triplets
list | passage
stringlengths 56
13.5k
| label_str
stringlengths 5
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| passage_id
float64 58
38.4k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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529k
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|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Queen's Tower (Serpieri)",
"owned by",
"Eléni Pachý"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Queen's Tower (Serpieri)<\e1> and <e2>Eléni Pachý<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,525 |
[
"Queen's Tower (Serpieri)",
"owned by",
"Greek state"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Queen's Tower (Serpieri)<\e1> and <e2>Greek state<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,527 |
[
"Stockholm City Hall",
"owned by",
"Stockholm Municipality"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Stockholm City Hall<\e1> and <e2>Stockholm Municipality<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,537 |
[
"Old Temple of Athena",
"owned by",
"politics of Greece"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Old Temple of Athena<\e1> and <e2>politics of Greece<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,553 |
[
"Legio IV Macedonica",
"founded by",
"Julius Caesar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Legio IV Macedonica<\e1> and <e2>Julius Caesar<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,569 |
[
"Legio I Germanica",
"founded by",
"Julius Caesar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Legio I Germanica<\e1> and <e2>Julius Caesar<\e2>.
Legio I Germanica, (lit. First Legion "Germanic"), was a legion of the Imperial Roman army, possibly founded in 48 BC by Julius Caesar to fight for him in the civil war against Pompey. The title germanic is a reference to its service in the Germanic Wars, rather than the place of origin of its soldiers. After the Revolt of the Batavi (AD 70), the remaining men of the Germanica were added to Galba's seventh legion, which became VII Gemina. The emblem of Legio I is unknown, but it was probably Taurus, like all the other legions levied by Caesar (except the V Alaudae). | founded by | 35,379 | 109,575 |
[
"House of Munsö",
"founded by",
"Eric the Victorious"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>House of Munsö<\e1> and <e2>Eric the Victorious<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,587 |
[
"House of Munsö",
"founded by",
"Sigurd Hring"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>House of Munsö<\e1> and <e2>Sigurd Hring<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,589 |
[
"Al-'Adudi Hospital",
"founded by",
"'Adud al-Dawla"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Al-'Adudi Hospital<\e1> and <e2>'Adud al-Dawla<\e2>.
The Al-'Adudi Hospital was established during the era of organized hospitals developed in medieval Islamic culture. Some of these early hospitals were located in Baghdad and among those was the bimaristan Al-'Adudi. The hospital came to be when King of the Buyid Dynasty, 'Adud al-Dawla, decided to construct the hospital a few years before he died. Al-'Adudi was considered one of the most innovative and modern hospitals of the medieval Islamic time period. Amongst well-known physicians of the time period, this hospital was known as an institution for learning and practicing medicine. | founded by | 35,381 | 109,602 |
[
"Bagratuni dynasty",
"founded by",
"Ashot I of Armenia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Bagratuni dynasty<\e1> and <e2>Ashot I of Armenia<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,612 |
[
"Kamakura shogunate",
"founded by",
"Minamoto no Yoritomo"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Kamakura shogunate<\e1> and <e2>Minamoto no Yoritomo<\e2>.
The Kamakura shogunate (Japanese: 鎌倉幕府, Hepburn: Kamakura bakufu) was the feudal military government of Japan during the Kamakura period from 1185 to 1333.The Kamakura shogunate was established by Minamoto no Yoritomo after victory in the Genpei War and appointing himself as shōgun. Yoritomo governed Japan as military dictator from the eastern city of Kamakura with the emperor of Japan and his Imperial Court in the official capital city of Heian-kyō (Kyoto) as figureheads. The Kamakura shōguns were members of the Minamoto clan until 1226, the Fujiwara clan until 1252, and the last six were minor princes of the imperial family. The Hōjō clan were the de facto rulers of Japan as shikken (regent) of the shōgun from 1203. The Kamakura shogunate saw the Jōkyū War in 1221 and the Mongol invasions of Japan under Kublai Khan in 1274 and 1281. The Kamakura shogunate was overthrown in the Kenmu Restoration under Emperor Go-Daigo in 1333, re-establishing Imperial rule until Ashikaga Takauji and his offsprings overthrew the imperial government and founded the Ashikaga shogunate in 1336 (Nanboku-chō period).History
Establishment
Historically in Japan, the power of civilian government was primarily held by the ruling emperor of Japan and their regents, typically appointed from the ranks of the Imperial Court and the aristocratic clans that vied for influence there. Military affairs were handled under the auspices of the civil government.
From 1180 to 1185, the Genpei War was fought between the Taira and Minamoto clans as part of a longstanding violent rivalry for influence over the Emperor and his court. Minamoto no Yoritomo defeated the Taira clan, but in his victory seized power from the civil aristocracy, politically relegating the Emperor and his court to symbolic figureheads. In 1192, Yoritomo and the Minamoto clan established a military government in Kamakura.The Hōjō Regency
Yoritomo unexpectedly died in an accident in 1199, leaving the Minamoto clan weakened. Hōjō Tokimasa, the father of Yoritomo's widow, Hōjō Masako, and former guardian and protector of Yoritomo, claimed the title of regent (shikken) to Yoritomo's son Minamoto no Yoriie, eventually making that claim hereditary to the Hōjō clan. At the same time, Hōjō Masako maneuvered herself into such a powerful, albeit informal, position that people began calling her the "nun shogun" in the place of her son Yoriie. As Minamoto no Yoriie grew older, however, he attempted to exert real power, resulting in a power struggle with the Hōjō clan of his own mother. These conflicts caused considerable tensions within the shogunate. In 1201, the Jo clan unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow the Minamoto clan in the Kennin Rebellion. Eventually, Tokimasa deposed Yoriie, backed up his younger brother, Minamoto no Sanetomo, as a new shōgun, and assumed the post of shikken. Sanetomo was only twelve at this point, and accordingly power factually rested with his mother Hōjō Masako. The Minamoto remained the titular shōguns, with the Hōjō holding the real power. In 1204, loyalists of Yoriie attempted an uprising to topple the Hōjō domination, but the latter defeated the rebels and assassinated Yoriie.In 1205, Hōjō Tokimasa attempted to depose Sanetomo, hoping to install his son-in-law as new shogun. However, his daughter Hōjō Masako saw this as threat to her own status; she arranged the pretender's murder and banished her father to a monastery. In 1219, Sanetomo was assassinated by his nephew Kugyō. Since Sanetomo died childless, the line of shōguns from the Minamoto clan ended with him. From this point onwards, the Hōjō were in total control. With Sanetomo's death in 1219, his mother Hōjō Masako continued to serve as the shogunate's real center of power. As long as she lived, regents and shōguns would come and go, while she stayed at the helm. Since the Hōjō family did not have the rank to nominate a shōgun from among its members, Masako had to find a convenient puppet. The problem was solved by choosing Kujo Yoritsune, a distant relation of the Minamoto, who would be the fourth shōgun and figurehead, while Hōjō Yoshitoki would take care of day-to-day business. However powerless, future shōguns would always be chosen from either Fujiwara or imperial lineage to keep the bloodline pure and give legitimacy to the rule. This succession proceeded for more than a century.As a result, the Kamakura shogunate rested on an unusual pyramid of regents and de facto usurpation: The true rulers, namely the Hōjō regents, had usurped power from the Minamoto, who had usurped it from the Emperor, descending from Emperor Kōkō, who usurped it from the children of Emperor Seiwa. At the same time, the regents, shoguns, and emperors all still maintained their nominal positions and existed alongside each other. The regime nonetheless proved to be stable enough to last a total of 135 years, 9 shōguns and 16 regents.In 1221, Emperor Go-Toba tried to regain power in what would be called the Jōkyū War (承久の乱, Jōkyū no Ran), but the attempt failed. The power of the Hōjō remained unchallenged until 1324, when Emperor Go-Daigo orchestrated a plot to overthrow them, but the plot was discovered almost immediately and foiled. | founded by | 35,383 | 109,617 |
[
"Thawri school",
"founded by",
"Sufyan al-Thawri"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Thawri school<\e1> and <e2>Sufyan al-Thawri<\e2>.
The Thawri school (Arabic: الثوري) was a short-lived school of Fiqh. Its founder was Sufyan Al-Thawri, a great 8th century scholar, jurist and hadith compiler.History
Sufyan Al-Thawri was born in Kufa in 719, and became the main scholar of Fiqh of the aforementioned city's Hadith school. He held similar views to that of his contemporary, Imam Abu Hanifa, founder of the Hanafi school of Fiqh, though he opposed his use of Qiyas and Istihsan.After Ath-Thawri's move to Basra later in his life, his jurisprudential thought (usul) became more closely aligned to that of the Umayyads and of Al-Awza'i.He spent the last year of his life hiding after a dispute between him and the Abbasid Caliph Muhammad Ibn Mansur Al-Mahdi. The Caliph had sent a letter to Al-Thawri requesting him to accept the post of Judge of Kufa on the condition that he did not make any judgment or ruling in opposition to the state policy. Al-Thawri tore this letter up and threw it into the Tigris river in disgust. After his death, the Thawri Madhhab was taken up by his students, including notably Yahya al-Qattan. However, his school did not survive, but his jurisprudential thought and especially hadith transmission are highly regarded in Islam, and have influenced all the major schools, although not in the form of organized school like other Madhhabs. | founded by | 35,385 | 109,627 |
[
"Order of the Lion (France)",
"founded by",
"Enguerrand I, Lord of Coucy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Order of the Lion (France)<\e1> and <e2>Enguerrand I, Lord of Coucy<\e2>.
The Order of the Lion was an order of knighthood set up by Enguerrand I of Coucy (or, according to other sources, his son Enguerrand II), to keep alive the memory of his killing a dangerous lion. It was short-lived and was forgotten after its founder's death.
His successor Enguerrand VII founded the Order of the Crown in 1378
Gustav Adolph Ackermann mentions the two orders as among the historical orders of France.Sources
Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214) | founded by | 35,386 | 109,628 |
[
"Order of the Lion (France)",
"founded by",
"Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Order of the Lion (France)<\e1> and <e2>Enguerrand II, Lord of Coucy<\e2>.
Sources
Gustav Adolph Ackermann, Ordensbuch, Sämtlicher in Europa blühender und erloschener Orden und Ehrenzeichen. Annaberg, 1855, p 209 n°83. "Orden des Löwen" - Google Books (Former orders of France : p. 205-214) | founded by | 35,387 | 109,629 |
[
"Arsacid dynasty of Armenia",
"founded by",
"Tiridates I of Armenia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Arsacid dynasty of Armenia<\e1> and <e2>Tiridates I of Armenia<\e2>.
The Arsacid dynasty, called the Arshakuni (Armenian: Արշակունիներ, romanized: Aršakuni) in Armenian, ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 12 to 428. The dynasty was a branch of the Arsacid dynasty of Parthia. Arsacid kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years following the fall of the Artaxiad dynasty until 62, when Tiridates I, brother of Parthian King Vologases I, secured Arsacid rule in Armenia as a client king of Rome. However, he did not succeed in establishing his line on the throne, and various princes of different Arsacid lineages ruled until the accession of Vologases II, who succeeded in establishing his own line on the Armenian throne, which ruled the kingdom until its abolishment by the Sasanian Empire in 428.Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by Gregory the Illuminator and Tiridates III in 301/314 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in c. 405. In contrast to the more Hellenic-influenced Artaxiads, the reign of the Arsacids of Armenia was marked by greater Iranian influence in the country.Vonones I 12–18
Artaxias III (Zeno Artaxias, non-Arsacid) 18–34
Arsaces I of Armenia 35
Mithridates of Armenia (Pharnavazid dynasty) 35–37
Orodes of Armenia 37–42
Mithridates of Armenia (again) 42–51
Rhadamistus (Pharnavazid dynasty) 51–53, 54–55
Tiridates/Trdat I 52–58, 62–66, officially 66–88
Tigranes VI (Herodian dynasty) 59–62
Sanatruces (Sanatruk) 88–110
Axidares (Ashkhadar) 110–113
Parthamasiris (Partamasir) 113–114
Roman annexation 114–117/8
Vologases I (Vagharsh I) 117/8–144
Sohaemus (non-Arsacid) 144–161, 164–186
Pacorus (Bakur) 161–164
Vologases II (Vagharsh II) 186–198
Khosrov I 198–217
Trdat II 217–252
Khosrov II c. 252
Hormizd-Ardashir (Sassanid dynasty) 252–c. 270
Narseh (Sassanid dynasty) c. 271–293
Trdat III 287–330
Khosrov III 330–339
Tiran 339-c. 350
Arshak II c. 350–368
Sassanid conquest (Shapur II) 368–370
Pap 370–374
Varazdat 374–378
Arshak III 378–387 with co-ruler Vagharshak 378–386
Khosrov IV 387–389
Vramshapuh 389–417
Possibly Khosrov IV (again) 417–418
Shapur (Sassanid dynasty) 418–422
Artashes/Artashir 422–428 | founded by | 35,388 | 109,638 |
[
"Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)",
"founded by",
"Helian Bobo"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)<\e1> and <e2>Helian Bobo<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,641 |
[
"Lingbao School",
"founded by",
"Ge Chaofu"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Lingbao School<\e1> and <e2>Ge Chaofu<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,644 |
[
"Tenochtitlan",
"founded by",
"Mexica"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Tenochtitlan<\e1> and <e2>Mexica<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,656 |
[
"Nagaoka-kyō",
"founded by",
"Emperor Kanmu"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Nagaoka-kyō<\e1> and <e2>Emperor Kanmu<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,662 |
[
"Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad",
"founded by",
"Nizam al-Mulk"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad<\e1> and <e2>Nizam al-Mulk<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,692 |
[
"Ewenny Priory",
"owned by",
"Cadw"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Ewenny Priory<\e1> and <e2>Cadw<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,696 |
[
"Alsnö hus",
"founded by",
"Magnus III of Sweden"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Alsnö hus<\e1> and <e2>Magnus III of Sweden<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,697 |
[
"Gilbertine Order",
"founded by",
"Gilbert of Sempringham"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Gilbertine Order<\e1> and <e2>Gilbert of Sempringham<\e2>.
The Gilbertine Order of Canons Regular was founded around 1130 by Saint Gilbert in Sempringham, Lincolnshire, where Gilbert was the parish priest. It was the only completely English religious order and came to an end in the 16th century at the time of the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Modest Gilbertine revivals have taken place in the late 20th and early 21st centuries on three continents.Founding
Gilbert initially established a community for enclosed contemplative nuns. He accepted seven women whom he had taught in the village school and in 1131 founded an order of nuns based on the Cistercian Rule. Gilbert set up buildings and a cloister for them against the north wall of the church, which stood on his land at Sempringham, and gave them a rule of life, enjoining upon them chastity, humility, obedience, and charity. Their daily necessaries were passed to them through a window by some girls chosen by Gilbert from among his people.As the serving maids requested that they too might have a dress and rule of life, on the advice of William, abbot of Rievaulx, he decided to add lay sisters to the community. Eventually Gilbert added lay brothers to work the fields. In 1139 the small order opened its first new foundation on the island of Haverholm, a gift from Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln. Each Gilbertine house now practically consisted of four communities, one of nuns, one of canons, one of lay sisters, and one of lay brothers. Over the years, more and more new foundations were established.
In 1147 he left England for Continental Europe to seek assistance, and approached the Cistercian Order at its major house in Cîteaux to take on the running of his foundations. The Cistercians declined, apparently because they felt unable to administer houses for both men and women, but Pope Eugene III, himself a Cistercian, intervened to ask the abbot, Saint Bernard of Clairvaux, to assist Gilbert in drawing up Institutes for a new Order, which combined Benedictine and Cistercian influences. Pope Eugene then appointed Gilbert as the first Master of the Order of Sempringham or Gilbertines. Gilbert returned to England in 1148, and completed the order, by appointing canons, who lived according to variant of the Augustinian rule, to serve his community as priests, and to help him in the work of administration. | founded by | 35,396 | 109,702 |
[
"Fraticelli of Monte Malbe",
"founded by",
"Francesco di Niccolò of Perugia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Fraticelli of Monte Malbe<\e1> and <e2>Francesco di Niccolò of Perugia<\e2>.
The Fraticelli of Monte Malbe (Italian: Fraticelli di Monte Malbe) were a religious order founded in the fourteenth century in Monte Malbe, near Perugia, by Francesco di Niccolò of Perugia. The order then spread and erected hermitages also at Sansepolcro and Mount Subasio, near Assisi. The order followed the Rule of St. Augustine, and was approved by the bishops of Perugia and Città di Castello. In 1363 the bishop of Perugia nominated Liberato di Simone from Sansepolcro as leader. The movement was affected by the Inquisition in 1361–1362, which ultimately led to its dissolution in the last decades of the fourteenth century.
The Fraticelli of Monte Malbe were a Mendicant order. One of their core principles was radical voluntary poverty, in contrast to the Franciscans, whom they accused of deviating from their origins and of committing simony. | founded by | 35,397 | 109,704 |
[
"Westminster Abbey",
"owned by",
"English Heritage"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Westminster Abbey<\e1> and <e2>English Heritage<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,705 |
[
"Wetheral Priory Gatehouse",
"owned by",
"English Heritage"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Wetheral Priory Gatehouse<\e1> and <e2>English Heritage<\e2>.
Wetheral Priory Gatehouse is a 15th-century stone fortification in Wetheral, Cumbria. The priory was founded at the start of the 12th century and the gatehouse controlled the entrance to its outer courtyard. When the priory was dissolved in 1538 the gatehouse and a nearby stretch of wall were the only parts to survive. The gatehouse passed into the control of Carlisle Cathedral and became the local vicarage during the 16th and 17th centuries, before being used to store hay. Now part of a modern farm that occupies the former priory site, it is controlled by English Heritage and open to visitors. The crenellated gatehouse has three storeys, with the main entrance and porters' lodge on the ground floor and two domestic chambers on the upper floors. English Heritage considers the building to be "the finest medieval gatehouse in Cumbria".History
Wetheral Priory Gatehouse was probably built in the 15th century and formed the entrance to the priory's outer courtyard. Wetheral Priory was a small Benedictine institution, founded by Ranulf le Meschin following the Norman invasion of Cumbria at the beginning of the 12th century. The motherhouse of the priory was St Mary's Abbey in York. The priory was known for a special right of sanctuary for criminals that had been granted to it by Henry I, allowing the priory to shelter felons who could reach the church and ring the bell there.The gatehouse originally formed part of a range of buildings running along the side of the outer courtyard, and would have controlled access to the institution, as well as symbolising its power and status. The Anglo-Scottish border was also still dangerous in the 15th century, and many monasteries in the area, like Wetheral, had protective fortifications.By the 16th century, the priory was in decline, but its closure came as a result of the dissolution of the monasteries in England and Wales under Henry VIII. To help speed the process of closing the institution, Ralf Hartley was appointed as the prior of Wetheral by Henry's minister, Thomas Cromwell; royal commissioners visited in 1536, and the priory was finally surrendered to the Crown in 1538. The priory's belongings were sold off or taken by Henry, depending on their value, but the lands were given to Carlisle Cathedral. Although the rest of the priory soon fell into disrepair, the gatehouse became the local vicarage; it was still intact and in use by the minister in 1687.The gatehouse was later used as a hayloft. In 1978 it passed into the guardianship of the state, and is now in the care of English Heritage and open to the public. Still well preserved, it is protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building.Architecture
English Heritage considers the building to be "the finest medieval gatehouse in Cumbria". It closely resembles the larger fortifications at Thornton and Tynemouth abbeys, forming a three-storey building built of coursed red sandstone, and now stands on the edge of the modern Wetheral Priory Farm, which occupies the site of the original priory. The gatehouse is 12.5 by 8.9 metres (41 by 29 ft) across, with the floors linked by a spiral staircase in the north-east corner, and an adjacent barrel vaulted cellar. The marks of the range of buildings that once ran alongside the gatehouse can be seen on the external walls, and the gatehouse is topped by battlements.The ground floor includes a barrel vaulted entrance passageway and a porters' lodge, the latter 5.3 by 3 metres (17.4 by 9.8 ft) in size. The first and second floors both formed single rooms, approximately 7.6 by 5.2 metres (25 by 17 ft) across internally, and would have been used as domestic chambers for the officials of the priory. They had fireplaces, garderobes and small bed chambers in the walls. The roof is predominantly built of timbers dating from between 1512 and 1536; the current structure was probably built around 1540, possibly when the building was converted for use as a vicarage.North-east of the gatehouse is a 23-metre (75 ft) medieval, red sandstone wall, 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in) high, probably originally the east wall of the priory's chapter house. This medieval wall had four windows running along it, with a staircase at one end. | owned by | 35,400 | 109,713 |
[
"Santa Elena (Spanish Florida)",
"founded by",
"Pedro Menéndez de Avilés"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Santa Elena (Spanish Florida)<\e1> and <e2>Pedro Menéndez de Avilés<\e2>.
Santa Elena, a Spanish settlement on what is now Parris Island, South Carolina, was the capital of Spanish Florida from 1566 to 1587. It was established under Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, the first governor of Spanish Florida. There had been a number of earlier attempts to establish colonies in the area by both the Spanish and the French, who had been inspired by the earlier accounts by Chicora and Hernando de Soto of rich territories in the interior. Menéndez's Santa Elena settlement was intended as the new capital of the Spanish colony of La Florida, shifting the focus of Spanish colonial efforts north from St. Augustine, which had been established in 1565 to oust the French from their colony of Fort Caroline. Santa Elena was ultimately built at the site of the abandoned French outpost of Charlesfort, founded in 1562 by Jean Ribault.
In 1565 Menéndez destroyed the French Fort Caroline and then founded Santa Elena. This colony had a sizeable population, including missionaries and soldiers. The settlement housed a sizeable community, and became the base of operations for the Jesuits and military working in the northern zone of Spanish Florida. From this base the Spanish founded six other forts during the Captain Juan Pardo expedition into the interior and the Appalachian Mountains. But local Native American tribes resisted, killing the garrisons and destroying all the forts in 1568. Spain abandoned thoughts of colonizing this area.In 1586 Francis Drake led an English force in a raid on St. Augustine. The Spanish abandoned Santa Elena the following year, and its remaining settlers were relocated to St. Augustine to strengthen it. The Spanish never pressed their colonial claims to the area again, focusing on other areas of the American continent. | founded by | 35,402 | 109,720 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Colmar"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Colmar<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,723 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Haguenau"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Haguenau<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,724 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Kaysersberg"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Kaysersberg<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,725 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Turckheim"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Turckheim<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,726 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Wissembourg"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Wissembourg<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,727 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Munster"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Munster<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,728 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Charles IV"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Charles IV<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,729 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Obernai"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Obernai<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,730 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Rosheim"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Rosheim<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,731 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Free City of Sélestat"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Free City of Sélestat<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,732 |
[
"Décapole",
"founded by",
"Republic of Mulhouse"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Décapole<\e1> and <e2>Republic of Mulhouse<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,733 |
[
"House of Luxembourg",
"founded by",
"Henry V, Count of Luxembourg"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>House of Luxembourg<\e1> and <e2>Henry V, Count of Luxembourg<\e2>.
Earlier Luxembourg counts
The royal House of Luxemburg are named after their ancestors in the Luxembourg branch of the earlier House of Ardenne (or Ardennes, French Maison d'Ardenne). This was an important noble family from Lotharingia, known from at least the tenth century. They had several important branches, descended from several brothers:
The House of Ardenne–Luxembourg, including the counts of Luxembourg, descended from Count Sigfried of Luxembourg
The House of Ardenne–Verdun, with several dukes of Lower Lotharingia, descended from Count Gozlin of Bidgau
The House of Ardenne–Bar, with several dukes of Upper Lotharingia, descended from Duke Frederick I of Upper Lorraine.{{chart top|The Luxembourg ancestry of Henry V, count of Luxembourg, ancestor of the royal house of Luxembourg | founded by | 35,403 | 109,735 |
[
"Visconti of Milan",
"founded by",
"Ottone Visconti"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Visconti of Milan<\e1> and <e2>Ottone Visconti<\e2>.
The Visconti of Milan are a noble Italian family. They rose to power in Milan during the Middle Ages where they ruled from 1277 to 1447, initially as Lords then as Dukes, and several collateral branches still exist. The effective founder of the Visconti Lordship of Milan was the Archbishop Ottone, who wrested control of the city from the rival Della Torre family in 1277. | founded by | 35,404 | 109,737 |
[
"University of Nijmegen (1655–1680)",
"founded by",
"Johannes Smetius"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>University of Nijmegen (1655–1680)<\e1> and <e2>Johannes Smetius<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,743 |
[
"Mausoleum at Halicarnassus",
"owned by",
"Artaxerxes III"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mausoleum at Halicarnassus<\e1> and <e2>Artaxerxes III<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,762 |
[
"Tateyama Castle",
"founded by",
"Satomi Yoshiyori"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Tateyama Castle<\e1> and <e2>Satomi Yoshiyori<\e2>.
History
Satomi Yoshiyori, virtually independent lord of all of the Bōsō Peninsula during the Sengoku Period, erected Tateyama Castle in 1580 to guard the entry to Edo Bay and the southern portions of his domains. After the Satomi clan was destroyed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1614 and Tateyama Domain suppressed, the castle was allowed to fall into ruin.
In 1781, the domain was reinstated, with Inaba Masaaki as the first daimyō of Tateyama Domain under the Inaba clan. He rebuilt the fortifications of the old castle, but apparently did not erect a donjon, as his successor, Inaba Masatake was only allowed to build a jinya fortified residence. The Inaba clan remained in residence at Tateyama until the Meiji Restoration.
The current donjon was reconstructed in 1982 to boost local tourism and to function as an annex to the local Tateyama City Museum. As there are no surviving records indicating the appearance of the original donjon, the current structure was modeled after Inuyama Castle. The interior is devoted primarily to exhibits pertaining to the epic novel Nanso Satomi Hakkenden, by Edo period author Takizawa Bakin.
The surrounding Shiroyama Park (城山公園, Shiroyama-kōen) is a popular local spot for bird-watching, and for sakura blossoms in spring. | founded by | 35,406 | 109,767 |
[
"Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite",
"founded by",
"Charles III of Navarre"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite<\e1> and <e2>Charles III of Navarre<\e2>.
The Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite or Royal Palace of Olite is a castle-palace in the town of Olite, in Navarre, Spain. It was one of the seats of the Court of the Kingdom of Navarre, since the reign of Charles III "the Noble" until its conquest by Castile (1512). | founded by | 35,407 | 109,768 |
[
"Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite",
"owned by",
"Patrimonio Nacional"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Palace of the Kings of Navarre of Olite<\e1> and <e2>Patrimonio Nacional<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,769 |
[
"Crnojević printing house",
"founded by",
"Georg Crnojević"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Crnojević printing house<\e1> and <e2>Georg Crnojević<\e2>.
The Crnojević printing house (Serbian: Штампарија Црнојевића, romanized: Štamparija Crnojevića) or Cetinje printing house (Serbian: Цетињска штампарија, romanized: Cetinjska štamparija), was the first printing house in Southeastern Europe; the facility operated between 1493 and 1496 in Cetinje, Zeta (modern Montenegro).It was founded by Đurađ Crnojević, the ruler of Zeta between 1490 and 1496. The printing press was operated by Serbian Orthodox monks at the supervision of Hieromonk Makarije. Five Orthodox liturgical books were printed in this printshop: Oktoih Prvoglasnik, Oktoih Petoglasnik, Psaltir, Trebnik (Molitvenik) and Cvetni Triod. | founded by | 35,408 | 109,770 |
[
"Concert des Amateurs",
"founded by",
"François Joseph Gossec"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Concert des Amateurs<\e1> and <e2>François Joseph Gossec<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,805 |
[
"Old University of Leuven",
"founded by",
"John IV"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Old University of Leuven<\e1> and <e2>John IV<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,836 |
[
"Hasegawa school",
"founded by",
"Hasegawa Tōhaku"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Hasegawa school<\e1> and <e2>Hasegawa Tōhaku<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,839 |
[
"Knights Hospitaller",
"founded by",
"Blessed Gerard"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Knights Hospitaller<\e1> and <e2>Blessed Gerard<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,847 |
[
"Saint Emmeram's Abbey",
"owned by",
"Princely House of Thurn and Taxis"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Saint Emmeram's Abbey<\e1> and <e2>Princely House of Thurn and Taxis<\e2>.
Saint Emmeram's Abbey (German: Kloster Sankt Emmeram or Reichsabtei Sankt Emmeram), now known as Schloss Thurn und Taxis, Schloss St. Emmeram or St. Emmeram's Basilica, was a Benedictine monastery founded in about 739 at Regensburg in Bavaria (modern-day southeastern Germany) at the grave of the itinerant Frankish bishop Saint Emmeram. | owned by | 35,420 | 109,851 |
[
"Order of Saint Louis",
"founded by",
"Louis XIV of France"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Order of Saint Louis<\e1> and <e2>Louis XIV of France<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,875 |
[
"Miss Catherine Fiske's Young Ladies Seminary",
"founded by",
"Catherine Fiske"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Miss Catherine Fiske's Young Ladies Seminary<\e1> and <e2>Catherine Fiske<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,886 |
[
"Mechanical Turk",
"owned by",
"Johann Nepomuk Maelzel"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mechanical Turk<\e1> and <e2>Johann Nepomuk Maelzel<\e2>.
The Mechanical Turk, also known as the Automaton Chess Player (German: Schachtürke, lit. 'chess Turk'; Hungarian: A Török), or simply The Turk, was a fraudulent chess-playing machine constructed in 1770, which appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent. For 84 years, it was exhibited on tours by various owners as an automaton. The machine survived and continued giving occasional exhibitions until 1854, when a fire swept through the museum where it was kept, destroying the machine. Afterwards, articles were published by a son of the machine's owner revealing its secrets to the public: that it was an elaborate hoax, suspected by some, but never proven in public while it still existed.Constructed and unveiled in 1770 by Wolfgang von Kempelen (1734–1804) to impress Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, the mechanism appeared to be able to play a strong game of chess against a human opponent, as well as perform the knight's tour, a puzzle that requires the player to move a knight to occupy every square of a chessboard exactly once.
The Turk was in fact a mechanical illusion that allowed a human chess master hiding inside to operate the machine. With a skilled operator, the Turk won most of the games played during its demonstrations around Europe and the Americas for nearly 84 years, playing and defeating many challengers including statesmen such as Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin. The device was later purchased in 1804 and exhibited by Johann Nepomuk Mälzel. The chessmasters who secretly operated it included Johann Allgaier, Boncourt, Aaron Alexandre, William Lewis, Jacques Mouret, and William Schlumberger, but the operators within the mechanism during Kempelen's original tour remain unknown.Construction
Kempelen was inspired to build the Turk following his attendance at the court of Maria Theresa of Austria at Schönbrunn Palace, where François Pelletier was performing an illusion act. An exchange afterward resulted in Kempelen promising to return to the Palace with an invention that would top the illusions.
The result of the challenge was the Automaton Chess-player, known in modern times as the Turk. The machine consisted of a life-sized model of a human head and torso, with a black beard and grey eyes, and dressed in Ottoman robes and a turban—"the traditional costume", according to journalist and author Tom Standage, "of an oriental sorcerer". Its left arm held a long Ottoman smoking pipe while at rest, while its right lay on the top of a large cabinet that measured about 3.5 feet (110 cm) long, 2 feet (61 cm) wide, and 2.5 feet (76 cm) high. Placed on the top of the cabinet was a chessboard, which measured 18 inches (460 mm) on each side. The front of the cabinet consisted of three doors, an opening, and a drawer, which could be opened to reveal a red and white ivory chess set.
The interior of the machine was very complicated and designed to mislead those who observed it. When opened on the left, the front doors of the cabinet exposed a number of gears and cogs similar to clockwork. The section was designed so that if the back doors of the cabinet were open at the same time one could see through the machine. The other side of the cabinet did not house machinery; instead it contained a red cushion and some removable parts, as well as brass structures. This area was also designed to provide a clear line of vision through the machine. Underneath the robes of the Ottoman model, two other doors were hidden. These also exposed clockwork machinery and provided a similarly unobstructed view through the machine. The design allowed the presenter of the machine to open every available door to the public, to maintain the illusion.Neither the clockwork visible to the left side of the machine nor the drawer that housed the chess set extended fully to the rear of the cabinet; they instead went only one third of the way. A sliding seat was also installed, allowing the operator inside to slide from place to place and thus evade observation as the presenter opened various doors. The sliding of the seat caused dummy machinery to slide into its place to further conceal the person inside the cabinet.The chessboard on the top of the cabinet was thin enough to allow for a magnetic linkage. Each piece in the chess set had a small, strong magnet attached to its base, and when they were placed on the board the pieces would attract a magnet attached to a string under their specific places on the board. This allowed the operator inside the machine to see which pieces moved where on the chess board. The bottom of the chessboard had corresponding numbers, 1–64, allowing the operator to see which places on the board were affected by a player's move. The internal magnets were positioned in a way that outside magnetic forces did not influence them, and Kempelen would often allow a large magnet to sit at the side of the board in an attempt to show that the machine was not influenced by magnetism.As a further means of misdirection, the Turk came with a small wooden coffin-like box that the presenter would place on the top of the cabinet. While Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, a later owner of the machine, did not use the box, Kempelen often peered into the box during play, suggesting that the box controlled some aspect of the machine. The box was believed by some to have supernatural power; Karl Gottlieb von Windisch wrote in his 1784 book Inanimate Reason that "[o]ne old lady, in particular, who had not forgotten the tales she had been told in her youth ... went and hid herself in a window seat, as distant as she could from the evil spirit, which she firmly believed possessed the machine."The interior also contained a pegboard chess board connected to a pantograph-style series of levers that controlled the model's left arm. The metal pointer on the pantograph moved over the interior chessboard, and would simultaneously move the arm of the Turk over the chessboard on the cabinet. The range of motion allowed the operator to move the Turk's arm up and down, and turning the lever would open and close the Turk's hand, allowing it to grasp the pieces on the board. All of this was made visible to the operator by using a simple candle, which had a ventilation system through the model. Other parts of the machinery allowed for a clockwork-type sound to be played when the Turk made a move, further adding to the machinery illusion, and for the Turk to make various facial expressions. A voice box was added following the Turk's acquisition by Mälzel, allowing the machine to say "Échec!" (French for "check") during matches.An operator inside the machine also had tools to assist in communicating with the presenter outside. Two brass discs equipped with numbers were positioned opposite each other on the inside and outside of the cabinet. A rod could rotate the discs to the desired number, which acted as a code between the two. | owned by | 35,429 | 109,893 |
[
"Mechanical Turk",
"owned by",
"Wolfgang von Kempelen"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mechanical Turk<\e1> and <e2>Wolfgang von Kempelen<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,894 |
[
"Mechanical Turk",
"owned by",
"Eugène de Beauharnais"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mechanical Turk<\e1> and <e2>Eugène de Beauharnais<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,895 |
[
"Mechanical Turk",
"owned by",
"Peale Museum"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mechanical Turk<\e1> and <e2>Peale Museum<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,898 |
[
"Mechanical Turk",
"owned by",
"John Kearsley Mitchell"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mechanical Turk<\e1> and <e2>John Kearsley Mitchell<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,899 |
[
"Mechanical Turk",
"owned by",
"John Ohl"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Mechanical Turk<\e1> and <e2>John Ohl<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,900 |
[
"Heian-kyō",
"founded by",
"Emperor Kanmu"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Heian-kyō<\e1> and <e2>Emperor Kanmu<\e2>.
Heian-kyō (平安京, lit. "peaceful/tranquil capital") was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180.
Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794, moving the Imperial Court there from nearby Nagaoka-kyō at the recommendation of his advisor Wake no Kiyomaro and marking the beginning of the Heian period of Japanese history. According to modern scholarship, the city is thought to have been modelled after the urban planning for the Tang dynasty Chinese capital of Chang'an (modern-day Xi'an). It remained the chief political center until 1185, when the samurai Minamoto clan defeated the Taira clan in the Genpei War, moving administration of national affairs to Kamakura and establishing the Kamakura shogunate.
Though political power would be wielded by the samurai class over the course of three different shogunates, Heian remained the site of the Imperial Court and seat of Imperial power, and thus remained the official capital. In fact, even after the seat of Imperial power was moved to Tokyo in 1868, since there is no law which makes Tokyo the capital, there is a view that Kyoto legally or officially remains the capital even today.
In 1994, Kyoto City held various events commemorating its 1200th anniversary. | founded by | 35,433 | 109,914 |
[
"Imabari Castle",
"founded by",
"Tōdō Takatora"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Imabari Castle<\e1> and <e2>Tōdō Takatora<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 109,922 |
[
"Sanitary Fair",
"founded by",
"United States Sanitary Commission"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sanitary Fair<\e1> and <e2>United States Sanitary Commission<\e2>.
Sanitary fairs were fund-raising events held in various cities on behalf of the United States Sanitary Commission to raise funds and supplies for the Union Army during the American Civil War. Established in 1863, the last major event was held in 1865 in Chicago. From the outset of the USSC, many local groups sponsored fundraising events to benefit the Commission. As the civil war progressed, these became larger and more elaborate. Organizing these Sanitary Fairs offered ways for local communities to participate directly in supporting the war effort of the nation.
The USSC leadership sometimes did not approve of the excitement and lavishness of the fairs. They wanted to encourage sacrifice as a component of membership in a nation. Although the fairs were one way to create a national identity which might motivate citizens to perform their duties, the commission leadership did not want the fairs to become the focus of USSC work. The name "Sanitary Fair" was coined after the success of the big bazaars that took place in Chicago and shortly after in Boston during the winter of 1863-1864. | founded by | 35,434 | 109,924 |
[
"Cambrian Pottery",
"owned by",
"Coles & Haynes"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Cambrian Pottery<\e1> and <e2>Coles & Haynes<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 109,930 |
[
"The Nightmare Before Christmas",
"narrative location",
"Halloween Town"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>The Nightmare Before Christmas<\e1> and <e2>Halloween Town<\e2>.
The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 American stop-motion animated musical dark fantasy film directed by Henry Selick (in his feature directorial debut) and produced and conceived by Tim Burton. It tells the story of Jack Skellington, the King of "Halloween Town", who stumbles upon "Christmas Town" and schemes to take over the holiday. Danny Elfman wrote the songs and score and provided the singing voice of Jack. The principal voice cast also includes Chris Sarandon, Catherine O'Hara, William Hickey, Ken Page, Paul Reubens, Glenn Shadix, and Ed Ivory.
The Nightmare Before Christmas originated in a poem written by Burton in 1982 while he was working as an animator at Walt Disney Productions. With the success of Vincent in the same year, Burton began to consider developing The Nightmare Before Christmas as either a short film or a half-hour television special, to no avail. Over the years, Burton's thoughts regularly returned to the project, and, in 1990, he made a development deal with Walt Disney Studios. Production started in July 1991 in San Francisco; Disney initially released the film through Touchstone Pictures because the studio believed the film would be "too dark and scary for kids".The film met with critical success upon release, earning praise for its animation (particularly the innovation of the stop-motion art form), characters, songs and score. While only a modest box office hit at first, it has since garnered a large cult following. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, a first for an animated film, but lost to Jurassic Park. The film has been reissued by Walt Disney Pictures and was re-released annually in Disney Digital 3-D from 2006 until 2010. | narrative location | 35,447 | 109,970 |
[
"Zokkomon",
"narrative location",
"India"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Zokkomon<\e1> and <e2>India<\e2>.
| narrative location | 32,091 | 109,980 |
[
"Saludos Amigos",
"narrative location",
"South America"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Saludos Amigos<\e1> and <e2>South America<\e2>.
| narrative location | 32,091 | 109,984 |
[
"Newsies",
"narrative location",
"New York City"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Newsies<\e1> and <e2>New York City<\e2>.
Newsies (released as The News Boys in the United Kingdom) is a 1992 American historical musical comedy-drama film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and directed by choreographer Kenny Ortega in his film directing debut. Loosely based on the New York City Newsboys' Strike of 1899 and featuring twelve original songs by Alan Menken with lyrics by Jack Feldman and an underscore by J. A. C. Redford, it stars Christian Bale, Bill Pullman, Ann-Margret, and Robert Duvall.
The film was an initial box office bomb, and received mixed reviews at the time of its release. However, it later gained a cult following on home video, and was ultimately adapted into a stage musical on Broadway. The play was nominated for eight Tony Awards, winning two including Best Original Score for Menken and Feldman. | narrative location | 35,456 | 109,992 |
[
"Westerland (Sylt) station",
"owned by",
"Deutsche Bahn"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Westerland (Sylt) station<\e1> and <e2>Deutsche Bahn<\e2>.
Westerland (Sylt) station (German: Bahnhof Westerland (Sylt)) is a terminus railway station in the town of Westerland, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The station lies on the Marsh Railway and the train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and Nord-Ostsee-Bahn.Station layout
The station is located on a small square in the town's center. The station building's entrance is located on the side facing the square, the two island platforms are located on the building's backside.
To the left of the passenger platforms is a freight station; to the right is the car shuttle (Autozug Sylt) terminus. | owned by | 35,467 | 110,075 |
[
"Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences",
"founded by",
"Pius XII"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences<\e1> and <e2>Pius XII<\e2>.
The Pontifical Committee of Historical Sciences is a division of the Roman Curia established on 7 April 1954 by Pope Pius XII.Background
Pope Pius XII created this committee on 7 April 1954 as the successor to the Commission of Cardinals for Historical Studies, which Pope Leo XIII had created on 18 August 1883 with the apostolic letter Saepenumero considerantes. That commission was created to contribute to the development and proper use of historical sciences, especially late in the nineteenth century when parts of the Vatican's historical records, known as the Vatican Secret Archive, was opened to scholars. The new committee was created to foster cooperation with the International Committee of Historical Sciences, which was scheduled to hold its convention in Rome in 1955.On 14 January 2019 Pope Francis created the new role of the assessor as third leadership position, after the president and the secretary. | founded by | 35,475 | 110,102 |
[
"Dhammayuttika Nikaya",
"founded by",
"Mongkut"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Dhammayuttika Nikaya<\e1> and <e2>Mongkut<\e2>.
History
Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thai: Thammayut) began in 1833 as a reform movement led by Mongkut (later King Rama IV), son of King Rama II of Siam. It remained a reform movement until passage of the Sangha Act of 1902, which formally recognized it as the lesser of Thailand's two Theravada denominations, the other being Maha Nikaya.Prince Mongkut was a bhikkhu (religious name: Vajirañāṇo) for 27 years (1824–1851) before becoming King of Thailand (1851–1868). The then 20 year-old prince entered monastic life in 1824. Over the course of his early meditation training, Mongkut was frustrated that his teachers could not relate the meditation techniques they were teaching to the original teachings of the Buddha. Also, he described what he saw as serious discrepancies between the vinaya (monastic rules) and the actual practices of Thai bhikkhus. Mongkut, concerned that the ordination lines in Thailand were broken by a lack of adherence to this monastic code, sought out a different lineage of bhikkhus with practice that is more in line with the vinaya.
There are several rules in the Theravada monastic code by which a bhikkhu is "defeated" - he is no longer a bhikkhu even if he continues to wear robes and is treated as one. Every ordination ceremony in Theravada Buddhism is performed by ten bhikkhus to guard against the possibility of the ordination being rendered invalid by having a "defeated bhikkhu" as preceptor. Despite this, Mongkut was concerned that the area's lineages of regional traditions were broken. He made every effort to commission a phalanx of bhikkhus in Thailand with the highest probability of an unbroken lineage traceable back to the Buddha.Mongkut eventually found a lineage among the Mon people in Thailand who had a stronger practice. He reordained in this group and began a reform movement that would become the Thammayut order. In founding the Thammayut order, Mongkut made an effort to remove all non-Buddhist, folk religious, and superstitious elements which over the years had become part of Thai Buddhism. Additionally, Thammayut bhikkhus are expected to eat only one meal a day (not two) and the meal was to be gathered during a traditional alms round.
In 1836, Mongkut became the first abbot of the new Wat Bowonniwet Vihara, and it would become the administrative center of the Thammayut order to the present day.Soon after, Mongkut had other bhikkhus who were close to him reordain in this lineage of Mon bhikkhus. Among these were Mongkut's son Vajirañāṇavarorasa and Somdet Phra Wannarat "Thap", a grade nine Pali scholar.According to anthropologist Jim Taylor, Vajirañāṇavarorasa's autobiography tells how "Thap had differences with the somewhat more "worldly" bhikkhus at Wat Bowornniwet, which led to dissension and the movement's eventual division into four primary competing factions (monastic lines or "stems")." In the mid-19th century these branches became so estranged that each one developed its own style of chanting, interpretation, and translation of Pali texts, and differed on issues related to the monastic code.
It wasn't until Vajirañāṇavarorasa took control of a new phase of sangha reforms in 1892 that the administrative Thammayut hierarchy would begin to form a cohesive vision. Officially Pusso Saa was the sangharaja; however, he was only a figurehead. Thanissaro, a Thai-ordained forest bhikkhu, notes though that in the early-20th century, Ajahn Mun's kammaṭṭhāna lineage formed a distinct camp within the Thammayut order which was at odds with Vajirañāṇavarorasa's reforms.Since its origins, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya has historically been the preferred choice of the Thai government and the monarchy. Having been started by a Thai prince, the order has always had close ties to the monarchy and has historically played a key role in ensuring public support for the palace. Journalist Paul Handley writes that:Although the doctrinal differences between the schools had become less significant, putting Thammayut [sic] on top ensured that the sangha remained closely allied with the palace. This favoritism by Thai elites for the Dhammayuttika order is most apparent in the proportion of monastic titles given to senior bhikkhus. While taking up only about six percent of the bhikkhus in Thailand, over half of Thailand's monastic titles and privileges have gone to Dhammayuttika bhikkhus, and nine of the past thirteen Supreme Patriarchs of Thailand have belonged to the Dhammayuttika order.
The preference by the Thai government and palace for Dhammayuttika has even led to the persecution of some high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus who were seen as a threat to the Dhammayuttika hierarchy or the Thai government. The most famous case was the case of Phra Phimontham, a high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhu known for his pro-democracy views and opposition to Dhammayuttika elitism, who was likely to become the next Supreme Patriarch of Thailand at the time. In 1962, Phra Phimontham was imprisoned and defrocked by Thailand's then military junta and widely defamed in the Thai media over several criminal charges. The scandal allowed the military junta to pass a Sangha reform act that further centralized the Thai Sangha's administration under Dhammayuttika control. Following a change in government, the various criminal charges against Phra Phimontham were later determined to have been false all along. In reality, the military junta persecuted Phra Phimontham for his political views and disseminated the false charges in the media in order to arrest him and limit his influence, and to consolidate its power over the Sangha.More recently, news analysts have described the actions of the 2014 military junta against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Wat Paknam Bhasichareon as also being about the politics of these two Nikayas. From 2013-2017 the bhikkhu who was next in line for Supreme Patriarch was the Maha Nikaya bhikkhu Somdet Chuang Varapuñño of Wat Paknam Bhasicheroen. However, lawsuits involving Somdet Chuang and the affiliated Wat Phra Dhammakaya caused his appointment to be postponed and eventually withdrawn, with another candidate from the Dhammayuttika fraternity appointed instead. The lawsuits against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Somdet Chuang were, in fact, eventually used as reasons by the junta to withdraw his nomination. Wat Paknam was later cleared of all charges two days after Somdet Chuang's nomination was officially withdrawn.On 7 February 2017, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha confirmed the appointment of Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong as the 20th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand in a televised address. He was the abbott of Wat Ratchabophit and a leading member of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order. The prime minister stated: "I submitted the names of five qualified monks for His Majesty to consider. On Monday night, I was informed His Majesty chose Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong."During the 2017–18 Thai temple fraud investigations, Anthropologist Jim Taylor described the arrests made during the investigations as the "ruling palace regime" trying to consolidate traditional, central royalist power by eliminating several high-ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus and members of the Sangha Supreme Council. Taylor argues that this was done in order to ensure that the next supreme patriarch is also from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, pointing to the junta's previous interference with the position in 2017 and that the suspects were all high-ranking non-royalist bhikkhus. In fact, in July 2018, the junta passed a law giving the Thai King the ability to select members of the Sangha Supreme Council instead of the monks. The alleged corruption within the Sangha from these investigations were cited as the reason for the change. | founded by | 35,493 | 110,153 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"founded by",
"Elena Gnesina"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Gnessin State Musical College<\e1> and <e2>Elena Gnesina<\e2>.
The Gnessin State Musical College (Russian: Государственный музыкальный колледж имени Гнесиных) and Gnesins Russian Academy of Music (Russian: Российская академия музыки имени Гнесиных) is a music school in Moscow, Russia.History
Originally known as the Gnessin Institute, it was established on February 15, 1895 by three sisters: Evgenia Fabianovna, Elena Fabianovna, and Maria Fabianovna Gnessin. Each of the Gnessin sisters had studied piano and graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. Construction of the modern building began in 1937, interrupted during the war and resumed in 1943. The main part of the academy was built in 1946.
The college quickly became, and remains, an elite music school, considered second only to the Moscow Conservatory. | founded by | 35,497 | 110,164 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"founded by",
"Evgenia Gnesina"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Gnessin State Musical College<\e1> and <e2>Evgenia Gnesina<\e2>.
History
Originally known as the Gnessin Institute, it was established on February 15, 1895 by three sisters: Evgenia Fabianovna, Elena Fabianovna, and Maria Fabianovna Gnessin. Each of the Gnessin sisters had studied piano and graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. Construction of the modern building began in 1937, interrupted during the war and resumed in 1943. The main part of the academy was built in 1946.
The college quickly became, and remains, an elite music school, considered second only to the Moscow Conservatory. | founded by | 35,498 | 110,165 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"founded by",
"Maria Gnesina"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Gnessin State Musical College<\e1> and <e2>Maria Gnesina<\e2>.
The Gnessin State Musical College (Russian: Государственный музыкальный колледж имени Гнесиных) and Gnesins Russian Academy of Music (Russian: Российская академия музыки имени Гнесиных) is a music school in Moscow, Russia.History
Originally known as the Gnessin Institute, it was established on February 15, 1895 by three sisters: Evgenia Fabianovna, Elena Fabianovna, and Maria Fabianovna Gnessin. Each of the Gnessin sisters had studied piano and graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. Construction of the modern building began in 1937, interrupted during the war and resumed in 1943. The main part of the academy was built in 1946.
The college quickly became, and remains, an elite music school, considered second only to the Moscow Conservatory. | founded by | 35,497 | 110,166 |
[
"Corps Rhenania Tübingen",
"founded by",
"Friedrich Widmann"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Corps Rhenania Tübingen<\e1> and <e2>Friedrich Widmann<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,171 |
[
"Batara Kresna Railbus",
"owned by",
"Kereta Api Indonesia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Batara Kresna Railbus<\e1> and <e2>Kereta Api Indonesia<\e2>.
Batara Kresna Railbus (Indonesian: Bus rel Batara Kresna) is a railbus service in Central Java, Indonesia that operates between Purwosari Station in Surakarta and Wonogiri Station in Wonogiri Regency. It is operated by PT Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) and is a cooperation project between the Surakarta city government and KAI, when the city was led by Joko Widodo. The service is the one of a few railbus service in Indonesia besides Lembah Anai railbus in West Sumatra and former Kertalaya railbus in South Sumatra.
The railbus took its name from a character in Mahabharata, Krishna or Kresna who is tasked with saving the world and upholding the truth after the war in Kurukshetra. | owned by | 35,500 | 110,174 |
[
"Volga Hydroelectric Station",
"owned by",
"RusHydro"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Volga Hydroelectric Station<\e1> and <e2>RusHydro<\e2>.
The Volga Hydroelectric Station or Volga GES (Russian: Волжская ГЭС) also known as the 22nd Congress of the CPSU Stalingrad/Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Station (Russian: Сталинградская/Волгоградская ГЭС имени XXII съезда КПСС), is the largest hydroelectric station in Europe, and it is the last of the Volga-Kama Cascade of dams, immediately before the Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea. It was the largest powerstation in the world between 1960 and 1963. Today, it is operated by the electricity company RusHydro. | owned by | 35,503 | 110,186 |
[
"Three Gorges Dam",
"owned by",
"China Yangtze Power"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Three Gorges Dam<\e1> and <e2>China Yangtze Power<\e2>.
Power generation and distribution
Generating capacity
Power generation is managed by China Yangtze Power, a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation (CTGC) – a Central Enterprise administered by SASAC. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators: 32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW, and two plant power generators, each with capacity of 50 MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW. Among those 32 main generators, 14 are installed in the north side of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the remaining six in the underground power plant in the mountain that lies to the south of the dam. Annual electricity generation in 2018 was 101.6 TWh, which is 20 times more than the Hoover Dam. | owned by | 35,519 | 110,239 |
[
"Capitoline Museums",
"founded by",
"Sixtus IV"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Capitoline Museums<\e1> and <e2>Sixtus IV<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,329 |
[
"Chania Power Station",
"owned by",
"Public Power Corporation SA"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Chania Power Station<\e1> and <e2>Public Power Corporation SA<\e2>.
Chania Power Station is a natural gas power plant located in Chania on Crete island, Greece. It consists of two gas turbine units with a total capacity of about 120 MW. The power station is owned by the Public Power Corporation (PPC).History
In 1995, PPC awarded the contract for the supply and installation of two turbine units with a capacity of 59 MW each to Ansaldo Energia, a subsidiary of Finmeccanica. The contract was supplemented following works stoppage due to local population impediments, which allowed the erection works to start in April 1997. The first synchronization appeared in March 1998 and the first unit went into commercial operation in May 1998. The second unit went into commercial operation in August 1998.
Greek companies Triton and Rodax participated in the construction of the unit as subcontractors. | owned by | 35,548 | 110,381 |
[
"Krasnoyarsk Dam",
"owned by",
"Eurosibenergo"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Krasnoyarsk Dam<\e1> and <e2>Eurosibenergo<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,397 |
[
"United Kingdom Infrared Telescope",
"owned by",
"Science and Technology Facilities Council"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>United Kingdom Infrared Telescope<\e1> and <e2>Science and Technology Facilities Council<\e2>.
The United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (UKIRT) is a 3.8 metre (150 inch) infrared reflecting telescope, the second largest dedicated infrared (1 to 30 micrometres) telescope in the world. It is located on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i as part of Mauna Kea Observatory. Until 2014 it was operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hilo. It was owned by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council. UKIRT is currently being funded by NASA and operated under scientific cooperation between Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, the University of Hawaii, and the U. S. Naval Observatory. The telescope is set to be decommissioned after completion of the Thirty Meter Telescope as part of the Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan. | owned by | 35,571 | 110,456 |
[
"Itaipu Dam",
"owned by",
"Itaipú Binacional"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Itaipu Dam<\e1> and <e2>Itaipú Binacional<\e2>.
Construction starts
In 1970, the consortium formed by the companies ELC Electroconsult S.p.A. (from Italy) and IECO (from the United States) won the international competition for the realization of the viability studies and for the elaboration of the construction project. Design studies began in February 1971. On April 26, 1973, Brazil and Paraguay signed the Itaipu Treaty, the legal instrument for the hydroelectric exploitation of the Paraná River by the two countries. On May 17, 1974, the Itaipu Binacional entity was created to administer the plant's construction. The construction began in January of the following year. Brazil's (and Latin America's) first electric car was introduced in late 1974; it received the name Itaipu in honor of the project. | owned by | 35,575 | 110,464 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"owned by",
"Italy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Italy<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,469 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"owned by",
"Holy Roman Empire"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Holy Roman Empire<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,472 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"owned by",
"Benedictines"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Benedictines<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,475 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"owned by",
"Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,476 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"owned by",
"Kingdom of Italy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Kingdom of Italy<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,477 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"owned by",
"Kingdom of Italy"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Kingdom of Italy<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,478 |
[
"San Giorgio Monastery",
"founded by",
"Giovanni Morosini"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>San Giorgio Monastery<\e1> and <e2>Giovanni Morosini<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,480 |
[
"Le stanze del vetro",
"founded by",
"Pentagram Stiftung"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Le stanze del vetro<\e1> and <e2>Pentagram Stiftung<\e2>.
Le Stanze del Vetro (in English: Rooms for Glass) is a gallery located on the island of San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice, Italy with rotating exhibits of Venetian glass. It is a joint venture between the Cini Foundation and Pentagram Stiftung, a non-profit foundation established by David Landau and Marie-Rose Kahane. It is housed in a former boarding school, renovated and designed by Annabelle Selldorf. | founded by | 35,577 | 110,483 |
[
"Le stanze del vetro",
"founded by",
"Giorgio Cini Foundation"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Le stanze del vetro<\e1> and <e2>Giorgio Cini Foundation<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,484 |
[
"Fishnish",
"owned by",
"Caledonian MacBrayne"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Fishnish<\e1> and <e2>Caledonian MacBrayne<\e2>.
Fishnish (Scottish Gaelic: Finnsinis) is a ferry terminal on the Isle of Mull, roughly halfway between Tobermory and Craignure. It is owned and operated by Caledonian MacBrayne. It is served by the ferry that crosses the Sound of Mull to and from Lochaline.It consists of a slipway sticking out into the Sound of Mull with a vehicle queuing area stretching back onto the road, a car park next to the slipway, and a small café next to the slipway with public toilets and an electronic display showing ferry times and other information.
There is a forest open to the public for walks in and around Fishnish. Beside the current Fishnish is Ceadha Leth Torcail (Gaelic for "the pier of Torquil's half-share", an historic cattle harbour). | owned by | 35,589 | 110,508 |
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Carlos Ferrer Salat"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Catalan Centre<\e1> and <e2>Carlos Ferrer Salat<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,559 |
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Lluís Figa i Faura"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Catalan Centre<\e1> and <e2>Lluís Figa i Faura<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,560 |
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Vicenç Oller i Company"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Catalan Centre<\e1> and <e2>Vicenç Oller i Company<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,561 |
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Jordi Planasdemunt i Gubert"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Catalan Centre<\e1> and <e2>Jordi Planasdemunt i Gubert<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,562 |
[
"Catalan Centre",
"founded by",
"Carles Güell de Sentmenat"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Catalan Centre<\e1> and <e2>Carles Güell de Sentmenat<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,563 |
[
"Sleeping Beauty Castle",
"owned by",
"Disneyland, Inc."
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Sleeping Beauty Castle<\e1> and <e2>Disneyland, Inc.<\e2>.
| owned by | 32,091 | 110,576 |
[
"The Canterbury Tales",
"narrative location",
"Kent"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>The Canterbury Tales<\e1> and <e2>Kent<\e2>.
| narrative location | 32,091 | 110,614 |
[
"Suckless.org",
"founded by",
"Anselm R. Garbe"
]
| Find the relation between <e1>Suckless.org<\e1> and <e2>Anselm R. Garbe<\e2>.
| founded by | 32,091 | 110,679 |
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