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= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
The order was founded in 1783 , a year after the grant of substantial autonomy to Ireland , as a means of rewarding ( or obtaining ) political support in the Irish Parliament . The Order of the Bath , founded in 1725 , was instituted for similar reasons . The statutes of the Order restricted membership to men who were both knights and gentlemen , the latter being defined as having three generations of " noblesse " ( i.e. ancestors bearing coats of arms ) on both their father 's and mother 's side . In practice , however , only Irish Peers ( and occasional foreign princes with tenuous or no Irish connections ) were ever appointed to the Order . The cross of St Patrick ( a red saltire on a white background ) was chosen as one of the symbols of the Order . A flag of this design was later incorporated into the Union Flag . Its association with St. Patrick or with Ireland prior to the foundation of the Order is unclear , however . One of the first knights was The 2nd Duke of Leinster , whose arms carry the same cross .
The Order of St Patrick earned international coverage when , in 1907 , its insignia , known generally as the Irish Crown Jewels , were stolen from the Bedford Tower in Dublin Castle shortly before a visit by the Order 's Sovereign , King Edward VII . Their whereabouts remain a mystery .
= = = Post @-@ 1922 = = =
The last non @-@ royal appointed to the order was James Hamilton , 3rd Duke of Abercorn in 1922 , who served as the first Governor of Northern Ireland . When the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom that same year , the Irish Executive Council under W. T. Cosgrave chose to make no further appointments to the Order . The British government continued to entertain hopes for the order 's revival as a pan @-@ Irish institution . Therefore , while there was no legal or constitutional bar to the British government continuing to make appointments from among British subjects resident in Northern Ireland , it chose not to do so .
Since then , only three people have been appointed to the Order , all members of the British Royal Family . The then @-@ Prince of Wales ( the future King Edward VIII and later Duke of Windsor ) was appointed in 1927 and his younger brothers , Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester , in 1934 and Prince Albert , Duke of York ( later King George VI ) , in 1936 .
It is likely that these appointments were considered possible because the Irish Free State continued to recognise the British monarch as its official head of state . In 1937 , however , the Irish Free State adopted a new constitution , rendering the Crown 's position in Irish affairs ambiguous . The ambiguity was resolved 12 years later when the Irish Free State formally declared itself a republic and left the British Commonwealth . The basis for such appointments thus ceased and no further ones have been made .
The Duke of Gloucester at his death in 1974 was the last surviving member of the Order . The last living non @-@ royal member of the Order , the 9th Earl of Shaftesbury , died in 1961 . The Order has , however , never actually been abolished and its resurrection has been discussed in Irish Government circles on a number of occasions and never pursued .
= = = Possible revival = = =
Prime Minister Winston Churchill suggested reviving the Order in 1943 to recognise the services of General The Hon. Sir Harold Alexander in Tunisia , but the opinion of the other ministers and civil servants was that it would upset the diplomatic balance between London and Dublin . Taoiseach Seán Lemass considered reviving the Order during the 1960s , but did not take a decision .
The Constitution of Ireland provides , " Titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the State " ( Article 40 @.@ 2 @.@ 1 ° ) and " No title of nobility or of honour may be accepted by any citizen except with the prior approval of the Government " ( Article 40 @.@ 2 @.@ 2 ° ) . Legal experts are divided on whether this clause prohibits the awarding of membership of the Order of St Patrick to Irish citizens , but some suggest that the phrase " titles of nobility " implies hereditary peerages and other noble titles , not lifetime honours such as knighthoods . In any case , an Irish citizen would require the approval of the Government of Ireland to receive an award from a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom in this manner .
= = Composition = =
= = = Members = = =
The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order of St Patrick . The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland , the monarch 's representative in Ireland , served as the Grand Master . The office of Lord Lieutenant was abolished in 1922 ; the last Lord Lieutenant and Grand Master was The 1st Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent . Rather oddly , the statutes of the Order did not provide that the Grand Master be admitted to the Order as a matter of right . While some Lords Lieutenant were in fact appointed to the Order , this seems to have been the exception rather than the rule .
The Order originally consisted of fifteen knights in addition to the Sovereign . In 1821 , however , George IV appointed six additional knights ; he did not issue a Royal Warrant authorising the change until 1830 . William IV formally changed the statutes in 1833 , increasing the limit to twenty @-@ two knights .
The original statutes , based heavily on those of the Order of the Garter , prescribed that any vacancy should be filled by the Sovereign upon the nomination of the members . Each Knight was to propose nine candidates , of whom three had to have the rank of Earl or higher , three the rank of Baron or higher , and three the rank of Knight or higher , and a vote taken . In practice this system was never used ; the Grand Master would nominate a Peer , the Sovereign would usually assent , and a chapter meeting held at which the knights " elected " the new member . The Order of St Patrick differed from its English and Scottish counterparts , the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle , in only ever appointing peers and princes . Women were never admitted to the Order of St Patrick ; they were not eligible to become members of the other two orders until 1987 . The only woman to be part of the Order was Queen Victoria , in her capacity as Sovereign of the Order . Although it was associated with the established Church of Ireland until 1871 , several Roman Catholics were appointed to the order throughout its history .
= = = Officers = = =
The Order of St Patrick initially had thirteen officers : the Prelate , the Chancellor , the Registrar , the Usher , the Secretary , the Genealogist , the King of Arms , two heralds and four pursuivants . Many of these offices were held by clergymen of the Church of Ireland , the then @-@ established church . After the disestablishment of the Church in 1871 , the ecclesiastics were allowed to remain in office until their deaths , when the offices were either abolished or reassigned to lay officials . All offices except that of Registrar and King of Arms are now vacant .
The office of Prelate was held by the Lord Archbishop of Armagh , the most senior clergyman in the Church of Ireland . The Prelate was not mentioned in the original statutes , but created by a warrant shortly afterwards , apparently because the Archbishop at the time had asked to be appointed to the post . Since the death of the last holder in 1885 , the office of Prelate has remained vacant .
The Church of Ireland 's second highest cleric , the Lord Archbishop of Dublin , originally served as the Chancellor of the Order . From 1886 onwards , the office was held instead by the Chief Secretary for Ireland . Since the abolition of the position of Chief Secretary in 1922 , the office of Chancellor has remained vacant . The Dean of St Patrick 's Cathedral was originally the Registrar of the Order . In 1890 , on the death of the Dean who had held the post in at the time of disestablishment , the office was attached to that of the King of Arms of the Order . This position was held by Ulster King of Arms , Ireland 's chief heraldic official , a post which had been created in 1552 . In 1943 , this post was in effect divided in two , reflecting the partition of Ireland in the Government of Ireland Act , 1920 . The position , insofar as it related to Northern Ireland , was combined with that of Norroy King of Arms ( who had heraldic jurisdiction in the north of England ) . The post of Norroy and Ulster King of Arms still exists , and thus continues to hold the offices of Registrar and King of Arms of the Order of St Patrick . The office of Ulster King of Arms , insofar as it related to the Irish Free State ( now officially called Ireland ) , became the position of Chief Herald of Ireland .
The Order of St Patrick had six other heraldic officers , many more than any other British order . The two heralds were known as Cork Herald and Dublin Herald . Three of the four <unk> were untitled , the fourth was held by Athlone Pursuivant , an office founded in 1552 .
The Usher of the Order was " the Usher at Arms named the Black Rod " . The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in Ireland was distinct from the English officer of the same name , though like his counterpart he had some duties in the Irish House of Lords . ( The latter continues to serve as Usher to the Order of the Garter and as Serjeant @-@ at @-@ Arms of the House of Lords . ) The Irish post has been vacant since 1933 .
The offices of Secretary and Genealogist were originally held by members of the Irish House of Commons . The office of Secretary has been vacant since 1926 . The position of Genealogist was left vacant in 1885 , restored in 1889 , but left vacant again in 1930 .
= = = Current officers and members = = =
Sovereign : Elizabeth II
Officers : Registrar and King of Arms : Timothy Duke ( Norroy and Ulster King of Arms )
Members : None
= = Vestments and accoutrements = =
For important occasions , such as Coronations and investitures of new members of the Order , Knights of St Patrick wore elaborate vestments :
The mantle was a celestial blue robe lined with white silk . The star of the Order ( see below ) was depicted on the left of the mantle . A blue hood was attached to the mantle .
The hat of the Order was originally of white satin , lined with blue , but was changed to black velvet by George IV . It was plumed with three falls of feathers , one red , one white and one blue .
The collar was made of gold , consisting of Tudor roses and harps attached with knots . The two roses which comprise the Tudor rose were alternately enamelled white within red , and red within white . The central harp , from which the badge of the Order was suspended , was surmounted by a crown .
On certain " collar days " designated by the Sovereign , members attending formal events wore the Order 's collar over their military uniform , formal day dress , or evening wear . When collars were worn ( either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations ) , the badge was suspended from the collar .
Aside from these special occasions , however , much simpler accoutrements were used :
The star of the Order was an eight @-@ pointed figure , with the four cardinal points longer than the intermediate points . Each point was shown as a cluster of rays . In the centre was the same motto , year and design that appeared on the badge . The star was worn pinned to the left breast .
The broad riband was a celestial blue sash worn across the body , from the right shoulder to the left hip .
The badge was pinned to the riband at the left hip . Made of gold , it depicted a shamrock bearing three crowns , on top of a cross of St Patrick and surrounded by a blue circle bearing the motto in majuscules , as well as the date of the Order 's foundation in Roman numerals ( " <unk> " ) .
The Grand Master 's insignia were of the same form and design as those of the Knights . In 1831 , however , William IV presented the Grand Master with a star and badge , each composed of rubies , emeralds and Brazilian diamonds . These two insignia were designated " Crown Jewels " in the Order 's 1905 Statutes , and the designation " Irish Crown Jewels " was emphasised by newspapers when they were stolen in 1907 , along with the collars of five Knights ; they have not since been recovered .
A number of items pertaining to the Order of St Patrick are held in museums in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland . The robes of The 4th Baron <unk> , the 122nd Knight of the Order , are on display in the National Museum of Ireland , Dublin ; the robe belonging to The 3rd Earl of Kilmorey is held by the Newry Museum ; the National Gallery and Genealogical Museum in Dublin both have Stars of the Order ; and the Ulster Museum ( part of the National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland ) in <unk> has a large collection on display and two mantles in storage . The Irish Guards take their <unk> and motto from the Order .
= = Chapel and Chancery = =
The Chapel of the Order was originally in St Patrick 's Cathedral in central Dublin . Each member of the Order , including the Sovereign , was allotted a stall in the choir of the Chapel , above which his ( or her , in the case of Queen Victoria ) heraldic devices were displayed . Perched on the pinnacle of a knight 's stall was a helm , decorated with mantling and topped by his crest . Above the crest , the knight 's heraldic banner was hung , emblazoned with his coat of arms . At a considerably smaller scale , to the back of the stall was affixed a piece of brass ( a " stall plate " ) displaying its occupant 's name , arms and date of admission into the Order . Upon the death of a Knight , the banner and crest were taken down and replaced with those of his successor . After the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871 , the Chapel ceased to be used ; the heraldic devices of the knights at the time were left in place at the request of Queen Victoria .
The Order was without a ceremonial home until 1881 when arrangements were made to display banners , helms and hatchment plates ( the equivalent of stall plates , in the absence of stalls ) in the Great Hall , officially called St. Patrick 's Hall , in Dublin Castle . On the establishment of the Irish Free State the banners of the living knights were removed . When the Hall was redecorated in 1962 it was decided that it should be hung with the banners of the members of the Order in 1922 . The existing banners were repaired or new ones made ; it is these banners which can be seen today . The Hall , which was renamed St Patrick 's Hall from its association with the Order , also served as the Chancery of the Order . Installation ceremonies , and later investitures , were held here , often on St Patrick 's Day , until they were discontinued . A banquet for the Knights was often held in the Hall on the occasion of an installation . St Patrick 's Hall now serves as the location for the inauguration of the President of Ireland .
Unlike many of the other British Orders , the stall plates ( or hatchment plates ) do not form a continuous record of the Knights of the Order . There are only 34 stall plates for the 80 or so knights appointed before 1871 , ( although others were destroyed in a fire in 1940 ) , and 40 hatchments plates for the 60 knights appointed subsequently . In the case of the stall plates this was perhaps due to their size , <unk> cm ( <unk> in ) .
= = Precedence and privileges = =
Since the members of the Order were required to be knights , and in practice had higher rank , many of the privileges of membership were rendered moot . As knights they could prefix " Sir " to their forenames , but the form was never used in speech , as they were referred to by their peerage dignities . They were assigned positions in the order of precedence , but had higher positions by virtue of their peerage dignities .
Knights used the post @-@ nominal letters " KP " . When an individual was entitled to use multiple post @-@ nominal letters , KP appeared before all others , except " Bt " and " Btss " ( Baronet and Baronetess ) , " VC " ( Victoria Cross ) , " GC " ( George Cross ) , " KG " ( Knight of the Garter ) and " KT " ( Knight of the Thistle ) .
Knights could encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet ( a blue circle bearing the motto ) and the collar ; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter . The badge is depicted suspended from the collar . They were also entitled to receive heraldic supporters . This high privilege was , and is , only shared by members of the Royal Family , peers , Knights and Ladies of the Garter , Knights and Ladies of the Thistle , and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the junior orders . ( Of course , Knights of St Patrick , normally all being members of the British Royal Family or peers , were mostly entitled to supporters in any event . )
= Colton Point State Park =
Colton Point State Park is a 368 @-@ acre ( 149 ha ) Pennsylvania state park in Tioga County , Pennsylvania , in the United States . It is on the west side of the Pine Creek Gorge , also known as the Grand Canyon of Pennsylvania , which is 800 feet ( 240 m ) deep and nearly 4 @,@ 000 feet ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) across at this location . The park extends from the creek in the bottom of the gorge up to the rim and across part of the plateau to the west . Colton Point State Park is known for its views of the Pine Creek Gorge , and offers opportunities for picnicking , hiking , fishing and hunting , whitewater boating , and camping . Colton Point is surrounded by Tioga State Forest and its sister park , Leonard Harrison State Park , on the east rim . The park is on a state forest road in Shippen Township 5 miles ( 8 km ) south of U.S. Route 6 .
Pine Creek flows through the park and has carved the gorge through five major rock formations from the Devonian and Carboniferous periods . Native Americans once used the Pine Creek Path along the creek . The path was later used by lumbermen , and then became the course of a railroad from 1883 to 1988 . Since 1996 , the 62 @-@ mile ( 100 km ) Pine Creek Rail Trail has followed the creek through the gorge . The Pine Creek Gorge was named a National Natural Landmark in 1968 and is also protected as a Pennsylvania State Natural Area and Important Bird Area , while Pine Creek is a Pennsylvania Scenic and Wild River . The gorge is home to many species of plants and animals , some of which have been reintroduced to the area .
The park is named for Henry Colton , a Williamsport lumberman who cut timber there starting in 1879 . Although the Pine Creek Gorge was clearcut in the 19th and early 20th centuries , it is now covered by second @-@ growth forest , thanks in part to the conservation efforts of the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) in the 1930s . The CCC built the facilities at Colton Point before and shortly after the park 's 1936 opening . Most of the CCC @-@ built facilities remain in use , and have led to the park 's listing as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places . Since a successful publicity campaign in 1936 , the park and gorge have been a popular tourist destination , attracting hundreds of thousands of visitors each year . Colton Point State Park was chosen by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources ( DCNR ) Bureau of Parks for its " 25 Must @-@ See Pennsylvania State Parks " list , which praised its " spectacular vistas and a fabulous view of Pine Creek Gorge " .
= = History = =
= = = Native Americans = = =
Humans have lived in what is now Pennsylvania since at least 10 @,@ 000 BC . The first settlers were Paleo @-@ Indian nomadic hunters known from their stone tools . The hunter @-@ gatherers of the Archaic period , which lasted locally from 7000 to 1000 BC , used a greater variety of more sophisticated stone artifacts . The Woodland period marked the gradual transition to semi @-@ permanent villages and horticulture , between 1000 BC and 1500 AD . Archeological evidence found in the state from this time includes a range of pottery types and styles , burial mounds , pipes , bows and arrows , and ornaments .
Colton Point State Park is in the West Branch Susquehanna River drainage basin , the earliest recorded inhabitants of which were the Iroquoian @-@ speaking Susquehannocks . They were a matriarchal society that lived in stockaded villages of large long houses , and " occasionally inhabited " the mountains surrounding the Pine Creek Gorge . Their numbers were greatly reduced by disease and warfare with the Five Nations of the Iroquois , and by 1675 they had died out , moved away , or been assimilated into other tribes .
After this , the lands of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley were under the nominal control of the Iroquois . The Iroquois lived in long houses , primarily in what is now New York , and had a strong confederacy which gave them power beyond their numbers . They and other tribes used the Pine Creek Path through the gorge , traveling between a path on the Genesee River in modern New York in the north , and the Great Shamokin Path along the West Branch Susquehanna River in the south . The Seneca tribe of the Iroquois believed that Pine Creek Gorge was sacred land and never established a permanent settlement there . They used the path through the gorge and had seasonal hunting camps along it , including one just north of the park near what would later be the village of Ansonia . To fill the void left by the demise of the Susquehannocks , the Iroquois encouraged displaced tribes from the east to settle in the West Branch watershed , including the Shawnee and Lenape ( or Delaware ) .
The French and Indian War ( 1754 – 63 ) led to the migration of many Native Americans westward to the Ohio River basin . On November 5 , 1768 , the British acquired the New Purchase from the Iroquois in the Treaty of Fort Stanwix , including what is now the Pine Creek Gorge east of the creek . The Purchase line established by this treaty was disputed , as it was unclear whether the border along " Tiadaghton Creek " referred to Pine Creek or to Lycoming Creek , further to the east . As a result , the land between them was disputed territory until 1784 and the Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix . After the American Revolutionary War , Native Americans almost entirely left Pennsylvania ; some isolated bands of natives remained in Pine Creek Gorge until the War of 1812 .
= = = Lumber era = = =
Prior to the arrival of William Penn and his Quaker colonists in 1682 , up to 90 percent of what is now Pennsylvania was covered with woods : more than 31 @,@ 000 square miles ( 80 @,@ 000 km2 ) of eastern white pine , eastern hemlock , and a mix of hardwoods . The forests near the three original counties , Philadelphia , Bucks , and Chester , were the first to be harvested , as the early settlers used the readily available timber and cleared land for agriculture . By the time of the American Revolution , logging had reached the interior and mountainous regions , and became a leading industry in Pennsylvania . Trees furnished fuel to heat homes , tannin for the state 's many tanneries , and wood for construction , furniture , and barrel making . Large areas of forest were harvested by colliers to fire iron furnaces . Rifle stocks and shingles were made from Pennsylvania timber , as were a wide variety of household utensils , and the first Conestoga wagons .
By the early 19th century the demand for lumber reached the Pine Creek Gorge , where the surrounding mountainsides were covered with eastern white pine 3 to 6 feet ( 1 to 2 m ) in diameter and 150 feet ( 50 m ) or more tall , eastern hemlock 9 feet ( 3 m ) in circumference , and huge hardwoods . Each acre ( 0 @.@ 4 ha ) of these virgin forests produced 100 @,@ 000 board feet ( 200 m3 ) of white pine and 200 @,@ 000 board feet ( 500 m3 ) of hemlock and hardwoods . For comparison , the same area of forest today produces a total of only 5 @,@ 000 board feet ( 10 m3 ) on average . According to Steven E. Owlett , environmental lawyer and author , shipbuilders considered pine from Pine Creek the " best timber in the world for making fine ship masts " , so it was the first lumber to be harvested on a large scale . The original title to the land that became Colton Point State Park was sold to the Wilhelm Wilkins Company in 1792 . Pine Creek was declared a public highway by the Pennsylvania General Assembly on March 16 , 1798 , and rafts of spars were floated down the creek to the Susquehanna River , then to the Chesapeake Bay and the shipbuilders at Baltimore . The lumbermen would then walk home , following the old Pine Creek Path at the end of their journey .
As the 19th century progressed , fewer pines were left and more hemlocks and hardwoods were cut and processed locally . By 1810 there were 11 sawmills in the Pine Creek watershed , and by 1840 there were 145 , despite a flood in 1832 which wiped out nearly all the mills along the creek . Selective harvesting of pines was replaced by clearcutting of all lumber in a tract . The first lumbering activity close to what is now Colton Point was in 1838 when William Dodge and partners built a settlement at Big Meadows and formed the Pennsylvania Joint Land and Lumber Company . Dodge 's company purchased thousands of acres of land in the area , including what is now Colton Point State Park . In 1865 the last pine spar raft floated down the creek , and on March 28 , 1871 the General Assembly passed a law which allowed construction of splash dams and allowed creeks to be cleared to allow loose logs to float better . The earliest spring log drives floated up to 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 board feet ( 50 @,@ 000 m3 ) of logs in Pine Creek at one time . These logs floated to the West Branch Susquehanna River and to sawmills near the Susquehanna Boom at Williamsport . Log drives could be dangerous : just north of the park is Barbour Rock , named for Samuel Barbour , who lost his life on Pine Creek there after breaking up a log jam . Hemlock wood was not widely used until the advent of wire nails , but the bark was used to tan leather . After 1870 the largest tanneries in the world were in the Pine Creek watershed , and required 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 900 kg ) of bark to produce 150 pounds ( 70 kg ) of quality sole leather .
In 1879 Henry Colton , who worked for the Williamsport Lumber Company , supervised the cutting of white pine on the land owned by Silas Billings ; this land would later become the park . Colton gave his name to the Colton Point overlook on the west rim of the Pine Creek Gorge . Deadman Hollow Road in the park is named for a trapper whose decomposed body was found in his own bear trap there in the early 20th century . Fourmile Run flows through the park : its O 'Connor Branch is named for the dead trapper 's brothers , who were loggers in the area .
In 1883 the Jersey Shore , Pine Creek and Buffalo Railway opened , following the creek through the gorge . The new railroad used the relatively level route along Pine Creek to link the New York Central Railroad ( NYC ) to the north with the Clearfield Coalfield to the southwest , and with NYC @-@ allied lines in Williamsport to the southeast . By 1896 the rail line 's daily traffic included three passenger trains and 7 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 short tons ( 6 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 t ) of freight . In the surrounding forests , log drives gave way to logging railroads , which transported lumber to local sawmills . There were 13 companies operating logging railroads along Pine Creek and its tributaries between 1886 and 1921 , while the last log drive in the Pine Creek watershed started on Little Pine Creek in 1905 . By 1900 the Leetonia logging railroad was extended to the headwaters of Fourmile Run , which has several high waterfalls that prevented logs from being floated down it . In 1903 the line reached Colton Point and Bear Run , which is the northern border of the park today . Lumber on Fourmile Run that had been previously inaccessible was harvested and transported by train , initially to Leonard Harrison 's mill at Tiadaghton . When that mill burned in 1905 , the lumber went to the Leetonia mill on Cedar Run in Elk Township .
The old @-@ growth forests were clearcut by the early 20th century and the gorge was stripped bare . Nothing was left except the dried @-@ out tree tops , which became a fire hazard . As a result , much of the land burned and was left barren . On May 6 , 1903 , the Wellsboro newspaper had the headline " Wild Lands <unk> " and reported landslides through the gorge . The soil was depleted of nutrients , fires baked the ground hard , and jungles of blueberries , blackberries , and mountain laurel covered the clearcut land , which became known as the " Pennsylvania Desert " . Floods swept the area periodically and much of the wildlife was wiped out .
= = = Conservation = = =
George Washington Sears , an early conservationist who wrote under the pen name " Nessmuk " , was one of the first to criticize the Pennsylvania lumber industry and its destruction of forests and creeks . In his 1884 book Woodcraft he wrote of the Pine Creek watershed where
A huge tannery ... poisons and blackens the stream with chemicals , bark and ooze . ... The once fine covers and thickets are converted into fields thickly dotted with blackened stumps . And , to crown the desolation , heavy laden trains of ' The Pine Creek and Jersey Shore R.R. ' go thundering [ by ] almost hourly ... Of course , this is progress ; but , whether backward or forward , had better be decided sixty years hence .