text
stringlengths 4
6.1k
|
|---|
Berger Rücken The Berger Rücken (Bergen Ridge) is a geological formation that extends along the northeast edge of Frankfurt am Main. Parts of the Bergen Ridge belong to the Frankfurt Green Belt and its Natural Springs Hiking Trail. The southern side of the Bergen Ridge, once covered with vineyards, is now home to one of Frankfurt's premier residential districts, Berger Hang. The Bergen Ridge originated during the last ice age, when the river Main formed today's ridge as a river bank. Remaining from this time are the Enkheim and Seckbach lakes and marshes. Excavations on the Bergen Ridge have also uncovered ancient settlements, a Roman sanctuary, a Roman estate, Roman roads, a large Jupiter column, and fossils of a prehistoric hippopotamus-like animal. The Lohrberg is home to the last existing vineyard in Frankfurt's city limits. The Lohrberger Hang Riesling grows on the 1.3-hectare vineyard, which is the smallest and easternmost area of the Rhine Valley wine-growing region. References Category:Geologic formations of Germany |
List of public transport routes numbered 18 In public transport, Route 18 may refer to: Route 18 (Baltimore streetcar), a former streetcar in Baltimore, Maryland London Buses route 18 18 |
Dodge 50 Series The Dodge 50 Series, later known as the Renault 50 Series were light commercial vehicles produced in the UK by Chrysler Europe and later Renault Véhicules Industriels between 1979 and 1993. The 50 series included a wide range of chassis and body configurations, including two distinctly different cab designs, and spanned the revenue weight range. Various engines were offered, including the Perkins Phaser and 4.236, and there was also a four-wheel-drive version, the RB44, built by Reynolds Boughton (now known as Boughton Engineering). Versions Bodybuilding companies converted many into various configurations from tipper trucks to buses. Many were built as "chassis cabs" to have box bodies fitted; these were widely used by utility companies in the UK. They often came fitted with compressors and generators. Gradually this kind of vehicle fell out of favour, partly due to reliability issues relating to combining plant equipment with the vehicle drivetrain. The vehicle is otherwise toughly built. The utility companies today favour smaller vans with towed generators. The four-wheel-drive version saw some use with the British army since it was one of very few British-built trucks of the class, and it could carry considerably more stores and equipment than even the largest Land Rover models. Chrysler received financial assistance from the British Government which was desperate to support the ailing British motor industry. However, having inherited various struggling car and commercial vehicle marques (and factories) from the Rootes Group, notably the commercial marques Commer and Karrier, in addition to various French concerns, Chrysler Europe struggled to return a profit. In 1978, Chrysler pulled out of their European operations altogether, selling them to Peugeot. The cars and small vans became known as Talbots. Peugeot takeover However, Peugeot had little interest in commercial vehicles and the factory for the heavier models was run in partnership with Renault Véhicules Industriels, who sought a UK production site for engines for their existing Renault-branded models. They continued to manufacture the 50 Series, along with the small Dodge (formerly Commer) Spacevan, and the large Dodge 100 / Commando 2 Series of trucks. The transition to Renault branding was slightly muddied by some vehicles bearing both a Dodge name and a Renault-diamond badge. Renault 50 By 1987, the 50 Series had been updated and was badged as the Renault 50 Series or Desoto 50 Series in Bermuda; the UK incarnation of the Dodge marque ceased to be used for new vehicles. (Chrysler maintained an entirely separate Dodge brand in the U.S., and in 2006 began re-introducing Dodge car models from the USA into the UK market.) Renault continued to manufacture the 50 Series until 1993, but it was never a great sales success, even being forced to compete with other Renault products, in the form of the Master van, which Renault favoured in its export markets. In 1994, Renault — keen to clear the factory for large-scale engine production — sold the production tooling to a Chinese manufacturer. The 50 series is still being produced in China under a different name. See also Dodge 100 "Commando" Dodge 500 External links Rootes-Chrysler resource site - page about Spacevan and others Specialised Dodge 50 website with manuals, image gallery, forum, and more. Production Line Transfer to China Reynolds Boughton RB44 details Boughton Engineering official site References 50 Series Dodge 50 Series 50 Series Category:Dodge UK |
List of Los Angeles Kings head coaches The Los Angeles Kings are an American professional ice hockey team based in Los Angeles, California. They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team joined the NHL in 1967 as an expansion team with five other teams, and won their first Stanley Cup in 2012. Having first played at The Forum, the Kings have played their home games at the Staples Center since 1999. The Kings are owned by Philip Anschutz and Edward P. Roski, Rob Blake is their general manager, and Anže Kopitar is the team captain. There have been 25 head coaches for the Kings. The franchise's first head coach was Red Kelly, who coached for two seasons. Andy Murray is the franchise's all-time leader for the most regular-season games coached (480), the most regular-season game wins (215), and the most regular-season points (519); Darryl Sutter is the franchise's all-time leader for the most playoff games coached (64) and playoff game wins (41), and the highest playoff winning percentage (.641), which is one of only two over .500 out of the Kings' head coaches. Rogatien Vachon, who coached the Kings for three non-consecutive stints, is the Kings' all-time leader for the least regular-season games coached, with 10. Sutter is the only coach to have won a Stanley Cup with the Kings, in and . Bob Pulford is the only head coach to have been awarded the Jack Adams Award with the Kings, having won it in the 1974–75 season. Larry Regan and Don Perry have spent their entire NHL head coaching careers with the Kings. Roger Neilson, who coached the Kings for 28 games, is the only Kings head coach to have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame as a builder. Darryl Sutter was the Kings Head Coach from 2011-2017. Key Coaches Note: Statistics are correct through the end of the 2018-19 season. Notes A running total of the number of coaches of the Kings. Thus, any coach who has two or more separate terms as head coach is only counted once. Before the 2005–06 season, the NHL instituted a penalty shootout for regular season games that remained tied after a five-minute overtime period, which prevented ties. Each year is linked to an article about that particular NHL season. References General Specific Los Angeles Kings head coaches head coaches |
Stoor worm The stoor worm, or Mester Stoor Worm, was a gigantic evil sea serpent of Orcadian folklore, capable of contaminating plants and destroying animals and humans with its putrid breath. It is probably an Orkney variant of the Norse Jörmungandr, also known as the Midgard Serpent, or world serpent, and has been described as a sea dragon. The king of one country threatened by the beast's arrival was advised to offer it a weekly sacrifice of seven virgins. In desperation the king eventually issued a proclamation offering his kingdom, his daughter's hand in marriage and a magic sword to anyone who could destroy the monster. Assipattle, the youngest son of a local farmer, defeated the creature; as it died its teeth fell out to become the islands of Orkney, Shetland and the Faroes, and its body became Iceland. Similarities between Assipatle's defeat of the monster and other dragon-slayer tales, including Herakles' destruction of a sea monster to save Hesione, have been noted by several authors. It has been suggested that tales of this genre evolved during a period of enlightenment, when human sacrifices to bestial divinities were beginning to be suppressed. Etymology The name stoor worm may be derived from the Old Norse Storðar-gandr, an alternative name for Jörmungandr, the world or Midgard Serpent of Norse mythology, Stoor or stour was a term used by Scots in the latter part of the 14th century to describe fighting or battles; it could also be applied to "violent conflicts" of the weather elements. Similar definitions are given by the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue that covers the period up to the start of the 18th century; later volumes, when it was published as the Dictionary of the Scots Language and covered from 1700 onwards, include substantial, large and big; it further indicates it may be akin to the Old Norse stórr. It shows stoorworm as "a monster serpent, a sea-dragon" using Traill Dennison's tale as the basis for the definition. Mester means master; it may have been deemed Mester Stoor Worm because it was the "master and father of all stoorworms". In Scotland worm may frequently be applied to a dragon, as it is in northern England according to folklorist Katharine Briggs, a usage that derives from the Saxon and Norse terms. The spelling of the Old English and obsolete variant of the word worm is wyrm, meaning dragon or serpent. Traill Dennison's definition gives mester as "superior" with stoor being "large, powerful, strong or stern". He describes worm as "any animal of serpent shape". Folk beliefs Description and common attributes An inhabitant of the sea, the stoor worm was a mythical serpent-like creature created by malevolent spirits. A gigantic beast with a ferocious appetite, it was able to demolish ships and houses with its prehensile forked tongue it used as a pair of tongs, and even to drag entire hillsides and villages into the sea. Its eyes were like "round lochs, very deep and dark" in the modern retelling, whereas it "glowed and flamed like a ward fire" in Dennison's long text, which noted in an aside that some accounts stated that the stoor worm had only one eye. According to folklorist Jennifer Westwood, the stoor worm's head was "like a great mountain"; its breath was putrid, contaminating plants and destroying any humans or animals with its blast. Traill Dennison reported the serpent's length was "beyond telling, and reached thousands and thousands of miles in the sea". Giant sea swells and earthquakes were attributed to the beast yawning, a sign it wanted to be fed rather than of fatigue. |
Islanders were terrified of the serpent; it was described by Traill Dennison, who transcribed its story, as "the worst of the nine fearful curses that plague mankind". A further tale recorded by Traill Dennison gives a brief mention of another stoor worm, described as the progeny of the Orcadian monster, which is killed when it is severed in two by an oversized mythical ship. Sacrificial offerings The king of one country threatened by the imminent arrival of the stoor worm sought the advice of a wise man or spaeman, who suggests that the beast might be appeased if it is fed seven virgins every week. In line with the wise man's advice, every Saturday the islanders provide a sacrificial offering of seven virgins, who were tied up and placed on the beach for the serpent to sweep into its mouth as it reared its head from the sea. As the regular sacrifices continue the islanders approach the king for help, as they are worried there will soon be no young girls left. The king again asks the advice of the spaeman, who tentatively suggests that the king's only daughter, Princess Gem-de-lovely, his most prized possession, will have to be offered to the stoor worm to encourage it to leave. During the ten-week period of grace before the princess has to be sacrificed, messengers are despatched to every corner of the realm offering the kingdom, marriage to the princess, and the magic sword the king had inherited from the god Odin. Slaying The number of prospective heroes who come forward as a result of the king's appeal varies in the telling from 30 to 36, but they all leave without confronting the monster. The day before the princess is due to be sacrificed, Assipattle, the youngest son of a local farmer and despised by his family, mounts his father's horse and at dawn arrives on the beach where the creature is just beginning to awaken. After stealing some hot peat and acquiring a small boat, Assipattle is driven by the waves into the stoor worm's mouth as it starts yawning. The boat is carried down to the depths of the creature's stomach until it finally comes to rest. Assipattle plunges the still burning peat into the stoor worm's liver, causing a "fire that blazed like a furnace". The pain of its burning liver causes the creature to have a fit of retching that carries Assipattle, who has managed to return to his boat, back out of the monster's mouth. The commotion caused by the stoor worm's writhing agonies draws a crowd to the beach, and Assipattle lands safely among them. The ferocity of the fire burning in the creature's liver increases, causing smoke clouds to be expelled from its mouth and nostrils, turning the skies black. The islanders, believing that the world is about to end, clamber up a hillside to watch the final death throes of the creature at a safe distance from the resulting tidal waves and earthquakes. As it dies, the creature's teeth fall out to become the islands of Orkney, Shetland and the Faroes. The Baltic Sea is created where its tongue falls out, and when the creature finally curls up into a tight knot and dies, its body becomes Iceland. True to his word, once the skies clear and the earth settles, the king relinquishes his kingdom to Assipattle, who marries Princess Gem-de-lovely. As promised, the king also gives Odin's magic sword to Assipattle. Origins The stoor worm is likely to be an Orkney variant of the Norse Jörmungandr, or world serpent, also known as the |
Midgard Serpent. The Orcadian folklorist Marwick highlights the similarity between the method Assipattle used to kill the mythical creature and those recounted in the slaying of the Worm of Linton and the Cnoc na Cnoimh of Sutherland tales. He also notes that in Bel and the Dragon, the dragon is killed by Daniel using "fat and hair" instead of peat. In Shetland there was a long-standing belief that "away, far out to sea, near the edge of the world, lived a monstrous sea-serpent that took about six hours to draw in his breath, and six hours to let it out", which Marwick speculates was probably an explanation for the cycle of the tides. Hartland published an analysis of the myths of the Perseus cycle in the last decade of the 19th century with the stated aim to determine "whether it be possible to ascertain what was its primitive form, where it originated, and how it became diffused over the Eastern continent." He highlighted similarities between Assipattle's defeat of the stoor worm and Herakle's rescue of Hesione. When researching the Dartmoor legend of Childe's Tomb folklorist Theo Brown also drew comparisons between the slaying of the stoor worm and Jonah's three-day confinement inside a whale. Hartland concluded that tales of this genre were confined to countries beginning to move away from primitive beliefs and possibly evolved "out of the suppression of human sacrifices to divinities in bestial form." References Notes Citations Bibliography Category:Orcadian culture Category:Scottish folklore Category:Scottish legendary creatures Category:Legendary serpents Category:Sea monsters |
Vistula Offensive Vistula Offensive can refer to: Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 Soviet Vistula-Oder Offensive in 1945 |
Discounted maximum loss Discounted maximum loss, also known as worst-case risk measure, is the present value of the worst-case scenario for a financial portfolio. In investment, in order to protect the value of an investment, one must consider all possible alternatives to the initial investment. How one does this comes down to personal preference; however, the worst possible alternative is generally considered to be the benchmark against which all other options are measured. The present value of this worst possible outcome is the discounted maximum loss. Definition Given a finite state space , let be a portfolio with profit for . If is the order statistic the discounted maximum loss is simply , where is the discount factor. Given a general probability space , let be a portfolio with discounted return for state . Then the discounted maximum loss can be written as where denotes the essential infimum. Properties The discounted maximum loss is the expected shortfall at level . It is therefore a coherent risk measure. The worst-case risk measure is the most conservative (normalized) risk measure in the sense that for any risk measure and any portfolio then . Example As an example, assume that a portfolio is currently worth 100, and the discount factor is 0.8 (corresponding to an interest rate of 25%): In this case the maximum loss is from 100 to 20 = 80, so the discounted maximum loss is simply References Category:Financial risk modeling |
PnB Rock Rakim Allen (born December 9, 1991), known professionally as PnB Rock, is an American rapper, singer, composer and actor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is best known for his 2015 single "Fleek" and 2016 single "Selfish", which has peaked at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100. He is also known for his double studio album, Trapstar Turnt Popstar, which was released in 2019. In 2017, Allen was chosen as part of the XXL Freshman Class. Early life Rakim Allen was born on December 9, 1991, in the Germantown neighborhood of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania with parents and was primarily raised by his mother due to his father being murdered when he was 3 years old. In his teen years, he lived in Northeast Philadelphia. He grew up listening to rapper 2Pac and R&B group Jodeci. At the age of 13, Allen was sent to a youth detention program for committing robberies and fighting in school. When he turned 19, he was sentenced to 33 months in prison for drug possession and other crimes. Allen was homeless for a short period after being released from prison. He never finished high school. Allen later adopted the stage name PnB Rock, which is an acronym for Pastorius and Baynton, a street corner near where he grew up in Philadelphia's Germantown neighborhood. Career On June 24, 2014, PnB Rock released his debut mixtape, Real N*gga Bangaz. He wrote the mixtape while he was incarcerated. In 2015, PnB Rock signed a record deal with Atlantic Records, and under the label, he released his first project with Atlantic titled RnB3 which is his third mixtape. In June 2016, he released the hit single, "Selfish". The song peaked at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100. In October 2016, Rolling Stone included him in their list of "10 New Artists You Need to Know". On January 10, 2017, he released his second retail mixtape album, GTTM: Goin Thru the Motions through Atlantic Records and Empire Distribution. The album debuted at number 28 on the US Billboard 200 chart. Subsequently, in April 2017, he participated in the soundtrack of The Fate of the Furious with 2 singles including "Gang Up" with Young Thug, 2 Chainz and Wiz Khalifa and "Horses" with Kodak Black and A Boogie wit da Hoodie. In June 2017, PnB Rock was named as one of the ten of XXL's "2017 Freshman Class". PnB Rock has also admitted that his single, "Nowadays", was co-written by Bronx rapper, Carlos, who has featured PnB on his summer hit, "Let's Get Personal". His debut album TrapStar Turnt PopStar was released in May 2019. PnB Rock is featured on Ed Sheeran's "Cross Me", which is a part of Sheeran's album No.6 Collaborations Project, along with Chance the Rapper. Discography Studio albums Catch These Vibes (2017) TrapStar Turnt PopStar (2019) References External links Category:1991 births Category:Living people Category:African-American male rappers Category:21st-century American musicians Category:Atlantic Records artists Category:East Coast hip hop musicians Category:Rappers from Philadelphia Category:American hip hop singers Category:21st-century American rappers Category:21st-century American male musicians Category:African-American male singers |
Ich, Semnan Ich (, also Romanized as Īch and Īj) is a village in Lasgerd Rural District, Sorkheh District, in the Central District of Sorkheh County, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 63, in 32 families. References Category:Populated places in Sorkheh County |
Hilliard Brooke Bell Captain Hilliard Brooke Bell (9 March 1897 – 16 September 1960) was a Canadian First World War flying ace credited with ten aerial victories while serving in the British Royal Flying Corps and Royal Air Force. Early life and education Hilliard Brooke Bell was born to Edwin and Sarah R. Bell (née Brooke) in Chatham, Ontario, but later the family moved to Toronto. Bell was educated at St. Andrew's College, Aurora, where he joined the College Officer Training Corps. He then attended University College, Toronto, but gave up his studies to join the 67th (University of Toronto) Battery Depot, Canadian Field Artillery, at Kingston on 23 May 1916. World War I Bell initially served as a gunner, until commissioned as a lieutenant in November. He then waited for a posting to a battery for five months, before eventually requesting a transfer to the Royal Flying Corps. He began his training in early 1917 at Camp Borden, and following instruction in aeroplane construction, began flight training, and flew solo. On 23 July Bell was appointed a second lieutenant on probation in the Royal Flying Corps, and sailed from Montreal to England in August, where he received advanced flying training with No. 81 Squadron RFC at Scampton, initially on the Avro 504, then the Bristol M.1c. He was confirmed in his rank, and appointed a flying officer, on 4 September. With only six hours of solo flying in the M.1c, Bell was sent to France on 16 October, travelling to Saint-Omer by train, where he joined No. 66 Squadron RFC. His first flight in France was on 18 October in a Sopwith Pup to familiarize himself with the aircraft and the location. He made a second flight later the same day going up to an altitude of . Over the next month No. 66 Squadron were re-equipped with the Sopwith Camel. In November No. 66 Squadron was one of six RFC squadrons sent to Italy, to reinforce the Italian Front after the disaster at Caporetto. Their aircraft were dismantled, crated, and loaded onto flat cars. The squadron's personnel also travelled by train to Milan, where they were quartered at the best hotel in the city for a week, until the weather cleared and they could make the 1½ hour flight to Verona, finally arriving at their base at Grossa on 4 December. Bell gained his first aerial victory on 16 December 1917 by driving down an Albatros D.V out of control. Further victories followed on 4 February 1918, by shooting an Albatros D.III down in flames, and he destroyed an Aviatik two-seater on 6 February. On 23 February, even though he was still only a second lieutenant, he was appointed a flight commander with the temporary rank of captain. He drove down a Berg fighter on 16 March, and on 19 March destroyed another Albatros D.III, for his fifth victory, making him an ace. He accounted for two more D.III's destroyed on 23 April and 3 May. On 8 May he was awarded the Military Cross, which was gazetted on 16 September. His citation read: Temporary Captain Hilliard Brooke Bell, RAF. "For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. He destroyed five enemy machines, and drove down one out of control. He is a very fine patrol leader and an excellent officer. His work is thoroughly good, all round." He went on to gain three more victories over enemy fighters on 10 May, and 1 and 4 July, before being posted back to England to serve as an instructor. On 2 November 1918, he was awarded the Bronze Medal of |
Military Valor "in recognition of distinguished services rendered" by the Italian government. He was transferred to the RAF's unemployed list on 5 April 1919. List of aerial victories Post-war career Bell returned to his law studies in Toronto, graduating from Osgoode Hall and being called to the Bar of Ontario in 1921. He was appointed King's Counsel in 1935, and practised as a lawyer until his death in hospital in Toronto on 16 September 1960. His War Experiences were published posthumously in the Journal of the Canadian Aviation Historical Society in 1963–64. Footnotes References Category:1897 births Category:1960 deaths Category:People from Chatham-Kent Category:Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery personnel Category:Royal Flying Corps officers Category:Royal Air Force personnel of World War I Category:Canadian World War I flying aces Category:Recipients of the Military Cross Category:Recipients of the Bronze Medal of Military Valor Category:Osgoode Hall Law School alumni Category:20th-century Canadian lawyers Category:Canadian Queen's Counsel Category:Canadian recipients of the Military Cross |
2010 Dissolution Honours The 2010 Dissolution Honours List was issued on 28 May 2010 at the advice of the outgoing Prime Minister, Gordon Brown. The list was gazetted on 15 June. Life Peerages Conservative Timothy Eric Boswell - former Whip and Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Angela Frances Browning - former Parliamentary Secretary at the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Rt Hon John Selwyn Gummer - former Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, and held other senior posts in government and opposition. Rt Hon Michael Howard QC - former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition. John Craddock Maples - former Economic Secretary, and held other senior posts in government and opposition. Sir Michael Spicer - former Government Minister for Housing and Chairman of Parliamentary and Scientific Committee. Labour Rt Hon Hilary Jane Armstrong - former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for Social Exclusion, and held other senior posts in government. Rt Hon Desmond (Des) Henry Browne - former Secretary of State for Defence and held other senior posts in government. Rt Hon Quentin Davies - former Government Minister, Defence. Rt Hon Beverley Hughes - former Minister of State, Children, Schools and Families. Rt Hon John Hutton - former Secretary of State for Business, and held other senior posts in government. Rt Hon James (Jim) Philip Knight, Former Minister of State. Rt Hon Tommy McAvoy - former Government Deputy Chief Whip. Rt Hon John McFall - former Chair of Treasury Select Committee and MP for West Dunbartonshire. Rt Hon John Leslie Prescott - former Deputy Prime Minister and First Secretary of State, and held other senior posts in government. Rt Hon Dr John Reid - former Home Secretary, and held other senior posts in government. Rt Hon Angela Evans Smith (of Basildon) - former Minister of State, Cabinet Office. Rt Hon James Donnelly (Don) Touhig - former Parliamentary under Secretary of State (Minister for Veterans), Ministry of Defence. Rt Hon Michael David Wills - former Minister of State, Ministry of Justice. Liberal Democrats Richard Allan - former MP for Sheffield Hallam and Chair of the Information Select Committee. Matthew Owen John Taylor - former MP for Truro and St Austell, Chair of National Housing Federation. George Philip (Phil) Willis - former MP for Harrogate and Knaresborough, Former Chair of Science and Technology Select Committee. Democratic Unionist Party Rt Hon Ian R K Paisley - former First Minister and DUP Leader. Crossbench Sir Ian Blair - former Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police. Working Peers Conservative Guy Vaughan Black - former Director of Press Complaints Commission and Executive Director of Telegraph Media Group. Dame Margaret Eaton OBE - Chairman of Local Government Association. Edward Peter Lawless Faulks QC - barrister, leading practitioner, crime and personal injuries practice. John Gardiner - Deputy Chief Executive of Countryside Alliance. Helen Margaret Newlove - campaigner against anti-social behaviour. Doral Amarshi Popat - businessman, Chief Executive of TLC Group, specialising in healthcare and hospitality. Shireen Olive Ritchie - Local Government Councillor, specialises in areas of adult and children's social care. Deborah Stedman-Scott OBE, DL, FRSA - Chief Executive of Tomorrow's People, national employment charity working in deprived areas of UK. Nat Wei - a member of Teach First's founding team and also a founder of Future Leaders. Hon Simon Adam Wolfson - Chief Executive of NEXT plc. Labour Sir Jeremy Hugh Beecham DL - senior figure in English local government and first Chairman of the Local Government Association. Rt Hon Paul Boateng - former Government Minister and MP for Brent South. Rita Margaret Donaghy |
CBE - former Chair Conciliation and Arbitration Service. Jeannie Drake - former Deputy General Secretary of the Communication Workers Union. Dr Dianne Hayter - Chair of Legal Services Consumer Panel. Anna Healy - former Government and political adviser, serving in numerous government departments. Roy Kennedy - Labour Party's Director of Finance and Compliance, long serving member of the Labour Party. Rt Hon Helen Lawrie Liddell - former Secretary State of Scotland. Roger John Liddle - former Special Adviser on Europe. Rt Hon Dr Jack Wilson McConnell - former First Minister of Scotland. John Stephen Monks - General Secretary, European Trades Union Confederation. Sue Nye - former Director of Government Relations, Prime Minister's Office. Maeve Sherlock OBE - former Chief Executive of the Refugee Council and Former Special Advisor to Chancellor. Robert Wilfrid (Wilf) Stevenson - former Director of the Smith Institute and Special Adviser to the PM. Margaret Wheeler MBE - Director of Organisation and Staff Development for the public service union UNISON. Michael Williams - former Special Adviser on Foreign Affairs. Liberal Democrats Floella Benjamin OBE DL - actor, presenter and campaigner for children's issues. Mike German OBE AM - former Deputy First Minister (Wales). Meral Hussein Ece OBE - Local Government Councillor in Islington, advocate of equality issues. Sir Kenneth (Ken) Macdonald QC - former Director of Public Prosecutions. Kathryn (Kate) Jane Parminter - former Chief Executive of Campaign to Protect Rural England. John Shipley OBE - leading Local Government Councillor in Newcastle upon Tyne. Knights Bachelor Keith Hill - Hill later declined his honour saying he would find the title "embarrassing". Mr William (Bill) O’Brien - former MP for Normanton 1983-2005. Rt Hon Ian McCartney - former Minister of State, FCO and DTI and held other senior posts in government. Privy Council Dominic Grieve QC MP - Attorney-General. Greg Clark MP - Minister of State, Department of Communities and Local Government. Alan Duncan MP - Minister of State, Department for International Development. Chris Grayling MP - Minister of State, Department of Work and Pensions. Nick Herbert MP - Minister of State, Ministry of Justice and the Home Office. Baroness Neville-Jones of Hutton Roof DCMG - Minister of State, Home Office. Grant Shapps MP - Minister of State, Department of Communities and Local Government. Theresa Villiers MP - Minister of State, Department for Transport. David Willetts MP - Minister of State, Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. David Mundell MP - Parliamentary Under Secretary of State, Scotland Office. John Randall MP - Deputy Chief Whip (Treasurer of Her Majesty's Household). Mark Francois MP Government Whip (Vice Chamberlain of Her Majesty's Household). Nigel Dodds OBE MP MLA Joan Ruddock MP Lord West of Spithead GCB Carwyn Jones AM - First Minister for Wales. Alex Fergusson MSP References External links Downing Street announcement of the list Dissolution Honours Dissolution Honours 2010 Category:Gordon Brown Category:2010 awards in the United Kingdom |
Radosław Kałużny Radosław Kałużny (; born 2 February 1974) is a retired Polish football player. He usually played a holding midfield role during his career, but was unusually effective at attacking for a defensive midfielder, his international goalscoring record evidence of that. Club career Born in Góra, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Kałużny spent his first ten years in pro football in Poland. In 2001, he moved to Germany and stayed there for five years, playing for four teams. After another season in Cyprus, he last played for the Polish football club Jagiellonia Białystok and retired in summer 2008. International career Kałużny was capped 41 times for the Polish national team and scored 11 goals. He was a participant at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. Style of play Kałużny's main footballing attribute was perhaps his ability to retain possession for long periods of a game, due to a combination of accurate passing and excellent ball control. He also had a particularly venomous long-range shot. Perhaps his best season in football was the 2000–01 season for Energie Cottbus, where his performances had many admirers. A criticism of Kałużny during his career was that his mental attributes were less than desirable. He was easily wound up by opposition players, and often faded from games where his team was losing and needed him the most. Honours Wisła Kraków Ekstraklasa: 1998–99 and 2000–01 Ekstraklasa Cup: 2001 References External links Category:1974 births Category:Living people Category:People from Góra Category:Sportspeople from Lower Silesian Voivodeship Category:Association football midfielders Category:Polish footballers Category:Poland international footballers Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players Category:Zagłębie Lubin players Category:Wisła Kraków players Category:FC Energie Cottbus players Category:Bayer 04 Leverkusen players Category:Rot-Weiss Essen players Category:AEL Limassol players Category:Bundesliga players Category:2. Bundesliga players Category:Ekstraklasa players Category:Cypriot First Division players Category:Polish expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany Category:Expatriate footballers in Cyprus |
Boone Township, Madison County, Indiana Boone Township is one of fourteen townships in Madison County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 661 and it contained 270 housing units. It was named for Daniel Boone. Geography According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of , all land. Cemeteries The township contains these two cemeteries: Carver and Forrestville. Major highways Indiana State Road 9 Indiana State Road 37 Education Madison-Grant United School Corporation Boone Township residents may obtain a free library card from the North Madison County Public Library System with branches in Elwood, Frankton, and Summitville. Political districts Indiana's 6th congressional district State House District 35 State Senate District 20 References United States Census Bureau 2008 TIGER/Line Shapefiles IndianaMap External links Indiana Township Association United Township Association of Indiana City-Data.com page for Boone Township Boone Township History Category:Townships in Madison County, Indiana Category:Townships in Indiana |
Trigonopterus chewbacca Trigonopterus chewbacca is a species of flightless weevil in the genus Trigonopterus from Papua New Guinea. Etymology The specific name is derived from a parallel being drawn between the dense scales on the head and legs of this species, and the Star Wars character Chewbacca. References chewbacca Category:Beetles described in 2016 Category:Beetles of Asia |
Iridoplegia Iridoplegia is the paralysis of the sphincter of the iris. It can occur in due to direct orbital injury, which may result in short lived blurred vision. Types It can be of three types: accommodative iridoplegia- Noncontraction of pupils during accommodation. complete iridoplegia- Iris fails to respond to any stimulation. reflex iridoplegia- The absence of light reflex, with retention of accommodation reflex. Also called Argyll Robertson pupil. Etiology Iridoplegia has been reported in association with Guillain-Barré syndrome. References Category:Diseases of the eye and adnexa |
1993 Copa de Oro Finals The 1993 Copa de Oro Finals was a football series between Boca Juniors and Atlético Mineiro played on July 14 and July 22 of that same year. The matches were played in Mineirão and La Bombonera stadiums of Belo Horizonte and Buenos Aires, respectively. Boca Juniors won the series by 1-0 on aggregate to claim its first Copa de Oro title. Qualified teams Matches First leg Second leg References 1993 Category:1993 in Brazilian football Copa de Oro Final 1993 Copa de Oro Final 1993 Category:1993 in South American football |
H-Bomb Ferguson Robert Percell Ferguson (May 9, 1929 – November 26, 2006), who performed as H-Bomb Ferguson, was an American jump blues singer. He was an early pioneer of the rock and roll style of the mid-1950s, featuring driving rhythm, intensely shouted vocals, honking tenor saxophone solos, and outlandish personal appearance. Ferguson sang and played piano in a flamboyant style, wearing colorful wigs. Life and career Born in Torest, Charleston County, South Carolina, he was the eleventh of twelve children. His father was a Baptist preacher who paid for piano lessons for his son, on condition he learned sacred melodies. But Ferguson had other ideas. "After church was over, while the people was all standing outside talking, me and my friends would run back inside and I'd play the blues on the piano." At the age of 19, he was on the road with Joe Liggins and the Honeydrippers. They moved to New York, where Ferguson branched off on his own, getting a gig at the nightclub Baby Grand Club in Harlem, billed as "The Cobra Kid." A blues shouter, he first recorded as Bob Ferguson in New York in 1950, for Derby Records, whose drummer Jack "The Bear" Parker (according to most sources) gave him the nickname "H-Bomb" and became his manager. His debut was followed by releases on Atlas and Prestige, before he signed a recording contract with Savoy Records in 1951. Several saxophone-driven singles followed, in the style of Wynonie Harris, and "Good Lovin'" was at least regionally successful though it failed to reached the national charts. Ferguson toured clubs with such entertainers as Ruth Brown, Clarence "Gatemouth" Brown and Redd Foxx, singing and telling jokes. He also continued to release singles on mostly small record labels. In 1957 he moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, and signed with King Records. His recordings on the King subsidiary Federal Records included "Mary, Little Mary" and "Midnight Ramblin' Tonight". He formed his own band, H-Bomb Ferguson and his Mad Lads, and developed his own style with more focus on his piano playing, touring through the 1960s. He retired from performing in the early 1970s, but made several comebacks, notably performing at many blues festivals in Britain and Europe during the 1980s and 1990s in a characteristically flamboyant style, wearing a variety of multicolored wigs. Backed by The Bluesmen he released "Bad Times Blues" in 1989 as a local LP release in Cincinnati under Papa Lou Recordings number 801 from Vetco Enterprises. Backed by the Medicine Men, he recorded his first album, Wiggin' Out, for Chicago's Earwig Music in 1993. He died in 2006 at the Hospice of Cincinnati, of complications from emphysema and cardiopulmonary disease, aged 77. His early work was featured in a compilation album H-Bomb Ferguson: Big City Blues, 1951-54. Also a documentary was made of his life, entitled The Life And Times Of H-bomb Ferguson. References External links Lindy Hop Style of Dancing used with Jump Blues Swing and Jump Blues Guitar Jump Blues Guitar Short History of Jump Blues The Big Heat Jump Blues Piano Overview of Piano Jump Blues styles Obituary Category:1929 births Category:2006 deaths Category:American blues singers Category:Jump blues musicians Category:American male singers Category:Musicians from Cincinnati Category:Specialty Records artists Category:Deaths from emphysema Category:20th-century American singers Category:20th-century male singers Category:Earwig Music artists |
James Darnell James T. Darnell (born January 19, 1987) is a professional baseball player who is retired. He was drafted in the second round of the 2008 Major League Baseball draft and played for the San Diego Padres from 2008 through 2013. James currently is a baseball strength & conditioning specialist at Fortis Fitness in Carlsbad, California. He specializes in strength, speed, agility, flexibility, and rehabilitation for aspiring baseball players and athletes. High school Darnell attended Upland High School, Arrowhead Christian Academy and San Ramon Valley High School. He was a four-year varsity starter and a four-year All-League high school selection. He compiled a career batting average of .475 with 20 home runs and 50 stolen bases. College In 2007, Darnell led the South Carolina Gamecocks Baseball team with a .331 average. He collected 19 home runs and 63 RBIs. James earned second team All-Southeastern Conference honors at third base. In 2006 and 2007, Darnell played collegiate summer baseball for the Hyannis Mets of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 2007, he was a Cape Cod Baseball League All-Star. In 2008, James hit .306 with 19 homers and 81 RBIs and again selected to All-Southeastern Conference honors at third base. At the University of South Carolina Darnell was accepted into number one international business school at the Darla Moore School of Business. He was also an SEC Academic Honor Roll Member. Training James has learned from and trained extensively with the following: Erik Johnson (infielder) - SF Giants Tony Gwynn- SD Padres Aaron Thigpen- USA Olympic Sprinter Russ Buller- USA Olympic Pole Vaulter Athletes Performance- Phoenix, AZ Alan Jaeger- Jaeger Sports Greg King- Cape Cod Baseball League Dustin Hughes- Cincinnati Reds Dave Dunlap- Master Trainer Hunter Stark- Andrews Institute Professional career Darnell was selected in the 2nd Round (69th Overall) of the 2008 draft by the San Diego Padres. He was rated by Baseball America as the Best Athlete within the San Diego Padres organization. In 2009, James was a Baseball America Top 100 Prospect. Following the 2009 season, Darnell was ranked the San Diego Padres number 3 prospect. Darnell was promoted to the Class-A Fort Wayne TinCaps of the Midwest League in . He hit .329 with 17 doubles, seven home runs and 38 RBIs in 66 games with the TinCaps. He was selected as Mid-Season Mid-West League All-Star before his promotion to the Class-A Advanced Lake Elsinore Storm of the California League. With the Storm he hit .294 with 18 doubles, 13 home runs and 43 RBIs in 60 games giving him a combined total of a .311 average with 35 doubles, four triples, 20 home runs, 81 RBIs, eight stolen bases and 87 walks. At season's end he was named as the Padres' Organizational Player of the Year by MLB.com. Darnell played for the Class AA San Antonio Missions during the 2011 season. James hit .333 with 17 home runs, 62 RBIs, .434 OBP, .604 SLG in only 76 games. He was selected as Texas League Player of the Week, Mid-Season All-Star, MVP of the Texas League All-Star Game, Baseball America AA All-Star, and selected to participate in the 2011 XM Futures Game at Chase Field. During Darnell's Minor League career, he played in 407 games, compiled a .297 average, hit 63 home runs, drove in 264 runs, .394 OBP, and .502 SLG. Darnell made his major league debut at Citi Field in New York on August 8, 2011. James played in 25 MLB games, homering off of Wade Miley and Stephen Strasburg. James' career was cut short by three shoulder operations. Tampa Bay Rays Darnell signed |
a minor league deal with the Tampa Bay Rays on January 6, 2014. He became a free agent after the 2014 season. References External links Category:Living people Category:1987 births Category:Sportspeople from California Category:San Diego Padres players Category:South Carolina Gamecocks baseball players Category:Hyannis Harbor Hawks players Category:Eugene Emeralds players Category:Fort Wayne Wizards players Category:Lake Elsinore Storm players Category:San Antonio Missions players Category:Tucson Padres players Category:All-Star Futures Game players |
England women's national lacrosse team The England women's national lacrosse team represents England at women's lacrosse. It is governed by the English Lacrosse Association. They were runners-up in the Women's Lacrosse World Cup twice, and have also hosted the tournament twice. The team came 3rd in the 2017 Women's Lacrosse World Cup, which has held in Oshawa, Canada. The team is a full member of the Federation of International Lacrosse. England will be hosting the 2017 Women's Lacrosse World Cup . The tournament will be held at the Surrey Sports Park in Guildford, Surrey, in the South East of England, with 30 nations expected to compete. The official team colours of the English national team are red and white. Kukri are Team England’s official on-field and off-field teamwear providers. STX are Team England’s official equipment providers. See also Lacrosse in England England men's national lacrosse team Sport in England References Category:National lacrosse teams Category:Women's lacrosse teams Lacrosse Category:English lacrosse teams Category:Women's lacrosse in the United Kingdom |
Piotraszewo Piotraszewo () is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Dobre Miasto, within Olsztyn County, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, in northern Poland. It lies approximately north of Dobre Miasto and north of the regional capital Olsztyn. References Piotraszewo |
2011 CME Group Titleholders The 2011 CME Group Titleholders was the first CME Group Titleholders, a women's professional golf tournament and the season-ending event on the U.S.-based LPGA Tour. It was played November 17–20, 2011 at the Grand Cypress Golf Club in Orlando, Florida. The top three finishers who were LPGA members from each official LPGA tournament, not otherwise qualified, earned a spot in the Titleholders. If tied, the player with the lower final round score qualified. South Korean Hee Young Park won by two strokes over Sandra Gal of Germany and Paula Creamer of the United States. Qualifiers The following table shows the three qualifiers for the Titleholders from each tournament. Note: The following qualifiers did not play in the event: Shanshan Feng, Juli Inkster, Grace Park, Inbee Park, So Yeon Ryu, Jiyai Shin, Momoko Ueda. Final leaderboard References Category:CME Group Tour Championship Category:Golf in Florida CME Group Titleholders CME Group Titleholders CME Group Titleholders CME Group Titleholders |
The Password to Larkspur Lane The Password to Larkspur Lane is the tenth volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Stories series. It was first published in 1933 under the pseudonym Carolyn Keene. The actual author was ghostwriter Walter Karig in his third and final Nancy Drew novel and his final appearance for the Stratemeyer Syndicate. Due to Karig passing away in 1956, this book and his other two Nancy Drews, as of January 1, 2007, have passed into the public domain in Canada and other countries with a life-plus-50 policy. Plot summaries 1933 edition The story opens with Nancy tending her prize delphiniums when a mysterious carrier pigeon lands in her yard. Nancy contacts the registry for the carrier pigeon. Meanwhile, housekeeper Hannah Gruen takes a fall and must be treated at the local orthopedist's office. Her attending physician, Dr. Spires, confides to Carson Drew and Nancy that he was forced to tend an elderly woman for her shoulder under peculiar circumstances: the driver of a car blindfolded him when they drove him there, so he would not be able to guess her location, but the doctor believes their destination might have been someplace called Larkspur Lane. Events led him to believe the patient was being held prisoner. The only clue to the woman's identity is a bracelet with a family crest. Nancy, of course, sets out to track the crest, discovering it belongs to the Eldridge family of St. Louis. In the meantime, the pigeon registry contacts Nancy about the bird, suspecting criminality is involved. Effie Schneider, a foolish girl who serves as Hannah's substitute, gets in on the action when Nancy attempts to track the carrier pigeon's flight into the country. A ferocious woman attacks Nancy and steals the bracelet from her. Due to threats of intruders and increasing danger, the Drews temporarily retreat and accept Helen Corning's invitation to visit Sylvan Lake. Coincidentally, Nancy rescues a young Eldridge child from a mishap at the lake and learns that an elderly relative is missing. Nancy and Helen explore the vicinity, finally finding "L.S. Lane". Near the little-used road is an estate surrounded by delphiniums and an electrified fence. Elderly patients are outside on the grounds. Mrs. Eldridge is also outside near the fence and reveals she is indeed a prisoner. Nancy and Helen disguise themselves as an old lady and her nurse, and enter using the password "singing horses". Nancy reaches Mrs. Eldridge and rescues her. She sends Eldridge safely away with Helen before being imprisoned by the evil doctor and his partners, who kidnap wealthy, elderly people and force them to sign over money and securities. Nancy escapes from her cistern prison and sabotages the crooks' getaway airplane just as the police arrive. 1966 revision The word "The" is dropped from the title. The plot is similar, although condensed. Bess and George are included in more of the action. A subplot involving supernatural events at Helen Corning Archer's in-laws' summer place on Sylvan Lake (ghostly blue wheels of rolling fire) leads Nancy there. The butler, Morgan, is involved in minor crimes as well. Bess accompanies Nancy in the rescue operation instead of Helen, with Bess dressing like a nurse and George the ailing party. Film adaptation In 1938, the story was used as the basis for Nancy Drew, Detective, the first of four Nancy Drew movies, starring Bonita Granville. Artwork The original 1933 artwork is by the fashion illustrator Russell H. Tandy, illustrator for the Nancy Drew series from 1930 to 1949. Tandy's original dust jacket artwork remained in print until 1962, long after most early volume |
dust jackets had been modernized for 1950s readers by illustrator Bill Gillies. The original art shows Nancy in a genuflection position wearing a very full, loose dress. Collectors speculate publisher Grosset & Dunlap commissioned an updated illustration of the same scene during the transition from Gillies to new series artist Rudy Nappi in 1953. However, due to the presentation of Nancy posed crouching in a pencil skirt, the new painting may have shown an indiscreet display of her thigh where the slim skirt crept above Nancy's knees. Presumably, this was deemed inappropriate for American readers and the artwork was shelved. This art later appeared on British dust jackets for this volume in 1960. References Category:1933 American novels Category:Nancy Drew books Category:American novels adapted into films Category:Grosset & Dunlap books Category:1966 American novels Category:1933 children's books Category:1966 children's books sv:Kitty och armbandsmysteriet |
If You're Over Me "If You're Over Me" is a song recorded by British synthpop band Years & Years. Written by Olly Alexander and its producer Steve Mac, it was released on 10 May 2018 by Polydor Records, as the second single from the band's second studio album, Palo Santo (2018). The music video was directed by Fred Rowson with choreography by Aaron Sillis. On 26 October 2018, "If You're Over Me" was certified Platinum by the British Phonographic Industry. Track listing Digital download "If You're Over Me" – 3:09 Digital download – acoustic "If You're Over Me" (Acoustic) – 3:09 Digital download – remixes "If You're Over Me" (Paul Woolford Remix) – 3:51 "If You're Over Me" (NOTD Remix) – 3:30 "If You're Over Me" (Sebastian Perez Remix) – 3:40 "If You're Over Me" (DECCO Remix) – 2:59 "If You're Over Me" (Tom & Collins Remix) – 3:25 Digital download – remix "If You're Over Me" (Remix featuring Key) – 3:07 Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Certifications References Category:2018 singles Category:2018 songs Category:Years & Years songs Category:Polydor Records singles Category:Songs written by Steve Mac Category:Song recordings produced by Steve Mac Category:Songs written by Olly Alexander |
ROSTO ROSTO or Rosto may refer to: DOSAAF, a paramilitary sport organization in the Soviet Union Rosto (1969–2019), Dutch artist and filmmaker |
Dan Mitchell (comedian) Dan Mitchell is a Welsh-born comedian originally from Brechfa, a village near Carmarthen. In his youth, Dan had a fascination with comics and comedy. Having had his comedy appetite raised by running the local pub quiz, he started his career in comedy in 2005 and ran a regular stand-up night, which he compered, at Cardiff's Pen and Wig pub. He also ran comedy panel show, "Panel 9 from Outer Space", with fellow comedian Clint Edwards and friend Laura Bryon. Dan Mitchell was the presenter of BBC Radio Wales' now-defunct comedy news quiz, 'What's the Story?' made by Tidy productions. Dan Mitchell finished 2nd in the 2011 ITV reality/talent series Show Me The Funny. Dan appears as himself in an episode of Cynic (Web series) which features comedian Ted Shiress. He was diagnosed at age seventeen with Tonic Clonic epilepsy, the absurdities of which he often talks about in his comedy act. He is good friends with fellow Welsh comedian James Dunn, and they have performed together in the live show "It's a Dogs Life", where Mitchell plays the role of Sinbad, a dog that lived with James in a small flat in Caerphilly. It is currently being piloted for potential broadcast on Made in Cardiff TV after raving reviews in the Newport Comedy Festival. Dan also runs a comedy/speakeasy gig called Lafty Devil Comedy in his man cave at Crafty Devil Brewery/shop in Canton on the first Thursday of every month. Career DVDs He appears in the extras of Rhod Gilberts DVDs "The Award Winning Mince Pie" and "The Cat that looked like Nicholas Lyndhurst" Radio He was a regular panellist on the now-defunct BBC Radio Wales comedy program What's the Story? and, from series 6, was the host. Theatre In July 2011 he performed in the Comedy play 'Humanzee' as part of Cardiff Comedy Festival 2011. He co wrote and appeared in sell out murder mystery play And the Killer is..? with Becky Brynolf. Competitions Finalist - Budweiser's Legends of Laughter (2006) Welsh Comedy Festival - Filmed by the BBC as part of their Funny Business series, screened in Autumn 2007. This series highlighted the burgeoning comic scene in Cardiff and also followed the ups and downs of hundreds of comedians all hoping to secure a £30,000 contract. Welsh Unsigned Stand-up Award (2010) References External links Dan Mitchell on Twitter Category:Welsh stand-up comedians Category:Living people Category:People with epilepsy Category:People from Carmarthen Category:Year of birth missing (living people) |
Shirikti-shuqamuna Širikti-šuqamuna, inscribed phonetically in cuneiform mši-rik-ti-dšu-qa-mu-nu and meaning “gift of (the god) Šuqamuna”, ca. 985 BC, succeeded his fellow “son of Bazi,” Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur I, as 3rd king of the Bῑt-Bazi or 6th Dynasty of Babylon and exercised the kingship for just 3 months, insufficient a time to merit an official regnal year. Biography He was the last monarch of the Bīt-Bazi dynasty, which had reigned for 20 years 3 months according to the King List A, and a contemporary of the Assyrian king Aššur-rabi II, ca. 1012–971 BC. He was named for the Kassite god of war and of the chase, Šuqamuna, one of the two (with Šumalia) associated with the investiture of kings. The Chronicle Concerning the Reign of Šamaš-šuma-ukin, a text containing disconnected passages from writing boards, names him as a brother of Nabû-kudurrī-uṣur, which is probably an error for the Ninurta-kudurrī-uṣur whom he succeeded. A person with this name (which appears no where else) appears as the šakin bāb ekalli, palace gate officer, and beneficiary of a land grant on a kudurru but this was during the reign of Marduk-šāpik-zēri, some eighty years and ten reigns previously. The Dynastic Chronicle records that he was interred in a palace. Inscriptions References Category:10th-century BC Babylonian kings Category:Babylonian kings Category:10th-century BC rulers |
Vlachs of Serbia The Vlachs (endonym: Rumînji or Rumâni, ) are an ethnic minority in eastern Serbia, culturally and linguistically related to Romanians. They mostly live in the Timočka Krajina region (roughly corresponding to the districts of Bor and Zaječar), but also in Braničevo and Pomoravlje districts. A small Vlach population also exists in Smederevo and Velika Plana (Podunavlje District), and in the municipalities of Aleksinac and Kruševac (Rasina District). History Vlach is an exonym for the eastern Romance speaking community in the Balkans, which resulted from the occupation and colonisation of the region during the Roman Empire. Northeastern Serbia is home to several Vlach/Romanian communities who speak dialects similar to ones in parts of western Romania: in Banat, Transylvania, and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). These are the Ungureni (Ungurjani, Унгурјани), Munteni (Munćani, Мунћани) and Bufeni (Bufani, Буфани). Today, about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean subdialect which is similar to the Romanian spoken in Banat. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians originating in Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia) also settled south of the Danube. These are the Țărani (Carani, Царани), who form some 25% of the modern population and speak a variety of Oltenian dialect. From the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Țara Româneasca. Significant migration ended by the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania in the second half of the 19th century. The Vlachs of northeastern Serbia share close linguistic and cultural ties with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria as well as the Romanians of Banat and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia). Some authors consider that the majority of Vlachs/Romanians in Timočka Krajina are descendants of Romanians that migrated from Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries. Culture Language The language spoken by the Vlachs consists of two distinct Romanian subdialects spoken in regions neighboring Romania: one major group of Vlachs speaks the dialect spoken in Mehedinți County in western Oltenia, while the other major group speaks a dialect similar to the one spoken in the neighboring region of Banat. The Romanian language is not in use in local administration, not even in localities where members of the minority represent more than 15% of the population, where it would be allowed according to Serbian law. Religion The Romanian Orthodox Church in Malajnica, built in 2004, is the first Romanian church in eastern Serbia in 170 years. Before its construction, Romanians in Timoč were not allowed to hear liturgical services in their native language. Most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia are Orthodox Christians who had belonged to the Serbian Orthodox Church since the 19th century. This changed on 24 March 2009, when Serbia recognized the authority of the Romanian Orthodox Church in Valea Timocului and the confessional rights of the Vlachs. The 2006 Serbian law on religious organizations did not recognize the Romanian Orthodox Church as a traditional church, as it had received permission from the Serbian Church to operate only within Vojvodina, but not in Timočka Krajina. At Malajnica, a Vlach priest belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church encountered deliberately-raised administrative barriers when he attempted to build a church. Other Romanian Orthodox churches are planned or under construction in Jasikovo, Ćuprija, Bigrenica and Samarinovac. Additionally, a Romanian Orthodox monastery is under construction in Malajnica. The Romanian Orthodox churches in Eastern Central Serbia are subordinated to the Protopresbyteriat Dacia Ripensis with its seat in Negotin. The protopresbyteriat is subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox diocese Dacia Felix with its seat in Vršac. The relative isolation of the |
Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across modern Serbia. The Vlachs celebrate the ospăț (hospitium, in Latin), called in Serbian praznik or slava. The customs of the Vlachs are very similar to those from Southern Romania (Walachia). Subgroups The Vlach community is divided into several groups, each speaking their own dialectal variant: the Ţărani (Carani) of the Bor, Negotin and Zaječar regions are closer to Oltenia (Lesser Walachia) in their speech and music. The Ţărani have the saying "Nu dau un leu pe el" (He's not worth even a leu). The reference to "leu" (lion) as currency most likely goes back to the 17th century when the Dutch-issued daalder (leeuwendaalder) bearing the image of a lion was in circulation in the Romanian principalities and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire whose own currency was habitually being debased by the government. In the Romanian principalities, as well as in Bulgaria, the leeuwendaalder (in Romanian and Bulgarian leu and lev, respectively) came to symbolize a strong currency. Indeed, on gaining independence in the 19th century both countries adopted this name for their new currencies. Since newly independent Serbia named its currency (the dinar) after the Roman denarius, the reference to the leu among the Ţărani is an indication of their connection to, if not origin in, what is now Romania. the Ungureni or Ungureani (Ungurjani) of Homolje are related to the Romanians of Banat and Transylvania, since Ungureni (compare with the word "Hungarians") is a term used by the Romanians of Wallachia to refer to their kin who once lived in provinces formerly part of the Kingdom of Hungary. The connection is evident not only in vocabulary, but also in the similarities of dialectal phonology and folk music motifs, as well as in sayings such as "Ducă-se pe Mureş" (May the Mureş take him/it away), a reference to the Transylvanian river. There is also a sub-group known as Ungureni Munteni (Ungurjani-Munćani), "the ungureni from the mountains". Bufani are immigrants from Lesser Walachia (Oltenia). Population In the 2002 census 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 54,818 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language. The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority, like the Romanians of Serbia, who number 34,576 according to the 2002 census. On the census, the Vlachs declared themselves either as Serbs, Vlachs or Romanians. Therefore, the "real" number of people of Vlach origin could be much greater than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs. In the 2011 census 35,330 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 43,095 people declared themselves speakers of the Vlach language. The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority. Therefore, the number of people of Vlach origin could be bigger than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs. Historical population The following numbers from census data suggest the possible number of Vlachs: 1816: 97,215 Romanians (10% of Serbia's population.) 1856: 104,343 Romanians 1859: 122,593 Romanians 1866: 127,545 Romanians (10.5% of Serbia's population) 1884: 149,713 Romanians 1890: 143,684 Romanians 1895: 159,000 Romanians (6.4% of Serbia's population) 1921: 159,549 Romanians/Cincars by mother tongue in Yugoslavia on the South of the Danube river (this number includes the Daco-Romanians of Eastern Serbia, but also 9.451 Aromanians of Yugoslav Macedonia) 1931: 57,000 Romanians-Vlachs by mother tongue were recorded in Eastern Serbia (52,635 in the Morava Banovina and the |
rest in southern parts of Danube Banovina, south of the Danube). 1961: 1,330 Vlachs 1981: 135,000 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figure given for the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) 2002: 40,054 declared Vlachs; 54,818 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for entire Serbia); 39,953 declared Vlachs, 54,726 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for Central Serbia only) 2011: 35,330 declared Vlachs; 29,332 declared Romanians (figures include the entire population of Serbia) The Vlach (Romanian) population of Central Serbia is concentrated mostly in the region bordered by the Morava River (west), Danube River (north) and Timok River (south-east). See also: List of settlements in Serbia inhabited by Vlachs. According to some Romanian and Western European organizations, around 250,000 speakers of Romanian live in eastern Serbia. Identity The community is known as Vlasi ("Vlachs") in Serbian, while their endonym is Rumînji, virtually the same as the Romanian endonym . The Vlach community is highly assimilated into Serbian society, bilingual in the Serbian and Vlach languages, and adhering to the Eastern Orthodox Church. Despite their recognition as a separate ethnic group by the Serbian government, Vlachs are cognate to Romanians in the cultural and linguistic sense. Some Romanians, as well as international linguists and anthropologists, consider Serbia's Vlachs to be a subgroup of Romanians. Additionally, the Movement of Romanians-Vlachs in Serbia, which represents some Vlachs, has called for the recognition of the Vlachs as a Romanian national minority, giving them rights similar to those of the Romanians of Vojvodina. However, the results of the last census showed that most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia opted for the Serbian exonym vlasi (= Vlachs) rather than rumuni (= Romanians). As a result of serbianization, most Vlachs declared themselves to be "Serbs" on censusus taken by Communist Yugoslavia, but the number of those who preferred to declare themselves as Vlachs or Romanians significantly increased from 1991 (16,539 declared vlasi and 42 declared rumuni) to 2001 (39,953 declared vlasi and 4,157 declared rumuni). Romania has given modest financial support to the Vlachs in Serbia for the preservation of their culture and language, since at present the Vlachs' language is not recognized officially in any localities where they form a majority, there is no education in their mother tongue, and there is no Vlach media or education funded by the Serbian state. There are also no church services in Vlach. Until very recently in the regions populated by Vlachs the official policy of the Serbian Orthodox church opposed the giving of non-Serbian baptismal names. On the other hand, some Vlachs consider themselves to be simply Serbs that speak the Vlach language. Vlach is commonly used as a historical umbrella term for all Latin peoples in Southeastern Europe (Romanians proper or Daco-Romanians, Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians). After the foundation of the Romanian state in the 19th century, Romanians living in the Romanian Old Kingdom and in Austria-Hungary were only seldom called "Vlachs" by foreigners, the use of the exonym "Romanians" was encouraged even by officials, and the Romanian population ceased to use the exonym "Vlach" for their own designation. Only in the Kingdom of Serbia and Bulgarian Kingdom, where the officials did not encourage the population to use the modern exonym "Romanian", was the old designation "Vlach" retained, but the term "Romanian" was used in statistical reports (but only up to the Interwar period, when the designation "Romanian" was changed into "Vlach"). For this reason, the Romanians of Vojvodina (hence those who lived in Austria-Hungary) today prefer to use the modern exonym "Romanian", while those of Central Serbia still |
use the ancient exonym "Vlach". However, both groups use the endonym "Romanians", calling their language "Romanian" (română or rumână). In some notes of the government of Serbia, officials recognise that "certainly members of this population have similar characteristics with Romanians, and the language and folklore ride to their Romanian origin". The representatives of the Vlach minority sustain their Romanian origin. Legal status The ethnonym is Rumâni and the community Rumâni din Sârbie, translated into English as "Romanians from Serbia". They are also known in Romanian as Valahii din Serbia or Românii din Timoc. Although ethnographically and linguistically related to the Romanians, within the Vlach community there are divergences on whether or not they belong to the Romanian nation and whether or not their minority should be amalgamated with the Romanian minority in Vojvodina. In a Romanian-Yugoslav agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia, but the agreement was not implemented. In April 2005, 23 deputies from the Council of Europe, representatives from Hungary, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, Moldova, Estonia, Armenia, Azerbaïdjan, Denmark and Bulgaria protested against Serbia's treatment of this population. The Senate of Romania postponed the ratification of Serbia`s candidature for membership in the European Union until the legal status and minority right of the Romanian (Vlach) population in Serbia is clarified. Predrag Balašević, president of the Vlach party of Serbia, accused the government of assimilation by using the national Vlach organization against the interests of this minority in Serbia. Since 2010, the Vlach National Council of Serbia has been led by members of leading Serbian parties (Democrat Party and Socialist Party), most of whom are ethnic Serbs having no relation to the Vlach/Romanian minority. Radiša Dragojević, the current president of Vlach National Council of Serbia, who is not a Vlach, but an ethnic Serb, stated that no one has the right to ask the Vlach minority in Serbia to identify themselves as Romanian or veto anything. As a response to mister Dragojević`s statement, the cultural organizations Ariadnae Filum, Društvo za kulturu Vlaha - Rumuna Srbije, Društvo Rumuna - Vlaha „Trajan“, Društvo za kulturu, jezik i religiju Vlaha - Rumuna Pomoravlja, Udruženje za tradiciju i kulturu Vlaha „Dunav“, Centar za ruralni razvoj - Vlaška kulturna inicijativa Srbija and the Vlach Party of Serbia protested and stated that it was false. According to a 2012 agreement between Romania and Serbia, members of the Vlach community that choose to declare as Romanians will have access to education, media and religion in the Romanian language. Notable people Bojan Aleksandrović, (), priest, pastor of the Romanian Orthodox community in Malajnica and Remesiana, Serbia, and protopresbyter of Dacia Ripensis. Branko Olar, one of the best known singers of Romanian folklore from Eastern Serbia, originating from the village of Slatina near Bor Staniša Paunović, a well-known Romanian folklore singer, originating from Negotin, from Eastern Serbia See also Romanians of Serbia Vlachs in medieval Serbia Aromanians Vlachs of Croatia Romanians in Bulgaria References Sources Further reading Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie. "The Vlachs of North-Eastern Serbia: Fieldwork and Field Methods Today." Symposia–Caiete de Etnologie şi Antropologie. 2006. Sikimić, Biljana, and Annemarie Sorescu. "The Concept of Loneliness and Death among Vlachs in North-eastern Serbia." Symposia–Caiete de etnologie şi antropologie. 2004. Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. "Vorbarĭ Rumîńesk: The Vlach on line Dictionary." Philologica Jassyensia 8.1 (2012): 47-60. Ivkov-Džigurski, Anđelija, et al. "The Mystery of Vlach Magic in the Rural Areas of 21st century Serbia." Eastern European Countryside 18 (2012): 61-83. Marinković, Annemarie Sorescu. "Cultura populară a românilor din Timoc–încercare de periodizare a cercetărilor etnologice." Philologica Jassyensia 2.1 (2006): 73-92. External |
links Community of Vlachs of Serbia Maps of Vlachs in north-east Serbia History of the Romanians living on the South of the Danube (Romanian/Serbian) Vlach necropolises Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia Category:Eastern Romance people |
William Owen (judge) Sir William Francis Langer Owen, KBE, QC (21 November 1899 – 31 March 1972) was an Australian judge who served as a Justice of the High Court of Australia from 1961 until his death in 1972. Early life Owen was born in 1899 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was educated at Sydney Grammar School, where he was in the school's cadet unit. Military service During World War I, from 1915 to 1919, Owen served in the First Australian Imperial Force. Owen enlisted on 31 December 1915, and was assigned as a sapper in the 9th Field Company Engineers, part of the Australian 3rd Division. Owen was wounded in action on 20 September 1917, during the Battle of Menin Road, part of the Battle of Passchendaele . Owen returned to service on 7 October 1917. He was wounded a second time at the Battle of the Somme on 23 May 1918, and was evacuated to a military hospital in Orpington, United Kingdom. On 29 August he was reassigned to the Training Depot of the Australian Flying Corps. By the end of the war, Owen had been promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. Legal and judicial career After returning to Australia, Owen completed the bar examinations and was admitted to the New South Wales Bar in 1923. In 1935, Owen was made a King's Counsel. New South Wales Supreme Court In 1936 Owen served as an Acting Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and in 1937 was made a full judge. In the late 1940s, Owen's associate was Laurence Street, a future Chief Justice of New South Wales. In 1942 Owen succeeded Owen Dixon as chair of the Central Wool Committee, and in 1945 was the Australian delegate to the Imperial Wool Conference. From 1954 to 1955, Owen chaired the Royal Commission on Espionage, the Royal Commission which resulted from the infamous Petrov Affair. High Court of Australia In 1957 Owen was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire, and on 22 September 1961 he was appointed to the bench of the High Court, at the age of 61 and ten months. He remained the oldest person ever appointed to the High Court until the 2015 appointment of Justice Geoffrey Nettle. Owen was elevated to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in 1963. He died in 1972. References Category:1899 births Category:1972 deaths Category:Justices of the High Court of Australia Category:Judges of the Supreme Court of New South Wales Category:Australian military personnel of World War I Category:Australian Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire Category:Australian Queen's Counsel Category:Australian members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom |
2010 BWF season The 2010 BWF Season was the overall badminton circuit organized by the Badminton World Federation (BWF) for the 2010 badminton season to publish and promote the sport. Besides the BWF World Championships, BWF promotes the sport of Badminton through an extensive worldwide program of events. These events have various purposes according to their level and territory in which they are held but those events owned by BWF seek to showcase the Sport via the widest possible quality television broadcast and build the fanbase of the Sport throughout the World. The world badminton tournament structure has four levels: Level 1 (BWF Major Events: Thomas Cup, Uber Cup, Sudirman Cup, Suhadinata Cup, World Championships, Bimantara Cup, and World Senior Championships), Level 2 (BWF Superseries: Superseries and Superseries Masters Finals), Level 3 (BWF Grand Prix: Grand Prix and Grand Prix Gold), and Level 4 (BWF Continental Tournament: International Challenge, International Series, and Future Series). The Thomas Cup & Uber Cup, Sudirman Cup and Suhandinata Cup are Teams Events. The others – Superseries, Grand Prix Events, International Challenge, International Series, Future Series and Bimantara Cup are all individual tournaments. The higher the level of tournament, the larger the prize money and the more ranking points available. The 2010 BWF Season calendar comprised the World Championships tournaments, the Thomas and Uber Cup, the BWF Super Series (Super Series, Super Series Premier, Super Series Finals), the Grand Prix (Grand Prix Gold and Grand Prix), the International Series (International Series and International Challenge), and Future Series. Schedule This is the complete schedule of events on the 2010 calendar, with the Champions and Runners-up documented. Key January February March April May June July August September October November December References External links Badminton World Federation (BWF) Category:2010 in badminton Category:Badminton World Federation seasons |
Milly-le-Meugon Milly-le-Meugon is a village now attached to the city of Gennes, Maine-et-Loire department, France. It is also the site of a castle, which also belonged to the Maillé-Brézé family, a notable family of the French nobility with close ties to King Louis XIII's powerful minister, the Cardinal Richelieu, and to King Louis XIV's first cousin le Grand Condé. Overview Among this family's best-known members are Claire-Clémence de Maillé-Brézé and her brother, Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé, grand maître de la navigation (an equivalent to Grand Admiral). Their father, Urbain de Maillé-Brézé, 2nd marquis de Brézé and Marshal of France, had married Richelieu's sister. Claire-Clémence married the Grand Condé, thus becoming a French princess. Her brother, the duke of Fronsac, was one of the most heroic figures of the time; both of them were born at Milly. The duke of Fronsac is buried with his father in the church of Milly. The whole precincts of the castle are classified as monument historique (historical national monument): the ruined medieval keep and walls (inner bailey) date from the 13th-14th centuries. The outer bailey main gate (partially rusticated in vermiculated fashion), the monumental stable and walls were all erected during the French Renaissance; the later castle main building, in Italian Renaissance style (with its gate of honor), dates partly from the late 16th century, but was completely reshaped in 1835 by a German architect, Svenberg. References Further reading Faucou, Anne & Hilaire, Héloïse (2000) Le Curé des fleurs: l'abbé Souillet, de Milly. [Le Coudray-Macouard]: Cheminements Category:Villages in Pays de la Loire |
Centers, institutes, and facilities related to the University of Nevada, Reno There are several notable research and academic institutes, centers and facilities associated with the University of Nevada, Reno. Centers, Institutes & Facilities Academy for the Environment Applied Research Facility Arthur Brant Laboratory for Exploration Geophysics Bridge Research and Information Center Candida Adherence Mycology Research Unit Center for the Application of Substance Abuse Technologies Center for Basque Studies Center for Civil Engineering Earthquake Research Center for Economic Development Center for Environmental Arts and Humanities Center for Environmental Sciences & Engineering Center for Holocaust, Genocide and Peace Studies Center for Learning and Literacy Center for Logistics Management Center for Neotectonic Studies Center for Research Design and Analysis (CRDA) – One–stop research support center for faculty and students. The CRDA's vision is to become a nationally recognized one-stop Research Design and statistical ( STAT ) consulting service center for advanced analytics. Center for Research in Economic Geology Center of Biomedical Research Excellence The Collaboratory for Computational Geosciences Conservation Genetics Center Great Basin Center for Geothermal Energy Great Basin Institute Grant Sawyer Center for Justice Studies Institute for Innovation and Informatics Institute for the Study of Gambling and Commercial Gaming Latino Research Center Mining Life-Cycle Center Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Nevada Center for Ethics & Health Policy Nevada Genomics Center Nevada Seismological Laboratory Nevada Space Grant Nevada Terawatt Facility Nevada Training Partnership Nevada Transgenic Center Oral History Program Photon Ion Research Facility Raggio Research Center Research & Educational Planning Center Sanford Center for Aging University Center for Excellence in Development Disabilities W. M. Keck Earth Sciences and Mining Research Information Center Category:University of Nevada, Reno |
Harum Scarum (soundtrack) Harum Scarum is the eleventh soundtrack album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released by RCA Victor in mono and stereo, LPM/LSP 3468, in November 1965. It is the soundtrack to the 1965 film of the same name starring Presley. Recording sessions took place at RCA Studio B in Nashville, Tennessee, on February 24, 25, and 26, 1965. It peaked at number eight on the Top LP's chart. Content Although 1965 had seen the release of Elvis for Everyone, a studio album which was actually recorded over a ten-year period dating back to Presley's first recordings from Sun Studios in Memphis, and a surprising worldwide hit with a five-year-old Gospel track, "Crying In The Chapel", it was back to the grind of making soundtracks. Elvis continued to grumble about the material and the continued pressure put on the stable of songwriters corraled by Freddy Bienstock — the writing team of Giant, Baum, and Kaye alone had provided 17 of 47 songs on the past four soundtracks in an eighteen-month period — but he soldiered on with as much grace as possible. In reality, almost any song could have been squeezed into the story lines, including old classics. But as long as sales continued, the formula required guaranteed control of publishing and new songs by the same songwriters. However, Presley's sales were plunging in music stores as well as ticket sales at the box office. Eleven songs were recorded for Harum Scarum, and all were used and issued on the soundtrack with two of the tracks omitted in the film. As with Roustabout, no singles were issued in conjunction with the album. A single was issued a month later, using the leftover 1957 track "Tell Me Why" backed with "Blue River" from the aborted May 1963 "album" sessions. In an ominous sign of things to come, it only made it to number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100, the lowest charting single of Presley's career to date. Elvis recorded "Wisdom of the Ages" on February 24, 1965 at RCA studios. It featured as a bonus track on the soundtrack album, along with "Animal Instinct", but did not feature in the film itself. The Jordanaires sang backing vocals. The song progresses from F major to B flat major, to D minor to E flat major to F major. The film and its soundtrack are widely considered one of the lowest points of Presley's career. Reissues In 2003 Harum Scarum was reissued on the Follow That Dream label in a special edition that contained the original album tracks along with numerous alternate takes. Track listing Original release 2003 Follow That Dream reissue Personnel Elvis Presley - vocals The Jordanaires - backing vocals Rufus Long - flute Ralph Strobel - oboe Scotty Moore - electric guitar Grady Martin - electric guitar Charlie McCoy - electric guitar Floyd Cramer - piano Henry Strzelecki - electric bass D. J. Fontana - drums Kenny Buttrey - drums Hoyt Hawkins - tambourine Gene Nelson - congas Charts Album References External links LPM-3468 Harum Scarum Guide part of The Elvis Presley Record Research Database Recording session information Category:1965 soundtracks Category:Elvis Presley soundtracks Category:RCA Victor soundtracks Category:Albums produced by Fred Karger Category:Albums produced by Gene Nelson Category:Musical film soundtracks Category:Comedy film soundtracks |
Colonial history of Angola The colonial history of Angola is usually considered to run from the appearance of the Portuguese under Diogo Cão in 1482 (Congo) or 1484 (Angolan coast) until the independence of Angola in November 1975. Settlement did not begin until Novais's establishment of São Paulo de Loanda (Luanda) in 1575, however, and the Portuguese government only formally incorporated Angola as a colony in 1655 or on May 12, 1886. 16th century Luanda was founded in 1576 with a hundred families of settlers and 400 soldiers. Benguela was founded as a fort in 1587. 17th century Luanda was granted the status of city in 1605. In 1617, Benguela developed into a town. In 1618 the Portuguese built Fortaleza São Pedro da Barra fortress, followed by the Fortaleza de São Miguel fortress in 1634. Luanda was Portuguese Angola's administrative centre from 1627, with one exception. During the Portuguese war of independence against the Spanish, the Dutch ruled Luanda from 1640 to 1648 as Fort Aardenburgh. The Portuguese sought to reassert their control over Angola after the Dutch occupation of the 1640s. Angola was a part of Portuguese West Africa from the annexation of several territories in the region as a colony in 1655 until its designation as an overseas province, effective October 20, 1951. Brazil's influence in Angola grew substantially after 1650, with some observers comparing Angola's relationship with Brazil as a colony to its empire. Contact with Brazil resulted in the transfer of cassava from South America to Angola and the transformation of Angolan agriculture, increasing the diversity of the local diet and reducing the impact of drought on farmers' harvest. In 1656, the Portuguese signed a treaty with Queen Nzinga of Ndongo, an adversary of the Portuguese who had been expelled from Kingdom in the 1620s by the Imbangala. The Portuguese went to war with the Kingdom of the Kongo in 1660. António I succeeded his father, Garcia II, as the King of the Kongo in 1661. António led the Kongo against the Portuguese until his disastrous loss at the Battle of Mbwila on 29, 1665. the Portuguese suffered a disastrous defeat at the Battle of Kitombo when they tried to invade Kongo in 1670. António died at Mbwila and the Portuguese abolished his army. Kongo suffered from division and decline after António's death. Their principal ally in the war against Queen Nzinga, defected when Portugal agreed to accept her claim as Queen of Ndongo in 1657. She revolted in 1670. Although the Portuguese managed to defeat her in a long siege of the capital, Mpungo Andongo, in 1671, it was a costly victory. Further interference in Matamba and the affairs of Matamba and Kasanje in 1680s led to another defeat at the Battle of Katole in 1684. Following this affair, Portugal turned its attention away from war in the north either against Kongo or Ndongo. In 1684, the bishop's seat was moved to São Paulo de Luanda, and São Salvador declined in importance, especially after its abandonment in 1678 as the civil war in that country intensified. Even after Pedro IV restored the city and repopulated it in 1709, the ecclesiastical center of gravity in Angola rested with the Portuguese colony. Colony of Benguela The attention of the Portuguese was, moreover, now turned more particularly to the southern districts of Angola. The colony of Benguela had been founded by Governor Manuel Cerveira Pereira in 1617. Initially, he had hoped to make it an aggressive military colony like Angola, but after an unsuccessful alliance with the local Imbangala, had had to abandon these plans. His plans to |
further strengthen the colony by seizing rich copper mines reputed to be in Sumbe also came to naught. Other attempts to expand from Benguela, such as the lengthy campaign of Lopo Soares Lasso in 1629 failed to produce many slaves or conquests. In the 1680s, following the failure of northern warfare, Portuguese governors tried again to make more war in the south. They embroiled themselves in the politics of the Ovimbundu Kingdoms that lay in the central highlands (Bihe Plateau) of Angola. These campaigns, especially ambitious ones in the 1770s, resulted in formal agreements of vassalage between some of the more important of the kingdoms, such as Viye and Mbailundu, but were never either large sources of slaves or real conquests from which resources or tribute could be drawn. 18th century In the 18th century, Portuguese governors sought to limit what they considered illegal trade by merchants in their colony with Dutch, French and English merchants who frequently visited the northern kingdoms of Kongo and Loango. To this end, they established a fort and settlement at Encoje (near Mbwila) to block travel through the mountainous gap that allowed merchants to cross to Kongo. In 1783-1784 they sought to occupy Cabinda on the north coast, but were driven away, and from 1789 to 1792 the Portuguese carried on a war against the Marquisate of Mussolo (the district immediately south of Ambriz in Kongo's territory) without much success. In 1791 they built a fort at Quincolo on the Loje, and worked the mines of Bembe. At the same time, Portugal also sought to extend its relations into the interior, especially the lands beyond the Kwango River. Matamba and Kasanje had consistently blocked attempts by Portuguese merchants to penetrate into their lands, and in 1755-56, Manuel Correia Leitão, visited Kasanje and reported on the lands across the Kwanza. Among them was the powerful Lunda Empire whose armies had conquered much of the territory there. Lunda eventually entered into diplomatic relations with Portugal, sending an embassy there in the early nineteenth century and receiving counter embassies from Luanda. The Portuguese from Benguela sought increasingly to expand their power and gain resource wealth in the Bihe Plateau during the eighteenth century, and following their intervention in the Mbailundu War in the 1770s had treaty relationships (which they described as vassalage) with the various states there. These arrangements included gathering Portuguese merchants in capital cities and making permanent presences in the capitals of these states. From these bases, Portugal sought to explore trade relations with Lunda that avoided the Kwango River states. 19th century Portuguese possessed no fort or settlement on the coast to the north of Ambriz, which had been first occupied in 1855, until the "scramble for Africa" in 1884. Portuguese forces intervened in a civil war between 1855 and 1856, helping Pedro V Água Rosada come to the throne of Kongo. They left a fort at São Salvador, which they maintained until 1866. Pedro V reigned over thirty years. In 1888 a Portuguese resident was stationed at Salvador, when Pedro agreed to become a Portuguese vassal. He hoped to use the Portuguese to assist in his attempt to rebuild royal authority in other parts of Kongo. Full Portuguese administrative control of the interior did not occur until the beginning of the 20th century, when resistance from a number of population groups was overcome. Chief among these was the uprising of the Kwanyama, led by their leader Mandume Ya Ndemufayo. In 1884 Britain, which up to that time had steadily refused to acknowledge that Portugal possessed territorial rights north of Ambriz, concluded a treaty |
recognizing Portuguese sovereignty over both banks of the lower Congo, but the treaty, meeting with opposition in Britain and Germany, was not ratified. Agreements concluded with the Congo Free State, Germany and France in 1885-1886 (modified in details by subsequent arrangements) fixed the limits of the province, except in the south-east, where the frontier between Barotseland (Northern Rhodesia) and Angola was determined by an Anglo-Portuguese agreement of 1891 and the arbitration award of the king of Italy in 1905. Up to the end of the 19th century the hold of Portugal over the interior of the province was slight, though its influence extended to the Congo and Zambezi basins. The abolition of the external slave trade proved very injurious to the trade of the seaports. From 1860 onward, the agricultural resources of the country were developed with increasing energy, a work in which Brazilian merchants took the lead. After the definite partition of Africa among the European powers, Portugal applied herself with some seriousness to exploit Angola and her other African possessions. Nevertheless, in comparison with its natural wealth, the development of the country had been slow. Slavery and the slave trade continued to flourish in the interior in the early years of the 20th century, despite the prohibitions of the Portuguese government. The extension of authority over the inland tribes proceeded very slowly and was not accomplished without occasional reverses. In September 1904 a Portuguese column lost over 300 men, including 114 Europeans, in an encounter with the Kunahamas on the Kunene, not far from the German frontier. The Kunahamas are a wild, raiding tribe and were probably largely influenced by the revolt of their southern neighbours, the Hereros, against the Germans. In 1905 and again in 1907, there was renewed fighting in the same region. Until the early 19th century, Portugal's primary interest in Angola was slavery. The slaving system began early in the 16th century with the purchase from African chiefs of people to work on sugar plantations in São Tomé, Príncipe, and Brazil. The Imbangala and the Mbundu tribes, active slave hunters, were for centuries the main providers of slaves to the market of Luanda. Those slaves were bought by Brazilian traders and shipped to America, including the Portuguese colony of Brazil. Whilst the economic development of the country was not entirely neglected and many useful food products were introduced, the prosperity of the province was very largely dependent on the slave trade with the Portuguese colony of Brazil, which was not legally abolished until 1830 after Brazil's independence from Portugal (1822) and in fact continued for many years subsequently. Many scholars agree that by the 19th century, Angola was the largest source of slaves not only for Brazil, but for the Americas, including the United States. By the end of the 19th century, a massive forced labour system had replaced slavery and would continue until outlawed in 1961. Portuguese colonial rule in the twentieth century was characterized by rigid dictatorship and exploitation of African labor. It was this forced labor that provided the basis for development of a plantation economy and, by the mid-20th century, a major mining sector. Forced labour combined with British financing to construct three railways from the coast to the interior. The most important of these was the transcontinental Benguela railroad that linked the port of Lobito with the copper zones of the Belgian Congo and what is now Zambia. The strong colonial economic development did not transform into social development for a large majority of native Angolans. The Portuguese regime encouraged white immigration, especially after 1950, which intensified racial antagonism; |
many new Portuguese settlers arrived after World War II. Congo/Cabinda Portuguese Congo (Cabinda) was established a Portuguese protectorate by the 1885 Treaty of Simulambuco. Sometime during the 1920s, it became incorporated into the larger colony (later the overseas province) of Portuguese Angola. The two colonies had initially been contiguous, but later became geographically separated by a narrow corridor of land, which Portugal ceded to Belgium allowing Belgian Congo access to the Atlantic Ocean. Following the decolonisation of Portuguese Angola with the 1975 Alvor Agreement, the short-lived Republic of Cabinda unilaterally declared its independence. However, Cabinda was soon overpowered and re-annexed by the newly proclaimed People's Republic of Angola and never achieved international recognition. See also Precolonial history of Angola History of Angola Slavery in Angola 1940s in Angola 1950s in Angola References Category:History of Angola . Angola . . . . |
World War II casualties World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history. An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion). The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. World War II fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total deaths ranging from 70 million to 85 million. Deaths directly caused by the war (including military and civilians killed) are estimated at 50–56 million people, while there were an additional estimated 19 to 28 million deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilian deaths totaled 50-55 million. Military deaths from all causes totaled 21–25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war. Statistics on the number of military wounded are included whenever available. More than half of the total number of casualties are accounted for by the dead of the Republic of China and of the Soviet Union. The government of the Russian Federation in the 1990s published an estimate of USSR losses at 26.6 million, including 8 to 9 million due to famine and disease. These losses are for the territory of the USSR in the borders of 1946–1991, including territories annexed in 1939–40. The People's Republic of China as of 2005 estimated the number of Chinese casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. In 2000, the total number of German military dead was estimated at 5.3 million by Rüdiger Overmans of the Military History Research Office (Germany); this number includes 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria, and in east-central Europe. Civilian deaths are not included. However, in 2005 the German government put the war dead at 7,395,000 persons (including 4,300,000 military dead and missing) from Germany, Austria, and men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders. The number of Polish dead are estimated to number between 5.6 and 5.8 million according to the Institute of National Remembrance (2009). Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) and 3 million Jews were victims of German Occupation policies and the war for a total of just under 5 million dead. The Japanese government as of 2005 put the number of Japanese deaths at 3.1 million. Classification of casualties Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths and wounded caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed and wounded during World War II. The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable." The table below gives data on the number of dead and military wounded for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The sources for the casualties of the individual nations do not use |
the same methods, and civilian deaths due to starvation and disease make up a large proportion of the civilian deaths in China and the Soviet Union. The losses listed here are actual deaths; hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear-cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, and India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties. The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available. Human losses by country Total deaths by country Figures are rounded to the nearest hundredth place. Military casualties include deaths of regular military forces from combat as well as non-combat causes. Partisan and resistance fighter deaths are included with military losses. The deaths of prisoners of war in captivity and personnel missing in action are also included with military deaths. Whenever possible the details are given in the footnotes. The armed forces of the various nations are treated as single entities, for example the deaths of Austrians, French and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe in the Wehrmacht are included with German military losses. For example, Michael Strank is included with American not Czechoslovak war dead. Civilian war dead are included with the nations where they resided. For example, German Jewish refugees in France who were deported to the death camps are included with French casualties in the published sources on the Holocaust. The official casualty statistics published by the governments of the United States, France, and the UK do not give the details of the national origin, race and religion of the losses. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, Allied war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The exact breakdown is not always provided in the sources cited. Nazi Germany German sources do not provide figures for Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany. Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000 USSR The estimated breakdown for each Soviet republic of total war dead The source of the figures is Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik. Moscow, 2004. . pp. 21–35. Erlikman, a Russian historian, notes that these figures are his estimates. The population listed here of 194.090 million is taken from Soviet era sources. Recent studies published in Russia put the actual corrected population in 1940 at 192.598 million. According to Russian estimates the population in 1939 included 20.268 million in the territories annexed by the USSR from 1939 to 1940: the eastern regions of Poland 12.983 million; Lithuania 2.440 million; Latvia 1.951 million; Estonia 1.122 million; Romanian Bessarabia and Bukovina 3.7 million; less transfers out of (392,000) ethnic Germans deported during the Nazi–Soviet population transfers; the Anders Army (120,000); the First Polish Army (1944–45) (26,000) and Zakerzonia & the Belastok Region (1,392,000) which was returned to Poland in 1945. Russian sources estimate post war population transfers resulted in a net loss of |
(622,000). The additions were the annexation of the Carpatho-Ukraine 725,000; the Tuvan People's Republic 81,000; the remaining population on South Sakhalin 29,000 and in the Kaliningrad Oblast 5,000; and the deportation of Ukrainians from Poland to the USSR in 1944–47 518,000. The transfers out included the flight and expulsion of Poles from the USSR 1944–47 (1,529,000) and the post war emigration to the west (451,000) According to Viktor Zemskov, 3/4 of the post war emigration to the west was of persons who were from the territories annexed in 1939–40 Estimates in the west for the population transfers differ. According to Sergei Maksudov, a Russian demographer living in the west, the population of the territories annexed by the USSR was 23 million less the net population transfers out of 3 million persons who emigrated from the USSR including 2,136,000 Poles who left the USSR; 115,000 Polish soldiers of the Anders Army ; 392,000 Germans who left in the era of the Nazi-Soviet Pact and 400,000 Jews, Romanians, Germans Czech and Hungarians who emigrated after the war The Polish government-in-exile put the population of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union at 13.199 million Polish sources put the number of refugees from the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union living in post war Poland at about 2.2 million, about 700,000 more than those listed in the Soviet sources of Poles repatriated. The difference is due to the fact that Poles from the eastern regions who were deported to Germany during the war or had fled Volhynia and Eastern Galicia were not included in the figures of the organized transfers in 1944–47. Figures for Belarus, Ukraine and Lithuania include about two million civilian dead that are also listed in Polish sources in the total war dead of Poland. Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about two million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. The formal transfer of the territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union occurred with the Polish–Soviet border agreement of August 1945. According to Erlikman, in addition to the war dead, there were 1,700,000 deaths due to Soviet repression (200,000 executed; 4,500,000 sent to prisons and Gulag of whom 1,200,000 died; 2,200,000 deported of whom 300,000 died). Holocaust deaths Included in the figures of total war dead for each nation are victims of the Holocaust. Jewish deaths The Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II. Martin Gilbert estimates 5.7 million (78%) of the 7.3 million Jews in German occupied Europe were Holocaust victims. Estimates of Holocaust deaths range between 4.9 and 5.9 million Jews. Statistical breakdown of Jewish dead: In Nazi extermination camps: according to Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers, 2,830,000 Jews were murdered in the Nazi death camps (500,000 Belzec; 150,000 Sobibor; 850,000 Treblinka; 150,000 Chełmno; 1,100,000 Auschwitz; 80,000 Majdanek). Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the death camps, including Romanian Transnistria, at 3.0 million. In the USSR by the Einsatzgruppen: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the area of the mobile killing groups at 1.4 million. Aggravated deaths in the Ghettos of Nazi-occupied Europe: Raul Hilberg puts the Jewish death toll in the Ghettos at 700,000. Yad Vashem estimated that, in early 2019, its Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names contained the names of 4.8 million Jewish Holocaust dead.Yad Vashem: About the Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names: FAQs The figures for the pre-war Jewish population and deaths in the table below are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. The |
low, high and average percentage figures for deaths of the pre-war population have been added. The total population figures from 1933 listed here are taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. From 1933 to 1939 about 400,000 Jews fled Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia. Some of these refugees were in western Europe when Germany occupied these countries in 1940. In 1940 there were 30,000 Jewish refugees in the Netherlands, 12,000 in Belgium, 30,000 in France, 2,000 in Denmark, 5,000 in Italy, and 2,000 in Norway Hungarian Jewish losses of 569,000 presented here include the territories annexed in 1939–41. The number of Holocaust dead in 1938 Hungarian borders were 220,000. According to Martin Gilbert, the Jewish population inside Hungary's 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths from inside the 1938 borders was 200,000, not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military. Netherlands figure listed in the table of 112,000 Jews taken from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust includes those Jews who were resident in Holland in 1933. By 1940 the Jewish population had increased to 140,000 with the inclusion of 30,000 Jewish refugees. In the Netherlands 8,000 Jews in mixed marriages were not subject to deportation. However, an article in the Dutch periodical De Groene Amsterdammer maintains that some Jews in mixed marriages were deported before the practice was ended by Hitler. Hungarian Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000. Romanian Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 469,000 within 1939 borders, which includes 300,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940. According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy, and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya. Non-Jews persecuted and killed by Nazi and Nazi-affiliated forces Some scholars maintain that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the other victims persecuted and killed by the Nazis. Donald L. Niewyk, professor of history at Southern Methodist University, maintains that the Holocaust can be defined in four ways: first, that it was the genocide of the Jews alone; second, that there were several parallel Holocausts, one for each of the several groups; third, the Holocaust would include Roma and the handicapped along with the Jews; fourth, it would include all racially motivated German crimes, such as the murder of Soviet prisoners of war, Polish and Soviet civilians, as well as political prisoners, religious dissenters, and homosexuals. Using this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims is between 11 million and 17 million people. According to the College of Education of the University of South Florida "Approximately 11 million people were killed because of Nazi genocidal policy". R.J. Rummel estimated the death toll due to Nazi Democide at 20.9 million persons. Timothy Snyder put the number of victims of the Nazis killed as a result of "deliberate policies of mass murder" only, such as executions, deliberate famine and in death camps, at 10.4 million persons including 5.4 million Jews. German scholar Hellmuth Auerbach puts the death toll in the Hitler era at 6 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 7 million other victims of the Nazis. Dieter Pohl (de) puts the total number of victims of the Nazi era at between 12 and 14 million persons, including 5.6–5.7 million Jews. Roma Included in the figures of total war dead are the Roma victims of the Nazi persecution; some scholars include the Roma deaths with the Holocaust. Most estimates of Roma (Gypsies) victims range from 130,000 to 500,000. Ian Hancock, Director of the Program of Romani Studies and the Romani Archives and Documentation |
Center at the University of Texas at Austin, has argued in favour of a higher figure of between 500,000 and 1,500,000 Roma dead. Hancock writes that, proportionately, the death toll equaled "and almost certainly exceed[ed], that of Jewish victims". In a 2010 publication, Ian Hancock stated that he agrees with the view that the number of Romanis killed has been underestimated as a result of being grouped with others in Nazi records under headings such as "remainder to be liquidated", "hangers-on" and "partisans". In 2018, the United States Holocaust museum has the number of murdered during the time period of the holocaust at 17 million - 6 million Jews and 11 million others. The following figures are from The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, the authors maintain that "statistics on Gypsy losses are especially unreliable and controversial. These figures (cited below) are based on necessarily rough estimates". Handicapped persons: 200,000 to 250,000 handicapped persons were killed. A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 and Action 14f13 programs at 200,000. Prisoners of War: POW deaths in Nazi captivity totalled 3.1 million including 2.6 to 3 million Soviet prisoners of war. Ethnic Poles: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "It is estimated that the Germans killed at least 1.9 million non-Jewish Polish civilians during World War II." They maintain that "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war." However the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated 2,770,000 ethnic Polish deaths due to the German occupation (see World War II casualties of Poland). Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians: According to Nazi ideology, Slavs were useless sub-humans. As such, their leaders, the Soviet elite, were to be killed and the remainder of the population enslaved, starved to death, or expelled further eastward. As a result, millions of civilians in the Soviet Union were deliberately killed, starved, or worked to death. Contemporary Russian sources use the terms "genocide" and "premeditated extermination" when referring to civilian losses in the occupied USSR. Civilians killed in reprisals during the Soviet partisan war and wartime-related famine account for a major part of the huge toll. The Cambridge History of Russia puts overall civilian deaths in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 13.7 million persons including 2 million Jews. There were an additional 2.6 million deaths in the interior regions of the Soviet Union. The authors maintain "scope for error in this number is very wide". At least 1 million perished in the wartime GULAG camps or in deportations. Other deaths occurred in the wartime evacuations and due to war related malnutrition and disease in the interior. The authors maintain that both Stalin and Hitler "were both responsible but in different ways for these deaths", and "In short the general picture of Soviet wartime losses suggests a jigsaw puzzle. The general outline is clear: people died in colossal numbers but in many different miserable and terrible circumstances. But individual pieces of the puzzle do not fit well; some overlap and others are yet to be found". Bohdan Wytwycky maintained that civilian losses of 3.0 million Ukrainians and 1.4 million Belarusians "were racially motivated". According to Paul Robert Magocsi, between 1941 and 1945, approximately 3,000,000 Ukrainian and other non-Jewish victims were killed as part of Nazi extermination policies in the territory of modern Ukraine. Dieter Pohl puts the total number of victims of the Nazi policies in the USSR at 500,000 civilians killed in the repression of partisans, 1.0 |
million victims of the Nazi Hunger Plan, c. 3.0 million Soviet POW and 1.0 million Jews (in pre-war borders). Soviet author Georgiy A. Kumanev put the civilian death toll in the Nazi-occupied USSR at 8.2 million (4.0 million Ukrainians, 2.5 million Belarusians, and 1.7 million Russians). A report published by the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1995 put the death toll due to the German occupation at 13.7 million civilians (including Jews): 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. Sources published in the Soviet Union were cited to support these figures. Homosexuals: According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "Between 1933 and 1945 the police arrested an estimated 100,000 men as homosexuals. Most of the 50,000 men sentenced by the courts spent time in regular prisons, and between 5,000 and 15,000 were interned in concentration camps." They also noted that there are no known statistics for the number of homosexuals who died in the camps. Other victims of Nazi persecution: Between 1,000 and 2,000 Roman Catholic clergy, about 1,000 Jehovah's Witnesses, and an unknown number of Freemasons perished in Nazi prisons and camps. "The fate of black people from 1933 to 1945 in Nazi Germany and in German-occupied territories ranged from isolation to persecution, sterilization, medical experimentation, incarceration, brutality, and murder." During the Nazi era Communists, Socialists, Social Democrats, and trade union leaders were victims of Nazi persecution. Serbs: The numbers of Serbs murdered by the Ustaše is the subject of debate and estimates vary widely. Yad Vashem estimates over 500,000 murdered, 250,000 expelled and 200,000 forcibly converted to Catholicism. The estimate of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is that the Ustaše murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia between 1941–45, with roughly 45,000 to 52,000 murdered at the Jasenovac concentration camp alone. According to the Wiesenthal Center at least 90,000 Serbs, Jews, Gypsies and anti-fascist Croatians perished at the hands of the Ustashe at the camp at Jasenovac. According to Yugoslav sources published in the Tito era the estimates of the number of Serb victims range from 200,000 to at least 600,000 persons. See also World War II persecution of Serbs. German war crimes Nazi Germany ordered, organized and condoned a substantial number of war crimes in World War II. The most notable of these is the Holocaust in which millions of Jews, Poles, and Romani were systematically murdered or died from abuse and mistreatment. Millions also died as a result of other German actions. While the Nazi Party's own SS forces (in particular the SS-Totenkopfverbände, Einsatzgruppen and Waffen-SS) of Nazi Germany was the organization most responsible for the genocidal killing of the Holocaust, the regular armed forces represented by the Wehrmacht committed war crimes of their own, particularly on the Eastern Front in the war against the Soviet Union. Japanese war crimes Included with total war dead are victims of Japanese war crimes. R. J. Rummel estimates the civilian victims of Japanese democide at 5,964,000. Detailed by country: China 3,695,000; Indochina 457,000; Korea 378,000; Indonesia 375,000; Malaya-Singapore 283,000; Philippines 119,000, Burma 60,000 and Pacific Islands 57,000.Rummel estimates POW deaths in Japanese custody at 539,000 Detailed by country: China 400,000; French Indochina 30,000; Philippines 27,300; Netherlands 25,000; France 14,000; Britain 13,000; British Colonies 11,000; US 10,700; Australia 8,000. Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian deaths at 20,365,000. Detailed by country: China 12,392,000; Indochina 1,500,000; Korea 500,000; Dutch East Indies 3,000,000; Malaya and Singapore 100,000; Philippines 500,000; Burma 170,000; Forced laborers in Southeast |
Asia 70,000, 30,000 interned non-Asian civilians; Timor 60,000; Thailand and Pacific Islands 60,000. Gruhl estimates POW deaths in Japanese captivity at 331,584. Detailed by country: China 270,000; Netherlands 8,500; Britain 12,433; Canada 273; Philippines 20,000; Australia 7,412; New Zealand 31; and the United States 12,935. Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity. There were 14,657 deaths among the total 130,895 western civilians interned by the Japanese due to famine and disease. Oppression in the Soviet Union The total war dead in the USSR includes about 1 million victims of Stalin's regime. The number of deaths in the Gulag labor camps increased as a result of wartime overcrowding and food shortages. The Stalin regime deported the entire populations of ethnic minorities considered to be potentially disloyal. Since 1990 Russian scholars have been given access to the Soviet-era archives and have published data on the numbers of people executed and those who died in Gulag labor camps and prisons. The Russian scholar Viktor Zemskov puts the death toll from 1941–1945 at about 1 million based on data from the Soviet archives. The Soviet-era archive figures on the Gulag labor camps has been the subject of a vigorous academic debate outside Russia since their publication in 1991. J. Arch Getty and Stephen G. Wheatcroft maintain that Soviet-era figures more accurately detail the victims of the Gulag labor camp system in the Stalin era. Robert Conquest and Steven Rosefielde have disputed the accuracy of the data from the Soviet archives, maintaining that the demographic data and testimonials by survivors of the Gulag labor camps indicate a higher death toll. Rosefielde posits that the release of the Soviet Archive figures is disinformation generated by the modern KGB. Rosefielde maintains that the data from the Soviet archives is incomplete; for example, he pointed out that the figures do not include the 22,000 victims of the Katyn massacre. Rosefielde's demographic analysis puts the number of excess deaths due to Soviet repression at 2,183,000 in 1939–40 and 5,458,000 from 1941–1945. Michael Haynes and Rumy Husun accept the figures from the Soviet archives as being an accurate tally of Stalin's victims, they maintain that the demographic data depicts an underdeveloped Soviet economy and the losses in World War Two rather than indicating a higher death toll in the Gulag labor camps. In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation. Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets. In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000. The Estonian State Commission for the Examination of Repressive Policies Carried out During the Occupations put civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 at 33,900 including (7,800 deaths) of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor. After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R., 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45. The following is a summary of the data from the Soviet archives: Reported deaths for the years 1939–1945 1,187,783, including: judicial executions 46,350; deaths in Gulag labor camps 718,804; deaths in labor colonies and prisons 422,629. Deported to special settlements: (figures are for deportations to Special Settlements only, not including those executed, sent to Gulag labor camps or conscripted into the Soviet Army. Nor do |
the figures include additional deportations after the war). Deported from annexed territories 1940–41 380,000 to 390,000 persons, including: Poland 309–312,000; Lithuania 17,500; Latvia 17,000; Estonia 6,000; Moldova 22,842. In August 1941, 243,106 Poles living in the Special Settlements were amnestied and released by the Soviets. Deported during the War 1941–1945 about 2.3 million persons of Soviet ethnic minorities including: Soviet Germans 1,209,000; Finns 9,000; Karachays 69,000; Kalmyks 92,000; Chechens and Ingush 479,000; Balkars 37,000; Crimean Tatars 191,014; Meskhetian Turks 91,000; Greeks, Bulgarians and Armenians from Crimea 42,000; Ukrainian OUN members 100,000; Poles 30,000. A total of 2,230,500 persons were living in the settlements in October 1945 and 309,100 deaths were reported in special settlements for the years 1941–1948. Russian sources list Axis prisoner of war deaths of 580,589 in Soviet captivity based on data in the Soviet archives (Germany 381,067; Hungary 54,755; Romania 54,612; Italy 27,683; Finland 403, and Japan 62,069). However some western scholars estimate the total at between 1.7 and 2.3 million. Military casualties by branch of service Germany The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post-war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity. Rüdiger Overmans writes "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the 1.5 million missing on the eastern front were killed in action, the other half (700,000) however in fact died in Soviet custody". Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the war. USSR Estimated total Soviet military war dead in 1941–45 on the Eastern Front (World War II) including missing in action, POWs and Soviet partisans range from 8.6 to 10.6 million. There were an additional 127,000 war dead in 1939–40 during the Winter War with Finland. The official figures for military war dead and missing in 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non-combat deaths. 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries. Figures include Navy losses of 154,771. Non-combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial. Casualties in 1939–40 include the following dead and missing: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875). The number of wounded includes 2,576,000 permanently disabled. The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead). Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths. British Commonwealth Number served: UK and Crown Colonies (5,896,000); India-(British colonial administration) (2,582,000), Australia (993,000); Canada (1,100,000); New Zealand (295,000); South Africa (250,000). Total war related deaths reported by |
the Commonwealth War Graves Commission: UK and Crown Colonies (383,786); India-(British colonial administration) (87,032), Australia (40,464); Canada (45,383); New Zealand (11,929); South Africa (11,903). Total military dead for the United Kingdom alone (according to preliminary 1945 figures): 264,443. Royal Navy (50,758); British Army (144,079); Royal Air Force (69,606). Wounded: UK and Crown Colonies (284,049); India-(British colonial administration) (64,354), Australia (39,803); Canada (53,174); New Zealand (19,314); South Africa (14,363). Prisoner of war: UK and Crown Colonies (180,488); India-(British colonial administration) (79,481); Australia (26,358); South Africa (14,750); Canada (9,334); New Zealand (8,415). The Debt of Honour Register from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. U.S. Battle deaths (including POWs who died in captivity, does not include those who died of disease and accidents) were 292,131: Army 234,874 (including Army Air Forces 52,173); Navy 36,950; Marine Corps 19,733; and Coast Guard 574 (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations). During World War II, 14,059 American POWs died in enemy captivity throughout the war (12,935 held by Japan and 1,124 held by Germany). During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the U.S. Armed Forces and 708 were killed in action. 350,000 American women served in the Armed Forces during World War II and 16 were killed in action. During World War II, 26,000 Japanese-Americans served in the Armed Forces and over 800 were killed in action. Commonwealth military casualties The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) Annual Report 2014–2015 is the source of the military dead for the British Empire. The war dead totals listed in the report are based on the research by the CWGC to identify and commemorate Commonwealth war dead. The statistics tabulated by the CWGC are representative of the number of names commemorated for all servicemen/women of the Armed Forces of the Commonwealth and former UK Dependencies, whose death was attributable to their war service. Some auxiliary and civilian organizations are also accorded war grave status if death occurred under certain specified conditions. For the purposes of CWGC the dates of inclusion for Commonwealth War Dead are 3 September 1939 to 31 December 1947. See also World War II casualties of Poland World War II casualties of the Soviet Union German casualties in World War II Equipment losses in World War II World War I casualties List of wars and disasters by death toll Footnotes Albania No reliable statistics on Albania's wartime losses exist, but the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration reported about 30,000 Albanian war dead. Albanian official statistics claim somewhat higher losses. Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 200, these Jews were Yugoslav citizens resident in Albania. Jews of Albanian origin survived the Holocaust. Australia The Australian War Memorial reports 39,648 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47. According to official statistics Australian battle casualties included 27,073 killed, died of wounds or died as POW; wounded or injured in action were 23,477, these figures exclude non-battle casualties, such as deaths in non operational areas and deaths due to natural causes. The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world, are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships. The preliminary data for Australian losses included 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded, and 26,363 POWs. Austria Military war dead reported by Rüdiger Overmans of 261,000 are included |
with Germany. Austrian civilian casualties were 99,700 victims of Nazi persecution and 24,000 killed in Allied air raids. The Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. "For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing" raids. Belgium Belgian government sources reported 12,000 military war dead which included (8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs) and civilian losses of 73,000 which included (32,200 deaths due to military operations, 3,400 executed, 8,500 political deportees, 5,000 workers in Germany and 27,000 Jewish Holocaust victims). Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties. Brazil The Brazilian Expeditionary Force war dead were 510, Navy losses in the Battle of the Atlantic were 492. Civilian losses due to attacks on merchant shipping were 470 merchant mariners and 502 passengers. Bulgaria Total Bulgarian military war dead were 18,500 including 6,671 battle deaths There were 3,000 civilian deaths in Allied air raids including 1,400 in the bombing of Sofia A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Bulgarian casualties:Military deaths: 2,000 military Axis occupation forces in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths. Regarding partisan and civilian casualties Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality, deaths were 10,000, including an unknown number of civilians." Burma Military casualties with the pro-Japanese Burma National Army were 400 killed in action, 1,500 other deaths, 715 missing, 2,000 wounded and 800 POW Civilian deaths during the Japanese occupation of Burma totalled 250,000; 110,000 Burmese, plus 100,000 Indian and 40,000 Chinese civilians in Burma. Werner Gruhl estimates 70,000 Asian laborers died cruelly during the construction of the Burma Railway. Canada The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths. An additional 700 military dead from Newfoundland are included with the U.K. Library and Archives Canada puts military losses at 44,090 (24,525 Army, 17,397 Air Force, 2,168 Navy.) The preliminary data for Canadian losses included killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045. China Sources for total Chinese war dead are divergent and range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below. John W. Dower has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain 'millions' of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union." Dower cited a United Nations report from 1947 that put Chinese war dead at 9 million. According to Rana Mitter "the death toll on China is still being calculated, but conservative estimates number the dead at 14 million" Rana Mitter cited the estimate of Chinese casualties by Odd Arne Westad of 2 million combat deaths and 12 civilian deaths, Mitter also cited a Chinese study published in |
2006 that put the death toll in the war at 8 to 10 million. An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that "a conservative estimate would put total human casualties directly caused by the war of 1937–1945 at between 15,000,000 and 20,000,000" This study cited a Chinese Nationalist source that put total civilian casualties at 2,144,048 =(1,073,496 killed; 237,319 wounded; 71,050 captured by Japanese; 335,934 killed in Japanese air raids; 426,249 wounded in air raids), military casualties at 6,750,000 in 1937–1943 (1,500,000 killed; 3,000,000 wounded; 750,000 missing; 1,500,000 deaths caused by sickness, etc. In addition 960,000 collaborator forces and 446,736 Communist were killed or wounded The official Chinese government (communist) statistic for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937–1945 is 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. Chinese scholar Bianxiu Yue has published a study of China's population losses in the Second Sino-Japanese War . He put total Chinese losses at 20.6 million dead and 14.2 million injured. Official Nationalist Chinese casualty figures were: killed 1,319,958; wounded 1,716,335 and missing 130,126, An academic study of the Chinese population concluded that these figures are "unreasonably low" and "highly suspect" R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead in 1937–45 is 19,605,000. Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist, and 432,000 collaborator forces.Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs).Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalists 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due to mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River flood); political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000. Werner Gruhl estimates China's total war losses at 15,554,000, Civilians :12,392,000 including (8,191,000) due to the Japanese brutality and military dead 3,162,000. Cuba Cuba lost 5 merchant ships and 79 dead merchant mariners. Czechoslovakia According to the Czechoslovak State Statistical Office the population at 1/1/1939 (within post war 1945–1992 borders) was 14,612,000. The population in 1939 included about 3.3 million ethnic Germans that were expelled after the war or were German military casualties during the war. Russian demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Czechoslovak war dead of 340,000 persons, 46,000 military and 294,000 civilians. A Russian historian in a handbook of human losses in the 20th century has provided the following assessment of Czechoslovak casualties: 35,000 Military deaths: including: killed during 1938 occupation (171); Czechoslovak Forces with the Western Allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic Axis forces (7,000); Czechs in German forces (5,000), partisan losses 10,000 and (5,000) POWs.320,000 Civilian deaths: (10,000) in bombing and shelling; (22,000) executed; (285,000 in camps including 270,000 Jews, 8,000 Roma); and (3,000) forced laborers in Germany. Denmark The Danish Ministry of Education has detailed Denmark's losses in the war of about 8,000 persons including 2,685 killed in Denmark in bombing raids, resistance fighters and those executed by the Germans and 3,000 who died outside Denmark including (2,000 merchant seamen, 63 serving with Allied forces, 600 in German camps, 400 workers in Germany). In addition 2,000 Danish volunteers were killed serving in the Germany military. Dutch East Indies The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age." John W. Dower |
cited the 1947 UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia. Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans. A discussion of the famine in Java during 1944–45, leads Pierre van der Eng to conclude that 2.4 million Indonesians perished. Dutch Military losses in Asia were 2,500 killed in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign Data from the Netherlands Institute of War Documentation puts the number of Dutch POW captured by the Japanese at 37,000 of whom 8,500 died. The Japanese interned 105,530 Dutch civilians in the East Indies, of whom 13,567 died. Egypt Egyptian military casualties were 1,125 killed and 1,308 wounded. The British used the Egyptian army to guard lines of communication and to clear minefields. Estonia Estonia's human losses due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 67,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression. Soviet occupation 1940–41 dead and missing of 43,900 including (7,800) arrested persons who were murdered or perished in the Soviet Union; (6,000) deported persons who perished in the Soviet Union; (24,000) mobilized persons who perished in the Soviet Union and (1,100) persons who went missing) Losses during the 1941–1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 23,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in Germany. (800) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities, (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,000) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45. (10,000) Estonians were war dead in the Germany armed forces and (1,000) surrendered POW were executed by the Soviets. Included in the above figures is the genocide of (243) Roma people and (929) Jews After the reoccupation by the USSR, 16,000 Estonians died in Soviet repressions during 1944–53. Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were approximately 83,000 persons (7.3% of the population). Ethiopia Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000 including 15,000 native military with Italian forces. Small and Singer put the military losses at 5,000. The deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy are not included with the Italian war dead. The Italian Ministry of Defense estimated 10,000 deaths of native soldiers in East African Campaign These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935–41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935–41. However, R.J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans were killed by the Italians from the 1920s–1941 "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'Timewatch'", which aired January 17, 1992. Finland Military dead include killed and missing from the Winter War and Continuation War with the Soviet Union, as well as action against German forces in 1944–45. Winter War (1939–40) losses were 22,830, military deaths from 1941–44 were 58,715, and 1,036 in 1944–45 in the Lapland War. The Finnish National Archives website lists the names of the 95,000 Finnish war dead. The war dead database 1939–1945 includes all servicemen and women who died during being listed in the Finnish army, navy or the air force. It also includes foreign volunteers who died during their service in Finland and Finnish SS-men who died while serving in the German army.The database contains civilians in case they have been buried at a military cemetery. That was sometimes done if the deceased was, |
for example, an ammunition worker, air raid victim or a civilian worker who for some other reason died because of the war. Some parishes continued burying in second world war military cemeteries up to the 1980s. Soviet sources list the deaths of 403 of the 2,377 Finnish POW taken in the War. During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served alongside the Finns in combat. 1,407 Finnish volunteers served in the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS and 256 were killed in action. Civilian war dead were 2,000, due in part to the bombing of Helsinki in World War II. France French military war of 210,000 dead include 150,000 regular forces (1939–40 Battle of France 92,000; 1940–45 on Western Front (World War II) 58,000); 20,000 French resistance fighters and 40,000 POWs in Germany. Civilian losses of 390,000 include:(60,000 killed in bombardments, 60,000 in land fighting, 30,000 murdered in executions, 60,000 political deportees, 40,000 workers in Germany, 100,000 victims of Nazi genocide (Jews & Roma) and 40,000 French nationals in the German Armed forces who were conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine,) The French Ministry of Defense puts French military war dead at 200,000. They note that these losses include combatants from the French colonies as well as metropolitan France; regular soldiers and members of the resistance. Vadim Erlikman a Russian historian, estimates losses of Africans in the French Colonial Forces at about 22,000. 752 civilians were killed during the US air attacks on French Tunisia in 1942–43. R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties. French Indochina John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation. Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000. Vietnamese sources put the number of deaths during the 1944–45 famine in North Vietnam at between 1 and 2 million. Germany The following notes summarize German casualties, the details are presented in German casualties in World War II. German population The 1939 Population for Germany within 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png was 69.3 million persons Foreign nationals of German ancestry in the countries of East-Central Europe were subject to conscription by Nazi Germany during the war. According to a 1958 report by the West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office) the pre war ethnic German population in eastern Europe was 7,423,300 persons (249,500 Baltic states & Memel; 380,000 Danzig; 1,371,000 Poland (1939 Borders) ; 3,477,000 Czechoslovakia; 623,000 Hungary; 536,800 Yugoslavia; and 786,000 Romania). These German estimates are disputed. A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that "Generally speaking, the German estimates... are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses". He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the post war expulsions. Total German war dead (1949) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,483,000; (3,250,000)military; (500,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,533,000) deaths in the expulsions from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe. (1953) The German economist :de:Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated total war dead of 6,000,000; (3,100,000)military; (600,000) civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (800,000) |
deaths to expulsion from Poland (300,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution, (1,200,000) increase in natural deaths due to the war. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe. (1956) The West German Statistisches Bundesamt (Federal Statistical Office)estimated total war dead of 5,650,000 = (3,760,000)military; (430,000)civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign; (1,260,000) deaths to expulsion from Poland and (200,000) victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe. (1961) The West German government issued a statement listing a total of 7,032,800 war dead: (military dead 3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png and 432,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe); (430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign in prewar 1937 borders); (300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution including 170,000 Jews); (expulsion dead 1,224,900 in prewar 1937 borders and 885,900 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe) These figures do not include Austria. The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1961, listed Austrian casualties as 250,000 military dead and 24,000 civilians killed in bombing raids (1984) A German demographic study estimated 6,900,000 deaths caused by the war in prewar 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png. (3,800,000)military and (3,100,000) civilians. (1991) A German demographic study estimated 5,450,000 to 5,600,000 war dead (4,300,000 military dead; 430,000 civilians killed in bombing raids and the land campaign and 882,000 deaths due to expulsions from Poland). These figures are for Germany in 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png and do not include Austria or foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe (1998) A German demographic study estimated 5,500,000 to 6,900,000 war dead. These figures vary because of the shift of borders between 1937 and 1940. (2005) The German government issued a report listing total war dead of 7,375,800 (3,100,000 soldiers killed; 1,200,000 soldiers missing; 500,000 civilians killed in bombing raids; 2,251,500 civilian victims of expulsions and deportations; 24,300 Austrian civilians killed and 300,000 victims of Nazi racial, religious or political persecution. These figures include Austria and foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe.) German military casualties (1945) The casualty figures compiled by the German High Command (OKW) as of January 31, 1945 put total military losses at 2,001,399 dead, 1,902,704 missing and POW held by Allies and 4,429,875 wounded. (1946) The Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. estimated German military dead at 3,250,000. (1947) The combined staff of the U.K., Canada and the U.S. prepared "A study of the employment of German manpower from 1933–1945". They estimated German casualties up until April 30, 1945 at 2,230,324 dead, 2,870,404 missing and POW held by Allies. (1960) The West German government issued figures of the war losses. Total military dead were put at 4,440,000 (3,760,000 in prewar 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png, 430,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe and 250,000 Austria). (1974) The Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1 million in the USSR. (1985) The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war, they do not compile figures of the total war dead. By 1985 they had identified 3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 million missing and presumed dead. The Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) reported the same figures in 2005. (1993) The Russian historian Grigoriy Krivosheyev puts the losses of the "Vlasovites, |
Balts and Muslims etc." in German service at 215,000 According to Krivosheev, 450,600 German POWs died in Soviet captivity (356,700 in camps and 93,900 in transit). (2000) Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office, provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records at the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt). The Overmans research project was financed by a private foundation and published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany). The study found that the statistics compiled by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000 (4,456,000 in prewar 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png and 539,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe, 261,000 Austria and 63,000 foreign nationals from western European nations). The Overmans study did not include Soviet citizens in German service. The details of the Overmans study are presented in German casualties in World War II. In a separate study, Overmans concluded that the actual death toll of German POWs was about 1.1 million men (including 1.0 million in the USSR). Civilian Casualties German civilian casualties are combined from (a) air raid dead, (b) racial, religious and political persecution and (c) casualties due to expulsion of the Germans from east-central Europe: (a) Official German and Austrian sources from the 1950s cite 434,000 air raid dead (410,000 in Germany, 24,000 in) Austria The figure cited by Overy (2013) is 353,000 air raid dead. (b) The number of victims of Nazi persecution in Germany and Austria (victims of the Nazi euthanasia program) is estimated at close to 400,000 (300,000 in Germany, 100,000 in Austria). According to the German government the euthanasia accounted for an additional 200,000 victims. (c) The number of victims of the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) is contentious. Estimates in the 1960s cited a total of 2,111,000 deaths, and the German government as of 2005 still maintained a number of "ca. 2 million". Direct civilian deaths due to the expulsion of Germans is estimated at 600,000 by the German Federal Archive (1974) and at 100,000 to 200,000 by Haar (2009). The substantial difference of close to 1.5 million comprises people whose fate is uncertain in the reported German statistics. The German government maintains that these deaths are due to famine and disease during the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) This was disputed by historian Ingo Haar who maintains that the difference classified as missing is due to a decline in births, the assimilation of ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe after the war, the understatement of military casualties and murdered Jews. Civilian casualties in air raids *(1945–47) The United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths. 1- The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded. 2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded. 3- The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000. Regarding overall losses, they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944–45, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944–45 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round |
numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks." (1956) A German government study put German air war dead at 635,000; 500,000 killed by allied strategic bombing and 135,000 refugees killed during the evacuations from eastern Europe in 1945. These figures include 593,000 Germany in 1937 borders :File:DR1937.1.png (410,000 civilians, 32,000 foreigners and POW and 23,000 military and Police killed in strategic bombing and 127,000 civilians and 1,000 military and Police refugees fleeing on the eastern front). There were an additional 42,000 dead in Austria and the annexed territories (26,000 civilians, 7,000 foreigners and POW and 1,000 military and Police were killed in strategic bombing and 7,000 refugees fleeing on the eastern front). Historian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000. Overy maintains that the German estimates are based on incorrect speculations for losses during the last three months of the war when there was a gap in the record keeping system. He points out that the figures for air raid dead in the last three months of the war were estimated in the West German figures from 1956 at 300,000 people which he believes is not plausible. The official figures include an inflated total of 60,000 in the Bombing of Dresden and the inclusion of refugees fleeing westward. Civilians killed in 1945 military campaign The West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland. However, there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only. Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecution The West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 170,000 German Jews). A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons. Expulsion and flight of ethnic Germans The following notes summarize German expulsion casualties, the details are presented in the flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950), the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union' and the Demographic estimates of the flight and expulsion of Germans. The figures for these losses are currently disputed, estimates of the total deaths range from 500,000 to 2,000,000. The death toll attributable to the flight and expulsions was estimated at 2.2 million by the West German government in 1958. German government reports which were released to the public in 1987 and 1989 have caused some historians in Germany to put the actual total at 500,000 to 600,000. English language sources put the death toll at 2 to 3 million based on the West German government statistical analysis of the 1950s. (1950) The West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions.(1.5 million in prewar 1937 Germany :File:Oder-neisse.gif and 1.5 million foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe) (1954–1961) The Schieder commission made preliminary estimates the civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons, broken out as follows: 2,000,000 Poland (in post-war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 225,600 Czechoslovakia; 69,000 Yugoslavia; 40,000 Romania; 6,000 Hungary.These preliminary figures were superseded with the publication of the 1958 West German demographic study. (1958) A West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the flight during the |
war, post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, broken out as follows: Germany in 1937 borders :File:Oder-neisse.gif 1,339,000; Poland in 1939 borders 185,000; Danzig 83,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Romania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000. (1965), The search service of the German churches and Red Cross was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe due to the expulsions, broken out as follows: 367,392 Poland(in post war borders); 18,889 Sudetenland; 64,779 Slovakia, Hungary, Romania and Yugoslavia; 9,064 Baltic States ; and 12,889 Germans resettled in Poland. There were an additional 1,905,991 unsolved cases of persons reported missing. The results of this survey were kept secret until 1987. (1966) The West German Federal Ministry for Expellees, Refugees and War Victims issued a statement that put the number of expulsion dead at 2,111,000 (1,225,000 Germany in 1937 borders :File:Oder-neisse.gif and 886,000 foreign nationals of German ancestry in eastern Europe) (1974) A study by the German Federal Archive estimated a death toll of 600,000 of civilians in the expulsions and deportations to the USSR. (400,000 in Poland (in post war borders) and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia; 130,000 in Czechoslovakia and 80,000 in Yugoslavia.) The authors of the report maintain that these figures cover only those deaths caused violent acts and deaths in forced labor and internment camps. They also stated that their figures do not include deaths due to malnutrition and disease. This report was kept secret and not published until 1989. (1985) A demographic analysis which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows: (870,000Germany in 1937 borders east of the Oder–Neisse line; 108,000 Germans resettled in Poland during the war; 174,000 Poland in 1939 borders ; 40,000 Danzig; 220,000 Czechoslovakia; 106,000 Yugoslavia; 75,000 Romania; 84,000 Hungary; 33,000 Baltic States; 310,000 USSR) The German government currently maintains that 2.0 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe. In 2006, Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs maintainted that the figure of 2 million deaths is correct because it includes the deaths from malnutrition and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions. A 2005 report by the German government search service put the death toll at 2,251,500, they did not provide details of the figure The current position in 2015 of the German government Federal Agency for Civic Education is that 2 million civilians perished in the expulsions, they cited as the source for this figure Gerhard Reichling, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen. German government figures of 2.0 to 2.5 million civilian deaths due to expulsions have been disputed by scholars since the publication of the results of the German church search service survey and the report by the German Federal Archive. German historian Rüdiger Overmans (2000) published a study of German military casualties, this project did not investigate civilian expulsion deaths. Overmans did however provide a critical analysis of the previous studies by German government of the human losses in the expulsions. Overmans maintains that these studies lack adequate support, he maintains that a figure of 500,000 expulsion dead is credible and that there are more arguments for the lower figures rather than the higher figures, he believes that new research is needed to determine the correct balance of the human losses in the expulsions. According to Overmans the figure of 1.9 million missing persons reported by the search service is unreliable as it includes military dead and persons of dubious German ancestry |
who were not expelled after the war but remained in eastern Europe, also the figures for expellees living in the GDR was understated. Historian Ingo Haar In 2006 controversially disputed the official figures in an article published on 14 November 2006 in the German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung. Haar argued for a total of 500,000 to 600,000 victims. Christoph Bergner, Secretary of state in the German Federal Ministry of the Interior, argued in an interview on 29 November against revising the official count of 2.0 to 2.5 million victims, and that the controversy was based on what he maintains is misunderstanding, as he stated that Haar's figures represent the number violent deaths, while the official figures include the much more numerous deaths due to exhaustion, disease and starvation which occurred in the wake of the expulsions and deportations. Haar has published three articles in academic journals during 2006–2009 which covered the background of the research by the West German government on the expulsions. According to Haar the numbers were set too high for postwar political reasons. Haar argues that the government figure of two million is overstated. He maintains the total number of known German deaths east of the Oder–Neisse line and the ethnic Germans in East Central Europe lies between 500,000 and 600,000, including those deported to the Soviet Union. Haar argues that the number reported missing includes a decline in births,persons of dubious German nationality, military deaths and murdered Jews. German historians Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn (2010) have published a detailed study of the flight and expulsions. They maintain that figures related to flight and expulsion have been manipulated by the German government due to political pressure. The Hahn's believe the official German figure of 2 million deaths is an historical myth, lacking foundation. They place the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe. The Hahn's maintain that the 473,013 confirmed deaths is a correct accounting of the losses. Most of these losses occurred during the Nazi organized flight and evacuation during the war, and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union; they point out that there are 80,522 confirmed deaths in the postwar internment camps. The German Historical Museum puts the number of deaths due to the expulsions at 600,000, they maintain that the figure of 2 million deaths in the previous government studies cannot be supported. A joint Czech–German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable. Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported by the West German government in the 1950s with the figure of 400,000 (in Poland only) that was disclosed in 1989. According to Nitschke most of the civilian deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor, and after the resettlement in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany. Polish historians Witold Sienkiewicz and Grzegorz Hryciuk believe that between |
600,000 and 1.2 million German civilians perished during the wartime evacuations. The main causes of death were cold, stress, and bombing . According to Sienkiewicz and Hryciuk between 200,000–250,000 persons were held in postwar Polish internment camps and between 15,000–60,000 perished. Post war increase in natural deaths German government figures of war losses do not include the increase in natural deaths with war casualties. The German economist Bruno Gleitze from the German Institute for Economic Research estimated that there were 1,200,000 excess deaths caused by the harsh conditions in Germany during and after the war. Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany The West German Statistisches Bundesamt put the actual deaths in 1939–46 due to natural causes at 7,130,000 persons, the demographic study by Peter Marschalck estimated the expected deaths in peacetime due to natural causes of 5,900,000 persons, a difference of 1,230,000 excess deaths. In Allied-occupied Germany the shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47. The average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health. Greece The Greek government is planning to claim reparations from Germany for war damages. The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Military dead 35,077, including: 13,327 killed in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East, and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian deaths 171,845, including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps (including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing; 3,500 merchant marine dead; 600,000 Famine deaths during the war A study published by Cambridge University Press in 2010 estimated that Greece suffered approximately 300,000 deaths during the Axis occupation as a result of famine and malnutrition Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of the League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: the war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non-Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. In campaigns against the Greek Resistance the German occupiers engaged in a policy of reprisals against civilians, the most notorious were the Distomo massacre and the Massacre of Kalavryta. According to the German historian Dieter Pohl at least 25,000 but perhaps even more civilians were killed in mass executions. Pohl maintains that about 1 million persons (14% of the population) were displaced in the campaigns against the Greek Resistance because their homes were destroyed or they were expelled and became refugees. Guam Guam was a United States administered territory during World War Two. The local Chamorro people were granted U.S. citizenship in the Guam Organic Act of 1950. According to an official U.S. report during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10, 4 Guam local military personnel and 3 Guam residents were killed in the battle. However, Japanese sources reported 40–50 of the local population killed. Between 1,000 to 2,000 Chamorro people were killed or otherwise died of abuse and mistreatment during the Japanese occupation of Guam from December 10, 1941 until August 10, 1944, including an estimated 600 civilians who were massacred by the Japanese during the Battle of Guam (1944). Hungary Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of Hungarian losses. Military losses |
were 300,000 to 310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in action and 200,000 in Soviet POW and labor camps and 20,000–25,000 Jews in Hungarian military labor service. About 200,000 were from Hungary in the 1938 borders and 100,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia. Civilian dead within the borders of present-day Hungary included 220,000 Hungarian Jews killed in the Holocaust and 44,000 deaths from military operations The Jewish population of Hungary in the 1941 borders was 764,000 (445,000 in the 1938 borders and 319,000 in the annexed territories). Holocaust deaths in the 1938 borders was 200,000 not including 20,000 men conscripted as forced labor for the military. Iceland Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines. India India which was a British Colony during World War II included the present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. India under British administration is sometimes referred to as the British Raj. The war dead of 87,029 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army during the Second World War. Gurkha casualties with the British Indian Army can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded. The preliminary 1945 data for Indian losses was, killed 24,338, missing 11,754, wounded 64,354 and POW 79,489. Out of 60,000 Indian Army POWs taken at the Fall of Singapore, 11,000 died in captivity. The pro-Japanese Indian National Army lost 2,615 dead and missing. Bengal famine of 1943 Cormac Ó Gráda (2007): "[E]stimates of mortality in [the Bengal famine of 1943] range from 0.8 million to 3.8 million; today the scholarly consensus is about 2.1 million (Hall-Matthews 2005; Sen 1981; Maharatna 1996)." John W. Dower estimated 1.5 million civilian deaths in the Bengal famine of 1943. Amartya Sen currently the Lamont University Professor at Harvard University has recently estimated that a figure of 2.0 to 2.5 million fatalities may be more accurate. Iran Losses during allied occupation in 1941. Iraq Losses during Anglo-Iraqi War and UK occupation in 1941. According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 150–180 Jews were killed in the Farhud pogrom in 1941. Ireland Although neutral, an estimated 70,000 of the Irish Free State's citizens volunteered in the British military service. Some 40 Irish citizens were killed by accidental bombings in Dublin and Carlow, and 33 Irish merchant seamen were killed in U-boat attacks by Germany. Italy The Italian government issued an accounting of the war dead in 1957, they broke out the losses before and after the Armistice with Italy: military dead and missing 291,376 (204,376 pre-armistice and 87,030 post armistice). Civilian dead and missing at 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including in air raids 61,432 (42,613 post armistice). A brief summary of data from this report can be found online. Military war dead Confirmed dead were 159,957 (92,767 pre-armistice, 67,090 post armistice) Missing and presumed dead(including POWs) were 131,419 (111,579 pre-armistice, 19,840 post armistice) Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania, and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters in Italy and 13,000 RSI Italian |
Social Republic Fascist forces. Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews. According to Martin Gilbert, Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,000 in Italy and 562 in the Italian colony of Libya Updated studies (2010) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence, p. 4 have revised the military deaths to 319,207, of which 246,432 belonged to the Army, 31,347 to the Navy, 13,210 to the Air Force, 15,197 to the Partisan formations and 13,021 to the armed forces of the Italian Social Republic. The casualties recorded for Italy do not include Italians who were born in Italian colonies and possessions (ethnic Italians in Libya, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia and the Dodecanese) and in national territories that Italy lost with the Paris peace treaty of 1947 (mainly the Julian March, Istria and Zara/Zadar; a large part of the victims of the Foibe massacres are thus not included). Also Africans conscripted by Italy are not included in their figures. With regards to the Partisan casualties, a ministerial study published in 1955 listed the partisans killed or executed as 35,828; however, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro only considered as partisans the members of the Resistance who were civilians before joining the partisans, whereas partisans who were formerly members of the Italian armed forces (more than half those killed) were considered as members of their armed force of origin. With regards to the Italian Social Republic casualties, the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro excludes from its lists of the fallen the individuals who committed war crimes. In the context of the RSI, where numerous war crimes were committed in the anti-partisan warfare, and many individuals were therefore involved in such crimes (especially GNR and Black Brigades personnel), this influences negatively the casualty count, under a statistical point of view. The "RSI Historical Foundation" (Fondazione RSI Istituto Storico) has drafted a list that lists the names of some 35,000 RSI military personnel killed in action or executed during and immediately after World War II (including the "revenge killings" that occurred at the end of the hostilities and in their immediate aftermath), including some 13,500 members of the Guardia Nazionale Repubblicana and Milizia Difesa Territoriale, 6,200 members of the Black Brigades, 2,800 Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,000 Marina Nazionale Repubblicana personnel, 1,900 X MAS personnel, 800 soldiers of the "Monterosa" Division, 470 soldiers of the "Italia" Division, 1,500 soldiers of the "San Marco" Division, 300 soldiers of the "Littorio" Division, 350 soldiers of the "Tagliamento" Alpini Regiment, 730 soldiers of the 3rd and 8th Bersaglieri regiments, 4,000 troops of miscellaneous units of the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano (excluding the aabove-mentioned Divisions and Alpini and Bersaglieri Regiments), 300 members of the Legione Autonoma Mobile "Ettore Muti", 200 members of the Raggruppamento Anti Partigiani, 550 members of the Italian SS, and 170 members of the Cacciatori degli Appennini Regiment. This would bring the total number of Italian military personnel killed to some 341,000 (excluding colonial troops). According to the official history of the Italian Army (Rovighi, Alberto (1988), Le Operazioni in Africa Orientale: (giugno 1940 – novembre 1941) [Operations in East Africa: (June 1940 – November 1941)], Rome, Stato Maggiore Esercito, Ufficio storico) From June 1940 to 16 April 1941, 11,755 askaris were killed in Italian East Africa, excluding the losses in Giuba region and eastern fronts. After that date, in the last battles in East Africa there were 490 askaris killed in the battle of Culqualber and 3,700 killed in the battle of Gondar, plus an unknown number in the battle of Amba Alagi and other minor clashes. This |
would mean that the number of askaris killed in East Africa was likely somewhere between 16,000 and 20,000. According to the Italian Army official history (USSME, La prima offensiva Britannica in Africa Settentrionale, tomo I, allegato 32 (page 375)), the two Libyan colonial divisions lost 1,399 soldiers killed (not counting the officers, who were Italian) in the battle of Sidi Barrani, where they were both destroyed. There was not much use of colonial troops in North Africa afterwards. Japan Estimates for total Japanese war dead in 1937–1945 range from at least 2.5 million to 3.237 million According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare Japanese war dead(1937–45) totaled 3.1 million persons including 2.3 million soldiers and Army/Navy civilian employees, 500,000 civilians in Japan and 300,000 civilians living outside of Japan. These figures include military dead of 30,000 Chinese from Taiwan and 22,182 Koreans. Military dead According to a report compiled by the Relief Bureau of the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare in March 1964, combined Japanese Army and Navy deaths during the war (1937–45) numbered approximately 2,121,000; broken down as follows: Key: Location, Army dead, Navy dead, (Total dead) Japan Proper: 58,100, 45,800, (103,900) Bonin Islands: 2,700, 12,500, (15,200) Okinawa: 67,900, 21,500, (89,400) Formosa (Taiwan): 28,500, 10,600, (39,100) Korea: 19,600, 6,900, (26,500) Sakhalin, the Aleutian, and Kuril Islands: 8,200, 3,200, (11,400) Manchuria: 45,900, 800, (46,700) China (inc. Hong Kong): 435,600, 20,100, (455,700) Siberia: 52,300, 400, (52,700) Central Pacific: 95,800, 151,400, (247,200) Philippines: 377,500, 121,100, (498,600) French Indochina: 7,900, 4,500, (12,400) Thailand: 6,900, 100, (7,000) Burma (inc. India): 163,000, 1,500, (164,500) Malaya & Singapore: 8,500, 2,900, (11,400) Andaman & Nicobar Islands: 900, 1,500, (2,400) Sumatra: 2,700, 500, (3,200) Java: 2,700, 3,800, (6,500) Lesser Sundas: 51,800, 1,200, (53,000) Borneo: 11,300, 6,700, (18,000) Celebes: 1,500, 4,000, (5,500) Moluccas: 2,600, 1,800, (4,400) New Guinea: 112,400, 15,200, (127,600) Bismarck Archipelago: 19,700, 10,800, (30,500) Solomon Islands: 63,200, 25,000, (88,200) Total: 1,647,200, 473,800, (2,121,000) Overall, perhaps two thirds of all Japanese military dead came not from combat, but from starvation and disease. In some cases this figure was potentially even higher, up to 80% in the Philippines and a staggering 97% in New Guinea. According to John W. Dower, the Japanese source Showa Shi – 1959 by Shigeki Toyama put Japanese war dead in 1937–1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War at 185,467. In 1949 the report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board put military war dead from December 1941 to December 21, 1946 at 1,555,308 Killed and 309,402 wounded These figures do not include an additional 240,000 missing Army personnel. The figures of wounded show only those receiving pensions. The details of these figures are as follows: Army China after Pearl Harbor 202,958 killed and 88,920 wounded. vs. United States 485,717 killed and 34,679 wounded. vs. U.K. and Netherlands 208,026 killed and 139,225 wounded. vs. Australia 199,511 killed and 15,000 wounded. French Indochina 2,803 killed and 6,000 wounded. Manchuria & USSR 7,483 killed and 4,641 wounded. other overseas 23,388 killed and 0 wounded Japan proper 10,543 killed and 6,782 wounded Army total 1,140,429 killed and 295,247 wounded. Navy Sailors 300,386 killed and 12,275 wounded and missing. Civilians in Navy service 114,493 killed and 1,880 wounded and missing. Navy total 414,879 killed and 14,155 wounded and missing. The Japanese Central Liaison Office reported in July 1947 to the Allied occupation authorities that Japanese military dead in 1935–1945 were 1,687,738(1,340,700 Army and 347,038 Navy) The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 191,250 war dead from 1937 to 1941 in the Second Sino-Japanese War and 2,133,915 in the Pacific War Their figures include civilians who |
participated in combat and Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces. According to the calculations of Werner Gruhl, Japanese military war dead were 2,565,878 (250,000 from 1931–41 and 2,315,878 in 1942–45). John W. Dower Dower maintains that "only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation". According to Dower over 300,000 Japanese POW were missing after being captured by the Soviets. Japanese figures as of 12/31/1948 listed 469,074 missing personnel in Soviet hands, while at the same time the Soviets admitted to holding 95,000 Japanese prisoners thus leaving 374,041 surrendered Japanese personnel who were unaccounted for and presumed dead. According to Dower "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied(non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities. The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported from 1951 to 1960 that 254,000 military personnel and civilians were confirmed dead and 95,000 went missing in Soviet hands after the war. The details of these losses are as follows: 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 on Sakhalin and 103,000 in the USSR. According to the Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare 65,000 soldiers and civilians were killed in the 1945 military campaign against the Soviet Union. After the war ended deaths at the hands of the Red Army and local Chinese population were 185,000 Manchuria, 28,000 in North Korea and 10,000 on Sakhalin and the Kurile islands. An additional 700,000 were taken prisoner by the Soviets were 50,000 died in forced labor in the USSR and Outer Mongolia. The Japanese government figures for POW deaths are not in agreement with Soviet figures. Russian sources report that the Soviets reported the POW deaths of 62,105 (61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured (609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces). Civilian Dead The 1949 report of the Japanese government Economic Stabilization Board detailed the casualties caused by air raids and sea bombardment. Total casualties were 668,315 including 299,485 dead, 24,010 missing and 344,820 injured. These figures include the casualties in Tokyo (東京) 97,031 dead, 6,034 missing and 113,923 injured; in Hiroshima (広島) 86,141 dead, 14,394 missing and 46,672 injured, in Nagasaki (長崎) 26,238 dead, 1,947 missing and 41,113 injured. According to John W. Dower, an error which appears in English language sources puts the total killed in air raids at 668,000, a figure which includes dead, missing and injured. A Japanese academic study published in 1979 by The Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki puts the total dead in the atomic attacks at 140,000 (± 10,000) in Hiroshima and 70,000 (± 10,000) in Nagasaki. According to the authors of the report a study of atomic bomb related casualties in Hiroshima in December 1945 was "lost and not discovered until twenty years later", they cited a similar survey in Nagasaki done in December 1945. The authors maintain that the lower casualty figures published in the immediate post war era did not include military personnel and missing persons. The figures of dead in the atomic attacks from this study were cited by John W. Dower in his War Without Mercy. According to the World Nuclear Association, "In Hiroshima, of a resident civilian population of 250,000 it was estimated that 45,000 died on the first day and a further 19,000 during the subsequent four months. In Nagasaki, out of a population of 174,000, 22,000 died on the first day and another 17,000 within four months. Unrecorded deaths of military personnel and foreign workers may have added |
considerably to these figures. About 15 square kilometers (over 50%) of the two cities was destroyed. It is impossible to estimate the proportion of these 103,000 deaths, or of the further deaths in military personnel, which were due to radiation exposure rather than to the very high temperatures and blast pressures caused by the explosions." They noted that "To the 103,000 deaths from the blast or acute radiation exposure at Hiroshima and Nagasaki have since been added those due to radiation-induced cancers, which amounted to some 400 within 30 years, and which may ultimately reach about 550. (Some 93,000 exposed survivors were still being monitored 50 years later.)" The Radiation Effects Research Foundation puts the number of deaths (within two to four months), in Hiroshima at 90,000 to 166,000 persons, and in Nagasaki at 60,000 to 80,000 persons. They noted that deaths caused by the atomic bombings include those that occurred on the days of the bombings due to the overwhelming force and heat of the blasts, as well as later deaths attributable to radiation exposure. The total number of deaths is not known precisely because military personnel records in each city were destroyed; entire families perished, leaving no one to report deaths; and unknown numbers of forced laborers were present in both cities The U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey published the following estimates of Japanese casualties due to U.S. bombing. 1-Summary Report (July 1946) Total civilian casualties in Japan, as a result of 9 months of air attack, including those from the atomic bombs, were approximately 806,000. Of these, approximately 330,000 were fatalities. 2-United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Medical Division (1947) The bombing of Japan killed 333,000 civilians and injured 473,000. Of this total 120,000 died and 160,000 were injured in the atomic bombings, leaving 213,000 dead and 313,000 injured by conventional bombing. 3-The effects of air attack on Japanese urban economy. Summary report (1947) Estimated that 252,769 Japanese were killed and 298,650 injured in the air war. 4-The Effects of strategic bombing on Japanese morale Based on a survey of Japanese households the death toll was put at 900,000 dead and 1.3 million injured, the SBS noted that this figure was subject to a maximum sampling error of 30%. 5-Strategic Bombing Survey The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki The most striking result of the atomic bombs was the great number of casualties. The exact number of dead and injured will never be known because of the confusion after the explosions. Persons unaccounted for might have been burned beyond recognition in the falling buildings, disposed of in one of the mass cremations of the first week of recovery, or driven out of the city to die or recover without any record remaining. No sure count of even the prepaid populations existed. Because of the decline in activity in the two port cities, the constant threat of incendiary raids, and the formal evacuation programs of the Government, an unknown number of the inhabitants had either drifter away from the cities or been removed according to plan. In this uncertain situation, estimates of casualties have generally ranged between 100,000 and 180,000 for Hiroshima, and between 50,000 and 100,000 for Nagasaki. The Survey believes the dead at Hiroshima to have been between 70,000 and 80,000, with an equal number injured; at Nagasaki over 35,000 dead and somewhat more than that injured seems the most plausible estimate. John W. Dower puts Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 and 150,000 in Battle of Okinawa based on a recent study of the campaign. However American military sources put civilian dead |
on Okinawa at 42,000, they noted that Japanese sources indicate 50,000 Okinawan noncombatants were killed during the campaign War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000. Korea American researcher R. J. Rummel estimated 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel, "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated." Werner Gruhl estimated the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 533,000 John W. Dower has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki". Latvia Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Latvian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 220,000 (35,000 in military operations; 110,000 executed, 35,000 in Germany and 40,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 10,000 and 15,000 with German. POW deaths 3,000.) Lithuania Independent Russian historian Vadim Erlikman estimated Lithuanian civilian war dead in 1941–45 at 345,000 (25,000 in military operations; 230,000 executed, 15,000 in Germany and 75,000 due to hunger and disease. Military dead were estimated with Soviet forces at 15,000 and 5,000 with German. POW deaths 4,000.) Luxembourg Total war dead were 5,000 which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in a separate unit attached to the Belgian Army. Malaya and Singapore The British colony of Malaya consisted of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and Unfederated Malay States. Today they are the nations Malaysia and Singapore. According to John W. Dower "Malayan officials after the war claimed, possibly with exaggeration, that as many as 100,000 residents, mostly Chinese, may have been killed by the Japanese; of 73,000 Malayans transported to work on the Burma-Siam railway, 25,000 were reported to have died. According to Werner Gruhl in Singapore the Japanese murdered 5,000 to 10,000 Chinese in 1942. In Malaya and Singapore an estimated 50,000 Chinese were killed in this genocide by the end of the war Malta 1,493 civilians were killed and 3,734 wounded during the Siege of Malta (World War II) Maltese civilians killed during the siege are also included with U.K. civilian deaths by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Mexico Mexico lost 7 merchant ships and 63 dead merchant mariners. A Mexican Air Force unit Escuadrón 201 served in the Pacific and suffered 5 combat deaths. Mongolia Military losses with USSR against Japan in the 1939 Battle of Khalkhin Gol (200) and the 1945 Soviet invasion of Manchuria (72) campaigns. Nauru During World War II Japan occupied Nauru in August 1942 and deported 1,200 Nauruans to work as laborers in the Caroline Islands, where 463 died. The survivors returned to Nauru in January 1946. Nepal Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army during the Second World War. The war dead reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission for India include Nepalese in the British Indian Army and Nepalese Army. Gurkha casualties can be broken down as: 8,985 killed or missing and 23,655 wounded. Netherlands In 1948 the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) issued a report of war losses. They listed 210,000 direct war casualties in the Netherlands, not including the Dutch East Indies. Military deaths 6,750 which |
included 3,900 regular Army, 2,600 Navy forces, and 250 POW in Germany. Civilian deaths of 203,250 which included 1,350 Merchant seaman, 2,800 executed, 2,500 dead in Dutch concentration camps, 20,400 killed by acts of war, 104,000 Jewish Holocaust dead, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 27,000 workers in Germany, 3,700 Dutch nationals in the German armed forces and 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944. Not Included in the figure of 210,000 war dead are 70,000 "indirect war casualties", which are attributed to an increase in natural deaths from 1940–1945 and 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead. Newfoundland Newfoundland lost 1,089 persons with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war. The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland, Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942. New Zealand The Auckland War Museum puts the number of World War II dead at 11,671 The preliminary data for New Zealand losses was killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453. Norway According to Norwegian government sources the war dead were 10,200 Military(Norwegian & Allied Forces) 2,000 (800 Army, 900 Navy and 100 Air). Civilians 7,500 (3,600 Merchant seaman, 1,500 resistance fighters, 1,800 civilians killed and 600 Jews killed) In German Armed Forces 700 Papua New Guinea Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters. Philippines Philippines military losses were 57,000 including 7,000 KIA in 1941–42 campaign, 8,000 guerrillas KIA 1942–45 and 42,000 POWs(out of 98,000). According to Werner Gruhl the death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 527,000 (27,000 military dead, 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine). Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 100,000 Filipinos Between 5,000 and 10,000 Filipinos serving with the Filipino troops, Scouts, Constabulary and Philippine Army units lost their lives on the Bataan Death March. Poland Total Polish war dead In 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 2.7 to 2.9 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust and 2,770,000 ethnic Poles (including "Direct War Losses" −543,000; "Murdered in Camps and in Pacification" −506,000; "Deaths in prisons and Camps" 1,146,000; "Deaths outside of prisons and Camps" 473,000; "Murdered in Eastern Regions" 100,000; "Deaths in other countries" 2,000). Polish researchers have determined that the Nazis murdered 2,830,000 Jews (including 1,860,000 Polish Jews) in the extermination camps in Poland, in addition over 1.0 million Polish Jews were murdered by the Einsatzgruppen in the eastern regions or died of starvation and disease while in ghettos. In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University emphasizes the lack of reliable data concerning Warld War II losses. According to him, between 2.35 and 2.9 million Polish citizens of Jewish ethnicity were killed, in addition to about two million ethnic Poles. He writes that not even estimated figures are available regarding Polish citizens of German, Ukrainian or Belarusian ethnicity. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today |
scholars of independent Poland believe that at least 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German occupation policies and the war. Czesław Łuczak in 1993 estimated Poland's war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews killed in the Holocaust and 2.0 million ethnic Polish victims of the German and Soviet occupations, (1.5 million under German occupation and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under Soviet occupation). Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population. Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated Poland's losses in World War II to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and The Holocaust, 350,000 deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943–44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians. Total losses by geographic area were about 4.4 million in present-day Poland and about 1.6 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Polish historian Krystyna Kersten estimated losses of about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths. The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the USSR. The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 3.0 million Jews and 2.0 million ethnic Poles, not including other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarussians). They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the West and the USSR after the war. Polish losses during the Soviet occupation (1939–1941) In August 2009, Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota of the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimated that 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation. In his 2009 book, Andrzej Leon Sowa of the Jagiellonian University states that about 325,000 Polish citizens were deported by the Soviets in 1940–41. The number of the deaths for which the Soviets are responsible "probably did not exceed 100,000", and the same applies to the killings perpetrated by Ukrainian nationalists. Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets. In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000. An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000. Polish military casualties Poland lost a total of 139,800 regular soldiers and 100,000 Polish resistance movement fighters during the war. Polish military casualties. Military dead and missing were 66,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, in addition 17,000–19,000 were killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 died in German POW camps. The Polish |
contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned.The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000–130,000 Polish civilians and 16,000–17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters. The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online. During the war, 2,762,000 Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces, these men were conscripted in violation of international law. The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) estimates 200,000–210,000 Polish citizens, including 76,000 ethnic Poles were conscripted into the Soviet armed forces in 1940–41 during the occupation of the eastern regions. The (IPN) also reported that the Germans conscripted 250,000 Polish nationals into the Wehrmacht, 89,300 later deserted and joined the Polish Armed Forces in the West. Timor Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerrilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The Australian Dept. of Defence estimated the civilian death toll at 40,000 to 70,000. However, another source puts the death toll at 40,000 to 50,000. Romania Demographer Boris Urlanis estimated Romanian war dead at 300,000 military and 200,000 civilians Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000. Total killed were 93,326 (72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with Allies). Total missing and POW were 341,765 (283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with Allies), only about 80,000 survived Soviet captivity. Civilian losses included 160,000 Jewish Holocaust dead, the genocide of Roma people 36,000 and 7,693 civilians killed in Allied air raids on Romania Ruanda Urundi The Ruzagayura famine from October 1943 to December 1944 was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo.By the time the famine ended between 36,000 and 50,000 people died of hunger in the territory. Several hundred thousand people also emigrated away from Ruanda-Urundi, most to the Belgian Congo but also to British Uganda. As Ruanda [Rwanda] was not occupied nor its food supply cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War II casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine there to the Bengal famine of 1943, which is attributed to war. South Africa The war dead of 11,907 listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission, The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589. South Pacific Mandate This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities. John W. Dower put Japanese civilian dead in Battle of Saipan at 10,000 Soviet Union The following notes summarize Soviet casualties, the details are presented in World War II casualties of the Soviet Union A 1993 report published by the Russian Academy of Science estimated the total Soviet losses in World War II at 26.6 million The Russian Ministry of Defense in 1993 put total military dead and missing in 1941–45 at 8,668,400 These figures |
have generally been accepted by historians in the west. The total population loss of 26.6 million is an estimate based on a demographic study, it is not an exact accounting of the war dead. The figures of 26.6 million total war dead and 8.668 million military dead are cited by the Russian government for the losses in the war. Military war dead The figures for Soviet military war dead and missing are disputed.The official report on the military casualties was prepared by Grigori F. Krivosheev According to Krivosheev, the losses of the Red Army and Navy combat forces in the field were 8,668,400 including 5,226,800 killed in action, 555,500 non-combat deaths, 1,102,800 died of wounds 500,000 missing in action.The remaining balance includes 1,103,000 POW dead and 180,000 POWs who remained in western countries at the end of the war. Krivosheev maintains that the higher figure of 3.3 million POW dead cited in western sources is based on German figures and analysis. Krivosheev maintains that these statistics are not correct because they include reservists not on active strength, civilians and military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the course of the war. He maintains that the actual number captured were 4,559,000, he deducted 3,276,000 to arrive at his total of 1.283 million POW irrecoverable losses, his deductions were 500,000 reservists not on actual strength, 939,700 military personnel reported missing who were recovered during the war and 1,836,000 POWs who returned to the Soviet Union at the end of the war. Krivosheev's figures are disputed by historians who put the actual losses at between 10.9 and 11.5 million. Critics of Krivosheev maintain that he underestimated the losses of POWs and missing in action and did he did not include the casualties of those convicted. Data published in Russia by Viktor Zemskov put Soviet POW losses at 2,543,000 (5,734,000 were captured, 821,000 released into German service and 2,371,000 liberated). Zemskov estimated the total military war dead were 11.5 million, including POW dead of 2.3 million and 1.5 million missing in action. S. N. Mikhalev estimated total military irrecoverable losses at 10.922 million. A recent study by Christian Hartmann put Soviet military dead at 11.4 million. Additional losses not included by Krivosheev were 267,300 who died of sickness in hospital, 135,000 convicts executed, and 422,700 convicts sent to penal units at the front. S. N. Mikhalev estimated total military demographic losses at 13.7 million. S.A. Il'enkov, an official of the Central Archives of the Russian Ministry of Defense, maintained, "We established the number of irreplaceable losses of our Armed Forces at the time of the Great Patriotic War of about 13,850,000." Il'enkov and Mikhalev maintained that the field unit reports did not include deaths in rear area hospitals of wounded personnel and personnel captured in the early months of the war. Additional demographic losses to the Soviet military were those imprisoned for desertion after the war and deserters in German military service. According to Krivosheev, the losses of deserters in German service were 215,000. He listed 436,600 convicts who were imprisoned. Civilian war dead The Russian government puts the civilian death toll due to the war at 13,684,000 (7,420,000 killed, 2,164,000 forced labor deaths in Germany and 4,100,000 deaths due to famine and disease). A Russian academic study estimated an additional 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine and disease in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans. Statistics published in Russia list civilian war losses of 6,074,857 civilians killed reported by the Extraordinary State Commission in 1946, 641,803 famine deaths during the siege of Leningrad according to official figures, 58,000 |
killed in bombing raids (40,000 Stalingrad,17,000 Leningrad and 1,000 Moscow), and an additional 645,000 civilian reservists that were killed or captured are also included with civilian casualties. The statistic of forced labor deaths in Germany of 2.164 million includes the balance of POW'S and those convicted not included in Krivosheev's figures. In addition to these losses, a Russian demographic study of the wartime population indicated an increase of 1.3 million in infant mortality caused by the war and that 9–10 million of the 26.6 million total Soviet war dead were due to the worsening of living conditions in the USSR, including the region that was not occupied. The number deaths in the siege of Leningrad have been disputed. According to David Glantz, the 1945 Soviet estimate presented at the Nuremberg Trials was 642,000 civilian deaths. He noted that Soviet era source from 1965 put the number of dead in the Siege of Leningrad at "greater than 800,000" and that a Russian source from 2000 put the number of dead at 1,000,000. These casualties are for 1941–1945 within the 1946–1991 borders of the USSR. Included with civilian losses are deaths in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939–1940 including 600,000 in the Baltic states and 1,500,000 in Eastern Poland. Russian sources include Jewish Holocaust deaths among total civilian dead. Gilbert put Jewish losses at one million within 1939 borders; Holocaust deaths in the annexed territories numbered an additional 1.5 million, bringing total Jewish losses to 2.5 million. Alternative viewpoints According to the Russian demographer Dr. L.L. Rybakovsky, there are a wide range of estimates for total war dead by Russian scholars. He cites figures of total war dead that range from 21.8 million up to 28.0 million. Rybakovsky points out that the variables that are used to compute losses are by no means certain and are currently disputed by historians in Russia. Viktor Zemskov put the total war dead at 20 million, he maintained that the official figure of 26.6 million includes about 7 million deaths due to natural causes based on the mortality rate that prevailed before the war. He put military dead at 11.5 million, 4.5 million civilians killed and 4.0 due to famine and disease. Some Russian historians put the figure as high as 46.0 million by counting the population deficit due to children not born. Based on the birth rate prior to the war there is a population shortfall of about 20 million births during the war. The figures for the number of children born during the war and natural deaths are rough estimates because of a lack of vital statistics. There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totaled 136,945: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931), Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139), and the Winter War with Finland in 1939–40 (126,875). The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online. Spain There were 4,500 military deaths with the all Spanish Blue Division serving with the German Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943. R.J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties. Sweden During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 28 men in combat. 33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943. During the war, Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by both German and Soviet submarines; 2,000 merchant seamen were killed. Switzerland The Americans |
accidentally bombed neutral Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties. Thailand Military deaths included: 108 dead in the French–Thai War (1940–41) and 5,559 who died either resisting the Japanese invasion (1941), or fighting alongside Japanese forces in the Burma Campaign of 1942–45. Allied bombing in 1944–45 caused 2,000 civilian deaths. Unlike other parts of South East Asia, Thailand did not suffer from famine during the war. Turkey The Refah tragedy (Turkish: Refah faciası) refers to a maritime disaster during World War II, when the cargo steamer Refah of neutral Turkey, carrying Turkish military personnel from Mersin in Turkey to Port Said, Egypt was sunk in eastern Mediterranean waters by a torpedo fired from an unidentified submarine. Of the 200 passengers and crew aboard, only 32 survived. . United Kingdom and Colonies The Commonwealth War Graves Commission reported a total of 383,758 military dead from all causes for both the UK and non-dominion British colonies, not including India which was reported separately; figures include identified burials and those commemorated by name on memorials. These figures include deaths that occurred after the war up until 31 December 1947 The Commonwealth War Graves Commission also maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection (including foreign nationals) who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67,170 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour. Modern updates of UK casualties including the wounded are contained in online The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a summary of the UK war losses, excluding colonies. This report (HMSO 6832) listed:UK Central Statistical Office Statistical Digest of the War HMSO 1951 Total war dead of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard (1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 were 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. Colonial forces are not included in these figures. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and V-rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. The preliminary 1945 data for UK colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115. UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces. UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade. The Cyprus Regiment made up of volunteers that fought with the UK Army, and suffered about 358 killed and 250 missing. Gurkhas recruited from Nepal fought with the British Army during the Second World War. Included with UK casualties are citizens of the various European countries occupied by Germany. There were separate RAF squadrons with citizens from Poland (17); Czechoslovakia (5); Netherlands (1); Free French (7); Yugoslavia (2); Belgium (3); Greece (3); Norway (2). Volunteers from the United States served in 3 RAF squadrons known as the Eagle Squadrons. Many foreign nationals and persons from the British colonies served in the UK Merchant Navy. United States American military dead# Total U.S. military deaths in battle and from other causes were 407,316. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 318,274 (234,874 battle, 83,400 nonbattle), Navy 62,614, Marine Corps 24,511, and the Coast Guard 1,917. Deaths in battle were 292,131. The breakout by service is as follows: Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps |
19,733, and Coast Guard 574. These losses were incurred during the period 12/8/41 until 12/31/46 During the period of America's neutrality in World War II (September 1, 1939 – December 8, 1941), U.S. military losses including 126 killed in October 1941 when the USS Kearny and the USS Reuben James were attacked by U-Boats, as well as 2,335 killed during the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese air forces on December 7, 1941. The United States Army Air Forces losses, which are included in the Army total, were 52,173 deaths due to combat and 35,946 from non-combat causes. U.S. Combat Dead by Theater of war: Europe–Atlantic 183,588 (Army ground forces 141,088, Army Air Forces 36,461, and Navy/Coast Guard 6,039); Asia–Pacific 108,504 (Army ground forces 41,592, Army Air Forces 15,694, Navy/Coast Guard 31,485, Marine Corps 19,733); unidentified theaters 39 (Army). Included with combat deaths are 14,059 POWs (1,124 in Europe and 12,935 in Asia). The details of U.S. military casualties are listed online: the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy, and the U.S. Marine Corps. U.S. Army figures include the deaths of 5,337 from the Philippines and 165 from Puerto Rico (see p. 118). The names of individual U.S. military personnel killed in World War II can be found at the U.S. National Archives. American Battle Monuments Commission website lists the names of military and civilian war dead from World War II buried in ABMC cemeteries or listed on Walls of the Missing. American civilian dead # According to the Usmm.org, 9,521 merchant mariners lost their lives in the war (8,421 killed and 1,100 who later died of wounds). In 1950, the United States Coast Guard put U.S. Merchant Marine losses at 5,662 (845 due to enemy action, 37 in prison camps, and 4,780 missing), excluding U.S. Army transports and foreign flagged ships and they did not break out losses between the Atlantic and Pacific theaters. The names of U.S. Merchant Mariners killed in World War II are listed by USMM.org. The Civil Air Patrol assumed many missions including anti-submarine patrol and warfare, border patrols, and courier services. During World War II CAP's coastal patrol had flown 24 million miles, found 173 enemy U-boats, attacked 57, hit 10 and sunk 2, dropping a total of 83 bombs and depth charges throughout the conflict. By the end of the war, 64 CAP members had lost their lives in the line of duty. According to U.S. War Department figures, 18,745 American civilians were interned in the war (13,996 in the Far East and 4,749 in Europe). A total of 2,419 American civilian internees were listed as dead and missing. Under Japanese internment, 992 died and another 544 were listed as "unknown"; under German internment, 168 died and a further 715 were listed as "unknown". 68 U.S. civilians were killed during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The official U.S report listed 1 U.S. civilian killed during the Battle of Guam on December 8–10. However, another source reported 13 "civilians" killed during the battle and 70 U.S. civilians were killed during the Battle of Wake Island from December 8–23, 1941. 98 U.S. civilian POWs were massacred by the Japanese on Wake Island in October 1943. During Japan's Aleutian Islands Campaign in Alaska in June 1942, a U.S. civilian was killed during the bombing of Dutch Harbor. The Japanese invaded the island of Attu, killing a white U.S. civilian and interned 45 Alaska Native Aleuts in Japan, in which 19 died during the rest of the war. Six U.S. civilians were killed in Oregon in May 1945 by Japanese balloon bombs. Yugoslavia |
The official Yugoslav figure for total war dead is 1.7 million (300,000 military and 1,400,000 civilians). This figure is cited in reference works dealing with World War II Studies in Yugoslavia by Franjo Tudjman and Ivo Lah put losses at 2.1 million However, the official Yugoslav figure has been disputed studies by Vladimir Žerjavić and Bogoljub Kočović who put actual losses at about 1.0 million persons. The calculation of Yugoslav losses is not an exact accounting listing of the dead, but is based on demographic calculations of the population balance which estimate births during the war and natural deaths. The number of persons who emigrated after the war (ethnic Germans, Hungarians, Italians and Yugoslav refugees to the west) are rough estimates. The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war-related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census". A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000, which included losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 "Quislings and collaborators" (see discussion below losses of Yugoslav collaborators) Civilian dead of 581,000 included 57,000 Jews. Losses by each Yugoslav republic were: Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000. Bogoljub Kočović, a Yugoslav statistician, calculated the actual war losses at 1,014,000. Jozo Tomasevich, Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, stated that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable". The losses of Yugoslav collaborators Croatian emigres in the west made exaggerated allegations that 500,000–600,000 Croatians and Chetniks were massacred by the Partisans after the war; these claims are cited by Rudolph Rummel in his study Statistics of DemocideJozo Tomasevich noted that the figures of the number of collaborators killed by the Partisans are disputed. According to Tomasevich some Croatian exiles "have been more moderate in their estimates", putting the death toll at "about 200,000". Regarding the death toll in the reprisals by the Yugoslav partisans Tomasevich believed that "It is impossible to establish the exact number of victims in these operations, although fairly accurate figures could probably be reached after much additional unbiased research" The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows A. Military operations between the occupying German military forces and their "Quislings and collaborators" against the Yugoslav resistance. B. German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch. One of the worst one-day massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre. C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war, many Ustaše and Slovene collaborators were killed in or as a result of the Bleiburg repatriations. D. The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs. According to Yad Vashem, "During their four years in power, the Ustasa carried out a Serb genocide, exterminating over 500,000, expelling 250,000 and forcing another 200,000 to convert to Catholicism. The Ustasa also killed most of Croatia's Jews, 20,000 Gypsies, and many thousands of their political enemies." According to the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum "The Croat authorities murdered between 320,000 and 340,000 ethnic Serb residents of Croatia and |
Bosnia during the period of Ustaša rule; more than 30,000 Croatian Jews were killed either in Croatia or at Auschwitz-Birkenau". The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac and Stara Gradiška concentration camps. The Jasenovac Memorial Site quotes a similar figure of between 80,000 and 100,000 victims. Stara Gradiška was a sub-camp of Jasenovac established for women and children. The names and data for 12,790 victims at Stara Gradiška have been established http://www.jusp-jasenovac.hr/Default.aspx?sid=6751 Serbian sources currently claim that 700,000 persons were murdered at Jasenovac Some 40,000 Roma were murdered. Jewish victims in Yugoslavia totaled 67,122. E. Reduced food supply caused famine and disease. F. Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrade. G. The demographic losses due to the reduction of 335,000 births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties. Other Nations Dominican Republic had 27 Merchant Mariners killed References External links Documenting Numbers of Victims of the Holocaust and Nazi Persecution The Central Database of Shoah Victims' Names Category:Demographic history |
Xu Jingtao Xu Jingtao (; born August 5, 1993 in Harbin) is a Chinese curler. As a junior curler, Xu played lead for the Chinese men's team (skipped by Jiang Dongxu) at the 2013 World Junior Curling Championships, finishing with a 1-8 record. He also played for China (skipped by Wang Jinbo), throwing second rocks at the 2015 Pacific-Asia Junior Curling Championships, picking up a silver medal. After juniors, Wang joined the Chinese men's national team in 2017, playing second for the team, skipped by Zou Dejia for the 2017-18 season, and then as lead for the 2018-19 season on the team, which was skipped by Zou Qiang. In the 2017-18 season, the team played in the 2017 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships, taking home the silver medal. This qualified the team for the 2018 World Men's Curling Championship, where they finished with a 3-9 record. For the 2018-19 curling season, the team started out at the 2018 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships, where they won a silver medal. The team qualified for the 2019 World Men's Curling Championship, finishing with a 2-9 record. Xu represented China at the 2019 Pacific-Asia Curling Championships where they won a bronze medal. References External links Category:Living people Category:1993 births Category:Chinese male curlers Category:Sportspeople from Harbin |
6th Youth in Film Awards The 6th Youth in Film Awards ceremony (now known as the Young Artist Awards), presented by the Youth in Film Association, honored outstanding youth performers under the age of 21 in the fields of film, television and dance for the 1983–1984 season, and took place on December 2, 1984, in Hollywood, California. Established in 1978 by long-standing Hollywood Foreign Press Association member, Maureen Dragone, the Youth in Film Association was the first organization to establish an awards ceremony specifically set to recognize and award the contributions of performers under the age of 18 in the fields of film, television, theater and music. Categories ★ Bold indicates the winner in each category. Best Young Performer in a Motion Picture Best Young Actor in a Motion Picture: Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama ★ Anthony Michael Hall – Sixteen Candles (Universal) Peter Billingsley – A Christmas Story (MGM/UA) Noah Hathaway – The NeverEnding Story (Warner Bros) Ross Harris – Testament (Paramount) Byron Thames – Heart Like a Wheel (20th Century Fox) Jason Presson – The Stone Boy (TLC Films/20th Century Fox) Barret Oliver – The NeverEnding Story (Warner Bros) Henry Thomas – Cloak & Dagger (Universal) Best Young Actress in a Motion Picture: Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama ★ Molly Ringwald – Sixteen Candles (Universal) Drew Barrymore – Irreconcilable Differences (Warner Bros) Alison Eastwood – Tightrope (Warner Bros) Christina Nigra – Cloak & Dagger (Universal) Roxana Zal – Testament (Paramount) Best Young Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture, Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama ★ Ke Huy Quan – Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (Paramount) Corey Feldman – Gremlins (Warner Bros) Huckleberry Fox – Misunderstood (MGM/UA) Chris Hebert – The Last Starfighter (Lorimar) Damon Hines – The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (20th Century Fox) Robby Kiger – Children of the Corn (Gatlin Productions) Ian Petrella – A Christmas Story (MGM/UA) Brad Savage – Red Dawn (MGM/UA) Billy Zabka – The Karate Kid (Columbia) Best Young Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture, Musical, Comedy, Adventure or Drama ★ Elisabeth Shue – The Karate Kid (Columbia) Therese Graham – Country (Disney) Gennie James – Places in the Heart (Tri-Star) Anne Marie McEvoy – Children of the Corn (Gatlin Productions) Sarah Jessica Parker – Footloose (Paramount) Tami Stronach – The NeverEnding Story (Warner Bros) Best Young Performer in a Family Film Made for Television Best Young Actor in a Family Film Made for Television ★ Doug Scott – The Day After (ABC) Shane Conrad – Hard Knox (NBC) Timothy Gibbs – CBS Schoolbreak Special – Dead Wrong (CBS) Leaf and River Phoenix – ABC Afterschool Special – Backwards: The Riddle of Dyslexia (ABC) Jerry Supiran – Policewoman Centerfold (Orion-TV) Best Young Actress in a Family Film Made for Television ★ Missy Francis – Something About Amelia (ABC) Amanita Hyldahl – The Winter of Our Discontent (CBS) Jill Schoelen – Happy Endings (NBC) Cheryl Arutt – NBC Special Treat – Bobby and Sarah (NBC) Claudia Wells – Anatomy of an Illness (CBS) Best Young Performer in a Television Drama Series Best Young Actor in a Daytime or Nighttime Television Series ★ David Mendenhall – General Hospital (ABC) Brian Bloom – As the World Turns (CBS) Danny Ponce – Knots Landing (CBS) Damian Scheller – Guiding Light (CBS) Trevor Richard – Another World (NBC) Omri Katz – Dallas (CBS) Best Young Actress in a Daytime or Nighttime Television Series ★ Shalane McCall – Dallas (CBS) Melissa Brennan – Santa Barbara (NBC) Kristian Alfonso – Days of Our Lives (NBC) Dana Kimmell – Days of Our Lives (NBC) Lisa |
Trusel – Days of Our Lives (NBC) Best Young Supporting Actor in a Daytime or Nighttime Drama ★ David Hollander – Call to Glory (ABC) Gabriel Damon – Call to Glory (ABC) Bobby Jacoby – Knots Landing (CBS) Kirk Cameron – Two Marriages (ABC) Paul Stout – Scarecrow and Mrs. King (CBS) Todd McKee – Santa Barbara (NBC) Best Young Supporting Actress in a Daytime or Nighttime Drama ★ Melora Hardin – Two Marriages (ABC) Michelle Bennett – The Yellow Rose (NBC) Tonya Crowe – Knots Landing (CBS) Andrea Barber – Days of Our Lives (NBC) Julie Anne Haddock – Boone (NBC) Amanda Peterson – Boone (NBC) Best Young Performer in a Television Comedy Series Best Young Actor in a Television Comedy Series ★ Billy Jacoby – It's Not Easy (ABC) Jason Bateman – It's Your Move (NBC) Emmanuel Lewis – Webster (ABC) Alfonso Ribeiro – Silver Spoons (NBC) John Stamos – Dreams (CBS) Best Young Actress in a Television Comedy Series ★ Justine Bateman – Family Ties (NBC) Kim Fields – The Facts of Life (NBC) Soleil Moon Frye – Punky Brewster (NBC) Lauri Hendler – Gimme a Break! (NBC) Laura Jacoby – Mr. Smith (NBC) Ari Meyers – Kate & Allie (CBS) Jill Whelan – The Love Boat (ABC) Best Young Supporting Actor in a Television Comedy Series ★ (tie) Corky Pigeon – Silver Spoons (NBC) ★ (tie) Malcolm-Jamal Warner – The Cosby Show (NBC) Danny Cooksey – Diff'rent Strokes (NBC) Frederick Koehler – Kate & Allie (CBS) Joey Lawrence – Gimme a Break! (NBC) Best Young Supporting Actress in a Television Comedy Series ★ Tina Yothers – Family Ties (NBC) Tempestt Bledsoe – The Cosby Show (NBC) Lisa Bonet – The Cosby Show (NBC) Missy Gold – Benson (ABC) Lara Jill Miller – Gimme a Break! (NBC) Keshia Knight Pulliam – The Cosby Show (NBC) Best Young Performer in a Cable Series or Program Best Young Actor/Actress in a Cable Series or Program ★ Priscilla Weems – Five Mile Creek (Disney Channel) Randy Josselyn – Down to Earth (TBS Superstation) Aaron Lohr – Let's Hear It for the Boy (Deniece Williams music video) Kyle Richards – Down to Earth (TBS Superstation) Best Young Performer: Guest in a Series Best Young Actor: Guest in a Series ★ Taliesin Jaffe – The Facts of Life (NBC) David Faustino – The Love Boat (ABC) David Friedman – Mama's Family (NBC) Chad Allen – Airwolf (CBS) Barret Oliver – Highway to Heaven (NBC) John Louie – Riptide (ABC) Bumper Robinson – Matt Houston (ABC) R. J. Williams – Magnum, P.I. (CBS) Jaleel White – The Jeffersons (CBS) Eric Johnson – V (NBC) Best Young Actress: Guest in a Series ★ Heather O'Rourke – Webster (ABC) Angela Lee – Masters (NBC) Christa Denton – Silver Spoons (NBC) Shannen Doherty – Airwolf (CBS) Natalie Klinger – One Day at a Time (CBS) Tanya Fenmore – Mama's Family (NBC) Sydney Penny – Silver Spoons (NBC) Robyn Lively – Knight Rider (NBC) Bridgette Andersen – The Mississippi (CBS) Kim Richards – The Mississippi (CBS) Best Family Entertainment Best Family Film Made for Television ★ Something About Amelia (ABC)ABC Afterschool Special – Backwards: The Riddle of Dyslexia (ABC) CBS Schoolbreak Special – Welcome Home, Jellybean (CBS) CBS Schoolbreak Special – Dead Wrong (CBS) ABC Afterschool Special – Summer Switch (ABC) Best New Comedy or Drama Television Series ★ The Cosby Show (NBC)Call to Glory (ABC) Charles in Charge (CBS) Who's the Boss? (ABC) Highway to Heaven (NBC) It's Your Move (NBC) Kate & Allie (CBS) Punky Brewster (NBC) Best Family Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy |
★ Ghostbusters (Columbia)Breakin' (Cannon) A Christmas Story (MGM/UA) Footloose (Paramount) Splash (Disney) The Muppets Take Manhattan (Tri Star) Best Family Motion Picture – Adventure ★ Gremlins (Warner Bros.)Cloak & Dagger (Universal) The NeverEnding Story (Warner Bros.) The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension (20th Century Fox) Space Raiders (New World) The Stone Boy (TLC Films) Best Family Motion Picture – Drama ★ The Karate Kid (Columbia)The Right Stuff (The Ladd Co.) Heart Like a Wheel (20th Century Fox) Running Brave (Disney) Tank (Universal) Youth In Film's Special Awards Former Child Star Award ★ Jerry Mathers – Leave It to BeaverThe Jackie Coogan Award Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Motion Pictures ★ The Wizard of Oz – MGMYouth In Film's Theater Arts Award ★ Tina and Dennis Caspary (Dance team)The Michael Landon Award Outstanding Contribution to Youth Through Television ★ Martin Tahse (Producer of various After School Specials)Best Young Actor in a Foreign Film ★ Martin Lewis – Five Mile Creek (Australia) Best Young Actress in a Foreign Film ★ Nina Knapskog – Kamilla (Norway) – Produced by Vibeke LakkebergBest Foreign Film ★ The Gods Must Be Crazy (South Africa) – Released by 20TH Century Fox Film Co.' References External links Official site Category:Young Artist Awards ceremonies Category:1984 film awards Category:1984 television awards Category:1984 in American cinema Category:1984 in American television Category:1984 in California |
Phrygian Gates Phrygian Gates is a piano piece written by minimalist composer John Adams in 1977-1978. The piece, together with its smaller companion China Gates, written for the pianist Sarah Cahill, is what is considered Adams' "opus one". They are, according to his own claims, his first compositions consisting of a coherent personal style. It was commissioned and written for the pianist Mack McCray, and first performed by him in the Hellman Hall, San Francisco on 17 March 1978. The work was funded by a group of the Board of Trustees of the San Francisco Conservatory of Music. Overview The piece is written in a minimalist style, and based on a repetitive cell structure. Simultaneously, Adams' desire to move away from the conventional techniques of minimalism is noticeable. The composition is set in the Phrygian mode, and cycles through half the keys throughout its roughly 25-30 minute duration, starting in A Lydian (four sharps), followed by A Phrygian (one flat), then E Lydian (five sharps) and E Phrygian (no flats), etc. In this way, the piece shifts following the circle of fifths, alternating between the Lydian and Phrygian mode of each key. As claimed by Adams, it is "in the form of a modulating square wave with one state in the Lydian mode and the other in the Phrygian mode". Gradually, the amount of time spent in the Lydian shortens and shifts more to the Phrygian. The "Gates" in the title is an allusion from the electronic music gates, a term for rapidly shifting modes. Recordings John Adams - Complete Piano Music, Ralph van Raat (Naxos Records) 2007 References External links Phrygian Gates John Adams website Phrygian Gates by Ralph van Raat on YouTube Category:Compositions by John Adams (composer) Category:1978 compositions Category:Compositions for solo piano |
GotoP is a male Japanese artist from Gifu Prefecture, Gifu, Japan, currently living in Saitama. He did the original character design for Wandaba Style and Close to: Inori no Oka, two visual novels. He is also notable for the illustration of the Official Another Story Clannad short story collection based on the visual novel Clannad. Works Artbooks (Media Works) - (Media Works) - Illustrations Angel Beats! -Track Zero- (monthly illustration of stories for related series at Dengeki G's Magazine) CLANNAD Official Another Story Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de (Media Works) - Original character design Anime Wandaba Style Video Games Clannad: Hikari Mimamoru Sakamichi de - 2010 Close to ~Inori no Oka~ - 2001 D.C. II ~Da Capo II~ (Harimao's design) - 2006 Narcissu: Side 2nd - 2007 Tsugi no Giseisha wo Oshirase Shimasu'' - 2011 References External links GotoP's personal website Pixiv account Category:1969 births Category:Japanese illustrators Category:Living people |
Menherion Menherion is a farm in the parish of Stithians in Cornwall, England. Menherion is west of Stithians churchtown. Menherion is also the name of a hamlet in Cornwall. See also List of farms in Cornwall References Category:Farms in Cornwall |
Judith Montefiore Judith, Lady Montefiore (née Barent Cohen; 20 February 1784 – 24 September 1862) was a British linguist, musician, travel writer, and philanthropist. A keen traveller, she noted the distress and suffering around her, more particularly in the "Jewish Quarters" of the towns through which she passed, and was ever ready with some plan of alleviation. Her privately printed journals, threw light upon her character, and showed her to be cultured, imbued with a strong religious spirit, true to the teachings and observances of the Jewish faith, yet exhibiting the widest acceptance of those espousing other beliefs. She was quick to resent any indignity or insult that might be offered to her religion or her people. Montefiore authored the first Jewish cook book written in English. Early years Judith Barent Cohen, fourth daughter of Levy Barent Cohen and his wife, Lydia Diamantschleifer, was born in London on 20 February 1784. The father, of Angel Court, Throgmorton Street, was a wealthy Ashkenazi or German Jew. Career She married Sir Moses Montefiore on 10 June 1812. Marriages between Sephardim and Ashkenazim were not approved by the Portuguese Synagogue; but Moses believed that this caste prejudice was hurtful to the best interests of Judaism, and was desirous of abolishing it. There is little doubt that that marriage did more than anything else to pave the way for the present union of English Jews. They were married on 10 June 1812, and took a house in New Court, St. Swithin's Lane, next door to one Nathan Maier Rothschild, living there for 13 years. This was likely Nathan Mayer Rothschild, founder of the Rothschild banking family of England, whom one of her sisters, Hannah (1783–1850), had married in 1806. Her prudence and intelligence influenced all her husband's undertakings, and when he retired from business, the administration of his fortune in philanthropic endeavours was largely directed by her. Lady Montefiore accompanied her husband in all his foreign missions up to 1859, and was the beneficent genius of his memorable expeditions to the Holy Land, Damascus, Saint Petersburg, and Rome. By her linguistic abilities, she was enabled to materially assist her husband in his self-imposed tasks. During the journey to Russia, in 1846, she was indefatigable in her efforts to alleviate the misery she saw everywhere around her. The wife and daughter of the Russian governor paid her a ceremonious visit and expressed the admiration she had inspired among all classes. Her sympathies were greatly widened by travel; two journals of some of these travels were published anonymously by her. It was also during this period that Montefiore authored and had published the first English language Jewish cookbook,. The last years of her life were spent alternately in London and Ramsgate. Later years For some years her health had been so bad that they had spent much of their time in Europe in the hope of improving it, but she had at last become too weak to undertake the journeys, and her last days were spent in England. Only a few months prior to her decease, the couple had celebrated their golden wedding anniversary, and this period was marked by what seemed a partial restoration of her health. On 24 September 1862, after exchanging blessings with her husband, she fell into her last sleep. Lady Judith died 24 September 1862. At her death, Sir Moses founded in her memory the Judith Lady Montefiore College at Ramsgate. References Attribution Bibliography Jew. Chron. 3 October 1863 Kayserling, Die Judischen Frauen, pp. 272–275, 1308 Loewe, L. Diaries of Sir Muses and Lady Montefiore, 1890. Morals, Eminent Israelites, pp. 240–312 |
Wolf, Lucien. Life (of Sir Moses Montefiore), pp. 189–212 External links Category:1784 births Category:1862 deaths Category:Linguists from England Category:Musicians from London Category:English travel writers Category:Women travel writers Category:Women linguists Category:English Jews Judith Category:Women cookbook writers Category:Wives of baronets Category:19th-century women writers |
Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency) Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is an assembly constituency in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Overview As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 196 Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is composed of the following: Haripal community development block and Balarambati, Basubati and Kamarkundu Gopalnagar, Daluigachha gram panchayats of Singur community development block. Haripal (Vidhan Sabha constituency) is part of No. 29 Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency) (SC). It was earlier part of Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency). Members of Legislative Assembly Election results 2016 2011 .# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006. 1977-2006 In the 2006 state assembly elections Bharati Mukherjee of CPI(M) won the Haripal seat defeating Safiul Islam Sarkar of Trinamool Congress. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Kaliprasad Biswas of CPI(M) defeated Samiran Mitra representing Trinamool Congress in 2001 and Congress in 1996, and Tushar Sinha Roy of Congress in 1991. Balai Banerjee of CPI(M) defeated Tushar Sinha Roy of Congress in 1987 and Chandrasekhar Banik representing ICS in 1982 and Congress in 1977. 1967-1972 Chittaranjan Basu of WPI won in 1972 and 1971. Amalesh Chandra Mazumdar of SSP won in 1969 and 1967. Prior to that the Haripal seat did not exist. References Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal Category:Politics of Hooghly district |
Persistent luminescence Commonly referred as phosphorescence, persistent luminescence is the phenomenon encountered in materials which make them glow in the dark after the end of an excitation with UV or visible light. Mechanism The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is not fully understood. However, the phenomenon of persistent luminescence must not be mistaken for fluorescence and phosphorescence (see for definitions and ). Indeed, in fluorescence, the lifetime of the excited state is in the order of a few nanoseconds and in phosphorescence, even if the lifetime of the emission can reach several seconds, the reason of the long emission is due to the deexcitation between two electronic states of different spin multiplicity. For persistent luminescence, it has been known for a long time that the phenomenon involved energy traps (such as electron or hole trap) in a material which are filled during the excitation. After the end of the excitation, the stored energy is gradually released to emitter centers which emit light usually by a fluorescence-like mechanism. Examples of use Persistent luminescence materials are mainly used in safety signs, watch dials, decorative objects and toys. They have also been used as nanoprobes in small animal optical imaging. References See also Luminous paint Strontium aluminate Category:Luminescence |
Opera House Theatre, Blackpool The Opera House Theatre is a theatre in Blackpool, Lancashire, England. It is located within the Winter Gardens, a large entertainment complex in the town centre and originally opened in 1889, although it has been rebuilt twice, in 1910 and 1939. As part of the Winter Gardens, the theatre is a Grade II* Listed Building. It is operated by Crown Leisure Ltd, on behalf of Blackpool Council, who purchased the property from Leisure Parcs Ltd as part of a £40 million deal in 2010. The opera house is considered one of the finest theatres in Europe. History The Opera House Theatre is one of the largest theatres in the United Kingdom. The present theatre is the third one to have been built on the site. The original building, completed in 1889, at a cost of £9,098 was designed by the prolific theatre architect Frank Matcham, who also designed the nearby Grand Theatre and the Tower Ballroom. It had 2,500 seats, and was named Her Majesty’s Opera House. The first performance at the theatre was Gilbert and Sullivan’s new Savoy opera, The Yeomen of the Guard on 10 June 1889. The theatre was soon deemed too small and in November 1910 was closed for reconstruction. The new and larger building, by architects Mangnall and Littlewood, formally opened just nine months later. However, in 1938 the second Opera House was demolished and the present 3,000-seat theatre opened in 1939. It was designed in a modernist style with a sweepingly curved proscenium. A Wurlitzer organ was installed to the design of Horace Finch and he and Reginald Dixon played on the opening night. It was the last new Wurlitzer organ to be installed in the UK and it is still in regular use today. The new Opera House was opened on 14 July 1939 by actress Jessie Matthews and her husband, actor and director Sonnie Hale. The first performance followed - the revue Turned Out Nice Again, starring George Formby. The first Royal Variety Performance to be held outside London was staged at the Opera House on 13 April 1955. Compèred by Jack Hylton and held in the presence of the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh. Performers included Arthur Askey, Morecambe and Wise, The Crazy Gang, Reginald Dixon at the Wurlitzer organ, Joan Regan, Alma Cogan, George Formby, Beryl Grey, John Field, Flanagan and Allen and Charlie Cairoli. On 7 December 2009 the 81st Royal Variety Performance was again staged at the theatre in the presence of The Queen, and compèred by Peter Kay. The performers included Lady Gaga, Michael Bublé, Alexandra Burke, Diversity, Hal Cruttenden, Miley Cyrus, Whoopi Goldberg, Adam Hills, Bob Golding as Eric Morecambe, Les 7 Doights de la Main, Katherine Jenkins, Jason Manford, Pilobolus Dancers, Mika, Bette Midler, André Rieu, Faryl Smith, Paul Zerdin - Also the Heavy Cavalry and Cambrai Band, the cast of Sister Act the Musical, with Whoopi Goldberg and the cast of Here Come the Girls; Anastacia, Lulu and Chaka Khan. The Opera House Theatre hosts many theatrical performances in addition to variety shows and music concerts. It serves as a stage during the Rebellion Festival, a Punk Rock festival held in Blackpool each year. Capacity Current capacity is 2,813 consisting of 1,401 stall seats, 758 balcony seats and 654 seats in the circle. References Further reading External links Opera House Theatre website Winter Gardens' official website Category:1889 establishments in England Category:Grade II* listed buildings in Lancashire Category:Theatres in Blackpool Category:Grade II* listed theatres Category:Public venues with a theatre organ Category:Music venues completed in 1889 Category:Concert halls in England Category:Music |
venues in England Category:Music venues in Lancashire Category:Theatres in Lancashire |
Jason Truby Jason Truby (born June 1, 1973) is an American musician. He began his career in 1989 with Living Sacrifice as lead guitarist. He was also a member of P.O.D., but has also performed with Phil Keaggy, David Beegle, Ashley Cleveland and her husband Kenny Greenberg, and was a guest performer with Phil Keaggy's band Glass Harp at the First Annual Denver Guitar Festival. History Living Sacrifice In 1989, Truby joined Living Sacrifice with the other members being Bruce Fitzhugh, DJ Johnson, and Lance Garvin. In 1991, Living Sacrifice's self-titled debut was released on R.E.X. Records. In 1992, Living Sacrifice released their second album, Nonexistent. In 1994, the band released a third album, Inhabit Living Sacrifice signed onto Solid State Records seeking to widen their audience. In 1995, Johnson left the band and was replaced by Truby's older brother, Chris. Living Sacrifice recorded Reborn, their Solid State debut, in 1997. The band started to play a mix of groove metal and metalcore. Reborn is considered the most influential of all Living Sacrifice records. In 1998, both Truby brothers left the band and were eventually replaced by Rocky Gray and Arthur Green. P.O.D. In 2003, P.O.D. lacked a guitarist after former band member Marcos Curiel parted with the band amidst controversy. Truby was available at the time and wrote and record the band's single, "Sleeping Awake", for The Matrix Reloaded Soundtrack album. He became a full-time member soon afterward. The band released its first album with Truby, Payable on Death, in November 2003. It was the first time the band discarded its rap metal style, which sparked much controversy. Despite the new style, the album has sold over one million copies worldwide. Truby also wrote the song "Truly Amazing" with P.O.D. for The Passion of the Christ: Songs album, which won a GMA Dove Award. In 2005, POD released the Warriors 2 EP . The second P.O.D. album with Truby, Testify, was produced by Glen Ballard and released in January 2006, including Katy Perry on background vocals on the song "Goodbye for Now". Later that year, P.O.D. released its Greatest Hits album, which was Truby's last work with the band. On December 30, 2006, Truby left P.O.D. Solo Truby's first solo album was String Theory (2004), an acoustic album. Truby released his second album, also instrumental, Waiting on the Wind on November 20, 2007. On July 26, 2008, Truby announced a third solo acoustic album, Finding the Quiet, released on November 25. Truby completed his debut rock album, Entropy in 2009. In 2011, he released an acoustic Christmas album entitled The Greatest Love. Truby produced a compilation album in 2012 for a non-profit adoption and foster care organization called Project Zero. This album entitled "Grafted" featured Truby, Stu G from Delirious?, Sonny Sandoval from P.O.D., Cheri Keaggy, Phil Keaggy, Steve Dean, Tiffany Thornton, Geoff Moore, Willet, The Roys (2010 bluegrass band of the year), Caitlin Evanson, Sean Michel. In 2012, Truby released an acoustic driven vocal album called Our Time Here a fingerstyle album with songs featuring artist Phil Keaggy. Truby's instrumental, Passages, was released in 2013 and features Phil Keaggy. 2016 Truby was commissioned to do an instrumental guitar album, Hymns, consisting of his fingerstyle arrangements of ancient hymns. It has been distributed to cancer treatment centers to give to patients and families undergoing cancer treatments. Truby is currently working on a instrumental Christmas album. Discography With Living Sacrifice Not Yielding to Ungodly demo (1989) Living Sacrifice (1991) Nonexistent (1993) Inhabit (1995) Reborn (1997) In Memoriam (2005) (Greatest Hits) With P.O.D. The Matrix Reloaded: The Album (2003) Payable on |
Death (2003) The Passion of the Christ: Songs (2004) The Warriors EP, Volume 2 (2005) Testify (2006)Greatest Hits: The Atlantic Years (2006) SoloString Theory (2005) - instrumentalWaiting on the Wind (2007) - instrumentalFinding the Quiet (2008) - instrumentalEntropy (2009)The Greatest Love (2011) - Christmas albumOur Time Here (2012)Passages (2013) - instrumental Hymns (2016) - Instrumental Other projectsGrafted (Project Zero) (2012) CreditsThe Infinite Order'' by Living Sacrifice (2010) (Lead guitar on track 5) References External links Category:Living people Category:American rock guitarists Category:American male guitarists Category:American performers of Christian music Category:Musicians from Little Rock, Arkansas Category:1973 births Category:Guitarists from Arkansas Category:21st-century American guitarists Category:21st-century American male musicians Category:Living Sacrifice members |
El Cartel (album) El Cartel or El Cartel De Yankee is a 1997 compilation album by Daddy Yankee with various artists from Puerto Rico, including Hector y Tito, Alberto Stylee, Baby Ranks and more. The song "Posición" was featured in the movie One Tough Cop. Track listing TRACK A - "El Cartel" TRACK B - "Los Intocables" Music Videos/singles Posicion - Daddy Yankee Winchester 30/30 & Alberto Stylee Radio Version (Mataron un Inocente/ Por Que ?/ Que Sera Nuestro Destino) - Hector Y Tito & Eddie Dee & Mr. Cavalucci Abran Paso - O.G.M. & Oakley Category:Daddy Yankee compilation albums Category:1997 compilation albums Category:Spanish-language compilation albums |
Agawam Police Department The Agawam Police Department is the principal law enforcement agency of Agawam, Massachusetts. It has about fifty full-time sworn law enforcement officers and about eight support personnel. The department is organized into a number of bureaus: Patrol Division Traffic Bureau Detective Bureau Records Bureau Dare/School Resource Division The department is responsible for law enforcement at the Six Flags New England amusement park and the Feeding Hills district. FBI crime statistics show the city enjoys a lower-than-average crime rate. Misconduct In mid-January 2017, three police officers were fired for beating a prisoner. The attack was caught on video which was released to the public. The officers are appealing their termination. In early January 2017, the head of the Agawam Police Patrolman's Association was indicted on charges relating to stealing from the group. On 5 May 2012, an Agawam officer shot a woman in the face when she answered her door. The city settled with her for $20,000. References Category:Law enforcement in the United States |
My Kuya's Wedding My Kuya's Wedding is a 2007 Philippine romantic comedy film directed by Topel Lee and starring Maja Salvador, Pauleen Luna and Ryan Agoncillo. Plot A younger sister (Maja Salvador) tries to ruin her brother's wedding because she knows that he will leave her alone after he marries his fiancée. She tries to concoct a scene by following her brother's pamamanhikan in the province, revealing further details about the woman's family. Cast Ryan Agoncillo as Kuya Jeff Maja Salvador as Kat Pauleen Luna as Heidi Jason Abalos as Aris Say Alonzo as Yvette Dick Israel as Peng Ethel Booba as Susie Janus del Prado as Colin Dominic Ochoa as Divo IC Mendoza as Vi Kitkat as Jopay Paul Salas as Young Jeff Frank Garcia as Rudy Ryan Yllana as Farrel Debraliz as Tere Raquel Villavicencio as Elsa Cheena Crab as Pepay Cheska Billiones as Young Kitkat Mika Dela Cruz as Young Yvette Jorel Tan as TV Reporter Reception References External links Category:2000s romantic drama films Category:2007 films Category:Filipino-language films Category:Philippine films Category:Philippine romantic comedy films Category:Regal Entertainment films Category:Tagalog-language films |
Cannabis and Judaism In Judaism, there is debate but not accepted evidence that cannabis may have been used ritually in ancient Judaism, and the use of cannabis continues to be a controversial topic in modern Judaism. Theories on ancient use It is generally held by academics specializing in the archaeology and paleobotany of Ancient Israel, and those specializing in the lexicography of the Hebrew Bible that cannabis is not documented or mentioned in early Judaism. Against this some popular writers have argued that there is evidence for religious use of cannabis in the Hebrew Bible, although this hypothesis and some of the specific case studies (e.g., John Allegro in relation to Qumran, 1970) have been "widely dismissed as erroneous" (Merlin, 2003). The primary advocate of a religious use of cannabis plant in early Judaism was Sula Benet (1967), who claimed that the plant kaneh bosem קְנֵה-בֹשֶׂם mentioned five times in the Hebrew Bible, and used in the holy anointing oil of the Book of Exodus, was in fact cannabis, although lexicons of Hebrew and dictionaries of plants of the Bible such as by Michael Zohary (1985), Hans Arne Jensen (2004) and James A. Duke (2010) and others identify the plant in question as either Acorus calamus or Cymbopogon citratus. According to those theories that hold that cannabis was present in Ancient Israelite society, a variant of hashish is held to have been present. Modern era In the United States, the Jewish population is overrepresented among the recreational cannabis using population. The reasons for this are thought to be their urban pattern of residence, the disproportionate association of Jewish residents in the academic milieu of the city as well as its avant-garde moments, and that Jewish families are thought to be less authoritarian and more tolerant toward "intellectual experimentation". In Toronto, differences between Jews and Christians with regard to attitudes toward cannabis usage were detected in the high school population, in which surveys show that more than twice as many Jewish students have used cannabis as Catholic ones. In a 1973 opinion, Orthodox rabbi Moshe Feinstein stated that cannabis was not permitted under Jewish law, due to its harmful effects. In 2013, Orthodox rabbi Efraim Zalmanovich stated that medical, but not recreational, cannabis is kosher. In 2016, Belarusian-Israeli rabbi Chaim Kanievsky declared that medicinal cannabis was kosher for Passover. In January 2016, the Orthodox Union certified some medical cannabis products made by Vireo as kosher, their first medical cannabis certification. In the United States, the Jewish Social Policy Action Network in Philadelphia and Rabbi Eric Cytrin of Temple Beth El in Harrisburg, have supported medical legalization efforts for cannabis in Pennsylvania. Kashrut If smoked, under normal circumstances there is no reason cannabis would not be kosher, although some rabbis apply this only to medical cannabis, not recreational usage. However, this is excepting that smoking it typically involves lighting a spark, so it would not be appropriate for example after sundown on Shabbat. If cannabis is "eaten", as cannabis edibles are, on the other hand, the issue is not as clear cut, as there may be small insects inside which are not kosher. For the observant it is recommended to only use brands that are certified as kosher. For cannabis grown in Israel, the plants must observe Shmittah, but this does not apply to cannabis from elsewhere. References |
Johannes Kreisler Johannes Kreisler is the name of a character in three novels by E.T.A. Hoffmann: Kreisleriana (1813), Johannes Kreisler, des Kapellmeisters Musikalische Leiden (1815), and The Life and Opinions of the Tomcat Murr together with a fragmentary Biography of Kapellmeister Johannes Kreisler on Random Sheets of Waste Paper (1822). He appears briefly in The Golden Pot (1814) and in some of Hoffmann's journalism as well. The moody, asocial composer Kreisler, Hoffmann's alter ego, is a musical genius whose creativity is stymied by an excessive sensibility. The character inspired Robert Schumann's Kreisleriana for piano, op. 16 (1838), and the first movement of György Kurtág's Hommage à R. Sch. op. 15/d (merkwürdige Pirouetten des Kapellmeisters Johannes Kreisler), for clarinet, viola, and piano. In the manuscript of Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Schumann, Op. 9, he marked each variation with a B for Brahms or a Kr for Kreisler, modeling this practice on the two alter egos Schumann created for himself, "Florestan," which for Schumann represented the passionate and outgoing side of his nature and "Eusebius," the withdrawn, reflective side. Category:E. T. A. Hoffmann Category:Fictional composers Category:Characters in German novels Category:Fictional German people |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.