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Dilshod Nazarov Dilshod Jamoliddinovich Nazarov (, ; , Dilshod Dzhamoliddinovich Nazarov) (born 6 May 1982) is a Tajik track and field athlete who specializes in the hammer throw. He has represented his country at the Olympic Games on four occasions (in 2004, 2008, 2012 and 2016), winning the gold medal in Rio de Janeiro, the first gold medal for Tajikistan in the history of the Olympic Games. He has competed seven times at the World Championships in Athletics (2005 to 2017), but has been most successful at regional competitions: he won medals at four consecutive Asian Athletics Championships and was the hammer champion at the Asian Games in 2006, 2010 and 2014. He won his first global medal (a silver) in 2010 at the IAAF Continental Cup. His personal best for the event is 80.71 metres, set in 2013. Career Early career Born in Dushanbe, his first noteworthy international result was a bronze medal at the 1997 West Asian Games. He made his debut on the global stage at the 1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but he did not reach the final. His first continental gold medal came at the 1999 Asian Junior Athletics Championships. He took fifth place at the 2000 World Junior Championships, an event won by 2004 Olympic bronze medalist Eşref Apak, and repeated as the continental junior champion at the 2001 Asian Junior Athletics Championships. Nazarov then finished fourth at the 2002 Asian Championships in Colombo, and won a bronze medal the next year in Manila in a contest won by Ali Mohamed Al-Zinkawi of Kuwait. He took part in the inaugural Afro-Asian Games and managed to win the silver medal behind South African thrower Chris Harmse. Another medal came at the 2003 Central Asian Games in Dushanbe, where he took the hammer gold for the hosts. Olympic debut and Asian medals Participating in the 2004 Summer Olympics, he got no mark in the qualifying round and thus failed to make it through to the second round. He started the next year with an appearance at the 2005 Islamic Solidarity Games, where he took his country's sole gold medal of the tournament. In June 2005 he threw a new personal best of 77.63 metres in Almaty. At the 2005 World Championships he was again knocked out in the qualifying round, but at the 2005 Asian Championships in Incheon Nazarov won a silver medal, again behind Al-Zinkawi. At the 2006 Asian Games Nazarov finally won a gold medal, overcoming Ali Mohamed Al-Zinkawi who had held the lead until the fifth and penultimate round. Al-Zinkawi was the pre-event favourite, having a season (and career) best of 76.97 metres while Nazarov only had a season best of 70.03 metres from Istanbul in June. The absence of 2004 Olympic champion Koji Murofushi was noted; nonetheless, Nazarov's gold medal was celebrated as the first gold medal of Tajikistan at the Asian Games in any sport. In addition it was their first Asian Games medal of any kind in athletics. Another famous hammer thrower, Andrey Abduvaliyev, did compete for Tajikistan from 1991 to 1997, winning gold medals at the World Championships in 1993 and 1995. When he won his first and only Asian Games medal, a silver at the 1998 edition, he did so as an Uzbekistani citizen. Commenting on the victory, Nazarov stated that "This is a big victory for my country". The next year Nazarov participated in his second World Championships, but did not make it to the final round. At the 2007 Asian Championships, he won the silver medal, again behind Al-Zinkawi, this time by only one centimetre. |
He also improved his personal best throw to 78.89 metres, in June in Dushanbe. In 2008 he improved further, to 79.05 at a June meet in Almaty. At the 2008 Olympic Games he finished eleventh in the final. He set a new national hammer throw record of 79.28 m in Uberlândia, Brazil. The record, set in May 2009, was enough to bring him victory over Olympic champion Primož Kozmus. He finished eleventh again at the global level at the 2009 World Championships in Athletics in Berlin. He improved to fifth place at the 2009 IAAF World Athletics Final however. He won his first continental title at the end of the year, finally beating Al-Zinkawi at the 2009 Asian Athletics Championships after a series of second-place finishes. The following year, he improved his hammer best to 80.11 m at the Tajikistan national championships in June. Representing Asia-Pacific, he came second at the 2010 IAAF Continental Cup, finishing just behind newly crowned European Champion Libor Charfreitag. He was also runner-up in the inaugural IAAF Hammer Throw Challenge series having a combined score of 236.02 to finish behind Koji Murofushi. He repeated that placing for the second IAAF Hammer Challenge in 2011, this time finishing behind Hungary's Krisztián Pars. Nazarov placed tenth in the final at the 2011 World Championships in Athletics and ended the year with his first throw over eighty metres, recording 80.30 m to win at the Hanzekovic Memorial. Nazarov performed less well in the 2012 season and his best throw that year was 77.70 m. He still managed to place tenth at the 2012 London Olympics, but he was down in fifth on the IAAF Challenge circuit. He rebounded at the start of 2013 by setting a personal best of 80.71 m to win at the Hallesche Werfertage meet. He is suspended for doping for the 2011 World Championships (in September 2019). International competitions Personal life He currently resides in Dushanbe. He is also the president of the Athletics Federation of the Republic of Tajikistan. His father was a soldier who died during the Tajikistani Civil War. Dilshod's mother is a physical education teacher and coach. References Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Tajikistani male hammer throwers Category:Sportspeople from Dushanbe Category:Olympic athletes of Tajikistan Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Tajikistan Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Tajikistan Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field) Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2002 Asian Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Games Category:World Athletics Championships athletes for Tajikistan Category:World Athletics Championships medalists Category:Olympic gold medalists for Tajikistan Category:Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics Category:Olympic gold medalists in athletics (track and field) Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Games Category:Olympic male hammer throwers |
Las Bocas, Sonora Las Bocas is a small fishing village located in the south of the Mexican state of Sonora. It is part of the Huatabampo municipality. Despite being part of Huatabampo, most properties there are owned by families from Navojoa who have their second house next to the beach. Las Bocas is a popular weekend and holiday destination for people from the south of Sonora (mainly the city of Navojoa) and north of Sinaloa. It is specially visited during the Holy Week which is the week before Easter. Beaches There are two main beaches in Las Bocas: Playa Norte (North Beach) and Playa Sur (South Beach). Other beaches around Las Bocas area include Camahuiroa to the south, and Tohahui and Bachoco to the north. Accommodations and other services There is a small hotel located near the Plaza at Playa Norte. Many houses are available for rental. There are several small grocery stores; larger supermarkets are only available in Navojoa. There are no gas stations in Las Bocas but gas is delivered and sold by local residents. During Holy Week there are several places to eat local Mexican food and sea food, but other kinds of restaurants are not available. Transportation The town is from Mexican Federal Highway 15 via a two-lane, paved state road. Playa Sur has its main boulevard paved as it is part of the Carretera Costera Riviera Mayo (Mayo Riviera Coastal Road). This highway connects to neighbor beaches Tohaui, Bajerobeta, and Bachoco, and to the port of Yavaros. The nearest commercial airport is Ciudad Obregón International Airport, roughly 100 km away. Category:Populated places in Sonora |
Aspergillus jensenii Aspergillus jensenii is a species of fungus in the genus Aspergillus. It is from the Versicolores section. The species was first described in 2014. Growth and morphology A. jensenii has been cultivated on both Czapek yeast extract agar (CYA) plates and Malt Extract Agar Oxoid® (MEAOX) plates. The growth morphology of the colonies can be seen in the pictures below. References Further reading Category:Fungi described in 2014 jensenii |
Amateur radio propagation beacon An amateur radio propagation beacon is a radio beacon, whose purpose is the investigation of the propagation of radio signals. Most radio propagation beacons use amateur radio frequencies. They can be found on LF, MF, HF, VHF, UHF, and microwave frequencies. Microwave beacons are also used as signal sources to test and calibrate antennas and receivers. The International Amateur Radio Union (IARU) and its member societies coordinate beacons established by radio amateurs. Transmission characteristics Most beacons operate in continuous wave (A1A) and transmit their identification (call sign and location). Some of them send long dashes to facilitate signal strength measurement. A small number of beacons transmit Morse code by frequency shift keying (F1A). A few beacons transmit signals in digital modulation modes, like radioteletype (F1B) and PSK31 (G1B). Legality In the US, unattended beacons on frequencies lower than the 10-meter band are not legal. 2200-meter beacons Amateur experiments in the 2200-meter band (135.7–137.8 kHz) often involve operating temporary beacons. 1750-meter beacons In the United States and Canada, unlicensed experimenters ("LowFERs") establish low power beacons on radio frequencies between 160 kHz and 190 kHz. 160-meter beacons The International Amateur Radio Union Region 2 (North and South America) bandplan for the 160-meter band reserves the range 1999 kHz to 2000 kHz for propagation beacons. 10-meter beacons Most high frequency radio propagation beacons are found in the 10-meter band (28 MHz), where they are good indicators of Sporadic E ionospheric propagation. According to IARU bandplans, the following 28 MHz frequencies are allocated to radio propagation beacons: 6-meter beacons Due to unpredictable and intermittent long distance propagation, usually achieved by a combination of ionospheric conditions, beacons are very important in providing early warning for 6-meter band (50 MHz) openings. Beacons operate in the lower part of the band, traditionally in the range 50.000 MHz to 50.080 MHz. The IARU is encouraging individual beacons to move to 50.4 MHz to 50.5 MHz to assist with the establishment of the Synchronized Beacon Project. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) only permits unattended 6-meter beacon stations to operate between 50.060 and 50.080 MHz. 4-meter beacons Several countries in ITU Region 1 have access to frequencies in the 70 MHz region, called the 4-meter band. The band shares many propagation characteristics with 6 meters. The preferred location for beacons is 70.000–70.090 MHz; however, in countries where this segment is not allocated to Amateur Radio, beacons may operate elsewhere in the band. VHF/UHF beacons Beacons on 144 MHz and higher frequencies are mainly used to identify tropospheric radio propagation openings. It is not uncommon for VHF and UHF beacons to use directional antennas. Frequencies set aside for beacons on VHF and UHF bands vary widely in different ITU regions and countries. The beacon sub-bands in the United Kingdom also reflect IARU Region 1 recommendations. SHF/microwave beacons In addition to identifying propagation, microwave beacons are also used as signal sources to test and calibrate antennas and receivers. SHF beacons are not as common as beacons on the lower bands, and beacons above the 3-centimeter band (10 GHz) are unusual. Beacon projects Most radio propagation beacons are operated by individual radio amateurs or amateur radio societies and clubs. As a result, there are frequent additions and deletions to the lists of beacons. There are, however a few major projects coordinated by organizations like the International Amateur Radio Union (IARU). IARU Beacon Project The International Beacon Project (IBP), which is coordinated by the Northern California DX Foundation and the International Amateur Radio Union, consists of 18 high frequency propagation beacons worldwide, which transmit in turns |
on 14.100 MHz, 18.110 MHz, 21.150 MHz, 24.930 MHz, and 28.200 MHz. DARC Beacon Project The Deutscher Amateur-Radio-Club sponsors two beacons which transmit from Scheggerott, near Kiel (). These beacons are DRA5 on 5195 kHz and DK0WCY on 10144 kHz. In addition to identification and location, every 10 minutes, these beacons transmit solar and geomagnetic bulletins. Transmissions are in Morse code for aural reception, RTTY and PSK31. DK0WCY operates also a limited service beacon on 3579 kHz at 0720–0900 and 1600–1900 local time. RSGB 5 MHz Beacon Project The Radio Society of Great Britain operates two radio propagation beacons on 5290 kHz, which transmit in sequence, for one minute each, every 15 minutes. GB3WES in Cumbria () and GB3ORK in the Orkney Islands (). The GB3RAL VHF Beacon Cluster GB3RAL, which is located at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, transmits continuously on a number of low-band and mid-band VHF frequencies 40050, 50050, 60050 and 70050 kHz as well as 28215 kHz in the 10-meter amateur band. Weak Signal Propagation Reporter Network (WSPR) A large-scale beacon project is underway using the WSPR transmission scheme included with the WSJT software suite. The loosely coordinated beacon transmitters and receivers, collectively known as the WSPRnet, report the real-time propagation characteristics of a number of frequency bands and geographical locations via the Internet. The WSPRnet website provides detailed propagation report databases and real-time graphical maps of propagation paths. Synchronized Beacon Project The Synchronized Beacon Project (SBP) is an effort to deploy coordinated beacon transmitters on 50 MHz using a one-minute transmitting sequence of PI4, CW, and unmodulated carrier. Since modern beacon transmitters are multi-mode and frequency-agile, beacons that normally transmit on other time-multiplexed modes such as WSPR can take part in the SBP when not transmitting in their primary mode. Beacons alternating between frequencies on the same band should sign CALL/S when transmitting on the SBP frequency to ensure unique entries in band-specific propagation report databases. See also Ionosonde Electric beacon OZ7IGY the world's oldest beacon Notes and references Further reading IARU/NDXF International Beacon Project Beacon Category:Beacons Category:Amateur radio |
Geissomeria dawsonii Geissomeria dawsonii is a plant native to the Cerrado vegetation of Brazil. External links Flora vascular do bioma Cerrado dawsonii Category:Flora of Brazil Category:Flora of the Cerrado |
Confusion agent In espionage, a confusion agent is an individual who is dispatched for the primary purpose of confounding the intelligence or counterintelligence apparatus of another country, rather than for the purpose of collecting and transmitting information. Such an individual may provide misleading information, among other confusion tactics. References Category:Counter-intelligence |
Hall Lyons Hall McCord Lyons (December 22, 1923 – July 22, 1998) was an oilman who worked during the 1960s to establish a competitive Republican Party (GOP) in his native U.S. state of Louisiana. However, in 1968, Lyons left the Louisiana GOP to join the American Independent Party, through which as the American Party, he waged in 1972 an unsuccessful campaign for the United States Senate. Lyons's father, Charlton Lyons, had been the Republican gubernatorial nominee in 1964 and the state party chairman from 1964 to 1968. Background Family ancestry Born in Shreveport, where his parents had relocated in 1921, Lyons was given his mother's maiden surname as a first name and his great-aunt's married name as a middle name. Education, military, and oil industry Young Lyons was educated in Shreveport at the public South Highlands Elementary School and the private Southfield School with instruction through the eighth grade. He graduated from the college preparatory Lawrenceville School, a boarding school in Lawrenceville in Mercer County in central New Jersey. After enlistment in the United States Naval Reserve, Lyons studied at Centenary College in Shreveport, where the Marjorie Lyons Playhouse is named for his mother, and then Louisiana Tech University in Ruston. Lyons received his commission as an ensign in the Navy through the Naval Station Great Lakes near North Chicago, Illinois. Lyons was then assigned to duty at Leyte Gulf in the Philippine Islands. While headed to Leyte, his plane developed engine trouble and was compelled to land at Peleliu Island. The noted newspaperman Ernie Pyle was aboard the altered flight. Upon reaching Leyte, the small ship to which Lyons had been assigned had already departed for the invasion of Okinawa off the Japanese coast. He finally reached Okinawa Island, where he remained for eighteen months. At the end of the war, Lyons was in command of the ship called USS Landing Craft Tank 1326. While in Okinawa, he found relief from military duties to plan a duck hunt, the story of which was carried on June 1, 1946, in the sporting-dog magazine, American Field. After the war, Lyons completed his studies at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, from which in 1949 he received a degree in arts and sciences. After the war, Lyons lived for several years in San Antonio, Texas, where he was employed in the petroleum business with his father and a cousin, Newton Hall McCord (born in 1915 in New Orleans), who later settled in Houston, Texas. Lyons returned to Shreveport to become a partner in his family-owned C. H. Lyons Petroleum Company, formerly known as the Lyons, McCord & Logan company. When he lived in Shreveport, Lyons was, like his mother, active in the musical community there. A former president of the Shreveport Symphony Orchestra, which was founded in 1948, Lyons often sang in opera presentations. In 1960, Lyons relocated to Lafayette, Louisiana, to become an independent oil producer. He also operated at least two wells in Pointe Coupee Parish in South Louisiana, the second from January 1977 to October 1978. In 1985, Lyons was listed as president of Golden Eagle Mining, Inc., in Lafayette, a company since inactive. Political life Republican House campaign In 1966, having resided for nearly six years in Lafayette, Lyons entered the first of his two political races as a candidate. He challenged the reelection of the nine-term Democrat U.S. Representative Edwin E. Willis of St. Martinville for Louisiana's 3rd congressional district seat, now held by the Republican Charles Boustany of Lafayette. Willis had first defeated two fellow Democrats in the 1966 party primary, State Representative Dick Guidry of |
Lafourche Parish and State Senator Dudley J. LeBlanc of Vermilion Parish, who had made a fortune in the patent medicine Hadacol. Lyons accused Willis of being too closely aligned with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson and the Great Society social policy. Republicans also claimed that Willis's health had diminished after he sustained in February 1966 a series of strokes which required surgery. Lyons polled 31,444 votes (40.3 percent) in a district in which no Republican had been elected since Reconstruction. Despite health issues, Willis received 46,533 votes (59.7 percent). Lyons obtained a slim majority in Iberia Parish and finished with 46 percent in Lafayette Parish. His defeat of Lyons marked Willis's last victory at the polls; he was unseated in the 1968 Democratic primary election by Patrick T. Caffery, who retained the seat for two terms before retiring to return to his law practice in New Iberia, Louisiana. Charlton Lyons had waged a campaign in December 1961 for Louisiana's 4th congressional district seat against the incoming Democrat Joe D. Waggonner of Bossier Parish, who won the right to succeed Overton Brooks of Shreveport, who had died in office three months earlier. Running with Lyons in the same Third Congressional District in 1966 was Charles deGravelles, an oil landman from Lafayette and the successor of Charlton Lyons as state Republican chairman. DeGravelles failed to unseat Harvey Peltier, Sr., in a race for the since reconfigured Louisiana State Board of Education, now the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education. American Party Unlike his father, who was a staunch supporter of U.S. President Richard M. Nixon in all three presidential campaigns and helped to deliver critical delegates to Nixon at the 1968 Republican National Convention, Hall Lyons grew disillusioned with the liberal influence within the national Republican Party. Lyons hence left his father's Republican Party to join the American Independent Party, an organization founded by Bill Shearer in California in 1967 and known for its nomination of George C. Wallace, the governor of Alabama at the time, as its presidential candidate in 1968 against Nixon and the Democratic nominee, Vice President Hubert Humphrey. Hall Lyons supported Wallace in 1968 and planned to run for governor himself in the Louisiana general election held on February 1, 1972. He faced the prospect of running on the American Party label without his father's support, as the elder Lyons was the finance chairman for Republican nominee David C. Treen, then of Jefferson Parish, where Hall Lyons subsequently spent his later years. Lyons cited "corruption in high places in Louisiana ... a cancer that must be cut out in an emergency operation." However, a few weeks before the election, Lyons abandoned his candidacy and endorsed Treen, in his words, "so the cause of conservative unity might best be served." Treen went on to lose the general election that year to Democrat Edwin Edwards, then the U.S. Representative from Louisiana's 7th congressional district, since disbanded. Treen nevertheless later became the first Louisiana Republican since 1891 to hold a seat in the United States House of Representatives. Treen represented the same but revised Third District in which Lyons had run six years earlier against Edwin Willis. In 1979, Treen was elected as his state's first Republican governor since 1877. In 1972, Lyons ran as the American Party Senate candidate though the state GOP offered its own nominee, Ben Toledano, a lawyer and conservative author from New Orleans who had run unsuccessfully for mayor early in 1970 against the Democrat Moon Landrieu. The Senate seat had been occupied since 1936 by the Democrat Allen J. Ellender of Houma, who died |
during the primary campaign. Victory in the November 7 general election went to the regular Democratic candidate, J. Bennett Johnston, Jr., a former member of the Louisiana Senate, a gubernatorial runoff candidate against Edwards in 1971, and an attorney from Lyons's native Shreveport. Former Governor John McKeithen, who had defeated Charlton Lyons for governor in 1964, ran as an Independent in the general election because filing in the Democratic primary was not reopened after Ellender's death. With 250,161 votes (23.1 percent), McKeithen finished second to Johnston, who prevailed with 598,987 (55.2 percent). Lyons drew 28,910 votes statewide (2.6 percent); Toledano, 206,846 (19.1 percent). Neither Lyons nor Toledano polled a plurality in a single parish, but Toledano's best showing was his 30 percent in Jefferson Parish, a frequent base parish of the Republican Party in Louisiana. In his 49-state sweep that year, President Nixon secured Louisiana's then ten electoral votes, having won all parishes except West Feliciana. Nixon was only the third Republican to have won in Louisiana since Reconstruction. With Lyndon LaRouche Lyons's subsequent political activities are murky. In 1984, he did not return to the Republican Party to support Ronald W. Reagan, who had campaigned for Lyons's father in the Louisiana governor's race in 1964, Instead, Hall Lyons contributed $2,600 in four checks that summer to the National Democratic Policy Committee, a group backing political activist Lyndon LaRouche, a former Trotskyite who pursued the Democratic presidential nomination that year against Walter Mondale. In June 1985, Lyons made a small contribution to LaRouche, the fifth donation in less than a year. Death Lyons died at the age of seventy-four after a brief illness in Jefferson, a census-designated place in Jefferson Parish near New Orleans. He had been in semi-retirement at nearby Grand Isle in the Gulf of Mexico for a number of years. Lyons was preceded in death by his first wife, Betty Sue Buffington (1925-1993), the daughter of Culver W. Buffington and the former Nevva Scott. Betty Sue and Hall Lyons had four surviving children. After their divorce in 1960, she married Billy Carl McKeever (1930-2002). The McKeevers are interred together at Forest Park East Cemetery in Shreveport. Lyons's second wife from whom he was divorced, Ann B. Barras (born October 1936) of Lafayette, is the oldest of three children of Herbert Paul and Hazel Marie Barras. She was briefly a music teacher at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and a private piano instructor. She is the mother of his two youngest children. Lyons was also survived by his third wife, the former Rosamond Jane Rosholt, known as "Roz" Lyons (born 1922) of Grand Isle, whom he married in 1975; his brother, Charlton Havard Lyons, Jr. (1921-2019), born in New Orleans but an attorney and oilman who has spent most of his life in Shreveport; his sister-in-law, Susybelle Lyons, a Shreveport socialite since deceased; three daughters, Marjorie Scott Lyons (born 1951) of Fort Bragg in Mendocino County in northwestern California, Cheryl Lyons Despain (born 1955) of Salt Lake City, Utah, and Blythe Ann Lyons (born 1968 in Lafayette), a veterinarian in Baton Rouge; three sons, Culver Hall Lyons, Sr. (born 1950), of Alpharetta, Georgia, Michael Glen Lyons (born 1958) of Humble, Texas, and Troy Dominic Lyons (born 1965) of Centreville, Mississippi, and two stepsons. Though the senior Lyons and his wife were Episcopalians, Hall Lyons turned Mormon. Services were held at a Latter Day Saints meetinghouse in Shreveport. Burial was in the Lyons family plot at Forest Park East Cemetery in Shreveport. Pallbearers included Lyons' boyhood friend, Republican former State Representative B. F. O'Neal, Jr., of Shreveport and |
Lyons's son-in-law, Wayne Kent Despain (born 1953). References Category:1923 births Category:1998 deaths Category:Politicians from Shreveport, Louisiana Category:People from San Antonio Category:Politicians from Lafayette, Louisiana Category:People from Jefferson Parish, Louisiana Category:Latter Day Saints from Louisiana Category:Louisiana Republicans Category:Louisiana Independents Category:American businesspeople in the oil industry Category:Businesspeople from Louisiana Category:Lawrenceville School alumni Category:Centenary College of Louisiana alumni Category:Louisiana Tech University alumni Category:Louisiana State University alumni Category:American naval personnel of World War II Category:United States Navy officers Category:American opera singers Category:American Independent Party politicians Category:20th-century American opera singers Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:Burials in Louisiana Category:Converts to Mormonism |
C/2012 K1 C/2012 K1 (PANSTARRS) is a retrograde Oort cloud comet discovered at magnitude 19.7, 8.7 AU from the Sun on 17 May 2012 using the Pan-STARRS telescope located near the summit of Haleakalā, on the island of Maui in Hawaii (U.S.). The comet started 2014 as a Northern Hemisphere object. By late April 2014 it had brightened to roughly apparent magnitude ~8.8 making it a small telescope/binoculars target for experienced observers. In June and July 2014 the comet was near the Sickle of Leo. As of 3 July 2014 the comet had brightened to magnitude 7.9. From 12 July 2014 until 6 September 2014 it had an elongation less than 30 degrees from the Sun. The comet came to perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) on 27 August 2014 at a distance of from the Sun. It crosses the celestial equator on 15 September 2014 becoming a Southern Hemisphere object. The comet peaked around magnitude 6.9 in mid-October 2014 when it had an elongation of around 75 degrees from the Sun. It is visible in binoculars and small telescopes. References External links Get Set For Comet K1 PanSTARRS: A Guide to its Spring Appearance (Universe Today March 17, 2014) Comet Pan-STARRS Marches Across the Sky (July 3, 2014) C/2012 K1 in the constellation Puppis. Captured 10-23-2014 20120517 20130615 20140827 Category:Oort cloud |
2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship The 2011 FIVB Volleyball Men's Junior World Championship was held in Rio de Janeiro and Niterói, Brazil from 1 to 10 August 2011. Pools composition Venues Ginásio do Maracanãzinho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil – Pool A, C, E, F, 5th–8th places and Final four Ginásio Caio Martins, Niterói, Brazil – Pool B, D, G, H, 13th–16th places and 9th–12th places Pool standing procedure Match points Number of matches won Sets ratio Points ratio Result of the last match between the tied teams Match won 3–0 or 3–1: 3 match points for the winner, 0 match points for the loser Match won 3–2: 2 match points for the winner, 1 match point for the loser First round All times are Brasília Time (UTC−03:00). Pool A |} |} Pool B |} |} Pool C |} |} Pool D |} |} Second round All times are Brasília Time (UTC−03:00). Pool E |} |} Pool F |} |} Pool G |} |} Pool H |} |} Final round All times are Brasília Time (UTC−03:00). 13th–16th places 13th–16th semifinals |} 15th place match |} 13th place match |} 9th–12th places 9th–12th semifinals |} 11th place match |} 9th place match |} 5th–8th places 5th–8th semifinals |} 7th place match |} 5th place match |} Final four Semifinals |} 3rd place match |} Final |} Final standing Awards Most Valuable Player Best Scorer Best Spiker Best Blocker Best Server Best Digger Best Setter Best Receiver Best Libero External links Official website Category:2011 in volleyball Category:2011 in Brazilian sport Category:International volleyball competitions hosted by Brazil Category:FIVB Volleyball Men's U21 World Championship |
18th century in literature Literature of the 18th century refers to world literature produced during the 18th century. European literature in the 18th century European literature of the 18th century refers to literature (poetry, drama, satire, and novels) produced in Europe during this period. The 18th century saw the development of the modern novel as literary genre, in fact many candidates for the first novel in English date from this period, of which Daniel Defoe's 1719 Robinson Crusoe is probably the best known. Subgenres of the novel during the 18th century were the epistolary novel, the sentimental novel, histories, the gothic novel and the libertine novel. 18th Century Europe started in the Age of Enlightenment and gradually moved towards Romanticism. In the visual arts, it was the period of Neoclassicism. See also: 18th-century French literature The novel and new psychology in the 18th century List of years in literature: the 1800s Literary neoclassicism English literature: Augustan literature, British amatory fiction German literature: German Romanticism, Sturm und Drang 18th century in poetry The Enlightenment The 18th century in Europe was The Age of Enlightenment and literature explored themes of social upheaval, reversals of personal status, political satire, geographical exploration and the comparison between the supposed natural state of man and the supposed civilized state of man. Edmund Burke, in his A Vindication of Natural Society (2000), says: "The Fabrick of Superstition has in this our Age and Nation received much ruder Shocks than it had ever felt before; and through the Chinks and Breaches of our Prison, we see such Glimmerings of Light, and feel such refreshing Airs of Liberty, as daily raise our Ardor for more."research by Shema Leon Patrick English Literature in the Eighteenth Century by Year 1700–09 In 1700, William Congreve's play The Way of the World premiered. Although unsuccessful at the time, The Way of the World is a good example of the sophistication of theatrical thinking during this period, with complex subplots and characters intended as ironic parodies of common stereotypes. In 1703, Nicholas Rowe's domestic drama The Fair Penitent, an adaptation of Massinger and Field's Fatal Dowry, appeared; it would later be pronounced by Dr Johnson to be one of the most pleasing tragedies in the language. Also in 1703 Sir Richard Steele's comedy The Tender Husband achieved some success. In 1704, Jonathan Swift (Irish satirist) published A Tale of a Tub and The Battle of the Books and John Dennis published his Grounds of Criticism in Poetry. The Battle of the Books begins with a reference to the use of a glass (which, in those days, would mean either a mirror or a magnifying glass) as a comparison to the use of satire. Swift is, in this, very much the child of his age, thinking in terms of science and satire at one and the same time. Swift often patterned his satire after Juvenal, the classical satirist. He was one of the first English novelists and also a political campaigner. His satirical writing springs from a body of liberal thought which produced not only books but also political pamphlets for public distribution. Swift's writing represents the new, the different and the modern attempting to change the world by parodying the ancient and incumbent. The Battle of the Books is a short writing which demonstrates his position very neatly. In 1707, Henry Fielding was born (22 April) and his sister Sarah Fielding was born 3 years later on 8 November 1710. In 1711, Alexander Pope began a career in literature with the publishing of his An Essay on Criticism. In 1712, French philosophical writer Jean |
Jacques Rousseau born 28 June and his countryman Denis Diderot was born the following year 1713 on 5 October. Also in 1712 Pope published The Rape of the Lock and in 1713 Windsor Forest. In 1708, Simon Ockley publishes an English translation of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan, a 12th-century philosophical novel, as The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan. This was the first English translation directly from the Arabic original. Samuel Johnson was born on 18 September 1709 in Lichfield, Staffordshire, England. 1710–19 Horace Walpole was born on 24 September 1717. Daniel Defoe was another political pamphleteer turned novelist like Jonathan Swift and was publishing in the early 18th century. In 1719, he published Robinson Crusoe. Alexander Smith was a biographer who authored A Complete History of the Lives and Robberies of the Most Notorious Highwaymen (1719) which includes heavily fictionalised accounts of English criminals from the medieval period to the eighteenth century. 1720–29 1720 Daniel Defoe's Captain Singleton is published. 1722 Daniel Defoe's Moll Flanders is published. Other published authors include Sir Richard Steele, Penelope Aubin and Eliza Haywood. Also in 1726, Jonathan Swift published Gulliver's Travels, one of the first novels in the genre of satire. In 1728, John Gay wrote The Beggar's Opera which has increased in fame ever since. The Beggar's Opera began a new style in Opera, the "ballad opera" which brings the operatic form down to a more popular level and precedes the genre of comic operettas. Also in 1728 came the publication of Cyclopaedia, or, A Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences (folio, 2 vols.), an encyclopedia by Ephraim Chambers. The Cyclopaedia was one of the first general encyclopedias to be produced in English and was the main model for Diderot's Encyclopédie (published in France between 1751 and 1766). In 1729, Jonathan Swift published A Modest Proposal, a satirical suggestion that Irish families should sell their children as food. Swift was, at this time, fully involved in political campaigning for the Irish. 1730–39 In 1731, George Lillo's play The London Merchant was a success at the Theatre-Royal in Drury Lane. It was a new kind of play, a domestic tragedy, which approximates to what later came to be called a melodrama. In 1738, London, a poem in imitation of Juvenal’s Third Satire, by Samuel Johnson is published. Like so many poets of the 18th century Johnson sought to breathe new life into his favorite classical author Juvenal. 1740–49 In 1740, Samuel Richardson's Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded is published and Marquis de Sade is born. 1744 Alexander Pope dies. 1745 Jonathan Swift dies. 1748 John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (popularly known as Fanny Hill), arguably the first work of pornographic prose, is published. 1749 Henry Fielding's The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling is published. 1750–59 1751 Thomas Gray writes Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. Denis Diderot begins the Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Over the next three decades Encyclopédie attracts, alongside of those from Diderot, notable contributions from other notable intellectuals of the 18th century including Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Louis de Jaucourt. 1754 October 8: Henry Fielding dies. 1755 After nine years Samuel Johnson completes his dictionary of the English language; its release is greeted with enthusiasm in literary circles. 1760–69 1760–1767 Laurence Sterne wrote Tristram Shandy. 1764 Horace Walpole's The Castle of Otranto is published (initially under a pseudonym and claiming it to be a translation of an Italian work from 1529); the first gothic novel. 1766 Oliver Goldsmith's The Vicar of Wakefield is |
published. 1768 Sarah Fielding dies. 1770–79 1770 April 7: William Wordsworth is born. 1773 Oliver Goldsmith's play She Stoops to Conquer, a farce, was performed in London. 1776 The United States Declaration of Independence is created and ratified. 1777 the comedy play The School for Scandal, a comedy of manners, was written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. 1779–1781 Samuel Johnson writes and publishes Lives of the Most Eminent English Poets. This compilation contains mini-biographies of 52 influential poets (most of whom lived in the 18th century) along with critical appraisals of their works. most notable are Alexander Pope, John Dryden, John Milton, Jonathan Swift, and Joseph Addison. 1780–89 1783 Washington Irving was born. On 13 December 1784 Samuel Johnson died. 1785 William Cowper published The Task1786 Robert Burns published Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect. The mood of literature was swinging toward more interest in diverse ethnicity. Beaumarchais' The Marriage of Figaro (Le Nozze di Figaro) was adapted into a comic opera composed by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, with libretto by Lorenzo da Ponte. 1789 The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, one of the first slave narratives to have been widely read in historical times, is published. James Fenimore Cooper is born on September 15 in the United States. 1790–99 1792 Percy Bysshe Shelley was born (August 4). 1793 Salisbury Plain by William Wordsworth. 1794 Ann Radcliffe published her most famous Gothic novel, The Mysteries of Udolpho. In 1795, Samuel Taylor Coleridge met William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy. The two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads (1798), which became a central text of Romantic poetry. 1796 Thomas Chandler Haliburton was born. 1796 Matthew Lewis published his controversial, anti-catholic novel The Monk. Charlotte Turner Smith published her novel Marchmont. Others Literature in the Eighteenth Century by Year 1700-1739 From 1704 to 1717, Antoine Galland published the first European translation of the One Thousand and One Nights (also known as The Arabian Nights in English). His version of the tales appeared in twelve volumes and exerted a huge influence on subsequent European literature and attitudes to the Islamic world. Galland's translation of the Nights was immensely popular throughout Europe, and later versions of the Nights were written by Galland's publisher using Galland's name without his consent. In 1707, playwright Carlo Goldoni was born. In 1729, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing was born. In 1731, Manon Lescaut ,a French novel by the Abbé Prévost that narrates the love affairs of an unmarried couple and inaugurates one of the most common themes of the literature of the time: the sentimental story, taking into account for the first time the female point of view and not only the courtship and the conquest or the failure of man. 1740–69 1743 Gavrila Derzhavin is born. 1752, Micromégas, a satirical short story by Voltaire, features space travellers visiting earth. It is one of the first stories to feature several elements of what will later become known as science fiction. Its publication at this time is also indicative of the trend toward scientific thinking that characterizes the Enlightenment. 1759 Voltaire's Candide/Optimism is published. On November 10, Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller is born. 1761 Jean Jacques Rousseau's Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse is published. 1762 Jean Jacques Rousseau's Émile is published. 1767 September 8: August Wilhelm von Schlegel is born. 1770–1800 1772 March 10: Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von Schlegel is born. German poet Novalis is born. 1774 Goethe wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther, a novel which approximately marks the beginning of the Romanticism movement in the arts and philosophy. A transition thus began, from the |
critical, science inspired, enlightenment writing to the romantic yearning for forces beyond the mundane and for foreign times and places to inspire the soul with passion and mystery. 1778 Death of Voltaire. Death of Jean Jacques Rousseau 2 July. Two major contributors to Diderot's Encyclopédie dead in the same year. 1784 Denis Diderot died 31 July. Voltaire, Rousseau and Diderot have all died within a period of a few years and French philosophy had thus lost three of its greatest enlightened free thinkers. Rousseau's thinking on the nobility of life in the wilds, facing nature as a naked savage still had great force to influence the next generation as the romantic movement gained momentum. Beaumarchais wrote The Marriage of Figaro. Maria and Harriet Falconar publish Poems on Slavery. The anti-slavery movement was growing in power and many poems and pamphlets were published on the subject. 1791 Dream of the Red Chamber is published for the first time in movable type format. 1796 Denis Diderot's Jacques le fataliste was published posthumously. 1700s - 1710s - 1720s - 1730s - 1740s - 1750s - 1760s - 1770s - 1780s - 1790s - 1800s Selected list of novels Simon Ockley, The Improvement of Human Reason: Exhibited in the Life of Hai Ebn Yokdhan (British, 1708) - English translation of Ibn Tufail's Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (12th century) Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe, (British, 1719) - considered by many the first novel in English Eliza Haywood, Love in Excess, (British, 1719) Samuel Richardson, Pamela, (British, 1740) Henry Fielding, Tom Jones, (British, 1749) Laurence Sterne, Tristram Shandy, (British, 1759–1767) Tobias Smollett, The Expedition of Humphry Clinker, (Scottish, 1771) Ignacy Krasicki, The Adventures of Nicholas Experience (Polish, 1776) - the first Polish novel Frances Burney, Evelina, (British, 1778) Ann Radcliffe, The Mysteries of Udolpho, (British, 1794) Mary Hays, Memoirs of Emma Courtney, (British, 1796) Matthew Lewis, The Monk'', (British, 1796) References External links Category:History of literature |
Mariusz Kotowski Mariusz Kotowski is a Polish-born writer and director. As a director, he has gained a reputation for cinematic portrayals that are atypical of both Hollywood and independent film styles and that cleverly mix different film approaches into a cohesive whole. To date, Kotowski's feature films include Pola Negri: Life is a Dream in Cinema (2006), a feature-length biographical documentary about the silent film actress Pola Negri; the Holocaust film Esther's Diary (2010), which was originally released in 2007 as Forgiveness; and Deeper and Deeper (2010), an erotic psychological thriller starring Emmy-winning actor David Lago. All of these films have been released by Kotowski's Austin-based production company Bright Shining City Productions. Prior to the launch of his directorial career, Kotowski worked as a renowned dancer and dance choreographer. As a dancer, Kotowski has the distinction of being the first Polish citizen ever to receive the rare Triple Fellowship in dance from the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing in London. Biography Mariusz Kotowski was born in the city of Olsztyn in northeast Poland. Kotowski's original inspiration to get into the arts came from watching Gene Kelly and Billy Wilder films on television. Kotowski made a decision at a young age to emigrate to America and become a movie director. Initially Kotowski studied dance and dance choreography in Poland, and received a Master of Arts in Education before being accepted into Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing in London. It was there that he became the first Polish citizen ever to receive the rare Triple Fellowship from the organization. Kotowski then moved to New York City 1988, working as a dancer, choreographer, and dance instructor by day and studying film directing at the NYU Film School by night. Kotowski invested three years and a considerable personal fortune into researching and filming the documentary Pola Negri: Life is a Dream in Cinema, a biographical documentary about silent film actress Pola Negri. The film is notable for featuring extensive interviews with film stars Hayley Mills and Eli Wallach, who were starring actress and supporting actor respectively in Negri's final film The Moon-Spinners (1964). The film premiered on April 29, 2006 at Laemmle's Sunset 5 Theatre in Hollywood as part of the Seventh Annual Polish Film Festival of Los Angeles, The film went on to play festivals and Pola Negri retrospectives all over the United States and Europe, including screenings at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York and La Cinémathèque Française in Paris. Kotowski's next film was a dramatic film with a Holocaust-related subplot entitled Forgiveness (2007). The film was re-edited to more strongly emphasize the Holocaust story and retitled Esther's Diary (2010). The film's Holocaust narrative is inspired by real-life stories told to the director by his Polish grandparents, who were personally involved with hiding Polish Jews from the Nazis during World War II. Kotowski's most recent film is the erotic psychological thriller Deeper and Deeper (2010). The film stars Daytime Emmy Award-winning actor David Lago (The Young and the Restless). Like its predecessor, Pola Negri: Life is a Dream in Cinema, the film made its premiere at Laemmle's Sunset 5 Theatre in West Hollywood, California, playing on April 26, 2010 at the Eleventh Annual Polish Film Festival of Los Angeles. Kotowski authored a Polish-language biography of Pola Negri entitled Pola Negri: Legenda Hollywood (English title: Pola Negri: Hollywood Legend). The book was released in Poland on February 24, 2011, by Prosynski Media. The book won the "Book of The Year" and "Book of the Month" award in the biography category from the Polish publication Ksiazki magazyn literacki (Books |
Literary Magazine). Also in 2011, Kotowski produced the 3-DVD set Pola Negri: The Iconic Collection, which features the Negri's Polish and German silent films Bestia (The Polish Dancer, 1917), Der Gelbe Schein (The Yellow Ticket, 1918), Die Augen der Mumie Ma (The Eyes of the Mummy Ma, 1918), and Sappho (1921). The films have been re-mastered, with intertitles translated into English and scored with original piano music composed and performed by Rick Dejonge. The DVD set was picked up for distribution by Emphasis Entertainment later in the year and reissued February 7, 2012. The Golden Halo Award presented to Kotowski by the Southern California Motion Picture Council in 2010. In 2011, Kotowski received a Pola Negri Appreciation Award from the Pola Negri Cultural Society in Lipno (Lipnowskie Towarzystwo Kulturalne im. Poli Negri). Filmography Feature Films Pola Negri: Life is a Dream in Cinema (2006) Forgiveness (2007) Esther's Diary (2010, recut version of Forgiveness) Deeper and Deeper (2010) Short films Tango on Broadway (2004) Luigi on Broadway (2004) Clara's Secret (2005) Pola Negri: Hollywood Legend (2006) References External links Mariusz Kotowski Writer/Director Website Mariusz Kotowski biography, Artist/VIP page, Polish Film Festival of Los Angeles Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Polish choreographers Category:People from Olsztyn Category:Polish film directors Category:Polish emigrants to the United States |
Future Attribute Screening Technology Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST) is a program created by the Department of Homeland Security. It was originally titled Project Hostile Intent. The purpose is to detect "Mal Intent" by screening people for "psychological and physiological indicators" in a "Mobile Screening Laboratory". Background The program was under the Homeland Security Advanced Research Agency and the Science & Technology Human Factors Behavior Science Division of DHS. In a meeting held on July 24, 2008 the DHS Under Secretary Jay Cohen stated, the goal is to create a new technology that would be working in real time as opposed to after a crime is already committed. The DHS science spokesman John Verrico stated in September 2008 that preliminary testing had demonstrated 78% accuracy on mal-intent detection and 80% on deception. However, this was not a controlled, double-blind study, and researchers from Lawrence University and the Federation of American Scientists have questioned its validity without further evidence. The system measures pulse rate, skin temperature, breathing, facial expression, body movement, pupil dilation, and other "psycho physiological/behavioral patterns" to stop "unknown terrorists". The technology would mostly be used at airports, borders, and special events. Fox News reported that the mobile units transmit data to analysts, who use "a system to recognize, define and measure seven primary emotions and emotional cues that are reflected in contractions of facial muscles." The system is named MALINTENT. Results are transmitted back to screeners. DHS produced a 'privacy impact assessment' in 2008. It described the system as comprising: A remote cardiovascular and respiratory sensor to measure heart rate and respiration A remote eye tracker Thermal cameras that provide information on the temperature of the skin in the face A high resolution video for looking at facial expressions and body movements Audio system for analyzing changes in voice pitch Possibly other sensors, perhaps pheromone detection Anonymized aggregate results of the scanned information The DHS plan on using cameras and sensors to measure and track the changes in a person's body language, the tone of their voice and the rhythm of their speech. Civil Liberties Groups raised privacy concerns about the project but Burns from the DHS claims “the technology would erase data after each screening, and no personal information would be used to identify subjects, create files, or make lists”. He reassured the public that regulations would be put in place to protect privacy if and when the technology is deployed. Organizations involved Battelle, Aberdeen, MD, Columbus, OH. $1,356,690 DHS contract in 2007 Farber Speciality Vehicle (trailer builders) Draper Lab, Boston, MA $2.6 million DHS contract in 2009 Navy Research Laboratory - working on a FAST related project Controversy Other researchers, such as Tom Ormerod of the Investigative Expertise Unit at the UK's Lancaster University, argue that ordinary travel anxieties could cause false positives - Ormerod told Nature "even having an iris scan or fingerprint read at immigration is enough to raise the heart rate of most legitimate travellers". Others noted that the basic premise may be flawed. Steven Aftergood, a senior research analyst at the Federation of American Scientists, stated "I believe that the premise of this approach — that there is an identifiable physiological signature uniquely associated with malicious intent — is mistaken. To my knowledge, it has not been demonstrated." The Nature article in which he was quoted went on to note that Altergood is concerned that the technology "will produce a large proportion of false positives, frequently tagging innocent people as potential terrorists and making the system unworkable in a busy airport." Due to the ability of the system to 'read people's thoughts', |
it is potentially in violation of privacy laws such as the Fourth and Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. A summary of the scientific and legal issues with the program was presented at DEF CON in 2011 by independent security researchers. See also Backscatter X-ray Dr. Lawrence Farwell Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution The Minority Report Thoughtcrime Visible Intermodal Prevention and Response team (VIPR) References External links DHS project site DHS public relations video on FAST, vimeo.com, retr May 2011 Category:United States Department of Homeland Security Category:Forensic equipment Category:Forensic psychology |
Payson High School (Arizona) Payson High School is a public high school located in the rural town of Payson, Arizona. Payson High School (PHS) is one of two high schools within Payson Unified School District. PHS enrolls approximately 750 students. History Payson's first schoolhouse was completed in the spring of 1938, and it served all students in the community. This first school, known as the Rock Building, continued to house high school aged students until 1955. By the 1958–59 school year, there were over 60 students that were high school age. As this population continued to increase a separate building was deemed necessary and in 1962 the construction of Payson High School (PHS) began. This same year, Mr. Ivan Wade became the first superintendent of Payson Unified School District, and the district was officially empowered to grant high school diplomas. The first athletic programs also began in 1962, with the football program practicing in a pasture near the golf course – no home games were played that first season. By 1965, the current A-Building at the high school was open for learning and administrative offices. Without a gymnasium in these early years, high school students hustled almost one mile down the hill to use the Rock Building. Students continued to make the 2 mile run, round-trip, to the Rock Building until 1967 when a gymnasium was constructed at PHS. The football field was also built this same year. In 1979, the autos and wood shop programs moved into their current home. The academic building, also known as the B-Building, was completed in 1984. This new building providing PHS a library and nine classrooms, three of which were set up as science laboratory facilities. By the winter of 1988, the community auditorium was completed and the PHS drama department was showcasing its very first performance under the direction of John Siler. In 1988, the current Alternative to Suspension/In-School Suspension classroom was completed, although at the time it served as a small administration building. The student population continued to grow through the 90's and by 1994 construction began on the C-Building. This building was specifically designed to house Career Technical Education (CTE) courses, complete with a state-of-the-art kitchen, prep room, and dining room. The C-Building includes another six classrooms, three of which are computer labs. In 1997, the Dave Wilson Dome, named after the police chief killed in the line of duty, was built. Around this same time, the current physics laboratory facility, was converted from a locker bay to a classroom by enclosing the roofed structure. Building continued in 1998, as the Stagecraft (Drama) Department received the black box theater. In 2003, the D-Building was constructed, complete with a cafeteria capable of seating 133 students. This building includes another six classrooms, and is now the home of the English Department. The Wendell Stevens Agricultural Building opened in 2010. This building was named in honor of Wendell Stevens, the longtime agricultural education and FFA teacher who spent his entire career at PHS and retired that same year. This facility contains a barn, classroom, machine shop, office, as well as two small animal examination and treatment rooms. In the fall of 2010, PHS was outfitted with solar panels covering two parking lots. The energy installed on this campus and two others combined for a total of 1.45 MW of DC power. This grid-tied photovoltaic system "successfully delivered a complete turn-key, cost-effective, efficient energy solution to Payson Unified School District. At the time of groundbreaking, this was the largest PV system on a K-12 education campus in the State of Arizona." The old gymnasium |
acquired a new roof in 2012, and a new name "The Longhorn Gym". Academics Payson High School has a wide variety of academic options including offerings from Career Technical Education (CTE), Northern Arizona Vocational Institute of Technology (NAVIT), Advanced Placement (AP) and Dual-Credit courses that are taught on campus and provided through partnerships with Gila Community College (GCC) and Eastern Arizona College (EAC). In addition to the many course offerings at Payson High School, there is a wide variety of clubs. Some of the clubs at PHS include: Chess Club, C-CAP, FCCLA, DECA, Corps of Engineers, Skills USA Engineering, FBLA, FFA, Hike and Ski, HOSA, Key Club, Link Crew, National Honor Society, Skills USA Auto, Special Olympics, Student Government, SOS Club, Skills USA Woods, Gamer Club, Peer Counseling, Adventure Club, Choir, Band, Thespians, Drama, and Musical Theatre. Academic Recognition PHS students, programs and staff have received state and national recognition. The Modern Choir performed at Carnegie Hall in June 2007. Athletics The Payson Longhorns compete mainly in the 3A – East Conference, and are a member of the Arizona Interscholastic Association (AIA), which governs most sports and competitive activities in the state of Arizona. Payson High School sponsors athletic teams in baseball, basketball, cheer, cross country, football, golf, soccer, softball, track & field, volleyball, and wrestling. Wrestling Boys Track & Field Girls Track & Field Girls Cross-Country Football Boys Basketball Baseball Golf Notable alumni References General references External links Official website Category:Educational institutions established in 1962 Category:1962 establishments in Arizona Category:Public high schools in Arizona Category:Schools in Gila County, Arizona |
Rudzk Mały Rudzk Mały is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Piotrków Kujawski, within Radziejów County, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-central Poland. It lies approximately south-west of Piotrków Kujawski, south of Radziejów, and south of Toruń. References Category:Villages in Radziejów County |
Michael Baughen Michael Alfred Baughen (born 7 June 1930) is a retired Anglican bishop. Born in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, he was educated at Bromley County Grammar School, the University of London and Oak Hill Theological College. After ordination he served as Rector of Holy Trinity Church in Platt Lane, Rusholme, Manchester and All Souls, Langham Place in London before tenure as the 39th Bishop of Chester between 1982 and 1996. Following his retirement, he worked as an honorary assistant bishop in the Diocese of London and in the Diocese of Southwark. Baughen is also noted for his contribution to hymnody. He is particularly known for his tune "Lord of the Years" for Timothy Dudley-Smith's hymn "Lord for the Years". He is also well known as editor of and writer and composer for Youth Praise (Book 1, 1964, and Book 2, 1969) and Psalm Praise (1973), and for Hymns for Today's Church (Jubilate Hymns, 1982), for which he was consultant editor and contributor, and as Editorial Chairman of Sing Glory (2000). References External links Profile at Jubilate Group Profile at Church of Ireland Works on Hymnary.org Category:1930 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of London Category:Alumni of Oak Hill College Category:Bishops of Chester Category:Christian hymnwriters Category:British hymnwriters |
Indian Hill (Minnesota) Indian Hill, in section nine of Oscar Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota, is a peak in the Leaf Mountains of west-central Minnesota. On its west side, the hill provides a high vantage point over the upper valley of the Red River of the North, while to the east it provides a view of the adjacent moraines. References Category:Hills of Minnesota Category:Landforms of Otter Tail County, Minnesota |
Balasuriya Balasuriya or Balasooriya is a common Sinhalese surname in Sri Lanka. Notable people with this surname include: Jagath Balasuriya (born 1940), Minister of National Heritage Kumari Balasuriya, former governor of the Southern Province Sumith Balasuriya, military commander Tharaka Balasuriya, politician and MP for Kegalle district Tissa Balasuriya (1924– 2013), Roman Catholic priest and theologian Category:Sinhalese surnames |
Kanykayevo Kanykayevo () is a rural locality (a selo) in Bizhbulyaksky District, Bashkortostan, Russia. The population was 360 as of 2010. There are 7 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Bashkortostan |
Coyote Ridge Corrections Center Coyote Ridge Corrections Center is a medium security prison located in Connell, Washington. Coyote Ridge is the largest prison by capacity in the state and is operated by the Washington State Department of Corrections. Inmates of Coyote Ridge typically have more than five years up to life to serve. Attached to the main facility is the minimum-security "camp", where inmates must have five years or less on their sentences. The camp buildings look more like those of an average community college, complete with landscaping. Inmates sleep in dormitories, operate a textile factory, and grow some of their own food in a small garden on the grounds. Some inmates are allowed to go off-site to work in highly supervised jobs (including the traditional litter clean up). The facility was the first prison campus in the United States to achieve LEED Gold certification. As of January 2011, the main facility is almost full with an inmate population of over 2100. A majority of the facility's inmates, approximately 1,700 of 2,065, went on a food strike in early 2019 to protest the breakfast menu served to them. See also List of law enforcement agencies in Washington List of United States state correction agencies List of U.S. state prisons List of Washington state prisons References Category:Buildings and structures in Franklin County, Washington Category:Prisons in Washington (state) Category:1992 establishments in Washington (state) |
Mohammad Reza Akbari Mohammad Reza Akbari Bisheh, (, born September 20, 1986 in Isfahan, Iran) is a professional Iranian basketball player who currently plays for Foolad Mahan of the Iranian Super League and also for the Iranian national basketball team. He is a six-foot-four-inch shooting guard. Akbari is also a member of the Iran national basketball team. He first played for the team during their first ever gold medal run at the FIBA Asia Championship 2007. He saw action in five of nine games off the bench for the Iranians at the FIBA Asia Championship 2009, where the team won its second consecutive gold medal to qualify for the 2010 FIBA World Championship. Honours National team Asian Championship Gold medal: 2007, 2009 Asian Under-18 Championship Gold medal: 2004 References Category:Living people Category:1986 births Category:Iranian men's basketball players Category:Shooting guards Category:Small forwards Category:Zob Ahan club sportspeople |
Church of the Holy Trinity (Ridgeland, South Carolina) Church of the Holy Trinity is a historic Episcopal church located near Ridgeland, South Carolina, Jasper County, South Carolina. It was built in 1858, and is a Carpenter Gothic-style church. The Gothic Revival style features include the asymmetrical composition, the wheel window, the buttressed tower, and board and batten sheathing. It features a three-staged bell tower. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. References Category:Episcopal churches in South Carolina Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in South Carolina Category:Carpenter Gothic church buildings in South Carolina Category:Churches completed in 1858 Category:19th-century Episcopal church buildings Category:Buildings and structures in Jasper County, South Carolina Category:National Register of Historic Places in Jasper County, South Carolina |
Route 977 (Israel) Route 977 is an east-west regional highway in the Golan Heights in northern Israel from Goma junction to Lehavot HaBashan junction. Junctions on the route From west to east: Goma junction with Highway 90 near Ein Bedolah Nature Reserve. Junction with Route 9778 turning north toward Kfar Blum. Entrance to Neot Mordechai. Lehavot HaBashan junction next to Lehavot HaBashan, with Route 918. See also List of highways in Israel 977 |
United States Golf Register The United States Golf Register is the United States's official historical registry of holes-in-one. The U.S. Golf Register is devoted to preserving history with each hole-in-one made, and recording the significance of the achievement as a historical record. There are no registration fees or dues associated with registering. External links USGA Hole-in-one FAQ Category:Golf in the United States Category:Golf associations |
Emily Warn Emily Warn is an American poet. She was born in San Francisco, grew up in Michigan, and was educated at Kalamazoo College, the University of Washington, and Stanford University. She moved to the Pacific Northwest 1978 to work for North Cascades National Park, and a year later moved to Seattle where she has lived, more or less ever since. Her essays and poems have appeared in Poetry, Parabola, The Seattle Times, The Kenyon Review, Blackbird, BookForum, The Bloomsbury Review, and The Writer's Almanac. She has taught creative writing or served as writer-in-residence at many schools and arts centers, including Lynchburg College in Virginia, The Bush School in Seattle, Sun Valley Center for the Arts, Centrum Foundation in Port Townsend, and Helene Wurlitzer Foundation in Taos, New Mexico. Her most recent book of poetry, Shadow Architect (Copper Canyon Press, 2008), is an exploration of the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet — the alef-beit — in which she considers the limits and generative power of language. Within the set boundaries of this alphabet, Warn unites her own distinctly American poetics with the language of sacred texts and commentaries. She currently divides her time between Seattle and Twisp, Washington. Selected works Poetry Shadow Architect (Copper Canyon Press, 2008) The Novice Insomniac (Copper Canyon Press, 1996) The Leaf Path (Copper Canyon Press, 1982) References Category:Living people Category:American women poets Category:Poets from Michigan Category:Writers from Seattle Category:Writers from San Francisco Category:Poets from California Category:Kalamazoo College alumni Category:University of Washington alumni Category:Stanford University alumni Category:People from Seattle Category:People from Okanogan County, Washington Category:Year of birth missing (living people) |
Bud Fendley House The Bud Fendley House is a historic house at 201 Spring Street in Marshall, Arkansas. It is a single-story wood frame structure, its exterior clad in brick with wooden trim. It has a front-facing gable roof with broad eaves that have exposed rafter ends and large brackets in the Craftsman style. A front porch, supported by brick posts, has similar styling. Built about 1928, it is one of the least-altered examples of Craftsman architecture in the community. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Searcy County, Arkansas References Category:Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas Category:Houses completed in 1928 Category:Houses in Searcy County, Arkansas Category:National Register of Historic Places in Searcy County, Arkansas |
Campagnac, Tarn Campagnac is a commune in the Tarn department in southern France. See also Communes of the Tarn department References INSEE Category:Communes of Tarn (department) |
Huabiao Awards China Huabiao Film Awards (), also simply known as Huabiao Awards, is an annual awards ceremony for Chinese cinema. Named after the decorative Chinese winged columns (huabiaos), The Huabiao Awards were first instituted in 1957 as the Ministry of Culture Excellence Film awards. Between 1958 and 1979, no awards were given. In 1994, the awards were renamed "Huabiao." The ceremony is held in Beijing, and is the highest government honor in film industry. Along with Golden Rooster Awards, Hundred Flowers Awards, these are known as China's three main film awards. Unlike other award ceremonies, Huabiao Awards for individual categories are often given to multiple nominees. Ceremonies Categories Outstanding Film Outstanding Producer Outstanding Director Outstanding Writer Outstanding Actor Outstanding Actress Outstanding New Actor Outstanding New Actress Outstanding Animation Outstanding Documentary See also Golden Rooster Awards Hundred Flowers Awards Shanghai Film Critics Awards External links Huabiao Film Awards at the Internet Movie Database Category:Chinese film awards Category:Awards established in 1957 Category:1957 establishments in China Category:Recurring events established in 1957 Category:Annual events in China |
Stereolepis Stereolepis is a genus of fish native to the Pacific Ocean. Species References External links Category:Polyprionidae |
Artur Dyson Artur Dyson dos Santos (Lisbon, 9 January 1911 – 14 October 1985), former Portuguese footballer who played goalkeeper for Sporting and the Portugal national team. International career Dyson made his debut for the national team 31 May 1931 against Belgium in a 3-2 victory in Lisbon. External links Stats at Eu-Football Category:1911 births Category:Sporting CP footballers Category:Portugal international footballers Category:Portuguese footballers Category:Primeira Liga players Category:1985 deaths Category:Sportspeople from Lisbon Category:Association football goalkeepers |
Rockstar (drink) Rockstar (stylized as ROCKST★R or ЯR) is an energy drink created in 2001, which, , had 14% of the US energy drink market. Rockstar is based in Las Vegas. , Rockstar Energy Drink was available in more than 20 flavors and in more than 30 countries. History Founded in 2001 by Russ Weiner, the son of conservative talkshow host Michael Savage. Rockstar launched into what was the fastest-growing segment of the U.S. beverage market at the time, energy drinks. In addition to featuring different ingredients, which it claimed were "scientifically formulated to speed the recovery time of those who lead active and exhausting lifestyles—from athletes to rock stars," Rockstar sought to differentiate itself from the market leader, Red Bull, by using a 16 oz can size as opposed to Red Bull's 8 oz can, and by marketing itself as "twice the size of Red Bull for the same price" By 2007, Rockstar was one of the top three energy drink brands in North America, with a 155% growth in sales in 2004, reaching $48 million" Atlanta Journal-Constitution and had sold over a billion cans. It had 14% of the US energy drink market in 2008, and as of 2009 was available in over 20 countries, in addition to the United States. Rockstar switched distributors from The Coca-Cola Company to PepsiCo in the summer of 2009. Production and distribution for the United Kingdom and Ireland is franchised to Irn Bru owners A.G. Barr until 2027. Boycott Members of the LGBT community have supported a boycott because the company's founder and CEO is the son of controversial radio personality Michael Savage, and because its former CFO, Janet Weiner, is Savage's wife and also CFO of Savage Productions. The boycott was motivated by allegations that Savage had made comments perceived to be homophobic, racist, and discriminatory. In May 2009 San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom returned a $25,000 donation which Rockstar had made to his 2010 re-election campaign. During an interview with the San Francisco Chronicle, Eric Jaye of the campaign, stated the money was returned because "there was some statements made during (Weiner's) 1998 campaign in the GOP primary which conflicted with the mayor's position and we're returning the check," he said. In a later interview Weiner told SF Gate: "I still wish Gavin well. I always will." But he said that with the donation rejected, "I'm taking this money and I'm donating it to charity. We're telling them to name a charity of their choosing, and if they don't want it, we'll donate it to Project Open Hand." Rockstar CFO Janet Weiner had stepped down from her role as CFO of Savage Productions "as an apparent statement of solidarity with equality advocates" which had not been requested as part of the agreement. Rockstar, saying that the "truthaboutrockstarenergydrink.com" domain name was registered and used in bad faith, obtained control of that site under a decision from the National Arbitration Forum. Contents Rockstar products in the US have two levels of Caffeine content - either 10 mg of caffeine per ounce, or 15 mg of caffeine per ounce. Rockstar Energy Drink Original contains 160 mg of caffeine per 16 ounce can, while the Rockstar Punched energy drink contain 240 mg of caffeine per 16 ounce can. Rockstar energy gum was introduced in 2010. There are ten pieces in a pack, and one pack contains the same amount of caffeine as five 8 oz cans. It is available in two flavors: iced mint and iced mint orange. Besides caffeine and sugar, Rockstar Energy Drink contains a variety of herbs, including panax ginseng, ginkgo |
biloba, milk thistle extract, and guarana seed. The amount of guarana used to be higher, but "after being criticized for including guarana once health concerns about the herb were publicized, the amount in the drink was significantly reduced." It also includes 1000 mg of taurine. Side effects As with all energy drinks, Rockstar can cause jitteriness, anxiety, and high blood sugar levels. If mixed with alcohol, it may also mask the level of alcohol intoxication. There are no known side-effects if used in moderation. Several alcoholic versions of Rockstar are available in Canada; an alcoholic version in the US was discontinued in 2007, possibly in response to criticism that young people were confusing the alcoholic version with the regular one. Rockstar Original was named Worst Energy Drink by Men's Health magazine for having 280 calories due to 67.5 grams of sugar. Monster Energy Lo-Carb, with 20 calories, was suggested as a replacement. Rockstar has introduced a line of low calorie energy drinks that include electrolytes called Rockstar Recovery, partially in response to these concerns. Sponsorship Like its competitors Red Bull and Monster Energy, Rockstar sponsors a range of action sports and music events, including the Mayhem Festival, a metal and rock festival touring the United States in July and August; the Uproar Festival, a rock festival touring the United States in September and October; and the Lucas Oil Off Road Racing Series. Both the Mayhem and Uproar events were discontinued in 2015. Rockstar also sponsors a large number of action sports competitors, such as the Husqvarna factory motorcycle riders Gautier Paulin, Graham Jarvis and Pablo Quintanilla, motorcycle road racer Jorge Lorenzo (2011-2012), flat track rider Bryan Smith, rallycross drivers Tanner Foust and Scott Speed, off-road truck driver Rob MacCachren, and drifter Fredric Aasbø. Products Rockstar cans are known for their bright distinct colors, the various Rockstar flavors are frequently referred to by the color of the can more so than the specific name (e.g. "Zero Carb" is "Blue Rockstar", "Recovery Lemonade" is "Yellow Rockstar", "PerfectBerry" is "Pink Rockstar", etc...) See also Arizona Iced Tea References External links Category:Companies based in Spring Valley, Nevada Category:Energy drinks Category:Products introduced in 2001 Category:PepsiCo brands |
The Real Thing (Dizzy Gillespie album) The Real Thing is an album by American jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie featuring James Moody recorded in 1969 and originally released on the Perception label. Track listing All compositions by Mike Longo except as indicated "N'Bani" (Dizzy Gillespie) - 4:05 "Matrix" - 4:04 "Alligator" - 5:06 "Closer" (George Davis) - 3:11 "Closer" [Instrumental] (Davis) - 3:16 "Soul Kiss" - 4:07 "High on a Cloud" (Fred Norman, Cliff Owens) - 3:20 "Summertime" (George Gershwin) - 3:46 "Let Me Outta Here" - 5:13 "Ding-A-Ling" - 5:03 Personnel Dizzy Gillespie - trumpet James Moody - tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 5-8 & 10) Eric Gale (tracks 1, 6, 7 & 10), George Davis (tracks 2-5, 8 & 9) - guitar Mike Longo - piano Nate Edmonds - organ (track 6) Chuck Rainey (track 6), Phil Upchurch (tracks 2-4, 7 & 8) - electric bass Paul West - bass (tracks 1, 5, 7 & 10) Otis "Candy" Finch (track 1, 7 & 10), David Lee (tracks 2-5, 8 & 9), Bernard Purdie (track 6) - drums References Category:Perception Records albums Category:Dizzy Gillespie albums Category:1970 albums |
Louise (opera) Louise is a “musical novel,” or “,” in four acts and five scenes by Gustave Charpentier. It can be considered an opera. The composer himself penned the French libretto with contributions from Saint-Pol-Roux, a symbolist poet and inspiration of the surrealists. It is an atmospheric story of working-class life in Paris, with the city itself invoked along the way: young Louise, a seamstress living with her parents, loves Julien, an artist; she desires freedom, associated in her mind with him and the city. (Charpentier would later write a sequel, the opera Julien, describing the artist’s aspirations.) Musically the work is verismo. Performance history Louise was premiered on 2 February 1900 at the Salle Favart by the Opéra-Comique conducted by André Messager in a production by Albert Carré. It was successful, reaching its 100th performance just over a year later; the 500th performance at the Opéra-Comique took place on 17 January 1921, and by the early 1950s it had reached over 950 performances. The opera helped launch the career of the soprano Mary Garden, who sang Louise in Act 3 at the eighth performance. On 30 April 1900 the Opéra-Comique director Albert Carré gave away 400 seats to Paris dressmakers. The success in Paris led to productions in Algiers, Brussels, Budapest and Milan in 1901 and in Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Geneva and Stockholm in 1902, followed by other cities. First seen in New York City at the Manhattan Opera House in 1908, Louise was premiered by the Metropolitan Opera on January 15, 1921 (with Geraldine Farrar in the title role and Flora Perini as Gertrude). It was revived at the Met in a new production in 1930, broadcast twice (in 1939 and 1948), after 1949 it disappeared from the Met repertoire. The revival of Louise at the Opéra-Comique on 28 February 1950, with scenery after maquettes by Utrillo and Géori Boué in the title role, celebrated the 50th anniversary of its creation and the 90th birthday of its composer. Although it was hoped that Charpentier might conduct the performance, in the end André Cluytens did so, but with the composer conducting the 'Chant de l’apothéose' after the 3rd act. Louise was staged by English National Opera in 1981, and more recently, at the Paris Opera (2008), Duisberg (2008), the Spoleto Festival (2009), the Opéra National du Rhin in Strasbourg and Mulhouse (2009), and Düsseldorf (2010). There are several recordings, and the opera is still performed today. The third-act aria 'Depuis le jour' is a popular concert piece that has often been recorded. Roles Synopsis Act 1 The Parisian home of Louise's parents Louise has fallen in love with her neighbor, Julien. At the opening of the opera, they recall how they met. Louise's mother interrupts them and vocally expresses her disapproval of Julien. The exhausted father comes home from work and his wife and daughter implore him to quit the taxing job. However, he feels that it is his responsibility to provide for his family. At supper, he reads a letter that Julien left in which he proposed marriage to Louise. He is indifferent, but the mother is livid and, when Louise stands up for Julien, she slaps Louise across the face. The peaceful father asks his daughter to sit with him and read the paper. As she reads about springtime in Paris, she breaks down and cries. Act 2 Scene 1: A street in Paris It begins with a prelude that suggests dawn in Paris. The curtain rises to a bustling scene where people go about their daily routines and comment about life in general. The Noctambulist enters |
and calls himself the spirit of the Pleasure of Paris, and then leaves with the daughter of a ragman. Julien appears with a group of fellow bohemians to show them where Louise works. He tells them that if her parents do not consent to marriage, he will carry the girl off. Julien and his companions go off and he sings that the medley of sounds around him is the voice of Paris itself. Louise and her Mother arrive at the dressmaking store where Louise works (her mother brings her to work everyday). When the mother leaves, Julien returns. Louise tells him she loves him, but she loves her parents too much to leave them. He tries to persuade her to run off with him and she finally agrees to do so soon. Scene 2: Inside Louise's place of work Louise is being teased by the other seamstresses for being in love. A band is heard outside and Julien sings a serenade. The girls admire him for his looks and voice. Louise quietly slips away – to run off with Julien. Act 3 A cottage overlooking Paris The act opens with the opera's most well known aria, "Depuis le jour"; the lovers have moved into a cottage overlooking Paris and in the aria she sings of her happiness with her new existence and with her lover. A long love duet ensues in which they sing of their love for each other and Paris. Many Bohemians enter and crown Louise Queen of Montmartre. The Noctambulist presides as the King of the Fools. Louise's mother appears and the festivities end. She tells Louise of her father's illness and that her father creeps into Louise's room in the middle of the night, even though they agreed to regard her as dead. Even Julien is moved, and he lets Louise leave on the promise she will return whenever she wishes. Act 4 The Parisian home of Louise's parents The father has regained his health and spirits. He is working again, but has come to accept poverty in a philosophical way. His recovery can be attributed to the return of Louise, whom he takes into his arms and sings a lullaby. She is not comforted and longs to be with Julien again. A merry waltz is heard outside and Louise takes it up, singing madly of love and freedom. Her parents are shocked and her father becomes increasingly angry. He shouts at Louise and demands that she leave; if that is what she wants, let her go and dance and laugh! He begins to attack her, but the mother stands in the way. Louise runs from the room to go back to Julien. Only then does the father realise what he did. "Louise, Louise!" he calls. She is gone and in despair he shakes his fist at the city that stole his daughter, "Paris!" he moans and the opera closes. Film An abridged version of Louise was made into a film in 1939, under the supervision of the composer. This included spoken dialogue. The director was Abel Gance. Louise was played by Grace Moore, Julien by Georges Thill, and the father by André Pernet. Recordings 1935: Conductor: Eugène Bigot; Principal singers: Ninon Vallin (Louise), André Pernet (Father), Christiane Gaudel (Irma), Georges Thill (Julien), Aimée Lecouvreur (Mother). French Columbia; mono; abridged by the composer; recent issues: Nimbus 1528320, Naxos 8.110225 1956: Conductor: Jean Fournet; Principal singers: Berthe Monmart (Louise), Louis Musy (Father), André Laroze (Julien), Solange Michel (Mother); Choeurs et Orchestre du Théâtre National de l'Opéra-Comique. Mono recording; complete score; original issue: Philips L3L0006 (recent issues: 442 |
082-2) 1976: Conductor: Georges Prêtre; Principal singers: Ileana Cotrubas (Louise), Gabriel Bacquier (Father), Plácido Domingo (Julien), Jane Berbié (Mother), Michel Sénéchal (The Noctambulist); Ambrosian Opera Chorus, New Philharmonia Orchestra. LP: CBS 79302 or Columbia Masterworks M3 34207; CD (1990): Sony S3K 46429 (). 1977: Conductor: Julius Rudel; Principal singers: Beverly Sills (Louise), José Van Dam (Father), Nicolai Gedda (Julien), Mignon Dunn (Mother), Martyn Hill (The Noctambulist); Children's Choir of the Resurrection, Chorus and Orchestra of the French National Opera. LP: Angel (SQ) 5CLX3846. 1983: Conductor: Sylvain Cambreling; Principal singers: Felicity Lott (Louise), Ernest Blanc (Father), Jerome Pruett (Julien), Rita Gorr (Mother); Chœurs et Orchestre Symphonique de l'Opéra de Belgique. complete score; original issue: Erato NUM 750843 References Notes Sources Category:French-language operas Category:Operas by Gustave Charpentier Category:Operas set in France Category:1900 operas Category:Operas Category:Paris in fiction Category:Opera world premieres at the Opéra-Comique |
Pedicel (botany) A pedicel is a stem that attaches a single flower to the inflorescence. Such inflorescences are described as pedicellate. Description Pedicel refers to a structure connecting a single flower to its inflorescence. In the absence of a pedicel, the flowers are described as sessile. Pedicel is also applied to the stem of the infructescence. The word "pedicel" is derived from the latin pediculus, meaning "little foot". The stem or branch from the main stem of the inflorescence that holds a group of pedicels is called a peduncle. A pedicel may be associated with a bract or bracts. In cultivation In Halloween types of pumpkin or squash plants, the shape of the pedicel has received particular attention because plant breeders are trying to optimize the size and shape of the pedicel for the best "lid" for a "jack-o'-lantern". Gallery See also Sessile Scape References Bibliography Category:Plant morphology + |
Yury Lutovinov Yury Kharitonovich (or Khrisanfovich) Lutovinov (; 1887–1924) was a Russian revolutionary and labor leader. Lutovinov was born in Luhansk. He started work in metals factories in the Donbas as a teenager, and joined the Bolshevik Party in 1904. Lutovinov also was an activist in the Russian Metalworkers' Union. During World War I, Lutovinov worked at the Aivaz factory in Petrograd and helped arrange the transport of Bolshevik literature to the Donbas. In spring of 1918 he was a chairman of the Soviet government of the Luhansk Oblast and then the Donetsk-Kryvoi Rog Republic. During the Russian Civil War, Lutovinov served at the Red Army and was a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine. He was in the central committee of the Russian Metalworkers' Union and a member of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions. After the war Lutovinov was a member of presidium of the Central Council of Trade Unions. From 1919 to 1920 he was a secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (predecessor of the modern Russian parliament) and a chairman of the Luhansk county (Yekaterinoslav Governorate). Lutovinov associated with the Workers' Opposition but held some views that were distinct from those of Alexander Shlyapnikov, the movement's leader. Lutovinov favored struggling for collegiality and against one-man management in industry, but put less priority than Shlyapnikov did on realizing workers’ control (through trade unions) of industry, presuming that the workers could not control industry until certain preconditions were met. In March 1920, Lutovinov presented Shlyapnikov's theses to the Ninth Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks). He was the chief spokesman for the Workers' Opposition at the Ninth Party Conference in September 1920, where he excoriated the Party leadership in a speech that was never published in its entirety. Lutovinov also sent a controversial letter to comrades in the CP(B)U in the fall of 1920. In fall 1920, he served in a Party committee on trade unions, but fell into conflict with Leon Trotsky, who left the committee after serving briefly. Lutovinov did not sign the program of the Workers' Opposition in December 1920, but he remained a critic of Russian Communist Party policy on trade unions, workers, and the economy. He aided the Workers' Opposition in election of delegates to the Eighth Congress of Soviets in December 1920. By late January 1921, Lutovinov had become so discouraged with the policy of other leaders of the All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions that he asked to resign from the Council. His letter of resignation attributed his decision specifically to his “sharp disagreement” with the Council majority on the trade union question. The other leaders approved Lutovinov’s request to be removed from administrative work in trade unions, but they rejected his request to return to factory work. Lutovinov also served as a candidate member of the presidium of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Soviet of Workers, Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies and as a trade representative in Berlin in 1921-22. Lutovinov committed suicide on May 7, 1924, disillusioned with the New Economic Policy and with the growth of bureaucracy within the Russian Communist Party. Bibliography Paul Flenley. "Yu.Kh.Lutovinov." P. 591. In T.Lane (ed.) Biographical Dictionary of European Labour Leaders, Greenwood Press, London "Юрий Хрисанфович Лутовинов", "Деятели СССР и октябрьской революции: автобиографии и биографии", том 1: 346 А. Гуревич. "Десять лет ВСРМ", Металлист, 1917–1927, юбилейный номер (July 1927), 5 External links Lenin: 181. TO Y. KH. LUTOVINOV at www.marxists.org Profile at Handbook on history of the Communist Party and the Soviet Union 1898 – 1991 Category:1887 births Category:1924 deaths Category:People from Luhansk |
Category:People from Yekaterinoslav Governorate Category:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members Category:Old Bolsheviks Category:Workers' Opposition Category:All-Russian Central Executive Committee members Category:Soviet politicians who committed suicide Category:Suicides in the Soviet Union |
General Land Office The General Land Office (GLO) was an independent agency of the United States government responsible for public domain lands in the United States. It was created in 1812 to take over functions previously conducted by the United States Department of the Treasury. Starting with the passage of the Land Ordinance of 1785, which created the Public Land Survey System, the Treasury Department had already overseen the survey of the "Northwest Territory", including what is now the state of Ohio. Placed under the Department of the Interior when that department was formed in 1849, it was merged with the United States Grazing Service (established in 1934) to become the Bureau of Land Management on July 16, 1946. History The GLO oversaw the surveying, platting, and sale of the public lands in the Western United States and administered the Homestead Act and the Preemption Act in disposal of public lands. The frantic pace of public land sales in the 19th century American West led to the idiomatic expression "land-office business", meaning a thriving or high-volume trade. The GLO was placed under the Secretary of the Interior when the Department of the Interior was formed in 1849. Reacting to public concerns about forest conservation, Congress in 1891 authorized the President to withdraw timber lands from disposal. Grover Cleveland then created 17 forest reserves of nearly , which were initially managed by the GLO. In 1905, Congress transferred responsibility for these reserves to the newly created Forest Service, under the Department of Agriculture. Beginning in the early 20th century, the GLO shifted from a primary function of land sales to issuing leases and collecting grazing fees for livestock raised on public lands, and royalties from minerals off lands recently withdrawn from disposal under the Withdrawal Act of 1910, as well as other custodial duties. Thus, beginning around 1900, the GLO gained a focus for conservation of renewable public resources, as well as for their exploitation. On July 16, 1946, the GLO was merged with the United States Grazing Service (established in 1934 under the Taylor Grazing Act) to become the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), an agency of the Interior Department responsible for administering the remaining of public lands still in federal ownership. An early commissioner was John McLean, later an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. The BLM makes images of GLO records (federal land patents, survey plats and field notes, land status records, and tract books) issued between 1787 and present publicly available on its website. Since 1990, the BLM's Geographic Coordinates Database (GCDB) program has endeavored to generate coordinate values for each established PLSS corner using the official survey records of the GLO and BLM on a township basis. The GCDB data are available for download by the public in GIS shapefile format from the GeoCommunicator Land Survey Information System website. The GCDB coordinates are also available to the public in the GCDB flat file and GCDB coverage formats via the National Operations Center website. Gallery See also List of Commissioners of the General Land Office Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey Beginning Point of the Louisiana Purchase Survey National Irrigation Congress References Further reading External links General Land Office Records: The Official Federal Land Records Site, at Bureau of Land Management Category:Defunct agencies of the United States government * Category:Land surveying of the United States Category:Real estate in the United States Category:Government agencies established in 1812 Category:1812 establishments in the United States Category:1946 disestablishments in the United States Category:Government agencies disestablished in 1946 |
Ivanka Venkova Ivanka Venkova (born 3 November 1952) is a Bulgarian sprinter. She competed in the women's 4 × 100 metres relay at the 1972 Summer Olympics. References Category:1952 births Category:Living people Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1972 Summer Olympics Category:Bulgarian female sprinters Category:Olympic athletes of Bulgaria Category:Place of birth missing (living people) |
1958 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship The 1958 U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship was the 13th U.S. Women's Open, held June 26–28 at Forest Lake Country Club in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, a suburb northwest of Detroit. It was the sixth edition conducted by the United States Golf Association (USGA). Mickey Wright, age 23, won the first of her four U.S. Women's Open titles, five strokes ahead of runner-up Louise Suggs, a two-time champion. It was the second of 13 major championships for Wright, who led wire-to-wire and entered the final round with a seven stroke lead. This was the second major held at Forest Lake, which hosted the LPGA Championship two years earlier in 1956. Past champions in the field Source: Final leaderboard Saturday, June 28, 1958 Source: References External links USGA final leaderboard U.S. Women's Open Golf Championship U.S. Women's Open – past champions – 1958 Forest Lake Country Club Category:United States Women's Open Championship (golf) Category:Golf in Michigan Category:Sports competitions in Michigan Category:Bloomfield Hills, Michigan U.S. Women's Open U.S. Women's Open U.S. Women's Open |
New York State Route 215 (1940s–1970s) New York State Route 215 (NY 215) was a north–south state highway located within the town of Hamlin in Monroe County, New York, in the United States. It served as the primary highway to and from Hamlin Beach State Park prior to the construction of the Lake Ontario State Parkway. The southern terminus of the route was at an intersection with NY 360 east of the hamlet of Morton. Its northern terminus was at the park on the shore of Lake Ontario. The entirety of NY 215 was named Redman Road. NY 215 was assigned in the early 1940s to provide a signed connection between NY 360 and Hamlin Beach State Park. It ceased to exist in the early 1970s once it was severed from the Lake Ontario shoreline by a westward extension of the Lake Ontario State Parkway. However, the remaining portion of NY 215 remained state maintained for another 30 years as New York State Route 941P, an unsigned reference route. Ownership and maintenance of NY 941P was transferred to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap that took effect on November 26, 2007. The former routing of NY 941P is now part of unsigned County Route 236 (CR 236). Route description NY 215 began at a three-way intersection with NY 360 east of the hamlet of Morton in the town of Hamlin. NY 360 turned off Redman Road here to follow Morton Road west to the hamlet of Morton while NY 215 headed north on Redman Road. It passed by open, cultivated fields and small pockets of residences as it proceeded through rural northwestern Monroe County. After , NY 215 intersected Moscow Road, a local highway connecting NY 215 to the then-western end of the Lake Ontario State Parkway. North of Moscow Road, the fields on the highway's east side slowly gave way to forested areas as the route approached Hamlin Beach State Park and intersected Cook Road. The route terminated north of Cook Road at the southern boundary of Hamlin Beach State Park. The physical roadway continued into the park and to nearby Lake Ontario as a local highway. History The portion of Redman Road north of modern NY 360 in Hamlin was a state highway as early as 1920; however, it was not assigned a designation until the early 1940s, when it became NY 215. At the time, it was the primary highway to and from Hamlin Beach State Park on the Lake Ontario shoreline, as no continuous east–west lakeside roadway existed at the time. This changed in the late 1940s and early 1950s following the construction of the Lake Ontario State Parkway, a lakeshore highway connecting the park to NY 261 in Greece. The parkway began east of NY 215 at Moscow Road and provided a direct connection to Hamlin Beach State Park from Greece, and eventually Rochester. As a result, NY 215 became merely an alternate route to the park. In the early 1970s, the Lake Ontario State Parkway was extended westward across Monroe and Orleans counties to Lakeside Beach State Park in Carlton. NY 215's connection to Hamlin Beach State Park was severed as part of the construction. As a result, the remaining portion of NY 215 from NY 360 to Cook Road lost its signed route status and was redesignated NY 941P, an unsigned reference route. The highway remained state maintained until 2007, when ownership and maintenance of it was transferred from the state of New York to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government. |
A bill (S4856, 2007) to enact the swap was introduced in the New York State Senate on April 23 and passed by both the Senate and the New York State Assembly on June 20. The act was signed into law by Governor Eliot Spitzer on August 28. Under the terms of the act, it took effect 90 days after it was signed into law; thus, the maintenance swap officially took place on November 26, 2007. The former routing of NY 941P is now part of CR 236. Major intersections See also References External links 215 1940 Category:Transportation in Monroe County, New York |
Aranthangi Aranthangi is a town in Pudukkottai district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. As of 2011, the city had a population of 40,814. Geography The town lies 10 degrees north in latitude and 70 degrees east in longitude and lies 32.31 m above mean sea level. The small river Vellar goes through the outer part of Aranthangi. The main centre of attraction is a ruined fort. The walls are not constructed of brick or stone. Large interstices are filled with mud. There are no ruins of palaces or any other striking building inside. There is no indication when the fort could have been built. A line of Tondaimans who were unconnected with those of Pudukkottai, were in power here in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and it is believed that they constructed it. The temple of Rajendra Chola Varma in the town seems to have been built in the eleventh century. Aranthangi was ruled by Thondaimans (different from Pudukkottai Thondaimans) in earlier days.(The time is unknown; see the book Pudukkottai Maavatta Varalaru.) Economy The town has one sugar factory and a chemical factory in its outskirts. Aranthangi has a fish market, a daily market (santhai), uzhavar sandai and the weekly santhai is held every Tuesday. Sea cuisine is well known here because of the proximity to coastal towns. Aranthangi fish curry is famous locally. Transport This town can be reached by bus and trains. There was one runway constructed during the World War, but now it is demolished. The two main state highways passing through: Thanjavur-Sayalkudi Road and manamelkudi EC road and Trichy Mimisal Road. There is one bus stand which has up-to Chennai route and tirupathi route. Buses are often available for Pudukkottai (33 km) and karaikudi (35 km) and manamelkudi (35 km) which is near Trichy (86 km). Economy The main source of income is agriculture. Paddy, groundnut and sugarcane are the major crops. Especially paddy income sources from some villages like Navinivayal,Sengamari,Kovilkottai,Saliyam, Ambalavananendal, semmanampottal, pandipathiram, avudaiyarkoil Mavadikkottai, Melmangalam, Vallavari, Arasarkulam, Vettivayal, Maivayal, Ayingudi, Manavanallor, Edaiyathur, Kokkumadai, Nagudi and Kalugumanai, pakkudi. Fishing is done by the people living near the sea shore: Kattumavadi, Manamelkudi,Pradhabiraman pattinam, Mimisel, vallam, Jagathapattinam and Kottaipattinam. And then lot of peoples goto and working in Arabic and Europe countries. Demographics The second largest town in Pudukkottai district after the headquarters, Aranthangi was the most populous locality in the south of the Thanjavur district till it was added to Pudukkottai district in 1974. The main areas are Velayutham Pillai Nagar,Anna Nagar,Tower Pitch,Kottai,L.N.Puram,Pakkudi,Vikneshwarapuram,Sivan Kovil & Vadiyan street and all over. According to 2011 census, Aranthangi had a population of 40,814 with a sex-ratio of 1,030 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 4,340 were under the age of six, constituting 2,203 males and 2,137 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 5.75% and 0.76% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 80.96%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. Aranthangi had 10,130 households. There were 13,021 workers, comprising 462 cultivators, 701 main agricultural labourers, 313 in household industries, 10,033 other workers, 1,512 marginal workers, 74 marginal cultivators, 156 marginal agricultural labourers, 253 marginal workers in household industries and 1,029 other marginal workers. As per the religious census of 2011, Aranthangi had 74.52% Hindus, 22.01% Muslims, 3.42% Christians, 0.01% Sikhs, 0.% Buddhists, 0.% Jains and 0.04% following other religions. Climate The minimum temperature of Aranthangi is 27.1 °C and the maximum temperature is 46.4 °C. The seasonal climate conditions are moderate and the weather is uniformly salubrious. The town gets major rainfall |
during the North east monsoon period. The Annual normal rainfall varies from 300 mm to 800 mm. Education Several schools and colleges are in Aranthangi. Half of the pupils get their education from government and government-aided schools. There are more equipped private schools in and around the town. List of educational institutions Ali Jainam Jamaath Oriental Arabic Higher Secondary School Annai Meenachi Natchiar Matriculation Higher secondary School Doctors School Government Boys Higher Secondary School Government Girls Higher Secondary School Government High School, Amarasimmendrapuram Government polytechnic College, Aranthangi Ideal matric.hr.sec.school Laurel Matriculation Higher Secondary School M.S Polytechnic college National Matric Higher Secondary School Selection Matriculation Higher Secondary School Shivaani Vidhyaa Mandir St.John's Matric Hr. Sec. School St.Joseph Nursery and Primary School,Aranthangi T.E.L.C Middle school Thayagam Matriculation Hr.Sec.School Vestley group of institutions Yazh Academy, Silattur Places of worship Aranthangi Veeramakaliyamman Temple*, Kottai Sivan Kovil, Kaali Kovil Magilankottai, sri kannudaiyanayaki Amman _perunavalur,Ambalavananendal Murugan Temple, Mavadikkottai Sri kallalakar Ayyanar, Avanathankottai Eluvichi Amman Kovil, Kali amman kovil, Ayyanar kovil, MavadikkottaiSr Kamachi Ammaan, kallanenthal muthumari amman temple, Mavadikkottai Sri sithivinayakar temple, kathambara kaaliamman temple, Pattharasarkottai-Karudaiyar Kaaliamman Temple, Valaramanickam Periyanayagi amman, Pattharasarkottai Vaaleeswarar-Vaalaambigai Temple, Merpanaikadu sri mazhai mariyamman aalayam, maivayal sri kalahasthi vinayagar aalayam manavanalloor sri muthumariyamman aalayam Konnakkadu sri kamatchi amman temple', Vadakarai Murugan Koil, Perumal Temple, Siva Temple, Iyyappan Temple, Porkodaiyar Temple, Silattur MuthuMariyamman Temple, Madurai Veeran Temple, Vigneshvararpuram - Nalla Kathayiamman -Valmuneeshvarar Temple, Manchakkarai muthumariyamman koil, manchakkarai ayyanar koil, Aranthangi Periya pallsssivasal, Melmangalam Pallivasal, karanikadu tharga, Vettivayal Jumaah pallivasal, karuppur, Kottaipattinam Tharga, Nagudi Pallivasal, Kurumbur Muthumariamman Temple, poovathakkudi Athi piramar temple, Isukupatti Ayyanar Kovil Sengamari-Kovilkottai, pakkudi pidariammankovil, Idayar Kurunthudaiya Ayyanar temple,Koothaperumal Temple, etc... Veeramakaliyamman temple car festival is held in the month of Aadi every year. Avudaiyarkoil Avudaiyarkoil is 15 km from Aranthangi. The Athmanathaswami temple here contains graceful life-size sculptures which are of absorbing interest. This is the most ornate temple full of bursting brogue sculptures. It is called Thirupperundurai in inscriptions and intimately associated with Siva saint Manickavasakar. The sacred book Saivism, Thiruvasakam of Manickavasakar originated from this shrine. The God is worshiped formless and no images in the sacnithanam. The utsavamurti of the temple is Manikkavasakar. The mandapams are full of breathtaking sculptures, a veritable gallery of sculptures. The car is renowned for its wood carvings. The temple is noted for zephyr (granite roof) work. The sanctum sanctorum is covered with copper plate and is similar to the Chidambaram Natarajar temple. Poovathakkudi (Athi Piramar Temple) Poovathakkudi village is located 13 km far, northerly to Aranthangi. Sri Athi Piramar Samy Temple here is locally popular. The village is remote, the temple is small yet housed in a nice location and better maintained. Isukupatti Ayyanar Temple (Sengamari-Kovilkottai) Aadinamilagi Ayyanaar Temple or Isukupatti Ayyanar Temple or Isugupatti Ayyanaar Temple is located 15 km far, north-westerly to Aranthangi along the Bus route from Aranthangi to Arimalam. The temple is recently renovated and locally popular. Vishwaroopa Anjaneyar Temple Vishwaroopa Anjaneyar temple is located in a village called Aliyanilai which is 5.5 km far from Aranthangi. Hospitals The government hospital is on the Pattukottai road and many private hospitals are also available. Subramania Puram, Nagudi, Poovathakkudi, Manamelkudi taluk and Arasarkulam have separate government hospitals. See also Avanathankottai References Category:Cities and towns in Pudukkottai district |
Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union The Botswana Diamond Sorters & Valuators' Union (BDSVU) is a trade union affiliate of the Botswana Federation of Trade Unions in Botswana. References Category:Botswana Federation of Trade Unions Category:Organisations based in Gaborone Category:Trade unions in Botswana |
Hilal Al Sarmi Hilal bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sarmi (, born 15 February 1978) is an Omani politician who has been a Member of the Consultative Assembly of Oman for the wilayat of Seeb since the 2015 Omani general election. He graduated with a Masters in International Trade and Diplomacy from the University of East Anglia. References Category:1978 births Category:Living people Category:Alumni of the University of East Anglia Category:Members of the Consultative Assembly (Oman) Category:Omani politicians |
W. S. McCormack William Samuel McCormack (November 10, 1863 – September 5, 1946) was an American politician in the state of Montana who served as Lieutenant Governor of Montana from 1925 to 1929. McCormack, who lived in Kalispell, Montana, was a farmer and businessman. He also served in the Montana House of Representatives. References Category:1863 births Category:1946 deaths Category:Montana Republicans Category:Lieutenant Governors of Montana |
Soundrya Production Soundrya Production is Production Company in India which is founded by Vinod Bachchan and the company has debut in 2011, movie Tanu Weds Manu. Film production References External links Category:Film production companies of Delhi Category:Film distributors of India Category:Indian companies established in 2011 |
Wayne Hutchinson (jockey) Wayne Hutchinson (born 25 February 1981) is a retired British jockey who competed principally in National Hunt racing. In a career lasting from the late 1990s to October 2019 he rode 795 National Hunt race winners, plus another 11 in flat racing. He spent much of his career at the stables of Alan King. Major wins Anniversary 4-Y-O Novices' Hurdle - L'Unique (2013) Ascot Chase - Balder Success (2015) Maghull Novices' Chase - Balder Success (2014) References Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:British jockeys Category:Sportspeople from Swindon |
2013 UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's keirin The Men's keirin at the 2013 UCI Track Cycling World Championships was held on February 22. 28 athletes participated in the contest. After the 4 qualifying heats, the fastest two riders in each heat advanced to the second round. The riders that did not advance to the second round, raced in 4 repechage heats. The first rider in each heat advanced to the second round along with the 8 that qualified before. The first 3 riders from each of the 2 Second Round heats advanced to the Final and the remaining riders raced a consolation 7–12 final. Medalists Results First Round The heats were held at 13:30. Heat 1 Heat 2 Heat 3 Heat 4 First Round Repechage The heats were held at 14:55. Heat 1 Heat 2 Heat 3 Heat 4 Second Round The heats were held at 19:50. Heat 1 Heat 2 Finals The finals were held at 21:15. Small Final Final References Category:2013 UCI Track Cycling World Championships Category:UCI Track Cycling World Championships – Men's keirin |
Gaston Modot Gaston Modot (31 December 188720 February 1970) was a French actor. For more than 50 years he performed for the cinema working with a number of French directors. Modot lived in Montmartre at the beginning of the 20th century where he met Picasso and Modigliani. In 1909 he started his career with Gaumont and for the following 20 years he covered all silent film genres. In 1917 he was the main actor in Abel Gance's Mater dolorosa. He played in Germaine Dulac and Louis Delluc's avant-garde films La fête espagnole (1919) and Fièvre (1921). With Max Linder, Modot played in Abel Gance's Au secours! (1924). Towards the end of the 1920s he performed in German-French co-productions. He is still famous for his role of "Manns" in Luis Buñuel's L'Âge d'Or (1930). He had his first role in a sound film with René Clair's Sous les toits de Paris (1930). He and Jean Gabin are main characters in Julien Duvivier's Pépé le Moko (1937). He acted in the Jean Renoir classics La grande illusion and La règle du jeu as well as the three-hour poetic film Les enfants du paradis (1945) for Marcel Carné. In 1962 Modot ended his acting career. He had acted in more than 100 films. Films Mater Dolorosa (1917) La zone de la mort (1917) La fête espagnole (1919) Fièvre (1921) The Mysteries of Paris (1922) Au secours! (1924) Heart of an Actress (1924) Le Miracle des loups (1924) Carmen (1926) The Lady of Lebanon (1926) The City of a Thousand Delights (1927) Secrets of the Orient (1928) Change of Heart (1928) Le navire des hommes perdus (1929) The Green Monocle (1929) Phantoms of Happiness (1929) My Daughter's Tutor (1929) The Ship of Lost Souls (1929) Saint Joan the Maid (1929) L'Âge d'Or (1930) Under the Roofs of Paris (1930) About an Inquest (1931) Under the Leather Helmet (1932) Fantômas (1932) Bastille Day (1933) Lucrezia Borgia (1935) Pépé le Moko (1937) White Cargo (1937) Grand Illusion (1937) Street of Shadows (1937) The Chess Player (1938) The Time of the Cherries (1938) Coral Reefs (1939) The Rules of the Game (1939) The Trump Card (1942) Children of Paradise (1945) Lessons in Conduct (1946) Antoine et Antoinette (1947) Eternal Conflict (1948) La beauté du diable (1949) The Perfume of the Lady in Black (1949) Monsieur Octave (1951) Casque d'or (1952) Meeting in Paris (1956) Elena and Her Men (1956) The Lovers (1958) Le testament du Docteur Cordelier (1959) Le Diable et les Dix Commandements (1962) References External links Gaston Modot at Virtual History Category:1887 births Category:1970 deaths Category:Male actors from Paris Category:French male film actors Category:French male silent film actors Category:20th-century French male actors Category:Burials at the Cimetière des Batignolles |
Revenue stamps of Libya Libya first issued revenue stamps when it was an Italian colony in 1913 and continues to do so to this day. The provinces of Cyrenaica, Tripolitania and Fezzan as well as the municipality of Tripoli also had separate revenue issues until the 1950s and 1960s. Libya general issues When it was an Italian colony, various Italian and the Italian Colonies revenue stamps were overprinted for use in Libya from 1913 onwards. There were two types of overprints, either including the year of issue such as LIBIA-1913 or just LIBIA. There were several types, including Stamp Duty (Marca da Bollo), Land Rights (Diritti Fondiari), Bill of Exchange (Tassa di Bollo per Cambiali), Weights and Measures (Pesi, Misure e Marchio), Passports (Atti Esteri Passaporti) and Authentications (Passaporto Vidimazione). The next Libyan revenues were issued after the Kingdom of Libya was formed in 1951. Cyrenaican revenue stamps were further overprinted ليبيا LIBYA, and these were replaced by King Idris postage stamps overprinted REVENUE or FEDERAL REVENUE in English and Arabic between 1954 and 1956. Between 1955 and 1967 a new design showing the country's coat of arms was issued. Several different types of these exist, and there were separate issues for Consular Service, Federal Revenue, Priority and Revenue. Between 1968 and 1969 a new design showing oil wells replaced the coat of arms issues. Apart from these, between the early 1960s and 1968 designs of revenues from Tripolitania and Cyrenaica were reissued with altered inscriptions for use in all of Libya. After the Kingdom was overthrown by a coup d'état led by Muammar Gaddafi in 1969, revenues of the Kingdom were overprinted L.A.R. in Arabic. A new design with a central octagon with rounded edges, surrounded by four rectangular panels was issued around 1970, and this design was reissued several times. A keytype with the country's coats of arms was issued for Consular Service, Passport Fees and War Tax between 1970 and 2002. There were various issues reflecting the changes in the coat of arms. Between 1974 and the 1990s there were also separate designs for Airport Tax, Medical Fee and Municipal Revenue issues. Libyan revenues with the central octagon design remain in use to this day. They were not replaced by new issues after the civil war in 2011. Regional issues Tripolitania When Tripolitania was an Italian colony, Italian Bill of Exchange (Tassa di Bollo per Cambiali) and Weights and Measures (Pesi, Misure e Marchio) revenues were overprinted Tripolitania. When it was under British occupation in 1946, Stamp Duty (Marca da Bollo) stamps of the Italian Colonies and Bill of Exchange (Tassa di Bollo per Cambiali) stamps of Italian East Africa were overprinted B.M.A. (British Military Administration) for use in Tripolitania. In 1950 revenues of the Italian Colonies overprinted B.Adm.T. (British Administration Tripolitania) replaced these, reflecting the change from military to civil administration. These were replaced a year later with stamps overprinted simply Tripolitania, some with a new value in Military Authority Lire (MAL). Later that year Cyrenaican postage stamps were overprinted for Tripolitania in English and Arabic, again with new values in MAL. In 1951, after Tripolitania became part of the Kingdom of Libya, a new design showing the Tajura Mosque and a palm tree was issued. Several sets were issued in this design, and these were used until the 1960s. Tripoli Municipal Various revenues were issued for the municipality of Tripoli while Libya was an Italian colony as well as while under British occupation. There were several different types for a number of uses. Between 1954 and 1961 a new design showing the Assaraya al-Hamra castle |
and inscribed Municipal Revenue was issued. Cyrenaica Cyrenaica's first revenues were issued when it was an Italian colony. Italian Weights and Measures (Pesi, Misure e Marchio) revenues were overprinted Cirenaica. In 1946 or 1947, while under British occupation, Eritrean revenue stamps were overprinted CYRENAICA P.T. 25. Two versions exist, one with and one without a watermark. Between 1949 and 1951 while Cyrenaica was an independent emirate postage stamps were used for revenue purposes. Later on several of these postage stamps were issued overprinted Revenue. Around 1952 Tripolitanian revenues were overprinted for Cyrenaica in Arabic, and from 1955 to 1957 a design showing the Atiq Mosque and a palm tree was issued. These were used along with a similar design showing Benghazi's old Town Hall from 1955 to 1963. Fezzan Fezzan issued a few revenues in the 1950s. There were types inscribed Rev. Stamp or Impot du Timbre. Stamped paper Libya and Cyrenaica both issued stamped paper in the 1950s. See also Davies Collection of Libyan revenues 1955-1969 Postage stamps and postal history of Libya References External links Tax Stamps Collection Category:Economy of Libya Category:Philately of Libya Libya |
NREC RL class locomotive The RL class are a class of diesel locomotives built by Rail Technical Support Group (RTS) for the National Railway Equipment Company at Islington Railway Workshops in Australia. History The concept of the RL class dates back to 1994 when Morrison Knudsen Australia purchased some 442 class locomotives from the State Rail Authority with the aim of rebuilding them with EMD 16 645F3B engines. However the project was shelved and the locomotives scrapped. Following National Railway Equipment Company purchasing Morrison Knudsen, the project was revitalised albeit using new locomotive frames. Nine were built by RTS at Islington Railway Workshops, Adelaide between 2005 and 2010 with bogies and compressors from the 442s and reconditioned parts from the United States. Seven were originally built and initially owned by Chicago Freight Car Leasing Australia before being sold to Greentrains and leased to South Spur Rail Services. One was included in the sale of the South Spur Rail Services business to Qube Logistics in May 2010 who later took delivery of a further two. A tenth was not completed after a defect was discovered in the frame and scrapped. They have hauled freight services in New South Wales, Victoria and South Australia. In April 2016, the six Greentrains units were sold to Southern Shorthaul Railroad. Status table References External links Flickr gallery Category:Co-Co locomotives Category:Diesel-electric locomotives of Australia Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 2005 Category:Standard gauge locomotives of Australia Category:NRE locomotives |
Frank Kuppner Frank Kuppner (born 1951 in Glasgow) is a Scottish poet and novelist. Life He has been Writer in Residence at various institutions, currently at University of Glasgow, and Strathclyde University. Awards 2008 Creative Scotland Award 1995 McVitie’s Writer of the Year Award, for Something Very Like Murder 1984 Scottish Arts Council Book Award, for A Bad Day for the Sung Dynasty 1972 AKROS Hugh Macdiarmid 80th Birthday Poetry Competition Works Poetry Non-Fiction Fiction Reviews A God's Breakfast is three books in one. The first and longest is "The Uninvited Guest", a sequence of hundreds of cod-classical epigrams and fragments; the third, "What Else is There?" a collection of 120 shorter poems. The rest of the volume is given up to "West Åland, or Five Tombeaux for Mr Testoil". At 48 pages, "West Åland" is about as long as The Waste Land and Four Quartets combined and is, I'd reckon, the most protracted dance ever made by one poet upon the grave of another. References External links "James Keery reviews The Failure of Conservatism in Modern British Poetry", Jacket 30 Category:Living people Category:Scottish poets Category:1951 births |
Limberlost Swamp The Limberlost Swamp in the eastern part of the present-day U.S. state of Indiana was a large, nationally known wetlands region with streams that flowed into the Wabash River. It originally covered 13,000 acres (53 km²) of present-day Adams and Jay counties. Parts of it were known as the Loblolly Marsh, based on a Miami language word by local Native Americans for the sulphur smell of the marsh gas. The wetlands had mixed vegetation and supported a rich biodiversity, significant for local and migrating birds and insects, as well as other animals and life. European Americans drained the Limberlost for agricultural development early in the 20th century, destroying the rich habitat. Since 1997, parts of it have been restored. Observers have documented a return of insects, birds, and wildlife of all sorts to the restored area of wetlands. Approximately had been restored as of 2015. Several groups supported purchase of lands for what is now known as the Loblolly Marsh Nature Preserve, which was turned over to the state and is held by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Origin of name According to the History of Jay County by M.W. Montgomery, published in 1864, the name Limberlost came from the following event: A man named James Miller, while hunting along the banks of the swamp, became lost. After various fruitless efforts to find his way home, in which he would always come around to the place of starting, he determined to go in a straight course, and so, every few rods he would blaze a tree. While doing this, he was found by friends. Being an agile man, he was known as 'limber Jim,' and, after this, the stream was called 'Limberlost.' The Indiana State Museum contends, "The swamp received its name from the fate of 'Limber Jim' Corbus, who went hunting in the swamp and never returned. When the locals asked where Jim Corbus was, the familiar cry was 'Limber's lost!'" Draining, development, and restoration After being drained from 1888 to 1910 by a steam-powered dredge, the area was cultivated as farmland for 80 years. In 1991, local citizen Ken Brunswick established "Limberlost Swamp Remembered," a group organized to restore some of the wetlands, because of their importance as habitat. The work has included removing or blocking drainage tiles, allowing water back on the land, and planting native species of trees, bushes and flowers. As of 2015, The Loblolly Marsh had been entered into Indiana's Wetland Reserve Program by five owners; it was purchased with funds from The Indiana Heritage Trust, ACRES Land Trust, Ropchan Foundation, M.E. Raker Foundation, and Friends of the Limberlost/Limberlost Swamp Remembered Committee. Loblolly Marsh (an alternate name, from a Miami language word for "stinking river," related to the sulfur smell of marsh gas) has already attracted numerous species of insects, birds, and animals as the first major section has been restored. The 428-acre restoration project was dedicated as the Loblolly Marsh Wetland Preserve in 1997. Activists have included students from Ball State University, who participated in restoration activities such as planting native habitat. Approximately have been purchased and restored. As of 2015, the Loblolly Marsh Nature Preserve is held by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources. It has a parking area and walking trails, including Veronica’s Trail--0.25 mile wheelchair-accessible wooden boardwalk built to honor the Americans with Disabilities Act. The preserve's floodplains connect to the Wabash River and support river bulrush, sedges, prairie cord grass, burr reed and cattails. The upland area contains a 25-acre mature woodland of hardwood trees. Representation in media Indiana-born author Gene Stratton-Porter helped make the Limberlost |
Swamp famous in the early 20th century. She lived for years on its periphery and lobbied unsuccessfully against its ongoing destruction. The swamp served as the setting for two of her novels, Freckles (1904) and A Girl of the Limberlost (1909). Her novel The Harvester (1911) includes the names of many of the plants found in the swamp around the time the book was written. Stratton-Porter was also an accomplished artist and wildlife photographer who specialized in making close-up photographs of the birds and moths in their natural habitat. Several of her nonfiction nature books, including Moths of the Limberlost (1912), feature the swamp's wildlife. Her residences in the area became the laboratories for her research. They are preserved today as the Limberlost Cabin, the Limberlost State Historic Site in Geneva, and the Cabin at Wildflower Woods. The Indiana State Museum and Historic Sites operates Stratton-Porter's former homes as state historic sites, which are open to the public. Romance of the Limberlost (1938) is an American moving picture based on Stratton-Porter's writings and directed by William Nigh, and starring Jean Parker and Eric Linden. It is set in Indiana's Limberlost region in 1905. See also Great Black Swamp References External links Moths of the Limberlost Category:Landforms of Adams County, Indiana Category:Landforms of Jay County, Indiana Category:Swamps of Indiana |
Lubin (disambiguation) Lubin is a city in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, south-west Poland. Lubin may also refer to: People Lubin (surname) Places Poland Lubin County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland) Lubin, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland) Lubin, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland) Lubin, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland) Lubin, Gryfice County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) Lubin, Kamień County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-west Poland) Lubiń, Gniezno County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) Lubiń, Kościan County in Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland) Łubin Kościelny in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-eastern Poland) Łubin Rudołty in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-eastern Poland) Germany Lübben (Spreewald) (Sorbian and Polish Lubin) in Lower Lusatia (eastern Germany) Companies Lubin Manufacturing Company, motion picture company founded by Siegmund Lubin See also Lu Bin (disambiguation) |
List of cathedrals in Belarus This is the list of cathedrals in Belarus sorted by denomination. Eastern Orthodox Cathedrals of the Belarusian Orthodox Church: Cathedral of the Holy Spirit in Minsk Saint Sophia Cathedral in Polotsk Holy Virgin Protection Cathedral in Vitebsk Cathedral of the Epiphany in Polotsk St. Peter and Paul Cathedral in Gomel Holy Protection Cathedral in Hrodna St. Michael's Cathedral in Lida Cathedral of Sts. Boris and Gleb in Navahrudak Savior's Transfiguration Cathedral in Slonim Holy Nativity of the Mother of God Cathedral in Glubokoye St. Michael's Cathedral in Slutsk Roman Catholic Cathedrals of the Roman Catholic Church in Belarus: Cathedral Basilica of St. Francis Xavier in Grodno Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Minsk Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Pinsk Cathedral of the Merciful Jesus in Vitebsk Co-Cathedral of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin and St. Stanislaus in Mohilev See also Lists of cathedrals by country References Category:Cathedrals in Belarus Belarus Cathedrals Cathedrals |
Rubrius Rubrius is a genus of South American tangled nest spiders first described by Eugène Simon in 1887. Species it contains seven species found in Chile and Argentina: Rubrius annulatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 – Chile Rubrius antarcticus (Karsch, 1880) – Chile, Argentina Rubrius castaneifrons (Simon, 1884) – Chile Rubrius lineatus Roth, 1967 – Chile Rubrius major (Simon, 1904) – Chile Rubrius scottae Mello-Leitão, 1940 – Argentina Rubrius ululus Roth, 1967 – Chile References Category:Amaurobiidae Category:Araneomorphae genera Category:Spiders of South America Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon |
Talawanda High School Talawanda High School (THS) is a public high school in Oxford, Ohio, United States. It is the only high school in the Talawanda School District and serves students in grades 9–12. It was created in 1956 with the consolidation of three Butler County high schools: Somerville and Collinsville High Schools in Milford Township, Hanover HS in Hanover Township (at the intersection of Mormon and Old Oxford Roads), and Stewart and McGuffey High Schools in Oxford Township. The first graduating class was in 1957. Athletic teams are known as the Brave, and the school colors are red, white, and navy blue. Administration history The superintendent during the 1956 consolidation of Somerville, Collinsville, Stewart and Reily High Schools into Talawanda H.S was Robert Bogan now commemorated by an elementary school named after him two miles north of Darrtown in Milford Township. The first principal of the new THS on Chestnut Street was Alton Rudolf assisted by John Trump. Subsequent superintendents have included Marius Garafalo, Gene Griffith, Roe Hildreth, Gary Denlinger, Dennis Leone, Susan Cobb, Phil Cagwin and, during the building of the new THS off of U.S. 27 southeast of Oxford, Kelly Spivey. Facilities The school is in the southern part of Oxford along University Park Boulevard on a campus that includes a multi-purpose stadium with an all-weather track and other outdoor athletic fields. The school opened in June 2012 following a levy approval in 2008. The previous home of THS on Chestnut Street was sold to Miami University for just over $1 million and was torn down in September 2014 to make way for a parking structure. The field house and outdoor athletic facilities on the site remain. References External links Talawanda School District Category:High schools in Butler County, Ohio Category:Public high schools in Ohio |
Abbas Gharib Abbas Gharib, (born 16 June 1942) is an Italian-based architect of Iranian origin. His approach to planning and design, which goes beyond the traditional Modernism or Contemporary format, has made him well known as an influential figure in the research, practice and teaching of Post-contemporary art and architecture. Life and formation Early and adult life Gharib was born in Tehran and raised in an Iranian laic family. The house where the family used to live was situated in the old center of the traditional part of Tehran. He completed his primary educations in Tehran, Bersabé primary school, Saint Luis elementary and Ferdowsi middle school. In 1952 the family moved to a new house in the northern part of the city where he resided until 1960 since he had his diploma from Hadaf high school. In 1958 he made his first visit to Europe and the journey in Italy was decisive for him to leave his native home definitively for Italy in 1962, where he enrolled to University IUAV of Venice. He stayed in Venice until 1973, taking part in the educational and artistic city life. As a child and later as a student, was talented for geometric and drawing subjects, therefore in adulthood the interest for architecture. In 1972 he married with an Italian architect, Sandra Villa and from that marriage had two children Samì (12 January 1972) now Sociologist and Leila (28 February 1983), now Musician The choice of Venice In May 1958, at the end of an extensive travel through the main European Capitals and cities, Gharib, then aged sixteen, made his first stay to Italy, as well as to Rome, where he was deeply impressed by the beauty of this city and the richness of its art and architecture heritage. In 1960, therefore, he returned to Europe, principally to Italy, moving through the peninsula from north to south and finally to Venice. The beauty of Venice and its cultural and artistic lifestyle, in the presence of creative figures like Peggy Guggenheim, Lucio Fontana, Allen Ginsberg, Ezra Pound, Carlo Scarpa in the Sixties and Seventies, influenced him to such an extent that he decided to settle there, moving away from his original area of intellectual life in Tehran: a decision which was basic to his consecutive formation. Education He studied architecture at the University IUAV of Venice, where in 1969 he became qualified in the urban planning sector in 1969 he never abandoned his interest in architectural projects and design. This dual interest is always evident in his practice. In the Eighties, he shifted from two-dimensional evaluation of projects to three-dimensional evaluation of complex perspectives. This is the most influential topic in his post graduate self-formation, liberating him from the Modernist crisscross grid towards unconfined volumes characterized by transparency, fluidity, flexibility and smooth dynamics curving surfaces. Professional practice Gharib became a licensed architect in 1969 and practiced in Venice until 1973. In 1981, from 1974 to 1980, after experiences outside of Italy, in 1981 he opened his office in Verona, Italy, under the name of Studio Gharib, Architecture & Design. As of 2015, Gharib still works at the firm, reinventing the built environment, under the guidance of sustainable and innovative architectural spatiality. The design method in his Studio turned out to be fluid and meta-metric, opposed to abstract methods and metric process of Modernism. In fact, the multiple sequences of spatial sections and the successions of constructive models have replaced the flat and static drawings. The Studio, in collaboration with professional individuals, ventured into a wide range of disciplines, striving to break the boundaries imposed by |
traditional professional constraints. This unconventional approach to design produced a spirit of independence, reflected in the research and carried out in the works created by the Studio. The forms of spaces and of objects are reflected in numerous designs for architectural competitions, professional projects and buildings, evidencing true multi-disciplinary approach. Design criteria Gharib has gradually distanced himself from Modern Movement design methods, considering them to be abstract and self-referential, and oriented himself towards the Post-contemporary movement and the Complexity Theory. These, in his view, have a closer relationship with the shifting apparatus of context, aware that these components, interacting with politics, economies, science, technology and social movements, generate sophisticated results that require complex solutions. The Studio transitioned from the traditional notions of modern Rationalism to the concept of anthropo-geo-morpho-genesis, i.e., from concepts of Morphology and Topography to the advanced science of Morphing and Topology. The consequence of this transformation of design criteria, for both architectural spaces, urban planning and physical objects, is that design is based on renewed attention to interactive relationships between space and surrounding context. This recognition of the interactive dynamics between nature and culture, between social and economical components of context, has been accompanied by digital integration of projects into tridimensional spaces in place of linear, flat and two-dimensional projections typical of Modernist methods. Shifting to social architecture The Pritzker Architecture Prize of 2014 awarded to the Japanese architect, Shigeru Ban, a former superstars, takes him to be among the firsts to move towards the Social architecture and to share the new trends in architectural planning. This was an alarm bell for superstars of architecture to think about the life style of Social architecture instead of the personal styles. For the renovated approach of his Studio in Italy, the method of creativity stands in the promotion of design solutions able to feed the urban regeneration as cultural, inventive, educational and functional diversities for the fertile new languages, and lifestyles, without following the repetition mannerist projects and what they produce, believing that, creative solutions fed from the talent of the environmental components rather than from that of the designers His role in evolving the method of creative development in Tenstar Community Association proposes through the development of an integrated set of creative disciplines, an education that transforms the urban regeneration in an added value through the interaction of creative disciplines. An added value that allows the users of the projects to meet their operational needs in an area renovated with sustainable long-term economy based on the use of knowledge (knowledge based production) rather than on the dispersion of energy (energy based production). Approach to cinema and music As one of the founders of Tenstar Community, a multidisciplinary cultural Association, he is particularly involved with Association's sectors such as cinema, music visual arts and photography beside architecture and urban regeneration. These involvements happen also for designing workshops and events for these disciplines or for being invited as jury in the film festivals such as San Giò Film Festival and for being active in workshops such as that extraordinary one with Iranian Director Abbas Kiarostami, who was, awarded by Tenstar Community Cinematography Prize 2015: “Why Cinema” Conferences and lectures "19th century interventions in Vienna: Reading of the Ring", lecture at University IUAV of Venice, Italy, 1971; "Topics of the New Architectural Trends", lecture at University of Tehran, Faculty of Architecture, Iran, 1973; "Tribal memory in the architectural thought", at the International Congress of Architecture, Shiraz, Iran, 1975; "Monuments of underdevelopment", lectures at University IUAV of Venice, Italy, 1976; " Self-expressive buildings", lecture at the University of Tehran, Faculty of Architecture, |
Iran 1978; "Post-modernism, deconstruction and folding in architecture", at the cycle of conferences organized by the Ministry of Housing and Construction, Tehran, Iran, 1985; "The Toppled Garden", lecture given to the "Società Letteraria", Verona, Italy, 1992; "The Mirror Garden", lectures at the "Course of garden arts", University IUAV of Venice, Italy,1993; "Lines, thoughts and design assumptions", lecture at the "International day of furniture', organized by 'Abitare il Tempo', Verona, Italy,14–18 October 1993; “Post-contemporary: danger and opportunity": lectures at the Institute for Urban Studies in Architecture USA Institute, Verona, Italy 1994; "Space: continuous, cohesive, and heterogeneous", lectures at the Institute for Urban Studies in Architecture New York, N.Y., US; "Space: continuous, cohesive, and heterogeneous" lectures at Teague University, Department of Architecture, Teague, Korea, 1995; "Space of the urban-place", at the international design seminar for the new building of the University IUAV of Venice, Italy, 1996; "Paradigms of complexity in architecture new trends", lecture at "AGAV" Conference, the Young Architects Association, Verona, Italy, 2000; "Design, Design system, and Design of professionalism", lectures at Verona Fine Arts Academy Cignaroli, Verona, Italy 2000 – 2010; Awards 1971 competition for a new student hostel building, Piovego Padua, Italy, second prize; competition for the sculptural work in the psychiatric hospital, Marzana Verona, Italy, second prize; 1975 competition for the urban and architectural planning of the seaside city of Rudsar, Rudsar Caspian Sea, Iran, third prize; competition for the new headquarters of the Iranian National Insurance Company "Bimeh", with Shahab Katouzian, first prize; 1979 competition "the Sun and the habitat" for the use of alternative energy in residential and educational buildings, Valpantena, Gruppo Ferro", Verona, Italy, first prize; 1980 first European competition for the use of solar passive energy, Giudeca, Venice, Italy selected project; 1982 competition for the new headquarters of "AGEC", Verona, Italy, selected project; 1983 competition for the Center of Social and multipurpose recreational performances of Scaligero Castle of Villafranca, Verona, Italy, second prize; 1992 regional competition for the furniture design organized by the association of industrialists of Treviso, Italy, second prize; competition for the transformation of the monumental furnaces of Asolo, Italy with the construction of the new administrative, production, and exhibition center of ceramic arts, third prize; 2001 competition for the headquarters of the Center for the Development of High Technology in Iran: "Fadak", (Senior Design Consultant to Bahram Shirdel and Partners Office), first prize; 2006 Competition for Center for the Study, Development, Exhibition and Promotion of Carpets and Rugs, (With Studio M. Eccheli & R. Campagnola), Tabriz, Iran, third prize; 2009 competition of "Housing Development for the Mediterranean Countries" in Leverano of Lecce, Leverano Italy selected project; Publications National Iranian Insurance Company Competition “The prize winners of the national competition to design the new headquarters of "Bimeh", the National Insurance Company of Iran", "Art & Architecture Magazine 31/32, Tehran: Art & Architecture Editions, December 1975, 39 – 47; Iran National Library “The International Architectural competition”, Art & Architecture Magazine 45/46, Tehran: Art & Architecture Editions April 1978, 119; Il Sole e l’Habitat “Gruppo Ferro”, acts of the national competition: the sun and the habitat for the use of alternative energy in residential and educational buildings, Rome – Italy: Kappa, November 1981, 296 – 299; 600 Contreprojets pour les Halles “Consultation international pour l'amènagement du quartier des Halles de Paris" Volume, Volume, Paris: Editions du Moniteur, 1981, 377; Ghadjar pavilion “Abbas Gharib e Sandra Villa – sistemazione di un padiglione Ghadjar presso Tehran”, Architettura nei paesi islamici, Second International Architecture Exhibition, la Biennale, Volume, Venice – Italy: La Biennale di Venezia Editions, 1982, 278; Ponte dell’Accademia, Maffioltti, Serena. “ricerca”, Costruire Magazine 33, Biennale |
di Venezia issue, Milan – Italy: Abitare Segesta, October 1985, p. 235; The tower where the desire can live Gharib,Abbas. Verticelli, Danilo. Villa, Sandra. “The neo-eclectic house – projects for the cultural design exhibitions for the Italian furniture fair, Abitare il tempo, volume, Venice – Italy: Arsenale, 1992, 93, 112; The self expressive object Gharib,Abbas. Verticelli, Danilo. Villa, Sandra. “Room with a View, Abitare il tempo, volume, Bologna: Grafiche Zanini, 1993, 37–42, 108; Open house, section x – x Gharib, Abbas. Verticelli, Danilo. Villa, Sandra. Abitare il tempo, Volume, “Ten years of research, experimentation and new perspectives”, Bologna – Italy: Grafiche Zanini, 1995, 221; Open house section x – x Dorfles, Gillo. “Events”, Ottagono Magazine 110, Review of Abitare il tempo, Milan – Italy,: CO.P.IN.A., March 1994, 83 – 84, “Accademia G.B. Cignaroli – Verona” “Ricognizioni Design 360° Magazine 14, Oggetto locale Issue, Verona – Italy Grafiche Aurora, 2001, cover, 27 New National Museum of Korea “Abbas Gharib – Italy, International Architectural Competition for the new National Museum of Korea" Volume, Seoul: Hae-jak Kang / Ki Moon Dang Editors, 1995, 362 Accademia G.B. Cignaroli – Verona, Ricognizioni Design 360° Magazine, Oggetto locale Issue, No. 14, cover & page 27, Grafiche Aurora Publisher, Verona 2001; Design Works Gharib, Abbas. interviewed by Grego, Susanna. “cronache di design a Verona" in the Magazine of the Architectural Association of the province of Verona 57, Verona – Italy: Studio 12, June 2002, cover, 31–33 Last Works Gharib, Abbas. interviewed by Grego, Susanna. “Ozio Creativo sarà il lavoro del futuro?” in the Magazine of the Architectural Association of the province of Verona, No. 62, Verona – Italy: Studio 12, April 2002, 34 – 35; Iran Oil Industry HQ, Tehran, Arnaboldi, Mario Antoni. “Abbas Gharib, due mondi due lingue”, L’Arca, the international magazine of architecture, design and visual communication No. 181, Milan – Italy, l’Arca S.p.A Editori, May 2003, cover, 68–71; Competition for the Center of Cooperation in High Technology, Iran, Memar Quarterly Magazine of Architecture and Urban Design 13, Tehran – Iran:Kia Naghsh, 2003, 74 – 80 Headquarters of Iran Oil Industry in Tehran Arnaboldi, Mario Antonio. “Architecture: Dialogues and Letters – 12, Ad Abbas Gharib per l’Headquarters dell’ Iran Oil Industry a Tehran", Milan – Italy: Mimesis, 2004, 185, 203–204; Main projects Gharib, Abbas. Interviewed by Ahmad Zohadi. “For a methodology of project. A tool toward the future – An interview with Abbas Gharib, Iranian Architect”, Tehran – Iran, Architecture, Construction and E-Sciences Magazine 1, Contemporary challenges, architecture and thought issue, Tehran, Zolal Editors, November 2004, cover, 24–29; Abbas Gharib “Pol” Art & Cultural Center, Candani, Elena. “Meeting between two worlds”, L’Arca, the international magazine of architecture, design and visual communication 220, Milan – Italy: l’Arca S.p.A Editori, December 2006, 48–53; Super Compact, “Progetti per il mobile 2008”, Dossier Compo Mobili, Furniture Design Magazine, European forniture components 53, Snatarcangelo Romagna (RN): Magioli SpA.Editore, January 2009, 68; Recent projects Gharib, Abbas. interviewed by Castelluci, Alessandra. “equilibrio di architettura (tra due mondi)”, Studio Gharib – Verona, In Cariera & Professioni Magazine 2, Bologna – Italy: Golfarelli Editore, June 2008, 36–39; Progetto N. 44 Dell’Osso, Guido R. “Edilpro, Architettura bioclimatica e sostenibilità nella casa per i paesi del Mediterraneo”, Casarano (Le) Italy: Il tacco d’Italia Editore, November 2009, Volume, Cover, 73–79; '''Carso 2014+, International design competition …” “Arch. Abbas Gharib”, Abitare Magazine 509, Milan – Italy: Abitare Segesta, 2011, 25; See also Post-contemporary Tenstar Community References External links Susanna Grego, "Conversazione con Abbas Gharib", Architetti Verona 62 p. 34–35, Abbas Gharib, Digital Scapes: Global Remix, 38° Maromomacc Italy, Ad Abbas Gharib, Google Books; Category:1942 births Category:Living people Category:20th-century |
Italian architects Category:Iranian architects Category:Iranian emigrants to Italy Category:People from Tehran |
New Oscott New Oscott is an area of Birmingham, England. It was named after the Oscott area of Birmingham, when St. Mary's College, the Roman Catholic seminary, moved from that site to the new one. The original then became known as Old Oscott. The only pub in New Oscott is the Beggars Bush. The area also hosts the Princess Alice Retail Park and adjacent Tesco Extra superstore. Princess Alice Retail Park was the site of a large and well known children's home from the late 19th century. When the site was sold for redevelopment in the 1980s the home was demolished leaving Brampton Hall which was a Community Centre serving the local area. Brampton Hall offered a range of classes and interest groups to the community and was a popular venue for parties and children's birthday parties. In recent years, this hall got knocked down and turned into a fast food chain, KFC. The area near The Beggars Bush used to be home to a traffic island which was removed and a new double traffic light system was put into place. The name Beggar's Bush derives from a thorn bush that was located in the middle of the Chester Road and was encircled by iron railings. At an unknown date, it is said that a beggar died after sheltering under the bush, and as the bush marked the boundary of the parish, there was debate over who should pay for the burial of the man. The bush was destroyed by road workers in the mid-1930s to the disapproval of locals. References The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield - A Commemorative History, Douglas V. Jones, 1994, Westwood Press () External links British History Online: 1884 Ordnance Survey (Epoch 1) map of New Oscott Category:Areas of Birmingham, West Midlands Category:Sutton Coldfield |
Dyeing dart frog The dyeing dart frog, dyeing poison dart frog tinc (a nickname given by those in the hobby of keeping dart frogs), or dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) is a species of poison dart frog. It is among the largest species, reaching lengths of . This species is distributed throughout the eastern portion of the Guiana Shield and Venezuela, including parts of Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, and nearly all of French Guiana. Poison Like most species of the genus Dendrobates, D. tinctorius is highly toxic if consumed. It produces pumiliotoxins that the frog uses for self-defense. While pumiliotoxins are weaker than their derivative allopumiliotoxins and the batrachotoxins secreted by Phyllobates species, they are sufficiently toxic to discourage most animals from feeding on them. In the case of D. tinctorius, the toxins cause pain, cramping, and stiffness when the frogs are handled roughly. Due to the toxins of the frogs, animals that feed on D. tinctorius will typically learn to associate the bright colours of such frogs with the vile taste and pain that occurs after a frog is ingested. As it is such a variable species, different color morphs of D. tinctorius have varying degrees of toxicity. Local tribes use D. tinctorius for decoration. Feathers are plucked from the back of young parrots and the frogs are rubbed on the parrots' exposed skin. When the feathers regrow, the toxin causes them to appear yellow or red rather than green. These altered feathers are highly prized by the indigenous tribes. Description The dyeing poison dart frog is large for a poison dart frog, but may be smaller than Phyllobates terribilis and Ameerega trivittata. Many small forms of D. tinctorius reach 3.5 cm long; most morphs are around 5 cm in length or slightly bigger; some of the larger morphs may exceed 7 cm, although large ones are usually closer to 5.5 cm long. For some time, captive individuals were thought to be incapable of reaching the sizes of wild specimens; however, later evidence suggested captive individuals do not reach their maximum potential size possibly due to vitamin and mineral deficiencies. More recently, breeders had success raising dyeing poison dart frogs to very large sizes. Dendrobates tinctorius is one of the most variable of all poison dart frogs. Typically, the body is primarily black, with an irregular pattern of yellow or white stripes running along the back, flanks, chest, head, and belly. In some morphs, however, the body may be primarily blue (as in the "azureus" morph, formerly treated as a separate species), primarily yellow, or primarily white. The legs range from pale blue, sky blue or blue-gray to royal blue, cobalt blue, navy blue, or royal purple and are typically peppered with small black dots. The "Matecho" morph is almost entirely yellow and with some black, with only a few specks of white on the toes. Another unique morph, the citronella morph, is primarily golden yellow with tiny splotches of black on its belly and royal blue legs that have no black dots. Males are typically smaller and more slender than females, but they have larger toe discs. The toe discs of female dyeing poison dart frogs are circular while those of the males are heart-shaped. Also the females have arched backs as opposed to males who have curved ones. Distribution It exists in discrete patches throughout this region, being restricted to "highland" (up to ) areas. While this species can be found at sea level, individuals have been collected at the base of nearby hills or mountains. The isolation of populations has presumably occurred as a result of the |
erosion of these highland areas and the seasonal inundation of the inter-patch areas. Morphs The species encompasses a great diversity of color and patterning variants (subspecies and morphs). Some batrachologists suspect that some of these are actually different species. Etymology The specific name tinctorius comes, however, not from the variety of colors, but from the legends of some indigenous tribes. It has been said that tribe members used the frog poisons to cause green parrot feathers to grow different colors. References Database entry includes a range map and a brief justification of why this species is of least concern Further reading External links Caring for Your Dyeing Dart Frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius) Category:Dendrobates Category:Amphibians of Brazil Category:Amphibians of French Guiana Category:Amphibians of Guyana Category:Amphibians of Suriname Category:Amphibians described in 1799 |
William Wilberforce William Wilberforce (24 August 175929 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade. A native of Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, he began his political career in 1780, eventually becoming an independent Member of Parliament (MP) for Yorkshire (1784–1812). In 1785, he became an evangelical Christian, which resulted in major changes to his lifestyle and a lifelong concern for reform. In 1787, he came into contact with Thomas Clarkson and a group of anti-slave-trade activists, including Granville Sharp, Hannah More and Charles Middleton. They persuaded Wilberforce to take on the cause of abolition, and he soon became one of the leading English abolitionists. He headed the parliamentary campaign against the British slave trade for twenty years until the passage of the Slave Trade Act of 1807. Wilberforce was convinced of the importance of religion, morality and education. He championed causes and campaigns such as the Society for the Suppression of Vice, British missionary work in India, the creation of a free colony in Sierra Leone, the foundation of the Church Mission Society, and the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. His underlying conservatism led him to support politically and socially controversial legislation, and resulted in criticism that he was ignoring injustices at home while campaigning for the enslaved abroad. In later years, Wilberforce supported the campaign for the complete abolition of slavery, and continued his involvement after 1826, when he resigned from Parliament because of his failing health. That campaign led to the Slavery Abolition Act 1833, which abolished slavery in most of the British Empire. Wilberforce died just three days after hearing that the passage of the Act through Parliament was assured. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to his friend William Pitt the Younger. Early life and education Wilberforce was born in a house on the High Street of Hull, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, on 24 August 1759, the only son of Robert Wilberforce (1728–1768), a wealthy merchant, and his wife, Elizabeth Bird (1730–1798). His grandfather, William (1690–1774 or 1776), had made the family fortune in the maritime trade with Baltic countries, and had twice been elected mayor of Hull. Wilberforce was a small, sickly and delicate child with poor eyesight. In 1767, he began attending Hull Grammar School, which at the time was headed by a young, dynamic headmaster, Joseph Milner, who was to become a lifelong friend. Wilberforce profited from the supportive atmosphere at the school, until the death of his father in 1768 caused changes in his living arrangements. With his mother struggling to cope, the nine-year-old Wilberforce was sent to a prosperous uncle and aunt with houses in both St James' Place, London, and Wimbledon, at that time a village south-west of London. He attended an "indifferent" boarding school in Putney for two years. He spent his holidays in Wimbledon, where he grew extremely fond of his relatives. He became interested in evangelical Christianity due to his relatives' influence, especially that of his aunt Hannah, sister of the wealthy Christian merchant John Thornton, a philanthropist and a supporter of the leading Methodist preacher George Whitefield. Wilberforce's staunchly Church of England mother and grandfather, alarmed at these nonconformist influences and at his leanings towards evangelicalism, brought the 12-year-old boy back to Hull in 1771. Wilberforce was heartbroken at being separated from his aunt and uncle. His family opposed a return to Hull Grammar School because the headmaster had become a Methodist, and Wilberforce therefore continued his education at nearby Pocklington School from 1771 to 1776. Influenced by Methodist |
scruples, he initially resisted Hull's lively social life, but, as his religious fervour diminished, he embraced theatre-going, attended balls, and played cards. In October 1776, at the age of 17, Wilberforce went up to St John's College, Cambridge. The deaths of his grandfather and uncle in 1777 had left him independently wealthy and as a result he had little inclination or need to apply himself to serious study. Instead he immersed himself in the social round of student life and pursued a hedonistic lifestyle, enjoying cards, gambling and late-night drinking sessions – although he found the excesses of some of his fellow students distasteful. Witty, generous and an excellent conversationalist, Wilberforce was a popular figure. He made many friends including the more studious future Prime Minister William Pitt. Despite his lifestyle and lack of interest in studying, he managed to pass his examinations and was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1781 and an Master of Arts degree in 1788. Early parliamentary career Wilberforce began to consider a political career while still at university, and during the winter of 1779–1780, he and Pitt frequently watched House of Commons debates from the gallery. Pitt, already set on a political career, encouraged Wilberforce to join him in obtaining a parliamentary seat. In September 1780, at the age of twenty-one and while still a student, Wilberforce was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Kingston upon Hull, spending over £8,000, as was the custom of the time, to ensure he received the necessary votes. Free from financial pressures, Wilberforce sat as an independent, resolving to be "no party man". Criticised at times for inconsistency, he supported both Tory and Whig governments according to his conscience, working closely with the party in power, and voting on specific measures according to their merits. Wilberforce attended Parliament regularly, but he also maintained a lively social life, becoming an habitué of gentlemen's gambling clubs such as Goostree's and Boodle's in Pall Mall, London. The writer and socialite Madame de Staël described him as the "wittiest man in England" and, according to Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, the Prince of Wales said that he would go anywhere to hear Wilberforce sing. Wilberforce used his speaking voice to great effect in political speeches; the diarist and author James Boswell witnessed Wilberforce's eloquence in the House of Commons and noted, "I saw what seemed a mere shrimp mount upon the table; but as I listened, he grew, and grew, until the shrimp became a whale." during the frequent government changes of 1781–1784, Wilberforce supported his friend Pitt in parliamentary debates. In autumn 1783, Pitt, Wilberforce and Edward Eliot (later to become Pitt's brother-in-law), travelled to France for a six-week holiday together. After a difficult start in Rheims, where their presence aroused police suspicion that they were English spies, they visited Paris, meeting Benjamin Franklin, General Lafayette, Marie Antoinette and Louis XVI, and joined the French court at Fontainebleau. Pitt became Prime Minister in December 1783, with Wilberforce a key supporter of his minority government. Despite their close friendship, there is no record that Pitt offered Wilberforce a ministerial position in this or future governments. This may have been due to Wilberforce's wish to remain an independent MP. Alternatively, Wilberforce's frequent tardiness and disorganisation, as well as the chronic eye problems that at times made reading impossible, may have convinced Pitt that his trusted friend was not ministerial material. Wilberforce never sought office and was never offered one. When Parliament was dissolved in the spring of 1784, Wilberforce decided to stand as a candidate for the county of Yorkshire in the 1784 |
general election. On 6 April, he was returned as MP for Yorkshire at the age of twenty-four. Conversion In October 1784, Wilberforce embarked upon a tour of Europe which would ultimately change his life and determine his future career. He travelled with his mother and sister in the company of Isaac Milner, the brilliant younger brother of his former headmaster, who had been Fellow of Queens' College, Cambridge, in the year when Wilberforce first went up. They visited the French Riviera and enjoyed the usual pastimes of dinners, cards, and gambling. In February 1785, Wilberforce returned to London temporarily, to support Pitt's proposals for parliamentary reforms. He rejoined the party in Genoa, Italy, from where they continued their tour to Switzerland. Milner accompanied Wilberforce to England, and on the journey they read The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul by Philip Doddridge, a leading early 18th-century English nonconformist. After his earlier interest in evangelical religion when he was young, Wilberforce's journey to faith seems to have begun afresh at this time. He started to rise early to read the Bible and pray and kept a private journal. He underwent an evangelical conversion, regretting his past life and resolving to commit his future life and work to the service of God. His conversion changed some of his habits, but not his nature: he remained outwardly cheerful, interested and respectful, tactfully urging others towards his new faith. Inwardly, he underwent an agonising struggle and became relentlessly self-critical, harshly judging his spirituality, use of time, vanity, self-control and relationships with others. At the time, religious enthusiasm was generally regarded as a social transgression and was stigmatised in polite society. Evangelicals in the upper classes, such as Sir Richard Hill, the Methodist MP for Shropshire, and Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon, were exposed to contempt and ridicule, and Wilberforce's conversion led him to question whether he should remain in public life. He sought guidance from John Newton, a leading evangelical Anglican clergyman of the day and Rector of St Mary Woolnoth in the City of London. Both Newton and Pitt counselled him to remain in politics, and he resolved to do so "with increased diligence and conscientiousness". Thereafter, his political views were informed by his faith and by his desire to promote Christianity and Christian ethics in private and public life. His views were often deeply conservative, opposed to radical changes in a God-given political and social order, and focused on issues such as the observance of the Sabbath and the eradication of immorality through education and reform. As a result, he was often distrusted by progressive voices because of his conservatism, and regarded with suspicion by many Tories who saw evangelicals as radicals, bent on the overthrow of church and state. In 1786, Wilberforce leased a house in Old Palace Yard, Westminster, in order to be near Parliament. He began using his parliamentary position to advocate reform by introducing a Registration Bill, proposing limited changes to parliamentary election procedures. He brought forward a bill to extend the measure permitting the dissection after execution of criminals such as rapists, arsonists and thieves. The bill also advocated the reduction of sentences for women convicted of treason, a crime that at the time included a husband's murder. The House of Commons passed both bills, but they were defeated in the House of Lords. Abolition of the slave trade Initial decision The British initially became involved in the slave trade during the 16th century. By 1783, the triangular route that took British-made goods to Africa to buy slaves, transported the enslaved to the West Indies, |
and then brought slave-grown products such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton to Britain, represented about 80 percent of Great Britain's foreign income. British ships dominated the trade, supplying French, Spanish, Dutch, Portuguese and British colonies, and in peak years carried forty thousand enslaved men, women and children across the Atlantic in the horrific conditions of the middle passage. Of the estimated 11 million Africans transported into slavery, about 1.4 million died during the voyage. The British campaign to abolish the slave trade is generally considered to have begun in the 1780s with the establishment of the Quakers' anti-slavery committees, and their presentation to Parliament of the first slave trade petition in 1783. The same year, Wilberforce, while dining with his old Cambridge friend Gerard Edwards, met Rev. James Ramsay, a ship's surgeon who had become a clergyman on the island of St Christopher (later St Kitts) in the Leeward Islands, and a medical supervisor of the plantations there. What Ramsay had witnessed of the conditions endured by the slaves, both at sea and on the plantations, horrified him. Returning to England after fifteen years, he accepted the living of Teston, Kent in 1781, and there met Sir Charles Middleton, Lady Middleton, Thomas Clarkson, Hannah More and others, a group that later became known as the Testonites. Interested in promoting Christianity and moral improvement in Britain and overseas, they were appalled by Ramsay's reports of the depraved lifestyles of slave owners, the cruel treatment meted out to the enslaved, and the lack of Christian instruction provided to the slaves. With their encouragement and help, Ramsay spent three years writing An essay on the treatment and conversion of African slaves in the British sugar colonies, which was highly critical of slavery in the West Indies. The book, published in 1784, was to have an important impact in raising public awareness and interest, and it excited the ire of West Indian planters who in the coming years attacked both Ramsay and his ideas in a series of proslavery tracts. Wilberforce apparently did not follow up on his meeting with Ramsay. However, three years later, and inspired by his new faith, Wilberforce was growing interested in humanitarian reform. In November 1786, he received a letter from Sir Charles Middleton that re-opened his interest in the slave trade. At the urging of Lady Middleton, Sir Charles suggested that Wilberforce bring forward the abolition of the slave trade in Parliament. Wilberforce responded that he "felt the great importance of the subject, and thought himself unequal to the task allotted to him, but yet would not positively decline it". He began to read widely on the subject, and met with the Testonites at Middleton's home at Barham Court in Teston in the early winter of 1786–1787. In early 1787, Thomas Clarkson, a fellow graduate of St John's, Cambridge, who had become convinced of the need to end the slave trade after writing a prize-winning essay on the subject while at Cambridge, called upon Wilberforce at Old Palace Yard with a published copy of the work. This was the first time the two men had met; their collaboration would last nearly fifty years. Clarkson began to visit Wilberforce on a weekly basis, bringing first-hand evidence he had obtained about the slave trade. The Quakers, already working for abolition, also recognised the need for influence within Parliament, and urged Clarkson to secure a commitment from Wilberforce to bring forward the case for abolition in the House of Commons. It was arranged that Bennet Langton, a Lincolnshire landowner and mutual acquaintance of Wilberforce and Clarkson, would organize a dinner party |
in order to ask Wilberforce formally to lead the parliamentary campaign. The dinner took place on 13 March 1787; other guests included Charles Middleton, Sir Joshua Reynolds, William Windham, MP, James Boswell and Isaac Hawkins Browne, MP. By the end of the evening, Wilberforce had agreed in general terms that he would bring forward the abolition of the slave trade in Parliament, "provided that no person more proper could be found". The same spring, on 12 May 1787, the still hesitant Wilberforce held a conversation with William Pitt and the future Prime Minister William Grenville as they sat under a large oak tree on Pitt's estate in Kent. Under what came to be known as the "Wilberforce Oak" at Holwood, Pitt challenged his friend: "Wilberforce, why don't you give notice of a motion on the subject of the Slave Trade? You have already taken great pains to collect evidence, and are therefore fully entitled to the credit which doing so will ensure you. Do not lose time, or the ground will be occupied by another." Wilberforce's response is not recorded, but he later declared in old age that he could "distinctly remember the very knoll on which I was sitting near Pitt and Grenville" where he made his decision. Wilberforce's involvement in the abolition movement was motivated by a desire to put his Christian principles into action and to serve God in public life. He and other evangelicals were horrified by what they perceived was a depraved and un-Christian trade, and the greed and avarice of the owners and traders. Wilberforce sensed a call from God, writing in a journal entry in 1787 that "God Almighty has set before me two great objects, the suppression of the Slave Trade and the Reformation of Manners [moral values]". The conspicuous involvement of evangelicals in the highly popular anti-slavery movement served to improve the status of a group otherwise associated with the less popular campaigns against vice and immorality. Early parliamentary action On 22 May 1787, the first meeting of the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade took place, bringing like-minded British Quakers and Anglicans together in the same organisation for the first time. The committee chose to campaign against the slave trade rather than slavery itself, with many members believing that slavery would eventually disappear as a natural consequence of the abolition of the trade. Wilberforce, though involved informally, did not join the committee officially until 1791. The society was highly successful in raising public awareness and support, and local chapters sprang up throughout Great Britain. Clarkson travelled the country researching and collecting first-hand testimony and statistics, while the committee promoted the campaign, pioneering techniques such as lobbying, writing pamphlets, holding public meetings, gaining press attention, organising boycotts and even using a campaign logo: an image of a kneeling slave above the motto "Am I not a Man and a Brother?", designed by the renowned pottery-maker Josiah Wedgwood. The committee also sought to influence slave-trading nations such as France, Spain, Portugal, Denmark, Holland and the United States, corresponding with anti-slavery activists in other countries and organising the translation of English-language books and pamphlets. These included books by former slaves Ottobah Cugoano and Olaudah Equiano, who had published influential works on slavery and the slave trade in 1787 and 1789 respectively. They and other free blacks, collectively known as "Sons of Africa", spoke at debating societies and wrote spirited letters to newspapers, periodicals and prominent figures, as well as public letters of support to campaign allies. Hundreds of parliamentary petitions opposing the slave trade were received in 1788 and following |
years, with hundreds of thousands of signatories in total. The campaign proved to be the world's first grassroots human rights campaign, in which men and women from different social classes and backgrounds volunteered to try to end the injustices suffered by others. Wilberforce had planned to introduce a motion giving notice that he would bring forward a bill for the Abolition of the Slave Trade during the 1789 parliamentary session. However, in January 1788, he was taken ill with a probable stress-related condition, now thought to be ulcerative colitis. It was several months before he was able to resume work, and he spent time convalescing at Bath and Cambridge. His regular bouts of gastrointestinal illnesses precipitated the use of moderate quantities of opium, which proved effective in alleviating his condition, and which he continued to use for the rest of his life. In Wilberforce's absence, Pitt, who had long been supportive of abolition, introduced the preparatory motion himself, and ordered a Privy Council investigation into the slave trade, followed by a House of Commons review. With the publication of the Privy Council report in April 1789 and following months of planning, Wilberforce commenced his parliamentary campaign. On 12 May 1789, he made his first major speech on the subject of abolition in the House of Commons, in which he reasoned that the trade was morally reprehensible and an issue of natural justice. Drawing on Thomas Clarkson's mass of evidence, he described in detail the appalling conditions in which slaves travelled from Africa in the middle passage, and argued that abolishing the trade would also bring an improvement to the conditions of existing slaves in the West Indies. He moved 12 resolutions condemning the slave trade, but made no reference to the abolition of slavery itself, instead dwelling on the potential for reproduction in the existing slave population should the trade be abolished. With the tide running against them, the opponents of abolition delayed the vote by proposing that the House of Commons hear its own evidence, and Wilberforce, in a move that has subsequently been criticised for prolonging the slave trade, reluctantly agreed. The hearings were not completed by the end of the parliamentary session, and were deferred until the following year. In the meantime, Wilberforce and Clarkson tried unsuccessfully to take advantage of the egalitarian atmosphere of the French Revolution to press for France's abolition of the trade, which was, in any event, to be abolished in 1794 as a result of the bloody slave revolt in St. Domingue (later to be known as Haiti), although later briefly restored by Napoleon in 1802. In January 1790, Wilberforce succeeded in speeding up the hearings by gaining approval for a smaller parliamentary select committee to consider the vast quantity of evidence which had been accumulated. Wilberforce's house in Old Palace Yard became a centre for the abolitionists' campaign and a focus for many strategy meetings. Petitioners for other causes also besieged him there, and his ante-room was thronged from an early hour, like "Noah's Ark, full of beasts clean and unclean", according to Hannah More. Interrupted by a general election in June 1790, the committee finally finished hearing witnesses, and in April 1791 with a closely reasoned four-hour speech, Wilberforce introduced the first parliamentary bill to abolish the slave trade. However, after two evenings of debate, the bill was easily defeated by 163 votes to 88, the political climate having swung in a conservative direction in the wake of the French Revolution and in reaction to an increase in radicalism and to slave revolts in the French West Indies. Such was |
the public hysteria of the time that even Wilberforce himself was suspected by some of being a Jacobin agitator. This was the beginning of a protracted parliamentary campaign, during which Wilberforce's commitment never wavered, despite frustration and hostility. He was supported in his work by fellow members of the so-called Clapham Sect, among whom was his best friend and cousin Henry Thornton. Holding evangelical Christian convictions, and consequently dubbed "the Saints", the group mainly lived in large houses surrounding the common in Clapham, then a village to the south-west of London. Wilberforce accepted an invitation to share a house with Henry Thornton in 1792, moving into his own home after Thornton's marriage in 1796. The "Saints" were an informal community, characterised by considerable intimacy as well as a commitment to practical Christianity and an opposition to slavery. They developed a relaxed family atmosphere, wandering freely in and out of each other's homes and gardens, and discussing the many religious, social and political topics that engaged them. Pro-slavery advocates claimed that enslaved Africans were lesser human beings who benefited from their bondage. Wilberforce, the Clapham Sect and others were anxious to demonstrate that Africans, and particularly freed slaves, had human and economic abilities beyond the slave trade, and that they were capable of sustaining a well-ordered society, trade and cultivation. Inspired in part by the utopian vision of Granville Sharp, they became involved in the establishment in 1792 of a free colony in Sierra Leone with black settlers from Britain, Nova Scotia and Jamaica, as well as native Africans and some whites. They formed the Sierra Leone Company, with Wilberforce subscribing liberally to the project in money and time. The dream was of an ideal society in which races would mix on equal terms; the reality was fraught with tension, crop failures, disease, death, war and defections to the slave trade. Initially a commercial venture, the British government assumed responsibility for the colony in 1808. The colony, although troubled at times, was to become a symbol of anti-slavery in which residents, communities and African tribal chiefs, worked together to prevent enslavement at the source, supported by a British naval blockade to stem the region's slave trade. On 2 April 1792, Wilberforce again brought a bill calling for abolition. The memorable debate that followed drew contributions from the greatest orators in the house, William Pitt the Younger and Charles James Fox, as well as from Wilberforce himself. Lord Melville, as Home Secretary, proposed a compromise solution of so-called "gradual abolition" over a number of years. This was passed by 230 to 85 votes, but the compromise was little more than a clever ploy, with the intention of ensuring that total abolition would be delayed indefinitely. War with France On 26 February 1793, another vote to abolish the slave trade was narrowly defeated by eight votes. The outbreak of war with France the same month effectively prevented any further serious consideration of the issue, as politicians concentrated on the national crisis and the threat of invasion. The same year, and again in 1794, Wilberforce unsuccessfully brought before Parliament a bill to outlaw British ships from supplying slaves to foreign colonies. He voiced his concern about the war and urged Pitt and his government to make greater efforts to end hostilities. Growing more alarmed, on 31 December 1794, Wilberforce moved that the government seek a peaceful resolution with France, a stance that created a temporary breach in his long friendship with Pitt. Abolition continued to be associated in the public consciousness with the French Revolution and with British radical groups, resulting in a decline |
in public support. In 1795, the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade ceased to meet, and Clarkson retired in ill-health to the Lake District. However, despite the decreased interest in abolition, Wilberforce continued to introduce abolition bills throughout the 1790s. The early years of the 19th century once again saw an increased public interest in abolition. In 1804, Clarkson resumed his work and the Society for Effecting the Abolition of the Slave Trade began meeting again, strengthened with prominent new members such as Zachary Macaulay, Henry Brougham and James Stephen. In June 1804, Wilberforce's bill to abolish the slave trade successfully passed all its stages through the House of Commons. However, it was too late in the parliamentary session for it to complete its passage through the House of Lords. On its reintroduction during the 1805 session, it was defeated, with even the usually sympathetic Pitt failing to support it. On this occasion and throughout the campaign, abolition was held back by Wilberforce's trusting, even credulous nature, and his deferential attitude towards those in power. He found it difficult to believe that men of rank would not do what he perceived to be the right thing, and was reluctant to confront them when they did not. Final phase of the campaign Following Pitt's death in January 1806, Wilberforce began to collaborate more with the Whigs, especially the abolitionists. He gave general support to the Grenville–Fox administration, which brought more abolitionists into the cabinet; Wilberforce and Charles Fox led the campaign in the House of Commons, while Lord Grenville advocated the cause in the House of Lords. A radical change of tactics, which involved the introduction of a bill to ban British subjects from aiding or participating in the slave trade to the French colonies, was suggested by maritime lawyer James Stephen. It was a shrewd move, since the majority of British ships were now flying American flags and supplying slaves to foreign colonies with whom Britain was at war. A bill was introduced and approved by the cabinet, and Wilberforce and other abolitionists maintained a self-imposed silence, so as not to draw any attention to the effect of the bill. The approach proved successful, and the new Foreign Slave Trade Bill was quickly passed, and received royal assent on 23 May 1806. Wilberforce and Clarkson had collected a large volume of evidence against the slave trade over the previous two decades, and Wilberforce spent the latter part of 1806 writing A Letter on the Abolition of the Slave Trade, which was a comprehensive restatement of the abolitionists' case. The death of Fox in September 1806 was a blow, but was followed quickly by a general election in the autumn of 1806. Slavery became an election issue, bringing more abolitionist MPs into the House of Commons, including former military men who had personally experienced the horrors of slavery and slave revolts. Wilberforce was re-elected as an MP for Yorkshire, after which he returned to finishing and publishing his Letter, in reality a 400-page book which formed the basis for the final phase of the campaign. Lord Grenville, the Prime Minister, was determined to introduce an Abolition Bill in the House of Lords, rather than in the House of Commons, taking it through its greatest challenge first. When a final vote was taken, the bill was passed in the House of Lords by a large margin. Sensing a breakthrough that had been long anticipated, Charles Grey moved for a second reading in the Commons on 23 February 1807. As tributes were made to Wilberforce, whose face streamed with tears, |
the bill was carried by 283 votes to 16. Excited supporters suggested taking advantage of the large majority to seek the abolition of slavery itself, but Wilberforce made it clear that total emancipation was not the immediate goal: "They had for the present no object immediately before them, but that of putting stop directly to the carrying of men in British ships to be sold as slaves." The Slave Trade Act received royal assent on 25 March 1807. Personal life In his youth, William Wilberforce showed little interest in women, but when he was in his late thirties his friend Thomas Babington recommended twenty-year-old Barbara Ann Spooner (1777–1847) as a potential bride. Wilberforce met her two days later on 15 April 1797, and was immediately smitten; following an eight-day whirlwind romance, he proposed. Despite the urgings of friends to slow down, the couple married at the Church of St Swithin in Bath, Somerset, on 30 May 1797. They were devoted to each other, and Barbara was very attentive and supportive to Wilberforce in his increasing ill health, though she showed little interest in his political activities. They had six children in fewer than ten years: William (born 1798), Barbara (born 1799), Elizabeth (born 1801), Robert (born 1802), Samuel (born 1805) and Henry (born 1807). Wilberforce was an indulgent and adoring father who revelled in his time at home and at play with his children. Other concerns Political and social reform Wilberforce was deeply conservative when it came to challenges to the existing political and social order. He advocated change in society through Christianity and improvement in morals, education and religion, fearing and opposing radical causes and revolution. The radical writer William Cobbett was among those who attacked what they saw as Wilberforce's hypocrisy in campaigning for better working conditions for slaves while British workers lived in terrible conditions at home. "Never have you done one single act, in favour of the labourers of this country", he wrote. Critics noted Wilberforce's support of the suspension of habeas corpus in 1795 and his votes for Pitt's "Gagging Bills", which banned meetings of more than 50 people, allowing speakers to be arrested and imposing harsh penalties on those who attacked the constitution. Wilberforce was opposed to giving workers' rights to organise into unions, in 1799 speaking in favour of the Combination Act, which suppressed trade union activity throughout Britain, and calling unions "a general disease in our society". He also opposed an enquiry into the 1819 Peterloo Massacre in which eleven protesters were killed at a political rally demanding reform. Concerned about "bad men who wished to produce anarchy and confusion", he approved of the government's Six Acts, which further limited public meetings and seditious writings. Wilberforce's actions led the essayist William Hazlitt to condemn him as one "who preaches vital Christianity to untutored savages, and tolerates its worst abuses in civilised states." Wilberforce's views of women and religion were also conservative. He disapproved of women anti-slavery activists such as Elizabeth Heyrick, who organised women's abolitionist groups in the 1820s, protesting: "[F]or ladies to meet, to publish, to go from house to house stirring up petitions—these appear to me proceedings unsuited to the female character as delineated in Scripture." Wilberforce initially strongly opposed bills for Catholic emancipation, which would have allowed Catholics to become MPs, hold public office and serve in the army, although by 1813, he had changed his views and spoke in favour of a similar bill. More progressively, Wilberforce advocated legislation to improve the working conditions for chimney-sweeps and textile workers, engaged in prison reform, and supported campaigns to restrict |
capital punishment and the severe punishments meted out under the Game Laws. He recognised the importance of education in alleviating poverty, and when Hannah More and her sister established Sunday schools for the poor in Somerset and the Mendips, he provided financial and moral support as they faced opposition from landowners and Anglican clergy. From the late 1780s onward, Wilberforce campaigned for limited parliamentary reform, such as the abolition of rotten boroughs and the redistribution of Commons seats to growing towns and cities, though by 1832, he feared that such measures went too far. With others, Wilberforce founded the world's first animal welfare organisation, the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (later the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals). In 1824, Wilberforce was one of over 30 eminent gentlemen who put their names at the inaugural public meeting to the fledgling National Institution for the Preservation of Life from Shipwreck, later named the Royal National Lifeboat Institution. He was also opposed to duelling, which he described as the "disgrace of a Christian society" and was appalled when his friend Pitt engaged in a duel with George Tierney in 1798, particularly as it occurred on a Sunday, the Christian day of rest. Wilberforce was generous with his time and money, believing that those with wealth had a duty to give a significant portion of their income to the needy. Yearly, he gave away thousands of pounds, much of it to clergymen to distribute in their parishes. He paid off the debts of others, supported education and missions, and in a year of food shortages, gave to charity more than his own yearly income. He was exceptionally hospitable, and could not bear to sack any of his servants. As a result, his home was full of old and incompetent servants kept on in charity. Although he was often months behind in his correspondence, Wilberforce responded to numerous requests for advice or for help in obtaining professorships, military promotions and livings for clergymen, or for the reprieve of death sentences. Evangelical Christianity A supporter of the evangelical wing of the Church of England, Wilberforce believed that the revitalisation of the church and individual Christian observance would lead to a harmonious, moral society. He sought to elevate the status of religion in public and private life, making piety fashionable in both the upper- and middle-classes of society. To this end, in April 1797, Wilberforce published A Practical View of the Prevailing Religious System of Professed Christians in the Higher and Middle Classes of This Country Contrasted With Real Christianity, on which he had been working since 1793. This was an exposition of New Testament doctrine and teachings and a call for a revival of Christianity, as a response to the moral decline of the nation, illustrating his own personal testimony and the views which inspired him. The book proved to be influential and a best-seller by the standards of the day; 7,500 copies were sold within six months, and it was translated into several languages. Wilberforce fostered and supported missionary activity in Britain and abroad. He was a founding member of the Church Missionary Society (since renamed the Church Mission Society) and was involved, with other members of the Clapham Sect, in numerous other evangelical and charitable organisations. Horrified by the lack of Christian evangelism in India, Wilberforce used the 1793 renewal of the British East India Company's charter to propose the addition of clauses requiring the company to provide teachers and chaplains and to commit to the "religious improvement" of Indians. The plan was unsuccessful due to lobbying |
by the directors of the company, who feared that their commercial interests would be damaged. Wilberforce tried again in 1813, when the charter next came up for renewal. Using petitions, meetings, lobbying and letter writing, he successfully campaigned for changes to the charter. Speaking in favour of the Charter Act 1813, he criticised the British in India for their hypocrisy and racial prejudice, while also condemning aspects of Hinduism including the caste system, infanticide, polygamy and suttee. "Our religion is sublime, pure beneficent", he said, "theirs is mean, licentious and cruel". Moral reform Greatly concerned by what he perceived to be the degeneracy of British society, Wilberforce was also active in matters of moral reform, lobbying against "the torrent of profaneness that every day makes more rapid advances", and considered this issue and the abolition of the slave trade as equally important goals. At the suggestion of Wilberforce and Bishop Porteus, King George III was requested by the Archbishop of Canterbury to issue in 1787 the Proclamation for the Discouragement of Vice, as a remedy for the rising tide of immorality. The proclamation commanded the prosecution of those guilty of "excessive drinking, blasphemy, profane swearing and cursing, lewdness, profanation of the Lord's Day, and other dissolute, immoral, or disorderly practices". Greeted largely with public indifference, Wilberforce sought to increase its impact by mobilising public figures to the cause, and by founding the Society for the Suppression of Vice. This and other societies in which Wilberforce was a prime mover, such as the Proclamation Society, mustered support for the prosecution of those who had been charged with violating relevant laws, including brothel keepers, distributors of pornographic material, and those who did not respect the Sabbath. Years later, the writer and clergyman Sydney Smith criticised Wilberforce for being more interested in the sins of the poor than those of the rich, and suggested that a better name would have been the Society for "suppressing the vices of persons whose income does not exceed £500 per annum". The societies were not highly successful in terms of membership and support, although their activities did lead to the imprisonment of Thomas Williams, the London printer of Thomas Paine's The Age of Reason. Wilberforce's attempts to legislate against adultery and Sunday newspapers were also in vain; his involvement and leadership in other, less punitive, approaches were more successful in the long-term, however. By the end of his life, British morals, manners, and sense of social responsibility had increased, paving the way for future changes in societal conventions and attitudes during the Victorian era. Emancipation of enslaved Africans The hopes of the abolitionists notwithstanding, slavery did not wither with the end of the slave trade in the British Empire, nor did the living conditions of the enslaved improve. The trade continued, with few countries following suit by abolishing the trade, and with some British ships disregarding the legislation. Wilberforce worked with the members of the African Institution to ensure the enforcement of abolition and to promote abolitionist negotiations with other countries. In particular, the US had abolished the slave trade in 1808, and Wilberforce lobbied the American government to enforce its own prohibition more strongly. The same year, Wilberforce moved his family from Clapham to a sizable mansion with a large garden in Kensington Gore, closer to the Houses of Parliament. Never strong, and by 1812 in worsening health, Wilberforce resigned his Yorkshire seat, and became MP for the rotten borough of Bramber in Sussex, a seat with little or no constituency obligations, thus allowing him more time for his family and the causes that interested him. |
From 1816 Wilberforce introduced a series of bills which would require the compulsory registration of slaves, together with details of their country of origin, permitting the illegal importation of foreign slaves to be detected. Later in the same year he began publicly to denounce slavery itself, though he did not demand immediate emancipation, as "They had always thought the slaves incapable of liberty at present, but hoped that by degrees a change might take place as the natural result of the abolition." In 1820, after a period of poor health, and with his eyesight failing, Wilberforce took the decision to further limit his public activities, although he became embroiled in unsuccessful mediation attempts between King George IV, and his estranged wife Caroline of Brunswick, who had sought her rights as queen. Nevertheless, Wilberforce still hoped "to lay a foundation for some future measures for the emancipation of the poor slaves", which he believed should come about gradually in stages. Aware that the cause would need younger men to continue the work, in 1821 he asked fellow MP Thomas Fowell Buxton to take over leadership of the campaign in the Commons. As the 1820s wore on, Wilberforce increasingly became a figurehead for the abolitionist movement, although he continued to appear at anti-slavery meetings, welcoming visitors, and maintaining a busy correspondence on the subject. The year 1823 saw the founding of the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery (later the Anti-Slavery Society), and the publication of Wilberforce's 56-page Appeal to the Religion, Justice and Humanity of the Inhabitants of the British Empire in Behalf of the Negro Slaves in the West Indies. In his treatise, Wilberforce urged that total emancipation was morally and ethically required, and that slavery was a national crime that must be ended by parliamentary legislation to gradually abolish slavery. Members of Parliament did not quickly agree, and government opposition in March 1823 stymied Wilberforce's call for abolition. On 15 May 1823, Buxton moved another resolution in Parliament for gradual emancipation. Subsequent debates followed on 16 March and 11 June 1824 in which Wilberforce made his last speeches in the Commons, and which again saw the emancipationists outmanoeuvred by the government. Last years Wilberforce's health was continuing to fail, and he suffered further illnesses in 1824 and 1825. With his family concerned that his life was endangered, he declined a peerage and resigned his seat in Parliament, leaving the campaign in the hands of others. Thomas Clarkson continued to travel, visiting anti-slavery groups throughout Britain, motivating activists and acting as an ambassador for the anti-slavery cause to other countries, while Buxton pursued the cause of reform in Parliament. Public meetings and petitions demanding emancipation continued, with an increasing number supporting immediate abolition rather than the gradual approach favoured by Wilberforce, Clarkson and their colleagues. In 1826, Wilberforce moved from his large house in Kensington Gore to Highwood Hill, a more modest property in the countryside of Mill Hill, north of London, where he was soon joined by his son William and family. William had attempted a series of educational and career paths, and a venture into farming in 1830 led to huge losses, which his father repaid in full, despite offers from others to assist. This left Wilberforce with little income, and he was obliged to let his home and spend the rest of his life visiting family members and friends. He continued his support for the anti-slavery cause, including attending and chairing meetings of the Anti-Slavery Society. Wilberforce approved of the 1830 election victory of the more progressive Whigs, though he was concerned about the |
implications of their Reform Bill which proposed the redistribution of parliamentary seats towards newer towns and cities and an extension of the franchise. In the event, the Reform Act 1832 was to bring more abolitionist MPs into Parliament as a result of intense and increasing public agitation against slavery. In addition, the 1832 slave revolt in Jamaica convinced government ministers that abolition was essential to avoid further rebellion. In 1833, Wilberforce's health declined further and he suffered a severe attack of influenza from which he never fully recovered. He made a final anti-slavery speech in April 1833 at a public meeting in Maidstone, Kent. The following month, the Whig government introduced the Bill for the Abolition of Slavery, formally saluting Wilberforce in the process. On 26 July 1833, Wilberforce heard of government concessions that guaranteed the passing of the Bill for the Abolition of Slavery. The following day he grew much weaker, and he died early on the morning of 29 July at his cousin's house in Cadogan Place, London. One month later, the House of Lords passed the Slavery Abolition Act, which abolished slavery in most of the British Empire from August 1834. They voted plantation owners £20 million in compensation, giving full emancipation to children younger than six, and instituting a system of apprenticeship requiring other enslaved peoples to work for their former masters for four to six years in the British West Indies, South Africa, Mauritius, British Honduras and Canada. Nearly 800,000 African slaves were freed, the vast majority in the Caribbean. Funeral Wilberforce had requested that he was to be buried with his sister and daughter at Stoke Newington, just north of London. However, the leading members of both Houses of Parliament urged that he be honoured with a burial in Westminster Abbey. The family agreed and, on 3 August 1833, Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend William Pitt the Younger. The funeral was attended by many Members of Parliament, as well as by members of the public. The pallbearers included the Duke of Gloucester, the Lord Chancellor Henry Brougham and the Speaker of the House of Commons Charles Manners-Sutton. While tributes were paid and Wilberforce was laid to rest, both Houses of Parliament suspended their business as a mark of respect. Legacy Five years after his death, sons Robert and Samuel Wilberforce published a five-volume biography about their father, and subsequently a collection of his letters in 1840. The biography was controversial in that the authors emphasised Wilberforce's role in the abolition movement and played down the important work of Thomas Clarkson. Incensed, Clarkson came out of retirement to write a book refuting their version of events, and the sons eventually made a half-hearted private apology to him and removed the offending passages in a revision of their biography. However, for more than a century, Wilberforce's role in the campaign dominated the history books. Later historians have noted the warm and highly productive relationship between Clarkson and Wilberforce, and have termed it one of history's great partnerships: without both the parliamentary leadership supplied by Wilberforce and the research and public mobilisation organised by Clarkson, abolition could not have been achieved. As his sons had desired and planned, Wilberforce has long been viewed as a Christian hero, a statesman-saint held up as a role model for putting his faith into action. More broadly, he has also been described as a humanitarian reformer who contributed significantly to reshaping the political and social attitudes of the time by promoting concepts of social responsibility and action. In the 1940s, the role of Wilberforce and |
the Clapham Sect in abolition was downplayed by historian Eric Williams, who argued that abolition was motivated not by humanitarianism but by economics, as the West Indian sugar industry was in decline. Williams' approach strongly influenced historians for much of the latter part of the 20th century. However, more recent historians have noted that the sugar industry was still making large profits at the time of the abolition of the slave trade, and this has led to a renewed interest in Wilberforce and the Evangelicals, as well as a recognition of the anti-slavery movement as a prototype for subsequent humanitarian campaigns. Memorials Wilberforce's life and work have been widely commemorated. In Westminster Abbey, a seated statue of Wilberforce by Samuel Joseph was erected in 1840, bearing an epitaph praising his Christian character and his long labour to abolish the slave trade and slavery itself. In Wilberforce's home town of Hull, a public subscription in 1834 funded the Wilberforce Monument, a Greek Doric column topped by a statue of Wilberforce, which now stands in the grounds of Hull College near Queen's Gardens. Wilberforce's birthplace was acquired by the city corporation in 1903 and, following renovation, Wilberforce House in Hull was opened as Britain's first slavery museum. Wilberforce Memorial School for the Blind in York was established in 1833 in his honour, and in 2006 the University of Hull established the Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation in Oriel Chambers, a building adjoining Wilberforce's birthplace. Various churches within the Anglican Communion commemorate Wilberforce in their liturgical calendars, and Wilberforce University in Ohio, United States, founded in 1856, is named after him. The university was the first owned by African-American people, and is a historically black college. In Ontario, Canada, Wilberforce Colony was founded by black reformers, and inhabited by free slaves from the United States. In 1880 the Clarkson Memorial was erected in Wisbech, Isle of Ely and unveiled by Sir Henry Brand MP in 1881. Two of the four sides are carved bas-reliefs, representing Wilberforce and Granville Sharp. Amazing Grace, a film about Wilberforce and the struggle against the slave trade, directed by Michael Apted and starring Ioan Gruffudd and Benedict Cumberbatch was released in 2007 to coincide with the 200th anniversary of Parliament's anti-slave trade legislation. Bibliography See also List of abolitionist forerunners List of civil rights leaders The Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation The Wilberforce Society Notes References Coupland, Reginald. Wilberforce: A Narrative (1923) online online free to borrow online free Wolffe, John. "Wilberforce, William (1759–1833)" Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2009) https://doi.org/10.1093/ref:odnb/29386 External links 200th Anniversary of the Abolition of the British and U.S. Slave Trade BBC historic figures: William Wilberforce BBC Humber articles on Wilberforce and abolition Wilberforce Institute for the study of Slavery and Emancipation Wilberforce, BBC Radio 4 In Our Time with Melvyn Bragg (22 February 2007) |- |- |- |- |- Category:1759 births Category:1833 deaths Category:18th-century English people Category:19th-century English people Category:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge Category:British MPs 1780–1784 Category:British MPs 1784–1790 Category:British MPs 1790–1796 Category:British MPs 1796–1800 Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey Category:Clapham Sect Category:English abolitionists Category:English Anglicans Category:English evangelicals Category:English philanthropists Category:Evangelical Anglicans Category:Independent members of the House of Commons of Great Britain Category:Independent members of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for English constituencies Category:UK MPs 1801–1802 Category:UK MPs 1802–1806 Category:UK MPs 1806–1807 Category:UK MPs 1807–1812 Category:UK MPs 1812–1818 Category:UK MPs 1818–1820 Category:UK MPs 1820–1826 Category:Wilberforce University Category:People educated at Hull Grammar School Category:People |
educated at Pocklington School Category:Anglican saints Category:Politicians from Kingston upon Hull Category:British reformers Category:British abolitionists Category:Wilberforce family Category:Members of the Athenaeum Club, London |
La Valsainte Charterhouse La Valsainte Charterhouse or La Valsainte (Latin: Vallis sanctorum omnium, later Vallis Sancta) situated in La Valsainte in the district of Gruyère, Canton of Fribourg, is the only remaining extant Carthusian monastery in Switzerland. History The charterhouse, in the heart of the valleys of the Javroz and the Jogne, was founded in 1295 by Girard I, lord of Corbières. In the Middle Ages it was the owner of a vast territory covering the greater part of the present communes of Cerniat and Charmey, over which by right of its lordship it exercised the high and the low justice. It was destroyed by fire in 1381. In 1454 it passed into the lordship of the County of Greyerz, with which it passed again in 1535 to the city of Fribourg. The government of Fribourg were not kindly disposed toward the monastery, but their efforts to suppress it and absorb its revenues were for many years opposed by the French, who supported it. However, in 1778 the Pope agreed to its suppression, and the government of Fribourg used its revenues to cover the costs of the Diocese of Lausanne, for which they had become responsible. The monks moved to La Part-Dieu Charterhouse at Bulle. In 1791, during the French Revolution, the empty charterhouse at La Valsainte gave shelter to refugee French Trappists under Dom Augustin de Lestrange, and in 1794 the premises were declared by Pope Pius VI a Cistercian abbey, which became the birthplace of the Cistercian Reform movement. The Trappists were expelled by Napoleon in 1798, but returned to it from 1802 to 1812 and again from 1814 to 1815. From 1818 to 1824 the monastery provided shelter for a group of Redemptorists. It was then sold, and demolished apart from the principal block, built in 1729. In 1863, the local political climate had changed sufficiently to permit the return of the Carthusian community from La Part-Dieu Charterhouse, which had been suppressed in 1848, and the ruined site was in part restored but mostly rebuilt. The present buildings thus consist of the main block of 1729 surrounded by late 19th century additions and extensions (monks' cells, converts' building, chapel and various buildings outside the monastery itself). Around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries the anti-clerical laws passed in France resulted in the expulsion of Carthusian monks, and two additional ranges of cells were built at La Valsainte to accommodate some of them, in 1886 and 1901. In 1903 and 1904 the Chapter General of the Carthusian order met here. The impossibility of pursuing monastic vocations in France at this period meant an increase of vocations at La Valsainte. Buildings Restoration of the church In the 1970s the church was thoroughly restored. All 19th century interior work was swept away (except for the stalls), including the flooring. The partition between the choir of the Fathers and that of the lay monks was removed, and the sanctuary was gutted. Work on the roof revealed, in the extreme west, two bays of 14th century vaulting in Tuffière stone, which had somehow survived the destruction of the 19th century. These are the oldest surviving part of the monastery premises. Warmth and vitality is given to the bare walls by the non-figurative stained glass windows by the painter Chorderet. The tabernacle and the processional cross are both in enamel by the French artist Mirande. A Gothic Madonna of the 14th century, a gift, stands to the left of the main altar. Several other Carthusian monasteries have taken inspiration from the restoration of La Valsainte for work on their own churches, |
notably the Montalegre Charterhouse near Barcelona. Novices' cloister The range of buildings latterly known as the novices' cloister, one of those constructed in haste around the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries for the accommodation of exiled French monks, was discovered in the 1990s to be in danger of collapse, undermined by groundwater, and was demolished. Community The revived community at La Valsainte has included some distinguished members, and the inclusion of numbers of French religious has added to the vigour of Roman Catholic spiritual life in Switzerland. Priors Two priors are of particular note for the charterhouse: Dom Florent Miège, prior during the 1920s, was a French religious, spiritual father of Raïssa Maritain and adviser of her husband, the philosopher Jacques Maritain. Dom Nicolas Barras, member of the community from 1934 to 1981, for many of which years he was prior, was a Swiss Carthusian, responsible for the integration of the monastery into the local society and for the many practical issues thrown up by the maintenance of the buildings and the application of the order's statutes to contemporary life. For example, he authorised and oversaw the installation of electricity, and supervised the adaptation of the prescribed diet to the limited supplies available during World War II. Monks The 20th century monks of Valsainte include some who are distinguished as spiritual writers, such as Dom Augustin Guillerand (author of Silence cartusien) and Dom Jean-Baptiste Porion (author of Amour et Silence). Dom Porion in particular, who entered the monastery in 1921, caused many French artists and intellectuals to visit Valsainte, which resulted in numerous conversions. Jacques Loew, for example, was converted to Catholicism while attending a mass celebrated at Valsainte in the silence of dawn. Membership The community, in 2007, comprised around 20 (including 12 Fathers and 8 Brothers), whose average age is over 60. Numbers of vocations have declined since the 1970s. In the last twenty years the community has lost over half its members, but has received only 4-5 new ones. Notes References Courtray, C., 1914 (revised ed. 1986): Histoire de La Valsainte Savary, L., 1937: La Chartreuse de la Valsainte Jordan, J., 1961: La suppression de la chartreuse de La Part-Dieu et le rétablissement de celle de La Valsainte External links A Day in the Life of a Carthusian of La Valsainte, a short video produced in 1961 by Swiss Television. Chartreux.org: photos of La Valsainte Category:1295 establishments in Europe Category:13th-century establishments in Switzerland Category:Fribourg Category:Carthusian monasteries in Switzerland Category:Buildings and structures in the canton of Fribourg |
Azhar Abbas (journalist) Azhar Abbas is a senior journalist and currently the managing director of Geo News Karachi. He is in mainstream journalism since 1990. He started his career with English language daily newspaper as a reporter. He had completed his Masters in Economics from University of Karachi in 1990. He is recipient of Fulbright Scholarship and studied at Boston University and Newhouse School of Communication. Azhar abbas has also worked for Dawn News Channel as Director News and Current affairs. He joined Bol News when the network started but left after Axact scandal. He is a strong supporter of journalistic community in Pakistan and their well being. Family He has three brothers Athar Abbas, Zaffar Abbas and Mazhar Abbas. Awards and recognition Azhar Abbas (journalist) was awarded Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Crescent of Excellence) Award in 2013 by the President of Pakistan. References External links Azhar abbas Musharaf take over The Murrow Interview - Media Wars: Journalists, Generals and Jihadis Category:Pakistani male journalists Category:Living people Category:Fulbright Scholars Category:Boston University alumni Category:Recipients of Hilal-i-Imtiaz Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:S. I. Newhouse School of Public Communications alumni |
Crandell Theatre The Crandell Theatre is located in the Village of Chatham, NY and is Columbia County’s oldest and largest movie theatre. The Crandell was built by Walter S. Crandell, a Chatham native and local banker. Considered an architectural gem, the theater was constructed in Spanish Renaissance style and remains largely unchanged since it opened on Christmas Day, 1926, with a Jules Verne photoplay. It’s the oldest theater in Columbia County, with a seating capacity of 534. it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2017. Constructed on the site of a house formerly owned by the Crandell family, the pink brick and stucco theater was built at a cost of $100,000 pre-Depression dollars. It was envisioned as a venue for traveling vaudeville shows and silent pictures. However, in recognition of the growing importance of talking movies after “The Jazz Singer” was released in 1927, the theater installed talking and sound-making equipment in 1929. The Crandell has been in continuous operation for 83 years. For nearly 50 of those years it has been associated with the Quirino family. Anthony Quirino purchased the Crandell in 1960, and the theater was owned and operated by his son, Tony until his death in 2010. It is now owned and operated by The Chatham Film Club, a volunteer, not-for-profit organization committed to bringing art, independent, and foreign film to Columbia County. The Crandell Theater specializes in both first run and second run movies, family-oriented movies and also hosts many community events. The Crandell includes a one-story, double-height theater auditorium with a balcony, a two-story southern section, with of floor space a one-story, double-height stage two rental spaces on the street level, and three rental offices on the second floor. It has many unique features not found in today's movie houses like a full wide and deep stage with dressing rooms, a 112-seat balcony, an orchestra pit, and organ lofts on each side of the stage. The Crandell Theatre is the main venue for the FilmColumbia Festival, an annual 5-day film festival held every October. The Crandell also hosts Farm Film Fest, a day of film about local farming in Columbia County, NY sponsored by The Chatham Agricultural Partnership, The Chatham Film Club, and The Columbia Land Conservancy Programming Committee. References http://www.crandelltheatre.org http://thechathamfilmclub.com/ http://filmcolumbia.com Articles https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=96124905 http://www.registerstar.com/articles/2010/06/03/chatham_courier/news/doc4c06910c59911699626079.txt http://blog.timesunion.com/realestate/report-crandell-theater-may-have-a-new-owner/3335/ http://www.ruralintelligence.com/index.php/arts_section/arts_articles_movies/chatham_film_club_prevails_crandell_theatre_set_to_re-open_july_4/ http://www.registerstar.com/articles/2010/07/03/news/doc4c2eb167be3a8650907534.txt Category:Cinemas and movie theaters in New York (state) Category:National Register of Historic Places in Columbia County, New York Category:Buildings and structures in Columbia County, New York |
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