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The Chinese company Norinco has made an effort to reproduce this firearm . The Norinco 97 is an almost exact copy of the Winchester 1897 , produced in both Trench and Riot grades , yet lacking in the fit and finish of the originals .
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= = = Grades of the Model 97 = = =
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= = = Original Prices = = =
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When the Model 1897 was first introduced , the price depended upon what grade was being purchased and what features were being added to that specific gun . To purchase a plain finished shotgun would cost the buyer $ 25 . Whereas to have an engraved receiver with checkered and finer wood included , it would cost $ 100 . The more expensive grades of the Model 1897 were the standard , trap , pigeon , and tournament grades . These were the grades that were normally equipped with an engraved receiver and with checkered , finer wood . The less expensive and plainer grades were the Brush , Brush Takedown , Riot , and Trench . These grades were not given the higher valued wood or special designs . This is because these guns were designed and built for hard abuse . These grades stood a higher chance of being badly damaged so there was no need to put extra money into them for appearance purposes . As the functions that were performed with these grades required them to be lightweight it was not beneficial to use heavy and expensive wood when designing them . Most often , when these grades were purchased , they were purchased in high numbers . By designing these grades with standard wood and finish , it kept the prices at a lower level .
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= = Military use = =
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The Model 1897 was popular before World War I , but it was after the war broke out that sales of the Model 1897 picked up . This was because many were produced to meet the demands of the Military . When the United States entered World War I , there was a need for more service weapons to be issued to the troops . It became clear to the United States just how brutal trench warfare was , and how great the need was for a large amount of close @-@ range firepower while fighting in a trench , after they had observed the war for the first three years . The Model 1897 Trench grade was an evolution of this idea . The pre @-@ existing Winchester Model 1897 was modified by adding a perforated steel heat shield over the barrel which protected the hand of the user from the barrel when it became over @-@ heated , and an adapter with bayonet lug for affixing an M1917 bayonet .
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This model was ideal for close combat and was efficient in trench warfare due to its 20 inch cylinder bore barrel . Buckshot ammunition was issued with the trench grade during the war . Each round of this ammunition contained nine 00 ( .33 @-@ caliber ) buckshot pellets . This gave considerable firepower to the individual soldier by each round that was fired . This shorter barrel and large amount of firepower is what made this grade ideal for trench warfare . The Model 1897 was used by American troops for other purposes in World War I other than a force multiplier . American soldiers who were skilled at trap shooting were armed with these guns and stationed where they could fire at enemy hand grenades in midair . This would deflect the grenades from falling into the American trenches and therefore protect American soldiers .
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Unlike most modern pump @-@ action shotguns , the Winchester Model 1897 ( versions of which were type classified as the Model 97 or <unk> for short ) fired each time the action closed with the trigger depressed ( that is , it lacks a trigger <unk> ) . Coupled with its six @-@ shot capacity made it effective for close combat , such that troops referred to it as a " trench sweeper " . This characteristic allowed troops to fire the whole magazine with great speed . The Model 1897 was so effective , and feared , that the German government protested ( in vain ) to have it outlawed in combat . The Model 1897 was used in limited numbers during World War II by the United States Army and Marine Corps , although it was largely superseded by the similarly militarized version of the hammerless Model 1912 .
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Other military uses of the shotgun included " the execution of security / interior guard operations , rear area security operations , guarding prisoners of war , raids , ambushes , military operations in urban terrain , and selected special operations . "
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= = World War I protests = =
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Although the Model 1897 was popular with American troops in World War I , the Germans soon began to protest its use in combat . " On 19 September 1918 , the German government issued a diplomatic protest against the American use of shotguns , alleging that the shotgun was prohibited by the law of war . " A part of the German protest read that " [ i ] t is especially forbidden to employ arms , projections , or materials calculated to cause unnecessary suffering " as defined in the 1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare . This is the only known occasion in which the legality of actual combat use of the shotgun has been raised . However , the United States interpreted their use of the shotgun differently than Germany . The Judge Advocate General of the Army , Secretary of State Robert Lansing carefully considered and reviewed the applicable law and promptly rejected the German protest . France and Britain considered using shotguns as trench warfare weapons during World War I. The shotgun in question was a double @-@ barreled shotgun , which was not used because they were unable to obtain high powered ammunition and that type of gun is slow to reload in close combat .
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= = = German Response = = =
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The rejection of their protest greatly upset the German forces , because they believed they were treated unjustly in the war . Shortly after the protest was rejected , Germany issued threats that they would punish all captured American soldiers that were found to be armed with a shotgun . This led to the United States issuing a retaliation threat , stating that any measures unjustly taken against captured American soldiers would lead to an equal act by the United States on captured German soldiers .
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= = Other uses = =
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After the war , a shorter @-@ barrelled version of the Model 1897 was marketed by Winchester as a riot gun . Messengers of The American Express Company were armed with this weapon as were various police departments throughout the US . The differences between this riot version and the trench version were the riot version lacked the heat shield and bayonet lug , and all trench guns were equipped with sling swivels , whereas most riot guns were not .
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= We Remain =
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" We Remain " is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera , taken from The Hunger Games : Catching Fire – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack , the soundtrack to the 2013 American science @-@ fiction adventure film The Hunger Games : Catching Fire . It was released as the third single from the soundtrack on October 1 , 2013 , following Coldplay 's " Atlas " and Sia 's " Elastic Heart " . Composed by Ryan Tedder , Brent Kutzle and <unk> <unk> , " We Remain " is an arena pop power ballad talking about " perseverance " . Contemporary music critics lauded the song for its sound and picked it as one of the highlights from the soundtrack . The single appeared on a few national record charts including Belgium and South Korea .
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= = Background and composition = =
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Following the release of her seventh studio album , Lotus ( 2012 ) , which spawned two singles " Your Body " and " Just a Fool " , Aguilera was reported to be featured on the soundtrack for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Original Motion Picture Soundtrack with a song called " We Remain " in September 2013 . On September 25 , 2013 , Aguilera unveiled a 90 @-@ second preview of the track .
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The song was released as the third single from the soundtrack , following " Atlas " by Coldplay and " Elastic Heart " by Sia Furler . It was released as a digital download single at Amazon.com on October 1 , 2013 . It was also released on the iTunes Stores on the same day . On October 8 , " We Remain " impacted US contemporary hit radio . Aguilera performed " We Remain " live with her contestant Jacquie Lee during the season finale of the fifth season of The Voice on December 17 , 2013 . A studio version of the duet was released on the US iTunes Store on December 16 , 2013 .
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" We Remain " was written by Ryan Tedder and Brent Kutzle of OneRepublic , and <unk> <unk> . The song is a midtempo arena pop power ballad . It lasts for a duration of 4 : 00 ( four minutes ) . Aguilera sings with " enormous " and " soaring " vocals on a " propulsive Ryan Tedder @-@ ish beat " background . " We Remain " incorporates a smooth piano and drum machine in its instrumentation . According to Billboard magazine , the ballad " finds [ Aguilera ] tamping down [ ... ] for a natural and forceful message of perseverance " . At the chorus , Aguilera sings " So burn me with fire / Drown me with rain / I 'm gonna wake up screaming your name / Yes I 'm a sinner , yes I 'm a saint / whatever happens here , whatever happens here , we remain " . Several critics compared " We Remain " to Aguilera 's previous hit " Beautiful " ( 2002 ) and Alicia Keys ' " Girl on Fire " ( 2012 ) for musical similarities .
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= = Critical reception = =
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" We Remain " received critical acclaim from music critics . Ryan Reed from Rolling Stone magazine praised the " triumphant sounding " track " sure to be a hit at District 12 radio " . An editor from The Huffington Post picked " We Remain " as one of the standout tracks from the soundtrack that " encapsulates the spirit and power of Games ' heroine , Katniss " . Sam Lansky for Idolator praised the single 's musical departure from Aguilera 's ballads for her 2012 album Lotus . Brett Malec of E ! simply called it " a beautiful track " , while a staff writer from Billboard named it a " triumphant " song . While reviewing the soundtrack for The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , Alex Young from Consequence of Sound selected " We Remain " as one of the highlights from the album , which made Aguilera " the biggest star on display " . Entertainment Weekly writer Nick Catucci picked it as one of the best tracks , calling it " an awesome reminder of Christina 's power " and " one of the most righteous doses of uplift this year , on any platform " .
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= = Personnel = =
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Credits adapted from The Hunger Games : Catching Fire soundtrack digital inlay cover
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= = Track listing = =
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Digital download
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" We Remain " – 4 : 00
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= = Charts = =
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" We Remain " peaked at number 58 on the South Korean Gaon International Download Chart with 2 @,@ 689 copies sold on October 6 , 2013 . The single also peaked at number 31 on the Belgian Flanders Singles Chart and number 14 on the Belgian Wallonian Singles Chart .
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= = Release history = =
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Notes
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= FreeBSD =
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FreeBSD is a free Unix @-@ like operating system descended from Research Unix via the Berkeley Software Distribution ( BSD ) . Although for legal reasons FreeBSD cannot use the Unix trademark , it is a direct descendant of BSD , which was historically also called " BSD Unix " or " Berkeley Unix " . The first version of FreeBSD was released in 1993 , and today FreeBSD is the most widely used open @-@ source BSD distribution , accounting for more than three @-@ quarters of all installed systems running open @-@ source BSD derivatives .
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FreeBSD has similarities with Linux , with two major differences in scope and licensing : FreeBSD maintains a complete operating system , i.e. the project delivers kernel , device drivers , userland utilities and documentation , as opposed to Linux delivering a kernel and drivers only and relying on third @-@ parties for system software ; and FreeBSD source code is generally released under a permissive BSD license as opposed to the copyleft GPL used by Linux .
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The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution . A wide range of additional third @-@ party applications may be installed using the <unk> package management system or the FreeBSD Ports , or by directly compiling source code . Due to its permissive licensing terms , much of FreeBSD 's code base has become an integral part of other operating systems such as Juniper <unk> and Apple 's OS X.
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= = History = =
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= = = Background = = =
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FreeBSD 's roots go back to the University of California , Berkeley . The university acquired a UNIX source license from AT & T. Students of the university started to modify and improve the AT & T Unix and called this modified version Berkeley Unix or BSD , implementing features such as TCP / IP , virtual memory and the Unix File System . The BSD project was founded in 1976 by Bill Joy . But since BSD contained code from AT & T Unix , all recipients had to get a license from AT & T first in order to use BSD .
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In June 1989 , " Networking Release 1 " or simply Net @-@ 1 – the first public version of BSD – was released . After releasing Net @-@ 1 , Keith Bostic , a developer of BSD , suggested replacing all AT & T code with freely @-@ <unk> code under the original BSD license . Work on replacing AT & T code began and , after 18 months , much of the AT & T code was replaced . However , six files containing AT & T code remained in the kernel . The BSD developers decided to release the " Networking Release 2 " without those six files . Net @-@ 2 was released in 1991 .
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= = = Birth of FreeBSD = = =
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In 1992 , several months after the release of Net @-@ 2 , William <unk> and Lynne <unk> wrote replacements for those six missing files and ported BSD to the Intel <unk> @-@ based microprocessors and called their new operating system 386BSD . They released 386BSD via an anonymous FTP server . The development flow of 386BSD was slow and after a period of neglect , a group of 386BSD users decided to branch out on their own and create FreeBSD so that they could keep the operating system up to date . The first version of FreeBSD was released on November 1993 .
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In the early days of the project 's inception , a company named Walnut Creek <unk> , upon the suggestion of the two FreeBSD developers , agreed to release the operating system on CD @-@ ROM . In addition to that , the company employed Jordan Hubbard and David Greenman , ran FreeBSD on its servers , sponsored FreeBSD conferences and published FreeBSD @-@ related books , including The Complete FreeBSD by Greg <unk> . By 1997 , FreeBSD was Walnut Creek 's " most successful product " . The company itself later renamed to The FreeBSD Mall and later <unk> .
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Today , FreeBSD is used by many IT companies such as IBM , Nokia , Juniper Networks , and NetApp to build their product . Certain parts of Apple 's Mac OS X operating system are based on FreeBSD . The PlayStation 3 operating system also borrows certain components from FreeBSD , while the PlayStation 4 operating system is derived from FreeBSD 9 . Netflix , WhatsApp , and <unk> are also examples of big , successful and heavily network @-@ oriented companies which are running FreeBSD .
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= = = Lawsuit = = =
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386BSD and FreeBSD were both derived from 1992 's BSD release . In January 1992 , BSDi started to release BSD / 386 , later called BSD / OS , an operating system similar to FreeBSD and based on 1992 's BSD release . AT & T filed a lawsuit against BSDi and alleged distribution of AT & T source code in violation of license agreements . The lawsuit was settled out of court and the exact terms were not all disclosed . The only one that became public was that BSDi would migrate their source base to the newer 4.4BSD @-@ Lite sources . Although not involved in the litigation , it was suggested to FreeBSD that they should also move to 4.4BSD @-@ Lite . FreeBSD 2 @.@ 0 , which was released on November 1994 , was the first version of FreeBSD without any code from AT & T.
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= = Features = =
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= = = Uses = = =
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As a general purpose operating system , FreeBSD could be used in various scenarios :
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Servers
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FreeBSD contains a significant collection of server @-@ related software in the base system and the ports collection , it is possible to configure and use FreeBSD as a mail server , web server , Firewall , FTP server , DNS server and a router , among other applications .
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Desktop
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Although FreeBSD does not install the X Window System by default , it is available in the FreeBSD ports collection . A number of Desktop environments such as GNOME , KDE and Xfce , and lightweight window managers such as <unk> , <unk> and <unk> are also available to FreeBSD .
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Embedded systems
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Although it explicitly focuses on the x86 and x86 @-@ 64 platforms , FreeBSD also supports others such as ARM , PowerPC and MIPS to a lesser degree .
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= = = Networking = = =
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Subsets and Splits
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