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64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
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2.4k
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Battle of the Harpasus",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Pergamon"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Paxos",
"participant",
"Illyria"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Battle of Paxos",
"participant",
"Achaean League"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Paxos",
"participant",
"Aetolian League"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Paxos",
"participant",
"Acarnania"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Tenedos (73 BC)",
"participant",
"Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Parthian–Bactrian War",
"participant",
"Parthian Empire"
] | The Parthian–Bactrian War refers to the invasion of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by Mithridates I of Parthia in 150s BC, which ended with a Parthian victory and annexation of Western Bactria to the new emerging Iranian power, the Parthian Empire. This war left the Bactrian Kingdom very weakened and open to nomadic invasions, which eventually led to rise of the Kushan Empire in Bactria.
The Roman historian Justin says "the Bactrians, involved in various wars, lost not only their rule but also their freedom, as, exhausted by their wars against the Sogdians, the Arachotes, the Dranges, the Arians and the Indians, they were finally crushed, as if drawn of all their blood, by an enemy weaker than them, the Parthians.", and according to the Greco-Roman historian Strabo "The satrapy Turiva and that of Aspionus were taken away from Eucratides by the Parthians." | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Parthian–Bactrian War",
"participant",
"Greco-Bactrian Kingdom"
] | The Parthian–Bactrian War refers to the invasion of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom by Mithridates I of Parthia in 150s BC, which ended with a Parthian victory and annexation of Western Bactria to the new emerging Iranian power, the Parthian Empire. This war left the Bactrian Kingdom very weakened and open to nomadic invasions, which eventually led to rise of the Kushan Empire in Bactria.
The Roman historian Justin says "the Bactrians, involved in various wars, lost not only their rule but also their freedom, as, exhausted by their wars against the Sogdians, the Arachotes, the Dranges, the Arians and the Indians, they were finally crushed, as if drawn of all their blood, by an enemy weaker than them, the Parthians.", and according to the Greco-Roman historian Strabo "The satrapy Turiva and that of Aspionus were taken away from Eucratides by the Parthians." | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)",
"participant",
"Roman Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)",
"different from",
"Battle of Lake Vadimo"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Lautulae",
"participant",
"Roman Republic"
] | The Battle of Lautulae was a battle fought in 315 BC during the Second Samnite War, opposing the Roman Republic (led by dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus) and the Samnites, who defeated the Romans.Background
In 315 BC, the Romans elected Lucius Papirius Cursor and Quintus Publilius Philo as consuls. These were the same consuls who were elected five years earlier to deal with the crisis that followed Rome's defeat at the Caudine Forks against the Samnites. This same year, Cursor went to Apulia to attack the Samnites at Luceria, while Philo went to Campania to attack the Samnites at Saticula. Simultaneously, another Roman force, under Quintus Fabius Maximus Rullianus, continued to press an attack on Satricum and on the Volscian rebels in the Liris valley. This was a logical progression of the policy of southward expansion; however later it was revealed, this was a dangerous dispersal of Rome's military strength.In Apulia, Cursor laid siege to Samnite-controlled Luceria, and in the Liris valley Fabius Maximus recovered Satricum. Reports from Campagnia told that a Samnite force either defeated or eluded Philo and began to move toward Latium. Fabius Maximus was the only commander close enough who could help defend Latium. He chose to cover the inland route while the Samnites came steadily on. When the Samnites reached the site of Fregellae, they were faced with the choice of either continuing onto Rome along the Trerus valley or travelling left, thereby splitting the Roman territory. They chose the latter course and this brought them against the forces of Quintus Aulius Cerretanus at Lautulae. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Battle of Aquilonia",
"participant",
"Roman Republic"
] | The Battle of Aquilonia, was fought between the Roman Republic and the Samnites during the Third Samnite War in 293 BC, this battle saw a large Samnite army that had gathered in the mountainous region of Aquilonia to stop Roman expansion but was decisively defeated by the Roman legionaries led by Consul Lucius Papirius Cursor and Consul Spurius Carvilius | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Battle of Alesia",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Pharsalus",
"participant",
"populares"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Pharsalus",
"participant",
"optimates"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Magetobriga",
"participant",
"Suebi"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Magetobriga",
"participant",
"Arverni"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Magetobriga",
"participant",
"Aedui"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Battle of Magetobriga",
"participant",
"Sequani"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Battle of Arbalo",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Gergovia",
"participant",
"Julius Caesar"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Gergovia",
"participant",
"Vercingetorix"
] | The Battle of Gergovia took place in 52 BC in Gaul at Gergovia, the chief oppidum (fortified town) of the Arverni. The battle was fought between a Roman Republican army, led by proconsul Julius Caesar, and Gallic forces led by Vercingetorix, who was also the Arverni chieftain. The Romans attempted to besiege Gergovia, but miscommunication ruined the Roman plan. The Gallic cavalry counterattacked the confused Romans and sent them to flight, winning the battle.
The site is identified with Merdogne, since renamed Gergovie, a village located on a hill within the town of La Roche-Blanche, near Clermont-Ferrand, in south central France. Some walls and earthworks still survive from the pre-Roman Iron Age. The battle is well known in France as an example of a Gallic victory. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Battle of Gergovia",
"participant",
"Gauls"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Gergovia",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Battle of Dyrrhachium (48 BC)",
"participant",
"optimates"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of the Sabis",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Battle of the Silarus",
"different from",
"Battle of the Silarius River"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of New Carthage",
"participant",
"Roman Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of New Carthage",
"participant",
"Ancient Carthage"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Battle of Cannae",
"participant",
"Lucius Aemilius Paullus"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Cannae",
"participant",
"Gnaeus Servilius Geminus"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Battle of Cannae",
"participant",
"Marcus Minucius Rufus"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Battle of Cannae",
"participant",
"Gaius Calpurnius Piso"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Battle of Cannae",
"different from",
"Battle of Cannae"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Battle of the Bagradas (49 BC)",
"participant",
"populares"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Artaxata",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Ilipa",
"participant",
"Scipio Africanus"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Ilipa",
"participant",
"Carthage"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Ilipa",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Battle of Ilipa",
"participant",
"Mago"
] | Pre-battle maneuver
The next spring, the Carthaginians launched their last great effort to recover their Iberian holdings. Mago was joined at Ilipa by Hasdrubal Gisco, creating a force estimated at 54,000 to 74,000, considerably larger than Scipio's army of 48,000 men, which was composed of a large number of Spanish allies who were not as seasoned as Roman legionaries. Livy's figures, however, give the Carthaginian army 50,000 infantry and 4,500 cavalry (where he mentioned other sources give the figure of 70,000, such as Polybius at 11.20, but Livy believes it was the lesser number), whilst he puts Scipio's force at 55,000 men, so it was also possible Scipio outnumbered the Carthaginians by a slight margin.Upon the arrival of the Romans, Mago unleashed a daring attack on the Roman camp with most of his cavalry, under his Numidian ally Masinissa. However, this was foreseen by Scipio, who had concealed his own cavalry behind a hill, which charged into the Carthaginian flank, and threw back the enemy with heavy losses on Mago's side.
The two opponents spent the next few days observing and testing each other, with Scipio always waiting to lead out his troops only after the Carthaginians had advanced from their camp first. The Roman formation always presented the legions in the center and Iberians on the wings, thus leading Hasdrubal and Mago to believe that this would be the Roman arrangement on the day of battle.Aftermath
After the battle, Hasdrubal Gisco departed for Africa to visit the powerful Numidian king Syphax, in whose court he was met by Scipio, who was also courting the favor of the Numidians.
Mago Barca fled to the Balearics, whence he would sail to Liguria and attempt an invasion of northern Italy.
After his final subjugation of Carthaginian Iberia and revenge upon the Iberian chieftains, whose betrayal had led to the death of his father and uncle, Scipio returned to Rome. He was elected consul in 205 BC with a near-unanimous nomination, and after receiving the Senate's consent, he would have the control of Sicily as proconsul, from where his invasion of the Carthaginian homeland would be realized. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Battle of Ilipa",
"participant",
"Hasdrubal Gisco"
] | Pre-battle maneuver
The next spring, the Carthaginians launched their last great effort to recover their Iberian holdings. Mago was joined at Ilipa by Hasdrubal Gisco, creating a force estimated at 54,000 to 74,000, considerably larger than Scipio's army of 48,000 men, which was composed of a large number of Spanish allies who were not as seasoned as Roman legionaries. Livy's figures, however, give the Carthaginian army 50,000 infantry and 4,500 cavalry (where he mentioned other sources give the figure of 70,000, such as Polybius at 11.20, but Livy believes it was the lesser number), whilst he puts Scipio's force at 55,000 men, so it was also possible Scipio outnumbered the Carthaginians by a slight margin.Upon the arrival of the Romans, Mago unleashed a daring attack on the Roman camp with most of his cavalry, under his Numidian ally Masinissa. However, this was foreseen by Scipio, who had concealed his own cavalry behind a hill, which charged into the Carthaginian flank, and threw back the enemy with heavy losses on Mago's side.
The two opponents spent the next few days observing and testing each other, with Scipio always waiting to lead out his troops only after the Carthaginians had advanced from their camp first. The Roman formation always presented the legions in the center and Iberians on the wings, thus leading Hasdrubal and Mago to believe that this would be the Roman arrangement on the day of battle. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Battle of Ilipa",
"participant",
"Massinissa"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Battle of Vosges (58 BC)",
"participant",
"Germanic peoples"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Vosges (58 BC)",
"participant",
"Romans"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Second Battle of Lamia",
"participant",
"Macedonia"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of the Lupia River",
"participant",
"Sicambri"
] | The Battle of the Lupia River was fought in 11 BC between a Roman force led by Nero Claudius Drusus and the Sicambri. The Lupia River, now Lippe, flows westwards through the Ruhr Valley in North Rhine-Westphalia. Drusus defeated the Sicambri, and some of the defeated were moved to west of the Rhine River.== Notes == | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Battle of Carteia (naval)",
"participant",
"Ancient Carthage"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Carteia (naval)",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Battle of the Arar",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1099)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1244)"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jebus"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1834)"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Antony's Atropatene campaign",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Maps of Antony's Parthian War"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Antony's Atropatene campaign",
"participant",
"Parthian Empire"
] | Antony's Parthian War was a military campaign by Mark Antony, the eastern triumvir of the Roman Republic, against the Parthian Empire under Phraates IV.Julius Caesar had planned an invasion of Parthia but was assassinated before he could implement it. In 40 BC, the Parthians were joined by Pompeian forces and briefly captured much of the Roman East, but a force sent by Antony defeated them and reversed their gains.
Allying with several kingdoms, including Armenia, Antony began a campaign against Parthia with a massive force in 36 BC. The Euphrates front was found to be strong and so Antony chose the route via Armenia. Upon entering Atropatene, the Roman baggage train and siege engines, which had taken a different route, were destroyed by a Parthian cavalry force. Antony still besieged the Atropatene capital but was unsuccessful. The arduous journey of retreat to Armenia and then Syria further inflicted heavy losses on his force. The war became a strategic draw, and peace was later negotiated by Augustus. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Antony's Atropatene campaign",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Gamla",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gamla"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Vesuvius eruptions in 79"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Battle of Mount Gindarus",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Battle of Munda",
"participant",
"populares"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Forum Julii",
"participant",
"Otho"
] | The Battle of Forum Julii was fought between the armies of the rival Roman emperors Otho and Vitellius forces in early 69 AD. It is described by Tacitus in his Histories at 2.14-15. The exact location of this battle is not mentioned by the historian, however, he alludes to its taking place in Gallia Narbonensis, possibly near modern Fréjus. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1099)"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Assyrian Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (63 BC)"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1244)"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jebus"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Siege of Jerusalem (37 BC)",
"different from",
"Siege of Jerusalem (1834)"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Battle of Bedriacum",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Forum Gallorum",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"participant",
"Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus"
] | Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the Roman Republic. At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus. Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The ramifications of the assassination led to his Martyrdom, the Liberators' civil war and ultimately to the Principate period of the Roman Empire.Ides of March
On the Ides of March of 44 BC, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of Pompey, located in the Theatre of Pompey, for the senate meeting. Usually, the senators would be meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them. There were gladiatorial games underway at the Theatre, and Decimus Brutus, who owned a company of gladiators, stationed them in the Portico of Pompey, also located in the Theatre of Pompey. The gladiators could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary.The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come. The reason for this is that early that morning, Calpurnia, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare. She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms and mourning him. Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood. Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life, which helps explain her visions. Around 5 a.m., Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day. After some hesitation, Caesar acquiesced. Although not superstitious, he knew that Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be cautious. Caesar sent Mark Antony to dismiss the Senate. When the conspirators heard of this dismissal, Decimus went to Caesar's home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting. "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said. "Will someone of your stature pay attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go.Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of Spurinna. "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out playfully. "Aye, the Ides have come," said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone." Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was intercepted by one of the plotters (either Trebonius or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside. He remained there until after the assassination, at which point he fled.
According to Plutarch, as Caesar took his seat, Lucius Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's toga. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("Ista quidem vis est!"). At the same time, Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?" Casca, frightened, shouted simultaneously "Brother! Help me!" (Ancient Greek: ἀδελφέ, βοήθει, romanized: adelphe, boethei). Though Caesar was able to violently throw Casca away, Gaius Servilius Casca stabbed him in the side. Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius, slashing Caesar's face, Bucilianus stabbing at the back and Decimus slicing his thigh. Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. Caesar was stabbed 23 times. Suetonius relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal. This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss from his stab wounds.Caesar was killed at the base of the Curia of Pompey in the Theatre of Pompey.The dictator's last words are a contested subject among scholars and historians. Suetonius himself says he said nothing, nevertheless, he mentions that others have written that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σύ, τέκνον;" (transliterated as "Kai su, teknon?": "You too, child?" in English). Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building. Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing: "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread. According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled; Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"participant",
"Marcus Junius Brutus"
] | Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the Roman Republic. At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus. Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The ramifications of the assassination led to his Martyrdom, the Liberators' civil war and ultimately to the Principate period of the Roman Empire. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"participant",
"Gaius Cassius Longinus"
] | Julius Caesar was assassinated by a group of senators on the Ides of March (15 March) of 44 BC during a meeting of the Senate at the Curia of Pompey of the Theatre of Pompey in Rome where the senators stabbed Caesar 23 times. They claimed to be acting over fears that Caesar's unprecedented concentration of power during his dictatorship was undermining the Roman Republic. At least 60 to 70 senators were party to the conspiracy, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, Gaius Cassius Longinus, and Decimus Junius Brutus Albinus. Despite the death of Caesar, the conspirators were unable to restore the institutions of the Republic. The ramifications of the assassination led to his Martyrdom, the Liberators' civil war and ultimately to the Principate period of the Roman Empire. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"participant",
"Tillius Cimber"
] | Ides of March
On the Ides of March of 44 BC, conspirators and non-conspirators met at the Senate House of Pompey, located in the Theatre of Pompey, for the senate meeting. Usually, the senators would be meeting at the Roman Forum, but Caesar was financing a reconstruction of the forum and so the senators met in other venues throughout Rome, this being one of them. There were gladiatorial games underway at the Theatre, and Decimus Brutus, who owned a company of gladiators, stationed them in the Portico of Pompey, also located in the Theatre of Pompey. The gladiators could be useful to the conspirators: if a fight broke out to protect Caesar, the gladiators could intervene; if Caesar was killed but the conspirators came under attack, the gladiators could protect them; and since it was impossible to enter the Senate House without going through the Portico, the gladiators could block entrance to both if necessary.The senators waited for Caesar's arrival, but he did not come. The reason for this is that early that morning, Calpurnia, Caesar's wife, was awoken from a nightmare. She had dreamt that she was holding a murdered Caesar in her arms and mourning him. Other versions have Calpurnia dream that the front pediment of their house had collapsed and that Caesar had died; yet another shows Caesar's body streaming with blood. Calpurnia had no doubt heard Spurinna's warnings of great peril to Caesar's life, which helps explain her visions. Around 5 a.m., Calpurnia begged Caesar not to go to the senate meeting that day. After some hesitation, Caesar acquiesced. Although not superstitious, he knew that Spurinna and Calpurnia were involved in Roman politics, and decided to be cautious. Caesar sent Mark Antony to dismiss the Senate. When the conspirators heard of this dismissal, Decimus went to Caesar's home to try to talk him into coming to the Senate meeting. "What do you say, Caesar?" Decimus said. "Will someone of your stature pay attention to a woman's dreams and the omens of foolish men?" Caesar eventually decided to go.Caesar was walking to the senate house when he caught sight of Spurinna. "Well, the Ides of March have come!" Caesar called out playfully. "Aye, the Ides have come," said Spurinna, "but they are not yet gone." Mark Antony started to enter with Caesar, but was intercepted by one of the plotters (either Trebonius or Decimus Brutus) and detained outside. He remained there until after the assassination, at which point he fled.
According to Plutarch, as Caesar took his seat, Lucius Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother. The other conspirators crowded round to offer their support. Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed Caesar's shoulders and pulled down Caesar's toga. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("Ista quidem vis est!"). At the same time, Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?" Casca, frightened, shouted simultaneously "Brother! Help me!" (Ancient Greek: ἀδελφέ, βοήθει, romanized: adelphe, boethei). Though Caesar was able to violently throw Casca away, Gaius Servilius Casca stabbed him in the side. Within moments, Caesar was attacked from all directions, with Cassius, slashing Caesar's face, Bucilianus stabbing at the back and Decimus slicing his thigh. Caesar attempted to fight back, but tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenseless on the lower steps of the portico. Caesar was stabbed 23 times. Suetonius relates that a physician who performed an autopsy on Caesar established that only one wound (the second one to his ribs) had been fatal. This autopsy report (the earliest known post-mortem report in history) describes that Caesar's death was mostly attributable to blood loss from his stab wounds.Caesar was killed at the base of the Curia of Pompey in the Theatre of Pompey.The dictator's last words are a contested subject among scholars and historians. Suetonius himself says he said nothing, nevertheless, he mentions that others have written that Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σύ, τέκνον;" (transliterated as "Kai su, teknon?": "You too, child?" in English). Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators. According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators not involved in the plot; they, however, fled the building. Brutus and his companions then marched through the city, announcing: "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumours of what had taken place began to spread. According to Suetonius, after the murder all the conspirators fled; Caesar's body lay untouched for some time afterwards, until finally three slaves put him on a litter and carried him home, with one arm hanging down. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"participant",
"Publius Servilius Casca"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Assassination of Julius Caesar"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Assassination of Julius Caesar",
"participant",
"Liberatores"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Caratacus's last battle",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Battle of Amanus Pass",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of the Cilician Gates",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Battle of Actium",
"participant",
"Cleopatra"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Battle of Actium",
"participant",
"Augustus"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Battle of Actium",
"participant",
"Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa"
] | Order of battle
The two fleets met outside the Gulf of Actium on the morning of 2 September. Antony's fleet had 250 larger galleys, with towers full of armed men. He led them through the straits towards the open sea. Octavian’s fleet had 400 galleys. His fleet was waiting beyond the straits, led by the experienced admiral Agrippa, commanding from the left wing of the fleet, Lucius Arruntius the centre and Marcus Lurius the right. Titus Statilius Taurus commanded Octavian's armies, and observed the battle from shore to the north of the straits. Antony and Lucius Gellius Poplicola commanded the Antonian fleet's right wing, Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius commanded the centre, while Gaius Sosius commanded the left wing; Cleopatra's squadron was behind them. Sosius launched the initial attack from the fleet's left wing while Antony's chief lieutenant Publius Canidius Crassus commanded the triumvir's land forces.Pelling notes that the presence of two former consuls on Antony's side commanding the wings indicates that it was there that the major action was expected to take place. Octavius and Insteius, commanding Antony's centre, were lower-profile figures. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Battle of Actium",
"participant",
"Mark Antony"
] | Order of battle
The two fleets met outside the Gulf of Actium on the morning of 2 September. Antony's fleet had 250 larger galleys, with towers full of armed men. He led them through the straits towards the open sea. Octavian’s fleet had 400 galleys. His fleet was waiting beyond the straits, led by the experienced admiral Agrippa, commanding from the left wing of the fleet, Lucius Arruntius the centre and Marcus Lurius the right. Titus Statilius Taurus commanded Octavian's armies, and observed the battle from shore to the north of the straits. Antony and Lucius Gellius Poplicola commanded the Antonian fleet's right wing, Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius commanded the centre, while Gaius Sosius commanded the left wing; Cleopatra's squadron was behind them. Sosius launched the initial attack from the fleet's left wing while Antony's chief lieutenant Publius Canidius Crassus commanded the triumvir's land forces.Pelling notes that the presence of two former consuls on Antony's side commanding the wings indicates that it was there that the major action was expected to take place. Octavius and Insteius, commanding Antony's centre, were lower-profile figures. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Battle of Actium",
"participant",
"Gaius Sosius"
] | Order of battle
The two fleets met outside the Gulf of Actium on the morning of 2 September. Antony's fleet had 250 larger galleys, with towers full of armed men. He led them through the straits towards the open sea. Octavian’s fleet had 400 galleys. His fleet was waiting beyond the straits, led by the experienced admiral Agrippa, commanding from the left wing of the fleet, Lucius Arruntius the centre and Marcus Lurius the right. Titus Statilius Taurus commanded Octavian's armies, and observed the battle from shore to the north of the straits. Antony and Lucius Gellius Poplicola commanded the Antonian fleet's right wing, Marcus Octavius and Marcus Insteius commanded the centre, while Gaius Sosius commanded the left wing; Cleopatra's squadron was behind them. Sosius launched the initial attack from the fleet's left wing while Antony's chief lieutenant Publius Canidius Crassus commanded the triumvir's land forces.Pelling notes that the presence of two former consuls on Antony's side commanding the wings indicates that it was there that the major action was expected to take place. Octavius and Insteius, commanding Antony's centre, were lower-profile figures. | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Battle of Actium",
"participant",
"Lucius Arruntius the Elder"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
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