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= = = Life history = = =
Gregory Erickson and colleagues have studied the growth and life history of tyrannosaurids using bone histology , which can determine the age of a specimen when it died . A growth curve can be developed when the ages of various individuals are plotted against their sizes on a graph . Tyrannosaurids grew throughout their lives , but underwent tremendous growth spurts for about four years , after an extended juvenile phase . Sexual maturity may have ended this rapid growth phase , after which growth slowed down considerably in adult animals . Examining five Gorgosaurus specimens of various sizes , Erickson calculated a maximum growth rate of about 50 kg ( 110 lb ) per year during the rapid growth phase , slower than in tyrannosaurines like Daspletosaurus and Tyrannosaurus , but comparable to Albertosaurus .
Gorgosaurus spent as much as half its life in the juvenile phase before ballooning up to near @-@ maximum size in only a few years . This , along with the complete lack of predators intermediate in size between huge adult tyrannosaurids and other small theropods , suggests that these niches may have been filled by juvenile tyrannosaurids . This pattern is seen in modern Komodo dragons , whose hatchlings start off as tree @-@ dwelling insectivores and slowly mature into massive apex predators capable of taking down large vertebrates . Other tyrannosaurids , including Albertosaurus , have been found in aggregations that some have suggested to represent mixed @-@ age packs , but there is no evidence of gregarious behavior in Gorgosaurus .
= = = Paleopathology = = =
Several pathologies have been documented in the Gorgosaurus libratus holotype , NMC 2120 . These include the third right dorsal rib , as well as healed fractures on the 13th and 14th gastralia and left fibula . Its fourth left metatarsal bore roughened <unk> both in the middle and at the far end . The third phalanx of the third right toe is deformed , as the claw on that digit has been described as " quite small and amorphous " . The three pathologies may have been received in a single encounter with another dinosaur .
Another specimen cataloged as <unk> bears multiple pathologies . A 10 cm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) longitudinal fracture is present in the middle of the right fibula 's shaft . Multiple ribs bear healed fractures and the specimen had a <unk> <unk> . Lesions from a bite received to the face were present and showed evidence that the wounds were healing before the animal died .
<unk> is another Gorgosaurus with preserved face bite injuries but also has a thoroughly healed fracture in the right fibula . Also present was a healed fracture in the dentary and what the authors describing the specimen referred to as " a mushroom @-@ like hyperostosis of a right pedal phalanx . " Ralph Molnar has speculated that this may be the same kind of pathology afflicting an unidentified ornithomimid discovered with a similar mushroom shaped growth on a toe bone . <unk> is also preserved in a characteristic death pose .
Another specimen has a poorly healed fracture of the right fibula , which left a large callus on the bone . In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists , 54 foot bones referred to Gorgosaurus were examined for signs of stress fracture , but none were found .
= = Paleoecology = =
Most specimens of Gorgosaurus libratus have been recovered from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta . This formation dates to the middle of the Campanian , between 76 @.@ 5 and 74 @.@ 8 million years ago , and Gorgosaurus libratus fossils are known specifically from the lower to middle section of the formation , between 76 @.@ 6 and 75 @.@ 1 million years ago . The Two Medicine Formation and Judith River Formation of Montana have also yielded possible Gorgosaurus remains . At this time , the area was a coastal plain along the western edge of the Western Interior Seaway , which divided North America in half . The Laramide Orogeny had begun uplifting the Rocky Mountains to the west , from which flowed great rivers that deposited eroded sediment in vast floodplains along the coast . The climate was subtropical with marked seasonality , and periodic droughts sometimes resulted in massive mortality among the great herds of dinosaurs , as represented in the numerous bonebed deposits preserved in the Dinosaur Park Formation . Conifers formed the forest canopy , while the understory plants consisted of ferns , tree ferns and angiosperms . Around 73 million years ago , the seaway began to expand , transgressing into areas formerly above sea level and drowning the Dinosaur Park ecosystem . This transgression , called the Bearpaw Sea , is recorded by the marine sediments of the massive Bearpaw Shale .
The Dinosaur Park Formation preserves a great wealth of vertebrate fossils . A wide variety of fish swam the rivers and estuaries , including gars , sturgeons , sharks and rays , among others . Frogs , salamanders , turtles , crocodilians and <unk> also dwelled in the aquatic habitats . Azhdarchid pterosaurs and neornithine birds like Apatornis flew overhead , while the enantiornithine bird Avisaurus lived on the ground alongside multituberculate , marsupial and placental mammals . A number of species of terrestrial lizards were also present , including whiptails , skinks , monitors and alligator lizards . Dinosaur fossils in particular are found with unrivaled abundance and diversity . Huge herds of ceratopsids roamed the floodplains alongside equally large groups of hadrosaurine and lambeosaurine hadrosaurs . Other herbivorous groups like ornithomimids , therizinosaurs , pachycephalosaurs , small ornithopods , nodosaurids and ankylosaurids were also represented . Small predatory dinosaurs like oviraptorosaurs , troodonts and dromaeosaurs hunted smaller prey than the huge tyrannosaurids ; Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus , which were two orders of magnitude larger in mass . Intervening predatory niches may have been filled by young tyrannosaurids . A Saurornitholestes dentary has been discovered in the Dinosaur Park Formation that bore tooth marks left by the bite of a young tyrannosaur , possibly Gorgosaurus .
= James Constable =
James Ashley Constable ( born 4 October 1984 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for National League club Eastleigh .
Constable started his career with the Cirencester Town youth system , before breaking into the first team during the 2002 – 03 season . He moved to Chippenham Town in 2003 , before signing for Walsall in the Football League in 2005 . He moved out on loan to Kidderminster Harriers of the Conference National in 2006 , before signing permanently in 2007 . After a year at the club , during which he scored the first club goal at the new Wembley Stadium in the FA Trophy final , he returned to the League with Shrewsbury Town . After spending the 2008 – 09 season on loan at Oxford United , he signed for the club permanently in 2009 . Constable scored the second goal in Oxford 's 3 – 1 2010 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final victory over York City in 2010 , which secured Oxford 's promotion into League Two . He was leading goalscorer in each of his six seasons at the club , and when he left after the 2013 – 14 season he had scored 106 goals , one short of the club record .
He has played for the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ League level , making his debut in 2007 in a 2 – 0 victory over Finland in the International Challenge Trophy . He scored the goal in a 2 – 2 draw with Italy in 2008 that took England to the International Challenge Trophy Final , which Constable played in as England were defeated 1 – 0 by the Belgium under @-@ 21 team in 2009 .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Born in Malmesbury , Wiltshire , Constable grew up in the town as a Tottenham Hotspur supporter . He played for Malmesbury Youth before starting his career with Cirencester Town after progressing through their youth system , playing for the Academy and making several first team appearances as a substitute in the 2002 – 03 season . He progressed to being a regular in the team and signed for Southern League Premier Division team Chippenham Town in December 2003 . He made his debut in a 3 – 1 defeat to Tiverton Town on 1 January 2004 , scoring in the following game against Nuneaton Borough with the opening goal in a 1 – 1 draw . He finished the 2003 – 04 season with 19 appearances and nine goals for Chippenham . He made 37 appearances and scored 13 goals during the 2004 – 05 season . He scored for Chippenham with the opening goal in a 1 – 1 draw against Worcester City in the FA Cup first round in November 2005 . While playing as a semi @-@ professional at Chippenham , he worked in an undergarment lining factory .
= = = Walsall = = =
Football League sides Bristol City , Swansea City , Swindon Town and Walsall all made enquiries for Constable in November 2005 . He eventually signed for League One team Walsall on 21 November 2005 on loan until 1 January 2006 , when he would sign permanently for a fee of £ 4 @,@ 000 on a contract until June 2007 , having made 14 appearances and scored eight goals for Chippenham up to that point during the 2005 – 06 season . He made his debut as an 82nd @-@ minute substitute in a 1 – 0 victory over Bournemouth in the Football League Trophy on 22 November . This was followed by his Football League debut four days later after being introduced as an 89th @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 1 victory over Rotherham United .
He scored his first goal for Walsall in a 3 – 2 victory over Wycombe Wanderers in the Trophy on 20 December with a " fine drive " , which drew the teams at 1 – 1 . Constable scored two goals in seven minutes to help Walsall to a 2 – 0 victory over Blackpool . His first appearance after signing permanently came in a 3 – 0 defeat to Bristol City on 2 January 2006 . He scored Walsall 's second equaliser in a 2 – 2 draw against Swansea City in the Trophy , which was lost 6 – 5 on a penalty shoot @-@ out . Chippenham failed in an attempt to re @-@ sign Constable on loan for the remainder of the 2005 – 06 season in February . He scored his last goal of the 2005 – 06 season with a shot from Dean Keates ' cross , which was the opening goal in a 1 – 1 draw with Port Vale in April . He finished the season with five goals in 20 appearances for Walsall .
= = = Kidderminster Harriers = = =
He joined Conference National team Kidderminster Harriers on a two @-@ month loan on 24 November , after having made nine appearances for Walsall up to that point during the 2006 – 07 season . After arriving at Kidderminster , he made " a mammoth impact " . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 defeat to Stevenage Borough , and manager Mark Yates praised him , saying " I thought James was excellent , bar taking the couple of chances that fell his way he can be well pleased with himself . " He scored his first goal in the following game , a 3 – 1 victory over Gravesend & Northfleet , with a " clinical finish " from a Michael Blackwood cross . He scored two goals against Stafford Rangers after he " coolly slotted home " and scored with " ease into the bottom @-@ right corner " , which gave Kidderminster a 2 – 1 victory on 26 December . His hat @-@ trick in a 4 – 0 victory against Vauxhall Motors in the first round of the FA Trophy in January 2007 was the first for a Kidderminster player since Bo Henriksen in 2003 . After impressing during the loan , he moved to the club permanently on a two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee on 31 January . He scored Kidderminster 's equaliser in a 1 – 1 draw against St Albans City on 24 March , before being sent off for a " wild " challenge on Ahmed Deen . In the 2007 FA Trophy Final Constable scored the first and second goals for an English club at the new Wembley Stadium , although his efforts were in vain as Kidderminster lost 3 – 2 to Stevenage Borough . He finished the season as Kidderminster 's top scorer with 16 goals in 32 appearances .
He scored his first goals of the 2007 – 08 season with a hat @-@ trick in a 4 – 0 victory over Exeter City on 1 September . After two games without scoring , he scored a second hat @-@ trick for Kidderminster in a 5 – 4 defeat to Ebbsfleet United . He was substituted at half time in Kidderminster 's 2 – 1 defeat to Histon in October , after picking up a hamstring injury . He made his return in a 2 – 0 victory over Ware in the FA Cup in November , scoring the first goal from 18 yards . He was sent off in a 2 – 0 defeat against Oxford United for elbowing James Clarke , and after having an appeal rejected , he was given a three @-@ match suspension . He made his return in a 2 – 1 away win over Hinckley United in the Conference League Cup on 22 December .
= = = Shrewsbury Town = = =
Constable transferred to League Two club Shrewsbury Town on 31 January 2008 , transfer deadline day , along with Harriers teammate Scott Bevan , being billed as " the striker to help Shrewsbury Town push for the play @-@ offs . " He made his debut two days later , coming on as a 50th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 1 defeat to Lincoln City . A week later , Constable scored his first goal for Shrewsbury with an equaliser against Brentford on 79 minutes . He made his full debut in the next game on 12 February , scoring twice as his team came back from 3 – 0 down to draw 3 – 3 at home to Milton Keynes Dons . He scored one more goal before the end of the season , in a 3 – 0 victory over Wrexham , which he finished with 14 appearances and four goals . The signings of Grant Holt and Richard Walker during the summer resulted in Constable being moved further down the pecking order at Shrewsbury .
= = = Oxford United = = =
Constable returned to the Conference Premier after signing for Oxford United on a season @-@ long loan for the 2008 – 09 season on 8 July 2008 . He made his debut in a 3 – 0 defeat by Barrow on 8 August 2008 , scoring his first goals in a 6 – 3 victory over Eastbourne Borough a week later , netting twice and providing an assist . He scored both goals in a 2 – 1 victory over Northwich Victoria in September , which was Oxford 's first away victory of the season . He picked up a groin strain during a 1 – 1 draw with Kettering Town , and he was expected to be out of action for two to three weeks . He did not miss any matches through this injury , featuring in a 1 – 0 defeat to former club Kidderminster . He scored the winning goal in a 2 – 1 victory over Burton Albion on 18 October 2008 , which he said " was an absolutely massive result " . Manager Chris Wilder said in January 2009 he wanted to extend Constable 's stay the club , claiming he " epitomises what I am trying to build here at the club " . With regard to extending his stay at Oxford , Constable said he was " open to offers " . He gathered further praise from Wilder later in the month and there were calls from Oxford fans for Constable to be signed permanently .
Constable had a run of scoring five goals in as many games from 28 December 2008 to 20 January 2009 , which constituted four home victories for Oxford . Following this , he went seven games without a goal , before scoring two in a 3 – 3 draw with Forest Green Rovers on 7 March 2009 . Oxford announced he had agreed a permanent deal with the club in April 2009 , although this was denied by Shrewsbury , who stated the transfer was not yet complete . He scored the winning goal for Oxford in a 1 – 0 victory over Wrexham on 11 April 2009 with a header in the fourth minute of stoppage time , which was described as " one of the most dramatic late goals in Oxford United 's history " . He finished the season with 49 appearances and 26 goals , after which he claimed Oxford 's Supporters ' Player of the Year and the Players ' Player of the Year awards . Constable 's permanent transfer to Oxford eventually took place on 28 April 2009 , signing a three @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . After the end of the season , he won the Conference Premier 's Player of the Year and Fans ' Player of the Year awards .
He started the 2009 – 10 season with a " flood of goals " , scoring six times in his first 11 appearances , with his first goals of the season coming in a 4 – 3 victory over Histon on 15 August 2009 . In the following game , he scored his first hat @-@ trick for Oxford in a 4 – 0 victory over Chester City . However , following Chester 's expulsion from the Football Conference in March 2010 , these goals were discounted from the records as their results were expunged . He said in February 2010 that he was considering stepping aside as Oxford 's penalty kick taker after having missed three during the season . Constable suffered an ankle injury in March 2010 , meaning he missed three games , with manager Wilder saying " I wouldn ’ t put the long @-@ term health of James in jeopardy " . He made his return in a 0 – 0 draw with Tamworth on 21 March 2010 . Constable scored for Oxford in a 1 – 1 draw at Rushden & Diamonds in their play @-@ off semi @-@ final first leg on 29 April 2010 , giving them the lead on 29 minutes with a 12 yard volley before Mark Byrne equalised for Rushden . He scored the second goal in the 2 – 0 victory over Rushden in the second leg , meaning the tie was won 3 – 1 on aggregate . He scored Oxford 's second goal as they defeated York City 3 – 1 in the 2010 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final at Wembley to end their four @-@ year exile from the Football League . At the Football Conference 's Annual Presentation Dinner , he was named in the Conference Premier Team of the Year , having finished the season with 26 goals in 44 games .
Having acted as captain during the previous season following an injury to Adam Murray , he was appointed captain permanently ahead of the 2010 – 11 season . He played in Oxford 's first Football League game since promotion , a 0 – 0 draw with Burton on 7 August . His first goals of the season came after he scored two in a 6 – 1 victory over League One team Bristol Rovers on 10 August . Constable finished the season with 17 goals in 46 appearances .
Oxford accepted an improved offer for Constable from local rivals Swindon Town on 19 January 2012 . Oxford allowed Constable to talk to the club , although he refused the opportunity to discuss the move with Swindon manager Paolo Di Canio .
On 16 November 2013 Constable scored his 100th goal for Oxford in a 3 – 1 away victory at Mansfield Town .
= = = Eastleigh = = =
Having been one goal short of equalling Oxford 's club record for goals scored of 107 , Constable turned down a new contract with the club to sign for newly promoted Conference Premier team Eastleigh on a two @-@ year deal on 21 May 2014 . He made his debut in a 3 – 0 away victory over Nuneaton Town on the opening day of the 2014 – 15 season on 9 August 2014 .
= = International career = =
Constable was named in the England C team , who represent England at non @-@ League level , in November 2007 , for a 2007 – 09 International Challenge Trophy game against Finland . He made his debut after starting the game and England won 2 – 0 . He was called up again in October 2008 for a game against Italy , scoring the goal that sent England to the International Challenge Trophy Final in a 2 – 2 draw at the Stadio Santa Colomba . Constable was called up to the team for this game against the Belgium under @-@ 21 team , saying " It 's an incredibly proud feeling to be representing my country at this level . " He started the game , which was played at Oxford 's Kassam Stadium , and England lost 1 – 0 , during which he had a frustrating performance . He earned three caps and scored one goal for England C from 2007 to 2009 .
= = Style of play = =
Constable plays as a striker and is " a big , powerful frontman with bags of pace " . He has been described as being a prolific goalscorer , leading to remarks of him being a " hot @-@ shot " and a " goal machine " . He was described as a " young , hungry player with bags of potential " by Kidderminster manager Mark Yates in 2007 . His strike partnership at Oxford United with Matt Green and Jamie Cook was described as " devastating " in 2009 .
= = Career statistics = =
As of match played 12 April 2016 .
= = Honours = =
Oxford United
Conference Premier play @-@ offs : 2009 – 10
Individual
Oxford United Player of the Year : 2008 – 09
Conference Premier Player of the Year : 2008 – 09
Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2009 – 10
= Ruislip =
Ruislip ( / <unk> / RY @-@ slip ) is a town in west London , England , which is part of the London Borough of Hillingdon .
It was formerly a parish in the county of Middlesex covering the neighbouring areas of Eastcote , Northwood , Ruislip Manor and South Ruislip . The parish appears in the Domesday Book , and some of the earliest settlements still exist today , designated as local heritage sites . The parish church , St Martin 's , dates back to the 13th century and remains in use . The buildings at the northern end of Ruislip High Street form the core of the original village square and are now Grade II listed . It originally featured a central water pump which was moved out of the road in the 1970s as a result of increased traffic .
The expansion of the Metropolitan Railway in the early 20th century acted as a catalyst for development in the area . A station was opened in Ruislip in 1904 and the parish council created a new urban district to address the forthcoming population growth . The Ruislip @-@ Northwood Urban District continued until 1965 when Ruislip became part of the newly established London Borough of Hillingdon . Between 1911 and 1961 , Ruislip @-@ Northwood experienced a significant rise in population , from 6 @,@ 217 to 72 @,@ 791 , largely attributed to the extension of the railway .
Major landmarks in the area include Ruislip Lido , a former reservoir , now an area of public parkland with its own miniature railway and Manor Farm , a settlement dating from the 9th century which is now designated as a local heritage site . Ruislip is included within the Ruislip , Northwood and Pinner Parliament constituency and is covered by three electoral wards within the local council .
= = History = =
= = = Toponymy = = =
At the time of Edward the Confessor , the parishes of Ruislip and Ickenham belonged to a Saxon named <unk> Wit , a thane of the king who owned land in 11 counties . Ruislip parish included what is now the modern Ruislip , Northwood , Eastcote , Ruislip Manor and South Ruislip . Wit lost much of his land during the Norman conquest of England ; Arnulf de Hesdin took control of Ruislip – his ownership is recorded within the 1086 Domesday Book .
Ruislip appears in the Domesday Book as <unk> , thought to mean ' leaping place on the river where rushes grow ' , in reference to the River Pinn . It is formed from the Old English ' <unk> ' and ' <unk> ' . Translated from Latin , an entry reads :
M. Arnulf [ Ernulf ] of Hesdin holds <unk> [ Ruislip ] . It is assessed for 30 hides . Land for 20 ploughs . In lordship 11 hides ; 3 ploughs there . There are 12 ploughs between the Frenchmen and the villagers ; a further 5 possible .
A priest , ½ hide ; 2 villagers with 1 hide ; 17 villagers , 1 virgate each ; 10 villagers , ½ virgate each ; 7 smallholders , 4 acres each ; 8 cottagers ; 4 slaves ; 4 Frenchmen with 3 hides and 1 virgate .
Pasture for the village livestock ; a park for woodland beasts ; woodland , 1500 pigs , and <unk> too .
Total value £ 20 ; when acquired £ 12 ; before 1066 £ 30 .
<unk> Wight , a thane of King Edward 's , held this manor ; he could sell it to whom he would .