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[
"Joseph Bowers",
"place of birth",
"Austria"
] | Joseph "Dutch" Bowers (December 13, 1896 – April 27, 1936) was the first man to attempt an escape from Alcatraz prison. He was born in Rohrbach, Austria. Bowers was arrested for robbery of mail with a firearm. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Joseph Bowers",
"family name",
"Bowers"
] | Joseph "Dutch" Bowers (December 13, 1896 – April 27, 1936) was the first man to attempt an escape from Alcatraz prison. He was born in Rohrbach, Austria. Bowers was arrested for robbery of mail with a firearm.Alcatraz
Bowers arrived at Alcatraz on 4 September 1934.On 27 April 1936, convict Henry Larry claims to have watched Bowers, who was feeding seagulls, stack some empty barrels and climb up next to the fence so he could retrieve a bit of food which had fallen on the barbed wire. He stood there feeding the birds for several minutes until a tower guard turned, saw him atop the fence, and fired on the convict. Bowers fell sixty feet to his death on the rocks below.
As documented in "The Desperate Escape of Joseph Bowers" at AlcatrazHistory.com: | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Sean Bowers",
"country for sport",
"United States of America"
] | Futsal
Beginning in 1996, Bowers became a regular part of the U.S. national futsal team. Two years later, the team took third place in the Futsal Mundialito. He earned a total of thirty-six caps, scoring five goals, with the U.S. from 1996 to 2004. | country for sport | 88 | [
"Nation for athletics",
"Country for sports",
"State for sporting activities",
"Territory for athletic training",
"Land for physical exercise"
] | null | null |
[
"Sean Bowers",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Sean Patrick Bowers (born August 12, 1968) is a retired U.S. soccer defender. He spent most of his career playing indoor soccer, earning the 1992 NPSL Rookie of the Year, four-time Defender of the Year and a six-time first team All Star in four different indoor leagues. He also played four seasons with the Kansas City Wizards in Major League Soccer. He currently is the General Manager for the San Diego Sockers of the Professional Arena Soccer League. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Sean Bowers",
"occupation",
"association football player"
] | Sean Patrick Bowers (born August 12, 1968) is a retired U.S. soccer defender. He spent most of his career playing indoor soccer, earning the 1992 NPSL Rookie of the Year, four-time Defender of the Year and a six-time first team All Star in four different indoor leagues. He also played four seasons with the Kansas City Wizards in Major League Soccer. He currently is the General Manager for the San Diego Sockers of the Professional Arena Soccer League. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Sean Bowers",
"member of sports team",
"San Diego Sockers"
] | Player
In 1991, Bowers signed with the San Diego Sockers of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). While he played in the Sockers season opener, at some point he moved to the Detroit Rockers of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). He was selected as the NPSL Rookie of the Year. He remained with the Rockers until 1995, winning 1994 and 1995 Defender of the Year honors. In addition to playing with the Rockers in 1993, Bowers also played a single season with the Sacramento Knights of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL), a summer indoor league. He was named CISL Defender of the Year. In 1995 and 1996, he returned to the CISL, this time with the Anaheim Splash. The Kansas City Wiz of the outdoor Major League Soccer selected Bowers in the third round (26th overall) in the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft. He played four seasons with the Wizards, serving as the team captain in 1999. However, he continued to play indoor soccer, returning to the Detroit Rockers in 1997. He played with the Rockers until 2001, when the team folded. The Baltimore Blast selected Bowers in the dispersal draft. That summer, the NPSL also gave way to the new Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). Bowers spent two season with the Blast, winning the 2003 league championship with them. July 16, 2003, the Blast traded Bowers to the San Diego Sockers in exchange for Carlos Farias and the first and second picks in the 2003 Amateur Draft. He played thirty-three games with the Sockers in 2003–2005, but only five games the next season before the Sockers folded. Rather than pursuing his playing career further, Bowers elected to retire, settle in his hometown and pursue a coaching career. In 2009, he joined the San Diego Sockers of the Professional Arena Soccer League. | member of sports team | 92 | [
"player on sports team",
"athlete for sports organization",
"team member in sports",
"participant of sports team",
"sports squad member"
] | null | null |
[
"Sean Bowers",
"given name",
"Sean"
] | Sean Patrick Bowers (born August 12, 1968) is a retired U.S. soccer defender. He spent most of his career playing indoor soccer, earning the 1992 NPSL Rookie of the Year, four-time Defender of the Year and a six-time first team All Star in four different indoor leagues. He also played four seasons with the Kansas City Wizards in Major League Soccer. He currently is the General Manager for the San Diego Sockers of the Professional Arena Soccer League. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Sean Bowers",
"member of sports team",
"San Diego Sockers"
] | Player
In 1991, Bowers signed with the San Diego Sockers of the Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). While he played in the Sockers season opener, at some point he moved to the Detroit Rockers of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL). He was selected as the NPSL Rookie of the Year. He remained with the Rockers until 1995, winning 1994 and 1995 Defender of the Year honors. In addition to playing with the Rockers in 1993, Bowers also played a single season with the Sacramento Knights of the Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL), a summer indoor league. He was named CISL Defender of the Year. In 1995 and 1996, he returned to the CISL, this time with the Anaheim Splash. The Kansas City Wiz of the outdoor Major League Soccer selected Bowers in the third round (26th overall) in the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft. He played four seasons with the Wizards, serving as the team captain in 1999. However, he continued to play indoor soccer, returning to the Detroit Rockers in 1997. He played with the Rockers until 2001, when the team folded. The Baltimore Blast selected Bowers in the dispersal draft. That summer, the NPSL also gave way to the new Major Indoor Soccer League (MISL). Bowers spent two season with the Blast, winning the 2003 league championship with them. July 16, 2003, the Blast traded Bowers to the San Diego Sockers in exchange for Carlos Farias and the first and second picks in the 2003 Amateur Draft. He played thirty-three games with the Sockers in 2003–2005, but only five games the next season before the Sockers folded. Rather than pursuing his playing career further, Bowers elected to retire, settle in his hometown and pursue a coaching career. In 2009, he joined the San Diego Sockers of the Professional Arena Soccer League. | member of sports team | 92 | [
"player on sports team",
"athlete for sports organization",
"team member in sports",
"participant of sports team",
"sports squad member"
] | null | null |
[
"Albert Bowers",
"family name",
"Bowers"
] | Albert Bowers was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Hull FC, as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5.International honours
Albert Bowers won caps for England while at Hull in 1947 against Wales (2 matches). | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Albert Bowers",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Albert Bowers was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Hull FC, as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5.International honours
Albert Bowers won caps for England while at Hull in 1947 against Wales (2 matches).References
External links
(archived by web.archive.org) Stats → Past Players → B
(archived by web.archive.org) Statistics at hullfc.com | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Albert Bowers",
"member of sports team",
"Hull F.C."
] | Albert Bowers was an English professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1930s and 1940s. He played at representative level for England, and at club level for Hull FC, as a wing, i.e. number 2 or 5. | member of sports team | 92 | [
"player on sports team",
"athlete for sports organization",
"team member in sports",
"participant of sports team",
"sports squad member"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"country of citizenship",
"Australia"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia.== References == | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"sport",
"rugby union"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia.== References == | sport | 89 | [
"athletics",
"competitive physical activity",
"physical competition"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"family name",
"Bowers"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia. | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia.== References == | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"member of sports team",
"Australia national rugby union team"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia. | member of sports team | 92 | [
"player on sports team",
"athlete for sports organization",
"team member in sports",
"participant of sports team",
"sports squad member"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"place of birth",
"Darlinghurst"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"occupation",
"rugby union player"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia.== References == | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Allen Bowers",
"given name",
"Allen"
] | Allen John A. Bowers (born 27 October 1902) was a rugby union player who represented Australia.
Bowers, a wing, was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales and claimed a total of 7 international rugby caps for Australia.== References == | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Arthur Bowers",
"occupation",
"politician"
] | Arthur Robert Bowers (February 16, 1919 – May 21, 1988) was a Democratic politician who served in the Ohio House of Representatives. A Steubenville, Ohio, native, Bowers initially won election to a seat in the Ohio House in 1962, when apportionment was still chosen at-large. He won re-election in 1964, but was not a candidate for re-election in 1966.
When Representative Douglas Applegate opted to run for the Ohio Senate in 1968, Bowers made a political comeback and again ran for a seat in the Ohio House. He won, and was seated again on January 3, 1969. He won re-election in 1970.
In 1972, Bowers was named Chairman of the Transportation and Highways Committee. He served in that role for the rest of his House career, and was pivotal in requiring seat belts in Ohio automobiles.
In January 1986, Bowers announced his retirement from the House. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Arthur Bowers",
"place of birth",
"Steubenville"
] | Arthur Robert Bowers (February 16, 1919 – May 21, 1988) was a Democratic politician who served in the Ohio House of Representatives. A Steubenville, Ohio, native, Bowers initially won election to a seat in the Ohio House in 1962, when apportionment was still chosen at-large. He won re-election in 1964, but was not a candidate for re-election in 1966.
When Representative Douglas Applegate opted to run for the Ohio Senate in 1968, Bowers made a political comeback and again ran for a seat in the Ohio House. He won, and was seated again on January 3, 1969. He won re-election in 1970.
In 1972, Bowers was named Chairman of the Transportation and Highways Committee. He served in that role for the rest of his House career, and was pivotal in requiring seat belts in Ohio automobiles.
In January 1986, Bowers announced his retirement from the House. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Arthur Bowers",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Arthur Robert Bowers (February 16, 1919 – May 21, 1988) was a Democratic politician who served in the Ohio House of Representatives. A Steubenville, Ohio, native, Bowers initially won election to a seat in the Ohio House in 1962, when apportionment was still chosen at-large. He won re-election in 1964, but was not a candidate for re-election in 1966.
When Representative Douglas Applegate opted to run for the Ohio Senate in 1968, Bowers made a political comeback and again ran for a seat in the Ohio House. He won, and was seated again on January 3, 1969. He won re-election in 1970.
In 1972, Bowers was named Chairman of the Transportation and Highways Committee. He served in that role for the rest of his House career, and was pivotal in requiring seat belts in Ohio automobiles.
In January 1986, Bowers announced his retirement from the House. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Ash Bowers",
"occupation",
"songwriter"
] | After shortening his first name to Ash, he signed to Stoney Creek Records, a division of Broken Bow Records (now BBR Music Group), in June 2009. In August 2009, Bowers released his debut single "Stuck", written by Frank J. Myers and Billy Montana. It debuted at No. 60 on the U.S. Billboard country singles charts dated for September 19. Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave a favorable review, saying that he could identify with the song's theme of wanting to leave a small town and adding, "Even if somebody doesn’t leave that hometown they feel ‘stuck’ in, they certainly can use this song as a weekend party anthem". His debut album was to have been produced by Buddy Cannon. Two more singles were released from the project: "Ain't No Stopping Her Now" and "I Still Believe in That". After exiting Stoney Creek, Bowers released two independent singles in 2013: "Red" and "Shake It Off". These were both issued on a studio album also titled Shake It Off, which Bowers released independently in 2013.After this, Bowers began working as a songwriter. Artists who recorded his material include Montgomery Gentry, Keith Urban, Dustin Lynch, and Randy Houser. This was followed by the foundation of Wide Open Music, a publishing and management venture which he started with Steve Williams. He also began mentoring and managing black country singer Jimmie Allen, and in 2018, the two began writing, recording, and producing songs for what would become Allen's debut album Mercury Lane. The album charted two number-one singles on Country Airplay between late 2018 and 2020: "Best Shot" and "Make Me Want To". Bowers also co-produced Allen's second album, Bettie James Gold Edition. Bowers also co-wrote and co-produced Stell's 2019 debut single "Prayed for You", which was a number-one single on Country Airplay as well. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Ash Bowers",
"given name",
"Ash"
] | After shortening his first name to Ash, he signed to Stoney Creek Records, a division of Broken Bow Records (now BBR Music Group), in June 2009. In August 2009, Bowers released his debut single "Stuck", written by Frank J. Myers and Billy Montana. It debuted at No. 60 on the U.S. Billboard country singles charts dated for September 19. Matt Bjorke of Roughstock gave a favorable review, saying that he could identify with the song's theme of wanting to leave a small town and adding, "Even if somebody doesn’t leave that hometown they feel ‘stuck’ in, they certainly can use this song as a weekend party anthem". His debut album was to have been produced by Buddy Cannon. Two more singles were released from the project: "Ain't No Stopping Her Now" and "I Still Believe in That". After exiting Stoney Creek, Bowers released two independent singles in 2013: "Red" and "Shake It Off". These were both issued on a studio album also titled Shake It Off, which Bowers released independently in 2013.After this, Bowers began working as a songwriter. Artists who recorded his material include Montgomery Gentry, Keith Urban, Dustin Lynch, and Randy Houser. This was followed by the foundation of Wide Open Music, a publishing and management venture which he started with Steve Williams. He also began mentoring and managing black country singer Jimmie Allen, and in 2018, the two began writing, recording, and producing songs for what would become Allen's debut album Mercury Lane. The album charted two number-one singles on Country Airplay between late 2018 and 2020: "Best Shot" and "Make Me Want To". Bowers also co-produced Allen's second album, Bettie James Gold Edition. Bowers also co-wrote and co-produced Stell's 2019 debut single "Prayed for You", which was a number-one single on Country Airplay as well. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Bryan Bowers",
"instrument",
"autoharp"
] | Bryan Bowers is an American autoharp player who is frequently credited with introducing the instrument to new generations of musicians.Career
Bowers became very popular with the audience of the comedy radio program The Dr. Demento Show with his 1980 recording of Mike Cross' song "The Scotsman". In 1993, Bowers was inducted into the Autoharp Hall of Fame whose membership includes Mother Maybelle Carter, Kilby Snow, and Sara Carter.In two consecutive years, 2006 and 2007, he released new recordings: Bristlecone Pine and September in Alaska. "Although such guests as Tim O'Brien, Sam Bush, Stuart Duncan, and Enright and O'Bryant play and sing on a number of cuts, this is a Bryan Bowers disc all the way, with his exquisite autoharp flavoring many of the tunes," wrote a November 2006 Bluegrass Unlimited reviewer of Bristlecone Pine. "Bowers selects thematically diverse and lyrically strong material. There are powerful love songs ("When You And I Were True" and "Magnolia") and non-cloying meditations on life and death ("Bristlecone Pine," "Friend For Life," and "When I Go"), as well as haunting instrumentals. He nicely avoids the hackneyed stuff of so many folk/bluegrass/country performers." He maintains an active performance and teaching schedule. | instrument | 84 | [
"tool",
"equipment",
"implement",
"apparatus",
"device"
] | null | null |
[
"Cyril Y. Bowers",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Cyril Y. Bowers, M.D., Emeritus Professor of Medicine at Tulane University School of Medicine, attended medical school at the University of Oregon and did an internship at the University of Washington. He then studied biochemistry at Cornell University and attended the Postgraduate School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. From 1961-2004 he was the director of the Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism in the Department of Medicine at Tulane University School of Medicine. Dr. Bowers has served on the editorial board of several endocrine journals, was a member of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Study Section for eight years and has written over 400 articles in peer reviewed journals including chapters in books and over 200 abstracts. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Panthera spelaea",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Taxonomy
Felis spelaea was the scientific name used by Georg August Goldfuss in 1810 for a fossil lion skull that was excavated in a cave in southern Germany. It possibly dates to the Würm glaciation.Several authors regarded Panthera spelaea as a subspecies of the modern lion, and therefore as Panthera leo spelaea.
One author considered the cave lion to be more closely related to the tiger based on a comparison of skull shapes, and proposed the scientific name Panthera tigris spelaea.Results from morphological studies showed that it is distinct in cranial and dental anatomy to justify the specific status of Panthera spelaea. Results of phylogenetic studies also support this assessment.In 2001, the subspecies Panthera spelaea vereshchagini avagy a Beringi barlangi oroszlán was proposed for seven specimens found in Siberia and Yukon, which have smaller skulls and teeth than the average P. spelaea. Before 2020, genetic analysis using ancient DNA provided no evidence for their distinct subspecific status; DNA signatures from P. spelaea from Europe and Alaska were indistinguishable, suggesting one large panmictic population. However, analysis of mitochondrial genome sequences from 31 cave lions showed that they fall into two monophyletic clades. One lived across western Europe and the other was restricted to Beringia during the Pleistocene. For this reason, the Beringian population is considered a distinct subspecies, P. s. vereshchagini.Evolution
Lion-like pantherine felids first appeared in the Tanzanian Olduvai Gorge about 1.7 to 1.2 million years ago. These cats dispersed to Europe from East Africa in the first half of the Middle Pleistocene, giving rise to P. fossilis in Central Europe by 610,000 years ago. Panthera spelaea evolved from P. fossilis about 460,000 years ago in central Europe during the late Saalian glaciation or early Eemian and would have been common throughout Eurasia from 450,000 to 14,000 years ago. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred.P. spelaea bone fragments excavated in Poland were radiocarbon dated to between the early and late Weichselian glaciation, and are between 109,000 and 57,000 years old. In Eurasia, it became extinct between 14,900 and 14,100 years ago, and survived in Beringia until 13,800 to 13,300 years ago as the Weichselian glaciation receded. Mitochondrial DNA sequence data from fossil lion remains show that the American lion represents a sister group of P. spelaea, and likely arose when an early P. spelaea population became isolated south of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet about 340,000 years ago.
The following cladogram shows the genetic relationship between P. spelaea and other pantherine cats. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Barbary lion",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Taxonomy
Felis leo was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for a type specimen from Constantine, Algeria. Following Linnaeus's description, several lion zoological specimens from North Africa were described and proposed as subspecies in the 19th century:Felis leo barbaricus, described by the Austrian zoologist Johann Nepomuk Meyer in 1826, was a lion skin from the Barbary Coast.
Felis leo nubicus, described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1843, was a male lion from Nubia that had been sent by Antoine Clot from Cairo to Paris, and died in the Ménagerie du Jardin des Plantes in 1841.In 1930, Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera, when he wrote about the Asiatic lion.In the 20th and early 21st centuries, there has been much debate and controversy among zoologists on lion classification and validity of proposed subspecies: | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Panthera fossilis",
"time period",
"Pleistocene"
] | Evolution
P. fossilis is estimated to have evolved in Eurasia about 600,000 years ago from a large pantherine cat that originated in the Tanzanian Olduvai Gorge about 1.2–1.7 million years ago. This cat entered Eurasia about 780,000–700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossils that can be definitively classified as P. fossilis date to 610,000 years ago. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred. | time period | 97 | [
"duration",
"period of time",
"timeframe",
"time interval",
"temporal period"
] | null | null |
[
"Panthera fossilis",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Panthera fossilis (also known as Panthera leo fossilis or Panthera spelaea fossilis), is an extinct species of cat belonging to the genus Panthera, known from remains found in Eurasia spanning the Middle Pleistocene and possibly into the Early Pleistocene. P. fossilis has sometimes been referred to by the common names steppe lion or cave lion, though these names are conventionally restricted to the later related species P. spelaea, to which P. fossilis is probably ancestral.Discoveries
It was first described from remains excavated near Mauer in Germany. Bone fragments of P. fossilis were also excavated near Pakefield in the United Kingdom, which are estimated at 680,000 years old. Bone fragments excavated near Isernia in Italy are estimated at between 600,000 and 620,000 years old. The first Asian record of a fossilis lion was found in the Kuznetsk Basin in western Siberia and dates to the late Early Pleistocene.Evolution
P. fossilis is estimated to have evolved in Eurasia about 600,000 years ago from a large pantherine cat that originated in the Tanzanian Olduvai Gorge about 1.2–1.7 million years ago. This cat entered Eurasia about 780,000–700,000 years ago and gave rise to several lion-like forms. The first fossils that can be definitively classified as P. fossilis date to 610,000 years ago. Recent nuclear genomic evidence suggest that interbreeding between modern lions and all Eurasian fossil lions took place up until 500,000 years ago, but by 470,000 years ago, no subsequent interbreeding between the two lineages occurred. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Marozi",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | The marozi or "spotted lion" is variously claimed by zoologists to be a distinct race of the lion adapted for a montane rather than savanna-dwelling existence, a rare natural hybrid of a lion and a leopard, lion and a jaguar, or an adult lion that retained its childhood spots. It is believed to have been smaller than a lion, but slightly larger in size than a leopard and lacking any distinguishable mane. It has been reported in the wild and the skin of a specimen exists, but it has yet to be confirmed as either a separate species or subspecies. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"East-Southern African lion",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Panthera leo melanochaita is a lion subspecies in Southern and East Africa. In this part of Africa, lion populations are regionally extinct in Lesotho, Djibouti and Eritrea, and are threatened by loss of habitat and prey base, killing by local people in retaliation for loss of livestock, and in several countries also by trophy hunting. Since the turn of the 21st century, lion populations in intensively managed protected areas in Botswana, Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe have increased, but declined in East African range countries. In 2005, a Lion Conservation Strategy was developed for East and Southern Africa.Results of a phylogeographic study indicate that lion populations in southern and eastern Africa are forming a major clade distinct from lion populations in West Africa, Central Africa and Asia. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group subsumed lion populations according to the major clades into two subspecies, namely P. l. leo and P. l. melanochaita. Within P. l. melanochaita three subclades are clearly distinguishable. One from northeastern Africa, another one from southwestern Africa and a third one from southeastern Africa.The type specimen for P. l. melanochaita was a black-maned lion from the Cape of Good Hope, known as the Cape lion. Phylogeographic analysis of lion samples from Gabon and the Republic of the Congo indicate their close genetic relation to P. l. melanochaita samples from Namibia and Botswana. It has been referred to as the Southern lion, Southern African lion, East-Southern African lion and the "southern subspecies".Taxonomy
Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described zoological specimens from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies:Felis leo somaliensis (Noack 1891), based on two lion specimens from Somalia
Felis leo massaicus (Neumann 1900), based on two lions killed near Kibaya and the Gurui River in Kenya
Felis leo sabakiensis (Lönnberg 1910), based on two male lions from the environs of Mount Kilimanjaro
Felis leo roosevelti (Heller 1913), a lion from the Ethiopian Highlands presented to Theodore Roosevelt
Felis leo nyanzae (Heller 1913), a lion skin from Kampala, Uganda
Felis leo bleyenberghi (Lönnberg 1914), a male lion from the Katanga Province of Belgian Congo
Leo leo hollisteri (Joel Asaph Allen 1924), a male lion from the area of Lime Springs, Sotik on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria
Leo leo krugeri (Austin Roberts 1929), an adult male lion from the Sabi Sand Game Reserve named in honour of Paul Kruger
Leo leo vernayi (Roberts 1948), a male lion from the Kalahari collected by the Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition
Panthera leo webbensies Ludwig Zukowsky 1964, two lions from Somalia, one in the Natural History Museum, Vienna that originated in Webi Shabeelle, the other kept in a German zoo that had been imported from the hinterland of Mogadishu.Dispute over the validity of these purported subspecies continued among naturalists and curators of natural history museums until the early 21st century.
In the 20th century, some authors supported the view of the Cape lion being a distinct subspecies. In 1939, the American zoologist Allen also recognized F. l. bleyenberghi, F. l. krugeri and F. l. vernayi as valid subspecies in Southern Africa, and F. l. hollisteri, F. l. nyanzae and F. l. massaica as valid subspecies in East Africa.Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera in 1930, when he wrote about Asiatic lions. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African P. l. leo and the Asiatic P. l. persica. Various authors recognized between seven and 10 African lion subspecies. Others followed the classification proposed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, recognizing two subspecies including one in Africa.In the 1970s, the scientific name P. l. vernayi was considered synonymous with P. l. krugeri. In 1975, Vratislav Mazák hypothesized that the Cape lion evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the Great Escarpment. In the early 21st century, Mazák's hypothesis about a geographically isolated evolution of the Cape lion was challenged. Genetic exchanges between populations in the Cape, Kalahari and Transvaal Province regions and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the Great Escarpment and the Indian ocean.In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. krugeri, P. l. vernayi, P. l. massaica, P. l. hollisteri and P. l. nyanzae as valid taxa. In 2016, IUCN Red List assessors subsumed all African lion populations to P. l. leo. Two lion subspecies are now recognised:
P. l. melanochaita is understood as comprising lion populations in the contemporary Southern and East African range countries,
P. l. leo comprises lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia.Genome-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita. This result indicates that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision.South East African clade
Lions, which can be grouped into the southeastern clade are found in Southern Kenya, Western DRC, Tanzania, Mozambique, Malawi, Zambia, southern Namibia and South Africa, with a larger hybridization zone to the southwestern lion clade in the Kruger National Park area (Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park). The classification of lions in Uganda is not clarified, since there were no samples included in the most comprehensive recent study.South West African clade
Lions, which can be grouped into the southwestern clade are found in Angola, Northern Namibia, Northern Botswana and western Zimbabwe, extending southeast into the Tuli block. a There is a larger hybridization zone to the southeastern clade around the Kruger National Park. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"East African lion",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Taxonomy
Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described zoological specimens from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies:Felis leo somaliensis (Noack 1891), based on two lion specimens from Somalia
Felis leo massaicus (Neumann 1900), based on two lions killed near Kibaya and the Gurui River in Kenya
Felis leo sabakiensis (Lönnberg 1910), based on two male lions from the environs of Mount Kilimanjaro
Felis leo roosevelti (Heller 1913), a lion from the Ethiopian Highlands presented to Theodore Roosevelt
Felis leo nyanzae (Heller 1913), a lion skin from Kampala, Uganda
Felis leo bleyenberghi (Lönnberg 1914), a male lion from the Katanga Province of Belgian Congo
Leo leo hollisteri (Joel Asaph Allen 1924), a male lion from the area of Lime Springs, Sotik on the eastern shore of Lake Victoria
Leo leo krugeri (Austin Roberts 1929), an adult male lion from the Sabi Sand Game Reserve named in honour of Paul Kruger
Leo leo vernayi (Roberts 1948), a male lion from the Kalahari collected by the Vernay-Lang Kalahari Expedition
Panthera leo webbensies Ludwig Zukowsky 1964, two lions from Somalia, one in the Natural History Museum, Vienna that originated in Webi Shabeelle, the other kept in a German zoo that had been imported from the hinterland of Mogadishu.Dispute over the validity of these purported subspecies continued among naturalists and curators of natural history museums until the early 21st century.
In the 20th century, some authors supported the view of the Cape lion being a distinct subspecies. In 1939, the American zoologist Allen also recognized F. l. bleyenberghi, F. l. krugeri and F. l. vernayi as valid subspecies in Southern Africa, and F. l. hollisteri, F. l. nyanzae and F. l. massaica as valid subspecies in East Africa.Pocock subordinated the lion to the genus Panthera in 1930, when he wrote about Asiatic lions. Ellerman and Morrison-Scott recognized only two lion subspecies in the Palearctic realm, namely the African P. l. leo and the Asiatic P. l. persica. Various authors recognized between seven and 10 African lion subspecies. Others followed the classification proposed by Ellerman and Morrison-Scott, recognizing two subspecies including one in Africa.In the 1970s, the scientific name P. l. vernayi was considered synonymous with P. l. krugeri. In 1975, Vratislav Mazák hypothesized that the Cape lion evolved geographically isolated from other populations by the Great Escarpment. In the early 21st century, Mazák's hypothesis about a geographically isolated evolution of the Cape lion was challenged. Genetic exchanges between populations in the Cape, Kalahari and Transvaal Province regions and farther east are considered having been possible through a corridor between the Great Escarpment and the Indian ocean.In 2005, the authors of Mammal Species of the World recognized P. l. bleyenberghi, P. l. krugeri, P. l. vernayi, P. l. massaica, P. l. hollisteri and P. l. nyanzae as valid taxa. In 2016, IUCN Red List assessors subsumed all African lion populations to P. l. leo. Two lion subspecies are now recognised:
P. l. melanochaita is understood as comprising lion populations in the contemporary Southern and East African range countries,
P. l. leo comprises lion populations in North, West and Central Africa and Asia.Genome-wide data of a wild-born historical lion sample from Sudan clustered with P. l. leo in mtDNA-based phylogenies, but with a high affinity to P. l. melanochaita. This result indicates that the taxonomic position of lions in Central Africa may require revision. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Panthera leo somaliensis",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Taxonomy
Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described zoological specimens from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies: | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Southwest African lion",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Taxonomy
Felis (Leo) melanochaitus was the scientific name proposed by Charles Hamilton Smith in 1842 who described a lion specimen from South Africa's Cape Province. In the 19th and 20th centuries, several naturalists described zoological specimens from Southern and East Africa and proposed the following subspecies:Regional names
Lion populations in Southern and East Africa were referred to by several regional names, including Katanga lion, Transvaal lion, Kalahari lion, Southeast African lion, and Southwest African lion, Masai lion, Serengeti lion, Tsavo lion and Uganda lion. It has also been referred to as 'Eastern-Southern African lion', 'Southern lion', and as 'southern subspecies'. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Toothed whale",
"subclass of",
"whale"
] | The toothed whales (also called odontocetes, systematic name Odontoceti) are a parvorder of cetaceans that includes dolphins, porpoises, and all other whales possessing teeth, such as the beaked whales and sperm whales. 73 species of toothed whales are described. They are one of two living groups of cetaceans, the other being the baleen whales (Mysticeti), which have baleen instead of teeth. The two groups are thought to have diverged around 34 million years ago (mya).
Toothed whales range in size from the 1.4 m (4.6 ft) and 54 kg (119 lb) vaquita to the 20 m (66 ft) and 55 t (61-short-ton) sperm whale. Several species of odontocetes exhibit sexual dimorphism, in that there are size or other morphological differences between females and males. They have streamlined bodies and two limbs that are modified into flippers. Some can travel at up to 20 knots. Odontocetes have conical teeth designed for catching fish or squid. They have well-developed hearing that is well adapted for both air and water, so much so that some can survive even if they are blind. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. Almost all have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water, with the exception of river dolphins.
Toothed whales consist of some of the most widespread mammals, but some, as with the vaquita, are restricted to certain areas. Odontocetes feed largely on fish and squid, but a few, like the orca, feed on mammals, such as pinnipeds. Males typically mate with multiple females every year, making them polygynous. Females mate every two to three years. Calves are typically born in the spring and summer, and females bear the responsibility for raising them, but more sociable species rely on the family group to care for calves. Many species, mainly dolphins, are highly sociable, with some pods reaching over a thousand individuals.
Once hunted for their products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. Some species are attributed with high levels of intelligence. At the 2012 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, support was reiterated for a cetacean bill of rights, listing cetaceans as nonhuman persons. Besides whaling and drive hunting, they also face threats from bycatch and marine pollution. The baiji, for example, is considered functionally extinct by the IUCN, with the last sighting in 2004, due to heavy pollution to the Yangtze River. Whales occasionally feature in literature and film, as in the great white sperm whale of Herman Melville's Moby-Dick. Small odontocetes, mainly dolphins, are kept in captivity and trained to perform tricks. Whale watching has become a form of tourism around the world. | subclass of | 109 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Baleen whale",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Baleen whales (, systematic name Mysticeti), also known as whalebone whales, are a parvorder of carnivorous marine mammals of the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises) which use keratinaceous baleen plates (or "whalebone") in their mouths to sieve planktonic creatures from the water. Mysticeti comprises the families Balaenidae (right and bowhead whales), Balaenopteridae (rorquals), Eschrichtiidae (the gray whale) and Cetotheriidae (the pygmy right whale). There are currently 16 species of baleen whales. While cetaceans were historically thought to have descended from mesonychids, molecular evidence instead supports them as a clade of even-toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). Baleen whales split from toothed whales (Odontoceti) around 34 million years ago.
Baleen whales range in size from the 6 m (20 ft) and 3,000 kg (6,600 lb) pygmy right whale to the 31 m (102 ft) and 190 t (210 short tons) blue whale, the largest known animal to have ever existed. They are sexually dimorphic. Baleen whales can have streamlined or large bodies, depending on the feeding behavior, and two limbs that are modified into flippers. The fin whale is the fastest baleen whale, recorded swimming at 10 m/s (36 km/h; 22 mph). Baleen whales use their baleen plates to filter out food from the water by either lunge-feeding or skim-feeding. Baleen whales have fused neck vertebrae, and are unable to turn their heads at all. Baleen whales have two blowholes. Some species are well adapted for diving to great depths. They have a layer of fat, or blubber, under the skin to keep warm in the cold water.
Although baleen whales are widespread, most species prefer the colder waters of the Arctic and Antarctic. Gray whales are specialized for feeding on bottom-dwelling crustaceans. Rorquals are specialized at lunge-feeding, and have a streamlined body to reduce drag while accelerating. Right whales skim-feed, meaning they use their enlarged head to effectively take in a large amount of water and sieve the slow-moving prey. Males typically mate with more than one female (polygyny), although the degree of polygyny varies with the species. Male strategies for reproductive success vary between performing ritual displays (whale song) or lek mating. Calves are typically born in the winter and spring months and females bear all the responsibility for raising them. Mothers fast for a relatively long period of time over the period of migration, which varies between species. Baleen whales produce a number of infrasonic vocalizations, notably the songs of the humpback whale.
The meat, blubber, baleen, and oil of baleen whales have traditionally been used by the indigenous peoples of the Arctic. Once relentlessly hunted by commercial industries for these products, cetaceans are now protected by international law. These protections have allowed their numbers to recover. However, the North Atlantic right whale is ranked critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Besides hunting, baleen whales also face threats from marine pollution and ocean acidification. It has been speculated that man-made sonar results in strandings. They have rarely been kept in captivity, and this has only been attempted with juveniles or members of one of the smallest species. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Archaeoceti",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Archaeoceti ("ancient whales"), or Zeuglodontes in older literature, is a paraphyletic group of primitive cetaceans that lived from the Early Eocene to the late Oligocene (50 to 23 million years ago). Representing the earliest cetacean radiation, they include the initial amphibious stages in cetacean evolution, thus are the ancestors of both modern cetacean suborders, Mysticeti and Odontoceti. This initial diversification occurred in the shallow waters that separated India and Asia 53 to 45 mya, resulting in some 30 species adapted to a fully oceanic life. Echolocation and filter-feeding evolved during a second radiation 36 to 35 mya.All archaeocetes from the Ypresian (56–47.8 mya) and most from the Lutetian (47.8–41.3 mya) are known exclusively from Indo-Pakistan, but Bartonian (41.3–38.0 mya) and Priabonian (38.0–33.9 mya) genera are known from across Earth, including North America, Egypt, New Zealand, and Europe. Although no consensus exists regarding the mode of locomotion of which cetaceans were capable during the late Lutetian, they were very unlikely to be nearly as well-adapted to the open ocean as living cetaceans. They probably reached as far as North America along coastal waters, either around Africa and over to South America, or more likely, over the Tethys Sea (between Eurasia and Africa) and along the coasts of Europe, Greenland, and North America.The archaeocetes are paraphyletic in relation to their extant modern descendants, the Neoceti (neocetes). Neocetes consist of two subgroups, the toothed whales (odontocetes) and the baleen whales (mysticetes). | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Cynthiacetus",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Cynthiacetus is an extinct genus of basilosaurid early whale that lived during the Late Eocene (Bartonian-Priabonian, 40.4 to 33.9 million years ago.) Specimens have been found in the southeastern United States and Peru (Otuma Formation).Description
Cynthiacetus was named after the town of Cynthia, Mississippi, close to where the type specimen for the species C. maxwelli was discovered.
The skull of C. maxwelli was similar in size and morphology to that of Basilosaurus cetoides, but Cynthiacetus lacked the elongated vertebrae of Basilosaurus. Uhen 2005 erected the genus to avoid the nomen dubium Pontogeneus (which was based on poorly described and now vanished specimens). Cynthiacetus was smaller than Masracetus.The South American species C. peruvianus, the first archaeocete to be described on that continent, mainly differs from C. maxwelli in the number of cuspids in the lower premolars, but it also has the greatest numbers of thoracic vertebrae (20). The type specimen of C. peruvianus belonged to an adult individual measuring 9 m (30 ft) long. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Aetiocetus",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Aetiocetus is a genus of extinct basal mysticete, or baleen whale that lived 33.9 to 23.03 million years ago, in the Oligocene in the North Pacific ocean, around Japan, Mexico, and Oregon, U.S. It was first described by Douglas Emlong in 1966 and currently contains known four species, A. cotylalveus, A. polydentatus, A. tomitai, and A. weltoni. These whales are remarkable for their retention of teeth and presence of nutrient foramina, indicating that they possessed baleen. Thus, Aetiocetus represents the transition from teeth to baleen in Oligocene mysticetes. Baleen is a highly derived character, or synapomorphy, of mysticetes, and is a keratinous structure that grows from the palate, or roof of the mouth, of the whale. The presence of baleen is inferred from the fossil record in the skull of Aetiocetus.
Aetiocetus is known from both sides of the Pacific Ocean: it was first documented in Oregon, United States, but it is also known from Japan and Mexico. The genus is currently constrained to the Northern hemisphere and has little value in biostratigraphic studies of the Oligocene due to its limited occurrences across the Pacific. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Orycterocetus",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Orycteocetus is an extinct genus of sperm whale from the Miocene of the northern Atlantic Ocean.Classification
Orycterocetus is a member of Physeteroidea closely related to crown-group sperm whales. The type species, O. quadratidens, was first named by Joseph Leidy on the basis of two teeth, two partial mandibular rami, and a rib from Neogene deposits of Virginia. Two more species were subsequently described, O. cornutidens Leidy 1856 and O. crocodilinus Cope, 1868, the latter from the middle Miocene Calvert Formation. | instance of | 5 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Aulophyseter",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Aulophyseter is an extinct genus of sperm whales from the Miocene formations of the west and east coasts of North America.
Aulophyseter reached a length of approximately 6 metres (20 ft) with an estimated body weight of 1,100 kilograms (2,400 lb).Distribution
Fossils of Aulophyseter have been found in:
Oidawara Formation, Japan
United States
Temblor Formation, California
St. Marys Formation, Maryland | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Chonecetus",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Chonecetus is an extinct genus of primitive baleen whale of the family Aetiocetidae that lived in the Oligocene period. Its fossils have been found in Canada, in the northeast Pacific. It was first named by L.S. Russell in 1968, and contains one species, C. sookensis.
Like Aetiocetus, Chonecetus possessed both multicusped teeth and the nutrient foramina required for baleen. Chonecetus closely resembled a modern Mysticeti, with an elongate, streamlined body supporting a pair of paddle-shaped forelimbs, and a horizontal tail fluke strengthened by fibrous cartilage. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Eudelphis",
"instance of",
"fossil taxon"
] | Eudelphis is an extinct genus of sperm whale belonging to Physeteroidea that lived in the ancient North Sea basin about 16-11 million years ago, during the middle Miocene (Langhian).Distribution
The holotype of Eudelphis is known from the Langhian-age Berchem Formation of the vicinity of Antwerp, Belgium.Taxonomy
Eudelphis was once considered a synonym of the genus Scaldicetus, but that genus is now considered of doubtful validity due to the questionably diagnostic value of the holotype tooth, and Lambert (2008) revalidated Eudelphis, classifying it as a basal physeteroid. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Drosera rotundifolia",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera rotundifolia, the round-leaved sundew, roundleaf sundew, or common sundew, is a carnivorous species of flowering plant that grows in bogs, marshes and fens. One of the most widespread sundew species, it has a circumboreal distribution, being found in all of northern Europe, much of Siberia, large parts of northern North America, Korea and Japan but is also found as far south as California, Mississippi and Alabama in the United States of America and in New Guinea.Description
The leaves of the common sundew are arranged in a basal rosette. The narrow, hairy, 1.3-to-5.0-centimetre (0.51 to 1.97 in) long petioles support 4-to-10-millimetre (0.16 to 0.39 in) round laminae. The upper surface of the lamina is densely covered with red glandular hairs that secrete a sticky mucilage.
A typical plant has a diameter of around 3 to 5 centimetres (1.2 to 2.0 in), with a 5-to-25-centimetre (2.0 to 9.8 in) tall inflorescence. The flowers grow on one side of a single slender, hairless stalk that emanates from the centre of the leaf rosette. White or pink in colour, the five-petalled flowers produce 1.0-to-1.5-millimetre (0.039 to 0.059 in), light brown, slender, tapered seeds.In the winter, D. rotundifolia produces a hibernaculum to survive the cold conditions. This consists of a bud of tightly curled leaves at ground level. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Drosera indica",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera indica is an insectivorous plant, a sundew native to tropical countries throughout the world, from Asia to Africa, but absent from the neotropics. Together with Australian endemic species D. aquatica, D. aurantiaca, D. barrettorum, D. cucullata, D. finlaysoniana, D. fragrans, D. glabriscapa, D. hartmeyerorum, D. nana, D. serpens it makes up the section Arachnopus.Description
Drosera indica is an unbranched, annual herbaceous plant, supported by a fibrous root system and reaching a height of 5–50 cm (2–20 in). Leaves are narrowly linear, up to 10 cm [4 in] long with 1–1.5 cm [0.4–0.6 in] pedicels. Young plants stand upright, while older ones form scrambling stems with only the newest growth exhibiting an upright habit. The plant can be yellow-green to maroon in color. Flower petals can be white, pink, orange, or purple. Its chromosome count is 2n=28. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Drosera burmannii",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera burmanni, the tropical sundew, is a small, compact species in the carnivorous plant genus Drosera. Its natural geographical range includes the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Australia, India, Japan, southeast Asia, Oceania, Africa and China's Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Fujian, Taiwan. It normally spans only 2 cm (0.8 in) in diameter. It is one of the fastest trapping sundews as well, and its leaves can curl around an insect in only a few seconds, compared to the minutes or hours it takes other sundews to surround their prey. In nature, D. burmanni is an annual, but in cultivation, when grown indoors during the cold months, it can live for many years. Since D. burmanni is an annual, it produces large amounts of seed. Drosera burmanni has been considered a powerful rubefacient in Ayurveda.Drosera burmanni is an herb that produces very short stems and leaves in a rosette. Each wedge-shaped leaf is typically 8–10 mm long and 5–6 mm wide. White flowers are produced in groups of 3 to 10 on 6–15 cm (2–6 in) tall racemose inflorescences, of which there can be one to three per plant.The first brief description of the species was written by Paul Hermann and published after Hermann's death by William Sherard in Musaeum Zeylanicum. It was described in more detail by Johannes Burman in his 1737 publication on the flora of Ceylon. Burman used the polynomial Ros solis foliis circa radicem in orbem dispositis, but the species was not formally published until 1794 when Martin Vahl named it in honor of Burman as Drosera burmanni (the species epithet is usually orthographically corrected to burmannii). In 1871 Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach described a new species, D. dietrichiana, named after its discoverer Amalie Dietrich. In his 1906 monograph of the Droseraceae, Ludwig Diels reduced this species to a variety of D. burmanni. This variety was described as being a larger and more robust plant than D. burmanni var. burmanni. Both D. dietrichiana and the variety are now considered synonyms of D. burmanni. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Drosera aliciae",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera aliciae, the Alice sundew, is a carnivorous plant in the family Droseraceae. It is native to the Cape Provinces of South Africa, like Drosera capensis, the cape sundew, and is one of the most common sundews in cultivation. The plant forms small, tight rosettes of wedge-shaped leaves, up to 5 cm in diameter. Under conditions of good lighting, the insect-snagging tentacles will become deeply coloured with anthocyanin pigments, which probably aid in its attraction of insect prey. The plant is relatively easy to grow, and produces attractive scapes of pink flowers, which are held about 30 cm away from the carnivorous leaves, so as to prevent pollinators from becoming ensnared. D. aliciae is very similar in form to a number of other closely related species such as D. slackii, and D. natalensis: the former is rather larger with a slightly different growth habit(8 cm diameter); the latter has hairier stipules and a larger distance between leaf base and the “sticky” trichomes.
Drosera aliciae has received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Drosera binata",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera binata, commonly known as the forked sundew or fork-leaved sundew, is a large, perennial sundew native to Australia and New Zealand. The specific epithet is Latin for "having pairs" - a reference to the leaves, which are dichotomously divided or forked.Like all sundews, it is a Carnivorous plant. It is unique among sundews in having narrow, branching leaves. It is the only species in the Drosera subgenus Phycopsis.
D. binata occurs naturally in Australia, primarily in coastal areas from Fraser Island in Queensland, southwards down through New South Wales and Victoria to Tasmania and the south-east corner of South Australia. The range of this species extends to New Zealand where it is common below an elevation of 1000 metres, being found in both the North and South Islands, Stewart Island/Rakiura and farther afield on the Chathams. Some populations go dormant in the winter, while others are truly tropical. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Drosera spatulata",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Taxonomy and botanical history
Drosera spatulata was first described by Jacques Labillardière in his 1804 publication Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen. In 1824, D. spatulata was included in a publication by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, but misprinted as Drosera spathulata, an incorrect spelling that is still common today. Since its original description, this species has been described under several other names, which have now been reduced to synonymy. Two varieties have been described and are currently recognized, the first of which was described in 2005. Drosera spatulata var. gympiensis was described in 2005 by Robert Gibson and Ivan Snyder, who cited its consistently hairy sepals with no intergradation with the typical D. spatulata form. In 2009 another variety, Drosera spatulata var. bakoensis, was described from Bako National Park in Sarawak, Borneo. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Drosera whittakeri",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera whittakeri (scented sundew, Whittaker's sundew) is a sundew that is native to South Australia and Victoria.Description
Plants are 4 to 8 cm in diameter, with broadly spathulate leaves arranged in a rosette. These may be green, orange-yellow or red in colour and are 10 to 15 mm long and 9 to 13 mm wide. Up to 20 white flowers are produced overall, with multiple flowers open at any one time. The main flowering period is May to November in its native range, but flowers may appear throughout the year. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Drosera platypoda",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera platypoda, the fan-leaved sundew, is a tuberous perennial species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to south-west Western Australia. It grows 15 to 20 cm tall with a basal rosette of leaves with alternate cauline leaves along the stem. It is native to a region from Manjimup south-west to an area around the Scott River and east to Cape Riche. It grows in winter-wet sandy soils in heathland. It flowers in October.It was first formally described by Nicolai Stepanovitch Turczaninow in 1854.See also
List of Drosera species | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Drosera broomensis",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera broomensis is a small, perennial carnivorous plant in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia.Description
Its leaves are arranged in a small, leafy rosette, from which one to four inflorescences emerge. It produces white flowers in February and March. D. broomensis grows in sandy soils to the north and northeast of Broome in the Kimberley region.Taxonomy
It was first described by Allen Lowrie in 1996, though earlier specimens from as early as 1891 had been collected. The specific epithet broomensis refers to the region in which it grows. It is closely related to Drosera petiolaris and differs from other related species by its glabrous inflorescence. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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[
"Drosera arcturi",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera arcturi is a perennial, insectivorous species of sub-alpine or alpine herb native to Australia and New Zealand. It is one of New Zealand's two alpine species of sundew, the other being Drosera stenopetala. The specific epithet, which translates as "of Arthur" from Latin, is a reference to Mount Arthur, in north-eastern Tasmania, the type locality of the species.Drosera arcturi grows in bogs, tarns and seepages, most commonly at montane or alpine elevations and is also commonly found in Sphagnum bogs. It is found in alpine areas from the East Cape of the North Island, New Zealand, southwards to Stewart Island, New Zealand. It is found above 1500m altitude in the North Island, descending to sea level in the South Island. It is also found in the mountains of southeastern Australia and in Tasmania, where it is occasionally found growing down to sea level in the west and south-west of the island. In New Zealand, D. arcturi is often found growing in clumps alongside Utricularia dichotoma.The leaves of D. arcturi are linear, 1–5 cm long, undivided, and range in colour from pale green to muddy brown, to maroon if subjected to full sunlight. Like all other species of Drosera, D. arcturi catches insects using sticky, glandular hairs on its leaves. In D. arcturi, these glandular hairs are red. Young leaves begin at the center of the plant and are folded along their center. Once the young leaf reaches full maturity it unfolds like a book. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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"manifestation of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera adelae",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera adelae, commonly known as the lance-leaved sundew, is a carnivorous plant in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Queensland, Australia.Description
Drosera adelae is a tropical perennial plant that produces long, sword-shaped leaves in a basal rosette. The leaves, like most other Drosera species, are covered with sticky, stalked tentacles that secrete the prey-capturing glue. Tentacle movement in this species, unlike other Drosera, is minimal and slow to the point of being barely noticeable. The leaves are narrowly lanceolate and are typically 10–25 cm (4–10 in) long and 7–10 mm wide. The lower surface of the leaves are glabrous and petioles are either very short or absent. Inflorescences are one-sided raceme and up to 35 cm (14 in) long, bearing many red, reddish orange, or cream coloured flowers from June to November. The five petals produce a perfect pentagon shape.Drosera adelae reproduces rapidly by asexual means, generating new plantlets from the spreading roots, which means this species is often found in large clumps.This species has a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 30, though a cultivated cytotype of the species had been reported as having 2n = 28, which botanist Fernando Rivadavia suggested may represent different forms of the species. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera bulbigena",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera bulbigena, the midget sundew, is an erect perennial tuberous species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia and occurs in an area near Perth and to its south along the coast. It grows to 3–6 cm (1–2 in) high and produces white flowers from August to October. D. bulbigena grows in swamps and winter-wet depressions.
D. bulbigena was first described and named by Alexander Morrison in 1903.See also
List of Drosera species | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Drosera pygmaea",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera pygmaea is a carnivorous, rosette-forming biennial or annual herb native to Australia and New Zealand. The specific epithet, which translates as "dwarf" from Latin, is a reference to the very small size of this plant, which grows to between 8 and 18 mm in diameter. Small, pale flowers are produced at the ends of 1- to 3-inch stems. It is perhaps the most well-known of the pygmy sundews. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera erythrogyne",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera erythrogyne is a scrambling or climbing perennial tuberous species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia. It grows in soils that are peat-sand to loam and occurs in an area along the southern Western Australian coast west of Albany in swamps or near granite outcrops. It produces small leaves along a long, scrambling stem that can grow to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) long. White flowers emerge from August to October.D. erythrogyne was first described and named by N. G. Marchant and Allen Lowrie in 1992. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera derbyensis",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera derbyensis is a perennial carnivorous plant in the genus Drosera and is endemic to Western Australia. Its erect or semi-erect leaves are arranged in a rosette with one or more rosettes emerging from the root stock. The petioles are narrowly oblanceolate, 0.8–1.0 mm wide at the proximate end and 1.3–1.7 mm wide at the apex, narrowing to 0.5–0.7 mm at the laminar base. The petioles are frequently 35–45 mm long when the plant is in flower and are covered in white woolly non-dendritic hairs. The insect-trapping leaf lamina is orbicular and much shorter than the petioles at only 2–3 mm in diameter. The laminar adaxial surface is covered in insect-trapping glands. Each rosette produces 1–4 raceme inflorescences, which are 25–35 cm (10–14 in) long. Each inflorescence bears 30–50 white flowers, with flowering occurring from March to June. The upper portion of the scape and the abaxial surface of the sepals are covered with white woolly non-dendritic hairs. Its roots are fibrous. Drosera derbyensis grows in sandy soils in floodways or near rock outcrops from Derby to Beverley Springs in the Kimberley region.It was first described by Allen Lowrie in 1996; the type specimen was collected from the Silent Grove camping area in the Kimberley on 5 June 1995. Earlier specimens had been collected as early as 2 February 1971 by K. M. Allen. On 29 March 1988, Lowrie first noticed this new species growing near the Boab Prison Tree, 0.6 km (0.4 mi) from Derby. The specific epithet derbyensis refers to region where this plant occurs. Lowrie assessed its conservation status in 1996 as locally common and not under any threat. Among the Drosera petiolaris-complex, D. derbyensis is closely related to D. lanata, but differs from that species by the non-dendritic hairs covering the leaves. The hairs covering this species is assumed to be an adaptation to avoid desiccation during the dry season.Drosera derbyensis is grown in cultivation and has been found to thrive in heated water. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera graniticola",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera graniticola is an erect perennial tuberous species in the carnivorous plant genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia. It grows 10–20 cm (4–8 in) high near granite outcrops. White flowers emerge from August to September.
D. graniticola was first described and named by N. G. Marchant in 1982. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera andersoniana",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera andersoniana, the sturdy sundew, is an erect perennial tuberous species in the genus Drosera that is endemic to Western Australia. It produces a basal rosette of leaves similar to that of D. peltata and the stem grows to 8–25 cm (3–10 in). Its pink-white to red flowers emerge from August to September. D. andersoniana grows in loamy soils near granite outcrops.D. andersoniana was first described and named by William Vincent Fitzgerald but was first validly published by Alfred James Ewart and Jean White-Haney in 1909. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera dielsiana",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera dielsiana is a compact rosetted sundew native to South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal, the Free State, the Northern Provinces), Eswatini (Swaziland), Mozambique, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. It was described as a new species by Arthur Wallis Exell and Jack Rodney Laundon in 1956. The diploid chromosome number is 2n=40. It was named in honor of Ludwig Diels, the author of the 1906 monograph on the Droseraceae.See also
List of Drosera species | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Drosera madagascariensis",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera madagascariensis is a carnivorous plant of the sundew genus (Drosera). It was described in 1824 by A. P. de Candolle and is native to Africa.Description
Drosera madagascariensis is a robust stem-forming species with a clearly visible stem, which stands upright in the case of younger plants and either uses its leaves to anchor itself to surrounding vegetation as it matures or bends over and forms a scrambling stem. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Drosera intermedia",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera intermedia, commonly known as the oblong-leaved sundew, spoonleaf sundew, or spatulate leaved sundew, is an insectivorous plant species belonging to the sundew genus. It is a temperate or tropical species native to Europe, southeastern Canada, the eastern half of the United States, Cuba, Hispaniola, and northern South America.Description
Drosera intermedia is a perennial herb which forms a semi-erect stemless rosette of spatulate leaves up to 10 cm tall. Plants in temperate regions undergo dormancy during which they form a winter resting bud called a hibernaculum.
As is typical for sundews, the leaf blades are densely covered with stalked mucilaginous glands which secrete a sugary nectar to attract insects. These then become ensnared by the mucilage and, unless they are strong enough to escape, are suffocated or die from exhaustion. The plant then secretes digestive enzymes from sessile glands and later absorbs the resulting nutrient solution to supplement the poor mineral nutrition of the plants natural environment.
Drosera intermedia blooms from June through August, forming up to 15 cm. tall inflorescences bearing 3–8 white flowers. Fertilized ovaries swell to form egg-shaped dehiscent seed capsules which bear numerous tiny seeds. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Drosera ordensis",
"instance of",
"taxon"
] | Drosera ordensis is a species of sundew, native to Australia and part of the "petiolaris complex" of sundews making up the subgenus Lasiocephala. Compared to many petiolaris sundews, it has wide petioles, which are densely covered in silvery hairs. It usually forms rosettes 8 cm across, although plants up to 20 cm in diameter have been reported. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
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] | null | null |
[
"Jaffa orange",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | The Jaffa orange (Arabic: برتقال يافا), also known by their Arabic name, Shamouti orange, is an orange variety with few seeds and a tough skin that makes it particularly suitable for export.
Developed by Arab farmers in the mid-19th century, the variety takes its name from the city of Jaffa where it was first produced for export. The orange was the primary citrus export for the city. It is, along with the navel and bitter orange, one of three main varieties of the fruit grown in the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, and the Middle East. The Jaffa is cultivated in Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Turkey.Characteristics
Jaffa oranges, also known as shamouti, are practically seedless, with a flavour that has been described as "excellent" and "sweet and fine". The two other main orange varieties cultivated in the region are the navel orange and the bitter orange; the latter is grown in Iran for its peel. The Jaffa orange is distinguished by its oval shape and thick peel, which is deep orange in colour and normally very easy to remove from the fruit. Its tough skin makes it "especially suitable for export". As it produces very little juice and has a tendency towards delayed bitterness, it is unsuitable for juice production, although it does store well.These oranges are very cold-tolerant, allowing them to grow outside of the subtropical regions normally associated with growing oranges. Jaffa oranges are susceptible to Alternaria, a type of fungus, and are prone to alternate bearing.History
Located at the crossroads between Africa, western Asia, and Europe, Palestine produced a number of commodities for export via imperial and global distribution networks throughout the late Turkish period (1200–1900 CE). Among these were Nabulsi soap, sugar, barley, oranges, and cotton. Though cotton left its mark throughout the region, the only commodity that remains a symbol of production in Palestine is the Jaffa orange.
The Jaffa orange was a new variety developed by Arab farmers after emerging in the mid-19th century as a mutation on a tree of the 'Baladi' variety near the city of Jaffa. While the sour orange (C. aurantium) was brought westward from China and India by local traders, who may have introduced it to Sicily and Spain, the Jaffa orange was developed from the sweet orange (C. sinensis) which was brought from China to the Mediterranean region by Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498.After the Crimean War (1853–56), the most important innovation in local agriculture was the rapid expansion of citrus cultivation. Foremost among the varieties cultivated was the Jaffa (Shamouti) orange, and mention of it being exported to Europe first appears in British consular reports in the 1850s. One factor cited in the growth of the export market was the development of steamships in the first half of the 19th century, which enabled the export of oranges to the European markets in days rather than weeks. Another reason cited for the growth of the industry was the relative lack of European control over the cultivation of oranges compared to cotton, formerly a primary commodity crop of Palestine, but outpaced by the Jaffa orange. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Jaffa orange",
"named after",
"Jaffa"
] | The Jaffa orange (Arabic: برتقال يافا), also known by their Arabic name, Shamouti orange, is an orange variety with few seeds and a tough skin that makes it particularly suitable for export.
Developed by Arab farmers in the mid-19th century, the variety takes its name from the city of Jaffa where it was first produced for export. The orange was the primary citrus export for the city. It is, along with the navel and bitter orange, one of three main varieties of the fruit grown in the Mediterranean, Southern Europe, and the Middle East. The Jaffa is cultivated in Cyprus, Iraq, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Turkey. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
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"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Golden Delicious",
"color",
"yellow"
] | Appearance and flavor
Golden Delicious is a large, yellowish-green skinned cultivar and very sweet to the taste. It is prone to bruising and shriveling, so it needs careful handling and storage. It is a favorite for eating plain, as well as for use in salads, apple sauce, and apple butter. America's Test Kitchen, Food Network, and Serious Eats all list Golden Delicious apples as one of the best apples for baking apple pie due to its balanced flavor and its high pectin content that allows it to stay intact when cooked.Season
Golden Delicious are harvested from fall through winter. | color | 83 | [
"hue",
"tint",
"shade",
"tone",
"pigmentation"
] | null | null |
[
"Golden Delicious",
"has quality",
"sweetness"
] | Appearance and flavor
Golden Delicious is a large, yellowish-green skinned cultivar and very sweet to the taste. It is prone to bruising and shriveling, so it needs careful handling and storage. It is a favorite for eating plain, as well as for use in salads, apple sauce, and apple butter. America's Test Kitchen, Food Network, and Serious Eats all list Golden Delicious apples as one of the best apples for baking apple pie due to its balanced flavor and its high pectin content that allows it to stay intact when cooked.Season
Golden Delicious are harvested from fall through winter. | has quality | 99 | [
"possesses quality",
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"features quality",
"has characteristic"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Zephirine Drouhin'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Zephirine Drouhin' (or 'Zéphirine Drouhin') is a cherry-pink Bourbon rose, famous for being completely thornless. It was developed by French rose breeder, Bizot, in 1868. Its origin is unknown, although believed to be the outcome of a cross between a Boursault rose and a Hybrid Perpetual rose. The new rose cultivar was first introduced in Switzerland by the horticulturalist Charles Bonnet, who sold it under his own name in 1868. It was later introduced in Australia by Hazlewood Bros. Pty. Ltd. in before 1921 as 'Zéphirine Drouhin'. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Bird's eye chili",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | Bird's eye chili or Thai chili (Thai: พริกขี้หนู, romanized: prik ki nu, lit. 'mouse dung chili' owing to its shape) is a chili pepper, a variety from the species Capsicum annuum native to Mexico. Cultivated across Southeast Asia, it is used extensively in many Asian cuisines. It may be mistaken for a similar-looking chili derived from the species Capsicum frutescens, the cultivar "siling labuyo". Capsicum frutescens fruits are generally smaller and characteristically point upwards. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Amber Queen'",
"country of origin",
"United Kingdom"
] | Rosa 'Amber Queen, (aka HARroony), is a multi-award winning floribunda rose cultivar, bred by Jack Harkness and introduced in Great Britain by Harkness Roses as 'Amber Queen' in 1984. The stock parents of this rose are the floribunda, Rosa 'Southampton' and the hybrid tea, Rosa 'Typhoon'. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Amber Queen'",
"subclass of",
"Floribunda"
] | Rosa 'Amber Queen, (aka HARroony), is a multi-award winning floribunda rose cultivar, bred by Jack Harkness and introduced in Great Britain by Harkness Roses as 'Amber Queen' in 1984. The stock parents of this rose are the floribunda, Rosa 'Southampton' and the hybrid tea, Rosa 'Typhoon'. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
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"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Amber Queen'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Amber Queen, (aka HARroony), is a multi-award winning floribunda rose cultivar, bred by Jack Harkness and introduced in Great Britain by Harkness Roses as 'Amber Queen' in 1984. The stock parents of this rose are the floribunda, Rosa 'Southampton' and the hybrid tea, Rosa 'Typhoon'.Description
'Amber Queen' is a short bushy shrub, 2 to 3 ft (60—90 cm) in height with a 1 to 2 ft (30—60 cm) spread. Blooms have an average diameter of 4—5 in (10—12cm) with a petal count of 26 to 40. The flowers have a cupped, ruffled bloom form.Flowers are an apricot blend, with variations of apricot, pink and yellow in color. There are typically 3 to 7 flowers in a cluster. The scent is strong and spicy. The leaves are very large, dark red initially, later turning dark green and glossy. The plant has a spreading habit with reddish prickles. The plant is very disease resistant and a repeat bloomer. It thrives in USDA zone 6 and warmer. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'American Beauty'",
"country of origin",
"France"
] | Rosa 'American Beauty' is a deep pink to crimson rose cultivar, bred by Henri Lédéchaux in France in 1875, and was originally named 'Madame Ferdinand Jamin'. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'American Beauty'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'American Beauty' is a deep pink to crimson rose cultivar, bred by Henri Lédéchaux in France in 1875, and was originally named 'Madame Ferdinand Jamin'.Description
The hybrid perpetual has cup-shaped flowers with a brilliant crimson colour and up to 50 petals, situated on long stiff stems. The buds are thick and globular and open to strongly scented, hybrid tea-like flowers with a diameter of 11 cm. They appear in flushes over a long period, but according to the RHS Encyclopedia of Roses, only sparingly.The height of the upright, vigorous shrub ranges between 90 and 200 centimetres (3.0 and 6.6 ft) at an average width of 90 to 125 centimetres (2.95 to 4.10 ft). 'American Beauty' has prickly shoots, dark green foliage and is winter hardy up to −29 °C (USDA zone 5), but is susceptible to the fungi diseases mildew, rust and black spot. It is well suited as cut flower, and can be grown in greenhouses, in containers or as garden rose, planted solitary or in groups. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'",
"named after",
"Ingrid Bergman"
] | Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman' (syn. 'POUlman') is a red hybrid tea rose, bred by the Danish rose growers Pernille and Mogens Olesen and introduced by their company Poulsen Roser in 1984. It is a cross between the red hybrid tea 'Precious Platinum' (Dickson 1974) and an unnamed seedling. It was named in honor of the Swedish actress Ingrid Bergman (1915–1982).Description
'Ingrid Bergman' has very large, moderately fragrant flowers with up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) diameter. Their colour is a warm, velvety, dark red, described as currant to cardinal red. The well-formed flowers have a full, high-centered form and 26 to 40 petals. They appear solitary or in clusters on long stems from June to September, and are long lasting on the plant and as cut flowers, making it well liked by gardeners and florists.
The shrubs are upright, reaching a height of 60 to 100 centimetres (24 to 39 in), and a width of 60 to 65 centimetres (24 to 26 in). The medium-sized dark green foliage is semi-glossy and normally healthy. The cultivar is heat and rain tolerant, very winter hardy down to −30 °C (USDA 4b), and very disease resistant. 'Ingrid Bergman' can also be grown in containers. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Ingrid Bergman'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Description
'Ingrid Bergman' has very large, moderately fragrant flowers with up to 10 centimetres (3.9 in) diameter. Their colour is a warm, velvety, dark red, described as currant to cardinal red. The well-formed flowers have a full, high-centered form and 26 to 40 petals. They appear solitary or in clusters on long stems from June to September, and are long lasting on the plant and as cut flowers, making it well liked by gardeners and florists.
The shrubs are upright, reaching a height of 60 to 100 centimetres (24 to 39 in), and a width of 60 to 65 centimetres (24 to 26 in). The medium-sized dark green foliage is semi-glossy and normally healthy. The cultivar is heat and rain tolerant, very winter hardy down to −30 °C (USDA 4b), and very disease resistant. 'Ingrid Bergman' can also be grown in containers. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
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"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'KORbin'",
"country of origin",
"Germany"
] | Rosa 'KORbin' is a white floribunda rose cultivar bred by Kordes in Germany in 1958. It is also known as Iceberg, Fée des Neiges and Schneewittchen. 'KORbin' is among the world's best known roses.Origin
The cultivar was developed by prolific German rose breeder Reimer Kordes in Germany in 1958. He and his father Wilhelm had initially specialised in developing bush roses that were suitable for small gardens. The parent varieties of 'KORbin' are 'Robin Hood', a red hybrid musk rose, developed by Joseph Pemberton in 1927 in England, and 'Virgo', a white hybrid-tea rose bred in France by Charles Mallerin in 1927.The plant was registered under the cultivar name 'KORbin' by Kordes in 1958 and given the trade name Schneewittchen. The cultivar is known as Fée des Neiges in French and Iceberg in English. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'KORbin'",
"creator",
"W. Kordes' Söhne"
] | Rosa 'KORbin' is a white floribunda rose cultivar bred by Kordes in Germany in 1958. It is also known as Iceberg, Fée des Neiges and Schneewittchen. 'KORbin' is among the world's best known roses. | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'KORbin'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'KORbin' is a white floribunda rose cultivar bred by Kordes in Germany in 1958. It is also known as Iceberg, Fée des Neiges and Schneewittchen. 'KORbin' is among the world's best known roses.Description
'KORbin' is a modern cluster-flowered floribunda rose cultivar. It is commercially available in two main forms: a bush and a standard, both produced by a form of grafting known as budding. The size and shape of bush forms depend on growing conditions and pruning regime: it is usually about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) high and 1 metre (3.3 ft) wide, though in hot climates it can reach 2 metres (6.6 ft) high and if lightly pruned can become a graceful shrub. Leaves are small, light green and glossy. Blooms are about 5 cm in diameter and have 25 to 35 petals. They grow in clusters on long stems. Buds are long and pointed. The fragrant flowers usually appear abundantly throughout the year.Related cultivars
A number of sports of 'KORbin' have been discovered:'Blushing Pink 'KORbin'' – A cultivar originating from Lilia Weatherly's garden in Tasmania in 1994 with white flowers flushed with pale pink.
'Brilliant Pink 'KORbin'' – a deep pink form from the same garden in Tasmania.
'Burgundy 'KORbin'' – a sport of 'Brilliant Pink Iceberg' with prolific burgundy flowers.
'Climbing 'KORbin'' – a climbing form discovered by Cants of Colchester in England in 1968 and available as weeping and climbing forms of 'KORbin'.Because of its positive qualities, 'KORbin' was an important parent of the English Roses bred by David Austin and others: 1983 – 'Graham Thomas' and 'Perdita'; 1984 – 'Belle Story', 'Dove' and 'Heritage'; 1985 – 'Emanuel'; 1986 – 'Claire Rose', 'English Garden' and 'Swan'. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Eden'",
"country of origin",
"France"
] | Rosa 'Eden' (also known as 'Pierre de Ronsard', 'MEIviolin', and 'Eden Rose 85') is a light pink and white climbing rose. The cultivar was created by Marie-Louise Meilland and introduced in France by Meilland International in 1985 as part of the Renaissance® Collection. It was named 'Pierre de Ronsard', after the French Renaissance poet Pierre de Ronsard in reference to his famous ode that begins: Mignonne, allons voir si la rose for the 400th death anniversary celebrations of the poet. The cultivar is also called 'Eden Rose 85' as Meilland had already introduced a rose cultivar called 'Eden' in the 1950s. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Eden'",
"named after",
"Pierre de Ronsard"
] | Rosa 'Eden' (also known as 'Pierre de Ronsard', 'MEIviolin', and 'Eden Rose 85') is a light pink and white climbing rose. The cultivar was created by Marie-Louise Meilland and introduced in France by Meilland International in 1985 as part of the Renaissance® Collection. It was named 'Pierre de Ronsard', after the French Renaissance poet Pierre de Ronsard in reference to his famous ode that begins: Mignonne, allons voir si la rose for the 400th death anniversary celebrations of the poet. The cultivar is also called 'Eden Rose 85' as Meilland had already introduced a rose cultivar called 'Eden' in the 1950s. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Eden'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Eden' (also known as 'Pierre de Ronsard', 'MEIviolin', and 'Eden Rose 85') is a light pink and white climbing rose. The cultivar was created by Marie-Louise Meilland and introduced in France by Meilland International in 1985 as part of the Renaissance® Collection. It was named 'Pierre de Ronsard', after the French Renaissance poet Pierre de Ronsard in reference to his famous ode that begins: Mignonne, allons voir si la rose for the 400th death anniversary celebrations of the poet. The cultivar is also called 'Eden Rose 85' as Meilland had already introduced a rose cultivar called 'Eden' in the 1950s. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Eden'",
"creator",
"Marie-Louise Meilland"
] | Rosa 'Eden' (also known as 'Pierre de Ronsard', 'MEIviolin', and 'Eden Rose 85') is a light pink and white climbing rose. The cultivar was created by Marie-Louise Meilland and introduced in France by Meilland International in 1985 as part of the Renaissance® Collection. It was named 'Pierre de Ronsard', after the French Renaissance poet Pierre de Ronsard in reference to his famous ode that begins: Mignonne, allons voir si la rose for the 400th death anniversary celebrations of the poet. The cultivar is also called 'Eden Rose 85' as Meilland had already introduced a rose cultivar called 'Eden' in the 1950s. | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Kimjongilia",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | Kimjongilia is a flower named after the late North Korean leader Kim Jong Il. It is a hybrid cultivar of tuberous begonia, registered as Begonia × tuberhybrida 'Kimjongilhwa'. When Kim Jong Il died in December 2011, the flower was used to adorn his body for public display. Despite its name, the Kimjongilia is not the official national flower of North Korea, which is the Magnolia sieboldii. Another flower, Kimilsungia, is an orchid cultivar named after Kim Jong Il's father and predecessor, Kim Il Sung.History
To commemorate Kim Jong Il's 46th birthday in 1988, Japanese botanist Kamo Mototeru cultivated a new perennial begonia named "kimjongilia" (literally, "flower of Kim Jong-il"), representing the Juche revolutionary cause of the Dear Leader. It was presented as a "token of friendship between Korea and Japan". The flower symbolizes wisdom, love, justice and peace. It is designed to bloom every year on Kim Jong Il's birthday, February 16.Bloom
The flower has been cultivated to bloom around the Day of the Shining Star, Kim Jong Il's birthday, 16 February. According to the Korean Central News Agency, a preservation agent had been developed that would allow the flower to keep in bloom for longer periods of time. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Kimjongilia",
"named after",
"Kim Jong-il"
] | Kimjongilia is a flower named after the late North Korean leader Kim Jong Il. It is a hybrid cultivar of tuberous begonia, registered as Begonia × tuberhybrida 'Kimjongilhwa'. When Kim Jong Il died in December 2011, the flower was used to adorn his body for public display. Despite its name, the Kimjongilia is not the official national flower of North Korea, which is the Magnolia sieboldii. Another flower, Kimilsungia, is an orchid cultivar named after Kim Jong Il's father and predecessor, Kim Il Sung.History
To commemorate Kim Jong Il's 46th birthday in 1988, Japanese botanist Kamo Mototeru cultivated a new perennial begonia named "kimjongilia" (literally, "flower of Kim Jong-il"), representing the Juche revolutionary cause of the Dear Leader. It was presented as a "token of friendship between Korea and Japan". The flower symbolizes wisdom, love, justice and peace. It is designed to bloom every year on Kim Jong Il's birthday, February 16.Bloom
The flower has been cultivated to bloom around the Day of the Shining Star, Kim Jong Il's birthday, 16 February. According to the Korean Central News Agency, a preservation agent had been developed that would allow the flower to keep in bloom for longer periods of time. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Peri-peri",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | Cultivation
Like all chili peppers, piri piri is descended from plants from the Americas, but it has grown in the wild in Africa for centuries and is now cultivated commercially in Zambia, Uganda, Malawi, Zimbabwe, and Rwanda. It grows mainly in Malawi, Zambia, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Portugal. It is cultivated for both commercial food processing and the pharmaceutical industry. Cultivation of piri piri is labor-intensive. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Peri-peri",
"subclass of",
"chili pepper"
] | Peri-peri ( PIRR-ee-PIRR-ee, often hyphenated or as one word, and with variant spellings piri-piri, piripiri or pili pili) is a cultivar of Capsicum frutescens from the malagueta pepper. It was originally produced by Portuguese explorers in Portugal's former Southern African territories, particularly Mozambique and its border regions with South Africa, and then spread to other Portuguese domains. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Serrano pepper",
"instance of",
"cultivar"
] | The serrano pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a type of chili pepper that originated in the mountainous regions of the Mexican states of Puebla and Hidalgo. The Scoville rating of the serrano pepper is 10,000 to 25,000. The name of the pepper is a reference to the mountains (sierras) of these regions. The pepper is commonly used to make giardiniera. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Doyenné du Comice",
"instance of",
"pear cultivar"
] | The Doyenné du Comice (or Comice) is a French pear variety first cultivated in the 19th century.Cultivar history
The Comice pear originated in France, where it was first grown at the Comice Horticole in Angers in the 1840s. A commemorative plaque in the Loire states: "In this garden was raised in 1849-50 the celebrated pear Doyenne du Comice by the gardener Dhomme and by Millet de la Turtaudiere, President of the Comice Horticole." It was brought to the United States in 1850 as a seedling. By the 1870s, they had been introduced to Oregon by a French horticulturalist. Brothers Harry and David Rosenberg (the namesakes of the corporation Harry & David) began marketing their Comice pears under the name "Royal Riviera". It remains one of their leading products.Growing characteristics
The Comice tree is vigorous, with small, round oval leaves. It is a late season bloomer, similar to the Bosc or Anjou pears. It is likewise a late harvest pear, about 150 days after blooming. It is self-sterile and placed in the Royal Horticultural Society's pollination group 4.Fruit characteristics
The Comice pear is large and greenish-yellow, with a red blush and some russeting. Its flesh is pale, melting, and very juicy. Because the skin is very delicate and easily bruised, it requires special handling and is not well suited to mechanical packing.The Comice pear has received great acclaim. The London Horticultural Journal in 1894 called it the best pear in the world. It was praised by Edward Bunyard in his "Anatomy of Dessert" (1929), in which he described it as having "the perfect combination of flavour, aroma, and texture of which man had long dreamed." It was awarded the RHS Award of Garden Merit in 1993 and reconfirmed in 2013. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Doyenné du Comice",
"location of formation",
"Angers"
] | Cultivar history
The Comice pear originated in France, where it was first grown at the Comice Horticole in Angers in the 1840s. A commemorative plaque in the Loire states: "In this garden was raised in 1849-50 the celebrated pear Doyenne du Comice by the gardener Dhomme and by Millet de la Turtaudiere, President of the Comice Horticole." It was brought to the United States in 1850 as a seedling. By the 1870s, they had been introduced to Oregon by a French horticulturalist. Brothers Harry and David Rosenberg (the namesakes of the corporation Harry & David) began marketing their Comice pears under the name "Royal Riviera". It remains one of their leading products. | location of formation | 115 | [
"place of origin",
"birthplace",
"origin",
"homeland",
"native land"
] | null | null |
[
"Conference pear",
"country of origin",
"United Kingdom"
] | A Conference pear is a variety of pear.
It is an autumn cultivar (cultivated variety) of the European pear (Pyrus communis). This variety of pear was developed in Britain by Thomas Francis Rivers from his Rivers Nursery in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire. It owes its name to the fact that it won first prize at the National British Pear Conference in London in 1885. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Conference pear",
"instance of",
"pear cultivar"
] | A Conference pear is a variety of pear.
It is an autumn cultivar (cultivated variety) of the European pear (Pyrus communis). This variety of pear was developed in Britain by Thomas Francis Rivers from his Rivers Nursery in Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire. It owes its name to the fact that it won first prize at the National British Pear Conference in London in 1885.Description
A medium-sized pear with an elongated bottle shape, the 'Conference' pear is similar in appearance to the 'Bosc pear'. A table pear, it is suitable for fresh-cut processing. The fruit skin is thick greenish-brown, becoming pale yellow when ripe. The flesh is white, but turns pale yellow when the pear is ripe. The texture is very fine and soft, and the flavour is sweet. The brown part of the skin is called russet or russetting; it is more or less apparent depending on weather conditions.Cultivation and production
The 'Conference' pear adapts to a variety of conditions, and is widely grown in Europe. It thrives on land that is sunny, rich and not too chalky. In France, the production areas of this variety are mostly in the north (Loire, North Picardy) and the Alps (Savoie and the little Southern Alps). It is grown commercially in many areas of the United Kingdom.Production will be enhanced by the nearby presence of pollinating varieties such as the Williams pear.
It is a particularly resistant fruit, especially against scab. The Conference pear can be eaten until January if kept cool in a refrigerator or cellar ventilated.
There is strong sales competition in Europe from neighbouring countries (in order: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain and Italy). The flavour of 'Conference' pears grown in Savoie, was recognized in 1996 by a PGI (a Protected Geographical Indication) in the European Union, and 2012 it was the only PGI obtained by a pear in France. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Conference pear",
"subclass of",
"pear"
] | Description
A medium-sized pear with an elongated bottle shape, the 'Conference' pear is similar in appearance to the 'Bosc pear'. A table pear, it is suitable for fresh-cut processing. The fruit skin is thick greenish-brown, becoming pale yellow when ripe. The flesh is white, but turns pale yellow when the pear is ripe. The texture is very fine and soft, and the flavour is sweet. The brown part of the skin is called russet or russetting; it is more or less apparent depending on weather conditions. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Habanero",
"named after",
"Havana"
] | Name
The habanero is named after the Cuban city of La Habana, known in English as Havana, because it used to feature heavily in trading there. (Despite the name, habaneros and other spicy-hot ingredients are rarely ever used in traditional Cuban cooking.) In English, it is sometimes incorrectly spelled habañero and pronounced , the tilde being added as a hyperforeignism patterned after jalapeño. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Habanero",
"subclass of",
"chili pepper"
] | The habanero (; Spanish: [aβaˈneɾo] (listen)) is a hot variety of chili. Unripe habaneros are green, and they color as they mature. The most common color variants are orange and red, but the fruit may also be white, brown, yellow, green, or purple. Typically, a ripe habanero is 2–6 centimetres (3⁄4–2+1⁄4 inches) long. Habanero chilis are very hot, rated 100,000–350,000 on the Scoville scale. The habanero's heat, flavor and floral aroma make it a popular ingredient in hot sauces and other spicy foods. | subclass of | 109 | [
"is a type of",
"is a kind of",
"is a subtype of",
"belongs to category",
"is classified as"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Veilchenblau'",
"country of origin",
"Germany"
] | Rosa 'Veilchenblau' is a mauve hybrid multiflora rose cultivar and the best known violet rambler. Other names are 'Bleu-Violet', 'Blue Rambler', 'Blue Rosalie' and 'Violet Blue'.
The cultivar was bred by Hermann Kiese in Germany in 1909. Its parents are the red hybrid multiflora 'Crimson Rambler' (Japan, before 1893) and the mauve hybrid setigera 'Souvenir de Brod' (Geschwind, 1884). It was introduced by Johann Christoph Schmidt from Erfurt, where Kiese had been employed until he started his own nursery in 1904. | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Veilchenblau'",
"creator",
"Hermann Kiese"
] | Rosa 'Veilchenblau' is a mauve hybrid multiflora rose cultivar and the best known violet rambler. Other names are 'Bleu-Violet', 'Blue Rambler', 'Blue Rosalie' and 'Violet Blue'.
The cultivar was bred by Hermann Kiese in Germany in 1909. Its parents are the red hybrid multiflora 'Crimson Rambler' (Japan, before 1893) and the mauve hybrid setigera 'Souvenir de Brod' (Geschwind, 1884). It was introduced by Johann Christoph Schmidt from Erfurt, where Kiese had been employed until he started his own nursery in 1904. | creator | 76 | [
"author",
"originator",
"designer",
"founder",
"producer"
] | null | null |
[
"Rosa 'Veilchenblau'",
"instance of",
"rose cultivar"
] | Rosa 'Veilchenblau' is a mauve hybrid multiflora rose cultivar and the best known violet rambler. Other names are 'Bleu-Violet', 'Blue Rambler', 'Blue Rosalie' and 'Violet Blue'.
The cultivar was bred by Hermann Kiese in Germany in 1909. Its parents are the red hybrid multiflora 'Crimson Rambler' (Japan, before 1893) and the mauve hybrid setigera 'Souvenir de Brod' (Geschwind, 1884). It was introduced by Johann Christoph Schmidt from Erfurt, where Kiese had been employed until he started his own nursery in 1904. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
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