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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"1925",
"follows",
"1924"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1925",
"followed by",
"1926"
] | 1925 (MCMXXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1925th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 925th year of the 2nd millennium, the 25th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1920s decade. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"1925",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1925"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Second Industrial Revolution",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Second Industrial Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Second Industrial Revolution",
"follows",
"Industrial Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Second Industrial Revolution",
"followed by",
"Third Industrial Revolution"
] | The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the middle of the 19th century, was punctuated by a slowdown in important inventions before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Though a number of its events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts, as well as the invention of the Bessemer process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 (the beginning of World War I).Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply, and sewage systems, which had earlier been limited to a few select cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line; it ended at the beginning of World War I.
The Second Industrial Revolution is followed by the Third Industrial Revolution starting in 1947. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Second Industrial Revolution",
"followed by",
"Digital Revolution"
] | Alternative uses
There have been other times that have been called "second industrial revolution". Industrial revolutions may be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. "Second industrial revolution" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I.
Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. At the start of the 21st century the term "second industrial revolution" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. In this more recent scenario, they would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, transforming all facets of the modern economy. Subsequent industrial revolutions include the Digital revolution and Environmental revolution. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Dineutron",
"follows",
"neutron"
] | Mononeutron: An isolated neutron undergoes beta decay with a mean lifetime of approximately 15 minutes (half-life of approximately 10 minutes), becoming a proton (the nucleus of hydrogen), an electron, and an antineutrino.
Dineutron: The dineutron, containing two neutrons, was unambiguously observed in 2012 in the decay of beryllium-16. It is not a bound particle, but had been proposed as an extremely short-lived resonance state produced by nuclear reactions involving tritium. It has been suggested to have a transitory existence in nuclear reactions produced by helions (completely ionized helium-3 nuclei) that result in the formation of a proton and a nucleus having the same atomic number as the target nucleus but a mass number two units greater. The dineutron hypothesis had been used in nuclear reactions with exotic nuclei for a long time. Several applications of the dineutron in nuclear reactions can be found in review papers. Its existence has been proven to be relevant for nuclear structure of exotic nuclei. A system made up of only two neutrons is not bound, though the attraction between them is very nearly enough to make them so. This has some consequences on nucleosynthesis and the abundance of the chemical elements.
Trineutron: A trineutron state consisting of three bound neutrons has not been detected, and is not expected to exist even for a short time.
Tetraneutron: A tetraneutron is a hypothetical particle consisting of four bound neutrons. Reports of its existence have not been replicated.
Pentaneutron: Calculations indicate that the hypothetical pentaneutron state, consisting of a cluster of five neutrons, would not be bound.Although not called "neutronium", the National Nuclear Data Center's Nuclear Wallet Cards lists as its first "isotope" an "element" with the symbol n and atomic number Z = 0 and mass number A = 1. This "isotope" is described as decaying to hydrogen-1 with a half life of 10.24±0.2 min. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Muon",
"follows",
"electron"
] | Muon decay
Muons are unstable elementary particles and are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other matter particles. They decay via the weak interaction. Because leptonic family numbers are conserved in the absence of an extremely unlikely immediate neutrino oscillation, one of the product neutrinos of muon decay must be a muon-type neutrino and the other an electron-type antineutrino (antimuon decay produces the corresponding antiparticles, as detailed below).
Because charge must be conserved, one of the products of muon decay is always an electron of the same charge as the muon (a positron if it is a positive muon). Thus all muons decay to at least an electron, and two neutrinos. Sometimes, besides these necessary products, additional other particles that have no net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced.
The dominant muon decay mode (sometimes called the Michel decay after Louis Michel) is the simplest possible: the muon decays to an electron, an electron antineutrino, and a muon neutrino. Antimuons, in mirror fashion, most often decay to the corresponding antiparticles: a positron, an electron neutrino, and a muon antineutrino. In formulaic terms, these two decays are: | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Muon",
"followed by",
"tau"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Muon",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Muons"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Deuteron",
"follows",
"proton"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Deuteron",
"followed by",
"triton"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory",
"follows",
"Hubble Space Telescope"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory",
"followed by",
"Chandra X-ray Observatory"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Compton Gamma Ray Observatory"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory",
"significant event",
"deployment"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory",
"significant event",
"atmospheric entry"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Compton Gamma Ray Observatory",
"significant event",
"rocket launch"
] | The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (CGRO) was a space observatory detecting photons with energies from 20 keV to 30 GeV, in Earth orbit from 1991 to 2000. The observatory featured four main telescopes in one spacecraft, covering X-rays and gamma rays, including various specialized sub-instruments and detectors. Following 14 years of effort, the observatory was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its deorbit on June 4, 2000. It was deployed in low Earth orbit at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the Van Allen radiation belt. It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 16,300 kilograms (35,900 lb).
Costing $617 million, the CGRO was part of NASA's "Great Observatories" series, along with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Chandra X-ray Observatory, and the Spitzer Space Telescope. It was the second of the series to be launched into space, following the Hubble Space Telescope. The CGRO was named after Arthur Compton, an American physicist and former chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis who received the Nobel prize for work involved with gamma-ray physics. CGRO was built by TRW (now Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems) in Redondo Beach, California. CGRO was an international collaboration and additional contributions came from the European Space Agency and various universities, as well as the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory.
Successors to CGRO include the ESA INTEGRAL spacecraft (launched 2002), NASA's Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission (launched 2004), ASI AGILE (satellite) (launched 2007) and NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (launched 2008); all remain operational as of May 2023. | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Ecclesiastes",
"follows",
"Proverbs"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ecclesiastes",
"followed by",
"Song of Songs"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Ecclesiastes",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Ecclesiastes"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Subgiant",
"follows",
"main sequence"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Subgiant",
"followed by",
"red giant branch"
] | Yerkes luminosity class IV
The term subgiant was first used in 1930 for class G and early K stars with absolute magnitudes between +2.5 and +4. These were noted as being part of a continuum of stars between obvious main-sequence stars such as the Sun and obvious giant stars such as Aldebaran, although less numerous than either the main sequence or the giant stars.The Yerkes spectral classification system is a two-dimensional scheme that uses a letter and number combination to denote that temperature of a star (e.g. A5 or M1) and a Roman numeral to indicate the luminosity relative to other stars of the same temperature. Luminosity class IV stars are the subgiants, located between main-sequence stars (luminosity class V) and red giants (luminosity class III).
Rather than defining absolute features, a typical approach to determining a spectral luminosity class is to compare similar spectra against standard stars. Many line ratios and profiles are sensitive to gravity, and therefore make useful luminosity indicators, but some of the most useful spectral features for each spectral class are:
O: relative strength of N iii emission and He ii absorption, strong emission is more luminous
B: Balmer line profiles, and strength of O ii lines
A: Balmer line profiles, broader wings means less luminous
F: line strengths of Fe, Ti, and Sr
G: Sr and Fe line strengths, and wing widths in the Ca, H and K lines
K: Ca, H, and K line profiles, Sr/Fe line ratios, and MgH and TiO line strengths
M: strength of the 422.6 nm Ca line and TiO bandsMorgan and Keenan listed examples of stars in luminosity class IV when they established the two-dimensional classification scheme:
B0: γ Cassiopeiae, δ Scorpii
B0.5: β Scorpii
B1: ο Persei, β Cephei
B2: γ Orionis, π Scorpii, θ Ophiuchi, λ Scorpii
B2.5: γ Pegasi, ζ Cassiopeiae
B3: ι Herculis
B5: τ Herculis
A2: β Aurigae, λ Ursae Majoris, β Serpentis
A3: δ Herculis
F2: δ Geminorum, ζ Serpentis
F5: Procyon, 110 Herculis
F6: τ Boötis, θ Boötis, γ Serpentis
F8: 50 Andromedae, θ Draconis
G0: η Boötis, ζ Herculis
G2: μ2 Cancri
G5: μ Herculis
G8: β Aquilae
K0: η Cephei
K1: γ CepheiLater analysis showed that some of these were blended spectra from double stars and some were variable, and the standards have been expanded to many more stars, but many of the original stars are still considered standards of the subgiant luminosity class. O-class stars and stars cooler than K1 are rarely given subgiant luminosity classes. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Subgiant",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Subgiant stars"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Solid-state drive",
"follows",
"hard disk drive"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Solid-state drive",
"different from",
"flash memory"
] | SSD failure
SSDs have very different failure modes from traditional magnetic hard drives. Because solid-state drives contain no moving parts, they are generally not subject to mechanical failures. Instead, other kinds of failure are possible (for example, incomplete or failed writes due to sudden power failure can be more of a problem than with HDDs, and if a chip fails then all the data on it is lost, a scenario not applicable to magnetic drives). On the whole, however, studies have shown that SSDs are generally highly reliable, and often continue working far beyond the expected lifetime as stated by their manufacturer.The endurance of an SSD should be provided on its datasheet in one of two forms: | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Solid-state drive",
"uses",
"solid-state electronics"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"1964",
"followed by",
"1965"
] | April
April 4 – The Beatles hold the top 5 positions in the Billboard Top 40 singles in the United States, an unprecedented achievement. The top songs in America as listed on April 4, in order, are: "Can't Buy Me Love", "Twist and Shout", "She Loves You", "I Want to Hold Your Hand", and "Please Please Me".
April 7 – IBM announces the System/360 computer.April 8 – The U.S. Gemini 1 is launched, the first unmanned test of the 2-man spacecraft.
April 9 – The United Nations Security Council adopts by a 9–0 vote a resolution deploring a British air attack on a fort in Yemen 12 days earlier, in which 25 persons have been reported killed.
April 11 – The Brazilian Congress elects Field Marshal Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco as President of Brazil.
April 13 – At the 36th Academy Awards ceremony, Sidney Poitier becomes the first African-American to win an Academy Award in the category Best Actor in a Leading Role in Lilies of the Field.
April 16 – In the Assize Court at Buckingham in England, sentences totalling 307 years are passed on twelve men who stole £2,600,000 in used bank notes, after holding up the night train from Glasgow to London in August 1963 – a heist that becomes known as the Great Train Robbery.
April 19 – In Laos, the coalition government of Prince Souvanna Phouma is deposed by a right-wing military group, led by Brig. Gen. Kouprasith Abhay. Not supported by the United States, the coup is ultimately unsuccessful, and Souvanna Phouma is reinstated, remaining as Prime Minister until 1975.
April 20
U.S. President Lyndon Johnson in New York, and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev in Moscow, simultaneously announce plans to cut back production of materials for making nuclear weapons.
Nelson Mandela makes his "I Am Prepared to Die" speech at the opening of the Rivonia Trial, a key event for the anti-apartheid movement.
In the UK, BBC Two television starts broadcasting for the first time.
April 22British businessman Greville Wynne, imprisoned in Moscow since 1963 for spying, is exchanged for Soviet spy Gordon Lonsdale.
The 1964 New York World's Fair opens to celebrate the 300th anniversary of New Amsterdam being taken over by British forces under the Duke of York (later King James II) and being renamed New York in 1664. The fair runs until October 18, 1964, and reopens April 21, 1965, finally closing October 17, 1965. Although not internationally sanctioned, due to being within ten years of the Seattle World's Fair in 1962, so that some countries decline to attend, many have pavilions with exotic crafts, art and food.
April 25 – Thieves steal the head of the Little Mermaid statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. Although the attack is attributed to Jørgen Nash, the Danish media blame painter Henrik Bruun, who never confesses to the crime).
April 26 – Tanganyika and Zanzibar merge to form Tanzania. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"1964",
"follows",
"1963"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1964",
"different from",
"1964"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"1964",
"said to be the same as",
"11964 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"1964",
"said to be the same as",
"1964"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"1964",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1964"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1968",
"followed by",
"1969"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1968",
"follows",
"1967"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1968",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1968"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"1968",
"different from",
"1968"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"1968",
"said to be the same as",
"11968 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"1968",
"said to be the same as",
"1968"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"1980",
"followed by",
"1981"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1980",
"follows",
"1979"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1980",
"different from",
"1980"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"1980",
"different from",
"1980"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"1980",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1980"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"1980",
"said to be the same as",
"11980 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"1980",
"said to be the same as",
"1980"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"1978",
"follows",
"1977"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1978",
"followed by",
"1979"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1978",
"different from",
"1978"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"1978",
"said to be the same as",
"11978 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"1978",
"said to be the same as",
"1978"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"1978",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1978"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"1967",
"followed by",
"1968"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1967",
"follows",
"1966"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1967",
"different from",
"1967"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1967",
"said to be the same as",
"11967 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"1967",
"said to be the same as",
"1967"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"1967",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1967"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"1966",
"follows",
"1965"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1966",
"followed by",
"1967"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1966",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1966"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"1966",
"different from",
"1966"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1966",
"said to be the same as",
"11966 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"1966",
"said to be the same as",
"1966"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"1969",
"followed by",
"1970"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1969",
"follows",
"1968"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1969",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1969"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"1969",
"said to be the same as",
"11969 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1969",
"said to be the same as",
"1969"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"1969",
"different from",
"1969"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"1965",
"followed by",
"1966"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1965",
"follows",
"1964"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1965",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1965"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"1965",
"said to be the same as",
"11965 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"1965",
"said to be the same as",
"1965"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"1965",
"different from",
"1965"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"1979",
"followed by",
"1980"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1979",
"follows",
"1978"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1979",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1979"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"1979",
"said to be the same as",
"11979 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"1979",
"said to be the same as",
"1979"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"1962",
"followed by",
"1963"
] | 1962 (MCMLXII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1962nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 962nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 62nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1960s decade.
The year saw the Cuban Missile Crisis, which is often considered the closest the world came to a nuclear confrontation during the Cold War. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"1962",
"follows",
"1961"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1962",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1962"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"1962",
"different from",
"1962"
] | null | null | null | null | 22 |
|
[
"1963",
"followed by",
"1964"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1963",
"follows",
"1962"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1963",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1963"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"1963",
"different from",
"1963"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"1963",
"said to be the same as",
"11963 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"1963",
"said to be the same as",
"1963"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"1970",
"followed by",
"1971"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"1970",
"follows",
"1969"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"1970",
"topic's main category",
"Category:1970"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"1970",
"different from",
"1970"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"1970",
"said to be the same as",
"11970 HE"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"1970",
"said to be the same as",
"1970"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Scarlett (miniseries)",
"follows",
"Gone with the Wind"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Scarlett (miniseries)",
"based on",
"Scarlett"
] | Scarlett is a 1994 American six-hour television miniseries loosely based on the 1991 book of the same name written by Alexandra Ripley as a sequel to Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind. The series was filmed at 53 locations in the United States and abroad, and stars Joanne Whalley-Kilmer as Scarlett O'Hara, Timothy Dalton as Rhett Butler, and Sean Bean as Lord Richard Fenton. The miniseries was broadcast in four parts on CBS on November 13, 15, 16, and 17, 1994. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
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