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Cosmic Engineers Cosmic Engineers is a science fiction novel by American author Clifford D. Simak. It was published in 1950 by Gnome Press in an edition of 6,000 copies, of which 1,000 were bound in paperback for an armed forces edition. The novel was originally serialized in the magazine Astounding in 1939. Plot introduction The novel concerns a group of earthmen and a girl, who is awakened from suspended animation, being contacted by aliens with whom they join to prevent the collision of one universe with another. Reception Groff Conklin found the 1950 text "has an old-fashioned and somewhat frenetic ring to it which, nevertheless, is rather pleasant." Damon Knight, however, panned the same edition as "a pot-boiler [which] should have been left interred" and noted that the 70th-century's inhabitants "talk, think, and act exactly like middle-class, middle-intellect 1930s Americans." P. Schuyler Miller reported the novel was "good fun, but nothing to weight you down with ideas." Stephen King mentions Cosmic Engineers in his memoir On Writing, describing Simak's novel as "a terrific read". References Sources External links Category:1950 American novels Category:1950 science fiction novels Category:American science fiction novels Category:Novels by Clifford D. Simak Category:Novels first published in serial form Category:Works originally published in Analog Science Fiction and Fact |
Ruhm al-ʽUlya Ruhm al-`Ulya is a village in western central Yemen. It is located in the San‘a’ Governorate. External links Towns and villages in the San‘a’ Governorate Category:Villages in Sana'a Governorate |
R280 road (Ireland) The R280 road is a regional road in Ireland linking Bundoran in County Donegal in the north to Carrick-on-Shannon in County Leitrim. En route it passes through Kinlough, Manorhamilton, Drumkeeran and Leitrim village. The road is long. See also Roads in Ireland National primary road National secondary road References Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport Category:Regional roads in the Republic of Ireland Category:Roads in County Donegal Category:Roads in County Leitrim Category:Roads in County Sligo |
2010 Oceania Handball Championship The 2010 Oceania Handball Championship took place in Porirua, New Zealand from 8–10 May. By winning, Australia secured the Oceania bid for the 2011 World Men's Handball Championship in Sweden. The tournament was held as a double round robin. Participating nations were Australia, New Zealand and the Cook Islands. Table Results References Report on International Handball Federation web page. 22 January, 2011 External links 2011 WC Qualification (Men), Team Handball News Stats on Tudor.com Oceania men championship Category:Oceania Handball Championship Category:2010 in New Zealand sport Category:International handball competitions hosted by New Zealand |
Cagnano Amiterno Cagnano Amiterno is a comune and town in the Province of L'Aquila in the Abruzzo region of central Italy. It is located in the natural park known as the "Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga National Park". It was the location of the former Latin Catholic bishopric of Amiterno. Category:Cities and towns in Abruzzo |
Friedrich Marby Friedrich Bernhard Marby (10 May 1882 – 3 December 1966) was a German rune occultist and Germanic revivalist. He is best known for his revivalism and use of the Armanen runes row. Marby was imprisoned during the Third Reich, which may have been due to a denunciation by Karl Maria Wiligut. According to the Odinist magazine Vor Trú, Marby "was one of the most (if not the most) important figures in the realm of runic sciences" with an impact felt not only by contemporaries but "among today's researchers and practitioners." Early life Born in Aurich, Ostfriesland, Friedrich Marby trained as a printer and served professionally as an editor. Rune scholarship From 1924, he began publishing his theories and research. There was a school of rune scholars who interpreted the Eddas completely in anti-Semitic fashion, but Alan Baker in his book Invisible Eagle singles out Marby as one of the exceptions. Marby, along with Siegfried Adolf Kummer, was criticized by name in a report made to Heinrich Himmler by his chief esoteric runologist, Karl Maria Wiligut. Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke states that Wiligut censured them "for bringing the holy Aryan heritage into disrepute and ridicule", suggesting "this criticism may have led to Marby's harsh treatment in the Third Reich." According to Vor Trú, Marby spent eight years and three months in the camps at Flossenbürg, Welzheim, and Dachau before being released on 29 April 1945. He resumed publishing his magazine Forschung and Erfahung (Research and Experience) and books. He died in 1966. Marby's "runic gymnastics" () was advocated as "Rune-Yoga" (also "Runic Yoga", "Stadhagaldr") by Stephen Flowers ("Edred Thorsson") from the 1980s. References External links Stadhagaldr - Runic Yoga http://www.oocities.org/odinistlibrary/OLArticles/Articles/FredericBernardMarby.htm Category:1882 births Category:1966 deaths Category:Adherents of Germanic neopaganism Category:Dachau concentration camp survivors Category:Flossenbürg concentration camp survivors Category:German neopagans Category:German occultists Category:Nazism and occultism Category:People from Aurich Category:People from the Province of Hanover |
McQuaig McQuaig is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: Jerry McQuaig (1912–2001), American baseball player Linda McQuaig (born 1951), Canadian writer and journalist Scott McQuaig (born 1960), American country singer-songwriter |
Jet card A Private Jet Card is a private aviation product that enables holders to use different aircraft at agreed-upon fixed hourly rates. Jet cards are offered by large and small fleet operators and charter brokers. On a jet card's pros list is convenience: Users don't have to exchange contracts or make payments each time they arrange a flight. There are many as 65 variables between jet card companies, according to Private Jet Card Comparisons, a buyer's guide to jet card programs. Traditional Jet Card programs are prepaid hours of occupied flight time on a given aircraft or size of aircraft. Some programs include not only jets, but turboprops. The term “jet card” can also refer to prepaid private jet charter programs that have similar attributes. Virtually every private jet provider now offers some form of a Jet Card or membership option. Notable Jet Card providers include, Delta Private Jets, Flight Options, Airstream Jets, Marquis Jet (NetJets), Sentient, Jetsuite, Magellan Jets and Flexjet. Jet card history The first Jet Card was created in 1997 by the founder of Sentient Jet, a charter broker located near Boston. The Jet Card was developed in response to the highly popular fractional ownership programs of the time offered by NetJets and Flight Options. The attraction to fractional ownership and ultimately the Jet Card was the consistency in pricing over charter and the reduced complexity of owning a jet, which were the only other options prior to NetJets. The term “jet card” was devised to create a marketing product for what equates to block on-demand charter. There are over 250 Jet Card programs on the market, with the number of providers having doubled in the past 10 years. Jet cards offering turboprops and piston aircraft instead of jets are increasing. , there are 14 providers that offer turboprop and piston aircraft jet cards. Jet card types Jet Cards have evolved from the original card in 1997 which simply made charter pricing more consistent by guaranteeing fixed hourly rates to membership programs which offer free or discounted empty leg/re-positioning leg flights and individual seats on private jet shuttles. Here are some examples of the varying types of Jet Cards offered today: The standard charter-based Jet Card - The most common type of jet card offered by charter brokers and operators. Customers pre-purchase hours or place money on account which is deducted at fixed hourly rates. Flights are sourced through the existing charter market. Mileage-based pricing Jet Card - Pricing based on distance as opposed to time. Mileage-based pricing is transparent and quantifiable. Airstream Jets’ Distance Card charges by distance rather than flight time and the farther you fly, the lower the per-mile cost. Dynamic Priced Jet Card - Customers place a deposit on account and receive options based on market availability. Customers may select specific aircraft and are not committed to a fleet or required to use their deposit within any specific time frame. Capped Rate - A development from always paying a fixed hourly rate, customers are still protected with a maximum hourly rate but retain the ability to get lower rates dependent on market availability and notice given. The fractional ownership jet card - Cards from Marquis Jet and FlexJet sell flight time in 25 hour increments on a specific jet type which is sourced from their fractional ownership fleets. Owned fleet jet card - Popularized by XOJet, a charter operator with a fleet of Citation X's and Challenger 300's. The jets are configured similarly to increase quality and consistency. The fleet is backed up using the existing charter fleet during peak travel periods. |
Jets by the seat - A new class which was popularized by JetSmarter offers individual seats on private jets for certain routes after paying an annual membership. The seats can come from empty leg/re-positioning legs and/or shuttle flights which are scheduled private jet shuttles. Additional fees often apply for these seats. Custom Jet Cards - Launched in 2018 by several providers, including Air Charter Service, DashJet and Prive Jets, custom jet cards create programs tailored to individual customers, including standards for sourcing aircraft, lead-time for making reservations, service area and hourly or fixed segment pricing. As industry expert (and founder of Jet Card Comparisons) Doug Gollan explains,"While most jet card buyers typically focus around hourly rates, there are dozens of differences between programs, many that will impact what you will actually pay and which ones will best fit your needs. With over 50 providers and more than 300 offerings, here’s a quick cheat sheet that will help you focus on the policies and protocols that will make a difference for you. And while generally speaking, jet cards start at between 10 and 25 hours and entry-level jet card program deposits range from $50,000 to $150,000, remember the devil is in the details." Jet card cost Jet Card purchase prices start at around $50,000. See also Private jet Fractional ownership of aircraft Air charter Air taxi Business jet References Category:Civil aviation Category:General aviation |
Lantråd Lantråd is the title of the Head of Government of the Åland Islands in Finland. The person holding the office leads its regional government. The current Lantråd is Katrin Sjögren. List of Premiers of the Åland Islands (1922–Present): Carl Björkman (1922–1938) Viktor Strandfält (1938–1955) Hugo Johansson (1955–1967) Martin Isaksson (1967–1972) Alarik Häggblom (1972–1979) Folke Woivalin (1979–1988) Sune Eriksson (1988–1991) Ragnar Erlandsson (1991–1995) Roger Jansson (1995–1999) Roger Nordlund (1999–2007) Viveka Eriksson (2007–2011) Camilla Gunell (2011–2015) Katrin Sjögren (2015–present) See also Vice lantråd Government of Åland Parliament of Åland References External links The Åland Government The Åland Parliament Category:Politics of the Åland Islands |
Wayne Edwards Wayne Edwards may refer to: Wayne Edwards (racing driver) Wayne Edwards (baseball) Wayne Edwards (soldier) Edward Edwards (serial killer) (middle name Wayne) |
Valmunster Valmunster () is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. See also Communes of the Moselle department Category:Communes of Moselle (department) |
Tugstsogt Nyambayar Tugstsogt Nyambayar (; born 23 June 1992) is a Mongolian professional boxer who has held the IBO featherweight title since 2019. As an amateur, he won silver medals at the 2009 World Championships and 2012 London Olympics. As of January 2020, he is ranked as the world's fifth best active featherweight by the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board and sixth by The Ring and BoxRec. Amateur career As a seventeen-year-old amateur, he won the silver medal at the 2009 World Amateur Boxing Championships. At the age of twenty, he won the silver medal at the 2012 London Olympics, losing to the Cuban boxer Robeisy Ramírez by a score of 14:17 in the final. Professional career In 2015, he signed with the manager/adviser Al Haymon and made his professional boxing debut in March of that year. He is trained by John Pullman at Pullmans Boxing Gym in Northridge, California. Professional boxing record References External links Category:1992 births Category:AIBA World Boxing Championships medalists Category:Boxers at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Boxers at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Boxers at the 2014 Asian Games Category:Featherweight boxers Category:Flyweight boxers Category:Living people Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Mongolian male boxers Category:Olympic boxers of Mongolia Category:Olympic medalists in boxing Category:Olympic silver medalists for Mongolia Category:Sportspeople from Ulaanbaatar Category:Asian Games competitors for Mongolia |
Martin Wimmer Martin Wimmer (born October 11, 1957 in Munich) is a former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer from Germany. He had his best year in 1985 when he won the German Grand Prix, and had two second places, finishing the 250cc season in fourth place behind Freddie Spencer, Anton Mang and Carlos Lavado. In 1987, Yamaha teamed him with Kevin Magee to win the Suzuka 8 Hours endurance race. In 2009, he joined Ralf Waldmann in buying out the motorbike manufacturing company MZ, from the Hong Leong Group. He formed Motorenwerke Zschopau GmbH and ran it with the Investor Peter Ertel until September 2012, when he had to file for insolvency proceedings. His bank, Merkur Bank KGaA, had withdrawn a loan offer short term despite the company having a fixed term account. Currently there are several legal court proceedings. Wimmer published a book about the case in November 2014. The name of the book is: Der Fall MZ ... durch die Bank weg ... Motorcycle Grand Prix Results Points system from 1969 to 1987: Points system from 1988 to 1992: (key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) Suzuka 8 Hours results References Category:1957 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Munich Category:German motorcycle racers Category:250cc World Championship riders Category:350cc World Championship riders |
Lawrence Walkup James "Lawrence" Walkup (February 26, 1914 – August 7, 2002) was the eleventh president of Northern Arizona University from 1957 to 1979. He developed the school from a teachers' college to one with 152 degree specializations. Early life Walkup was born in Wheeling, Missouri to college-educated parents, John L. and Jessie D. Walkup. He had two brothers named Allen and Lucian and attended the Wheeling Baptist Church. He graduated from high school in 1932 as salutatorian of his class. In 1936, he earned a bachelor's degree from Central Missouri State College where he majored in chemical and biological sciences. After college, he became an educator of math, science, and commerce, eventually becoming superintendent in Blackburn, Missouri. In 1942, Walkup received a master's degree from the University of Missouri and entered the U.S. Navy as a course analyst for cadet training during World War II. While in the navy, he married Lucy Meloy on June 2, 1943. She was an English and music teacher. They had a daughter named Susan. Northern Arizona University Early leadership In 1948, Walkup earned his doctorate degree from the University of Missouri and was recruited by Lacey Eastburn to come to Arizona State College [Flagstaff], now known as NAU, as an instructor. One of his first duties was to become director of the college’s elementary school. In 1950, he became the head of the education department, the director of placement and the chair of the graduate council. In 1951, he became a Dean of Instruction and developed a whole new curriculum to re-attain the program’s accreditation from the North Central Association. He also developed the college’s new graduate program. He was named Dean of the College of Education in 1955 and was appointed president of Northern Arizona University in 1957. President As President, Walkup tried to anticipate what a growing campus would need. In 1958, he organized the school into seven divisions. In the early 1960s, he started a building program and the college’s enrollment climbed throughout the decade. He added a nursing program to the school's offerings in 1961. In 1966, he oversaw the renaming of the school from Arizona State College at Flagstaff to Northern Arizona University. Two years later, NAU began offering Doctorates of Philosophy and Education, and the first doctoral candidates graduated in 1973. Walkup oversaw the building of the South Campus which was completed in 1971. The Walkups were known for inviting students to their home for special occasions. "Lucy was the first lady on campus," Walkup said. He retired in 1979. Community leadership Walkup was elected president of the Flagstaff Chamber of Commerce in 1958. In 1964, he was elected to the board of directors of the First National Bank of Arizona. He was elected chairman of the selection committee for Rhodes Scholarships in Arizona in 1966. That same year he was selected Flagstaff’s Citizen of the Year. In 1969, he was named national president of the American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education. His community memberships have included the Church of the Master Baptist Church, the NAU Heritage Society, the NAU President's Circle, Sigma Pi fraternity, Kappa Phi Kappa educational fraternity, Kappa Delta Pi, Phi Delta Kappa and the Museum of Northern Arizona's Board of Directors. He was also a founding planner of Arizona Town Hall. Retirement In 1995, Walkup was named an Arizona Historymaker by the Arizona Historical Society. He spent much of his time in Wheeling, Missouri where he owned a thousand-acre farm. To honor him, the Arizona House of Representatives unanimously approved House Concurrent Resolution 2030. He also wrote six books, including two NAU |
books and two Walkup heritage books. After his death, he was buried in Wheeling, Missouri. The Walkup Skydome in Flagstaff was named in his honor. The facility is the third largest clear span timber dome in the world. References Category:Northern Arizona University faculty Category:1914 births Category:2002 deaths Category:American military personnel of World War II Category:Baptists from the United States |
Phytomyza spondylii Phytomyza spondylii is a species of leaf miner fly in the family Agromyzidae. The larvae develop inside the leaves of its host plant, making a conspicuous whitish mine. Host plants include Astrantia bieberstedtii, red masterwort Astrantia carniolica, giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum, hogweed Heracleum sphondylium and wild parsnip Pastinaca sativa. References Category:Phytomyza Category:Articles created by Qbugbot Category:Insects described in 1851 |
Nyssodrysternum serpentinum Nyssodrysternum serpentinum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson in 1847. References Category:Nyssodrysternum Category:Beetles described in 1847 |
Seh Boneh-ye Olya Seh Boneh-ye Olya (, also Romanized as Seh Boneh-ye ‘Olyā; also known as Seh Boneh and Seh Boneh-ye Bālā) is a village in Miyan Ab-e Shomali Rural District, in the Central District of Shushtar County, Khuzestan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 49, in 8 families. References Category:Populated places in Shushtar County |
Fritz Borgnis Fritz E. Borgnis (Dezember 24, 1906 – August 27, 1982) was a German applied physicist and electrical engineer, known for his contributions to microwave physics, guided waves and ultrasonic measurements for medical diagnostics. Background Fritz E. Borgnis was born on December 24, 1906, in Mannheim, Germany. After completing high school in Hamburg, he matriculated at the Technische Hochschule of Munich where he received a diploma in electrical engineering in 1929. He continued at the University of Munich and obtained a Dr. Ing. degree in the field of current flow by convection and diffusion. He continued his academic career at the University of Graz followed by two years at the ETH Zurich from 1948 until 1950. During the next seven years, he worked and taught at various universities in the USA. From 1957 until 1960 he acted as director of research at the Allgemeine Deutsche Philips Industrie in Hamburg. 1960 Borgnis accepted a faculty position at the ETH in Zurich. He became full professor for high-frequency electronics. From the early 1960s, projects at his institute at the ETH dealt with measurements of flow in liquids using ultrasound. Several publications describe the progress achieved as pioneers in this field. Initial experiments were performed in blood vessels of dogs. Later, experiments to measure the flow in human blood vessels were conducted. He retired in 1977 after working and teaching at the ETH during 17 years. Books Electromagnetic Waveguides and Resonators, in Handbuch der Physik, vol. XVI, (Springer-Verlag, 1958). With Charles H. Papas Randwertprobleme der Mikrowellenphysik (Springer-Verlag, 1955). With Charles H. Papas Awards Fellow of the American Physical Society Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Fellow of the Acoustical Society of America References Category:20th-century engineers Category:ETH Zurich faculty Category:Fellow Members of the IEEE Category:1906 births Category:1982 deaths |
1902 Dublin County Council election The 1899 Dublin County Council election was held on 26 May 1902. Only four electoral divisions saw contests. The divisions of Lucan, Pembroke West, Rathfarnham, and Rathmines East had initially been expected to also see contests, however due to candidates withdrawing these divisions went without contests. Aggregate results Ward results Castleknock Donnybrook Dundrum Lusk Kingstown Swords References Category:1902 Irish local elections 1902 |
India–European Union relations Relations between the Republic of India and the European Union are currently defined by the 1994 EU-India Cooperation Agreement. The EU is a significant trade partner for India and the two sides have been attempting to negotiate a free trade deal since 2007. Indo-EU bilateral trade (excluding services trade) stood at US$104.3 billion in the financial year 2018–19. Trade The EU is India's largest trading partner with 12.5% of India's overall trade between 2015 and 2016, ahead of China (10.8%) and the United States (9.3%). India is the EU's 9th largest trading partner with 2.4% of the EU's overall trade. Bilateral trade (in both goods & services) reached €115 billion in 2017 EU exports to India have grown from €24.2 billion in 2006 to €45.7 billion in 2018. India's exports to the EU also grew steadily from €22.6 billion in 2006 to €45.82 billion in 2018, with the largest sectors being engineering goods, pharmaceuticals, gems and jewellery, other manufactured goods and chemicals. Trade in services has also tripled between 2005 and 2016, reaching €28.9 billion. India is among the few nations in the world that run a surplus in services trade with the EU. Investment stocks from Europe to India reached €51.2 billion in 2015. France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade. Background India was one of the first countries to develop relations with the European Union. The Joint Political Statement of 1993 and the 1994 Co-operation Agreement were the foundational agreements for the bilateral partnership. In 2004, India and European Union became "Strategic Partners". A Joint Action Plan was agreed upon in 2005 and updated in 2008. India-EU Joint Statements was published in 2009 and 2012 following the India-European Union Summits. EU-India relationship has been qualified as high on rhetoric and low on substance. Free trade negotiations India and the EU have been working on a Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA) since 2007, but India's trade regime and regulatory environment remains comparatively restrictive. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement Talks on an EU-India Bilateral Trade and Investment Agreement have stalled after failing to resolve differences related to matters such as the level of FDI & market access, manufacture of generic drugs, greenhouse gas emissions, civil nuclear energy, farming subsidies, regulation & safeguards of the financial sector, cooperation on tax evasion, overseas financing of NGOs in India, trade controls, technology transfer restrictions and cooperation on embargoes (Russia). In January 2015, India rejected a non-binding resolution passed by the European Parliament pertaining to maritime incidents which occurred within Indian Contiguous Zone. European Union Ambassador to India Joao Cravinho played down the resolution saying that the case will be resolved in accordance with Indian and International Laws. Nuclear energy The EU and India agreed on 29 September 2008 at the EU-India summit in Marseille, to expand their co-operation in the fields of nuclear energy and environmental protection and deepen their strategic partnership. French President Nicolas Sarkozy, the EU's rotating president, said at a joint press conference at the summit that "EU welcomes India, as a large country, to engage in developing nuclear energy, adding that this clean energy will be helpful for the world to deal with the global climate change." Sarkozy also said the EU and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan pledged to accelerate talks on a free trade deal and expected to finish the deal by 2009. The Indian prime minister was also cautiously optimistic about co-operation on nuclear energy. "Tomorrow we have a bilateral summit with France. This matter will come up and I |
hope some good results will emerge out of that meeting," Singh said when asked about the issue. Singh said that he was "very satisfied" with the results of the summit. He added that EU and India have "common values" and the two economies are complementary to each other. European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso, also speaking at Monday's press conference, expounded the joint action plan on adjustments of EU's strategic partnership with India, saying the two sides will strengthen co-operation on world peace and safety, sustainable development, co-operation in science and technology and cultural exchanges. Reviewing the two sides' efforts in developing the bilateral strategic partnership, the joint action plan reckoned that in politics, dialogue and co-operation have enhanced through regular summits and exchanges of visits and that in economy, mutual investments have increased dramatically in recent years, dialogue in macro economic policies and financial services has established and co-operation in energy, science and technology and environment has been launched. Under the joint action plan, EU and Indian would enhance consultation and dialogue on human rights within the UN framework, strengthen co-operation in world peacekeeping mission, fight against terror and non-proliferation of arms, promote co-operation and exchange in developing civil nuclear energy and strike a free trade deal as soon as possible. France, which relies heavily on nuclear power and is a major exporter of nuclear technology, is expected to sign a deal that would allow it to provide nuclear fuel to India. 12th EU-India Summit On the eve of the Summit President Van Rompuy stated: "The 12th EU-India summit will confirm that EU and India are strengthening and rebalancing their partnership in its political dimension, thus bringing our relationship to new heights. It will demonstrate that increased co-operation between India and the EU can make a difference for the security and the prosperity of our continents." Although there were some apprehensions regarding the EU-enforced carbon tax on all fliers landing or passing through European skies that was opposed by many other countries, including India, China, the US and Russia, the European Union and India held their twelfth annual summit in New Delhi on 10 February 2012. Various EU representatives were present such as President Herman Van Rompuy and European Commission President José Manuel Barroso. The EU Trade commissioner, Karel De Gucht also attended the summit. The Republic of India was represented by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, Foreign Minister S.M. Krishna, Trade Minister A. Sharma and National Security Adviser, S.S. Menon. The summit agenda covered bilateral, regional and global issues. The Leaders emphasised the importance of the EU-India Strategic Partnership. They endeavoured to reinforce co-operation in security, in particular counter-terrorism, cyber-security and counter-piracy, as well as trade, energy, research and innovation. Galileo India has contributed towards the EU's satellite navigation system. See also Euro-India Research Centre References External links EU-India relations, fact sheet, European External Action Service PDF, Factsheet: EU-INDIA SUMMIT, 10 February 2012 – New Delhi, contains current status of EU relations with India summarised on two pages Comment: EU-India relations: from blind spot to strategic engagement, EU Observer EU Category:Third-country relations of the European Union |
Robin Wagner Robin Wagner may refer to: Robin Wagner (figure skater), American figure skating coach Robin Wagner (designer) (born 1933), American scenic designer Robin Wagner (cyclist) (born 1993), Czech cyclist |
Elgin Reptiles Elgin Reptiles is the name given to the Permian and Triassic fossils found in the sandstone deposits in and around the town of Elgin, in Moray, Scotland. They are of historical and scientific importance, and many of the specimens are housed in the Elgin Museum, and some in the Hunterian in Glasgow, and the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh. The Elgin Reptiles include the dinosauriform Saltopus elginensis, the dicynodont Gordonia, and the pareiasaur Elginia. There are also many footprints and tail-drags associated with the same Permian and Triassic sandstone deposits. History The sandstone in the Elgin area was originally quarried for building materials. The quarries were where the first reptile fossils were found, and they have continued to yield fossils to this day. The first Elgin Reptile was discovered in 1844, but because it was only a few scales scientists of the time believed it was an Old Red Sandstone fish fossil, which were relatively well-known from sites across Northern Scotland. In 1851 a second indisputably reptilian fossil was found. Fossils of Gordonia were first found by Scottish naturalist Ramsay Heatley Traquair in 1885 and E.T. Newton described several key fossil specimens. Elgin Museum is Scotland's oldest independent museum. The Elgin Reptiles, footprints, and older fish fossils held by the Elgin Museum are “recognised” by the Scottish Government as a Collection of National Significance due to the major part played by the Museum’s founders and associated geologists in helping answer questions about geological succession that challenged 19th century naturalists. The Museum mas many original papers, including letters from Hugh Miller, and correspondence with Charles Darwin. Geological background The land North of Elgin consists of fragments of Permian, Triassic and Jurassic bedrocks on the edge of the Moray Firth Basin, south of the Great Glen Fault. The Elgin Reptiles come from the Permian and Triassic rocks. These are called the Hopeman Sandstone Formation and the Burghead Sandstone Formation, both part of the New Red Sandstone Supergroup. Some marine reptiles have been found in a glacial erratic of Jurassic strata. Most of the sandstones are wind-blown desert dune deposits, but there are some river deposits and the later Jurassic deposits include mudstones. These rocks overly much older Devonian lake deposits from Lake Orcadie. The intervening Carboniferous sediments were eroded before the Permian deposition, leaving a 100 million year gap in the stratigraphy. This unusual sequence of rocks confused 19th century geologists for many years. The Moray Firth Basin has been exploited for offshore oil deposits. Scotland lay at about 20 degrees North in the Late Permian-Early Triassic, and was moving North. Permian, Triassic and Jurassic rocks are rare in Scotland, but some can be found along the Northern edge of the Moray Firth, and in the Inner Hebrides, particularly on the Isle of Skye. The Hopeman Sandstone Formation quarry at Clashach is designated as a SSSI (Site of Special Scientific Importance) for its fossils. Fossils Many of the Elgin Reptile fossils contain no actual bone: they are often voids in the sandstone that used to contain bone, but are now virtually empty. This made them difficult to identify and study. In the 19th century until the late 20th century, the most common method to explore them was to infill the void, then break the surrounding rock. More recently, CT-scanning has been used to see inside the rock and reconstruct the fossils digitally. These can also be printed or cast as models to facilitate study and as museum pieces. Elgin Museum has such a cast of the dicynodont Gordonia. The reptiles of Cutties Hillock, Quarrywood and the Hopeman Sandstones are |
Late Permian, around 250 million years old, while most other reptile fossils are found in the early Triassic rocks of Lossiemouth, Spynie and Findrassie, and are about 220 million years old. The fossils are “recognised” by the Scottish Government as a Collection of National Significance. Many of the type and significant specimens are on display, with more fossils and archives in the collection at Elgin Museum, available for study and research. More recent fossil discoveries from Elgin have been footprints, with over 200 found prior to 1997. These range in size from 0.5 cm to 24 cm wide, and most belong to therapsids. Numerous taildrags have also been recovered and studied, many from therapsids. Archosaurs †Rhynchosaurs Sphenodontids †Procolophonids †Dicynodonts †Pareiasaurs References Category:Permian Scotland Category:Fossils of Scotland Category:History of Moray Category:Elgin, Moray Category:Collections of the National Museums of Scotland |
Morad Kellal Morad Kellal (born Bourg-en-Bresse, 23 May 1960) is a French-born Algerian rugby union coach. He was also a rugby union referee and a sport educator. Kellal is one of the main responsibles for the organization of rugby union in Algeria and his main purpose is the creation of an Algerian Rugby Federation. He was the first coach of Algeria national rugby union team. Actually, he is teaching the art of rugby in Canada's schools, especially in the province of Quebec, trying to demystify that sport which is not as popular as it should be there. External links Category:1960 births Category:Living people Category:French rugby union coaches Category:Algerian rugby union coaches |
Parametricism Parametricism is a style within contemporary avant-garde architecture, promoted as a successor to post-modern architecture and modern architecture. The term was coined in 2008 by Patrik Schumacher, an architectural partner of Zaha Hadid (1950-2016). Parametricism has its origin in parametric design, which is based on the constraints in a parametric equation. Parametricism relies on programs, algorithms, and computers to manipulate equations for design purposes. Aspects of parametricism have been used in urban design, architectural design, interior design and furniture design. Proponents of parametricism have declared that one of the defining features is that "Parametricism implies that all elements of the design become parametrically variable and mutually adaptive." According to Schumacher, parametricism is an autopoiesis, or a self-referential system, in which all the elements are interlinked and an outside influence that changes one alters all the others." Parametricism rejects both homogenization (serial repetition) and pure difference (agglomeration of unrelated elements) in favor of differentiation and correlation as key compositional values. The aim is to build up more spatial complexity while maintaining legibility, i.e. to intensify relations between spaces (or elements of a composition) and to adapt to contexts in ways that establish legible connections. This allows architecture to translate the complexity of contemporary life processes in the global Post-Fordist network society. History Parametricism emerged as a theory-driven avant-garde design movement in the early 1990s, with its earliest practitioners - Greg Lynn, Jesse Reiser, Lars Spuybroek, Kas Oosterhuis among many others – harnessing and adapting the then new digital animation software and other advanced computational processes that had been introduced within architecture much earlier by pioneers like John Frazer and Paul Coates, but that only spread to make an impact within avant-garde architecture in the last 10–15 years. Schumaker has said that he believes the work of Frei Otto (1925 - 2015) is a precursor of Parametricism, as Frei "used physical processes as simulations and design engines to 'find' form rather than to draw conventional or invented forms. The inherent lawfulness of the engaged physical processes produced a combination of complexity, rigor and elegance that was otherwise unattainable. The power and beauty of this approach was striking." Early instances of proto-Parametricism, as manifest through the prolific generation of innovative designs and radical experiments within the transitional styles of Deconstructivism and Folding - including the work of the discipline’s discourse leaders such as Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Zaha Hadid, Rem Koolhaas, Wolf D. Prix, Bernard Tschumi, and Daniel Libeskind - were later radicalized by younger practitioners who matured in the context of these early practices, and stabilized the discipline around prolonged research programmes thriving on emerging digital technologies, and culminating in the emergence of Parametricism. Parametricism co-evolved with the global shift from the Modernist era of Fordism (mass production) to the Post-Fordist era (mass customization) of contemporary global society, and continues to evolve in an increasingly complex and fluid network of global societal communication systems. Parametricism offers advantages over styles that cannot (because they were never intended to) resonate and respond to the complexity and rapid fluidity of today’s society. Despite the persistence of styles such as modernism, minimalism, postmodernism, historicism and deconstructivism, a hard core of continuous innovation in research and building has stabilized around the new heuristics of Parametricism, and is continuing to proliferate the new style in academic and practice domains worldwide. Heuristics Parametricism offers functional and formal heuristics based on set of general abstract rules distilled from a very complex ecosystem of sustained avant-garde design research that spans over twenty five years of continuous innovative communication. Parametricism achieves elegance in both senses of the word – it is |
unified (compact) and beautiful (vital). Functional heuristics The functional heuristics of Parametricism include both Negative Principles and Positive Principles that have evolved since the mid-1990s across many projects worldwide, and that together constitute unifying heuristics. The Negative Principles include the avoidance of functional stereotypes (i.e. prescriptive program typologies), and the avoidance of segregative functional zoning (i.e. impermeable separation spaces according to single function allocation). The Positive Principles include the networking of parametric activity/event scenarios, and the communication of all spaces, activities and events. Formal heuristics Similar to the Functional heuristics, there are unified Formal heuristics distinguishing Parametricism from other styles of architecture. The Negative Principles include the avoidance of rigid forms that lack malleability; the avoidance of simple repetition that lacks variety; and the avoidance of collage of isolated and unrelated elements that result in a lack of order. The Positive Principles include the intelligent information-rich deformation of soft forms; differentiation of all systems through gradients, thresholds and singularities; and interdependent correlation of all systems. Projects Proto parametricism (1952-1992) Throughout his career, Frei Otto conducted research focused on constructing light-weight, tensile structures through form-finding physical models that performed analog "material computation". This work is regarded as the precursor to Parametricism. His design for the Olympic Stadium, Munich, built for the 1972 Summer Olympics, is a celebrated example of highly innovative lightweight tent construction, designed in collaboration with the architect Günther Behnisch. Early parametricism (1993-2008) Beyond the discursive paradigm shifts that led to the emergence of Parametricism, the ambition of the early built projects (1993-2008) was focused on adapting and innovating manufacturing and construction processes, upgrading the discipline's capacity to translate complex digital designs into constructible material assemblies. One of the earliest built examples, the Water Pavilion (1993-1997), by Lars Spuybroek (NOX) and Kas Oosterhuis (ONL), was the first building to combine continuous geometry with the utilisation of sensors throughout the interior, creating an interactive environment (also known as responsive architecture) where light and sound could be transformed by visitors. It was praised by the renowned architecture critic Charles Jencks as "yet to be surpassed" in his book The New Paradigm of Architecture. One of the early examples of a project designed from the outset in three-dimensional computer model is Kas Oosterhuis' Saltwater Pavilion (Gold Award 1997 for innovative recreational projects, Zeeuwse Architectuurprijs 1998, nomination Mies van der Rohe Award 1998). "The delineation of the form is laid down in the digital genes of the design that hold the germ of life. The first idea is the genetic starting point for all subsequent steps in the development. We no longer accept the domination of platonic volumes, the simplistic geometry of cube, sphere, cylinder and cone as the basic elements of architecture.". Among the most critically acclaimed and stylistically defining of the earliest projects is the Yokohama International Passenger Terminal (1995-2002), designed by Foreign Office Architects (FOA), headed by Farshid Moussavi and Alejandro Zaera-Polo. The project was praised for its "inventive architectural methodology and socially conscious thinking". The project broke new ground, both formally and socially, enriching a prominent shared urban space. Another notable early example is a project designed by Greg Lynn (FORM), Douglas Garofalo (Garofalo Architects) and Michael McInturf (Michael McInturf Architects) using vector-based animation software (1999). This addition of a 1500-seat sanctuary on the roof of a renovated laundry factory was part of its conversion to the New York Presbyterian Church in Queens, New York (1999). Among the most celebrated and stylistically defining of the early built projects is the Phaeno Science Center in Wolfsburg, Germany, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects starting in 2000. The building opened to the |
public in 2005, and has been described as a "hypnotic work of architecture - the kind of building that utterly transforms our vision of the future." It won a 2006 RIBA European Award, and the 2006 Institution of Structural Engineers Award for Arts, Leisure and Entertainment Structures. A later example is the 21-story concrete shell tower 0-14 in Dubai, UAE (2007), designed by Reiser + Umemoto. The structural shell creates a unique lace-like facade is modulated for variable light and views. The one meter space between the shell and main enclosure creates natural air movement that cools the glass facade. This is a very early example of the environmental design benefits that are achieved by applying the adaptive heuristics of Parametricism. The building's load-bearing concrete shell eliminates the need for internal columns and load-bearing walls. Morphosis Architects' Giant Interactive Group Corporate Headquarters, designed in 2005-2006 and constructed in 2009-2010, is described by the architects as "emerging organically from complexity". The campus is designed as a village that accommodates a diverse array of functions within a continuous folding plane that undulates in and out of the ground plane, creating a new artificial landscape. Parametricism 1.0 (2009-2014) The most complex and important built projects designed in the style of Parametricism were completed after the global financial crisis of 2008. Coop Himmelb(l)au's Dalian International Conference Center in Dalian, Liaoning, China, was completed in 2012. It has become "an instantly recognizable landmark" and "centerpiece of emerging Central Business District in the city of Dalian, bringing a parametric design to the edge of the Bay of Korea. The dynamically fluid, modulated vector field articulated on the exterior enclosure correlates the level and direction of natural light penetration to the organizational spatial distribution of the interior spaces. The Louis Vuitton Foundation was designed by Gehry Partners between 2006-2014. It is considered "a catalyst internationally for innovation in digital design and construction, setting a new standard for the use of advanced digital and fabrication technologies". The web-hosted, parametric, intelligently adaptable three-dimensional digital model enabled a team of over 400 people to contribute to it. The largest of these projects is Dongdaemun Design Plaza, designed by Zaha Hadid Architects with Samoo, a major urban development landmark in Seoul, South Korea. The project resulted in the 2010 designation of Seoul as the World Design Capital. The most innovative state-of-the-art fabrication techniques were used in shaping the "45,000 aluminium panels of varying sizes and curvatures". The back-lit facade, "described by the designers as 'a field of pixilation and perforation patterns'...[transforms] from a solid entity by day into an animated light show by night". Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Terminal 2 in Mumbai, India, designed by Skidmore Owings and Merrill and completed in 2014, serves over 40 million people yearly. The terminal is designed to accommodate traditional Indian departure and arrival ceremonies, and the complex veriagated patterns incorporated in the architecture at all scales are reminiscent of native regional patterns. Parametricism 2.0 (2015- ) In a 2014 debate between Michael Hansmeyer and Patrik Schumacher of ZHA, part of "The New How" lecture series hosted by Alejandro Zaera-Polo at Princeton University School of Architecture, Schumacher introduced "Parametricism 2.0", the "upgraded" and now fully matured "Parametricism with parameters that matter". Schumacher emphasized that after two decades of cumulative build-up of knowledge and experience, Parametricism is now fully prepared to "go mainstream", fulfilling the full gamut of the societal tasks of architecture in the "organization and articulation" of the built environment, including tectonic articulation and environmental adaptation. Examples of projects that fit the Parametricism 2.0 paradigm and are currently in the design phase include Google's |
California Headquarters by Bjarke Ingels (BIG) and Thomas Heatherwick (Heatherwick Studio), Beijing New Airport Terminal Building in Beijing China by Zaha Hadid Architects - which will be the world's biggest airport terminal, Harbin Cultural Center in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China by MAD Studio, and Earthly Pond Service Center International Horticultural Exposition by HHD-FUN. Outlook Parametricism is a global architectural style that has converged rather than being invented. In Patrik Schumacher's view, parametricism is architecture's answer to our computationally powered network society, representing a paradigmatic shift in architecture after the collapse of the hegemonic style of Modernism, in response to the global shift from the Modernist era of Fordism (mass production) to the Post-Fordist era (mass customization). The style continues to evolve in an increasingly complex and fluid network of global communications. Parametricism evolves with the advancing computational design and fabrication technologies. e.g. multi-agent computational systems, genetic algorithms and robotic fabrication. However, it is imperative to state that the emergence of a new style does not occur solely as the outcome of innovation in the technological arena. "The intelligence that is able to invent and think through such correlations is prior to its computational implementation. And, to a limited extent there can be "computation without computers". See also Parametric design Generative design References Schumacher, Patrik. "11. Parametricism - The Parametric Paradigm and the Formation of a New Style." In The Autopoiesis of Architecture, Volume II A New Agenda for Architecture. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. Lynn, Greg. "CCA - Archeology of the Digital." CCA RSS. Accessed April 13, 2015. Parametricism - A New Global Style for Architecture and Urban Design. Patrik Schumacher, London 2008. Published in: AD Architectural Design - Digital Cities, Vol 79, No 4, July/August 2009, guest editor: Neil Leach, general editor: Helen Castle. Lynn, Greg. "Animate Form." https://www.andrew.cmu.edu. 1999. Accessed April 13, 2015. https://www.andrew.cmu.edu/course/48-125/IDM2/READINGS_files/LynnAnimateForm.pdf. External links http://www.redcat.org/event/politics-parametricism https://web.archive.org/web/20150516030739/http://www.worldarchitecture.org/theory-issues/pfc/parametricism.html http://www.bdonline.co.uk/the-future-is-parametric/3122853.article http://www.grasshopper3d.com/forum/topics/parametricism-reading-list https://archagenda.com/parametricism Category:Architecture |
2005 FINA Women's Water Polo World League The 2005 FINA Women's Water Polo World League was the second edition of the annual event, organised by the world's governing body in aquatics, the FINA. Two qualification tournaments were held, before the Super Finals took off in Kirishi, Russia from August 18 to August 21, 2005. Preliminary round GROUP A Held from June 29 to July 10, 2005 in the La Jolla Coggan Family Aquatic Complex in La Jolla, United States and the Aquatic Center of Eisenhower Park on Long Island, New York. Thursday June 30, 2005 in La Jolla Friday July 1, 2005 in La Jolla Saturday July 2, 2005 in La Jolla Saturday July 2, 2005 in La Jolla Sunday July 3, 2005 in La Jolla Wednesday July 6, 2005 on Long Island Thursday July 7, 2005 on Long Island Friday July 8, 2005 on Long Island Saturday July 9, 2005 on Long Island Sunday July 10, 2005 on Long Island GROUP B Held from June 29 to July 10, 2005 Super Finals Held from August 18 to August 21, 2005 in Kirishi, Russia August 18, 2005 August 19, 2005 August 20, 2005 Play-offs August 21, 2005 Final ranking Final ranking Individual awards Most Valuable Player Best Goalkeeper Statistics Total goals: 1220 Total matches: 76 Goals per match: 16.0 Total of scorers: 155 References FINA Sports123 Category:FINA Women's Water Polo World League W W Category:International water polo competitions hosted by Russia |
Natixis Natixis is a French corporate and investment bank created in November 2006 from the merger of the asset management and investment banking operations of Natexis Banque Populaire (Banque Populaire group) and IXIS (Groupe Caisse d'Epargne). Groupe BPCE owns more than 70% of Natixis while the remaining float is listed on the Paris Stock Exchange. Natixis provides financial data for the 'Markets' section on the news channel, Euronews. On October 26, 2010, Natixis Investment Managers (NIM) has acquired a majority stake in asset management start-up ‘Ossiam’. Operations Corporate & Investment Banking Includes Capital Markets, Debt & Finance and Corporate & Institutional Banking. Capital Markets encompass equities, commodities, fixed-income, forex, derivatives and structured products. Asset Management Natixis Investment Managers is the 14th largest asset management firm in the world with $734 billion in assets under management as of September 30, 2012. Subsidiaries include Ostrum Asset Management, Harris Associates, Loomis Sayles, Nexgen FS and Reich & Tang. Private Equity & Private Banking Natixis Private Banking unit includes Natixis Wealth Management. Services Business lines include insurance, securities, financial guarantees, and consumer finance. Receivables Management (offered through its Coface subsidiary). Coface deals in risk analysis, supporting corporates in account receivables. Natixis Foundation for Quantitative Research Founded in 2006 to encourage research in the broad field of mathematical finance. History In August 2013, GF Securities acquired the shell entity of the LME Futures broker NCM Ltd., containing regulatory capital only, after Natixis discontinued LME futures brokerage in line with many other banks. 2014: Natixis owns 41.24% of Coface. Recognition Top Employer France 2019 certification See also List of banks List of investors in Bernard L. Madoff Investment Securities References External links Category:Banks of France Category:Banks established in 2006 Category:Financial services companies established in 2006 Category:French companies established in 2006 Category:Companies based in Paris |
Mike Rowe (racing) Mike Rowe is an American stock car racing driver from Turner, Maine and has the most win of any Maine driver in Maine racing history. He currently competes weekly at Beech Ridge Motor Speedway and part-time on the Pro All Stars Series Super Late model tour. He is a three-time winner of the Oxford 250 References Category:Racing drivers from Maine Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:People from Turner, Maine |
Goodnews Bay, Alaska Goodnews Bay (Mamterat in Central Alaskan Yup'ik) is a city in Bethel Census Area, Alaska, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 243, up from 230 in 2000. Geography Goodnews Bay is located on the north shore of Goodnews Bay at the mouth of the Goodnews River, at (59.121408, -161.585835). It is south of Bethel, northwest of Dillingham and west of Anchorage. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. Demographics Goodnews Bay first reported on the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Mumtrahamute" with 162 residents (all Inuit). It reported on the 1890 census as "Mumtrahamiut", again returning with an unchanged 162 residents. It next reported in 1920 as "Mumtrakmut." It next reported in 1940 as "Good News Bay." It returned in 1950 as "Mumtrak." From 1960-70, it also returned as Mumtrak with the alternative name of Goodnews Bay. It formally incorporated in 1970 as Goodnews Bay, and has returned as such since 1980. As of the census of 2000, there were 230 people, 71 households, and 47 families residing in the city. The population density was 72.6 people per square mile (28.0/km²). There were 87 housing units at an average density of 27.5 per square mile (10.6/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 5.65% White, 92.61% Native American, and 1.74% from two or more races. There were 71 households out of which 45.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.0% were married couples living together, 23.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.4% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.24 and the average family size was 4.04. In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 36.1% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 17.4% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 122.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $16,250, and the median income for a family was $21,563. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $0 for females. The per capita income for the city was $6,851. About 37.8% of families and 39.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 53.3% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those sixty five or over. Education Lower Kuskokwim School District operates the Rocky Mountain School, a PreK-12 school. it has one of the lowest enrollments in LKSD as it has 54 students. References External links Alaska Community Database Community Information Summaries Category:Cities in Alaska Category:Cities in Bethel Census Area, Alaska Category:Mining communities in Alaska Category:Populated coastal places in Alaska |
Axiom (computer algebra system) Axiom is a free, general-purpose computer algebra system. It consists of an interpreter environment, a compiler and a library, which defines a strongly typed, mathematically (mostly) correct type hierarchy. History Two computer algebra systems named Scratchpad were developed by IBM. The first one was started in 1965 by James Griesmer at the request of Ralph Gomory, and written in Fortran. The development of this software was stopped before any public release. The second Scratchpad, originally named Scratchpad II, was developed from 1977 on, at Thomas J. Watson Research Center, under the direction of Richard Dimick Jenks. Other key early developers were Barry Trager, Stephen Watt, James Davenport, Robert Sutor, and Scott Morrison. Scratchpad II was renamed Axiom when IBM decided, circa 1990, to make it a commercial product. A few years later, it was sold to NAG. In 2001, it was withdrawn from the market and re-released under the Modified BSD License. Since then, the project's lead developer has been Tim Daly. In 2007, Axiom was forked twice, originating two different open-source projects: OpenAxiom and FriCAS, following "serious disagreement about project goals". The Axiom project continued to be developed by Tim Daly. The current research direction is "Proving Axiom Sane", that is, logical, rational, judicious, and sound. Documentation Axiom is a literate program. Why Literate Programming? at axiom-developer.org website The source code is becoming available in a set of volumes which are available on the axiom-developer.org website. These volumes contain the actual source code of the system. The currently available documents are: Combined Table of Contents Volume 0: Axiom Jenks and Sutor—The main textbook Volume 1: Axiom Tutorial—A simple introduction Volume 2: Axiom Users Guide—Detailed examples of domain use (incomplete) Volume 3: Axiom Programmers Guide—Guided examples of program writing (incomplete) Volume 4: Axiom Developers Guide—Short essays on developer-specific topics (incomplete) Volume 5: Axiom Interpreter—Source code for Axiom interpreter (incomplete) Volume 6: Axiom Command—Source code for system commands and scripts (incomplete) Volume 7: Axiom Hyperdoc—Source code and explanation of X11 Hyperdoc help browser Volume 7.1 Axiom Hyperdoc Pages—Source code for Hyperdoc pages Volume 8: Axiom Graphics—Source code for X11 Graphics subsystem Volume 8.1 Axiom Gallery—A Gallery of Axiom images Volume 9: Axiom Compiler—Source code for Spad compiler (incomplete) Volume 10: Axiom Algebra Implementation—Essays on implementation issues (incomplete) Volume 10.1: Axiom Algebra Theory—Essays containing background theory Volume 10.2: Axiom Algebra Categories—Source code for Axiom categories Volume 10.3: Axiom Algebra Domains—Source code for Axiom domains Volume 10.4: Axiom Algebra Packages—Source code for Axiom packages Volume 10.5: Axiom Algebra Numerics—Source code for Axiom numerics Volume 11: Axiom Browser—Source pages for Axiom Firefox browser front end Volume 12: Axiom Crystal—Source code for Axiom Crystal front end (incomplete) Volume 13: Proving Axiom Correct—Prove Axiom Algebra (incomplete) Volume 15: The Axiom SANE Compiler Bibliography: Axiom Bibliography—Literature references Bug List: Axiom Bug List-Bug List Reference Card: Axiom Reference Card--Useful function summary Videos The Axiom project has a major focus on providing documentation. Recently the project announced the first in a series of instructional videos, which are also available on the axiom-developer.org website. The first video provides details on the Axiom information sources. Philosophy The Axiom project focuses on the “30 Year Horizon”. The primary philosophy is that Axiom needs to develop several fundamental features in order to be useful to the next generation of computational mathematicians. Knuth's literate programming technique is used throughout the source code. Axiom plans to use proof technology to prove the correctness of the algorithms (such as Coq and ACL2). Axiom uses Docker Containers as part of a continuous release process. The latest image is available on any platform using |
boot2docker and the commands: docker pull daly/axiom docker run -i -t daly/axiom axiom Design In Axiom, each object has a type. Examples of types are mathematical structures (such as rings, fields, polynomials) as well as data structures from computer science (e.g., lists, trees, hash tables). A function can take a type as argument, and its return value can also be a type. For example, Fraction is a function, that takes an IntegralDomain as argument, and returns the field of fractions of its argument. As another example, the ring of matrices with rational entries would be constructed as SquareMatrix(4, Fraction Integer). Of course, when working in this domain, 1 is interpreted as the identity matrix and A^-1 would give the inverse of the matrix A, if it exists. Several operations can have the same name, and the types of both the arguments and the result are used to determine which operation is applied (cf. function overloading). Axiom comes with an extension language called SPAD. All the mathematical knowledge of Axiom is written in this language. The interpreter accepts roughly the same language. Features Within the interpreter environment, Axiom uses type inference and a heuristic algorithm to make explicit type annotations mostly unnecessary. It features 'HyperDoc', an interactive browser-like help system, and can display two and three dimensional graphics, also providing interactive features like rotation and lighting. It also has a specialized interaction mode for Emacs, as well as a plugin for the TeXmacs editor. Axiom has an implementation of the Risch algorithm for elementary integration, which was done by Manuel Bronstein and Barry Trager. See also A# programming language Aldor programming language List of computer algebra systems References Further reading Timothy Daly "Axiom -- Thirty Years of Lisp" Timothy Daly "Axiom" Invited Talk, Free Software Conference, Lyon, France, May, 2002 Timothy Daly "Axiom" Invited Talk, Libre Software Meeting, Metz, France, July 9–12, 2003 External links Axiom Homepage Online sandbox to try Axiom Source code repositories: Github, SourceForge, GNU Savannah Jenks, R.D. and Sutor, R. "Axiom, The Scientific Computation System" Daly, T. "Axiom Volume 1: Tutorial" Software forks: OpenAxiom (SourceForge) FriCAS (SourceForge) Category:Common Lisp software Category:Computer algebra system software for Linux Category:Free computer algebra systems Category:Free software programmed in Lisp |
Sheila Wingfield The Rt Hon. Sheila Wingfield, Viscountess Powerscourt (née Sheila Claude Beddington; 23 May 1906 – 8 January 1992), was an Anglo-Irish poet. Life and work Lady Powerscourt was born in Hampshire and attended the Roedean School. She attended art school in Paris. She was the daughter of Major Claude Beddington and Frances Ethel (née Homan-Mulock). Ethel was the daughter of a Protestant family from County Offaly, whose homes included the Bellair and Ballycumber estates, where Lady Powerscourt spent most of her childhood summer holidays. Her mother was also the author of All That I Have Met. Lady Powerscourt later inherited the Bellair estate from her aunt. Her mother's uncle was Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate. Her father was from a Jewish family who had changed the surname from Moses. They had earned their wealth in the tobacco trade. Her parents did not approve of her interest in writing so she hid her interest. Her father went so far as to forbid her to read. She also hid her Jewish background from those around her, again at her father's insistence. Her cousins included the Jewish literary figures Violet Schiff and Ada Leverson, and her grandfather was born Alfred Henry Moses. In 1932 she married The Hon. Mervyn Patrick Wingfield (1905–1973), later The 9th Viscount Powerscourt, in Jerusalem. They had three children, a daughter and two sons: Grania Langrishe, Mervyn and Guy Wingfield. Her poems were first published in The Dublin Magazine of 1937. Although initially supportive, her husband later requested her not to be involved in the literary circle in Ireland. During her life she produced eight collections of verse and three memoirs of Irish life, although she is not well known in Ireland. This is despite the admiration of Elizabeth Bowen, W. B. Yeats, John Betjeman, T. S. Eliot and James Stephens. However, she and Yeats had a falling out when she used his praise from a private letter on the cover of her first publication. She suffered her first breakdown during the production of that publication. Lady Powerscourt wanted to be a respected poet. She suffered from addictions to alcohol, morphine and cocaine. Her drug use had started during her seasons in London. The Second World War had a huge impact on the family. Her husband Mervyn served in the war and was captured by the Germans in Italy. When he came home his health had been compromised and he suffered from shell shock. Sheila (she later became Lady Powerscourt, in March 1947) had taken the family to Bermuda. They returned home when Mervyn did. Her best work was written in response to the war, Beat Drum, Beat Heart (1946). Her husband came into his inheritance of the Powerscourt Estate in March 1947, when he succeeded as The 9th Viscount Powerscourt. She became the leader of Irish Girl Guides and helped catalogue the Chester Beatty Library. Her marriage never recovered from the impact of the war, however. In 1963 she left her husband and, as a result of the financial impact, the family sold Powerscourt. Lady Powerscourt lived after that in hotels in Bermuda, London, Dublin and Switzerland. She finally died in a home near Dublin. In the 1950s, Lady Powerscourt won the Poetry Society Book Choice. The Sheila Wingfield Papers are being kept in the National Library of Ireland and Houghton Library, Harvard University. Bibliography Collections Poems (London: Cresset Press, 1938) Beat Drum, Beat Heart (London: Cresset Press, 1946) A Cloud Across the Sun (London: Cresset Press, 1949) A Kite’s Dinner: Poems 1938–54 (London: Cresset Press, 1954) The Leaves Darken (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964) Admissions: Poems |
1974–1977 (Dublin: Dolmen Press; London: John Calder, 1977) Her Storms: Selected Poems 1938–1977, with a preface by G. S. Fraser (Dublin: Dolmen Press, 1977) Collected Poems: 1938–1983, preface by G. S. Fraser (London: Enitharmon Press; NY: Hill & Wang, 1983) Ladder to the Loft (London: Cygnet Press, 1987) Autobiography and memoir Real People, with a foreword by John Betjeman (London: Cresset Press 1952) Sun Too Fast (London: Bles [1973], 1974) Further reading Penny Perrick, Something to Hide: The Life of Sheila Wingfield, Viscountess Powerscourt, 2007, Wingfield Family at Powerscourt Alexander G. Gonzalez, Irish Women Writers: An A-to-Z Guide, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, 348 pages Lucy Collins, Sheila Wingfield, 2013, Alex Davis, "'Wilds to Alter, Forms to Build': The Writings of Sheila Wingfield",Irish University Review, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Autumn – Winter, 2001), pp. 334–352; published by: Edinburgh University Press Irish Literature: Feminist Perspectives, Patricia Coughlan, Tina O'Toole, Peter Lang, 2008 – 298 pages References Category:Irish women writers Category:Irish poets Category:1906 births Category:1992 deaths Category:People educated at Roedean School, East Sussex Category:People from County Wicklow |
Schweizer (chicken) The Schweizer, or "Swiss chicken", is a Swiss breed of domestic chicken. It was bred in 1905 in Amriswil, in the canton of Thurgau, in north-east Switzerland. It is kept mainly in German-speaking areas of the country. History The Schweizer breed was created in 1905 by Alfred Weiss, who cross-bred various chicken breeds, mainly white Orpingtons and Wyandottes, to produce a good dual-purpose chicken. A breed association was formed in 1910, and a breed standard was established. The breed had a period of success between the First and Second World Wars, but after the war the industrialisation of agriculture and the advent of imported hybrid layer breeds led to rapid decline in its popularity. By 1971 the breeders' club had only six members. Since 1991 the conservation of the breed has been led by ProSpecieRara; a herd-book was established in 1993. In 2010 a population of 1600–1650 was reported to DAD-IS. Breed numbers are slowly rising. Characteristics The Schweizer breed is entirely white, with a red rose comb. Cocks weigh and hens Hens lay about 120 eggs per year. The Schweizerhuhn is listed in the Swiss Slow Food Ark of Taste. References Category:Chicken breeds Category:Chicken breeds originating in Switzerland |
Podlesie, Wałbrzych County Podlesie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Walim, within Wałbrzych County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. It lies approximately north-west of Walim, south-east of Wałbrzych, and south-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The village has a population of 333. References Category:Villages in Wałbrzych County |
Dué le Quartz was a Japanese visual kei rock band that formed in December 1998 and signed to PS Company, a sub-division of Free-Will. The band opened a fanclub on August 1, 2000 known as "Baby Merry". After releasing a few albums, several singles and a greatest hits compilation, the group disbanded in 2002. Vocalist Sakito and bassist Kikasa later reunited to form the band Figure: (typeset as 【FIGURe:】) (with drummer Kazuki occasionally providing session work) and guitarist Miyabi changed his name to "Miyavi" and started a solo career. Biography In December 1998, Sakito and Ken formed Dué le quartz and played their first live on February 14, 1999. They recruited bassist Kikasa somewhere in between, officially adding Kazuki to the mix on March 22 of that year. Ken left the band in May 1999 due to musical differences, leaving the guitarist gap to be filled by Miyabi on June 29, 1999 and complete the band's final lineup. They made it big quickly, landing their first one-man live on August 21, 2000 at Shibuya on Air West. Their first full one-man tour kicked off on May 16, 2001, and their second began on December 4, 2001. The band landed the feature spot in the indie publication, Expect Rush I (January 2001) and Expect Rush II (March 2002). After a 3-year run, Kikasa announced his withdrawal, which led to complete disbandment in 2002. They played their last live concert on September 22, 2002 at Akasaka Blitz. Members Sakito – vocals Miyabi – guitar, backing vocals Kikasa (キカサ) – bass Kazuki – drums Former members Ken – guitar Discography Demo tapes "Ame to Muchi wo..." (アメと鞭を..., July 19, 2000）) "Rob Song" (May 18, 2001) Albums Jisatsu Ganbou (自殺願望, May 28, 2000) Rodeo (ロデオ, May 12, 2002) Best Album (August 14, 2002, Re-released on November 23, 2005 by King Records) Singles "Dear...from XXX (disc 1)" (January 24, 2001) "Dear...from XXX (disc 2)" (January 24, 2001) "Bitter" (February 14, 2001) "Re:plica" (August 1, 2001) "Tribal Arivall Warning!!" (August 16, 2001) "Last Title" (September 4, 2002) Compilations Matina Prelude (April 26, 2000, Free-Will) (with the song "Kikai Shikake no Butoukai" (機械仕掛けの舞踏会)) Videos Jisatsu Ganbou (自殺願望, July 10, 2000) Milk (white) (February 14, 2001, VHS) Milk (black) (February 14, 2001, VHS) History 1999-2001 (January 7, 2002, VHS) Braintine (January 9, 2002, VHS) 「6419461049162791」-69 (January 9, 2002, VHS) Tour「アメと鞭を...」Final2002.01.07 ( July 3, 2002, VHS) Video Clips (July 3, 2002, VHS) 1st Oneman Live 2000.8.21 at Shibuya on Air West (TOUR 「合法ドラッグ」 at 渋谷ON AIR WEST, 2003, VHS) Further reading Yun, Josephine Jrock, Ink.: A Concise Report On 40 Of The Biggest Rock Acts In Japan'' Stone Bridge Press (October 30, 2005) References External links Kikasa Official Blog Miyavi Official Website Category:Visual kei musical groups Category:Japanese alternative rock groups Category:Japanese rock music groups Category:Musical groups from Tokyo |
33⅓ RPM RPM may refer to: The playing speed, in rotations per minute, of LP records The playing speed of some extended play records |
Kent on Sunday Kent on Sunday was a regional newspaper covering the county of Kent in the United Kingdom. Starting in 2002, it was published on every Sunday of the year and was available from supermarkets, garages and newsagents. The newspaper was the flagship paper of the KOS Media publishing company. In November 2017, it was announced that it would cease publication at the end of the month. The main focus of the paper was to provide the county with regional, informative news and a sport service. The paper also covered retail, leisure and lifestyle features, plus jobs, cars and property sections. Initially, it also had other local editions, under the "Your Local" series, which were digital news and sport based titles with the traditional content such as jobs, leisure, cars, and property as well as a comprehensive leisure and lifestyle section. In June 2009 the Kent on Sunday began to charge 90p per issue in the newsagents, whilst the free copies were directed to business rounds and home delivery. Kent on Sunday also has an e-edition, which is available free online or by subscription. The UKPG website quoted KOS Media’s Managing Director Paul Stannard as saying, "As with any media company, if in the next four to five years we see the market decline at the same rate it has in the past six months, then everybody will be looking at their business model". In June 2010, it was announced that KOS Media would be taken over by the Archant Media Group. Archant were rumoured to have previously funded the KOS Media Group and decided to take up the chance to own the company. In January 2011, as part of a restructuring, KOS Media stopped printing the "Your" titles and instead only published them as an online E-edition. In January 2011 Kent On Sunday was re-branded with a new mast-head. KOS Media were one of the first local media organisations to have their own iPhone Application, allowing readers to look through the papers via their iPhone or iPad. References External links KentNews.co.uk Category:Newspapers published in Kent Category:Publications established in 2002 Category:Weekly newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:Sunday newspapers published in the United Kingdom Category:2002 establishments in England Category:2017 disestablishments in England |
Igor Morozov Igor Morozov (born 27 May 1989) is an Estonian professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Meistriliiga club FCI Levadia and the Estonia national team. Club career Levadia Morozov came through the youth system at Levadia. He won two Meistriliiga titles in 2008 and 2009, and was named Meistriliiga Player of the Year in 2012. Polonia Warsaw On 15 January 2013, it was announced that Morozov had signed a two-and-a-half-year contract with Ekstraklasa club Polonia Warsaw. Debrecen On 5 July 2013, Morozov signed a three-year contract with Nemzeti Bajnokság I club Debrecen. He won the Hungarian league title in the 2013–14 season. Return to Levadia On 18 February 2016, Morozov rejoined Levadia on a two-year contract. International career Morozov made his senior international debut for Estonia on 31 May 2008, in 0–1 loss to Lithuania at the Baltic Cup. Honours Club FCI Levadia Meistriliiga: 2008, 2009 Estonian Cup: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2017–18 Estonian Supercup: 2010, 2018 Debrecen Nemzeti Bajnokság I: 2013–14 Individual Meistriliiga Player of the Year: 2012 Meistriliiga Fans Player of the Year: 2012 References External links Category:1989 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Tallinn Category:Estonian people of Russian descent Category:Estonian footballers Category:Association football defenders Category:Esiliiga players Category:FCI Levadia U21 players Category:Meistriliiga players Category:FCI Levadia Tallinn players Category:Ekstraklasa players Category:Polonia Warsaw players Category:Nemzeti Bajnokság I players Category:Debreceni VSC players Category:Estonia youth international footballers Category:Estonia under-21 international footballers Category:Estonia international footballers Category:Estonian expatriate footballers Category:Expatriate footballers in Poland Category:Expatriate footballers in Hungary Category:Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Poland Category:Estonian expatriate sportspeople in Hungary |
Chir-e Sofla Chir-e Sofla (, also Romanized as Chīr-e Soflá) is a village in Kuhestan Rural District, in the Central District of Nain County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its existence was noted, but its population was not reported. References Category:Populated places in Nain County |
Félix Potvin Félix "The Cat" Potvin (born June 23, 1971) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Early career As a youth, Potvin played in the 1983 and 1984 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Mercier, Quebec. From 1988 through to 1991 Potvin played with the Chicoutimi Saguenéens, a Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) team. In the 1990–91 season Potvin was awarded the Guy Lafleur Trophy as Playoff MVP. NHL career Potvin was drafted in the second round, 31st overall by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1990 National Hockey League entry draft. In the 1991–92 season, Potvin played 35 games for the St. John's Maple Leafs, compiling a 2.93 GAA. For his efforts, Potvin was awarded the Dudley "Red" Garrett Memorial Award (rookie of the year), the Baz Bastien Memorial Trophy as the top goaltender in the AHL and selected to the AHL First All-Star Team. During that season, Potvin was called up to the NHL and saw brief action in 4 games, compiling a 2.28 GAA and a .933 save percentage. It wasn't until the 1992–93 season that Potvin became a regular in the NHL. That season he played 48 games, compiling a 2.50 GAA (1st in the NHL) and a solid .910 save %. The rapid acceleration of his development led the coaching staff to establish him as their #1 goaltender and prompted the trade of Grant Fuhr to the Buffalo Sabres. That season, Potvin also backstopped the Maple Leafs to the Stanley Cup conference finals, only to lose to the Los Angeles Kings in a grueling seven game series. His dynamic performance made him a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy. In the 1993–94 season, Potvin silenced any doubts of a sophomore jinx. He posted 34 wins and a solid 2.89 GAA, including tying Kirk McLean's then NHL record for most wins in October with nine. He was also voted to his first NHL All-Star Game. In the 1993–94 playoffs, Potvin recorded 3 shutouts in the first-round series against the Chicago Blackhawks, all by a 1–0 margin, including the final NHL game ever played at the illustrious Chicago Stadium. He also became the first Maple Leafs goaltender to stop a penalty shot in a Stanley Cup Playoff game, when he stopped Chicago's Patrick Poulin. Potvin again brought his team to the conference finals, this time losing to the Vancouver Canucks in five games. In the 1995–96 season, Potvin was selected to his 2nd NHL All-Star Game. However, the Toronto Maple Leafs exited in the first round of the playoffs. The following season, with the aging of the defense corps in front of him, Potvin and the Maple Leafs would miss the playoffs. He would set an NHL record for most shots faced in a season, 2,438, later broken by Roberto Luongo during his stint with the Florida Panthers. In the 1998–99 season, Toronto signed free agent Curtis Joseph, leaving Potvin expendable. He would play in only 5 games due to a knee injury, before he and sixth round pick (Fedor Fedorov) were traded to the New York Islanders for defenceman Bryan Berard and a sixth round pick. Despite the new surroundings, Potvin was unable to reclaim the success he had earlier in his career. The next season, Potvin, a second round, and third round draft pick were traded to the Vancouver Canucks for Kevin Weekes, Dave Scatchard and Bill Muckalt. Potvin struggled with the Canucks and in the 2000–01 season he was dealt to the Los Angeles Kings |
for future considerations. Immediately, Potvin made an impact leading the Kings to the 7th seed, recording 13 wins and 5 losses. He had a remarkable 1.96 GAA and a .919 save %. Potvin led the Kings to a first-round upset of the Detroit Red Wings, and pushed the eventual Stanley Cup Champion Colorado Avalanche to a 7th game in the second round, recording 2 shutouts in that series. Game 6 of that series was a memorable duel between Potvin and Colorado goalie Patrick Roy, which the Kings and Potvin won 1-0 in double overtime. Potvin again led the Kings to the 2002 playoffs, where they pushed the Colorado Avalanche to seven games (rallying from a 3-1 series deficit) in the 1st round. In September 2003, Potvin was signed to a 1-year contract by the Boston Bruins. He backed-up Calder Memorial Trophy Winner Andrew Raycroft during the 2003–04 season. Coincidentally, Raycroft broke Potvin's record for consecutive games played by a Maple Leafs goalie during the 2006–07 season. Early in the 2005–06 season, the Atlanta Thrashers were in talks with Potvin in hopes of signing him after starting goaltender Kari Lehtonen and backup goaltender Mike Dunham went down with injuries. However, Potvin did not have equipment that conformed to the new NHL standards, nor did he wish to accept the two-way contract that was being offered to him, so the Thrashers instead decided to sign Steve Shields. Coaching Potvin currently lives with his wife Sabrina Tardif, and his three children Noemie, Xavier and Felicia Potvin in Magog, Quebec, and is the head coach for the midget AAA Magog Cantonniers. Awards 1995–96 NHL All-Star Game 1993–94 NHL All-Star Game 1992–93 NHL All-Rookie Team 1991–92 AHL Dudley "Red" Garret Memorial Trophy 1991–92 AHL Baz Bastien Memorial Trophy 1990–91 CHL Goaltender of the Year 1990–91 QMJHL Jacques Plante Trophy 1990–91 QMJHL Guy Lafleur Trophy 1990–91 QMJHL Hap Emms Trophy Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International References External links Félix Potvin's biography at The Goaltender Home Page Category:1971 births Category:Boston Bruins players Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders Category:Chicoutimi Saguenéens (QMJHL) players Category:French Quebecers Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec Category:Living people Category:Los Angeles Kings players Category:National Hockey League All-Stars Category:New York Islanders players Category:People from Anjou, Quebec Category:St. John's Maple Leafs players Category:Sportspeople from Montreal Category:Toronto Maple Leafs draft picks Category:Toronto Maple Leafs players Category:Vancouver Canucks players |
FIBA Americas Under-16 Championship The FIBA Americas Under-16 Championship is an under-16 basketball championship in the International Basketball Federation's FIBA Americas zone. The event started in 2009 and is held bi-annually. The winners compete in the FIBA Under-17 World Championship. Summary Medal table Participation details MVP Awards External links 2018 FIBA Centrobasket U15 Tournament 2018 FIBA South American U15 Tournament fibaamericas.com 2015 Tournament 2011 Tournament 2009 Tournament Category:Basketball competitions in the Americas between national teams Category:2009 establishments in South America Category:2009 establishments in North America Amersia |
Sleepycat Software Sleepycat Software, Inc. was the software company primarily responsible for maintaining the Berkeley DB packages from 1996 to 2006. Berkeley DB is freely-licensed database software originally developed at the University of California, Berkeley for 4.4BSD Unix. Developers from that project founded Sleepycat in 1996 to provide commercial support after a request by Netscape to provide new features in the software. In February 2006, Sleepycat was acquired by Oracle Corporation, which has continued developing Berkeley DB. The founders of the company were spouses Margo Seltzer and Keith Bostic, who are also original authors of Berkeley DB. Another original author, Michael Olson, was the President and CEO of Sleepycat. They were all at University of California, Berkeley, where they developed the software that grew to become Berkeley DB. Sleepycat was originally based in Carlisle, Massachusetts and moved to Lincoln, Massachusetts. Sleepycat distributed Berkeley DB under a proprietary software license that included standard commercial features, and simultaneously under the newly created Sleepycat License, which allows open source use and distribution of Berkeley DB with a copyleft redistribution condition similar to the GNU General Public License. Sleepycat had offices in California, Massachusetts and the United Kingdom, and was profitable during its entire existence. See also Berkeley Software Design Computer Systems Research Group References External links Oracle Berkeley DB — successor to Sleepycat's web site Category:Defunct companies based in Massachusetts Category:Defunct software companies of the United States Category:Free software companies Category:Oracle acquisitions Category:Software companies disestablished in 2006 Category:Software companies established in 1996 Category:2006 mergers and acquisitions |
Emotional Mugger Emotional Mugger is the eighth studio album by American garage rock musician Ty Segall, released on January 22, 2016 on Drag City Records. The album was produced by both Segall and F. Bermudez. To tour in support of Emotional Mugger, Segall assembled a backing band featuring the album's various collaborators. Performing under the name of Ty Segall and the Muggers, the band toured extensively, with Segall often wearing a baby mask and adopting the name of Sloppo. Critical reception The album has a Metascore at Metacritic of a 79 out of 100 from 19 reviews. Mark Deming for AllMusic writing "As Segall's profile has risen in the 2010s, it's a welcome thing that he hasn't diluted his musical vision and is still willing to let his music howl when the spirit moves him, and Emotional Mugger is a stiff shot of raw, cocky joy that hits its target beautifully." Rob Sheffield in Rolling Stone saying "The San Francisco garage-punk wunderkind flaunts all his frantic energy and wild-eyed humor on Emotional Mugger." Annie Zaleski for Spin writing "This somewhat-disjointed philosophy adds just the right amount of friction and intrigue to Emotional Mugger, informing the music but not overwhelming it." Evan Minsker in Pitchfork Media saying "'Emotional Mugger still feels transitional—either the moment before he tucks in and gets way weirder or another stepping stone before he switches gears all over again." Collin Fitzgerald for PopMatters writing "Emotional Mugger proves it’s still possible to evolve as an artist within the relatively limiting framework of rock traditionalism, even if the answer is to crank everything up to new extremes, give way to violent stylistic mutation, and completely deconstruct whatever’s comfortable." Michael Madden in Consequence of Sound saying "Emotional Mugger bolsters his status as a singular mind in today’s rock landscape while keeping that reputation in his control." Ryan J. Pardo for Paste saying "In all, Emotional Mugger, for all its elegant distortions, abrasive melodies and overdriven guitar-porn spasms, somehow makes absolute perfect sense as a follow-up to such a universally acclaimed LP like Manipulator." Kevin Warwick in The A.V. Club writing "Which makes Emotional Mugger, Segall’s eighth solo effort, all the more impressive." Jeff Terich from American Songwriter writing "What's remarkable about Emotional Mugger is how fresh, even interesting it all sounds coming from a performer with an already weighty catalog, in a genre where loud guitars is nothing terribly new. Indeed, Segall has grown into his role as one of rock’s best contemporary songwriters." Andy Jex for musicOMH saying "Emotional Mugger is a wild-eyed beast of a record; unafraid to stamp through the effects pedals with a delirious glee." Uncut writing "Emotional Mugger is as funky as it is twisted—a heavy rock record that truly groves in a way that heavy rock rarely does any more." Alyson Stokes in Alternative Press writing "Prepare to be blown away.... Emotional Mugger is an out-of-this-world psychedelic venture meant to be listened to—and listened to very loud." Cosette Schulz for Exclaim! saying "There's nothing mild about Emotional Mugger; it has an overwhelming sense of madness, but it's addictive nonetheless." Marty Hill in Under the Radar writing "Emotional Mugger feels like one third sarcasm and two thirds complete genius [...] he both parodies and masterclasses modern day garage rock." Samantha Edwards for Now saying "weird experiments from a prodigal songwriter." Chris Kissel in Tiny Mix Tapes writing "Like Funkadelic, Ty Segall's Emotional Mugger is music as cocaine." Grant Rindner in The Line of Best Fit saying "Clocking in at just over 38 minutes, Emotional Mugger is a brief, but engaging listen filled with enough intoxicating |
moments of pure musicality that its slightly repetitive sound doesn't wind up too grating." Eric Renner Brown for Entertainment Weekly writing "Emotional Mugger isn’t a bad record — Segall probably doesn’t have one of those in him — it’s among his weakest releases yet." Michael Hann in The Guardian saying " it's an uncomfortable, dissonant record, a bad trip rather than a mellow high." Jesse Cataldo for Slant Magazine saying "an album that's only intermittently satisfying, stranded halfway toward an interesting concept." Mojo saying "Nutty as Emotional Mugger is, it's a joyful trip." David Zammitt in DIY writing "Too often, though, 'Emotional Mugger' is let down by simple self-indulgence." Track listing Personnel Musicians Ty Segall – vocals, guitar, keyboards, bass guitar, drums, percussion Emmett Kelly – guitar (1, 2 and 4) Cory Hanson – keyboards (9) Mikal Cronin – bass guitar (5), handclaps (9) Dale Crover – drums (5) Charles Moothart – drums (7) Evan Burrows – drums (11), 'Oooohs' (6) King Tuff – vocals (7) The Lollipop Children – vocals (8) Brit Manor – vocals (9) Recording Ty Segall – producer, recording F. Bermudez – producer, recording Scott Cornish – mixing engineer Charts References Category:2016 albums Category:Ty Segall albums Category:Drag City (record label) albums |
CFFB CFFB may refer to: CFFB (AM), a radio station (1230 AM) licensed to Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada CFFB-TV, a former television station (channel 8) licensed to Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada |
Helen of Greece and Denmark Helen of Greece and Denmark (, Eleni; ; 2 May 1896 – 28 November 1982), was the queen mother of Romania during the reign of her son King Michael (1940–1947). She was noted for her humanitarian efforts to save Romanian Jews during World War II, which led to her being awarded by the State of Israel with the honorific of Righteous Among the Nations in 1993. Daughter of King Constantine I of Greece and his wife, Princess Sophia of Prussia, Princess Helen spent her childhood in Greece, Great Britain and Germany. The outbreak of World War I and the overthrow of her father by the Allies in 1917 permanently marked her and also separated her from her favorite brother, the young Alexander I of Greece. Exiled in Switzerland along with most members of the royal family, Helen then spent several months caring for her father, plagued by disease and depression. In 1920, the princess met Carol, Crown Prince of Romania, who quickly asked her hand in marriage. Despite the bad reputation of the prince, Helen accepted and moved to Romania, where she soon gave birth to their only son, Prince Michael, in 1921. The situation of her family, however, continued to worry Helen, who made several trips abroad to visit her parents when they did not simply reside with her in Bucharest. In doing this, she distanced herself from her husband, whose multiple affairs ended when he fell in love with Magda Lupescu in 1924. Finally, in 1925, Prince Carol abandoned his wife and renounced the throne in order to live openly with his mistress. Distraught, Helen tried to persuade her husband to return to her but eventually she accepted the divorce in 1928. In the meanwhile, Helen was proclaimed "Queen Mother of Romania" in 1927, as her son Michael ascended to the throne under the regency of his uncle Prince Nicholas. However, the political situation in Romania was complicated and Carol took advantage of the increased instability to return to Bucharest in 1930 and be acclaimed as king. Soon, the new ruler forced his ex-wife into exile and only authorized her to see their son two months per year. In these circumstances, Helen moved to Villa Sparta at Fiesole, Tuscany. Always close to her family, she hosted her sisters Irene and Katherine and brother Paul, who stayed with her intermittently until the restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935. The outbreak of World War II, the deposition of Carol II and the subsequent dismemberment of Greater Romania in 1940, however, brought Helen back to be with her son in Bucharest. Subject to the dictatorship of General Antonescu and vigilance of Nazi Germany, the king and his mother were cautious in their dealings with the fascist regime. They did not show their opposition to the participation of Romania in the invasion of the Soviet Union and the deportation of Jews. Finally, King Michael organized a coup against Antonescu on 23 August 1944 and Romania turned against the Axis powers; however, the country was, in the end, occupied by the Red Army. For Helen and her son, the post-war period was marked by the interference of the Soviet Union in the Romanian political life. In March 1945, the king was forced to accept a communist government headed by Petru Groza while the following year, the rigged general elections confirmed the hegemony of the PCR in the country. Finally, Michael I was forced to abdicate on 30 December 1947 and the royal family took the path of exile. Helen then returned to the Villa Sparta, where she |
divided her time among her family, gardening and the study of Italian art. Increasingly concerned about her finances, Helen finally left Italy for Switzerland in 1979 and died three years later with her son at her side. Princess of Greece and Denmark A Greek childhood The third child and eldest daughter of Crown Prince Constantine of Greece and Princess Sophia of Prussia, Helen was born on 2 May 1896 in Athens during the reign of her grandfather, King George I. From birth, she received the nickname "Sitta" as her brother Alexander failed to correctly pronounce the English word "sister". Growing up, Helen developed a special affection for Alexander, only three years her senior. Helen spent most of her childhood in the Greek capital. Every summer, the princess and her family, travelled to the Hellenic Mediterranean aboard the royal yacht Amphitrite or visited Sophia's mother, the Dowager Empress Victoria in Germany. From the age of 8, Helen began to spend part of the summer in Great Britain, in the regions of Seaford and Eastbourne. The princess grew up in an strongly anglophile environment, among a cohort of British tutors and governesses, including Miss Nichols, who took special care of her. From the Goudi coup to the Balkan Wars On 28 August 1909 a group of Greek officers, known as the "Military League," organized a coup d'état (called the Goudi coup) against the government of King George I, Helen's grandfather. While declaring to be monarchists, the League members, led by Nikolaos Zorbas, asked the king to dismiss his son from military posts. Officially, this was to protect the Diadochos from the jealousy that could stem from his friendship with some soldiers. But the reality was quite different: the officers blamed Constantine for the defeat of Greece against the Ottoman Empire during the Thirty Days' War of 1897. The situation was so tense that the sons of George I were finally forced to resign from their military posts to save their father from the shame of their being expelled. The Diadochos also decided to leave Greece with his wife and children. For several months, the family moved to the Schloss Friedrichshof at Kronberg in Germany. It was the first of many times that the 14-years-old Princess Helen would have to go into exile. After much tension, the political situation eventually subsided in Greece and Constantine and his family were allowed to return to their homeland. In 1911, the Diadochos was restored in his military duties by the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos. A year later, the First Balkan War broke out, which allowed Greece to annex large territories in Macedonia, Epirus, Crete and the North Aegean. It was also at the end of this conflict that King George I was assassinated in Thessaloniki on 18 March 1913 and Helen's father succeeded him on the Hellenic throne as King Constantine I. After these events, Helen spent long weeks touring Greece, of which she previously only knew the main towns and the island of Corfu. With her father and brother Alexander, she travelled in Greek Macedonia and the various battlefields of the First Balkan War. However, this period of calm was short-lived as the Second Balkan War broke out in June 1913. Once again, Greece emerged victorious from the conflict, allowing it to significantly expand its territory, which grew by 68% after the signing of the Treaty of Bucharest. World War I During World War I, King Constantine I first sought to maintain Greece in a position of neutrality. He considered that his country was not yet ready to participate in a new conflict after the |
Balkan Wars. But, educated in Germany and linked to Emperor William II (who was his brother-in-law), Constantine I was quickly accused of supporting the Triple Alliance and wishing for the defeat of the Allies. The king quickly fell out with his Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, who was convinced of the need to support the countries of the Triple Entente to fulfill the so-called Megali Idea. In October 1916, Venizelos, protected by the Entente countries, and in particular by the French Republic, formed a parallel government in Thessaloniki. Central Greece was occupied by the allied forces and the country was soon in the middle of a civil war, the so-called National Schism. Weakened by all these tensions, Constantine I became seriously ill in 1915. Suffering from pleurisy aggravated by a pneumonia, he remained in bed for several weeks and nearly died. In Greece, public opinion was affected by the rumor, spread by Venizelists, that the king wasn't sick but that Queen Sophia in fact injured him in the course of an argument where she tried to force him to fight alongside the emperor. The health of the sovereign declined so much, that a ship was sent to the Island of Tinos in order to seek the miraculous Icon of the Virgin and Child, which was supposed to heal the sick. After kissing the holy picture, the king partially recovered his health. But the situation remained worrying and the king was in need of surgery before he could reasume his duties. These events had a special impact on Princess Helen, who was very close to her father: Impressed by his recovery, she developed a deep religiosity, a trait that she would retain throughout her life. Despite these difficulties, Constantine I refused to change his policies and was faced with the increasingly clear opposition of the Triple Entente and Venizelists. Thus, on 1 December 1916 the so-called Greek Vespers took place where the Allied soldiers fought against Greek reservists in Athens and the French fleet bombarded the Royal Palace. On this occasion, Helen was nearly killed by a gunfire from the Zappeion. After hearing the gunshots and worried for the life of her father, the princess ran to the gardens of the royal palace but was saved by the royal Garde du Corps which took her back inside the palace. Finally, on 10 June 1917, Charles Jonnart, the Allied High Commissioner in Greece, asked the king for his abdication. Under the threat of an invasion in Piraeus, the king agreed and went into exile, but without formally abdicating. The Allies didn't wish to establish a Republic in Greece, so one of the members of the royal family had to stay and succeed him. Because the Diadochos George was also considered Pro-German like his father, they wanted someone considered malleable, as a puppet ruler of Constantine I's enemies. Finally the younger brother of the Diadochos, Prince Alexander, was chosen by Venizelos and the Triple Entente as the new king. From exile to the Romanian wedding Life in Switzerland On 11 June 1917 the Greek royal family secretly fled from their palace, surrounded by a loyalist mob that refused to see them go. In the days that followed, Constantine I, Queen Sophia and five of their children left Greece from the port of Oropos and took the road to exile. This was the last time that Helen saw her favorite brother. In fact, on their return to power, the Venizelists prohibited any contact between King Alexander I and the rest of the royal family. After crossing the Ionian Sea and Italy, Helen and her family |
settled in Switzerland, mainly among the cities of St. Moritz, Zürich and Lucerne. In exile, Helen's parents were soon followed by almost all members of the royal family, who left their country with the return of Venizelos as Prime Minister and the entry of Greece to the war alongside the Triple Entente. However, the financial position of the royal family was precarious and Constantine I, haunted by a deep sense of failure, soon fell ill. In 1918, he contracted Spanish flu and again was close to death. Very concerned about the fate of their father, Helen and her sisters Irene and Katherine spent a long time with him to distract him from his worries. Helen also sought to reconnect with Alexander I. She tried to take advantage of the visit of her brother to Paris in 1919 to call him by phone. However, the officer who escorted the king in the French capital refused to pass along either her communications or those of other members of the royal family. Meeting with Crown Prince Carol of Romania In 1920, the Greek exiles were visited in Lucerne by Queen Marie of Romania (Sophia's first cousin) and her daughters Elisabeth, Maria and Ileana. Worried about the future of her eldest and still single son, the Diadochos George, who had already proposed to Princess Elisabeth a few years earlier, Queen Sophia was anxious for him to marry. Homeless, penniless and without any real political value since his exclusion from the Greek throne in 1917, Helen's elder brother reiterated his request of marriage to Princess Elizabeth, who, despite her initial reticence, finally decided to accept. Pleased with the union, the Queen of Romania then invited her future son-in-law and his sisters Helen and Irene to go to Bucharest in order to publicly announce the royal engagement. The princesses accepted and the departure was set to 2 October. In the meanwhile, another member of the Romanian royal family arrived to Lucerne. This was Elisabeth's brother, the Crown Prince Carol, who had just completed a trip around the world which he had undertaken in order to forget his morganatic wife Zizi Lambrino and their son Carol. In Romania George, Helen and Irene were received with pomp by the royal family. Housed at Pelișor Castle, they were a central part of the celebrations for the return of Crown Prince Carol to his country (10 October) and the announcement of the engagement of Elisabeth with the Diadochos (12 October). The stay of the Greek princes, however, was brief. On 24 October, a telegram arrived which announced the death in Zurich of the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was the mother of the queen of Romania. The very next day, another message arrived informing the Greek princes that Alexander I had suddenly died in Athens, following a monkey bite. Under these circumstances, the three Greek princes and Queen Marie of Romania decided to make an emergency return to Switzerland. Moved by the situation and probably pushed by his mother, Crown Prince Carol at the last moment decided to travel along with them. After being cold and distant to Helen during her stay at Romania, the crown prince suddenly turned very attentive to the princess. During the train journey, the two told their life stories to each other and Carol confided in Helen about his affair with Zizi Lambrino. Helen likewise told him of her life and of family matters, including her great grief for her brother Alexander's death and how she did not want to return to Greece now that her only real friend, her beloved brother, was dead. This |
opening of the hearts to each other had the result that Helen fell in love with the heir to the Romanian throne. Restoration and marriage Soon after their arrival in Switzerland, Crown Prince Carol asked for Helen's hand in marriage, much to the joy of the queen of Romania, but not to the princess' parents. Helen was determined to accept the marriage proposal, therefore King Constantine I assented to the engagement, but only after the marriage of Carol and Zizi Lambrino could be quickly dissolved. For her part, Queen Sophia was much less favorable to her daughter's wedding. Having no confidence in the Romanian crown prince, she tried to convince Helen to reject the proposal. However, Helen insisted, and despite the doubts of her mother, the engagement was announced in Zürich in November 1920. Meanwhile, in Greece, the Venizelists lost the election in favor of Constantine I's supporters on 14 November 1920. Desiring to resolve the dynastic question, on 5 December the new cabinet organized a referendum, the disputed results of which showed that 99% of the population demanded the restoration of the sovereign. Under these conditions, the royal family returned to Athens and Helen was accompanied by her fiancé on her return. For two months, the two traveled discovering inner Greece and its ancient ruins. They then went to Bucharest to attend the wedding of Diadochos George with Elisabeth of Romania (27 February 1921) before returning to Athens to celebrate their own wedding in the Metropolitan Cathedral on 10 March 1921. Being the first Greek princess to marry in Athens, Helen wore the Romanian 'Greek Key' tiara, a gift from her mother-in-law. The newlyweds then spent their honeymoon in Tatoi, where they remained for two months before returning to Romania, on 8 May 1921. Crown Princess of Romania Installation in Bucharest Upon her return to Romania, Helen was already pregnant. She spent some time with Carol at the Cotroceni Palace, where the pomp and protocol of the Court both impressed and bored her at the same time. The couple then took up residence at the Foișor, an elegant Swiss-style chalet built in the surroundings of Peleș Castle, at Sinaia. It was there that the crown princess gave birth after only seven and a half months after her wedding. Her only child, Prince Michael, named in honor to Michael the Brave, the first unifier of the Danubian Principalities, was born on 25 October 1921; the childbirth was difficult and required surgery. The ordeal significantly weakened Helen, and the doctors forbade her from having a second pregnancy. Once the crown princess had recovered, in December 1921 the couple moved to Bucharest, in a large villa at the Șoseaua Kiseleff. Despite their significantly different points of interest, Carol and Helen managed, for some time, to lead a bourgeois and happy existence. In the mornings, the heir performed his official duties and in the afternoons, they enjoyed their favorite past times. While the crown prince engaged in reading and his stamp collections, Helen spent her time engaged in horseback riding or on the decoration of their residences. The crown princess was very involved in social work and founded a nursing school in the capital. She was also appointed an Honorary Colonel of the 9th Cavalry Regiment, the Roșiori. Reunion with family In the meantime, the political situation was deteriorating in Greece. The Hellenic Kingdom endured a period of unrest during the Greco-Turkish War, and by 1919 the health of King Constantine I was deteriorating once again. Worried about the future of her father, Helen asked for her husband's permission to return to Greece. |
The couple and their child thus left for Athens at the end of January 1922. But while Carol left Greece in February to attend the betrothal of his sister Maria to King Alexander I of Yugoslavia, Helen remained with her parents until April, when she returned to Romania, bringing her sister Irene. By that time, the crown prince had resumed his affair with his former mistress, the actress Mirella Marcovici. In June 1922, Carol and Helen went to Belgrade with the whole Romanian royal family to attend the wedding of Alexander I and Maria. Back in Bucharest, the crown princess then resumed her role as wife of the heir to the throne. She participated in official acts and supported the sovereign and her husband during ceremonies that punctuated the life of the monarchy. Like many women of her rank, Helen was also interested in social works. Nevertheless, she continued to be worried for her family, and even visited her sister Irene, her aunt Maria and her Greek cousins in an futile attempt to console herself about the remoteness of her parents. In September 1922, a military coup forced King Constantine I to abdicate in favor of his son George II, and to go into exile. Without any real power and dominated by the revolutionaries, after a failed coup of a pro-royalist group (the so-called Leonardopoulos–Gargalidis coup d'état) in October 1923, the new sovereign in turn was forced to abdicate after only fifteen months of reign. Devastated by these events, Helen immediately went to Italy to be with her parents in their exile. Shortly after the coronation of King Ferdinand I and Queen Marie of Romania in Alba Iulia on 15 October 1922, Helen left for Palermo, where she remained until the death of her father, on 11 January 1923. Bored by the absence of his wife, Carol finally invited his mother-in-law to stay in Bucharest. However, the dowager queen didn't arrive alone: With her, and without warning, came no fewer than 15 Greek princes and princesses, to his home. Increasingly irritated by the invasive presence of his wife's family, Carol also was hurt by Helen's attitude because she refused to fulfil her marital duties. Jealous, the crown prince suspected that his wife had begun an affair with the charming Prince Amedeo of Savoy, Duke of Aosta, a regular guest of the Greek royal couple in Sicily. It was due to these circumstances that Helen and Carol began their separation, though the crown princess saved appearances by devoting more time to the education of her son, Prince Michael. Abandonment of Crown Prince Carol In the summer of 1924, Carol met Elena Lupescu (better known under the name of "Magda" Lupescu), with whom he began an affair in or around 14 February 1925. This wasn't the first extramarital relationship of the crown prince since his marriage. However, for Carol, this time there was a serious bond, a fact that would soon worry not only Helen (always of a conciliatory and tolerant disposition with her husband's infidelities) but also the rest of the Romanian royal family, which feared that Lupescu could turn into a new Zizi Lambrino. In November 1925, Carol was sent to the United Kingdom to represent the royal family at the funeral of the Dowager Queen Alexandra. Despite several promises made to his father, King Ferdinand I, he took advantage of traveling abroad to find his mistress and openly live out their relationship. Refusing to return to Bucharest, Carol finally officially renounced the throne and prerogatives as crown prince on 28 December 1925. In Romania, Helen was distraught by Carol's |
attitude, especially as Queen Marie made her partly responsible for the failure of her marriage. The crown princess wrote to her husband to convince him to return. She also attempted to convince politicians to delay Carol's exclusion to the royal succession and proposed to her in-laws that she herself take a trip to meet with her husband. However, the Prime Minister Ion Brătianu, who despised the crown prince because of his sympathy to the National Peasants' Party, categorically opposed. The head of government even accelerated the exclusion procedures by summoning both Houses of the Parliament to register the act of renunciation and appoint little Prince Michael as the new heir to the throne. On 4 January 1926, the Romanian Parliament ratified the acceptance of Carol's renunciation and a royal ordinance was issued giving Helen the title princess of Romania; in addition, she was included in the Civil list, a privilege previously reserved to the sovereign and the heir to the throne. After King Ferdinand I was diagnosed with cancer, a Regency Council was also formed during Michael's minority with Prince Nicholas as the Head, assisted by Patriarch Miron and the magistrate Gheorghe Buzdugan, replaced after his death in 1929 by Constantine Sărățeanu. Despite this, Helen continued to hope for the return of her husband and obstinately refused requests for a divorce that he sent to her from abroad. In June 1926, shortly before the death of her father-in-law, Helen went to Italy to attend the funeral of her paternal grandmother, Dowager Queen Olga of Greece, and moved with her mother to the Villa Bobolina in Fiesole. The princess took advantage of her stay in Italy and to try to arrange for an encounter with her husband but, having initially accepted to see her, Carol canceled the meeting at the last minute. First reign of Michael I and Italian exile Crown Princess of Romania In the spring of 1927, Queen Marie made an official visit to the United States. During her absence, Helen and her sister-in-law Elisabeth took of care of King Ferdinand I, whose health declined rapidly. The king died on 20 July 1927 at Peleș Castle and his 5-year-old grandson succeeded him under the name of Michael I while the Regency Council took over the direction of the country. However, in Romania, Carol retained many supporters (soon nicknamed "Carlists") and the National Liberal Party began to fear the return of the Prince. After trying to convince her husband to go to Bucharest, Helen gradually changed her attitude towards him. Anxious to preserve the rights of her son and probably convinced by Prime Minister Barbu Știrbey, the princess requested a divorce, which she easily obtained. On 21 June 1928, the marriage was dissolved by the Romanian Supreme Court on the grounds of incompatibility. Helen also distanced herself from her mother-in-law, who complained of being separated from the young king and criticized more openly the Greek entourage of the Princess. Under these circumstances, the dowager queen approached her eldest son and built ties with the Carlist movement. After the Regency Council failed to govern the country, Carol appeared increasingly as a providential man who could solve the problems of Romania. Still, his supporters (as Prime Minister Iuliu Maniu, leader of the National Peasants' Party) continued to demand his separation from Magda Lupescu and his reconciliation with Helen, which he refused. Thanks to his many supporters in the country, the prince finally organized his return to Bucharest on the night of 6–7 June 1930. Joyfully welcomed by the population and the political class, he then proclaimed himself king under the name of |
Carol II. Impossible reconciliation with Carol II When he came to power, Carol II initially refused to see Helen though he expressed his desire to meet his son, demoted to the rank of heir-apparent to the throne with the title of Grand Voivod of Alba Iulia by the Romanian Parliament (8 June 1930). In order to be reunited with Michael, the king therefore resolved to meet to his former wife. Accompanied by his brother Nicholas and his sister Elizabeth, he visited the princess in her villa in the Șoseaua Kiseleff. At the sight of her former husband, Helen showed coldness but she had no other alternative than to offer him her friendship for the sake of their child. In the following weeks, Helen suffered the combined pressures of politicians and the Romanian Orthodox Church, who were trying to persuade her to reasume her conjugal life with Carol II and accept to be crowned along with him at a ceremony in Alba Iulia, scheduled on 21 September 1930. Despite her reluctance, the princess agreed to a reconciliation and reconsidered the annulment of her divorce, but under the condition of having a separate residence. These were the circumstances under which the former spouses lived and while Carol II sometimes went to Helen for lunch with her, the princess would, from time to time, have tea with him in the royal palace. In July, the king, his former wife and son traveled together in Sinaia but while Carol II moved to Foișor, Helen and Michael stayed at Peleș Castle. Each day, the family gathered for tea and, on 20 July, Carol II and Helen appeared publicly together on the occasion of a ceremony in memory of King Ferdinand I. In August 1930, the government presented a decree to Carol II for his signature officially confirming Helen as Her Majesty, the Queen of Romania. The king, however, crossed this out and declared Helen to be Her Majesty Helen (i.e. with the style Majesty, but not the title Queen). Helen refused to allow anyone to use this style in her presence. Due to these circumstances, the proposed coronation of the two former spouses was postponed. The return of Magda Lupescu to Romania finally put an end to the reconciliation efforts of the pair. Soon the king was able to get Michael moved to his side, and Helen was allowed to see her son every day in exchange for her political silence. Increasingly isolated, the princess was forced into exile by her former husband, she concented to a separation agreement in October 1931. In exchange for her silence, and through the mediation of her brother, the former King George II of Greece, and her sister-in-law Elisabeth, Helen then obtained a substantial monetary compensation. With the approval of Carol II, she obtained the right to stay four months a year in Romania and to receive her son abroad during two months of the year. She retained her residence in Bucharest and the king agreed to fund his maintenance during his absence. Especially, Helen received a sum of thirty million lei to buy a home abroad and in addition she obtained an annual pension of seven million lei. Between scandal and exile In November 1931, Helen left Romania for Germany, where she went to the bedside of her mother, the Dowager Queen Sophia of Greece, seriously ill with cancer. After her death on 13 January 1932, Helen bought her house in Fiesole, Tuscany, which she used as her main residence. In this large house, that she renamed Villa Sparta, the princess received the visit of her sisters Irene |
and Katherine and her brother Paul, who remained with Helen on long stays. Despite the distance, the friction between Helen and Carol II continued. In September 1932, a visit from Michael and his mother to the United Kingdom was used by Helen as an opportunity for a new, very public conflict, which soon made the headlines of the international press, just as Helen wanted. The king wanted that the crown prince not wear shorts in public, and that he not be photographed in the company of his mother. Helen was incensed at the second stipulation and, as was her wont, took the trouble to aggravate the situation by defying the first stipulation as well. She made sure her son was dressed in shorts and posed for the cameras with him at her side for an extended photo opportunity. After seeing the spectacle of the crown prince in shorts published in the newspapers, the king demanded that the heir to the throne be brought back to Bucharest. Helen now decided to grant an interview to the Daily Mail "in the hope," she said, "that public opinion would help to preserve her parental rights". This was followed by a violent press campaign, which enraged the king. Despite these events, Helen chose to return to Romania for Michael's birthday and threatened to go to the International Court of Justice if Carol II didn't allow her to see their son. Back in Bucharest, the princess tried, without much success, to get the government involved in a case against the king. She then turned again to her sister-in-law, the former queen of the Hellenes. However, the latter was deeply shocked by the interview given to the Daily Mail, and the two women had a violent fight during their reunion, where Elisabeth even slapped Helen. Carol II then considered his former wife as a political opponent, and in order to undermine her prestige, the king initiated a campaign in the press against her, claiming that she had tried to commit suicide twice. After only a month in the country, Carol II imposed a new separation agreement (1 November 1932), under which Helen was denied the right to return to Romania and the next day, finally forced her into permanent exile in Italy. During the following years, she had no contact with her former husband, who only briefly told her by telephone of the death of Queen Marie in 1938. Despite the tensions, Prince Michael was able to see his mother every year in Florence for two months. In Fiesole, the life of Helen and her sisters was relatively retired, even though they were frequently visited by the Italian House of Savoy, which had always been welcoming to the Greek royal family during its exile. The Greek princesses also used their connections to find a wife for Diadochos Paul, who remained single. In 1935, they took advantage of the presence in Florence of Princess Frederica of Hanover to arrange an encounter between her and their brother. Their good efforts paid off and Frederica quickly fell in love with the Diadochos. However, the princess' parents were reluctant to approve this relationship and it wasn't until 1937 that Paul and Frederica were finally allowed to get engaged. In the meanwhile, the Greek monarchy was restored and George II once again became King of Greece, but his wife Elisabeth, who filed for divorce on 6 July 1935, remained in Romania. Queen Mother of Romania World War II and the dictatorship of Antonescu In Tuscany, Helen found real stability, despite the absence of her son most of the year. However, the |
outbreak of World War II again disrupted her daily routine. In accordance with the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, the Soviet Union forced Romania to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to them on 26 June 1940, and a few weeks later, the country was also forced to surrender Northern Transylvania to Hungary (Second Vienna Award, 30 August 1940) and the Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria (Treaty of Craiova, 7 September 1940); these territorial losses ended the Greater Romania, created at the end of World War I. Unable to maintain the territorial integrity of his country and under pressure from the Iron Guard, a fascist party supported by Nazi Germany, Carol II became increasingly unpopular and finally was forced to abdicate on 6 September 1940. His son Michael, aged 18, became king while General Ion Antonescu established a dictatorship with the support of members of the Iron Guard. Eager to obtain the favor of the new sovereign (and some legitimation to his dictatorship), Antonescu granted Helen the title of "Queen Mother of Romania" (Regina-mamă Elena) with the style "Her Majesty" on 8 September 1940 and sent the diplomat Raoul Bossy to Fiesole to persuade her to return to Bucharest (12 September 1940). Back in Romania (14 September 1940), Helen found herself, however, subject to the whim of the dictator, determined to keep the royal family in a purely ceremonial role. Indeed, in the years that followed, Antonescu systematically excluded the king and his mother from political responsibility and didn't even bother to warn them of his decision to declare war on the Soviet Union in June 1941. In this difficult context, Michael I was at times prone to bouts of depression and Helen then concentrated all of her efforts to make him more active. Aware of his shortcomings, the queen mother appealed to historians of the right to train her son in his role as sovereign. She also guided the king in his talks and pushed him to oppose Antonescu when she deemed that his policies endangered the crown. Alerted about the anti-Jewish persecutions by the Rabbi Alexandru Șafran, Helen personally appealed to the German ambassador Manfred Freiherr von Killinger and Antonescu to convince them to halt the deportations, being supported in her efforts by Patriarch Nicodim. For his part, the king vigorously protested to the Conducător at the time of the Odessa massacre and notably obtained the release of Wilhelm Filderman, president of the Romanian Jewish community. Despite these few attempts of emancipation, Helen and her son spent most of the conflict playing as hosts of the German officers passing through Bucharest. The queen mother even met Hitler twice: firstly informally, with her sister Irene, to discuss the fate of Greece and Romania within the new Europe (December 1940) and secondly formally with Michael I during a trip in Italy (winter of 1941). Above all, Helen and her son had no choice but to officially support the dictatorship of Antonescu. Thus, it was Michael I who gave the Conducător the title of Marshal (21 August 1941) after the reconquest of Bessarabia by the Romanian Army. In the fall of 1942, Helen played a major role in stopping Antonescu from his plans to deport all of the Jews of the Regat to the German death camp of Bełżec in Poland. According to SS Hauptsturmführer Gustav Richter, the counselor for Jewish Affairs at the German legation in Bucharest in a report sent to Berlin on 30 October 1942: "The queen mother told the king that what was happening...was a disgrace and that she could not bear it any longer, all the more so because [their names] |
would be permanently associated...with the crimes committed against the Jews, while she would be known as the mother of "Michael the Wicked". She is said to have warned the king that, if the deportations were not immediately halted, she would leave the country. As a result the King...telephoned Prime Minister Ion Antonescu and...a meeting of the Council of Ministers took place." Coup of Michael I and end of the war From 1941, the participation of the Romanian army in the invasion of the Soviet Union further damaged the relations between Antonescu and the royal family, who disapproved of the conquests of Odessa and Ukraine. However, it was the Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 1942 – 2 February 1943) and the losses incurred by the Romanian side that finally forced Michael I to organize around him a resistance against the dictatorship of the Conducător. During an official speech on 1 January 1943, the sovereign publicly condemned the participation of Romania in the war against the Soviet Union, triggering the wrath of both Antonescu and the Nazi Germany, who accused Helen of being behind the royal initiative. In retaliation, Antonescu tightened his control over Michael I and his mother, and threatened the royal family with the abolition of the monarchy if any further provocation were to occur. Over the next few months, the suspicious death of Tsar Boris III of Bulgaria (28 August 1943) and the successive arrests of princesses Mafalda of Savoy (23 September 1943) and Irene of Greece (October 1943) after the overthrow of Mussolini by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (25 July 1943), proved to Michael I and his mother just how dangerous opposition to the Axis powers was. The return of the Soviets in Bessarabia and the American bombing over Bucharest forced the king, despite everything, to break with the regime of Antonescu. On 23 August 1944 Michael I organized a coup d'état against the Conducător, who was imprisoned. In the process, the king and his new government declared war on the Axis powers and asked the Romanian forces not to resist the Red Army, which nevertheless continued its invasion into the country. In retaliation against this betrayal, the Luftflotte bombed Bucharest and Casa Nouă, the main residence of the sovereign and his mother since 1940, which was largely destroyed (24 August 1944). Nevertheless, the Romanian forces gradually managed to push the Germans out of the country and also attacked Hungary in order to liberate Transylvania (Siege of Budapest, 29 December 1944 – 13 February 1945). However, the Allies did not immediately recognize the reversal of Romania and the Soviets entered the capital on 31 August 31, 1944. An armistice was finally signed with Moscow on 12 September 1944, which forced the kingdom to accept the Soviet occupation. A climate of uncertainty swept the country while the Red Army increased their demands. Visiting Sinaia at the time of the royal coup d'état, Helen found her son the next day at Craiova. Back in Bucharest on 10 September 1944, the king and his mother moved into the residence of Princess Elizabeth, whose relations with Helen remained tense despite their reconciliation in 1940. With the increased instability in Romania, the queen mother was extremely concerned about the safety of her son, fearing that he could eventually be killed, like Prince-Regent Kiril of Bulgaria, shot by the Communists on 1 February 1945. The queen mother also disapproved of the influence of Ioan Stârcea over the sovereign and, following information from one of the palace servants, accused him of espionage on behalf of Antonescu. She was also concerned about the machinations |
of Carol II, who apparently waited for the end of the war to return to Romania, and observed with anxiety the political crisis that prevented King George II from regaining power in Greece. In this difficult context, Helen had the joy of learning that her sister Irene and her little nephew Amedeo were alive, although still in German hands. Despite these political and personal concerns, the queen mother continued her charitable activities. She provided support to Romanian hospitals, and managed to save some of the equipment of the Red Army requisitions. On 6 November 1944 she inaugurated a soup kitchen in the ballroom of the Royal Palace, which served not less than 11,000 meals to children in the capital over the next three months. Finally, despite Moscow's opposition, the queen mother sent aid to Moldavia, where a terrible epidemic of typhus was raging. Imposition of a communist regime With the Soviet occupation, the staff of the Romanian Communist Party, which counted only a few thousand of members during the coup of Michael I, exploded and demonstrations against the government of Constantin Sănătescu multiplied. At the same time, acts of sabotage were occurring all over the country, preventing the Romanian economy from recovering. Faced with the combined pressures of the representative of the Soviet Union, Andrey Vyshinsky, and the People's Democratic Front (offshoot of the Communist Party), the king needed to build a new government and named Nicolae Rădescu as the new Prime Minister (7 December 1944). Nevertheless, the situation remained tense in the country and when the new head of the government called for municipal elections on 15 March 1945, the Soviet Union resumed its destabilizing operations in order to impose a government of their liking. The refusal of the United States and United Kingdom to intervene on his behalf led the sovereign to consider abdication but he abandoned the idea on the advice of representatives of the two major democratic political forces, Dinu Brătianu and Iuliu Maniu. On 6 March 1945 Michael I finally called Petru Groza, leader of the Ploughmen's Front, as the new head of a government which didn't have association with any representative of either the Peasants and the Liberal parties. Satisfied with this appointment, the Soviet authorities were more conciliatory with Romania. On 13 March 1945 Moscow transferred the administration of Transylvania to Bucharest. A few months later, on 19 July 1945, Michael I was decorated with the Order of Victory, one of the most prestigious Soviet military orders. Still, the Sovietization of the kingdom was accelerated. The purge of "fascist" personalities continued while censorship was strengthened. A land reform was also implemented, causing a drop in production which ruined agricultural exports. The king, however, managed to temporarily prevent the establishment of People's Tribunals and the restoration of the death penalty. After the Potsdam Conference and the reaffirmation by the Allies of the need to establish democratically elected governments in Europe, Michael I demanded the resignation of Petru Groza, who refused. Faced with this insubordination, the sovereign began a "royal strike" on 23 August 1945 during which he refused to countersign the acts of the government. With his mother, he locked himself in the Elisabeta Palace for six weeks before departing to Sinaia. The resistance of the monarch, however, wasn't supported by the West, who after the Moscow Conference of 25 December 1945, asked Romania to allow two opposition figures to enter the government. Disappointed by the lack of courage of London and Washington, the sovereign was shocked by the attitudes of Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana, who openly supported the communist authorities. Disgusted by all |
these betrayals, Helen, in turn, encouraged fewer meetings with Soviet officials and worried every day for the life of her son. The year 1946 was marked by the strengthening of the communist dictatorship, despite active resistance of the sovereign. After several months of waiting, the parliamentary elections were held on 19 November 1946 and were officially won by Ploughmen's Front. After that date, the situation of the king and his mother became more precarious. In their palace, they had no access to running water for three hours a day and the electricity was off most of the day. This didn't prevent Helen from maintaining her charitable activities and continuing to send food and clothing to Moldavia. In early 1947, the queen mother also obtained permission to travel abroad to visit her family. She then reunited with her sister Irene, weakened after her deportation to Austria, attended the funeral of his elder brother, King George II, and participated in the marriage of her youngest sister, Princess Katherine, with the Major Richard Brandram. The signing of the Paris Peace Treaties, on 10 February 1947, marked a new stage in the sidelining of the royal family by the communist regime. Deprived of any official duties, the king was found even more isolated than during the "royal strike". Under these conditions, the queen mother considered exile with more determination but she was concerned that they didn't possess any foreign resources, because her son refused to save money outside of Romania. As guests to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom with Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark (Helen's first-cousin) on 20 November 1947, Michael I and his mother were provided with an opportunity to travel together abroad. During this stay, the king fell in love with Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, with whom he became engaged much to Helen's delight. This trip was also an opportunity for the queen mother to place two small paintings of El Greco from the royal collections in a Swiss bank. Abolition of the Romanian monarchy and Michael I's wedding Deposition of Michael I and the first months of exile Despite the advice of their relatives, who urged them not to return to Romania in order to escape the communists, the king and his mother returned to Bucharest on 21 December 1947. They were coldly greeted by the government, which secretly hoped to see them stay abroad in order to abolish the monarchy. Their plan didn't work, so Prime Minister Petru Groza and General Secretary of the Romanian Communist Party Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej decided to compel the sovereign to abdicate. On 30 December 1947 they asked for an audience with the king, who received them along with his mother. The two politicians asked Michael I to sign a declaration of abdication. The king refused, stating that for such a thing, the romanian population must be consulted. The two men threatened that if he persisted, over 1000 students arrested would be executed in retaliation. Thousands of people, including many students, were arrested in November 1946, after clashes with the communist forces. The pro-democracy and freedom population defeated the communist forces which were sent to the protests by the communist government, but in return, many protesters were arrested by communist authorities, with the help of the Red Army. The heavy clashes ensued in Bucharest and other big cities in Romania after the Communist Party falsified the votes for the 1946 Parliament elections, which the National Peasant's Party (PNȚ) had won with over 70%. Forced with this blackmail, Michael I renounced the crown. Only hours after the announcement, the Romanian People's Republic |
was proclaimed. Michael I and Helen left Romania with some partisans on 3 January 1948. Despite their close links with the Communists, Princesses Elisabeth and Ileana were also forced to leave the country a few days later, on 12 January. In exile, Michael I and Helen settled for some time in Switzerland, where the deposed sovereign bitterly observed the Western acceptance of the establishment of a republic in Romania. For her part, Helen was mostly concerned with the state of their finances because the Communists allowed them to part with almost nothing. Despite their promises, the new Romanian authorities nationalized the properties of the former royal family (20 February 1948) and deprived the former monarch and his relatives of their nationality (17 May 1948). At the same time, the king and his mother had to deal with the intrigues of Carol II, who still considered himself the only legitimate sovereign of Romania and accused his ex-wife of keeping him away from their son. To achieve his ends, Carol II didn't hesitate to involve Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (Head of the dynasty) and Prince Nicholas of Romania in his intrigues. These concerns didn't prevent Michael I and his mother from undertaking several political trips to the United Kingdom, France and the United States to meet with government leaders and representatives of the Romanian diaspora. Marriage of Michael I and Anne of Bourbon-Parma Another source of concern from Michael I and his mother during their first months of exile was his marriage with Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma. To discredit the former monarch, the Romanian authorities promoted rumors that Michael I gave up his dynastic rights in order to marry the woman of his heart, as his father did in 1925. Added to this, the most serious difficulties were related to religion. Being a Catholic, Princess Anne had to obtain a papal dispensation to marry an Orthodox. However, the Holy See had been extremely reluctant to grant consent because, for dynastic reasons, the couple's children would have to be raised in Michael I's religion. After Prince René of Bourbon-Parma, father of the bride, failed in his negotiations with the Vatican, Helen decided to go to Rome with Princess Margaret of Denmark (Anne's mother) to meet Pope Pius XII. However, the meeting ended badly and the Pope refused to agree to the marriage. Under these circumstances, Princess Anne had no choice but to override the pontifical will and abandon a Catholic marriage. In doing so, she incurred the wrath of her uncle, Prince Xavier of Bourbon-Parma, who forbade the members of his family to attend the royal wedding under threat of being excluded from the House of Bourbon-Parma. Once again, the queen mother tried to mediate, this time with Anne's family, but without success. Helen had better luck with her own family. Her brother, King Paul I of Greece, offered to organize Michael's wedding in Athens, despite official protests from the Romanian government. The wedding was finally celebrated in the Greek capital on 10 June 1948 with Archbishop Damaskinos himself officiating the ceremony. Celebrated in the throne room of the Royal Palace, the wedding brought together most of the members of the Greek dynasty but no representative of the Houses of Bourbon-Parma or Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen. In fact, Carol II was not invited to the wedding, despite Helen having written to him about the marriage. Exile and later years Return to Villa Sparta After the marriage of Michael I and Anne, Helen returned to Villa Sparta in Fiesole. Through 1951, she hosted her son and his family, who visited with her at least twice a year. |
Over the years, the family of the former king grew with the successive births of princesses Margareta (1949), Elena (1950), Irina (1953), Sophie (1957) and Maria (1964). From 1949 to 1950, Helen also housed her sister Irene and her nephew Amedeo, who later settled in a neighboring residence. Over the years, the two Greek princesses retained a strong bond, which ended with the death of the duchess of Aosta in 1974. Throughout her life, Helen also remained deeply attached to Amedeo and his first wife, Princess Claude of Orléans. Helen also made many trips abroad to visit her relatives. She traveled regularly to the United Kingdom to see her granddaughters, who were schooling there. Despite her sometimes stormy relationship with her sister-in-law, Queen Frederica, Helen also spent long periods in Greece and participated in the cruise of the Kings (1954), the marriage of Princess Sophia with the future King Juan Carlos I of Spain (1962) and the events organized to mark the centenary of the Greek dynasty (1963). Despite this, Helen's life wasn't solely devoted to her family. Passionate about Renaissance architecture and painting, she spent much of her time visiting monuments and museums. She also dedicated herself to creating artistic objects, for example an engraving made with a dentist's drill on an ivory billiard ball. A gardening enthusiast, she devoted long hours to the flowers and shrubs of her residence. A regular guest of the British Consulate, she also frequented the intellectuals who, like Harold Acton, had settled in the region of Florence. From 1968 to 1973, Helen had a romantic relationship with the twice-widower King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden, with whom she shared a love of art and plants. At one point, the Scandinavian sovereign asked her to marry him, but she refused. In 1956 Helen consented for Arthur Gould Lee to published her biography., At this point, her life was marked by financial difficulties which continued to worsen over time. Despite still being deprived of income by the Romanian authorities, the queen mother economically supported her son, and also helped him to find jobs, first as a pilot in Switzerland, then as a broker on Wall Street. Helen also supported the studies of her eldest granddaughter Margareta, and even welcomed her at Villa Sparta for a year before she entered a British university. To do this, Helen was forced to sell her assets one by one and in the early 1970s, she hardly had anything left. In 1973, she mortgaged her residence and three years later, she sold the two Greco paintings that she had brought with her from Romania in 1947. Life in Switzerland and death Becoming too old to live alone, Helen finally left Fiesole in 1979. She then moved to a small apartment in Lausanne, located 45 minutes from the residence of Michael I and Anne, before moving in with them at Versoix in 1981. Helen, queen mother of Romania, died one year later on 28 November 1982, aged 86. She was buried without pomp in the Bois-de-Vaux Cemetery and the funerals were celebrated by Damaskinos Papandreou, the first Greek Orthodox Metropolitan of Switzerland. Eleven years after her death, in March 1993, the State of Israel gave Helen the title of Righteous Among the Nations in recognition for her actions during World War II towards Romanian Jews, several thousands of whom she managed to save from 1941 to 1944. The announcement was made to the royal family by Alexandru Șafran, then Chief Rabbi of Geneva. In January 2018, it was announced that the remains of King Carol II will be moved to the |
new Archdiocesan and Royal Cathedral, along with those of Queen Mother Helen. In addition, the remains of Prince Mircea will also be moved to the new cathedral. His remains are currently interred at the Bran Castle's Chapel. Queen Mother Helen of Romania was reburied at the New Episcopal and Royal Cathedral in Curtea de Argeș on 19 October 2019. Ancestry Notes References Bibliography Besse, Jean-Paul (2010), Ileana, l'archiduchesse voilée, Versailles, Via romana Gelardi, Julia (2006), Born to Rule : Granddaughters of Victoria, Queens of Europe, Headline Review Marcou, Lilly (2002), Le Roi trahi : Carol II de Roumanie, Pygmalion Mateos Sainz de Medrano, Ricardo (2004), La Familia de la Reina Sofía : La Dinastía griega, la Casa de Hannover y los reales primos de Europa, Madrid, La Esfera de los Libros Pakula, Hannah (1996), The Last Romantic : A Biography of Queen Marie of Roumania, Weidenfeld & Nicolson History "Queen Helen of Rumania", The Times (30 November 1982): 12. Van der Kiste, John (1994), Kings of the Hellenes : The Greek Kings, 1863–1974 External links Royal House of Greece Royal House of Romania Helen of Greece and Denmark – description of her activity at Yad Vashem website Category:1896 births Category:1982 deaths Category:House of Glücksburg (Greece) Category:Queen mothers Category:Greek princesses Category:Danish princesses Category:Romanian people of World War II Category:Women in World War II Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Carol I Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania) Category:Recipients of the Military Virtue Medal Category:Greek Righteous Among the Nations Category:Romanian Righteous Among the Nations Category:Eastern Orthodox Righteous Among the Nations Category:Members of the Church of Greece Category:Members of the Romanian Orthodox Church Category:People from Athens |
Burbeck, California Burbeck is an unincorporated community in Mendocino County, California. It is located near the mouth of Burbeck Creek on the California Western Railroad west-northwest of Willits, at an elevation of 653 feet (199 m). References Category:Unincorporated communities in California Category:Unincorporated communities in Mendocino County, California |
Raphitoma atropurpurea Raphitoma atropurpurea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae. Description The length of the shell varies between 6 mm and 15 mm. The monochrome dark brown shell has a somewhat elongated, fusiform shape. The spire is long but not very acuminate. The shell contains 10 convex whorls, separated by a rather impressed suture. The body whorl is rounded and is attenuated progressively downwards. The whorls show narrow, close, prominent ribs intersected by decurrent, narrow, prominent, regular and continual striae, forming a regular reticulation. Distribution This marine species occurs in the Mediterranean Sea off Southern France and Corsica. References Pusateri F., Giannuzzi Savelli R., Bartolini S. & Oliverio M. (2017). A revision of the Mediterranean Raphitomidae (Neogastropoda, Conoidea) 4: The species of the group of Raphitoma purpurea (Montagu, 1803) with the description of a new species. Bollettino Malacologico. 53(2): 161-183. External links Gastropods.com: Raphitoma (Raphitoma) atropurpurea Biolib.cz: Raphitoma atropurpurea atropurpurea Category:Gastropods described in 1900 |
1973–74 Cypriot Third Division The 1973–74 Cypriot Third Division was the 4th season of the Cypriot third-level football league. Iraklis Gerolakkou won their 1st title. Format Twelve teams participated in the 1973–74 Cypriot Third Division. All teams played against each other twice, once at their home and once away. The team with the most points at the end of the season crowned champions. The first team was promoted to 1974–75 Cypriot Second Division. Point system Teams received two points for a win, one point for a draw and zero points for a loss. League standings Points system: Won=2 points, Drawn=1 point, Lost=0 points Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) Goal differences, 3) Goal for Sources See also Cypriot Third Division 1973–74 Cypriot First Division 1973–74 Cypriot Cup Category:Cypriot Third Division seasons Cyprus Category:1973–74 in Cypriot football |
Bohm Dialogue Bohm Dialogue (also known as Bohmian Dialogue or "Dialogue in the Spirit of David Bohm") is a freely flowing group conversation in which participants attempt to reach a common understanding, experiencing everyone's point of view fully, equally and nonjudgementally. This can lead to new and deeper understanding. The purpose is to solve the communication crises that face society, and indeed the whole of human nature and consciousness. It utilizes a theoretical understanding of the way thoughts relate to universal reality. It is named after physicist David Bohm who originally proposed this form of dialogue. Bohm's original dialogue The theory of dialogue Bohm introduced the concept of a dialogue, stating that dialogue can be considered as a free flow of meaning between people in communication, in the sense of a stream that flows between banks. These "banks" are understood as representing the various points of view of the participants. ...it may turn out that such a form of free exchange of ideas and information is of fundamental relevance for transforming culture and freeing it of destructive misinformation, so that creativity can be liberated. – David Bohm A dialogue has no predefined purpose, no agenda, other than that of inquiring into the movement of thought, and exploring the process of "thinking together" collectively. This activity can allow group participants to examine their preconceptions and prejudices, as well as to explore the more general movement of thought. Bohm's intention regarding the suggested minimum number of participants was to replicate a social/cultural dynamic (rather than a family dynamic). This form of dialogue seeks to enable an awareness of why communicating in the verbal sphere is so much more difficult and conflict-ridden than in all other areas of human activity and endeavor. Dialogue should not be confused with discussion or debate, both of which, says Bohm, suggest working towards a goal or reaching a decision, rather than simply exploring and learning. Meeting without an agenda or fixed objective is done to create a "free space" for something new to happen. David Bohm said: Dialogue is really aimed at going into the whole thought process and changing the way the thought process occurs collectively. We haven't really paid much attention to thought as a process. We have ENGAGED in thoughts, but we have only paid attention to the content, not to the process. Why does thought require attention? Everything requires attention, really. If we ran machines without paying attention to them, they would break down. Our thought, too, is a process, and it requires attention, otherwise it's going to go wrong. Taking reference to the work of Bohm and Peat Science, Order and Creativity, Arleta Griffor – noted by Paavo Pylkkänen for her "deep and extensive knowledge of Bohm's philosophy" and member of the research group of Bohm's co-worker Basil Hiley – underlines the importance of the kind of listening involved in the Bohm dialogue and points to Bohm's statement that [A] thoroughgoing suspension of tacit individual and cultural infrastructures, in the context of full attention to their contents, frees the mind to move in new ways … The mind is then able to respond to creative new perceptions going beyond the particular points of view that have been suspended. Griffor emphasizes that in conventional discussion, [T]he self-defensive activity of each participant's idiosyncrasy […] prevents listening" and that, in contrast, giving full attention to what the other participants mean can free the mind from socio-cultural accumulation, allow a free flow of meaning between people in a dialogue and give rise to shared perception and the creation of shared meaning in the sense of shared |
significance, intention, purpose and value. It seems then that the main trouble is that the other person is the one who is prejudiced and not listening. After all, it is easy for each one of us to see that other people are 'blocked' about certain questions, so that without being aware of it, they are avoiding the confrontation of contradictions in certain ideas that may be extremely dear to them. The very nature of such a 'block' is, however, that it is a kind of insensitivity or 'anesthesia' about one's own contradictions. Evidently then, what is crucial is to be aware of the nature of one's own 'blocks'. If one is alert and attentive, he can see for example that whenever certain questions arise, there are fleeting sensations of fear, which push him away from consideration of those questions, and of pleasure, which attract his thoughts and cause them to be occupied with other questions. So, one is able to keep away from whatever it is that he thinks may disturb him. And as a result, he can be subtle at defending his own ideas, when he supposes that he is really listening to what other people have to say. When we come together to talk, or otherwise to act in common, can each one of us be aware of the subtle fear and pleasure sensations that 'block' the ability to listen freely? Principles of dialogue The group agrees that no group-level decisions will be made in the conversation. "...In the dialogue group we are not going to decide what to do about anything. This is crucial. Otherwise we are not free. We must have an empty space where we are not obliged to anything, nor to come to any conclusions, nor to say anything or not say anything. It's open and free." (Bohm, "On Dialogue", p. 18-19.)" Each individual agrees to suspend judgement in the conversation. (Specifically, if the individual hears an idea he doesn't like, he does not attack that idea.) "...people in any group will bring to it assumptions, and as the group continues meeting, those assumptions will come up. What is called for is to suspend those assumptions, so that you neither carry them out nor suppress them. You don't believe them, nor do you disbelieve them; you don't judge them as good or bad...(Bohm, "On Dialogue", p. 22.)" As these individuals "suspend judgement" they also simultaneously are as honest and transparent as possible. (Specifically, if the individual has a "good idea" that he might otherwise hold back from the group because it is too controversial, he will share that idea in this conversation.) Individuals in the conversation try to build on other individuals' ideas in the conversation. (The group often comes up with ideas that are far beyond what any of the individuals thought possible before the conversation began.) The experience of a dialogue Twenty to forty participants sit in a circle and engage in free-flowing conversation. A dialogue typically goes on for a few hours (or for a few days in a workshop environment). Participants "suspend" their beliefs, opinions, impulses, and judgments while speaking together, in order to see the movement of the group's thought processes and what their effects may be. In such a dialogue, when one person says something, the other person does not, in general, respond with exactly the same meaning as that seen by the first person. Rather, the meanings are only similar and not identical. Thus, when the 2nd person replies, the 1st person sees a Difference between what he meant to say and what the other person understood. |
On considering this difference, he may then be able to see something new, which is relevant both to his own views and to those of the other person. And so it can go back and forth, with the continual emergence of a new content that is common to both participants. Thus, in a dialogue, each person does not attempt to make common certain ideas or items of information that are already known to him. Rather, it may be said that two people are making something in common, i.e., creating something new together. (from On Dialogue) Post-Bohm "Bohm Dialogue" has been widely used in the field of organizational development, and has evolved beyond what David Bohm intended: rarely is the group size as large as what Bohm originally recommended, and there are often other numerous subtle differences. Specifically, any method of conversation that claims to be based on the "principles of dialogue as established by David Bohm" can be considered to be a form of Bohm Dialogue. Usually, the goal of the various incarnations of "Bohm Dialogue" is to get the whole group to have a better understanding of itself. In other words, Bohm Dialogue is used to inform all of the participants about the current state of the group they are in. Incarnations Chris Harris, the thought leader on Hyperinnovation (2002) and Building Innovative Teams (2003), outlines a multidimensional approach to Dialogue Development, enabling groups to take their collective ideas, knowledge and goals in highly creative, boundary-crossing directions. He says "...it is at the borders between different domains where true creativity, and ultimately innovation occurs ... systems/holistic thinking, mental model sharing/development, and group foresight skills are largely responsible for group communication breakthrough." "Bohm", he says, "may have agreed." Peter Senge in his book The Fifth Discipline (1990) recommends a type of dialogue that is based on principles he says originate with Bohm, and is part of his strategy to help groups become "learning organizations". Parker Palmer in his book A Hidden Wholeness (2004) seems to advocate a style of dialogue that is almost identical to what Bohm originally recommended. (Palmer calls his technique "Circles of Trust".) Palmer uses his dialogue more for personal spiritual development than for business consultation. Holman (1999) explains that Linda Ellinor has used "dialogue like conversation" to establish partnership in the workplace (essentially establishing informal workplace democracy): "...there is a movement towards what we call shared leadership. Shared leadership refers to what happens as those practicing dialogue over time begin to share in the understanding of collectively held goals and purpose together. Alignment builds. Every individual sees more clearly how he or she uniquely shares and contributes to the output and end results. Formal leaders do not need to direct the activities of subordinates as much. Armed with greater understanding of the larger picture, subordinates simply take independent action when they need to without being dependent on feedback from their manager." (p. 224) William Isaacs (1999) claims to be building directly on Bohm's work. He describes many possible techniques and skill sets that can be used to view and enhance dialogue in a group. Isaacs focuses on a four-stage evolutionary-model of a dialogue (p. 242-290): Stage one is "Shared Monologues", where group members get used to talking to each other. Stage two is "Skillful Discussion", where people are learning the skills of dialogue. Stage three is "Reflective Dialogue", which is approximately Bohm's idea of dialogue. Stage four is "Generative Dialogue", a special "creative" dialogue Isaacs seeks for his groups. Patricia Shaw distances herself from the rest of the Bohm school of dialogue, stating "...I am not |
trying to foster a special form or discipline of conversation... Rather than inculcating a special discipline of dialogue, I am encouraging perceptions of ensemble improvisation as an organizing craft of communicative action" (Patricia Shaw 2002, p. 164). Shaw's form of dialogue focuses on getting group members to appreciate the different roles each other can play in conversation, in the same way that jazz (improvisational) musicians appreciate each other's unplanned contribution to a performance. Shaw's dialogue variation shows that a simpler, less idealistic approach is possible. For her all conversations are on a continuum, a gray scale that ranges from the highest, purest forms of dialogue to the lowest command-and-control conversations. In this sense dialogue is a property a conversation can have more or less of. All of the above authors and consultants are considered to be experts in "Bohm Dialogue" (amongst others). This makes Bohm himself only one of many authorities on this subject. Some of these practitioners have made contributions and adaptations completely unforeseen by Bohm himself, making the subject of "Bohm Dialogue" much greater than the dialogue theory Bohm himself originally established, which, Don Factor believes, would have delighted him if he were still alive. See also Appreciative inquiry Communicative action Dialogue Dialogue mapping Double-loop learning Improvisation Insight dialogue Learning circle Nonviolent Communication Present Theory U Footnotes References Bohm, D., Factor, D. and Garrett, P. (1991). Dialogue - A proposal Bohm, D. (1996). On dialogue. New York: Routledge. Holman, P & Devane,T. (1999). The change handbook: Group methods for shaping the future. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Isaacs, W. (1999). Dialogue and the Art of Thinking Together: A Pioneering Approach to Communicating in Business and in Life. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Nichol, L. (2001). Wholeness Regained Palmer, P.J. (2004). A Hidden Wholeness. The Journey toward an Undivided Life. San Francisco: Wiley & Sons. Senge, P. M. (2006). The fifth discipline: the art and practice of the learning organization. Doubleday. Shaw, P. (2002). Changing Conversations in Organizations. A complexity approach to change. London: Routledge. External links The David Bohm Society A website about Bohm Dialogue A directory of groups exploring dialogue as proposed by David Bohm et al. The Bohm Krishnamurti Project: Exploring the Legacy of the David Bohm and Jiddu Krishnamurti Relationship David-Bohm.net features various papers written by Bohm and his colleagues, and an online dialogue by email list (facilitated by Don Factor). The Lancaster (UK) Dialogue Category:Interpersonal communication Category:Group decision-making |
List of public art in Palm Desert, California This is a partial list of public art in Palm Desert, California in the United States. This list applies only to works of public art accessible in an outdoor public space. For example, this does not include artwork visible inside a museum or religious artwork associated with a church or place of worship. Public Art in Public Places lists official descriptive and location data on permanent public art in Southern California and Hawaii (including a list of public art in Palm Desert). References Category:California culture Category:California-related lists Category:Lists of public art in California Public art Category:Tourist attractions in California |
80 in the Shade 80 In The Shade is the third recording released by The Cops. It was recorded by Magoo (Regurgitator, Midnight Oil) and the band’s singer/songwriter, Simon Carter. It was mixed by Paul McKercher (You Am I, Sarah Blasko) and mastered by Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound. Track listing "Call Me Anytime" – 3:51 "Starve On My Love" – 4:05 "Beat Remainder" – 3:26 "Let Me Be Your Weapon" – 3:23 References External links The Cops Homepage Category:The Cops (Australian band) albums Category:2006 EPs |
Ghana at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics Ghana competed at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics in Beijing, China, from 22 to 30 August 2015. Results (q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best) Men Track and road events References Category:Nations at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics World Championships in Athletics 2015 |
A51 autoroute The A51 autoroute is a partly completed motorway in south east France. It is the long term project to connect Marseille to Grenoble via Aix-en-Provence, the Durance valley and the Department Hautes-Alpes. Route It passes the towns of Aix-en-Provence, Pertuis, Manosque, Sisteron and then Digne and Tallard. In the Department de Isère, it passes Monestier-de-Clermont, Vif and Varces-Allières-et-Risset. The motorway provides access to the south-western Alps for the residents of the south of France. Its main section connects Marseille to Aix-en-Provence and Durance valley to the north of Sisteron (Saulce). Only 18 km is toll free between Marseilles and Aix-en-Provence, the remaining 128 km is a toll road operated by Escota between Aix-en-Provence and Saulce. At Aix-en-Provence, the autoroute becomes briefly the N296 dual-carriageway between the exits Jas-de-Boufan and Aix-les-Platanes. This section where it meets the N7 was originally proposed to be an autoroute but building has subsequently compromised the route. There is a speed limit of 50 km/h on part of the N296. A section at the Grenoble end, Varces to Coynelle (17 km), was opened in July 1999. This was extended in March 2007 when the next section, connecting Coynelle to the Col du Fau (10.5 km), was opened in March 2007. This includes 4.5 km which is a single carriageway through the Tunnel of Sinard and over the Viaduct de Monestier. This northern section is also a toll road but it is operated by AREA. This has greatly reduced the summer congestion through the commune of Monestier. Southern section 00 Exchange A7-A51 Junction with A7 to Marseille-Lyon 01 km 2 (Plan de Campagne) Towns served: Les Payrets 02 km 5 Exchange A51-A515 Junction with A515 spur to Gardanne Service Area: Les Chabauds/La Champouse 03 km 9 (Luynes-ZI des Milles) Towns served: Luynes 04 km 10 (Bouc-Bel-Air) Towns served: Bouc-Bel-Air 04a km 11 (Luynes-Gardanne) Towns served: Gardanne, Luynes 05 km 14 (Les Milles) Towns served: Les Milles 05a km 16 (Aix- Centre) Towns served: Aix Exchange A51-A8 Junction with A8 to Orange-Nice. 06 km 19 (Aix-en-Provence) Towns served: Aix autoroute becomes the RN296a. Exchange RN296-A51 Autoroute recommences after a junction with the RN296. 11 (Aix-Les Platanes-Sud) Towns served: Aix 12 km 1 (Les Platanes) Towns served: Aix 13 km 3 (Venelles) Towns served: Venelles 14 km 5 (Meyrargues) Towns served: Meyrargues Service Area: Meyrargues/Meyrargues-Fontbelle Péage de Pertuis Rest Area km 24 Pont Mirabeau Rest Area: km 28 Jouques 17 km 32 (Saint-Paul-les-Durance) Towns served: Gréoux-les-Bains 18 km 46 (Manosque) Towns served: Manosque Service Area: Manosque-(Est)/Volx-(Ouest) 19 km 60 (La Brillanne) Towns served: Forcalquier via RN100 Rest Area: Ganagobie 20 km 75 (Peyruis) Towns served: Peyruis, Les Mées Rest Area: Belvédère de Peyruis/Les Mées 21 km 85.5 (Aubignosc) Towns served: Aubignosc, RN85 Rest Area km 87 Aubignosc 22 km 91 (Sisteron-sud) Towns served: Sisteron 23 km 98 (Sisteron Nord) Towns served: Sisteron km 114 Péage de La Saulce-Tallard 24 km 114 (La Saulce-Tallard) Temporary end of the autoroute which joins the RN85 to Grenoble. Northern Section The autoroute recommences 85 km to the north west. (Col du Fau-N75) Autoroute recommences with junction on the RN75 Sisteron to Grenoble. 13 (Sinard) Towns served: Sinard, Monestier-de-Clermont Rest Area Les Marceaux/Les Jaillets Péage du Crozet 12 (Vif) Towns served: Vif 11 (St-Paul de Varces) Towns served: St-Paul de Varces, Le Gua 10 (Varces) Towns served: Varces Exchange A51-A480 Junction with the A480 to Grenoble, Chambéry and Lyon. History The first section was built in 1953, it connected the Autoroute de nord (open in 1951) to Cabriès. It was only extended to Aix-en-Provence and the A8 in 1970. The construction of |
the section from Grenoble to Sisteron was subject to protests because of its environmental impact. In 1995 for example, demonstrators blocked work by chaining themselves to construction equipment. Future Following many ministerial and policy changes, and tensions between local residents. As a result, the completion of the motorway has been on the agenda for 20 years. Were all the sections are completed the road journey from Grenoble-Marseille would be 2h40 (instead of the current 3h30). However, there are several problems: The design of the road The class of roads (toll/free autoroute, expressway or upgrade of the current roads (N75 and N85) The cost of the project. Strong environmental impact of the route. The motorway must pass through the middle of the South-Dauphiné (Trièves) Alps. There were two options for the route between the Col de Fau (Monestier-de-Clermont) and the end of the southern section near Gap: The "High Route" was the most direct route over several high passes to Sisteron (The budget at the time was envisaged at 1.8 billion euros) "Gap East" (via the Drac valley, the Col de Bayard and the Avance valley) to Saulce the current end of the motorway from Marseille (the budget was envisaged to be approximately 2.2 billion euros). Following a public inquiry organized between 2005–2006, the Minister Mr Perben announced in 2006 that A51 would be built on the Gap East route. However the 2011 edition of the National Scheme of Transport Infrastructure (SNIT) did not include the completion of this section. Completion before 2025 is unlikely. External links A51 Motorway in Saratlas Unofficial website of the A51 Motorway A51 |
Pedotransfer function In soil science, pedotransfer functions (PTF) are predictive functions of certain soil properties using data from soil surveys. The term pedotransfer function was coined by Johan Bouma as translating data we have into what we need. The most readily available data come from soil survey, such as field morphology, soil texture, structure and pH. Pedotransfer functions add value to this basic information by translating them into estimates of other more laborious and expensively determined soil properties. These functions fill the gap between the available soil data and the properties which are more useful or required for a particular model or quality assessment. Pedotransfer functions utilize various regression analysis and data mining techniques to extract rules associating basic soil properties with more difficult to measure properties. Although not formally recognized and named until 1989, the concept of the pedotransfer function has long been applied to estimate soil properties that are difficult to determine. Many soil science agencies have their own (unofficial) rule of thumb for estimating difficult-to-measure soil properties. Probably because of the particular difficulty, cost of measurement, and availability of large databases, the most comprehensive research in developing PTFs has been for the estimation of water retention curve and hydraulic conductivity. History The first PTF came from the study of Lyman Briggs and McLane (1907). They determined the wilting coefficient, which is defined as percentage water content of a soil when the plants growing in that soil are first reduced to a wilted condition from which they cannot recover in an approximately saturated atmosphere without the addition of water to the soil, as a function of particle-size: Wilting coefficient = 0.01 sand + 0.12 silt + 0.57 clay With the introduction of the field capacity (FC) and permanent wilting point (PWP) concepts by Frank Veihmeyer and Arthur Hendricksen (1927), research during the period 1950-1980 attempted to correlate particle-size distribution, bulk density and organic matter content with water content at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), and available water capacity (AWC). In the 1960s various papers dealt with the estimation of FC, PWP, and AWC, notably in a series of papers by Salter and Williams (1965 etc.). They explored relationships between texture classes and available water capacity, which are now known as class PTFs. They also developed functions relating the particle-size distribution to AWC, now known as continuous PTFs. They asserted that their functions could predict AWC to a mean accuracy of 16%. In the 1970s more comprehensive research using large databases was developed. A particularly good example is the study by Hall et al. (1977) from soil in England and Wales; they established field capacity, permanent wilting point, available water content, and air capacity as a function of textural class, and as well as deriving continuous functions estimating these soil-water properties. In the USA, Gupta and Larson (1979) developed 12 functions relating particle-size distribution and organic matter content to water content at potentials ranging from -4 kPa to -1500 kPa. With the flourishing development of models describing soil hydraulic properties and computer modelling of soil-water and solute transport, the need for hydraulic properties as inputs to these models became more evident. Clapp and Hornberger (1978) derived average values for the parameters of a power-function water retention curve, sorptivity and saturated hydraulic conductivity for different texture classes. In probably the first research of its kind, Bloemen (1977) derived empirical equations relating parameters of the Brooks and Corey hydraulic model to particle-size distribution. Jurgen Lamp and Kneib (1981) from Germany introduced the term pedofunction, while Bouma and van Lanen (1986) used the term transfer function. To avoid confusion with |
the term transfer function used in soil physics and in many other disciplines, Johan Bouma (1989) later called it pedotransfer function. (A personal anecdote hinted that Arnold Bregt from Wageningen University suggested this term). Since then, the development of hydraulic PTFs has become a boom research topic, first in the US and Europe, South America, Australia and all over the world. Although most PTFs have been developed to predict soil hydraulic properties, they are not restricted to hydraulic properties. PTFs for estimating soil physical, mechanical, chemical and biological properties have also been developed. Software There are several available programs that aid determining hydraulic properties of soils using pedotransfer functions, among them are SOILPAR – By Acutis and Donatelli ROSETTA – By Schaap et al. of the USDA, uses artificial neural networks Soil inference systems McBratney et al. (2002) introduced the concept of a soil inference system, SINFERS, where pedotransfer functions are the knowledge rules for soil inference engines. A soil inference system takes measurements with a given level of certainty (source) and by means of logically linked pedotransfer functions (organiser) infers data that is not known with minimal inaccuracy (predictor). See also Moisture equivalent Nonlimiting water range Soil functions References Category:Pedology Category:Soil physics |
John Klebuc John Klebuc is a judge of the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan and former Chief Justice of Saskatchewan. Klebuc received a Bachelor of Laws and a Bachelor of Arts in 1964 from University of Saskatchewan and was called to the Bar of Saskatchewan in 1965. A lawyer, he was a partner at the law firm of MacPherson, Leslie & Tyerman from 1964 to 1993. In 1993, he was appointed Justice of the Court of Queen's Bench for Saskatchewan, Judicial Centre of Saskatoon. He was appointed Chief Justice of Saskatchewan in 2006. He stepped down as Chief Justice on June 30, 2013, and was replaced by Chief Justice Robert G. Richards. References Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Judges in Saskatchewan Category:University of Saskatchewan alumni Category:University of Saskatchewan College of Law alumni |
Karanjali Karanjali is a small village in Ratnagiri district, Maharashtra state in Western India. The 2011 Census of India recorded a total of 790 residents in the village. Karanjali's geographical area is approximately . References Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district |
Magdalenenstraße (Berlin U-Bahn) Magdalenenstraße is a Berlin U-Bahn station located on the line. The station was designed by the Swedish architect Alfred Grenander and it was opened for service in 1930. It was closed for a few months in 1945 and was renovated in 2004-05. The walls are covered with green panels and the columns are also painted green. The artworks of East German artist are displayed on the walls. They are painted in a very abstract way and show events in German history. In 1995 these paintings were to have been covered by advertisements, but this was prevented by the culture department of the Berliner Senat. References Category:Berlin U-Bahn stations Category:Buildings and structures in Lichtenberg Category:Railway stations opened in 1930 Category:1930 establishments in Germany |
List of Soviet films of 1967 A list of films produced in the Soviet Union in 1967 (see 1967 in film). 1967 External links Soviet films of 1967 at the Internet Movie Database 1967 Soviet Films |
Luperina testacea Luperina testacea, the flounced rustic, is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Europe, Asia Minor and Armenia. Technical description and variation The wingspan is 30–35 mm. The length of the forewings is 14–18 mm."Forewing light to dark fuscous, often with a faint ochreous or brownish tinge; the veins darker; inner and outer lines double, filled in with pale, but varying in intensity; claviform stigma of the ground colour with black line; orbicular and reniform paler with darker centres; submarginal line pale, obscure, often shown only by the dark terminal areabeyond it: hindwing whitish with dark veins and black marginal line; of the forms without any ochreous or rufous tinge, ab. obsoleta Tutt is pale grey without definite dark markings; — ab. cinerea Tutt has the grey darker, more fuscous; — ab. nigrescens Tutt has the ground colour blackish of varying degrees of intensity; the inner and outer lines are sometimes connected by a black streak: — in ab. unca Haw., the streak is thin and the two lines well separated; — ab. x-notata Haw. has the streak thick and the lines closely approximated". Biology The moth flies in one generation from mid-July to early October . Larva dirty whiteish, without lines; head and plates brown. The larvae feed on various grasses and grains. Notes The flight season refers to Belgium and the Netherlands. This may vary in other parts of the range. References External links Flounced rustic at UKmoths Funet Taxonomy Lepiforum.de Vlindernet.nl Category:Luperina Category:Moths described in 1775 Category:Moths of Asia Category:Moths of Europe Category:Taxa named by Michael Denis Category:Taxa named by Ignaz Schiffermüller |
Baeda Baeda may refer to several Emperors of Ethiopia: Atse Baeda Maryam (1787–1788) Baeda Maryam of Ethiopia (1448–1478), nəgusä nägäst of Ethiopia, and member of the Solomonic dynasty Baeda Maryam II of Ethiopia, nəgusä nägäst April – December 1795 of Ethiopia Baeda Maryam III of Ethiopia, nəgusä nägäst of Ethiopia for a few days in April 1826 It can also refer to Bede, a 7th-century Northumbrian monk |
Büchi's problem Büchi's problem, also known as the n squares' problem, is an open problem from number theory named after the Swiss mathematician Julius Richard Büchi. It asks whether there is a positive integer M such that every sequence of M or more integer squares, whose second difference is constant and equal to 2, is necessarily a sequence of squares of the form (x + i)2, i = 1, 2, ..., M,... for some integer x. In 1983, Douglas Hensley observed that Büchi's problem is equivalent to the following: Does there exist a positive integer M such that, for all integers x and a, the quantity (x + n)2 + a cannot be a square for more than M consecutive values of n, unless a = 0? Statement of Büchi's problem Büchi's problem can be stated in the following way: Does there exist a positive integer M such that the system of equations has only solutions satisfying Since the first difference of the sequence is the sequence , the second difference of is Therefore, the above system of equations is equivalent to the single equation where the unknown is the sequence . Examples Observe that for any integer x we have Hence the equation has solutions, called trivial Büchi sequences of length three, such that and . For example, the sequences (2, 3, 4) and (2, −3, 4) are trivial Büchi sequences. A nontrivial Büchi sequence of length three is given for example by the sequence (0, 7, 10), as it satisfies 102 − 2·72 + 02 = 2, while 02, 72 and 102 are not consecutive squares. Replacing x by x + 1 in equation , we obtain . Hence the system of equations has trivial Büchi solutions of length 4, namely the one satisfying for n = 0, 1, 2, 3. In 1983, D. Hensley showed that there are infinitely many nontrivial Büchi sequences of length four. It is not known whether there exist any non-trivial Büchi sequence of length five (Indeed, Büchi asked originally the question only for M = 5.). Original motivation A positive answer to Büchi's problem would imply, using the negative answer to Hilbert's Tenth Problem by Yuri Matiyasevich, that there is no algorithm to decide whether a system of diagonal quadratic forms with integer coefficients represents an integer tuple. Indeed, Büchi observed that squaring, therefore multiplication, would be existentially definable in the integers over the first-order language having two symbols of constant for 0 and 1, a symbol of function for the sum, and a symbol of relation P to express that an integer is a square. Some results Paul Vojta proved in 1999 that a positive answer to Büchi's Problem would follow from a positive answer to a weak version of the Bombieri–Lang conjecture. In the same article, he proves that the analogue of Büchi's Problem for the field of meromorphic functions over the complex numbers has a positive answer. Positive answers to analogues of Büchi's Problem in various other rings of functions have been obtained since then (in the case of rings of functions, one adds the hypothesis that not all xn are constant). References Vojta, Paul (1999), Diagonal quadratic forms and Hilbert’s tenth problem, pp. 261–274 in Hilbert’s tenth problem: relations with arithmetic and algebraic geometry (Ghent, 1999), edited by J. Denef et al., Contemp. Math. 270, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 2000. Lipshitz, Leonard (1990), "Quadratic forms, the five square problem, and diophantine equations" in Collected Works of J. Richard Büchi. Edited by Saunders Mac Lane and Dirk Siefkes. Springer, New York. Hensley, Douglas (1983), “Sequences of squares with |
second difference of two and a conjecture of Büchi”, unpublished. Category:Number theory Category:Quadratic forms Category:Squares in number theory |
Video recall Video recall in psychology is a research procedure used to obtain an individual’s subjective understanding of their own interactions with others. The procedure involves recording the participants’ interaction with another person and then asking them to review the video while providing feedback about their own interactions, behaviors, and experiences. Subjective understanding includes an individual’s affective and cognitive understandings of an interpersonal event. Often the participants’ ratings are contrasted with the ratings of trained coders and researchers who also observe the video. History of video recall Video recall was first used in research studies over forty years ago. However, the procedure has only been widely used for the past twenty years due to significant advances in technology. Twenty years ago, analog videotape players were a big advancement in technology, allowing for video recall to become more popular. Even though they were better than the previous technology used, they had many disadvantages. Analog videotape players required a large amount of equipment, significant training, large amounts of space for storage, were slow, and were prone to malfunction. With the movement towards digital technology, these disadvantages soon disappeared, causing video recall techniques to be much more appealing to researchers and clinicians. Furthermore, changes in psychological theory have led to the increased use of video recall. For example, family psychologists now place an increased value on individuals’ meanings and emotional perspectives, causing video recall to be an extremely useful procedure. Procedures All video-recall studies involve recording participants' conversations in either a clinical or research setting, and having the participant or participants review the footage in any number of ways. There are three primary types of video-recall procedures that vary in multiple ways. Different methods are better suited for different research questions, and a combination of the three types may be used. Continuous Continuous video-recall procedures provide consistent, quantifiable data and are often used in marital studies. In this type of study, participants review video footage and rate their conversations on a single affective dimension. This may be done with a computerized joystick or a rating dial and it allows for continuous feedback. This method provides a very brief segment length (often 10 seconds), and thus gives precise analyses of interactions within a conversation. While this method only allows participants to evaluate one dimension of affect, it takes the least time of the three methods because it does not require the footage to be repeatedly paused. Semistructured When semistructured video-recall procedures are used, the footage is paused at short intervals (typically every 20–30 seconds) during which time participants vocalize what they were thinking or feeling during the segment. These narrations are often recorded for later reference. An alternative method involves allowing the participant to pause the recording and reflect whenever they have input instead of at standardized intervals. Semistructured procedures allow for more in-depth analysis of affect, but do not translate well for data analysis. They are, however, more useful in a clinical context than the other two procedures. Code-specific Code-specific video-recall procedures provide quantifiable data on multiple affective measures. Video footage is paused at set intervals (typically 15–30 seconds), at which time participants rate the interactions of themselves as well as their partners on a series of dimensions that are relevant to the research question at hand. This method allows for subjective measurement of many different perceived factors as well as examination of both oneself as well as one's partner or family members. However, code-specific procedures take more time than the other methods, as the video must be repeatedly paused for substantial periods of time. Potential Applications of Video Recall Video recall is |
used in a variety of psychological settings. No one procedure is universally appropriate or applicable, so it is important to match specific techniques to specific cases. Psychotherapy Video recall is commonly used in psychotherapy for both counseling and instruction. A therapist will record an interview or conversation with a patient, and play it back to them through different procedural means. Sometimes the patient will narrate their inner thoughts or attribution, while other times they will fill out surveys or answer questions at different intervals. A metanalysis of clinical technique of video recall suggested that this method is most effective for families with small children; parents learn successful rearing styles from their own mistakes caught on film. This analysis also suggested that video recall is more successful with skill-learning and instruction than coping mechanisms. However, a successful use of video recall in a therapeutic session is the recording of a conversation between two family members or friends; both will measure their responses while watching, and comparing answers can yield successful results. Video recall is also a tool that therapists use to understand their patients. The therapist will record a typical conversation either in the patient's day to day encounters or between the patient and the therapist, and the patient will narrate their understanding of the situation. This is a tool used to overcome cultural barriers. Observation and Intervention Observational and interventional methods of video recall are most often used in experimental measures of attribution, emotion and social interaction. Video recall is extremely useful because it can measure patterns in both everyday situations and experimental settings in a less intrusive way than a round table discussion. Video recall can be useful in both group and individual settings.Recall can also measure changes between gender, age, and other demographic factors, as it allows for specific time-stamping: it contains both quick reactions and long-term feelings. In Welsh's 2005 study of different techniques of video recall, he cites "social constructionism, attachment theory, cognitive–behavioral theories, and symbolic interactionism as theories that are commonly measured through video recall. Much can be inferred from the relationship between cognitive processes and actual events, as it allows for more personalized coding and measurement. Validity Validity is an important aspect of video recall. It is crucial that the researcher provides clear instruction about what specific parts of the video the subject should measure. For example, if a researcher is studying attribution, they should make clear whether the subject should measure their feelings in the past or present, which perspective they should take, and when to measure certain parts. Delay can be an issue in continuous settings, as subjects may react at different times due to a number of factors. However, Gottman's 1985 study on the use of continuous technique suggested that delay may not change overall effects. A way to ensure validity is to utilize inter and intra-rater reliability methods, including time-series analysis. This involves the use of multiple methods at a time. A commonly used method that works alongside video recall is various physiological measures, like heart rate, pulese, cortisol sampling, ACT and skin conductance This ensures that rating is consistent. References Category:Psychotherapy |
Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo Autódromo Termas de Río Hondo is a motorsport circuit located in Termas de Río Hondo, Argentina. The circuit was created in 2007 and underwent a complete overhaul and rebuild process in 2012, based on design by the Italian circuit designer Jarno Zaffelli. The circuit hosted the third round of the Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix in 2014 and 2015, bringing Grand Prix motorcycle racing back to Argentina after fifteen years. In 2013, the circuit also hosted Rounds 15 and 16 of the FIA WTCC Race of Argentina of the World Touring Car Championship, and the first MotoGP and Moto2 official tests. The track was to host the Argentine motorcycle Grand Prix in 2013, but the government's nationalisation of the local subsidiary of Repsol S.A., and the ensuing cancellation of gas exports to Argentina raised concerns for the safety of the Honda MotoGP team that is sponsored by the Spanish oil company, forcing a one-year postponement. In previous years, the circuit has also hosted events in the TC2000, Turismo Carretera and Formula Renault series. Lap records References External links Jarno Zaffelli Studio Dromo Category:Motorsport venues in Santiago del Estero Province Category:Grand Prix motorcycle circuits Category:World Touring Car Championship circuits |
Lyndon Joseph Lyndon Joseph (born 10 March 1990) is a Grenadian footballer who plays as a midfielder. He played at the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier. References Category:1990 births Category:Living people Category:Association football midfielders Category:Grenadian footballers Category:Grenada international footballers |
Rapidly oscillating Ap star Rapidly oscillating Ap stars (roAp stars) are a subtype of the Ap star class that exhibit short-timescale rapid photometric or radial velocity variations. The known periods range between 5 and 23 minutes. They lie in the δ Scuti instability strip on the main sequence. Discovery The first roAp star to be discovered was HD 101065 (Przybylski's Star). The oscillations were discovered by Donald Kurtz using the telescope at the South African Astronomical Observatory, who saw 10–20-millimagnitude variations in the light curve of the star with a period of 12.15 minutes. Classification The roAp stars are sometimes referred to as rapidly oscillating α2 Canum Venaticorum variables. Both the roAp stars and some α2 CVn variables lie on the δ Scuti instability strip and are magnetic chemically peculiar stars, but the roAp stars have very short periods less than an hour. Oscillations The roAp stars oscillate in high-overtone, low-degree, non-radial pressure modes. The usual model that is used to explain the behavior of these pulsations is the oblique pulsator model. In this model the axis of pulsation is aligned with the magnetic axis, which can lead to modulation of the amplitude of the pulsation, depending on the orientation of the axis to the line of sight, as it varies with rotation. The apparent link between the magnetic axis and the pulsation axis gives clues to the nature of the driving mechanism of the pulsations. As the roAp stars seem to occupy the main sequence end of the δ Scuti instability strip, it has been suggested that the driving mechanism may be similar, i.e. the opacity mechanism operating in the hydrogen ionization zone. No standard pulsation model can be made to excite oscillations of the roAp type using the opacity mechanism. As the magnetic field appears to be important, research has taken this into account in deriving non-standard pulsation models. It has been suggested that the modes are driven by the suppression of convection by the strong magnetic field near the magnetic poles of these stars, which would account for the alignment of the pulsation axis with the magnetic axis. An instability strip for the roAp stars has been calculated, which agreed with the positions on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram of the roAp stars discovered up to that point, but predicted the existence of longer-period pulsators among the more evolved roAp stars. Such a pulsator was discovered in HD 177765, which has the longest pulsation period of any roAp star at 23.6 minutes. Most roAp stars have been discovered using small telescopes to observe the small changes in amplitude caused by the pulsation of the star. However, it is also possible to observe such pulsations by measuring the variations in radial velocity of sensitive lines, such as neodymium or praseodymium. Some lines are not seen to pulsate, such as iron. It is thought that the pulsations are of highest amplitude high in the atmospheres of these stars, where the density is lower. As a result, the spectral lines that are formed by elements that are radiatively levitated high in the atmosphere are likely to be most sensitive to measuring the pulsation, whereas the lines of elements such as iron, which gravitationally settle, are not expected to exhibit radial velocity variations. List of identified roAp stars References Category:Star types * *Ap |
Gin Drinkers Bay Gin Drinkers Bay or Gin Drinker's Bay, also known as Lap Sap Wan, was a bay in Kwai Chung, Hong Kong. The bay was reclaimed in the 1960s and became Kwai Fong and part of Kwai Hing. At the mouth of the bay stood the island of Pillar Island. The bay was a harbour for Tanka fishing junks. They relocated to Tsing Yi Tong and Mun Tsai Tong of Tsing Yi Island before the commencement of reclamation. Lap Sap (垃圾) means "rubbish" in Cantonese. It is unclear why the bay was named "rubbish" in the past. However, it was coincidentally once a dumping area for rubbish after extensive reclamation. It is assumed that in Gin Drinkers Bay Park or Kwai Chung Park near Pillar Island that the area is subject to landfill gas produced deep in the ground even though it is covered with earthen hills. It remains closed due to unsafe levels of landfill gas. Gin Drinkers Bay is known for the Gin Drinkers Line, which formed a defensive line against the Japanese invasion in 1941. See also Kwai Chung Incineration Plant Waste management in Hong Kong References Category:Kwai Chung Category:Bays of Hong Kong Category:Ports and harbours of Hong Kong Category:Waste management in Hong Kong |
Théodore Monbeig Jean Théodore Monbeig-Andrieu (22 October 1875 in Salies-de-Béarn – 12 June 1914 in Litang) was a French Catholic missionary and botanist who collected plants for the Paris Natural History Museum from northern Yunnan where he was posted. He also collected butterflies for Charles Oberthur. Monbeig was ordained for the Paris Foreign Missions Society and sent to the Tibetan part of Yunnan in 1899. He assisted Father Jules Dubernard who was murdered in 1905 in Tse-kou with other colleagues. Father Soulié was also killed by a Lama revolt at that time. Father Monbeig moved afterwards to more secure Cizhong with his parishioners. He built the church of the village (dedicated to Holy Heart) and founded a convent for young Tibetan women to be village teachers. He devoted his free time to collecting plants from the mountains. He was murdered near Litang while reaching a mission post. More than 20 species were named after him, such as Deutzia monbeigii W.W.Sm. or Cornus monbeigii Hemsl. References Bibliography J.H. Barnhart (1965) Biographical Notes Upon Botanists'''', 2:504 E.H.M. Cox (1945), Plant Hunting in China'' : 120 Category:1875 births Category:1914 deaths Category:French botanists Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Tibet Category:Paris Foreign Missions Society missionaries Category:French Roman Catholic missionaries Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in China Category:Murdered missionaries Category:French people murdered abroad Category:People murdered in China Category:French expatriates in China Category:Missionary botanists |
Lancaster Inferno Lancaster Inferno may refer to one of two soccer teams based in Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Lancaster Inferno (NPSL), a defunct men's team which played in 2008 in the National Premier Soccer League Lancaster Inferno (UWS), a women's team established in 2008, currently playing in the United Women's Soccer league |
Bhakta Bir Singh Tuladhar Bhakta Bir Singh Tuladhar (Devanagari: भक्तवीरसिंह तुलाधर) (1912 - 1989) was a Nepalese merchant and philanthropist. He held a special Samyak (सम्यक) ceremony in 1952 when the country was passing through a political crisis, and the Buddhist alms-giving festival became of crucial importance for both sides in the power struggle. Business in Tibet Bhakta Bir Singh was born to father Samyak Singh (also known as Samek Ratna) and mother Sānu Māyā Tuladhar in Kathmandu. The family home was located at Nhyokhā (न्ह्योखा), a neighborhood in the historical section of Kathmandu. He was married to Laxmi Hirā Kansakar, and was popularly known as Bhagat Sāhu. The Tuladhars owned a business house in Lhasa, and following in the footsteps of his merchant ancestors, Bhakta Bir Singh went to Tibet to manage the family shop at a young age. He divided his time between Kathmandu, Lhasa and Kalimpong in India, a trade center and staging point for mule caravans to Tibet. Samyak and the revolution Bhakta Bir Singh's father Samyak Singh had made a pledge in 1950 to sponsor a special Samyak next year, and issued invitations to the ceremony, but he died while the preparations were being made. His sons went ahead with the arrangements to hold it as scheduled. However, the Nepalese revolution broke out, and their plans got caught in the middle. Since Samyak requires the presence of the head of state, Bhakta Bir Singh and his brothers were put in a difficult position regarding whom to invite. In November 1950, King Tribhuvan went into exile in New Delhi, India in an attempt to bring down the Rana regime which held real power in the country. The Ranas then made his grandson Gyanendra the king. They pressed Bhakta Bir Singh to hold Samyak with Gyanendra presiding over it in order to grant him cultural endorsement. The freedom fighters, meanwhile, threatened him not to do so. Bhakta Bir Singh found a way out of the dilemma by citing his father's recent death and deferring the event. The Ranas were overthrown in February 1951, and Tribhuvan returned to Nepal. A year later, the postponed Samyak was held on 15 January 1952 with Tribhuvan presiding over it. A stone mandala was installed at the venue at Bhuikhel to commemorate the event. The religious celebration was seen as an affirmation of the king's triumph in the power struggle against the hereditary prime ministers the Ranas. Samyak commemorates the practice of giving to the Buddhas and monks in the Newar Buddhist tradition. It is spread over three days, and is held at Kathmandu Durbar Square and the field at the foot of Swayambhu hill. During the ceremony, hundreds of images of Dīpankara Buddha are assembled, and gifts of different types of food are made to the deities and the Buddhist community. See also Lhasa Newar (trans-Himalayan traders) Samyak References Category:1912 births Category:1989 deaths Category:Nepalese businesspeople Category:Newar Category:People from Kathmandu Category:Nepalese philanthropists Category:20th-century philanthropists |
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