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[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2011 Major League Baseball season"
] | 2011 season
Medlen spent much of the 2011 season rehabbing following the surgery. He was activated from the 60-day disabled list on September 24, 2011, and pitched in only two games. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2009 Major League Baseball season"
] | Major leagues
2009 season
Medlen began his major league career as a starter, making his debut on May 21, 2009 pitching just 3.0 innings, giving up 5 earned runs on 3 hits against the Colorado Rockies. Medlen earned his first major league win on May 31, 2009 against the Arizona Diamondbacks pitching 6 innings and giving up only 1 earned run. Medlen went to the Braves bull pen, to make room for rookie starting pitcher Tommy Hanson, and Medlen made his first appearance as a relief pitcher on June 9, 2009, when he pitched scoreless 13th, 14th and 15th innings to get a win against the Pittsburgh Pirates. For the 2009 season, Medlen pitched a total of 67.2 innings, gave up 65 hits and 30 walks, while striking out 72. His record was 3 wins and 5 losses, with an ERA of 4.26. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2010 Major League Baseball season"
] | 2010 season
On August 5, 2010, Medlen was placed on the 15-day disabled list with a partially torn ulnar collateral ligament tear in his right elbow. It was announced by the Atlanta Braves that he would require Tommy John surgery to repair the damage, ending his season. | null | null | null | null | 15 |
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2013 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2012 National League Wild Card Game"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2015 World Series"
] | Kansas City Royals
On December 18, 2014, he signed a two-year deal (with a mutual option for a third year) with the Kansas City Royals for a guaranteed $8.5 million. He started the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list to continue recovering from his second Tommy John surgery and made his first appearance for the Royals on July 20, 2015 against the Pirates. He made his first start for the Royals on Monday, August 24, 2015, against the Baltimore Orioles. He made 15 appearances (8 starts) in 2015 with a 6–2 record and a 4.01 ERA. He was also part of the Royals postseason run as the team won the 2015 World Series over the New York Mets, their first championship in 30 years.
On May 12, 2016, Medlen was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to right rotator cuff inflammation. The Royals declined Medlen's 2017 option on November 4, making him a free agent. | null | null | null | null | 24 |
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2015 American League Division Series"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2015 American League Championship Series"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2016 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2013 National League Division Series"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2015 Major League Baseball season"
] | Kansas City Royals
On December 18, 2014, he signed a two-year deal (with a mutual option for a third year) with the Kansas City Royals for a guaranteed $8.5 million. He started the 2015 season on the 60-day disabled list to continue recovering from his second Tommy John surgery and made his first appearance for the Royals on July 20, 2015 against the Pirates. He made his first start for the Royals on Monday, August 24, 2015, against the Baltimore Orioles. He made 15 appearances (8 starts) in 2015 with a 6–2 record and a 4.01 ERA. He was also part of the Royals postseason run as the team won the 2015 World Series over the New York Mets, their first championship in 30 years.
On May 12, 2016, Medlen was placed on the 15-day disabled list due to right rotator cuff inflammation. The Royals declined Medlen's 2017 option on November 4, making him a free agent. | null | null | null | null | 30 |
[
"Kris Medlen",
"participant of",
"2018 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 33 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2012 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2011 Major League Baseball season"
] | Rickie Darnell Weeks Jr. (born September 13, 1982) is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Seattle Mariners, Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Rays. He was named an MLB All-Star in 2011.
Weeks bats and throws right-handed. Until the 2009 season, Weeks had a distinctive batting stance similar to that of Gary Sheffield, waggling his bat heavily before swinging. The waggle is still present, but noticeably less aggressive. Weeks pointed to this change when asked about his improved presence at the plate in 2009. While primarily a second baseman throughout his career, Weeks transitioned to left field in 2015 and played first base in his final season. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2007 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2009 Major League Baseball season"
] | Rickie Darnell Weeks Jr. (born September 13, 1982) is an American former professional baseball second baseman. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Milwaukee Brewers, Seattle Mariners, Arizona Diamondbacks and Tampa Bay Rays. He was named an MLB All-Star in 2011.
Weeks bats and throws right-handed. Until the 2009 season, Weeks had a distinctive batting stance similar to that of Gary Sheffield, waggling his bat heavily before swinging. The waggle is still present, but noticeably less aggressive. Weeks pointed to this change when asked about his improved presence at the plate in 2009. While primarily a second baseman throughout his career, Weeks transitioned to left field in 2015 and played first base in his final season.Professional career
Milwaukee Brewers
2003–2009
Weeks signed a contract with a $3.6 million signing bonus. He made his major league debut on September 15, 2003.
Weeks did not become a full-time player for the Brewers until June 2005, when he was recalled from the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, despite playing much of the 2005 season with a thumb injury. In his first full MLB season in 2005, Weeks had a batting average of .239 to go with 13 home runs and 15 stolen bases in 96 games. These HR/SB number are consistent with his minor league totals (playing in 209 games) of 21 home runs and 24 stolen bases. In 2006, Weeks hit .279 with 8 home runs, 34 RBIs, and 19 stolen bases in 95 games.
Weeks returned to the Nashville Sounds on July 31, 2007, since he was batting below .200 after returning from a wrist injury.
In 2008, he had the lowest fielding percentage (.975) and the most errors (15) of all NL second basemen. On offense, however, Weeks scored 46.6% of the time he reached base, second-best in the NL.In Game 1 of the 2008 NL Division Series, Weeks made a key error in the third inning that led to three unearned runs scored by the Phillies in Philadelphia's 3–1 victory. In Game 3, Weeks injured his knee while trying to beat out a throw at first base. He underwent surgery the next day to remove torn cartilage from his left knee.On February 3, 2009, Weeks and the Brewers reached a one-year deal worth $2.45 million, thereby avoiding salary arbitration. Weeks could have earned an additional $100,000 in performance bonuses based on plate appearances from 575 to 650.In early 2009, sabermetrician Bill James wrote in John Dewan's "The Fielding Bible Volume II," that Weeks should be moved to a position other than second base, as he had 44 defensive misplays that season. Dewan ranked Weeks the worst starting second baseman in the majors. Advanced metrics in 2008 however saw him as being only slightly below average.Back atop the lineup to begin the 2009 season, Weeks had a .281/.333/.486 start with five home runs in April. On May 18, 2009, Weeks was diagnosed with a torn muscle in his left wrist, and missed the remainder of the 2009 season. At the time of his injury, Weeks was tied with Prince Fielder for the team lead in home runs. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2008 Major League Baseball season"
] | Personal life
Weeks married Tiphany Easterling on January 18, 2014, in Miami, Florida. Weeks is the son of Richard and Valeria Weeks. Weeks's father Richard played college baseball for Seton Hall University and Stetson University. His grandfather was an outfielder in the Negro leagues during the 1940s, and his sister Kaisha was an NCAA Regional Finalist at Southern University in track. Weeks's brother Jemile Weeks was drafted by the Brewers in 2005 out of high school, but never signed with them, choosing to attend the University of Miami instead. The Oakland Athletics drafted Jemile in the first round of the 2008 MLB Draft twelfth overall.In 2005, Weeks signed a sponsorship contract with sportswear company 3N2, which designed a shoe for him. In 2009, Weeks was voted "Sexiest Baseball Player" by Cosmopolitan Magazine. | null | null | null | null | 12 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2010 Major League Baseball season"
] | 2010–2014
Playing in 160 games, Weeks recorded his finest season as a pro, and perhaps the best all-around season a Brewer second baseman has ever had. On June 12, 2010, Weeks tallied his 500th hit at Miller Park and received a standing ovation. Weeks finished with a career-high 29 home runs and 83 RBIs, a .269 average, and a strong .366 on-base percentage. His WAR of 6.0 rated 2nd among all regular second basemen, behind only Robinson Cano. He led the NL in at bats (651), plate appearances (754), and hit by pitch (25), and was second in runs scored (112).On February 16, 2011, Weeks signed a contract extension for 4 years at $38 million. The deal includes an option for a 5th year provided Weeks is an everyday player in 2013 and 2014, and could raise the total value of the contract to $50 million.Weeks was voted by the fans to be the starting second baseman for the National League in the 2011 All-Star Game. Weeks sustained a severe ankle sprain while legging out an infield single in July. Weeks was placed on the DL until early September, and his offensive production was significantly hampered down the stretch. On September 27, in the second to last game of the regular season, Weeks hit one of the longest home runs ever hit at Miller Park, off the stadium club windows in left field. It was his first home run since his return from the DL, and his 20th of the season. He ended his regular season at .269 with 20 home runs. Advanced defensive metrics pegged him as a league-average defender at the keystone, and his WAR of 3.3 was good for 3rd in the National League.Despite a slow start in April and May 2012, Weeks rebounded beginning in June and posted typical power numbers, albeit with a dip in his on-base totals, which had been a hallmark of his value to that point. Weeks had a poor 2013 season, posting career lows in nearly all major offensive categories. A torn hamstring ended his season in August, and Scooter Gennett replaced him at second base.In the 2014 season, his contract year with Milwaukee, Weeks has assumed the right-handed part of Milwaukee's productive second base platoon, starting versus all left-handed starting pitchers. Although over only 286 plate appearances, he returned to pre-2012 form hitting .274/.357/.452. With Gennett, Brewers second basemen ranked fourth in the National League in Wins Above Replacement, and 11th league-wide. After the 2014 season, the Brewers declined his contract option ending his ten-year tenure with the Brewers. | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2013 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2006 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2005 Major League Baseball season"
] | Professional career
Milwaukee Brewers
2003–2009
Weeks signed a contract with a $3.6 million signing bonus. He made his major league debut on September 15, 2003.
Weeks did not become a full-time player for the Brewers until June 2005, when he was recalled from the Triple-A Nashville Sounds, despite playing much of the 2005 season with a thumb injury. In his first full MLB season in 2005, Weeks had a batting average of .239 to go with 13 home runs and 15 stolen bases in 96 games. These HR/SB number are consistent with his minor league totals (playing in 209 games) of 21 home runs and 24 stolen bases. In 2006, Weeks hit .279 with 8 home runs, 34 RBIs, and 19 stolen bases in 95 games.
Weeks returned to the Nashville Sounds on July 31, 2007, since he was batting below .200 after returning from a wrist injury.
In 2008, he had the lowest fielding percentage (.975) and the most errors (15) of all NL second basemen. On offense, however, Weeks scored 46.6% of the time he reached base, second-best in the NL.In Game 1 of the 2008 NL Division Series, Weeks made a key error in the third inning that led to three unearned runs scored by the Phillies in Philadelphia's 3–1 victory. In Game 3, Weeks injured his knee while trying to beat out a throw at first base. He underwent surgery the next day to remove torn cartilage from his left knee.On February 3, 2009, Weeks and the Brewers reached a one-year deal worth $2.45 million, thereby avoiding salary arbitration. Weeks could have earned an additional $100,000 in performance bonuses based on plate appearances from 575 to 650.In early 2009, sabermetrician Bill James wrote in John Dewan's "The Fielding Bible Volume II," that Weeks should be moved to a position other than second base, as he had 44 defensive misplays that season. Dewan ranked Weeks the worst starting second baseman in the majors. Advanced metrics in 2008 however saw him as being only slightly below average.Back atop the lineup to begin the 2009 season, Weeks had a .281/.333/.486 start with five home runs in April. On May 18, 2009, Weeks was diagnosed with a torn muscle in his left wrist, and missed the remainder of the 2009 season. At the time of his injury, Weeks was tied with Prince Fielder for the team lead in home runs. | null | null | null | null | 22 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2003 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 23 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2014 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 29 |
|
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2015 Major League Baseball season"
] | Seattle Mariners
2015
Weeks signed with the Seattle Mariners on a one-year, $2 million contract on February 13, 2015. Weeks received sporadic playing time, and had a .167 batting average with three extra base hits in 95 plate appearances through early June. He was designated for assignment on June 13, and released on June 21. | null | null | null | null | 31 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2016 Major League Baseball season"
] | Arizona Diamondbacks
On February 27, 2016, he signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks. On April 2, 2016, it was announced that Weeks made Arizona's 2016 opening day roster. | null | null | null | null | 32 |
[
"Rickie Weeks Jr.",
"participant of",
"2017 Major League Baseball season"
] | Tampa Bay Rays
On February 3, 2017, Weeks signed a minor league contract with the Tampa Bay Rays that included an invitation to spring training. On April 2, 2017 the Tampa Bay Rays announced Weeks had made the opening day roster and would platoon at first base with Logan Morrison. Weeks went on the DL on June 9 for a shoulder injury and was released on July 24. For the season, Weeks had a slash line of .216/.321/.340/ hitting 2 homeruns in 37 games (112 plate appearances) striking out 49 times. For the season, he had the highest strikeout percentage against left-handed pitchers (42.9%). | null | null | null | null | 33 |
[
"Stanislas Joseph François Xavier Rovère",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Jooseph Stanislas François Xavier Alexis Rovère de Fontvielle (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf fʁɑ̃swa ɡzavje]), born 16 July 1748 in Bonnieux ( Vaucluse ), died 11 September 1798 in Sinnamary, French Guiana, was a general and politician of the French Revolution . | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2012 Major League Baseball season"
] | San Francisco Giants (2012–2015)
Petit signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants for the 2012 season. He made his Giants debut as the starting pitcher on September 23, in place of Tim Lincecum, in a move to rest the regular rotation, since the Giants had clinched the NL West division title the day before. Petit allowed 2 runs and 7 hits in 4 2/3 innings in that effort; he was not the pitcher of record in a Giants loss. The Giants won the 2012 World Series over the Detroit Tigers and although Petit was not on the playoff roster, he did receive a ring.
Petit began 2013 with Triple-A Fresno, but on July 23, he was called up to help the pitching staff during a double-header. He pitched in the first game of the double-header after Eric Surkamp had a poor start. In 5.1 innings, he struck out 7 and gave up 2 runs. On July 28, he was designated for assignment. Petit subsequently cleared waivers and was sent back to Fresno. He was recalled by the Giants on August 23, as a starter.
On September 6, 2013, making just his third major-league start of the year since joining the rotation as an injury replacement, Petit came within one strike of pitching a perfect game against his former team, the Arizona Diamondbacks. It was broken up on a single by pinch hitter Eric Chavez on a 3-2 count with two outs in the ninth inning. Petit would get the following out, finishing the game with 7 strikeouts and no walks on 95 pitches. The Giants won that game 3-0. The game was Petit's first career complete game and shutout. He was the 12th pitcher in MLB history to lose a perfect game with two outs in the 9th inning.
During the 2014 season, Petit worked mostly in relief, with occasional starts. Making a spot start in place of the injured Matt Cain on July 22 and giving up five runs (increasing his season ERA to 4.11), Petit recorded the last out of the fifth inning and subsequently proceeded to post six consecutive perfect relief appearances, of lengths varying from 1 to 4+1⁄3 innings, totalling 38 consecutive retired batters. On August 28, Petit returned to the Giants starting rotation in place of Tim Lincecum and set down the first eight Colorado Rockies to set a new MLB record for consecutive batters retired at 46 (over a period of eight games), breaking the record of 45 formerly held by Mark Buehrle. Buehrle's streak included his perfect game and the starts before and after. Buehrle had broken a 1972 record of 41 consecutive retired batters that had been set by Jim Barr over the course of two complete-game wins, from the third inning of one to the seventh inning of the next; Barr's mark had been tied in 2007 by Bobby Jenks over the course of 14 relief appearances. He also broke Buehrle's record for consecutive perfect innings pitched by 0.1 with 15.1. After giving up a third-inning double to opposing pitcher Jordan Lyles to snap the streak, Petit proceeded to complete six innings, allowing four hits and a run, to record the win and reduce his season ERA to 3.44.In the Giants' 18-inning victory over the Washington Nationals in the second game of the 2014 National League Division Series, Petit pitched 6 shut-out innings in relief to get the win, as Brandon Belt hit the game-winning home run in the 18th.In Game 4 of the 2014 National League Championship Series, Petit pitched three scoreless innings in relief of Ryan Vogelsong that gave the Giants time to erase a 4-1 deficit.With the Giants' victory over the Kansas City Royals to secure the 2014 World Series title, Petit won his second world championship. He also became the only professional baseball player to win both the Little League World Series and the MLB World Series. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2009 Major League Baseball season"
] | Arizona Diamondbacks (2007–2009)
Petit was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks on March 26, 2007, for Jorge Julio. He picked up his first win for the Triple-A Tucson Sidewinders on April 15 against the Colorado Springs Sky Sox, tossing six innings, allowing two earned runs off six hits with five strikeouts. He was recalled on April 22 and made his Diamondbacks debut that night against the San Francisco Giants, allowing two runs over seven innings in the loss. He earned wins in five of his next six starts, going 5–0 with a 2.21 ERA. He earned his first win for the Diamondbacks on July 3 against the St. Louis Cardinals, allowing one run over 51⁄3 innings.
Going into the 2009 season, Petit was the likely candidate for the fifth starter role in the pitching rotation or a long-relief role, out of the bullpen. He started the season in the major leagues for the first time in his career and posted a 0–1 mark with a 4.70 ERA in six relief appearances before being optioned to Tucson on April 27. He made 11 starts for the Sidewinders, going 3–3 with a 4.80 ERA. Petit was recalled on June 27 and remained in the Majors for the remainder of the season. He made his first start of the season for the D-backs on July 2 and earned a no-decision in a 4–3 loss against the Milwaukee Brewers after allowing only one run on two hits with four strikeouts in six innings. He held opposing batters to a .216 batting average for the season, including a .213 average as a starter. In 2009, Petit was mainly a spot starter for the Diamondbacks rotation and went 3–5 with a 4.31 ERA in 19 games, of which eight were starts.
On August 4, 2009, Petit took a no-hitter into the eighth inning against the Pittsburgh Pirates before it was broken up in the eighth with a single by Ronny Cedeño. It was the only hit he allowed in eight innings. He finished the season 3–10 with a 5.82 ERA in 23 games, of which 17 were starts. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2008 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2013 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2006 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2007 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2015 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 21 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2016 Major League Baseball season"
] | Washington Nationals (2016)
Petit reached free agency after the 2015 season. The Washington Nationals announced on December 14, 2015, that he accepted a one-year deal with an option for a second year, which was declined. On April 7, against the Miami Marlins, he made his Nationals debut. | null | null | null | null | 22 |
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2017 Major League Baseball season"
] | Los Angeles Angels (2017)
On February 8, 2017, the Los Angeles Angels signed Petit to a minor league contract with an invitation to spring training. On March 30, he was added to the opening day roster. On April 5, he made his Angels debut against the Oakland Athletics. | null | null | null | null | 23 |
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2018 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2019 Major League Baseball season"
] | null | null | null | null | 25 |
|
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2020 Major League Baseball season"
] | Oakland Athletics (2018–2021)
On December 7, 2017, Petit signed a two-year contract with the Oakland Athletics which includes a club option for 2020. Petit finished his first season with the A's with a 7-3 record and an even 3.00 ERA over 93 innings. He continued his success the following season, registering an ERA of 2.71 in 80 games, prompting the Athletics to exercise their option on him. In the shortened 2020 season, Petit recorded a 1.66 ERA in 21+2⁄3 innings.
On February 14, 2021, Petit resigned with the Athletics on a 1-year contract worth $2.55 million. In 2021, Petit logged 78 games of 3.92 ERA ball, striking out 37 in 78.0 innings of work. He became a free agent following the season. | null | null | null | null | 26 |
[
"Yusmeiro Petit",
"participant of",
"2014 Major League Baseball season"
] | Yusmeiro Alberto Petit (Spanish pronunciation: [ʝusˈmejɾo peˈtit]; born November 22, 1984) is a Venezuelan professional baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Florida Marlins, Arizona Diamondbacks, San Francisco Giants, Washington Nationals, Los Angeles Angels and Oakland Athletics. In 2014, Petit retired 46 consecutive batters to set a new Major League record. He throws right-handed. | null | null | null | null | 28 |
[
"Jacques Hébert",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Joseph Fouché",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Joseph Fouché, 1st Duc d'Otrante, 1st Comte Fouché (French pronunciation: [ʒozɛf fuʃe], 21 May 1759 – 25 December 1820) was a French statesman, revolutionary, and Minister of Police under First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, who later became a subordinate of Emperor Napoleon. He was particularly known for the ferocity with which he suppressed the Lyon insurrection during the Revolution in 1793 and for being minister of police under the Directory, the Consulate, and the Empire. In 1815, he served as President of the Executive Commission, which was the provisional government of France installed after the abdication of Napoleon. In English texts, his title is often translated as Duke of Otranto.Directory
The ensuing movement in favour of more merciful methods of government threatened to sweep away the group of politicians who had been mainly instrumental in carrying through the coup d'état. Nonetheless, largely because of Fouché's intrigues, they remained in power for a time after July. This also brought divisions in the Thermidor group, which soon became almost isolated, with Fouché spending all his energy on countering the attacks of the moderates. He was himself denounced by François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas on 9 August 1795, which caused his arrest, but the Royalist rebellion of 13 Vendémiaire Year IV aborted his execution, and he was released in the amnesty which followed the proclamation of the Constitution of 5 Fructidor.
In the ensuing Directory government (1795–1799), Fouché remained at first in obscurity, but the relations he had with the far left, once headed by Chaumette and now by François-Noël Babeuf, helped him to rise once more. He is said to have betrayed Babeuf's plot of 1796 to the Director Paul Barras; however, later research tended to throw doubt on the assertion.His rise from poverty was slow, but in 1797 he gained an appointment dealing with military supplies, which offered considerable opportunities for making money. After first offering his services to the Royalists, whose movement was then gathering force, he again decided to support the Jacobins and Barras. In Pierre François Charles Augereau's anti-Royalist coup d'état of Fructidor 1797, Fouché offered his services to Barras, who in 1798 appointed him French ambassador to the Cisalpine Republic. In Milan, he was judged so high-handed that he was removed, but he was able for a time to hold his own and to intrigue successfully against his successor.Early in 1799, he returned to Paris, and after a brief stint as ambassador at The Hague, he became minister of police at Paris on 20 July 1799. The newly elected director, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, wanted to curb the excesses of the Jacobins, who had recently reopened their club. Fouché closed the Jacobin Club in a daring manner, hunting down those pamphleteers and editors, whether Jacobins or Royalists, who were influential critics of the government, so that at the time of the return of general Napoleon Bonaparte from the Egyptian campaign (October 1799), the ex-Jacobin was one of the most powerful men in France. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Joseph-Ignace Guillotin",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Joseph-Ignace Guillotin",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Joseph Ignace Guillotin"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"Madame Roland",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Marie-Jeanne 'Manon' Roland de la Platière (Paris, March 17, 1754 – Paris, November 8, 1793), born Marie-Jeanne Phlipon, and best known under the name Madame Roland, was a French revolutionary, salonnière and writer.
Initially she led a quiet and unremarkable life as a provincial intellectual with her husband, the economist Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière. She became interested in politics only when the French Revolution broke out in 1789. She spent the first years of the revolution in Lyon, where her husband was elected to the city council. During this period she developed a network of contacts with politicians and journalists; her reports on developments in Lyon were published in national revolutionary newspapers.
In 1791 the couple settled in Paris, where Madame Roland soon established herself as a leading figure within the political group the Girondins, one of the more moderate revolutionary factions. She was known for her intelligence, astute political analyses and her tenacity, and was a good lobbyist and negotiator. The salon she hosted in her home several times a week was an important meeting place for politicians. However, she was also convinced of her own intellectual and moral superiority and alienated important political leaders like Robespierre and Danton.
Unlike the feminist revolutionaries Olympe de Gouges and Etta Palm, Madame Roland was not an advocate for political rights for women. She believed that women should play a very modest role in public and political life. Already during her lifetime, many found this difficult to reconcile with her own active involvement in politics and her important role within the Girondins.
When her husband unexpectedly became Minister of the Interior in 1792, her political influence grew. She had control over the content of ministerial letters, memorandums and speeches, was involved in decisions about political appointments, and was in charge of a bureau set up to influence public opinion in France. She was both admired and reviled, and particularly hated by the sans-culottes of Paris. The publicists Marat and Hébert conducted a smear campaign against Madame Roland as part of the power struggle between the Girondins and the more radical Jacobins and Montagnards. In June 1793, she was the first Girondin to be arrested during the Terror and was guillotined a few months later.
Madame Roland wrote her memoirs while she was imprisoned in the months before her execution. They are – like her letters – a valuable source of information about the first years of the French Revolution.The Revolution
From a distance: 1789–1791
Throughout France, and especially in Paris, protests against the social, economic and political conditions were mounting. The Rolands were in many ways representative of the rising revolutionary elite. They had obtained their social position through work and not through birth, and resented the court in Versailles with its corruption and privileges. They deliberately chose a fairly sober, puritan lifestyle. They favoured a liberal economy and the abolition of old regulations, and advocated relief for the poor. When the French States General were convened in 1789, Madame Roland and her husband were involved in drawing up the local Cahier de Doléances, the document in which the citizens of Lyon could express their grievances about the political and economic system. Politics had played no major role in Madame Roland's correspondence before 1789, but in the course of that year she became more and more fascinated by political developments.
After the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789, her thinking radicalised quickly and there was a complete change in the tone and content of her letters. She was no longer interested in societal reform, but advocated revolution. Institutions from the old regime were no longer acceptable to her; now that the people had taken over sovereignty, a completely new form of government had to be developed. Unlike many other revolutionaries, she was quick to argue for the establishment of a republic. In her political thinking, Madame Roland was irreconcilably radical at this point in time. She was not inclined to compromise on anything; to achieve her revolutionary ideals she found the use of force, and even civil war, acceptable.During the first eighteen months of the French Revolution the Rolands were based in Lyon, although they still lived in Villefranche part of the time. Madame Roland soon became convinced that a counter-revolution was being plotted. She tried to mobilize her friends through her letters, not hesitating to spread unfounded rumors about events and about people she did not agree with. Meanwhile, it had become common knowledge in Lyon that the Rolands sympathized with the revolutionaries and had supported the establishment of radical political clubs. They were hated by representatives of the old elite because of this. She was happy when, on February 7, 1790, an uprising broke out in Lyon that led to the ousting of the city council and an increase of the number of men eligible to vote.Madame Roland did not publicly take part in political discussions, but still managed to gain political influence during this period. She corresponded with a network of publicists and politicians, including the Parisian journalist Jacques Pierre Brissot, the future leader of the Girondins, and the lawyer Jean-Henri Bancal d'Issarts. In her letters she described and analyzed the developments in Lyon. At least on five occasions Brissot published excerpts from her letters as articles in his newspaper Le Patriote Francaise, so that her opinions were discussed outside Lyon. Luc-Antoine de Champagneux did the same in his newspaper Le courier de Lyon. She was one of the few female correspondents in the revolutionary press. Because her contributions were not published under her own name, but anonymously or as 'a woman from the south,' it is impossible to determine with certainty how many articles written by Madame Roland appeared in the press.Political ideas
The name of Madame Roland is inextricably linked to the Girondins. Both she and her husband were considered to be part of the leadership of this political faction, also called the Brissotins after their leader Jacques Pierre Brissot. Originally, the Girondins - and also the Rolands - were part of the wider Jacobin movement. As the revolution progressed, they began to distance themselves from the Jacobins, who became dominated by radical Parisian leaders like Georges Danton and Jean-Paul Marat. The Girondins opposed the influence Paris had on national politics in preference to federalism; many of the Girondins politicians came from outside the capital. They belonged to the bourgeoisie and positioned themselves as the guardians of the rule of law against the lawlessness of the masses. In this aspect too they differed fundamentally from the Jacobins, who saw themselves as the representatives of the sans-culottes, the workers, and shopkeepers.In power: the Ministry of the Interior
Revolution gathering speed
In the months immediately after her arrival in Paris, Madame Roland was not satisfied with the progress of social and political change in France, which she felt to be not fast and far-reaching enough. When King Louis XVI tried to flee the country with his family in June 1791, the revolution gained momentum. Madame Roland herself took to the streets to lobby for the introduction of a republic; she also became a member of a political club under her own name for the first time, despite her conviction that women should not have a role in public life. She felt that at that point in time there was so much at stake that everyone - man or woman - had to fully exert themselves to bring about change. In July of that year, a demonstration on the Champs de Mars led to a massacre: the National Guard opened fire on demonstrators, killing possibly as many as 50 people. Many prominent revolutionaries feared for their lives and fled; the Rolands provided a temporary hiding place for Louise de Kéralio and her husband François Robert.Soon divisions began to occur within the revolutionaries in the legislative assembly, particularly as to whether France should start a war against Prussia and Austria. Brissot and most of the Girondins were in favour (they feared military support for the monarchy from Prussia and Austria), while Robespierre first wanted to put internal affairs in order. The political situation was so divided that it was next to impossible to form a stable government: there were no ministerial candidates that were acceptable to all parties (including the king and the court). The Girodins were given the opportunity to put their ideas into practice: King Louis XVI asked them to appoint three ministers. In March 1792 Roland was appointed Minister of the Interior. This appointment came so unexpectedly that the Rolands at first thought Brissot was joking. There is no indication that they were actively seeking a government post for Roland. The couple moved into the Hôtel Pontchartran, the official residence of the minister, but kept on their small apartment in the city - just in case. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Madame Roland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Madame Roland"
] | null | null | null | null | 24 |
|
[
"Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ maʁi kɔlo dɛʁbwa]; 19 June 1749 – 8 June 1796) was a French actor, dramatist, essayist, and revolutionary. He was a member of the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror and, while he saved Madame Tussaud from the Guillotine, he administered the execution of more than 2,000 people in the city of Lyon.Early life
Born in Paris, Collot left his home in the rue St. Jacques in his teens to join the travelling theatres of provincial France. His moderately successful career as an actor, supplemented by a vigorous outpouring of works for the stage, took him from Bordeaux in the south of France to Nantes in the west and Lille in the north and even into the Dutch Republic, where he met his wife.
In 1784 he became director of the theatre in Geneva, Switzerland, and then at the prestigious playhouse at Lyon in 1787. At the outbreak of the Revolution in 1789 he dropped everything and returned to Paris, where his lead actor's voice, his writing skills, and his ability to organise and direct large-scale fêtes (civic feasts) were to make him famous.Activism
Collot contributed to revolutionary agitation from the very beginning, but it was not until 1791 that he became a figure of importance. With the publication of L'Almanach du Père Gérard, an almanac advocating a constitutional monarchy in popular terms, he suddenly acquired great popularity.His fame was soon increased by his involvement on behalf of the Swiss of the Château-Vieux Regiment, condemned to the galleys for mutiny at Nancy. Collot d'Herbois' efforts resulted in their freedom, he went to Brest in search of them, and a civic feast was held on his behalf and theirs, which occasioned a poem by André de Chénier.His opinions became more and more radical as the revolution progressed. Collot d'Herbois was a member of the Paris Commune during the insurrection of 10 August 1792 and was subsequently elected deputy for Paris to the National Convention. On the first day of the Convention, 21 September 1792, he was the first to demand the abolition of the French monarchy. Collot d'Herbois later voted for the death of Louis XVI "sans sursis" ("without delay"). | null | null | null | null | 8 |
[
"Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès (3 May 1748 – 20 June 1836), usually known as the Abbé Sieyès (French: [sjejɛs]), was a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman, and political writer who was the chief political theorist of the French Revolution (1789–1799); he also held offices in the governments of the French Consulate (1799–1804) and the First French Empire (1804–1815). His pamphlet What Is the Third Estate? (1789) became the political manifesto of the Revolution, which facilitated transforming the Estates-General into the National Assembly, in June 1789. He was offered and refused an office in the French Directory (1795–1799). After becoming a director in 1799, Sieyès was among the instigators of the Coup of 18 Brumaire (9 November), which installed Napoleon Bonaparte to power.
In addition to his political and clerical life, Sieyès coined the term "sociologie", and contributed to the nascent social sciences.Assemblies, Convention, and the Terror
Although not noted as a public speaker (he spoke rarely and briefly), Sieyès held major political influence, and he recommended the decision of the Estates to reunite its chamber as the National Assembly, although he opposed the abolition of tithes and the confiscation of Church lands. His opposition to the abolition of tithes discredited him in the National Assembly, and he was never able to regain his authority. Elected to the special committee on the constitution, he opposed the right of "absolute veto" for the King of France, which Honoré Mirabeau unsuccessfully supported. He had considerable influence on the framing of the departmental system, but, after the spring of 1790, he was eclipsed by other politicians, and was elected only once to the post of fortnightly president of the Constituent Assembly.Like all other members of the Constituent Assembly, he was excluded from the Legislative Assembly by the ordinance, initially proposed by Maximilien Robespierre, that decreed that none of its members should be eligible for the next legislature. He reappeared in the third national Assembly, known as the National Convention of the French Republic (September 1792 – September 1795). He voted for the death of Louis XVI, but not in the contemptuous terms sometimes ascribed to him. He participated to the Constitution Committee that drafted the Girondin constitutional project. Menaced by the Reign of Terror and offended by its character, Sieyès even abjured his faith at the time of the installation of the Cult of Reason; afterwards, when asked what he had done during the Terror, he famously replied, "J'ai vécu" ("I lived").Ultimately, Sieyès failed to establish the kind of bourgeois revolution he had hoped for, one of representative order "devoted to the peaceful pursuit of material comfort". His initial purpose was to instigate change in a more passive way, and to establish a constitutional monarchy. According to William Sewell, Sieyès' pamphlet set "the tone and direction of The French Revolution … but its author could hardly control the Revolution's course over the long run". Even after 1791, when the monarchy seemed to many to be doomed, Sieyès "continued to assert his belief in the monarchy", which indicated he did not intend for the Revolution to take the course it did.
During the period he served in the National Assembly, Sieyès wanted to establish a constitution that would guarantee the rights of French men and would uphold equality under the law as the social goal of the Revolution; he was ultimately unable to accomplish his goal. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès"
] | null | null | null | null | 38 |
|
[
"Lazare Carnot",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Lazare Carnot",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot"
] | null | null | null | null | 48 |
|
[
"Francisco de Miranda",
"participant of",
"Independence of Venezuela"
] | Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (28 March 1750 – 14 July 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (American Spanish: [fɾanˈsisko ðe miˈɾanda]), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolution and the Spanish American wars of independence. He is regarded as a precursor of South America's liberation from the Spanish Empire, and remains known as the "First Universal Venezuelan" and the "Great Universal American".
Born in Caracas in the Viceroyalty of New Granada into a wealthy family, Miranda left to pursue an education in Madrid in 1771 and subsequently enlisted in the Spanish army.
In 1780, following Spain's entry into the American Revolutionary War, he was sent to Cuba and fought the British at Pensacola. Accused of espionage and smuggling, he fled to the United States in 1783. Miranda returned to Europe in 1785 and travelled through the continent, gradually formulating his plans for Spanish American independence. From 1791 on, he took an active part in the French Revolution, serving as a general during the Battle of Valmy and the Flanders campaign. An associate of the Girondins, he became disillusioned by the Revolution and was forced to leave for Britain.
In 1806, Miranda launched an unsuccessful expedition to liberate Venezuela with volunteers from the United States. He returned to Caracas following the outbreak of the Venezuelan War of Independence in 1810 and was granted dictatorial powers after the establishment of the First Republic. In 1812, the republic collapsed and Miranda was forced to finalize an armistice with Spanish royalists. Other revolutionary leaders including Simón Bolívar considered his capitulation treasonous, and allowed his arrest by the Spanish authorities. He was taken to a prison in Cádiz, where he died four years later.The First Republic of Venezuela (1811–1812)
Return to Venezuela
Venezuela achieved de facto independence on Maundy Thursday 19 April 1810, when the Supreme Junta of Caracas was established and the colonial administrators deposed. The Junta sent a delegation to Great Britain to get British recognition and aid. This delegation, which included future Venezuelan notables Simón Bolívar and Andrés Bello, met with and persuaded Miranda to return to his native land. In 1811 a delegation from the Supreme Junta, among them Bolívar, and a crowd of common people enthusiastically received Miranda in La Guaira. In Caracas he agitated for the provisional government to declare independence from Spain under the rule of Joseph Bonaparte.
Miranda gathered around him a group of similarly minded individuals and helped establish an association, la Sociedad Patriotica, modeled on the political clubs of the French Revolution. By the end of the year, the Venezuelan provinces elected a congress to deal with the future of the country, and Miranda was chosen as the delegate from El Pao, Barcelona Province. On 5 July 1811, it formally declared Venezuelan independence and established a republic. The congress also adopted his tricolour as the Republic's flag.Miranda's ideals
Political beliefs
Miranda has long been associated with the struggle of the Spanish colonies in Latin America for independence. He envisioned an independent empire consisting of all the territories that had been under Spanish and Portuguese rule, stretching from the Mississippi River to Cape Horn. This empire was to be under the leadership of a hereditary emperor called the "Inca", in honor of the great Inca Empire, and would have a bicameral legislature. He conceived the name Colombia for this empire, after the explorer Christopher Columbus. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Francisco de Miranda",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez de Espinoza (28 March 1750 – 14 July 1816), commonly known as Francisco de Miranda (American Spanish: [fɾanˈsisko ðe miˈɾanda]), was a Venezuelan military leader and revolutionary who fought in the American Revolutionary War, the French Revolution and the Spanish American wars of independence. He is regarded as a precursor of South America's liberation from the Spanish Empire, and remains known as the "First Universal Venezuelan" and the "Great Universal American".
Born in Caracas in the Viceroyalty of New Granada into a wealthy family, Miranda left to pursue an education in Madrid in 1771 and subsequently enlisted in the Spanish army.
In 1780, following Spain's entry into the American Revolutionary War, he was sent to Cuba and fought the British at Pensacola. Accused of espionage and smuggling, he fled to the United States in 1783. Miranda returned to Europe in 1785 and travelled through the continent, gradually formulating his plans for Spanish American independence. From 1791 on, he took an active part in the French Revolution, serving as a general during the Battle of Valmy and the Flanders campaign. An associate of the Girondins, he became disillusioned by the Revolution and was forced to leave for Britain.
In 1806, Miranda launched an unsuccessful expedition to liberate Venezuela with volunteers from the United States. He returned to Caracas following the outbreak of the Venezuelan War of Independence in 1810 and was granted dictatorial powers after the establishment of the First Republic. In 1812, the republic collapsed and Miranda was forced to finalize an armistice with Spanish royalists. Other revolutionary leaders including Simón Bolívar considered his capitulation treasonous, and allowed his arrest by the Spanish authorities. He was taken to a prison in Cádiz, where he died four years later.Miranda and the French Revolution (1791–1798)
Starting in 1791, Miranda took an active part in the French Revolution as marechal de camp. In Paris, he befriended the Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot and Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and he briefly served as a general in the section of the French Revolutionary Army commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, fighting in the 1792 campaign of Valmy.
The Army of the North (Armée de la Belgique) commanded by Miranda laid siege to Antwerp. When Miranda (and John Skey Eustace) failed to take Maastricht in February 1793 they were arrested on the orders of Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville, Chief Prosecutor of the Revolution, and accused of conspiring against the republic with Charles François Dumouriez, the renegade general, who quickly defected to the enemy. Though indicted before the Revolutionary Tribunal – and under attack in Jean-Paul Marat's L'Ami du peuple – he and his lawyer Claude François Chauveau-Lagarde conducted his defence with such calm eloquence that he was declared innocent.However, Marat denounced Chauveau-Lagarde as a liberator of the guilty. Even so, the campaign of Marat and the rest of the Jacobins against him did not weaken. He was arrested again in July 1793 and incarcerated in La Force prison, effectively one of the ante-chambers of death during the prevailing Reign of Terror. Appearing again before the tribunal, he accused the Committee of Public Safety of tyranny in disregarding his previous acquittal.
Miranda seems to have survived by a combination of good luck and political expediency: the revolutionary government simply could not agree on what to do with him. He remained in La Force even after the fall of Robespierre in July 1794, and was not finally released until January of the following year. The art theorist Quatremère de Quincy was among those who campaigned for his release during this time. Now convinced that the whole direction taken by the Revolution had been wrong, he started to conspire with the moderate royalists against the Directory, and was even named as the possible leader of a military coup. He was arrested and ordered out of the country, only to escape and go into hiding.
He reappeared after being given permission to remain in France, though that did not stop his involvement in yet another monarchist plot in September 1797. The police were ordered to arrest the "Peruvian general", as the said general submerged himself yet again in the underground. With no more illusions about France or the Revolution, he left for England in a Danish boat, arriving in Dover in January 1798. | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Francisco de Miranda",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Francisco de Miranda"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Jacques Pierre Brissot",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | The Girondins, or Brissotins as they were often called, were a group of loosely affiliated individuals, many of whom came from Gironde, rather than an organized party, but the main ideological emphasis was on preventing revolution and protecting private property. This group was first led by Brissot. Robespierre, representing the party of Revolution, loathed the Girondins. On 24 October 1792, Brissot published another pamphlet, in which he declared the need for a coup against anarchists and the decentralized, populist element of the French Revolution, going so far as to demand the abolition of the Paris Commune. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Jeanbon Saint-André",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Jean Bon Saint-André (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃bɔ̃ sɛ̃tɑ̃dʁe]; 25 February 1749 – 10 December 1813) was a French politician of the Revolutionary era.Early career and role in the National Convention
He was born in Montauban (Tarn-et-Garonne), the son of a fuller. Although his parents were Protestants, Saint-André was raised by the Jesuits at Marseille, and got baptized, as required by law. As a young boy, Saint-André had ambition to study the law, but his dream was crushed when the King prohibited Protestants and their children from getting involved in much of the public life, including getting the bar. When Saint-André was about sixteen years old, he enrolled in the merchant marine, and became lieutenant several years later and shortly after, captain. In 1771, after three shipwrecks and the loss of all his savings, he abandoned this career. Saint-André later turned Protestant, and became a prominent pastor in Southern France at Castres in 1773, and afterwards in Montauban in 1788. Saint-André studied theology in Geneva for three years, and married Marie de Suc in 1780. Right before the outbreak of the French Revolution, tension between Protestants and Catholics caused Saint-André to flee. During this time, he drafted an article entitled, "Considérations sur l'organisation civile des Eglises protestantes" (Thoughts on the civil organisation of Protestants), which advocated for protecting Protestants' religious rights within France. Saint-André later returned around December, 1790. He then found The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, and started his political career. On 2 November 1792 Saint-André was elected president of the Jacobins.As a member of The Society of the Friends of the Constitution, Saint-André sat on The Mountain, led by Maximilien Robespierre. When Louis XVI of France was found guilty of plotting against the Convention and France, he, along with many members of the Convention, voted for the King's execution. In September 1792, he opposed the punishment of the authors of the September Massacres. In January 1793, Saint-André expressed his ideas in a speech called "Sur l'Education nationale," which demanded a variety of changes to the old Catholic-controlled education system. Later that same year in June, when the Jacobins gained control of the Assembly Saint-André became a member of the Committee of Public Safety, and it was he who proposed Maximilien Robespierre for membership shortly afterwards. In July 1793, Saint-André was elected President of the National Convention, and in his capacity, he announced the death of Marat. That same month, Saint-André was sent on a mission to the Armies of the East fighting in the Revolutionary Wars.
While working with the Committee of Public Safety, Jeanbon Saint-André played a pivotal role in the restoration of the naval fleet. He was a former Huguenot pastor and merchant sea captain who was considered the Montagnards’ expert on naval affairs. The Convention granted Saint-André an unlimited amount of power in order to preserve the fleet for the Republic, and to crush all forms of counter-revolutionary opposition. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Jean Victor Marie Moreau",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Biography
Rise to fame
Moreau was born at Morlaix in Brittany. His father was a successful lawyer, and instead of allowing Moreau to enter the army, as he attempted to do, insisted on Moreau studying law at the University of Rennes. Young Moreau showed no inclination for law, but reveled in the freedom of student life. Instead of taking his degree, he continued to live with the students as their hero and leader, and formed them into a sort of army, which he commanded as their provost. When 1789 came, he commanded the students in the daily affrays which took place at Rennes between the young noblesse and the populace.In 1791, Moreau was elected a lieutenant colonel of the volunteers of Ille-et-Vilaine. With them he served under Charles François Dumouriez, and in 1793 the good order of his battalion, and his own martial character and republican principles, secured his promotion as général de brigade. Lazare Carnot promoted Moreau to be général de division early in 1794, and gave him command of the right wing of the army under Charles Pichegru, in Flanders.The 1794 Battle of Tourcoing established Moreau's military fame, and in 1795 he was given the command of the Army of the Rhine-and-Moselle, with which he crossed the Rhine and advanced into Germany. He was at first completely successful and won several victories and penetrated to the Isar, but at last had to retreat before the Archduke Charles of Austria. However, the skill he displayed in conducting his retreat—which was considered a model for such operations—greatly enhanced his own reputation, the more so as he managed to bring back with him more than 5000 prisoners. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Jean Victor Marie Moreau",
"owner of",
"Hôtel Moreau"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Jean Victor Marie Moreau",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Jean Victor Marie Moreau"
] | null | null | null | null | 51 |
|
[
"Paul Barras",
"different from",
"Jacques-Melchior Saint-Laurent, Comte de Barras"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Paul Barras",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Paul François Jean Nicolas, Vicomte de Barras (French: [bara:s]; 30 June 1755 – 29 January 1829), commonly known as Paul Barras, was a French politician of the French Revolution, and the main executive leader of the Directory regime of 1795–1799. | null | null | null | null | 22 |
[
"Paul Barras",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Paul Barras"
] | Paul François Jean Nicolas, Vicomte de Barras (French: [bara:s]; 30 June 1755 – 29 January 1829), commonly known as Paul Barras, was a French politician of the French Revolution, and the main executive leader of the Directory regime of 1795–1799. | null | null | null | null | 32 |
[
"Jean-Denis Lanjuinais",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"François Christophe de Kellermann",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Revolutionary career
In 1789 Kellermann enthusiastically embraced the cause of the French Revolution, and in 1791 became general of the army in Alsace. In April 1792 he was made a lieutenant-general, and in August of the same year there came to him the opportunity of his lifetime. He rose to the occasion, and his victory over the Prussians at the Battle of Valmy, in Goethe's words, "opened a new era in the history of the world". Napoleon later commented that: "I think I'm the boldest general that ever lived, but I daren't take post on that ridge with windmill at Valmy (where Kellermann took position) in 1793".Transferred to the army on the Moselle, Kellermann was accused by General Adam Custine of neglecting to support his operations on the Rhine; but he was acquitted at the bar of the National Convention in Paris, and placed at the head of the army of the Alps and of Italy, in which position he showed himself a careful commander and excellent administrator.Shortly afterwards he received instructions to reduce Lyons, then in revolt against the convention, but shortly after the surrender he was imprisoned in Paris for thirteen months. Once more honourably acquitted, he was reinstated in his command, and did good service in maintaining the south-eastern border against the Austrians until his army was merged into that of General Napoleon Bonaparte in Italy. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"François Christophe de Kellermann",
"topic's main category",
"Category:François Christophe Kellermann"
] | null | null | null | null | 41 |
|
[
"François Joseph Westermann",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Antoine-François de Fourcroy",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Antoine-François de Fourcroy",
"influenced by",
"Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d'Arconville"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Antoine-François de Fourcroy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Antoine François, comte de Fourcroy"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Alexandre de Beauharnais",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Jean-Lambert Tallien",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Jean-Lambert Tallien (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ lɑ̃bɛʁ taljɛ̃], 23 January 1767 – 16 November 1820) was a French politician of the revolutionary period. Though initially an active agent of the Reign of Terror, he eventually clashed with its leader, Maximilien Robespierre, and is best known as one of the key figures of the Thermidorian Reaction that led to the fall of Robespierre and the end of the Terror.Early life and journalism
Tallien was born in Paris to Lambert Tallien, the maître d'hôtel of the Marquis de Bercy, and Jeanne Lambert. The marquis, noticing his ability, had him educated, and got him a place as a lawyer's clerk. Supportive of the Revolution, he gave up his desk to enter a printer's office, and by 1791 was overseer of the printing department of the Comte de Provence.During his employment, he conceived the idea of the journal-affiche, and after the arrest of the king at Varennes in June 1791 he placarded a large printed sheet on all the walls of Paris twice a week, under the title of the L'Ami des Citoyens, journal fraternel. This enterprise had its expenses paid by the Jacobin Club and made Tallien well known to the revolutionary leaders. He became even more present in politics after organizing, together with Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois, the great Fête de la Liberté on 15 April 1792, honouring the release of the Swiss régiment de Châteauvieux, imprisoned since the Nancy Mutiny of 1790.Paris Commune
On 8 July 1792, he was the spokesman of a deputation of the section of the Place Royale which demanded from the Legislative Assembly the reinstatement of the Mayor, Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve, and the Procureur, Louis Pierre Manuel. Tallien was one of the most active popular leaders in the storming of the Tuileries Palace on 10 August; on that day he was appointed secretary to the insurrectional Commune of Paris. He committed himself to his new mission and habitually appeared at the bar of the Assembly on behalf of the Commune. He participated in the September Massacres of 1792, and, with the help of Georges Danton, would eventually be elected a member of the National Convention.
He announced the September Massacres in terms of apology and praise, and he sent off the famous circular of 3 September to the French departments, recommending them to take similar action. At the same time, he had several people imprisoned in order to save them from the violence of the mob and protected several suspects himself. | null | null | null | null | 13 |
[
"Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Revolution
During the Revolution, Guyton de Morveau (then styled Guyton-Morveau) served as Procureur général syndic of the Côte-d'Or département in 1790, was elected a deputy to the Legislative Assembly in 1792, and then to the National Convention.Although a member of the right wing, he voted in favor of the execution of King Louis XVI. Guyton de Morveau served on the Committee of Public Safety from 6 April 1793 to 10 July 1793, when he resigned in order to devote his time to the manufacture of firearms, and formation of a corps of balloonists for the French Revolutionary Army. He himself flew in a balloon during the battle of Fleurus on 26 June 1794, and assisted in several other battles. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau"
] | Louis-Bernard Guyton, Baron de Morveau (also Louis-Bernard Guyton-Morveau after the French Revolution; 4 January 1737 – 2 January 1816) was a French chemist, politician, and aeronaut. He is credited with producing the first systematic method of chemical nomenclature. | null | null | null | null | 21 |
[
"Pierre Gaspard Chaumette",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Pierre Gaspard Chaumette",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Pierre-Gaspard Chaumette"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Antoine Barnave",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Political views
Although a partisan of political freedom, Barnave hoped to preserve revolutionary liberties together while maintaining the ruling House of Bourbon. He felt that a constitutional monarchy would solve the problems facing France without being a complete upheaval of the government, although it does not mean that he was entirely in favor of the monarchy. Subject to the more radical forces, Barnave took part in the attacks on the monarchy, on the clergy, on Roman Catholic Church property, and on the provincial Parlements. On several occasions, he stood in opposition to Mirabeau. After the storming of the Bastille, he saw the power of the masses as possibly leading to political chaos, and wished to avoid this by saving the throne. He advocated the suspensory veto, and the establishment of trial by jury in civil causes, but voted with the Left against the system of two chambers.His conflict with Mirabeau on the question of assigning to the king the right to make peace or war (from 16 to 23 May 1790) was one of the main episodes of the Assembly's mandate. In August 1790, after a vehement debate, he fought a duel with Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès, in which the latter was slightly wounded. About the close of October 1790, Barnave was called to the presidency of the Assembly. On the occasion of the death of Mirabeau, which occurred on 2 April 1791, Barnave paid a high tribute to his worth and public services, designating him the "William Shakespeare of oratory".Being in favor of a new system of government, Barnave spoke passionately about terminating the powerful influence of religious authorities and allocating that role in government to the people of France. Passing the Civil Constitution of the Clergy would lawfully impose Church adherence to the King and the nation of France by having the state pay them salaries for their service and holding popular elections for the priests and bishops. He strongly supported that government influence remain limited to the people and the King, not a single entity.Barnave also advocated in favor of freedom of speech and the protection of private property. With the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, all citizens were entitled to the purchase and ownership of land or architectural assets that were not to be taken away or trespassed unless it became legally necessary. He said individuals had to possess the liberty to express what they feel and believe in, arguing that the voice of the French people was not to be silenced. The right to sole ownership of an acre of land or business would encourage financial, political, and societal progress. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Fabre d'Églantine",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Political activity
Fabre served as president and secretary of the club of the Cordeliers, and belonged also to the Jacobin Club. Georges Danton chose Fabre as his private secretary, and he sat in the National Convention of 1792-1794. D'Églantine voted for the death of King Louis XVI, supporting the maximum and a law which allowed for summary executions, and he was a bitter enemy of the Girondins.After the death of Jean-Paul Marat (13 July 1793), Fabre published Portrait de l'Ami du Peuple.On the abolition of the Gregorian Calendar in France he sat on the committee entrusted with the creation of the French Republic's French Republican Calendar. The calendar was designed by the politician and agronomist Gilbert Romme, although it is usually attributed to Fabre d'Eglantine, who invented the names of the months. This Calendar featured a ten-day week so that Sunday would be forgotten as a religious day, and the months were named after the intrinsic qualities of the seasons. He contributed a large part of the new nomenclature; for example, the months of Prairial and Floréal, as well as the days Primidi and Duodi. The report which he made on the subject, on 24 October 1793, described the aim of the commission as "to substitute for visions of ignorance the realities of reason, and for sacerdotal prestige the truth of nature," to exalt "the agricultural system…by marking the days and the divisions of the year with intelligible or visible signs taken from agriculture and rural life." | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Fabre d'Églantine",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Fabre d'Églantine"
] | null | null | null | null | 27 |
|
[
"Augustin Robespierre",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Augustin Bon Joseph de Robespierre (21 January 1763 – 28 July 1794), known as Robespierre the Younger, was a French lawyer, politician and the younger brother of French Revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. His political views were similar to his brother's. When his brother was arrested on 9 Thermidor, Robespierre volunteered to be arrested as well, and he was executed by the guillotine along with Maximilien and 20 of his supporters. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Georges Cadoudal",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Georges Cadoudal (Breton: Jorj Kadoudal; 1 January 1771 – 25 June 1804), sometimes called simply Georges, was a Breton politician, and leader of the Chouannerie during the French Revolution. He was posthumously named a Marshal of France in 1814 by the reinstated Bourbons. Cadoudal means in Breton language "warrior returning from the fight". | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Georges Cadoudal",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Georges Cadoudal"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours (English: or ; French: [dypɔ̃]; 14 December 1739 – 7 August 1817) was a French-American writer, economist, publisher and government official. During the French Revolution, he, his two sons and their families migrated to the United States.
His son Éleuthère Irénée du Pont was the founder of E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. He was the patriarch and progenitor of one of the United States's most successful and wealthiest business dynasties of the 19th and 20th centuries. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours",
"different from",
"Pierre Samuel"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 |
|
[
"Jacques Roux",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Jacques Roux (French pronunciation: [ʒak ʁu], 21 August 1752 – 10 February 1794) was a radical Roman Catholic priest who took an active role in politics during the French Revolution. He skillfully expounded the ideals of popular democracy and classless society to crowds of Parisian sans-culottes, working class wage earners and shopkeepers, radicalizing them into a revolutionary force. He became a leader of a popular far-left.Radical revolutionary
In 1791 Roux was elected to the Paris Commune. When the French First Republic started in 1792, Roux became aligned with the political faction dubbed by their enemies as the Enragés (French pronunciation: [ɑ̃.ʁa.ʒe]) (French for The Enraged Ones but also a "madman"). He was considered the most extreme spokesman on the left for the interests of the Parisian sans-culottes.
Roux consistently fought for an economically equal society, turning the crowds of sans-culottes against the bourgeois torpor of the Jacobins. He demanded that food be made available to every member of society, and called for the wealthy to be executed should they hoard it. Roux tirelessly voiced the demands of the poor Parisian population to confiscate aristocratic wealth and provide affordable bread.He became popular enough that, as the split between the Girondins and the Montagnards grew wider, his voice helped remove the Girondins from the National Convention in 1793. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"François-Nicolas Vincent",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | François-Nicolas Vincent (born 1766 or 1767; died 24 March 1794) was the Secretary General of the War Ministry in the First French Republic, and a significant figure in the French Revolution. A member of the Cordelier Club, he is best known as a radical sans-culottes leader and prominent member of the Hébertist faction.Leadership
The son of a prison concierge and a native Parisian, Vincent worked as a lawyer's clerk and is believed to have lived in substantial poverty until 1792, at which point he became an active participant in the radical Revolutionary effort. The youngest of the men to follow Jacques Hébert, Vincent, along with fellow Hébertist Charles-Philippe Ronsin, took the Revolution to the country, becoming revolutionaries-on-a-mission. Upon his return to Paris, Vincent became more active in the Cordelier Club and was soon elected Orator. After this advancement, Vincent was eventually made General Secretary of the War Ministry under Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte. It is this job that allowed Vincent to bring more power to the sans-culottes.Downfall
Jacques Hébert, writer and publisher of the La Pere Duchesne, led Vincent, among others, on a campaign against what they deemed the soft 'moderation' of the Committee of Public Safety, along with attempts to aid in the 'de-Christianization' of France. Vincent supported the overthrow of Maximilien Robespierre and when he and his fellow Hébertists became active enough in their opposition, Robespierre reacted with an arrest and trial for 'treasonous activity'. The Hébertists, along with some of their close friends and companions, were charged with attempting to overthrow the Committee of Public Safety to ensure the re-establishment of the monarchy and conspiring with foreigners to take down the Republic. No physical evidence was given to support these allegations but, even so, Vincent and his fellow Hébertists were found guilty and sentenced to death. On 24 March 1794, at the age of twenty-seven, François-Nicolas Vincent was beheaded at the guillotine along with Hébert, Ronsin, Momoro, and the other leaders of the Hébertist faction. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Armand Gensonné",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Armand Gensonné (French pronunciation: [aʁmɑ̃ ʒɑ̃sɔne], 10 August 1758 – 31 October 1793) was a French politician.
The son of a military surgeon, he was born in Bordeaux, Gascony, and studied Law before the outbreak of the French Revolution, becoming lawyer of the parlement of Bordeaux. In 1790 he became procureur of the Bordeaux Commune, and in July 1791 was elected by the newly created départment of the Gironde a member of the court of appeal.
In the same year he was elected deputy for the départment to the Legislative Assembly. As rapporteur of the diplomatic committee, in which he supported the policy of Jacques Pierre Brissot, he proposed two of the most revolutionary measures passed by the Assembly: the decree of accusation against the King Louis XVI's brothers (the Comte de Provence and the Comte d'Artois) on 1 January 1792, and the declaration of war against the Habsburg ruler Francis II (20 April 1792).He denounced of the intrigues of the court and of the Comité autrichien (“Austrian committee”, the purported royalist group supporting the Austrians with whom the country was at war), but the violence of the extreme republicans, culminating in the riots of 10 August, alarmed him.Elected to the National Convention, where he was regarded as one of the most brilliant of the group of orators from the Gironde (although he always read his speeches), Gensonné denounced, on 24 October, the actions of the Paris Commune following the September Massacres. At the king's trial in late December, he supported an appeal to the people, but voted for the death sentence. He participated to the Constitution Committee that drafted the Girondin constitutional project.As a member of the Committee of General Defence, and as president of the Convention (7 March–21 March 1793), he shared in the harsh attacks of the Girondists on The Mountain. On 2 June, after François Hanriot's anti-Girondist intervention, he was among the first of those inscribed on the prosecution list. Gensonné was tried by the Revolutionary Tribunal on 24 October 1793, sentenced to death and guillotined. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Louis-Sébastien Mercier",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"François Louis Bourdon",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Jacques Cathelineau",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Generalissimo Jacques Cathelineau (French pronunciation: [ʒak katlino]; 5 January 1759 – 14 July 1793) was a French Vendéan insurrectionist leader during the Revolution. He was known among his followers as the Saint of Anjou.
He was a well known peddler in Anjou. When the Kingdom of France was abolished and the French First Republic was established, the revolutionaries committed atrocities against the civilians of the Vendée during the Reign of Terror. Cathelineau rallied an army of peasants loyal to the monarchy and the Church and waged an uprising against the revolutionaries, capturing several villages and castles, leading more volunteers to follow him.
As the War in the Vendée grew in success, Cathelineau joined forces with other counterrevolutionary leaders and was made generalissimo of the Catholic and Royal Army. He inspired his troops by fighting alongside them on the front lines, which proved to be his downfall. In the summer of 1793, while he and his men were storming the city of Nantes, Cathelineau was shot down by a sniper and died soon afterwards. Without his leadership the royalists were defeated and soon they broke up into different factions. After the Bourbon Restoration, in honour of the heroism and sacrifices of Cathelineau, his family were ennobled.Life
Early life
Born at Le Pin-en-Mauges, in the lands now forming the département of Maine-et-Loire, he became well known in Anjou, a region over which he travelled as a peddler and alleged dealer in contraband goods. He was a devout Catholic, and supported the Church's traditional role in French society. His great physical strength, charisma, and piety enabled him to command the respect of his fellow Vendeans.
In the first years of the Revolution, Cathelineau joined the numbers of Vendean peasants disgusted by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the draft laws, and the execution of King Louis XVI of France. He collected an army of peasants and waged a private war against the government of the First French Republic. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Maurice d'Elbée",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Léonard Bourdon",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Jean-Baptiste Carrier",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Jean-Baptiste Carrier (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ batist kaʁje], 16 March 1756 – 16 December 1794) was a French Revolutionary and politician most notable for his actions in the War in the Vendée during the Reign of Terror. While under orders to suppress a Royalist counter-revolution, he commanded the execution of 4,000 civilians, mainly priests, women and children in Nantes, some by drowning in the river Loire, which Carrier described as "the National Bathtub." After the fall of the Robespierre government, Carrier was tried for war crimes by the Revolutionary Tribunal, found guilty, and executed.Early life
Carrier was born at Yolet, a village near Aurillac in upper Auvergne, as the fourth of six children born to Jean Carrier and Marguerite Puex. As the son of a middle class tenant farmer, Carrier and his family survived on income reaped from cultivating the land of a French nobleman. After attending a Jesuit school in Aurillac, he was able to pursue a wide variety of career interests. Carrier worked in a law office in Paris until 1785 when he returned to Aurillac, married, and with the outbreak of the Revolution joined the National Guard and the Jacobin Club. In 1790 he was a country attorney (counsellor for the bailliage of Aurillac) and in 1792 was elected deputy to the National Convention from Cantal. He was already known as one of the influential members of the Cordeliers and the Jacobin Club.
After the subjugation of Flanders he was one of the commissioners nominated in the close of 1792 by the convention. He voted for the execution of King Louis XVI of France, was one of the first to call for the arrest of the Duke of Orléans and took a prominent part in the overthrow of the Girondists (on 31 May). | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Jean-Baptiste Carrier",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Jean-Baptiste Carrier"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Pierre-Antoine Antonelle",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Pierre-Antoine Antonelle (17 July 1747 – 26 November 1817) was a French journalist, politician, president of the Jacobin Club and revolutionary. He was the first democratically elected mayor of Arles. Although he came from an aristocratic family, he was a strong supporter of the French Revolution, initially in the south of France, particularly Arles and Provence, and ultimately in Paris. Called the single most influential figure of the French Revolution in Arles, Antonelle was heavily involved in the reunion of the Comtat Venaissin with France and was one of the leading figures in Gracchus Babeuf's Conspiracy of the Equals.Revolutionary period
Antonelle, heavily inspired by the Age of Enlightenment was an early supporter of the French Revolution. He was the leader of the Monnaidiers, the Arlesien partisans of the Revolution. He was the first elected mayor of Arles and as mayor adopted a series of anticlerical policies, including the expulsion of non-juring priests. While still mayor of Arles, Antonelle was sent to Avignon to facilitate the reunion of the Comtat Venaissin with France. Afterwards, Antonelle was sent to Marseille with orders to restore public order. Beginning in June 1791, Antonelle was forced to flee Arles for Aix-en-Provence, when public opinion turned against the revolution.
In August 1791, Antonelle was elected deputy of Bouches-du-Rhône to the Assemblée nationale législative, and soon became secretary to the body. He was sent to the Armée du Nord with orders to arrest the general La Fayette, but was detained in Mézières while La Fayette escaped.After returning to Paris, Antonelle became president of the Jacobin Club and became a member of the Revolutionary Tribunal. He refused to strongly condemn the Girondists, a move which was regarded with suspicion by Antonelle's Jacobin allies, and Antonelle was imprisoned until the Thermidorian reaction.Shortly after being freed from prison, Antonelle sided with the National Convention during the insurrection of 13 Vendémiaire. After this, Antonelle largely retired from active political service to publish works on the theory behind the Revolution and on human rights. In November 1795, he became the editor in chief of Bulletin politique, the official journal of the Directory. Antonelle was fired from the position after only ten days, and he moved on to become one of the principal contributors to the Journal des hommes libres.In 1796, Antonelle was named one of the secret directors of the Conspiracy of Equals, but was acquitted, possibly due to the influence of Barras. Alongside Barras, Antonelle then founded the journal Démocrate constitutionnel. He supported the Coup of 18 Fructidor, but was nearly imprisoned again when Merlin de Thionville attempted to have Antonelle deported as an aristocrat. He was elected deputy of the Bouches-du-Rhône, but the election was declared invalid the next day. Frustrated, Antonelle began to publish anti-government polemics and co-founded the Club du Manège. Shortly before Napoléon's coup d'état, Antonelle was elected to the Council of 500, but the election was again annulled. One week later, Antonelle was exiled to Charente-Inférieure. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Charles-Philippe Ronsin",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Charles-Philippe Ronsin (1 December 1751 – 24 March 1794) was a French general of the Revolutionary Army of the First French Republic, commanding the large Parisian division of l'Armée Révolutionnaire. He was an extreme radical leader of the French Revolution, and one of the many followers of Jacques-René Hébert, known as the Hébertists.Life
Born in 1751 in Soissons, Aisne, a city northeast of Paris, Ronsin was son of a master cooper or barrel maker. At the age of seventeen, Charles-Philippe Ronsin joined the Parisian army. By 1772 he left the army with the position of corporal and soon became a playwright and a tutor. In these years he met the artist Jacques-Louis David and they became good friends.
Welcoming the Revolution, Ronsin became the bourgeois Guard Captain in the district of Saint-Roch in 1789. He presented several patriotic pieces in some of the theatres in the capital between the years 1790 and 1792. It was in this period that Ronsin became a club orator and joined the club of the Cordeliers. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Charles-Henri Sanson",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Charles-Henri Sanson",
"uses",
"guillotine"
] | Executioner as a career
His father's paralysis and the assertiveness of his paternal grandmother, Anne-Marthe Sanson, led Charles-Henri to leave his study of medicine and to assume the job of executioner in order to guarantee the livelihood of his family. As executioner (bourreau), he came to be known as "Monsieur de Paris"—"Gentleman of Paris". On January 10, 1765, he married his second wife, Marie-Anne Jugier. They had two sons: Gabriel (1767–1792), who also worked in the family business and had been his assistant and heir apparent from 1790, but he died after slipping off a scaffold as he displayed a severed head to the crowd, and Henri (1769–1830), who became his successor.
In 1757, Sanson assisted his uncle Nicolas-Charles-Gabriel Sanson (1721–1795, executioner of Reims) with the extremely gruesome execution of the King's attempted assassin Robert-François Damiens. His uncle quit his position as executioner after this event. In 1778 Charles-Henri officially received the blood-red coat, the sign of the master executioner, from his father Charles-Jean-Baptiste. He would hold this position for 17 years, being succeeded by his son Henri in 1795 after he showed serious signs of illness. Most of the executions were performed by Sanson and up to six assistants.Sanson was the first executioner to use the guillotine, and he led the initial inspection and testing of its prototype on April 17, 1792, at Bicêtre Hospital in Paris. Swift and efficient decapitations of straw bales were followed by live sheep and finally human corpses, and by the end, Sanson led the inspectors in pronouncing the new device a resounding success. Within the week, the Assembly had approved its use and on April 25, 1792, Sanson inaugurated the era of the guillotine by executing Nicolas Jacques Pelletier for robbery and assault at the Place de Grève on April 25, 1792. The use of the guillotine transformed Sanson's status under the revolutionary ideology from outcast to citizen, equal in rights and civil duties.Charles-Henri Sanson performed 2,918 executions, including that of Louis XVI. Even though he was not a supporter of the monarchy, Sanson was initially reluctant to execute the king but in the end performed the execution. As David Jordan notes, "No Monsieur de Paris had ever had the honor of executing a king, and Sanson wanted precise instructions." Sanson experienced the political and psychological pressures of revolutionary Paris. He had the duty to execute Louis XVI under the power of the sitting Provisional Government. Being the heir to a line of executioners, to refuse this duty would have brought shame to the family name and danger to himself and to his family members. He experienced the stress of having to execute not only the king but also successive waves of ousted officials as those in power shifted rapidly in a time of revolutionary change.
However, the execution of Louis XVI was of particular importance. Fearing rescue efforts, the streets of Paris were lined with troops as Louis's carriage took its somber two hours to travel to the scaffold arriving at 10 am on January 21, 1793. After Sanson efficiently cut his hair, Louis attempted to address the crowd but was silenced with a drum roll and Louis was beheaded, with Sanson's pulling his head from the basket immediately after to show to the crowd. But the execution may not have gone as smoothly as possible: "One of two accounts of Louis' death suggest the blade did not sever his whole neck in one go, and had to be borne down on by the executioner to get a clean cut." Quite possibly, then, the execution went from being quick and fast to being more difficult and painful. As David Andress notes, however, "With his spine severed already, it is nevertheless unlikely that Louis could have uttered the 'terrible cry' that one account claims."On July 17, 1793, Sanson executed Charlotte Corday. After Corday's decapitation, a man named Legros lifted her head from the basket and slapped it on the cheek. Sanson indignantly rejected published reports that Legros was one of his assistants. Sanson stated in his diary that Legros was in fact a carpenter who had been hired to make repairs to the guillotine. Witnesses report an expression of "unequivocal indignation" on her face when her cheek was slapped. The oft-repeated anecdote has served to suggest that victims of the guillotine may in fact retain consciousness for a short while, including by Albert Camus in his Reflections on the Guillotine. ("Charlotte Corday's severed head blushed, it is said, under the executioner's slap.") This offense against a woman executed moments before was considered unacceptable and Legros was imprisoned for three months because of his outburst.On October 16, 1793, the queen, Marie-Antoinette, was executed by Charles-Henri's son Henri, an officer in the Garde Nationale. Sanson and his men executed successive waves of well-known revolutionaries, including Hébert, Danton, Desmoulins, Saint-Just, and Robespierre. Less known is Cécile Renault.Guillotine proponent
After the Revolution, Sanson was instrumental in the adoption of the guillotine as the standard form of execution. After Joseph-Ignace Guillotin publicly proposed Antoine Louis' new execution machine, Sanson delivered a memorandum of unique weight and insight to the French Assembly. Sanson, who owned and maintained all his own equipment, argued persuasively that multiple executions were too demanding for the old methods.
The relatively lightweight tools of his trade broke down under heavy usage, and the repair and replacement costs were prohibitive, unreasonably burdening the executioner. Even worse, the physical exertion required to use them was too taxing and likely to result in accidents, and the victims themselves were likely to resort to acts of desperation during the lengthy, unpredictable procedures. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"François Hanriot",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Gilbert Romme",
"participant of",
"French Revolution"
] | Charles-Gilbert Romme (26 March 1750 – 17 June 1795) was a French politician and mathematician who developed the French Republican Calendar.Biography
Charles Gilbert Romme was born in Riom, Puy-de-Dôme, in the Auvergne region of France, where he received an education in medicine and mathematics. After spending five years in Paris, he went to Russia to become the tutor of Paul Stroganoff. He returned to Paris in 1788 and entered political life.
He was a member of the Masonic lodge, Les Neuf Sœurs.
Elected on 10 September 1791 to the Legislative Assembly, Romme aligned himself with the Girondists, but after his election to the National Convention on 6 September 1792, he sided with the Montagnards.
He voted in favour of the death sentence for Louis XVI. Later, in the events leading up to the Reign of Terror, he was arrested by Girondist supporters and was imprisoned in Caen for two months.
During his tenure in National Convention, Romme served in the Committee of Public Education (Comité de l’instruction Publique), where he presented his report on the republican calendar on 17 September 1793 and then developed an agricultural almanac based on the new calendar. Aware of their military importance, he also was an early supporter of semaphore telegraphs. He served as president of the Convention from 21 November to 6 December 1793.
Because he was on an assignment to organise gun production for the navy, he had no hand in the coup of 9 Thermidor an II (27 July 1794), which resulted in the fall of the Robespierre (and ultimately led to the return of the Girondists).
When rioting sans-culottes, demanding bread and the Jacobin constitution, violently occupied the Convention on 1 Prairial an III (20 May 1795), Romme supported their demands. This insurrection was quickly put down however, and he and other Montagnards were arrested. While waiting for their trial, the defendants agreed to commit suicide in case of a death sentence.
On 29 Prairial (17 June), Paris, France, Romme and five others were sentenced to the guillotine. With a knife hidden by Jean-Marie Goujon, he stabbed himself repeatedly while on the staircase leading from the courtroom, and died — his last words are reported to have been "I die for the republic".
In Romme le Montagnard (1833), Marc de Vissac described Romme as a small, awkward and clumsy man with an ill complexion and a dull orator but also as possessing a pleasant and instructive style of conversation. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
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