triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Turkish invasion of Cyprus",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Turkish invasion of Cyprus"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences",
"located on terrain feature",
"Vatican City"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Pontifical Committee for Historical Sciences",
"founded by",
"Pius XII"
] | The Pontifical Committee of Historical Sciences is a division of the Roman Curia established on 7 April 1954 by Pope Pius XII.Background
Pope Pius XII created this committee on 7 April 1954 as the successor to the Commission of Cardinals for Historical Studies, which Pope Leo XIII had created on 18 August 1883 with the apostolic letter Saepenumero considerantes. That commission was created to contribute to the development and proper use of historical sciences, especially late in the nineteenth century when parts of the Vatican's historical records, known as the Vatican Secret Archive, was opened to scholars. The new committee was created to foster cooperation with the International Committee of Historical Sciences, which was scheduled to hold its convention in Rome in 1955.On 14 January 2019 Pope Francis created the new role of the assessor as third leadership position, after the president and the secretary. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Kingdom of Altava",
"located on terrain feature",
"Algeria"
] | The Kingdom of Altava was an independent Christian Berber kingdom centered on the city of Altava in present-day northern Algeria. The Kingdom of Altava was a successor state of the previous Mauro-Roman Kingdom which had controlled much of the ancient Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis. During the reign of Kusaila, it extended from Volubilis in the west to the Aurès and later Kairaouan and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east. This Kingdom collapsed following Eastern Roman military campaigns to decrease its influence and power after Garmul invaded the Exarchate of Africa.The collapse of the Mauro-Roman Kingdom lead to the rise of several petty berber kingdoms in the region, including the Kingdom of Altava, which was centered on the capital of the older kingdom. The kingdom continued to exist in the Maghreb until the conquest of the region by the Umayyad Caliphate in the seventh and eighth centuries. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Doggerland",
"located on terrain feature",
"North Sea"
] | Doggerland was an area of land, now submerged beneath the North Sea, that connected Britain to continental Europe. It was flooded by rising sea levels around 6500–6200 BCE. The flooded land is known as the Dogger Littoral. Geological surveys have suggested that it stretched from what is now the east coast of Great Britain to what is now the Netherlands, the western coast of Germany and the Danish peninsula of Jutland. It was probably a rich habitat with human habitation in the Mesolithic period, although rising sea levels gradually reduced it to low-lying islands before its final submergence, possibly following a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slide. Doggerland was named after the Dogger Bank, which in turn was named after 17th-century Dutch fishing boats called doggers.The archaeological potential of the area was first identified in the early 20th century, and interest intensified in 1931 when a fishing trawler operating east of the Wash dragged up a barbed antler point that was subsequently dated to a time when the area was tundra. Vessels have since dragged up remains of mammoths, lions and other animals, and a few prehistoric tools and weapons.As of 2020 international teams are continuing a two-year investigation into the submerged landscape of Doggerland using new and traditional archaeo-geophysical techniques, computer simulation, and molecular biology. Evidence gathered allows study of past environments, ecological change, and human transition from hunter-gatherer to farming communities. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Doggerland",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Doggerland"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"REM Island",
"located on terrain feature",
"North Sea"
] | REM Island is a platform built in the Republic of Ireland and towed off the Dutch coast in 1964 as the pirate broadcasting home of Radio and TV Noordzee. Both stations were dismantled by the Netherlands Armed Forces. It was 10 km off Noordwijk. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"REM Island",
"has use",
"pirate radio"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"REM Island",
"has use",
"television station"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Øygarden",
"located on terrain feature",
"North Sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Øygarden",
"replaces",
"Hjelme"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Øygarden",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Øygarden"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Øygarden",
"significant event",
"creation"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"Øygarden",
"different from",
"Øygarden Municipality"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 |
|
[
"Rennesøy",
"located on terrain feature",
"North Sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Rennesøy",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Rennesøy"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 |
|
[
"Rennesøy",
"significant event",
"boundary change"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Kildalton Cross",
"located on terrain feature",
"Islay"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Ujung Kulon National Park",
"located on terrain feature",
"Java"
] | Ujung Kulon National Park is a national park at the westernmost tip of Java, in Banten province of Indonesia. It once included the volcanic island group of Krakatoa in Lampung province, although current maps suggest the Krakatoa island group as its own protected area, the Pulau Anak Krakatau Marine Nature Reserve.Ujung Kulon means Western End or Point West in Sundanese. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden",
"located on terrain feature",
"Rügen"
] | The Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden belongs to the North Rügen Bodden and is a water body on the southern edge of the Baltic Sea in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It is a bodden, a type of lagoon that occurs in northern Europe especially on the coast of Pomerania. It is around seven kilometres long and five kilometres across at its widest point, but in places it is considerably narrower. It has an area of 28.4 square kilometres.The lagoon is bounded to the north by the Jasmund peninsula, to the east by the spit of the Schmale Heide and to the south by the main body of the island of Rügen, the Muttland. To the northwest near Lietzow it is linked to the Großer Jasmunder Bodden by a ditch and sluice gate. The two bodden were first separated in 1869 by the construction of an embankment that now carries the B 96 federal road and the Stralsund–Sassnitz railway. This embankment turned the bodden more or less into a lake. The shore of the bodden is quite indented: for example, the Pulitz peninsula juts out well into the bodden. This is designated as a nature reserve.The water of the Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden contains very little salt because it has no direct link to the Baltic Sea. The canal to the Großer Jasmunder Bodden, which only has a salt content of 0.6 to 0.7 per cent itself, is too small to deliver salt continuously. The bodden is rich in fish. Its water quality is poor, however, due to discharges from the sewage works at Bergen and eutrophication is well advanced. However, an improvement in water quality is still being sought. The moor area of the Ossen lowland near Buschvitz was renatured and an open connection created between the Ossen and the Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden. The dam to the Great Jasmunder Bodden and the dam between Stedar and the Pulitz peninsula are also to be opened.By the Kleiner Jasmunder Bodden is a 9.8 kilometre long circular walk that starts at Lietzow. The trail is classed as moderate and is used by hikers, runners and ornithologists. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Oldtimer Museum Rügen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Rügen"
] | The Oldtimer Museum Rügen (formerly the Rügen Railway and Technology Museum—Eisenbahn & Technik Museum Rügen or ETM) is a German railway museum based on the Baltic Sea island resort of Rügen in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was established in 1994 and is housed in the museum section of the Nazi-built Kraft durch Freude ('strength through joy') building complex at Prora which is a protected monument.
In the vicinity of the station, in a 4000 m² hall and in the open air, the following may be visited: | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Goor-Muglitz Nature Reserve",
"located on terrain feature",
"Rügischer Bodden"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Goor-Muglitz Nature Reserve",
"located on terrain feature",
"Rügen"
] | The Goor-Muglitz Nature Reserve (German: Naturschutzgebiet Goor-Muglitz) is a nature reserve, covering an area of 157 hectares, in the German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. It lies on the island of Rügen on the northern coastline of the Bay of Greifswald. It was granted protected status on 12 September 1990 as part of the creation of the Southeast Rügen Biosphere Reserve. The conservation aim of the two-part nature reserve is, on the one hand, the preservation and development of a deciduous forest of old trees in the Goor forest and the preservation of Freetz Lowland (Freetzer Niederung) and, on the other hand, the protection of a steep wooded slope near Muglitz, which is interspersed with wild fruit trees. The areas are in conservation zone 2 (buffer zone) of the biosphere reserve. The rocky shallow areas of the bay are also a protected area.
The neighbouring villages are Lauterbach to the west and Freetz to the north.
The status of the area is classified as "good" as the areas are able to develop largely undisturbed. However, interventions are being carried out to mitigate the effects of the past; such effects as the planting of conifers in some areas and the drainage of Freetz Lowland.
Parts of the areas are owned by the Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania Foundation for the Environment and Conservation as well as the Michael Succow Foundation.
Under EU law, the nature reserve is part of the SAC known as Southeast Rügen Coastal Landscape (Küstenlandschaft Südostrügen). Access to the nature reserve is possible using several public footpaths. The Succow Foundation has set up a nature trail. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Gjøa oilfield",
"located on terrain feature",
"North Sea"
] | Gjøa oilfield is an oilfield in the Norwegian section of the North Sea. It lies about 70 kilometres (43 mi) off the Troll field.
The Gjøa reserves are estimated to be about 40 billion cubic metres of natural gas and 83 million barrels (13.2×10^6 m3) of oil and condensate.The oil field was discovered in 1989 and the development was announced in December 2006. It was developed by the consortium of Statoil, ENGIE, Petoro, Royal Dutch Shell and RWE Dea. During the development phase, the operator of the field was Statoil. Once production began in 2010 ENGIE took over the operatorship. The field came on stream in November 2010, and it reached plateau production in 2013. The total investment is about 27 billion Norwegian kroners. In 2018 A/S Norske Shell sold its interest to Norwegian SA OKEA.Produced gas is transported through the FLAGS pipeline to the St Fergus Gas Terminal in Scotland. Gjøa is connected to the FLAGS pipeline through the 130-kilometre (81 mi) 28-inch (710 mm) link built by Saipem. The linking pipeline was laid by the Castoro Sei vessel. Oil is exported through the 55-kilometre (34 mi) 16-inch (410 mm) link to the Troll II trunkline, and onwards to the Mongstad Refinery north of Bergen.
The gas field came on stream in November 2010.Gjøa semi-submersible floating production platform is also linked with the Vega and Vega South fields development.Gjøa semi-submersible floating production platform was designed by Aker Solutions Engineering in 2006–2010. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Jupiter Reef",
"located on terrain feature",
"Pacific Ocean"
] | Jupiter Reef or Jupiter Breakers is a supposed reef in the South Pacific (south of French Tuamotu islands and east of New Zealand), between other supposed reefs, Maria Theresa Reef to the south and Ernest Legouve Reef to the north; it appears to be a phantom reef.
Mr. Kinge, commanding the German barque Jupiter on a voyage between Newcastle, New South Wales and Tahiti, reported having passed breakers during the night of December 3, 1878, in 36°37′S 150°15′W. The breakers were observed in two places, each of which had a diameter of about 30 yards, and appeared to be a quarter of a mile apart. No further intelligence has been obtained regarding this shoal.Other nearby historically reported reefs which appear not to exist include Maria Theresa Reef, Ernest Legouve Reef, and Wachusett Reef.
This article incorporates text from Pacific Islands, v. 3, a publication from 1900, now in the public domain in the United States. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Maria Theresa Reef",
"located on terrain feature",
"Pacific Ocean"
] | The Maria Theresa Reef is a supposed reef in the South Pacific (south of the French Tuamotu islands and east of New Zealand); it appears to be a phantom reef. It is also known as Tabor Island or Tabor Reef on French maps. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Scarborough Shoal",
"territory claimed by",
"People's Republic of China"
] | Sovereignty dispute
Claims by China and Taiwan
The People's Republic of China and Taiwan (Republic of China) claim that Chinese people discovered the atoll centuries ago and that there is a long history of Chinese fishing activity in the area. The atoll lies within the nine-dash line drawn by China on maps marking its claim to islands and relevant waters consistent with United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) within the South China Sea. An article published in May 2012 in the PLA Daily states that Chinese astronomer Guo Shoujing went to the island in 1279, under the Yuan dynasty, as part of an empire-wide survey called "Measurement of the Four Seas" (四海測驗). No such 13th century map has been made public by China and no evidence on the existence of the map is known. In 1979 historical geographer Han Zhenhua (韩振华) was among the first scholars to claim that the point called "Nanhai" (literally, "South Sea") in that astronomical survey referred to Scarborough Shoal. In 1980 during a conflict with Vietnam for sovereignty over the Paracel Islands (Xisha Islands), however, the Chinese government issued an official document claiming that "Nanhai" in the 1279 survey was located in the Paracels. Historical geographer Niu Zhongxun defended this view in several articles. In 1990, a historian called Zeng Zhaoxuan (曾昭璇) argued instead that the Nanhai measuring point was located in Central Vietnam. Historian of astronomy Chen Meidong (陈美东) and historian of Chinese science Nathan Sivin have since agreed with Zeng's position in their respective books about Guo Shoujing. a 2019 article in the publication Maritime Issues suggested that a common fishing ground for China, Vietnam and the Philippines as the best option to avoid deterioration of the conflict.In 1935, China, as the Republic of China (ROC), regarded the atoll as part of the Zhongsha Islands. That position has since been maintained by both the ROC, which now governs Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China (PRC). In 1947 the atoll was given the name Minzhu Jiao (Chinese: 民主礁; lit. 'Democracy Reef'). In 1983 the People's Republic of China renamed it Huangyan Island with Minzhu Jiao reserved as a second name. In 1956 Beijing protested Philippine remarks that the South China Sea islands in close proximity to Philippine territory should belong to the Philippines. China's Declaration on the territorial Sea, promulgated in 1958, says in part,The breadth of the Territorial Sea of the People's Republic of China shall be twelve nautical miles. This applies to all territories of the People's Republic of China, including the Chinese mainland and its coastal islands, as well as Taiwan and its surrounding islands, the Penghu Islands, the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands, the Nansha Islands and all other islands belonging to China which are separated from the mainland and its coastal islands by the high seas.
China reaffirmed its claim of sovereignty over the Zhongsha Islands in its 1992 Law on the territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone. China claims all the islands, reefs, and shoals within a U-shaped line in the South China Sea drawn in 1947 as its territory. Scarborough Shoal lies within this area.China further asserted its claim shortly after the departure of the US Navy force from Subic, Zambales, Philippines. In the late 1970s, many scientific expedition activities organised by State Bureau of Surveying, National Earthquake Bureau and National Bureau of Oceanography were held in the atoll and around this area. In 1980, a stone marker reading "South China Sea Scientific Expedition" was installed on the South Rock, but was removed by the Philippines in 1997. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Scarborough Shoal",
"located on terrain feature",
"Pacific Ocean"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Scarborough Shoal",
"territory claimed by",
"Taiwan"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Scarborough Shoal",
"territory claimed by",
"Philippines"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Honshu",
"located on terrain feature",
"Pacific Ocean"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Honshu",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Honshu"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"Lifou",
"located on terrain feature",
"Pacific Ocean"
] | Lifou [lifu] is a commune of France in the Loyalty Islands Province of New Caledonia in the Pacific Ocean.Geography
Lifou is made up of Lifou Island, the largest and most heavily populated of the Loyalty Islands, its smaller neighbour Tiga Island, and several uninhabited islets in between these two. All these islands lie among the Loyalty Islands, 190 kilometres (105 nautical miles) northeast of New Caledonia's mainland. At 1,146 km2 (442 sq mi), Lifou Island is the largest atoll in the world.The town of Wé, on Lifou Island, is the administrative centre of the commune of Lifou as well as the provincial seat of the Loyalty Islands Province. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Lifou",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lifou"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Mount Marapi",
"located on terrain feature",
"Sumatra"
] | The Marapi (ماراڤي), or Mount Marapi (Minangkabau: ڬونوواڠ ماراڤي, romanized: Gunuang Marapi) is a complex volcano in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Its name means Mountain of Fire, and it is the most active volcano in Sumatra. Its elevation is 2,891.3 metres (9,485.9 ft). A number of cities and towns are situated around the mountain, including Bukittinggi, Padang Panjang and Batusangkar. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Mount Marapi",
"different from",
"Merapi"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"Diama Dam",
"located on terrain feature",
"Senegal River"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"1921 Persian coup d'état",
"located on terrain feature",
"Tehran"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"participant",
"United States of America"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cambodia"
] | The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a brief series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in 1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an extension of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. Thirteen major operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) between 29 April and 22 July and by U.S. forces between 1 May and 30 June 1970.
The objective of the campaign was the defeat of the approximately 40,000 troops of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) in the eastern border regions of Cambodia. Cambodian neutrality and military weakness made its territory a safe zone where PAVN/VC forces could establish bases for operations over the border. With the US shifting toward a policy of Vietnamization and withdrawal, it sought to shore up the South Vietnamese government by eliminating the cross-border threat.
A change in the Cambodian government allowed an opportunity to destroy the bases in 1970, when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed and replaced by pro-U.S. General Lon Nol. A series of South Vietnamese–Khmer Republic operations captured several towns, but the PAVN/VC military and political leadership narrowly escaped the cordon. The operation was partly a response to a PAVN offensive on 29 March against the Cambodian Army that captured large parts of eastern Cambodia in the wake of these operations. Allied military operations failed to eliminate many PAVN/VC troops or to capture their elusive headquarters, known as the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN) as they had left a month prior, but the haul of captured material in Cambodia prompted claims of success. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"participant",
"North Vietnam"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"participant",
"South Vietnam"
] | The Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a brief series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in 1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an extension of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. Thirteen major operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) between 29 April and 22 July and by U.S. forces between 1 May and 30 June 1970.
The objective of the campaign was the defeat of the approximately 40,000 troops of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) in the eastern border regions of Cambodia. Cambodian neutrality and military weakness made its territory a safe zone where PAVN/VC forces could establish bases for operations over the border. With the US shifting toward a policy of Vietnamization and withdrawal, it sought to shore up the South Vietnamese government by eliminating the cross-border threat.
A change in the Cambodian government allowed an opportunity to destroy the bases in 1970, when Prince Norodom Sihanouk was deposed and replaced by pro-U.S. General Lon Nol. A series of South Vietnamese–Khmer Republic operations captured several towns, but the PAVN/VC military and political leadership narrowly escaped the cordon. The operation was partly a response to a PAVN offensive on 29 March against the Cambodian Army that captured large parts of eastern Cambodia in the wake of these operations. Allied military operations failed to eliminate many PAVN/VC troops or to capture their elusive headquarters, known as the Central Office for South Vietnam (COSVN) as they had left a month prior, but the haul of captured material in Cambodia prompted claims of success. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"participant",
"National Liberation Front of South Vietnam"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"participant",
"Khmer Rouge"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Cambodian campaign",
"participant",
"Khmer Republic"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Oceanian realm",
"located on terrain feature",
"Insular Oceania"
] | The Oceanian realm is one of the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) biogeographic realms, and is unique in not including any continental land mass. It has the smallest land area of any of the WWF realms.
This realm includes the islands of the Pacific Ocean in Micronesia, the Fijian Islands, the Hawaiian islands, and Polynesia (with the exception of New Zealand). New Zealand, Australia, and most of Melanesia including New Guinea, Vanuatu, the Solomon Islands, and New Caledonia are included within the Australasian realm.
Conversely, New Guinea, New Caledonia, the Solomon Islands and New Zealand are included in the Oceanian realm in the classification scheme developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975.The Juan Fernández Islands have been included in both the Oceanian and Temperate South American realms. Despite only being a few hundred miles removed from the South American coast, the islands have strong Hawaiian and southeast Polynesian biogeographic influences, and the presence of an endemic insect and plant family. The uninhabited French territory of Clipperton Island, 1,000 kilometers off the coast of Mexico, has also been associated with the realm.Geology
Oceania is geologically the youngest realm. While other realms include old continental land masses or fragments of continents, Oceania is composed mostly of volcanic high islands and coral atolls that arose from the sea in geologically recent times, many of them in the Pleistocene. They were created either by hotspot volcanism, or as island arcs pushed upward by the collision and subduction of tectonic plates. The islands range from tiny islets, sea stacks and coral atolls to large mountainous islands, like Hawaii and Fiji. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Oceanian realm",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Oceanian realm"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Norton Couloir",
"located on terrain feature",
"Mount Everest"
] | The Norton Couloir or Great Couloir is a steep gully high on the north face of Mount Everest in Tibet which lies east of the pyramidal peak and extends to within 150 m below the summit.
Its companion to the west of the summit is the Hornbein Couloir. | null | null | null | null | 0 |
[
"Gellenstrom",
"located on terrain feature",
"Baltic Sea"
] | The Gellenstrom is a shipping channel in the Baltic Sea and forms the northwestern access to the ports of Stralsund and Strelasund. It is located in the Baltic Sea west of the peninsula of Gellen which gives it its name and which forms part of the island of Hiddensee. In addition, it is the main route from the Darss-Zingst Bodden Chain to the Baltic.
The Gellenstrom has a guaranteed depth of 3.70 metres and is controlled by the Gellen light which marks its northern approach. The maximum speed limit is 10 kn. To the south is the port of Barhöft, which is also accessible from the Gellenstrom via the Barhöft Creek (Barhöft -Rinne). To the west is the island of Bock, which was formed from sand dredged from the channel. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Dhammayuttika Nikaya",
"located on terrain feature",
"Cambodia"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Dhammayuttika Nikaya",
"located on terrain feature",
"Myanmar"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Dhammayuttika Nikaya",
"located on terrain feature",
"Thailand"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Dhammayuttika Nikaya",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Dhammayuttika Nikaya"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Dhammayuttika Nikaya",
"founded by",
"Mongkut"
] | History
Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thai: Thammayut) began in 1833 as a reform movement led by Mongkut (later King Rama IV), son of King Rama II of Siam. It remained a reform movement until passage of the Sangha Act of 1902, which formally recognized it as the lesser of Thailand's two Theravada denominations, the other being Maha Nikaya.Prince Mongkut was a bhikkhu (religious name: Vajirañāṇo) for 27 years (1824–1851) before becoming King of Thailand (1851–1868). The then 20 year-old prince entered monastic life in 1824. Over the course of his early meditation training, Mongkut was frustrated that his teachers could not relate the meditation techniques they were teaching to the original teachings of the Buddha. Also, he described what he saw as serious discrepancies between the vinaya (monastic rules) and the actual practices of Thai bhikkhus. Mongkut, concerned that the ordination lines in Thailand were broken by a lack of adherence to this monastic code, sought out a different lineage of bhikkhus with practice that is more in line with the vinaya.
There are several rules in the Theravada monastic code by which a bhikkhu is "defeated" - he is no longer a bhikkhu even if he continues to wear robes and is treated as one. Every ordination ceremony in Theravada Buddhism is performed by ten bhikkhus to guard against the possibility of the ordination being rendered invalid by having a "defeated bhikkhu" as preceptor. Despite this, Mongkut was concerned that the area's lineages of regional traditions were broken. He made every effort to commission a phalanx of bhikkhus in Thailand with the highest probability of an unbroken lineage traceable back to the Buddha.Mongkut eventually found a lineage among the Mon people in Thailand who had a stronger practice. He reordained in this group and began a reform movement that would become the Thammayut order. In founding the Thammayut order, Mongkut made an effort to remove all non-Buddhist, folk religious, and superstitious elements which over the years had become part of Thai Buddhism. Additionally, Thammayut bhikkhus are expected to eat only one meal a day (not two) and the meal was to be gathered during a traditional alms round.
In 1836, Mongkut became the first abbot of the new Wat Bowonniwet Vihara, and it would become the administrative center of the Thammayut order to the present day.Soon after, Mongkut had other bhikkhus who were close to him reordain in this lineage of Mon bhikkhus. Among these were Mongkut's son Vajirañāṇavarorasa and Somdet Phra Wannarat "Thap", a grade nine Pali scholar.According to anthropologist Jim Taylor, Vajirañāṇavarorasa's autobiography tells how "Thap had differences with the somewhat more "worldly" bhikkhus at Wat Bowornniwet, which led to dissension and the movement's eventual division into four primary competing factions (monastic lines or "stems")." In the mid-19th century these branches became so estranged that each one developed its own style of chanting, interpretation, and translation of Pali texts, and differed on issues related to the monastic code.
It wasn't until Vajirañāṇavarorasa took control of a new phase of sangha reforms in 1892 that the administrative Thammayut hierarchy would begin to form a cohesive vision. Officially Pusso Saa was the sangharaja; however, he was only a figurehead. Thanissaro, a Thai-ordained forest bhikkhu, notes though that in the early-20th century, Ajahn Mun's kammaṭṭhāna lineage formed a distinct camp within the Thammayut order which was at odds with Vajirañāṇavarorasa's reforms.Since its origins, the Dhammayuttika Nikaya has historically been the preferred choice of the Thai government and the monarchy. Having been started by a Thai prince, the order has always had close ties to the monarchy and has historically played a key role in ensuring public support for the palace. Journalist Paul Handley writes that:Although the doctrinal differences between the schools had become less significant, putting Thammayut [sic] on top ensured that the sangha remained closely allied with the palace. This favoritism by Thai elites for the Dhammayuttika order is most apparent in the proportion of monastic titles given to senior bhikkhus. While taking up only about six percent of the bhikkhus in Thailand, over half of Thailand's monastic titles and privileges have gone to Dhammayuttika bhikkhus, and nine of the past thirteen Supreme Patriarchs of Thailand have belonged to the Dhammayuttika order.
The preference by the Thai government and palace for Dhammayuttika has even led to the persecution of some high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus who were seen as a threat to the Dhammayuttika hierarchy or the Thai government. The most famous case was the case of Phra Phimontham, a high ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhu known for his pro-democracy views and opposition to Dhammayuttika elitism, who was likely to become the next Supreme Patriarch of Thailand at the time. In 1962, Phra Phimontham was imprisoned and defrocked by Thailand's then military junta and widely defamed in the Thai media over several criminal charges. The scandal allowed the military junta to pass a Sangha reform act that further centralized the Thai Sangha's administration under Dhammayuttika control. Following a change in government, the various criminal charges against Phra Phimontham were later determined to have been false all along. In reality, the military junta persecuted Phra Phimontham for his political views and disseminated the false charges in the media in order to arrest him and limit his influence, and to consolidate its power over the Sangha.More recently, news analysts have described the actions of the 2014 military junta against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Wat Paknam Bhasichareon as also being about the politics of these two Nikayas. From 2013-2017 the bhikkhu who was next in line for Supreme Patriarch was the Maha Nikaya bhikkhu Somdet Chuang Varapuñño of Wat Paknam Bhasicheroen. However, lawsuits involving Somdet Chuang and the affiliated Wat Phra Dhammakaya caused his appointment to be postponed and eventually withdrawn, with another candidate from the Dhammayuttika fraternity appointed instead. The lawsuits against Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Somdet Chuang were, in fact, eventually used as reasons by the junta to withdraw his nomination. Wat Paknam was later cleared of all charges two days after Somdet Chuang's nomination was officially withdrawn.On 7 February 2017, Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha confirmed the appointment of Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong as the 20th Supreme Patriarch of Thailand in a televised address. He was the abbott of Wat Ratchabophit and a leading member of the Dhammayuttika Nikaya order. The prime minister stated: "I submitted the names of five qualified monks for His Majesty to consider. On Monday night, I was informed His Majesty chose Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong."During the 2017–18 Thai temple fraud investigations, Anthropologist Jim Taylor described the arrests made during the investigations as the "ruling palace regime" trying to consolidate traditional, central royalist power by eliminating several high-ranking Maha Nikaya bhikkhus and members of the Sangha Supreme Council. Taylor argues that this was done in order to ensure that the next supreme patriarch is also from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya, pointing to the junta's previous interference with the position in 2017 and that the suspects were all high-ranking non-royalist bhikkhus. In fact, in July 2018, the junta passed a law giving the Thai King the ability to select members of the Sangha Supreme Council instead of the monks. The alleged corruption within the Sangha from these investigations were cited as the reason for the change. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"SWEEPS-10",
"located on terrain feature",
"Milky Way"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Loire-Atlantique",
"located on terrain feature",
"Brittany"
] | History
Loire-Atlantique is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. Originally, it was named Loire-Inférieure, but its name was changed in March 9, 1957 to Loire-Atlantique.The area is part of the historical Duchy of Brittany, and contains what many people still consider to be Brittany's capital, Nantes. However, during World War II, the Vichy Government set up a system of regional prefectures whereby on 19 April 1941 Loire-Atlantique was excluded from the Region of Brittany and united with neighbouring French departments, under the lead of Angers.
After the war these administrative changes were reimplemented in the 1955 boundary changes intended to optimise the management of the regions. There has since been a series of campaigns reflecting a strong local mood to have the department reintegrated with Brittany. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Loire-Atlantique",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Loire-Atlantique"
] | null | null | null | null | 60 |
|
[
"Bridgend Flats",
"located on terrain feature",
"Islay"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Guiana Amazonian Park",
"located on terrain feature",
"French Guiana"
] | Guiana Amazonian Park (French: Parc amazonien de Guyane) is the largest national park of France, aiming at protecting part of the Amazonian forest located in French Guiana which covers 41% of the region. It is the largest park in France as well as the largest park in the European Union and one of the largest national parks in the world.
It cannot be accessed from the seashore or by any means other than airplane or pirogue.
The protected area covers some 20,300 square kilometres (7,840 sq mi) for the central area (where full protection is enforced) and 13,600 square kilometres (5,250 sq mi) for the secondary area. Thus, the overall protected area represents some 33,900 square kilometres (13,090 sq mi) of rain forest.The park has been built on territories belonging to the communes of Camopi, Maripasoula, Papaïchton, Saint-Élie, and Saül. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Guiana Amazonian Park",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Parc amazonien de Guyane"
] | null | null | null | null | 12 |
|
[
"Van Mook Line",
"located on terrain feature",
"Java"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Sidoarjo mud flow",
"located on terrain feature",
"Java"
] | Geological setting
Mud volcano systems are fairly common on Earth, and particularly in the Indonesian province of East Java. Beneath the island of Java is a half-graben lying in the east–west direction, filled with over-pressured marine carbonates and marine muds. It forms an inverted extensional basin which has been geologically active since the Paleogene epoch. The basin started to become overpressured during the Oligo-Miocene period. Some of the overpressured mud escapes to the surface to form mud volcanoes, which have been observed at Sangiran Dome near Surakarta (Solo) in Central Java and near Purwodadi city, 200 km (120 mi) west of Lusi.
The East Java Basin contains a significant amount of oil and gas reserves, therefore the region is known as a major concession area for mineral exploration. The Porong subdistrict, 14 km south of Sidoarjo city, is known in the mineral industry as the Brantas Production Sharing Contract (PSC), an area of approximately 7,250 km2 which consists of three oil and gas fields: Wunut, Carat and Tanggulangin. As of 2006, three companies—Santos (18%), MedcoEnergi (32%) and PT Lapindo Brantas (50%)—had concession rights for this area; PT Lapindo Brantas acted as an operator. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"located on terrain feature",
"Moscow"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gnessin State Musical College"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"founded by",
"Elena Gnesina"
] | The Gnessin State Musical College (Russian: Государственный музыкальный колледж имени Гнесиных) and Gnesins Russian Academy of Music (Russian: Российская академия музыки имени Гнесиных) is a music school in Moscow, Russia.History
Originally known as the Gnessin Institute, it was established on February 15, 1895 by three sisters: Evgenia Fabianovna, Elena Fabianovna, and Maria Fabianovna Gnessin. Each of the Gnessin sisters had studied piano and graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. Construction of the modern building began in 1937, interrupted during the war and resumed in 1943. The main part of the academy was built in 1946.
The college quickly became, and remains, an elite music school, considered second only to the Moscow Conservatory. | null | null | null | null | 7 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"founded by",
"Evgenia Gnesina"
] | History
Originally known as the Gnessin Institute, it was established on February 15, 1895 by three sisters: Evgenia Fabianovna, Elena Fabianovna, and Maria Fabianovna Gnessin. Each of the Gnessin sisters had studied piano and graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. Construction of the modern building began in 1937, interrupted during the war and resumed in 1943. The main part of the academy was built in 1946.
The college quickly became, and remains, an elite music school, considered second only to the Moscow Conservatory. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"founded by",
"Maria Gnesina"
] | The Gnessin State Musical College (Russian: Государственный музыкальный колледж имени Гнесиных) and Gnesins Russian Academy of Music (Russian: Российская академия музыки имени Гнесиных) is a music school in Moscow, Russia.History
Originally known as the Gnessin Institute, it was established on February 15, 1895 by three sisters: Evgenia Fabianovna, Elena Fabianovna, and Maria Fabianovna Gnessin. Each of the Gnessin sisters had studied piano and graduated with distinction from the Moscow Conservatory. Construction of the modern building began in 1937, interrupted during the war and resumed in 1943. The main part of the academy was built in 1946.
The college quickly became, and remains, an elite music school, considered second only to the Moscow Conservatory. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Gnessin State Musical College",
"different from",
"Gnessin State Musical College"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"Ski Dubai",
"located on terrain feature",
"Dubai"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 |
|
[
"Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park",
"located on terrain feature",
"Sulawesi"
] | Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park is a national park on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi, in the province of South East Sulawesi. It was declared in 1989, and has an area of 1,050 km². The park ranges from sea level to the altitude of 981 m. It contains the Aopa peat swamp, the largest in Sulawesi, and is recognised as a wetland of international importance.Flora and fauna
The park has varied vegetation: sub-montane rain forests, mangrove forests, coastal forests, savanna and freshwater swamp forests. In the park there have been recorded 323 species of plant, including Borassus flabellifer, Bruguiera gymnorhiza, Callicarpa celebica, Cratoxylum formosum and Metrosideros petiolata.It is home to Babirusa, both species of endangered Anoa – miniature water buffaloes – and 155 bird species, of which 37 are endemic to Sulawesi. Birds in the park include the maleo, lesser adjutant, woolly-necked stork, collared kingfisher, Yellow-crested cockatoo, vinous-breasted sparrowhawk, Sulawesi black pigeon and Nicobar pigeon. The park also provides habitat to a population of 170 endangered milky storks. Primates in the park include the spectral tarsier and the vulnerable booted macaque.The park also protects 11 reptile and 20 fish species, and is an important nursery area for crabs, fish and prawns. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Corps Rhenania Tübingen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Tübingen"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Corps Rhenania Tübingen",
"founded by",
"Friedrich Widmann"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 |
|
[
"East Parahyangan",
"located on terrain feature",
"Java"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 |
|
[
"Batara Kresna Railbus",
"located on terrain feature",
"Java"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Batara Kresna Railbus",
"owned by",
"Kereta Api Indonesia"
] | Batara Kresna Railbus (Indonesian: Bus rel Batara Kresna) is a railbus service in Central Java, Indonesia that operates between Purwosari Station in Surakarta and Wonogiri Station in Wonogiri Regency. It is operated by PT Kereta Api Indonesia (KAI) and is a cooperation project between the Surakarta city government and KAI, when the city was led by Joko Widodo. The service is the one of a few railbus service in Indonesia besides Lembah Anai railbus in West Sumatra and former Kertalaya railbus in South Sumatra.
The railbus took its name from a character in Mahabharata, Krishna or Kresna who is tasked with saving the world and upholding the truth after the war in Kurukshetra. | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Hamad International Airport",
"located on terrain feature",
"Doha"
] | Hamad International Airport (IATA: DOH, ICAO: OTHH) (Arabic: مطار حمد الدولي, Maṭār Ḥamad al-Duwalī) is an international airport in the State of Qatar, and the home of Qatar’s flag carrier airline, Qatar Airways. Located east of its capital, Doha, it replaced the nearby Doha International Airport as Qatar's principal and main national airport.
Formerly known as New Doha International Airport (NDIA), Hamad International Airport was originally scheduled to open in 2008, but after a series of costly delays, the airport finally opened six years overdue on 30 April 2014 with a ceremonial Qatar Airways flight landing from nearby Doha International. Qatar Airways and all other carriers formally relocated to the new airport on 27 May 2014. The airport is named after the previous Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani. | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Hamad International Airport",
"replaces",
"Doha International Airport"
] | Hamad International Airport (IATA: DOH, ICAO: OTHH) (Arabic: مطار حمد الدولي, Maṭār Ḥamad al-Duwalī) is an international airport in the State of Qatar, and the home of Qatar’s flag carrier airline, Qatar Airways. Located east of its capital, Doha, it replaced the nearby Doha International Airport as Qatar's principal and main national airport.
Formerly known as New Doha International Airport (NDIA), Hamad International Airport was originally scheduled to open in 2008, but after a series of costly delays, the airport finally opened six years overdue on 30 April 2014 with a ceremonial Qatar Airways flight landing from nearby Doha International. Qatar Airways and all other carriers formally relocated to the new airport on 27 May 2014. The airport is named after the previous Emir of Qatar, Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani.History
Planning and construction
By the end of the 20th century, Doha International Airport (DIA) was over 40 years old and in need of major upgrades. However, lack of available land meant DIA expansion would be difficult, especially the inability to add a much-needed second runway. The planning started for a new state-of-the-art airport in 2003 while the construction began in 2005. The site of the airport (terminal and runway) lies 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) east of the older Doha International Airport. It is spread over an area of 2,200 hectares (5,500 acres), and was set to initially serve airlines that will not utilize lounge access.
Hamad International Airport was designed to cater for a projected ongoing increase in the volume of traffic. The airport has an initial annual capacity of 29 million passengers, three times the current volume. Upon completion, it will be able to handle 50 million passengers per year, although some estimates suggest the airport could handle up to 93 million per year, making it the second largest airport in the region after Dubai. It is also expected to handle 320,000 aircraft movements and 2 million tonnes of cargo annually. The check-in and retail areas are expected to be 12 times larger than those at the current airport. The airport will be two-thirds the size of Doha city. The airport has an oasis theme. Many of the buildings have a water motif, with wave-styled roofs and desert plants growing in recycled water. The airport is built over 22 square kilometres (8.5 sq mi), half of which is on reclaimed land.The Steering Committee awarded the contract for the development of the airport to Bechtel. The contract includes the design, construction management and project management of the facilities. The terminal and concourses were designed by the architecture firm HOK. Engineering, Procurement and Construction contract for Phase I and II were undertaken by Turkish TAV Construction and Japanese Taisei Corporation. | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"South Yemen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Yemen"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 |
|
[
"South Yemen",
"topic's main category",
"Category:South Yemen"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 |
|
[
"South Yemen",
"replaces",
"Al-Busi"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 |
|
[
"South Yemen",
"different from",
"South Yemen"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 |
|
[
"South Yemen",
"replaces",
"Audhali"
] | null | null | null | null | 19 |
|
[
"South Yemen",
"replaces",
"Protectorate of South Arabia"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Aore Island",
"located on terrain feature",
"Vanuatu"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Volga Hydroelectric Station",
"located on terrain feature",
"Volga"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Volga Hydroelectric Station",
"follows",
"Saratov railway bridge"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Volga Hydroelectric Station",
"owned by",
"RusHydro"
] | The Volga Hydroelectric Station or Volga GES (Russian: Волжская ГЭС) also known as the 22nd Congress of the CPSU Stalingrad/Volgograd Hydroelectric Power Station (Russian: Сталинградская/Волгоградская ГЭС имени XXII съезда КПСС), is the largest hydroelectric station in Europe, and it is the last of the Volga-Kama Cascade of dams, immediately before the Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea. It was the largest powerstation in the world between 1960 and 1963. Today, it is operated by the electricity company RusHydro. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
[
"Volga Hydroelectric Station",
"followed by",
"Volgograd Bridge"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 |
|
[
"Mall of the Emirates (Dubai Metro)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Dubai"
] | Mall of the Emirates metro station Arabic: مول الإمارات is a rapid transit station on the Red Line of the Dubai Metro in Dubai, UAE.
The station opened on 9 September 2009. It is connected directly to the Mall of the Emirates by an enclosed overhead walkway.Platform layout | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Centrepoint (Dubai Metro)",
"located on terrain feature",
"Dubai"
] | Centrepoint (Arabic: سنتربوينت, Arabic pronunciation: [sintr bu'int]) is a rapid transit station on the Red Line of the Dubai Metro in Dubai, UAE.The eastern terminus of the line, it is one of 3 metro stations with a park and ride lot, the others being Etisalat by e&, Jabal Ali and Jumeirah Golf Estates.The station was previously known as Rashidiya, on 4 August 2021 it was renamed as Centrepoint. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen",
"located on terrain feature",
"India"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 |
|
[
"Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Bay of Bengal"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 |
|
[
"Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Arabian Sea"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 |
|
[
"Cyclones Gulab and Shaheen",
"located on terrain feature",
"Arabian Peninsula"
] | null | null | null | null | 20 |
|
[
"Lebanese Civil War",
"located on terrain feature",
"Lebanon"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
|
[
"Lebanese Civil War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Lebanese Civil War"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 |
|
[
"Lebanese Civil War",
"participant",
"Hezbollah"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 |
|
[
"Lebanese Civil War",
"participant",
"United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 |
|
[
"Lebanese Civil War",
"participant",
"Amal Movement"
] | Bombings against US targets and foundation of Hezbollah
In 1982, the Islamic Republic of Iran established a base in the Syrian-controlled Bekaa Valley in Lebanon. From that base, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) "founded, financed, trained and equipped Hezbollah to operate as a proxy army" for Iran. The IRGC organized Hezbollah by drafting members from Shi'a groups resisting the Israeli occupation and from the main Shi'a movement, Nabih Berri's Amal Movement. The group found inspiration for its revolutionary Islamism in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. With Iranian sponsorship and a large pool of disaffected Shi'a refugees from which to draw support, Hezbollah quickly grew into a strong, armed force. | null | null | null | null | 9 |
[
"Lebanese Civil War",
"participant",
"Lebanese National Movement"
] | Political groups and militias
In the run-up to the war and its early stages, militias tried to be politically orientated non-sectarian forces, but due to the sectarian nature of Lebanese society, they inevitably gained their support from the same community as their leaders came from. In the long run almost all militias openly identified with a given community. The two main alliances were the Lebanese Front, consisting of nationalist Maronites who were against Palestinian militancy in Lebanon, and the Lebanese National Movement, which consisted of pro-Palestinian Leftists. The LNM dissolved after the Israeli invasion of 1982 and was replaced by the Lebanese National Resistance Front, known as Jammoul in Arabic.
Throughout the war most or all militias operated with little regard for human rights, and the sectarian character of some battles, made non-combatant civilians a frequent target.Druze groups
The small Druze sect, strategically and dangerously seated on the Chouf in central Lebanon, had no natural allies, and so were compelled to put much effort into building alliances. Under the leadership of the Jumblatt family, first Kamal Jumblatt (the LNM leader) and then his son Walid, the Progressive Socialist Party (PSP) (الحزب التقدمي الاشتراكي, al-hizb al-taqadummi al-ishtiraki) served as an effective Druze militia, building excellent ties to the Soviet Union mainly, and with Syria upon the withdrawal of Israel to the south of the country. However, many Druze in Lebanon at the time were also members of the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.
Under the leadership of Jumblatt, the PSP was a major political element in the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) which supported Lebanon's Arab identity and sympathized with the Palestinians. Jumblatt built a militia, the People's Liberation Army, which received financial support from the USSR and Libya, and boasted around 2,500 militiamen at the start of the war, subsequently increasing to 10,000 by early 1984 during the Mountain War. The militia played a small role in the actual combat, instead limiting itself to fighting in Mount Lebanon area. Its main adversaries were the Maronite Kataeb militia, and later the Lebanese Forces militia (which absorbed the Kataeb). However, the PSP suffered a major setback after the assassination of Kamal Jumblatt, who was then succeeded by his son Walid.
From the Israeli withdrawal from the Chouf in 1983 to the end of the civil war, the PSP ran the Civil Administration of the Mountain in the area under its control. Tolls levied at PSP militia checkpoints provided a major source of income for the administration.
The PSP played an important role in the Mountain War under the lead of Walid Jumblatt. After the Israelis withdrew from Chouf, important battles took place between the PSP backed by PFLP-GC, Fatah al-Intifada and Syrian army, and the Lebanese Forces backed by Lebanese army and the Multinational Force. PSP armed members were accused of several massacres that took place during that war. | null | null | null | null | 10 |
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