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Ward made thirty wood engravings for the book , ranging in size from 5 × 3 inches ( 12 @.@ 7 × 7 @.@ 6 cm ) to 5 1 ⁄ 4 × 3 1 ⁄ 4 inches ( 13 @.@ 3 × 8 @.@ 3 cm ) . It was published in 1933 by the Equinox Cooperative Press , a bookmaking cooperative that Ward had cofounded . The first edition was the third book Equinox published . It was limited to 920 copies and printed from the original woodblocks . It was hand @-@ bound in French folds and a gold foil spine . Modestly priced , it sold well and brought in revenue to sustain Equinox 's other book projects .
Reception was mixed . Reviewer E. L. Tinker praised Ward 's visual mastery , but denigrated Ward 's repetition of plot — the protagonist 's " revolt against the injustices of society his preoccupation with sex , his self @-@ loathing after he has succumbed to the scarlet woman , and his final disillusionment " . Wood engraver John <unk> considered Prelude to a Million Years his favorite of Ward 's wordless novels .
= Nemesis Inferno =
Nemesis Inferno is a steel inverted roller coaster at the Thorpe Park theme park in Surrey , England , UK . Its Layout was conceived and designed by John Wardley and then built by Bolliger & Mabillard with Werner Stengel providing the layout calculations ( as he has with hundreds of roller coasters ) , the same Swiss firm that built the related Nemesis inverted roller coaster at Alton Towers . As a result , Nemesis and Nemesis Inferno are often compared , with Nemesis being cited by many as a superior ride .
The 750 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) Nemesis Inferno is themed around an erupting tropical volcano . The ride stands 29 metres ( 95 ft ) tall , features a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) , and four inversions .
= = History = =
In 2002 , after the opening of Colossus , Thorpe Park officially announced the addition of Nemesis Inferno in 2003 . Construction took place throughout 2002 with the first test run being completed in December 2002 . Nemesis Inferno officially opened to the public on 5 April 2003 . According to Nikki Nolan of The Tussauds Group who operated the park at the time , the ride was installed just one year after Colossus to " help transform Thorpe Park into a real thrill park " .
In 2004 , Thorpe Park approached Guinness World Records to set the record for the " Most Naked People on a Rollercoaster " . In May 2004 , 81 students took part in the record , which was set at 28 – the number of seats on a single Nemesis Inferno train . In August 2004 , Nemesis at Alton Towers broke the record with 32 riders .
The roller coaster was used on an episode of The Inbetweeners .
= = Characteristics = =
The 750 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) Nemesis Inferno stands 29 metres ( 95 ft ) tall . With a top speed of 77 kilometres per hour ( 48 mph ) , the ride features four inversions including a vertical loop , a zero @-@ g roll , and a set of interlocking corkscrews . Riders of Nemesis Inferno experience up to 4 @.@ 5 times the force of gravity on the near @-@ two @-@ minute ride . The ride is reported to have cost £ 8 million .
Nemesis Inferno operates with two steel and fiberglass trains , each containing seven cars . Each car seats four riders in a single row for a total of 28 riders per train . Two seats on Nemesis Inferno have been modified to cater for larger riders .
The ride is themed around an erupting volcano . The name of the ride suggests that it is related to the original Nemesis , an inverted coaster installed at Alton Towers in 1994 .
= = Ride experience = =
After leaving the station , the train takes a right @-@ hand swing into a dark tunnel , where it is shot with simulated fire . It makes a brief left turn before entering the 29 @-@ metre @-@ tall ( 95 ft ) lift hill . At the top , it takes a long left @-@ swing drop into its first inversion , a vertical loop right . This is followed by a zero @-@ g roll , where riders experience a feeling of weightlessness . The ride then turns to the right and enters the first of the interlocking corkscrews , then enters a right @-@ handed , over @-@ banked turn before continuing through the second of the interlocking corkscrews . After a large right turn , followed by a sharp left turn , the car begins to brake . Following a small right turn , it continues to the station .
= = Reception = =
In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll , Nemesis Inferno entered at position 70 in 2003 , before peaking at 51 in 2006 . The ride 's ranking in subsequent polls is shown in the table below .
Nemesis Inferno is commonly compared with its Alton Towers counterpart , Nemesis , with many citing the latter as the superior ride . Nemesis has ranked favourably in Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards , being one of only seven roller coasters to appear in the top 50 steel roller coasters for all 15 years . Nemesis Inferno , on the other hand , has never made an appearance . In Mitch Hawker 's worldwide Best Roller Coaster Poll Nemesis Inferno has an average ranking of 80 , while Nemesis ' average ranking is 6 . In a poll conducted by the Los Angeles Times , Nemesis received 37 @.@ 93 % of the vote for title of best roller coaster in England , while Nemesis Inferno received 0 @.@ 32 % . Jeremy Thompson of Roller Coaster Philosophy describes Nemesis as " a vastly superior ride " to Nemesis Inferno . Thompson describes Nemesis Inferno as " something a bit better " than his expectations ; however , he was " not sure if it was a particularly good ride or not " .
= 2007 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 2007 Atlantic hurricane season was an active Atlantic hurricane season that produced 17 tropical cyclones , 15 tropical storms , six hurricanes , and two major hurricanes . It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30 , dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean . The first tropical cyclone , Subtropical Storm Andrea , developed on May 9 , while the last storm , Tropical Storm Olga , dissipated on December 13 . The most intense hurricane , Dean , is tied for the seventh most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded as well as the third most intense Atlantic hurricane at landfall . The season was one of only four on record for the Atlantic with more than one Category 5 storm . It was the second on record in which an Atlantic hurricane , Felix , and an eastern Pacific hurricane , Henriette , made landfall on the same day . September had a record @-@ tying eight storms , although the strengths and durations of most of the storms were low . Aside from hurricanes Dean and Felix , none of the storms in the season exceeded Category 1 intensity .
Pre @-@ season forecasts by Colorado State University called for 14 named storms and 7 hurricanes , of which three were expected to attain major hurricane status . The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) later issued its initial forecast , which predicted 13 to 17 named storms , 7 to 10 hurricanes and three to five major hurricanes . After several revisions in the projected number of storms , NOAA and CSU lowered their forecasts by the middle of the season .
Several storms made landfall or directly affected land . Hurricanes Dean and Felix made landfall at Category 5 intensity , causing severe damage in parts of Mexico and Central America , respectively . Both storm names , as well as Noel , the name of a hurricane that affected the Caribbean , were retired from the naming list of Atlantic hurricanes . The United States was affected by five cyclones , although the storms were generally weak ; three tropical depressions and only one tropical storm , Gabrielle , and one hurricane , Humberto , made landfall in the country . Elsewhere , three storms directly affected Canada , although none severely . The combined storms killed at least 423 people and caused about $ 3 billion ( 2007 USD , $ 3 @.@ 42 billion 2016 USD ) in damage .
= = Seasonal forecasts = =
Noted hurricane experts Philip J. Klotzbach , William M. Gray , and their associates at Colorado State University issue forecasts of hurricane activity each year , separately from NOAA . Klotzbach 's team , formerly led by Gray , determined the average number of storms per season between 1950 and 2000 to be 9 @.@ 6 tropical storms , 5 @.@ 9 hurricanes , and 2 @.@ 3 major hurricanes ( storms exceeding Category 3 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale ) . A normal season , as defined by NOAA , has 9 to 12 named storms , of which five to seven reach hurricane strength and one to three become major hurricanes .
= = = Pre @-@ season forecasts = = =
On December 8 , 2006 , Klotzbach 's team issued its first extended @-@ range forecast for the 2007 season , predicting above @-@ average activity ( 14 named storms , seven hurricanes , three of Category 3 or higher ) . It listed a 64 percent chance of at least one major hurricane striking the U.S. mainland . This included a 40 percent chance of at least one major hurricane strike on the East Coast , including the Florida peninsula , and a 40 percent chance of at least one such strike on the Gulf Coast from the Florida Panhandle westward . The potential for major hurricane activity in the Caribbean was forecast to be above average , and the team predicted that El Niño , associated with reduced hurricane activity in the Atlantic , would dissipate by the active portion of the season .
On April 3 a new forecast was issued , calling for a very active hurricane season of 17 named storms , nine hurricanes and five intense hurricanes . The increase in the forecast was attributed to the rapid dissipation of El Niño conditions . The team also forecast a neutral or weak @-@ to @-@ moderate La Niña and noted that sea surface temperatures were much higher than average . The estimated potential for at least one major hurricane to affect the U.S. was increased to 74 percent ; the East Coast potential increased to 50 percent , and from the Florida Panhandle westward to Brownsville , Texas , the probability rose to 49 percent . However , the team 's report noted that while they predicted an active season , it was not suggesting that 2007 would be " as active as the 2004 and 2005 seasons " .
= = = Midseason outlooks = = =
On June 19 the UK Met Office ( UKMO ) issued a forecast of 10 tropical storms in the July to November period with a 70 percent chance that the number would be in the range of 7 to 13 . On August 3 , 2007 , Klotzbach 's team lowered its season estimate to 15 named storms , of which eight were to become hurricanes and four to become major hurricanes . Team members noted that conditions had become slightly less favorable for storms than earlier in the year . Sea surface temperature anomalies were cooler , and several Saharan Air Layer events had suppressed development of tropical cyclones . El Niño @-@ Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) conditions were also noted to have been slightly cooler .
On August 9 , 2007 , NOAA revised its season estimate slightly downwards to 13 to 16 named storms of which seven to nine were to be hurricanes and three to five major hurricanes . However , the agency reaffirmed its prediction of an above @-@ average season , citing warmer @-@ than @-@ normal sea surface temperatures in parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea and the likelihood of La Niña conditions during the peak of the season .
= = Season summary = =
Overall , the season 's activity was reflected with a cumulative accumulated cyclone energy ( ACE ) rating of 74 . ACE is , broadly speaking , a measure of the power of the hurricane multiplied by the length of time it existed , so storms that last a long time , as well as particularly strong hurricanes , have high ACEs . ACE is only calculated for full advisories on tropical systems at or exceeding 34 knots ( 39 mph , 63 km / h ) or tropical storm strength . Although officially , subtropical cyclones , such as Andrea or the initial portions of Gabrielle , Jerry , and Olga , are excluded from the total , the figure above includes periods when storms were in a subtropical phase .
Only two major hurricanes — storms of Category 3 intensity or higher — formed during the season , the least since the 1997 season , although tied with the 2006 and 2002 seasons . Named storms were active for 33 @.@ 50 days during the season , the lowest number of active days since the 1994 season . There were only 11 @.@ 25 days with active hurricanes , the lowest value since the 2002 season . Despite this , the number of days with major hurricanes was above the long @-@ term average . Four named storms made landfall on the U.S. during the year , but damage from those storms totaled to only about $ 82 million ( 2007 USD ) ; this was the least damage the U.S. saw from any Atlantic hurricane season since the 1990 season . The season was one of only six Atlantic hurricane seasons to produce two Category 5 equivalent hurricanes , the others being the 1932 , 1933 , 1960 , 1961 , and 2005 seasons . The two Category 5 hurricanes , Dean and Felix , had both reached Category 5 strength on two separate occasions , the first time two Atlantic hurricanes have done so in a single season . This was also the first season during which two storms made landfall at Category 5 intensity . When Hurricane Felix was upgraded to a Category 5 storm on September 2 , it became the eighth to form in this basin since 2000 . This gave the decade more hurricanes of such strength than any other on record .
When Tropical Depression Fourteen was upgraded to Tropical Storm Melissa on September 29 , it was the eighth named storm to form in the month of September . That tied a record for the most storms during September , which was first set in 2002 . Hurricane Humberto was the first hurricane to make landfall in Texas since Hurricane Claudette in 2003 .
= = Storms = =
= = = Subtropical Storm Andrea = = =
The first storm of the season , Subtropical Storm Andrea , originated from a large extratropical cyclone that formed off the mid @-@ Atlantic coast on May 6 . It deepened steadily along a cold front that pushed through Florida . When the system lost most of its baroclinic support , development ceased until its low moved into warmer waters near the Bahamas . However , interaction between the low and a strong high @-@ pressure system to the north generated hurricane @-@ force winds in the system . Decreasing vertical wind shear allowed the storm to generate deeper convection much closer to the center . By May 9 the previously extratropical cyclone had transformed into Subtropical Storm Andrea while located about 140 miles ( 225 km ) southeast of Savannah , Georgia . Andrea began its subtropical phase as it was weakening , and continued this deterioration as it moved southward into an environment with higher wind shear . By May 11 , Andrea had lost all significant convection and degenerated into a remnant low . Though it produced intermittent bursts of convection , Andrea 's chance of regeneration was extinguished when an advancing cold front pushed it northward and eventually absorbed the system .
Andrea was short @-@ lived , dissipating on May 11 . It was the first pre @-@ season storm to develop since Tropical Storm Ana in April 2003 and the first Atlantic named storm in May since Tropical Storm Arlene in 1981 . Six people drowned along the Southeast U.S. Coast . However , because Andrea never made landfall , most of the resulting damage was associated with large waves , higher than normal tides , associated coastal flooding , and beach erosion caused by the storm .
= = = Tropical Storm Barry = = =
On June 1 , Tropical Storm Barry developed on the first day of the hurricane season . It originated from a trough of low pressure in the southeastern Gulf of Mexico that previously formed in the northwestern Caribbean . It accelerated to the northeast before reaching a peak intensity of 997 mbar and making landfall on Florida . Barry dissipated on June 2 . In Florida , the rainfall resulted in slick roads , which caused two traffic @-@ related deaths , and a woman was killed after being injured by rough surf .
= = = Tropical Storm Chantal = = =
An area of low pressure formed near the Bahamas on July 28 and gradually began to organize while moving north @-@ northeast . On July 30 it was classified as Tropical Depression Three and was named Tropical Storm Chantal shortly thereafter while south of Nova Scotia . The storm weakened on August 1 and made landfall on Newfoundland ; it later tracked into the North Atlantic as an extratropical storm .
Chantal moved over the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland where flooding was observed , where about 4 inches ( 100 mm ) of rain caused the postponement of the annual Royal St. John 's Regatta . Insured damage across the area totaled $ 5 @.@ 8 million ( 2007 CAD ; $ 5 @.@ 5 million 2007 USD , $ 6 @.@ 28 million 2016 USD ) .
= = = Hurricane Dean = = =
On August 11 , a tropical wave moved off the west coast of Africa , and , encountering favorable conditions , quickly spawned Tropical Depression Four , roughly 520 miles ( 835 km ) west @-@ southwest of Cape Verde . The depression moved briskly westward , south of a deep layered ridge , and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Dean on August 14 . The storm continued to strengthen overnight as it gained organization , and became the first hurricane of the season on August 16 . On August 17 the eye of the hurricane passed into the Caribbean between the islands of Martinique and Saint Lucia as a Category 2 hurricane .
In the warm waters of the Caribbean , Dean rapidly strengthened into a Category 5 hurricane with 165 mph ( 266 km / h ) sustained winds . This made it the strongest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane Wilma — and it was tied for the seventh most intense Atlantic storm of all time . An eyewall replacement cycle weakened Dean , which then passed just south of Jamaica as a Category 4 hurricane . Dean regained Category 5 status late on August 20 and at that strength it made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico near Costa Maya on August 21 . Hurricane Dean was the first storm to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane in the Atlantic basin since Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . A dropsonde in the eye of the storm estimated a central pressure of 905 mbar , tying Dean with hurricanes Camille and Mitch for the seventh most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded . Dean was the third most intense landfalling Atlantic storm in history ( after the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 and Hurricane Gilbert of 1988 ) . Dean weakened over land , but re @-@ intensified slightly in the Gulf of Mexico . It made its final landfall near Tecolutla , Veracruz on August 22 , dissipating the next day .
In Hispaniola , Dean killed 15 people and destroyed hundreds of homes . Dean also left $ 616 million ( 2007 USD , $ 703 million 2016 USD ) in damage on Martinique and $ 154 million ( 2007 USD , $ 176 million 2016 USD ) on Guadeloupe . In Mexico , Hurricane Dean made landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula on August 21 as a Category 5 hurricane . Throughout its track , Dean killed 44 people and caused several billion dollars in damage .
= = = Tropical Storm Erin = = =
Tropical Storm Erin formed on August 16 in the Gulf of Mexico from a persistent area of convection . Based on reconnaissance data received from an NOAA plane investigating the depression , it was upgraded to Tropical Storm Erin on August 15 . It weakened to a tropical depression as it made landfall near Lamar , Texas , on August 16 , and the NHC issued its last advisory on the system shortly thereafter as it moved inland . Early on August 19 after entering Oklahoma , the remnants of Erin suddenly re @-@ intensified to maximum sustained winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) a short distance west of Oklahoma City .
The storm flooded more than 40 homes and businesses . Along its path into the central states , Erin killed 16 people — 9 directly — and left about $ 25 million ( 2007 USD , $ 28 @.@ 5 million 2016 USD ) in total damage .
= = = Hurricane Felix = = =
An area of disturbed weather east of the Windward Islands was designated Tropical Depression Six on August 31 . Early on September 1 , it was named Tropical Storm Felix , and it was upgraded to a hurricane later that day . Tracking generally westward , it rapidly intensified to Category 5 , and after fluctuating in strength , made landfall on Nicaragua with 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) winds . At least 133 deaths and more than $ 50 million ( 2007 USD ) in damage have been attributed to Felix . With Felix , the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season became the only one of its kind known to include two hurricanes making landfall at Category 5 .
Hurricane Felix took a similar path as Hurricane Dean , although its effects were not severe ; damage on Tobago was estimated at $ 250 @,@ 000 ( 2007 <unk> ; $ 40 @,@ 000 2007 USD , $ 45 @.@ 6 thousand 2016 USD ) . Hurricane Felix made landfall just south of the border between Nicaragua and Honduras , in a region historically known as the Mosquito Coast , as a Category 5 hurricane with 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) winds on September 4 . Residents of the region were reported to have been given little warning of the oncoming hurricane , which left many fisherman stranded at sea . In all , Felix killed at least 130 people , and damage in Nicaragua totaled C $ 869 @.@ 3 million ( 2007 <unk> ; $ 46 @.@ 7 million 2007 USD , $ 53 @.@ 3 thousand 2016 USD ) .
= = = Tropical Storm Gabrielle = = =
A cold front that moved off the southeastern coast of the United States on September 1 developed a weak low over the waters near Georgia . The low drifted eastward and weakened over the next few days until it joined with convection from an upper @-@ level trough that had been moving over the western Atlantic . On September 8 , the center of circulation became sufficiently organized to be declared Subtropical Storm Gabrielle , about 360 nautical miles ( 670 km ) southeast of Cape Hatteras . For the next twelve hours , the system 's strongest winds and thunderstorms remained separated from the center . On September 8 new convection eventually united with the center , leading the transition of Gabrielle into a tropical storm . Gabrielle gradually strengthened as it traveled northwest towards North Carolina and Virginia . The storm reached its peak intensity of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) just before it arrived in Cape Lookout , though strong wind shear kept most of the convection and surface winds offshore . Gabrielle weakened over land , and moved back into the Atlantic on September 10 . The circulation deteriorated further , and the storm dissipated southwest of Nova Scotia the next day .
In advance of the storm , tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for coastal areas , while rescue teams and the U.S. Coast Guard were put on standby . The storm dropped heavy rainfall near its immediate landfall location but little precipitation elsewhere . Along the coast , high waves , rip currents , and storm surge were reported . Slight localized flooding was reported . Gusty winds also occurred , though no wind damage was reported . Overall damage was minor , and there were no fatalities .
= = = Tropical Storm Ingrid = = =
A large tropical wave exited Africa on September 6 and initially failed to develop due to strong easterly shear . On September 9 , a broad low pressure area developed about midway between Africa and the Lesser Antilles . The wind shear slowly weakened , and early on September 12 Tropical Depression Eight developed about 1125 miles ( 1815 km ) east of the Lesser Antilles . The system moved west @-@ northwestward due to a ridge to its north , and with continued wind shear , it remained a tropical depression for 24 hours before convection increased further . Early on September 13 it intensified into Tropical Storm Ingrid , reaching peak winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . Operationally , it was not upgraded to a tropical storm until that evening .
Ingrid remained a tropical storm until September 15 , when it weakened to a tropical depression due to high shear from a strong tropical upper tropospheric trough . Gradual weakening continued as it passed northeast of the Leeward Islands . Ingrid briefly reorganized on September 16 , before weakening further and degenerating into an open wave early on September 17 . The remnants turned northwestward within the low @-@ level steering flow , and dissipated on September 18 without redevelopment . There were no reports of damage or casualties associated with Ingrid because the storm never threatened land .