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[
"Shonan Gold",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | History
Shōnan gold was first cultivated in 1988, by hybrid crossing the Citrus flaviculpus (Ōgonkan (黄金柑, "Golden Orange")) with Citrus unshiu cv. Imamura unshiu (今村温州) (a variety of Satsuma orange). It is thought to be a nucellar seedling of the mother plant Ōgonkan.The cultivation was first conducted at the Kanagawa Agricultural Research Institute, Nebukawa Experiment Station (神奈川県農業総合研究所根府川試験場) in the city of Odawara, although the station has since been bureaucratically reorganized as the Nebukawas Sub-Office, under the Ashigara-ku Office, Kanagawa Agricultural Technology Center (神奈川県農業技術センター足柄地区事務所根府川分室). Further seed selection and propagation was continued until the 12th year (1999) to establish stability of characteristics. The hybrid was registered with the name "Shōnan Gold" (registration number 11469) at Japan's Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) in 2003, and the first harvest took place that same year. Shipment started in 2006 (FY2005) with about 2.0 metric tons officially entering the market, or about 450 kg according to a newspaper coverage. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Banksia 'Superman'",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | Banksia 'Superman', also known by its extended cultivar name Banksia serrata 'Superman', is a registered Banksia cultivar. It was discovered by Maria Hitchcock of Armidale NSW near Nambucca in 1986 during the Banksia Atlas project. An attempt to have it accorded subspecies rank was not successful so she named it 'Superman' to describe the giant inflorescences and leaves and in keeping with the common name for Banksia serrata (Saw Banksia). Its leaves and inflorescences are mostly twice the size of typical plants of its parent species, Banksia serrata. Naturally occurring close to running water or on poorly drained sites between Nambucca Heads and Grassy Head in New South Wales, it grows true to seed.
It has not yet been introduced into commercial cultivation but seed has been distributed among members of the Australian Plants Society. Specimens have been growing successfully in the Armidale district for more than 15 years and in Canberra. The variety is frost hardy especially when it achieves some height but it is only moderately drought hardy. It has a short warty trunk and thick branches. The upright and terminal inflorescences which occur on short thickened stems off the branches are grey in bud and up to 25 cm x 12 cm in size. The yellow styles emerge in a spiral at the bottom of the inflorescence and gradually cover the whole inflorescence. Lorikeets and other birds are attracted to the nectar. The fruiting cone is covered with dead brown styles and has prominent follicles which contain one or two large seeds with black papery wings separated by a woody spacer. Cones need to be heated in a fire or oven for the follicles to open. The tree drops leaves continually creating a layer of mulch. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Bonica 82'",
"country of origin",
"France"
] | Rosa 'Bonica 82', (aka MEIdomonac), is a shrub rose cultivar, bred by Marie-Louise Meilland in France in 1982. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 1987. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Bonica 82'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Bonica 82', (aka MEIdomonac), is a shrub rose cultivar, bred by Marie-Louise Meilland in France in 1982. The cultivar was named an All-America Rose Selections winner in 1987.Description
'Bonica 82' is a medium bushy shrub, 3 to 5 ft (90—150 cm) in height with a 4—6 ft (121—182 cm) spread. Blooms have an average diameter of 2—3 in (5—7.5 cm) with a petal count of 26 to 40. The plant is excellent for use in the garden, in containers, cut flower, hedge or landscape.Buds are a rich, dark pink color. Flowers are bright, pale pink when they first open, and later fade to near white in warmer climates. Flowers come in clusters of five to fifteen, and have a mild, sweet fragrance, with ruffled, slightly cupped petals. Flowers have a long bloom time, often producing flowers into late October. The plant produces bright red rose hips that last until the following spring. The leaves are an attractive, semi-glossy, dark green. The plant is very disease resistant and a repeat bloomer. It thrives in USDA zone 4b through 9b. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Bosc pear",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | The Beurre Bosc or Bosc is a cultivar of the European pear (Pyrus communis), originally from France or Belgium. Also known as the Kaiser, it is grown in Europe, Australia, British Columbia and Ontario, Canada, and the northwestern U.S. states of California, Washington, and Oregon.
The Beurre Bosc was cultivated first in Belgium or France. The name Bosc is given after a French horticulturist named Louis Bosc, and "Beurré" means "buttery," referring to the fruit's soft, juicy texture.
Characteristic features are a long tapering neck and russet skin. Famous for its warm cinnamon color, the Bosc pear is often used in drawings, paintings, and photography due to its shape. Its white flesh is denser, crisper and smoother than that of the 'Williams' or 'D'Anjou' pear. It is called the "aristocrat of pears". It is suitable to be used in poaching. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Poblano",
"country of origin",
"Mexico"
] | The poblano (Capsicum annuum) is a mild chili pepper originating in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Dried, it is called ancho or chile ancho, from the Spanish word ancho ("wide"). Stuffed fresh and roasted it is popular in chiles rellenos poblanos.
While poblanos tend to have a mild flavor, occasionally and unpredictably they can have significant heat. Different peppers from the same plant have been reported to vary substantially in heat intensity. The ripened red poblano is significantly hotter and more flavorful than the less ripe, green poblano.
A closely related variety is the mulato, which is darker in color, sweeter in flavor, and softer in texture. The pasilla pepper is sometimes incorrectly called "poblano", particularly in the United States, but they are distinct from true poblano peppers. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Poblano",
"different from",
"pasilla chile"
] | The poblano (Capsicum annuum) is a mild chili pepper originating in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Dried, it is called ancho or chile ancho, from the Spanish word ancho ("wide"). Stuffed fresh and roasted it is popular in chiles rellenos poblanos.
While poblanos tend to have a mild flavor, occasionally and unpredictably they can have significant heat. Different peppers from the same plant have been reported to vary substantially in heat intensity. The ripened red poblano is significantly hotter and more flavorful than the less ripe, green poblano.
A closely related variety is the mulato, which is darker in color, sweeter in flavor, and softer in texture. The pasilla pepper is sometimes incorrectly called "poblano", particularly in the United States, but they are distinct from true poblano peppers. | different from | 12 | [
"not same as",
"not identical to",
"distinct from",
"separate from",
"unlike"
] | null | null |
[
"Dundicut",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | Dundicut peppers are a variety of small, round (approx. 1/2" to 1" diameter), dark red chili peppers grown in Sindh, in Pakistan, Sikkim in India and Ilam in Nepal. They are a cultivar of either Capsicum frutescens or Capsicum annuum and are also known in Asia as gol lal mirch. Sold dried, Dundicuts are similar in size and flavor to Scotch bonnet peppers, but are not as hot, and are of a different species.
According to a major U.S. commercial spice vendor, dundicuts are "quite hot, with a full-bodied, complex flavor. A single crushed pepper will add heat and flavor to a dish for two." The heat rating for Dundicuts, as measured in Scoville Units, ranges from as low as 30,000 to a high of 65,000.Dundicuts are a common ingredient in parrot food. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Camp David'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Camp David' is a red hybrid tea rose developed by Mathias Tantau, Jr. in 1984.Description
The cultivar forms nearly black buds, which turn a deep red when blooming – and retain that color better under sun exposure than many other red roses. The fragrant flowers have an average diameter of about 13 cm and conserve their elegant form for a long time. Due to their solitary growth, they are used as cut flowers as well as in gardens.
The robust shrubs are of average height (~1.5 m), very weather and disease resistant and bloom in flushes throughout the season.
While the rose was hybridized in Germany, it was not introduced in its home country but in Australia, where the cultivar is well liked. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Charles Austin'",
"instance of",
"english roses"
] | Rosa 'Charles Austin' (aka AUSfather) is an apricot shrub rose cultivar bred and introduced by David Austin in England in 1973. The rose was hybridised by crossing the English rose 'Chaucer' (Austin, 1970) with the pink Hybrid Tea 'Aloha' (Boerner 1949) and is named after the breeder's father. It was one of the early English roses.'Charles Austin'
This rose was bred by Austin in 1973 and named for his father, Charles Austin. The rose was hybridised by crossing the English rose 'Chaucer' (Austin, 1970) with the pink Hybrid Tea 'Aloha' (Boerner 1949). It was one of the early English roses.
'Charles Austin' was further used by Austin as a parent rose and fathered ten cultivars, including 'Leander' (1982), 'Graham Thomas' (1983), 'Swan' (1987), 'Brother Cadfael' (1990), 'Golden Celebration' (1992), 'Tradescant' (1993), 'Teasing Georgia' (1998) and 'Benjamin Britten' (2001). In 1981, Austin introduced a sport (mutation) – 'Yellow Charles Austin' – with lemon to golden yellow colours, that fade to cream. Charles Austin (Ausfather) is one of a number of varieties which has been 'retired' by the David Austin Roses company in favour of other more modern and healthy varieties. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Charles Austin'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | 'Charles Austin'
This rose was bred by Austin in 1973 and named for his father, Charles Austin. The rose was hybridised by crossing the English rose 'Chaucer' (Austin, 1970) with the pink Hybrid Tea 'Aloha' (Boerner 1949). It was one of the early English roses.
'Charles Austin' was further used by Austin as a parent rose and fathered ten cultivars, including 'Leander' (1982), 'Graham Thomas' (1983), 'Swan' (1987), 'Brother Cadfael' (1990), 'Golden Celebration' (1992), 'Tradescant' (1993), 'Teasing Georgia' (1998) and 'Benjamin Britten' (2001). In 1981, Austin introduced a sport (mutation) – 'Yellow Charles Austin' – with lemon to golden yellow colours, that fade to cream. Charles Austin (Ausfather) is one of a number of varieties which has been 'retired' by the David Austin Roses company in favour of other more modern and healthy varieties. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Charles Austin'",
"named after",
"Charles Austin"
] | 'Charles Austin'
This rose was bred by Austin in 1973 and named for his father, Charles Austin. The rose was hybridised by crossing the English rose 'Chaucer' (Austin, 1970) with the pink Hybrid Tea 'Aloha' (Boerner 1949). It was one of the early English roses.
'Charles Austin' was further used by Austin as a parent rose and fathered ten cultivars, including 'Leander' (1982), 'Graham Thomas' (1983), 'Swan' (1987), 'Brother Cadfael' (1990), 'Golden Celebration' (1992), 'Tradescant' (1993), 'Teasing Georgia' (1998) and 'Benjamin Britten' (2001). In 1981, Austin introduced a sport (mutation) – 'Yellow Charles Austin' – with lemon to golden yellow colours, that fade to cream. Charles Austin (Ausfather) is one of a number of varieties which has been 'retired' by the David Austin Roses company in favour of other more modern and healthy varieties. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Sunsprite'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Sunsprite' (syn. 'KORresia', 'Friesia') is a rose variety developed by Reimer Kordes and introduced in 1973. The rose was derived from the cultivars 'Friedrich Wörlein' × 'Spanish Sun', and is one of the most successful floribunda roses. It was named 'Friesia' after the region Frisia (Friesland), the home of the breeder, and was one of the first roses to be given a code name ('KORresia' for Kordes).
Its sunny yellow blooms are large and flat with 17 to 25 waved petals, reaching an average diameter of 8 cm (3.2 in) and have a very strong fragrance. The high-centered flowers appear solitary or in small clusters in a blooming period lasting from June to September. Their bright yellow colour hardly changes with age. The flower is not well suited as a cut flower as it has short stems and only lasts for a short period of time after cutting.
The plant has light-green, glossy leaves, forms upright, bushy shrubs with about 40 to 75 cm height and up to 60 cm width, is very disease resistant and hardy (USDA zone 6b) and can be grown on the ground or in containers.
It is used as a parent rose, leading to cultivars such as Rosa 'Sun Flare' (Warriner, 1981) and 'Morden Sunrise' (Davidson & Collicutt, 1991). | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Double Delight'",
"country of origin",
"United States of America"
] | Rosa 'Double Delight', (aka ANDeli), is a multiple award-winning, red blend hybrid tea rose cultivar bred in the United States by Swim & Ellis and introduced in 1977. Its parents were two hybrid tea cultivars, the red and yellow 'Granada' (Lindquist, 1963) and the ivory 'Garden Party' (Swim, 1959). | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Double Delight'",
"creator",
"Herbert Swim"
] | Rosa 'Double Delight', (aka ANDeli), is a multiple award-winning, red blend hybrid tea rose cultivar bred in the United States by Swim & Ellis and introduced in 1977. Its parents were two hybrid tea cultivars, the red and yellow 'Granada' (Lindquist, 1963) and the ivory 'Garden Party' (Swim, 1959). | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Double Delight'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Double Delight', (aka ANDeli), is a multiple award-winning, red blend hybrid tea rose cultivar bred in the United States by Swim & Ellis and introduced in 1977. Its parents were two hybrid tea cultivars, the red and yellow 'Granada' (Lindquist, 1963) and the ivory 'Garden Party' (Swim, 1959). | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Elina'",
"country of origin",
"Northern Ireland"
] | Rosa 'Elina' (AKA 'DICjana') is a light yellow hybrid tea rose bred by Patrick Dickson of Northern Ireland in 1983. The variety was developed from the white floribunda 'Nana Mouskouri' (Dickson, 1975) and the apricot hybrid tea 'Lolita' (Kordes, 1972).History
Dickson Nurseries is a family owned rose company in Newtownards, County Down, Northern Ireland. The nursery was established in 1836 by Alexander Dickson (1801—1880). His son George (1832-1914) founded the rose nursery, Alexander Dickson and Sons and his son Hugh (1831—1904) established a separate rose nursery in 1869 called Royal Nurseries. George's sons, Alexander II (1857-1949) and George II took over the company from their father in 1872. Alexander II began breeding roses in 1879. The firm's name changed to Dicksons of Hawlmark and later became Dickson Nurseries in 1969.Alexander Patrick (Patrick) Dickson (1926—2012), grandson of Alexander II, began working for Dickson Nurseries in 1957 and began hybridizing roses in 1958. During his career, Dickson developed many successful rose cultivars, including Rosa Sea Pearl, Rosa Irish Gold,
Rosa 'Red Gold' (AARS) and Rosa 'Red Devil'. Dickson created the new rose cultivar, 'Elina' from the white floribunda 'Nana Mouskouri' (Dickson, 1975) and the apricot hybrid tea 'Lolita' (Kordes, 1972). The rose was later used to hybridize one child plant, floribunda Rosa Whisper. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Elina'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Elina' (AKA 'DICjana') is a light yellow hybrid tea rose bred by Patrick Dickson of Northern Ireland in 1983. The variety was developed from the white floribunda 'Nana Mouskouri' (Dickson, 1975) and the apricot hybrid tea 'Lolita' (Kordes, 1972).History
Dickson Nurseries is a family owned rose company in Newtownards, County Down, Northern Ireland. The nursery was established in 1836 by Alexander Dickson (1801—1880). His son George (1832-1914) founded the rose nursery, Alexander Dickson and Sons and his son Hugh (1831—1904) established a separate rose nursery in 1869 called Royal Nurseries. George's sons, Alexander II (1857-1949) and George II took over the company from their father in 1872. Alexander II began breeding roses in 1879. The firm's name changed to Dicksons of Hawlmark and later became Dickson Nurseries in 1969.Alexander Patrick (Patrick) Dickson (1926—2012), grandson of Alexander II, began working for Dickson Nurseries in 1957 and began hybridizing roses in 1958. During his career, Dickson developed many successful rose cultivars, including Rosa Sea Pearl, Rosa Irish Gold,
Rosa 'Red Gold' (AARS) and Rosa 'Red Devil'. Dickson created the new rose cultivar, 'Elina' from the white floribunda 'Nana Mouskouri' (Dickson, 1975) and the apricot hybrid tea 'Lolita' (Kordes, 1972). The rose was later used to hybridize one child plant, floribunda Rosa Whisper. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Pascali'",
"subclass of",
"hybrid tea rose"
] | Rosa 'Pascali', (aka LENip ), is a white hybrid tea rose cultivar, bred by Louis Lens in Belgium in 1963. It was created from a hybridization of Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth' and Rosa 'White Butterfly'. 'Pascali' has won numerous awards, including the Portland Gold Medal in 1967, the All-America Rose Selections award in 1969, and induction into the Rose Hall of Fame as "World's Favourite Rose" in 1991. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Pascali'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Pascali', (aka LENip ), is a white hybrid tea rose cultivar, bred by Louis Lens in Belgium in 1963. It was created from a hybridization of Rosa 'Queen Elizabeth' and Rosa 'White Butterfly'. 'Pascali' has won numerous awards, including the Portland Gold Medal in 1967, the All-America Rose Selections award in 1969, and induction into the Rose Hall of Fame as "World's Favourite Rose" in 1991. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Heidi Klum rose",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | The Heidi Klum rose is a variety of Floribunda rose from the Tantau company, registered in 1999 with the registration number RT 00681. It was made by crossing Old Port and Barkarole roses. The variety was officially named by Heidi Klum (after herself) in 2005.
It is a compact, richly flowering rose with a powerful scent. Under normal conditions it reaches a height of 40 to 50 cm. The flowers can reach a size of up to 9 cm, and can have as many as 40 petals. The flower color is predominantly violet and the foliage is green and rich.
The Heidi Klum rose can tolerate temperatures as low as –23 °C but is somewhat susceptible to mildew and Diplocarpon rosae. Therefore, it needs regular maintenance.Other names
Rose 'Heidi Klum', Floribunda rose 'Heidi Klum', Cluster flower rose 'Heidi Klum', Rosa 'Heide Klum Rose', Rosa 'TAN00681', Rosa 'RT00-681'.References
variety description at helpmefind
varieties description in the world-Rosen (de)
Rosa 'Heidi Klum' (Rose 'Heidi Klum') – Shoot Gardening UK | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Ratte potato",
"instance of",
"potato cultivar"
] | The Ratte potato (also known as La Ratte, La Reine Ratte du Touquet, or Asparges) is a small potato with a unique nutty flavor and smooth, buttery texture. The nutty flavour is said to have come from the types of soils the variety is grown in by the French farmers. This potato has an ovate shape, often with a slight curve and golden speckled skin. The flesh of this potato is a golden yellow and its texture maintains even when cooking.The variety originated in Denmark or France, in the late 19th century and is a favorite of French chefs, including Joël Robuchon who used them to make potato puree. Other chefs have recommended roughly mashing them or using them in salads or casseroles. The New York Times reported that its taste "hints richly of hazelnuts and chestnuts". This variety is known for its excellent texture and flavour, it is normally harvested by hand and low yielding. Because of the low yield and hand harvest this variety fetches a high price and it is known as a boutique potato. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Garden Party'",
"subclass of",
"hybrid tea rose"
] | Rosa 'Garden Party' is an ivory hybrid tea rose cultivar created by Herbert C. Swim in 1959. Its parents are the hybrid teas 'Charlotte Armstrong' (Lammerts, 1940) and 'Peace' (Meilland, 1939).The high-centered, double-shaped flowers have 25–28 petals and a creamy-white colour with more or less pink-edged outer petals. The Ultimate Rose Book says that 'Garden Party' has "the 'Peace' colors but more delicate". The flowers develop from urn-shaped buds, reach an average diameter of 11 cm (4.5") and have a light lemony fragrance. 'Garden Party' blooms repeatedly throughout the season. Thanks to its large well-shaped flowers, it is a popular exhibition variety.The vigorous shrub reaches 90 to 200 cm (2 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in) height and 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) width and is winter hardy down to −15 °C (5 °F) (USDA zone 7b) and can be susceptible to mildew. The young shoots are red, the semi-glossy foliage bluish.
'Garden Party' won a gold medal at the Bagatelle Rose Trials in 1959 and was included into the All-American-Rose-Selection in 1960. It is a parent to cultivars such as 'Double Delight' (Swim & Ellis 1997), 'Gold Medal' (Christensen, 1982) and 'Kokyu' (Kono, 1978). | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Garden Party'",
"creator",
"Herbert Swim"
] | Rosa 'Garden Party' is an ivory hybrid tea rose cultivar created by Herbert C. Swim in 1959. Its parents are the hybrid teas 'Charlotte Armstrong' (Lammerts, 1940) and 'Peace' (Meilland, 1939). | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Garden Party'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Garden Party' is an ivory hybrid tea rose cultivar created by Herbert C. Swim in 1959. Its parents are the hybrid teas 'Charlotte Armstrong' (Lammerts, 1940) and 'Peace' (Meilland, 1939).The high-centered, double-shaped flowers have 25–28 petals and a creamy-white colour with more or less pink-edged outer petals. The Ultimate Rose Book says that 'Garden Party' has "the 'Peace' colors but more delicate". The flowers develop from urn-shaped buds, reach an average diameter of 11 cm (4.5") and have a light lemony fragrance. 'Garden Party' blooms repeatedly throughout the season. Thanks to its large well-shaped flowers, it is a popular exhibition variety.The vigorous shrub reaches 90 to 200 cm (2 ft 11 in to 6 ft 7 in) height and 60 to 75 cm (24 to 30 in) width and is winter hardy down to −15 °C (5 °F) (USDA zone 7b) and can be susceptible to mildew. The young shoots are red, the semi-glossy foliage bluish.
'Garden Party' won a gold medal at the Bagatelle Rose Trials in 1959 and was included into the All-American-Rose-Selection in 1960. It is a parent to cultivars such as 'Double Delight' (Swim & Ellis 1997), 'Gold Medal' (Christensen, 1982) and 'Kokyu' (Kono, 1978). | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Marasca cherry",
"subclass of",
"Prunus cerasus"
] | The marasca cherry (Latin: Prunus cerasus var. marasca, Croatian: višnja maraska) is a type of sour Morello cherry known only from cultivation. It is reputed to attain its finest flavor when grown in coastal Croatia (specifically Dalmatia).The fruit's largest yield is in Zadar in Croatia, but it has been successfully cultivated in northern Italy, Slovenia, southern Hungary and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It has become naturalized in North America, though, while this is the original base cherry used for it, the maraschino cherry of American commerce is the Royal Ann variety of sweet cherry. The variety was first published by Roberto de Visiani in Flora dalmatica, 1850.The name marasca comes from the Italian word amarasca, from amaro, which stems from the Latin word amārus (meaning 'bitter').Compared to other cherries, the fruit of the marasca cherry tree is small, with anthocyanins accounting for its dark, near black colour.Its bitter taste and drier pulp make marasca cherries ideal for creating fine cherry liqueur.
By definition, true Maraschino liqueur is supposed to be made only from marasca cherries. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'New Dawn'",
"country of origin",
"United States of America"
] | Rosa 'New Dawn' is a light pink modern climbing rose cultivar, discovered by Somerset Rose Nursery in New Jersey in 1930. The cultivar is a sport (genetic mutation) of Rosa 'Dr. W. Van Fleet'. 'New Dawn' was the first plant to be patented. It was patented by H.F. Rosenberg in 1931. 'New Dawn' was voted the most popular rose in the world at the 11th World Convention of Rose Societies in 1997. It is also recognized worldwide as one of the best of the repeating climbing roses. 'New Dawn' is an Earth-Kind rose. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'New Dawn'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'New Dawn' is a light pink modern climbing rose cultivar, discovered by Somerset Rose Nursery in New Jersey in 1930. The cultivar is a sport (genetic mutation) of Rosa 'Dr. W. Van Fleet'. 'New Dawn' was the first plant to be patented. It was patented by H.F. Rosenberg in 1931. 'New Dawn' was voted the most popular rose in the world at the 11th World Convention of Rose Societies in 1997. It is also recognized worldwide as one of the best of the repeating climbing roses. 'New Dawn' is an Earth-Kind rose. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Gertrude Jekyll'",
"named after",
"Gertrude Jekyll"
] | Rosa 'Gertrude Jekyll' (aka AUSbord) is a pink shrub rose cultivar, bred by British rose breeder, David C. H. Austin in 1986. It was named in honour of the famous British writer and garden designer, Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932). 'Gertrude Jekyll' is one of the most popular of the David Austin's English roses. It was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1994.'Getrude Jekyll'
Austin developed 'Getrude Jekyll' using the shrub rose, 'Wife of Bath' and the Portland rose, 'Comte de Chambord'. The rose was named in honour of the famous British writer and garden designer, Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932). It is one of the most popular of the David Austin's English roses. It was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 2012.Notes
Sources
Quest-Ritson, Brigid; Quest-Ritson, Charles (2003). Encyclopedia of Roses. DK Publishing. ISBN 978-0756688684.
Phillips, Roger; Rix, Martyn (1993). The Quest for the Rose. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-679-43573-0. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Gertrude Jekyll'",
"creator",
"David C. H. Austin"
] | Rosa 'Gertrude Jekyll' (aka AUSbord) is a pink shrub rose cultivar, bred by British rose breeder, David C. H. Austin in 1986. It was named in honour of the famous British writer and garden designer, Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932). 'Gertrude Jekyll' is one of the most popular of the David Austin's English roses. It was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1994. | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Gertrude Jekyll'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Gertrude Jekyll' (aka AUSbord) is a pink shrub rose cultivar, bred by British rose breeder, David C. H. Austin in 1986. It was named in honour of the famous British writer and garden designer, Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932). 'Gertrude Jekyll' is one of the most popular of the David Austin's English roses. It was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1994.'Getrude Jekyll'
Austin developed 'Getrude Jekyll' using the shrub rose, 'Wife of Bath' and the Portland rose, 'Comte de Chambord'. The rose was named in honour of the famous British writer and garden designer, Gertrude Jekyll (1843–1932). It is one of the most popular of the David Austin's English roses. It was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 2012. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa Peace",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | The Peace rose, formally Rosa 'Madame A. Meilland', is a well-known and successful garden rose. By 1992, over one hundred million plants of this hybrid tea had been sold. The cultivar has large flowers of a light yellow to cream color, slightly flushed at the petal edges with crimson-pink. It is hardy and vigorous and relatively resistant to disease, making it popular in gardens as well as in the floral trade.
It was developed by French horticulturist Francis Meilland, in the years 1935 to 1939. When Meilland foresaw the German invasion of France, he sent cuttings to friends in Italy, Turkey, Germany, and the United States to protect the new rose. It is said that it was sent to the US on the last plane available before the German invasion, where it was safely propagated by the Conard Pyle Co. during the war. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa Peace",
"subclass of",
"hybrid tea rose"
] | The Peace rose, formally Rosa 'Madame A. Meilland', is a well-known and successful garden rose. By 1992, over one hundred million plants of this hybrid tea had been sold. The cultivar has large flowers of a light yellow to cream color, slightly flushed at the petal edges with crimson-pink. It is hardy and vigorous and relatively resistant to disease, making it popular in gardens as well as in the floral trade.
It was developed by French horticulturist Francis Meilland, in the years 1935 to 1939. When Meilland foresaw the German invasion of France, he sent cuttings to friends in Italy, Turkey, Germany, and the United States to protect the new rose. It is said that it was sent to the US on the last plane available before the German invasion, where it was safely propagated by the Conard Pyle Co. during the war. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Golden Celebration'",
"creator",
"David C. H. Austin"
] | 'Golden Celebration'
Austin developed 'Golden Celebration' using the apricot shrub roses, 'Charles Austin' x 'Abraham Darby'. The cultivar was introduced into the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1992. The rose is part of the David Austin English Rose Collection, and is one of the largest-flowered English Roses. 'Golden Celebration' was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 2001. The rose cultivar was used to hybridize five child plants: 'Alnwick Castle' (2001), 'Crocus Rose' (2000), 'Jubilee Celebration' (2002), 'Portlandia' (2002) and 'Golden Zest' (2005). | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Golden Celebration'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Golden Celebration' (aka AUSgold) is a yellow shrub rose cultivar, bred by British rose breeder, David C. H. Austin. It was introduced into the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1992. 'Golden Celebration' is part of the David Austin English Rose Collection. It was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 2001.Description
'Golden Celebration' is a medium-tall bushy shrub rose, 4 to 5 ft (1.2–1.5 m) in height, with a 3 to 4 ft (0.91–1.22 m) spread. It has a strong, fruity fragrance. The flowers are large, 4 to 5 in (100–130 mm), and very full (40+ petals). Rounded, orange-red buds open to deep yellow cupped flowers with apricot centers. They are sometimes carried singly, but are primarily borne in small clusters of 3–7. The rose blooms in flushes throughout the season. It has large, medium green foliage, nearly thornless stems and a lax growing habit. It is fairly disease resistant, but is susceptible to blackspot. 'Golden Celebration' does well in hot climates, where it will reach 6 ft (1.8 m) in height.'Golden Celebration'
Austin developed 'Golden Celebration' using the apricot shrub roses, 'Charles Austin' x 'Abraham Darby'. The cultivar was introduced into the UK by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1992. The rose is part of the David Austin English Rose Collection, and is one of the largest-flowered English Roses. 'Golden Celebration' was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 2001. The rose cultivar was used to hybridize five child plants: 'Alnwick Castle' (2001), 'Crocus Rose' (2000), 'Jubilee Celebration' (2002), 'Portlandia' (2002) and 'Golden Zest' (2005). | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei'",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | The hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus × hollandica 'Wredei', also known as Ulmus × hollandica 'Dampieri Aurea' and sometimes marketed as Golden Elm, originated as a sport of the cultivar 'Dampieri' at the Alt-Geltow Arboretum, near Potsdam, Germany, in 1875.Not to be confused with two other popular cultivars named 'Golden Elm', Ulmus glabra 'Lutescens' and Ulmus 'Louis van Houtte'.Description
The tree is fastigiate when young, but like its parent 'Dampieri' can become more spreading with age. It has broad, crinkled leaves clustered on short shoots; when these are young they are suffused yellow, but as the tree ages they revert to green. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa Graham Thomas",
"named after",
"Graham Stuart Thomas"
] | Graham Thomas (aka AUSmas) is a deep yellow shrub rose bred by British rose breeder, David C.H. Austin, and introduced into the United Kingdom by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1983. The cultivar was named for legendary rose horticulturalist, Graham Thomas. The rose was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993 and inducted into the Rose Hall of Fame in 2009 as "World's Favourite Rose". | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa Graham Thomas",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Description
'Graham Thomas' is an upright yellow shrub rose, 4 to 10 ft (1.2–3.0 m) in height, with a 3 to 5 ft (0.91–1.52 m) spread. The large 4 in (100 mm) flowers have a full, cupped bloom form and are borne mostly solitary or in large, long-stemmed clusters of 3 to 9 flowers. The color has been described variously as "rich deep yellow', "golden yellow", "amber" and "ochre yellow", and fades to a pale lemon as the bloom ages. The plant blooms in flushes throughout the season. It has a strong "tea" fragrance and is very disease resistant. Flowers are short-lived, so they do not make good cut flowers. Leaves are large and vary in colour from bright to pale green. The plant can reach 10 ft (3.0 m) in hot climates, but is difficult to train as a climber because of its rigid stems and upright habit.History
David Austin roses
David C. H. Austin (1926 – 2018) was an award-winning rose breeder, nursery owner and writer from Shropshire, England. He began breeding roses in the 1950s with the goal of creating new shrub rose varieties that would possess the best qualities of old-fashioned roses while incorporating the long flowering characteristics of hybrid tea roses and floribundas. His first commercially successful rose cultivar was 'Constance Spry', which he introduced in 1961. He created a new, informal class of roses in the 1960s, which he named "English Roses". Austin's roses are generally known today as "David Austin Roses". Austin attained international commercial success with his new rose varieties. Some of his most popular roses include 'Wife of Bath' (1969), 'Graham Thomas' (1983), 'Abraham Darby' (1985), and 'A Shropshire Lad'.'Graham Thomas
Austin developed 'Graham Thomas' by crossing the white floribunda, 'Iceberg', and an 'Unnamed seedling' with the shrub rose, 'Charles Austin'. The new cultivar was named for legendary horticulturalist and restorer of old roses,'Graham Thomas'. David Austin Roses Limited (UK) introduced 'Graham Thomas' into the UK in 1983. Austin used 'Graham Thomas' extensively in further breeding. Over 20 child plants of 'Graham Thomas' have been developed by Austin and other rose-breeders. Selected child plants include, 'Anne Boleyn' (1991), 'Evelyn' (1992), 'The Pilgrim' (1991), 'Versigny' (1992), 'Charlotte' (1994), 'Molineux' (1994), and 'Charity (1998).'Graham Thomas' has been described as "the most popular" of Austin's creations and has won numerous horticultural awards. It was the first Austin rose to win the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit at the Chelsea Flower show ten years after its introduction in 1993. It was named The World's Favourite Rose, entering the Rose Society Hall of Fame in 2009. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa Graham Thomas",
"creator",
"David C. H. Austin"
] | Graham Thomas (aka AUSmas) is a deep yellow shrub rose bred by British rose breeder, David C.H. Austin, and introduced into the United Kingdom by David Austin Roses Limited (UK) in 1983. The cultivar was named for legendary rose horticulturalist, Graham Thomas. The rose was awarded the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit in 1993 and inducted into the Rose Hall of Fame in 2009 as "World's Favourite Rose". | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Lady Finger banana",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | Lady Finger bananas (also known as sugar bananas, fig bananas, or date bananas) are diploid cultivars of Musa acuminata. They are small, thin skinned, and sweet.Taxonomy and nomenclature
The Lady Finger banana is a diploid (AA) cultivar of the seeded banana Musa acuminata. They were once placed under the Sucrier group in the old system of classification.Its official designation is Musa (AA) 'Lady Finger'.
Synonyms include:Musa acuminata Colla (AA Group) cv. 'Sucrier'
Musa acuminata Colla (Sucrier Group) cv. 'Lady's Finger'
Musa × paradisiaca L. cv. 'Lady Finger'
Musa × paradisiaca L. cultigroup Sucrier cv. 'Doigt de Femme'
Musa × paradisiaca L. cultigroup Saccharinus cv. 'Lady's Finger'
Musa × paradisiaca L. cultigroup Saccharinus cv. 'Dedo de Dama'
Musa acuminata Colla non L. (Sucrier Group) cv. 'Datil'
Musa acuminata Colla non L. (Sucrier Group) cv. 'Niño'
Musa acuminata Colla non L. (Sucrier Group) cv. 'Bocadillo'They are known in English as lady finger bananas, sugar bananas, finger bananas, fig bananas, date bananas, or sucrier. The Malaysian name is pisang mas or, pisang emas. Similarly, in Cambodia, it is referred to as chek pong moan (Khmer: ចេកពងមាន់), lit. 'chicken-egg banana', where it is considered the national fruit of Cambodia by royal decree. In Venezuela, they are known as cambures titiaros.
In Ecuador, this fruit is called "guineo orito" or, simply, "orito".. Besides, several exporters and importers use different commercial names.In Australia, the name 'lady finger banana' refers to another banana cultivar, the Pachanadan, of the Pome banana sub-group (Musa acuminata × balbisiana Colla (AAB Group) cv. 'Pome'). In Hawaii and the West Indies, 'lady finger' is also used to describe the Ney Poovan banana cultivar (Musa acuminata × balbisiana Colla (AB Group) cv. 'Ney Poovan').Despite their resemblance, the Lady Finger banana must not be confused with the totally different cultivar Latundan banana which is a bit larger and has a sweet-sour taste. (page 25 of the document or, 11 according to index); or, with Señorita banana, that has a bit larger and pointier end tip. "Señorita" is a word (used as an independent noun; as a title it is written "Srta.") in Spanish used to refer to a single young woman, the correct translation of which is "maiden"; but, if incorrectly translated as "lady", it might make people get confused about these varieties of banana. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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"manifestation of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Désirée potato",
"instance of",
"potato cultivar"
] | The Désirée potato (sometimes rendered Desirée or Desiree) is a red-skinned main-crop potato originally bred in the Netherlands in 1962. It has yellow flesh with a distinctive flavour and is a favourite with allotment-holders because of its resistance to drought, and is fairly resistant to disease. It is a versatile, fairly waxy variety which is firm and holds its shape, and is useful for all methods of cooking, from roasting to mashing and salads.
It is immune to potato wart and it is resistant to skin spot. It has good resistance to PVY, tuber late blight and blackleg. It also has moderate resistance to PVA, PVX and fusarium dry rot. It is found to be moderately susceptible to leaf late blight and leaf roll, also it is susceptible to common scab. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Flâneur",
"different from",
"Badaud"
] | Architecture and urban planning
The concept of the flâneur has also become meaningful in the psychogeography of architecture and urban planning, describing people who are indirectly and (usually) unintentionally affected by a particular design they experience only in passing.
In 1917, the Swiss writer Robert Walser published a short story called "Der Spaziergang" ("The Walk"), a veritable outcome of the flâneur literature.
Walter Benjamin adopted the concept of the urban observer both as an analytical tool and as a lifestyle. From his Marxist standpoint, Benjamin describes the flâneur as a product of modern life and the Industrial Revolution without precedent, a parallel to the advent of the tourist. His flâneur is an uninvolved but highly perceptive bourgeois dilettante. Benjamin became his own prime example, making social and aesthetic observations during long walks through Paris. Even the title of his unfinished Arcades Project comes from his affection for covered shopping streets.
The crowd was the veil from behind which the familiar city as phantasmagoria beckoned to the flâneur. In it, the city was now landscape, now a room. And both of these went into the construction of the department store, which made use of flânerie itself in order to sell goods. The department store was the flâneur's final coup. As flâneurs, the intelligentsia came into the market place. As they thought, to observe it – but in reality it was already to find a buyer. In this intermediary stage ... they took the form of the bohème. To the uncertainty of their economic position corresponded the uncertainty of their political function.
In the context of modern-day architecture and urban planning, designing for flâneurs is one way to approach the psychological aspects of the built environment. | different from | 12 | [
"not same as",
"not identical to",
"distinct from",
"separate from",
"unlike"
] | null | null |
[
"Peregrinus (Roman)",
"instance of",
"social class"
] | Numbers
In the 1st and 2nd centuries, the vast majority (80–90%) of the empire's inhabitants were peregrini. By 49 BC, all Italians were Roman citizens. Outside Italy, those provinces with the most intensive Roman colonisation over the approximately two centuries of Roman rule probably had a Roman citizen majority by the end of Augustus' reign: Gallia Narbonensis (southern France), Hispania Baetica (Andalusia, Spain) and Africa proconsularis (Tunisia). This could explain the closer similarity of the lexicon of the Iberian, Italian and Occitan languages as compared to French and other oïl languages.In frontier provinces, the proportion of citizens would have been far smaller. For example, one estimate puts Roman citizens in Britain c. AD 100 at about 50,000, less than 3% of the total provincial population of c. 1.7 million. In the empire as a whole, we know there were just over 6 million Roman citizens in AD 47, the last quinquennial Roman census return extant. This was just 9% of a total imperial population generally estimated at c. 70 million at that time. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Pedant",
"facet of",
"pedantry"
] | Medical conditions
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is in part characterized by a form of pedantry that is excessively concerned with the correct following of rules, procedures, and practices. Sometimes the rules that OCPD sufferers obsessively follow are of their own devising, or are corruptions or reinterpretations of the letter of actual rules.
Pedantry can also be an indication of specific developmental disorders. In particular, people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (formerly Asperger syndrome) often have behaviour characterized by pedantic speech. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Gender bender",
"facet of",
"gender"
] | Cross-dressing and androgyny
Cross-dressing would be a form of gender bending because the purpose is to "fuck with gender" roles and presentation. Androgyny is not specifically gender bending, but it can be considered as such if someone is being androgynous on purpose. The origin of the word "androgynous" is from the Greek androgynos: "male and female in one; womanish man; common to men and women". Androgyny as a form of gender expression may present as a blended unification of masculine and feminine traits, with the goal of making one's sex indiscernible, or as a dichotomous mix juxtaposing male and female phenotypes, with the goal of transgressing gender norms.There have been many famous people who have cross-dressed and many famous people now who are androgynous. The rock star Prince was very well known for his cross-dressing or androgynous look. Eddie Izzard started to freely talk about her cross-dressing as early as 1992.Shakespeare used cross-dressing in his performances. Over the centuries some readers have posited that Shakespeare's sonnets are autobiographical, and point to them as evidence of his love for a young man. Shakespeare had characters in his writings that were considered cross-dressers. The four of the five main female characters in his plays were seen as women who cross-dress as men or boys: Cleopatra in Antony and Cleopatra, Portia in The Merchant of Venice, Rosalind in As You Like It, Viola in Twelfth Night. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Gender bender",
"instance of",
"genderfuck"
] | Non-political gender bending
Gender bending is not always a purposeful political standpoint. According to Butler, gender is something that is performed; it only holds cultural significance to the extent that this is ascribed to it. Despite the gender binary roles society imposes, there are many ways for individuals to express gender variation and not all of them are intentionally political radicalism. Further, in 1995 Tamsin Wilton argued that:
Gender-fuck is not intrinsically radical – otherwise gender-benders such as Boy George, Prince, Annie Lennox, David Bowie etc. would not get away with it to the extent that they do. A politically aware gender-fuck – such as that of RuPaul or (to a limited extent) Madonna – gets much closer to radicalism, but it is only by incorporating a critique of gender as an axis of power that playing about with gender signifiers can be more than wickedly entertaining.Phranc
The American singer-songwriter and artist Phranc began her career in 1978 with punk band Nervous Gender. In 1985 Village Voice wrote: "Part of Phranc's appeal is the genderfuck of her sweet feminine voice coming from such a masculine frame." She later worked with queercore band Team Dresch. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"High-net-worth individual",
"different from",
"ultra high-net-worth individual"
] | High-net-worth individual (HNWI) is a term used by some segments of the financial services industry to designate persons whose investible wealth (assets such as stocks and bonds) exceeds a given amount. Typically, these individuals are defined as holding financial assets (excluding their primary residence) with a value greater than US$1 million. "Very-HNWI" (VHNWI) can refer to someone with a net worth of at least US$5 million. As of December 2022, there were estimated to be just over 15 million HNWIs in the world according to the World's Wealthiest Cities Report 2023 by Henley & Partners. The United States had the highest number of HNWIs (5.3 million) of any country, whilst New York is the wealthiest city with 340,000 HNWIs.The Capgemini World Wealth Report 2020 defines an additional class of Ultra-high-net-worth individuals (UHNWI), those with US$30 million in investible assets in constant 2018 dollars. Other sources such as Credit Suisse define UHNWI as adults with wealth above USD 50 million. It is the wealth segment above very-high-net-worth individuals (greater than $5 million) and high-net-worth-individuals (greater than $1 million). Although they constitute only 0.003% of the world's population (less than 1 in 33,000), they hold 13% of the world's total wealth. By 2017, there were 226,450 individuals designated as UHNWI, representing an increase of 3.5%, with their combined total wealth increasing to $27 trillion.Definitions and ranking
Ultra-high-net-worth individuals are defined in the report as having a net worth of at least US$30 million in investible assets net of liabilities (after deducting residential and passion investments such as art, planes, yachts and personal real estate). At last count, there were 211,275 UHNW individuals in the world, with a total combined net worth of US$29.7 trillion. Billionaires are a special category of UHNW individuals, having net worth in excess of US$1 billion. According to the Billionaire Census 2014, there were 2,325 billionaires in the world, with a combined net worth of US$7.3 trillion. In 2014, these individuals represented just over 1% of the world's UHNW population and 24% of the world's UHNW total wealth. The June 27, 2017 "World Ultra Wealth Report" analysed the state of the world's ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) population, or those with $30m or more in net worth. The number of UHNW individuals globally grew 3.5% to 226,450 individuals. Their combined total wealth increased by 1.5% to $27 trillion.According to Credit Suisse, there were 264,200 ultra-high-net-worth individuals with net worth above USD 50 million at the end of 2021.According to The Knight Frank Wealth Report, HNWI can refer to someone with a net worth of at least US$1 million while UHNWI can refer to someone with a net worth of at least US$30 million.Boston Consulting Group Global Wealth Report
The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) 2014 Global Wealth Report, shows that liquid wealth of the super-rich, referenced as Ultra-High-Net-Worth households, had increased by 20% in 2013. BCG uses a household definition of UHNW, which places only those with more than $100 million liquid financial wealth into the UHNW-category, more than the usual $30 million, with which the ultra-category had been created in 2007. According to BCG, about 15,000 households globally belong in this group of the super-rich. They control 5.5% of global financial wealth. 5,000 of them live in the US, followed by China, Britain and Germany. BCG expects the trend toward more concentrated wealth to continue unabated. While financial wealth of the sub-millionaires is expected to increase by 3.7% annually until 2019, the expected growth rate for the super-rich is 9.1%. The share of this group in global financial wealth would thus increase to 6.5% by 2019. | different from | 12 | [
"not same as",
"not identical to",
"distinct from",
"separate from",
"unlike"
] | null | null |
[
"High-net-worth individual",
"subclass of",
"rich"
] | Definitions and ranking
Ultra-high-net-worth individuals are defined in the report as having a net worth of at least US$30 million in investible assets net of liabilities (after deducting residential and passion investments such as art, planes, yachts and personal real estate). At last count, there were 211,275 UHNW individuals in the world, with a total combined net worth of US$29.7 trillion. Billionaires are a special category of UHNW individuals, having net worth in excess of US$1 billion. According to the Billionaire Census 2014, there were 2,325 billionaires in the world, with a combined net worth of US$7.3 trillion. In 2014, these individuals represented just over 1% of the world's UHNW population and 24% of the world's UHNW total wealth. The June 27, 2017 "World Ultra Wealth Report" analysed the state of the world's ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) population, or those with $30m or more in net worth. The number of UHNW individuals globally grew 3.5% to 226,450 individuals. Their combined total wealth increased by 1.5% to $27 trillion.According to Credit Suisse, there were 264,200 ultra-high-net-worth individuals with net worth above USD 50 million at the end of 2021.According to The Knight Frank Wealth Report, HNWI can refer to someone with a net worth of at least US$1 million while UHNWI can refer to someone with a net worth of at least US$30 million. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Californios",
"instance of",
"ethnic group"
] | Californio (plural Californios) is a term used to designate a Hispanic Californian, especially those descended from Spanish and Mexican settlers of the 17th through 19th centuries. California's Spanish-speaking community has resided there since 1683 and is made up of varying Spanish and Mexican origins, including criollos, Mestizos, Indigenous Californian peoples, and small numbers of Mulatos. Alongside the Tejanos of Texas and Neomexicanos of New Mexico and Colorado, Californios are part of the larger Spanish-American/Mexican-American/Hispano community of the United States, which has inhabited the American Southwest and the West Coast since the 16th century. Some may also identify as Chicanos, a term that came about in the 1960's.
The term Californio (historical, regional Spanish for 'Californian') was originally applied by and to the Spanish-speaking residents of Las Californias during the periods of Spanish California and Mexican California, between 1683 and 1848. The first Californios were the children of the early Spanish military expeditions into northern reaches of the Californias. They established the presidios of California and subsequently enabled the foundation of the California mission system.Later, the primary cultural focus of the Californio population became the Vaquero tradition practiced by the landed gentry, who received large land grants and created the Rancho system. In the 1820s-40s, American and European settlers increasingly migrated to Mexican California. Many married Californio women and became Mexican citizens, learning Spanish and often converting to Catholicism, the state religion. They are often also considered Californios, for their adherence to Californio language and culture.
In 2017 there were 11.9 million Hispanic/Mexican American/Hispanos in California (30% of California's population). They make up the largest group of the 15.2 million California Hispanics, who total 40% of California's population. 2004 studies estimated that between 300,000 and 500,000 have ancestry descended from the Spanish and Mexican eras of California.Definitions
The term "Californio" has different meanings depending on the author or source. According to the Real Academia Española, a Californio is a person native to California. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines a Californio as both a native or resident of this state and a specific ethnic group: the Spanish settlers and their descendants in California.Authors such as Douglas Monroy, Damian Bacich or Covadonga Lamar Prieto, among others, define Californios as exclusively applying to Alta California residents and their descendants.
Historians Hunt Janin and Ursula Carlson consider a Californio to be any settler who migrated to Alta California and their descendants; and also non-Hispanic immigrants who intermarried with Hispanics and integrated into the Californio culture during the Mexican era, and their descendants.Calisphere and author Ferol Egan restrict the meaning of Californio to the Californian elite who acquired land during the Spanish and Mexican periods and their descendants.
Leonard Pitt considers a Californio to be any Spanish-speaking person born in California. Writer Jose Antonio Burciaga considers Californios to be any Hispanic living in California, even if they have lived there temporarily. Burciaga, in a 1995 Los Angeles Times article, points to such examples as Cesar Chavez, Luisa Moreno and Bert Corona.Although sources differ on some elements of classification, they have consensus that Californio includes at a minimum, Hispanic people with origins in Alta California.Foreigners
The independent minded Californios were also influenced by increasing numbers of immigrant foreigners (mostly English and French, English-speaking Americans being grouped with the "English", or Anglos) who entered the district. They assimilated with the Californios, becoming Mexican citizens and gaining land either independently granted to them or through marriage to Californio women. They also began to be active in local politics.For example, American Abel Stearns was an ally of the Californio José Antonio Carrillo in the 1831 Victoria incident, yet sided with the southern Californians against the Californio would-be governor Alvarado in 1836. Alvarado recruited a company of riflemen from Tennessee, many of them former trappers who had settled in the Monterey Bay area. The company was led by another American, Isaac Graham. When the Americans refused to fight against fellow Americans, Alvarado was forced to negotiate a settlement.Ethnicity
Californios included the descendants of agricultural settlers and retired escort soldiers deployed from what is modern-day Mexico. Most were of mixed ethnicities, usually Mestizo (Spanish and Native American) or mixed African and Amerindian backgrounds.
Despite the depictions of popular American 20th-century TV shows such as Zorro, few Californios were of "pure" Spanish (Peninsular or Criollo) ancestry. Persons who were most likely to be native-born Spanish or of Spanish ancestry were Franciscan priests, and career government officials and military officers who had limited assignments in California.According to mission records (marriage, baptisms, and burials) and Presidio roster listings, several "leather-jacket" soldiers (soldados de cuero), operating as escorts, mission guards, and other military duty personnel were described as europeo (i.e., born in Europe), while most civilian settlers were classified as of mixed origins (coyote, mulatto, etc.). The current term mestizo was rarely used in mission records: more common terms were indio, europeo, mulato, coyote, castizo, and other caste terms.
An example of European-born soldiers are the twenty-five from Lieutenant Pedro Fages detachment of Catalan Volunteers. Most of the soldiers on the Portola-Serra expedition of 1769 and the de Anza expeditions of 1774 and 1775 were recruited from Spanish Army infantry regiments then stationed in Mexico. Many were assigned to garrison the presidios, and retired at the end of their ten-year enlistments. Numerous veterans settled in California. Because of the demographic bias in this period toward men among the Spanish, some men who stayed in California married native Californian women who had converted to Christianity at the missions. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Point of contact",
"has use",
"coordination"
] | A point of contact (POC) or single point of contact (SPOC) is a person or a department serving as the coordinator or focal point of information concerning an activity or program. A POC is used in many cases where information is time-sensitive and accuracy is important. For examples, they are used in WHOIS databases. | has use | 81 | [
"utilizes",
"employs",
"makes use of",
"is equipped with",
"possesses"
] | null | null |
[
"Recluse",
"has quality",
"seclusion"
] | A recluse is a person who lives in voluntary seclusion from the public and society. The word is from the Latin recludere, which means "shut up" or "sequester". Historically, the word referred to a Christian hermit's total isolation from the world, with examples including Symeon of Trier, who lived within the great Roman gate Porta Nigra with permission from the Archbishop of Trier, or Theophan the Recluse, the 19th-century Orthodox Christian monk who was later venerated as a saint. Many celebrated figures of human history have spent significant portions of their lives as recluses.
In the Russian Orthodox and Catholic Church tradition, a Poustinik is a temporary hermit who has been called to pray and fast alone in a cabin for at least 24 hours. In ancient Chinese culture, scholars are encouraged to be a public servant in a scrupulous and well-run government but expected to go into reclusion as a yinshi (隐士, 'gentleman-in-hiding') when the government is rife with corruption. Others, like Dongfang Shuo, became hermits to practice Taoism, or in later centuries, Chan Buddhism. | has quality | 99 | [
"possesses quality",
"exhibits quality",
"displays quality",
"features quality",
"has characteristic"
] | null | null |
[
"Japhetites",
"named after",
"Japheth"
] | Biblical genealogy
In the Genesis, Japheth is mentioned as one of the three sons of Noah. The other two sons of Noah, Shem and Ham, are the eponymous ancestors of the Semites and the Hamites, respectively. In the Biblical Table of Nations (Genesis Genesis 10:2–5), seven sons and seven grandsons of Japheth are mentioned:Gomer
Ashkenaz
Riphath
Togarmah
Magog
Madai
Javan
Elishah
Tarshish
Kittim
Dodanim
Tubal
Meshech
TirasThe intended ethnic identity of these "descendants of Japheth" is not certain; however, over history, they have been identified by Biblical scholars with various historical nations who were deemed to be descendants of Japheth and his sons — a practice dating back at least to the classical Jewish-Greek encounters. For example, the Roman Jewish historian Josephus states in the Antiquities of the Jews, I.VI.122 (Whiston) that: | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Black Disciples",
"location of formation",
"Chicago"
] | The Black Disciples (often abbreviated as the BD's, formerly BDN and BDN III) is a large street gang based in Chicago, Illinois, which received significant news coverage after the murder of one of their own members, an 11-year-old named Robert Sandifer. | location of formation | 115 | [
"place of origin",
"birthplace",
"origin",
"homeland",
"native land"
] | null | null |
[
"Black Disciples",
"founded by",
"David Barksdale"
] | History
In 1958, a group of young teenagers from Hyde Park, Englewood, and Kenwood came together as friends to create an alliance to combat their enemies. The founders—Richard Strong, David Barksdale, Mingo Shread, Prince Old Timer, Kilroy, Leonard Longstreet, Night Walker, and others—named their new organization the "Devil's Disciples." By the beginning of 1961, David Barksdale, also known as "King David," took sole leadership of the Devil’s Disciples, and appointed different members to oversee various areas within the neighborhoods.
Barksdale's goal was to claim small gangs around the area, and turn them into factions of the Disciples. In 1966, in order to help increase recruitment and counteract threats from other gangs, David Barksdale created the “Black Disciples Nation,” which helped boost recruitment numbers into the thousands.
In 1969, Larry Hoover, the leader of the rival gang “Gangster Disciples,” agreed to a merger with Barksdale to create a unified gang called the “Black Gangster Disciples Nation.”
Soon after the alliance was formed, Larry Hoover and a member were charged and convicted for the murder of another member and received 150–200 years in prison. With Larry in prison, Barksdale was fully in charge of the gang. Barksdale later died due to kidney complications at the age of 27 on September 2, 1974.The death of Barksdale led to problems within the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN). The majority of the BGDN believed in becoming more unified after the passing of Barksdale, but some were opposed to the sentiment. The ideological differences led to the creation of two distinct factions: the "Black Gangsters Disciples" and the "Black Disciples." This brought about a rivalry between these two gangs, as there was bloodshed in the streets immediately after they were created.
Mickey Bull took over the Black Disciples, and made peace with the Gangster Disciples. Bull’s leadership brought about a temporary lull in the violence, until he was murdered in the streets by Gangster Disciples in August 1991. Immediate backlash from Black Disciples culminated into a rampage, and three Gangster Disciples were killed on August 7, 1991. Between 1991 and 1994, the rivalry between the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples intensified. The contentious rivalry came to an end after Marvell Thompson intervened. | founded by | 25 | [
"established by",
"started by",
"created by",
"initiated by",
"formed by"
] | null | null |
[
"Black Disciples",
"instance of",
"gang"
] | The Black Disciples (often abbreviated as the BD's, formerly BDN and BDN III) is a large street gang based in Chicago, Illinois, which received significant news coverage after the murder of one of their own members, an 11-year-old named Robert Sandifer.History
In 1958, a group of young teenagers from Hyde Park, Englewood, and Kenwood came together as friends to create an alliance to combat their enemies. The founders—Richard Strong, David Barksdale, Mingo Shread, Prince Old Timer, Kilroy, Leonard Longstreet, Night Walker, and others—named their new organization the "Devil's Disciples." By the beginning of 1961, David Barksdale, also known as "King David," took sole leadership of the Devil’s Disciples, and appointed different members to oversee various areas within the neighborhoods.
Barksdale's goal was to claim small gangs around the area, and turn them into factions of the Disciples. In 1966, in order to help increase recruitment and counteract threats from other gangs, David Barksdale created the “Black Disciples Nation,” which helped boost recruitment numbers into the thousands.
In 1969, Larry Hoover, the leader of the rival gang “Gangster Disciples,” agreed to a merger with Barksdale to create a unified gang called the “Black Gangster Disciples Nation.”
Soon after the alliance was formed, Larry Hoover and a member were charged and convicted for the murder of another member and received 150–200 years in prison. With Larry in prison, Barksdale was fully in charge of the gang. Barksdale later died due to kidney complications at the age of 27 on September 2, 1974.The death of Barksdale led to problems within the Black Gangster Disciple Nation (BGDN). The majority of the BGDN believed in becoming more unified after the passing of Barksdale, but some were opposed to the sentiment. The ideological differences led to the creation of two distinct factions: the "Black Gangsters Disciples" and the "Black Disciples." This brought about a rivalry between these two gangs, as there was bloodshed in the streets immediately after they were created.
Mickey Bull took over the Black Disciples, and made peace with the Gangster Disciples. Bull’s leadership brought about a temporary lull in the violence, until he was murdered in the streets by Gangster Disciples in August 1991. Immediate backlash from Black Disciples culminated into a rampage, and three Gangster Disciples were killed on August 7, 1991. Between 1991 and 1994, the rivalry between the Gangster Disciples and Black Disciples intensified. The contentious rivalry came to an end after Marvell Thompson intervened. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Talmid Chakham",
"instance of",
"title of honor"
] | Talmid Chakham is an honorific title which is given to a man who is well versed in Jewish law, i. e., a Torah scholar. Originally Hebrew: תלמיד חכמים Talmid Chakhamim, lit., "student of sages", pl. תלמידי חכמים talmidei chakhamim, "students of sages"; inaccurate reconstruction of the singular, which is invariably shortened to ת"ח in printings, led to modern Hebrew: תלמיד חכם talmid chakham "sage student". The feminine equivalent is Talmidat Chakhamim, "student of sages" (pl. Talmidot Chakhamim), or, by extension of the same error, Talmidah Chakhamah, "sage student" (pl. Talmidot Chakhamot).Attitudes toward the Talmid Chakham
Prizing Torah knowledge above all worldly goods, Talmidei Chakhamim in Jewish society were afforded many privileges and prerogatives, as well as duties. In the Middle Ages, the Talmid Chakham was consulted by the Jewish community not only in spiritual matters, but also in worldly affairs. Even when he held no official position in the community, he supervised religious activities, determined the time and form of prayers, verified weights and measures, etc. To enable him to devote himself entirely to study, Jewish legislation exempted him from the payment of taxes, and from performing any specific mundane duties.Rabban Shimon ben Gamliel is quoted as having said: "[Every] person should always conduct himself as a Talmid Chakham."In the beginning of the twentieth century, due to prevailing attitudes, Talmidei Chachamim were not widely respected among Jews. If a woman married one in those days, it was expected that she had some kind of terminal illness or disability that was a turn-down for others. However, post-Holocaust, the opposite is the case among Orthodox Jews, due to the resurgence of Orthodoxy since the mid-20th century. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Lyubomudry",
"instance of",
"literary society"
] | Lyubomudry (Russian: любомудры) were the members of the secret circle "Society of Lyubomudriye" (Общество любомудрия) which existed in Russia in 1823-1825. Lyubomudriye was the Slavophile replacement term for "philosophy", i.e., the formal translations would be "Philosophers" and "The Society of Philosophy", respectively. The circle was interested in philosophy, aesthetics and literature. The members were of different political preferences, ranging from Decembrists to conservatives.The circle was disbanded after the suppression of the Decembrist revolt and its papers were burned. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Milites",
"occupation",
"soldier"
] | Milites were the trained regular footsoldiers of ancient Rome, and later a term used to describe "soldiers" in Medieval Europe.Roman Era
These men were the non-specialist regular soldiers that made up the bulk of a legion's numbers and were the social superiors of ordinary footsoldiers known as pedites. Alongside soldiering, they also performed guard duties, labour work, building and other non-combat roles, which increased their status in urban centers. Milites would usually have to serve for several years before becoming eligible for training to become immunes and thus become specialists with better pay.Medieval Era
The Latin term eventually became synonymous with "soldier", a general term that, in Western Europe, became associated with the mounted knight, because they composed the professional military corps during the Early Medieval Era. The same term, however, was expanded to mean less distinguished infantry soldiers (milites pedites). During the 13th century the term referred to the mounted horsemen who lacked knight-status, but still had similar properties and obligations to the dubbed knights.Other usages include the "Milites Templi," referring to the Knights Templar, or Milites Sancti Jacobi (Order of Santiago).From the Latin root, "Miles" derived words such as "Military" and "Militia". | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Androgynos",
"facet of",
"Judaism"
] | In Jewish tradition, the term androgynos (אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס in Hebrew, translation "intersex") refers to someone who possesses both male and female sexual characteristics. Due to the ambiguous nature of the individual's sex, Rabbinic literature discusses the gender of the individual and the legal ramifications that result based on potential gender classifications. In traditionally observant Judaism, gender plays a central role in legal obligations.Early references in Jewish literature
Though not explicitly mentioned anywhere in the Hebrew Bible itself, the idea of the androgynos is brought up in Genesis Rabbah, a Jewish commentary on the Bible written sometime between 300CE and 500CE. The commentator asserts that Adam, in the story of Creation, was created by God as an androgynos. It continues to say that later, when Eve was fashioned from his rib, God separated out the sexes, assigning Adam as male and Eve as female. While there are commentators who disagree with this approach of Genesis Rabbah, the explanation has become a well-known and respected theory within Jewish Biblical interpretation. The widely studied commentator Rashi is one notable example of a personality who adopted this approach. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Androgynos",
"part of",
"Gender and Judaism"
] | In Jewish tradition, the term androgynos (אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס in Hebrew, translation "intersex") refers to someone who possesses both male and female sexual characteristics. Due to the ambiguous nature of the individual's sex, Rabbinic literature discusses the gender of the individual and the legal ramifications that result based on potential gender classifications. In traditionally observant Judaism, gender plays a central role in legal obligations.Early references in Jewish literature
Though not explicitly mentioned anywhere in the Hebrew Bible itself, the idea of the androgynos is brought up in Genesis Rabbah, a Jewish commentary on the Bible written sometime between 300CE and 500CE. The commentator asserts that Adam, in the story of Creation, was created by God as an androgynos. It continues to say that later, when Eve was fashioned from his rib, God separated out the sexes, assigning Adam as male and Eve as female. While there are commentators who disagree with this approach of Genesis Rabbah, the explanation has become a well-known and respected theory within Jewish Biblical interpretation. The widely studied commentator Rashi is one notable example of a personality who adopted this approach.Gender reassignment surgery
There is a contemporary debate between modern halachic (Jewish Law) decisors surrounding the appropriate course of action for someone who presents both sexual characteristics. Rabbi Moishe Sternbuch (1926–) writes that an individual with ambiguous genitalia should always undergo surgery to become male. The one exception to this rule is if the individual has evident female genitalia who also has extra external structures.
Rabbi Eliezer Waldenberg (1915–2006), author of the book Tzitz Eliezer, contends that generally, gender is solely dependent on external anatomy. And thus, even if one has the internal characteristics or chromosomal conformation of one sex yet exhibits the genitalia of the other sex, their sex follows their external anatomy. In a case of true androgyny, i.e. where the individual has both male and female genitalia, the person should be turned male. According to Rabbi Waldenberg, because men are obligated to perform more commandments than women, becoming male allows the person to perform more mitzvot than they would be able to do if they were female. In contrast to Rabbi Moishe Sternbuch, Rabbi Waldenberg also permits an androgynous individual who would be truly female following surgery (determined by medical scans/genetic tests) to undergo surgery to become externally female. | part of | 15 | [
"a component of",
"a constituent of",
"an element of",
"a fragment of",
"a portion of"
] | null | null |
[
"Androgynos",
"instance of",
"religious concept"
] | In Jewish tradition, the term androgynos (אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס in Hebrew, translation "intersex") refers to someone who possesses both male and female sexual characteristics. Due to the ambiguous nature of the individual's sex, Rabbinic literature discusses the gender of the individual and the legal ramifications that result based on potential gender classifications. In traditionally observant Judaism, gender plays a central role in legal obligations. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Androgynos",
"facet of",
"theme in rabbinic literature"
] | In Jewish tradition, the term androgynos (אַנְדְּרוֹגִינוֹס in Hebrew, translation "intersex") refers to someone who possesses both male and female sexual characteristics. Due to the ambiguous nature of the individual's sex, Rabbinic literature discusses the gender of the individual and the legal ramifications that result based on potential gender classifications. In traditionally observant Judaism, gender plays a central role in legal obligations.Early references in Jewish literature
Though not explicitly mentioned anywhere in the Hebrew Bible itself, the idea of the androgynos is brought up in Genesis Rabbah, a Jewish commentary on the Bible written sometime between 300CE and 500CE. The commentator asserts that Adam, in the story of Creation, was created by God as an androgynos. It continues to say that later, when Eve was fashioned from his rib, God separated out the sexes, assigning Adam as male and Eve as female. While there are commentators who disagree with this approach of Genesis Rabbah, the explanation has become a well-known and respected theory within Jewish Biblical interpretation. The widely studied commentator Rashi is one notable example of a personality who adopted this approach. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Saro people",
"instance of",
"people"
] | The Saro, or Nigerian Creoles of the 19th and early 20th centuries, were Africans that were emancipated and initially resettled in Freetown, Sierra Leone by the Royal Navy, which, with the West Africa Squadron, enforced the abolition of the international slave trade after the British Parliament passed the Slave Trade Act 1807. Those freedmen who migrated back to Nigeria from Sierra Leone, over several generations starting from the 1830s, became known locally as Saro (elided form of Sierra Leone, from the Yoruba sàró). Consequently, the Saro are culturally descended from Sierra Leone Creoles, with ancestral roots to the Yoruba people of Nigeria.
A related community of people were likewise known as Amaro, and were migrants from Brazil and Cuba.
Saro and Amaro also settled in other West African countries such as the Gold Coast (Ghana). They were mostly freed and repatriated slaves from various West African and Latin American countries such as Sierra Leone, Brazil and Cuba. Liberated "returnee" Africans from Brazil were more commonly known as "Agudas", from the word àgùdà in the Yoruba language. Most of the Latin American returnees or Amaro started migrating to Africa after slavery was abolished on the continent, while others from West Africa, or the Saro, were recaptured and freed slaves already resident in Sierra Leone. Many of the returnees chose to return to Nigeria for cultural, missionary and economic reasons. Many, if not the greater majority, of them were originally descended from the Yoruba of western and central Nigeria. Other Nigerian groups forming part of the Sierra Leonean and Gambian Krio population included the Efik, Igbos, Hausa and Nupe.
The returnees mostly resided in the Lagos Colony, with substantial populations in Abeokuta and Ibadan. Some also settled in Calabar, Port Harcourt and other cities in the Niger Delta. Though many were originally dedicated Anglophiles in Nigeria, they later adopted an indigenous and patriotic attitude on Nigerian affairs due to a rise in discrimination in the 1880s, and were later known as cultural nationalists. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Cave dweller",
"subclass of",
"human"
] | A cave dweller, or troglodyte, is a human who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff.Prehistory
Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not (see Homo and Human evolution). Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called cave men (the term also refers to the stereotypical "caveman" stock character type from fiction and popular culture). Despite the name, only a small portion of humanity has ever dwelt in caves: caves are rare across most of the world; most caves are dark, cold, and damp; and other cave inhabitants, such as bears and cave bears, cave lions, and cave hyenas, often made caves inhospitable for people.
The Grotte du Vallonnet, a cave in the French Riviera, was used by people approximately one million years ago. Although stone tools and the remains of eaten animals have been found in the cave, there is no indication that people dwelt in it.
Since about 750,000 years ago, the Zhoukoudian cave system, in Beijing, China, has been inhabited by various species of human being, including Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis) and modern humans (Homo sapiens).
Starting about 170,000 years ago, some Homo sapiens lived in some cave systems in what is now South Africa, such as Pinnacle Point and Diepkloof Rock Shelter. The stable temperatures of caves provided a cool habitat in summers and a warm, dry shelter in the winter. Remains of grass bedding have been found in nearby Border Cave.About 100,000 years ago, some Neanderthals dwelt in caves in Europe and western Asia. Caves there also were inhabited by some Cro-Magnons, from about 35,000 years ago until about 8000 B.C. Both species built shelters, including tents, at the mouths of caves and used the caves’ dark interiors for ceremonies. The Cro-Magnon people also made representational paintings on cave walls.Also about 100,000 years ago, some Homo sapiens worked in Blombos Cave, in what became South Africa. They made the earliest paint workshop now known, but apparently did not dwell in the caves.Writers of the classical Greek and Roman period made several allusions to cave-dwelling tribes in different parts of the world. For details, see "Troglodytae". | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Cave dweller",
"residence",
"cave"
] | A cave dweller, or troglodyte, is a human who inhabits a cave or the area beneath the overhanging rocks of a cliff.Prehistory
Some prehistoric humans were cave dwellers, but most were not (see Homo and Human evolution). Such early cave dwellers, and other prehistoric peoples, are also called cave men (the term also refers to the stereotypical "caveman" stock character type from fiction and popular culture). Despite the name, only a small portion of humanity has ever dwelt in caves: caves are rare across most of the world; most caves are dark, cold, and damp; and other cave inhabitants, such as bears and cave bears, cave lions, and cave hyenas, often made caves inhospitable for people.
The Grotte du Vallonnet, a cave in the French Riviera, was used by people approximately one million years ago. Although stone tools and the remains of eaten animals have been found in the cave, there is no indication that people dwelt in it.
Since about 750,000 years ago, the Zhoukoudian cave system, in Beijing, China, has been inhabited by various species of human being, including Peking Man (Homo erectus pekinensis) and modern humans (Homo sapiens).
Starting about 170,000 years ago, some Homo sapiens lived in some cave systems in what is now South Africa, such as Pinnacle Point and Diepkloof Rock Shelter. The stable temperatures of caves provided a cool habitat in summers and a warm, dry shelter in the winter. Remains of grass bedding have been found in nearby Border Cave.About 100,000 years ago, some Neanderthals dwelt in caves in Europe and western Asia. Caves there also were inhabited by some Cro-Magnons, from about 35,000 years ago until about 8000 B.C. Both species built shelters, including tents, at the mouths of caves and used the caves’ dark interiors for ceremonies. The Cro-Magnon people also made representational paintings on cave walls.Also about 100,000 years ago, some Homo sapiens worked in Blombos Cave, in what became South Africa. They made the earliest paint workshop now known, but apparently did not dwell in the caves.Writers of the classical Greek and Roman period made several allusions to cave-dwelling tribes in different parts of the world. For details, see "Troglodytae". | residence | 49 | [
"living place",
"dwelling",
"abode",
"habitat",
"domicile"
] | null | null |
[
"Disability pretender",
"has quality",
"factitious disorder"
] | A disability pretender is a subculture term meaning a person who behaves as if they were disabled. It may be classified as a type of factitious disorder or as a medical fetishism.
One theory is that pretenders may be the "missing link" between devotees and wannabes, demonstrating an assumed continuum between those merely attracted to people with disabilities and those who actively wish to become disabled. Many wannabes use pretending as a way to appease the intense emotional pain related to having body integrity identity disorder.
Pretending takes a variety of forms. Some chatroom users on internet sites catering to devotees have complained that chat counterparts they assumed were female were revealed as male devotees. This form of pretending (where a devotee derives pleasure by pretending to be a disabled woman) may indicate a very broad predisposition to pretending among devotees.
Pretending includes dressing and acting in ways typical of disabled people, including making use of aids (glasses, hearing aids, braces, canes, inhalers, walking sticks, crutches, wheelchairs, mobility scooters, white canes etc.). Pretending may also take the form of a devotee persuading his or her sexual partner to play the role of a disabled person. Pretending may be practised in private, in intimacy, or in public, and may occupy surprisingly long periods. In the latter case, some pretenders hope that the disability may become permanent, such as through tissue necrosis caused by constricted blood supply.
People with this condition may refer to themselves as "transabled". | has quality | 99 | [
"possesses quality",
"exhibits quality",
"displays quality",
"features quality",
"has characteristic"
] | null | null |
[
"Fag stag",
"has quality",
"male"
] | Fag stag and fruit fly are slang terms for a heterosexual man who either enjoys or prefers the company of (or simply has numerous friends who are), gay or bisexual people.
The latter term comes from the derogatory term for homosexuals (fruit).The term, which originated in the United States in the 1990s, is the male equivalent of the more common slang - fag hag, a term which is part of hag-ism; the identification of a person with a group—usually united in terms of sexuality, gender identity, or shared sex—of which he or she is not a member.The term can be used as a pejorative or as a term of endearment within LGBT communities. | has quality | 99 | [
"possesses quality",
"exhibits quality",
"displays quality",
"features quality",
"has characteristic"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"award"
] | Civil society award programs
Numerous governmental and nongovernmental organizations employ goodwill ambassadors following the practice of honoring individuals with awards that denote goodwill ambassador status and roles. Awards are given for good relations, fundraising, acts of philanthropy and recognition for cause advocacy; some examples of such recognition are comedian Trevor Noah who received a South African Goodwill Ambassador Award in 2015, actress Alex Okoroji who received a Nigeria Goodwill Ambassador Award in 2017, and the Steve Irwin Memorial Goodwill Ambassador Award which was established in 2007. The former First Lady of Nigeria, Patience Jonathan, became a goodwill ambassador after receiving the African Goodwill Ambassador Award in Los Angeles in 2008. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"position"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.INGO and NGO goodwill ambassadors
A wide range of organizations employ goodwill ambassadors to promote their programs and reach out to others based on goodwill relations and benevolence. There are supra governmental organizations such as the African Union and the European Union and international non-governmental organizations like the IUCN and the IOM. Goodwill ambassadors are also used by social and civil society organizations such as Rotary International, the Olympic Games and the Muscular Dystrophy Association.State goodwill ambassadors
Many national states or provincial regions use goodwill ambassadors to promote tourism, economic development, traditional values, customs and cultural ideals that contribute to their recognition. US states have civil service recognition programs that designate goodwill ambassadors honorarily and officially who are responsible for promoting tourism, events and the prosperity of the state in general. The oldest example of this is the Kentucky Colonel, which is the highest award bestowed by the state's governor, officially established in 1895, the honorable title is given to civilians based on performing a great deed, community service or for accomplishing a noteworthy achievement that deserves recognition. The distinction of Kentucky colonel entitles the recipient to "discharge their duties" with the honorable title as a "colonel" and is denoted through the issuance of letters patent with the official dutiful designation as a good-will ambassador. Other US states also have similar civilian awards that denote the role of goodwill ambassador which are well-recognized, including that of the Tennessee Colonel, Rhode Island Commodore, Nebraska Admiral, Order of the Longleaf Pine, Arkansas Traveler, Yellow Rose of Texas, and Sagamore of the Wabash. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"appointment"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.National goodwill ambassadors
Most governments and kingdoms (jurisdictions) have ambassadors of goodwill that are either appointed or known implicitly which promote the objectives and values of a country, nation, state, government or monarchy without promoting political agendas or any official state business. Sometimes "goodwill ambassadors" are created from other ideas that represent, that are positive to social well-being and the general prosperity of a state or nation. The winners of the United States Medal of Freedom are all considered to be goodwill ambassadors for the United States for their lifetime and into history. Being an ambassador of goodwill traditionally includes most individuals competing for a title when a place or organization name is attached, such as winners of prominent scholarships, beauty contests, competitive events and pageants like Miss America, Miss USA, Mister World, Miss Universe, and many others use "goodwill ambassador" as part of their job description.
National goodwill ambassadors are not necessarily celebrities, but are usually very well known on a national scale often within a particular industry for a given period of time. Organizations often use destinations and place names to represent elements, identity, methods, values and virtues of goodwill ambassadorship, however their practice is most often based in public diplomacy, citizen diplomacy or international cooperation.
Official goodwill ambassador representatives of a country, state or nation are designated by the president, prime minister, chancellor, the secretary of state or the head of a cabinet. Governments of countries often recognize the spouse of a president, governor, prime minister or a monarch as goodwill ambassadors such as the First-Lady of the United States, Prince Philip the Duke of Edinburgh for the British Empire, and in the Caribbean country of Belize there is the Special Envoy for Women and Children, all are formally recognized or known as national goodwill ambassadors. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"facet of",
"diplomacy"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
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"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"legal recognition"
] | UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as: | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"recognition"
] | Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.Civil society award programs
Numerous governmental and nongovernmental organizations employ goodwill ambassadors following the practice of honoring individuals with awards that denote goodwill ambassador status and roles. Awards are given for good relations, fundraising, acts of philanthropy and recognition for cause advocacy; some examples of such recognition are comedian Trevor Noah who received a South African Goodwill Ambassador Award in 2015, actress Alex Okoroji who received a Nigeria Goodwill Ambassador Award in 2017, and the Steve Irwin Memorial Goodwill Ambassador Award which was established in 2007. The former First Lady of Nigeria, Patience Jonathan, became a goodwill ambassador after receiving the African Goodwill Ambassador Award in Los Angeles in 2008.State goodwill ambassadors
Many national states or provincial regions use goodwill ambassadors to promote tourism, economic development, traditional values, customs and cultural ideals that contribute to their recognition. US states have civil service recognition programs that designate goodwill ambassadors honorarily and officially who are responsible for promoting tourism, events and the prosperity of the state in general. The oldest example of this is the Kentucky Colonel, which is the highest award bestowed by the state's governor, officially established in 1895, the honorable title is given to civilians based on performing a great deed, community service or for accomplishing a noteworthy achievement that deserves recognition. The distinction of Kentucky colonel entitles the recipient to "discharge their duties" with the honorable title as a "colonel" and is denoted through the issuance of letters patent with the official dutiful designation as a good-will ambassador. Other US states also have similar civilian awards that denote the role of goodwill ambassador which are well-recognized, including that of the Tennessee Colonel, Rhode Island Commodore, Nebraska Admiral, Order of the Longleaf Pine, Arkansas Traveler, Yellow Rose of Texas, and Sagamore of the Wabash. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"title of authority"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as: | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"instance of",
"occupation"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"facet of",
"public relations"
] | Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.INGO and NGO goodwill ambassadors
A wide range of organizations employ goodwill ambassadors to promote their programs and reach out to others based on goodwill relations and benevolence. There are supra governmental organizations such as the African Union and the European Union and international non-governmental organizations like the IUCN and the IOM. Goodwill ambassadors are also used by social and civil society organizations such as Rotary International, the Olympic Games and the Muscular Dystrophy Association. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"part of",
"diplomatic mission"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population. | part of | 15 | [
"a component of",
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"a portion of"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador"
] | Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"different from",
"list of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors"
] | LinkedIn ambassadors
Social media based network formations such as the LinkedIn goodwill ambassadors established in 2014 by Richard DiPilla led to confusion, when he recognized thousands upon thousands of professionals around the world as humanitarians with a digital computer award certificate conferring recognition as a "Global Goodwill Ambassador" based on the career and volunteer related information they have provided about themselves using their public LinkedIn profiles. The network, which claims over 17,000 goodwill ambassadors became an organization in subsequent years called the Global Goodwill Ambassadors Foundation (GGAF) based in Minnesota, DiPilla started a website and sought 501(c)(3) status. Because of the number of award recipients' assimilation of similar descriptive roles occupied by representatives associated with the United Nations, the organization's commemorative LinkedIn ambassadors have caused a great deal of ambiguity and confusion with official UNICEF Global Goodwill Ambassadors, an official UN Women Global Goodwill Ambassador, a Global Goodwill Ambassador for the World Food Program, the Global Goodwill Ambassador organization in New York, the Lamar University Global Goodwill Ambassadors Program and the Global Goodwill Ambassador Awards of 2016 in Nigeria. The organization's name, the number of awards that use the term, and number of people that received the award naturally diminish the efforts and messages of the original prior users of the term "Global Goodwill Ambassador" making them less effective when using the relevant words together to represent their identity in public relations campaigns, in the news, on the Internet, on Facebook, Twitter and on the world stage to carry out their official missions.
Unlike official designations granted by UN Women, UNICEF, UNHCR or other United Nations organizations which require an official designation, LinkedIn ambassadorships from the GGAF: do not require previous experience as an ambassador; are not developed to provide diplomatic credence; are not conferred by a head of state; do not represent a legal authority; do not obligate recipients to a legitimate commission; and do not regulate any official duty that can be recognized or understood by other states as a diplomatic post or an honorable title. | different from | 12 | [
"not same as",
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"distinct from",
"separate from",
"unlike"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"FAO Goodwill Ambassador"
] | UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as: | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador"
] | Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador"
] | UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"WHO Goodwill Ambassador"
] | FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador"
] | Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNDP Goodwill Ambassador"
] | Goodwill ambassador is a post-nominal honorific title, a professional occupation and/or authoritative designation that is assigned to a person who advocates for a specific cause or global issue on the basis of their notability such as a public figure, advocate or an authoritative expert. Sometimes the role of a goodwill ambassador is presented as "Ambassador" or "Goodwill Ambassador" preceding the first and last name, the titled name of the individual is always presented with an organizational, regional or national affiliation. Goodwill ambassadors generally deliver goodwill by promoting ideals or positions from one entity to another, or to a population to establish a benevolent relationship. A goodwill ambassador may be an individual from one country who resides in or travels to another country, on a diplomatic mission (or international friendship mission) at a peer to peer level; that is: country to country, state to state, city to city, or as an intermediate emissary representative of the people of a specific organization or cultural group such as an indigenous tribe, marginalized people or enclave population.Introduction
Goodwill ambassadors have been a part of governments, institutions and countries for as long as diplomacy has existed. They represent their constituents by traveling abroad exchanging or delivering gifts and presents while bringing awareness to their cause or purpose through public relations activities and organizing events. Goodwill ambassadors are responsible for delivering humanitarian relief, implementing social welfare programs and providing development assistance to demonstrate benevolence and compassion between parties. Most often nation-states, international and non-governmental organizations use well-known celebrities such as actors, actresses, musicians, scientists, authors, former politicians and other high society figures; but they also engage civilians, professionals and government officials to fulfill the role.
Goodwill missions of US states and international nations are usually carried out or overseen by the head of state, but do not necessarily involve official diplomatic credentials beyond a letter of presentation, letters patent or a letter of credence, it is very rare that a goodwill ambassador is ever issued a diplomatic passport. However, some countries, such as Haiti and Saint Lucia do issue credentials that include diplomatic immunity for goodwill ambassadors and organizations sometimes issue a civil service officer credential or international identification travel document such as a laissez-passer.Recognition as an authority is designated by an official document that entitles the subject to the use of the honorable title or can be developed over time through the social media or public relations in close association with the "Goodwill Ambassador" title with a personal name, such as (Angelina Jolie, Goodwill Ambassador) or (Angelina Jolie, UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador) or (Goodwill Ambassador Angelina Jolie). Any regional, state, nation or body politic has the authority to officially designate goodwill ambassadors.UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UNODC Goodwill Ambassador"
] | FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"UN Women Goodwill Ambassador"
] | UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Goodwill ambassador",
"has part(s)",
"WFP Goodwill Ambassador"
] | UN goodwill ambassadors (official titles)
In 2020 and 2021 the United Nations began incorporating official standardized titles of authority for credentials, news releases, their websites and semantically on Wikipedia using the initials of each of the specialized agencies of the United Nations followed by the title "Goodwill Ambassador" or the title/term "Advocate" like it did for the SDG Advocates.Collectively they are all United Nations goodwill ambassadors, each however is designated with a legal title by each individual agency such as:FAO Goodwill Ambassador, official title of a goodwill ambassador advocating for the Food and Agricultural Organization
ILO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the International Labour Organization
IMO Goodwill Ambassador, or Goodwill Maritime Ambassador, is an expert or advocate of the International Maritime Organization
IOM Goodwill Ambassador, strategic ally promoting the mandate of the International Organization on Migration
MP Goodwill Ambassador, Mountain Partnership nominates well-known personalities to champion the cause of sustainable mountain development
Stop TB Goodwill Ambassador, advocate for the UN Special Envoy of the UN Partnership to Stop Tuberculosis
UN-Habitat Goodwill Ambassador, advocate of United Nations Habitat commission (urban sustainability)
UN Women Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate for UN Women (UN Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women)
UNAIDS Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
UNDP Goodwill Ambassador, prominent individual that serves the mission of the United Nations Development Programme
UNEP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations Environmental Programme
UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure that advocates for UNESCO
UNFPA Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Population Fund mission
UNHCR Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees'
UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, local, regional and internationally known public figure that is selected to promote the mission of UNICEF
UNIDO Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or expert that advocates for the United Nations Industrial Development Organization mission
UNODC Goodwill Ambassador, celebrity advocate of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
WFP Goodwill Ambassador, public figure or advocate of the United Nations World Food Programme
WHO Goodwill Ambassador, a celebrity advocate of the World Health OrganizationThere are other official title designations and forms of presentation that are used by the United Nations depending on the scope of their public relations campaigns, for example in 2021 the term "UNICEF's women Goodwill Ambassadors" appeared for a UNICEF campaign headline for Afghanistan, however this does not change the official title of individual ambassadors. Since 1999, some of the United Nations Diplomatic Corps and United Nations Association Chapters have referred to their ambassadors as Global Goodwill Ambassador or National Goodwill Ambassador of _________. The new guideline of a 3-6 letter alpha code preceding the "Goodwill Ambassador" title makes each ambassador unique with their proper name, disambiguates different UN departments, projects and programs as well as removes assumptions that fraudsters depend on. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Anatomically modern human",
"subclass of",
"human"
] | Early modern human (EMH) or anatomically modern human (AMH) are terms used to distinguish Homo sapiens (the only extant Hominina species) that are anatomically consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans, from extinct archaic human species. This distinction is useful especially for times and regions where anatomically modern and archaic humans co-existed, for example, in Paleolithic Europe. Among the oldest known remains of Homo sapiens are those found at the Omo-Kibish I archaeological site in south-western Ethiopia, dating to about 233,000 to 196,000 years ago, the Florisbad site in South Africa, dating to about 259,000 years ago, and the Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco, dated about 315,000 years ago.
Extinct species of the genus Homo include Homo erectus (extant from roughly 2 to 0.1 million years ago) and a number of other species (by some authors considered subspecies of either H. sapiens or H. erectus). The divergence of the lineage leading to H. sapiens out of ancestral H. erectus (or an intermediate species such as Homo antecessor) is estimated to have occurred in Africa roughly 500,000 years ago. The earliest fossil evidence of early modern humans appears in Africa around 300,000 years ago, with the earliest genetic splits among modern people, according to some evidence, dating to around the same time. Sustained archaic human admixture with modern humans is known to have taken place both in Africa and (following the recent Out-Of-Africa expansion) in Eurasia, between about 100,000 and 30,000 years ago. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Anatomically modern human",
"has part(s)",
"Homo sapiens idaltu"
] | Dispersal and archaic admixture
Dispersal of early H. sapiens begins soon after its emergence, as evidenced by the North African Jebel Irhoud finds (dated to around 315,000 years ago). There is indirect evidence for H. sapiens presence in West Asia around 270,000 years ago.The Florisbad Skull from Florisbad, South Africa, dated to about 259,000 years ago, has also been classified as representing early H. sapiens.Scerri (2018), pp. 582–594In September 2019, scientists proposed that the earliest H. sapiens (and last common human ancestor to modern humans) arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in East and South Africa.Among extant populations, the Khoi-San (or "Capoid") hunters-gatherers of Southern Africa may represent the human population with the earliest possible divergence within the group Homo sapiens sapiens. Their separation time has been estimated in a 2017 study to be between 350 and 260,000 years ago, compatible with the estimated age of early H. sapiens. The study states that the deep split-time estimation of 350 to 260 thousand years ago is consistent with the archaeological estimate for the onset of the Middle Stone Age across sub-Saharan Africa and coincides with archaic H. sapiens in southern Africa represented by, for example, the Florisbad skull dating to 259 (± 35) thousand years ago.H. s. idaltu, found at Middle Awash in Ethiopia, lived about 160,000 years ago, and H. sapiens lived at Omo Kibish in Ethiopia about 233,000-195,000 years ago. Two fossils from Guomde, Kenya, dated to at least (and likely more than) 180,000 years ago and (more precisely) to 300–270,000 years ago, have been tentatively assigned to H. sapiens and similarities have been noted between them and the Omo Kibbish remains. Fossil evidence for modern human presence in West Asia is ascertained for 177,000 years ago, and disputed fossil evidence suggests expansion as far as East Asia by 120,000 years ago.In July 2019, anthropologists reported the discovery of 210,000 year old remains of a H. sapiens and 170,000 year old remains of a H. neanderthalensis in Apidima Cave, Peloponnese, Greece, more than 150,000 years older than previous H. sapiens finds in Europe.A significant dispersal event, within Africa and to West Asia, is associated with the African megadroughts during MIS 5, beginning 130,000 years ago. A 2011 study located the origin of basal population of contemporary human populations at 130,000 years ago, with the Khoi-San representing an "ancestral population cluster" located in southwestern Africa (near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola). | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Anatomically modern human",
"has part(s)",
"Homo sapiens sapiens"
] | Early modern human (EMH) or anatomically modern human (AMH) are terms used to distinguish Homo sapiens (the only extant Hominina species) that are anatomically consistent with the range of phenotypes seen in contemporary humans, from extinct archaic human species. This distinction is useful especially for times and regions where anatomically modern and archaic humans co-existed, for example, in Paleolithic Europe. Among the oldest known remains of Homo sapiens are those found at the Omo-Kibish I archaeological site in south-western Ethiopia, dating to about 233,000 to 196,000 years ago, the Florisbad site in South Africa, dating to about 259,000 years ago, and the Jebel Irhoud site in Morocco, dated about 315,000 years ago.
Extinct species of the genus Homo include Homo erectus (extant from roughly 2 to 0.1 million years ago) and a number of other species (by some authors considered subspecies of either H. sapiens or H. erectus). The divergence of the lineage leading to H. sapiens out of ancestral H. erectus (or an intermediate species such as Homo antecessor) is estimated to have occurred in Africa roughly 500,000 years ago. The earliest fossil evidence of early modern humans appears in Africa around 300,000 years ago, with the earliest genetic splits among modern people, according to some evidence, dating to around the same time. Sustained archaic human admixture with modern humans is known to have taken place both in Africa and (following the recent Out-Of-Africa expansion) in Eurasia, between about 100,000 and 30,000 years ago. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"Caucasian race",
"instance of",
"human race"
] | The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid, Europid, or Europoid) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race. The Caucasian race was historically regarded as a biological taxon which, depending on which of the historical race classifications was being used, usually included ancient and modern populations from all or parts of Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, South Asia, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa.First introduced in the 1780s by members of the Göttingen school of history, the term denoted one of three purported major races of humankind (those three being Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid). In biological anthropology, Caucasoid has been used as an umbrella term for phenotypically similar groups from these different regions, with a focus on skeletal anatomy, and especially cranial morphology, without regard to skin tone. Ancient and modern "Caucasoid" populations were thus not exclusively "white", but ranged in complexion from white-skinned to dark brown.Since the second half of the 20th century, physical anthropologists have switched from a typological understanding of human biological diversity towards a genomic and population-based perspective, and have tended to understand race as a social classification of humans based on phenotype and ancestry as well as cultural factors, as the concept is also understood in the social sciences.In the United States, the root term Caucasian is still in use as a synonym for white or of European, Middle Eastern, or North African ancestry, a usage that has been criticized. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Prayer warrior",
"facet of",
"Dominion theology"
] | Overview
Within the context of dominion theology, prayer warriors see themselves as engaged in spiritual warfare against satanic forces.Prayer warriors may pray for individuals, or for entire states or regions. One recent development has been prayer undertaken by groups of people flying over the areas for which they wish to undertake intercession.While not all prayer warriors are evangelical Christians, some are. During the Iraq War, one aspect of the debate over U.S. involvement was a "prayer battle," with one side praying in support of the policies of the Bush Administration and the other taking an anti-war stance. Alabama Governor Bob Riley urged his constituents to act as prayer warriors, and Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue designated a three-day prayer weekend that he cast as a spiritual battle. Although most "prayer warriors for peace" were identified as Christians, Muslims in the U.S. and Indonesia were also said to have taken part.Sarah Palin, the Vice-Presidential candidate for the Republican Party in the 2008 U.S. presidential elections, regularly acknowledged the support of prayer warriors in her speeches and interviews, and has spoken of them as offering a "prayer shield." As a candidate, she thanked prayer warriors for their support and spoke of divine intervention in the election as a result. | facet of | 101 | [
"aspect of",
"element of",
"feature of",
"part of",
"component of"
] | null | null |
[
"Parent-in-law",
"instance of",
"affinity"
] | A parent-in-law is a person who has a legal affinity with another by being the parent of the other's spouse. Many cultures and legal systems impose duties and responsibilities on persons connected by this relationship. A person is a child-in-law to the parents of the spouse, who are in turn also the parents of those sibling-in-laws (if any) who are siblings of the spouse (as opposed to spouses of siblings). Together, the members of this family affinity group are called the in-laws. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Parent-in-law",
"part of",
"in-law family"
] | A parent-in-law is a person who has a legal affinity with another by being the parent of the other's spouse. Many cultures and legal systems impose duties and responsibilities on persons connected by this relationship. A person is a child-in-law to the parents of the spouse, who are in turn also the parents of those sibling-in-laws (if any) who are siblings of the spouse (as opposed to spouses of siblings). Together, the members of this family affinity group are called the in-laws. | part of | 15 | [
"a component of",
"a constituent of",
"an element of",
"a fragment of",
"a portion of"
] | null | null |
[
"Bisexual",
"instance of",
"sexual identity"
] | Bisexuality is a romantic or sexual attraction or behavior toward both males and females, or to more than one gender. It may also be defined to include romantic or sexual attraction to people regardless of their sex or gender identity, which is also known as pansexuality.The term bisexuality is mainly used in the context of human attraction to denote romantic or sexual feelings toward both men and women, and the concept is one of the three main classifications of sexual orientation along with heterosexuality and homosexuality, all of which exist on the heterosexual–homosexual continuum. A bisexual identity does not necessarily equate to equal sexual attraction to both sexes; commonly, people who have a distinct but not exclusive sexual preference for one sex over the other also identify themselves as bisexual.Scientists do not know the exact cause of sexual orientation, but they theorize that it is caused by a complex interplay of genetic, hormonal, and environmental influences, and do not view it as a choice. Although no single theory on the cause of sexual orientation has yet gained widespread support, scientists favor biologically based theories. There is considerably more evidence supporting nonsocial, biological causes of sexual orientation than social ones, especially for males.Bisexuality has been observed in various human societies, as well as elsewhere in the animal kingdom, throughout recorded history. The term bisexuality, like the terms hetero- and homosexuality, was coined in the 19th century by Charles Gilbert Chaddock. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Outcast (person)",
"instance of",
"social class"
] | India
Outcasts, in the India caste system, are individuals or a group that for some reason were rejected by any other caste. It is contrary to caste system, where even pariahs have their own caste. Foreigners not ruled by the Indian nobility in India and all foreigners were sometimes perceived as outcastes and untouchables. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Gohan",
"mother",
"Chichi"
] | Son Gohan (Japanese: 孫 悟飯) is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga series, created by Akira Toriyama. Gohan is introduced as the first son of the protagonist Goku, and his wife Chi-Chi, in chapter #196 "Kakarrot", published in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on October 8, 1988.Chi-Chi is a strict and protective mother to Gohan, forcing him to focus on his studies and forbidding him from practicing martial arts. However, due to the various threats to the Earth, she reluctantly allows him to fight. Gohan is initially trained by his father's former nemesis Piccolo, ultimately becoming one of the strongest characters in the series due to his hidden potential, awakened by his rage.
Akira Toriyama originally aimed Gohan to succeed Goku as the series' protagonist but such idea was scrapped in the manga's final arc. Nevertheless, Toriyama used him as a lead in the film Dragon Ball Super: Super Hero, to reuse his dynamic with Piccolo. In Japanese, he is voiced by Masako Nozawa in all animated appearances and most media.
Gohan has been well received by both fans and critics, the latter usually citing the character's growth from his initial appearance to his defeat of Cell. However, his characterization after the Cell Saga has received a more mixed reception. His return as a protagonist in Super Hero earned a better response for his continuous growth and role as a family man aided by Piccolo. | mother | 52 | [
"mom",
"mommy",
"mum",
"mama",
"parent"
] | null | null |
[
"Tien Shinhan",
"creator",
"Akira Toriyama"
] | Tien Shinhan (Japanese: 天津飯(テンシンハン), Hepburn: Tenshinhan), known as Tenshinhan in Japanese media and Viz Media's release of the manga, is a fictional character in the Dragon Ball manga series created by Akira Toriyama. He is introduced in chapter #113 "The 22nd Tenka'ichi Budōkai", first published in Weekly Shōnen Jump magazine on February 24, 1987, entering the martial arts tournament to kill Son Goku and his fellow-students. However, he later teams up with them to defeat Piccolo Daimaō, accompanied by his best friend Chaozu. Tien becomes Goku's rival for a period and is notable for being the first person in the series to fly using Bukū-jutsu (舞空術, lit. "Air Dance Technique") and to use the Taiyōken (太陽拳, lit. "Fist of the Sun", "Solar Flare" in Funimation's anime dub) technique.
The character of Tien has received praise from reviewers of manga and anime. They praised his quest for redemption in the Piccolo arc and his fights have been celebrated as dramatic, intense, and entertaining. Numerous pieces of merchandise have been released bearing his likeness including action figures, key chains, and capsule toys. | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
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