since the Middle Ages?
Answer: Catholic Church
Question: Which five positions are held by church leaders?
Answer: one archbishop and four bishops |
Context: Antigonus II, a student of Zeno of Citium, spent most of his rule defending Macedon against Epirus and cementing Macedonian power in Greece, first against the Athenians in the Chremonidean War, and then against the Achaean League of Aratus of Sicyon. Under the Antigonids, Macedonia was often short on funds, the Pangaeum mines were no longer as productive as under Philip II, the wealth from Alexander's campaigns had been used up and the countryside pillaged by the Gallic invasion. A large number of the Macedonian population had also been resettled abroad by Alexander or had chosen to emigrate to the new eastern Greek cities. Up to two thirds of the population emigrated, and the Macedonian army could only count on a levy of 25,000 men, a significantly smaller force than under Philip II.
Question: What war did Antigonus II fight Athenians?
Answer: Chremonidean War
Question: What mines decreased in production under the Antigonids?
Answer: Pangaeum
Question: How large was the Macedonian army under the Antigonids?
Answer: 25,000 men
Question: Who taught Antigonus II?
Answer: Zeno of Citium
Question: Who did Antigonus II defend against?
Answer: Epirus |
Context: After setting up his workshop, Bell continued experiments based on Helmholtz's work with electricity and sound. He also modified a melodeon (a type of pump organ) so that it could transmit its music electrically over a distance. Once the family was settled in, both Bell and his father made plans to establish a teaching practice and in 1871, he accompanied his father to Montreal, where Melville was offered a position to teach his System of Visible Speech.
Question: What did Bell rework to send music?
Answer: melodeon
Question: What is a melodeon a kind of?
Answer: pump organ
Question: When did Bell go to Montreal?
Answer: 1871
Question: Who went with Bell to Montreal?
Answer: father
Question: How did Bell's reworked melodeon send music?
Answer: electrically |
Context: Public transport is provided by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana (FGV), which operates the Metrovalencia and other rail and bus services. The Estació del Nord (North Station) is the main railway terminus in Valencia. A new temporary station, Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla, has been built on land adjacent to this terminus to accommodate high speed AVE trains to and from Madrid, Barcelona, Seville and Alicante. Valencia Airport is situated 9 km (5.6 mi) west of Valencia city centre. Alicante Airport is situated about 170 km (110 mi) south of Valencia.
Question: What airport is closest to Valencia?
Answer: Valencia Airport
Question: What airport is south of Valencia?
Answer: Alicante Airport
Question: What is the main train station in Valencia?
Answer: Estació del Nord
Question: What group runs Valencia's public transit?
Answer: Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat Valenciana
Question: What station in Valencia was built for high-speed trains?
Answer: Estación de València-Joaquín Sorolla |
Context: In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at the wellbeing of the emperor. So-called "emperor worship" expanded on a grand scale the traditional Roman veneration of the ancestral dead and of the Genius, the divine tutelary of every individual. Imperial cult became one of the major ways in which Rome advertised its presence in the provinces and cultivated shared cultural identity and loyalty throughout the Empire. Rejection of the state religion was tantamount to treason. This was the context for Rome's conflict with Christianity, which Romans variously regarded as a form of atheism and novel superstitio.
Question: After the Republic collapsed, what addition was made to the religions of Rome?
Answer: emperors
Question: Who was the first Roman emperor?
Answer: Augustus
Question: For whose well being were public vows made in the empire?
Answer: emperor
Question: What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire?
Answer: Imperial cult
Question: As what during the time of the Roman empire was rejection of the state religion viewed?
Answer: treason |
Context: The shape and size of the brain varies greatly in different species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of brain architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of brain structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species; others distinguish "advanced" brains from more primitive ones, or distinguish vertebrates from invertebrates.
Question: Animals without a spine are called what?
Answer: invertebrates |
Context: This has led to new terms such as cyberwarfare and cyberterrorism. More and more critical infrastructure is being controlled via computer programs that, while increasing efficiency, exposes new vulnerabilities. The test will be to see if governments and corporations that control critical systems such as energy, communications and other information will be able to prevent attacks before they occur. As Jay Cross, the chief scientist of the Internet Time Group, remarked, "Connectedness begets vulnerability."
Question: Who said "Connectedness begets vulnerability?"
Answer: Jay Cross
Question: What organization does Jay Cross belong to?
Answer: the Internet Time Group
Question: What is the advantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
Answer: increasing efficiency
Question: What is the disadvantage of more critical infrastructure being controlled via computer programs?
Answer: exposes new vulnerabilities
Question: What has led to cyberwarfare?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is cyberterrorism?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what way does "connectedness begets vulnerability?"
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What types of test will be run?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Will cyberterrorism evolve with new technology?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who coined the word "cyberwarfare"?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What computer program controls critical infrastructure?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which infrastructures are the least vulnerable to attack?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is cyberterrorism?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who disagreed with the saying "Connectedness begets vulnerability"?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In 1874, telegraph message traffic was rapidly expanding and in the words of Western Union President William Orton, had become "the nervous system of commerce". Orton had contracted with inventors Thomas Edison and Elisha Gray to find a way to send multiple telegraph messages on each telegraph line to avoid the great cost of constructing new lines. When Bell mentioned to Gardiner Hubbard and Thomas Sanders that he was working on a method of sending multiple tones on a telegraph wire using a multi-reed device, the two wealthy patrons began to financially support Bell's experiments. Patent matters would be handled by Hubbard's patent attorney, Anthony Pollok.
Question: What business was William Orton in charge of?
Answer: Western Union
Question: In 1874 the telegraph was known as the what of commerce?
Answer: nervous system
Question: What was the primary motivation for not building new telegraph lines?
Answer: cost
Question: Thomas Edison and what other scientist were already asked to work on a better telegraph?
Answer: Elisha Gray |
Context: In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence, Lambeth Palace, a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War. Also in the late 17th century, some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University, notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, by Christopher Wren. It is not easy to decide whether these instances were Gothic survival or early appearances of Gothic revival.
Question: What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
Answer: Lambeth Palace
Question: In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
Answer: In 1663
Question: In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?
Answer: the late 17th century
Question: Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?
Answer: Christopher Wren
Question: What is the location of the Archbishop of Canterbury's dentist?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof stolen on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What century were vague Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Yale?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who avoided Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: As of 2009[update], the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month; the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month. The data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies.
Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by Wayback Machine reach?
Answer: three petabytes
Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by the Wayback Machine?
Answer: 12 terabytes/month
Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its information stored?
Answer: PetaBox rack systems
Question: Who makes PetaBox rack systems?
Answer: Capricorn Technologies
Question: In 2009, what size did the data saved by rate systems reach?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: As of 2003, what was the rate of increase in the amount of data recorded by rate systems?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where does Wayback Machine keep its technologies stored?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who makes rate systems?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is stored on Petabox petabyte systems?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The New York Times reported that "government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses. In an acknowledgment of the weakness of building codes in the countryside, the National Development and Reform Commission said on May 27 that it had drafted an amendment to improve construction standards for primary and middle schools in rural areas. Experts are reviewing the draft, the commission said." To limit protests, officials pushed parents to sign a document, which forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money, but some who refused to sign were threatened. The payment amounts varied from school to school but were approximately the same. In Hanwang, parents were offered a package valued at 8,800 USD in cash and a per-parent pension of nearly 5,600 USD. Furthermore, officials used other methods of silencing: riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
Question: What was given in exchange of signing the document?
Answer: money
Question: What other methods were used to break up protests?
Answer: riot police
Question: Who did the New York Times report was investigating the school collapses?
Answer: government officials
Question: What are officials seeking to do about protesting parents?
Answer: limit protests
Question: What are officials offering parents in exchange of protests?
Answer: money
Question: What has happened to some who refuse to agree to not protest?
Answer: were threatened
Question: What did officials order Chinese news media to stop reporting?
Answer: on school collapses |
Context: As a result of the 19th century Russo-Persian wars, the Russians took over the Caucasus, and Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region (comprising modern-day Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan), which got confirmed per the treaties of Gulistan and Turkmenchay. The area to the north of the river Aras, among which the contemporary Republic of Azerbaijan, eastern Georgia, Dagestan, and Armenia, were Iranian territory until they were occupied by Russia in the course of the 19th century.
Question: What wars resulted in Iran losing control of the Caucasus to the Russians?
Answer: the 19th century Russo-Persian wars
Question: What region consisting of Dagestan, Georgia, Armenia, & Azerbaijan did Iran lose control of to the Russians?
Answer: the Caucasus
Question: The Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties between Iran and Russia confirmed what?
Answer: Iran irrevocably lost control over its integral territories in the region
Question: What century did Iran lose the Caucasus to Russia?
Answer: the 19th century |
Context: The Somali flag is an ethnic flag conceived to represent ethnic Somalis. It was created in 1954 by the Somali scholar Mohammed Awale Liban, after he had been selected by the labour trade union of the Trust Territory of Somalia to come up with a design. Upon independence in 1960, the flag was adopted as the national flag of the nascent Somali Republic. The five-pointed Star of Unity in the flag's center represents the Somali ethnic group inhabiting the five territories in Greater Somalia.
Question: In what year was the Somali flag invented?
Answer: 1954
Question: Who devised the Somali flag?
Answer: Mohammed Awale Liban
Question: What was Mohammed Awale Liban by profession?
Answer: scholar
Question: What is the star at the center of the Somali flag called?
Answer: Star of Unity
Question: How many points does the Star of Unity have?
Answer: five |
Context: Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.
Question: How many New Yorkers work in the food processing field?
Answer: 19,000
Question: What is the annual revenue of the food processing industry?
Answer: US$5 billion
Question: In what borough is the garment business prominent?
Answer: Brooklyn |
Context: On 1 November 2013, international postal services for Somalia officially resumed. The Universal Postal Union is now assisting the Somali Postal Service to develop its capacity, including providing technical assistance and basic mail processing equipment.
Question: What year did postal service in Somalia resume?
Answer: 2013
Question: Who is helping the Somali Postal service reach its capacity?
Answer: Universal Postal Union
Question: What type of assistance does the postal union provide?
Answer: technical
Question: What type of equipment does the postal union provide?
Answer: basic mail processing equipment
Question: When was the Somalia Postal Service first created?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who is the Somali Postal Service helping?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What type of equipment did Somalia already have?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did Somalia's national postal service restart?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is the Universal Postal Union located?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Additionally, genes can have regulatory regions many kilobases upstream or downstream of the open reading frame. These act by binding to transcription factors which then cause the DNA to loop so that the regulatory sequence (and bound transcription factor) become close to the RNA polymerase binding site. For example, enhancers increase transcription by binding an activator protein which then helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter; conversely silencers bind repressor proteins and make the DNA less available for RNA polymerase.
Question: How do regulatory regions act?
Answer: by binding to transcription factors
Question: What happens when a regulatory region binds to transcription factors?
Answer: the DNA to loop
Question: How do enhancers increase transcription?
Answer: by binding an activator protein
Question: What happens after an enhancer binds an activator protein?
Answer: helps to recruit the RNA polymerase to the promoter
Question: What causes DNA to be less available for RNA polymerase?
Answer: silencers bind repressor proteins |
Context: Where Congress does not make great and sweeping delegations of its authority, the Supreme Court has been less stringent. One of the earliest cases involving the exact limits of non-delegation was Wayman v. Southard 23 U.S. (10 Wet.) 1, 42 (1825). Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary with legislative powers. While Chief Justice John Marshall conceded that the determination of rules of procedure was a legislative function, he distinguished between "important" subjects and mere details. Marshall wrote that "a general provision may be made, and power given to those who are to act under such general provisions, to fill up the details."
Question: What was one of the first times the Supreme Court tried a case regarding nondelegation?
Answer: Wayman v. Southard
Question: In what year was Wayman v. Southard tried by the U.S. Supreme Court?
Answer: 1825
Question: Who was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court when Wayman v. Southard reached the Supreme Court?
Answer: John Marshall
Question: In Wayman v. Southard, what branch was accused of being given lawmaking abilities by Congress?
Answer: the judiciary
Question: What is the name of the 1825 case where the supreme court held that congress could delegate their responsibilities to the court?
Answer: Wayman v. Southard
Question: Who was chief justice of the supreme court under the Wayman v. Southard ruling?
Answer: John Marshall
Question: Where has the Supreme Court been known to be more stringent towards Congress?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is one of the most recent races regarding limits of non delegation?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did the Supreme Court hear John Marshall v Southard?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which case was heard by Congress in regards to non delegation limits?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When was the US Congress Court Wayman v. Southard heard?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Oklahoma is in the nation's middle percentile in per capita spending on the arts, ranking 17th, and contains more than 300 museums. The Philbrook Museum of Tulsa is considered one of the top 50 fine art museums in the United States, and the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History in Norman, one of the largest university-based art and history museums in the country, documents the natural history of the region. The collections of Thomas Gilcrease are housed in the Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa, which also holds the world's largest, most comprehensive collection of art and artifacts of the American West.
Question: How many museums are in Oklahoma?
Answer: more than 300
Question: How does Oklahoma's per-capita arts spending rank?
Answer: 17th
Question: Where is the Philbrook Museum?
Answer: Tulsa
Question: What kind of museum is the Philbrook?
Answer: fine art
Question: Where are Thomas Gilcrease's collections housed?
Answer: Gilcrease Museum of Tulsa |
Context: A different format, CD-4 (not to be confused with compact disc), by RCA, encoded the front-rear difference information on an ultrasonic carrier, which required a special wideband cartridge to capture it on carefully calibrated pickup arm/turntable combinations. CD-4 was even less successful than the two matrixed formats. (A further problem was that no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information. That was remedied by cutting at half the speed. Later, the special half-speed cutting heads and equalization techniques were employed to get a wider frequency response in stereo with reduced distortion and greater headroom.)
Question: What was a major issue with CD-4 technology?
Answer: no cutting heads were available that could handle the HF information
Question: How widespread was the success of CD-4 format?
Answer: even less successful than the two matrixed formats
Question: What format was less successful than quadraphonic?
Answer: CD-4
Question: What were potential benefits of the CD-4 format?
Answer: reduced distortion and greater headroom
Question: Who created the CD-4 format?
Answer: RCA |
Context: The Royal School of Mines was established by Sir Henry de la Beche in 1851, developing from the Museum of Economic Geology, a collection of minerals, maps and mining equipment. He created a school which laid the foundations for the teaching of science in the country, and which has its legacy today at Imperial. Prince Albert was a patron and supporter of the later developments in science teaching, which led to the Royal College of Chemistry becoming part of the Royal School of Mines, to the creation of the Royal College of Science and eventually to these institutions becoming part of his plan for South Kensington being an educational region.
Question: What school was established in 1851?
Answer: The Royal School of Mines
Question: Who established the Royal School of Mines?
Answer: Sir Henry de la Beche
Question: A collection of miners, maps and mining equipment all belonged to what entity?
Answer: the Museum of Economic Geology
Question: Which famous prince was a patron at the Royal School of Mines?
Answer: Prince Albert
Question: Which region did Prince Albert aim to make famous as an educational region?
Answer: South Kensington
Question: What school was established in the 18th century?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What museum was founded by Sir Henry de la Beche?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who created a school that established the foundation of education in the country?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who helped make the Royal School of Mines part of the Royal College of Chemistry?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who wanted to make North Kensington an education region?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the September 11, 2001 attacks, French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport in support of air operations of NATO's International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The Government of India rebuilt the Ayni Air Base, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010. It is now the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility, and Russia continues to maintain a large base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.
Question: Who was stationed along the boarder?
Answer: Russian border troops
Question: Where have French Troops been stationed since September 11, 2001?
Answer: at the Dushanbe Airport
Question: Why do US troops visit Tajikistan every so often?
Answer: to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
Question: Where is the main base for the Tajikistan air force?
Answer: t located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe
Question: What troops were stationed along the Tajik-African border?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: French troops have been stationed at the Dushanbe Airport since before what attacks?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: The Government of China rebuilt the Ayni what?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the main base of the Taliban air force?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: There have been talks with Romania concerning use of what?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: There do exist orbits within these empty regions where objects can survive for the age of the Solar System. These resonances occur when Neptune's orbital period is a precise fraction of that of the object, such as 1:2, or 3:4. If, say, an object orbits the Sun once for every two Neptune orbits, it will only complete half an orbit by the time Neptune returns to its original position. The most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt, with over 200 known objects, is the 2:3 resonance. Objects in this resonance complete 2 orbits for every 3 of Neptune, and are known as plutinos because the largest of the known Kuiper belt objects, Pluto, is among them. Although Pluto crosses Neptune's orbit regularly, the 2:3 resonance ensures they can never collide. The 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5 resonances are less populated.
Question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: 2:3 resonance
Question: How many known objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
Answer: 200
Question: What is the best known, and largest, object in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: Pluto
Question: What is the resonance of Pluto in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: 2:3
Question: Which resonances are less populated in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: 3:4, 3:5, 4:7 and 2:5
Question: What is the fraction of the most heavily populated resonance in the Jupiter belt?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many unknown objects is in the most populated resonance of the Kuiper belt?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the least known object in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which resonances are more populated in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the resonance of Jupiter in the Kuiper belt?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Many public high schools are located in the borough including the elite Bronx High School of Science, Celia Cruz Bronx High School of Music, DeWitt Clinton High School, High School for Violin and Dance, Bronx Leadership Academy 2, Bronx International High School, the School for Excellence, the Morris Academy for Collaborative Study, Wings Academy for young adults, The Bronx School for Law, Government and Justice, Validus Preparatory Academy, The Eagle Academy For Young Men, Bronx Expeditionary Learning High School, Bronx Academy of Letters, Herbert H. Lehman High School and High School of American Studies. The Bronx is also home to three of New York City's most prestigious private, secular schools: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School.
Question: Which of NYC's prestigious nonreligious private schools are in the Bronx?
Answer: Fieldston, Horace Mann, and Riverdale Country School
Question: Where is the High School for Violin and Dance?
Answer: The Bronx
Question: Where is the Validus Prepatory Academy?
Answer: The Bronx
Question: Where is the School for Excellence?
Answer: The Bronx
Question: Where is the DeWitt Clinton High School?
Answer: The Bronx |
Context: The mutineers seized the Citadel, a Supreme Junta government took over, and on 26–28 June, Napoleon's Marshal Moncey attacked the city with a column of 9,000 French imperial troops in the First Battle of Valencia. He failed to take the city in two assaults and retreated to Madrid. Marshal Suchet began a long siege of the city in October 1811, and after intense bombardment forced it to surrender on 8 January 1812. After the capitulation, the French instituted reforms in Valencia, which became the capital of Spain when the Bonapartist pretender to the throne, José I (Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon's elder brother), moved the Court there in the summer of 1812. The disaster of the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 obliged Suchet to quit Valencia, and the French troops withdrew in July.
Question: Who attacked Valencia with French soldiers but failed to capture it?
Answer: Moncey
Question: When did Valencia surrender to the French?
Answer: 8 January 1812
Question: Who led the successful attack against Valencia?
Answer: Suchet
Question: What forced Suchet to leave Valencia?
Answer: Battle of Vitoria
Question: What city did Jose I make Spain's capital?
Answer: Valencia |
Context: At present the Alps are one of the more popular tourist destinations in the world with many resorts such Oberstdorf, in Bavaria, Saalbach in Austria, Davos in Switzerland, Chamonix in France, and Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy recording more than a million annual visitors. With over 120 million visitors a year tourism is integral to the Alpine economy with much it coming from winter sports although summer visitors are an important component of the tourism industry.
Question: What's one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world?
Answer: the Alps
Question: Where is Saalbach located?
Answer: Austria
Question: How many people visit the Alps every year?
Answer: over 120 million
Question: What is an integral part of the Alpine economy?
Answer: tourism |
Context: Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual were vitia (impious errors). Excessive devotion, fearful grovelling to deities and the improper use or seeking of divine knowledge were superstitio. Any of these moral deviations could cause divine anger (ira deorum) and therefore harm the State. The official deities of the state were identified with its lawful offices and institutions, and Romans of every class were expected to honour the beneficence and protection of mortal and divine superiors. Participation in public rites showed a personal commitment to their community and its values.
Question: On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused?
Answer: ritualised
Question: What form of religion was atheism considered to be?
Answer: Religious neglect
Question: What results did proper religious practices produce?
Answer: harmony and prosperity.
Question: What could deviations from proper religious practices cause?
Answer: divine anger
Question: What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual?
Answer: commitment |
Context: Florida's nickname is the "Sunshine State", but severe weather is a common occurrence in the state. Central Florida is known as the lightning capital of the United States, as it experiences more lightning strikes than anywhere else in the country. Florida has one of the highest average precipitation levels of any state, in large part because afternoon thunderstorms are common in much of the state from late spring until early autumn. A narrow eastern part of the state including Orlando and Jacksonville receives between 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually.
Question: What is Florida's nickname
Answer: Sunshine State
Question: What is central Florida known as
Answer: lightning capital of the United States
Question: Hours of annual sunshine in florida
Answer: 2,400 and 2,800 hours of sunshine annually. The rest of the state, including Miami, receives between 2,800 and 3,200 hours annually
Question: What weather is uncommon in Florida?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Central florida has the least amount of which weather occurrence in the country?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What state has the lowest precipitation levels?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When is snow common in Florida?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Miami gets the least amount of what weather occurrence?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: On 7 April 1963, the country changed its official name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Reforms encouraged private enterprise and greatly relaxed restrictions on freedom of speech and religious expression. Tito subsequently went on a tour of the Americas. In Chile, two government ministers resigned over his visit to that country. In the autumn of 1960 Tito met President Dwight D. Eisenhower at the United Nations General Assembly meeting. Tito and Eisenhower discussed a range of issues from arms control to economic development. When Eisenhower remarked that Yugoslavia's neutralism was "neutral on his side", Tito replied that neutralism did not imply passivity but meant "not taking sides".
Question: When did Yugoslavia change its name to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia?
Answer: 7 April 1963
Question: Two government ministers resigned over Tito's visit to what region?
Answer: Americas
Question: Eisenhower met Tito where in 1960?
Answer: United Nations General Assembly meeting.
Question: Who said that neutralism did not imply passivity but mean "not taking sides"?
Answer: Tito
Question: When did Tito meet Eisenhower at the U.N.?
Answer: 1960 |
Context: Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internationally reported figure for Cuba’s Gross National Income adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity". All other indicators for Cuba were available, and reported by the UNDP, but the lack of one indicator meant that no ranking could be attributed to the country. The situation has been addressed and, in later years, Cuba has ranked as a High Human Development country.
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2010 report?
Answer: unavailability of certain crucial data
Question: Which Caribbean nation protested its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Answer: Cuba
Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the missing data was addressed?
Answer: High Human Development country
Question: What is the main reason that countries were excluded from the 2012 report?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which Caribbean nation agreed with its exclusion from the 2010 report?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What ranking has Cuba been given since the situation with the complete data was addressed?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: If a tree grows all its life in the open and the conditions of soil and site remain unchanged, it will make its most rapid growth in youth, and gradually decline. The annual rings of growth are for many years quite wide, but later they become narrower and narrower. Since each succeeding ring is laid down on the outside of the wood previously formed, it follows that unless a tree materially increases its production of wood from year to year, the rings must necessarily become thinner as the trunk gets wider. As a tree reaches maturity its crown becomes more open and the annual wood production is lessened, thereby reducing still more the width of the growth rings. In the case of forest-grown trees so much depends upon the competition of the trees in their struggle for light and nourishment that periods of rapid and slow growth may alternate. Some trees, such as southern oaks, maintain the same width of ring for hundreds of years. Upon the whole, however, as a tree gets larger in diameter the width of the growth rings decreases.
Question: In what stage of its life does a tree usually grow the fastest?
Answer: youth
Question: As a tree ages, do its growth rings usually get wider or narrower?
Answer: narrower
Question: What part of a tree opens and spreads out more as it matures?
Answer: crown
Question: Is wood production of a tree lessened or increased as it ages?
Answer: lessened
Question: Along with nutrients, what do trees growing in forests have to compete for?
Answer: light |
Context: Some writers claim the Air Staff ignored a critical lesson, however: British morale did not break. Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful. Aviation strategists dispute that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command. Throughout 1933–39 none of the 16 Western Air Plans drafted mentioned morale as a target. The first three directives in 1940 did not mention civilian populations or morale in any way. Morale was not mentioned until the ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940. The 10th directive in October 1940 mentioned morale by name. However, industrial cities were only to be targeted if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil.
Question: What was the critical lesson Air Staff ignored?
Answer: Targeting German morale, as Bomber Command would do, was no more successful.
Question: Aviation strategists disputed over what?
Answer: that morale was ever a major consideration for Bomber Command.
Question: What did 16 of the Western Air Plans not mention?
Answer: morale as a target.
Question: When was morale finally mentioned?
Answer: ninth wartime directive on 21 September 1940
Question: When were industrial cities to be targeted?
Answer: if weather denied strikes on Bomber Command's main concern, oil. |
Context: A true predator can commonly be known as one that kills and eats another living thing. Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them. Predators may hunt actively for prey in pursuit predation, or sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance, as in ambush predators. Some predators kill large prey and dismember or chew it prior to eating it, such as a jaguar or a human; others may eat their (usually much smaller) prey whole, as does a bottlenose dolphin swallowing a fish, or a snake, duck or stork swallowing a frog. Some animals that kill both large and small prey for their size (domestic cats and dogs are prime examples) may do either depending upon the circumstances; either would devour a large insect whole but dismember a rabbit. Some predation entails venom that subdues a prey creature before the predator ingests the prey by killing, which the box jellyfish does, or disabling it, found in the behavior of the cone shell. In some cases, the venom, as in rattlesnakes and some spiders, contributes to the digestion of the prey item even before the predator begins eating. In other cases, the prey organism may die in the mouth or digestive system of the predator. Baleen whales, for example, eat millions of microscopic plankton at once, the prey being broken down well after entering the whale. Seed predation and egg predation are other forms of true predation, as seeds and eggs represent potential organisms. Predators of this classification need not eat prey entirely. For example, some predators cannot digest bones, while others can. Some may eat only part of an organism, as in grazing (see below), but still consistently cause its direct death.
Question: What do household animals prey upon?
Answer: large and small prey
Question: Name an exemplar of an predator that uses digestion to kill and gain nutrients from it's prey.
Answer: Baleen whales
Question: To be classified as a predator, what action must be performed?
Answer: harm their prey in some way
Question: What requirement must a true predator fulfill?
Answer: kills and eats another living thing
Question: What is different about a true predator?
Answer: Whereas other types of predator all harm their prey in some way, this form kills them
Question: All types of predators do what?
Answer: harm their prey in some way
Question: How do ambush predators hunt?
Answer: sit and wait for prey to approach within striking distance
Question: What do box jellyfish use to hunt their pray?
Answer: venom
Question: What is one thing prey can do if they know a predator is approaching?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What do prey sometimes consume as food?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What do rabbits like to do with their food when foraging?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What do large insects do at night after the sun goes down?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What have cats sometimes been seen doing in the yard of their home?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In the wake of the United States' economic downturn and the legalization of gambling in adjacent and nearby states (including Delaware, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania), four casino closures took place in 2014: the Atlantic Club on January 13; the Showboat on August 31; the Revel, which was Atlantic City's second-newest casino, on September 2; and Trump Plaza, which originally opened in 1984, and was the poorest performing casino in the city, on September 16.
Question: How many casino closures took place in Atlantic City in 2014?
Answer: four
Question: What was the name of the poorest performing casino in the city that ultimately closed in 2014?
Answer: Trump Plaza
Question: What year did Trump Plaza originally open?
Answer: 1984
Question: What was the name of Atlantic City's second-newest casino that ultimately closed in 2014?
Answer: Revel
Question: What was the name of the first casino to close in 2014?
Answer: Atlantic Club |
Context: An FBI special agent is issued a Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber. If they fail their first qualification, they are issued either a Glock 17 or Glock 19, to aid in their next qualification. In May 1997, the FBI officially adopted the Glock .40 S&W pistol for general agent use and first issued it to New Agent Class 98-1 in October 1997. At present, the Model 23 "FG&R" (finger groove and rail) is the issue sidearm. New agents are issued firearms, on which they must qualify, on successful completion of their training at the FBI Academy. The Glock 26 in 9×19mm Parabellum, and Glock Models 23 and 27 in .40 S&W caliber are authorized as secondary weapons. Special agents are authorized to purchase and qualify with the Glock Model 21 in .45 ACP. Special agents of the FBI HRT (Hostage Rescue Team), and regional SWAT teams are issued the Springfield Professional Model 1911A1 .45 ACP pistol (see FBI Special Weapons and Tactics Teams).
Question: What gun are FBI special agents issued?
Answer: Glock Model 22 pistol or a Glock 23 in .40 S&W caliber
Question: What are FBI special agents issued if they fail their first qualification?
Answer: Glock 17 or Glock 19
Question: What did the FBI adopt in May 1997
Answer: Glock .40 S&W pistol
Question: What did the FBI adopt the Glock .40 S&W pistol for?
Answer: general agent use
Question: What class was the first to receive the Glock .40 S&W pistol?
Answer: New Agent Class 98-1
Question: What gun are CIA agents issued?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What gun are FBI agents issued if they fail their second qualification?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What gun did the FBI use before 1997?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What gun are special agents not authorized to carry?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What gun are regional SWAT teams barred from using?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Kalahari Desert, an arid region shared with South Africa and Botswana, is one of Namibia's well-known geographical features. The Kalahari, while popularly known as a desert, has a variety of localised environments, including some verdant and technically non-desert areas. One of these, known as the Succulent Karoo, is home to over 5,000 species of plants, nearly half of them endemic; Approximately 10 percent of the world's succulents are found in the Karoo. The reason behind this high productivity and endemism may be the relatively stable nature of precipitation.
Question: What Desert is shared between South Africa and Botswana?
Answer: Kalahari Desert
Question: How many plants species are found in Succulent Karoo?
Answer: 5,000
Question: How many plants are endemic to the Succulent Karoo?
Answer: half
Question: How many of the worlds succulents are found in Karoo?
Answer: 10 percent
Question: What is probably the reason there are so many unique plants in Karoo?
Answer: stable nature of precipitation
Question: What country lies to the east of Namibia?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many species of plants are there in the Kalahari Desert?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percentage of the world's succulents are found in all of the Kalahari Desert?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What country lies north of Namibia?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What country lies south of Namibia?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Quoted at constant 2002 prices, GDP fell from £12 million in 1999-2000 to £11 million in 2005-06. Imports are mainly from the UK and South Africa and amounted to £6.4 million in 2004-05 (quoted on an FOB basis). Exports are much smaller, amounting to £0.2 million in 2004-05. Exports are mainly fish and coffee; Philatelic sales were £0.06 million in 2004-05. The limited number of visiting tourists spent about £0.4 million in 2004-05, representing a contribution to GDP of 3%.
Question: What was the GDP of the island in 1999-2000?
Answer: £12 million
Question: By 2006 the GDP had dropped to what?
Answer: £11 million
Question: Imports to the island mostly occur from what countries?
Answer: the UK and South Africa
Question: What are the main exports of the island?
Answer: fish and coffee
Question: Tourists spent how much in 2004-05?
Answer: £0.4 million |
Context: A 2006 study by Seldin et al. used over five thousand autosomal SNPs to demonstrate European genetic substructure. The results showed "a consistent and reproducible distinction between 'northern' and 'southern' European population groups". Most northern, central, and eastern Europeans (Finns, Swedes, English, Irish, Germans, and Ukrainians) showed >90% in the "northern" population group, while most individual participants with southern European ancestry (Italians, Greeks, Portuguese, Spaniards) showed >85% in the "southern" group. Both Ashkenazi Jews as well as Sephardic Jews showed >85% membership in the "southern" group. Referring to the Jews clustering with southern Europeans, the authors state the results were "consistent with a later Mediterranean origin of these ethnic groups".
Question: In a 2006 study, how many autosomal SNPs were used?
Answer: five thousand |
Context: The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.
Question: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
Answer: funeral saddle, helm and shield
Question: What kind of panels are in the museum?
Answer: panels of mediaeval glass
Question: What belonging to Henry VI is in the museum?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What belonging to Henry V isn't in the museum?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What not belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What kind of panels aren't in the museum?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What kind of panels are in the library?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Since at least the time of the Ancient Greeks, a proportion of Jews have assimilated into the wider non-Jewish society around them, by either choice or force, ceasing to practice Judaism and losing their Jewish identity. Assimilation took place in all areas, and during all time periods, with some Jewish communities, for example the Kaifeng Jews of China, disappearing entirely. The advent of the Jewish Enlightenment of the 18th century (see Haskalah) and the subsequent emancipation of the Jewish populations of Europe and America in the 19th century, accelerated the situation, encouraging Jews to increasingly participate in, and become part of, secular society. The result has been a growing trend of assimilation, as Jews marry non-Jewish spouses and stop participating in the Jewish community.
Question: When did the advent of the Jewish Enlightenment occur?
Answer: 18th century
Question: What was a result of the Jewish Enlightenment?
Answer: growing trend of assimilation
Question: Name a Jewish community that disappeared entirely?
Answer: Kaifeng Jews of China
Question: Where did assimilation never take place?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What Jewish community has never disappeared?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What encouraged Jews to not participate in secular society?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What has not been caused by Jews assimilating?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly lower) have been found in some studies, suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation. Graves (1996) has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status, as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations, although see also Wright (1978).
Question: FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?
Answer: genetic variation
Question: About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?
Answer: 5%
Question: FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?
Answer: 0.1
Question: What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?
Answer: Graves
Question: FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?
Answer: populations |
Context: Coronis, was daughter of Phlegyas, King of the Lapiths. Pregnant with Asclepius, Coronis fell in love with Ischys, son of Elatus. A crow informed Apollo of the affair. When first informed he disbelieved the crow and turned all crows black (where they were previously white) as a punishment for spreading untruths. When he found out the truth he sent his sister, Artemis, to kill Coronis (in other stories, Apollo himself had killed Coronis). As a result, he also made the crow sacred and gave them the task of announcing important deaths. Apollo rescued the baby and gave it to the centaur Chiron to raise. Phlegyas was irate after the death of his daughter and burned the Temple of Apollo at Delphi. Apollo then killed him for what he did.
Question: Who was the daughter of Phlegyas?
Answer: Coronis
Question: Who owas King of the Lapiths?
Answer: Phlegyas
Question: How was Apollo informed of the affair between Coronis and Ischys?
Answer: A crow
Question: Who was the son of Elatus?
Answer: Ischys |
Context: Along with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that "as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strategies; in this respect it could be considered an emblem of the Enlightenment." For Porset, the avoidance of thematic and hierarchical systems thus allows free interpretation of the works and becomes an example of egalitarianism. Encyclopedias and dictionaries also became more popular during the Age of Reason as the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply. In the later half of the 18th century, the number of dictionaries and encyclopedias published by decade increased from 63 between 1760 and 1769 to approximately 148 in the decade proceeding the French Revolution (1780–1789). Along with growth in numbers, dictionaries and encyclopedias also grew in length, often having multiple print runs that sometimes included in supplemented editions.
Question: What ordering scheme did readers prefer?
Answer: alphabetical
Question: Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism?
Answer: Charles Porset
Question: Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason?
Answer: the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply
Question: How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769?
Answer: 63
Question: How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution?
Answer: 148 |
Context: The Supreme Court is the highest court in Ireland. It has authority to interpret the constitution, and strike down laws and activities of the state that it finds to be unconstitutional. It is also the highest authority in the interpretation of the law. Constitutionally it must have authority to interpret the constitution but its further appellate jurisdiction from lower courts is defined by law. The Irish Supreme Court consists of its presiding member, the Chief Justice, and seven other judges. Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President in accordance with the binding advice of the Government. The Supreme Court sits in the Four Courts in Dublin.
Question: What is the highest ranking court in Ireland?
Answer: The Supreme Court
Question: Ireland's highest court has the power to determine whether laws are allowed by what document?
Answer: the constitution
Question: Who is the highest judge in Ireland's Supreme Court?
Answer: the Chief Justice
Question: Besides chief justice, how many other judges sit on Ireland's Supreme Court?
Answer: seven other judges
Question: Where is Ireland's Supreme Court seated?
Answer: the Four Courts in Dublin
Question: The lower courts are made of a Chief Justice and how many other judges?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What organization's advice does the Chief Justice take when appointing Supreme Court Judges?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where does the appellate court sit in Dublin?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The American Psychological Association states that "[s]exual orientation refers to an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes" and that "[t]his range of behaviors and attractions has been described in various cultures and nations throughout the world. Many cultures use identity labels to describe people who express these attractions. In the United States, the most frequent labels are lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes). However, some people may use different labels or none at all". They additionally state that sexual orientation "is distinct from other components of sex and gender, including biological sex (the anatomical, physiological, and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female), gender identity (the psychological sense of being male or female), and social gender role (the cultural norms that define feminine and masculine behavior)". According to psychologists, sexual orientation also refers to a person’s choice of sexual partners, who may be homosexual, heterosexual, or bisexual.
Question: What does the American Physocological Association say that sexual orientation refers to?
Answer: an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions to men, women, or both sexes
Question: What do a lot of cultures use to describe homosexual people?
Answer: identity labels
Question: What are the most used labels in America to describe homosexuals?
Answer: lesbians (women attracted to women), gay men (men attracted to men), and bisexual people (men or women attracted to both sexes).
Question: What do psychologists says sexual orientation can also mean?
Answer: a person’s choice of sexual partners |
Context: In 2000, Madonna starred in the film The Next Best Thing, and contributed two songs to the film's soundtrack; "Time Stood Still" and a cover of Don McLean's 1971 song "American Pie". She released her eighth studio album, Music, in September 2000. It featured elements from the electronica-inspired Ray of Light era, and like its predecessor, received acclaim from critics. Collaborating with French producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï, Madonna commented: "I love to work with the weirdos that no one knows about—the people who have raw talent and who are making music unlike anyone else out there. Music is the future of sound." Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic felt that "Music blows by in a kaleidoscopic rush of color, technique, style and substance. It has so many depth and layers that it's easily as self-aware and earnest as Ray of Light." The album took the number-one position in more than 20 countries worldwide and sold four million copies in the first ten days. In the U.S., Music debuted at the top, and became her first number-one album in eleven years since Like a Prayer. It produced three singles: the Hot 100 number one "Music", "Don't Tell Me", and "What It Feels Like for a Girl". The music video of "What It Feels Like for a Girl" depicted Madonna committing acts of crime and vandalism, and was banned by MTV and VH1.
Question: What was the film that Madonna starred in 2000?
Answer: The Next Best Thing
Question: What was the name of the film's soundtrack called?
Answer: Time Stood Still
Question: What was Madonna's eighth album called?
Answer: Music
Question: When was "Music" released?
Answer: September 2000
Question: How many albums did "Music" sell in the first 10 days?
Answer: four million |
Context: Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.
Question: Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?
Answer: green
Question: What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?
Answer: 532 nm
Question: What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?
Answer: diode pumped solid state
Question: What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?
Answer: 501 nm to 543 nm
Question: What is the range of the Argon-ion laser?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the nm of liquid dye lasers?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What color laser is the hardest for the public to gain access to?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the THz of the helium-neon laser?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What has linear properties?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: All versions incorporate a top-loading slot for game cartridges, although the shape of the slot differs between regions to match the different shapes of the cartridges. The MULTI OUT connector (later used on the Nintendo 64 and GameCube) can output composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator. Original versions additionally include a 28-pin expansion port under a small cover on the bottom of the unit and a standard RF output with channel selection switch on the back; the redesigned models output composite video only, requiring an external modulator for RF.
Question: How is the SNES's slot positioned?
Answer: top-loading
Question: What connection types did MULTI OUT support?
Answer: composite video, S-Video and RGB signals, as well as RF with an external RF modulator
Question: How many pins did the SNES expansion port have?
Answer: 28
Question: What output type was the only one directly supported on the SNS-101?
Answer: composite
Question: What other Nintendo systems used MULTI OUT?
Answer: Nintendo 64 and GameCube
Question: What do all versions have for expansion ports?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Why does the MULTI OUT connector differ between regions?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many pins were on the RF modulator?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What two systems later used a channel selection switch?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What can all models output that requires them to have an external modulator for RF?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Valencia Cathedral was called Iglesia Mayor in the early days of the Reconquista, then Iglesia de la Seo (Seo is from the Latin sedes, i.e., (archiepiscopal) See), and by virtue of the papal concession of 16 October 1866, it was called the Basilica Metropolitana. It is situated in the centre of the ancient Roman city where some believe the temple of Diana stood. In Gothic times, it seems to have been dedicated to the Holy Saviour; the Cid dedicated it to the Blessed Virgin; King James I of Aragon did likewise, leaving in the main chapel the image of the Blessed Virgin, which he carried with him and is reputed to be the one now preserved in the sacristy. The Moorish mosque, which had been converted into a Christian Church by the conqueror, was deemed unworthy of the title of the cathedral of Valencia, and in 1262 Bishop Andrés de Albalat laid the cornerstone of the new Gothic building, with three naves; these reach only to the choir of the present building. Bishop Vidal de Blanes built the chapter hall, and James I added the tower, called El Miguelete because it was blessed on St. Michael's day in 1418. The tower is about 58 m high and topped with a belfry (1660–1736).
Question: What was the Valencia Cathedral called from 1866?
Answer: Basilica Metropolitana
Question: What pagan deity may have had a temple where the Valencia Cathedral is now?
Answer: Diana
Question: How tall is the cathedral's tower?
Answer: 58 m
Question: What is the tower called?
Answer: El Miguelete
Question: What was the Cathedral's name from early in the Reconquista?
Answer: Iglesia Mayor |
Context: German philosophers have helped shape western philosophy from as early as the Middle Ages (Albertus Magnus). Later, Leibniz (17th century) and most importantly Kant played central roles in the history of philosophy. Kantianism inspired the work of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche as well as German idealism defended by Fichte and Hegel. Engels helped develop communist theory in the second half of the 19th century while Heidegger and Gadamer pursued the tradition of German philosophy in the 20th century. A number of German intellectuals were also influential in sociology, most notably Adorno, Habermas, Horkheimer, Luhmann, Simmel, Tönnies, and Weber. The University of Berlin founded in 1810 by linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt served as an influential model for a number of modern western universities.
Question: Who is a German philosopher from the middle ages?
Answer: Albertus Magnus
Question: When was Leibniz an active philosopher?
Answer: 17th century
Question: What German philosopher inspired Schopenhauer and Nietzsche?
Answer: Kant
Question: In the late 19th century, which German philosopher helped develop the idea of communism?
Answer: Engels
Question: When was the University of Berlin founded?
Answer: 1810
Question: What German philosopher is from the 1700's?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did the German philosopher Kant shape in the Middle Ages?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did Engels develop in the 1900's?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did Heideggar do in the 2000's?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What university was founded in the 18th century?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Agricultural protectionism—a rare exception to Switzerland's free trade policies—has contributed to high food prices. Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD. Nevertheless, domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world. Apart from agriculture, economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide. Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
Question: What has contributed to high food prices in Switzerland?
Answer: Agricultural protectionism
Question: What type of trade agreements does Switzerland have worldwide?
Answer: free
Question: What is the EFTA?
Answer: European Free Trade Association
Question: What is Switzerland's world ranking in domestic purchasing power?
Answer: one of the best
Question: According to the OECD, what is Switzerland lagging behind many EU countries in?
Answer: Product market liberalisation |
Context: On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking the modern expanded version of executive privilege. He otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. He was a moderate conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. He also launched the Interstate Highway System, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), the establishment of strong science education via the National Defense Education Act, and encouraged peaceful use of nuclear power via amendments to the Atomic Energy Act.
Question: Why political movement was named for Joseph McCarthy?
Answer: McCarthyism
Question: What political theory did Eisenhower use to oppose McCarthy?
Answer: executive privilege
Question: Who served as Eisenhower's vice president?
Answer: Nixon
Question: What sort of conservative was Eisenhower?
Answer: moderate
Question: What does DARPA stand for?
Answer: Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency |
Context: Tucson's primary electrical power source is a coal and natural gas power-plant managed by Tucson Electric Power that is situated within the city limits on the south-western boundary of Davis-Monthan Air-force base adjacent to Interstate-10. The air pollution generated has raised some concerns as the Sundt operating station has been online since 1962 as is exempt from many pollution standards and controls due to its age. Solar has been gaining ground in Tucson with its ideal over 300 days of sunshine climate. Federal, state, and even local utility credits and incentives have also enticed residents to equip homes with solar systems. Davis-Monthan AFB has a 3.3 Megawatt (MW) ground-mounted solar photovoltaic (PV) array and a 2.7 MW rooftop-mounted PV array, both of which are located in the Base Housing area. The base will soon have the largest solar-generating capacity in the United States Department of Defense after awarding a contract on September 10, 2010, to SunEdison to construct a 14.5 MW PV field on the northwestern side of the base.
Question: Who runs Tucson's main power plant?
Answer: Tucson Electric Power
Question: What highway is Tucson's main power plant near?
Answer: Interstate-10
Question: What does Tucson's main power plant use for fuel?
Answer: coal and natural gas
Question: When did Tucson's main power plant begin operation?
Answer: 1962
Question: How many days of sunshine does Tucson get each year?
Answer: over 300 |
Context: A TiVo service update in July 2008 allowed the system to search and play YouTube videos. In January 2009, YouTube launched "YouTube for TV", a version of the website tailored for set-top boxes and other TV-based media devices with web browsers, initially allowing its videos to be viewed on the PlayStation 3 and Wii video game consoles. In June 2009, YouTube XL was introduced, which has a simplified interface designed for viewing on a standard television screen. YouTube is also available as an app on Xbox Live. On November 15, 2012, Google launched an official app for the Wii, allowing users to watch YouTube videos from the Wii channel. An app is also available for Wii U and Nintendo 3DS, and videos can be viewed on the Wii U Internet Browser using HTML5. Google made YouTube available on the Roku player on December 17, 2013 and in October 2014, the Sony PlayStation 4.
Question: What service was able to search and play youtube videos as of 2008?
Answer: TiVo
Question: What did youtube launch in Jan of 2009?
Answer: YouTube for TV
Question: later in 2009 what service replaced youtube for TV
Answer: YouTube XL
Question: Google made youtube streamable on what gaming console in DEC. of 2013?
Answer: the Roku player
Question: When did youtube finally become available on the Playstation 4?
Answer: October 2014
Question: What did YouTube launch in January 2008?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was introduced in June 2008?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was launched on November 12, 2015?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was made available on December 13, 2017?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was YouTube made available on during October 2013?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Some critics believe that a clear-text edition gives the edited text too great a prominence, relegating textual variants to appendices that are difficult to use, and suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves. As Shillingsburg notes, "English scholarly editions have tended to use notes at the foot of the text page, indicating, tacitly, a greater modesty about the "established" text and drawing attention more forcibly to at least some of the alternative forms of the text".
Question: Are appendices easy to use for the average reader?
Answer: appendices that are difficult to use,
Question: Can a reader be certain of the validity of information found in a clear-text edition?
Answer: suggesting a greater sense of certainty about the established text than it deserves
Question: How do most editors work around the reference problems of clear-text editing?
Answer: notes at the foot of the text page
Question: Where can a reader find more information on text variants after noticing a footnote?
Answer: appendices
Question: Who believes that clear-text doesn't give enough prominence?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What are generally easy to use?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Shillingsburg says which editions don't use notes at the bottom of the page?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does not draw attention to alternative forms of text?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Czech dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia are known as Moravian (moravština). In the Austro-Hungarian Empire, "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak" was a language citizens could register as speaking (with German, Polish and several others). Of the Czech dialects, only Moravian is distinguished in nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office. As of 2011, 62,908 Czech citizens spoke Moravian as their first language and 45,561 were diglossal (speaking Moravian and standard Czech as first languages).
Question: What are the dialects spoken in Moravia and Silesia known as?
Answer: Moravian
Question: Where could citizens register "Bohemian-Moravian-Slovak' as being their spoken language?
Answer: the Austro-Hungarian Empire
Question: Which of the Czech dialects is the only one distinguished in the nationwide surveys by the Czech Statistical Office?
Answer: Moravian
Question: How many Czechs spoke Moravian as their first language as of 2011?
Answer: 62,908
Question: How many Czechs spoke both Moravian and standard Czech as first languages in 2011?
Answer: 45,561
Question: How many Czech citizens spoke German as their first language in 2011?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many people spoke German and Hungarian as first languages in 2011?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is it called when you speak both German and Hungarian as your first language?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What are the Czech dialects spoken in Germany known as?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In the German Empire, what language could you register as speaking?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Some experiments on very resinous Longleaf Pine specimens indicate an increase in strength, due to the resin which increases the strength when dry. Such resin-saturated heartwood is called "fat lighter". Structures built of fat lighter are almost impervious to rot and termites; however they are very flammable. Stumps of old longleaf pines are often dug, split into small pieces and sold as kindling for fires. Stumps thus dug may actually remain a century or more since being cut. Spruce impregnated with crude resin and dried is also greatly increased in strength thereby.
Question: What type of tree has resin that makes it stronger when it dries?
Answer: Longleaf Pine
Question: What's the funny name for resin-saturated heartwood?
Answer: fat lighter
Question: What is fat lighter practically impervious to in addition to termites?
Answer: rot
Question: If spruce is shot full of crude resin and dried, which of its properties is increased?
Answer: strength
Question: Since it's highly flammable, what do people often use little pieces of longleaf pine tree stumps for?
Answer: kindling |
Context: Throughout history, many rulers, empires and nations have oppressed their Jewish populations or sought to eliminate them entirely. Methods employed ranged from expulsion to outright genocide; within nations, often the threat of these extreme methods was sufficient to silence dissent. The history of antisemitism includes the First Crusade which resulted in the massacre of Jews; the Spanish Inquisition (led by Tomás de Torquemada) and the Portuguese Inquisition, with their persecution and autos-da-fé against the New Christians and Marrano Jews; the Bohdan Chmielnicki Cossack massacres in Ukraine; the Pogroms backed by the Russian Tsars; as well as expulsions from Spain, Portugal, England, France, Germany, and other countries in which the Jews had settled. According to a 2008 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics, 19.8% of the modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry, indicating that the number of conversos may have been much higher than originally thought.
Question: What was one method used to entirely eliminate Jewish populations?
Answer: expulsion
Question: What resulted in the massacre of Jews?
Answer: First Crusade
Question: Who led the Spanish Inquisition?
Answer: Tomás de Torquemada
Question: According to the American Journal of Human Genetics, what percentage of modern Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?
Answer: 19.8%
Question: What methods were never used on Jewish populations?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was not sufficient to silence dissent?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was the First Crusade led by?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was opposed by the Russian Tsars?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percent of the historical Iberian population has Sephardic Jewish ancestry?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The relative peace of the Tokugawa era was shattered with the arrival of Commodore Matthew Perry's massive U.S. Navy steamships in 1853. Perry used his superior firepower to force Japan to open its borders to trade. Prior to that only a few harbor towns, under strict control from the Shogunate, were allowed to participate in Western trade, and even then, it was based largely on the idea of playing the Franciscans and Dominicans off against one another (in exchange for the crucial arquebus technology, which in turn was a major contributor to the downfall of the classical samurai).
Question: Which force invaded Japan in 1853?
Answer: U.S. Navy
Question: Who lead the US Navy's invasion of Japan?
Answer: Commodore Matthew Perry
Question: What was Perry's goal in Japan?
Answer: force Japan to open its borders to trade
Question: What technology helped the downfall of samurai?
Answer: arquebus |
Context: The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.
Question: Along with the Inns of Chancery, in what inns did British lawyers historically conduct business?
Answer: Inns of Court
Question: In what city are the Inns of Chancery located?
Answer: London
Question: Outside England, what other country does the legal system founded around the Inns of Court operate in?
Answer: Wales |
Context: In simple terms, the Cold War could be viewed as an expression of the ideological struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States faced a new uncertainty beginning in September 1949, when it lost its monopoly on the atomic bomb. American intelligence agencies discovered that the Soviet Union had exploded its first atomic bomb, with the consequence that the United States potentially could face a future nuclear war that, for the first time, might devastate its cities. Given this new danger, the United States participated in an arms race with the Soviet Union that included development of the hydrogen bomb, as well as intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) capable of delivering nuclear weapons. A new fear of communism and its sympathizers swept the United States during the 1950s, which devolved into paranoid McCarthyism. With communism spreading in China, Korea, and Eastern Europe, Americans came to feel so threatened that popular and political culture condoned extensive "witch-hunts" to expose communist spies. Part of the American reaction to the Soviet atomic and hydrogen bomb tests included maintaining a large Air Force, under the control of the Strategic Air Command (SAC). SAC employed intercontinental strategic bombers, as well as medium-bombers based close to Soviet airspace (in western Europe and in Turkey) that were capable of delivering nuclear payloads.
Question: What year did the US lose its monopoly to the atomic bomb?
Answer: 1949
Question: What type of bomb was first developed during the Cold War?
Answer: the hydrogen bomb
Question: ICBMs is an abbreviation for what?
Answer: intercontinental strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles
Question: The SAC is an abbreviation for what US force?
Answer: Strategic Air Command
Question: During what decade, did a fear of communism oversweep the US?
Answer: 1950s |
Context: On 20 October 1944 the U.S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, north of Mindanao. The U.S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was reinforced successfully, the U.S. Fifth Air Force was able to devastate the Japanese attempts to resupply. In torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and the neighboring island of Samar to the north. On 7 December U.S. Army units landed at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, cut off the Japanese ability to reinforce and supply Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U.S. Army was in control.
Question: When did the U.S. Sixth Army land on the eastern shore of Leyte?
Answer: 20 October 1944
Question: Where did the Japanese rush reinforcments to on the western side of Leyte?
Answer: Ormoc Bay area
Question: What force devastated resupply attempts by the Japanese?
Answer: U.S. Fifth Air Force
Question: What was the neighboring island to the north of Leyte.
Answer: Samar
Question: Fighting continued on Leyte for how long?
Answer: months |
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