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sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
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⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Kingdom of Cyprus",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Kingdom of Cyprus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kingdom of Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Toilet (room)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Toilets"
] | Other items in the room
The main item in the room is the sanitation fixture itself, the toilet. This may be the flushing sort, which is plumbed into a cistern (tank) operated by a ballcock (float valve). Or it may be a dry model, which does not need water.
The toilet room may also include a plunger, a rubber or plastic tool mounted on a handle, which is used to remove blockages from the toilet drain. Toilets often have a wall mirror above the sink for grooming, checking one's appearance and/or makeup. Some toilets have a cupboard where cleaning supplies and personal hygiene products may be kept. If it is a flush toilet, then the room usually also includes a toilet brush for cleaning the bowl.
Methods of anal cleansing vary between cultures. If the norm is to use paper, then typically the room will have a toilet roll holder, with the toilet paper hanging either next to or away from the wall. If instead, people are used to cleaning themselves with water, then the room may include a bidet shower (health faucet) or a bidet. Toilets such as the Washlet, popular in Japan, provide an automatic washing function.
A sink (hand basin), with soap, is usually present in the room or immediately outside it, to ensure easy handwashing. Above the sink there may be a mirror, either mounted on the wall, or on a medicine cabinet. This cabinet (which is more typically located in the household's main bathroom) typically contains prescription and over the counter drugs, first aid supplies, and grooming equipment for shaving or makeup. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Family law",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Family law"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Origami",
"different from",
"origami"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Origami",
"different from",
"pop-up book"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Origami",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Origami"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Nurse",
"different from",
"nursing"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Nurse",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nurses"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Essay",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Essays"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Gaza City",
"different from",
"Gaza"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Gaza City",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gaza City"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Gaza City",
"significant event",
"Siege of Gaza"
] | null | null | null | null | 35 |
|
[
"Pregnancy",
"different from",
"gestation"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Pregnancy",
"cause",
"human fertilization"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Pregnancy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Human pregnancy"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Pregnancy",
"cause",
"in vitro fertilization"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Extraterrestrials in fiction",
"different from",
"extraterrestrial"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Extraterrestrials in fiction",
"different from",
"fictional extraterrestrial"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Extraterrestrials in fiction",
"different from",
"fictional extraterrestrial species"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Extraterrestrials in fiction",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fictional extraterrestrial characters"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Error",
"different from",
"deception"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Error",
"said to be the same as",
"error"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Error",
"different from",
"error in applied mathematics"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Error",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Error"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Error",
"said to be the same as",
"mistake"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Error",
"different from",
"defect"
] | An 'error' is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A 'mistake' is an error caused by a fault: the fault being misjudgment, carelessness, or forgetfulness. Now, say that I run a stop sign because I was in a hurry, and wasn't concentrating, and the police stop me, that is a mistake. If, however, I try to park in an area with conflicting signs, and I get a ticket because I was incorrect on my interpretation of what the signs meant, that would be an error. The first time it would be an error. The second time it would be a mistake since I should have known better.
In human behavior the norms or expectations for behavior or its consequences can be derived from the intention of the actor or from the expectations of other individuals or from a social grouping or from social norms. (See deviance.) Gaffes and faux pas can be labels for certain instances of this kind of error. More serious departures from social norms carry labels such as misbehavior and labels from the legal system, such as misdemeanor and crime. Departures from norms connected to religion can have other labels, such as sin.
An individual language user's deviations from standard language norms in grammar, pronunciation and orthography are sometimes referred to as errors. However, in light of the role of language usage in everyday social class distinctions, many feel that linguistics should restrain itself from such prescriptivist judgments to avoid reinforcing dominant class value claims about what linguistic forms should and should not be used. One may distinguish various kinds of linguistic errors – some, such as aphasia or speech disorders, where the user is unable to say what they intend to, are generally considered errors, while cases where natural, intended speech is non-standard (as in vernacular dialects), are considered legitimate speech in scholarly linguistics, but might be considered errors in prescriptivist contexts. See also Error analysis (linguistics). | null | null | null | null | 17 |
[
"Space Shuttle orbiter",
"owned by",
"National Aeronautics and Space Administration"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Space Shuttle orbiter",
"significant event",
"maiden flight"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Space Shuttle orbiter",
"significant event",
"last flight"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Space Shuttle orbiter",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Space Shuttle orbiters"
] | The Space Shuttle orbiter is the spaceplane component of the Space Shuttle, a partially reusable orbital spacecraft system that was part of the discontinued Space Shuttle program. Operated from 1977 to 2011 by NASA, the U.S. space agency, this vehicle could carry astronauts and payloads into low Earth orbit, perform in-space operations, then re-enter the atmosphere and land as a glider, returning its crew and any on-board payload to the Earth.
Six orbiters were built for flight: Enterprise, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. All were built in Palmdale, California, by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania-based Rockwell International company. The first orbiter, Enterprise, made its maiden flight in 1977. An unpowered glider, it was carried by a modified Boeing 747 airliner called the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and released for a series of atmospheric test flights and landings. Enterprise was partially disassembled and retired after completion of critical testing. The remaining orbiters were fully operational spacecraft, and were launched vertically as part of the Space Shuttle stack.
Columbia was the first space-worthy orbiter; it made its inaugural flight in 1981. Challenger, Discovery, and Atlantis followed in 1983, 1984, and 1985 respectively. In 1986, Challenger was destroyed in an accident shortly after its 10th launch. Endeavour was built as Challenger's successor, and was first launched in 1992. In 2003, Columbia was destroyed during re-entry, leaving just three remaining orbiters. Discovery completed its final flight on March 9, 2011, and Endeavour completed its final flight on June 1, 2011. Atlantis completed the final Shuttle flight, STS-135, on July 21, 2011.
In addition to their crews and payloads, the reusable orbiter carried most of the Space Shuttle System's liquid-propellant rocket system, but both the liquid hydrogen fuel and the liquid oxygen oxidizer for its three main rocket engines were fed from an external cryogenic propellant tank. Additionally, two reusable solid rocket boosters (SRBs) provided additional thrust for approximately the first two minutes of launch. The orbiters themselves did carry hypergolic propellants for their Reaction Control System (RCS) thrusters and Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines. | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Ceramic art",
"uses",
"clay"
] | Materials
Different types of clay, when used with different minerals and firing conditions, are used to produce earthenware, stoneware, porcelain and bone china (fine china).Tile
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a "tile" is a construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form wall murals and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Ceramic art",
"uses",
"ceramic"
] | Earthenware is pottery that has not been fired to vitrification and is thus permeable to water. Many types of pottery have been made from it from the earliest times, and until the 18th century it was the most common type of pottery outside the far East. Earthenware is often made from clay, quartz and feldspar. Terracotta, a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is porous. Its uses include vessels (notably flower pots), water and waste water pipes, bricks, and surface embellishment in building construction. Terracotta has been a common medium for ceramic art (see below).
Stoneware is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay. Stoneware is fired at high temperatures. Vitrified or not, it is nonporous; it may or may not be glazed. One widely recognised definition is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities, a European industry standard states "Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more opaque, and normally only partially vitrified. It may be vitreous or semi-vitreous. It is usually coloured grey or brownish because of impurities in the clay used for its manufacture, and is normally glazed."
Porcelain is a ceramic material made by heating materials, generally including kaolin, in a kiln to temperatures between 1,200 and 1,400 °C (2,200 and 2,600 °F). The toughness, strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainly from vitrification and the formation of the mineral mullite within the body at these high temperatures. Properties associated with porcelain include low permeability and elasticity; considerable strength, hardness, toughness, whiteness, translucency and resonance; and a high resistance to chemical attack and thermal shock. Porcelain has been described as being "completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except when of considerable thickness), and resonant". However, the term porcelain lacks a universal definition and has "been applied in a very unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface-qualities in common".
Bone china (fine china) is a type of soft-paste porcelain that is composed of bone ash, feldspathic material, and kaolin. It has been defined as ware with a translucent body containing a minimum of 30% of phosphate derived from animal bone and calculated calcium phosphate. Developed by English potter Josiah Spode, bone china is known for its high levels of whiteness and translucency, and very high mechanical strength and chip resistance. Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of porcelain. Like stoneware it is vitrified, but is translucent due to differing mineral properties. From its initial development and up to the later part of the twentieth century, bone china was almost exclusively an English product, with production being effectively localised in Stoke-on-Trent. Most major English firms made or still make it, including Mintons, Coalport, Spode, Royal Crown Derby, Royal Doulton, Wedgwood and Worcester. In the UK, references to "china" or "porcelain" can refer to bone china, and "English porcelain" has been used as a term for it, both in the UK and around the world. Fine china is not necessarily bone china, and is a term used to refer to ware which does not contain bone ash.Forms
Studio pottery
Studio pottery is pottery made by amateur or professional artists or artisans working alone or in small groups, making unique items or short runs. Typically, all stages of manufacture are carried out by the artists themselves. Studio pottery includes functional wares such as tableware, cookware and non-functional wares such as sculpture. Studio potters can be referred to as ceramic artists, ceramists, ceramicists or as an artist who uses clay as a medium. Much studio pottery is tableware or cookware but an increasing number of studio potters produce non-functional or sculptural items. Some studio potters now prefer to call themselves ceramic artists, ceramists or simply artists. Studio pottery is represented by potters all over the world.Tile
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone, metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool, typically used for wall and ceiling applications. In another sense, a "tile" is a construction tile or similar object, such as rectangular counters used in playing games (see tile-based game). The word is derived from the French word tuile, which is, in turn, from the Latin word tegula, meaning a roof tile composed of fired clay.
Tiles are often used to form wall murals and floor coverings, and can range from simple square tiles to complex mosaics. Tiles are most often made of ceramic, typically glazed for internal uses and unglazed for roofing, but other materials are also commonly used, such as glass, cork, concrete and other composite materials, and stone. Tiling stone is typically marble, onyx, granite or slate. Thinner tiles can be used on walls than on floors, which require more durable surfaces that will resist impacts.Tableware
Tableware is the dishes or dishware used for setting a table, serving food and dining. It includes cutlery, glassware, serving dishes and other useful items for practical as well as decorative purposes. Dishes, bowls and cups may be made of ceramic, while cutlery is typically made from metal, and glassware is often made from glass or other non-ceramic materials. The quality, nature, variety and number of objects varies according to culture, religion, number of diners, cuisine and occasion. For example, Middle Eastern, Indian or Polynesian food culture and cuisine sometimes limits tableware to serving dishes, using bread or leaves as individual plates. Special occasions are usually reflected in higher quality tableware.Cambodia
Recent archaeological excavations at Angkor Borei (in southern Cambodia) have recovered a large number of ceramics, some of which probably date back to the prehistoric period. Most of the pottery, however, dates to the pre-Angkorian period and consists mainly of pinkish terracotta pots which were either hand-made or thrown on a wheel, and then decorated with incised patterns.
Glazed wares first appear in the archaeological record at the end of the 9th century at the Roluos temple group in the Angkor region, where green-glazed pot shards have been found. A brown glaze became popular at the beginning of the 11th century and brown-glazed wares have been found in abundance at Khmer sites in northeast Thailand. Decorating pottery with animal forms was a popular style from the 11th to 13th century. Archaeological excavations in the Angkor region have revealed that towards the end of Angkor period production of indigenous pottery declined while there was a dramatic increase in Chinese ceramic imports.
Direct evidence of the shapes of vessels is provided by scenes depicted on bas-reliefs at Khmer temples, which also offer insight into domestic and ritualistic uses of the wares. The wide range of utilitarian shapes suggest the Khmers used ceramics in their daily life for cooking, food preservation, carrying and storing liquids, as containers for medicinal herbs, perfumes and cosmetics. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Ceramic art",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ceramic art"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Personality psychology",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Personality theories"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Neuropsychology",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Neuropsychology"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Neuropsychology",
"different from",
"neuroethology"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Newspaper",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Newspapers"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Newspaper",
"different from",
"La gazzetta"
] | null | null | null | null | 34 |
|
[
"Puzzle",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Puzzles"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Netherlands in World War II",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Netherlands in World War II"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Nuclear technology",
"has use",
"nuclear power"
] | Civilian uses
Nuclear power
Nuclear power is a type of nuclear technology involving the controlled use of nuclear fission to release energy for work including propulsion, heat, and the generation of electricity. Nuclear energy is produced by a controlled nuclear chain reaction which creates heat—and which is used to boil water, produce steam, and drive a steam turbine. The turbine is used to generate electricity and/or to do mechanical work.
Currently nuclear power provides approximately 15.7% of the world's electricity (in 2004) and is used to propel aircraft carriers, icebreakers and submarines (so far economics and fears in some ports have prevented the use of nuclear power in transport ships). All nuclear power plants use fission. No man-made fusion reaction has resulted in a viable source of electricity. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Nuclear technology",
"has use",
"nuclear weapon"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Nuclear technology",
"has use",
"nuclear fuel"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Nuclear technology",
"uses",
"nuclear reaction"
] | Nuclear technology is technology that involves the nuclear reactions of atomic nuclei. Among the notable nuclear technologies are nuclear reactors, nuclear medicine and nuclear weapons. It is also used, among other things, in smoke detectors and gun sights. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Nuclear technology",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nuclear technology"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Province of Soria",
"follows",
"Province of Calatayud"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Province of Soria",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Province of Soria"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"KwaZulu-Natal",
"replaces",
"Natal Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"KwaZulu-Natal",
"replaces",
"kwaZulu"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"KwaZulu-Natal",
"topic's main category",
"Category:KwaZulu-Natal"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"Western Cape",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Western Cape"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Western Cape",
"replaces",
"Cape Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Eastern Cape",
"replaces",
"Ciskei"
] | History
The Eastern Cape as a South African Province came into existence in 1994 and incorporated areas from the former Xhosa homelands of the Transkei and Ciskei, together with what was previously part of the Cape Province. This resulted in several anomalies including the fact that the Province has four supreme courts (in Grahamstown (Makhanda), Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha), Bhisho and Mthatha) and had enclaves of KwaZulu-Natal in the province. The latter anomaly has fallen away with amendments to municipal and provincial boundaries.
The Xhosa Kingdom was one of the most powerful kingdoms in Africa and had all states in the Eastern Cape as tributaries. Any group, people or tribe that recognized the Xhosa Kingdom as Paramouncy became Xhosa, practiced Xhosa culture and used isiXhosa as their main language. Some of the tribes that fall under the category of Xhosa people include: AmaMpondo, AbaThembu, AmaMpondomise, AmaHlubi, AmaBhaca, AmaXesibe, AmaBomvana and more. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Eastern Cape",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Eastern Cape"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Eastern Cape",
"replaces",
"Transkei"
] | null | null | null | null | 30 |
|
[
"Eastern Cape",
"replaces",
"Cape Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 31 |
|
[
"Mpumalanga",
"replaces",
"Transvaal Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Mpumalanga",
"replaces",
"KaNgwane"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Mpumalanga",
"replaces",
"KwaNdebele"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Mpumalanga",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Mpumalanga"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Northern Cape",
"replaces",
"Cape Province"
] | The Northern Cape is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up. Its capital is Kimberley. It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park and an international park shared with Botswana. It also includes the Augrabies Falls and the diamond mining regions in Kimberley and Alexander Bay.
The Namaqualand region in the west is famous for its Namaqualand daisies. The southern towns of De Aar and Colesberg found within the Great Karoo are major transport nodes between Johannesburg, Cape Town and Port Elizabeth. Kuruman can be found in the north-east and is known as a mission station. It is also well known for its artesian spring and Eye of Kuruman. The Orange River flows through the province of Northern Cape, forming the borders with the Free State in the southeast and with Namibia to the northwest. The river is also used to irrigate the many vineyards in the arid region near Upington.
Native speakers of Afrikaans comprise a higher percentage of the population in the Northern Cape than in any other province. The Northern Cape's four official languages are Afrikaans, Tswana, Xhosa, and English. Minorities speak the other official languages of South Africa and a few people speak indigenous languages such as Nama and Khwe.
The provincial motto, Sa ǁa ǃaĩsi 'uĩsi ("We go to a better life"), is in the Nǀu language of the Nǁnǂe (ǂKhomani) people. It was given in 1997 by one of the language's last speakers, Ms. Elsie Vaalbooi of Rietfontein, who has since died. It was South Africa's first officially registered motto in a Khoisan language. Subsequently, South Africa's national motto, ǃKe e ǀxarra ǁke, was derived from the extinct Northern Cape ǀXam language. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Northern Cape",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Northern Cape"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Gauteng",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gauteng"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Gauteng",
"owner of",
"Johannesburg City Hall"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Gauteng",
"follows",
"Transvaal Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 32 |
|
[
"Gauteng",
"replaces",
"Transvaal Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 37 |
|
[
"Free State (province)",
"replaces",
"Orange Free State Province"
] | The Free State, formerly known as the Orange Free State, is a province of South Africa. Its capital is Bloemfontein, which is also South Africa's judicial capital. Its historical origins lie in the Boer republic called the Orange Free State and later Orange Free State Province. | null | null | null | null | 24 |
[
"Free State (province)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Free State (province)"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 |
|
[
"North West (South African province)",
"replaces",
"Bophuthatswana"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"North West (South African province)",
"replaces",
"Transvaal Province"
] | History
North West was incorporated after the end of Apartheid in 1994, and includes parts of the former Transvaal Province and Cape Province, as well as most of the former bantustan of Bophuthatswana. It was the scene of political violence in Khutsong, Merafong City Local Municipality in 2006 and 2007, after cross-province municipalities were abolished and Merafong Municipality was transferred entirely to North West. Merafong has since been transferred to Gauteng province in 2009.This province is the birthplace of prominent political figures: Lucas Mangope, Moses Kotane, Ahmed Kathrada, Abram Onkgopotse Tiro, Ruth Mompati, J. B. Marks, Aziz Pahad, Essop Pahad and others. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"North West (South African province)",
"replaces",
"Cape Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"North West (South African province)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:North West (South African province)"
] | Municipalities
The North West Province is divided into four district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 18 local municipalities:Population 50,000+Population 10,000+Population < 10,000 | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Cologne",
"different from",
"Kolonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Cologne",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Cologne"
] | null | null | null | null | 39 |
|
[
"Cologne",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Colonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 51 |
|
[
"Armenian genocide",
"participant",
"Ottoman Army"
] | Turkish War of Independence
The CUP regrouped as the Turkish nationalist movement to fight the Turkish War of Independence, relying on the support of perpetrators of the genocide and those who had profited from it. This movement saw the return of Armenian survivors as a mortal threat to its nationalist ambitions and the interests of its supporters. The return of survivors was therefore impossible in most of Anatolia and thousands of Armenians who tried were murdered. Historian Raymond Kévorkian states that the war of independence was "intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors". In 1920, Turkish general Kâzım Karabekir invaded Armenia with orders "to eliminate Armenia physically and politically". Nearly 100,000 Armenians were massacred in Transcaucasia by the Turkish army and another 100,000 fled from Cilicia during the French withdrawal. According to Kévorkian, only the Soviet occupation of Armenia prevented another genocide.The victorious nationalists subsequently declared the Republic of Turkey in 1923. CUP war criminals were granted immunity and later that year, the Treaty of Lausanne established Turkey's current borders and provided for the Greek population's expulsion. Its minority protection provisions had no enforcement mechanism and were disregarded in practice.Armenian survivors were left mainly in three locations. About 295,000 Armenians had fled to Russian-controlled territory during the genocide and ended up mostly in Soviet Armenia. An estimated 200,000 Armenian refugees settled in the Middle East, forming a new wave of the Armenian diaspora. In the Republic of Turkey, about 100,000 Armenians lived in Constantinople and another 200,000 lived in the provinces, largely women and children who had been forcibly converted. Though Armenians in Constantinople faced discrimination, they were allowed to maintain their cultural identity, unlike those elsewhere in Turkey who continued to face forced Islamization and kidnapping of girls after 1923. Between 1922 and 1929, the Turkish authorities eliminated surviving Armenians from southern Turkey, expelling thousands to French-mandate Syria. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Armenian genocide",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Armenian genocide"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Military dictatorship",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Military dictatorships"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Month",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Months"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Socialist International",
"different from",
"Labour and Socialist International"
] | The Socialist International (SI) is a political international or worldwide organisation of political parties which seek to establish democratic socialism. It consists mostly of social-democratic, socialist and labour political parties and organisations.
Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents in the late 19th century. The organisation currently includes 132 member parties and organisations from over 100 countries. Its members have governed in many countries, including most of Europe. In 2013, a schism in the SI led to the establishment of the Progressive Alliance.The current secretary general of the SI is Benedicta Lasi (Ghana) and the current president of the SI is the prime minister of Spain, Pedro Sánchez, both of whom were elected at the last SI Congress held in Madrid, Spain, in November 2022. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Socialist International",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Socialist International"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Lima Province",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lima Province"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Electrical engineering",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Electrical engineering"
] | Electrical engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems which use electricity, electronics, and electromagnetism. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after the commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and electrical power generation, distribution, and use.
Electrical engineering is now divided into a wide range of different fields, including computer engineering, systems engineering, power engineering, telecommunications, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing, instrumentation, photovoltaic cells, electronics, and optics and photonics. Many of these disciplines overlap with other engineering branches, spanning a huge number of specializations including hardware engineering, power electronics, electromagnetics and waves, microwave engineering, nanotechnology, electrochemistry, renewable energies, mechatronics/control, and electrical materials science.Electrical engineers typically hold a degree in electrical engineering or electronic engineering. Practising engineers may have professional certification and be members of a professional body or an international standards organization. These include the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, formerly the IEE).
Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from circuit theory to the management skills of a project manager. The tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple voltmeter to sophisticated design and manufacturing software. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Curve",
"said to be the same as",
"Curve"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Curve",
"different from",
"Krzywa"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Curve",
"said to be the same as",
"line"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Curve",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Curves"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Concept",
"said to be the same as",
"idea"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Concept",
"different from",
"idea"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Concept",
"said to be the same as",
"notion"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Concept",
"different from",
"notion"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Concept",
"said to be the same as",
"intension"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Concept",
"different from",
"term"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Concept",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Concepts"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Concept",
"different from",
"concept"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Concept",
"said to be the same as",
"conception"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Economic system",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Economic systems"
] | List of economic systems
Anarchy
Capitalism
Communism
Dirigisme
Distributism
Feudalism
Hydraulic despotism
Inclusive democracy
Market economy
Mercantilism
Mutualism
Network economy
Non-property system
Palace economy
Participatory economy
Potlatch
Progressive utilization theory (PROUTist economy)
Proprietism
Resource-based economy
Social Credit
Socialism
Statism
Workers' self-managementAcademic field of study
Economic systems is the category in the Journal of Economic Literature classification codes that includes the study of such systems. One field that cuts across them is comparative economic systems, which includes the study of the following aspects of different systems:Typology
There are several basic questions that must be answered in order for an economy to run satisfactorily. The scarcity problem, for example, requires answers to basic questions, such as what to produce, how to produce it and who gets what is produced. An economic system is a way of answering these basic questions and different economic systems answer them differently. Many different objectives may be seen as desirable for an economy, like efficiency, growth, liberty and equality.Economic systems are commonly segmented by their property rights regime for the means of production and by their dominant resource allocation mechanism. Economies that combine private ownership with market allocation are called "market capitalism" and economies that combine private ownership with economic planning are labelled "command capitalism" or dirigisme. Likewise, systems that mix public or cooperative ownership of the means of production with economic planning are called "socialist planned economies" and systems that combine public or cooperative ownership with markets are called "market socialism". Some perspectives build upon this basic nomenclature to take other variables into account, such as class processes within an economy. This leads some economists to categorize, for example, the Soviet Union's economy as state capitalism based on the analysis that the working class was exploited by the party leadership. Instead of looking at nominal ownership, this perspective takes into account the organizational form within economic enterprises.In a capitalist economic system, production is carried out for private profit and decisions regarding investment and allocation of factor inputs are determined by business owners in factor markets. The means of production are primarily owned by private enterprises and decisions regarding production and investment are determined by private owners in capital markets. Capitalist systems range from laissez-faire, with minimal government regulation and state enterprise, to regulated and social market systems, with the aims of ameliorating market failures (see economic intervention) or supplementing the private marketplace with social policies to promote equal opportunities (see welfare state), respectively.
In socialist economic systems (socialism), production for use is carried out; decisions regarding the use of the means of production are adjusted to satisfy economic demand; and investment is determined through economic planning procedures. There is a wide range of proposed planning procedures and ownership structures for socialist systems, with the common feature among them being the social ownership of the means of production. This might take the form of public ownership by all of the society, or ownership cooperatively by their employees. A socialist economic system that features social ownership, but that it is based on the process of capital accumulation and utilization of capital markets for the allocation of capital goods between socially owned enterprises falls under the subcategory of market socialism. | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Village",
"different from",
"hamlet"
] | South Asia
Afghanistan
In Afghanistan, the village, or deh (Dari/Pashto: ده) is the mid-size settlement type in Afghan society, trumping the United States hamlet or qala (Dari: قلعه, Pashto: کلي), though smaller than the town, or shār (Dari: شهر, Pashto: ښار). In contrast to the qala, the deh is generally a bigger settlement which includes a commercial area, while the yet larger shār includes governmental buildings and services such as schools of higher education, basic health care, police stations etc.Unincorporated villages
In many states, the term "village" is used to refer to a relatively small unincorporated community, similar to a hamlet in New York state. This informal usage may be found even in states that have villages as an incorporated municipality, although such usage might be considered incorrect and confusing.
In most New England states, a "village" is a center of population or trade, including the town center, in an otherwise sparsely developed town or city — for instance, the village of Hyannis in the town of Barnstable, Massachusetts. However, in Vermont and Connecticut, both incorporated and unincorporated villages exist. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Village",
"said to be the same as",
"nagari"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
Subsets and Splits