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[
"March",
"has part(s)",
"March 21"
] | March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March. The March equinox on the 20 or 21 marks the astronomical beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere and the beginning of autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where September is the seasonal equivalent of the Northern Hemisphere's March.Origin
The name of March comes from Martius, the first month of the earliest Roman calendar. It was named after Mars, the Roman god of war, and an ancestor of the Roman people through his sons Romulus and Remus. His month Martius was the beginning of the season for warfare, and the festivals held in his honor during the month were mirrored by others in October, when the season for these activities came to a close. Martius remained the first month of the Roman calendar year perhaps as late as 153 BC, and several religious observances in the first half of the month were originally new year's celebrations. Even in late antiquity, Roman mosaics picturing the months sometimes still placed March first.March 1 began the numbered year in Russia until the end of the 15th century. Great Britain and its colonies continued to use March 25 until 1752, when they finally adopted the Gregorian calendar (the fiscal year in the UK continues to begin on 6 April, initially identical to 25 March in the former Julian calendar). Many other cultures, for example in Iran, or Ethiopia, still celebrate the beginning of the New Year in March.March is the first month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere (North America, Europe, Asia and part of Africa) and the first month of fall or autumn in the Southern Hemisphere (South America, part of Africa, and Oceania).
Ancient Roman observances celebrated in March include Agonium Martiale, celebrated on March 1, March 14, and March 17, Matronalia, celebrated on March 1, Junonalia, celebrated on March 7, Equirria, celebrated on March 14, Mamuralia, celebrated on either March 14 or March 15, Hilaria on March 15 and then through March 22–28, Argei, celebrated on March 16–17, Liberalia and Bacchanalia, celebrated March 17, Quinquatria, celebrated March 19–23, and Tubilustrium, celebrated March 23. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"March",
"has part(s)",
"March 20"
] | Friday of the second full week of March
World Sleep DayThird week in March
National Poison Prevention Week (United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"March",
"has part(s)",
"March 19"
] | Friday of the second full week of March
World Sleep DayThird week in March
National Poison Prevention Week (United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"April",
"has part(s)",
"April 20"
] | History
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni.
St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth.In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled.
In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia (April 1), Megalesia (April 10–16), Fordicidia (April 15), Parilia (April 21), Vinalia Urbana (April 23), Robigalia (April 25), and Serapia (April 25). Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16 – April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. The Eta Aquariids meteor shower also appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comet's perihelion date. The Virginids also shower at various dates in April.
The "Days of April" (journées d'avril) is a name assigned in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d'avril. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"April",
"has part(s)",
"April 21"
] | History
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni.
St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth.In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled.
In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia (April 1), Megalesia (April 10–16), Fordicidia (April 15), Parilia (April 21), Vinalia Urbana (April 23), Robigalia (April 25), and Serapia (April 25). Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16 – April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. The Eta Aquariids meteor shower also appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comet's perihelion date. The Virginids also shower at various dates in April.
The "Days of April" (journées d'avril) is a name assigned in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d'avril. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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[
"April",
"has part(s)",
"April 15"
] | History
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni.
St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth.In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled.
In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia (April 1), Megalesia (April 10–16), Fordicidia (April 15), Parilia (April 21), Vinalia Urbana (April 23), Robigalia (April 25), and Serapia (April 25). Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16 – April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. The Eta Aquariids meteor shower also appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comet's perihelion date. The Virginids also shower at various dates in April.
The "Days of April" (journées d'avril) is a name assigned in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d'avril. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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] | null | null |
[
"April",
"has part(s)",
"April 25"
] | History
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni.
St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth.In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled.
In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia (April 1), Megalesia (April 10–16), Fordicidia (April 15), Parilia (April 21), Vinalia Urbana (April 23), Robigalia (April 25), and Serapia (April 25). Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16 – April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. The Eta Aquariids meteor shower also appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comet's perihelion date. The Virginids also shower at various dates in April.
The "Days of April" (journées d'avril) is a name assigned in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d'avril. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"April",
"has part(s)",
"April 22"
] | History
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni.
St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth.In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled.
In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia (April 1), Megalesia (April 10–16), Fordicidia (April 15), Parilia (April 21), Vinalia Urbana (April 23), Robigalia (April 25), and Serapia (April 25). Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16 – April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. The Eta Aquariids meteor shower also appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comet's perihelion date. The Virginids also shower at various dates in April.
The "Days of April" (journées d'avril) is a name assigned in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d'avril. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"April",
"part of",
"Julian calendar"
] | April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days.
April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. | part of | 15 | [
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[
"April",
"has part(s)",
"April 23"
] | History
The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, "to open", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to "open", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of άνοιξη (ánixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April was sacred to the goddess Venus, her Veneralia being held on the first day, it has been suggested that Aprilis was originally her month Aphrilis, from her equivalent Greek goddess name Aphrodite (Aphros), or from the Etruscan name Apru. Jacob Grimm suggests the name of a hypothetical god or hero, Aper or Aprus.April was the second month of the earliest Roman calendar, before Ianuarius and Februarius were added by King Numa Pompilius about 700 BC. It became the fourth month of the calendar year (the year when twelve months are displayed in order) during the time of the decemvirs about 450 BC, when it was 29 days long. The 30th day was added back during the reform of the calendar undertaken by Julius Caesar in the mid-40s BC, which produced the Julian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons called April ēastre-monaþ. The Venerable Bede says in The Reckoning of Time that this month ēastre is the root of the word Easter. He further states that the month was named after a goddess Eostre whose feast was in that month. It is also attested by Einhard in his work, Vita Karoli Magni.
St George's day is the twenty-third of the month; and St Mark's Eve, with its superstition that the ghosts of those who are doomed to die within the year will be seen to pass into the church, falls on the twenty-fourth.In China the symbolic ploughing of the earth by the emperor and princes of the blood took place in their third month, which frequently corresponds to April. In Finnish April is huhtikuu, meaning slash-and-burn moon, when gymnosperms for beat and burn clearing of farmland were felled.
In Slovene, the most established traditional name is mali traven, meaning the month when plants start growing. It was first written in 1466 in the Škofja Loka manuscript.The month Aprilis originally had 30 days; Numa Pompilius made it 29 days long; finally, Julius Caesar's calendar reform made it 30 days long again, which was not changed in the calendar revision of Augustus Caesar in 8 BC.
In Ancient Rome, the festival of Cerealia was held for seven days from mid-to-late April, but exact dates are uncertain. Feriae Latinae was also held in April, with the date varying. Other ancient Roman observances include Veneralia (April 1), Megalesia (April 10–16), Fordicidia (April 15), Parilia (April 21), Vinalia Urbana (April 23), Robigalia (April 25), and Serapia (April 25). Floralia was held April 27 during the Republican era, or April 28 on the Julian calendar, and lasted until May 3. However, these dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Lyrids meteor shower appears on April 16 – April 26 each year, with the peak generally occurring on April 22. The Eta Aquariids meteor shower also appears in April. It is visible from about April 21 to about May 20 each year with peak activity on or around May 6. The Pi Puppids appear on April 23, but only in years around the parent comet's perihelion date. The Virginids also shower at various dates in April.
The "Days of April" (journées d'avril) is a name assigned in French history to a series of insurrections at Lyons, Paris and elsewhere, against the government of Louis Philippe in 1834, which led to violent repressive measures, and to a famous trial known as the procès d'avril. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
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] | April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days.
April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. | part of | 15 | [
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[
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April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
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"Juno"
] | Etymology and history
The Latin name for June is Junius. Ovid offers multiple etymologies for the name in the Fasti, a poem about the Roman calendar. The first is that the month is named after the Roman goddess Juno, the goddess of marriage and the wife of the supreme deity Jupiter; the second is that the name comes from the Latin word iuniores, meaning "younger ones", as opposed to maiores ("elders") for which the preceding month May (Maius) may be named.
Another source claims June is named after Lucius Junius Brutus, founder of the Roman Republic and ancestor of the Roman gens Junia.In ancient Rome, the period from mid-May through mid-June was considered inauspicious for marriage. Ovid says that he consulted the Flaminica Dialis, the high priestess of Jupiter, about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, and was advised to wait till after June 15. Plutarch, however, implies that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.Certain meteor showers take place in June. The Arietids takes place May 22 to July 2 each year, and peaks on June 7. The Beta Taurids June 5 to July 18. The June Bootids take place roughly between 26 June and 2 July each year. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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] | July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the month of his birth. Before then it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the calendar that started with March.It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of winter. The second half of the year commences in July. In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the seasonal equivalent of January in the Northern hemisphere.
"Dog days" are considered to begin in early July in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hot sultry weather of summer usually starts. Spring lambs born in late winter or early spring are usually sold before 1 July. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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"July 14"
] | Month-long observances
In Catholic tradition, July is the Month of the Most Precious Blood of Jesus.
National Hot Dog Month (United States)
National Ice Cream Month (United States)
Disability Pride Month (United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
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"has part(s)",
"July 31"
] | July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the month of his birth. Before then it was called Quintilis, being the fifth month of the calendar that started with March.It is on average the warmest month in most of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of summer, and the coldest month in much of the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the second month of winter. The second half of the year commences in July. In the Southern Hemisphere, July is the seasonal equivalent of January in the Northern hemisphere.
"Dog days" are considered to begin in early July in the Northern Hemisphere, when the hot sultry weather of summer usually starts. Spring lambs born in late winter or early spring are usually sold before 1 July. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"August",
"named after",
"Augustus"
] | August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. Its zodiac sign is Leo and was originally named Sextilis in Latin because it was the 6th month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, with March being the first month of the year. About 700 BC, it became the eighth month when January and February were added to the year before March by King Numa Pompilius, who also gave it 29 days. Julius Caesar added two days when he created the Julian calendar in 46 BC (AUC 708), giving it its modern length of 31 days. In 8 BC, it was renamed in honor of Emperor Augustus. According to a Senatus consultum quoted by Macrobius, he chose this month because it was the time of several of his great triumphs, including the conquest of Egypt. Commonly repeated lore has it that August has 31 days because Augustus wanted his month to match the length of Julius Caesar's July, but this is an invention of the 13th century scholar Johannes de Sacrobosco. Sextilis in fact had 31 days before it was renamed, and it was not chosen for its length.In the Southern Hemisphere, August is the seasonal equivalent of February in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, August falls in the season of summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, the month falls during the season of winter. In many European countries, August is the holiday month for most workers. Numerous religious holidays occurred during August in ancient Rome.Certain meteor showers take place in August. The Kappa Cygnids take place in August, with the dates varying each year. The Alpha Capricornids meteor shower takes place as early as July 10 and ends at around August 10, and the Southern Delta Aquariids take place from mid-July to mid-August, with the peak usually around July 28–29. The Perseids, a major meteor shower, typically takes place between July 17 and August 24, with the days of the peak varying yearly. The star cluster of Messier 30 is best observed around August.
Among the aborigines of the Canary Islands, especially among the Guanches of Tenerife, the month of August received in the name of Beñesmer or Beñesmen, which was also the harvest festival held this month. | named after | 11 | [
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[
"August",
"part of",
"Gregorian calendar"
] | Fixed Gregorian observances
Season of Emancipation (Barbados) (April 14 to August 23)
International Clown Week (August 1–7)
World Breastfeeding Week (August 1–7)
August 1
Armed Forces Day (China)
Armed Forces Day (Lebanon)
Azerbaijani Language and Alphabet Day (Azerbaijan)
Emancipation Day (Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, St. Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands)
Imbolc (Neopaganism, Southern Hemisphere only)
Lammas (England, Scotland, Neopaganism, Northern Hemisphere only)
Lughnasadh (Gaels, Ireland, Scotland, Neopaganism, Northern Hemisphere only)
Minden Day (United Kingdom)
National Day (Benin)
National Milkshake Day (United States)
Official Birthday and Coronation Day of the King of Tonga (Tonga)
Pachamama Raymi (Quechua people in Ecuador and Peru)
Parents' Day (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Procession of the Cross and the beginning of Dormition Fast (Eastern Orthodoxy)
Statehood Day (Colorado)
Swiss National Day (Switzerland)
Victory Day (Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam)
World Scout Scarf Day
Yorkshire Day (Yorkshire, England)
August 2
Airmobile Forces Day (Ukraine)
Day of Azerbaijani cinema (Azerbaijan)
Our Lady of the Angels Day (Costa Rica)
Paratroopers Day (Russia)
Republic Day (North Macedonia)
August 3
Anniversary of the Killing of Pidjiguiti (Guinea-Bissau)
Armed Forces Day (Equatorial Guinea)
Esther Day (United States)
Flag Day (Venezuela)
Independence Day (Niger)
Arbor Day (Niger)
National Guard Day (Venezuela)
National Watermelon Day (United States)
National White Wine Day (United States)
August 4
Coast Guard Day (United States)
Constitution Day (Cook Islands)
Matica slovenská Day (Slovakia)
Revolution Day (Burkina Faso)
August 5
Dedication of the Basilica of St Mary Major (Catholic Church)
Independence Day (Burkina Faso)
National Underwear Day (United States)
Victory and Homeland Thanksgiving Day and the Day of Croatian defenders (Croatia)
August 6
Feast of the Transfiguration
Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan's Accession Day. (United Arab Emirates)
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Ceremony (Hiroshima, Japan)
Independence Day (Bolivia)
Independence Day (Jamaica)
Russian Railway Troops Day (Russia)
August 7
Assyrian Martyrs Day (Assyrian community)
Battle of Boyacá Day (Colombia)
Emancipation Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Independence Day (Ivory Coast)
Republic Day (Ivory Coast)
Youth Day (Kiribati)
August 8
Ceasefire Day (Iraqi Kurdistan)
Father's Day (Taiwan)
Happiness Happens Day (International observance)
International Cat Day
Namesday of Queen Silvia of Sweden, (Sweden)
Nane Nane Day (Tanzania)
Signal Troops Day (Ukraine)
August 9
Battle of Gangut Day (Russia)
International Day of the World's Indigenous People (United Nations)
National Day (Singapore)
National Women's Day (South Africa)
Remembrance for Radbod, King of the Frisians (The Troth)
August 10
Argentine Air Force Day (Argentina)
Constitution Day (Anguilla)
Declaration of Independence of Quito (Ecuador)
International Biodiesel Day
National S'more Day (United States)
August 11
Flag Day (Pakistan)
Independence Day (Chad)
Mountain Day (Japan)
August 12
Glorious Twelfth (United Kingdom)
HM the Queen's Birthday and National Mother's Day (Thailand)
International Youth Day (United Nations)
Russian Railway Troops Day (Russia)
Sea Org Day (Scientology)
World Elephant Day
August 13
Independence Day (Central African Republic)
International Lefthanders Day
National Filet Mignon Day (United States)
Women's Day (Tunisia)
August 14
Anniversary Day (Tristan da Cunha)
Commemoration of Wadi al-Dahab (Morocco)
Day of the Defenders of the Fatherland (Abkhazia)
Engineer's Day (Dominican Republic)
Falklands Day (Falkland Islands)
Independence Day (Pakistan)
National Creamsicle Day (United States)
Pramuka Day (Indonesia)
August 15
Feast Day of the Assumption of Mary (Catholic holy days of obligation, a public holiday in many countries.
Ferragosto (Italy)
Māras (Latvia)
Mother's Day (Antwerp and Costa Rica)
National Acadian Day (Acadians)
Virgin of Candelaria, patron of the Canary Islands. (Tenerife, Spain)
Feast of the Dormition of the Theotokos (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches)
Navy Day (Romania)
Armed Forces Day (Poland)**The first day of Flooding of the Nile, or Wafaa El-Nil (Egypt and Coptic Church)
The main day of Bon Festival (Japan), and its related observances:
Awa Dance Festival (Tokushima Prefecture)
Constitution Day (Equatorial Guinea)
End-of-war Memorial Day, when the National Memorial Service for War Dead is held. (Japan)
Founding of Asunción (Paraguay)
Independence Day (Korea)
Gwangbokjeol (South Korea)
Jogukhaebangui nal, "Fatherland Liberation Day" (North Korea)
Independence Day (India)
Independence Day (Republic of the Congo)
National Day (Liechtenstein)
National Mourning Day (Bangladesh)
Victory over Japan Day (United Kingdom)
National Lemon Meringue Pie Day (United States)
August 16
Bennington Battle Day (Vermont, United States)
Children's Day (Paraguay)
Gozan no Okuribi (Kyoto, Japan)
The first day of the Independence Days (Gabon)
National Airborne Day (United States)
National Rum Day (United States)
Restoration Day (Dominican Republic)
August 17
The Birthday of Marcus Garvey (Rastafari)
Engineer's Day (Colombia)
Flag Day (Bolivia)
Independence Day (Indonesia)
Independence Days (Gabon)
National Vanilla Custard Day (United States)
Prekmurje Union Day (Slovenia)
San Martin Day (Argentina)
August 18
Arbor Day (Pakistan)
Armed Forces Day (North Macedonia)
Bad Poetry Day
Birthday of Virginia Dare (Roanoke Island)
Constitution Day (Indonesia)
Long Tan Day (Australia)
National Science Day (Thailand)
August 19
Feast of the Transfiguration (Julian calendar), and its related observances:
Buhe (Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church)
Saviour's Transfiguration, popularly known as the "Apples Feast" (Russian Orthodox Church and Georgian Orthodox Church)
Afghan Independence Day (Afghanistan)
August Revolution Commemoration Day (Vietnam)
Birthday of Crown Princess Mette-Marit (Norway)
Manuel Luis Quezón Day (Quezon City and other places in The Philippines named after Manuel L. Quezon)
National Aviation Day (United States)
National Potato Day (United States)
World Humanitarian Day
August 20
Indian Akshay Urja Day (India)
Restoration of Independence Day (Estonia)
Revolution of the King and People (Morocco)
Saint Stephen's Day (Hungary)
World Mosquito Day
August 21
Ninoy Aquino Day (Philippines)
Youth Day/King Mohammed VI's Birthday (Morocco)
August 22
Feast of the Coronation of Mary
Flag Day (Russia)
Madras Day (Chennai and Tamil Nadu, India)
National Eat a Peach Day (United States)
National Pecan Torte Day (United States)
Southern Hemisphere Hoodie-Hoo Day (Chase's Calendar of Events, Southern Hemisphere)
August 23
Battle of Kursk Day (Russia)
Day of the National Flag (Ukraine)
European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism or Black Ribbon Day (European Union and other countries), and related observances:
Liberation from Fascist Occupation Day (Romania)
International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
Umhlanga Day (Eswatini)
August 24
Flag Day (Liberia)
Independence Day of Ukraine
International Strange Music Day
National Waffle Day (United States)
Nostalgia Night (Uruguay)
Willka Raymi (Cusco, Peru)
August 25
Day of Songun (North Korea)
Independence Day (Uruguay)
Liberation Day (France)
National Banana Split Day (United States)
National Whiskey Sour Day (United States)
Soldier's Day (Brazil)
August 26
Herero Day (Namibia)
Heroes' Day (Namibia)
Repentance Day (Papua New Guinea)
Women's Equality Day (United States)
August 27
Film and Movies Day (Russia)
Independence Day (Republic of Moldova)
Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (Texas, United States)
National Banana Lovers Day (United States)
National Pots De Creme Day (United States)
August 28
Assumption of Mary (Eastern Orthodox Church (Public holiday in North Macedonia, Serbia, and Georgia (country))
Crackers of the Keyboard Day
Race Your Mouse Around the Icons Day
National Cherry Turnover Day (United States)
August 29
International Day against Nuclear Tests
Miners' Day (Ukraine)
More Herbs, Less Salt Day
National Lemon Juice Day (United States)
National Chop Suey Day (United States)
National Sports Day (India)
Slovak National Uprising Anniversary (Slovakia)
Telugu Language Day (India)
August 30
Constitution Day (Kazakhstan)
Constitution Day (Turks and Caicos Islands)
Independence Day (Tatarstan, Russia, unrecognized)
International Day of the Disappeared (International)
Popular Consultation Day (East Timor)
Saint Rose of Lima's Day (Peru)
Victory Day (Turkey)
August 31
Baloch-Pakhtun Unity Day (Balochs and Pashtuns, International observance)
Day of Solidarity and Freedom (Poland)
Independence Day (Federation of Malaya, Malaysia)
Independence Day (Kyrgyzstan)
Independence Day (Trinidad and Tobago)
Love Litigating Lawyers Day
National Language Day (Moldova)
National Trail Mix Day (United States)
North Borneo Self-government Day (Sabah, Borneo) | part of | 15 | [
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[
"August",
"has part(s)",
"August 23"
] | August symbols
August's birthstones are the peridot, sardonyx, and spinel.
Its birth flower is the gladiolus or poppy, meaning beauty, strength of character, love, marriage and family.
The Western zodiac signs for the month of August are Leo (until August 22) and Virgo (from August 23 onwards). | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"August",
"has part(s)",
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] | August symbols
August's birthstones are the peridot, sardonyx, and spinel.
Its birth flower is the gladiolus or poppy, meaning beauty, strength of character, love, marriage and family.
The Western zodiac signs for the month of August are Leo (until August 22) and Virgo (from August 23 onwards). | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 14"
] | Saturday after first Monday
Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (United States)First Sunday after first Monday
National Grandparents' Day (United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
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] | First Sunday after first Monday
National Grandparents' Day (United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 30"
] | September is the ninth month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the third of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the fourth of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. September in the Northern Hemisphere and March in the Southern Hemisphere are seasonally equivalent.
In the Northern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological autumn is on 1 September. In the Southern hemisphere, the beginning of the meteorological spring is on 1 September.
September marks the beginning of the ecclesiastical year in the Eastern Orthodox Church. It is the start of the academic year in many countries of the northern hemisphere, in which children go back to school after the summer break, sometimes on the first day of the month.
September (from Latin septem, "seven") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC. After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day.September in astronomy and astrology
The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 28"
] | September in astronomy and astrology
The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries.September symbols
September's birthstone is the sapphire.
The birth flowers for September are the forget-me-not, morning glory and aster.
The zodiac signs for the month of September are Virgo (until September 22) and Libra (September 23 onwards). | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 27"
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The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
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"September 23"
] | Week of September 17
Celebrate Freedom Week (Kansas and Texas, United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 24"
] | September in astronomy and astrology
The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 21"
] | September in astronomy and astrology
The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 18"
] | September in astronomy and astrology
The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 17"
] | September in astronomy and astrology
The September equinox takes place in this month, and certain observances are organized around it. It is the Autumn equinox in the Northern Hemisphere, and the Vernal equinox in the Southern Hemisphere. The dates can vary from 21 September to 24 September (in UTC).
September is mostly in the sixth month of the astrological calendar (and the first part of the seventh), which begins at the end of March/Mars/Aries. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"September",
"has part(s)",
"September 19"
] | Fixed Gregorian observances
September 1
Anniversary of the Start of the Armed Struggle (Eritrea)
Constitution Day (Slovakia)
Disaster Prevention Day (Japan)
Emma Nutt Day (International observance)
First day of school in many countries in Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Flag Day (Honduras)
Independence Day (Uzbekistan)
Journalist Day (Taiwan)
Knowledge Day (Russia, Ukraine and Armenia)
National Cherry Popover Day (United States)
Random Acts of Kindness Day (New Zealand)
Start of National Arbor Week (South Africa), September 1–7
Veteran's Day (Poland)
Teachers' Day (Singapore)
Wattle Day (Australia)
September 2
Democracy Day (Tibet)
Independence Day (Transnistria, unrecognized)
Independence Day (Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, unrecognized)
National Blueberry Popsicle Day (United States)
National Day (Vietnam)
Sedantag (German Empire, defunct)
Victory over Japan Day (United States)
September 3
China's victory over Japan commemoration related observances:
Armed Forces Day (Republic of China)
V-J Day (People's Republic of China)
Feast of San Marino and the Republic (Republic of San Marino)
Flag Day (Australia)
Independence Day (Qatar)
Levy Mwanawasa Day (Zambia)
Memorial Day (Tunisia)
Merchant Navy Remembrance Day (Canada)
Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)
National Welsh Rarebit Day (United States)
Tokehega Day (Tokelau, New Zealand)
September 4
Clear Day (Scientology)
Immigrant's Day (Argentina)
National Macadamia Nut Day (United States)
Newspaper Carrier Day (United States)
September 5
International Day of Charity
National Cheese Pizza Day (United States)
Teachers' Day (India)
September 6
Armed Forces Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)
Defence Day or Army Day (Pakistan)
Flag Day (Bonaire)
Independence Day (Eswatini)
National Coffee Ice Cream Day (United States)
Unification Day (Bulgaria)
September 7
Air Force Day (Pakistan)
Independence Day (Brazil)
Military Intelligence Day (Ukraine)
National Acorn Squash Day (United States)
National Beer Lover's Day (United States)
National Salami Day (United States)
National Threatened Species Day (Australia)
Victory Day (Mozambique)
September 8
Day of the Battle of Borodino (Russia)
Feast Day of Our Lady of Meritxell (Andorra)
Independence Day (North Macedonia)
International Literacy Day
Martyrs' Day (Afghanistan) (date may fall on September 9, follows a non-Gregorian calendar)
National day (Andorra)
Nativity of Mary (Roman Catholic Church), (Anglo-Catholicism)
Monti Fest (Mangalorean Catholic)
Victory Day (Pakistan)
Victory Day (Malta)
World Physical Therapy Day
September 9
Armored Forces Day (Ukraine)
California Admission Day (California, United States)
Children's Day (Costa Rica)
Chrysanthemum Day (Japan)
Day of the Victims of Holocaust and of Racial Violence (Slovakia)
Emergency Services Day (United Kingdom)
Independence Day or Republic Day (North Korea)
Independence Day (Tajikistan) from USSR in 1991.
Martyrs' Day (Afghanistan) (date may fall on September 8, follows a non-Gregorian calendar)
National Steak Au Poivre Day (United States)
Remembrance for Herman the Cheruscan (The Troth)
Wienerschnitzel Day (United States)
Wonderful Weirdos Day
September 10
Amerindian Heritage Day (Guyana)
Children's Day (Honduras)
National Day (Gibraltar)
National TV Dinner Day (United States)
Saint George's Caye Day (Belize)
Teachers' Day (China)
World Suicide Prevention Day
September 11
Battle of Tendra Day (Russia)
Death Anniversary of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, a former holiday. (Pakistan)
Emergency Number Day (United States)
Enkutatash falls on this day if it is not a leap year.(Ethiopia, Rastafari)
National Day of Catalonia (Catalonia)
National Hot Cross Bun Day (United States)
Nayrouz (Coptic Orthodox Church)
Patriot Day (United States)
Remember Freedom Day
Teachers' Day (Argentina)
September 12
Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Day of Conception (Russia)
Day of the Programmer, during a leap year. (International)
Defenders Day (Maryland. (United States)
Enkutatash falls on this day if it is a leap year. (Ethiopia, Rastafari)
Mindfulness Day
National Chocolate Milkshake Day (United States)
National Day (Cape Verde)
National Day of Encouragement (United States)
Saragarhi Day (Sikhism) (this day or nearest weekday, 2015 date: September 11)
September 13
Day of the Programmer, during a non-leap year. (International)
Feast of the Cross (Assyrian Church of the East)
Día de los Niños Héroes (Mexico)
Engineer's Day (Mauritius)
International Chocolate Day
National Peanut Day (United States)
September 14
Children's Day (Nepal) (celebrated on the 15th on leap years)
Engineer's Day (Romania)
Feast of the Cross (Christianity)
Elevation of the Holy Cross (Eastern Orthodox)
Hindi Diwas (Hindi-speaking regions)
Mobilized Servicemen Day (Ukraine)
National Cream Filled Donut Day (United States)
National Eat a Hoagie Day (United States)
San Jacinto Day (Nicaragua)
September 15
Battle of Britain Day (United Kingdom)
Children's Day (Nepal) (leap years only)
Engineer's Day (India)
Free Money Day (International)
Independence Day (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica)
International Day of Democracy (International)
Knowledge Day (Azerbaijan)
National Crème de Menthe Day (United States)
National Double Cheeseburger Day (United States)
National Linguine Day (United States)
National Cheese Toast Day (United States)
Patriotic Day (Guatemala)
Restoration of Primorska to the Motherland Day (Slovenia)
Silpa Bhirasri Day (Thailand).
World Lymphoma Awareness Day
The beginning of National Hispanic Heritage Month, celebrated until October 15 (United States)
September 16
Grito de Dolores (Mexico)
Independence Day (Papua New Guinea), celebrates the independence of Papua New Guinea from Australia in 1975.
International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer
Malaysian Armed Forces Day (Malaysia)
Malaysia Day (Malaysia, Singapore)
Martyrs' Day (Libya)
Heroes' Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
National Cinnamon Raisin Toast Day (United States)
National Guacamole Day (United States)
Stay Away from Seattle Day
September 17
Australian Citizenship Day
Constitution Day (United States) (observed on the previous Friday if it falls on a Saturday, the following Monday if on a Sunday)
Start of Constitution Week, runs from September 17–23
Heroes' Day (Angola)
Marathwada Liberation Day (India)
National Apple Dumpling Day (United States)
National Monte Cristo Sandwich Day (United States)
Operation Market Garden Anniversary is still remembered with parachuting and dedications on this day. (Netherlands)
Teachers' Day (Honduras)
Von Steuben Day. (United States), weekend of the week of September 17.
September 18
Day of National Music (Azerbaijan)
First day of Fiestas Patrias (Chile) or Dieciocho (Chile)
Island Language Day (Okinawa Prefecture, Japan)
National Cheeseburger Day (United States)
Navy Day (Croatia)
World Water Monitoring Day (International)
September 19
Armed Forces Day (Chile)
Day of the First Public Appearance of the Slovak National Council
Feast of San Gennaro
Second day of Fiestas Patrias (Chile)
Independence Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
International Talk Like a Pirate Day
National Butterscotch Pudding Day (United States)
September 20
Independence Day of South Ossetia (not fully recognized)
National Pepperoni Pizza Day (United States)
National Punch Day (United States)
National Rum Punch Day (United States)
National Youth Day (Thailand)
Oil Workers' Day (Azerbaijan)
Universal Children's Day (Germany)
September 21
Arbor Day (Brazil)
Commemoration of the Declaration of Martial Law (Philippines)
Customs Service Day (Poland)
Founder's Day and National Volunteer Day (Ghana)
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Armenia from the Soviet Union in 1991.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Belize from the United Kingdom in 1981.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Malta from the United Kingdom in 1964.
International Day of Peace (International)
National Pecan Cookie Day (United States)
Acknowledgement of Earth, Wind, & Fire's "September"
Student's Day (Bolivia)
Victory over the Golden Horde in the Battle of Kulikovo (Russia)
September 22
American Business Women's Day (United States)
Dear Diary Day
Hobbit Day, the containing week is celebrated as Tolkien Week. (American Tolkien Society)
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire in 1908.
Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Mali from France in 1960.
OneWebDay, an annual day of Internet celebration and awareness, started in 2006.
Resistance Fighting Day (Estonia)
World Car-Free Day
September 23
Celebrate Bisexuality Day
Grito de Lares (Puerto Rico)
Holocaust Memorial Day (Lithuania)
Kyrgyz Language Day (Kyrgyzstan)
National Day (Saudi Arabia)
Teachers' Day (Brunei)
September 24
Armed Forces Day (Peru)
Constitution Day (Cambodia)
La Mercè (Barcelona)
Heritage Day (South Africa)
Independence Day (Guinea-Bissau)
Mahidol Day (Thailand)
National Punctuation Day (United States)
New Caledonia Day (New Caledonia)
Republic Day (Trinidad and Tobago)
September 25
Day of National Recognition for the Harkis (France)
German Butterbrot Day (Germany)
National Lobster Day (United States)
National Youth Day (Nauru)
Revolution Day (Mozambique)
September 26
Day of the National Flag (Ecuador)
Dominion Day (New Zealand)
European Day of Languages (European Union)
Johnny Appleseed Day (United States)
National Better Breakfast Day (United States)
National Dumpling Day (United States)
National Good Neighbor Day (United States)
National Pancake Day (United States)
Revolution Day (Yemen)
September 27
Consumación de la Independencia (Mexico)
French Community Holiday (French community of Belgium)
Meskel (Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church, following Julian calendar, September 28 on leap years)
National Chocolate Milk Day (United States)
National Corned Beef Hash Day (United States)
National Gay Men's HIV/AIDS Awareness Day (United States)
Polish Underground State's Day (Poland)
World Tourism Day
September 28
Ask a Stupid Question Day (United States)
Czech Statehood Day (Czech Republic)
Family Day – A Day to Eat Dinner with Your Children (United States)
Fish Tank Floorshow Night
Freedom from Hunger Day
International Right to Know Day
Meskel (Ethiopian and Eritrean Orthodox Church, September 28 on leap years only, all other years is September 27)
National Day of Awareness and Unity against Child Pornography (Philippines)
Teachers' Day (Taiwan and Chinese-Filipino schools in the Philippines)
World Rabies Day
September 29
Feast of the Archangels Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael.
National Biscotti Day (United States)
National Coffee Day (multiple countries, see article)
Inventors' Day (Argentina)
Michaelmas One of the four quarter days in the Irish calendar. (England and Ireland)
Victory of Boquerón Day (Paraguay)
World Heart Day
September 30
Agricultural Reform (Nationalization) Day (São Tomé and Príncipe)
Birth of Morelos (Mexico)
Blasphemy Day (United States, Canada, other countries)
Boy's Day (Poland)
Independence Day (Botswana)
International Translation Day (International Federation of Translators)
National Hot Mulled Cider Day (United States)
Recovery Day (Canada)
Orange Shirt Day (Canada) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | Week of October 9: October 9–15
Fire Prevention Week (Canada, United States)
Fire Service Recognition Day (Canada), last day of Fire Prevention Week: October 10 | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | United States, Health-related
American Pharmacist Month
Celebrating All of October Dwarfism/Little People/Short Stature/Skeletal Dysplasia Awareness
Dwarfism/Little People Awareness Month
Eczema Awareness Month
National Dental Hygiene Month
National Healthy Lung Month
National Infertility Awareness Month
Liver Awareness Month
National Lupus Erythematosus Awareness Month
National Physical Therapy Month
National Spina Bifida Awareness Month
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Awareness Month (United States)Movable observances, 2022 dates
Oktoberfest celebrations (varies globally based on area)
Astronomy Day: October 1
World Cerebral Palsy Day: October 6
World College Radio Day: October 7
Earth Science Week: October 9–15
See also Movable Western Christian observances
See also Movable Eastern Christian observances | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | United States, Health-related
American Pharmacist Month
Celebrating All of October Dwarfism/Little People/Short Stature/Skeletal Dysplasia Awareness
Dwarfism/Little People Awareness Month
Eczema Awareness Month
National Dental Hygiene Month
National Healthy Lung Month
National Infertility Awareness Month
Liver Awareness Month
National Lupus Erythematosus Awareness Month
National Physical Therapy Month
National Spina Bifida Awareness Month
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Awareness Month (United States) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ôctō meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. In Ancient Rome, one of three Mundus patet would take place on October 5, Meditrinalia October 11, Augustalia on October 12, October Horse on October 15, and Armilustrium on October 19. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was known as Winterfylleth (Ƿinterfylleþ), because at this full moon, winter was supposed to begin.October is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, and autumn in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to April in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa.Week of October 9: October 9–15
Fire Prevention Week (Canada, United States)
Fire Service Recognition Day (Canada), last day of Fire Prevention Week: October 10Week of October 10: October 9–15
Fiji Week (Fiji) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | Week of October 9: October 9–15
Fire Prevention Week (Canada, United States)
Fire Service Recognition Day (Canada), last day of Fire Prevention Week: October 10 | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | Last Monday: October 31
October Holiday (Ireland)Fixed observances
October 1
Armed Forces Day (South Korea)
Children's Day (El Salvador, Guatemala, Sri Lanka)
Day of Prosecutors (Azerbaijan)
Continuance of German-American Heritage Months, which runs from September 15 – October 15 (United States)
Continuance of National Hispanic Heritage Month which runs from September 15 – October 15 (United States),
Ground Forces Day (Russia)
Independence Day (Cyprus)
Independence Day (Nigeria)
Independence Day (Palau)
Independence Day (Tuvalu)
International Coffee Day
International Day of Older Persons
International Music Day
Lincolnshire Day (United Kingdom)
National Day of the People's Republic of China (People's Republic of China)
Pancasila Sanctity Day (Indonesia)
Teacher's Day (Uzbekistan)
Unification Day (Cameroon)
World Vegetarian Day
October 2
Batik Day (Indonesia)
Feast of the Guardian Angels
National Grandparents Day (Italy)
Gandhi's birthday-related observances:
Gandhi Jayanti (India)
International Day of Non-Violence
World Day for Farmed Animals
Independence Day (Guinea)
October 3
Gaecheonjeol (South Korea)
German Unity Day (Germany)
National Day (Iraq)
Morazán Day (Honduras)
October 4
Feast of Saint Francis of Assisi
Cinnamon Roll Day (Sweden)
Day of Peace and Reconciliation (Mozambique)
Independence Day (Lesotho)
World Animal Day
The beginning of World Space Week (October 4–10)
October 5
Armed Forces Day (Indonesia)
Constitution Day (Vanuatu)
Engineer's Day (Bolivia)
International Day of No Prostitution
Republic Day (Portugal)
Teachers' Day (Pakistan)
Teachers' Day (Russia)
World Teachers' Day
October 6
Day of Commemoration and National Mourning (Turkmenistan)
Dukla Pass Victims Day (Slovakia)
German-American Day (United States)
Memorial Day for the Martyrs of Arad (Hungary)
National Noodle Day (United States)
Teachers' Day (Sri Lanka)
Yom Kippur War commemorations:
Armed Forces Day (Egypt)
Tishreen Liberation Day (Syria)
October 7
Our Lady of the Rosary
International Trigeminal Neuralgia Awareness Day
Teachers' Day (Laos)
October 8
Air Force Day (India)
Arbor Day (Namibia)
National Independence Day (Croatia)
Navy Day (Peru)
October 9
Hangul Day (South Korea)
Independence Day (Uganda)
Independence of Guayaquil (Ecuador)
Leif Erikson Day (United States, Iceland and Norway)
National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust (Romania)
Takayama Autumn Festival (Takayama, Japan)
World Post Day
Valencian Community Day (Spain)
October 10
Arbor Day (Poland)
Capital Liberation Day (Vietnam)
Double Ten Day (Taiwan)
Fiji Day (Fiji)
Finnish Literature Day (Finland)
Independence Day (Cuba)
Party Foundation Day (North Korea)
World Mental Health Day
October 11
General Pulaski Memorial Day (United States)
International Day of the Girl Child
International Newspaper Carrier Day
National Coming Out Day (multinational, including United States, United Kingdom and Switzerland among others)
Old Michaelmas Day (Celtic)
Revolution Day (Republic of Macedonia)
October 12
Children's Day (Brazil)
Discovery of America by Columbus-related observances (see also October 8):
Columbus Day (Honduras)
Día de la Hispanidad or Fiesta Nacional de España, also Armed Forces Day (Spain)
Día de la Raza (El Salvador, Uruguay)
Día de la Resistencia Indígena, "Day of Indigenous Resistance" (Venezuela)
Día de las Américas (Belize)
Día de las Culturas, "Day of the Cultures" (Costa Rica)
Día del Respeto a la Diversidad Cultural, "Day of respect for cultural diversity" (Argentina)
Discovery Day (The Bahamas, Colombia)
Feast for Life of Aleister Crowley, celebrated as "Crowleymas" (Thelema)
Fiesta Nacional de España (Spain)
Freethought Day
Independence Day (Equatorial Guinea), celebrates the independence of Equatorial Guinea from Spain in 1968.
UN Spanish Language Day (United Nations)
October 13
Azerbaijani Railway Day (Azerbaijan)
Doi taikomatsuri October 13–15 (Shikokuchūō, Ehime, Japan)
International Day for Natural Disaster Reduction
National Police Day (Thailand)
Paramedics' Day (Poland)
Rwagasore Day (Burundi)
October 14
World Standards Day
October 15
Breast Health Day (Europe)
Evacuation Day (Tunisia)
Global Handwashing Day
King Father's Commemoration Day (Cambodia)
National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (United States)
Pregnancy and Infant Loss Remembrance Day (United States and Canada)
Spirit Day (International observance)
Teachers' Day (Brazil)
White Cane Safety Day (United States)
October 16
World Food Day
Pope John Paul II Day (Poland)
World Anaesthesia Day
October 17
Dessalines Day (Haiti)
International Day for the Eradication of Poverty
Loyalty Day (Argentina)
October 18
Alaska Day (Alaska, United States)
Independence Day (Azerbaijan)
Necktie Day (Croatia)
Persons Day (Canada)
World Menopause Day
October 19
Constitution Day (Niue)
Mother Teresa Day (Albania)
World Toilet Day
October 20
Arbor Day (Czech Republic)
Heroes' Day (Kenya)
Revolution Day (Guatemala)
Vietnamese Women's Day (Vietnam)
World Osteoporosis Day
World Statistics Day
October 21
Apple Day (United Kingdom)
Armed Forces Day (Honduras)
Egyptian Naval Day (Egypt)
Indian Police Commemoration Day (India)
International Day of the Nacho
National Nurses' Day (Thailand)
Ndadaye Day (Burundi)
Overseas Chinese Day (Taiwan)
Trafalgar Day (the British Empire in the 19th and early 20th century)
October 22
Fechner Day (International observance)
International Caps Lock Day
International Stuttering Awareness Day
Jidai Matsuri (Kyoto, Japan)
National Santri Day (Indonesia)
Wombat Day (Australia)
October 23
Aviator's Day (Brazil)
Chulalongkorn Day (Thailand)
Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle (Republic of Macedonia)
Liberation Day (Libya)
Mole Day (International observance)
National Day (Hungary)
Paris Peace Agreement Day (Cambodia)
October 24
Azad Kashmir Day (Pakistan)
Day of Special Forces of the Armed Forces (Russia)
Food Day (United States)
Independence Day (Zambia)
Suez Day (Egypt)
United Nations Day (International observance)
World Development Information Day
World Polio Day
October 25
Armed Forces Day (Romania)
Constitution Day (Lithuania)
Customs Officer's Day (Russia)
Day of the Basque Country (Basque Country)
Retrocession Day (Taiwan)
Sovereignty Day (Slovenia)
Thanksgiving Day (Grenada)
The Hallowing of Nestorius (Nestorian Christianity)
October 26
Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir)
Angam Day (Nauru)
Armed Forces Day (Benin)
Intersex Awareness Day (International observance)
National Day (Austria)
October 27
Black Cat Appreciation Day (United Kingdom)
Černová Tragedy Day (Slovakia)
Flag Day (Greece)
Independence Day (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)
Navy Day (United States) (unofficial, official date is October 13)
World Day for Audiovisual Heritage
October 28
Day of the Establishment of an Independent Czecho-Slovak State (Czech Republic and Slovakia)
International Animation Day
Ohi Day (Greece, Cyprus)
Prefectural Earthquake Disaster Prevention Day (Gifu Prefecture, Japan)
Youth Pledge Day (Indonesia)
October 29
Coronation Day (Cambodia)
Cyrus the Great Day (Iran)
National Cat Day (United States)
Republic Day (Turkey)
World Stroke Day
October 30
Anniversary of the Declaration of the Slovak Nation (Slovakia)
Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions (former Soviet republics, except Ukraine)
Indonesian Banknote Day (Indonesia)
International Orthopaedic Nurses Day
Mischief Night (United States and Canada)
Beggars Night (certain regions of the United States)
Devil's Night (Michigan, United States)
Thevar Jayanthi (Thevar community, India)
October 31
Start of Allhallowtide October 31 – November 6
The first day of the Day of the Dead, celebrated until November 2 (Mexico)
Día de la Canción Criolla (Peru)
Eve of Winter, the eve of the first day of winter in the Northern hemisphere:
Allantide (Cornwall, United Kingdom)
Halloween (English-speaking countries, also in other locations)
Hop-tu-Naa (Isle of Man, United Kingdom)
Samhain in the Northern Hemisphere, Beltane in the Southern Hemisphere; begins on sunset of October 31 (Gaels, Welsh people and Neopagan Wheel of the Year)
Girl Scouts Founders Day (United States)
King Father's Birthday (Cambodia)
National Unity Day (India)
Reformation Day (Slovenia, parts of Germany, Chile, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Evangelical Churches and Lutheran Churches)
Saci day (Brazil)
World Savings Day
Statehood Day Nevada, United States | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"named after",
"8"
] | October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ôctō meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. In Ancient Rome, one of three Mundus patet would take place on October 5, Meditrinalia October 11, Augustalia on October 12, October Horse on October 15, and Armilustrium on October 19. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was known as Winterfylleth (Ƿinterfylleþ), because at this full moon, winter was supposed to begin.October is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, and autumn in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to April in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
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] | null | null |
[
"October",
"has part(s)",
"October 12"
] | October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ôctō meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. In Ancient Rome, one of three Mundus patet would take place on October 5, Meditrinalia October 11, Augustalia on October 12, October Horse on October 15, and Armilustrium on October 19. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was known as Winterfylleth (Ƿinterfylleþ), because at this full moon, winter was supposed to begin.October is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, and autumn in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to April in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
"October 25"
] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"October",
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] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
"has part(s)",
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] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
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] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
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] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
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] | Last Sunday: October 30
European Summer Time ends
Grandparents Day (New South Wales, Australia)
Székely Autonomy Day (Romania) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"October",
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"Julian calendar"
] | October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ôctō meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans. In Ancient Rome, one of three Mundus patet would take place on October 5, Meditrinalia October 11, Augustalia on October 12, October Horse on October 15, and Armilustrium on October 19. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar. Among the Anglo-Saxons, it was known as Winterfylleth (Ƿinterfylleþ), because at this full moon, winter was supposed to begin.October is commonly associated with the season of spring in parts of the Southern Hemisphere, and autumn in parts of the Northern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to April in the Southern Hemisphere and vice versa. | part of | 15 | [
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[
"October",
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"October 29"
] | Week of Fourth Wednesday: October 23–29
Children's Week (Australia) | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 13"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 19"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 17"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 21"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 15"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 23"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 25"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
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[
"December",
"has part(s)",
"December 26"
] | December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word decem (meaning ten) because it was originally the tenth month of the year in the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC which began in March. The winter days following December were not included as part of any month. Later, the months of January and February were created out of the monthless period and added to the beginning of the calendar, but December retained its name.In Ancient Rome, as one of the four Agonalia, this day in honour of Sol Indiges was held on December 11, as was Septimontium. Dies natalis (birthday) was held at the temple of Tellus on December 13, Consualia was held on December 15, Saturnalia was held December 17–23, Opiconsivia was held on December 19, Divalia was held on December 21, Larentalia was held on December 23, and the dies natalis of Sol Invictus was held on December 25. These dates do not correspond to the modern Gregorian calendar.
The Anglo-Saxons referred to December–January as Ġēolamonaþ (modern English: "Yule month"). The French Republican Calendar contained December within the months of Frimaire and Nivôse.Boxing Day (Commonwealth of Nations)
Day of Good Will (South Africa and Namibia)
Family Day (Vanuatu)
Thanksgiving (Solomon Islands)
Start of Boxing Week | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"January",
"has part(s)",
"January 22"
] | Weedless Wednesday (Canada)Friday between January 19–25 | has part(s) | 19 | [
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[
"January",
"instance of",
"calendar month"
] | Fixed observances
December 25 – January 5: Twelve Days of Christmas (Western Christianity)
December 26 – January 1: Kwanzaa (African Americans)
December 31 – January 1, in some cases until January 2: Hogmanay (Scotland)
January 1
Feast of the Circumcision of Christ
Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus (Anglican Communion, Lutheran Church)
Feast of Fools (Medieval Europe)
Constitution Day (Italy)
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia-related observances:
Day of the Establishment of the Slovak Republic (Slovakia)
Restoration Day of the Independent Czech State (Czech Republic)
Euro Day (European Union)
Flag Day (Lithuania)
Founding Day (Taiwan)
Global Family Day
Independence Day (Brunei, Cameroon, Haiti, Sudan)
International Nepali Dhoti and Nepali Topi Day
Jump-up Day (Montserrat, British Overseas Territories)
Kalpataru Day (Ramakrishna Movement)
National Bloody Mary Day (United States)
National Tree Planting Day (Tanzania)
New Year's Day
Japanese New Year
Novy God Day (Russia)
Sjoogwachi (Okinawa Islands)
Polar Bear Swim Day (Canada and United States)
Public Domain Day (multiple countries)
Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Catholic Church)
World Day of Peace
Triumph of the Revolution (Cuba)
January 2
Ancestry Day (Haiti)
Berchtold's Day (Liechtenstein, Switzerland, and the Alsace)
Carnival Day (Saint Kitts and Nevis)
Happy Mew Year For Cats Day (Thomas Roy)
Kakizome (Japan)
National Creampuff Day (United States)
National Science Fiction Day (United States)
The second day of New Year (a holiday in Armenia, Kazakhstan, North Macedonia, Mauritius, Montenegro, New Zealand, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, and Ukraine)
Nyinlong (Bhutan)
Victory of Armed Forces Day (Cuba)
January 3
Anniversary of the 1966 Coup d’état (Burkina Faso)
Memento Mori (Thomas Roy)
Nakhatsenendyan toner (Armenia): January 3–5
Ministry of Religious Affairs Day (Indonesia)
National Chocolate Covered Cherry Day (United States)
Tamaseseri Festival (Hakozaki Shrine, Fukuoka, Japan)
January 4
Day of the Fallen against the Colonial Repression (Angola)
Day of the Martyrs (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Dimpled Chad Day (Thomas Roy)
Hwinukan mukee (Okinawa Islands, Japan)
Independence Day (Myanmar)
Ogoni Day (Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People)
World Braille Day
January 5
National Bird Day (United States)
National Whipped Cream Day (United States)
Sausage Day (United Kingdom)
Strawberry day (Japan)
Take Our Daughters and Sons to Work Day (Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane, Australia)
Tucindan (Serbia, Montenegro)
January 6
Armed Forces Day (Iraq)
Epiphany or Three Kings' Day (Western Christianity) or Theophany (Eastern Christianity), and its related observances:
Befana Day (Italy)
Christmas (Armenian Apostolic Church)
Christmas Eve (Russia)
Christmas Eve (Ukraine)
Christmas Eve (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Christmas Eve (North Macedonia)
Little Christmas (Ireland)
Þrettándinn (Iceland)
Three Wise Men Day
Pathet Lao Day (Laos)
January 7
Christmas (Eastern Orthodox Churches and Oriental Orthodox Churches using the Julian Calendar, Rastafari)
Christmas in Russia
Christmas in Ukraine
Christmas (Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Remembrance Day of the Dead (Armenia)
Distaff Day (Medieval Europe)
Nanakusa no sekku (Japan)
Pioneer's Day (Liberia)
Tricolour day (Italy)
Victory from Genocide Day (Cambodia)
January 8
Show and Tell Day at Work (Thomas Roy)
The Eighth (United States) (defunct observance)
Typing Day (international observance)
January 9
Start of Hōonkō (Nishi Honganji) January 9–16 (Jōdo Shinshū Buddhism)
Martyrs' Day (Panama)
National Cassoulet Day (United States)
Non-Resident Indian Day (India)
Republic Day (Republika Srpska) (defunct, declared unconstitutional by the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
St. Stephen's Day (Eastern Orthodox)
January 10
Fête du Vodoun (Benin)
Majority Rule Day (Bahamas)
January 11
Children's Day (Tunisia)
Eugenio María de Hostos Day (Puerto Rico)
German Apples Day (Germany)
Independence Manifesto Day (Morocco)
Kagami biraki (Japan)
National Human Trafficking Awareness Day (United States)
Republic Day (Albania)
January 12
Memorial Day (Turkmenistan)
Prosecutor General's Day (Russia)
National Youth Day (India)
Zanzibar Revolution Day (Tanzania)
January 13
Constitution Day (Mongolia)
Democracy Day (Cape Verde)
Liberation Day (Togo)
Old New Year's Eve (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Serbia, Montenegro, Republic of Srpska, North Macedonia), and its related observances:
Malanka (Ukraine, Russia, Belarus)
St. Knut's Day (Sweden and Finland)
Stephen Foster Memorial Day (United States)
January 14
Azhyrnykhua (Abkhazia)
Day of Defenders of the Motherland (Uzbekistan)
Feast of Divina Pastora (Barquisimeto)
Feast of the Ass (Medieval Christianity)
Flag Day (Georgia)
National Forest Conservation Day (Thailand)
Ratification Day (United States)
Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)
Yennayer (Berbers)
January 15
Arbor Day (Egypt)
Armed Forces Day (Nigeria)
Indian Army Day (India)
John Chilembwe Day (Malawi)
Korean Alphabet Day (North Korea)
Sagichō at Tsurugaoka Hachimangū (Kamakura, Japan)
Teacher's Day (Venezuela)
Wikipedia Day (international observance)
January 16
National Nothing Day (Thomas Roy)
National Religious Freedom Day (United States)
Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (Coptic Church)
Teacher's Day (Myanmar)
Teachers' Day (Thailand)
Zuuruku Nichi (Okinawa Islands, Japan)
Thiruvalluvar Day (Tamil Nadu, India)
January 17
Hardware Freedom Day (international observance)
Judgement Day
National Day (Menorca)
The opening ceremony of Patras Carnival, celebrated until Clean Monday (Patras)
January 18
Revolution and Youth Day (Tunisia)
Royal Thai Armed Forces Day (Thailand)
Week of Prayer for Christian Unity (January 18–25) (Christianity)
January 19
Confederate Heroes Day (Texas), and its related observance:
Robert E. Lee Day (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia and Mississippi)
Lee–Jackson–King Day (Virginia, United States, defunct)
Husband's Day (Iceland)
Kokborok Day (Tripura, India)
National Popcorn Day (United States)
Theophany / Epiphany (Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy), and its related observances:
Timkat, (on 20th during Leap Year) (Ethiopian Orthodox)
Vodici or Baptism of Jesus (North Macedonia)
January 20
Armed Forces Day (Mali)
Cheese Day (United States)
Heroes' Day (Cape Verde)
Inauguration Day, held every four years in odd-numbered years, except when January 20 falls on a Sunday (United States)
Martyrs' Day (Azerbaijan)
January 21
Babinden (Bulgaria, Serbia)
Birthday of Princess Ingrid Alexandra (Norway)
Errol Barrow Day (Barbados)
Flag Day (Quebec)
Grandmother's Day (Poland)
Lady of Altagracia Day (Dominican Republic)
Lincoln Alexander Day (Canada)
National Hug Day (United States)
January 22
Answer Your Cat's Question Day
Day of Unity of Ukraine (Ukraine)
Grandfather's Day (Poland)
National Hot Sauce Day (United States)
January 23
Bounty Day (Pitcairn Island)
Espousals of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic Church)
National Pie Day (United States)
Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose's Jayanti (Orissa, Tripura, and West Bengal, India)
Snow Plow Mailbox Hockey Day
World Freedom Day (Taiwan and South Korea)
January 24
Feast of Our Lady of Peace (Roman Catholic Church), and its related observances:
Feria de Alasitas (La Paz)
Moebius Syndrome Awareness Day (international observance)
National Peanut Butter Day (United States)
Unification Day (Romania)
January 25
2011 Revolution Day (Egypt)
A Room of One's Own Day
Burns night (Scotland, Scottish community)
Dydd Santes Dwynwen (Wales)
Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul (Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran churches, which concludes the Week of Prayer for Christian Unity)
National Police Day (Egypt)
National Voters' Day (India)
Tatiana Day (Russia, Eastern Orthodox)
January 26
Australia Day (Australia)
Duarte Day (Dominican Republic)
Engineer's Day (Panama)
International Customs Day
Liberation Day (Uganda)
Republic Day (India)
January 27
Day of the lifting of the siege of Leningrad (Russia)
Liberation of the remaining inmates of Auschwitz-related observances:
Holocaust Memorial Day (UK)
Holocaust Remembrance Day (Sweden)
International Holocaust Remembrance Day
Memorial Day (Italy)
Memorial Day for the Victims of the Holocaust and Prevention of Crimes against Humanity (Czech Republic)
Memorial Day for the Victims of National Socialism (Germany)
National Holocaust Memorial Day (Greece)
Family Literacy Day (Canada)
Feast of Saint Slava (Serbia)
National Chocolate Cake Day (United States)
Saint Devota's Day (Monaco)
January 28
Army Day (Armenia)
Data Privacy Day (international observance)
January 29
Kansas Day (Kansas, United States)
January 30
Day of Azerbaijani customs (Azerbaijan)
Day of Saudade (Brazil)
Fred Korematsu Day (California, United States)
Martyrdom of Mahatma Gandhi-related observances:
Martyrs' Day (India)
School Day of Non-violence and Peace (Spain)
Start of the Season for Nonviolence January 30 – April 4
National Inane Answering Message Day (United States)
Teacher's Day (Greece)
January 31
Amartithi (Meherabad, India, followers of Meher Baba)
Independence Day (Nauru)
Me-Dam-Me-Phi (Ahom people)
Street Children's Day (Austria) | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Undecimber",
"named after",
"11"
] | Etymology
The word undecimber is based on the Latin word undecim meaning "eleven". It is formed in analogy with December, which, though the twelfth month in the Gregorian calendar, derives from decem meaning "ten". The word undecember (abbreviated Vnde) is recorded from a Roman inscription according to the Oxford Latin Dictionary, which defines it as "a humorous name given to the month following December".Some recent authors report the names "Undecember" and "Duodecember" for the two intercalary months inserted between November and December upon the adoption of the Julian calendar in 44 BC, including the World Calendar Association and Isaac Asimov. This claim has no contemporary evidence; Cicero refers to the months as intercalaris prior and intercalaris posterior in his letters.Historian Cassius Dio tells that Licinus, procurator of Gaul, added two months to the year 15 BC, because taxes were paid by the month. Though not named by Dio, who wrote in Greek, August Immanuel Bekker suggested these might have been called "Undecember" and "Duodecember". | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
"named for",
"honored after",
"called for"
] | null | null |
[
"Undecimber",
"instance of",
"calendar month"
] | Undecimber or Undecember is a name for a thirteenth month in a calendar that normally has twelve months. Duodecimber or Duodecember is similarly a fourteenth month. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Wednesday",
"followed by",
"Thursday"
] | Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the third day of the week. In countries which have Friday as their holiday, Wednesday is the fifth day of the week. In countries which use the Sunday-first convention, and in both the Islamic and Jewish calendars, Wednesday is the fourth day of the week.
In English, the name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, 'day of Woden', reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, the English equivalent to the Norse god Odin. In many Romance languages, such as the French mercredi, Spanish miércoles or Italian mercoledì, the day's name is a calque of Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury'.
Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday. | followed by | 17 | [
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] | null | null |
[
"Wednesday",
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"day"
] | Religious observances
The Creation narrative in the Hebrew Bible places the creation of the Sun and Moon on "the fourth day" of the divine workweek.
Quakers traditionally referred to Wednesday as "Fourth Day" to avoid the pagan associations with the name "Wednesday", or in keeping with the practice of treating each day as equally divine.
The Eastern Orthodox Church observes Wednesday (as well as Friday) as a fast day throughout the year (with the exception of several fast-free periods during the year). Fasting on Wednesday and Fridays entails abstinence from meat or meat products (i.e., four-footed animals), poultry and dairy products. Unless a feast day occurs on a Wednesday, the Orthodox also abstain from fish, from using oil in their cooking and from alcoholic beverages (there is some debate over whether abstention from oil involves all cooking oil or only olive oil). For the Orthodox, Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year commemorate the betrayal of Jesus (Wednesday) and the Crucifixion of Christ (Friday). There are hymns in the Octoekhos which reflect this liturgically. These include special Theotokia (hymns to the Mother of God) called Stavrotheotokia ('Cross-Theotokia'). The dismissal at the end of services on Wednesday begins with these words: "May Christ our true God, through the power of the precious and life-giving cross...."
In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, the name for Wednesday also refers to fasting, as it is Dé Céadaoin in Irish Gaelic and Di-Ciadain in Scottish Gaelic, which comes from chéad, meaning 'first', and aoine, meaning 'fasting', which combined means 'first day of fasting'.In American culture many Catholic and Protestant churches schedule study or prayer meetings on Wednesday nights. The sports calendar in many American public schools reflects this, reserving Mondays and Thursdays for girls' games and Tuesdays and Fridays for boys' games while generally avoiding events on Wednesday evening.
In the Catholic devotion of the Holy Rosary, the glorious mysteries are meditated on Wednesday and also Sunday throughout the year.
Wednesday is the day of the week devoted by the Catholic tradition to Saint Joseph.
In Hinduism, Budha is the god of Mercury (planet), Wednesday, and of merchants and merchandise. Krishna, Vithoba, and Ganesha are also worshipped on Wednesday. | subclass of | 109 | [
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[
"Wednesday",
"named after",
"Wōden"
] | Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the third day of the week. In countries which have Friday as their holiday, Wednesday is the fifth day of the week. In countries which use the Sunday-first convention, and in both the Islamic and Jewish calendars, Wednesday is the fourth day of the week.
In English, the name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, 'day of Woden', reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, the English equivalent to the Norse god Odin. In many Romance languages, such as the French mercredi, Spanish miércoles or Italian mercoledì, the day's name is a calque of Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury'.
Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday.Etymology
See Names of the days of the week for more on naming conventions.The name Wednesday continues Middle English Wednesdei. Old English still had wōdnesdæg, which would be continued as *Wodnesday (but Old Frisian has an attested wednesdei). By the early 13th century, the i-mutated form was introduced unetymologically.The name is a calque of the Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury', reflecting the fact that the Germanic god Woden (Wodanaz or Odin) during the Roman era was interpreted as "Germanic Mercury".
The Latin name dates to the late 2nd or early 3rd century. It is a calque of Greek ἡμέρα Ἕρμου (heméra Hérmou), a term first attested, together with the system of naming the seven weekdays after the seven classical planets, in the Anthologiarum by Vettius Valens (c. AD 170).
The Latin name is reflected directly in the weekday name in most modern Romance languages: mércuris (Sardinian), mercredi (French), mercoledì (Italian), miércoles (Spanish), miercuri (Romanian), dimecres (Catalan), marcuri or mercuri (Corsican), mèrcore (Venetian). In Welsh it is Dydd Mercher, meaning 'Mercury's Day'.
The Dutch name for the day, woensdag, has the same etymology as English Wednesday; it comes from Middle Dutch wodenesdag, woedensdag ('Wodan's day').
The German name for the day, Mittwoch (literally: 'mid-week'), replaced the former name Wodenstag ('Wodan's day') in the 10th century. (Similarly, the Yiddish word for Wednesday is מיטוואך (mitvokh), meaning and sounding a lot like the German word it came from.)
Most Slavic languages follow this pattern and use derivations of 'the middle' (Belarusian серада serada, Bulgarian сряда sryada, Croatian srijeda, Czech středa, Macedonian среда sreda, Polish środa, Russian среда sredá, Serbian среда sreda or cриједа srijeda, Slovak streda, Slovene sreda, Ukrainian середа sereda).
The Finnish name is keskiviikko ('middle of the week'), as is the Icelandic name: miðvikudagur, and the Faroese name: mikudagur ('mid-week day'). Some dialects of Faroese have ónsdagur, though, which shares etymology with Wednesday. Danish, Norwegian, Swedish onsdag, (Ons-dag meaning Odens dag 'Odin's day').
In Japanese, the word for Wednesday is 水曜日 (sui youbi) meaning 'water day' and is associated with 水星 (suisei): Mercury (the planet), literally meaning 'water star'. Similarly, in Korean the word for Wednesday is 수요일; su yo il, also meaning 'water day'.
In most of the languages of India, the word for Wednesday is Budhavāra — vāra meaning 'day' and Budha being the planet Mercury.
In Armenian (Չորեքշաբթի chorekshabti), Georgian (ოთხშაბათი otkhshabati), Turkish (çarşamba), and Tajik (chorshanbiyev) languages the word literally means 'four (days) from Saturday' originating from Persian (چهارشنبه cheharshanbeh).
Portuguese uses the word quarta-feira, meaning 'fourth day', while in Greek the word is Tetarti (Τετάρτη) meaning simply 'fourth'. Similarly, Arabic أربعاء means 'fourth', Hebrew רביעי means 'fourth', and Persian چهارشنبه means 'fourth day'. Yet the name for the day in Estonian kolmapäev, Lithuanian trečiadienis, and Latvian trešdiena means 'third day' while in Mandarin Chinese 星期三 (xīngqīsān), means 'day three', as Sunday is unnumbered.Astrology
The astrological sign of the planet Mercury, ☿, represents Wednesday—dies Mercurii to the Romans, it had similar names in Latin-derived languages, such as the Italian mercoledì (dì means 'day'), the French mercredi, and the Spanish miércoles. In English, this became "Woden's Day", since the Roman god Mercury was identified by Woden in Northern Europe and it is especially aligned by the astrological signs of Gemini and Virgo. | named after | 11 | [
"called after",
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[
"Wednesday",
"named after",
"Mercury"
] | Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the third day of the week. In countries which have Friday as their holiday, Wednesday is the fifth day of the week. In countries which use the Sunday-first convention, and in both the Islamic and Jewish calendars, Wednesday is the fourth day of the week.
In English, the name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, 'day of Woden', reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, the English equivalent to the Norse god Odin. In many Romance languages, such as the French mercredi, Spanish miércoles or Italian mercoledì, the day's name is a calque of Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury'.
Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday.Etymology
See Names of the days of the week for more on naming conventions.The name Wednesday continues Middle English Wednesdei. Old English still had wōdnesdæg, which would be continued as *Wodnesday (but Old Frisian has an attested wednesdei). By the early 13th century, the i-mutated form was introduced unetymologically.The name is a calque of the Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury', reflecting the fact that the Germanic god Woden (Wodanaz or Odin) during the Roman era was interpreted as "Germanic Mercury".
The Latin name dates to the late 2nd or early 3rd century. It is a calque of Greek ἡμέρα Ἕρμου (heméra Hérmou), a term first attested, together with the system of naming the seven weekdays after the seven classical planets, in the Anthologiarum by Vettius Valens (c. AD 170).
The Latin name is reflected directly in the weekday name in most modern Romance languages: mércuris (Sardinian), mercredi (French), mercoledì (Italian), miércoles (Spanish), miercuri (Romanian), dimecres (Catalan), marcuri or mercuri (Corsican), mèrcore (Venetian). In Welsh it is Dydd Mercher, meaning 'Mercury's Day'.
The Dutch name for the day, woensdag, has the same etymology as English Wednesday; it comes from Middle Dutch wodenesdag, woedensdag ('Wodan's day').
The German name for the day, Mittwoch (literally: 'mid-week'), replaced the former name Wodenstag ('Wodan's day') in the 10th century. (Similarly, the Yiddish word for Wednesday is מיטוואך (mitvokh), meaning and sounding a lot like the German word it came from.)
Most Slavic languages follow this pattern and use derivations of 'the middle' (Belarusian серада serada, Bulgarian сряда sryada, Croatian srijeda, Czech středa, Macedonian среда sreda, Polish środa, Russian среда sredá, Serbian среда sreda or cриједа srijeda, Slovak streda, Slovene sreda, Ukrainian середа sereda).
The Finnish name is keskiviikko ('middle of the week'), as is the Icelandic name: miðvikudagur, and the Faroese name: mikudagur ('mid-week day'). Some dialects of Faroese have ónsdagur, though, which shares etymology with Wednesday. Danish, Norwegian, Swedish onsdag, (Ons-dag meaning Odens dag 'Odin's day').
In Japanese, the word for Wednesday is 水曜日 (sui youbi) meaning 'water day' and is associated with 水星 (suisei): Mercury (the planet), literally meaning 'water star'. Similarly, in Korean the word for Wednesday is 수요일; su yo il, also meaning 'water day'.
In most of the languages of India, the word for Wednesday is Budhavāra — vāra meaning 'day' and Budha being the planet Mercury.
In Armenian (Չորեքշաբթի chorekshabti), Georgian (ოთხშაბათი otkhshabati), Turkish (çarşamba), and Tajik (chorshanbiyev) languages the word literally means 'four (days) from Saturday' originating from Persian (چهارشنبه cheharshanbeh).
Portuguese uses the word quarta-feira, meaning 'fourth day', while in Greek the word is Tetarti (Τετάρτη) meaning simply 'fourth'. Similarly, Arabic أربعاء means 'fourth', Hebrew רביעי means 'fourth', and Persian چهارشنبه means 'fourth day'. Yet the name for the day in Estonian kolmapäev, Lithuanian trečiadienis, and Latvian trešdiena means 'third day' while in Mandarin Chinese 星期三 (xīngqīsān), means 'day three', as Sunday is unnumbered.Astrology
The astrological sign of the planet Mercury, ☿, represents Wednesday—dies Mercurii to the Romans, it had similar names in Latin-derived languages, such as the Italian mercoledì (dì means 'day'), the French mercredi, and the Spanish miércoles. In English, this became "Woden's Day", since the Roman god Mercury was identified by Woden in Northern Europe and it is especially aligned by the astrological signs of Gemini and Virgo. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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The Creation narrative in the Hebrew Bible places the creation of the Sun and Moon on "the fourth day" of the divine workweek.
Quakers traditionally referred to Wednesday as "Fourth Day" to avoid the pagan associations with the name "Wednesday", or in keeping with the practice of treating each day as equally divine.
The Eastern Orthodox Church observes Wednesday (as well as Friday) as a fast day throughout the year (with the exception of several fast-free periods during the year). Fasting on Wednesday and Fridays entails abstinence from meat or meat products (i.e., four-footed animals), poultry and dairy products. Unless a feast day occurs on a Wednesday, the Orthodox also abstain from fish, from using oil in their cooking and from alcoholic beverages (there is some debate over whether abstention from oil involves all cooking oil or only olive oil). For the Orthodox, Wednesdays and Fridays throughout the year commemorate the betrayal of Jesus (Wednesday) and the Crucifixion of Christ (Friday). There are hymns in the Octoekhos which reflect this liturgically. These include special Theotokia (hymns to the Mother of God) called Stavrotheotokia ('Cross-Theotokia'). The dismissal at the end of services on Wednesday begins with these words: "May Christ our true God, through the power of the precious and life-giving cross...."
In Irish and Scottish Gaelic, the name for Wednesday also refers to fasting, as it is Dé Céadaoin in Irish Gaelic and Di-Ciadain in Scottish Gaelic, which comes from chéad, meaning 'first', and aoine, meaning 'fasting', which combined means 'first day of fasting'.In American culture many Catholic and Protestant churches schedule study or prayer meetings on Wednesday nights. The sports calendar in many American public schools reflects this, reserving Mondays and Thursdays for girls' games and Tuesdays and Fridays for boys' games while generally avoiding events on Wednesday evening.
In the Catholic devotion of the Holy Rosary, the glorious mysteries are meditated on Wednesday and also Sunday throughout the year.
Wednesday is the day of the week devoted by the Catholic tradition to Saint Joseph.
In Hinduism, Budha is the god of Mercury (planet), Wednesday, and of merchants and merchandise. Krishna, Vithoba, and Ganesha are also worshipped on Wednesday. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Wednesday",
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In English, the name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, 'day of Woden', reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, the English equivalent to the Norse god Odin. In many Romance languages, such as the French mercredi, Spanish miércoles or Italian mercoledì, the day's name is a calque of Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury'.
Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday.Astrology
The astrological sign of the planet Mercury, ☿, represents Wednesday—dies Mercurii to the Romans, it had similar names in Latin-derived languages, such as the Italian mercoledì (dì means 'day'), the French mercredi, and the Spanish miércoles. In English, this became "Woden's Day", since the Roman god Mercury was identified by Woden in Northern Europe and it is especially aligned by the astrological signs of Gemini and Virgo. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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] | Wednesday is the day of the week between Tuesday and Thursday. According to international standard ISO 8601, it is the third day of the week. In countries which have Friday as their holiday, Wednesday is the fifth day of the week. In countries which use the Sunday-first convention, and in both the Islamic and Jewish calendars, Wednesday is the fourth day of the week.
In English, the name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, 'day of Woden', reflecting the religion practiced by the Anglo-Saxons, the English equivalent to the Norse god Odin. In many Romance languages, such as the French mercredi, Spanish miércoles or Italian mercoledì, the day's name is a calque of Latin dies Mercurii 'day of Mercury'.
Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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In Slavic languages and in Chinese, this day's name is "fourth" (Slovak štvrtok, Czech čtvrtek, Slovene četrtek, Polish czwartek, Russian четверг chetverg, Bulgarian четвъртък, Serbo-Croatian четвртак / četvrtak, Macedonian четврток, Ukrainian четвер chetver). Hungarian uses a Slavic loanword "csütörtök". In Chinese, it is 星期四 xīngqīsì ("fourth solar day"). In Estonian it's neljapäev, meaning "fourth day" or "fourth day in a week". The Baltic languages also use the term "fourth day" (Latvian ceturtdiena, Lithuanian ketvirtadienis). | named after | 11 | [
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The name is derived from Old English þunresdæg and Middle English Thuresday (with loss of -n-, first in northern dialects, from influence of Old Norse Þórsdagr) meaning "Thor's Day". It was named after the Norse god of Thunder, Thor. Thunor, Donar (German, Donnerstag) and Thor are derived from the name of the Germanic god of thunder, Thunraz, equivalent to Jupiter in the interpretatio romana.
In most Romance languages, the day is named after the Roman god Jupiter, who was the god of sky and thunder. In Latin, the day was known as Iovis Dies, "Jupiter's Day". In Latin, the genitive or possessive case of Jupiter was Iovis/Jovis and thus in most Romance languages it became the word for Thursday: Italian giovedì, Spanish jueves, French jeudi, Sardinian jòvia, Catalan dijous, Galician xoves and Romanian joi. This is also reflected in the p-Celtic Welsh dydd Iau.
The astrological and astronomical sign of the planet Jupiter (♃ ) is sometimes used to represent Thursday.
Since the Roman god Jupiter was identified with Thunor (Norse Thor in northern Europe), most Germanic languages name the day after this god: Torsdag in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, Hósdagur/Tórsdagur in Faroese, Donnerstag in German or Donderdag in Dutch. Finnish and Northern Sami, both non-Germanic (Uralic) languages, uses the borrowing "Torstai" and "Duorastat". In the extinct Polabian Slavic language, it was perundan, Perun being the Slavic equivalent of Thor. | named after | 11 | [
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The name is derived from Old English þunresdæg and Middle English Thuresday (with loss of -n-, first in northern dialects, from influence of Old Norse Þórsdagr) meaning "Thor's Day". It was named after the Norse god of Thunder, Thor. Thunor, Donar (German, Donnerstag) and Thor are derived from the name of the Germanic god of thunder, Thunraz, equivalent to Jupiter in the interpretatio romana.
In most Romance languages, the day is named after the Roman god Jupiter, who was the god of sky and thunder. In Latin, the day was known as Iovis Dies, "Jupiter's Day". In Latin, the genitive or possessive case of Jupiter was Iovis/Jovis and thus in most Romance languages it became the word for Thursday: Italian giovedì, Spanish jueves, French jeudi, Sardinian jòvia, Catalan dijous, Galician xoves and Romanian joi. This is also reflected in the p-Celtic Welsh dydd Iau.
The astrological and astronomical sign of the planet Jupiter (♃ ) is sometimes used to represent Thursday.
Since the Roman god Jupiter was identified with Thunor (Norse Thor in northern Europe), most Germanic languages name the day after this god: Torsdag in Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, Hósdagur/Tórsdagur in Faroese, Donnerstag in German or Donderdag in Dutch. Finnish and Northern Sami, both non-Germanic (Uralic) languages, uses the borrowing "Torstai" and "Duorastat". In the extinct Polabian Slavic language, it was perundan, Perun being the Slavic equivalent of Thor. | named after | 11 | [
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[
"Thursday",
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] | Thursday is the day of the week between Wednesday and Friday. According to the ISO 8601 international standard, it is the fourth day of the week. In countries which adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the fifth day of the week.Name
See Names of the days of the week for more on naming conventions.Vishnu's/Buddha's/Dattatrey's Day
There are a number of modern names imitating the naming of Thursday after an equivalent of "Jupiter" in local tradition.
In most of the languages of India, the word for Thursday is Guruvāra – vāra meaning day and Guru being the style for Bṛhaspati, guru to the gods and regent of the planet Jupiter. This day marks the worship of Lord Vishnu/Lord Buddha and Lord Dattatreya in Hinduism. In Sanskrit language, the day is called Bṛhaspativāsaram (day of Bṛhaspati). In Nepali language, the day is called Bihivāra as derived from the Sanskrit word same like in Hindi vara means day and Bihivāra meaning Bṛhaspati. In Thai, the word is Wan Pharuehatsabodi, also in Old Javanese as Respati or in Balinese as Wraspati – referring to the Hindu deity Bṛhaspati, also associated with Jupiter.
En was an old Illyrian deity and in his honor in the Albanian language Thursday is called "Enjte".
In the Nahuatl language, Thursday is Tezcatlipotōnal (Nahuatl pronunciation: [teskat͡ɬipoˈtoːnaɬ]) meaning "day of Tezcatlipoca".
In Japanese, the day is 木曜日 (木 represents Jupiter, 木星), following East Asian tradition.Fourth day
In Slavic languages and in Chinese, this day's name is "fourth" (Slovak štvrtok, Czech čtvrtek, Slovene četrtek, Polish czwartek, Russian четверг chetverg, Bulgarian четвъртък, Serbo-Croatian четвртак / četvrtak, Macedonian четврток, Ukrainian четвер chetver). Hungarian uses a Slavic loanword "csütörtök". In Chinese, it is 星期四 xīngqīsì ("fourth solar day"). In Estonian it's neljapäev, meaning "fourth day" or "fourth day in a week". The Baltic languages also use the term "fourth day" (Latvian ceturtdiena, Lithuanian ketvirtadienis).Cultural and religious practices
Christian holidays
In the Christian tradition, Maundy Thursday or Holy Thursday is the Thursday before Easter — the day on which the Last Supper occurred. Also known as Sheer Thursday in the United Kingdom, it is traditionally a day of cleaning and giving out Maundy money there. Holy Thursday is part of Holy Week.
In the Eastern Orthodox Church. Thursdays are dedicated to the Apostles and Saint Nicholas. The Octoechos contains hymns on these themes, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Thursdays throughout the year. At the end of Divine Services on Thursday, the dismissal begins with the words: "May Christ our True God, through the intercessions of his most-pure Mother, of the holy, glorious and all-laudable Apostles, of our Father among the saints Nicholas, Archbishop of Myra in Lycia, the Wonder-worker…"
Ascension Thursday is 40 days after Easter, when Christ ascended into Heaven.Hinduism
In Hinduism, Thursday is associated with the Navagraha Brihaspati, whom devotees of this graha will fast pray and fast on Thursdays. The day is dedicated to the deity Vishnu or his avatars, such as Rama, Parshurama, Narasimha, and Buddha. However, Wednesday is dedicated to his avatars of Krishna and Vithoba. Devotees usually fast on this day in honor of Vishnu and his avatars, especially Vaishnava Hindus.Islam
In Islam, Thursdays are one of the days in a week in which Muslims are encouraged to do voluntary fasting, the other being Mondays.Judaism
In Judaism, Thursdays are considered auspicious days for fasting. The Didache warned early Christians not to fast on Thursdays to avoid Judaizing, and suggested Fridays instead.
In Judaism the Torah is read in public on Thursday mornings, and special penitential prayers are said on Thursday, unless there is a special occasion for happiness which cancels them.Druze faith
Formal Druze worship is confined to weekly meeting on Thursday evenings, during which all members of community gather together to discuss local issues before those not initiated into the secrets of the faith (the juhhāl, or the ignorant) are dismissed, and those who are "uqqāl" or "enlightened" (those few initiated in the Druze holy books) remain to read and study their holy scriptures.Music
Thursday Afternoon is a 1985 album by the British ambient musician Brian Eno consisting of one 60-minute-long composition. It is the rearranged soundtrack to a video production of the same title made in 1984.
Donnerstag aus Licht (Thursday from Light) is an opera by Karlheinz Stockhausen.
Thursday is a post-hardcore band from New Brunswick, New Jersey, formed in 1997.
"Thursday's Child" is a David Bowie song from the album hours...(1999).
"Thursday's Child" is a song by The Chameleons on Script of the Bridge (1983).
"Outlook for Thursday" was a hit in New Zealand for Dave Dobbyn.
Thursday (mixtape)" is the name of a mixtape by R&B artist The Weeknd released in 2011. | instance of | 5 | [
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In Islam, Friday (from sun-down Thursday to sun-down Friday, simpler than midnight to midnight in a pre-clock age) is the day of communion, of praying together, often mistaken as the holy day of Muslims corresponding to Sunday in Christianity and Sabbath (Friday evening to Saturday evening) in Judaism and Sabbatarian Christianity; yet the seventh day is the holy day of contemplation and rest also for Muslims, as it is called – Al-sabt – السبت in Arabic - the Sabbath. Friday observance includes attendance at a mosque for congregation prayer or Salat AlJumu'ah. It is considered a day of peace and mercy (see Jumu'ah) as well as a day of rest. | subclass of | 109 | [
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The name Friday comes from the Old English frīġedæġ, meaning the "day of Frig", a result of an old convention associating the Nordic goddess Frigg with the Roman goddess Venus, with whom the day is associated in many different cultures. The same holds for Frīatag in Old High German, Freitag in Modern German, and vrijdag in Dutch.
The expected cognate name in Old Norse would be friggjar-dagr. The name of Friday in Old Norse is frjá-dagr instead, indicating a loan of the week-day names from Low German; however, the modern Faroese name is fríggjadagur. The modern Scandinavian form is fredag in Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish, meaning Freyja's day. The distinction between Freyja and Frigg in some Germanic mythologies is contested.
The word for Friday in most Romance languages is derived from Latin dies Veneris or "day of Venus" (a translation of Greek Aphrodī́tēs hēméra, Ἀφροδίτης Ἡμέρα), such as vendredi in French, venres in Galician, divendres in Catalan, vennari in Corsican, venerdì in Italian, vineri in Romanian, and viernes in Spanish and influencing the Filipino biyernes or byernes, and the Chamorro betnes. This is also reflected in the p-Celtic Welsh language as Gwener.
An exception is Portuguese, also a Romance language, which uses the word sexta-feira, meaning "sixth day of liturgical celebration", derived from the Latin feria sexta used in religious texts where consecrating days to pagan gods was not allowed. Another exception among the Romance languages is also Sardinian, in which the word chenàpura is derived from Latin cena pura. This name had been given by the Jewish community exiled to the island in order to designate the food specifically prepared for Shabbat eve.In Arabic, Friday is الجمعة al-jumʿah, from a root meaning "congregation/gathering." In languages of Islamic countries outside the Arab world, the word for Friday is commonly a derivation of this: (Malay Jumaat (Malaysia) or Jumat (Indonesian), Turkish cuma, Persian/Urdu جمعه, jumʿa).
In modern Greek, four of the words for the week-days are derived from ordinals. However, the Greek word for Friday is Paraskevi (Παρασκευή) and is derived from a word meaning "to prepare" (παρασκευάζω). Like Saturday (Savvato, Σάββατο) and Sunday (Kyriaki, Κυριακή), Friday is named for its liturgical significance as the day of preparation before Sabbath, which was inherited by Greek Christian Orthodox culture from Jewish practices.
Friday was formerly a Christian fast day; this is the origin of the Irish Dé hAoine, Scottish Gaelic Di-Haoine, Manx Jeheiney and Icelandic föstudagur, all meaning "fast day".
In both biblical and modern Hebrew, Friday is יום שישי Yom Shishi meaning "the sixth day."
In most Indian languages, Friday is Shukravāra, named for Shukra, the planet Venus. In Bengali শুক্রবার or Shukrobar is the 6th day in the Bengali week of Bengali Calendar and is the beginning of the weekend in Bangladesh. In Tamil, the word for Friday is velli, also a name for Venus; and in Malayalam it is velliyalca.
In Japanese, 金曜日 (きんようび, kinyōbi) is formed from the words 金星 (きんせい, kinsei) meaning Venus (lit. gold + planet) and 曜日 (ようび, yōbi) meaning day (of the week).
In the Korean language, it is 금요일 in Korean Hangul writing (Romanization: geumyoil), and is the pronounced form of the written word 金曜日 in Chinese characters, as in Japanese.
In the Nahuatl language, Friday is quetzalcōātōnal ([ket͡saɬkoːaːˈtoːnaɬ]) meaning "day of Quetzalcoatl".
Most Slavic languages call Friday the "fifth (day)": Belarusian пятніца – pyatnitsa, Bulgarian петък – petŭk, Czech pátek, Polish piątek, Russian пятница – pyatnitsa, Serbo-Croatian петак – petak, Slovak piatok, Slovene petek, and Ukrainian п'ятниця – p'yatnitsya. The Hungarian word péntek is a loan from Pannonian dialect of Slavic language. The n in péntek suggests an early adoption from Slavic, when many Slavic dialects still had nasal vowels. In modern Slavic languages only Polish retained nasal vowels. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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The international standard ISO 8601 sets Saturday as the sixth day of the week. The three Abrahamic religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) regard Saturday as the seventh day of the week. As a result, many refused the ISO 8601 standards and continue to use Saturday as their seventh day.Saturday Sabbath
For Jews, Messianics, Seventh Day Baptists and Seventh-day Adventists, the seventh day of the week, known as Shabbat (or Sabbath for Seventh-day Adventists), stretches from sundown Friday to nightfall Saturday and is the day of rest. Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches distinguish between Saturday (Sabbath) and the Lord's Day (Sunday). Other Protestant groups, such as Seventh-day Adventists, hold that the Lord's Day is the Sabbath, according to the fourth commandment (Exodus 20:8), and not Sunday. | instance of | 5 | [
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The name "Sunday", the day of the Sun, is derived from Hellenistic astrology, where the seven planets, known in English as Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon, each had an hour of the day assigned to them, and the planet which was regent during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. During the 1st and 2nd century, the week of seven days was introduced into Rome from Egypt, and the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.
Germanic peoples seem to have adopted the week as a division of time from the Romans, but they changed the Roman names into those of corresponding Teutonic deities. Hence, the dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag).
The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai, which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag, Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the ancient Greek Ἥλίου ημέρα" (Hēlíou hēméra).In most Indian languages, the word for Sunday is derived from Sanskrit Ravivāra or Adityavāra — vāra meaning day and Aditya and Ravi both being names for Surya, the Sun and the solar deity. Ravivāra is the first day cited in Jyotisha, which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day. In the Thai solar calendar, the name ("Waan Arthit") is derived from Aditya, and the associated colour is red.
In Russian, the word for Sunday is Воскресенье (Voskreseniye) meaning “resurrection” (that is, the day of a week which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ). In Old Russian, Sunday was also called неделя (nedelya), “free day”, or “day with no work”, but in the contemporary language this word means “week”.
The Modern Greek word for Sunday, Κυριακή, is derived from Κύριος (Kyrios, Lord) also, due to its liturgical significance as the day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, i.e. The Lord's Day.
The name is similar in the Romance Languages. In Italian, Sunday is called domenica, which also means “Lord's Day” (from Latin Dies Dominica). One finds similar cognates in French, where the name is dimanche, as well as Romanian duminică, and in Spanish and Portuguese, domingo.
In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, Sunday is called 星期日 (Xīng qī rì), 일요일 (Il-yo-Il), and 日曜日 (Nichiyōbi) respectively, which all mean “sun day of the week”.
The Arabic word for Sunday is الأحد (Al-Ahad), meaning “the first”. It is usually combined with the word يوم (Yawm) meaning “day”. | named after | 11 | [
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[
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The name "Sunday", the day of the Sun, is derived from Hellenistic astrology, where the seven planets, known in English as Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon, each had an hour of the day assigned to them, and the planet which was regent during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. During the 1st and 2nd century, the week of seven days was introduced into Rome from Egypt, and the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.
Germanic peoples seem to have adopted the week as a division of time from the Romans, but they changed the Roman names into those of corresponding Teutonic deities. Hence, the dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag).
The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai, which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag, Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the ancient Greek Ἥλίου ημέρα" (Hēlíou hēméra).In most Indian languages, the word for Sunday is derived from Sanskrit Ravivāra or Adityavāra — vāra meaning day and Aditya and Ravi both being names for Surya, the Sun and the solar deity. Ravivāra is the first day cited in Jyotisha, which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day. In the Thai solar calendar, the name ("Waan Arthit") is derived from Aditya, and the associated colour is red.
In Russian, the word for Sunday is Воскресенье (Voskreseniye) meaning “resurrection” (that is, the day of a week which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ). In Old Russian, Sunday was also called неделя (nedelya), “free day”, or “day with no work”, but in the contemporary language this word means “week”.
The Modern Greek word for Sunday, Κυριακή, is derived from Κύριος (Kyrios, Lord) also, due to its liturgical significance as the day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, i.e. The Lord's Day.
The name is similar in the Romance Languages. In Italian, Sunday is called domenica, which also means “Lord's Day” (from Latin Dies Dominica). One finds similar cognates in French, where the name is dimanche, as well as Romanian duminică, and in Spanish and Portuguese, domingo.
In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, Sunday is called 星期日 (Xīng qī rì), 일요일 (Il-yo-Il), and 日曜日 (Nichiyōbi) respectively, which all mean “sun day of the week”.
The Arabic word for Sunday is الأحد (Al-Ahad), meaning “the first”. It is usually combined with the word يوم (Yawm) meaning “day”.Sunday in Christianity
Pagan correspondence
In Roman culture, Sunday was the day of the Sun god. In pagan theology, the Sun was the source of life, giving warmth and illumination to mankind. It was the center of a popular cult among Romans, who would stand at dawn to catch the first rays of sunshine as they prayed.The opportunity to spot in the nature-worship of their heathen neighbors a symbolism valid to their own faith was not lost on the Christians. One of the Church fathers, St. Jerome, would declare: "If pagans call [the Lord's Day] [...] the 'day of the sun,' we willingly agree, for today the light of the world is raised, today is revealed the sun of justice with healing in his rays." (This is a reference to Malachi 4:2.)A similar consideration may have influenced the choice of the date of Christmas as the day of the winter solstice, whose celebration was part of the Roman cult of the Sun. In the same vein, Christian churches have been built and are still being built (as far as possible) with an orientation so that the congregation faced toward the sunrise in the East. Much later, St. Francis would sing in his famous canticle: "Be praised, my Lord, through all your creatures, especially through my lord Brother Sun, who brings the day; and you give light through him. And he is beautiful and radiant in all his splendor! Of you, Most High, he bears the likeness." | named after | 11 | [
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[
"Sunday",
"named after",
"Resurrection of Jesus"
] | Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sunday is observed as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. The International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 8601 standard recognizes Sunday as the seventh day of the week, while in the United States, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, and most of South America, it is recognized as the first day of the week. Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity. | named after | 11 | [
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[
"Sunday",
"subclass of",
"day"
] | Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sunday is observed as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. The International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 8601 standard recognizes Sunday as the seventh day of the week, while in the United States, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, and most of South America, it is recognized as the first day of the week. Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity. | subclass of | 109 | [
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[
"Sunday",
"instance of",
"day of the week"
] | Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sunday is observed as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. The International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 8601 standard recognizes Sunday as the seventh day of the week, while in the United States, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, and most of South America, it is recognized as the first day of the week. Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity.Etymology
The name "Sunday", the day of the Sun, is derived from Hellenistic astrology, where the seven planets, known in English as Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Venus, Mercury and the Moon, each had an hour of the day assigned to them, and the planet which was regent during the first hour of any day of the week gave its name to that day. During the 1st and 2nd century, the week of seven days was introduced into Rome from Egypt, and the Roman names of the planets were given to each successive day.
Germanic peoples seem to have adopted the week as a division of time from the Romans, but they changed the Roman names into those of corresponding Teutonic deities. Hence, the dies Solis became Sunday (German, Sonntag).
The English noun Sunday derived sometime before 1250 from sunedai, which itself developed from Old English (before 700) Sunnandæg (literally meaning "sun's day"), which is cognate to other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian sunnandei, Old Saxon sunnundag, Middle Dutch sonnendach (modern Dutch zondag), Old High German sunnun tag (modern German Sonntag), and Old Norse sunnudagr (Danish and Norwegian søndag, Icelandic sunnudagur and Swedish söndag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin dies solis ("day of the sun"), which is a translation of the ancient Greek Ἥλίου ημέρα" (Hēlíou hēméra).In most Indian languages, the word for Sunday is derived from Sanskrit Ravivāra or Adityavāra — vāra meaning day and Aditya and Ravi both being names for Surya, the Sun and the solar deity. Ravivāra is the first day cited in Jyotisha, which provides logical reason for giving the name of each week day. In the Thai solar calendar, the name ("Waan Arthit") is derived from Aditya, and the associated colour is red.
In Russian, the word for Sunday is Воскресенье (Voskreseniye) meaning “resurrection” (that is, the day of a week which commemorates the resurrection of Jesus Christ). In Old Russian, Sunday was also called неделя (nedelya), “free day”, or “day with no work”, but in the contemporary language this word means “week”.
The Modern Greek word for Sunday, Κυριακή, is derived from Κύριος (Kyrios, Lord) also, due to its liturgical significance as the day commemorating the resurrection of Jesus Christ, i.e. The Lord's Day.
The name is similar in the Romance Languages. In Italian, Sunday is called domenica, which also means “Lord's Day” (from Latin Dies Dominica). One finds similar cognates in French, where the name is dimanche, as well as Romanian duminică, and in Spanish and Portuguese, domingo.
In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, Sunday is called 星期日 (Xīng qī rì), 일요일 (Il-yo-Il), and 日曜日 (Nichiyōbi) respectively, which all mean “sun day of the week”.
The Arabic word for Sunday is الأحد (Al-Ahad), meaning “the first”. It is usually combined with the word يوم (Yawm) meaning “day”.Culture and languages
In the Judaic, Christian, as well as in some Islamic tradition, Sunday has been considered the first day of the week. A number of languages express this position either by the name for the day or by the naming of the other days. In Hebrew it is called יום ראשון yom rishon, in Arabic الأحد al-ahad, in Persian and related languages یکشنبه yek-shanbe, all meaning "first".
In Greek, the names of the days Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday (Greek: Δευτέρα, Greek: Τρίτη, Greek: Τετάρτη, and Greek: Πέμπτη) mean “second”, “third”, “fourth”, and “fifth”, respectively. This leaves Sunday in the first position of the week count. Similarly in Portuguese, where the days from Monday to Friday are counted as "segunda-feira", "terça-feira", "quarta-feira", "quinta-feira" and "sexta-feira". In Vietnamese, the working days in the week are named as: Thứ Hai (Second), Thứ Ba (Third), Thứ Tư (Fourth), Thứ Năm (Fifth), Thứ Sáu (Sixth), and Thứ Bảy (Seventh). Sunday is called "Chủ Nhật"(chữ Hán: 主日) meaning “Lord's Day”. Some colloquial text in the south of Vietnam and from the church may use a different reading of "Chúa Nhật"(in contemporary Vietnamese, "Chúa" means God or Lord and "Chủ" means own). In German, Wednesday is called Mittwoch, literally “mid-week”, implying the week runs from Sunday to Saturday.
Slavic languages implicitly number Monday as day number one.Christian usage
The ancient Romans traditionally used the eight-day nundinal cycle, a market week, but in the time of Augustus in the 1st century AD, a seven-day week also came into use.
In the gospels, the women are described as coming to the empty tomb Greek: εις μια των σαββατων, lit. 'toward the first of the sabbath' although its often translated "on the first day of the week".
Justin Martyr, in the mid 2nd century, mentions "memoirs of the apostles" as being read on "the day called that of the sun" (Sunday) alongside the "writings of the prophets."On 7 March 321, Constantine I, Rome's first Christian Emperor, decreed that Sunday would be observed as the Roman day of rest:
On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country, however, persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain-sowing or vine-planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost.
Despite the official adoption of Sunday as a day of rest by Constantine, the seven-day week and the mundial cycle continued to be used side by side until at least the Calendar of 354 and probably later.In 363, Canon 29 of the Council of Laodicea prohibited observance of the Jewish Sabbath (Saturday), and encouraged Christians to work on the Saturday and rest on the Lord's Day (Sunday). The fact that the canon had to be issued at all is an indication that adoption of Constantine's decree of 321 was still not universal, not even among Christians. It also indicates that Jews were observing the Sabbath on the Saturday. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Sunday",
"named after",
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] | Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sunday is observed as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. The International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 8601 standard recognizes Sunday as the seventh day of the week, while in the United States, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, and most of South America, it is recognized as the first day of the week. Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity. | named after | 11 | [
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[
"Sunday",
"part of",
"weekend"
] | Sunday is the day of the week between Saturday and Monday. In most Western countries, Sunday is a day of rest and a part of the weekend. For most observant adherents of Christianity, Sunday is observed as the Lord's Day and the day of Christ's resurrection. The International Organization for Standardization’s ISO 8601 standard recognizes Sunday as the seventh day of the week, while in the United States, Canada, Japan, the Philippines, and most of South America, it is recognized as the first day of the week. Quaker Christians call Sunday the "first day" in accordance with their testimony of simplicity. | part of | 15 | [
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[
"Monday",
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"Tuesday"
] | Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. According to the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 8601 standard, it is the first day of the week and in countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the second day of the week.
The name of Monday is derived from Old English Mōnandæg and Middle English Monenday, originally a translation of Latin dies lunae "day of the Moon". | followed by | 17 | [
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[
"Monday",
"named after",
"Moon"
] | Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. According to the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 8601 standard, it is the first day of the week and in countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the second day of the week.
The name of Monday is derived from Old English Mōnandæg and Middle English Monenday, originally a translation of Latin dies lunae "day of the Moon".Names
The names of the day of the week were coined in the Roman era, in Greek and Latin, in the case of Monday as
ἡμέρᾱ Σελήνης, diēs Lūnae "day of the Moon".Many languages use terms either directly derived from these names or loan translations based on them.
The English noun Monday derived sometime before 1200 from monedæi, which itself developed from Old English (around 1000) mōnandæg and mōndæg (literally meaning "moon's day"), which has cognates in other Germanic languages, including Old Frisian mōnadeig, Middle Low German and Middle Dutch mānendag, mānendach (modern Dutch Maandag), Old High German mānetag (modern German Montag), and Old Norse mánadagr (Swedish and Norwegian nynorsk måndag, Icelandic mánudagur. Danish and Norwegian bokmål mandag). The Germanic term is a Germanic interpretation of Latin lunae dies ("day of the moon").Japanese and Korean share the same ancient Chinese words '月曜日' (Hiragana:げつようび, translit. getsuyо̄bi, Hangul:월요일) for Monday which means "day of the moon".
In many Indo-Aryan languages, the word for Monday is Somavāra or Chandravāra, Sanskrit loan-translations of "Monday".In some cases, the "ecclesiastical" names are used, a tradition of numbering the days of the week in order to avoid the "pagan" connotation of the planetary names, and to keep with the biblical name, in which Monday is the "second day" (Hebrew יום שני, Greek Δευτέρα ἡμέρα (Deutéra hēméra), Latin feria secunda, Arabic الأثنين).
In many Slavic languages the name of the day translates to "after Sunday/holiday". Russian понедельник (ponyedyelnik) literally translated, Monday means "next to the week", по "next to" or "on" недельник "(the) week" Croatian and Bosnian ponedjeljak, Serbian понедељак (ponedeljak), Ukrainian понеділок (ponedilok), Bulgarian понеделник (ponedelnik), Polish poniedziałek, Czech pondělí, Slovak pondelok, Slovenian ponedeljek. In Turkish it is called pazartesi, which also means "after Sunday".Hinduism
In Hinduism, Mondays are associated with the Hindu god of the moon Chandra or Soma. In several South Asian languages, Monday is knowns as Somavara. Hindus who fast on Mondays do so in dedication to the deity Shiva. Some observe the Solah Somvar Vrat, which is a fast of sixteen Mondays dedicated to Shiva in hopes of getting married and finding a suitable partner. Fasting on Mondays in the Hindu month of Shravana is also considered auspicious as it is one of the holiest months to Hindus and dedicated to Shiva and his consort Parvati. | named after | 11 | [
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[
"Monday",
"named after",
"1"
] | Monday is the day of the week between Sunday and Tuesday. According to the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 8601 standard, it is the first day of the week and in countries that adopt the "Sunday-first" convention, it is the second day of the week.
The name of Monday is derived from Old English Mōnandæg and Middle English Monenday, originally a translation of Latin dies lunae "day of the Moon". | named after | 11 | [
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[
"Monday",
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"day of the week"
] | Arrangement in the week
Historically, the Greco-Roman week began with Sunday (dies solis), and Monday (dies lunae) was the second day of the week.
It is still the custom to refer to Monday as feria secunda in the liturgical calendar of the Catholic Church.
Quakers also traditionally referred to Monday as "Second Day". The Portuguese and the Greek (Eastern Orthodox Church) also retain the ecclesiastical tradition (Portuguese segunda-feira, Greek Δευτέρα "deutéra" "second"). Likewise, the Modern Hebrew name for Monday is yom-sheni (יום שני).
While in North America Sunday is the first day of the week, the Geneva-based International Organization for Standardization places Monday as the first day of the week in its ISO 8601 standard. Monday is xīngqīyī (星期一) in Chinese, meaning "day one of the week".Religious observances
Christianity
In the Eastern Orthodox Church Mondays are days on which the Angels are commemorated. The Octoechos contains hymns on this theme, arranged in an eight-week cycle, that are chanted on Mondays throughout the year. At the end of Divine Services on Monday, the dismissal begins with the words: "May Christ our True God, through the intercessions, of his most-pure Mother, of the honorable, Bodiless Powers (i.e., the angels) of Heaven…". In many Eastern monasteries Mondays are observed as fast days; because Mondays are dedicated to the angels, and monks strive to live an angelic life. In these monasteries, the monks abstain from meat, fowl, dairy products, fish, wine and oil (if a feast day occurs on a Monday, fish, wine and oil may be allowed, depending upon the particular feast).
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints spend one evening per week called Family Home Evening (FHE) or Family Night usually Monday, that families are encouraged to spend together in study, prayer and other family activities. Many businesses owned by Latter-Day Saints close early on Mondays so they and their customers are able to spend more time with their families. | instance of | 5 | [
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[
"Rho",
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"Σ"
] | Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; Greek: ρο or ρω) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings. | followed by | 17 | [
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[
"Rho",
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] | Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; Greek: ρο or ρω) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings.Uses
Greek
Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with Lambda and sometimes the nasals Mu and Nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a alveolar trill IPA: [r], alveolar tap IPA: [ɾ], or alveolar approximant IPA: [ɹ].
In polytonic orthography, a rho at the beginning of a word is written with a rough breathing, equivalent to h (ῥ rh), and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second (ῤῥ rrh). That apparently reflected an aspirated or voiceless pronunciation in Ancient Greek, which led to the various Greek-derived English words starting with rh or containing rrh.
The name of the letter is written in Greek as ῥῶ (polytonic) or ρω/ρο (monotonic). | part of | 15 | [
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[
"Rho",
"instance of",
"Greek letter"
] | Rho (uppercase Ρ, lowercase ρ or ϱ; Greek: ρο or ρω) is the 17th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 100. It is derived from Phoenician letter res . Its uppercase form uses the same glyph, Ρ, as the distinct Latin letter P; the two letters have different Unicode encodings.Uses
Greek
Rho is classed as a liquid consonant (together with Lambda and sometimes the nasals Mu and Nu), which has important implications for morphology. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, it represents a alveolar trill IPA: [r], alveolar tap IPA: [ɾ], or alveolar approximant IPA: [ɹ].
In polytonic orthography, a rho at the beginning of a word is written with a rough breathing, equivalent to h (ῥ rh), and a double rho within a word is written with a smooth breathing over the first rho and a rough breathing over the second (ῤῥ rrh). That apparently reflected an aspirated or voiceless pronunciation in Ancient Greek, which led to the various Greek-derived English words starting with rh or containing rrh.
The name of the letter is written in Greek as ῥῶ (polytonic) or ρω/ρο (monotonic).Mathematics and science
The characters ρ and ϱ are also conventionally used outside the Greek alphabetical context in science and mathematics.In the physical sciences to represent:
Densities: mass density, air density or charge density (ρ)
Resistivity (ρ)
Rho meson (ρ+, ρ−, ρ0)
General quantum states
Hammett Equation, ρ is used to represent the reaction constant, this is independent of the position and nature of the substituents of the benzene ring.
In mathematics to represent:
A length coordinate in polar, cylindrical, spherical, and toroidal coordinate systems, and toroidal and poloidal coordinates of the Earth's magnetic field.
The correlation coefficient of a population parameter
The spectral radius of a matrix
A
{\displaystyle A}
denoted as
ρ
(
A
)
{\displaystyle \rho (A)}
The plastic number
The prime constant
The sensitivity to interest rates of a pricing function
The expected return of a given policy (
π
{\displaystyle \pi }
) in reinforcement learning, denoted
ρ
π
{\displaystyle \rho ^{\pi }}
In economics to represent the discount rate of future pence cash flows
In molecular biology to represent the Rho protein responsible for termination of RNA synthesis. In such occasions, it is often represented as U+03F1 ϱ GREEK RHO SYMBOL, to avoid confusion with the Latin letter p
In molecular biology to represent the Rho family of GTPases, important for cytoskeletal dynamic regulation.
In ecology to represent the population damping ratio where ρ = λ1 / |λ2|.
In computer programming
The lower-case rho "⍴" means reshape in the APL programming language, and by extension also queries shape
The lower-case rho "ρ" is used for the unary rename operation in relational algebra
In statistics to represent Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, commonly known as Spearman's rho
In options theory to represent the rate of change of a portfolio with respect to interest rates | instance of | 5 | [
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[
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"koppa"
] | San (Ϻ) was an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. Its shape was similar to modern M or Mu, or to a modern Greek Sigma (Σ) turned sideways, and it was used as an alternative to Sigma to denote the sound /s/. Unlike Sigma, whose position in the alphabet is between Rho and Tau, San appeared between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetic order. In addition to denoting this separate archaic character, the name San was also used as an alternative name to denote the standard letter Sigma. | followed by | 17 | [
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[
"San (letter)",
"part of",
"archaic Greek alphabets"
] | San (Ϻ) was an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. Its shape was similar to modern M or Mu, or to a modern Greek Sigma (Σ) turned sideways, and it was used as an alternative to Sigma to denote the sound /s/. Unlike Sigma, whose position in the alphabet is between Rho and Tau, San appeared between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetic order. In addition to denoting this separate archaic character, the name San was also used as an alternative name to denote the standard letter Sigma.Historical use
Sigma and san
The existence of the two competing letters Sigma and San is traditionally believed to have been due to confusion during the adoption of the Greek alphabet from the Phoenician script, because Phoenician had more sibilant sounds than Greek had. According to one theory,: 25–27 the distribution of the sibilant letters in Greek is due to pair-wise confusion between the sounds and alphabet positions of the four Phoenician sibilant signs: Greek Sigma got its shape and alphabetic position from Phoenician Šin (), but its name and sound value from Phoenician Samekh. Conversely, Greek Xi (Ξ) got its shape and position from Samekh (), but its name and sound value from Šin. The same kind of pair-wise exchange happened between Phoenician Zayin and Tsade: Greek Zeta has the shape and position of Zayin () but the name and sound value of Tsade, and conversely Greek San has the approximate shape and position of Tsade () but may originally have had the sound value of Zayin, i.e. voiced [z]. However, since voiced [z] and voiceless [s] were not distinct phonemes in Greek, Sigma and San came to be used in essentially the same function.
According to a different theory, "San" was indeed the original name of what is now known as Sigma, and as such presents a direct representation of the corresponding name "Shin" in that position. This name was only later also associated with the alternative local letter now known as "San", whose original name remains unknown. The modern name "Sigma", in turn, was a transparent Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", based on a nominalization of a verb σίζω (sízō, from an earlier stem *sigj-, meaning 'to hiss').
Moreover, a modern re-interpretation of the sound values of the sibilants in Proto-Semitic, and thus in Phoenician, can account for the values of the Greek sibilants with less recourse to "confusion". Most significant is the reconstruction of Šin as [s] and thus also the source of the sound value of Sigma; in turn, Samekh is reconstructed as the affricate [ts], which is a better match for the plosive-fricative cluster value [kʰs] of Xi.
Whereas in early abecedaria, Sigma and San are typically listed as two separate letters in their separate alphabetic positions, each Greek dialect tended to use either San or Sigma exclusively in practical writing. The use of San became a characteristic of the Doric dialects of Corinth and neighboring Sikyon, as well as Crete. San became largely obsolete by the second half of the fifth century BC, when it was generally replaced by Sigma, although in Crete it continued in use for about a century longer. In Sikyon, it was retained as a symbolic mark of the city used on coin inscriptions (just as the likewise archaic Qoppa was used by Corinth, and a special local form of Beta by Byzantium).
San could be written with the outer stems either straight () or slanted outwards (), and either longer or of equal length with the inner strokes (). It was typically distinguished from the similar-looking Mu (Μ) by the fact that San tended to be symmetrical, whereas Mu had a longer left stem in its archaic forms (, , ).
Outside Greece, San was borrowed into the Old Italic alphabets (𐌑, transcribed as Ś). It initially retained its M-shape in the archaic Etruscan alphabet, but from the 6th century BC changing its aspect to a shape similar to that of the d-rune .
The name of "San" lived on as an alternative (dialectal or archaic) name for "Sigma" even at a time when the letter itself had everywhere been replaced with standard Sigma. Thus, Herodotus in the late 5th century reports that the same letter was called "San" by the Dorians but "Sigma" by the Ionians. Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae (c.200 AD) quotes an epigram which contained the spelled-out name of the philosopher Thrasymachus, still using "San" as the name for Sigma:Sampi
The Ionian letter , which later gave rise to the numeral symbol Sampi (ϡ = 900) may also be a continuation of San, although it did not have the same alphabetic position.: 38 ff. | part of | 15 | [
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"instance of",
"Greek letter"
] | San (Ϻ) was an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. Its shape was similar to modern M or Mu, or to a modern Greek Sigma (Σ) turned sideways, and it was used as an alternative to Sigma to denote the sound /s/. Unlike Sigma, whose position in the alphabet is between Rho and Tau, San appeared between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetic order. In addition to denoting this separate archaic character, the name San was also used as an alternative name to denote the standard letter Sigma.Historical use
Sigma and san
The existence of the two competing letters Sigma and San is traditionally believed to have been due to confusion during the adoption of the Greek alphabet from the Phoenician script, because Phoenician had more sibilant sounds than Greek had. According to one theory,: 25–27 the distribution of the sibilant letters in Greek is due to pair-wise confusion between the sounds and alphabet positions of the four Phoenician sibilant signs: Greek Sigma got its shape and alphabetic position from Phoenician Šin (), but its name and sound value from Phoenician Samekh. Conversely, Greek Xi (Ξ) got its shape and position from Samekh (), but its name and sound value from Šin. The same kind of pair-wise exchange happened between Phoenician Zayin and Tsade: Greek Zeta has the shape and position of Zayin () but the name and sound value of Tsade, and conversely Greek San has the approximate shape and position of Tsade () but may originally have had the sound value of Zayin, i.e. voiced [z]. However, since voiced [z] and voiceless [s] were not distinct phonemes in Greek, Sigma and San came to be used in essentially the same function.
According to a different theory, "San" was indeed the original name of what is now known as Sigma, and as such presents a direct representation of the corresponding name "Shin" in that position. This name was only later also associated with the alternative local letter now known as "San", whose original name remains unknown. The modern name "Sigma", in turn, was a transparent Greek innovation that simply meant "hissing", based on a nominalization of a verb σίζω (sízō, from an earlier stem *sigj-, meaning 'to hiss').
Moreover, a modern re-interpretation of the sound values of the sibilants in Proto-Semitic, and thus in Phoenician, can account for the values of the Greek sibilants with less recourse to "confusion". Most significant is the reconstruction of Šin as [s] and thus also the source of the sound value of Sigma; in turn, Samekh is reconstructed as the affricate [ts], which is a better match for the plosive-fricative cluster value [kʰs] of Xi.
Whereas in early abecedaria, Sigma and San are typically listed as two separate letters in their separate alphabetic positions, each Greek dialect tended to use either San or Sigma exclusively in practical writing. The use of San became a characteristic of the Doric dialects of Corinth and neighboring Sikyon, as well as Crete. San became largely obsolete by the second half of the fifth century BC, when it was generally replaced by Sigma, although in Crete it continued in use for about a century longer. In Sikyon, it was retained as a symbolic mark of the city used on coin inscriptions (just as the likewise archaic Qoppa was used by Corinth, and a special local form of Beta by Byzantium).
San could be written with the outer stems either straight () or slanted outwards (), and either longer or of equal length with the inner strokes (). It was typically distinguished from the similar-looking Mu (Μ) by the fact that San tended to be symmetrical, whereas Mu had a longer left stem in its archaic forms (, , ).
Outside Greece, San was borrowed into the Old Italic alphabets (𐌑, transcribed as Ś). It initially retained its M-shape in the archaic Etruscan alphabet, but from the 6th century BC changing its aspect to a shape similar to that of the d-rune .
The name of "San" lived on as an alternative (dialectal or archaic) name for "Sigma" even at a time when the letter itself had everywhere been replaced with standard Sigma. Thus, Herodotus in the late 5th century reports that the same letter was called "San" by the Dorians but "Sigma" by the Ionians. Athenaeus in his Deipnosophistae (c.200 AD) quotes an epigram which contained the spelled-out name of the philosopher Thrasymachus, still using "San" as the name for Sigma: | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"San (letter)",
"follows",
"Π"
] | San (Ϻ) was an archaic letter of the Greek alphabet. Its shape was similar to modern M or Mu, or to a modern Greek Sigma (Σ) turned sideways, and it was used as an alternative to Sigma to denote the sound /s/. Unlike Sigma, whose position in the alphabet is between Rho and Tau, San appeared between Pi and Qoppa in alphabetic order. In addition to denoting this separate archaic character, the name San was also used as an alternative name to denote the standard letter Sigma. | follows | 117 | [
"comes after",
"comes next",
"ensues"
] | null | null |
[
"Interwar period",
"has part(s)",
"Spanish Civil War"
] | Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
To one degree or another, Spain had been unstable politically for centuries, and in 1936–1939 was wracked by one of the bloodiest civil wars of the 20th century. The real importance comes from outside countries. In Spain the conservative and Catholic elements and the army revolted against the newly elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, and full-scale civil war erupted. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany gave munitions and strong military units to the rebel Nationalist faction, led by General Francisco Franco. The Republican (or "Loyalist") government, was on the defensive, but it received significant help from the Soviet Union and Mexico. Led by Great Britain and France, and including the United States, most countries remained neutral and refused to provide armaments to either side. The powerful fear was that this localised conflict would escalate into a European conflagration that no one wanted.The Spanish Civil War was marked by numerous small battles and sieges, and many atrocities, until the Nationalists won in 1939 by overwhelming the Republican forces. The Soviet Union provided armaments but never enough to equip the heterogeneous government militias and the "International Brigades" of outside far-left volunteers. The civil war did not escalate into a larger conflict, but did become a worldwide ideological battleground that pitted all the Communists and many socialists and liberals against Catholics, conservatives and fascists. Worldwide there was a decline in pacifism and a growing sense that another world war was imminent, and that it would be worth fighting for. | has part(s) | 19 | [
"contains",
"comprises",
"includes",
"consists of",
"has components"
] | null | null |
[
"World War III",
"different from",
"Second Cold War"
] | World War III or the Third World War, often abbreviated as WWIII or WW3, are names given to a hypothetical worldwide large-scale military conflict subsequent to World War I and World War II. The term has been in use since at least as early as 1941. Some apply it loosely to limited or more minor conflicts such as the Cold War or the war on terror. In contrast, others assume that such a conflict would surpass prior world wars in both scope and destructive impact.Due to the development of nuclear weapons in the Manhattan Project, which were used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki near the end of World War II, and their subsequent acquisition and deployment by many countries afterward, the potential risk of a nuclear apocalypse causing widespread destruction of Earth's civilization and life is a common theme in speculations about a third world war. Another primary concern is that biological warfare could cause many casualties. It could happen intentionally or inadvertently, by an accidental release of a biological agent, the unexpected mutation of an agent, or its adaptation to other species after use. Large-scale apocalyptic events like these, caused by advanced technology used for destruction, could render most of Earth's surface uninhabitable.
Before the beginning of World War II in 1939, World War I (1914–1918) was believed to have been "the war to end all wars". It was popularly believed that never again could there possibly be a global conflict of such magnitude. During the interwar period, World War I was typically referred to simply as "The Great War". The outbreak of World War II disproved the hope that humanity might have "outgrown" the need for widespread global wars.With the advent of the Cold War in 1945 and with the spread of nuclear weapons technology to the Soviet Union, the possibility of a third global conflict increased. During the Cold War years, the possibility of a third world war was anticipated and planned for by military and civil authorities in many countries. Scenarios ranged from conventional warfare to limited or total nuclear warfare. At the height of the Cold War, the doctrine of mutually assured destruction (MAD), which determined that an all-out nuclear confrontation would destroy all of the states involved in the conflict, developed. The potential for the absolute destruction of the human species may have contributed to both American and Soviet leaders avoiding such a scenario.
The various global military conflicts that have occurred since the start of the 21st century, most recently the Russian invasion of Ukraine, alongside rising tensions between the United States and China, have been perceived as potential flashpoints or triggers for a third world war. | different from | 12 | [
"not same as",
"not identical to",
"distinct from",
"separate from",
"unlike"
] | null | null |
[
"Aftermath of World War II",
"instance of",
"post-war"
] | Italy
The aftermath of World War II left Italy with an anger against the monarchy for its endorsement of the Fascist regime for the previous twenty years. These frustrations contributed to a revival of the Italian republican movement. In the 1946 Italian constitutional referendum, held on 2 June, a day celebrated since as Festa della Repubblica, the Italian monarchy was abolished, having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule, especially in the North, and Italy became a republic. This was the first time that Italian women voted at the national level, and the second time overall considering the local elections that were held a few months earlier in some cities.King Victor Emmanuel III's son, King Umberto II, was forced to abdicate and exiled. The Republican Constitution was approved on 1 January 1948, resulting from the work of a Constituent Assembly formed by the representatives of all the anti-fascist forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the Italian Civil War. Unlike in Germany and Japan, no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them (such as Mussolini) at the end of the war; the Togliatti amnesty, taking its name from the Communist Party secretary at the time, pardoned all wartime common and political crimes in 1946. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Masters in Israel",
"author",
"Vincent Buckley"
] | Masters in Israel (1961) is the second collection of poems by Australian poet Vincent Buckley. It won the ALS Gold Medal in 1962.
The collection consists of 25 poems, with seven appearing here for the first time. | author | 124 | [
"writer",
"novelist"
] | null | null |
[
"Twenty-Three (short story collection)",
"country of origin",
"Australia"
] | Twenty-Three: Stories (1962) is the third collection of short stories by Australian author John Morrison. It won the ALS Gold Medal in 1963.The collection consists of 23 stories, with several appearing here for the first time. The stories are taken from Morrison's writing from the 1950s and early 1960s, with the earliest having been published for the first time in 1950, and the latest, originally in this collection, in 1962.Contents
"The Ticket"
"To Margaret"
"A Man's World"
"This Freedom"
"The Hold Up"
"At This Very Moment"
"The Last Three Years"
"The Children"
"Bo Abbott"
"Goyai"
"The Lonely One"
"Black Night in Collingwood"
"It Opens Your Eyes"
"The Man on the Bidgee"
"The Drunk"
"To Kill a Snake"
"Dog-Box"
"The Judge and the Shipowner"
"Morning Glory"
"All I Ask"
"Way of Life"
"Sydney or the Bush"
"Ward Four" | country of origin | 80 | [
"place of origin",
"homeland",
"native land",
"motherland",
"fatherland"
] | null | null |
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