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Davis. His grandson, Wyatt Davis, is an All-American guard at Ohio State University. References External links Category:1934 births Category:Living people Category:American football defensive ends Category:American mass media owners Category:Cleveland Browns players Category:Grambling State Tigers football players Category:Green Bay Packers players Category:National Football League announcers Category:Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees Category:Super Bowl champions Category:Western Conference Pro Bowl players Category:University of Chicago Booth School of Business alumni Category:People from Lisbon, Louisiana Category:Players of American football from Louisiana Category:African-American businesspeople Category:African-American players of American football |
National Registration Identity Card The National Registration Identity Card (abbreviation: NRIC, or colloquially IC; ; ; ) is the identity document in use in :Singapore. It is issued and compulsory for Singaporean citizens and foreign citizens who are permanent residents of Singapore. Other than certain exempted persons, people must register for an NRIC either upon becoming a permanent resident or, if below the age of 15, within one year of attaining that age. Holders of an NRIC are responsible for the card's custody but are not required to carry the card on their person. Areas that will require NRICs to be verified include passports (immigration officers), polling stations (police officers) and those who undergo National Service in Singapore's Armed Forces, police force and civil defence force. Notwithstanding this, if no identification can be produced the police may detain suspicious individuals until such identification can be produced either in person or by proxy. It is also a requirement to re-register NRICs when 30 years old after completing the National Service. Since 1 January 2017, NRIC re-registration is required for those turning 55 years old. Production of an NRIC is also required for any person seeking accommodation at any hotel, boarding house, hostel or similar dwelling place and for any person offering to pawn an article at a pawnbroker. In the case of hotels, boarding houses, etc., if a person is not in possession of, or fails to produce, an NRIC, the owner, manager or other person in charge of such business must notify the nearest police station of the fact immediately. Change of NRIC addresses is only mandatory when you fully move to the new address, but change of NRIC addresses is not mandatory when a family is split. This is to ensure that contact details can be traced in the event of emergency. The NRIC is also sometimes a required document for certain government procedures or in commercial transactions such as the opening of a bank account. In addition, many businesses and other organisations in Singapore habitually request sight of an NRIC to verify identity or to allow a person entry to premises by surrendering or exchanging it for an entry pass. There is no legal requirement to produce the NRIC in these situations and often either providing any other form of identification (such as credit card, work or office pass, card with a photo on it) or simply providing an NRIC number (without producing the card itself) will suffice. From 1 September 2019, organisations can no longer request and store NRIC numbers for such purposes, unless mandated by various laws. The National Registration Act of 1965 (last amendment in 2016) legislates the issuance and usage of NRICs. Section 7 indicates that all registered persons of the national registry are to be issued with the identity card. The government agency responsible for the national registry is the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA), a department under the Ministry of Home Affairs. Exempted persons The following persons are exempted from the requirement to register for an NRIC: the President of Singapore; a child of any age before the start of the year in which he/she attains the age of 15 years; any bona fide traveller who is in possession of a valid passport or other travel document or official document of identity that has been stamped by an immigration officer of Singapore to show that he is permitted to remain in Singapore for a restricted period; any person to whom a diplomatic identity card, a consular identity card or an international organisation identity card has been issued by the Government; a member |
of any visiting armed force lawfully present in Singapore (excluding locally enlisted personnel) in possession of the official identity card or other document of identity ordinarily issued to members of such force; and any person in possession of a valid identity card which has been lawfully issued to him in any of the States of Malaya and who has not been granted unrestricted residence in Singapore under any immigration law in Singapore. Any person to which the last exemption above applies who resides in Singapore for a period exceeding 30 days is required to report their place of residence in Singapore, within 40 days of arrival; and every subsequent change of residence in Singapore, within 28 days of such change. Type and design The NRIC comes in two main colour schemes: pink for citizens and blue for permanent residents (PR). Each card is identified by an NRIC number ("Identity Card Number"), which is a unique set of nine alpha-numerics given to each citizen or PR at birth registration or successful attainment of permanent residence status. For citizens and PR born in Singapore, these numbers are identical to that on their birth certificates, and are automatically transferred to the NRIC at age 15 and above. Also indicated on the front side of the card, are the holder's name, race, date of birth, sex, country of birth, and a non-colour photograph. On the back of the card is the NRIC number and its bar code, a fingerprint, issue date of the card, and the holder's current residential address. The nationality of permanent residents is indicated on the card as well; this field is absent for citizens. NRIC holders can choose to add in their ethnic names below their name in English (in Chinese characters, Jawi script or Tamil script). For Chinese characters, whether they will be in simplified or traditional script will depend on the name on the holder's birth certificate. Any change to the information on the card has to be reported to the authorities; failing to do so is an offence under the law. Until 29 September 2002, the NRIC indicated its holder's blood group. This information was subsequently removed due to the widespread availability of quick blood group tests that are conducted during medical emergencies. Since 2008, long-term pass holders (such as foreigners studying or working in Singapore) are issued plastic cards similar in design to the NRIC, replacing the formerly issued green paper-laminated cards and stamp endorsement on travel documents. The Long Term Pass card is green in colour, uses the term "Foreign Identification Number" (FIN) instead of the NRIC number, as well as showing the nationality of the pass holder. The card includes a date of expiry, conditional on the card holder holding a valid passport. Employment-related passes are issued by the Ministry of Manpower (MOM), while other passes are issued by the Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA). From 1 March 2018, the latest version of work passes contain a QR code which stores the work pass validity and can only be accessed by an app developed by MOM. Structure of the NRIC number/FIN The structure of the NRIC number/FIN is #0123456@, where: # is a letter that can be "S", "T", "F" or "G" depending on the status of the holder. Singapore citizens and permanent residents born before 1 January 2000 are assigned the letter "S". Singapore citizens and permanent residents born on or after 1 January 2000 are assigned the letter "T". Foreigners holding long-term passes issued before 1 January 2000 are assigned the letter "F". Foreigners holding long-term passes issued on or after 1 |
January 2000 are assigned the letter "G". Before 1 January 2000, it was commonly thought that "S" stood for "Singapore" and "F" for Foreign. In 2000, the "T" and "G" ranges (which are one letter after "S" and "F" respectively) were introduced to avoid conflicts with previously issued numbers. As "S" is the 19th letter of the alphabet, it was reinterpreted as denoting that the person was born or registered in the 1900s (1900–1999), "T" is the 20th letter of the alphabet, denoting that the person was born in the years 2000 to 2099. 0123456 is a 7 digit serial number assigned to the document holder. For Singapore citizens and permanent residents born on or after 1 January 1968, their NRIC number will start with their year of birth e.g. 71xxxxx#. For those born on or before 31 December 1967, the NRIC number does not relate to year of birth, and commonly begins with 0 or 1. Non-native Singaporeans who were born before 1 January 1967 are assigned the heading numbers 2 or 3 upon attaining permanent residency or citizenship. They are randomly assigned according to the issuance number. Subsequent numbers are only for people attaining permanent residency or citizenship after 2008 ("4" or "5"). @ is the checksum letter calculated with respect to # and 0000000. The algorithm to calculate the checksum of the NRIC is not publicly available; as of 1999, the Ministry of Home Affairs only sold the algorithm to Singapore-based organisations demonstrating a "legitimate need" for it. That said, the checksum algorithms for the NRIC (S- and T-series) and the FIN have been easily reverse-engineered. Special NRIC numbers that are numerically significant have been issued to notable people: S0000001I (Yusof bin Ishak, first President of Singapore, deceased November 1970) S0000002G (first Chief Justice of Singapore Wee Chong Jin, deceased June 2005) S0000003E (first Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew, deceased March 2015) S0000004C (Kwa Geok Choo, wife of Lee Kuan Yew, deceased October 2010) S0000005A (first Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore Toh Chin Chye, deceased February 2012) S0000006Z (second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore Goh Keng Swee, deceased May 2010) S0000007H (first Minister for Culture S Rajaratnam, deceased February 2006) Offences and penalties There are a variety of offences listed in the National Registration Act and its implementing legislation. These include: failure to register when required; giving a false address (such as Suntec City, ITE College East and PO boxes) or giving a residential address that is already demolished or false residential address that does not belong to a family; possession of one or more identity cards without lawful authority or reasonable excuse; unlawfully depriving any person of an identity card; defacing, mutilation or destruction of an identity card. These offences on conviction could result in a fine of up to $5,000 or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 5 years or to both. The Act also provides for a second category of offences which carry more significant penalties of a fine of up to $10,000, imprisonment for up to 10 years or both. These relate to offences involving forgery or fraud in respect of an identity card. Failure to comply with the NRIC regulations is an offence and if convicted, could result in imprisonment for a term not exceeding 2 years or to a fine not exceeding $3,000 or to both. Privacy issues For years, the NRIC number has been used by both government and commercial organisations as an unambiguous and "tidy" identifier for Singaporeans. Full NRIC numbers have been listed to identify winners of lucky draws. It is possible to borrow books |
from the National Library Board simply by scanning the barcode on a borrower's NRIC card at self-service kiosks, without requiring further authentication. Such instances have led to questions of possible fraud and identity theft. In response to such concerns, only the last three or four digits and the letters are publicly displayed or published as the first three digits can easily give away a person's age. Tighter privacy advice to stop indiscriminate collection and storage of NRIC numbers was issued in September 2018 by the Personal Data Protection Commission. It also encouraged organisations to develop alternative methods to identify and verify individuals. See also Singaporean nationality law Indian identity card Taiwanese identity card Hong Kong identity card Macau identity card Mainland Chinese identity card Identity document References External links ICA Identity Card services Showing of NRICs NRIC/FIN Validation Service #1 NRIC/FIN Validation Service #2 NRIC/FIN Validation Service #3 Reporting Loss of IC Category:Singapore government policies Singapore |
Brahmagupta Brahmagupta (born , died ) was an Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is the author of three early works on mathematics and astronomy: the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (BSS, "correctly established doctrine of Brahma", dated 628), a theoretical treatise, and the Khaṇḍakhādyaka ("edible bite", dated 665), a more practical text. Brahmagupta was the first to give rules to compute with zero. The texts composed by Brahmagupta were in elliptic verse in Sanskrit, as was common practice in Indian mathematics. As no proofs are given, it is not known how Brahmagupta's results were derived. Life and career Brahmagupta was born in 598 CE according to his own statement. He lived in Bhillamala (modern Bhinmal) during the reign of the Chavda dynasty ruler, Vyagrahamukha. He was the son of Jishnugupta and was a Shaivite by religion. Even though most scholars assume that Brahmagupta was born in Bhillamala, there is no conclusive evidence for it. However, he lived and worked there for a good part of his life. Prithudaka Svamin, a later commentator, called him Bhillamalacharya, the teacher from Bhillamala. Bhillamala, called pi-lo-mo-lo by Xuanzang, was the capital of the Gurjaradesa, the second largest kingdom of Western India, comprising southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat in modern-day India. It was also a centre of learning for mathematics and astronomy. Brahmagupta became an astronomer of the Brahmapaksha school, one of the four major schools of Indian astronomy during this period. He studied the five traditional siddhanthas on Indian astronomy as well as the work of other astronomers including Aryabhata I, Latadeva, Pradyumna, Varahamihira, Simha, Srisena, Vijayanandin and Vishnuchandra. In the year 628, at an age of 30, he composed the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta (the improved treatise of Brahma) which is believed to be a revised version of the received siddhanta of the Brahmapaksha school. Scholars state that he incorporated a great deal of originality to his revision, adding a considerable amount of new material. The book consists of 24 chapters with 1008 verses in the ārya metre. A good deal of it is astronomy, but it also contains key chapters on mathematics, including algebra, geometry, trigonometry and algorithmics, which are believed to contain new insights due to Brahmagupta himself. Later, Brahmagupta moved to Ujjain, which was also a major centre for astronomy. At the age of 67, he composed his next well known work Khanda-khādyaka, a practical manual of Indian astronomy in the karana category meant to be used by students. Brahmagupta lived beyond 665 CE. He is presumed to have died in Ujjain. Controversy Brahmagupta directed a great deal of criticism towards the work of rival astronomers, and his Brahmasphutasiddhanta displays one of the earliest schisms among Indian mathematicians. The division was primarily about the application of mathematics to the physical world, rather than about the mathematics itself. In Brahmagupta's case, the disagreements stemmed largely from the choice of astronomical parameters and theories. Critiques of rival theories appear throughout the first ten astronomical chapters and the eleventh chapter is entirely devoted to criticism of these theories, although no criticisms appear in the twelfth and eighteenth chapters. Reception The historian of science George Sarton called him "one of the greatest scientists of his race and the greatest of his time." Brahmagupta's mathematical advances were carried on further by Bhāskara II, a lineal descendant in Ujjain, who described Brahmagupta as the ganaka-chakra-chudamani (the gem of the circle of mathematicians). Prithudaka Svamin wrote commentaries on both of his works, rendering difficult verses into simpler language and adding illustrations. Lalla and Bhattotpala in the 8th and 9th centuries wrote commentaries on the Khanda-khadyaka. Further commentaries continued to be written into the 12th |
century. A few decades after the death of Brahmagupta, Sindh came under the Arab Caliphate in 712 CE. Expeditions were sent into Gurjaradesa ("Al-Baylaman in Jurz", as per Arab historians). The kingdom of Bhillamala seems to have been annihilated but Ujjain repulsed the attacks. The court of Caliph Al-Mansur (754–775) received an embassy from Sindh, including an astrologer called Kanaka, who brought (possibly memorised) astronomical texts, including those of Brahmagupta. Brahmagupta's texts were translated into Arabic by Muhammad al-Fazari, an astronomer in Al-Mansur's court under the names Sindhind and Arakhand. An immediate outcome was the spread of the decimal number system used in the texts. The mathematician Al-Khwarizmi (800–850 CE) wrote a text called al-Jam wal-tafriq bi hisal-al-Hind (Addition and Subtraction in Indian Arithmetic), which was translated into Latin in the 13th century as Algorithmi de numero indorum. Through these texts, the decimal number system and Brahmagupta's algorithms for arithmetic have spread throughout the world. Al-Khwarizmi also wrote his own version of Sindhind, drawing on Al-Fazari's version and incorporating Ptolemaic elements. Indian astronomic material circulated widely for centuries, even passing into medieval Latin texts. Mathematics Algebra Brahmagupta gave the solution of the general linear equation in chapter eighteen of Brahmasphutasiddhanta, The difference between rupas, when inverted and divided by the difference of the [coefficients] of the unknowns, is the unknown in the equation. The rupas are [subtracted on the side] below that from which the square and the unknown are to be subtracted. which is a solution for the equation equivalent to , where rupes refers to the constants and . He further gave two equivalent solutions to the general quadratic equation 18.44. Diminish by the middle [number] the square-root of the rupas multiplied by four times the square and increased by the square of the middle [number]; divide the remainder by twice the square. [The result is] the middle [number]. 18.45. Whatever is the square-root of the rupas multiplied by the square [and] increased by the square of half the unknown, diminish that by half the unknown [and] divide [the remainder] by its square. [The result is] the unknown. which are, respectively, solutions for the equation equivalent to, and He went on to solve systems of simultaneous indeterminate equations stating that the desired variable must first be isolated, and then the equation must be divided by the desired variable's coefficient. In particular, he recommended using "the pulverizer" to solve equations with multiple unknowns. 18.51. Subtract the colors different from the first color. [The remainder] divided by the first [color's coefficient] is the measure of the first. [Terms] two by two [are] considered [when reduced to] similar divisors, [and so on] repeatedly. If there are many [colors], the pulverizer [is to be used]. Like the algebra of Diophantus, the algebra of Brahmagupta was syncopated. Addition was indicated by placing the numbers side by side, subtraction by placing a dot over the subtrahend, and division by placing the divisor below the dividend, similar to our notation but without the bar. Multiplication, evolution, and unknown quantities were represented by abbreviations of appropriate terms. The extent of Greek influence on this syncopation, if any, is not known and it is possible that both Greek and Indian syncopation may be derived from a common Babylonian source. Arithmetic The four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) were known to many cultures before Brahmagupta. This current system is based on the Hindu Arabic number system and first appeared in Brahmasphutasiddhanta. Brahmagupta describes the multiplication as thus "The multiplicand is repeated like a string for cattle, as often as there are integrant portions in the multiplier |
and is repeatedly multiplied by them and the products are added together. It is multiplication. Or the multiplicand is repeated as many times as there are component parts in the multiplier". Indian arithmetic was known in Medieval Europe as "Modus Indorum" meaning method of the Indians. In Brahmasphutasiddhanta, multiplication was named Gomutrika. In the beginning of chapter twelve of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, entitled Calculation, Brahmagupta details operations on fractions. The reader is expected to know the basic arithmetic operations as far as taking the square root, although he explains how to find the cube and cube-root of an integer and later gives rules facilitating the computation of squares and square roots. He then gives rules for dealing with five types of combinations of fractions: ; ; ; ; and . Series Brahmagupta then goes on to give the sum of the squares and cubes of the first integers. 12.20. The sum of the squares is that [sum] multiplied by twice the [number of] step[s] increased by one [and] divided by three. The sum of the cubes is the square of that [sum] Piles of these with identical balls [can also be computed]. Here Brahmagupta found the result in terms of the sum of the first integers, rather than in terms of as is the modern practice. He gives the sum of the squares of the first natural numbers as and the sum of the cubes of the first n natural numbers as . Zero Brahmagupta's Brahmasphuṭasiddhanta is the first book that provides rules for arithmetic manipulations that apply to zero and to negative numbers. The Brahmasphutasiddhanta is the earliest known text to treat zero as a number in its own right, rather than as simply a placeholder digit in representing another number as was done by the Babylonians or as a symbol for a lack of quantity as was done by Ptolemy and the Romans. In chapter eighteen of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Brahmagupta describes operations on negative numbers. He first describes addition and subtraction, 18.30. [The sum] of two positives is positives, of two negatives negative; of a positive and a negative [the sum] is their difference; if they are equal it is zero. The sum of a negative and zero is negative, [that] of a positive and zero positive, [and that] of two zeros zero. [...] 18.32. A negative minus zero is negative, a positive [minus zero] positive; zero [minus zero] is zero. When a positive is to be subtracted from a negative or a negative from a positive, then it is to be added. He goes on to describe multiplication, 18.33. The product of a negative and a positive is negative, of two negatives positive, and of positives positive; the product of zero and a negative, of zero and a positive, or of two zeros is zero. But his description of division by zero differs from our modern understanding: 18.34. A positive divided by a positive or a negative divided by a negative is positive; a zero divided by a zero is zero; a positive divided by a negative is negative; a negative divided by a positive is [also] negative. 18.35. A negative or a positive divided by zero has that [zero] as its divisor, or zero divided by a negative or a positive [has that negative or positive as its divisor]. The square of a negative or of a positive is positive; [the square] of zero is zero. That of which [the square] is the square is [its] square-root. Here Brahmagupta states that = 0 and as for the question of where ≠ 0 he did not commit himself. |
His rules for arithmetic on negative numbers and zero are quite close to the modern understanding, except that in modern mathematics division by zero is left undefined. Diophantine analysis Pythagorean triplets In chapter twelve of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, Brahmagupta provides a formula useful for generating Pythagorean triples: 12.39. The height of a mountain multiplied by a given multiplier is the distance to a city; it is not erased. When it is divided by the multiplier increased by two it is the leap of one of the two who make the same journey. Or, in other words, if , then a traveller who "leaps" vertically upwards a distance from the top of a mountain of height , and then travels in a straight line to a city at a horizontal distance from the base of the mountain, travels the same distance as one who descends vertically down the mountain and then travels along the horizontal to the city. Stated geometrically, this says that if a right-angled triangle has a base of length and altitude of length , then the length, , of its hypotenuse is given by . And, indeed, elementary algebraic manipulation shows that whenever has the value stated. Also, if and are rational, so are , , and . A Pythagorean triple can therefore be obtained from , and by multiplying each of them by the least common multiple of their denominators. Pell's equation Brahmagupta went on to give a recurrence relation for generating solutions to certain instances of Diophantine equations of the second degree such as (called Pell's equation) by using the Euclidean algorithm. The Euclidean algorithm was known to him as the "pulverizer" since it breaks numbers down into ever smaller pieces. The nature of squares:18.64. [Put down] twice the square-root of a given square by a multiplier and increased or diminished by an arbitrary [number]. The product of the first [pair], multiplied by the multiplier, with the product of the last [pair], is the last computed.18.65. The sum of the thunderbolt products is the first. The additive is equal to the product of the additives. The two square-roots, divided by the additive or the subtractive, are the additive rupas. The key to his solution was the identity, which is a generalisation of an identity that was discovered by Diophantus, Using his identity and the fact that if and are solutions to the equations and , respectively, then is a solution to , he was able to find integral solutions to Pell's equation through a series of equations of the form . Brahmagupta was not able to apply his solution uniformly for all possible values of , rather he was only able to show that if has an integer solution for = ±1, ±2, or ±4, then has a solution. The solution of the general Pell's equation would have to wait for Bhaskara II in . Geometry Brahmagupta's formula Brahmagupta's most famous result in geometry is his formula for cyclic quadrilaterals. Given the lengths of the sides of any cyclic quadrilateral, Brahmagupta gave an approximate and an exact formula for the figure's area, 12.21. The approximate area is the product of the halves of the sums of the sides and opposite sides of a triangle and a quadrilateral. The accurate [area] is the square root from the product of the halves of the sums of the sides diminished by [each] side of the quadrilateral. So given the lengths , , and of a cyclic quadrilateral, the approximate area is while, letting , the exact area is . Although Brahmagupta does not explicitly state that these quadrilaterals are cyclic, |
it is apparent from his rules that this is the case. Heron's formula is a special case of this formula and it can be derived by setting one of the sides equal to zero. Triangles Brahmagupta dedicated a substantial portion of his work to geometry. One theorem gives the lengths of the two segments a triangle's base is divided into by its altitude: 12.22. The base decreased and increased by the difference between the squares of the sides divided by the base; when divided by two they are the true segments. The perpendicular [altitude] is the square-root from the square of a side diminished by the square of its segment. Thus the lengths of the two segments are . He further gives a theorem on rational triangles. A triangle with rational sides , , and rational area is of the form: for some rational numbers , , and . Brahmagupta's theorem Brahmagupta continues, 12.23. The square-root of the sum of the two products of the sides and opposite sides of a non-unequal quadrilateral is the diagonal. The square of the diagonal is diminished by the square of half the sum of the base and the top; the square-root is the perpendicular [altitudes]. So, in a "non-unequal" cyclic quadrilateral (that is, an isosceles trapezoid), the length of each diagonal is . He continues to give formulas for the lengths and areas of geometric figures, such as the circumradius of an isosceles trapezoid and a scalene quadrilateral, and the lengths of diagonals in a scalene cyclic quadrilateral. This leads up to Brahmagupta's famous theorem, 12.30–31. Imaging two triangles within [a cyclic quadrilateral] with unequal sides, the two diagonals are the two bases. Their two segments are separately the upper and lower segments [formed] at the intersection of the diagonals. The two [lower segments] of the two diagonals are two sides in a triangle; the base [of the quadrilateral is the base of the triangle]. Its perpendicular is the lower portion of the [central] perpendicular; the upper portion of the [central] perpendicular is half of the sum of the [sides] perpendiculars diminished by the lower [portion of the central perpendicular]. Pi In verse 40, he gives values of , 12.40. The diameter and the square of the radius [each] multiplied by 3 are [respectively] the practical circumference and the area [of a circle]. The accurate [values] are the square-roots from the squares of those two multiplied by ten. So Brahmagupta uses 3 as a "practical" value of , and as an "accurate" value of . The error in this "accurate" value is less than 1%. Measurements and constructions In some of the verses before verse 40, Brahmagupta gives constructions of various figures with arbitrary sides. He essentially manipulated right triangles to produce isosceles triangles, scalene triangles, rectangles, isosceles trapezoids, isosceles trapezoids with three equal sides, and a scalene cyclic quadrilateral. After giving the value of pi, he deals with the geometry of plane figures and solids, such as finding volumes and surface areas (or empty spaces dug out of solids). He finds the volume of rectangular prisms, pyramids, and the frustum of a square pyramid. He further finds the average depth of a series of pits. For the volume of a frustum of a pyramid, he gives the "pragmatic" value as the depth times the square of the mean of the edges of the top and bottom faces, and he gives the "superficial" volume as the depth times their mean area. Trigonometry Sine table In Chapter 2 of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, entitled Planetary True Longitudes, Brahmagupta presents a sine table: 2.2–5. The sines: The |
Progenitors, twins; Ursa Major, twins, the Vedas; the gods, fires, six; flavors, dice, the gods; the moon, five, the sky, the moon; the moon, arrows, suns [...] Here Brahmagupta uses names of objects to represent the digits of place-value numerals, as was common with numerical data in Sanskrit treatises. Progenitors represents the 14 Progenitors ("Manu") in Indian cosmology or 14, "twins" means 2, "Ursa Major" represents the seven stars of Ursa Major or 7, "Vedas" refers to the 4 Vedas or 4, dice represents the number of sides of the tradition die or 6, and so on. This information can be translated into the list of sines, 214, 427, 638, 846, 1051, 1251, 1446, 1635, 1817, 1991, 2156, 2312, 1459, 2594, 2719, 2832, 2933, 3021, 3096, 3159, 3207, 3242, 3263, and 3270, with the radius being 3270. Interpolation formula In 665 Brahmagupta devised and used a special case of the Newton–Stirling interpolation formula of the second-order to interpolate new values of the sine function from other values already tabulated. The formula gives an estimate for the value of a function at a value of its argument (with and ) when its value is already known at , and . The formula for the estimate is: where is the first-order forward-difference operator, i.e. Astronomy Some of the important contributions made by Brahmagupta in astronomy are his methods for calculating the position of heavenly bodies over time (ephemerides), their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of solar and lunar eclipses. In chapter seven of his Brahmasphutasiddhanta, entitled Lunar Crescent, Brahmagupta rebuts the idea that the Moon is farther from the Earth than the Sun. He does this by explaining the illumination of the Moon by the Sun. 1. If the moon were above the sun, how would the power of waxing and waning, etc., be produced from calculation of the longitude of the moon? The near half would always be bright. 2. In the same way that the half seen by the sun of a pot standing in sunlight is bright, and the unseen half dark, so is [the illumination] of the moon [if it is] beneath the sun. 3. The brightness is increased in the direction of the sun. At the end of a bright [i.e. waxing] half-month, the near half is bright and the far half dark. Hence, the elevation of the horns [of the crescent can be derived] from calculation. [...] He explains that since the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun, the degree of the illuminated part of the Moon depends on the relative positions of the Sun and the Moon, and this can be computed from the size of the angle between the two bodies. Further work exploring the longitudes of the planets, diurnal rotation, lunar and solar eclipses, risings and settings, the moon's crescent and conjunctions of the planets, are discussed in his treatise Khandakhadyaka. See also Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity Brahmagupta's formula Brahmagupta theorem Chakravala method List of Indian mathematicians Citations and footnotes References Further reading External links Brahmagupta's Brahma-sphuta-siddhanta edited by Ram Swarup Sharma, Indian Institute of Astronomical and Sanskrit Research, 1966. English introduction, Sanskrit text, Sanskrit and Hindi commentaries (PDF) , translated by Henry Thomas Colebrooke. Category:598 births Category:7th-century deaths Category:Scientists from Rajasthan Category:Rajasthani people Category:People from Jalore district Category:7th-century Indian mathematicians Category:Scholars from Rajasthan |
Log–log plot In science and engineering, a log–log graph or log–log plot is a two-dimensional graph of numerical data that uses logarithmic scales on both the horizontal and vertical axes. Monomials – relationships of the form – appear as straight lines in a log–log graph, with the power term corresponding to the slope, and the constant term corresponding to the intercept of the line. Thus these graphs are very useful for recognizing these relationships and estimating parameters. Any base can be used for the logarithm, though most commonly base 10 (common logs) are used. Relation with monomials Given a monomial equation taking the logarithm of the equation (with any base) yields: Setting and which corresponds to using a log–log graph, yields the equation: where m = k is the slope of the line (gradient) and b = log a is the intercept on the (log y)-axis, meaning where log x = 0, so, reversing the logs, a is the y value corresponding to x = 1. Equations The equation for a line on a log–log scale would be: where m is the slope and b is the intercept point on the log plot. Slope of a log–log plot To find the slope of the plot, two points are selected on the x-axis, say x1 and x2. Using the above equation: and The slope m is found taking the difference: where F1 is shorthand for F ( x1 ) and F2 is shorthand for F ( x2 ). The figure at right illustrates the formula. Notice that the slope in the example of the figure is negative. The formula also provides a negative slope, as can be seen from the following property of the logarithm: Finding the function from the log–log plot The above procedure now is reversed to find the form of the function F(x) using its (assumed) known log–log plot. To find the function F, pick some fixed point (x0, F0), where F0 is shorthand for F(x0), somewhere on the straight line in the above graph, and further some other arbitrary point (x1, F1) on the same graph. Then from the slope formula above: which leads to Notice that 10log10(F1) = F1. Therefore, the logs can be inverted to find: or which means that In other words, F is proportional to x to the power of the slope of the straight line of its log–log graph. Specifically, a straight line on a log–log plot containing points (F0, x0) and (F1, x1) will have the function: Of course, the inverse is true too: any function of the form will have a straight line as its log–log graph representation, where the slope of the line is m. Finding the area under a straight-line segment of log–log plot To calculate the area under a continuous, straight-line segment of a log–log plot (or estimating an area of an almost-straight line), take the function defined previously and integrate it. Since it is only operating on a definite integral (two defined endpoints), the area A under the plot takes the form Rearranging the original equation and plugging in the fixed point values, it is found that Substituting back into the integral, you find that for A over x0 to x1 Therefore: For m = −1, the integral becomes Applications These graphs are useful when the parameters a and b need to be estimated from numerical data. Specifications such as this are used frequently in economics. One example is the estimation of money demand functions based on inventory theory, in which it can be assumed that money demand at time t is given by where M |
is the real quantity of money held by the public, R is the rate of return on an alternative, higher yielding asset in excess of that on money, Y is the public's real income, U is an error term assumed to be lognormally distributed, A is a scale parameter to be estimated, and b and c are elasticity parameters to be estimated. Taking logs yields where m = log M, a = log A, r = log R, y = log Y, and u = log U with u being normally distributed. This equation can be estimated using ordinary least squares. Another economic example is the estimation of a firm's Cobb–Douglas production function, which is the right side of the equation in which Q is the quantity of output that can be produced per month, N is the number of hours of labor employed in production per month, K is the number of hours of physical capital utilized per month, U is an error term assumed to be lognormally distributed, and A, , and are parameters to be estimated. Taking logs gives the linear regression equation where q = log Q, a = log A, n = log N, k = log K, and u = log U. Log–log regression can also be used to estimate the fractal dimension of a naturally occurring fractal. However, going in the other direction – observing that data appears as an approximate line on a log–log scale and concluding that the data follows a power law – is invalid. In fact, many other functional forms appear approximately linear on the log–log scale, and simply evaluating the goodness of fit of a linear regression on logged data using the coefficient of determination (R2) may be invalid, as the assumptions of the linear regression model, such as Gaussian error, may not be satisfied; in addition, tests of fit of the log–log form may exhibit low statistical power, as these tests may have low likelihood of rejecting power laws in the presence of other true functional forms. While simple log–log plots may be instructive in detecting possible power laws, and have been used dating back to Pareto in the 1890s, validation as a power laws requires more sophisticated statistics. These graphs are also extremely useful when data are gathered by varying the control variable along an exponential function, in which case the control variable x is more naturally represented on a log scale, so that the data points are evenly spaced, rather than compressed at the low end. The output variable y can either be represented linearly, yielding a lin–log graph (log x, y), or its logarithm can also be taken, yielding the log–log graph (log x, log y). Bode plot (a graph of the frequency response of a system) is also log-log plot. See also Semi-log plot (lin-log or log-lin) Multiplicative calculus External links Non-Newtonian calculus website References Category:Logarithmic scales of measurement Category:Statistical charts and diagrams Category:Non-Newtonian calculus de:Logarithmenpapier#Doppeltlogarithmisches Papier |
Gjeslingene Lighthouse Gjeslingene Lighthouse () is a coastal lighthouse in the municipality of Nærøysund in Trøndelag, Norway. It was established in 1877, was reinforced in 1961 and automated in 1987. Gjæslingan lighthouse stands on the islet of Haraldsøykråka in the island group Sør-Gjæslingan øya on the north side of the Foldafjord. The white building consists of a high red iron tower on a stone base. The white light flashes once every ten seconds, and it can be seen for about . The lighthouse also emits a "G" Racon signal. See also Lighthouses in Norway List of lighthouses in Norway References External links Norsk Fyrhistorisk Forening Category:Lighthouses completed in 1877 Category:Lighthouses in Trøndelag Category:Nærøysund Category:Vikna |
Marchitelli Marchitelli is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Chiara Marchitelli (born 1985), Italian women's footballer Lele Marchitelli (born 1955), Italian musician and composer Pietro Marchitelli (1643–1729), Italian violinist Rosa Marchitelli, Canadian journalist Category:Italian-language surnames |
1953 Ryder Cup The 10th Ryder Cup Matches were held 2–3 October 1953 at Wentworth Club in Virginia Water, Surrey, England, west of London. The United States team won its sixth consecutive competition by a score of 6½ to 5½ points. Format The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. From 1927 through 1959, the format consisted of 4 foursome (alternate shot) matches on the first day and 8 singles matches on the second day, for a total of 12 points. Therefore, 6½ points were required to win the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 36 holes. Teams Source: The British team was selected by the tournament committee of the P.G.A. with power to add to their numbers. In January 1953 Henry Cotton was chosen as captain and was co-opted onto the selection committee. In mid-August a group of 17 was announced from which the team would be chosen. This consisted of the eventual team of 10 plus Cotton, Tom Haliburton, Jack Hargreaves, Sam King, Arthur Lees, Norman Sutton and Charlie Ward. John Jacobs was later added to the list. Cotton withdrew from consideration for medical reasons. The P.G.A. arranged a series of trial matches at Wentworth starting on 23 September with the team announced on 26 September. Although he won three majors in 1953, Ben Hogan did not compete in this or subsequent Ryder Cups; he was a non-playing captain in 1967. Friday's foursome matches In the middle two matches the American pairs won easily after being 8 up and 7 up at lunch. In the first match Douglas and Oliver led by three after three holes of the afternoon round. The British pair reduced the lead to one with six holes to play. Both pairs holes good putts at the 15th but the British pair bogeyed the 16th to be dormie-two. Oliver drove out of bounds at the 17th but the British pair took 6 and the hole was halved. In the final match, Daly and Bradshaw were three up at lunch but lost the first two holes in the afternoon. Daly and Bradshaw's lead increased to 3 at the turn but then the Americans reduced the lead to one. Bradshaw had some luck at the 16th when his drive hit a spectator and the hole was halved. Middlecoff missed a 7-foot putt at the 17th which would have tied the match. The American pair got a 4 at the last but Daly holed from 3 yards to win the match. 18 hole scores: Douglas/Oliver: 1 up, Mangrum/Snead: 8 up, Kroll/Burke: 7 up, Daly/Bradshaw: 3 up. Saturday's singles matches The start was delayed by 80 minutes because of mist. At lunch each side was up in three matches with the other two matches level. Rees was ahead after 12 holes of the afternoon round but lost 2 & 1. Daly was 6 up at lunch and won his match easily. Mangrum had levelled his match against Brown with birdies at the 15th and 16th but Brown finished with two fours to win the match. Snead was 4 up at lunch and increased this to five. However he played the last six holes very badly and Weetman won at the last hole, finishing with two fours. With Middlecoff and Bradshaw winning their matches, the British team needed 1½ points from the remaining 2 matches to win or a point to tie. The two British players in these matches were 22-year-old Peter Alliss and 23-year-old Bernard Hunt. Alliss had gone 1 up at the 14th but he 3-putted the 15th while |
Turnesa got down in two from a bunker. Alliss went out of bounds at the 17th to give Turnesa the lead. Turnesa was in the trees at the last and still short of the green in 3. However, Alliss, just off the green in 2, fluffed his chip, and eventually halved the hole in 6, to guarantee that the USA would retain the Ryder Cup. In the last match Hunt had won the 12th, 13th, 16th and 17th to be dormie-one. At the last, Hunt's second shot was in the trees on the right but he managed to get his third shot to the back of the green. He putted to 4 feet and, with Douglas taking 5, he needed to hole the putt to win the match. He missed and so the USA won 6½ to 5½. 18 hole scores: Rees v Burke: all square, Daly: 6 up, Brown: 2 up, Snead: 4 up, Middlecoff: 3 up, Turnesa: 1 up, Hunt v Douglas: all square, Bradshaw: 1 up. Individual player records Each entry refers to the Win–Loss–Half record of the player. Source: Great Britain United States References External links PGA of America: 1953 Ryder Cup About.com: 1953 Ryder Cup Category:Ryder Cup Category:Golf tournaments in England Category:Sport in Surrey Ryder Cup Ryder Cup Ryder Cup |
Masters of Turkish Music Masters of Turkish Music is a compilation album released by Rounder Records in 1990. The record features 20 tracks of Turkish classical music, compiled and restored from the 78s recorded between 1906 and 1949. Critical reception AllMusic critic Richie Unterberger gave a rave review to the album, stating: "The taksim (improvisations) and gazels (vocal improvisations) are extremely emotional and moving, and there is a good deal of variety in the 75-minute program, in both content and instrumentation." Unterberger also praised the sound and audio restoration on the record, writing that "even on the performances dating back to the early 20th century, the transfers seem to be clear as technology will allow." Track listing Personnel Album personnel as adapted from liner notes. Ercüment G. Aksoy — assistant, liner notes Munir Nurettin Beken — assistant, liner notes Nancy Given — design Talat Halman — liner notes Karl Signell — liner notes Richard K. Spottswood — disc sources, liner notes Hugo Strötbaum — photography Jack Towers — restoration Necdet Yaşar — assistant, liner notes References External links Category:1990 compilation albums Category:Rounder Records compilation albums Category:Classical albums by Turkish artists |
Sabuwal Sabuwal is a village in Shahkot in Jalandhar district of Punjab State, India. It is located from Shahkot, from Nakodar, from district headquarter Jalandhar and from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by a sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per Panchayati raj (India) currently Baldev Singh Josen, son of Darshan Singh Josen. Transport Shahkot Malisian station is the nearest train station. The village is away from domestic airport in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is away in Amritsar. References Category:Villages in Jalandhar district |
Montes de Toledo Comarca Montes de Toledo Comarca () is a comarca located at the southern end of the province of Toledo, Spain. The natural comarca includes some municipal terms in Ciudad Real Province. It is named after the Montes de Toledo mountain system. and, like other mountainous rural areas in central Spain, this comarca has been traditionally a place of cattle rearers, with some honey production as well. Nowadays the comarca has suffered heavy depopulation as the economy has diversified. Municipal terms and villages Municipal terms in Ciudad Real Province Alcoba Arroba de los Montes El Robledo Fontanarejo Fuente el Fresno Las Labores Los Cortijos Navalpino Navas de Estena Porzuna Puebla de Don Rodrigo Retuerta del Bullaque References External links Comarca de los Montes de Toledo - Caminos a Guadalupe Category:Province of Toledo Category:Comarcas of Castilla–La Mancha Category:Montes de Toledo |
Okhotsky-Perevoz Okhotsky-Perevoz () is a rural locality (a selo), the only inhabited locality, and the administrative center of Okhot-Perevozovsky Rural Okrug of Tomponsky District in the Sakha Republic, Russia, located from Khandyga, the administrative center of the district. Its population as of the 2010 Census was 142, down from 157 recorded during the 2002 Census. Climate Okhotsky-Perevoz has an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen Dfd) with extremely cold, long winters, and short, damp summers. References Notes Sources Official website of the Sakha Republic. Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Divisions of the Sakha Republic. Tomponsky District. Category:Rural localities in the Sakha Republic |
Pine Hill Historic District Pine Hill Historic District is a national historic district located at Pine Hill, Ulster County, New York. It encompasses 125 contributing buildings, 3 contributing sites, 2 contributing structures, and 1 contributing object in the hamlet of Pine Hill. It developed between about 1800 and 1962 and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Carpenter Gothic (Gothic Revival), Italianate, Stick Style, Second Empire, Queen Anne, Colonial Revival, Classical Revival, and Bungalow / American Craftsman architecture. Located in the district are the separately listed District School No. 14, Elm Street Stone Arch Bridge, Mill Street Stone Arch Bridge, Morton Memorial Library, and Ulster House Hotel. Other notable contributing resources include the John C. Loomis House (c. 1855), Methodist Episcopal Church (c. 1860), Benjamin Franklin Cornish House (c. 1860), Elizabeth Smith House (1876), Orchard Park House (1882), and "The Zepher" (c. 1895). It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. References Category:Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in New York (state) Category:Greek Revival architecture in New York (state) Category:Gothic Revival architecture in New York (state) Category:Italianate architecture in New York (state) Category:Second Empire architecture in New York (state) Category:Queen Anne architecture in New York (state) Category:Neoclassical architecture in New York (state) Category:Colonial Revival architecture in New York (state) Category:Historic districts in Ulster County, New York Category:National Register of Historic Places in Ulster County, New York |
Sexual meanings Sexual meanings are the meanings that are attributed, by a particular cultural-social-historical context, to sexual acts and broadly to all the aspects of the erotic dimension of human sexual experience. This also include the beliefs on what is considered sexual and what is not. Sexual meanings are social and cultural constructs, and they are metabolized and subjectivized by the individual only after cultural and social mediation. In the first systematic study on this issue, Michel Foucault, with his 1976 History of Sexuality, was the first to study this issue with a systematic approach. He argued that the concept of what activities and sensations are "sexual" is historically determined, and it is therefore part of a changing "discourse". Being the main force conditioning human relationship, sex is essentially political. In any social context, the construction of a "sexual universe" is fundamentally linked to the structures of power. The construction of sexual meanings, is an instrument by which social institutions (religion, marketing, the educational system, psychiatry, etc.) control and shape human relationships. According to Foucault, sexuality began to be regarded as a concept part of human nature since the 19th century; so sexuality began to be used as a mean to define normality and its boundaries, and to conceive everything outside those boundaries in the realm of psychopathology. In the 20th century, with the theories of Freud and of sexology, the "not-normal" was seen more as a "discontent of civilization". References Category:Human sexuality Category:Anthropology |
Ambler (surname) Ambler is an English surname. It may refer to: Alfred Ambler (born 1879), English footballer Charles Ambler (1868–1952), English footballer Charles Ambler (barrister) (1721–1794), English barrister and politician Charles Henry Ambler (1876–1957), American historian and writer David Ambler (born 1989), New Zealand sprinter Eric Ambler (1909–1998), British suspense novelist Fred Ambler (1894–1983), New Zealand businessman and politician Geoffrey Ambler (1904–1978), Royal Air Force officer George Ambler (born 1950), American politician Henry S. Ambler (1836–1905), American politician Jacob A. Ambler (1829–1906), American politician Joe Ambler (1860–1899), English cricketer John Ambler (1924–2008), British businessman married to Princess Margaretha of Sweden Joss Ambler (1900–1959), Australian-born British film and television actor Kevin Ambler (born 1961), American lawyer and politician Luke Ambler (born 1989), Irish rugby league player Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler (born 1934), Swedish princess, sister of King Carl XVI Gustaf Ned Ambler, American filmmaker and photographer Pat Ambler, Scottish roboticist Richard Ambler (1933–2013), English molecular biologist Richard Charles Ambler (1853–1891), American politician Roy Ambler (1937–2007), English footballer Scott Ambler (born 1966), Canadian software engineer and author Stella Ambler (born 1966), Canadian politician Thomas Ambler (1838–1920), English architect Wayne Ambler (1915–1998), American Major League Baseball player References Category:English-language surnames Category:Surnames of English origin |
Amílcar Spencer Lopes Amílcar Spencer Lopes (born September 8, 1948) is a Cape Verdean politician and was the 2nd President of the National Assembly from 1991 to 1996. He succeeded Abílio Duarte and was succeeded by António do Espírito Santo Fonseca. After, he became Minister of Foreign Affairs succeeding José Tomás Veiga. He had the position up to 1998 and was succeeded by José Luís de Jesus. References External links Biography at the National Assembly website (pdf) Category:1948 births Category:Living people Category:Cape Verdean diplomats Category:Foreign ministers of Cape Verde Category:Presidents of the National Assembly (Cape Verde) Category:People from São Nicolau, Cape Verde |
Ailill Caisfiaclach Ailill Caisfiaclach ("having crooked/hateful teeth"), son of Connla Cáem, was, according to medieval Irish legends and historical traditions, a High King of Ireland. He succeeded his father, and reigned for twenty-five years, until he was killed by Adamair, the son of Fer Corb the man who had killed Ailill's grandfather. The Lebor Gabála Érenn synchronises his reign with that of Ptolemy V Epiphanes in Egypt (204–181 BC). Geoffrey Keating's Foras Feasa ar Éirinn dates his reign from 315 to 290 BC, the Annals of the Four Masters from 443 to 418 BC. References Category:Legendary High Kings of Ireland Category:3rd-century BC rulers |
Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal The Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal, also called the Essex Street Trolley Terminal or Delancey Street Trolley Terminal, was a trolley terminal located underground adjacent to the Essex Street subway station in the Lower East Side of Manhattan. Passenger trolley service operated through the terminal from 1908 until 1948 when trolley service over the Williamsburg Bridge ended. The station was constructed with balloon loops for turning around streetcars after they crossed over the Williamsburg Bridge to send them back to Brooklyn. In 2011 a proposal was made to turn the Williamsburg Bridge Trolley Terminal into the Lowline park. Layout Underground terminal The trolley terminal is located under the south side of Delancey Street between Clinton Street to the east and Norfolk Street to the west, one block east of Essex Street. The terminal is adjacent to the Brooklyn-bound subway track of the Essex Street subway station. The terminal consisted of eight balloon loops which fed directly into and out of the trolley tracks on the south side of the Williamsburg Bridge, allowing trolleys running over the bridge to reverse direction and return to Brooklyn. The loops were numbered 1 through 8 from west to east. Each loop was assigned to at most two streetcar services. In between the loops were seven low-level island platforms, slightly raised from track level. Each platform had 12 foot-wide staircases leading to the street. Each loop could hold two trolley cars, with a trolley stopping at the west end of the platform to discharge Manhattan-bound passengers, then moving up to the east end to pick up Brooklyn-bound passengers. The terminal was designed with both electrical incandescent lighting and vaults that allowed natural light to enter the station. Below are the list of routes that served each loop: Loop 1: Nostrand Avenue Line, Belt Line Loop 2: Broadway Line, Reid Avenue Line Loop 3: Wilson Avenue Line Loop 4: Ralph Avenue Line Loop 5: Bushwick Avenue Line Loop 6: Sumner Avenue Line, Tompkins Avenue Line Loop 7: Williamsburg Bridge Local Loop 8: Grand Street Line, Franklin Avenue Line Surface terminal At ground-level was an additional terminal for through-trolley service from the New York Railways Company and Third Avenue Railway, whose lines traveled from Manhattan along the north side of the bridge to the Washington Plaza trolley terminal in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. The covered exit stairs from the subway and underground terminal led directly to the shelters serving the Manhattan surface trolleys. Both the staircases and shelters were designed with terracotta features. The exit stairs were designed as kiosks constructed of concrete, and finished with blue and white tiling. Transfers Brooklyn trolley lines which crossed the Williamsburg Bridge and terminated at the terminal included the Belt Line, Broadway Line, Bushwick Avenue Line, Franklin Avenue Line, Grand Street Line, Marcy Avenue Line, Nostrand Avenue Line, Ralph Avenue Line, Sumner Avenue Line, Reid Avenue Line, Tompkins Avenue Line, and Wilson Avenue Line (also called the Hamburg Avenue Line). Several of these lines, including the Franklin, Nostrand, Tompkins, and Reid Lines, traveled via the Culver surface line to the Culver Depot in Coney Island. The Marcy Avenue line traveled to a racetrack in Sheepshead Bay. The Wilson Avenue Line traveled to the resorts in Canarsie. The Grand Street Line, meanwhile, traveled via the Junction Boulevard Line to the North Beach amusement area in northern Queens, now the site of LaGuardia Airport. History The Williamsburg Bridge opened on December 19, 1903. In March 1904, it was determined that Brooklyn streetcars operated by the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company (BRT) would cross the bridge and terminate at Delancey Street, while the |
Manhattan trolleys of the New York Railways Company would terminate at Washington Plaza in Williamsburg. On November 6, 1904, BRT streetcars including the Reid Avenue Line began crossing the bridge to Lower Manhattan. In 1905, it was decided to build a permanent underground terminal for Brooklyn surface cars and future elevated cars coming from the BRT's Broadway elevated; this station would eventually become the first stop of the BMT Nassau Street Line. The Essex Street trolley terminal was constructed along with the adjoining subway station, but was delayed due to changes in the plans for the subway station. Both stations were constructed using cut-and-cover methods, by excavating Delancey Street. In addition, the approaches of the subway tracks and the southern bridge trolley tracks were lowered into ramps leading to the terminal. As a temporary solution until the terminal was completed, trolleys terminated at stub-end tracks on the street. This setup, however, was inefficient and led to passenger congestion. The underground trolley terminal opened on May 19, 1908, with New York City mayor George B. McClellan Jr. operating the first streetcar over the bridge into the terminal. The new terminal allowed the BRT to double the capacity of its streetcar operations over the bridge. On December 1, 1923, service on the now-Brooklyn–Manhattan Transit Corporation (BMT) lines over the Williamsburg Bridge ended, due to decreasing profits and a dispute with the city over tolls. BMT service was truncated to Washington Plaza in Williamsburg, and bridge service was replaced with municipal shuttle service. On February 15, 1931, BMT streetcars once again began running to Manhattan after municipal shuttle service ended. Only the Nostrand, Ralph, Reid, and Tompkins lines resumed traveling over the bridge, while the remaining lines continued to terminate in Brooklyn. On December 6, 1948, the last of the streetcar lines to run over the bridge, the "Williamsburg Bridge Local" shuttle between the Manhattan and Brooklyn trolley terminals, was converted into the bus route. Afterwards, the Essex Street terminal was closed, and the kiosks to the terminal and subway station were removed from Delancey Street. References External links Williamsburg Bridge Railway terminal Category:Lower East Side Category:Defunct Brooklyn-Manhattan Transit Corporation stations Category:Streetcar lines in Manhattan Category:Delancey Street–Essex Street (New York City Subway) Category:Tram depots Category:1908 establishments in New York (state) Category:1948 disestablishments in New York (state) |
Van Cleave (surname) Van Cleave is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Aaron Van Cleave (born 1987) U.S./Canadian pair skater A. R. VanCleave (1889-1987) American football coach Ira Van Cleave, American football coach Nathan Van Cleave (1910-1970), American composer and orchestrator known as Van Cleave Ryan G. Van Cleave (born 1972), American author and teacher William Van Cleave, former advisor to President Ronald Reagan See also Vancleave, Mississippi, United States, a census-designated place Cleve (surname), includes Van Cleve Van Cleef, a surname Category:Surnames of Dutch origin |
John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics & Science The John D. O'Bryant School of Mathematics and Science (abbreviated as O'B), formerly known as Boston Technical High School is a college preparatory public exam school along with Boston Latin School and Boston Latin Academy. O’Bryant specializes in science, technology, engineering and mathematics ("STEM") in the city of Boston, Massachusetts, and is named for one of Boston's prominent African-American educators John D. O'Bryant. The school is currently located on 55 Malcolm X Boulevard in the neighborhood of Roxbury, Massachusetts. With a student body of 1,500 7th–12th graders, this school is part of the Boston Public Schools. The school was named a 2010 Blue Ribbon School of Excellence, the US Department of Education's highest award. In 2014 the school was awarded Gold by the US News Best High School Ranking, indicating that it is one of the top public high schools in the country. History Now over one hundred years old, the O'Bryant began as the Mechanic Arts High School in 1893. Until the early 1970s, it was an all-boys school. In 1944, the school became Boston Technical High School. The original building containing the various shops, woodworking, machine shop, forge shop and drafting rooms was built around 1900 and was located on the corner of Dalton and Belvidere Streets in the Back Bay. The Hilton Hotel is located there today. In 1909 the five-story class room, chemistry and physics labs building was completed on Scotia Street adjacent to the older building. Later, the school moved to the building that originally housed Roxbury Memorial High School (1930 to 1960) at 205 Townsend Street in Roxbury, Massachusetts. That school building is now the home of Boston Latin Academy. Boston Technical High School remained there until 1987 when it relocated to a new building at 55 New Dudley Street (now Malcolm X Boulevard). In 1989, Boston Technical High School and Mario Umana Technical High School merged but still kept the name of Boston Technical High School. In 1994, the school graduated the first class for the school renamed after Boston educator John D. O'Bryant. Academics This school is a science and math specialized institution and it is one of the examination schools in the greater Boston Area. The O'Bryant is ranked #9 in the state and is the #1 Math and Science school in the city of Boston. In 2012 The O'Bryant received a Gold medal by U.S News & World. It is a relatively new exam school that offers many advanced placement courses in math and science and it's a school with many excellent students. It is the most diverse of the three exam schools and it's one of the hosts of the JROTC club. Through partnerships with MIT, Northeastern University, Harvard, Microsoft, STEP Inspire, and other area businesses and institutions, the O'Bryant looks to lead science, technology, engineering, and math instruction and programming for the city of Boston. The current Headmaster as of November 2016 is Tanya Freeman-Wisdom. Requirements Admission to O'Bryant is determined by a combination of a student's score on the Independent School Entrance Examination and the student's recent grades, and is limited only to residents of the city of Boston. Although the O'Bryant runs from the 7th through the 12th grade, it only admits students into the 7th, 9th & 10th grade. Unlike the other two Boston exam schools, the day is composed of six periods instead of seven and there is no requirement to take a course of Latin. There is a requirement three years of the same language (Mandarin-Chinese, Spanish, Latin, and French) for all students who enter |
at seventh, ninth, and tenth grades. Unlike other public schools there is also a requirement of six years of mathematics, including a requirement to pass Calculus. Gateway to the LMA Gateway to the LMA (Longwood Medical Area), is a program that prepares low-income and minority students for high-level careers in medicine, science, and engineering. The gateway program involves extra instructional periods, after-school tutorials, smaller classrooms, more intermediate classes, and internships with a science-based institution. Applications are open to eighth graders, and the program runs from ninth grade until graduation. Acceptance is based on a three-question essay, regular attendance, and grades above B-. Solar panel project The school is home to a state-of-the-art solar energy system created by students at the school in June 2004. The 2 kW photovoltaic (PV) array, installed on the southeastern wall of the school, uses semiconductor technology to convert sunlight into pollution-free electricity. The solar equipment was donated by the MIT Space Systems Laboratory through a grant from NASA. The O'Bryant School also received support on curriculum development from the MIT Edgerton Center. Heliotronics of Hingham, MA provided a Solar Learning Lab, which gives students real-time system data on power production, efficiency, and weather conditions for analysis. MCAS The O'Bryant moved from not being ranked in the top 50% on MCAS in 2002 to being ranked #3 in the entire state in 2003 and 2004 for the Massachusetts Comprehensive Assessment System (MCAS) 10th Grade Mathematics. Over 98% of the students who took the test received "Advanced" or "Proficient" on the 10th grade MCAS exam, taken in the spring of 2006. The O'Bryant also ranked #8 in the entire state for the MCAS in reading & literature. Over 95% of the students who took the test received "Advanced" or "Proficient" on the 10th grade MCAS exams, taken in the spring of 2006. College scholarships Based on excellent performance on the 2006 MCAS, a total of 899 students in the Boston Public Schools have qualified for the John and Abigail Adams Scholarship, which provides four years of free tuition to any state university or college in Massachusetts. To qualify for the scholarship, students had to score in the Advanced category (Level 4) on either the English Language Arts or Math sections of the MCAS exams and in at least Proficient (Level 3) on the other. Also, the students' scores had to rank in the top 25% of the district. In order to maintain the scholarship, students must complete their college program in four years or less and maintain a 3.0 grade point average. Advanced Placement The O'Bryant School was awarded the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in 2003 by the Siemens Foundation. The O'Bryant offers an abundance of Advanced Placement classes such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry, Calculus, Statistics, English Literature and Composition, English Language and Composition, U.S. History, European History, Computer Science, U.S. Government & Politics and Spanish. In 2008 they added AP Environmental Science and Microeconomics. Extracurricular activities All students must maintain a 2.67 GPA (B-) or higher in order to partake in any extracurricular activities. The extra curricular activities include fall, winter and spring sports. With its ties to colleges such as MIT, Harvard University, Microsoft & Northeastern University; the students at the O'Bryant school are offered with many programs that revolves around science, technology, engineering and math. In addition, the school has also been awarded the Lemelson-MIT Inventeams grant 2 times: first in 2006 and later in 2014. The 2014 Inventeam worked on a project to create an autonomous solar cleaner that was presented at a 3-day event in June, 2015, at MIT's Eureka Fest. |
Sports The mascot for all teams at the O'Bryant is the Tiger. Teams at the O'Bryant include Baseball, Basketball, Cheer leading, American Football, Hockey, Rowing, Football, Softball, Swimming, Tennis, Track & Field, and Volleyball. The School's colors are blue and white. Clubs There are a full range of clubs and programs that the school offers. Clubs include African International Club, Asian Culture Club, Chess, Drama, Dance, Step, Haitian Culture Club, Volunteering Club, a junior chapter of the NSBE, Student Council, Talented and Gifted (TAG), National Honor Society, a Debate Team, a Math Team, Invent Team, Model United Nations, Gentlemen's society, Literary publications through 826 Boston, Environmental awareness Club, BBoy, Robot Science, a robotics team, Bio-Medical Health Club, forensics, Greentimes, Drama Club, Table Tennis, Art Club, Theatre, Key Club, Yearbook (middle and high school students), Anime club, and much more. All students are welcomed to join any club in the school. BOYS indoor track city champs 5 years running. GIRLS indoor track city champs 14 years running. Coach Ortega was the 2008 scholastic coach of the year. John D. O'Bryant John D. O'Bryant was born in Boston on July 15, 1931. He attended and graduated from the Boston Public Schools and went on to earning both his bachelor's and master's degrees at Boston University. O’Bryant served in the United States Army and then became a teacher and guidance counselor from 1955 to 1969, then taking a role as Director of the Health Vocational Training Program at the Dimock Community Health Center. He became the first African-American on the Boston School Board in 75 years, elected in 1977 during the tumultuous Boston busing desegregation era. He was later selected to be the vice president of Northeastern University in 1979. O’Bryant was the first African American ever to serve as vice president. He kept that position until his sudden death in 1992. During that period, he oversaw the workings of the African-American Institute and provided invaluable leadership in what were often difficult times. Notable alumni Richard Egan (Class of '53), co-founder of EMC Corporation and former United States Ambassador to Ireland Dan Sullivan (Class of '57), former National Football League player Arthur Gajarsa (Class of '58), federal judge in the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Paul A. Christian (Class of '62), former Boston Fire Commissioner William Bratton (Class of '65), former Chief of Police for the LAPD, NYPD, and BPD Charles Yancey (Class of '65), Boston City Councillor Fred Ahern (Class of '70), former National Hockey League player N.C. Wyeth (Class of 1899), American artist and illustrator References External links John D. O'Bryant School Official Website The John D. O'Bryant Boston Tech Alumni Association Category:High schools in Boston Category:Educational institutions established in 1893 Category:Magnet schools in Massachusetts Category:Public high schools in Massachusetts Category:Public middle schools in Massachusetts Category:1893 establishments in Massachusetts Category:Middle schools in Boston |
Jim Gallacher Jim Gallacher (born 29 March 1951, in Clydebank) is a Scottish former football goalkeeper. Gallacher played for Arbroath and Clydebank in the Scottish Football League. He made over 600 league appearances for The Bankies in a career that spanned four decades (late 1960s to early 1990s) and was fondly known as 'Easy the Gal' by The Bankies supporters. He followed his playing career at New Kilbowie Park by coaching the club's goalkeepers until 1997. Then followed a spell from 2001 until 2008 coaching with the Scotland Women's National team. That ended and until 2016 Jim was goalkeeper coach at Dumbarton His son, Paul Gallacher, also became a professional football goalkeeper and plays for Hearts. References External links Category:1951 births Category:Living people Category:Association football goalkeepers Category:People from Clydebank Category:Scottish footballers Category:Arbroath F.C. players Category:Clydebank F.C. players Category:Scottish Football League players Category:Sportspeople from West Dunbartonshire |
The Sharks The Sharks were a new wave band founded in Lancaster, Pennsylvania in 1979, by Doug Phillips (drums, vocals), Steve Zero (guitar), Sam Lugar (guitar, vocals), and Dave Sheaffer. History The band members started by playing cover versions of songs by new wave artists such as Elvis Costello, U2, and Talking Heads, but soon progressed to performing their own material as The Sharks. The band built up a regular following, playing gigs up and down the East coast, and their first single caught the ear of Billy Terrel, who asked the band to record a cover of "Fly Like an Eagle" for the Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl XV team. This led to a guest spot on AM Philadelphia and gigs at venues such as New York's CBGB. They won MTV's Basement Tape Competition in late 1986 by the largest margin in the history of the MTV Basement Tape Competition, leading to a four-EP contract with Elektra Records, who immediately put The Sharks into RPM Studios and The Power Station in NYC. to record In A Black and White World which featured "On My Own" and "Only Time Will Tell". Videos for both songs were shot on location in Times Square in NYC. "Only Time Will Tell" was the second most requested song during MTV's Top 10 Countdown for 2 weeks in a row in 1988. With the success of the Elektra release and the support of MTV, the Sharks toured and shared the stage with The Go-Go's, A Flock of Seagulls, Robert Palmer, Joan Jett and The Blackhearts, The Romantics, Night Ranger, The Fixx, and The Stray Cats. The band had a falling out with Elektra, but continued to tour and record. In 1986 guitarist Steve Zero, was replaced by Philadelphia-based guitarist, Roger Girke, who had previously been with Robert Hazard, The Front and Pegasus. Girke stayed with the band until his departure in 1989. With 12 successful years and a lifetime of great memories, The Sharks decided to call it quits in 1992, when they realized that Elektra records was not holding up to their promise. The Sharks, with members Shea Quinn, Sam Lugar, Doug Phillips, Mark Showers and Steve Zero, have reunited yearly at The Village Nightclub in Lancaster, Pennsylvania for reunion concerts, where the band started. Sheaffer is a music teacher for the ELCO Middle school and Girke has been an active blues performer since 1990. On October 8, 2009, lead singer Sam (Lugar) Rawhauser died of lung cancer, disbanding the band. The Sharks have been performing with Sam's son singing lead vocals. Sam's son, Ian, is a doppelganger. His vocal tone is so close to his father's that it borders on the supernatural. The Sharks - photo gallery References External links Category:Musical groups established in 1979 Category:Musical groups from Pennsylvania Category:American new wave musical groups |
The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (soundtrack) The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album to the film The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2, released on November 13, 2012. It is the fifth soundtrack in the saga's chronology, and it was once again produced by Alexandra Patsavas, the music director for the previous three films. The track list for the album was revealed on October 4, 2012, which included the announcement of the album's lead single. The album sold 229,000 copies in the US in 2012, making it the third best-selling soundtrack album of the year. It has sold 303,000 copies as of April 2013. Track listing Score The score, like the original film as well as Breaking Dawn – Part 1, was composed by Carter Burwell, following Howard Shore, who scored Eclipse and Alexandre Desplat, who scored New Moon. The album was released in North America on November 27, 2012 by Atlantic Records. It contains elements from the scores of both New Moon and Eclipse. Reception Based on four reviews, Metacritic assigned the Breaking Dawn – Part 2 soundtrack an average score of 74, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Heather Phares, reviewing for Allmusic, said "It's fitting that the film's soundtrack is dominated by ballads that feel like a long goodbye to Bella, Edward, and Jacob", and said "As with the other volumes of the series' music, however, this collection provides a surprisingly good showcase for female, indie-ish talent." Phares concluded, "While Breaking Dawn isn't one of the more dynamic Twilight Saga soundtracks, it is one of the more emotive ones, and just may help fans get some closure as one of the biggest film franchises of the 2000s and 2010s comes to a close." Charts References External links Official Soundtrack for The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – official Breaking Dawn soundtrack site Category:2012 soundtracks Category:The Twilight Saga (film series) soundtracks Category:Chop Shop Records soundtracks Category:Atlantic Records soundtracks Category:Howard Shore soundtracks |
Auto Motor und Sport Auto Motor und Sport, often stylized as auto motor und sport and abbreviated AMS or AMuS, is a German automobile magazine. It is published fortnightly by Motor Presse Netzwerk's subsidiary Motor Presse Stuttgart, a specialist magazine publisher that is 59.9% owned by the publishing house Gruner + Jahr. History and profile Motor und Sport, was originally published in 1923 in Pößneck, Germany. It was the creation of two people: Fritz Pullig and Felicitas Von Reznicek. Fritz Pullig started as a race driver in 1912 at the Nurburgring, racing motorcycles. He was also an aviation pioneer (first flight at now Hangelarer Airport on July 17th 1909) and became a flight instructor in 1913. He served as a soldier in WWI and WWII. After the second world war, Pullig became an acclaimed author, writing over 30 novels. Some notable books that he wrote were: Lockfuhrer Lund, 1940; Du bist nicht Sylvia, 1939; Der Held seiner Liebe. In the early 1950s, Pullig was a prototype test driver for Daimler Benz and Opel car prototypes in Frankfurt-Main and tested over 345 prototype cars. In 1963 Pullig passed away, quietly sitting behind the steering wheel of his car in a garage in Mainz Germany. Felicitas Von Reznicek was co-author to Motor und Sport magazine with Fritz Pullig. She authored many novels throughout her career. One of the novels was "Hitler’s Spy Princess" which was based on Felicitas Von Reznicek's own biography of how she became implicated in a conspiracy to overthrow the German government. The following links to a Google books excerpt. (https://books.google.com/books/about/Hitler_s_Spy_Princess.html?id=nuwSDQAAQBAJ) Following the start-up of the magazine, it was renamed several times to what it is now. The first edition, entitled simply "Das Auto" appeared in time for Christmas in 1946 with a cover price of RM 1.50. It was edited and in large part written by F.A.L.Martin who enriched the magazine with his report of automotive developments on the USA. A two-page feature highlighted the virtues of the "Jeep", a word that "appeared in no dictionary but nonetheless defined the ideal vehicle for agriculture and forestry". Two more pages were devoted to the future of nuclear power, incorporating four striking pictures of different nuclear explosions, but concluding that on cost grounds oil based fuels were likely to continue to power motor vehicles in the immediate future because of the high cost of "atomic fuel" (Atombetriebsstoff) applying currently known technologies. The second edition appeared in January 1947, and was a double magazine also covering February 1947: this approach was enforced by paper rationing. By 1950 the requirements of an expanding circulation had necessitated the relocation to larger premises in Stuttgart. During the 1960s demand for the magazine increased further from approximately 150,000 copies per issue to approximately 400,000. This reflected rapid growth in West German registrations, with 4.5 million cars registered in the country in 1960, rising to 12.5 million in 1969. The readership continued to increase, at a slower rate, during the next two decades: sales peaked in 1991 at an average level of 523,387 copies per issue: during the early years of the twenty-first century, they hovered between 470,000 and 480,000, but 2007 saw an increase to 495,683. Approximately 9% of sales were made outside Germany. The circulation of the magazine was 406,474 copies during the period of 2010–2011, making it the ninth best-selling European automobile magazine. In 1996, a special anniversary issue featured, over several pages, a Berlin subscriber who had retained every copy of Auto Motor und Sport since, at the age of 17, and just over a year after his father's car had been |
confiscated by a Russian officer, he had subscribed for the first issue. The weight of the first fifty years' copies, stored in his cellar, amounted to just under 400 kg. The circulation of the magazine was 494,000 copies in the period 2001–2002. Joint managing editors, Ralph Alex and Jens Katemann, took over from Bernd Ostmann in September 2012 though Ostmann retains a senior production role. Earlier managing editors included, between 1975 and 1982, Ferdinand Simoneit. Motor Presse Netzwerk also issues a yearly publication called Auto Katalog, usually in August of every year. This highly respected publication is an excellent resource, and is issued in countless other languages as well. The main shortcoming could be somewhat of a nationalist myopia, resulting in a strong focus on models available for sale in Germany to the exclusion of many model variants that are only available elsewhere. Yearly sales figures and an in-depth technical section are also included, to the joy of automotive enthusiasts the world over. International versions of Auto, Motor und Sport exist, such as Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Hungary, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey. At once there was a British and only English-language edition, called "Complete Car". References 14. https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Pullig External links auto-motor-und-sport.de official site Category:1946 establishments in West Germany Category:Biweekly magazines Category:German automobile magazines Category:German-language magazines Category:Magazines established in 1946 Category:Media in Freiburg im Breisgau Category:Media in Stuttgart |
Operophtera danbyi Operophtera danbyi is a species of geometrid moths in the family Geometridae described by George Duryea Hulst in 1896. It is found in North America. The MONA or Hodges number for Operophtera danbyi is 7439. References Scoble, Malcolm J., ed. (1999). Geometrid Moths of the World: A Catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae), 1016. Further reading Arnett, Ross H. (2000). American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico. CRC Press. External links Butterflies and Moths of North America NCBI Taxonomy Browser, Operophtera danbyi Category:Operophtera Category:Moths described in 1896 Category:Moths of North America Category:Taxa named by George Duryea Hulst |
Rygnestad Rygnestad is a village in Valle municipality in Aust-Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian National Road 9 in the Setesdal valley. The village lies about east of the river Otra in northern Valle, about south of the lake Store Bjørnevatn. Rygnestad is about north of the village of Valle, the administrative centre of the municipality. The Rygnestadtunet museum is located just north of the village. References Category:Villages in Aust-Agder Category:Valle, Norway |
Sakharny, Volgograd Oblast Sakharny () is a rural locality (a khutor) in Sredneakhtubinsky District, Volgograd Oblast, Russia. The population was 169 as of 2010. There are 10 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Volgograd Oblast |
Sidelines of the City Sidelines of the City is the third album by Canadian indie rock band Cuff the Duke, released on October 23, 2007. Track listing "If I Live or If I Die" – 3:42 "Surging Revival" – 4:04 "Failure to Some" – 7:01 "Remember the Good Times" – 2:47 "The Ballad of the Tired Old Man" – 4:06 "Long Road" – 3:51 "When All Else Fails & Fades" – 2:15 "By Winter's End" – 4:12 "Rossland Square" – 3:00 "Confessions from a Parkdale Basement" – 3:46 Personnel Paul Lowman – bass, piano, fiddle, vocals Dale Murray – guitar, pedal steel, vocals, engineer Wayne Petti – vocals, guitar, Moog, bass (track 2) Corey Wood – drums, percussion Paul Aucoin – producer, engineer, organ (4, 5, 6, 8), glockenspiel (3) Shaun Brodie – trumpet (5) Nathan Lawr – drums (1, 6, 10) Andrew McCormack – drums (4, 8, 9) Alana Stuart – vocals (1) Jason Tait – drums (2, 5), percussion, (1), saw (2) Lorne Houndsel – mixing Francois Turenne – engineer Noah Mintz – mastering Category:2007 albums Category:Cuff the Duke albums |
Girls and Boys (album) Girls and Boys is the second studio album from American pop singer Ingrid Michaelson. It was self-released on May 16, 2006. Some of the album's songs have been featured in the television series Grey's Anatomy. Michaelson's record label Cabin 24 Records re-released the album on September 18, 2007 and it peaked at No. 62 on the Billboard 200. According to Nielsen SoundScan the album has sold 278,000 copies in the United States as of August 2009. The and other versions of the hit "The Way I Am" from the album have received over 10 million views. Track listing All songs written by Ingrid Michaelson. "Die Alone" – 4:21 "Masochist" – 4:11 "Breakable" – 3:09 "The Hat" – 3:45 "The Way I Am" – 2:15 "Overboard" – 4:06 "Glass" – 3:04 "Starting Now" – 4:52 "Corner of Your Heart" – 3:07 "December Baby" – 5:53 "Highway" – 3:50 "Far Away" – 3:03 (hidden track) Special Be OK edition A special edition of the album was released in 2009 in Germany and Austria, additionally featuring all studio tracks from Be OK. All songs written by Ingrid Michaelson, except where noted. "Die Alone" – 4:21 "Masochist" – 4:11 "Breakable" – 3:09 "The Hat" – 3:45 "The Way I Am" – 2:15 "Overboard" – 4:06 "Glass" – 3:04 "Starting Now" – 4:52 "Corner of Your Heart" – 3:07 "December Baby" – 5:53 "Highway" – 3:50 "Far Away" – 3:03 "Keep Breathing" – 3:25 "Be OK" – 2:27 "Giving Up" – 4:09 "Over the Rainbow" (Harold Arlen, E.Y. Harburg) – 2:56 "Lady in Spain" – 3:11 "Oh What a Day" – 2:28 "You and I" – 2:28 Personnel Drew Fuccillo – organ, piano Lana Hagai – guitar, organ, vocals Elliot Jacobson – drums Chris Kuffner – producer, bass, guitar, vocals Ingrid Michaelson – guitar, piano, vocals, Dan Romer – mixer, glockenspiel, keyboards Mark Turrigiano – producer, guitar, keyboards, percussion, programming Roman Zeitlin – guitar Chart positions References Category:2006 albums Category:Ingrid Michaelson albums Category:Self-released albums |
José Vargas José Vargas may refer to: José Vargas (basketball) (born 1963), Dominican basketball player Jose "Joe" Vargas, American YouTuber also known as "Angry Joe" Jose Antonio Vargas (born 1981), journalist, filmmaker and immigration rights activist José Augusto Vargas, Peruvian politician José Gregorio Vargas (born 1982), Venezuelan basketball player José Lino Vargas (born 1930), Chilean politician José María Vargas (1786–1854), President of Venezuela from 1835–1836 |
Zhongzhou Yangtze River Bridge The Zhongzhou Yangtze River Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the Yangtze River in Zhong County of Chongqing, China. Completed in 2009, the bridge carries traffic on the G50 Shanghai–Chongqing Expressway. With a main span of , Zhongzhou Yangtze River Bridge is among the longest cable-stayed spans in the world. The bridge was constructed above the original river. The reservoir created by the Three Gorges Dam has increased the height of the water below the bridge and the clearance is reduced to when the reservoir depth is at it peak. See also List of largest cable-stayed bridges Yangtze River bridges and tunnels External links http://www.highestbridges.com/wiki/index.php?title=Zhongxian_Changjiang_Bridge References Category:Bridges in Chongqing Category:Bridges over the Yangtze River Category:Cable-stayed bridges in China Category:Bridges completed in 2010 |
Divisão de Elite In 2002, due to disputes with the Portuguese League Association, the Federation refused to consider the League Champion as National Champion. So, the Portuguese Handball Federation reformulated the competitions, creating Divisão de Elite and considering is champion, National Champion, although being the second handball league in Portugal. The worsts are relegated to Portuguese Handball Second Division (renamed First Division during that period). Teams could only get to Liga Portuguesa de Andebol by candidature, because LPA was a closed league. The best and most important Portuguese handball teams compete in Portuguese League with exception of Sporting CP which compete in Divisão de Elite In the end of season 2005-2006, with the ending of the dispute between league and Federation was extinct Divisão de Elite. Portuguese Divisão Elite Champions 2 Category:Sports leagues established in 2001 Category:2006 disestablishments in Portugal Category:Defunct sports leagues in Portugal Category:2001 establishments in Portugal Category:Defunct handball leagues |
Pacajá Pacajá is a municipality in the state of Pará in the Northern region of Brazil. See also List of municipalities in Pará References Category:Municipalities in Pará |
Aldo Ralli Aldo Ralli (21 October 1935 – 6 March 2016) was an Italian stage, film and television actor. Life and career Born in Pisa, Ralli started his career on stage, as the sidekick of popular comedians such as Erminio Macario, Carlo Dapporto and Beniamino Maggio. With the decline of revue and avanspettacolo, from the late 1970s he specialized in character roles, being cast in dozens of comedy films. He also worked several times with Paolo Sorrentino, and among his most successful performances there was the role of Captain Cavicchi in the Italia 1 TV-series Classe di ferro. Partial filmography Ric e Gian alla conquista del West (1967) - mister James The Great Silence (1968) - Al's Deputy (uncredited) Isabella, duchessa dei diavoli (1969) - Baron's Doctor Lisa dagli occhi blu (1970) Le segrete esperienze di Luca e Fanny (1980) - Fanny's Father Delitto a Porta Romana (1980) - Professor Baldi La dottoressa di campagna (1981) - Don Anselmo Chiamate 6969: taxi per signora (1981) Crime at the Chinese Restaurant (1981) - Customs Office Director Pierino il fichissimo (1981) - Romolo La casa stregata (1982) Biancaneve & Co... (1982) - Dammelo Delitto sull'autostrada (1982) - Camionista Emanuelle in the Country (1982) - Remo Bianchi Il diavolo e l'acquasanta (1983) - Allenatore Crime in Formula One (1984) - Daniele Bertoni Roma. L'antica chiave dei sensi (1984) - Midas Roba da ricchi (1987) - Insurance Manager Il volpone (1988) - Prete Rimini Rimini - Un anno dopo (1988) - Pisciasotto' - Nicola's friend ("La legge del taglione) Abbronzatissimi (1991) - Uomo importante Mutande pazze (1992) - Nando Crass Vacanze sulla neve (1999) - Pino, hotel director Fantozzi 2000 – La clonazione (1999) - Scienziato Pazzo d'amore (1999) Il divo (2008) - Giuseppe Ciarrapico The Great Beauty (2013) - Cardinale Youth (2015) - Hotel Manager (final film role) References External links Category:People from Pisa Category:1935 births Category:2016 deaths Category:Italian male stage actors Category:Italian male film actors Category:Italian male television actors Category:20th-century Italian male actors |
William Tennant (United Irishmen) William Tennant (1759–1832), often spelled William Tennent, was an Ulster Presbyterian banker and member of the Society of the United Irishmen, a revolutionary republican organisation in late 18th century Ireland. Early life William Tennent was born in 1759 in County Antrim, Kingdom of Ireland the eldest son of Reverend John Tennant a Scottish Presbyterian minister who settled in Ulster in the mid 18th century and was associated with the seceding faction of Ulster Presbyterians. As a young man he served as an apprentice with John Campbell, a Belfast merchant and banker. He joined the Belfast Chamber of Commerce in 1783, and was junior manager in the New Sugar House in Waring Street. He eventually became a partner in this business, and he held partnerships in the distilling firm of John Porter & Co. and the Belfast Insurance Co. By the time he reached adulthood, Tennant was a very prosperous businessman. The United Irishmen The United Irishmen were initially founded as a group of liberal Protestant and Presbyterian men interested in promoting Parliamentary reform, and later became a revolutionary movement influenced by the ideas of Thomas Paine and his book 'The Rights of Man'. In 1791 Theobald Wolfe Tone published the pamphlet 'Argument on Behalf of the Catholics of Ireland' where he set out that religious division was being used to balance "the one party by the other, plunder and laugh at the defeat of both." He put forward the case for unity between Catholic, Protestant and Dissenter. This pamphlet was read by a group of prominent Belfast Presbyterians interested in reforming Irish Parliament. They invited Tone and his friend Thomas Russell to Belfast where the group met on 14 October 1791. It was there that the Belfast Society of the United Irishmen was formed. According to Bardon; Tennant was a key leader of the Society in Ulster, and an advocate of violent revolution, while Jonathan Wright states that Tennant must be considered one of the highest-ranking members of the secret organisation in Ulster. It is unclear when he joined the Society, but as early as December 1792; Tennant was listed as one of twenty-one committee members tasked with building out the organisation. Other members of this committee included Henry Haslett and Samuel McTier. Both were founding members of the Society, unlike Tennant. However, according to Wolfe Tone, Tennant was a member of a pre-United Irishmen secret society in Belfast which included McTier and Haslett, as well as Samuel Neilson and Gilbert McIlveen. Arrest and Imprisonment During the rebellion of 1798, he was arrested for his membership of the United Irishmen, and imprisoned on a prison ship in Belfast Lough with William Steel Dickson, Robert Hunter and Robert Simms. On 25 March 1799, Tennant, Dickson, Hunter, and Simms joined the United Irish 'State Prisoners' on a ship bound or Fort George, Highland prison in Scotland. This group, which included Samuel Neilson, Arthur O'Connor, Thomas Russell, William James MacNeven, and Thomas Addis Emmet arrived in Scotland on 9 April 1799. Tennant would spend two years there. Unlike the more high-profile prisoners like O'Connor and MacNeven who would not be released until June 1802, Tennant, Dickson, and Simms were permitted to return to Belfast in January 1802 due to the pleas of his brother. Later career He was co-founder, in 1809, of the Commercial Bank, and he worked in the bank until it became Belfast Banking Co. in 1827. He was on the Board of the Spring Water Commissioners and the Belfast Banking Company, and was manager of the Belfast Academical Institution and Vice-President of the Chamber of Commerce. |
Tennent eventually became the town's richest merchant and banker. Later life In 1814, Tennant purchased the village and demesne of Tempo, County Fermanagh. He bequeathed property to the Presbyterian Church, and died of cholera at the age of 73. He left behind at last 13 illegitimate children, all of whom he recognised and supported. Notes References Kate Newman 2016, William Tennent (1760–1832): United Irishman and Banker, 'Dictionary of Ulster Biography', (available at: http://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/1617#. Retrieved 3 March 2016) Jonathan Bardon 2013, From rebel town to right-wing bastion, 'The Irish Times' 23 November 2013, (available at: http://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/from-rebel-town-to-right-wing-bastion-1.1604371. Retrieved 3 March 2016) Richard R Madden 1860, The United Irishmen: Their Lives and Times, with Several Additional Memoirs, and Authentic Documents, Heretofore Unpublished, the Whole Matter Newly Arranged and Revised, Volume 4, James Duffy, 1860 – Ireland. Richard Torpin 2013, review of The 'Natural Leaders' and their World: Politics, Culture and Society in Belfast, c. 1801–1832, (review no. 1464) (available at: http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1464, 3 March 2016) Category:1759 births Category:1832 deaths Category:Disease-related deaths in Ireland Category:United Irishmen Category:Irish bankers Category:People from County Antrim Category:Irish republicans Category:Irish Presbyterians Category:Irish revolutionaries Category:18th-century Irish people |
Taycheedah (CDP), Wisconsin Taycheedah, Wisconsin is an unincorporated census-designated place in the Town of Taycheedah in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin. The community is located adjacent to the city of Fond du Lac and Lake Winnebago. As of the 2010 census, its population is 704. Taycheedah calls itself the "Sheepshead Fishing Center of the World". U.S. Route 151 ran through the community until a bypass around Fond du Lac was built in the 2000s. Taycheedah Correctional Institution is located in the town of Taycheedah several miles east of the community. History The first white settlement at Taycheedah was made in 1839. A post office called Taycheedah was established in 1841, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1986. The name Taycheedah is derived from a Native American word meaning "lake camp". Images References Category:Census-designated places in Wisconsin Category:Census-designated places in Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin |
Lionhead cichlid The lionhead cichlid (Steatocranus casuarius), also known as African blockhead, buffalohead, humphead cichlid, lionhead or lumphead is a species of rheophilic cichlid native to Pool Malebo and the Congo River. It uses caves for spawning. This species can reach a length of TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. References Lionhead cichlid Category:Fish described in 1939 |
Le Ménil-Ciboult Le Ménil-Ciboult is a commune in the Orne department in north-western France. See also Communes of the Orne department References INSEE Menilciboult |
Thomas Baker (Medal of Honor recipient) Thomas Alexander Baker (June 25, 1916 – July 7, 1944) was a United States Army soldier who posthumously received the U.S. military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions in World War II during the Battle of Saipan. Baker was born in 1916 in Troy, New York and joined the U.S. Army after graduating from high school. After Army basic training he was sent to fight in World War II. While serving as a member of the 27th Infantry Division he was injured and refused to be evacuated. He was later found dead with an empty pistol and the bodies of eight Japanese soldiers around him. Biography Baker was born on June 25, 1916, in Troy, New York and later joined the Army from that city in October 1940. By June 19, 1944, he was serving as a private in Company A of the 105th Infantry Regiment, 27th Infantry Division. On that day, on Saipan in the Marianas Islands, he advanced ahead of his unit with a bazooka and destroyed a Japanese emplacement which was firing on his company. Several days later, he single-handedly attacked and killed two groups of Japanese soldiers. On July 7, Baker's position came under attack by a large Japanese force. Although seriously wounded early in the attack, he refused to be evacuated and continued to fight in the close-range battle until running out of ammunition. When a comrade was wounded while trying to carry him to safety, Baker insisted that he be left behind. At his request, his comrades left him propped against a tree and gave him a pistol, which had eight bullets remaining. When American forces retook the position, they found the pistol, then empty, and eight dead Japanese soldiers around Baker's body. Baker was posthumously promoted to sergeant and, on May 9, 1945, awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions throughout the battle for Saipan. He was buried at Gerald B. H. Solomon Saratoga National Cemetery in Schuylerville, New York. Medal of Honor citation For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty at Saipan, The Mariana Islands, 19 June to 7 July 1944. When his entire company was held up by fire from automatic weapons and small-arms fire from strongly fortified enemy positions that commanded the view of the company, Sgt. (then Pvt.) Baker voluntarily took a bazooka and dashed alone to within 100 yards of the enemy. Through heavy rifle and machine gun fire that was directed at him by the enemy, he knocked out the strong point, enabling his company to assault the ridge. Some days later while his company advanced across the open field flanked with obstructions and places of concealment for the enemy, Sgt. Baker again voluntarily took up a position in the rear to protect the company against a surprise attack and came upon two heavily fortified enemy pockets manned by two officers and ten enlisted men which had been bypassed. Without regard for such superior numbers, he unhesitatingly attacked and killed all of them. Five hundred yards farther, he discovered six men of the enemy who had concealed themselves behind our lines and destroyed all of them. On 7 July 1944, the perimeter of which Sgt. Baker was a part was attacked from 3 sides by from 3,000 to 5,000 Japanese. During the early stages of this attack, Sgt. Baker was severely wounded, but he insisted on remaining in the line and fired at the enemy at ranges sometimes as close as 5 yards until his ammunition |
ran out. Without ammunition and with his weapon battered to uselessness from hand-to-hand combat, he was carried about 50 yards to the rear by a comrade, who was then himself wounded. At this point Sgt. Baker refused to be moved any further stating that he preferred to be left to die rather than risk the lives of any more of his friends. A short time later, at his request, he was placed in a sitting position against a small tree. Another comrade, withdrawing, offered assistance. Sgt. Baker refused, insisting that he be left alone and be given a soldier's pistol with its remaining eight rounds of ammunition. When last seen alive, Sgt. Baker was propped against a tree, pistol in hand, calmly facing the foe. Later Sgt. Baker's body was found in the same position, gun empty, with 8 Japanese lying dead before him. His deeds were in keeping with the highest traditions of the U.S. Army. Honors In November 2009, a memorial honoring Baker and fellow Troy natives Major General Ogden J. Ross and Lieutenant Colonel William J. O'Brien was installed in the Rensselaer County office building. O'Brien, like Baker a member of the 105th Infantry, was also posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on Saipan; he died there within hours of Baker. Ross was a former commander of the 105th Infantry and an assistant divisional commander during the Battle of Saipan. The memorial includes replicas of the Medals of Honor awarded to Baker and O'Brien. See also List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II References External links Category:1916 births Category:1944 deaths Category:United States Army Medal of Honor recipients Category:United States Army soldiers Category:American army personnel killed in World War II Category:World War II recipients of the Medal of Honor Category:Burials at Gerald B. H. Solomon Saratoga National Cemetery Category:Military personnel from Troy, New York |
Burgoyne (disambiguation) Burgoyne is a surname. Burgoyne may also refer to: Burgoyne campaign, alternate name of the 1777 Saratoga campaign 19543 Burgoyne, or 1999 JR30, a Main Belt asteroid Burgoyne, Ontario, a community of the municipality of Arran-Elderslie, Ontario, Canada Burgoyne Bay, a bay at the southern end of Saltspring Island in British Columbia, Canada, named after Hugh Talbot Burgoyne Fort Burgoyne, a fort northeast of Dover, England, United Kingdom Ulmus americana 'Burgoyne', a cultivar of Ulmus Americana Burgoyne baronets, from two British baronetcies See also Burgoyne Bay Provincial Park, a provincial park in British Columbia, Canada |
Botswana International University of Science and Technology The Botswana International University of Science & Technology, or BIUST, is an international university located in the town of Palapye, Botswana. It is the southern African nation's second university, after the University of Botswana in the country's capital, Gaborone. The location is a 2,500 hectare site of gently sloping land on the outskirts of Palapye. History The university was established by the Botswana International University of Science and Technology Act of 2005. Construction began in December 2009, the contractors being China Civil Engineering Construction. Phase one of the project, worth US$61.5 million (R495.6 million), was funded by the Botswana Government. Spanning two years, the phase included the construction of the administration block, halls of residence for nearly 300 students and houses for 70 staff, laboratories, auditoriums,indoor sports arena, a student centre and book shop, a clinic, and classrooms. Enrollment at the university began in March 2011 and the first semester commenced in August of the same year. The project will accommodate 6,000 students. Academic structure The university has three colleges: College of Engineering & Technology, College of Information & Communication Technology, College of Sciences. College of Engineering & Technology Department of Mining & Geological Engineering' Department of Mechanical & Energy Engineering. Department of Electrical, Electronics & Telecommunications Engineering. Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering. Department of Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering. College of Information & Communication Technology Department of Computer Science & Systems. Department of Information Technology & Data Management Systems. Department of Multimedia & Film Production Technology. Department of Technical Journalism & Communication. College of Sciences Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences. Department of Physics & Astronomy. Department of Mathematics & Computational Sciences. Department of Biology & Biotechnological Sciences. Department of Chemistry & Forensic Sciences. Department of Social Sciences & Humanities. Student Support Services BIUST is a highly focused student institution which gives to its customers a conducive learning platform for its students. Guidance and counselling are the major services provided to student and the HIV awareness programs as well as recognizing the students with disabilities and learning difficulties among others. Governance H.E Festus G. Mogae (Chancellor) Mr. Bernard Bolele (Council Chairman) Professor Otlogetswe Totolo (Vice Chancellor) Distinguished Professor Dennis A. Siginer (Provost & DVC Academic ) Mr. Dawid B. Katzke (DVC Finance & Administration) Professor David Norris (DVC Research, Development & Innovation) BIUST Participates in the World Telecommunications and Informations Society Day 2017 The World telecommunications and informations society day is an annual event celebrated in the month of May, and brings together different stake holders to discuss issues related to raising awareness about the possibilities that utilizes the internet and other information communication technologies can bring to societies and economies as well as the ways to bridge the digital divide. The 17th May marks the celebration of the anniversary of the international telecommunications union (ITU) and signing of the first international convention center. References External links Botswana International University of Science and Technology website Category:Universities in Botswana Category:Technical universities and colleges Category:Central District (Botswana) Category:Science and technology in Botswana Category:Scientific organisations based in Botswana |
Amaia Montero (album) "Amaia Montero" is the debut solo album by Spanish singer Amaia Montero, after an eleven-year music career as the frontwoman for La Oreja de Van Gogh. It was released in Spain on 18 November 2008 by Sony BMG. "Quiero Ser" (English: I want to be) was the first single released from the album. According to "Promusicae" Amaia Montero was the Ninth biggest selling album of 2008 in Spain, for surpassing sales of 81,000 in less than 2 months (six weeks). The album was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Album at the 2009 Latin Grammy Awards. Production Having no plans of working with professional writers, Montero wrote and recorded her first solo album in the Italian cities of Genoa and Milan, and mixed the songs at Henson Recording Studios in Los Angeles CA. Among the songs there is one dedicated to her father, her mother and another also devoted one of the songs to her former colleagues in La Oreja de Van Gogh, for the 11 years they worked together. Their last work together was Guapa, the best-selling album of 2006 in Spain and much of Latin America, with 11-platinum and three gold around the world. Track listing Singles "Quiero Ser" - (2008) "Ni Puedo Ni Quiero" - (2008) (released only in Chile) "4"" - (2009) "Te Voy a Decir una Cosa" - (2009) "Mirando al Mar" - (2010) Charts and certifications Charts Certifications Release history References Category:Amaia Montero albums Category:2008 albums |
Cristin Jalbă Cristin Jalbă (born 2 September 1997) is a Moldovan football defender who plays for Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț. References Category:1997 births Category:Living people Category:Moldovan footballers Category:Moldova international footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Moldovan National Division players Category:Speranța Nisporeni players Category:FC Academia Chișinău players Category:FC Dinamo-Auto Tiraspol players Category:FC Dacia Chișinău players Category:FC Codru Lozova players Category:CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players Category:Moldovan expatriate footballers Category:Moldovan expatriate sportspeople in Romania Category:Expatriate footballers in Romania |
1824 (disambiguation) 1824 may refer to: The year 1824 1824 (board game) The novel, 1824: The Arkansas War |
119 (emergency telephone number) 119 is the emergency telephone number in parts of Asia and in Jamaica. 119 in Sri Lanka 119 is a direct-dial emergency number for fire brigade and ambulance service operated by the National Emergency Management Agency. The caller's location is automatically traced once the call is connected, and operators who can speak Chinese, English, Japanese and Korean should be available. 1339 is a separate number reserved for non-emergency medical information calls. An emergency pager service called "U119" also exists for registered people such as the elderly or cancer patients. 112 is the emergency number for police, with other numbers dedicated for other situations, such as discovery of missing persons. 119 in Japan 119 in Japan is a direct-dial emergency number that connects the caller to the fire brigade and emergency medical services. On certain older pay phones, the number can be dialed by pushing a special button that will automatically connect the caller with the 119 dispatch center. Although the dispatchers still record the address of the emergency call manually, most systems are now set up to automatically log the location of the call as well (for cases of emergency calls where the caller is not proficient in Japanese, distraught or otherwise unable to respond coherently). Unlike many emergency number services, the 119 system in Japan only services fire and ambulance services. Police are called using a separate emergency number, 110. Operators proficient in English and other foreign languages are available in Tokyo. 119 in China 119 is recognized in China as the standard emergency telephone number for firefighters. Similar to Japan, the number for police is 110, but ambulance is available with the number 120 in China. 119 in Taiwan 119 is recognized in Taiwan as the emergency telephone number for firefighters and ambulance services. As in Japan, the number for police is 110. 119 in Sri Lanka The 1-1-9 emergency response system was established during the time of the Sri Lankan Civil War. It was established for the aid in battling terrorism by the means of helping civilians in the conflict and also as a supportive tool in locating and preventing attacks by terrorists. But now 119 has become the standard emergency number for calling the Police. When a caller dials 119 the request goes to the Police Emergency Division in Colombo and will be diverted to the Police station nearest to the caller's location depending on the situation. Though mainly used to contact Police, 119 calls can be placed to summon the Fire Brigade as well, whereas the call will be again diverted. The number is accessible from any part of the island on all telephone and cellular networks. 119 in Maldives The 1-1-9 in Maldives is a direct-dial free emergency number that connects the caller to the national police (Maldives Police Service). See also 000 Emergency phone number in Australia 111 Emergency phone number in New Zealand 112 Emergency phone number across the European Union and on GSM mobile networks across the world. Alternate emergency number of tourists in Macau 911 Emergency phone number in US, Canada, Mexico and Philippines 999 Old emergency phone number in Ireland, Poland and United Kingdom (where it works parallel to 112). Also an emergency number in several non-EU countries. Emergency telephone Emergency telephone number In case of emergency (ICE) entry in the mobile phone book Category:Emergency telephone numbers Category:Three-digit telephone numbers |
The Chinese Room (film) The Chinese Room is a 1968 film directed by Albert Zugsmith. It starred Guillermo Murray, Elizabeth Campbell and Carlos Rivas. It was based on a novel by Vivien Connell. References External links Category:1968 films Category:1960s mystery films |
European Space Agency The European Space Agency (ESA; , ASE; ) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,200 in 2018 and an annual budget of about €6.68 billion (~US$7.43 billion) in 2020. ESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of uncrewed exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching and further developing this launch vehicle. The agency is also working with NASA to manufacture the Orion Spacecraft service module, that will fly on the Space Launch System. The agency's facilities are distributed among the following centres: ESA science missions are based at ESTEC in Noordwijk, Netherlands; Earth Observation missions at ESA Centre for Earth Observation in Frascati, Italy; ESA Mission Control (ESOC) is in Darmstadt, Germany; the European Astronaut Centre (EAC) that trains astronauts for future missions is situated in Cologne, Germany; the European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), a research institute created in 2009, is located in Harwell, England; and the European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC) is located in Villanueva de la Cañada, Madrid, Spain. The European Space Agency Science Programme is a long-term programme of space science and space exploration missions. History Foundation After World War II, many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States. Although the 1950s boom made it possible for Western European countries to invest in research and specifically in space-related activities, Western European scientists realised solely national projects would not be able to compete with the two main superpowers. In 1958, only months after the Sputnik shock, Edoardo Amaldi (Italy) and Pierre Auger (France), two prominent members of the Western European scientific community, met to discuss the foundation of a common Western European space agency. The meeting was attended by scientific representatives from eight countries, including Harrie Massey (United Kingdom). The Western European nations decided to have two agencies: one concerned with developing a launch system, ELDO (European Launch Development Organization), and the other the precursor of the European Space Agency, ESRO (European Space Research Organisation). The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962. From 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites. ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, when ESRO was merged with ELDO. ESA had ten founding member states: Belgium, Denmark, France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, when the convention came into force. During this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, Cos-B, a space probe monitoring gamma-ray emissions in the universe, which was first worked on by ESRO. Later activities ESA collaborated with NASA on the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE), the world's first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began Giotto, its first deep-space mission, to study the comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup. Hipparcos, a star-mapping mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s SOHO, Ulysses and the Hubble Space Telescope were |
all jointly carried out with NASA. Later scientific missions in cooperation with NASA include the Cassini–Huygens space probe, to which ESA contributed by building the Titan landing module Huygens. As the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. Ariane 1, launched in 1979, carried mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward. The next two versions of the Ariane rocket were intermediate stages in the development of a more advanced launch system, the Ariane 4, which operated between 1988 and 2003 and established ESA as the world leader in commercial space launches in the 1990s. Although the succeeding Ariane 5 experienced a failure on its first flight, it has since firmly established itself within the heavily competitive commercial space launch market with 82 successful launches until 2018. The successor launch vehicle of Ariane 5, the Ariane 6, is under development and is envisioned to enter service in the 2020s. The beginning of the new millennium saw ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, JAXA, ISRO, the CSA and Roscosmos, one of the major participants in scientific space research. Although ESA had relied on co-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances (such as tough legal restrictions on information sharing by the United States military) led to decisions to rely more on itself and on co-operation with Russia. A 2011 press issue thus stated: Notable ESA programs include SMART-1, a probe testing cutting-edge space propulsion technology, the Mars Express and Venus Express missions, as well as the development of the Ariane 5 rocket and its role in the ISS partnership. ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as Corot, launched on 27 December 2006, a milestone in the search for exoplanets. On 21 January 2019, ArianeGroup and Arianespace announced a one-year contract with ESA to study and prepare for a mission to mine the Moon for lunar regolith. Mission The treaty establishing the European Space Agency reads: ESA is responsible for setting a unified space and related industrial policy, recommending space objectives to the member states, and integrating national programs like satellite development, into the European program as much as possible. Jean-Jacques Dordain – ESA's Director General (2003–2015) – outlined the European Space Agency's mission in a 2003 interview: Activities and programmes ESA describes its work in two overlapping ways: For the general public, the various fields of work are described as Activities. Budgets are organized as Programmes (British spelling retained because it is a term of official documents). These are either Mandatory or Optional. Activities According to the ESA website, the activities are: Observing the Earth Human Spaceflight Launchers Navigation Space Science Space Engineering & Technology Operations Telecommunications & Integrated Applications Preparing for the Future Space for Climate Programmes Copernicus Programme Cosmic Vision ExoMars FAST20XX Galileo Horizon 2000 Living Planet Programme Mandatory Every member country must contribute to these programmes: Technology Development Element Programme Science Core Technology Programme General Study Programme European Component Initiative Optional Depending on their individual choices the countries can contribute to the following programmes, listed according to: Launchers Earth Observation Human Spaceflight and Exploration Telecommunications Navigation Space Situational Awareness Technology ESA_LAB@ ESA has formed partnerships with universities. ESA_LAB@ refers to research laboratories at universities. Currently there are ESA_LAB@ Technische Universität Darmstadt École des hautes études commerciales de Paris (HEC Paris) Université de recherche Paris Sciences et Lettres University of Central Lancashire Member states, funding and budget Membership and contribution to ESA By 2015, ESA was an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Member states participate to varying degrees in the mandatory (25% |
of total expenditures in 2008) and optional space programmes (75% of total expenditures in 2008). The 2008 budget amounted to €3.0 billion the 2009 budget to €3.6 billion. The total budget amounted to about €3.7 billion in 2010, €3.99 billion in 2011, €4.02 billion in 2012, €4.28 billion in 2013, €4.10 billion in 2014 and €4.33 billion in 2015. English is the main language within ESA. Additionally, official documents are also provided in German and documents regarding the Spacelab are also provided in Italian. If found appropriate, the agency may conduct its correspondence in any language of a member state. The following table lists all the member states and adjunct members, their ESA convention ratification dates, and their contributions in 2020: Non-full member states Slovenia Currently the only associated member state is Slovenia. Previously associated members were Austria, Norway and Finland, all of which later joined ESA as full members. Canada Since 1 January 1979, Canada has had the special status of a Cooperating State within ESA. By virtue of this accord, the Canadian Space Agency takes part in ESA's deliberative bodies and decision-making and also in ESA's programmes and activities. Canadian firms can bid for and receive contracts to work on programmes. The accord has a provision ensuring a fair industrial return to Canada. The most recent Cooperation Agreement was signed on 2010-12-15 with a term extending to 2020. For 2014, Canada's annual assessed contribution to the ESA general budget was €6,059,449 (CAD$8,559,050). For 2017, Canada has increased its annual contribution to €21,600,000 (CAD$30,000,000). Budget appropriation and allocation ESA is funded from annual contributions by national governments as well as from an annual contribution by the European Union (EU). The budget of ESA was €5.250 billion in 2016. Every 3–4 years, ESA member states agree on a budget plan for several years at an ESA member states conference. This plan can be amended in future years, however provides the major guideline for ESA for several years. The 2016 budget allocations for major areas of ESA activity are shown in the chart on the right. Countries typically have their own space programmes that differ in how they operate organisationally and financially with ESA. For example, the French space agency CNES has a total budget of €2015 million, of which €755 million is paid as direct financial contribution to ESA. Several space-related projects are joint projects between national space agencies and ESA (e.g. COROT). Also, ESA is not the only European governmental space organisation (for example European Union Satellite Centre). Enlargement After the decision of the ESA Council of 21/22 March 2001, the procedure for accession of the European states was detailed as described the document titled "The Plan for European Co-operating States (PECS)". Nations that want to become a full member of ESA do so in 3 stages. First a Cooperation Agreement is signed between the country and ESA. In this stage, the country has very limited financial responsibilities. If a country wants to co-operate more fully with ESA, it signs a European Cooperating State (ECS) Agreement. The ECS Agreement makes companies based in the country eligible for participation in ESA procurements. The country can also participate in all ESA programmes, except for the Basic Technology Research Programme. While the financial contribution of the country concerned increases, it is still much lower than that of a full member state. The agreement is normally followed by a Plan For European Cooperating State (or PECS Charter). This is a 5-year programme of basic research and development activities aimed at improving the nation's space industry capacity. At the end of the 5-year period, |
the country can either begin negotiations to become a full member state or an associated state or sign a new PECS Charter. Many countries, most of which joined the EU in both 2004 and 2007, have started to co-operate with ESA on various levels: During the Ministerial Meeting in December 2014, ESA ministers approved a resolution calling for discussions to begin with Israel, Australia and South Africa on future association agreements. The ministers noted that "concrete cooperation is at an advanced stage" with these nations and that "prospects for mutual benefits are existing". A separate space exploration strategy resolution calls for further co-operation with the United States, Russia and China on "LEO exploration, including a continuation of ISS cooperation and the development of a robust plan for the coordinated use of space transportation vehicles and systems for exploration purposes, participation in robotic missions for the exploration of the Moon, the robotic exploration of Mars, leading to a broad Mars Sample Return mission in which Europe should be involved as a full partner, and human missions beyond LEO in the longer term." EU and the European Space Agency The political perspective of the European Union (EU) was to make ESA an agency of the EU by 2014, although this date was not met. The EU is already the largest single donor to ESA's budget and non-ESA EU states are observers at ESA. Launch vehicle fleet ESA has a fleet of different launch vehicles in service with which it competes in all sectors of the launch market. ESA's fleet consists of three major rocket designs: Ariane 5, Soyuz-2 and Vega. Rocket launches are carried out by Arianespace, which has 23 shareholders representing the industry that manufactures the Ariane 5 as well as CNES, at ESA's Guiana Space Centre. Because many communication satellites have equatorial orbits, launches from French Guiana are able to take larger payloads into space than from spaceports at higher latitudes. In addition, equatorial launches give spacecraft an extra 'push' of nearly 500 m/s due to the higher rotational velocity of the Earth at the equator compared to near the Earth's poles where rotational velocity approaches zero. Ariane 5 The Ariane 5 rocket is ESA's primary launcher. It has been in service since 1997 and replaced Ariane 4. Two different variants are currently in use. The heaviest and most used version, the , delivers two communications satellites of up to 10 tonnes into GTO. It failed during its first test flight in 2002, but has since made 82 consecutive successful flights until a partial failure in January 2018. The other version, , was used to launch the Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) to the International Space Station (ISS) and will be used to launch four Galileo navigational satellites at a time. In November 2012, ESA agreed to build an upgraded variant called (Mid-life Evolution) which would increase payload capacity to 11.5 tonnes to GTO and feature a restartable second stage to allow more complex missions. Ariane 5 ME was scheduled to fly in 2018, but the whole project was scrapped in favor of Ariane 6, planned to replace Ariane 5 in the 2020s. ESA's Ariane 1, 2, 3 and 4 launchers (the last of which was ESA's long-time workhorse) have been retired. Soyuz Soyuz-2 (also called the Soyuz-ST or Soyuz-STK) is a Russian medium payload launcher (ca. 3 metric tons to GTO) which was brought into ESA service in October 2011. ESA entered into a €340 million joint venture with the Russian Federal Space Agency over the use of the Soyuz launcher. Under the agreement, the Russian agency manufactures Soyuz rocket |
parts for ESA, which are then shipped to French Guiana for assembly. ESA benefits because it gains a medium payload launcher, complementing its fleet while saving on development costs. In addition, the Soyuz rocket—which has been the Russian's space launch workhorse for some 40 years—is proven technology with a very good safety record. Russia benefits in that it gets access to the Kourou launch site. Due to its proximity to the equator, launching from Kourou rather than Baikonur nearly doubles Soyuz's payload to GTO (3.0 tonnes vs. 1.7 tonnes). Soyuz first launched from Kourou on 21 October 2011, and successfully placed two Galileo satellites into orbit 23,222 kilometres above Earth. Vega Vega is ESA's carrier for small satellites. Developed by seven ESA members led by Italy, it is capable of carrying a payload with a mass of between 300 and 1500 kg to an altitude of 700 km, for low polar orbit. Its maiden launch from Kourou was on 13 February 2012. Vega began full commercial exploitation in December 2015 The rocket has three solid propulsion stages and a liquid propulsion upper stage (the AVUM) for accurate orbital insertion and the ability to place multiple payloads into different orbits. Ariane launch vehicle development funding Historically, the Ariane family rockets have been funded primarily "with money contributed by ESA governments seeking to participate in the program rather than through competitive industry bids. This [has meant that] governments commit multiyear funding to the development with the expectation of a roughly 90% return on investment in the form of industrial workshare." ESA is proposing changes to this scheme by moving to competitive bids for the development of the Ariane 6. Human space flight History At the time ESA was formed, its main goals did not encompass human space flight; rather it considered itself to be primarily a scientific research organisation for uncrewed space exploration in contrast to its American and Soviet counterparts. It is therefore not surprising that the first non-Soviet European in space was not an ESA astronaut on a European space craft; it was Czechoslovak Vladimír Remek who in 1978 became the first non-Soviet or American in space (the first man in space being Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union) – on a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft, followed by the Pole Mirosław Hermaszewski and East German Sigmund Jähn in the same year. This Soviet co-operation programme, known as Intercosmos, primarily involved the participation of Eastern bloc countries. In 1982, however, Jean-Loup Chrétien became the first non-Communist Bloc astronaut on a flight to the Soviet Salyut 7 space station. Because Chrétien did not officially fly into space as an ESA astronaut, but rather as a member of the French CNES astronaut corps, the German Ulf Merbold is considered the first ESA astronaut to fly into space. He participated in the STS-9 Space Shuttle mission that included the first use of the European-built Spacelab in 1983. STS-9 marked the beginning of an extensive ESA/NASA joint partnership that included dozens of space flights of ESA astronauts in the following years. Some of these missions with Spacelab were fully funded and organizationally and scientifically controlled by ESA (such as two missions by Germany and one by Japan) with European astronauts as full crew members rather than guests on board. Beside paying for Spacelab flights and seats on the shuttles, ESA continued its human space flight co-operation with the Soviet Union and later Russia, including numerous visits to Mir. During the latter half of the 1980s, European human space flights changed from being the exception to routine and therefore, in 1990, the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, |
Germany was established. It selects and trains prospective astronauts and is responsible for the co-ordination with international partners, especially with regard to the International Space Station. As of 2006, the ESA astronaut corps officially included twelve members, including nationals from most large European countries except the United Kingdom. In the summer of 2008, ESA started to recruit new astronauts so that final selection would be due in spring 2009. Almost 10,000 people registered as astronaut candidates before registration ended in June 2008. 8,413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. Of the applicants, 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing, which narrowed down the field to 192. After two-stage psychological tests and medical evaluation in early 2009, as well as formal interviews, six new members of the European Astronaut Corps were selected – five men and one woman. Astronaut names The astronauts of the European Space Agency are: France Jean-François Clervoy Italy Samantha Cristoforetti Belgium Frank De Winne Spain Pedro Duque Germany Reinhold Ewald France Léopold Eyharts Germany Alexander Gerst Italy Umberto Guidoni Sweden Christer Fuglesang Netherlands André Kuipers Germany Matthias Maurer Denmark Andreas Mogensen Italy Paolo Nespoli Switzerland Claude Nicollier Italy Luca Parmitano United Kingdom Timothy Peake France Philippe Perrin France Thomas Pesquet Germany Thomas Reiter Germany Hans Schlegel Germany Gerhard Thiele France Michel Tognini Italy Roberto Vittori Crew vehicles In the 1980s, France pressed for an independent European crew launch vehicle. Around 1978 it was decided to pursue a reusable spacecraft model and starting in November 1987 a project to create a mini-shuttle by the name of Hermes was introduced. The craft was comparable to early proposals for the Space Shuttle and consisted of a small reusable spaceship that would carry 3 to 5 astronauts and 3 to 4 metric tons of payload for scientific experiments. With a total maximum weight of 21 metric tons it would have been launched on the Ariane 5 rocket, which was being developed at that time. It was planned solely for use in low Earth orbit space flights. The planning and pre-development phase concluded in 1991; the production phase was never fully implemented because at that time the political landscape had changed significantly. With the fall of the Soviet Union ESA looked forward to co-operation with Russia to build a next-generation space vehicle. Thus the Hermes programme was cancelled in 1995 after about 3 billion dollars had been spent. The Columbus space station programme had a similar fate. In the 21st century, ESA started new programmes in order to create its own crew vehicles, most notable among its various projects and proposals is Hopper, whose prototype by EADS, called Phoenix, has already been tested. While projects such as Hopper are neither concrete nor to be realised within the next decade, other possibilities for human spaceflight in co-operation with the Russian Space Agency have emerged. Following talks with the Russian Space Agency in 2004 and June 2005, a co-operation between ESA and the Russian Space Agency was announced to jointly work on the Russian-designed Kliper, a reusable spacecraft that would be available for space travel beyond LEO (e.g. the moon or even Mars). It was speculated that Europe would finance part of it. A €50 million participation study for Kliper, which was expected to be approved in December 2005, was finally not approved by the ESA member states. The Russian state tender for the project was subsequently cancelled in 2006. In June 2006, ESA member states granted 15 million to the Crew Space Transportation System (CSTS) study, a two-year study to design a spacecraft capable of going beyond Low-Earth |
orbit based on the current Soyuz design. This project was pursued with Roskosmos instead of the cancelled Kliper proposal. A decision on the actual implementation and construction of the CSTS spacecraft was contemplated for 2008. In mid-2009 EADS Astrium was awarded a €21 million study into designing a crew vehicle based on the European ATV which is believed to now be the basis of the Advanced Crew Transportation System design. In November 2012, ESA decided to join NASA's Orion programme. The ATV would form the basis of a propulsion unit for NASA's new crewed spacecraft. ESA may also seek to work with NASA on Orion's launch system as well in order to secure a seat on the spacecraft for its own astronauts. In September 2014, ESA signed an agreement with Sierra Nevada Corporation for co-operation in Dream Chaser project. Further studies on the Dream Chaser for European Utilization or DC4EU project were funded, including the feasibility of launching a Europeanized Dream Chaser onboard Ariane 5. Cooperation with other countries and organisations ESA has signed co-operation agreements with the following states that currently neither plan to integrate as tightly with ESA institutions as Canada, nor envision future membership of ESA: Argentina, Brazil, China, India (for the Chandrayan mission), Russia and Turkey. Additionally, ESA has joint projects with the European Union, NASA of the United States and is participating in the International Space Station together with the United States (NASA), Russia and Japan (JAXA). European Union ESA is not an agency or body of the European Union (EU), and has non-EU countries (Norway, and Switzerland) as members. There are however ties between the two, with various agreements in place and being worked on, to define the legal status of ESA with regard to the EU. There are common goals between ESA and the EU. ESA has an EU liaison office in Brussels. On certain projects, the EU and ESA co-operate, such as the upcoming Galileo satellite navigation system. Space policy has since December 2009 been an area for voting in the European Council. Under the European Space Policy of 2007, the EU, ESA and its Member States committed themselves to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and to organising their respective roles relating to space. The Lisbon Treaty of 2009 reinforces the case for space in Europe and strengthens the role of ESA as an R&D space agency. Article 189 of the Treaty gives the EU a mandate to elaborate a European space policy and take related measures, and provides that the EU should establish appropriate relations with ESA. Former Italian astronaut Umberto Guidoni, during his tenure as a Member of the European Parliament from 2004 to 2009, stressed the importance of the European Union as a driving force for space exploration, "since other players are coming up such as India and China it is becoming ever more important that Europeans can have an independent access to space. We have to invest more into space research and technology in order to have an industry capable of competing with other international players." The first EU-ESA International Conference on Human Space Exploration took place in Prague on 22 and 23 October 2009. A road map which would lead to a common vision and strategic planning in the area of space exploration was discussed. Ministers from all 29 EU and ESA members as well as members of parliament were in attendance. National space organisations of member states The Centre National d'Études Spatiales (CNES) (National Centre for Space Study) is the French government space agency (administratively, a "public establishment of industrial and commercial character"). Its |
headquarters are in central Paris. CNES is the main participant on the Ariane project. Indeed, CNES designed and tested all Ariane family rockets (mainly from its centre in Évry near Paris) The UK Space Agency is a partnership of the UK government departments which are active in space. Through the UK Space Agency, the partners provide delegates to represent the UK on the various ESA governing bodies. Each partner funds its own programme. The Italian Space Agency (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana or ASI) was founded in 1988 to promote, co-ordinate and conduct space activities in Italy. Operating under the Ministry of the Universities and of Scientific and Technological Research, the agency cooperates with numerous entities active in space technology and with the president of the Council of Ministers. Internationally, the ASI provides Italy's delegation to the Council of the European Space Agency and to its subordinate bodies. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) (German: Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e. V.) is the national research centre for aviation and space flight of the Federal Republic of Germany and of other member states in the Helmholtz Association. Its extensive research and development projects are included in national and international cooperative programmes. In addition to its research projects, the centre is the assigned space agency of Germany bestowing headquarters of German space flight activities and its associates. The Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) (National Institute for Aerospace Technique) is a Public Research Organization specialised in aerospace research and technology development in Spain. Among other functions, it serves as a platform for space research and acts as a significant testing facility for the aeronautic and space sector in the country. NASA ESA has a long history of collaboration with NASA. Since ESA's astronaut corps was formed, the Space Shuttle has been the primary launch vehicle used by ESA's astronauts to get into space through partnership programmes with NASA. In the 1980s and 1990s, the Spacelab programme was an ESA-NASA joint research programme that had ESA develop and manufacture orbital labs for the Space Shuttle for several flights on which ESA participate with astronauts in experiments. In robotic science mission and exploration missions, NASA has been ESA's main partner. Cassini–Huygens was a joint NASA-ESA mission, along with the Infrared Space Observatory, INTEGRAL, SOHO, and others. Also, the Hubble Space Telescope is a joint project of NASA and ESA. Future ESA-NASA joint projects include the James Webb Space Telescope and the proposed Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. NASA has committed to provide support to ESA's proposed MarcoPolo-R mission to return an asteroid sample to Earth for further analysis. NASA and ESA will also likely join together for a Mars Sample Return Mission. Cooperation with other space agencies Since China has started to invest more money into space activities, the Chinese Space Agency has sought international partnerships. ESA is, beside the Russian Space Agency, one of its most important partners. Two space agencies cooperated in the development of the Double Star Mission. In 2017, ESA sent two astronauts to China for two weeks sea survival training with Chinese astronauts in Yantai, Shandong. ESA entered into a major joint venture with Russia in the form of the CSTS, the preparation of French Guiana spaceport for launches of Soyuz-2 rockets and other projects. With India, ESA agreed to send instruments into space aboard the ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 in 2008. ESA is also co-operating with Japan, the most notable current project in collaboration with JAXA is the BepiColombo mission to Mercury. Speaking to reporters at an air show near Moscow in August 2011, ESA head Jean-Jacques Dordain said ESA and Russia's |
Roskosmos space agency would "carry out the first flight to Mars together." International Space Station With regard to the International Space Station (ISS) ESA is not represented by all of its member states: 10 of the 21 ESA member states currently participate in the project: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. Austria, Finland and Ireland chose not to participate, because of lack of interest or concerns about the expense of the project. The United Kingdom withdrew from the preliminary agreement because of concerns about the expense of the project. Portugal, Luxembourg, Greece, the Czech Republic, Romania and Poland joined ESA after the agreement had been signed. ESA is taking part in the construction and operation of the ISS with contributions such as Columbus, a science laboratory module that was brought into orbit by NASA's STS-122 Space Shuttle mission and the Cupola observatory module that was completed in July 2005 by Alenia Spazio for ESA. The current estimates for the ISS are approaching €100 billion in total (development, construction and 10 years of maintaining the station) of which ESA has committed to paying €8 billion. About 90% of the costs of ESA's ISS share will be contributed by Germany (41%), France (28%) and Italy (20%). German ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter was the first long-term ISS crew member. ESA has developed the Automated Transfer Vehicle for ISS resupply. Each ATV has a cargo capacity of . The first ATV, Jules Verne, was launched on 9 March 2008 and on 3 April 2008 successfully docked with the ISS. This manoeuvre, considered a major technical feat, involved using automated systems to allow the ATV to track the ISS, moving at 27,000 km/h, and attach itself with an accuracy of 2 cm. As of 2013, the spacecraft establishing supply links to the ISS are the Russian Progress and Soyuz, European ATV, Japanese Kounotori (HTV), and the USA COTS program vehicles Dragon and Cygnus. European Life and Physical Sciences research on board the International Space Station (ISS) is mainly based on the European Programme for Life and Physical Sciences in Space programme that was initiated in 2001. Languages According to Annex 1, Resolution No. 8 of the ESA Convention and Council Rules of Procedure, English, French and German may be used in all meetings of the Agency, with interpretation provided into these three languages. All official documents are available in English and French with all documents concerning the ESA Council being available in German as well. Facilities ESA Headquarters (HQ), Paris, France European Space Operations Centre (ESOC), Darmstadt, Germany European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC), Noordwijk, The Netherlands European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Madrid, Spain European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications (ECSAT), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom European Astronaut Centre (EAC), Cologne, Germany ESA Centre for Earth Observation (ESRIN), Frascati, Italy Guiana Space Centre (CSG), Kourou, French Guiana European Space Tracking Network (ESTRACK) European Data Relay System ESA and the EU institutions The Flag of Europe is the one to be flown in space during missions (for example it was flown by ESA's Andre Kuipers during Delta mission) The Commission is increasingly working together towards common objectives. Some 20 per cent of the funds managed by ESA now originate from the supranational budget of the European Union. In recent years the ties between ESA and the European institutions have been reinforced by the increasing role that space plays in supporting Europe's social, political and economic policies. The legal basis for the EU/ESA co-operation is provided by a Framework Agreement which entered into force in May 2004. According to this agreement, the |
European Commission and ESA co-ordinate their actions through the Joint Secretariat, a small team of EC's administrators and ESA executive. The Member States of the two organisations meet at ministerial level in the Space Council, which is a concomitant meeting of the EU and ESA Councils, prepared by Member States representatives in the High-level Space Policy Group (HSPG). ESA maintains a liaison office in Brussels to facilitate relations with the European institutions. Guaranteeing European access to space In May 2007, the 29 European countries expressed their support for the European Space Policy in a resolution of the Space Council, unifying the approach of ESA with those of the European Union and their member states. Prepared jointly by the European Commission and ESA's Director General, the European Space Policy sets out a basic vision and strategy for the space sector and addresses issues such as security and defence, access to space and exploration. Through this resolution, the EU, ESA and their Member States all commit to increasing co-ordination of their activities and programmes and their respective roles relating to space. Incidents On 3 August 1984 ESA's Paris headquarters were severely damaged and six people were hurt when a bomb exploded, planted by the far-left armed Action Directe group. On 14 December 2015, hackers from Anonymous breached ESA's subdomains and leaked thousands of login credentials. See also List of government space agencies List of directors general of the European Space Agency List of projects of the European Space Agency European Launcher Development Organisation (ELDO) European Space Research Organisation (ESRO) European integration#Space Eurospace European Union matters Agencies of the European Union Space policy of the European Union European Union Agency for the Space Programme Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space Enhanced co-operation References Further reading ESA Bulletin () is a quarterly magazine about the work of ESA that can be subscribed to free of charge. Bonnet, Roger; Manno, Vittorio (1994). International Cooperation in Space: The Example of the European Space Agency (Frontiers of Space). Harvard University Press. . Johnson, Nicholas (1993). Space technologies and space science activities of member states of the European Space Agency. . Peeters, Walter (2000). Space Marketing: A European Perspective (Space Technology Library). . Zabusky, Stacia (1995 and 2001). Launching Europe: An Ethnography of European Cooperation in Space Science. ISBN B00005OBX2. Harvey, Brian (2003). Europe's Space Programme: To Ariane and Beyond. . External links A European strategy for space – Europa Convention for the establishment of a European Space Agency, September 2005 Convention for the Establishment of a European Space Agency, Annex I: Privileges and Immunities European Space Agency fonds and 'Oral History of Europe in Space' project run by the European Space Agency at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence Open access at the European Space Agency Category:Organizations established in 1975 Category:International scientific organizations based in Europe Category:Organizations based in Paris Category:1975 establishments in Europe Category:European astronauts * Category:Space agencies Category:Space policy of the European Union |
1855 in paleontology Plesiosaurs Newly named plesiosaurs Museums The Albany Museum of Grahamstown, South Africa is established. See also References Category:1850s in paleontology Paleontology |
KHWG KHWG may refer to: KHWG (AM), a radio station (750 AM) licensed to Fallon, Nevada, United States KHWG-FM, a radio station (100.1 FM) licensed to Crystal, Nevada, United States |
Scientific Anglers Scientific Anglers is a fly fishing company specializing in a variety of fly fishing tackle products. Scientific Anglers is noted for the invention of PVC coated floating fly line and continued innovations in fly line cores and coatings. Scientific Anglers's products currently include a variety of lines, fly boxes, reels, and fly fishing educational materials. History Scientific Anglers was founded in 1945 in Midland, Michigan. Scientific Anglers' notable developments include the introduction of PVC coated designs of contemporary floating fly lines in 1952 and the development of sinking fly lines in 1960. Their introduction of PVC coated fly lines was largely responsible for the decline of the old line sizing system that used letters—HCH—to designate the taper and weight of silk fly lines. Because PVC coated lines were significantly different from silk lines, a new system evolved that identified lines with their grain weight in the first 30 feet of line (i.e. 5 wgt) and a two letter designation—DT (Double Taper), (ST-Single Taper) or (WF-Weight Forward) to identify the line taper,. Scientific Anglers is subsidiary of Orvis, and currently has a design lab in Midland, Michigan. References Category:Fly fishing Category:Fishing equipment manufacturers |
Eluru Old bus station Eluru Old bus station is a bus station located in Eluru city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is owned by Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation. It operates buses to all parts of the District and to nearby cities. References Category:Bus stations in Eluru Category:Bus-related lists |
Julien Lebas Julien Lebas (born 9 June 1924) is a retired French sprinter who competed in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Competition record References Category:People from Saint-Lô Category:1924 births Category:Living people Category:French male sprinters Category:Olympic athletes of France Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1948 Summer Olympics Category:Sportspeople from Manche |
Mata Nanaki Mata Nanaki (1598 - 1678) was the wife of the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind and the mother of Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Sikh Guru. She was born in Amritsar and married to Guru Hargobind in 1613. She witnessed the severed head of her martyred son, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji, and accepted it as the will of God. She continued to serve the community till her death. Bibi Nanki was the daughter of Hari Chand of village Bakala. References http://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/biographies/famous-women/nanaki-mata Category:1598 births Category:1678 deaths Category:17th-century Indian people |
Dušan Jajić Dušan Jajić (born 4 July 1998) is a Swedish footballer who plays as a midfielder for Danish 1st Division club Vendsyssel FF. Club career IFK Haninge/Brandbergen Raised in the Stockholm suburb Jordbro, Jajić started his career at local club IFK Haninge/Brandbergen where he made his senior debut in 2013 at age fifteen. This in the fifth tier of Swedish football, Division 3 Södra Svealand. During his first years in senior football Jajić went on trials abroad at both Arsenal and Atalanta. Hammarby IF In early 2015 he got invited to train with Hammarby IF, and in March the same year he signed a three-year contract with the Allsvenskan club. During his first year at the club, he initially played with the club’s U19 and U21 teams, but made his competitive senior debut in Allsvenskan against Åtvidabergs FF on October 2. Aged seventeen, he made his first start for the club on the last game day of the 2015 season in Hammarby's 2–1 away loss against Halmstads BK. He would make another 3 appearances in Allsvenskan for Hammarby during the 2016 season, whilst also enjoying a short loan stint to their affiliated club Enskede IK in the Swedish third tier. On 17 March 2017, he signed a new three-year deal with Hammarby. In the beginning of the season, Jajić appeared in all 3 of Hammarby's games in the group stage of Svenska Cupen. Midway through the season, on 21 July 2017, after only appearing in 3 league games, Jajić went out on a six-month loan to IK Frej in Superettan. Jajić also spent the vast majority of the 2018 season on loan at IK Frej, scoring 9 goals in 29 league appearances in the Swedish second tier. Brommapojkarna On 9 March, Jajić transferred to IF Brommapojkarna, newly relegated to Superettan. He signed a three-year deal with the club. Vendsyssel FF On 16 January 2020 it was confirmed, that Jajić had joined Danish 1st Division club Vendsyssel FF on a contract until the summer 2023. International career He is of Serbian descent through his parents. Jajić once considered representing the country on an international level, but states that he never was approached by the Serbian football association. Instead, Dušan Jajić played 21 games for Sweden U17 between 2013 and 2015, where he at a regular basis also captained the side. As of the 2016 season he is a member of the Sweden U19 team. He scored his first international goal in a friendly against Slovakia U19 in September 2015. The game finished 2-2 with Jajic opening the score tally. Jajić captained his country during the 2017 UEFA European Under-19 Championship, where Sweden finished last in its group following two losses in even games against Czech Republic and Georgia, and a surprising 2–2 draw against Portugal. Career statistics Club References External links Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:Association football midfielders Category:Swedish footballers Category:Swedish expatriate footballers Category:Sweden youth international footballers Category:Allsvenskan players Category:Superettan players Category:Hammarby Fotboll players Category:Enskede IK players Category:IK Frej players Category:IF Brommapojkarna players Category:Vendsyssel FF players Category:Swedish people of Serbian descent Category:Swedish expatriate sportspeople in Denmark Category:Expatriate footballers in Denmark |
IKB Deutsche Industriebank IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG (FWB: IKBG) is a bank headquartered in Düsseldorf, Germany. IKB supports medium-sized enterprises in Germany and Europe with loans, risk management, capital market services and advisory services. The online offering for retail banking customers covers overnight and term money, bank savings schemes, bank deposits and selected commercial papers. The bank has six branches in Germany. Single shareholder is the investment company Lone Star. Corporation IKB (Industriekreditbank) was granted its banking license in 1924 as "Bafio" (Bank für deutsche Industrieobligationen, Bank for German Industry Obligations). Bafio dealt in long-term real estate financing in an effort to aid the German economy grow under the weight of the World War I reparations the country owed. The bank was incorporated under Germany's stock law (Aktiengesetz) in 1945. In 1974 it merged with Deutsche Industriebank to become IKB Deutsche Industriebank. IKB's main area of business is financing for small and medium enterprises in Germany. In addition to corporate financing, they also undertake real estate financing. The German government's financing bank, KfW (formerly Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau), owned a 38% stake in IKB. After several months of consideration of the sale of the IKB stake, it was announced on 21 August 2008 that private equity firm Lone Star Funds would acquire a 90.8% holding in the bank. The sale process of KfW's shares to Lone Star Funds was closed on 29 October 2008. 2007 subprime crisis Losses When the subprime market in the United States crashed in the summer of 2007, the global reach of the crisis was not immediately obvious. Several European banks, however, became victims of the crisis due to investment history; IKB was among the first European bank to declare financial trouble due to the subprime disaster. In July 2007, IKB announced that it had been affected by the subprime mortgage financial crisis in the United States. Only a week earlier the bank had released a statement saying it expected to meet its earnings goals for the year. "Rhinebridge", a structured vehicle operated by IKB, had invested heavily in the U.S. subprime market. To control the effects of the crisis in Germany, KfW, along with numerous commercial and coop banks (including Deutsche Bank and Commerzbank), formed a rescue fund to bail out the group. The funds used to bail out the bank amounted to €3.5 billion. Although IKB's stocks fell drastically, the bank avoided default, and the rescue is credited with having spared the German economy drastic fallout from the subprime crisis. In February 2008, the German government announced that IKB would require another rescue package to remain liquid, largely because peer banks were reluctant to invest further in the bank. The rescue package was announced in mid February at an amount of €1.5 billion. As a result of the losses suffered by IKB, the company was demoted from Deutsche Börse's mid-cap MDAX stock market index to the small-cap SDAX in March 2008. Investigations and controversy Misconduct investigation by the Federal Republic of Germany After the crash of its shares, the German financial watchdog BaFin and the Ministry of Finance opened an investigation into allegations of reporting and accounting misconduct. Although no charges were brought against the bank, four of the five executives of IKB stepped down between 1 August and 1 November 2007. State aid investigation by the European Union Shortly after the IKB crash, the European Union opened an investigation into the rescue package to determine if the package contravened its state aid regulations. After protracted talks with the EU, the German government submitted an official notification of the rescue measures and possible future restructuring |
measures in January 2008. , no ruling has been made by the European Court on the IKB case. Goldman Sachs SEC lawsuit IKB was mentioned by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in court fillings when it sued Goldman Sachs and one of Goldman's Collateralized debt obligation (CDO) traders on 16 April 2010. The SEC alleged that IKB was on the wrong side of the CDO instruments Goldman was creating and that Goldman defrauded both IKB and ABN AMRO in failing to disclose that the CDOs that IKB was purchasing were not assembled by a third party, but instead through the guidance of a hedge fund that was counterparty in the CDS transaction. This hedge fund, Paulson & Co., stood to earn great benefit in the event of default The suit by the SEC alleges that IKB lost $150 million which Paulson gained. References External links English website of IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG Category:Banks of Germany Category:Companies listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange |
Delosperma echinatum Delosperma echinatum is a succulent plant, native to South Africa. It is also known as the pickle plant. echinatum Category:Succulent plants |
Windmill Hill, Avebury Windmill Hill is a Neolithic causewayed enclosure in the English county of Wiltshire, part of the Avebury World Heritage Site, about 1 mile (2 km) northwest of Avebury. Enclosing an area of , it is the largest known causewayed enclosure in Britain. The site was first occupied around 3800 BC, although the only evidence is a series of pits apparently dug by an agrarian society using Hembury pottery. During a later phase, c. 3300 BC, three concentric segmented ditches were placed around the hilltop site, the outermost with a diameter of 365 metres. The causeways interrupting the ditches vary in width from a few centimetres to 7 m. Material from the ditches was piled up to create internal banks, the deepest ditches and largest banks are on the outer circuit. The site was bought by Alexander Keiller in 1924 and excavated over several seasons from 1926–1929 by Keiller and Harold St George Gray whose work established it as the type site for causewayed camps as they were then called. Pottery from the bottom of the ditches was also the type style for the Windmill Hill culture. Later occupation layers contained early Peterborough ware, then the later Mortlake and Fengate varieties. Large quantities of bone, both human and animal, were also recovered from the ditch fill. The camp remained in use throughout the rest of the Neolithic with Grooved ware and Beaker potsherds having been found in later deposits. A Bronze Age bell barrow was later built between the inner and middle rings. Michael Dames has proposed a composite theory of seasonal rituals in an attempt to explain Windmill Hill and its associated sites: (West Kennet Long Barrow, the Avebury henge, The Sanctuary, and Silbury Hill). References Further reading Murray, Lynda M., 1999, A Zest for Life: the story of Alexander Keiller Vatcher, Faith de M & Vatcher, Lance 1976 The Avebury Monuments - Department of the Environment HMSO Dames, Michael 1977 The Avebury Cycle Thames & Hudson Ltd, London External links Information for teachers: English Heritage Category:English Heritage sites in Wiltshire Category:Hills of Wiltshire Category:History of Wiltshire Category:Stone Age sites in England Category:Archaeological sites in Wiltshire Category:Archaeological type sites Category:Causewayed enclosures |
White Mountain Airport White Mountain Airport is a state-owned public-use airport located one nautical mile (1.85 km) north of the central business district of White Mountain, a city in the Nome Census Area of the U.S. state of Alaska. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, this airport had 2,516 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2007, a decrease of 11% from the 2,821 enplanements in 2006. Facilities White Mountain Airport covers an area of at an elevation of 267 feet (81 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 15/33 with a 3,000 x 60 ft (914 x 18 m) gravel surface. Airlines and destinations References External links Airport diagram (GIF). Federal Aviation Administration, Alaska Region. 30 September 2004. Category:Airports in the Nome Census Area, Alaska |
Seidemann Seidemann is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Bob Seidemann (1941–2017), American graphic artist and photographer Hans Seidemann (1901–1967), German general during World War II Melissa Seidemann (born 1990), American water polo player Siegfried Seidemann, East German slalom canoeist in the late 1950s See also Scheidemann Seidelmann (disambiguation) Seidman (disambiguation) |
Albert Sánchez Piñol Albert Sánchez Piñol (; born 1965 in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain) is a Spanish anthropologist, non-fiction writer and novelist writing in Catalan and Spanish. He has been described as a "significant European writer". Works Compagnie difficili (2000), with Marcelo Fois Pallassos i monstres (2000) Les edats d´or (2001) La pell freda (Cold Skin) (2002) Pandora al Congo (Pandora in the Congo) (2005) Tretze tristos tràngols (Trece tristes trances in Spanish) (2008) Victus (2012) Vae Victus (2015) See also List of anthropologists List of Catalan-language writers List of novelists List of Spanish writers References External links Webpage devoted to Albert Sánchez Piñol at LletrA (UOC), Catalan Literature Online (English) Category:1965 births Category:Date of birth missing (living people) Category:20th-century anthropologists Category:20th-century Spanish novelists Category:21st-century novelists Category:21st-century scholars Category:Catalan anthropologists Category:Catalan novelists Category:Catalan-language writers Category:Living people Category:Writers from Barcelona Category:Catalan speculative fiction writers |
Atep Rizal Atep Ahmad Rizal (born 5 June 1985 in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia) is an Indonesian professional footballer who currently plays for Mitra Kukar in Liga 2. Club career Persiba Bantul After playing for Persib, Atep started his career at Persiba Bantul for two years. Here he calls to strengthen the U-20 squad. For his achievement, he was ogled by Persija Jakarta. Persija Jakarta In 2004, Atep was contracted by Persija Jakarta after a pretty good season with Persiba Bantul. It does not take long to get allotments in the first team. His remarkable achievements in Persija Jakarta opened wide opportunities for his international career. In 2005 he was called up to the Indonesian national team squad in the AFF Cup and he scored a goal. His excellent performance at Persija attracted many clubs to sign him, including Persib Bandung who were in talks of his transfer in the 2007/2008 season. He stayed at Persija until the end of 2007 season. Persib Bandung In the 2008/2009 season, Persib Bandung finally managed to sign Atep, after failing to get it in the previous season. Although his arrival was greeted so positively by Bobotoh, he did not get so many chances to play early in the season so many predicted that he would leave in the transfer season at the break of the competition. But he survived and his end began to get a chance to play even though only as a backup player. On 6 May 2009 when Persib lost 2-1 against Pelita Jaya, he entered in the main squad and Atep scored his only goal scored by Persib and also his first goal in Super League. In 2014 season Atep became a hero for Persib after scoring a spectacular goal against Arema Cronus that sent Persib to the final against Persipura, which the team won. The following season's league start was postponed, which cleared the way for Persib to compete in AFC Cup before the league began. In this competition, Atep always scored, with a goal ratio of 1 per match AFC Cup. Atep left Persib after playing for the club for 10 years at the end of 2018 Liga 1. Mitra Kukar Upon his release from Persib at the end of 2018 season, Atep joined Mitra Kukar in Liga 2. Style of Play Atep was known for his dribbling abilities and his influences on the pitch that made him Persib captain in many occasions before handed the title to Supardi Nasir in 2018. He is regarded as an icon for Bobotoh or the supporters of Persib, with the nickname "Lord Atep". When he scored, Bobotoh performed push-ups as an appreciation mark. Career caps 2003 PSSI U-20 2006 Merdeka Games 2007 AFF Tiger Cup & Asian Cup 2008 AFF Tiger Cup & Asian Cup Career Statistics As of 26 January 2020: Honours Persib U-21 Soeratin Cup PSSI U-20 : 2003 (runner-up) Persib Bandung Indonesia Super League: 2014 President's Cup: 2015 Filmography Hari Ini Pasti Menang (2013) Commercial Sosis So Nice References External links Profil Atep Atep on soccerway Category:Indonesian footballers Category:1985 births Category:Living people Category:People from Cianjur Category:Indonesia international footballers Category:2007 AFC Asian Cup players Category:Association football wingers Category:Sundanese people Category:Liga 1 (Indonesia) players Category:Persija Jakarta players Category:Persiba Bantul players Category:Persib Bandung players Category:Indonesian Super League-winning players |
Nebraska Highway 250 Nebraska Highway 250 (N-250) is a highway in northwestern Nebraska. Its southern terminus is at N-2, east of Ellsworth. N-250 does not intersect any state maintained road, until it reaches its northern terminus at U.S. Highway 20 (US 20) in Rushville. The route was designated in 1960, and was extended south in 1996. Route description All of the route is in Sheridan County. N-250 starts at N-2, south of Lakeside. The road shortly crosses a railroad owned by BNSF Railway and enters Lakeside. N-250 shifts west slightly, and bends around a lake. The route travels north, through sand hills, and passing by small lakes and ponds. East of Thompson Lake, N-250 intersects the 304th Trail, a road that connects to other lakes. later, the road 298th Trail, which connects the Twin Lakes to the highway. A few miles later, the highway passes the Smith Lake State Wildlife Management Area, and crosses over the Niobrara River later. N-250 soon straightens out, and travels north for . The road enters Rushville as Chamberlain Street. It enters downtown, and ends at US 20. In 2012, the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR) calculated as many as 305 vehicles traveling on N-250 near Rushville, and as few as 90 vehicles traveling north of Lakeside. This is expressed in terms of annual average daily traffic (AADT), a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year. History A metal-surfaced road from US 20 in Rushville to north of the Niobrara River was constructed between 1940 and 1948. It was extended south to north of Cravath Lake by 1953. The road was removed from the highway system map in 1957, and was re-added in 1960, as N-250. A narrow road was extended from N-250 to N-2 around 1981–82, but it was not part of N-250 until 1996. The routing has not changed significantly since. Major intersections References External links Nebraska Roads: NE 202-392 250 Category:Transportation in Sheridan County, Nebraska |
Arthur Troop Arthur Troop, BEM (15 December 1914 – 30 November 2000) was a British police officer who founded the International Police Association (IPA). Born in Lincoln, Troop began his working life as a mechanic, but later studied economics and social sciences at Ruskin College, Oxford. In his spare time he also studied Russian history and in 1934 won a scholarship to study in Moscow and Leningrad. After these studies he attended the Agricultural College in Avon Croft, Evesham, Worcestershire. On 19 June 1936, he joined Lincolnshire Constabulary. He was employed in various departments, but later specialised in traffic. He rose to the rank of sergeant. After the Second World War, he founded the International Police Association to be a global police friends club. He believed in the positive qualities of friendship, which is why the motto of the association is "Serve through friendship", also rendered "Servo per Amikeco" (Service through friendship) in Esperanto. External links IPA Homepage Internationale Politiepetten Collectie Category:2000 deaths Category:1914 births Category:British police officers Category:People from Lincoln, England Category:Alumni of Ruskin College |
Enver Ören Enver Ören (10 February 1939, Honaz, Denizli – 22 February 2013, Şişli, Istanbul) was the founder of İhlas Holding. He was born in Turkey. He graduated from the Faculty of Science at Istanbul University in 1961. He was accepted to the premier military school of Turkey with a full scholarship and graduated top of his class. After graduating he went to Italy, on a NATO scholarship for one and a half years for further study and research. In the early 1970s he assumed the heavy responsibility of publishing a newspaper. Ören was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Science by Selçuk University in Konya, Turkey for his contributions to the advancement of science and technology. He was also awarded the decade’s most successful manager of a newspaper company (1980-1990) by the Ankara Association of Journalists. He was the Associate President of the Newspaper Owners’ Association and a Board Member of the Press Advertising Authority (Basin Yayın Kurumu). He was also an honorary member of the International Islamic Science Academy. He speaks English and French and has been frequently called upon to speak and participate in numerous international seminars, meetings and symposia. Enver Ören had been married to Dilvin Ören since the 1968. The couple's only son, Ahmet Mücahid Ören, was chosen to follow his father’s footsteps by assuming leadership positions within Ihlas Holding. References Category:1939 births Category:2013 deaths Category:People from Honaz Category:Turkish businesspeople Category:Burials at Eyüp Cemetery |
Wally Mayer Walter A. Mayer (July 8, 1890 – November 18, 1951) was a backup catcher in Major League Baseball who played from through for the Chicago White Sox (1911–1912, 1914–1915), Boston Red Sox (1917–1918) and St. Louis Browns (1919). Listed at , 168 lb., Mayer batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Cincinnati. In a seven-season career, Mayer was a .193 hitter (53-for-274) with 22 runs and 20 RBI in 132 games, including 14 doubles, one triple, one stolen base, and a .303 on-base percentage. He did not hit a home run. In 112 catching appearances, he committed 17 errors in 553 chances for a .968 fielding percentage. Mayer died in Minnetonka, Minnesota at age 61. External links Retrosheet Category:1890 births Category:1951 deaths Category:Boston Red Sox players Category:Chicago White Sox players Category:St. Louis Browns players Category:Major League Baseball catchers Category:Baseball players from Ohio Category:Birmingham Barons players Category:St. Paul Saints (AA) players Category:Milwaukee Brewers (minor league) players Category:Providence Grays (minor league) players Category:Minneapolis Millers (baseball) players Category:Little Rock Travelers players Category:Greenville Spinners players Category:Spartanburg Spartans players Category:Sportspeople from Cincinnati |
Tadashi Sugiyama is a Japanese video game designer and producer who works for Nintendo. Sugiyama joined the company in 1983, and served as one of the original young design staff for Nintendo's creative department. Sugiyama contributed graphic design to several games and worked with several notable Nintendo staff, including Mario series creator Shigeru Miyamoto and former president Satoru Iwata. Sugiyama originally worked as a graphic designer and character artist on several early Famicom titles. One of his early famous creations were the character designs of Popo and Nana from Ice Climber. Sugiyama went on to co-direct Zelda II: The Adventure of Link. Sugiyama was also one of the central designers working on Miyamoto's GBA-GCN Connectivity experiments, most of which never saw release. Works Ice Climber (1984) — Graphic Designer Zelda II: The Adventure of Link (1987) — Director Yume Kōjō: Doki Doki Panic (1987) — Game Designer Super Mario Bros. 2 (1988) — Assistant Director Pilotwings (1990) — Director Super Mario Kart (1992) — Director Mario Kart 64 (1996) — Art Director F-Zero X (1998) — Director F-Zero Xpansion Kit (2000) — Director Mario Kart: Super Circuit (2001) — Supervisor Luigi's Mansion (2001) — Design Director The Legend of Zelda: The Wind Waker (2002) — Supervisor F-Zero GX (2003) — Special Thanks Mario Kart: Double Dash!! (2003) — Producer Wii Fit (2007) — Producer Wii Fit Plus (2009) — Producer Steel Diver (2011) — Producer Star Fox 64 3D (2011) — Producer Wii Fit U (2013) — Producer Steel Diver: Sub Wars (2014) — Producer Star Fox Zero (2016) — Producer Star Fox Guard (2016) — Producer Tank Troopers (2016) — Producer Interviews Iwata Asks: Wii Fit - Development Staff Interview References Category:1968 births Category:Japanese video game designers Category:Japanese video game directors Category:Japanese video game producers Category:Living people Category:Nintendo people Category:Osaka University of Arts alumni Category:People from Shizuoka Prefecture |
National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program The National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Program was first authorized by the Fluid Milk Promotion Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6401-6417) (Subtitle H of Title XIX of P.L. 101-624, called the Fluid Act). Fluid milk processors through a commodity checkoff program develop and finance generic advertising programs designed to maintain and expand markets and uses for fluid milk products produced in the United States. The mandatory national fluid milk program is financed by a 20¢ per hundredweight assessment on all fluid milk processed and marketed commercially in consumer-type packages (except by small processors). Fluid Milk Board annual revenue is approximately $110 million. The program is administered by the National Fluid Milk Processor Promotion Board. It should not be confused with the dairy farmer funded Dairy Promotion Program. The program originally required periodic reauthorization by Congress. However, the 2002 farm bill (P.L. 107-171, Sec. 1506) gave the program permanent authority. References External links https://www.ams.usda.gov/about-ams/programs-offices/dairy-program Category:Commodity checkoff programs Category:Dairy farming Category:Dairy marketing |
Kasun Abeyrathne Kasun Abeyrathne (born 7 August 1998) is a Sri Lankan cricketer. He made his Twenty20 debut for Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club in the 2017–18 SLC Twenty20 Tournament on 1 March 2018. He made his List A debut for Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club in the 2018–19 Premier Limited Overs Tournament on 4 March 2019. References External links Category:1998 births Category:Living people Category:Sri Lankan cricketers Category:Bloomfield Cricket and Athletic Club cricketers Category:Sri Lanka Air Force Sports Club cricketers Category:Place of birth missing (living people) |
Hun Kal (crater) Hun Kal is a small crater on Mercury that serves as the reference point for the planet's system of longitude. The longitude of Hun Kal's center is defined as being 20° W, thus establishing the planet's prime meridian. Hun Kal was chosen as a reference point since the actual prime meridian was in shadow when Mariner 10 photographed the region, hiding any features near 0° longitude from view. Hun Kal is about 1.5 km in diameter. The name "Hun Kal" means '20' in the language of the Maya. References Category:Impact craters on Mercury Category:Prime meridians |
Results of the 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election This is a list of electoral district results for the 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election. The election was conducted on the basis of a simple majority or first-past-the-post voting system. In this election there were 8 multi-member districts returning 20 members and 52 single member districts giving a total of 72 members. In the multi-member districts each elector could vote for as many candidates as there were vacancies. 11 districts were uncontested. There was no recognisable party structure at this election Election results Parramatta Returning two members Both James Farnell and James Byrnes were re-elected. See also Candidates of the 1869–70 New South Wales colonial election Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, 1869–1872 Notes References 1869-70 |
Franco Forini Franco Forini (born 22 September 1958 in Muralto) is a former racing driver from Switzerland. He competed in the Italian Formula Three Championship between 1981 and 1985, winning the title in his final year in a Dallara-Volkswagen with future Formula One team Forti Corse, and finishing as runner up in the Monaco Grand Prix Formula 3 support race in the same year. He moved up to Formula 3000 in 1986 with little success. He participated in three Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 6 September 1987. He scored no championship points. After his brief stint in Formula One, he returned to Formula 3 in 1988 and 1989 without any further success. He later ran a transportation and shipment company in Minusio. Complete Formula One results (key) References External links Profile at F1 Rejects Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:Swiss racing drivers Category:Swiss Formula One drivers Category:Osella Formula One drivers Category:Italian Formula Three Championship drivers Category:International Formula 3000 drivers |
Dorothy Masuka Dorothy Masuka (3 September 1935, in Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) – 23 February 2019, in Johannesburg, South Africa) was a Zimbabwe-born South African jazz singer. On the 23rd of February 2019, she succumbed to stroke in South Africa. Early life She was born in Bulawayo, the fourth of seven children, and her mother was a Zulu woman while her father was a Zambian hotel chef. Still, she attended a Catholic school deemed good by the standards of education allowed to blacks. Her family moved to South Africa when she was 12 due to her health. By the time she was 19 she was touring in South Africa with singers she had admired as a girl. Music career Masuka's music was popular in South Africa throughout the 1950s, but when her songs became more serious, the government began questioning her. Her song "Dr. Malan," mentioning difficult laws, was banned and in 1961 she sang a song for Patrice Lumumba, which led to her exile. This exile lasted 31 years in total during which she lived in Zambia and worked as a flight attendant. She returned to Zimbabwe in 1980 after independence. Many of her songs are in the Ndebele language or Sindebele languages. In August 2011, Dorothy Masuka and Mfundi Vundla, creator of the popular South African soap opera Generations, confirmed plans to make a film of Masuka's life. The film would concentrate on the years 1952 to 1957. On 27 April 2017 she featured in the concert "The Jazz Epistles featuring Abdullah Ibrahim & Ekaya," at The Town Hall, New York City, opening the show and delivering "one passionate performance after another, warming up and winning over the crowd". Dorothy Masuka died in Johannesburg on 23 February 2019, aged 83. References External links "Dorothy Masuka", Afropop. "Dorothy Masuka: The Definitive Collection Review", BBC Music. Dorothy Masuka auf culturebase.net Category:1935 births Category:2019 deaths Category:Zimbabwean female singers Category:People from Bulawayo Category:Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa |
Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency) Yorkshire was a constituency of the House of Commons of the Parliament of England from 1290, then of the Parliament of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832. It was represented by two Members of Parliament, traditionally known as Knights of the Shire, until 1826, when the county benefited from the disfranchisement of Grampound by taking an additional two members. The constituency was split into its three historic ridings, for Parliamentary purposes, under the Reform Act 1832. Each riding returned two MPs. The county was then represented by the Yorkshire East Riding, Yorkshire North Riding and Yorkshire West Riding constituencies. Boundaries Yorkshire is the largest of the historic counties of England. The constituency comprised the whole county. Yorkshire contained several boroughs which each independently returned two members to Parliament. These were Aldborough, Beverley, Boroughbridge, Hedon, Kingston upon Hull, Knaresborough, Malton, Northallerton, Pontefract, Richmond, Ripon, Scarborough, Thirsk and York. Members of Parliament MPs 1290–1640 Constituency created 1290 MPs 1640–1826 Short Parliament 1640: Sir William Savile, Bt 1640: Henry Belasyse Long Parliament 1640–1648: The Lord Fairfax of Cameron (Parliamentarian) – died March 1648 1640–1642: Henry Belasyse (Royalist) – disabled to sit, September 1642 (Although writs were issued to fill both these vacancies, no elections seem to have been held and the seats remained vacant to the end of the Parliament) Barebones Parliament (Nominated members) 1653: Lord Eure, Walter Strickland, Francis Lascelles, John Anlaby, Thomas Dickenson, Thomas St. Nicholas, Roger Coats, Edward Gill First Protectorate Parliament (Fourteen members elected for the three Ridings) 1654–1655: East Riding: Hugh Bethell, Richard Robinson, Walter Strickland, Sir William Strickland; North Riding: Lord Eure, Francis Lascelles, Thomas Harrison, George Smithson; West Riding: Lord Fairfax, John Lambert, Henry Tempest, John Bright, Edward Gill, Martin Lister Second Protectorate Parliament (Fourteen members elected for the three Ridings) 1656–1658: East Riding: Hugh Bethell, Richard Darley, Henry Darley, Sir William Strickland; North Riding: Lord Eure, Francis Lascelles, Major General Robert Lilburne, Luke Robinson; West Riding: John Lambert, Colonel Henry Tempest, Edward Gill, Francis Thorpe, Henry Arthington, John Stanhope Third Protectorate Parliament 1659: The Lord Fairfax of Cameron, Thomas Harrison Long Parliament (restored) Both seats vacant MPs 1826–1832Notes'Elections The county franchise, from 1430, was held by the owners of freehold land valued at 40 shillings or more. Each voter had as many votes as there were seats to be filled. Votes had to be cast by a spoken declaration, in public, at the hustings, which took place in the county town of York. The expense and difficulty of voting at only one location in the (very large) county, together with the lack of a secret ballot contributed to the corruption and intimidation of voters, which was widespread in the unreformed British political system. The expense, to candidates, of contested elections encouraged the leading families of the county to agree on the candidates to be returned unopposed whenever possible. Contested county elections were therefore unusual. Elections in the eighteenth century Only two elections in the 18th century were contested. At the 1784 general election, the seat was initially contested, but the two Whig candidates Francis Ferrand Foljambe and William Weddell conceded without calling for a poll. Elections in the 1800s At the 1802 general election, William Wilberforce and Henry Lascelles were elected unopposed. At the 1806 general election, William Wilberforce and Walter Ramsden Fawkes were elected unopposed. Elections in the 1810s and 1820s At the 1812 general election, Viscount Milton and Henry Lascelles were elected unopposed. At the 1818 and 1820 general elections, Viscount Milton and James Stuart Wortley were |
elected unopposed. At the 1826 general election, Richard Fountayne Wilson, John Marshall, William Duncombe and Viscount Milton were elected unopposed. Elections in the 1830s At the 1831 general election, George Strickland, John Charles Ramsden, John Vanden-Bempde-Johnstone and George Howard were elected unopposed. See also 1807 Yorkshire election References The Parliaments of England by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844–50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973) originally published in 1844–50, so out of copyright'' List of former United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies Unreformed House of Commons Category:Parliamentary constituencies in Yorkshire and the Humber (historic) Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies established in 1290 Category:United Kingdom Parliamentary constituencies disestablished in 1832 |
Statue of Emiliano Zapata, Cholula The statue of Emiliano Zapata in Cholula, Puebla, Mexico, was erected by Gobierno Municipal de San Pedro Cholula in 2014. See also Cultural depictions of Emiliano Zapata References External links Category:2014 establishments in Mexico Category:2014 sculptures Category:Cholula, Puebla Category:Monuments and memorials in Mexico Category:Outdoor sculptures in Mexico Category:Sculptures of men in Mexico Category:Statues in Mexico |
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