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Arabic | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4.1157 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4.1157 Abstract: Under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, two laboratory-scale reactors were operated. Each reactor
was packed with 8.5 kg of shredded synthetic solid waste (less than 5 cm) that was prepared according to an
average composition of domestic solid waste in the city of Kirkuk. Using an air compressor, aerobic
conditions were created in the aerobic reactor. This study shows that the aerobic reactor was more efficient in
COD and BOD5 removal which were 97.88% and 91.25% while in case of anaerobic reactor, they were
66.53%and 19.11%, respectively. Keywords: Aerobic landfill, Anaerobic, Laboratory scale, Kirkuk landfill, Kirkuk. Keywords: Aerobic landfill, Anaerobic, Laboratory scale, Kirkuk landfill, Kirkuk. Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Introduction: distribution and addition of higher quantities of
inoculums and nutrients (3,5,6). Traditional
techniques
of
bioreactor
landfill
operation strive to stabilize anaerobic waste(7). Recently, there has been an increased interest in the
addition of air into the landfill mass for aerobic
solid waste decomposition(4). Aerobic bioreactors
have been adopted to accelerate waste stability. Previous
studies
on
aerobic
decomposition
procedures have shown that the putrescible
components of the waste can be decomposed faster
under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic
decomposition. The
concept
of
aerobic
decomposition by the injection of air into the body
of landfill offers considerable benefits in waste
management both for existing and new systems (8). The main aim of the present study is to explore the
impact of leachate recirculation and aeration
compared with various other alternatives that are
available for sanitary landfilling and to provide
information for the effective operation of the
Kirkuk sanitary landfill. distribution and addition of higher quantities of
inoculums and nutrients (3,5,6). The city of Kirkuk, like most metropolitan
cities, experiences considerable problems associated
with the management of municipal solid waste
(MSW). According to the Mineral Resources Data
System, approximately 0.8 kg of waste is produced
by one person per day in Kirkuk. The amount of
solid waste was expected to increase from 840,000
tons in 2008 to 1,156,445 tons in 2020 due to the
large
population
expansion
in
Kirkuk
(1). Increasing population density has resulted in the
rise in the quantity and quality of waste, which
creates a considerable risk to national health due to
the absence of appropriate solid waste management
system (2). Increasing attention is paid to recirculate
of leachate in municipal solid waste landfills as an
efficient approach to increase the microbial break
down of putrescible fractions of solid waste(3). Utilizing leachate recirculation, a landfill can be
used as an anaerobic filter to handle the leachate,
accelerate waste stability, and decrease the amount
of leachate by maximizing evaporative losses
during the process of recirculation (4). Several
studies have shown that waste decomposition can
be enhanced by an increase in the water flow owing
to the enhanced flushing and dilution of inhibitory
materials. This process maintains a favorable
environment through the consistent moisture Aeesha Falah Omar* 1 1Civil Eng.Department, College of Engineering, University of Kirkuk, Kirkuk, Iraq
2Environmental Eng. Department, College of Engineering, Baghdad university, Baghdad ,Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected]* , [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5297-008X*, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-0797 Received 2/10/2019, Accepted 5/1/2020, Published Online First 30/4/2021, Published 1/12/2021 Jathwa A. Ibrahim Al-ameen2 Jathwa A. Ibrahim Al-ameen2 Comparison of Conventional and Aerobic Iandfill Simulator Reactors (case
study; Kirkuk city, Iraq) Aeesha Falah Omar* 1 Materials and Methods: Experimental design and reactor configurations
Two laboratory-scale Plexiglas reactors were
built and maintained at a steady mesophilic 1157 ience Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
of 300 mm and an effective height of 700 mm, as
shown in Fig.1. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
temperature of 35°C to keep a good environment for
the growth of microorganisms in both reactors in
the summer. Each reactor had an internal diameter
of 300 mm and an effective height of 700 mm, as
shown in Fig.1. Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 Open Access Published Online First: April 2021 temperature of 35°C to keep a good environment for
the growth of microorganisms in both reactors in
the summer. Each reactor had an internal diameter of 300 mm and an effective height of 700 mm, as
shown in Fig.1. Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of an anaerobic reactor and (b) its picture; (c) schematic diagr
Aerobic reactor and (d) its picture
a
b
c
d a b b a c Figure 1 (a) Schematic diagram of an anaerobic reactor and (b) its picture; (c) schematic d
c
d d Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of an anaerobic reactor and (b) its picture; (c) schematic diagram of
Aerobic reactor and (d) its picture Each reactor was equipped with two ports:
one for drainage and sampling, and the other one for
gas sample collection and liquid addition. The
leachate
was
stored
in
plastic
bottles
for
recirculation purposes. Aerobic conditions in the
reactor were conducted utilizing an air compressor. Leachate recirculation was utilized to supply a
transport mechanism for microbes and to achieve product stabilization for further conversion. pH
monitoring for leachate quality was performed
using a portable pH meter (Hanna, India), while
total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity
were analyzed using a YL-TDS2 meter (India) pH p
Initially, the values of pH of both erobic (A) and
anaerobic (B) reactors were 6. 2 and 5.8 , as
shown in Fig.2. However, in the aerobic(A) reactor,
the acidic pH was changed to neutral within 10 days
and reached a value of 6.8. After eighty days, the
pH value was 7.3. Thereafter, no considerable
changes in pH were observed for the aerobic
reactor. However, the value of the pH of the
anaerobic reactor was 5.7 at the end of the study. These results have confirmed that the degradation
of solid waste under aerobic conditions was faster
compared to that under anaerobic conditions. The
results of this study are supported by those of Cossu
et al. (8), Bilgili et al. (10), and Ko et al. (5). Total dissolved solids The total dissolved solids (TDS) parameter was
monitored to assess dilution and washing impacts. TDS values of aerobic (A) and anaerobic(B)
reactors showed a similar declining trend, which
may be observed due to the same volume of
rainwater
and
the
same
ratio
of
leachate
recirculation were introduced for both reactors. A
decline in the dissolved solids concentrations was
observed because of the water dilution effect in the
rainfall simulation. The initial dissolved solids
values were 2244 mg/L and 1912 mg/L for the
aerobic(A) and anaerobic (B) reactors, respectively. At the end of the study, these values decreased to
1287 mg/L and 546 mg/L, respectively. Kylifors et
al. (11) reported that the total solids (TDS)
concentration is expected to decrease as the leachate
transitions from acidogenic to methanogenic phase. Slezak et al. (
6
)
reported the same results for the
TDS but indicated that the concentrations of
dissolved solids do not significantly show any
changing compared to those of total solids. Reactor landfill operation Reactor (A) was operated aerobically to
evaluate the impact of aeration on solid waste
decomposition, while the anaerobic(B) bioreactor
presented a common sanitary landfill environment . The preliminary analysis of waste specimens
indicated that solid waste contained approximately
65% of moisture; thus, tap water was provided to
each reactor to achieve the field capacity. Throughout the study period, once a week, 1 L of
leachate that had been collected from both reactors
in storage bottles was recycled. Reactors were fed
with distilled water to simulate precipitation. The
amount of water was calculated based on the liquid
to solid ratio (L/S). The air compressor was
connected to the aerobic reactor through an air inlet
at the tank bottom with a flow rate of 2.2 L/min for
6 h per day for 5 days to sustain the stable aerobic
environment. Figure 2. pH values for both reactors Reactor loading Eight
and
a
half
kilograms
of
fine
milled(shredded) and hardly compacted solid waste 1158 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
was introduced in the bioreactors, representing
common locally solid waste composition of
Kirkuk, as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Waste composition weight percent (9)
Component
Wt%
Organic (food + garden trimmings)
70
Plastic
5
Glass
3.54
Paper
4
Metal
8.4
Textile
2
Others
8
Reactor landfill operation
Reactor (A) was operated aerobically to
evaluate the impact of aeration on solid waste
d
iti
hil
th
bi (B)
bi
t
Figure 2. pH values for both reactors Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 was introduced in the bioreactors, representing
common locally solid waste composition of
Kirkuk, as shown in Table 1. Figure 2. pH values for both reactors Figure 2. pH values for both reactors Table 1. Waste composition weight percent (9)
Component
Wt%
Organic (food + garden trimmings)
70
Plastic
5
Glass
3.54
Paper
4
Metal
8.4
Textile
2
Others
8 Table 1. Waste composition weight percent (9)
Component
Wt%
Organic (food + garden trimmings)
70
Plastic
5
Glass
3.54
Paper
4
Metal
8.4
Textile
2
Others
8 Reactor landfill operation g g
p
Electric conductivity (EC) During the study, the settlement
of waste was monitored and calculated by equation
1:
𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 % =
ℎ𝑖 −ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑖
× 100
[1] Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Open Access 1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
initial BOD5 values was reduced from
12758mg/L to 10347mg /L , with a 19.11%
reduction(Fig.5). Figure 4. COD concentration for both reactors
Figure 5. BOD5 concentrations for both reactors Published Online First: April 2021 initial BOD5 values was reduced from
12758mg/L to 10347mg /L , with a 19.11%
reduction(Fig.5). Figure 3. Conductivity values of both reactors
as a function of time. Figure 3. Conductivity values of both reactors
as a function of time. Figure 4. COD concentration for both reactors Figure 3. Conductivity values of both reactors
as a function of time. Figure 4. COD concentration for both reactors Figure 4. COD concentration for both reactors This decline may be attributed to the fall
down and water washing that washed the running
of ions such as heavy metals, Cl, and SO4 ions. For
the aerobic (A) reactor, theoretical conductivity
dilution
substantially
compatible
with
the
experimental observations. For the anaerobic(B)
reactor, the theoretical electric conductivity
dilution
gradient
was
lower
than
the
experimentally observed value. This is attributed to
the mobilization of ions under acidogenic
conditions, which was not considered in theoretical
calculations. Figure 5. BOD5 concentrations for both reactors COD & BOD5 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the
measurement of all chemicals (organic and
inorganic). The concentration of COD in
aerobic(A) and anaerobic(B) reactors were 45780
mg/L and 28585 mg/L, respectively, as shown in
Fig.4. Then, in the aerobic(A) reactor, the COD
concentration raised to 34800 mg/L and then
quickly decreased until it finally reached a value of
2567 mg/L. Figure 5. BOD5 concentrations for both reactors g g
p
Electric conductivity (EC) Leachate's conductivity represents its total
ionic solute concentration and is a measure of the
capacity of the solution to transmit an electrical
current. In both reactors, a similar trend was
observed for the change in the leachate conductivity
with
time. Along
with
decomposition,
the
conductivity values started with (1640 mS/cm) in
the aerobic(A) and (>1644 mS/cm) in the anaerobic
(B) reactor raised to the maximum values of 1931
and 2763 MS/cm, respectively, and then slowly
declined to 848 MS/cm and 1098 MS/cm
throughout the experiment, as shown in Fig.3. 1159 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 3. Conductivity values of both reactors
as a function of time. This decline may be attributed to the fall
down and water washing that washed the running
of ions such as heavy metals, Cl, and SO4 ions. For
the aerobic (A) reactor, theoretical conductivity
dilution
substantially
compatible
with
the
experimental observations. For the anaerobic(B)
reactor, the theoretical electric conductivity
dilution
gradient
was
lower
than
the
experimentally observed value. This is attributed to
the mobilization of ions under acidogenic
conditions, which was not considered in theoretical
calculations. COD & BOD5
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is the
measurement of all chemicals (organic and
inorganic). The concentration of COD in
aerobic(A) and anaerobic(B) reactors were 45780
mg/L and 28585 mg/L, respectively, as shown in
Fig.4. Then, in the aerobic(A) reactor, the COD
concentration raised to 34800 mg/L and then
quickly decreased until it finally reached a value of
2567 mg/L. The COD concentration in the anaerobic (B)
reactor raised to 57000 mg/L due to the release and
hydrolysis process of complex organic materials of
solid waste.COD remained at the same high
concentrations owing to the accumulation of
organic acids and reached to (15432)mg/L These
initial BOD5 values was reduced from
12758mg/L to 10347mg /L , with a 19.11%
reduction(Fig.5). Figure 4. COD concentration for both reactors
Figure 5. BOD5 concentrations for both reactors
Impact of aeration on landfill settlement
The stabilization of landfills is defined by the
settlement and reduction ratio(12). The settling
results from long-term organic biodegradation are
described in Fig.6 . References: Figure 6. Settlement of the waste during the
study 1. Awaz BM. Leachate and Ground Water Assessment
at Kirkuk Sanitary Landfill Site in Zindana Village,
Iraq. Int J Environ Res. 2015;9(2). 2. Rashid C, Tahir J, Mustafa O. Solid waste
management: a case study in chamchamal (dwbra
valley open dump), sulaimani, kurdistan region. 2018. 210–219 P. 3. Nag M, Shimaoka T, Komiya T. Influence of
operations on leachate characteristics in the Aerobic-
Anaerobic Landfill Method. Waste Manag [Internet]. 2018;78:698–707. Available
from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.06.044 4. Xu Q, Tian Y, Wang S, Ko JH. A comparative study
of leachate quality and biogas generation in simulated
anaerobic and hybrid bioreactors. Waste Manag. 2015;41:94–100. Figure 6. Settlement of the waste during the
study 5. Ko JH, Ma Z, Jin X, Xu Q. Effects of aeration
frequency on leachate quality and waste in simulated
hybrid bioreactor landfills. J Air Waste Manag Assoc
[Internet]. 2016;66(12):1245–56. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2016.1209596 The settlement of aerobic(A) and anaerobic
(B) on the last day of the experiment (i.e., 120
days) was 5.4% and 2.64%, respectively. The result
showed that the settlement degree of (A) was almost
double compared with that of (B). This observation
indicates that the settlement of waste increased by
introducing air into the landfill mass. 6. Slezak R, Krzystek L, Ledakowicz S. Degradation of
municipal
solid
waste
in
simulated
landfill
bioreactors under aerobic conditions. Waste Manag. 2015;43. 7. Jouhara H, Czajczyńska D, Ghazal H, Krzyżyńska R,
Anguilano L, Reynolds AJ, et al. Municipal waste
management systems for domestic use. Energy. 2017;139:485–506. Conclusion: 1. Low
levels
of
all
measured
parameters(COD=2567mg/L
and
BOD=85
mg/L) were observed in aerobic bioreactors
compared with those in anaerobic bioreactors. 8. Morello L, Cossu R, Raga R, Pivato A, Lavagnolo
MC. Recirculation of reverse osmosis concentrate in
lab-scale anaerobic and aerobic landfill simulation
reactors. Waste Manag. 2016;56:262–70. 2. Aerobic bioreactors are maintained at a neutral
pH with 7.3. 9. Mustafa SS, Mustafa SS, Mutlag AH. Kirkuk
municipal waste to electrical energy. Int J Electr
Power Energy Syst. 2013;44(1):506–13. 3. Conventional anaerobic landfills show the
highest level of release, with high concentrations
of (COD=15432mg/L and BOD5=10347mg/L) . 10. Bilgili MS, Demir A, Ozkaya B. Influence of
leachate recirculation on aerobic and anaerobic
decomposition of solid wastes. Journal of hazardous
material ,2007;143:177–83. Impact of aeration on landfill settlement The stabilization of landfills is defined by the
settlement and reduction ratio(12). The settling
results from long-term organic biodegradation are
described in Fig.6 . During the study, the settlement
of waste was monitored and calculated by equation
1: g
The COD concentration in the anaerobic (B)
reactor raised to 57000 mg/L due to the release and
hydrolysis process of complex organic materials of
solid waste.COD remained at the same high
concentrations owing to the accumulation of
organic acids and reached to (15432)mg/L. These
results are comparable to the results of Cossu et al. (8) who showed that high concentrations of COD
(20000 mg/L) were observed in the anaerobic
reactor compared to that in the aerobic reactor (800
mg/L) after 120 days of experimental study. 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 % =
ℎ𝑖 −ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑖
× 100
[1]
Wh
h
h hi h 𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 % =
ℎ𝑖 −ℎ𝑓
ℎ𝑖
× 100
[1] [1] Where hi= the hight of solid mass [ ]
Where hi= the hight of solid mass
inside column at the first day of experiment (cm). hf=the height of solid waste mass
inside column at the end of experiment (cm)
𝑆𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 % = 50 𝑐𝑚−ℎ𝑓
50 𝑐𝑚
× 100 Where hi= the hight of solid mass
inside column at the first day of experiment (cm). hf=the height of solid waste mass BOD5 is a measure of how much oxygen the
bacteria needs to degrade organic components in
the leachate. a BOD5 between the two reactors
presented a similar behaviour to COD. The initial
BOD5 concentration in aerobic (A) was 4012.22
mg/ L and reduced ultimately to 85.42 mg /L ,
with a reduction of 97.88%. In anaerobic( B), the 1160 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Open Access Published Online First: April 2021 Authors' declaration: 11. Kylefors K, Andreas L, Lagerkvist A. A
comparison of small-scale , pilot-scale and large-scale
tests for predicting leaching behaviour of landfilled
wastes. Waste Management ,2003;23:45–59. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. g
12. Grisey
E,
Aleya
L. Prolonged
aerobic
degradation
of
shredded
and
pre-composted
municipal solid waste: report from a 21-year study of
leachate quality characteristics. Environ Sci Pollut
Res. 2016;23(1):800–15. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. 1161 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
مقارنة مفاعل محاكاة مكب النفايات التقليدي والهوائي (دراسة
،حالة مدينة
)كركوك
عائشة فالح عمر1
جذوة عبدالكريم ابراهيم االمين2
1 قسم الهندسة المدنية
,كلية الهندسة, جامعة
كركوك ,كركوك
, العراق . 2
,قسم الهندسة البيئية
,كلية الهندسة
,جامعة بغداد بغداد, العراق. :الخالصة
تم اجراء هذه الدراسة بتشغيل مفاعلين على نطاق المختبر أحدهما في ظل الظروف الهوائية واالخر في ضل الظروف الالهوائية . تمت تعبئة المفاعالت بـ8.5
كيلو جرام من النفايات الصلبة االصطناعية المقطعة(
أقل من5
سم )
المحضرة وفقًا لمتوسط تركيبات النفايات
الصلبة المحلية المحددة في مدينة كركوك .تم إجراء الحالة الهوائية في المفاعل باستخدام ضاغط الهواء . أشارت نتائج التجارب إلى أن المفاعل
الهوائي له كفاء
ة أعل
ى من المفاعل الالهوائي في خفض COD, BOD
. الكلمات المفتاحية :
,المكب الهوائي الالهوائي, مقياس المختبر, مكب كركوك, النفايات الصلبة البلدية. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1157-1162
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
مقارنة مفاعل محاكاة مكب النفايات التقليدي والهوائي (دراسة
،حالة مدينة
)كركوك
عائشة فالح عمر1
جذوة عبدالكريم ابراهيم االمين2
1 قسم الهندسة المدنية
,كلية الهندسة, جامعة
كركوك ,كركوك
, العراق . 2
,قسم الهندسة البيئية
,كلية الهندسة
,جامعة بغداد بغداد, العراق. Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1157-1162 :الخالصة :ا
تم اجراء هذه الدراسة بتشغيل مفاعلين على نطاق المختبر أحدهما في ظل الظروف الهوائية واالخر في ضل الظروف الالهوائية . تمت تعبئة المفاعالت بـ8.5
كيلو جرام من النفايات الصلبة االصطناعية المقطعة(
أقل من5
سم )
المحضرة وفقًا لمتوسط تركيبات النفايات
الصلبة المحلية المحددة في مدينة كركوك .تم إجراء الحالة الهوائية في المفاعل باستخدام ضاغط الهواء . أشارت نتائج التجارب إلى أن المفاعل
الهوائي له كفاء
ة أعل
ى من المفاعل الالهوائي في خفض COD, BOD
. الكلمات المفتاحية :
,المكب الهوائي الالهوائي, مقياس المختبر, مكب كركوك, النفايات الصلبة البلدية. 1162 1162 | 3,335 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4241/3714 | null |
Arabic | Introduction: The cmc of five binary mixture systems
was
measured
by
performing
conductivity
technique. These systems are sodium dodecyl
sulfate with one of five surfactants with nonionic
charge, Triton X-100, TW 20, TW 60, TW 80 or
TW 85 (4). The β parameter was calculated and the
results show that SDS- anionic surfactant system
has synergism effects and the nonionic surfactant
has
longer
hydrocarbon
chain
that
shows
interactions with the head of SDS greater than the
others which show stronger synergism. Cyclic voltammetry, conductivity and surface
tension techniques were used to investigate the
mixed systems of anionic surfactant having negative
charge on the head sodium dodecyl sulfate and
nonionic surfactants tween 20 /tween 40/tween 60
/tween 80(5). The β parameter was estimated using
regular solution theory and their negative values
suggest the synergistic behavior of the systems
studied. ΔG°
m (Gibbs free energy of micellization)
was computed for all systems studied of tween
series. Introduction:
Tweens are nontoxic nonionic surfactants and
are widely used in various scientific and industrial
applications )1(. Their compatible set of physical
properties allows them to blend with many other
surfactants. The bulk and interfacial behaviors of
binary mixtures of Triton X-100 and TW-80 and
ternary mixtures of Triton X-100, TW-80 and
CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) were
studied using four techniques; conductometric,
spectrophotometric, fluorimetric and tensiometric
(2). Some parameters such as, micelle formation,
counter-ion binding, adsorption at interface, mixed
micelle composition and molecular interaction in
mixed micelles have been estimated using equations
of Rubing, Motomura and Clint models. The mixtures of n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside and one
of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate, cationic
dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and nonionic
pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether in water
solution have been studied using tensiometer and
fluorescence spectroscopy (3). βσ, βm , and X1
parameters were calculated and the values of
interactions followed the order anionic/nonionic >
cationic/nonionic > nonionic/nonionic mixtures. 1 College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University,
Baghdad, Iraq. 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science for
Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. * Corresponding author: [email protected]
*ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7613-4628 The cmc of five binary mixture systems
was
measured
by
performing
conductivity
technique. These systems are sodium dodecyl
sulfate with one of five surfactants with nonionic
charge, Triton X-100, TW 20, TW 60, TW 80 or
TW 85 (4). Mixed Micelles of Binary Mixtures of Sodium Dodecylbenzene Sulfate and
Tween 80 Surfactants in Aqueous Solutions Fouad A. A. AL-Saady 1 Sameer H. Kareem 2* Received 27/10/2019, Accepted 2/1/2020, Published 18/3/2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1) Supplement (March):305-309 Abstract: In the present work, the surface properties of mixed binary surfactants containing sodium dodecylbenzene
sulfate (SDBS) and Tween 80 (TW80) surfactants in aqueous solutions were studied at temperature 293 K
using surface tension measurements. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) magnitude for both individual
surfactants and their mixtures were established the obtained results revealed that the magnitude of cmc of the
mixtures are less than the magnitude of individual surfactants and decrease with the increase in Tween 80
percent in solution which indicate the nonideal mixing of the two surfactants. The values of molecular
interaction parameters 𝛽𝑚 and the mole fraction of surfactants in the micelle (X1) were calculated on the
basis of Rubingh’s model and showed that the interaction parameter is always negative but at 0.9 mole
fraction of TW80 surfactant (α1) is positive. Introduction: The β parameter was calculated and the
results show that SDS- anionic surfactant system
has synergism effects and the nonionic surfactant
has
longer
hydrocarbon
chain
that
shows
interactions with the head of SDS greater than the
others which show stronger synergism. Tweens are nontoxic nonionic surfactants and
are widely used in various scientific and industrial
applications )1(. Their compatible set of physical
properties allows them to blend with many other
surfactants. The bulk and interfacial behaviors of
binary mixtures of Triton X-100 and TW-80 and
ternary mixtures of Triton X-100, TW-80 and
CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) were
studied using four techniques; conductometric,
spectrophotometric, fluorimetric and tensiometric
(2). Some parameters such as, micelle formation,
counter-ion binding, adsorption at interface, mixed
micelle composition and molecular interaction in
mixed micelles have been estimated using equations
of Rubing, Motomura and Clint models. Cyclic voltammetry, conductivity and surface
tension techniques were used to investigate the
mixed systems of anionic surfactant having negative
charge on the head sodium dodecyl sulfate and
nonionic surfactants tween 20 /tween 40/tween 60
/tween 80(5). The β parameter was estimated using
regular solution theory and their negative values
suggest the synergistic behavior of the systems
studied. ΔG°
m (Gibbs free energy of micellization)
was computed for all systems studied of tween
series. The mixtures of n-dodecyl-β-D-maltoside and one
of anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate, cationic
dodecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and nonionic
pentaethyleneglycol monododecyl ether in water
solution have been studied using tensiometer and
fluorescence spectroscopy (3). βσ, βm , and X1
parameters were calculated and the values of
interactions followed the order anionic/nonionic >
cationic/nonionic > nonionic/nonionic mixtures. The surface properties of film adsorbed of
mixed surfactants of Tween 20 and Tween 80 on
water – Air have been investigated by surface
tension measurements at 298 K (6). cmc, Γmax
(maximum surface excess), Amin (minimum surface
area per molecule), PC20 (the negative log C20
where C20 is the molarity of surfactant required to
decrease the surface tension of the solvent 20 1 College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University,
Baghdad, Iraq. 1 College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University,
Baghdad, Iraq. 1 College of Pharmacy, Mustansiriyah University,
Baghdad, Iraq. 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science for
Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. * Corresponding author: [email protected]
*ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7613-4628 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science for
Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Surface Tension Measurements Du Noüy’s ring platinum tension meter from
S.E.O. Co. Ltd, (Korea) was used to measure the
surface tension (γ). Platinum ring was thoroughly
cleaned using 5M HNO3 solution before each
measurement and the results were the average of
three measurements. The cmc magnitude was
determined corresponding to the intersection of the
lines of the pre- and post- micelle regions of the
concentration in the plots of γ vs. natural logarithm
of surfactant concentration. Binary mixture of surfactants is always used
in practical applications, such as detergents,
emulsions, wetting, foaming and defoaming, and
pharmaceutical field, to enhance the properties of
individual surfactant, therefore, the aim of this work
is to investigate adsorption properties of anionic-
nonionic mixed systems that consist of binary
mixture systems of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate
and Tween 80 surfactants in water solutions by
surface tension measurements to understand the
nature of interaction among the surfactants in mixed
micelles. Results and Discussion: The surface tension for the individual
surfactant (SDBS and TW-80) and their mixture at
the temperature 293K were measured as a function
of their concentration to determine the critical
micelle concentration (cmc).Their cmc was then
considered as the point of intersection between two
continuous lines obtained from the point of
discontinuity in a γ versus ln C plot. The decrease in
surface tension versus the natural logarithm of the
total surfactant concentration for the SDBS and
TW-80 surfactants and typical mixed surfactant
systems are shown in Fig. 1. Introduction: * Corresponding author: [email protected]
*ORCID ID: 0000-0001-7613-4628 2 Department of Chemistry, College of Science for
Woman, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 305 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1) Supplement (March):305-309 mN/m), and CMC/C20 have been determined. The
results have been analyzed in the light of Rosen’s
theory to evaluate the composition of the mixed
film adsorbed and the corresponding interaction
parameters (X1
σand βσ respectively). The negative
sign of interaction parameters βσ indicate the
attractive interaction for certain systems. The
synergism effect at the adsorbed film was
examined. minutes for equilibrium at certain temperature
before measuring surface tension. The solutions of
surfactant that have different concentration and
percentage of mixture were prepared by diluting
certain amounts of stock solution in 50 ml
volumetric flask with deionized water. Materials and Methods: Tween
80
(polyoxyethylene
sorbitan
monooleate) as nonionic surfactant was obtained
from Sigma Chemical Co., Soduimdodecylbenzyl
sulfate (SDBS) as anionic surfactant is BDH
product and has 80% active constituent, the
remainder additive is sodium sulfate and free from
commercial detergent additive. The individual and
mixtures of surfactant solution were prepared in
deionized water and were kept for at least 30 Figure 1. Surface tensions (γ) versus ln[C] for individual and typical binary mixed surfactant systems Figure 1. Surface tensions (γ) versus ln[C] for individual and typical binary mixed surfactant systems 306 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
2020, 17(1) Supplement (March):305-309 The ideal mixed micelles (cmcid) for any
binary surfactant system, as proposed by Clint (7,
8), is given by the following equation: range which show an attractive interaction present
in the mixed micelle except the mixture ofα1 =
shows 0.9 which repulsion interaction (9), (The dot
line in Fig. 3.2 means the behavior of ideal
solutions). 1
𝑐𝑚𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 𝛼1
𝑐𝑚𝑐1
+ 𝛼2
𝑐𝑚𝑐2
… (1) 1
𝑐𝑚𝑐𝑖𝑑
= 𝛼1
𝑐𝑚𝑐1
+ 𝛼2
𝑐𝑚𝑐2
… (1) The
measured
mixed
cmc
values
experimentally are different from than those
calculated assuming ideal mixture. These deviations
have been analyzed by using Rubingh model (10,
11) which is allowed to calculate the micelle mole
fraction (X1) and interaction parameter (βm) (a
measure of the interactions between surfactants in
the mixed micellar system) by using the following
equations: 𝑖𝑑
where α1and α2 are the mole fraction of
surfactant 1(TW80) and surfactant 2 (SDBS)in the
total mixed solute respectively, and cmc1, cmc2 and
cmcid are critical micelle concentrations for
components 1, 2, and mixture respectively. The cmc
was obtained experimentally (cmcexp) at 293 K and
their calculation from equation (1) are listed in
Table 1. Figure 2 shows the deviation of cmc values
of nonideal mixture from ideal mixture as a function
of mole fraction of surfactant1. [𝑋1
2 ln( 𝑐𝑚𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑝𝛼1/ 𝑐𝑚𝑐1 𝑋1 )]
(1 −𝑋1)2 ln[𝑐𝑚𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑝(1 −𝛼1) / 𝑐𝑚𝑐2(1 − 𝑋1) ]
= 1 … (2)
𝛽= [ln(𝑐𝑚𝑐𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝛼1 / 𝑐𝑚𝑐1 𝑋1 )]
(1 −𝑋1)2
…. (3) Figure 2. The values of ideal and experimental
cmc as a function of α1 Where X1 is the surfactant1 mole fraction in
the mixed surfactants micelles and βm is the
parameter measure the extent of interaction between
the two surfactants in the mixed micelle. References: 1. Rosen M J. Surfactant and interfacial phenomenon. 3rd ed., chapter 1. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken,
New Jersey, 2004. The results show that X1 values of α1 = 0.5
to α1 = 0.9 is very small and little increases with
increasing α of surfactant 1which indicates that the
interaction between the two surfactants is small. When βm value is equal to zero the mixture is ideal,
when the value is positive the interaction between
the molecules of the two surfactants in the micelle
is repulsion, but when the value is negative the
interaction is attraction (5). The obtained values of
βm indicate the interactions inside the micelle
between two surfactants which lead to deviation
from ideal behavior. The βm values of systems α1 =
0.5 and α1 = 0.7 are negative which means that the
attractive interaction between the head groups of the
two surfactants leads to stabilization due to
electrostatic factor (10), but for system α1 = 0.9 the
βm value is positive which indicates a repulsive
interaction,
Maeda
(14)
suggested
that
the
interaction between the chains of the two
surfactants may play major role in addition to the
interaction between the heads of surfactants in the
formation of mixed micelles, especially for the
dissimilar chain lengths. The values of activity
coefficients, f1 and f2 obtained from equations 4 and
5 are less than 1 which meaning the non-ideal
behavior of the studied binary systems except for α1
system which shows a value greater than unity (15). 2. 2-Moulik SP , Soumen G. Surface chemical and
micellization behaviours of binary and ternary
mixtures of amphiphiles (Triton X-100, Tween-80
and CTAB) in aqueous medium. J. Mol. Liq., 1997;
72(1–3): 145-161. 3. Zhang R, Zhang L, Somasundaran P. Study of
mixtures of n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside with anionic,
cationic, and nonionic surfactant in aqueous solutions
using surface tension and fluorescence techniques. JCIS. 2004 Oct 15;278(2):453-60. 4. Ćirin DM, Poša MM, Krstonošić VS, Milanović ML. Conductometric study of sodium dodecyl sulfate-
nonionic surfactant (Triton X-100, Tween 20, Tween
60, Tween 80 or Tween 85) mixed micelles in
aqueous solution. Hem. Ind.. 2012;66(1):21-28. 5. Manisha B, Dixit SG. Study of mixed micelles of
Sodium dodecyl sulfate and nonionic surfactants
polysorbates tween series: Their interaction and
thermodynamic parameter using cyclic voltammetry. Int. J. Chem. Stud. 2015; 3(3): 22-25. 6. Sameer H K , Ban A. Materials and Methods: The interaction parameters values for SDBS / Tween 307 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1) Supplement (March):305-309 The Rubingh model is insolvable up to aα1=
0.3 due to the large divergence in the values of cmc
of the two surfactants (13). References: Surface Properties of Mixed
Adsorbed Surfactants Film of Tween 20 and Tween
80 on Liquid – Air Interfacial. IJSR. 2017; 6 (7) ,936-
939. 7. Clint, JH. Micellization of Mixed Nonionic Surface-
Active Agents .J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1975;
1:73: 1327. 8. Sachin K M, Sameer A K, Man S, Ajaya B. Study on
surface properties of sodiumdodecyl sulfate and
dodecyltrimethylammonium
bromide
mixed
surfactants and their interaction with dyes. J .Heliyon. 2019; 5: 1510. The table also shows that the calculated
ΔGex values for α1= 0.5 and 0.7 are negative which
means that the micelles of mixed surfactants
studied are more stable than the micelles of SDBS
and TW 80 in individual forms and the maximum
value are observed in case of α1 = 0.5system. For α1
= 0.9 system the value of ΔGex is positive which
suggests the micelles of individual surfactants are
more stable than the mixed micelles. 9. Sameer H K, Bahar S. Adsorption Properties for
Aqueous
Solution
of
Binary
Mixture
of
Cocamidopropyl betaine- Sodiumdodecyl sulfate
Surfactants on Air-Liquid Interface. IJSBAR. 2015;
24(3): 50. 10. Rubingh DN. In Solution Chemistry of surfactants. edited by K.L. Mittal Plenum, New York., 1979; 337. 11. Sachin K M, Sameer A, Karpe M S, Ajaya B. Self-
assembly
of
sodium
dodecylsulfate
and
dodecyltrimethylammonium
bromide
mixed
surfactants
with
dyes
in
https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare. Conclusions: Binary mixture of SDBS and Tween 20
surfactants system gives better micelles properties
than individual surfactant solution. The evaluated
parameters show that an attractive interaction in the
mixed system of α1 = 0.5 and 0.7 but the mixture
system of α1 = 0.9 shows repulsive interaction. ΔGex values obtained suggest that the mixed
micelles for α1 = 0.5 and 0.7 are more stable than
the micelles of individual components but for α1 =
0.9 is in opposite direction. 12. Motomura K, Aratono M, Ogino I K, Abe M. Mixed Surfactant System. Dekker, New York, 1993;
99. 13. Chanchal D, Tanushree C, Soumen G, Bijan D. Mixed micellization of anionic–nonionic surfactants
in aqueous media: a physicochemical study with
theoretical consideration. . Colloid Polym Sci .2008;
286:1143–1155. DOI 10.1007/s00396-008-1876-0 14. Maeda H. A Thermodynamic Analysis of Charged
Mixed Micelles in Water. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2005;
109: 15933. Materials and Methods: X1 values
can be calculated from solution Equation 2 while
the values of βm can be calculated by substituting X1
in equation 3. The values of X1and βm calculated are
listed in Table 1. Figure 2. The values of ideal and experimental
cmc as a function of α1 The activity coefficients of the two
surfactants (f1 and f2) in the micelle of mixed
surfactants were calculated by substituting βm in
equations 4 and 5. The results in Table 1 show that the
magnitudes of cmc of Tween 80 are smaller than
SDBS because of the electrostatic repulsions which
are present in head groups. For mixed system, cmc
of all mixtures is smaller than the cmc of anionic
surfactant (SDBS) and greater than the cmc of
nonionic surfactant (TW 80) and it decreases as the
mole fraction of nonionic surfactant increases. This
behavior indicates that there is a synergistic effect
of mixed micelles in the solution formed. 𝑓1 = exp[𝛽𝑚 (1 −𝑋1)2] … (4)
𝑓2 = exp[𝛽𝑚 (𝑋1)2] … . (5) 𝑓1 = exp[𝛽𝑚 (1 −𝑋1)2] … (4) 𝑓2 = exp[𝛽𝑚 (𝑋1)2] … . (5) The activity coefficients (f1 and f2) were substituted
in equation 6 to estimate excess Gibbs free energy
of mixing (ΔGex) (12): The activity coefficients (f1 and f2) were substituted
in equation 6 to estimate excess Gibbs free energy
of mixing (ΔGex) (12): g (
ex) (
)
∆𝐺𝑒𝑥= [𝑋1 𝑙𝑛𝑓1 + (1 −𝑋1)𝑙𝑛𝑓2]𝑅𝑇 … (6) ∆𝐺𝑒𝑥= [𝑋1 𝑙𝑛𝑓1 + (1 −𝑋1)𝑙𝑛𝑓2]𝑅𝑇 … (6)
The values of f1, f1 and ΔGex calculated from the
equations above are listed in Table 1. Figure 2 shows that the mixed cmc values
measured experimentally different from mixed cmc
values calculated theoretically in the whole mixing Table 1. The interaction parameters values for SDBS / Tween 80 mixed surfactant systems at 293 K. α1
cmcideal
cmcexp
X1
βm
f1
f2
ΔGex
0
1.60
1.60
----
----
----
----
----
0.1
0.117
0.26
----
----
----
----
----
0.3
0.041
0.10
----
----
----
----
----
0.5
0.025
0.040
0. 220
- 0.5649
0.7052
0.9725
- 0.246
0.7
0.018
0.039
0.2862
- 0.2222
0.89292
0.9819
- 0.113
0.9
0.015
0.037
0.3466
+ 0.0599
1.0259
1.0072
+ 0.033
1.0
0.0125
0.0125
----
----
----
----
---- Table 1. Conflicts of Interest: None. 15. Patel R, Khan AB, Dohare N, Ali MM, Rajor HK. Mixed micellization and interfacial properties of ionic
liquid-type imidazolium gemini surfactant with 308 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1) Supplement (March):305-309 719–728. doi:10.1007/s11743-015-1709-3. amphiphilic drug amitriptyline hydrochloride and its
thermodynamics. J. Surfactants Deterg. 2015;18: مايسيالت مختلطة من مخاليط ثنائية من الصوديوم دوديسيل بنزين سلفونات و توين80
الفعالة سطحيا في
المحاليل المائية
فؤاد عبد االمير السعدي1
سمير حكيم كريم2
1 كلية الصيدلة، الجامعة المستنصرية، بغداد، العراق. 2 قسم الكيمياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. سمير حكيم كريم2 الخالصة:
في هذا البحث تم دراسة الصفات السطحية لمزيج ثنائي من المواد الفعالة سطحياsodium dodecylbenzene sulfate
(SDBS)
وTween 80 (TW80)
في المحلول المائي عند293
كلفن باستخدام قياسات الشد السطحي. تم الحصول على التركيز الحرج
( لتكوين المايسلcmc
) لكال المادتين الفعالة سطحيا منفردة ولمزيجهما. وكانت النتائج تدل على ان قيمةcmc
للمزيج هي اقل من قيمتها للمواد
الفعالة سطحيا منفردة وتقل هذه القيمة مع زيادة تركيز المادة الفعالة سطحياTW 80
مما يدل على ان المزيج كان غير مثاليا. حسبت قيمة
التاثر بين الماد تين داخل المايسل𝛽𝑚
والكسر المولي للمادة الفعالة سطحياTW 80
(
X1
) داخل المايسل باستخدام نموذجRubingh
وبينت
النتائج ان جميع قيم𝛽𝑚
كانت سالبة ماعدا القيمة عند الكسر المولي
للمادة الفعالة سطحياTW 80
)
0.9
1= α
)
.فكانت موجبة :الكلمات المفتاحية
خليط ثنائي، مايسيالت مختلطة، الشد السطحي، توين80
. 309 | 3,149 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4340/3119 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Keywords: Breast cancer, Cyclin E, ER, Her-2/neu, PR. also progesterone receptor (PR) is found in two
types: PRA and PRB (5). The increased exposure is
to estrogens, early menarche and late menopause (8)
and high serum levels of estradiol (E2), testosterone
and other estrogens and androgens, also decreased
levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
have been found to be contributed in the incidence
of breast cancer (9). There are three forms of
physiological estrogen in females: estrone (E1),
estradiol (E2, or 17β-estradiol), and estriol (E3).The
high
level
of
estrone
(E1)
in
pre-and
postmenopausal women enhanced risk of breast
cancer. Estradiol (E2) is a widely accepted theory
with widely experimental findings, that influence
breast cancer development by acting through ERα
that
induced
cell proliferation
and initiates
mutations that causes error during DNA replication
and then the growth of cells bearing mutations with
accumulate these mutations ultimately result cancer
(8). Estrogen and Progesterone receptors are
important to determine in patients to start adjuvant
therapy (Tamoxifen) that considered a most
endocrine treatment which block E2 binding (10)
and Neoadjuvant therapy describe before surgery to
decrease the size of un-resected tumor and may be
to the reduction of mastectomy (11). Abeer M. Hussain1* Ali Hussein Mohammed AL-Khafaji2 Alia Hussain Ali3
Haider Latif Mohammed4 1 Department of Biology, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 2 y
,
y
g
p
*Corresponding author: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected] ,
[email protected]. *ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8452-6127* , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5573-5942 . Received 1/11/2019, Accepted 5/1/2020, Published Online First 30/4/2021, Published 1/12/2021 Abstract: The prospective study has been designed to determine some biomarkers in Iraqi female patients with
breast cancer. The current study contained 30 patients whose tissue samples have been collected from
hospitals in Medical City in Baghdad after consent patients themselves and used immunohistochemical
technique to determine these markers. The results showed a significant correlation between ER and PR tissue
markers (Sig = 0.000) and a significant correlation between cyclin E phenotype and cyclin E intensity (Sig =
0.001). Keywords: Breast cancer, Cyclin E, ER, Her-2/neu, PR. Keywords: Breast cancer, Cyclin E, ER, Her-2/neu, PR. Estrogen Receptor immunohistochemistry –Prepared 500 ml of 10 % dilution of antigen
retrieval PH 6. –Prepared 500 ml of 10 % dilution of antigen
retrieval PH 6. –Prepared 600 ml of 10 % diluted wash buffer. –Prepared 600 ml of 10 % diluted wash buffer. – Chromogenic substrate was prepared by adding
one drop of concentrated DAP of 1 ml from buffer. p
(
)
Cyclin E / CCNE1 gene is localized on
chromosome 19q (19).Cyclin E a nuclear protein
first identified through its ability of division defects
in cyclin – deficient yeast cells (20).In early yeast
genetics that were discovered first is cyclin –
dependent kinase (CDK) then known as cell
division cycle 2 (cdc2) but now refers to as CDK1
(21).This enzyme contains two subunits: a catalytic
CDK and a regulatory cyclin that activated CDK
(20). In breast cancer cells, cyclin E gene is
amplified and expressed the cyclin E protein and
over expression for Cyclin E full length 50 – kDa
(EL) (22). The full – length cyclin E (EL) and by
proteolytic cleavage transformed to low molecular
weight (LMW – E) by neutrophile elastase and
these LMW are (EL2 (33 kDa) and EL4 (45 kDa)
is uniquely expressed in tumor cell (23).In
eukaryote cell cycle, the Cyclin and CDK controlled
cell cycle through four – phases of cell cycle (G1, S,
G2 and M), when the cell begins preparing in G1
phase that controlled by Cyclin D/CDK4/6 and
Cyclin E/CDK2 at the so-called G1/S transition and
then DNA replicated in S phase after that beginsG2
phase and in the end begins cyclin B/CDK1
controlled entry cell into M phase (mitosis) that
begins cell division (24). – Hematoxylin stain was prepared by adding 1 ml
from stain to 1 ml distilled water.- –Ready to use of
ER primary antibody was used. - Deparaffinization: the sectioning slide from block,
inserted in oven 60 ᵒ C for quarter – hour to remove
wax rounded to tissue, then put slides in xylole for 5
minutes to remove wax dissolvent and repeated this
process 2 times to ensure remove all the wax around
the tissue. – Slides in antigen retrieval were put in oven at
98ᵒC for 1 hour. – Slides in antigen retrieval were put in oven at
98ᵒC for 1 hour. – The slide was washed with wash buffer for 5
minutes. Estrogen Receptor immunohistochemistry –Humid chamber was prepared by putting an
absorbent paper in slide container and some drops
of water were put. – Tissue was trapped by (pap pen mini), 40 – 60 μl
peroxide block were added on the slide by
micropipette and the slides were put inside slide
container for quarter – hour. - Slides were washed with wash buffer, left for 5
minutes and any remaining wash buffer was
removed by an absorbent paper. -40 μl ER primary antibody were added on slides
then incubated for 30 - 45 minutes in humid
chamber. The amount of added antibody depends on
the tissue size on the slide. Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Human epidermal growth factor receptor
(Her – 2) was first discovered in 1984 by Weinberg
and associated (12).The genes that encoded to this
receptor are situated on chromosome 17q (13)and
called as a neu in rat, the gene expression result
production 185kDa transmembrane glycoprotein
are known as Her – 2 protein and have
extracellular domain (ECD) (14). Human epidermal
growth factor receptor – 2 as tyrosine kinase
activity have a control on cellular division and as
repair function in breast cell but over expression of
Her – 2 termed as Her -2 positive ( Her – 2 + ) can
cause an un-controlled growth and division for
breast cell (15).The overexpressed Her-2 leads to
neoplastic
transformation
and
malignancy
performance(16). Human epidermal growth factor
receptor -2 in breast cancer tissue is considered as a
prognostic factor that is related to disease – free or
survival in absence of adjuvant therapy and as
predictive factor associated the response to taken
therapy (17).There is a large number of therapies
targeted Her – 2 receptor in breast cancer tumor
including trastuzumab (Herceptin) for breast cancer
patients (18). "FFPE") who attended the Oncology Teaching
Hospital in Medical City in Baghdad. The Estrogen
receptor, Progesterone receptor, Human epidermal
growth factor receptor-2 kits used belongs to
Zytomed company, Germany and cyclin E kit used
for Bio SB, U.S.A. The tissue section slides of ER,
PR, Her – 2/neu and Cyclin E receptors were
imaged by using light Microscope (leica) and
camera (leica) by 10 X and 40 X objective lenses
and magnification power at 100 X and 400 X. Immunohistochemistry The purpose of immunohistochemistry
staining is to make tissue and cell antigens visible in
fixed paraffin – embedding tissue sections. This
method is based on streptavidin – biotin system
which means that a biotinylated secondary antibody
is bind to several molecules of a conjugate
composed
of
streptavidin
and
horse
radish
peroxidase. Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in
women (1).It’s the most diagnosed cancer that
causes death in women and it is noticed to be a
higher incidence in developed countries with higher
death rates in developing countries (2).Most breast
cancer begins either in glands for milk secretion
called (lobule) or in ducts that are attached with
lobule and nipple (3). Breast tumor may be benign
or malignant (cancerous) (4). Hormone receptors
are a group of substances in tumor tissue that is
used for diagnosing and predicting of breast cancer. These receptors include Estrogen Receptor (ER),
Progesterone Receptor (PR), Human Epidermal
Growth Factor Receptor (Her – 2) (5) and Cyclin E
(6).Estrogen
and
Progesterone
receptors
are
intracellular receptors that estimated estrogen
activity, estrogen pass through cell membrane and
bind with ER in nucleus and transforming the
receptor and bind to specific response elements
known as estrogen response elements (EREs) that
localized in promoter of target genes (7). Estrogen
receptor and Progesterone receptor are prognosis
and predictive marker that have a strong relation
with therapeutic decision (6). Estrogen receptor
(ER) is found in two main types: ERα and ERβ; 1140 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Open Access Published Online First: April 2021 – 40 - 45 μl of HRP was added for quarter – hour in
humid chamber. – 40 - 45 μl of HRP was added for quarter – hour in
humid chamber. Table 3. First reading of cyclin E according to
Phenotype
N
First reading according to Phenotype
1
Phenotype I = no nuclear and No cytoplasm
2
Phenotype II = + nuclear and No or weak
cytoplasm
3
Phenotype III = + nuclear and + cytoplasm
4
Phenotype IV = no or weak nuclear and +
cytoplasm Table 3. First reading of cyclin E according to
Phenotype
N
First reading according to Phenotype
1
Phenotype I = no nuclear and No cytoplasm
2
Phenotype II = + nuclear and No or weak
cytoplasm
3
Phenotype III = + nuclear and + cytoplasm
4
Phenotype IV = no or weak nuclear and +
cytoplasm – Slides were washed with wash buffer. – Slides were washed with wash buffer. – DAB was added for 10 minutes and slides were
put inside humid chamber. – Slides were washed with wash buffer. – Counter stain was added for 30 seconds. – Slides were washed by tapping water until
removing excessive hematoxylin stain. – The slides were dried in oven to drain off water. Table 4. Second reading of cyclin E according to
Intensity of tumor cells Table 4. Second reading of cyclin E according to
Intensity of tumor cells
N
Second reading according to Intensity of
tumor cells
1
No Stain
2
Weak
3
Intermediate
4
Strong Table 4. Second reading of cyclin E according to
Intensity of tumor cells
N
Second reading according to Intensity of
tumor cells
1
No Stain
2
Weak
3
Intermediate
4
Strong –Slides was mounted by adding DPX and covered
by cover histo slide. The determination of Progesterone receptor,
Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 and
Cyclin E are similar to the steps of Estrogen
receptor procedure but the difference is in two
steps: step 5 and step 12 that used the specific
primary antibody for each receptor. Materials and Methods: –Slides were washed by the wash buffer for 5
minutes and any remaining wash buffer was
removed by an absorbent paper. –Slides were washed by the wash buffer for 5
minutes and any remaining wash buffer was
removed by an absorbent paper. The current study contained 30 tissue
samples of breast cancer patients collected after
surgery (mastectomy) that collected from patients as
(Formalin
Fixed
Paraffin
Embedded
Tissue 1141 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Statistical Analysis The collected data was introduced into
Microsoft excel sheet 2016, and loaded into SPSS
v23. Correlation test was used to find out
significance
of
correlation
between
related
variables. Probability value (P value) less than 0.05
was considered as discrimination point for alpha
error (significance) in all used statistical tests. Results The ER, PR section was read according to
the Allred score (proportional percentage+ intensity
of staining) of tumor cells and these readings were
according to (25) as in the Table 1. Table 1. Allred score of ER and PR sections. N
Allred score
Final result
1
0/8
Negative
2
1/8 – 2/8
Negative
3
3/8 – 4/8
+ ve Weak
4
5/8 – 6 /8
+ ve Moderate
5
7/8 – 8/8
+ ve Strong Table 1. Allred score of ER and PR sections. Tissue sections In invasive breast carcinoma the negative
status of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone
receptor (PR) mean that no ER and PR expression
(0%) staining cells and the nuclear staining ˂ 1% of
total cancer cells as illustrated in Fig.1.ER was 10%
expression from tumor cells with weak staining as
in Fig. 2 and high expression 90% with moderate
staining as in Fig.3. The expression of PR was 10 %
with weak staining as in Fig, 4 while was 90 % with
strong staining as in Fig. 5. The results for ER and PR receptors were
ER positive cases 70 % (21 / 30) and PR positive
cases were 73 % (22 / 30). ER was 23 % (7 / 30)
had a strong stain and 30 % (9 / 30) positive PR
cases had a strong stain as in Table 7. Table 7. Showed the results for ER and PR. ER
and
PR
Phenotype
Number
Percentage %
ER + / PR +
21
70
ER + / PR -
0
0
ER - / PR +
1
3.3
ER - / PR -
8
26.6
Total
30
100 Table 7. Showed the results for ER and PR. ER
and
PR
Phenotype
Number
Percentage %
ER + / PR +
21
70
ER + / PR -
0
0
ER - / PR +
1
3.3
ER - / PR -
8
26.6
Total
30
100
The Her-2/neu results showed (14 / 30) of cases
were malignant 46.6 % are positive for Her – 2 /neu
protein expression, while (6 / 30) 20 % are score 1
Her – 2 / neu which are considered Her – 2 / neu
negative. Her – 2 immunohisto scoring 23.3 % (7 /
30) score 3 patients having strong positive Her-2 /
neu that means Her – 2 genes are over – producing
Her – 2 protein and those cells were growing
rapidly and creating a cancer, while 33.3 % (10 /
30) had score 0 Her – 2asinTable 8. Table 7. Showed the results for ER and PR. Her-2/neu is a cell membrane receptor and its
staining depends on the intensity of cancer cells
staining. Figure 6 and 7 shows the higher
expression of Her-2/neu that score (+2 and +3)
which shows reaction between the of her-2/neu
receptor with immunostaining. g
Results This study was designed to determine
certain tissue markers in Iraqi female patients who
were diagnosed to have breast cancer. The tissue
markers were collected from patients who attended
hospital in Baghdad and the patients’ information
was collected from the patients themselves. The
patients’ ages and body mass index means are
showed in Table 5. The body mass index for
patients is determined according the equation
(BMI=
𝐖𝐡𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭
(𝐇𝐞𝐚𝐭)𝟐) (27).The patients’ children number, Her-2/neu section was reading according (25) as
Table 2. Table 2. The score of Her-2/neu depend on
intensity of staining cells Table 2. The score of Her-2/neu depend on
intensity of staining cells
N
Staining Pattern
Score of Her-2
1
No staining the tumor cells <
10 %
0 (-ve)
2
Faint / incomplete membrane
staining in tumor cells ˃ 10 %
-1 (-ve)
3
Weak to moderate complete
membrane staining in tumor
cells ˃ 10 %
+2 (+ve)
4
Strong
complete
membrane
staining in tumor cells ˃ 10 %
+3 (+ve) smoking, hypertension, diabetes, breast feeding,
oral contraceptive pills, family history, stage and
grade are illustrated as in Table 6. Table 5. Illustrated the patient ages and body
mass index (BMI) means for patients studied. Table 5. Illustrated the patient ages and body
mass index (BMI) means for patients studied. Table 5. Illustrated the patient ages and body
mass index (BMI) means for patients studied. No. Studied Variables
Mean
1
Age
52.133
2
Body mass index
30.5 The immunohistochemical reading for cyclin E
protein are divided into two types according to (23,
26) as in two Tables 3 and 4. 1142 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access Published Online First: April 2021 Table 8. Her-2/neu percentage
Her – 2 / neu
status
Number
Percentage %
Score 0 Negative
10
33.3
Score 1 Negative
6
20
Score 2 Positive
7
23.3
Score 3 Positive
7
23.3
Total
30
100 Table 6. Illustrated the patients children
number,
smoking,
chronic
disease,
breast
feeding, family History, Stage and Grade. Table 8. g
Results Her-2/neu percentage No
Studied Variables No
Studied Variables
1
Children Number
Yes (have children)
No( have no children)
24
6
2
Smoking
Yes(smoker)
No (non smoker)
1
29
3
Hypertension
Yes( have hypertension)
No( have not hypertension)
8
22
4
Diabetes
Yes( have diabetes)
No(not have diabetes)
5
25
5
Breast Feeding
Yes( breast feed)
No( no breast feed)
24
6
6
Oral Contraceptive pills
Yes(taking contraceptive pills)
No( not taking contraceptive pills)
2
28
7
Family History
Yes(have first-degree history)
No( have no first-degree history)
3
27
8
Stage
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
1
12
17
9
Grade
Grade I
Grade II
Grade III
1
20
9 The results of cyclin E phenotype and intensity are
showed in Table 9. Table 9. Cyclin E percentage Table 9. Cyclin E percentage Table 9. Cyclin E percentage
Cyclin E /
phenotype
Number
Percentage %
Phenotype I
3
10
Phenotype II
11
36.6
Phenotype III
14
46.6
Phenotype IV
2
6.6
Total
30
100
Cyclin E
intensity
Number
Percentage %
No stain
3
10
Weak
8
26.6
Intermediate
9
30
Strong
10
33.3
Total
30
100 Tissue sections The Fig.8 shows the phenotype II of cyclin E
expression that occur nuclear staining exceeded
cytoplasmic staining. Figure 9 the phenotype III of
cyclin E that was nuclear and cytoplasmic staining
are equal. Figure 10shows the phenotype IV of
cyclin E that was cytoplasmic staining exceeded
nuclear staining. The Her-2/neu results showed (14 / 30) of cases
were malignant 46.6 % are positive for Her – 2 /neu
protein expression, while (6 / 30) 20 % are score 1
Her – 2 / neu which are considered Her – 2 / neu
negative. Her – 2 immunohisto scoring 23.3 % (7 /
30) score 3 patients having strong positive Her-2 /
neu that means Her – 2 genes are over – producing
Her – 2 protein and those cells were growing
rapidly and creating a cancer, while 33.3 % (10 /
30) had score 0 Her – 2asinTable 8. 1143 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1140-1148
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 1. Negative. No breast cancer cells
pigmented. 400 X. Figure
2. ER
breast
carcinoma
.10
%
(proportional) weak staining (intensity) 400 X. Figure 4. PR breast carcinoma. 10 %
(proportional) Weak staining (intensity) 100 X. Figure 5. PR breast carcinoma. 90 %
(proportional) Strong staining (intensity) 400 X. Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Open Access Published Online First: April 2021 Figure 1. Negative. No breast cancer cells
pigmented. 400 X. Figure 4. PR breast carcinoma. 10 %
(proportional) Weak staining (intensity) 100 X. Figure 4. PR breast carcinoma. 10 %
(proportional) Weak staining (intensity) 100 X. Figure 1. Negative. No breast cancer cells
pigmented. 400 X. Figure 1. Negative. No breast cancer cells
pigmented. 400 X. Figure
2. ER
breast
carcinoma
.10
%
(proportional) weak staining (intensity) 400 X. Figure 5. PR breast carcinoma. 90 %
(proportional) Strong staining (intensity) 400 X. Figure 5. PR breast carcinoma. 90 %
(proportional) Strong staining (intensity) 400 X. Figure
2. ER
breast
carcinoma
.10
%
(proportional) weak staining (intensity) 400 X. Figure 3. ER invasive lobular carcinoma. 90 %
(proportional) moderate staining (intensity) 400
X. Figure 6. Her-2 /neu breast carcinoma. Score (2)
+ve.400 X. Figure 3. ER invasive lobular carcinoma. 90 %
(proportional) moderate staining (intensity) 400
X. Figure 6. Her-2 /neu breast carcinoma. Tissue sections Score (2)
+ve.400 X. Figure 3. ER invasive lobular carcinoma. 90 %
(proportional) moderate staining (intensity) 400
X. 1144 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April 2021 2021, 18(4): 1140-1148
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 7. Her-2 /neu breast carcinoma. Score
(3)+Ve.400 X. Figure 8. Cyclin E, phenotype II, +ve nuclear
and weak cytoplasm. 100 X. Figure 9. Cyclin E, phenotype III, +ve nuclear
and +ve cytoplasm. 400 X. Figure 10. Cyclin E, phenotype IV,-Ve nuclear
and +Ve cytoplasm. 100 X. The correlation among tissue markers
showed a significant correlation between ER score
and PR score (Sig = 0.000), positive correlation
(0.803) as in Table 10 and a significant correlation
between cyclin E phenotype with cyclin E intensity
(Sig = 0.001), positive correlation (0.521)as in
Table 10. Table 10. Explain correlation between tissue markers in studied breast tumor. Correlation between tissue markers in studied breast tumor
ER score
PR score
Her – 2/ neu Cyclin E PH
Cyclin E INT
** Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Published Online First: April 2021 Published Online First: April 2021 Figure 7. Her-2 /neu breast carcinoma. Score
(3)+Ve.400 X. Figure 9. Cyclin E, phenotype III, +ve nuclear
and +ve cytoplasm. 400 X. Figure 9. Cyclin E, phenotype III, +ve nuclear
and +ve cytoplasm. 400 X. Figure 9. Cyclin E, phenotype III, +ve nuclear
and +ve cytoplasm. 400 X. Figure 7. Her-2 /neu breast carcinoma. Score
(3)+Ve.400 X. Figure 8. Cyclin E, phenotype II, +ve nuclear
and weak cytoplasm. 100 X. Figure 8. Cyclin E, phenotype II, +ve nuclear
and weak cytoplasm. 100 X. Figure 10. Cyclin E, phenotype IV,-Ve nuclear
and +Ve cytoplasm. 100 X. Figure 10. Cyclin E, phenotype IV,-Ve nuclear
and +Ve cytoplasm. 100 X. Figure 8. Cyclin E, phenotype II, +ve nuclear
and weak cytoplasm. 100 X. Figure 10. Cyclin E, phenotype IV,-Ve nuclear
and +Ve cytoplasm. 100 X. The correlation among tissue markers
showed a significant correlation between ER score
and PR score (Sig = 0.000), positive correlation
(0.803) as in Table 10 and a significant correlation
between cyclin E phenotype with cyclin E intensity
(Sig = 0.001), positive correlation (0.521)as in
Table 10. Table 10. Explain correlation between tissue markers in studied breast tumor. Table 10. Explain correlation between tissue markers in studied breast tumor. . Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tailed).
ER = estrogen receptor, PR = progesterone receptor, Her- 2 / neu = human epidermal growth factor receptor -2 / neu, Cyclin E Ph
= cyclin E phenotype, Cyclin E int = cyclin E intensity. References: 1. AICR American Institute of Cancer Research. Diet,
Nutrition, Physical activity and breast cancer. World
Cancer Research Fund. 2017 .Pp: 4. pp
g
(
)
The positive correlation is Sig (0.001) between
phenotype and intensity cyclin E. The cyclin E is
composed of low molecular weight (LMW–E)
which specially expressed in tumor cell, LMW-E
expression found by western blotting analysis
correlated with cytoplasmic staining for cyclin E on
IHC due to LMW – E lacks the nuclear localization
and accumulates in cytoplasm, binds with CDK2
and begin kinase activity (23). Low Molecular
Weight – E reported is more active than full length,
higher affinity for binds with CDK2 and more
tumorigenic and the result showed that patients with
higher expressed for LMW – E have a higher risk
for recurrence and death because breast cancer (26). Dubowy et al. explained that existing cyclin E in
cytoplasm through proliferation in endometrium
and bind with itʼs partner CDK2 within cytoplasm
and
move
from
cytoplasm
to
nucleus
in
differentiating cells and begin increased nuclear
cyclin E concentrations with decrease levels in
cytoplasm (31). 2. Martínez-Montiel N, Anaya-Ruiz M, Pérez-Santos
M, Martínez-Contreras RD. Alternative Splicing in
Breast Cancer and the Potential Development of
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DOI: 10.3390/genes8100217. 3. ACS American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and
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Society.Inc.Pp: 1, 12. 4. Saifullah PH, AL-Kazzaz FF, Zayzafoon NN. Study of Malondialdehyde levels in sera, RBCs ant
tissues homogenate of Iraqi women with breast
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A, Senkus E, et al. Clinical use of biomarkers in
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. EndocrRelat Cancer. 2010; 17 (1): R245 – R262. Available
fromhttp://www.endocrinology-
journals.org.DOI: 10.1677/ERC-10-0136. The cyclin E phenotype in cytoplasm or nucleus is
suggested to have a positive correlation with
intensity. Cyclin E as observed it higher expressed
in breast cancer with increased intensity and by its
function, it is found in cytoplasm firstly and move
toward nucleus, so the intensity binds with two
localization in cells. 7. Bjornstrom L, Sjoberg M . Discussion: This study showed a significant correlation
Sig. (0.000) and positive correlation (0.803)
between ER and PR score. This correlation agrees
with Mahir et al. study that showed a significant
correlation between ER and PR and the significance
was Sig. (0.000) (28). As well as statistically
significant correlation Sig. (< 0.001) between ER
and PR and this correlation is due to the theory of
ER dependent PR synthesis (29). References: Mechanisms of Estrogen
Receptor Signaling: Convergence of Genomic and
Nongenomic
Actions
on
Target
Genes
.MolEndocrinol. 2005; 19 (4): 833 – 842. Available
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https://academic.oup.com/mend/article-
abstract/19/4/833/2741274.DOI:
10.1210/me.2004-
0486. Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 phase of cell cycle. There was no correlation
between cyclin E with other receptors. Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. Horwitz, K. B. and McGuire, W. L. showed that
when MCF-7 cell line exposed to continues
estrogen treatment that achieving ER levels prior
progesterone receptor (PgR) induction, firstly the
induction is slow then stimulated PgR levels are
maintained as long as estrogen is present and when
estrogen treatment is removed, this processing is
stopped and PgR levels fall to basal values (30). - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. Tissue sections Correlation between tissue markers in studied breast tumor
ER score
PR score
Her – 2/ neu Cyclin E PH
Cyclin E INT
ER score
Pearson Correlation
1
0.803**
- 0.254-
- 0.038-
0.055
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.000
0.113
0.817
0.735
PR score
Pearson Correlation
1
- 0.155-
- 0.043-
- 0.081-
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.341
0.790
0.619
Her -2 / Neu
Pearson Correlation
1
0.191
0.036
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.237
0.827
Cyclin E PH
Pearson Correlation
1
0.521**
Sig. (2-tailed)
0.001
Cyclin E INT
Pearson Correlation
1
Sig. (2-tailed)
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). ER = estrogen receptor, PR = progesterone receptor, Her- 2 / neu = human epidermal growth factor receptor -2 / neu, Cyclin E Ph
= cyclin E phenotype, Cyclin E int = cyclin E intensity. Table 10. Explain correlation between tissue markers in studied breast tumor. 1145 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
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10.1177/1178223419829072. 22. Akli S, Carolyn S, Pelt V, Bui T, Multani AS,
Chang S, et al. Overexpression of the Low Molecular
Weight Cyclin E in Transgenic Mice Induces
Metastatic
Mammary
Carcinomas
through
the
Disruption of the ARF-p53 Pathway . Cancer Res . 2007; 67: (15) : 7212 – 7222 . Available from
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org.DOI : 10.1158/0008-
5472.CAN-07-0599 . 12. Wang J, Xu B. Targeted therapeutic options and
future perspectives for HER2-positive breast cancer
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22.Available
from
http:
//
doi. Org
DOI:
10.1038/s41392-019-0069-2. 13.Sareyeldin RM, Gupta I, Al-Hashimi I, Al-
Thawadi HA, Al Farsi HF, Vranic S, et al. Gene
Expression and miRNAs Profiling: Function and
Regulation in Human Epidermal Growth Factor
Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive Breast Cancer. Cancers. 2019;
11
(646):
1
–
20. Available
from
www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers.DOI:
10.3390/cancers 11050646. Conclusion: The Study of
HER-2/neu,
ER/PR
Expression
Using
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the Iraqi Breast
Cancer.Kufa J For Veter Med Sci .2016; 7 ( 1 ): 18 –
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Her-2 Neu Protein Expression and the Histological
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journals.org.DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2012.01095. 19. Chappuis PO, Donato E, Goffin JR, Wong N,
Be´gin LR, Kapusta LR, et al. Cyclin E expression
in breast cancer: predicting germline BRCA1
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progesterone receptor in human breast cancer
correlation with nuclear processing of estrogen 1147 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Baghdad Science Journal
2021, 18(4): 1140-1148 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April 2021 Open Access endometrial assessment using cyclin E and p27. Fertility and Sterility.2003; 80 (1): 146 – 156. DOI:
10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00573-9. receptor. The J ofbiol Chem. 1978; 253 (7): 2223 –
2228. receptor. The J ofbiol Chem. 1978; 253 (7): 2223 –
2228. endometrial assessment using cyclin E and p27. Fertility and Sterility.2003; 80 (1): 146 – 156. DOI:
10.1016/S0015-0282(03)00573-9. 31. Dubowy RL, Feinberg RF, Keefe DL, Doncel
GF, Williams ShC, McSweet JC, et al . Improved دراسة بعض
الماركرات في النساء العراقيات المريضات بسرطان الثدي
عبير محمد حسين1
علي حسين محمد الخفاجي2
عالية حسين علي3
حيدر لطيف محمد4
1
قسم علوم الحياة، كلية.العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق
2
،كلية طب االسنان
جامعه اوروك. 3
.قسم علوم الحياة، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق
4 وزارةالصحة، مستشفى الواسطي
. التعليمي
الخالصة:
صممت الدراسة الحالية لتحديد بعض الماركرات في النساء العراقيات المصابات بسرطان الثدي . تضمنت الدراسة30
مريضة
جمعت عيناتهم النسجية من مستشفى مدينه الطب ف
ي بغداد بعد موافقة المرضى انفسهم
و بأستخدام تقنية الكيمياء النسجية المناعية لتحديد هذه
الماركرات . اوضحت النتائج عالقة معنوية( 0.000 )
بينER
وPR
و عالقة معنوية( 0.000 )
اخرى بينcyclin E phenotype
و
cyclin E intensity
. . مما يوضح اهمية هذه الماركرات لسرطان الثدي
: الكلمات المفتاحية
ER
،
PR
،
Her-2/neu
،
cyclin E
. و سرطان الثدي دراسة بعض
الماركرات في النساء العراقيات المريضات بسرطان الثدي
عبير محمد حسين1
علي حسين محمد الخفاجي2
عالية حسين علي3
حيدر لطيف محمد4
1
قسم علوم الحياة، كلية.العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق
2
،كلية طب االسنان
جامعه اوروك. 3قسم علوم الحياة، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق 1
قسم علوم الحياة، كلية.العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق
2
،كلية طب االسنان
جامعه اوروك. 3
.قسم علوم الحياة، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق
4 وزارةالصحة، مستشفى الواسطي
. التعليمي الخالصة: الخالصة:
صممت الدراسة الحالية لتحديد بعض الماركرات في النساء العراقيات المصابات بسرطان الثدي . تضمنت الدراسة30
مريضة
جمعت عيناتهم النسجية من مستشفى مدينه الطب ف
ي بغداد بعد موافقة المرضى انفسهم
و بأستخدام تقنية الكيمياء النسجية المناعية لتحديد هذه
الماركرات . اوضحت النتائج عالقة معنوية( 0.000 )
بينER
وPR
و عالقة معنوية( 0.000 )
اخرى بينcyclin E phenotype
و
cyclin E intensity
. . مما يوضح اهمية هذه الماركرات لسرطان الثدي
:الكلمات المفتاحيةER
PR
Her 2/ne
c clin Eطان الثدي : الكلمات المفتاحية
ER
،
PR
،
Her-2/neu
،
cyclin E
. و سرطان الثدي 1148 | 5,904 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4348/3712 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal
Open Access Baghdad Science Journal
Open Access Vol.16(4) 2019 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.4.0816 Abstract: The present study aims to investigate the long-term histopathological, and physiological effects of
different concentrations of a commercially available energy drink (Tiger) on liver and kidney of young mice. Sixteen Balb/c male mice,6 -week old, were divided into 4 groups (n=4). Two groups consumed the energy
drink at a concentration of 28µl energy drink/ml water. One group were killed after 10 days (T1), another
group were killed after 20 days (T2). Other group of mice consumed the energy drink at a final concentration
of 14µl/ml for 20 days (T3). The last group was provided only with water and served as control. Mice of all
groups drank around 3 ml per day. The histopathological study on liver of treated groups showed many
changes such as inflammatory cells infiltration and aggregation with hepatocyts necrosis, some of these
necrosis replaced by RBCs and inflammatory cells, while the pathohistological changes in kidney of treated
groups limited to aggregation of RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules which expressed
vacuolar degeneration. These changes based on elevated liver function enzymes (Glutamic Oxaloacetic
Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)) and blood
urea and creatinine. These changes were more in the T2 groups, so it could be concluded that long term of
energy drink consuming effect histopathologically and physiologically on kidney and liver of young mice
depending on its concentration and period of consuming. Key words: Energy Drinks EDs, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic
Transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , kidney, liver Key words: Energy Drinks EDs, Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Glutamic Pyruvic
Transaminase (GPT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) , kidney, liver Histological and Physiological Studies on the Long-term Effect of Different
Concentrations of Energy Drink (Tiger) on the Renal and Hepatic Systems of
Young Mice luma Qasim Ali luma Qasim Ali
Received 3/9/2018, Accepted 12/3/2019, Published 1/12/2019 Q
Received 3/9/2018, Accepted 12/3/2019, Published 1/12/2019 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: Different brands of energy drinks contain
caffeine ranging from 50mg to 550mg per can or
bottle (5). Energy drinks are a group of non-alcoholic,
often lightly carbonated beverages used to provide
energy, diminishing sleep needs and keeping, and
providing cognitive and enhancement of mood (1). Young people widely use it during study, playing
sports, and long distance driving (2). Energy drinks
consumption has increased worldwide since 1987
when their appearance on the market (3). This higher caffeine concentration may
result in poisoning and some its containing which
highly stimulating properties may results overdose
(6). In addition, consumption dosage of energy
drinks has been associated with strokes, seizures
(7), and effect of Gonadotoxic (8). Energy drinks commonly include caffeine,
taurine and other amino acid such as carnitine and
creatine, simple sugars (glucose and fructose),
herbal supplements like giseng and ginkgo biloba,
maltodextrin,
inositol,
glucuronolactone,
and
vitamins B complex (4). Additives such as Guarana,
Merba, Cocoa, and cola can increase the caffeine
content of energy drinks without the knowledge of
consumers. Manufacturers of these products are not
required to include the caffeine content of these
herbal supplements in nutritional information. Department
of
Biology,
College
of
Science,
Mustansiriyah University, Bagdad, Iraq
*Corresponding author:[email protected] Caffeine, the main component of energy
drinks, is associated with diuresis and the balance of
electrolyte in fluid. Taurine is associated to
detoxification and bile acid conjugation. Some
studies show that the caffeinated energy drinks
affect liver cells and increase creatinin (9, 10), these
drinks affect liver enzymes such as ALT, AST, and
ALP (11,12). Other researcher reported that the
energy drink effects on renal functions (13). Other
studies
have
indicated
that
consuming of energy drinks have affected blood
chemistry and the activities of liver enzyme. On the
other hand, Ebuehi, 2011 reported that there were 816 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.16(4) 2019 in 10% formalin solution, processed by standard
procedures. Sections of paraffin-embedded tissues
were stained with heamatoxyline and eosin and
examined by light microscopy (17). Blood samples
were centrifuged for 5min at 5000rpm. The serum
was separated from blood and used to determine
blood urea, creatinine, GPT, GOT, and ALP levels
by Bu, craetinine, GPT, GOT, and ALP kits from
Randox. All the experiments were done in
Department of Biology, Collage of Science,
Mustansiriyiah University. no obvious histopathological abnormalities of the
brain and liver (14), while Khayyat reported
histopathological abnormalities of liver (15). Materials and Methods: Results are expressed as mean ± standard
Error (M±SE). Data were analyzed by one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher's
test for multiple comparisons, using Statview
version 5.0. Differences were considered significant
when p<0.05. Sixteen Balb/c male mice, 6 -week old,
were divided into 4 groups (n=4). One group
consumed
the
energy
drink
(Tiger)
at
a
concentration of 28µl energy drink/ml water, and
the animals were killed after 10 days (T1). Another
group consumed the energy drink at the same
concentration but during 20 days (T2). A third
group of mice consumed the energy drink at a final
concentration of 14µl/ml for 20 days (T3). The
fourth group was provided only with water and
served as control. Mice of all groups drank around 3
ml per day. Introduction: There
is a previous research that showed histopathological
abnormalities of many regions in brain (16). So the
present study aims to investigate the long-term
histopathological, and physiological effects of
different concentrations of a commercially available
energy drink on liver and kidney of young mice. A. Body and Organs Weight: There were no significantly differences among body
weight, organs weight, and body/organs index of all
groups except body weight after energy drink
consuming of treated 2 and 3 groups compared to
control while there were no differences between
their body weight after and before consuming
(Table 1) The mice were weighed and killed by
cervical distraction at different times after energy
drink consumption. Blood was collected from eyes
in sterile tubes. Body/organs index was calculated
using the equation (bodyweight /organ weight). Liver and kidney were collected, weighed and put Table 1. Body weight, organs weight, and organ/body weight index (M±SE) of treated and control
groups Table 1. Body weight, organs weight, and organ/body weight index (M±SE) of treated y weight, organs weight, and organ/body weight index (M±SE) of treated and control Table 1. Body weight, organs weight, and organ/body weight index (M±SE) of t
groups y
g
,
g
g
,
g
y
g
(
)
groups
Groups
B.weight
before (g)
B.weight
after (g)
Liver weight
(g)
Kidney weight
(g)
Liver/Body
weight index
Kidney/Body
weight index
Control
24 ± 1.1
24.8 ± 0.6
1.1 ± 0.09
0.42 ± 0.02
0.046 ±0.004
0.017 ± 0.009
Treated 1
24.5 ± 0.9
26.5 ± 0.6
1.0 ± 0.07
0.26 ± 0.03
0.038 ± 0.003
0.010 ± 0.001
Treated 2
27.7 ± 1.5
28.7 ± 1.3*
1.3 ± 0.14
0.50 ± 0.01
0.044 ± 0.003
0.017 ± 0.001
Treated 3
26.5 ± 1.3
28.0 ± 1.2*
1.1 ± 0.09
0.52 ± 0.03
0.041 ± 0.002
0.019 ± 0.001
*Significant difference between treated and control groups B. Histopathological Study: The histopathological study on liver of
treated groups showed many changes compared to
normal section in control group. In (T1) group,
consumed the concentrated energy drink for 10
days, the sections show inflammatory cells
infiltration and aggregated in small area around
blood vessels (Fig. 2A) and in liver parenchyma
with hepatocyts necrosis (Fig. 2B) some of these
necrosis replaced by RBCs and inflammatory cells
(Fig. 2C). Figure1 shows histological section in the liver of
control animal which shows normal liver without
any clear lesion. any clear lesion. Figure 1. Histological section in liver of normal
animal shows no clear lesion (H&E stain 400X) Figure 1. Histological section in liver of normal
animal shows no clear lesion (H&E stain 400X) 817 Vol.16(4) 2019 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 2. Histological section in liver of (T1) group (H&E stain 400X), (A): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration and aggreggation around blood vessels ,(B): shows necrosis and inflammatory cells
infiltration of liver parenchyma , (C): RBCs and inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of
hepatocytes
A
B
C Figure 2. Histological section in liver of (T1) group (H&E stain 400X), (A): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration and aggreggation around blood vessels ,(B): shows necrosis and inflammatory cells
infiltration of liver parenchyma , (C): RBCs and inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of
hepatocytes there was no aggregation in liver parenchyma and
there were small areas of hepatocytes necrotic
replaced by RBCs and inflammatory cells (Fig. 4B) there was no aggregation in liver parenchyma and
there were small areas of hepatocytes necrotic
replaced by RBCs and inflammatory cells (Fig. 4B) Figure 3 shows many areas in liver
histological sections of (T2) group, consumed the
concentrated energy drink for 20 days, has
infiltration and aggregation of inflammatory cells
within liver parenchyma (Fig. 3A), around blood
vessels and in sinusoids (Fig. 3B) hepatocyts
necrotic area filled with RBCs and inflammatory
cells (Fig. 3C). The histopathological changes in kidney of
treated groups limited to aggregation of RBCs and
inflammatory cells among renal tubules which
expressed vacuolar degeneration. The biggest
aggregation area was in the (T2) group (Fig. 5C),
the bigger was in the (T1) (Fig. 5B), and the
smallest was in the (T3) group (Fig. 5D) compared
to normal section which shows no clear lesion in the
control group (Fig. reached to significant higher (P˂0.05) GOT and
GPT only in the T2 group and Alkaline phosphate
in T2 and T3 groups (Fig. 6A,B,&C) B. Histopathological Study: 5A) The histopathological changes in the liver
section of (T3) group, consumed the diluted energy
drink for 20 days, were less than other treated
groups such as infiltration inflammatory cells in
very small area around blood vessels (Fig. 4A) but 818 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.16(4) 2019 Figure 3: Histological section in liver of (T2) group (H&E stain 400X) (A): shows inflammatory cells
aggreggation in liver parenchyma with megakarocytes in the sinusoids , (B): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration and aggreggation around blood vessels and in sinusoids , (C): RBCs and
inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of hepatocytes
C
A
B Figure 3: Histological section in liver of (T2) group (H&E stain 400X) (A): shows inflammatory cells
aggreggation in liver parenchyma with megakarocytes in the sinusoids , (B): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration and aggreggation around blood vessels and in sinusoids , (C): RBCs and
inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of hepatocytes
C
A
B Figure 3: Histological section in liver of (T2) group (H&E stain 400X) (A): shows inflammatory cells
aggreggation in liver parenchyma with megakarocytes in the sinusoids , (B): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration and aggreggation around blood vessels and in sinusoids , (C): RBCs and
inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of hepatocytes Figure 4. Histological section in liver of (T3) group (H&E stain 400X), (A): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration around blood vessels, (B): RBCs and inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of
hepatocytes
A
B Figure 4. Histological section in liver of (T3) group (H&E stain 400X), (A): shows inflammatory cells
infiltration around blood vessels, (B): RBCs and inflammatory cells replacement necrotic area of
hepatocytes 819 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.16(4) 2019 Figure 5. Histological section in liver of all groups (H&E stain 400X), (A) in control, (B) in T1, (C) in
T2, and (C) in T3 groups, (A): Histopathologica section in the kidney of normal animal shows no
clear lesions, (B): shows RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules that expressed vacuolar
degeneration,(C): shows of RBCs and infammatory cells between renal tubules that expressed
vacuolar degeneration,(D): shows RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules that
expressed vacuolar degeneration
A
B
C
D B B Figure 5. B. Histopathological Study: Histological section in liver of all groups (H&E stain 400X), (A) in control, (B) in T1, (C) in
T2, and (C) in T3 groups, (A): Histopathologica section in the kidney of normal animal shows no
clear lesions, (B): shows RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules that expressed vacuolar
degeneration,(C): shows of RBCs and infammatory cells between renal tubules that expressed
vacuolar degeneration,(D): shows RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules that
expressed vacuolar degeneration Figure 5. Histological section in liver of all groups (H&E stain 400X), (A) in control, (B) in T1, (C) in
T2, and (C) in T3 groups, (A): Histopathologica section in the kidney of normal animal shows no
clear lesions, (B): shows RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules that expressed vacuolar
degeneration,(C): shows of RBCs and infammatory cells between renal tubules that expressed
vacuolar degeneration,(D): shows RBCs and inflammatory cells between renal tubules that
expressed vacuolar degeneration The physiological study of liver and kidney
included their enzymes determination. GOT, GPT,
and Alkaline phosphate levels were also higher in
the treated groups compared to control group but it 820 Vol.16(4) 2019 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 6. GOT, GPT, and Alkaline phosphate levels in treated and control groups, *significantly
difference between treated and control groups
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
GOT (IU/L)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
GPT (IU/L)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
B
0
20
40
60
80
100
Alkaline phosphate (IU/L)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
*
C 0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
GOT (IU/L)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
A 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
GPT (IU/L)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
B B 0
20
40
60
80
100
Alkaline phosphate (IU/L)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
*
C Figure 6. GOT, GPT, and Alkaline phosphate levels in treated and control groups, *significantly
difference between treated and control groups A Figure 7. B. Histopathological Study: Creatinine and blood urea levels in treated and control groups, *significantly difference
between treated and control groups
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Creatinin (mg/dL)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
*
A
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
BU (mg/dL)
C
T 1
T 2
T 3
*
*
*
B B Figure 7. Creatinine and blood urea levels in treated and control groups, *significantly difference
between treated and control groups ssion: could be attributed to degenerative changes within
the liver cells (15,20). Discussion: Berger and Alford (2009) reported that the
combination of caffeine and taurine, which are
some components of energy drinks, excessive
ingestion can produce ischaemia of myocardial by
inducing coronary vasospasm (18). On the other
hand, it is well established that taurine is associated
with bile acids and helped fat digest (19). Our light
microscopic results revealed leucocytes infiltration
through the hepatocytes. This might be due to
different reaction of taurine associated with other
active ingredients of the energy drinks as caffeine. On the other hand, many works studied the
ultrastructural alterations of hepatocyts of animals
that consumed energy drinks and reported presence
dilatation and fragmentation of rough endoplasmic
reticulum cisternae (21), which can damage
hepatocytes (22-24). In addition, Balaban (2005)
indicated deterioration in mitochondrial function
because of disruption in mitochondrial structure
(25). The study of Mubarak showed irregular
outlines and pyknosis and numerous mitotic figures
in hepatocytic nuclei (20). Mubarak (2012)
attributed these changes to preservatives added to
energy drinks such as sodium benzoate, and to the
caffeine toxic work (20). These changes could lead Khayyat and Mubarak (2012) studies
showed that the cytoplasm of rats’ hepatic cells,
which
consumed
energy
drinks,
appeared
vacuolized with presence of lipid droplets. These 821 Vol.16(4) 2019 Baghdad Science Journal mood, and performance in children and adolescents. Nutr
Rev,
2014;
72
Suppl
1,
65-71,
doi:
10.1111/nure.12150. to hepatocyt necrosis which indicated in this present
study. The present study also showed elevation in the liver
function enzymes GOT, GPT, and ALP sera levels
in the mice consumed energy drink which agree
with many studies (14, 26, 27). 2. Visram S, Cheetham M, Riby DM, Crossley SJ, Lake
AA. Consumption of energy drinks by children and
young people: a rapid review examining evidence of
physical effects and consumer attitudes. BMJ, 2016;
Open 6: e010380, doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-
010380. Typically, energy drinks contain 80-141 mg
of caffeine at 8 oz, equivalent to five ounces of
coffee or two cans of 12 ounces of caffeinated soft
drinks (28). This higher caffeine concentration
caused elevation in GOT and GPT sera levels of
rats (29), while other studies reported that the
caffeine caused decrease in GOT level (30, 31). 3. Alsunni AA. Energy Drink Consumption: Beneficial
and Adverse Health Effects. Int J Health Sci
(Qassim), 2015; 9: 468-474. 4. Campbell B, Wilborn C, La Bounty P, Taylor L,
Nelson MT, Greenwood M, et al. Discussion: International
Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy
drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 2013; 10: 1, doi:
10.1186/1550-2783-10-1. As mentioned above, the combination of
caffeine and taurine the containing of energy drinks
excessive ingestion can produce ischaemia of
myocardial by inducing coronary vasospasm (18). On the other hand, the combination of caffeine and
sugar elevate the blood pressure (32). Greene
(2014) reported that the acute renal failure occur in
the context of ingestion of large quantities of energy
drink or with concomitant alcohol (13). These
evidences can explain the histopathological changes
found in this work such as RBCs and leukocytes
infiltration and aggregation between renal tubules
which could express vacuolar degeneration. This
finding is based on the results of creatinin and blood
urea levels which elevate in the serum of mice
consumed energy drink compared to control groups. 5. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated
energy drinks--a growing problem. Drug Alcohol
Depend,
2009;
99:
1-10,
doi:
10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.08.001. 6. Cappelletti S, Piacentino D, Sani G, Aromatario M. Caffeine:
cognitive
and
physical
performance
enhancer
or
psychoactive
drug? Curr
Neuropharmacol,
2015;
13:
71-88,
doi:
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stroke?. Am J of Emg Med, 2013; 31: e271–e274. 8. Dias TR, Alves MG, Bernardino RL, Martins AD,
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genetic
markers,
and
associated
with
drug
consumption (33). This evidences can explain the
less histopathological and physiological changes in
the T3 group which consumed diluted concentration
of energy drink compared to T2 group which
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blood
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energy drinks on biochemical and sperm parameters
in Wistar rats. Nutrire, 2017; 42:22. Conflicts of Interest: None. 15. Khayyat L, Sorour J, Al Rawi M, Essawy A. Histological,
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treatment in CCl4 induced liver injury. World J
Gastroenterol, 2008; 14: 4897-4902. دراسة نسيجية وفسلجية حول تأثير تناول تراكيز مختلفة لمشروب الطاقة ولمدة طويلة على الجهاز البولي
والكبدي في الفئران صغيرة العمر
لمى قاسم علي
قسم
علوم
الحيا،ة
كلية
العلوم،الجامعة
المستنصرية،بغداد،العراق. دراسة نسيجية وفسلجية حول تأثير تناول تراكيز مختلفة لمشروب الطاقة ولمدة طويلة على الجهاز البولي
والكبدي في الفئران صغيرة العمر
لمى قاسم علي قسم علوم الحيا،ة كلية العلوم، الجامعة المستنصرية، بغداد، العراق. الخالصة: ا
هذه الدراسة تهدف الى التحقق من التأثيرات الفسلجية والنسيجية المرضية الستعمال طويل االمد لتراكيز مختلفة من مشروب الطاقة
االكثر شيوعا لدينا على الكبد والكلية لفئران صغيرة السن. فئران بأعمار ست اسابيع من نوع البينو تم تقسيمها الى اربعة مجا ميع. المجموعة
االولى تناولت مشروب الطاقة بتركيز28
( مايكرليتر/مللتر ماء، وتم قتلها بعد عشرة ايامT1
). المجموعة االخرى تناولت مشروب الطاقة
لنفس التركيز لكن تم قتلها بعد20
( يومT2
). المجموعة الثالثة تناولت مشروب الطاقة بتركيز14
مايكرليتر/مللتر ماء ولمدة20
( يومT4
.)
.)المجموعة الرابعة تم تجهيزها بالماء فقط لتكون مجوعة سيطرة. تم قتل الفئران و تجميع عينات الدم و اعضاء الفئران (الكبد والكلية الدراسة
النسيجية المرضية لمقاطع كبد الفئران التي تناولت مشروب الطاقة اظهرت تغيرات كثيرة كترشح خاليا التهابية وتجمعها في ا لكبد مع تنكز
لبعض المناطق وبعضها قد امتألت بخاليا الدم الحمراء وااللتهابية بينما كانت التغيرات في كلى المجاميع التي تناولت مشاريب الطاقة م حدودة
حيث اقتصرت على تجمعات لخاليا الدم الحراء وااللتهابية بين االنيبيبات البولية والذي يعرب عن تنكس وعائي. References: 1. Owens JA, Mindell J, Baylor A. Effect of energy
drink and caffeinated beverage consumption on sleep, 822 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.16(4) 2019 Drinks on the Liver of Wistar albino Rat. J Am Sci,
2012; 8: 688-697. Drinks on the Liver of Wistar albino Rat. J Am Sci,
2012; 8: 688-697. 25. Balaban RS, Nemoto S, Finkel T. Mitochondria,
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Failure Following One Year of Daily Consumption of
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histological technique 4edn. Oxford University Press,
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TA, Alshehiri ZS, Attia HF. Chronic effects of soft
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JP, Pottstown, 1997; 10th ed: 274. 20. Mubarak R. Effect of red bull energy drink on Rat’s
submandibular salivary glands (Light and Electron
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Park J, Kwon Son S, et al. Changes of blood
chemistry components in serum of the rat after oral
administration of caffeine. Korean J Vet Service,
1007; 20: 297-306. 21. Kroder G, Bossenmaier B, Kellerer M, Capp E,
Stoyanov B, Muhlhofer A, et al. Tumor necrosis
factor-alpha- and hyperglycemia-induced insulin
resistance. Evidence for different mechanisms and
different effects on insulin signaling. J Clin Invest,
1996; 97: 1471-1477, doi: 10.1172/JCI118569. 30. Ruhl CE, Everhart JE. Coffee and caffeine
consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum
alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States. Gastroenterology, 2005; 128: 24-32. 31. Cadden IS, Partovi N, Yoshida EM. Review article:
possible beneficial effects of coffee on liver disease
and function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 2007; 26: 1-8,
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2007.03319.x. 22. References: هذه التغير ات اتفقت مع ما
( وجد من ارتفاع باألنزيمات الخاصة بوظائف الكبدGPT
،
GOT
، وALP
) اضافه الى اليوريا والكرياتنين الخاصة بوظائف الكلية. هذه
التغييرات كانت متزايدة في مجموعةT2
ولهذا يمكننا ان نستنتج ان تناول مشاريب الطاقة لمدة طويلة تؤثر نسيجيا و فسلجيا على الكلية والكبد
.للفئران صغيرة السن وهذا التأثير يعتمد على تركيز مشروب الطاقة ومدة تعاطيه
:الكلمات المفتاحية مشروب الطاقه ، انزيم ناقلة امين الغلوتاميك لالكسالواسيتيك ، انزيم
ناقلة امين الغلوتاميك للبايروفيك ،انزيم ناقلة امين
. االسبارتات ، الكلية ، الكبد 823 | 4,244 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4493/3030 | null |
Arabic | Introduction: prepare ZnO and ZnO:Cu films on glass substrates. Zinc oxide was doped with copper to reduce the
band gap and to improve the properties of the solar
cells. Zinc oxide is an environmentally safe material,
as it has a high binding energy at room temperature
(60 meV) and also has a large direct energy gap
(3.37 eV) 1-3 and thus can be used in various
hardware applications , such as solar cells , smart
windows, gas sensors, piezoelectric transducers,
transparent high power electronics, varistors, and
ultraviolet (UV) light-emitters4–6. Sub- Extra energy
levels will be generated in the band gap of the
semiconductors when it is doped with metal 7, 8. Many minerals can assume valence depending on
the surrounding chemicals, for example, any copper
salt when doped in ZnO using an organic mineral
solution can lead to various oxidation states Cu 9. ZnO can be manufactured by several technologies
such as chemical vapor deposition, thermal
evaporation, magnetically splatter, pulse laser
deposition (PLD), chemical vapor deposition, and
non-vacuum methods can be used, i.e. absorption
and interaction of the SILAR gel spin coating,
Pyrolysis methods 1, 7, 10-17. The PLD method is
characterized by the other technologies, where in
films were prepared by this method at low
temperatures due to the increased energy of the
lower particles in the laser column resulting from
the relatively high deposition rates16. In this work,
ZnO doped with copper films were prepared for this
material of great importance in electro-optical
applications 16. PLD method has been used to Abstract: Thin films of ZnO nano crystalline doped with different concentrations (0, 6, 9, 12, and 18 )wt. % of
copper were deposited on a glass substrate via pulsed laser deposition method (PLD). The properties of ZnO:
Cu thin-nanofilms have been studied by absorbing UV-VIS, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force
microscopes (AFM). UV-VIS spectroscopy was used to determine the type and value of the optical energy
gap, while X-ray diffraction was used to examine the structure and determine the size of the crystals. Atomic force microscopes were used to study the surface formation of precipitated materials. The UV-VIS
spectroscopy was used to determine the type and value of the optical energy gap. Keywords: Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Pulsed laser deposition (PLD), X-ray diffraction (XRD),
ZnO:Cu nano crystalline. Physical Properties of Cu Doped ZnO Nanocrystiline Thin Films Teeba H. Mohammed Nada K. Abbas * Zainab J. Shanan Department of Physics, College of science for Women, University of Baghdad , Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding authors: [email protected]*, [email protected] , [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8573-4174 *, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5166-5200 Received 17/12/2019, Accepted 13/12/2020, Published Online First 20/7/2021, Published 1/2/2022
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Received 17/12/2019, Accepted 13/12/2020, Published Online First 20/7/2021, Published 1/2/2022 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Materials and Methods: Van der Pauw (Ecopia HMS-
3000) was used to measure the Hall Effect Materials and Methods: In the present study, thin films of ZnO: Cu were
successfully deposited on glass substrates in the
presence of oxygen gas, using pulsed laser
deposition (PLD). The target of ZnO:Cu was
prepared by mixing zinc acetate (C4H6O4Zn.2H2O),
copper
acetate
Cu(CH3COO)2
and
sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) which were used without further
purification. A solution of 0.3 M zinc acetate, 0.001
M copper acetate, and 1M sodium hydroxide were
prepared in separated flasks. Cu doped ZnO with
concentration 0, 6, 9, 12, and 18 wt. %
nanoparticles were synthesized at room temperature
in distilled water by the chemical precipitation
method. The mixture is magnetically stirred for 30
min to get a homogeneous solution. Both the
undoped and doped solutions are aged for one day
for obtaining stability. The precipitation was
washed with distilled water several times after
separating it by filtration.Metallic ZnO-Cu target
with different Cu concentrations (0, 6, 9, 12, and
18) wt. % was ablated by an Nd: YAG pulsed laser
(Wavelength of laser: 1064/532 nm). The target
with 500 no. of pulses, frequency 6 Hz, and energy 217 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access 600 mJ were used for all samples. Films thickness
was (166.25, 212.8, 160, 242, 170, and 177.3) nm
for different concentration ratios using Optical
Interferometer Method. The ZnO: Cu films were
grown on 2.5 cm × 7.5 cm glass substrates. The
crystal phase and crystallinity of the samples were
investigated using X-ray diffraction for2𝜃 values
ranging from 20 to 60∘ using Cu-K𝛼 radiation (𝜆 =
0.154nm). Transmittance spectra were recorded
using UV- VIS spectrophotometer, while surface
morphology has been obtained using atomic force
microscopy (AFM). Van der Pauw (Ecopia HMS-
3000) was used to measure the Hall Effect 600 mJ were used for all samples. Films thickness
was (166.25, 212.8, 160, 242, 170, and 177.3) nm
for different concentration ratios using Optical
Interferometer Method. The ZnO: Cu films were
grown on 2.5 cm × 7.5 cm glass substrates. The
crystal phase and crystallinity of the samples were
investigated using X-ray diffraction for2𝜃 values
ranging from 20 to 60∘ using Cu-K𝛼 radiation (𝜆 =
0.154nm). Transmittance spectra were recorded
using UV- VIS spectrophotometer, while surface
morphology has been obtained using atomic force
microscopy (AFM). XRD Studies The crystalline structures of pure ZnO and
ZnO:Cu nanofilms deposited on glass substrates
have been investigated using XRD Figur 1 shows the X‐ ray diffraction (XRD)
patterns of pure ZnO doped with Cu at different
concentration samples. The diffraction peaks are
indexed by comparing the data with JCPDS card
file no.36-1451. The pattern of diffraction indicates
thin films with a high degree were directed along
(100) with c - axial direction in contrast to the study
of R.K.Shukla et. al. 9 whose found the plane of 002
high intensity and have hexagonal crystal structures
with low-intensity peaks correspond to the planes
(002), (102), (101) and (110). In b pattern, a trace of
an additional Cu-metal peak at 2θ of 36.26◦ was
observed. This means that Cu atoms in these films
(b pattern) not only acted as dopants but also
formed embedded Cu clusters, which agrees well
with a previous work 18. Results and Discussion: Results and Discussion: Figure 1. XRD spectrum of a: pure ZnO and doped ZnO with (b: 6, c: 9, d: 12, and e: 18) wt. % Cu
thin films Deposited on glass substrate Figure 1. XRD spectrum of a: pure ZnO and doped ZnO with (b: 6, c: 9, d: 12, and e: 18) wt. % Cu
thin films Deposited on glass substrate 218 218 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 The XRD patterns show a difference
between the angular positions of Cu‐ doped ZnO
thin films and those of undoped ZnO thin films. This can be attributed to the lattice mismatch
induced by the difference between the lattice
parameters of dopant atoms and that of the ZnO
host.In addition we can see from Table 1 a slight
shift in 2θ to higher value with increasing Cu
content i.e., because the size of Cu ion ( which
have been inserted into lattice) is lesser than Zn ion
(covalent radii for for Cu= 1.38Å) The XRD patterns described in this work correspond to those
described in 19. The full width at half maximum (FWHM)
(The (FWHM) is calculated by calculating half of
the wave height, then projecting two verticals lines
on the x-axis (2θ) from the beginning and the end of
the mid-width of the wave, then calculating (θ2-θ1),
crystallites size (Cryst.S), and 2Ө of pure ZnO and
ZnO doped with Cu thin films are listed in Table 1. Table 1. XRD data of pure ZnO and ZnO doped with Cu. Samples
2θ (Deg.)
FWHM (Deg.)
Cr Table 1. XRD data of pure ZnO and ZnO doped with Cu. Samples
2θ (Deg.)
FWHM (Deg.)
Cryst..S(nm)
Pure ZnO
31.4
0.002
72
34.3
0.003
48.63
47.4
0.002
76
6% Cu
31.77
0.005
28.87
34.3
0.003
48.3
36.26
0.004
36.47
9% Cu
31.2
0.003
48.13
34.2
0.003
48.3
57.3
0.002
79.6
12% Cu
31.5
0.003
47.8
47.3
0.002
76.1
18% Cu
31.4
0.003
48.13
34.5
0.002
72.6
56.4
0.003
53.3
The crystallite size is calculated from XRD data by
using Scherer formula eq.1. Results and Discussion: 20, 21:
D= 0.9λ /β cos Ө 1
Where β is the full width at half maximum of the
peaks, λ is the wavelength of incident X-ray (1.54
Å), D is the crystallite size, and Ө is the degree of
the diffraction peak. Surface Morphology
The AFM images of the surface morphologies of
ZnO: Cu are shown in Fig. 2 (a, b, c, d, e, and f). The surface morphology of the ZnO:Cu thin films
as observed from the AFM micrographs proves that
the grains are uniformly distributed within the
scanning area, with individual columnar grains
extending upwards. Table 1. XRD data of pure ZnO and ZnO doped with Cu. Samples
2θ (Deg.)
FWHM (Deg.)
Cryst..S(nm)
Pure ZnO
31.4
0.002
72
34.3
0.003
48.63
47.4
0.002
76
6% Cu
31.77
0.005
28.87
34.3
0.003
48.3
36.26
0.004
36.47
9% Cu
31.2
0.003
48.13
34.2
0.003
48.3
57.3
0.002
79.6
12% Cu
31.5
0.003
47.8
47.3
0.002
76.1
18% Cu
31.4
0.003
48.13
34.5
0.002
72.6
56.4
0.003
53.3 Transmission The optical properties of the films deposited on
glass substrates are determined from the absorbance
(A), and transmittance (T) measurements in the
range (300–1100) nm are shown in Fig. 4 , which
illustrates the transmission spectra of ZnO and
ZnO:Cu
nanocrystalline
with
different
concentrations in the range from 400 nm to 700 nm. It was found that the transmittance of ZnO:Cu films
increased with the increase in the wavelength. It is
clear from the same Figure that the transmittance
decreases with increasing Cu concentration which
can be also deduced from the changes in the films’
colure. The transmission of doped ZnO was
decreasing because the ionization energy of incident
photons lies near the energy gap. This result is in
agreement with the literature 20. Table 2. Grain size, average roughness, and Peak
to peak of ZnO:Cu thin films. Table 2. Grain size, average roughness, and Peak
to peak of ZnO:Cu thin films. Table 2. Grain size, average roughness, and Peak
to peak of ZnO:Cu thin films. Table 2. Grain size, average roughness, and Peak
to peak of ZnO:Cu thin films. Samples
Grain
size (nm)
Roughness
(nm)
Peak to
peak(nm)
Pure ZnO
83.25
6.55
29.3
ZnO:Cu (6 wt. %)
70.63
0.553
2.21
ZnO:Cu (9 wt. %)
112.8
2.27
9.07
ZnO:Cu (12
wt. %)
78.66
0.525
2.54
ZnO:Cu (18
wt. %)
98.87
1.59
7.04 Increased absorbance could be the result of
increased levels of impurities within the energy gap
20. Figure 3. Absorption spectra pure ZnO and ZnO
Doped with (6, 9, 12,18) wt. %Cu thin films. Figure
2
shows
the
atomic
force
microscopy (AFM) images of the pure ZnO and
ZnO: Cu films. No pinholes were observed in the
micrographs, indicating the successful deposition of
compact films. As noted in Table 2, the root means
square roughness (RMS) of the as-pure ZnO films is
about 6.55 nm, which is in good agreement with
that reported by Raied K. Jamal et al 21. The grain
size of the ZnO:Cu films decreases, as expected,
before significantly increasing again at x=9%wt of
Cu. It can be observed in Fig.2 and Table 2 that the
grain size parallel to the surface is getting smaller,
while the grain size vertical with the substrate is
larger. The former reflects the (100) crystalline
orientation, and the latter corresponds to the (002)
crystalline orientation. Hence, the shift of the
prominent crystal direction from (100) to (002)
corresponds to the results obtained from XRD
patterns. Figure 3. Absorption spectra pure ZnO and ZnO
Doped with (6, 9, 12,18) wt. %Cu thin films. Surface Morphology The AFM images of the surface morphologies of
ZnO: Cu are shown in Fig. 2 (a, b, c, d, e, and f). The surface morphology of the ZnO:Cu thin films
as observed from the AFM micrographs proves that
the grains are uniformly distributed within the
scanning area, with individual columnar grains
extending upwards. 219 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access p
Published Online First: July 2021 220
a. b. c. d. e. ure 2. AFM images describing the surface morphology for a: pure ZnO thin films and ZnO
films doped with (b: 6, c: 9, d: 12, and e: 18) wt. % Cu. a. a. a. b. b. c. c. c. c. d. d. e. d. e. e. Figure 2. AFM images describing the surface morphology for a: pure ZnO thin films and ZnO thin
films doped with (b: 6, c: 9, d: 12, and e: 18) wt. % Cu. 220 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Average grain size in diameter, Roughness
Average, and Peak to peak of ZnO: Cu with
concentration of Cu (0, 6, 9, 12, and 18) wt. % are
displayed in Table 2. Zinc Oxide. ZnO doped with Cu films have been
improved a visible light absorption. Increasing visible absorption can be attributed
to the transmission of the charge, which can be
described as an alternative to the excitation of an
electron from orbit d of metal ions 20. 3 3 where hυ is the photon energy, Eg is the optical
energy gap, B is a constant depends on the nature of
the material ( properties of its valence and
conduction band ) and r ∶ is a constant that depends
on the nature of the transition between the top of the
valence band and bottom of the conduction band 22 . The absorption coefficient increases with increasing
doping copper concentration as shown in Fig. 6. And these results agree with the result 26. Figure 6. The Absorption coefficient spectra for
the pure ZnO and ZnO Doped with (6, 9, 12, 18)
wt. % Cu thin films against wavelength. Figure 6. The Absorption coefficient spectra for
the pure ZnO and ZnO Doped with (6, 9, 12, 18)
wt. % Cu thin films against wavelength. Figure 5. A plots of (αhν) 2 verses photon energy
(hν) of the pure ZnO and ZnO doped Cu thin
films. Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Energy Gap (Eg) The absorption coefficient α is determined from
the high absorption area, i.e. at the fundamental
absorption edge of the films using eq. 3 25. Absorption coefficient of the films was calculated
from absorption (A) and the film thickness (t) using
eq.3 The type of transition was found to be direct
(21). The optical energy gap values (Eg) for
ZnO:Cu thin films prepared by PLD method have
been determined from the region of the high
absorption at the fundamental absorption edge of
these films by using Tauc equation 21 eq.2 y
g
q
αhv = A(hv-Eg)r
.……………
2 α =2.303 A/ t 3 αhv A(hv Eg)
.……………
2
where hυ is the photon energy, Eg is the optical
energy gap, B is a constant depends on the nature of
the material ( properties of its valence and
conduction band ) and r ∶ is a constant that depends
on the nature of the transition between the top of the
valence band and bottom of the conduction band 22 . The bandgap values were determined from the
intercept of the straight-line portion of the (αhν) 2
against the hν which has been explained in Fig.5. When the concentration of doping increases the
energy gap for thin films decreases due to the
displacement of the absorption edge towards the
higher wavelengths23,24, which leads to a decrease in
the energy gap of ZnO as shown in Table 3 These
results are consistent with the results obtained by
literature Ziad T. Al-Dahan 20 Optical Properties
Absorption Figure 3 illustrates the absorption spectra of
ZnO:Cu nano crystalline from (400 – 700) nm. Red
shift was observed for the doped zinc oxide thin
films. This shift could be result due to the following
reasons. The energy sub-levels for of the dopants
lies below the conduction band edge (CBE) and
above valence band edge (VBE) of ZnO. The
creation of energy levels into the energy gap leads
to a shift in band gap transmission and absorption
visible light 20. In addition, as the Cu content
increased, the background absorption across the
entire region increased. This may arise from the
metallic Cu, which blocked most visible light. Figure 4. Optical transmission for the pure ZnO
and ZnO: Cu thin films against wave length. When ZnO has been doped, the electron
capture cases (the aperture) are created between the
valance band edge and conduction band edge of Figure 4. Optical transmission for the pure ZnO
and ZnO: Cu thin films against wave length. 221 Electrical Properties:
Hall Effect Measurement Hall effect calculations were performed at
room temperature for pure zinc oxide films and
doped with copper (6%, 9%, 12%, 18%) to
determine the type and concentration of bulk
carriers and their movement. The Hall coefficient
(RH) was a negative signal for pure and doped zinc
oxide films suggesting that the films are n-type in
conductivity. However, the impurity of the films
sometimes
affects
the
type
of
carriers
at
concentrations (12%, 18%) varying from (n-type to
p-type). Carrier concentration NH, mobility μH and
type of charge carriers obtained from eqs. 3, 4, and
5 26 are shown in Table 4 below respectively. Figure 5. A plots of (αhν) 2 verses photon energy
(hν) of the pure ZnO and ZnO doped Cu thin
films. Table 3. List of the optical energy gaps of pure
ZnO and ZnO: Cu films
Samples
Eg (eV)
Pure ZnO
3.6
ZnO:Cu (6 wt. %)
3.1
ZnO:Cu (9 wt. %)
3
ZnO:Cu (12 wt. %)
2.9
ZnO:Cu (18 wt. %)
2.8 Table 3. List of the optical energy gaps of pure
ZnO and ZnO: Cu films RH= -1/n .q for n-type 4,
RH=1/p .q for p-type 5 p q
p yp
From σ and RH we may determine the hall mobility p q
p yp
From σ and RH we may determine the hall mobility 6 6 222 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Table 4. Hall effect parameter of pure ZnO and ZnO: Cu films. Content
Rн (cm³/C)
Σ (Ω.cm) -1
μH (cm²/V.s)
NH (cm-3)
tpye
Pure ZnO
-1.549E+6
2.115E-5
3.276E+1
-4.031E+12
N
ZnO:Cu (6 wt. %)
-1.071E+6
4.679E-5
5.009E+1
-5.831E+12
N
ZnO:Cu (9 wt. %)
-7.042E+5
2.075E-5
1.461E+1
-8.864E+12
N
ZnO:Cu (12 wt. %)
1.038E+6
2.138E-5
2.219E+1
6.012E+12
P
ZnO:Cu (18 wt. %)
4.421E+5
2.173E-5
9.608E+1
1.412E+12
P Table 4. Hall effect parameter of pure ZnO and ZnO: Cu films. work). All authors discussed the results and
contributed to the final manuscript. From the Table we observe that the conductivity of
pure ZnO and the ZnO doped with 6 and 9% Cu
were the types of n while it became the type of p
when doped with 12 and 18% of Cu. The Table
shows that the values Rн, σ, and μH between the
increase and decrease by increasing doped. Authors' declaration: 8. Acosta D, López-Suárez A, Magaña C, Hernández F. Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of ZnO
Thin Films Produced by Chemical Spray Using
Ethanol in Different Amounts of the Sprayed
Solution. Thin Solid Films.2018; 653 (1): 309-316. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. 9.Shukla R, Anchal S, Nishant K, Akhilesh P, Mamta P. Optical and Sensing Properties of Cu Doped ZnO
Nanocrystalline thin Films. J Nanotechnol. 2015; 10. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. 10. Xu L, Xian F, Zheng G, Lai M. Realization of strong
violet and blue emissions from ZnO thin flms by
incorporation of Cu ions. Mater Res Bull. 2018;
99:144–151. Conclusion: Nanocrystalline Cu doped ZnO films have
been successfully deposited on glass substrates by
pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and their structural
and optical properties have been investigated. The
XRD analysis demonstrates that the nanocrystals
have a polycrystalline structure. The average size of
the crystals is calculated and it is found that all
samples have a nanoscale structure. The average
thin film surface roughness has been increased and
decreased with increasing Cu concentration. The
values of the energy gap of prepared un-doped and
ZnO doped with copper are found to be increasing
with
increasing
Cu
concentration. Hall
measurements show that the conductivity type is
transferred from type p to type n when the
percentage of copper doping concentration is (12
and 18) %. From the results obtained, it is found
that the prepared material can be used as a gas
sensor and to improve the properties of solar cells in
general and in the manufacture of photovoltaic cells
in particular. 3. Allabergenov B, Tursunkulov O, Abidov A, Choi A,
Wook J, Kim S. Microstructural analysis and optical
characteristics of Cu-doped ZnO thin films prepared
by DC magnetron sputtering. J Cryst. Growth.2014; (
2) 401: 573–576. 4. Nunes V, Souza A, Lima F, Oliveira G, FreireF,
Almeida A. Effects of Potential Deposition on the
Parameters of ZnO Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Mater
Res. 2018; 2 (4):1- 8. 5. Shewale P, Patil V, Shin S, Kim J, Uplane M. H2S gas
sensing properties of nanocrystalline Cu-dopedZnO
thin films prepared by advanced spray pyrolysis. Sensor Actuat B –Chem. 2013;186: 226–234. 6. Marin A, Mu˜noz-Rojas D, Iza D, Gershon T,
Musselman
K,
MacManus-Driscoll
J. Novel
atmospheric growth technique to improve both light
absorption and charge collection in ZnO/Cu2O thin
film solar cells. Adv Funct Mater. 2013; 23(27):
3413–3419. 7. Musleh H, AlDahoudi N, Zayed H , Shaat S, Tamous
H, Shurrab N, et al. Synthesis and Characterization of
Zno Nanoparticles Using Hydrothermal and Sol-Gel
Techniques for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. JUBES. 2018; 26: 9. References 1. Abass N, Shanan Z, Mohammed T, Abbas L. Fabricated of Cu Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Solar
Cell Application. Baghdad Sic J 2018; 15: 2. 1. Abass N, Shanan Z, Mohammed T, Abbas L. Fabricated of Cu Doped ZnO Nanoparticles for Solar
Cell Application. Baghdad Sic J 2018; 15: 2. 2. Pung S, Ong C, Mohd Isha K, Othman M.Synthesis
and characterization of Cu-doped zno nanorods. Sains Malays. 2014; 43(2): 273–281. Electrical Properties:
Hall Effect Measurement And
these results agree with the result 26 Authors' contributions statement: 11.Kadam A, Kim T, Shin D, Garadkar K, Park J. Morphological evolution of Cu doped ZnO for
enhancement of photocatalytic activity. J Alloy
Compd. 2017;710: 102–113 . Nada K. Abbas conceived of the presented
idea. All authors contributed to the carried out the
experiment to prepared the samples. Teeba H. Mohammed wrote the manuscript with support from
Nada K. Abbas (Supervisor of the results of this 12..Hsu L, Chen C,.Zhang X. Effect of the CU source on
optical properties of CuZnO films deposited by
ultrasonic spraying. Materials. 2014; 7(2):1261–1270. 223 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 217-224 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access 13. Acosta D, López S, MagañaA, Hernández C. Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of ZnO
Thin Films Produced by Chemical Spray Using
Ethanol in Different Amounts of The Sprayed
Solution. Thin Solid Films. 2018;653( 1): 309-316. 19. Krämer A, Engel S, Sangiorgi N, Sanson A,
Bartolomé J, Gräf S, et al. ZnO Thin Films on Single
Carbon Fibres Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition
(PLD). Appl Surf Sci.2017; 399 (1): 282-287. 20. Ziad T, Mohammed A. Growth and characterization
of ZnO nanostructures using pulsed laser. J
Opt.2013; 42:194–202 14. Pan F,Li J,Ma L. Electronic Structures and
Ferromagnetism of Cu-Doped ZnO: the First-
Principle Calculation Study. J. Super Cond. Novel
Magnetism. 2018; 31: 2103–2110. 21. Shaveta T, Neha S, Anamika V, Jitender K. Structural and optical properties of copper doped
ZnO nanoparticles and thin films. Adv Appl Sci Res. 2014; 5(4):18-24. 15.Younas M ,Shen J, He M,lortz R,Akhtar M,Ling F. Role of multivalent Cu, oxygen vacancies and CuO
nanophase in the ferromagnetic properties of ZnO:Cu
thin flms. Rsc Adv. 2015; 5: 55648–55657. 22. Abbas N, Ahlam M,Ruqayah A, Nagham Y. The
effect of Copper Concentration on the Structural,
Morphological and Optical Properties of CdS:Cu
Nanocrystalline
prepared
by
chemical
bath
deposition. Int J Eng Res. 2016; 7: 1. 16. Niranjan K, Dutta S, Varghese S, Ray A, Barshilia H. Role of defects in one-step synthesis of Cu-doped
ZnO nanocoatings by electrodeposition method with
enhanced magnetic and electrical properties. Appl
Phys A. 2017;123: 250. 23. Abbas N, Iqbal S, Alaa A. The effect of Selenium
concentration on the structural , morphological and
optical properties of CdSexS1-x thin films. IREPHY
.2012; 6: 3. 17. Silambarasan M, Saravanan S, Soga T. Authors' contributions statement: Effect of Fe-
Doping on The Structural, Morphological and Optical
Properties of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by
Solution Combustion Process. Physica E: Low-
dimensional Systems and Nanostructures. 2015; 71
(1): 109-116. 24. Raied K., Iman N. Electrical properties of pure NiO
and NiO:Au thin films prepared by ssdxusing pulsed
laser deposition. I J P.2016; 14( 29): 37-43. 25. Mott N, Davis E .Electronic Process in Non-
Crystalline Materials"2nd ed. Oxford University
Press, (1980). 18. Jae-Ho Lee, Kwonwoo O, Kyungeun J, Wilson K,
Man L. Tuning the Morphology and Properties of
Nanostructured Cu-ZnO Thin Films Using a Two-
Step Sputtering Technique. Met. 2020; 10: 437. doi:10.3390/met10040437 26. Abbas N, Al-Rasoul T, Shanan Z. Structural and
optical characterization of Cu and Ni doped ZnS
nanoparticles. Int J Electrochem. Sci.2013; 8 (4):
5594-5604. الخصائص الفيزيائية
ال غشية اوكسيد الزنك النانوية المطعمة بالنح
اس طيبة حميد محمد طيبة حميد محمد ق
سم الفيزياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد.، بغداد، العراق الخالصة:
تم تصنيع اغشية أكسيد الزنك البلورية النانوية المطعمة بالنحاس(ZnO: Cu)
( بتراكيز مختلفة .. تم ترسيب0
، 6
،
9
،
12
،
18
( من النحاس على ركيزة زجاجية باستخدام تقنية ترسب الليزر النبضي٪ )
PLD
) وبتراكيز مختلفة. وقد تم توصيف بلوراتZnO: Cu
النانوية بواسطة أطيافUV-VIS
( ، حيود األشعة السينيةXRD
( ) ومجهر القوة الذريةAFM
.)
تم استخدام التحليل الطيفي لألشعة المرئي ة
وفوق البنفسجية لتحديد نوع وقيمة فجوة الطاقة الضوئية ، بينما تم استخدام حيود األشعة السينية لفحص الهيكل وتحديد حجم البلورات. ت م
استخدام مجاهر القوة الذرية لدراسة تكوين سطح المواد المترسبة. تم استخدام التحليل الطيفي لألشعة المرئية وفوق البنفسجية لتحديد ن
وع
وقيمة
فجوة الطاقة الضوئية. 224 | 4,512 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4587/3869 | null |
Arabic | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).1086 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).1086 Abstract: Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the globally highly prevalent herpesvirus worldwide. CMV infects
populations of all ages according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health
Organization (WHO). CMV infections remain the most common viral complication potentially multiple in
humans and are a major cause of congenital normality in women, which is why they are critical for diagnosis in
several times when it happens during pregnancy. Pregnant women with CMV infection can be in charge of abortion
or congenital expandaedby. This study involves the collection a total of (90) samples taken from each aborted and
pregnant woman (70 with abortion cases and 20 of pregnant without history of abortion as control subjects)
referring to Babylon teaching hospital for Maternity and Children, covering a period from (October 2018 to
March 2019) to investigate the occurrence of Cytomegalovirus (CMV) in Babylon city. Patients and controls
were evaluated for IgG, IgM antibodies and anti-HCMV IgG, IgM for (90) subjects were controlled in this study
using the Enzyme Immunoassay Test Kit and read by enzyme - linked immunosorbent analyze (ELISA). In
addition the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA detection for CMV are based on the amplification of
pathogen genomes in a particular region using different primers. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the
data. The results show among 90 samples, women were evaluated for CMV infection, the seroprevalence titer
was significantly higher at P <0.05 in seropositive cases ranging from 62(89%) toward positive CMV IgG, while
the 65 (93%) of patients were positive CMV IgM from (70) women with abortions. By contrast, the results
obtained from the controls were 9 (45%) subjects seropositive for IgG and all of them were seronegative with
IgM. The anti – HCMV IgG finding showed high positivity that represents the furthermost of CMV infections
among females through ages ranging between 20-29 years. Furthermore, the outcomes of molecular detection
showed that a small number of samples 13 (19%) were HCMV DNA detectable in aborted women less than in
pregnant women 3 (15%). Key words: Abortion, Anti-HCMV, IgG Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), IgG &IgM antibodies, IgM and
HCMV DNA. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Immunological and Molecular Diagnosis of Cytomegalovirus Infection between
Aborted & Pregnant Women in Babylon City Qabas Neamah AL-Hajjar Haider Turky Mousa Al-Mousawi * 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Kufa University, AL-Najaf, Iraq. 2 Al-Qasim Green University, College of biotechnology, Babylon, Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected], dr.haideralmusawi@
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-4611 1Faculty of Pharmacy, Kufa University, AL-Najaf, Iraq. 2 Al-Qasim Green University, College of biotechnology, Babylon, Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]*
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-4611 Received 5/1/2020, Accepted 18/11/2020, Published 20/6/2021 Received 5/1/2020, Accepted 18/11/2020, Published 20/6/2021 Sample Collection Blood sample from aborted mother (5 ml)
were collected, 2 ml of the 5 ml were collected by
EDTA tubes for genetic study and the rest 3 ml were
put in the tubes made of plastic or (gel tube), and
centrifugation of blood samples for 5 minutes at 4,000
rpm, collection of the serum in plastic tubes (plane
tubes) for ELISA test. Serum remains stable for 4
hours at 20 ± 50 °C. Preparation of Chemicals The preparation of 1X wash buffer was done
by adding the content of the bottle (25ml, 20X) to
475ml of deionized water. Then it was stored in room
temperature (20-25°C). Kits The kits used for this analysis are shown in Table1. The kits used for this analysis are shown in Table1. study
present
the
in
off
-
cast
forms
Kit
.1
Table
No. kits types
Land / Company
1
Wiz Prep™ Viral DNA / RNA
Mini Kits (Plus)
Korea
2
PCR premix 25 μl reaction
Korea
3
ELISA to evaluate the
concentrations of IgM and IgG for
CMV and HSV IgM
USA study
present
the
in
off
-
cast
forms
Kit
.1
Table The greatest occurrences of the HCMV infections
have been reported for pregnant women and women
of childbearing stage from dissimilar foci in the parts
of Eastern/Central Europe, Latin America, the Middle
East, parts of south - East Asia and Africa (6). The
HCMV remains a common virus that infects people
of all ages. HCMV has a ubiquitous distribution; the
range between 40-100% of all adults is carrying the
virus worldwide (7). Infectious agents can contribute
to impair human functions including reproduction. Viruses were able to interfere with the reproductive
function in both sexes. The CMV virus is
transmission by close contacts among infected
subjects, via such as blood or blood products,
congenital, sexual intercourse (8). Infections for
congenital HCMV are mostly noted as causes of
hearing loss and mental retardation; latent CMV
infections can be activated in immune compromised
patients, e.g. with immunosuppressed transplant
receivers or AIDS. Serological Detection for Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
IgM, IgG ELISA: All serum samples were estimate the
concentration of levels for virus-specific CMV IgG &
IgM antibodies and Anti-IgG & IgM markers using
enzyme immunoassay test kit according to the
manufacturer’s instructions and reading pf the O.D. at
450 nm within 15 min by using Enzyme-linked
immune sorbent assays (ELISA) technique. The aims of this study are to investigate the role of
some microbial infections such as Cytomegalovirus
infection in aborted and pregnant women. This
objective was carried out by the following objectives:
Microbial agents detection of such as (IgM, IgG)
Cytomegalovirus and by ELISA Technique and
Genetic detection of Cytomegalovirus DNA in
collected samples. Introduction: humans (1). Miscarriage has been attributed to many
important causes related to in human reproduction
such as infectious agents, abnormalities from genetic
and
uterine,
immunological
dysfunctions
and
endocrine, environmental pollutants, psychogenetic
factors and endometriosis (2) . Any severe maternal
infection which leads to bacteremia or viremia can
cause lapse. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as an Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) as an
opportunistic pathogen is also known as the omnipres
ent herpes
virus (Human Herpes Virus 5) from the
characteristic cytomegalic appearance of intra-nuclear
inclusions in most cell types and organs, with the
highest morbidity and mortality rates compared with
other herpes virus, with genomes consisting of mono
partite , linear, double-stranded DNA and is roughly
235 kbp size capable of a wide spectrum of disease in 1086 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) The recurrence of pregnancy waste due to
maternal
infections
spread
in
the
uterus
at various gestational stages may be caused by a wide
range of pathogens, including the TORCH complex
(Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus
and Herpes simplex virus)
(3,
4). These
entire
infective agents induce a shift of responding of the
immunity through pregnancy from Th2 to Th1 with
apoptosis which can be experiential clinical as
abortion progression (5). The range of spontaneous
abortion from infectious of fetal by the infection
agents like TORCH is believed to average from 10-
15%. Materials and Methods:
Clinical Samples The process was attained according to the
method recommended by the DNA Blood Min Kit
manufacturing company for isolated of viral DNA
according to kits. Blood and plasma samples have been obtained as
90 women (70 patients travail from spontaneous
abortion and 20 pregnant women as a comparable
group) during the period from October 2018 to March
2019 at consultant clinic for infertile women in
Babylon (Babil Teaching Hospital for Maternity and
children). The patients and pregnant women ages
ranged from 15 to 45 years old was represent to Al -
Hillah Counsellor Clinic meant for infertile women. Ethical criteria Ethical criteria Assignments were made and all samples were
obtained from abortion and pregnant women, and the
doctors after they had received their consent. Statistical Analysis The resulted data were analyzed using the
computer Statistical analysis system (SPSS), The
Chi-square test was performed for assessing the
statistical significance of the data values where the
descriptive statistics is used., the level of probability
at P values below of ˂ 0.05 was used to identify the
significant difference (12) . Table 3. Primers Used in this Study
Primer
Name
Primer
Sequence
Oligo sequence
F (5' 3')
Forward
Primer
Sequence
Oligo
sequence R
(5'
3')
Reverse
Product
si (bp)
Ref
CMV
DNA
GGATCCGCA
TGGCATTCA
CGTATGT
GAATTCA
GTGGATA
ACCTGCG
GCGA
406
(10)
Table 4. Thermal cycling conditions for PCR
detection
CMV Gene detection
Cycle
Times
Temperatures
Steps Type
1
10 min
95 °C
Initial Denaturation
35
45 Sec
95 °C
Denaturation
35
50 Sec
61 °C
Annealing
35
45 Sec
72 °C
Extension
35
5 min
72 °C
Final Extension
1
α
4 °C
Hold
Measurement of Purity and Concentration of DNA
Quantification of genomic CMV DNA was
determined using a spectrophotometrically (Nano-
drop) instrument to measure the optical density (O.D)
(10). Table 3. Primers Used in this Study
Primer
Name
Primer
Sequence
Oligo sequence
F (5' 3')
Forward
Primer
Sequence
Oligo
sequence R
(5'
3')
Reverse
Product
si (bp)
Ref
CMV
DNA
GGATCCGCA
TGGCATTCA
CGTATGT
GAATTCA
GTGGATA
ACCTGCG
GCGA
406
(10) Table 3. Primers Used in this Study PCR Reaction for DNA detection. Detection of HCMV DNA by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) was performed using special
primers to amplify pathogen genomes in specific
regions. DNA amplifications were performed in a 1087 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) final mixture of 25μl reactions for the CMV as shown
in Table 2.This assay was done according to the
method by (9). Primers used in PCR Technique Primers used in PCR Technique The One primer pairs of oligo-nucleotide
used in this study has been published previously and
specifically supported amplification of CMV. According to the previous study, the outer
sequences of the primers were chosen from the
conserved fourth exon regions for instant
early gene detection at the HCMV. The primers were
supplied by (Bioneer Company, Korea), as shown in
Table 3. The thermal cycling conditions were done according
to the method by (10), and as shown in Table (4). Agarose electrophoresis Thermal cycling conditions for PCR
detection
CMV Gene detection
Cycle
Times
Temperatures
Steps Type
1
10 min
95 °C
Initial Denaturation
35
45 Sec
95 °C
Denaturation
35
50 Sec
61 °C
Annealing
35
45 Sec
72 °C
Extension
35
5 min
72 °C
Final Extension
1
α
4 °C
Hold
Measurement of Purity and Concentration of DNA
Quantification of genomic CMV DNA was
d
i
d
i
h
i
ll
(N Table 2. Contents of Mixed Reactions
No
Content
Volumes
1
Master mix
10 ul
2
Forward primer
1 ul
3
Reverse primer
1 ul
4
Patient DNA template
3ul
5
Nuclease free Water
10 ul
Total Volumes
25 ul Table 2. Contents of Mixed Reactions Agarose electrophoresis The amplification of PCR products was
isolated by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, stained
with safe red, and visualized by transiluminator with
ultra-violate (UV). In a nutshell, the agarose gel was
prepared by dissolving 1.5 gm of agarose powder in
100 ml of sterile 1X TBE buffer at (pH : 8) in water
bath, allowed to cool to 50oC and additing a stain of
safe red was on the 5µl at the concentration of 0.5
mg/ml. The comb was fixed at one end of the tray for
making wells used for loading DNA sample. The
agarose was gently poured into the tray and allowed
to solidify for 30 min at room temperature. Then, the
comb was gently removed from the tray. The tray was
fastened in an electrophoresis chamber filled with a
TBE buffer covering the surface of the gel, 5 µl of the
amplified sample was loaded into the wells in agarose
gel, and in one, and well we put the 5 µl of the DNA
ladder. The electric current has been allowed for 45
min at 100 volt. E-graph gel recording system has
been used to track DNA bands and captures gel
images (11). y
Table 2. Contents of Mixed Reactions
No
Content
Volumes
1
Master mix
10 ul
2
Forward primer
1 ul
3
Reverse primer
1 ul
4
Patient DNA template
3ul
5
Nuclease free Water
10 ul
Total Volumes
25 ul
Primers used in PCR Technique
The One primer pairs of oligo-nucleotide
used in this study has been published previously and
specifically supported amplification of CMV. According to the previous study, the outer
sequences of the primers were chosen from the
conserved fourth exon regions for instant
early gene detection at the HCMV. The primers were
supplied by (Bioneer Company, Korea), as shown in
Table 3. The thermal cycling conditions were done according
to the method by (10), and as shown in Table (4). Table 3. Primers Used in this Study
Primer
Name
Primer
Sequence
Oligo sequence
F (5' 3')
Forward
Primer
Sequence
Oligo
sequence R
(5'
3')
Reverse
Product
si (bp)
Ref
CMV
DNA
GGATCCGCA
TGGCATTCA
CGTATGT
GAATTCA
GTGGATA
ACCTGCG
GCGA
406
(10)
Table 4. Results and Discussion: The
world's
most
severe
congenital
infections are congenital HCMV infections. Infection
rates vary across different populations and ages. During pregnancy, reactivated infections or maternal
primary infections can lead to congenital HCMV
infections, but maternal re-infection with different
CMV strains can rarely lead to congenital symptom
infections. The aims of this study was to determine
the prevalence of viral infections with the congenital
Cytomegalic virus infection (HCMV) using ELISA
and PCR of HCMV among selected groups of
aborted and pregnant women in Hilla hospital in
Babylon. Table 4. Thermal cycling conditions for PCR
d t
ti Table 4. Thermal cycling conditions for PCR
detection Table 4. Thermal cycling conditions for PCR
detection
CMV Gene detection
Cycle
Times
Temperatures
Steps Type
1
10 min
95 °C
Initial Denaturation
35
45 Sec
95 °C
Denaturation
35
50 Sec
61 °C
Annealing
35
45 Sec
72 °C
Extension
35
5 min
72 °C
Final Extension
1
α
4 °C
Hold
Measurement of Purity and Concentration of DNA
Quantification of genomic CMV DNA was
determined using a spectrophotometrically (Nano-
drop) instrument to measure the optical density (O.D)
(10). Table 4. Thermal cycling conditions for PCR
detection
CMV Gene detection
Cycle
Times
Temperatures
Steps Type
1
10 min
95 °C
Initial Denaturation
35
45 Sec
95 °C
Denaturation
35
50 Sec
61 °C
Annealing
35
45 Sec
72 °C
Extension
35
5 min
72 °C
Final Extension
1
α
4 °C
Hold y
A total of 90 subjects were involved in this study with
age ranging 17-45 years old. The aim was to detect
and diagnose patients with a current infection of
CMV and in aborted and pregnant women. The
descriptive analysis of samples manifested that the
aborted and pregnant women were aged between 17 Measurement of Purity and Concentration of DNA Quantification of genomic CMV DNA was
determined using a spectrophotometrically (Nano-
drop) instrument to measure the optical density (O.D)
(10). 1088 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) and 45 (26.7 ± 5.6). Highly significant differences
were detected between the studied groups regarding
age (years) distribution as shown in Table 5, eight of
women were 17-20 years old, 24 were 20-24 years
old, 24 were 25-29 years old, 21 were 30-39 and 13
were above 40 years old. Results and Discussion: The present study agrees
with the study by Anmar et al (13) who found the
highest seropositivity (29%) is shown in the age
groups of (20–29) years. and 45 (26.7 ± 5.6). Highly significant differences
were detected between the studied groups regarding
age (years) distribution as shown in Table 5, eight of
women were 17-20 years old, 24 were 20-24 years
old, 24 were 25-29 years old, 21 were 30-39 and 13
were above 40 years old. The present study agrees
with the study by Anmar et al (13) who found the
highest seropositivity (29%) is shown in the age
groups of (20–29) years. and aborted women with HCMV infections,
followed by work on tumor patients and CMV, and
other studies with different relationships with the
virus were performed. However, the present study
showed agreement with several studies in different
parts of Iraq, especially in Baghdad city. One of the
cases reported by Al-Baiati et al (14) was that 144
abortion women had a positive outcome of 15 (10%)
for CMV IgM and 129 (85%) for CMV IgG
antibodies. However, our research agrees with the
study done by Majeed (15), who documented the
study involving 270 20-35-year-old women. Table 5. The Number and percentage of study
group in different age (years)
%
NO. Age (years) group
8.8
8
15-19
26.6
24
20-24
26.6
24
25-29
14.4
13
30-34
8.9
8
35-39
14.4
13
= > 40
100%
90
Total Table 5. The Number and percentage of study
group in different age (years) y
g
y
The results showed that 90 cases were
positive for the CMV, 62 of whom were positive for
the CMV IgM and 28 for the CMV IgG. Another
study was recorded by Hussan (16) revealed that the
44 positive cases of one or more unexplained
abortions for the CMV IgM of the 210 women with
that background. In the population of pregnant
women, the rates of CMV infections did not rise
with ages but were consistently high in women
under 30 years of age (60 to 66 %). Risk factors for
CMV infections were associated with group
socioeconomic status (17). HCMV IgM has been shown to peak in the
first 1 to 3 months after primary infections in
pregnant women and then persists at low
levels for 18 to 39 weeks, with detection depending
on both individual patients and IgM antibody assay
sensitivity (18). Results and Discussion: The results showed that 90 cases were
positive for the CMV, 62 of whom were positive for
the CMV IgM and 28 for the CMV IgG. Another
study was recorded by Hussan (16) revealed that the
44 positive cases of one or more unexplained
abortions for the CMV IgM of the 210 women with
that background. In the population of pregnant
women, the rates of CMV infections did not rise
with ages but were consistently high in women
under 30 years of age (60 to 66 %). Risk factors for
CMV infections were associated with group
socioeconomic status (17). Serological identification of IgG and IgM of CMV All serum specimens were tested for the
presence and determination of HCMV IgG with
IgM antibodies infection using ELISA technique. These included (70) women with history of
abortions, and (20) normally pregnant as determined
control. The results obtained from the serological
test were 62 (89%) patients were positive for IgG,
while the 65 (93%) of patients were positive for the
IgM. While the results obtained from the control
pregnant women were 9 (45%) subjects positive for
the IgG and all of control were negative for the IgM,
the distribution of IgG and IgM antibodies in all
patients
and
ccontrol
groups
according
to
serological test is shown in Table 6. Various
researches focused on the interaction of pregnant HCMV IgM has been shown to peak in the
first 1 to 3 months after primary infections in
pregnant women and then persists at low
levels for 18 to 39 weeks, with detection depending
on both individual patients and IgM antibody assay
sensitivity (18). After the initial infection onsets, the rise in
IgM titer may occur prior to the rise in the IgG titer ,
making the CMV IgG avidity test based on the
sensitivity of the CMV IgM tests. To ensure that all
CMV IgM - positive samples for IgG avidity has
been identified and screened. Table 6. Disruption of the positive and negative samples to HCMV in the miscarriage women and the
Control Group detected by ELISA technique
Category
N
%
Exact Sig. Results and Discussion: (2-tailed)
CMVIgG
Aborted
Positive
62
89
0.000
Negative
8
11
Total
70
100
CMVIgM
Aborted
positive
65
93
0.000
Negative
5
07
Total
70
100
CMVIgG
Pregnancy
Positive
9
45
0.824
Negative
11
55
Total
20
100
CMVIgM
Pregnancy
Negative
20
100
0.000
Total
20
100
Statistical significant in P< 0.05 Table 6. Disruption of the positive and negative samples to HCMV in the miscarriage women and the
Control Group detected by ELISA technique le 6. Disruption of the positive and negative samples to HCMV in the miscarriage wo
ntrol Group detected by ELISA technique on of the positive and negative samples to HCMV in the miscarriage women and the
tected by ELISA technique 1089 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) The present study found in Table 7 that the age
group of 20 to 30 years recorded the highest
incidence of microbial cytomegalovirus infections
could increase the risk of cases of abortion in
women, furthermore it is the less efficient as people
grow older, and this finding was supported by our
research agreement with the findings of the previous
study (13) who reported that the majority of HCMV
infections occurred in the 20-29 years age group. The
occurrence of primary infections of CMV may be
due to that most marriages in our population occurred
among this age group. In Iraq , our researches have
showed that the most common women of gestation ages are seropositive for the CMV and that they deal
with the infections either through prenatal or
postnatal transmissions or during early childhood. The CMV IgG antibody avidity has been shown to
distinguish the primary CMV infections from re-
activated infections in pregnant women, in addition,
the rates of maturation and duration of the antibody
have been shown to be correlated with viremia
patients. Low avidities of IgG continue for about 17
weeks in pregnant women, with complete antibodies
maturation occurring about 25 weeks after symptom
onset (19). Table 7. Results and Discussion: Seroprevalence of anti - HCMV according to the Ages Group in Women's
Total
Anti – HCMV IgM
Anti – HCMV IgG
Negative
Positive
Negative
Positive
Age (years)
8
8
-
-
8
15-19
24
20
4
3
21
20-24
24
23
1
4
20
25-29
13
13
-
3
10
30-34
8
8
-
2
6
35-39
13
13
-
5
8
= > 40 Table 7. Seroprevalence of anti - HCMV according to the Ages Group in Women's Molecular Identification of CMV Extraction of
Genomic DNA Molecular Identification of CMV Extraction of
Genomic DNA Molecular Identification of CMV Extraction of
Genomic DNA at 260/280 nm. DNA concentration extracted from all
the isolates ranged between (58 to142) ng/μl, and the
purity was evaluated ranged between (1.8 to 2). The
DNA extracted was confirmed and analyzed by the
horizontal gel electrophoresis in 1% agarose for 30
min at 75 volts and was exposed to the U.V light
where the DNA appears as compact bands, as shown
in Fig. 1. In this study, ggnomic DNA was successfully
extracted from all samples using a commercial viral
Genomic DNA purification Kit as per company
instructions. Good extraction results of the DNA
quantification (concentration and purity) were
directly performed by Nano drop spectrophotometer Figure 1. The genomic DNA band extracts from the CMV isolates on (1% agarose, 75V, for 30 min
stained with ethidium bromide). Lane 1-15: DNA of Lane N: Negative control (water). Genomic DNA bands
N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Figure 1. The genomic DNA band extracts from the CMV isolates on (1% agarose, 75V, for 30 min
stained with ethidium bromide). Lane 1-15: DNA of Lane N: Negative control (water). 1090 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) samples with the CMV display reported primary
infections as shown in Fig. 2. CMV found in the blood as suggesting a primary
CMV infection (9 , 20). In the current study, the
PCR identified the CMV DNA in women's blood Figure 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products (1.5% agarose, 75 volt for 90 min). Lane (M): (100
bp DNA Ladder). lane N: Negative control. All lanes (1-12) of CMV samples show positive results
(amplified size 406 bp). Figure 2. Agarose gel electrophoresis of PCR products (1.5% agarose, 75 volt for 90 min). Lane (M): (100
bp DNA Ladder). lane N: Negative control. All lanes (1-12) of CMV samples show positive results
(amplified size 406 bp). The results of this study, as shown in Table 8,
showed that the frequency of 13(19%) samples was
positive for HCMV-DNA in women of abortion
while 3(15%) was lower than in pregnant women. It
is shown that there is no correlation between CMV
viremia or the detection of CMV-DNA in the blood
and intrauterine transmissions (21). Molecular Identification of CMV Extraction of
Genomic DNA The results
obtained in the current study were consistent with
other research (22), they found that approximately 30
(30.7%) of the samples tested were positive for the
viral genome, and differences in such subjects areas
could be attributed to samples types or, in some
cases, diseases types and the stages (23). In addition,
the findings of the present study CMD-DNA were in
line with other studies (20, 24) found from the nested
PCR, showing that the CMV-DNA was identified in
the 4 (0.4%) of the 983 cord blood samples. Thanks
to its time-saving feature, and high sensitivity and
specificity, the PCR has been developed to detect
HCMV. probably due to a long duration of replication of the
viral genome and possibly other viruses, as has been
shown (25, 26). The discrepancy between the ELISA
test and the conventional PCR technique in the
reported results of congenital CMV infections could
be due to differences in the methods sensitivity and
specificity (24). The optimal diagnostic tests should
be reasonably prone to early detection of infections
before clinically significant diseases have arisen, and
the test will remove false positive findings as well . HCMV-DNA detection is most likely to be useful in
this way, as it is highly sensitive and more precise
than serological methods by ELISA technique. The
positive results of IgM-ELISA and negative DNA
may also be due to the presence of IgM antibodies in
some apparently healthy individuals for a long time
after infection, where the CMV virus load may be too
low to be identified by PCR technique. The Christian et al (9) work documented an
extraction method for optimal recovery of CMV-
DNA from preserved dried blood spots that can be
useful for both the identification of the CMV and the
genotyping of polymorphic CMV genes in cases of
congenital CMV infection. probably due to a long duration of replication of the
viral genome and possibly other viruses, as has been
shown (25, 26). The discrepancy between the ELISA
test and the conventional PCR technique in the
reported results of congenital CMV infections could
be due to differences in the methods sensitivity and
specificity (24). The optimal diagnostic tests should
be reasonably prone to early detection of infections
before clinically significant diseases have arisen, and
the test will remove false positive findings as well . Conclusion: This study summarized that there are
increasing seropositive rates for the HCMV among
aborted and pregnant women. The evaluation of
prevalence of HCMV disease and routine screening
for HCMV infection should be introduced for
pregnant women in this setting. It is vital to initiate
further research work with many samples from
different area to assess prevalence, characterize
HCMV, and evaluate its maternal health implications. 6. Fakhreddine AY, Frenette CT, Konijeti GG. A practical
review of cytomegalovirus in gastroenterology and
hepatology. Gastroenterology research and practice. 2019 Mar 7; 2019. 7. Ebina Y, Minematsu T, Morioka I, Deguchi M, Tairaku
S, Tanimura K, et al. Rapid increase in the serum
cytomegalovirus IgG avidity index in women with a
congenitally infected fetus. J Clin Virol.; 2015. 66:44–
7. 8. Vora SB, Brothers AW, Waghmare A, Englund JA. Antiviral combination therapy for cytomegalovirus
infection
in
high-risk
infants. Antivir. Ther. (Lond.).2018; 23 (6): 505–511. doi: 10.3851/IMP3238 Molecular Identification of CMV Extraction of
Genomic DNA HCMV-DNA detection is most likely to be useful in
this way, as it is highly sensitive and more precise
than serological methods by ELISA technique. The
positive results of IgM-ELISA and negative DNA
may also be due to the presence of IgM antibodies in
some apparently healthy individuals for a long time
after infection, where the CMV virus load may be too
low to be identified by PCR technique. The Christian et al (9) work documented an
extraction method for optimal recovery of CMV-
DNA from preserved dried blood spots that can be
useful for both the identification of the CMV and the
genotyping of polymorphic CMV genes in cases of
congenital CMV infection. At the time of HCMV outbreaks, the levels of the
HCMV- DNA were significantly higher than rates 4
to 12 weeks before the onset of symptoms or than
levels associated with the asymptomatic HCMV, 1091 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Table 8. Seroprevalence of anti-HCMV According to DNA detection using PCR
Category
N
Percent
Aborted
women
DNA detectable
13
0.19
DNA not detectable
57
.81
0
Total
70
1.00
Pregnancy
women
DNA detectable
3
.15
0
DNA not detectable
17
.85
0
Total
20
1.00 Table 8. Seroprevalence of anti-HCMV According to DNA detection using PCR
C 3 and repressing interferon-gamma. Nat. Immunol.;
2009. 10, 992-999. 3 and repressing interferon-gamma. Nat. Immunol.;
2009. 10, 992-999. Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides, the
Figures and images, which are not mine ours, have
been given the permission for re-publication
attached with the manuscript. 9. Berg C, Friis MB, Rosenkilde MM, Benfield T,
Nielsen L, Lüttichau HR, Sundelin T. Development of
highly
efficient
protocols
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and
amplification of cytomegalovirus DNA from dried
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for
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statement. 10. Smith JS, Robinson NJ. Age-specific prevalence of
infection with herpes simplex virus types 2 and 1: a
global review. J. Infect. Dis. 2002; 186 (Suppl 1): S3–
28. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of Al –
Qasim Green. 11. Hadi L, Zahra G, Mohammad JH, Esmail. S. Development of PCR assay for early detection of CMV
infection in renal transplant recipients, Nephro-Urol
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D, Tassis B, et al. Prognostic markers of symptomatic
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(4):448-56. 13. Al-Taie AA, Abdullah BA, Al-Attar MY. Serological
and molecular comparison study for diagnosis of
cytomegalovirus infection in aborted pregnant women
in Iraq. Microbiology/Special Issue for the Third
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27(5)49-77. 3. Sen M R, Shukla B N, Tuhina B. Prevalence of serum
antibodies to TORCH infection in and around Varanasi,
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HAM,
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RN. Seroprevalence of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV)
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seropositivity pathogens in high- risk patients in Iraq. Al-Anbar J Vet Sci. 2011; 4(1):41– 49. 5. Yu Q, Sharma A, Oh SY, Moon HG, Hossain MZ,
Salay TM, et al. T cell factor 1 initiates the T helper
type 2 fates by inducing the transcription factor GATA- 16. Hussan BM. Study the Prevalence of ACL, APL,
CMV, HSV, Rubella and Toxoplasma gondii in 1092 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) infection: prognostic implications for pregnancy. J. Infect. Dis. 1998 May 1; 177 (5):1170-5. aborted women in Baghdad. Med. J. Babylon. 2013. 10 (2):455–464. 17. Fowler KB, Stagno S, Pass RF. Maternal age and
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diverse newborn populations, 1980–1990. J. Infect. Dis. . 1993 Sep 1; 168(3):552-6. 22. Enan KA, Rennert H, El-Eragi AM, El Hussein AR,
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) ا
لتشخيص المناعي والجزيئي لعدوى الفيروس المضخم للخاليا بين النساء المجهضات والحوامل في مدينة بابل
قبس نعمة هادي الحجار1
حيدر تركي موسى الموسوي2
1جامعة الكوفة،
كلية الصيدلة
،النجف، العراق
2 كلية التقانات اال
يحيايية ،جامعة القاسم الخضراء،
.بابل، العراق ا
لتشخيص المناعي والجزيئي لعدوى الفيروس المضخم للخاليا بين النساء المجهضات والحوامل في مدينة بابل
قبس نعمة هادي الحجار1
حيدر تركي موسى الموسوي2
1جامعة الكوفة،
كلية الصيدلة
،النجف، العراق
2 كلية التقانات اال
يحيايية ،جامعة القاسم الخضراء،
.بابل، العراق ا
لتشخيص المناعي والجزيئي لعدوى الفيروس المضخم للخاليا بين النساء المجهضات والحوامل في مدينة بابل
قبس نعمة هادي الحجار1
حيدر تركي موسى الموسوي2
1جامعة الكوفة،
كلية الصيدلة
،النجف، العراق
2 كلية التقانات اال
يحيايية ،جامعة القاسم الخضراء،
.بابل، العراق حيدر تركي موسى الموسوي2 حيدر تركي موسى الموسوي2 1جامعة الكوفة،
كلية الصيدلة
،النجف، العراق
2 كلية التقانات اال
يحيايية ،جامعة القاسم الخضراء،
.بابل، العراق الخالصة ا ال
( الفيروس المضخم للخاليا البشريةCMV
) هو من ضمن فيروس الهربس والسايد بصورة عالية في جميع أنحاء العالم. وفقا لمركز
( السيطرة على األمراض والوقاية منهاCDC
) ومنظمة الصحة العالميةWHO)
( )، فان فيروسCMV
) يصيب البشر في جميع األعمار. تبقى
االصابة بـ (
CMV
،) من المضاعفات الفيروسية األكثر شيوعًا والمحتملة في البشر، وهي سبب رييسي لحدوث التشوهات الخلقية لدى النساء
وبالتالي من المهم تشخيص هذه االصابة في عدة مرات عندما تحدث أثناء الحمل. يمكن أن تكون المرأة الحامل
( المصابة بعدوىCMV
) مسؤولة
( عن اإلجهاض أو التشوه الخلقي. تضمنت هذه الدراسة جمع90
( ) عينة مأخوذة من كل النساء المجهضات والحوامل دون اصابة70
من النساء
المجهضات و20
من النساء الحوامل والتي لم تسجل اي اصابة اجهاض سابقا وتعتبر كمجموعة سيطرة) جمعت العينات من
مستشفى بابل
التعليمي للوالدة واألطفال للفترة (أكتوبر2018
إلى مارس2019
( ) لتشخيص الفيروس المضخم للخالياCMV
) في مدينة بابل. تم تشخيص
األجسام المناعية المضادةIgG
وIgM
و
كذلك
IgG
المضادة لـHCMV
وIgM
( لـلـ90
) عينة جميعا وتم تشخيصها باستخدام الطريقة
اال( نزيمية بواسطة كت خاص وقرايتها بواسطة جهاز الـELISA
) ، باالضافة الى استخدام الطرق الجزيئية للكتشف عن الحمض النووي لـ
( فيروسCMV
( ) بواسطة تفاعل سلسلة البلمرةPCR
) لتضخيم الجينوم الممرض. وتم استخدام اختبارChi-square
.لتحليل البيانات
توضح النتايج من بين ال ـ90
( عينة ، تم تقييم االصابة بفيروسCMV
( ) ، بالطريقة المناعية لـ70
) من النساء المجهضات والتي اعطت فروق
معنوية عالية عند مستوى ايحتماليةP <0.05
واعطت نتيجة موجبة تراويحت62
(
89
) تجاه٪
IgG CMV
، و65
(
93
) كانت إيجابية٪
CMV
IgM. في يحين أن النتايج التي تم ا( لحصول عليها لمجموعة السيطرة والبالغة20
) عينة كانت9 (
45
) ايجابية للـ٪
IgG
وجميعها كانت سالبة للـ
IgM
( . وأظهرت النتايج المضادة لفيروس نقص المناعة المكتسبةHCMV IgG
( ) أن درجة عالية من اإلصابة بعدوىCMV
) بين النساء االتي
( تراويحت اعمارهن20
-
29) عامًا. عالوة
على ذلك ، أظهرت نتايج الكتشاف الجزيئي أن عددًا قليال من العينات13
(
19
) كانت يحاملة للجينوم٪
HCMV DNA
تم اكتشافها في النساء المجهضات بينما اقل عند النساء الحوامل3 (
15
.)٪ الكلمات
المفتاحية :
( الفيروس المضخم للخاليا البشريةHCMV
) ؛ اإلجهاض؛ األجسام المضادةIgG
وIgM
؛ المضادIgM
؛HCMV IgG
وHCMV
-
DNA
. 1094 | 6,189 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4684/3531 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Anchusa strigosa - prickly alkanet from Boraginaceae grows in roadsides, and fields of a broad range
of habitats from mediterranean woodlands, to steppe vegetation, to true desert. It is commonly known as"
him him" or "lisan al thawr". Anchusa can withstand hard weather conditions and hence is widely cultivated. The color of its flowers can range from pure white to deep cobalt blue. Various parts of A. strigosa are used
in traditional medicine for treating several diseases or symptoms, such as abdominal pain, bronchitis, cough,
and diarrhea. The goal of this study was to examine the cytotoxic effect of the crude extract of A. strigosa
roots and leaves and their fractions against various tumor cell lines: adenocarcinoma MCF-7, human breast
ductal carcinoma T-47D; human breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231; and colorectal carcinomas Caco-2. In
conclusion the antiproliferative effect was assessed by SRB assay where it showed that the phytochemical
constituents in the leaf part of the plant (A. strigosa) do have more potential in depressing the proliferation
rate of the cell lines than the root part. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 The Cytotoxic Effect of the Extract of Anchusa strigosa (Him Him) Grown in
Jordan Against Different Cancer Cell Lines 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, PDRC, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman,
Jordan. 2 2Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
3 3Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, PDRC, Al-Ahliyya Amman University,
Amman, Jordan. ,
[email protected]
,
[email protected]
,
*
[email protected]
Corresponding author:
*
[email protected] j
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9445-3315*, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-0393 ,https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-0857-7616 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-4946 j
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9445-3315*, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3569-0393 ,https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-0857-7616 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9374-4946 Received 12/1/2020, Accepted 1/11/2020, Published Online First 6/12/2020, Published 1/3/2021 Received 12/1/2020, Accepted 1/11/2020, Published Online First 6/12/2020, Published 1/3/2021
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licens Introduction: Natural products played a major role in
chemical biology and drug discovery (1). They were
used for a long time to cure cancer, which has
become one of the major causes of death in the
world. diaphoretic activities (6). Recent studies have
pointed that the mechanisms behind the chemo-
preventive action may include one or more of the
antioxidant
(8)
anti-inflammatory,
immune-
enhancing, and antihormone effect (9). The discovery of the fact that tumor-derived
cell lines proliferate indefinitely promoted the
recent understanding of cancers, and represents the
basis of pioneering in vitro anticancer drug
discovery and testing initiatives. Specifically by the
early 1990s, a huge number of human tumor cell
lines have been established, and it was just the time
for extensive anticancer drug discovery in the newly
available 96-well high-throughput screening (HTS)
format. However, early indication whether a novel
compound can be effective in a living system or not
depends on the right choice of cell line and the
optimal endpoint measured. A number of methods
have been developed to study cell viability and Prevention of cancer is undeniably the
ultimate goal of cancer control or eradication,
especially when the major etiological factors are
known. However, the number of deaths due to
cancer is increasing on an annual basis. Hence, the
philosophical treatment is of little consequence,
systemic chemotherapy remains the primary method
of attacking such a widespread disease, and there is
obviously a vital need for discovering new
clinically efficacious agents (2). It is well-known that Anchusa is used in
traditional medicine for treating several diseases or
symptoms (3), due to its antimicrobial, antioxidant
(4) ,anti-ulcer (5), anti-diabetic (6) ,demulcent, 70 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access chemotaxanomist (Dr. Daood Al-Esawi) University
of Jordan. chemotaxanomist (Dr. Daood Al-Esawi) University
of Jordan. proliferation in cell cultures. The most convenient
assays have been optimized for the use of 96-well
plates. This miniaturization allows many samples to
be analyzed rapidly and simultaneously. With the
objective of evaluating the cytotoxic activity of the
root and leaf parts’ extracts of A. strigosa and their
fractions against various tumor cell lines, this study
examined the percentage of survival rates of
different cancer cells following 72 hour exposure to
the plant extracts where the leaf extract of A. Introduction: strigosa exhibited somehow better result than the
root extracts and fractions in suppressing the growth
of cancer cells. A.strigosa roots and leaves were extracted
by different methods of extraction including the
cold maceration, and the soxhlet apparatus, using a
wide range of solvents of different polarities
(chloroform, methanol, ethanol, petroleum ether,
etc)(Figs. 1 and 2). Furthermore, fractions were
analyzed by preparative TLC to isolate the pure
compounds (10),then the isolated compounds were
identified by TLC and chemical reagents (11). Finally, the extracts and their fractions were tested
by SRB assay to check their cytotoxic activity
against MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T-47D and Caco-
2 cell lines. Extracts Pretreatment for Cytotoxic Assay We dissolve 0.1 g of plant extract in 10 ml
DMSO. Then to 15 μl of this preparation, we added
fresh media to complete the volume to 3ml (16) . Materials and Methods: Antiproliferative effect was assessed by
SRB assay where it showed that the phytochemical
constituents in the leaf part of the plant (A. strigosa)
do have more potential in depressing the
proliferation rate of the cell lines than the root part. The roots and leaves of A. strigosa plant
that is grown in Jordan were collected from Al-Salt
city in Albalqa’a, and was authenticated by a Figure 1. General Scheme of Extraction of the Leaves of Anchusa strigosa (12,13) Figure 1. General Scheme of Extraction of the Leaves of Anchusa strigosa (12,13) 71 71 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: December 2020 Figure 2. General Scheme of Extraction of the Root of Anchusa strigosa (13,14) Figure 2. General Scheme of Extraction of the Root of Anchusa strigosa (13,14) experimental period and to ensure a linear
relationship between absorbance at 570 nm and cell
number when analyzed by SRB assay. Therefore,
100 μl of the previous cell suspension was seeded in
96-well plate and incubated at 37 oC to allow cell
attachment, for 24 hours before the addition of the
extracts. 100 μl / well was added to the plates in six
replicates. Preparation of the Samples for Cytotoxic
Analysis Preparation of the Samples for Cytotoxic
Analysis All the samples were dissolved in DMSO
(Dimethyl sulfoxide) in a ratio of weight of sample
to volume of solvent as follows: each 0.1 g of
sample should be dissolved in 10 ml DMSO
(15) .The first batch of samples that were used in
cytotoxic analysis was coded as Fig. 2 (Root
samples -1,2,3,4,5) (13). The final dilution used for treating the cells
contained not more than 1% of the initial solvent
DMSO. Reports indicated that at this concentration
DMSO was not cytotoxic (17). Hence, 1% DMSO
was used as a control solvent in the present
experiments. However, 100 μl of medium was
added to cell-free wells for background control. Antiproliferative Assay We added SRB stain to each well
and left it in contact with the cells for 30 minutes,
after that we washed all the cells with 1% acetic
acid, rinsed them four times until only dye adhering
to the cells was left. We dried the plates at room
temperature and added 100 μl of 10 mM Tris base
(pH 10.5) to each well to solubilize the dye. The
plates were shaken gently for 15 minutes on a plate shaker then the absorbance of each well was read by
ELISA plate reader at 570 nm. Cell survival rate or
relative cell viability was expressed in terms of the
mean percentage of viable cells in comparison with
DMSO-treated cells (control). Cisplatin (Ebewe PharmaGes., Austria) was
used as standard anticancer agent representing the
positive controls. Results of cytotoxic assays: In the present study we examined the
cytotoxic effect of the crude extract of A. strigosa
roots and leaves and their fractions against various
tumor cell lines: adenocarcinoma MCF-7, human
breast ductal carcinoma T-47D; human breast
carcinoma
MDA-MB-231,
and
colorectal
carcinomas Caco-2. Results: Results of the reaction between the total
extracts
and
some
of
their
fractions
with
Dragendroff’s and Mayer’s reagent showed that
most of the samples gave positive results with
minor variations in the intensity of the results, and
identified by TLC as Fig.3 . Figure 3. Two-dimensional TLC of the red band out of the root extract under wavelength 254 nm and
365 nm. Figure 3. Two-dimensional TLC of the red band out of the root extract under wavelength 254 nm and
365 nm Figure 3. Two-dimensional TLC of the red band out of the root extract under wavelength 254 nm and
365 nm. Table 1. Percentage of cell survival rate of MCF-
7 cells following 72hour exposure to 25 µg/ml of
plant extract or its fractions. Samples
Mean of %
proliferation
rate
*SD
Leaf extract out of n-hexane
81.88
±2.51
Leaf extract out of chloroform
64.29
±2.26
Leaf extract out of methanol
75.79
±1.80
Leaf extract out of L3 extraction
method
79.32
±1.13
Petroleum ether fraction of R3
extraction method
74.29
±2.23
Root extract out of R1 extraction
method
83.35
±1.09
Crystals out of butanol fraction of
R3 extraction
95.39
±1.74
Precipitate out of leaf extract out of
n-hexane
94.67
±1.65
Collection of upper quenching
bands of root extract out of R1
extraction method
98.47
±3.43
SD: Standard deviation
Results are expressed as (mean % ± standard deviation) of four
replicates done. Table 1. Percentage of cell survival rate of MCF-
7 cells following 72hour exposure to 25 µg/ml of
plant extract or its fractions. Antiproliferative Assay After the application of the extracts, we
incubated the plates for 72 hours, based on the
finding of the preliminary studies indicating the
exponential growth phase of each cell line is to be
between 24-72 hours (18). Finally, we analyze the
growth using SRB assay (19), we used three
replicate plates were used to determine the
cytotoxicity of each extract (20). Then cells were The cells were plated in 96-well plates
(Greiner
Bio-One,
Germany)
for
all
the
experiments. 100 μl of cell suspension was used in
each well. After initial experiments, the cell
densities for optimal growth was found to be 5000
cells/well in cases of both MCF-7, and T-47D; so as
to ensure exponential growth throughout the 72 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access incubated with a wide range of concentrations
serially diluted from (250 μg/ml) to (3.9 μg/ml) for
72 hours, then cell viability was evaluated using
SRB, where the cells were fixed by layering ice-
cold 40% trichloroacetic acid on top of the growth
media. Cells were incubated at 4 oC for one hour,
after that, plates were washed with cold water five
times. Then, the excess water was drained off and
sucked by an electrical pump, plates were left aside
at room temperature for another 5 minutes to ensure
complete drying. We added SRB stain to each well
and left it in contact with the cells for 30 minutes,
after that we washed all the cells with 1% acetic
acid, rinsed them four times until only dye adhering
to the cells was left. We dried the plates at room
temperature and added 100 μl of 10 mM Tris base
(pH 10.5) to each well to solubilize the dye. The
plates were shaken gently for 15 minutes on a plate incubated with a wide range of concentrations
serially diluted from (250 μg/ml) to (3.9 μg/ml) for
72 hours, then cell viability was evaluated using
SRB, where the cells were fixed by layering ice-
cold 40% trichloroacetic acid on top of the growth
media. Cells were incubated at 4 oC for one hour,
after that, plates were washed with cold water five
times. Then, the excess water was drained off and
sucked by an electrical pump, plates were left aside
at room temperature for another 5 minutes to ensure
complete drying. Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Published Online First: December 2020 MDA-MB-231: Regarding
the
antiproliferative
effect
against the Caco-2 cell lines, the leaf extract out of
chloroform exerted the best result among all tested
samples, but again it was of a lesser effect than in
case of the previous result against the T-47D cell
lines. As it can be noticed in the Table 2, the leaf
extract of A.strigosa exhibited somehow a better
result than the other extracts and fractions, but yet it
cannot be considered to have a cytotoxic activity
against the MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Table 2. Percentage of cell survival rate of MDA-
MB-231cells following 72hour exposure to 25
µg/ml of plant extracts. Samples
Mean of %
proliferation
rate
*SD
Leaf extract –n-hexane L1
60.16
±0.37
Leaf extract-chloroform L1
70.80
±0.18
Leaf extract-70% ethanol L2
78.94
±1.82
Root extract-chloroform R2
82.36
±0.76
Root extract-70% ethanol R3
87.14
±0.40
*SD: standard deviation
Results are expressed as (mean % ± standard deviation) of four
replicates done Table 2. Percentage of cell survival rate of MDA-
MB-231cells following 72hour exposure to 25
µg/ml of plant extracts. T-47D Cells: However, in the case of T47D cell lines the
result of the leaf extract out of chloroform is
considered the best among all samples as shown in
the Table 3. Table 3. Percentage of cell survival rate of T-47D
cells following 72hour exposure to 25µg/ml of
plant extracts. Table 3. Percentage of cell survival rate of T-47D
cells following 72hour exposure to 25µg/ml of
plant extracts. Sample
Mean
of
%
proliferation rate
*SD
Leaf extract –n-hexane L1
79.99
±1.68
Leaf extract-chloroform L1
62.68
±1.57
Leaf extract-70% ethanol L2
78.58
±4.40
Root extract-chloroform R2
68.77
±1.37
Root extract-70% ethanol R3
80.31
±1.84
*SD: standard deviation
Results are expressed as (mean % ± standard deviation) of four
replicates done Discussion: In reference to all the prior results of the
SRB assay on different cell lines, ranging from the
MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, T-47D, to Caco-2, it can be
concluded that A. strigosa total extracts of both the
leaves and root, in addition to their fractions have
noticeable variations among their percentage
proliferation rates depending on the specific type of
extract. This suggests that various types of cell lines
differ in their sensitivity to the same plant extract. It
was noticed from the previous results that the
phytochemical constituents in the leaf part of the
plant (A. strigosa) do have more potential in
depressing the proliferation rate of the cell lines
than the root part. This might be due to the presence
of tannins only in the leaf part, or the fact of having
the highest proportion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in
this part. Moreover, the weak cytotoxic effect (%
proliferation rate) Tables (1,2,3,4) may be due to an
antagonistic effect of the other compounds present
within the total extract form on the phenolic acids
that are known to exhibit an antioxidant activity (8). Going back to the finding that shikonin which is
present in the roots of A. strigosa does have
antitumor effect by inhibiting the proliferation of
cancer cells; in addition to its wound healing
activity (5). Moreover, it has to be noted that it
takes from 5 to 7 years for the concentration of
shikonin to reach 2% of the total percentage yield in
the roots, thus getting not enough amount of this
active constituent which in turn may comply for
getting such a result. In reference to Fig. 3 of two-
dimensional TLC which showed that the root
sample was present in an impure form (more than
one component).On the other hand alkannin, the
enantiomer of shikonin is known to have anti-
inflammatory
effects
without
exerting
any
antitumor actions. Accordingly, there are several
factors that affect the formation of shikonnin which
were mentioned earlier in this study, which in turn
might agree with getting no cytotoxic activity due to
inhibition of shikonnin formation such as presence
of ammonia in soil for instance, light factor, or any
other aspects. R
di
h
li idi
lk l id Results are expressed as (mean % ± standard deviation) of four
replicates done MCF-7 cells: The control was DMSO with the same
concentration (25 µg/ml), in addition to cisplatin
which was used as a standard reference anticancer
agent (positive control) that showed cytotoxic effect
on the MCF-7 cell lines. The data presented in the
Table 1 showed the mean of proliferation rate of all
the samples including the total extracts and their
fractions. 73 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access Acknowledgment: My gratitude goes to Al-Ahliyya Amman
University, Amman, Jordan for giving me the
opportunity to perform and present this study. 12. Dominguez DM, Reina M, Santos-Guerra A, Santana
O, Agulló T, López-Balboa C, et al. Pyrrolizidine
alkaloids from Canarian endemic plants and their
biological
effects. Biochemical
Systematics
and
Ecology. 2008; 36.3: 153-166(12). Caco-2 Cells: strigosa has been
reported to have an antiulcer activity, and was used
for healing wounds, thus it is preferably considered
to have a cytotoxic effect against melanoma cell
lines, which were unfortunately very hard to be
provided during this study. percentage of both types can acquiesce for such a
result too. Nevertheless, previous phytochemical
assays reported that the IC50 values of pyrrolizidine
alkaloids reached almost 100 μg/ml which is in turn
considered to be of a high range comparatively to
the concentration present in our total extracts’ forms
(21). Last but not least, the other factors that may
have resulted in getting weak cytotoxic activity can
be the presence or absence of certain active
constituents depending on the environmental
factors, soil type, and fertility. In addition to the fact
of the presence of such active component as a
specific compound in a pure isolated form so as to
exert an antitumor action, which in turn can be
missed if this similar component is present as a part
of a total extract mixture. One more point to be
taken into consideration is that early indication
whether a novel compound can be effective in a
living system or not depends on the right choice of
cell line, for instance, since A. strigosa has been
reported to have an antiulcer activity, and was used
for healing wounds, thus it is preferably considered
to have a cytotoxic effect against melanoma cell
lines, which were unfortunately very hard to be
provided during this study. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Jordan. References: 1. Torki A, Khalaji-Pirbalouty V, Lorigooini Z,
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Sadeghimanesh A, Rabiei Z. Anchusa
italica
extract:
phytochemical
and
neuroprotective
evaluation
on
global
cerebral
ischemia and reperfusion. Brazilian J. Pharm. Sci. 2018;54 (1). 2. Suffness
M. Assays
related
to
cancer
drug
discovery. Methods in plant biochemistry: assays for
bioactivity, 1990, 6: 71-133(2). 3. Oran S, Al-Esawi D. Medicinal plants in the high
mountains of northern Jordan. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv. 2014, 6.6: 436-443(3). 4. Alali FQ, Tawaha K, El-Elimat T, Syouf M, El-Fayad
M, Abulaila K, et al. Antioxidant activity and total
phenolic content of aqueous and methanolic extracts
of Jordanian plants: an ICBG project. Nat Prod Res . 2007 Oct 1;21(12):1121-31. 5. Asnaashari
S,
Dastmalchi
S,
Javadzadeh
Y. Gastroprotective
effects
of
herbal
medicines
(roots). Int J Food Prop. 2018, 21.1: 902-920(5). 6. Muhammed A, Ari N. Antidiabetic activity of the
aqueous extract of Anchusa strigosa Lab in
streptozotocin diabetic rats. Int J Pharm. 2012; 2.3:
445-49(6). Conclusion: In conclusion, this current study reported
the presence of alkaloids in both the leaf and root
parts of A. strigosa plant. 7. Al-Snafi E. The pharmacology of Anchusa italica and
Anchusa strigosa–A review. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2014; 6.4: 7-10(7). However, the leaf extracts have shown
more potential in suppressing the proliferation rate
than the root extracts of the plant in study. Therefore, reasons behind such a finding can be
examined in other upcoming studies. 8. Merlani
M,
Barbakadze
V,
Gogilashvili
L,
Amiranashvili L. Antioxidant activity of caffeic
acidderived polymer from Anchusa italica. Bull. Georg. Natl. Acad. Sci, 2017; 11.2: 123-127(8). Further studies are needed to determine the
antiproliferative activity of A. strigosa on other
types of cell lines that were not detected in this
work such as melanoma and leukemia cell lines. Investigations of the effect of the environmental
factors
on
the
different
active
components
composition in A. strigosa can also be performed. 9. Alallan L, Agha MI, Omerein AN, Al Balkhi MH. Anti-arthritic effects of Anchusa strigosa extracts on
complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis in
rats. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry,
2018, 7.6: 679-685(9). 10. Chen KK, Xie ZJ, Dai W, Wang Q.A new oleanolic-
type triterpene glycoside from Anchusa italica. Nat
Prod Res. 2017; 31.8: 959-965(10). 11. Boskovic I, Đukić DA, Maskovic P, Mandić L,
Perovic
S. Phytochemical
composition
and
antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of
Anchusa officinalis L. extracts. Biologia. 2018 Nov
1;73(11):1035-41 Caco-2 Cells: However, regarding the Caco-2 cell lines, However, regarding the Caco-2 cell lines,
both leaf and root extracts are considered to have no
noticeable cytotoxic action since the percentage of
survival rate was not less than 50 % (Table 4). Table 4. Percentage of cell survival rate of Caco-
2 cells following 72hour exposure to 25µg/ml of
plant extracts. Sample
Mean
of
%
proliferation rate
*SD
Leaf extract –n-hexane L1
80.69
±1.08
Leaf extract-chloroform L1
71.68
±1.87
Leaf extract-70% ethanol L2
88.61
±1.39
Root extract-chloroform R2
74.92
±3.17
Root extract-70% ethanol R3
75.64
±0.42
*SD: standard deviation
Results are expressed as (mean % ± standard deviation) of four
replicates done Table 4. Percentage of cell survival rate of Caco-
2 cells following 72hour exposure to 25µg/ml of
plant extracts. Regarding the pyrrolizidine alkaloid content
in A. strigosa, it has to be cleared that this active
component consists of three non-toxic constituents
in addition to four other toxic alkaloids (12), so
focusing on the fact that the variation in the 74 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. percentage of both types can acquiesce for such a
result too. Nevertheless, previous phytochemical
assays reported that the IC50 values of pyrrolizidine
alkaloids reached almost 100 μg/ml which is in turn
considered to be of a high range comparatively to
the concentration present in our total extracts’ forms
(21). Last but not least, the other factors that may
have resulted in getting weak cytotoxic activity can
be the presence or absence of certain active
constituents depending on the environmental
factors, soil type, and fertility. In addition to the fact
of the presence of such active component as a
specific compound in a pure isolated form so as to
exert an antitumor action, which in turn can be
missed if this similar component is present as a part
of a total extract mixture. One more point to be
taken into consideration is that early indication
whether a novel compound can be effective in a
living system or not depends on the right choice of
cell line, for instance, since A. Authors' declaration: الخالصة:
إن نبات لسان الثور المزغّب او الحمحم من عائلة البوراجينيسي، هو نبات شوكي معمّر، طوله واحد متر تقريباً، له شعيرات شوكية
،صلبة، أوراقه مستطيلة إلى سنيّة الشكل، مكتظة عند القاعدة .شديدة الخشونة وشوكية. يتراوح وقت اإلزهار بين شهر شباط إلى شهر حزيران
تنمو على جوانب الطريق وفي الحقول. إن الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اختبار التأثير السمّي لمستخلص لسان الثور المزغّب / الجذور
.واألوراق وأجزائهم ضد خطوط الخاليا السرطانية المختلفة
حيث تمّ است خالص كل من جذور وأوراق نبات لسان الثور المزغّب بواسطة
:طرق استخالص مختلفة والتي تشمل طريقة النقع البارد، وجهاز السوكسليت مع استخدام نطاق واسع من المذيبات ذات القطبيات المختلفة
(كلوروفورم، ميثانول، إيثانول، بتروليوم إيثر، إلخ...)، إلى جانب ذلك لقد تم فصل مك وّ نات النبات عن طريق الفصل الكروماتوغرافي ا ، ومن
ثمّ تحديدها بواسطة الفصل الكروماتوغرافي والكواشف الكيميائية. لقد تم إيجاد األثر السمّي لمستخلص نبات لسان الثور المزغّب وأجزائ ه ضد
خطوط الخاليا السرطانية المختلفة مث:ل
)( سرطان الثدي، سرطان القولون والمستقيم
،بواسطة فحص التحليل اللوني لمادة السلفرهودامين
حيث أشارت النتائج أنه وفي جميع الحاالت كانت النسبة المئوية لتكاثر الخاليا أكثر من50
.%
كما و بينت النتائج أن فاعلية
مستخلص أوراق
النبات كانت أفضل من حيث التقليل من نسبة تكاثر الخاليا السرطانية من مستخلص جذو.ر النبات ذاته
ال كلمات
ال:مفتاحية نبات
،لسان الثور
خطوط خاليا سرطان الثدي، الخط الخلوي السرطاني المتنقل، الخط الخلوي السرطاني للقولون و
المستقيم التأثير السمّي لمستخلص نبات لسان الثور(حمحم) االنامي في األردن ضد خطوط الخاليا السرطانية المختلفة
أروى عمر الخطيب1
اقبال الخطيب1
رنا أبو الذهب2
نصير الراوي3
1
قسم العلوم الصيدالنية
،كلية الصيدلة ،مركز األبحاث الدوائية و التشخيصية، جامعة عمان األهلية، عمان ،االردن. 2كلية الصيدلة ، الجامعة األردنية، عمان ،األردن. 3قسم الصيدلة الحيوية و السريرية ، كلية الصيد،لة
مركز األبحاث الدوائية و التشخيصية، جامعة عمان األهلية، عمان 1
قسم العلوم الصيدالنية
،كلية الصيدلة ،مركز األبحاث الدوائية و التشخيصية، جامعة عمان األهلية، عمان ،االردن. 2كلية الصيدلة ، الجامعة األردنية، عمان ،األردن. أأ ا
إن نبات لسان الثور المزغّب او الحمحم من عائلة البوراجينيسي، هو نبات شوكي معمّر، طوله واحد متر تقريباً، له شعيرات شوكية
،صلبة، أوراقه مستطيلة إلى سنيّة الشكل، مكتظة عند القاعدة .شديدة الخشونة وشوكية. يتراوح وقت اإلزهار بين شهر شباط إلى شهر حزيران
تنمو على جوانب الطريق وفي الحقول. نصير الراوي3 Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. 13. Abbas M, Disi A, Al-Khalil S. Isolation and
Identification of anti-ulcer components from Anchusa
strigosa root. Jordan J. Pharm. Sci. 2009; 2.2: 131-
139(13). 75 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access groups in Amman. Jordanian Med. J. 2006; 40: 80-
87(18). 14. Al-Juobory TS, Al-Ameri A K, Al-Salihi F G. Antimicrobial activity of total lipids extracted from
Anchusa strigosa Lab. Journal of Surra Man Raa. 2007; 3.6: 11-20(14). 19. Orellana E A, Kasinski A L. Sulforhodamine B
(SRB) assay in cell culture to investigate cell
proliferation. Bio-protocol. 2016; 6.21(19). 15. Phelan K, May Kristin M. Basic techniques in
mammalian cell tissue culture. Curr Protoc Cell
Biol. 2015; 66.1: 1.1. 1-1.1. 22(15). 20. Ezhilarasi AA, Vijaya JJ, Kaviyarasu K, Maaza M,
Ayeshamariam A, Kennedy LJ. Green synthesis of
NiO nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera extract and
their biomedical applications: Cytotoxicity effect of
nanoparticles
against
HT-29
cancer
cells. J
Photochem Photobiol B. 2016 Nov 1;164:352-60. 16. Khurm M, Chaudhry BA, Uzair M, Janbaz KH. Antimicrobial, Cytotoxic, Phytotoxic and Antioxidant
Potential
of
Heliotropium
strigosum
Willd. Medicines. 2016 Sep;3(3):20. p ( )
17. Itharat A, Houghton PJ, Eno-Amooquaye E, Burke
PJ, Sampson JH, Raman A. In vitro cytotoxic activity
of Thai medicinal plants used traditionally to treat
cancer. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004; 90.1: 33-38(17). 21. El-Shazly A, Wink M. Diversity of pyrrolizidine
alkaloids in the Boraginaceae structures, distribution,
and biological properties. Diversity. 2014; 6.2: 188-
282(21). 18. Abu-Dahab R, Hakooz N. A trend of low serum
vitamin B12 in Jordanian adults from two ethnic 18. Abu-Dahab R, Hakooz N. A trend of low serum
vitamin B12 in Jordanian adults from two ethnic التأثير السمّي لمستخلص نبات لسان الثور(حمحم) االنامي في األردن ضد خطوط الخاليا السرطانية المختلفة
أروى عمر الخطيب1
اقبال الخطيب1
رنا أبو الذهب2
نصير الراوي3
1
قسم العلوم الصيدالنية
،كلية الصيدلة ،مركز األبحاث الدوائية و التشخيصية، جامعة عمان األهلية، عمان ،االردن. 2كلية الصيدلة ، الجامعة األردنية، عمان ،األردن. 3 قسم الصيدلة الحيوية و السريرية ، كلية الصيد، لة مركز األبحاث الدوائية و التشخيصية، جامعة عمان األهلية، عمان. Authors' declaration: إن الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو اختبار التأثير السمّي لمستخلص لسان الثور المزغّب / الجذور
.واألوراق وأجزائهم ضد خطوط الخاليا السرطانية المختلفة
حيث تمّ است خالص كل من جذور وأوراق نبات لسان الثور المزغّب بواسطة
:طرق استخالص مختلفة والتي تشمل طريقة النقع البارد، وجهاز السوكسليت مع استخدام نطاق واسع من المذيبات ذات القطبيات المختلفة
(كلوروفورم، ميثانول، إيثانول، بتروليوم إيثر، إلخ...)، إلى جانب ذلك لقد تم فصل مك وّ نات النبات عن طريق الفصل الكروماتوغرافي ا ، ومن
ثمّ تحديدها بواسطة الفصل الكروماتوغرافي والكواشف الكيميائية. لقد تم إيجاد األثر السمّي لمستخلص نبات لسان الثور المزغّب وأجزائ ه ضد
خطوط الخاليا السرطانية المختلفة مث:ل
)( سرطان الثدي، سرطان القولون والمستقيم
،بواسطة فحص التحليل اللوني لمادة السلفرهودامين
حيث أشارت النتائج أنه وفي جميع الحاالت كانت النسبة المئوية لتكاثر الخاليا أكثر من50
.%
كما و بينت النتائج أن فاعلية
مستخلص أوراق
النبات كانت أفضل من حيث التقليل من نسبة تكاثر الخاليا السرطانية من مستخلص جذو.ر النبات ذاته 76 | 4,803 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4715/3381 | null |
Arabic | This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Abstract: Mesoporous silica (MPS) nanoparticle was prepared as carriers for drug delivery systems by sol–gel
method from sodium silicate as inexpensive precursor of silica and Cocamidopropyl betaine (CABP) as
template. The silica particles were characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, XRD, and N2adsorption–desorption
isotherms. The results show that the MPS particle in the nanorange (40-80 nm ) with average diameter equal
to 62.15 nm has rods particle morphology, specific surface area is 1096.122 m2/g, pore volume 0.900 cm3/g,
with average pore diameter 2.902 nm, which can serve as efficient carriers for drugs. The adsorption kinetic
of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) drug was studied and the data were analyzed and found to match well with pseudo-
first order kinetic model. The CIP drug-loaded mesoporous silica (CIP-mSiO2) nanoparticles has capacity of
about 16.3 mg drug/ mg mSiO2 were achieved, and capable of releasing 26% and 98.6% of their drug content
after 90 min in water and PBS solution(pH,7.4) respectively. In-vitro controlled release studies of CIP in
Simulated Body Fluid were carried out under stirring conditions. A study on release kinetics and mechanism
using Koresmeyer-Pepps model, first order kinetic, and kopcha model shows that the Korsmeyer-Peppas and
Kopcha models, both conform more closely to the release data. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as a System for Ciprofloxacin Drug Delivery;
Kinetic of Adsorption and Releasing Enaas Abdul Hussein* Sameer H. Kareem Department of Chemistry, College of Science, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected]*, [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3041-0567* Received 29/1/2020, Accepted 2/4/2020, Published Online First 11/1/2021, Published 1
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Received 29/1/2020, Accepted 2/4/2020, Published Online First 11/1/2021, Published 1/6/202
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Received 29
T In Vitro Drug Release The prepared CIP-mSiO2 sample was
immersed in 100 mL of water or phosphate buffered
saline (PBS, pH = 7.4) under slow stirring at 37.5
°C. At selected time intervals, aliquots (1 mL) were
removed from the mixture solution, the amount of
CIP released was estimated by the UV–Vis
absorption spectra of the aliquots. Drug Loading CIP was loaded inside MPS by synthetic
method previously reported (14). 0.03 g of MPS
was suspended in 5 mL of drug solution
(concentration equal to100 mg/mL) and stirred for
24 hours. The CIP loaded MPS (CIP-mSiO2) was
centrifuged and the precipitate washed several times
with water. Then CIP-mSiO2 was dried at 80 °C. Materials and methods Sodium silicate (14% NaOH, 27% SiO2
w/w) as silica precursor and Cocamidopropyl
betaine (CABP) as template were obtained from the
state
company
of
vegetable
oils
–
Iraq. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), as an antibiotic, molar mass
367.8 g/mol, λmax at 277nm is purchased from DSM
with purity 98%. Figure 1 shows its structure, 𝐪𝐞= (𝐂𝟎 – 𝐂𝐞) 𝒗
𝒘
(1) (1) Figure 1. Chemical structure of Ciprofloxacin
drug Where qe is the equilibrium adsorption
capacity of CIP adsorbed on unit mass of the
adsorbent (mg /g), C0 is the initial concentration of
CIP drug (mg L-1), Ce the CIP equilibrium
concentration respectively, W (g) is the weight of
adsorbent, and (v) is the volume of CIP solution. Figure 1. Chemical structure of Ciprofloxacin
drug P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 determine the pore structure and type of MPS
nanoparticles effect (12, 13). drop to the mixture from burette for 3 hours. The
formed white precipitate was separated by filtration
and washed with water after aging at 80 °C for one
day. After drying at 80 °C, the calcination was
performed at 600 °C for 4 hours to remove the
surfactant. The aim of this study is to synthesize MPS
silica nanoparticles with a large surface area, high
pore volume and regular distribution of pore sizes
and to characterize the prepared mSiO2 particles
using different techniques. Ciprofloxacin (CIP)
drug was selected as a model drug to study the
kinetics of loading and of releasing in water and
buffer solution. Adsorption Kinetic Procedure The kinetic study of CIP adsorption on
mSiO2 adsorbent was performed by mixing the
amount of adsorbents (0.05 g) with 100 mL of CIP
(20 mg/L) solution in 250 mL flask. The shaking
was performed using thermostatic shaker bath at the
temperature 289 K. At various time intervals, a
sample was pipetted and the absorbance at
maximum wavelength 277 nm was measured to
determine the concentration. The amount of drug
adsorbed was determined by the equation: Characterization The prepared mesoporous silica was
characterized by field emission scanning electron
microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray
spectroscopy (SEM; Oxford instruments model
SEM: S-3200N). The isotherms of N2adsorption-
desorption at 77 K were determined using
Autosorb-1
Quantachrome
Instrument
(Quantachrome Instruments, Boynton Beach, FL,
USA). The
particle
size
and
particle
size
distributions were analyzed using Atomic Force
Microscopy (AFM) SPMAA 3000, Advanced
Angestrum Inc., USA. The XRD patterns were
obtained with a Rigaku diffractometer using Cu Kα
(λ = 0.154 nm) radiation. Introduction exhibited high loading and a very good release rate
(9). Among the materials which may have
widespread potential as drug carriers such as
colloidal systems, liposomes, micro emulsion, etc. (1-4), mesoporous silica (MPS) have some
engaging properties, for example large pore volume
and surface area, narrow pore size range,
chemically
inert
and
allowing
easier
functionalization of their surface (5, 6) which make
them an attractive drug carrier and its release. The feasibility of loading rifampin as a drug
model
into
prepared
mesoporous
silica
nanoparticles was determined using methanol,
water, and dimethyl sulfoxide solvents in adsorption
experiments
to
load
rifampin
within
the
mesoporous. The loading results show that
methanol was the best solvent, providing a drug
loading efficiency of 52 % and capable of releasing
95% after 24 h using buffer phosphate saline BPS
(pH=7.4) (10). The loading and release of two
anticancer
drugs
5-fluorouracil
and
7-
hydroxycoumarin from MCM-48 nanoparticles
were investigated and the results show that loading
capacities of 5-fluorouracil and 7-hydroxycoumarin
onto the nanoparticles of about 24 and 14 % were
achieved, respectively (11). MPS nanoparticles
have diameters in the range of a few hundred
nanometers
and
two
pore
structures
were
synthesized , loaded with doxorubicin drug, and the
release into a buffer solution was studied to In 2001, MPS was first reported as a drug
delivery system and in which they loaded ibuprofen
drug into the mesoporous of MPS which exhibited
high drug loading capacity and sustained drug
release (7). An amphiphilic molecules modified
with amino acid were used as drug model and the
loading on MPS containing a cage and cylindrical
pore. The controlled release from its carrier has
been also studied (8). A novel mesoporous silica
nanoparticles as a carrier for Ibuprofen drug was
synthesized and the release kinetics was evaluated. The results show that the synthesized carrier 357 Baghdad Science Journal Preparation of Mesoporous Silica The SEM technique was used to study
morphology of mSiO2surface and to determine the
particle size and the size distribution. Figure 2a
shows the SEM images of MPS. Firstly, 12 g of (CAPB) were dissolved in
150 mL of distilled water and 17mL of H2SO4 (1M)
were added. Then, 3.5g of sodium silicate dissolved
in 150 ml of distilled water were added drop by 358 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January 2021 Figure 2. a) SEM image; b) EDX image of m SiO2. Figure 2. a) SEM image; b) EDX image of m SiO2. oxygen with zero percent of Na, which confirms
that the sodium ion is completely removed from the
prepared mSiO2 by washing and no other impurities
are present. It is revealed from the images that particles
morphology is almost rod type. The range of the
particles size is from (89.15-55.45) nm. It means
that the particles size is smaller than 100 nm with
relatively uniform size distribution. Figure 2b of
EDX spectrum shows the presence of silicon and p
Fig. 3 shows the TEM images of mSiO2. Figure 3. The TEM images mSiO2 Figure 3. The TEM images mSiO2 TEM images show that the size of mSiO2
particles varies form 80 - 150 nm and confirms the
rod shape. They also show the porous structure is
produced and the pores are visible in the images. Figure 4 illustrated the isotherm and pore size
distribution for nitrogen adsorption-desorption on
mSiO2 adsorbent. TEM images show that the size of mSiO2
particles varies form 80 - 150 nm and confirms the
rod shape. They also show the porous structure is
produced and the pores are visible in the images. 359 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January 2021 Published Online First: January 2021 Figure 4. A) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, B) the pore size distribution. Figure 4. A) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm, B) the pore size distribution. The results of Table 1 show that MPS has
very high surface area(SBET )and large pore volume
and narrow range pore size distribution with 2.902
nm average pore size. The size of nano particle and
rod type of MPS particles were confirmed by AFM
technique as depicts in Fig. 5. The obtained results
of particle size distribution in Fig. Preparation of Mesoporous Silica 5b show that it is
in the range 40 - 80 nm and the average diameter is
62.15 nm. The results of Table 1 show that MPS has
very high surface area(SBET )and large pore volume
and narrow range pore size distribution with 2.902
nm average pore size. The size of nano particle and
rod type of MPS particles were confirmed by AFM
technique as depicts in Fig. 5. The obtained results
of particle size distribution in Fig. 5b show that it is
in the range 40 - 80 nm and the average diameter is
62.15 nm. The results of Table 1 show that MPS has
very high surface area(SBET )and large pore volume
and narrow range pore size distribution with 2.902
nm average pore size. The size of nano particle and
rod type of MPS particles were confirmed by AFM
technique as depicts in Fig. 5. The obtained results
of particle size distribution in Fig. 5b show that it is
in the range 40 - 80 nm and the average diameter is
62.15 nm. The obtained isotherm is typical type -IV isotherm
and has H2 type hysteresis loop which indicates the
formation of mesoporous with ink bottle type pores. The measured Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
surface area and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) pore
diameter and pore volume are listed in the Table 1. Table 1. The surface area and pore properties of
mSiO2
Sample
SBET (m2/g )
Pore Volume
(cc/g)
BJH(nm)
mSiO2
1096.122
0.900
2.902 Table 1. The surface area and pore properties of
mSiO2 Table 1. The surface area and pore properties of
mSiO2 Figure 5. a) AFM image; and b) Histogram of Granularity Distribution for mSiO2 Figure 5. a) AFM image; and b) Histogram of Granularity Distribution for mSiO2 ordering of the mesoporous in the MPS, and in
agreement with the literature-reported data (14, 15). The XRD (Fig. 6) of the prepared
mesoporous silica shows a main peak at 2θ angle in
the range of 1.5 -3° which reveals long range The XRD (Fig. 6) of the prepared
mesoporous silica shows a main peak at 2θ angle in
the range of 1.5 -3° which reveals long range 360 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January 2021 Figure 6. XRD pattern of the prepared mesoporous silica Figure 6. XRD pattern of the prepared mesoporous silica P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 diffusion but two or more other steps are involved
(20, 21). From the correlation coefficient (R2) values
presented in Table 2, it can be seen that the
adsorption perfectly complies with pseudo first
order model. Also, it can be seen from the plot of
intra-particle diffusion model, the adsorption of CIP
drug onto mSiO2adsorbent was controlled by three
stages. The first linear portion is attributed to the
diffusion of CIP molecules from bulk toward
adsorbent. The second linear portion corresponds to
intra-particle diffusion. The third linear portion is
the diffusion inside small pores and then the
equilibrium is established. If the data shows multi-
linear plots and do not pass through the origin, the
rate determining step is not only intra-particle Kinetics of Drug Adsorption Kinetics of Drug Adsorption Where k1 (min-1), k2 (g mg-1 min-1), and kD
(mg g-1 min-1/2) are the rate constants of the pseudo-
first order, pseudo-second order, and intra-particle
diffusion kinetics respectively. qe and qt are
amounts of CIP adsorbed on the surface of the
adsorbent at equilibrium and at any time (mg g-1)
respectively, C is constant. Initial adsorption rate
(h) was calculated from the equation :- h = k2 qe
2 . The kinetics parameters obtained from slope and
intercept of the plots in Fig. 7 are shown in Table 2. Lagergren-first-order (16, 17), pseudo-
second order (18), and intr-aparticle diffusion (19)
models are applied to investigate the adsorption
kinetic behavior of CIP (20 mg/L) onto MPS
adsorbent. The equations of the three models are as
follows: 𝐥𝐧 (𝐪𝐞−𝐪𝐭) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐪𝐞 – 𝒌𝟏 𝐭 (2)
𝐭
𝐪𝐭 =
𝟏
𝒌𝟐 𝐪𝐞 𝟐 +
𝟏
𝐪𝐞𝒕 (3)
𝒒𝒕= 𝑲𝑫𝒕𝟏/𝟐+ 𝒄 (4) Figure 7. The linear plots of the three kinetics models; a) pseudo-first order b) pseudo- second order c)
intraparticle diffusion. Figure 7. The linear plots of the three kinetics models; a) pseudo-first order b) pseudo- second order c)
intraparticle diffusion. Table 2.The kinetics parameters of the adsorption of CIP drug on mSiO2. qe
(exp.)
pseudo-first -order
pseudo-second –order
intrapartical diffusion
qe(calc)
(mg/g)
K1
(min)-1
R2
qe(calc). (mg/g)
K2
(mg min-1)
h
(mg g-1
min-1)
R2
KD(1)
(mg g-1
min-2)
R2
KD(2)
(mg g-1
min-2)
R2
KD(3)
(mg g-1
min-2)
R2
36.783
49.99
0.0277
0.963
54.644
0.00040
1.005
0.775
1.492
0.96
5
8.069
0.9
46
2.785
0.978 361 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Kinetic of Drug Releasing The amount of drug loaded in MPS samples
has been calculated using the weight of CIP in the
5ml of solution, the weight of CIP in the solution
after impregnation, and the weight of the MPS
sample .The calculated amounts of CIP loaded in
the samples was 16.3 mg drug/mg sample. The
concentrations of CIP drug released into the media
(water or PBS buffer) were determined using a
calibration curve in water or PBS buffer at pH 7.4. Figure 8 shows the CIP drug release from mSiO2
carrier into the two media. Figure 8. Release profile of CIP loaded mSiO2 in (a) water, (b) PBS at 37 °C. ° Figure 8. Release profile of CIP loaded mSiO2 in (a) water, (b) PBS at 37 °C. To study the mechanism and kinetics of the CIP
drug release, the data obtained were fitted to three
models as follow: kinetic constant related to host-guest pair, and 𝑛 is
related to the host shape and drug release
mechanism. The second model( equation 6) is the
first order kinetic release model, where 𝑘 is the first
order rate constant. The third model (equation 7) is
Kopcha model (11, 23), where A is the contribution
of diffusion and B is the contribution of erosion. The fit are shown in Figs. 9 and 10 for releasing of
CIP in water and PBS respectively, while the results
obtained are listed in Table 3. kinetic constant related to host-guest pair, and 𝑛 is
related to the host shape and drug release
mechanism. The second model( equation 6) is the
first order kinetic release model, where 𝑘 is the first
order rate constant. The third model (equation 7) is
Kopcha model (11, 23), where A is the contribution
of diffusion and B is the contribution of erosion. The fit are shown in Figs. 9 and 10 for releasing of
CIP in water and PBS respectively, while the results
obtained are listed in Table 3. 𝑀𝑡/ 𝑀∞ = 𝑘K-P𝑡𝑛 (5)
𝑀𝑡/ 𝑀∞ = 1 − 𝑒−𝑘t (6)
𝑀t = At1/2 + Bt (7) The first model (equation 5) is the
Korsmeyer - Peppas (22), where 𝑀𝑡 is the amount
of CIP released at time 𝑡 in minutes, 𝑀∞ is the
loaded amount of CIP in mSiO2 particles, 𝑘K-P is a 362 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Published Online First: January 2021 Conclusions: 7. Deng J, Staufenbiel S, Bodmeier R. Evaluation of a
biphasic in vitro dissolution test for estimating the
bioavailability of carbamazepine polymorphic forms. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2017;105: 64-70. The foregoing results of this study confirm
the synthesis of mesoporous silica nanoparticle as
carriers for CIP drug delivery systems by sol–gel
method. The prepared sample has average diameter
equal to 62.15 nm, rods particle morphology,
specific surface area 1096.122 m2/g, pore volume
0.900 cm3/g, and average pore diameter 2.902 nm. The
CIP
drug-loaded
mesoporous
silica
nanoparticles have capacity of about 16.3 mg drug/
mg mSiO2 and capable of releasing 26% and 98.6%
of their drug content after 90 min in water and PBS
solution(pH,7.4) respectively. A study on release
kinetics shows that the Korsmeyer-Peppas and
Kopcha models, both conform more closely to the
release data. 8. Ghadi R, Dand N. BCS class IV drugs: Highly
notorious candidates for formulation development. J. Control Release. 2017;248: 71-95. 9. Zhang H, Li Z, Xu P, Wu R, Wang L, Xiang Y, et al. Synthesis of novel mesoporous silica nanoparticles
for loading and release of ibuprofen.J. Control
Release, 2011; 152: e1–e132. 10. Meysam M K, Seyed AM. Preparation and
Characterization of Rifampin Loaded Mesoporous
Silica Nanoparticles as a Potential System for
Pulmonary Drug Delivery. IJPR.2015: 14 (1): 27-34. 11. Hamdallah AH, Dua’a MM, Fatma ZT. Evaluation of
mesoporous silicate nanoparticles for the sustained
release of the anticancer drugs: 5-fluorouracil and 7-
hydroxycoumarin. J. Sol-Gel Sci. Techn. June 2016. DOI:10.1007/s10971-016-4127-8 Published Online First: January 2021 Since 363 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 water medium) which indicate that the dominate
mechanism is diffusion. 6. Sood J, Sapra B, Tiwary AK. Microemulsion
transdermal formulation for simultaneous delivery of
valsartan and nifedipine: formulation by design. IJPPT. 2017;18(6): 1901-1916. Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. 12. Ronhovde
CJ. Biomedical
applications
of
mesoporous silica particles. PhD thesis, University of
Iowa, 2017. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. 13. Adhikari C, Mishra C, Nayak D, Chakraborty A. Drug delivery system composed of mesoporous silica
and hollow mesoporous silica nanospheres for
chemotherapeutic drug delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Techn. 2018; 45: 303-314 - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. 14. Cicily JR. Biomedical Applications of Mesoporous
Silica Particles, Ph.D. Thesis, The University of
Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; 2017:31. Published Online First: January 2021 Figure 9. The linear plots of three kinetics releasing models; a) Korsmeyer - Peppas b) psedo-first
order c) Kopcha, for CIP releasing in water. Figure 9. The linear plots of three kinetics releasing models; a) Korsmeyer - Peppas b) psedo-first
order c) Kopcha, for CIP releasing in water. Figure 10. The linear plots of three kinetics releasing models; a) the Korsmeyer-Peppas b) the psedo-
first order c) the Kopcha model, for CIP releasing in PBS. Table 3.The kinetics parameters of the adsorption of CIP drug on mSiO2. Figure 9. The linear plots of three kinetics releasing models; a) Korsmeyer - Peppas b) psedo-first
order c) Kopcha, for CIP releasing in water. order c) Kopcha, for CIP releasing in water. Figure 10. The linear plots of three kinetics releasing models; a) the Korsmeyer-Peppas b) the psedo-
first order c) the Kopcha model, for CIP releasing in PBS. Figure 10. The linear plots of three kinetics releasing models; a) the Korsmeyer-Peppas b) the psedo-
first order c) the Kopcha model, for CIP releasing in PBS. Table 3.The kinetics parameters of the adsorption of CIP drug on mSiO2. model
Korsmeyer-Peppas
Pseudo-first –order
Kopcha model
parameters
n
K1
R2
K
R2
A
B
R2
(PBS)
0.1043
1.6285
0.9578
0.0024
0.9324
1.535
0.1223
0.9769
(Water)
0.1826
2.404
0.99365
0.0078
0.829
0.366
0.028
0.975 Table 3.The kinetics parameters of the adsorption of CIP drug on mSiO2. model
Korsmeyer-Peppas
Pseudo-first –order
Kopcha model
parameters
n
K1
R2
K
R2
A
B
R2
(PBS)
0.1043
1.6285
0.9578
0.0024
0.9324
1.535
0.1223
0.9769
(Water)
0.1826
2.404
0.99365
0.0078
0.829
0.366
0.028
0.975 the obtained value of n in the two cases are smaller
than the range (0.43 and 0.85), the particle of drug
carrier is not a spherical shape and the mechanism
of drug releasing is diffusion (24). In Kopcha
model, If A/B ≥ 1 the diffusion is predominates, but
if A/B < 1, the erosion predominates (11). The
media is greater than 1(12.55 for PBS, and13.071for It can be observed from Figs. 9 and 10 and
Table 3, that both Korsmeyer-Peppas and Kopcha
models fit more closely to the obtained data and the
first order kinetic release model shows the poorest
fit to the data in both cases. The two fitted
parameters for Korsmeyer-Peppas model are the
kinetic parameter 𝑘 and exponential term 𝑛. References 15. Ciesla U , Schuth F. Ordered mesoporous materials. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 1999; 27: 131-149. 1. Eren ZS, Tunçer S, Gezer G, Yildirim LT, Banerjee S,
Yilmaz A. Improved solubility of celecoxib by
inclusion in SBA-15 mesoporous silica: Drug loading
in different solvents and release. Micropor. Mesopor. Mat. 2016;235: 211-223. 16. Tseng RL, Wu FC, Juang RS. Liquid-phase
adsorption of Dyes and Phenols using Pinewood
Based Activated Carbons. Carbon, 2003;41: 487-495. 17. Lagergren S. About the theory of so-called adsorption
of soluble substances. KSven Vetenskapsakad Handl. 1898;24: 1-39. 2 Borba PA, Pinotti M, de Campos CE, Pezzini BR,
Stulzer HK. Sodium alginate as a potential carrier in
solid dispersion formulations to enhance dissolution
rate and apparent water solubility of BCS II drugs. NIH. 2016;137: 350-359. 18. Chiou MS , Li HY. Adsorption Behaviour of
Reactive Dye in Aqueous Solutions on Chemical
Cross
Linked
Chitosan
Beads. Chemosphere,
2003;50: 1095-1105. 3. Nozohouri S, Shayanfar A, Cárdenas ZJ, Martinez F,
Jouyban A. Solubility of celecoxib in N-methyl-2-
pyrrolidone+ water mixtures at various temperatures:
experimental data and thermodynamic analysis. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 2017;34(5): 1435-1443. 19. Weber WJ , Morris JC. Kinetics of Adsorption on
Carbon from Solution. JSEDA. 1963;89: 31-60. 20. de Menezes EW, Lima EC, Royer B, de Souza FE,
dos Santos BD, Gregório JR, et al. Ionic silica based
hybrid material containing the pyridinium group used
as an adsorbent for textile dye. J.Colloid . Interf Sci. 2012;378: 10–20 4. Niemelä E, Desai D, Nkizinkiko Y, Eriksson JE,
Rosenholm JM. Sugar-decorated mesoporous silica
nanoparticles as delivery vehicles for the poorly
soluble drug celastrol enables targeted induction of
apoptosis in cancer cells. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 2015;96: 11-21. 21. Jaseetha AS , Nillanjana D. Biosorptive Removal of
Lindane Using Pretreated Dried Yeast Cintractia
Sorghi Vitjzn02– Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. IJ
PP S.2013; 5(3): 987-993. 5. Madaan K, Lather V, Pandita D. Evaluation of
polyamidoamine dendrimers as potential carriers for
quercetin,
a
versatile
flavonoid. Drug
Deliv. 2016;23(1): 254-262. 22. Korsmeyer RW, Peppas NA. Effect of the
Morphology of HydrophilicPolymeric Matrices on
the Diffusion and Release of Water-Soluble Drugs. J. Membrane Sci. 1981; 9(3): 211-227. 364 Baghdad Science Journal Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 24. Costa PJ, Lobo S. Modeling and comparison of
dissolution profiles. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001; 13(2):
123-133. سمير حكيم كريم الخالصة: الخالصة :
حضرت السليكا متوسطة المسام ذات الحبيبات النانوية كحامل في نقل الدواء بواسطة طريقةsol-gel
باستخدام
سلكيات
الصوديوم
ًكمصدر رخيص للسليكا والمادة الفعالة سطحياcocamidopropyl betaine
شخصت حبيبات السليكا باستخدام التقنياتXRD-AFM-
TEM-SEM
و ايزوثيرمات امتزاز–
امتزاز غاز النيتروجين , واثبتت النتائج ان الحبيبات هي من النوع النانوي ضمن المدى nm
(
80-
40
) كمعدل62.15
نانوميتر وعلى شكل قضبان ويملك مساحة سطحية تساوي1096.122
متر2
/ غم وحجم مساحة مقداره0.9
سم3
/غم مع
معدل قطر مسام يس اوي2.902
نانومتر, مما يؤهلها لتكون حاملة للدواء بكفاءة. درست حركيات امتزاز الدواء س
ي
بروفلوكس
اسي ن
(
ciprofloxacin
) ثم حللت النتائج ووجد انها تنطبق جيداً مع معادلة المرتبة االولى الكاذبة وكانت سعة تحميل الدواء على حبيبات السليكا
النانوية بمقدار16.3ملغم دواء
لكل ملغم سليكا وكذلك نسبة ازالة مقدارها26%
و98.6%
من الدواء المحمل بعد مرور90
دقيقة في الوسط
المائي ومحلول الفوسفات بفر سالين (
PBS
) ذو االس الهيدروجينيpH=7.4
على التوالي أجريت عمليات حركيات االزالة في كال
المحلولين ( الماء ومحلول البفر) تحت التحريك و
باستخدام معادالتKorsmeyer-Peppass
وحركيات المرتبة االولى
و Kopcha
ودلت
النتائج على ان معادلتيKorsmeyer-Peppas
وKopcha
.ًهي االكثر انطباقا 365 365 | 4,181 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4778/3471 | null |
Arabic | Monitoring Lotic Ecosystem by the Application of Water Quality Index
(CCMEWQI) Jasim M. Salman1* Jasim M. Salman1*
Amaer A. SauadAl-Shammary2
Received 9/9/2018, Accepted22/5/2019, Published 1/3/2020 Amaer A. SauadAl-Shammary2 Received 9/9/2018, Accepted22/5/2019, Published 1/3/2020 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Abstract: Water Quality Index (WQI) as a tool to assess the water quality status provides advice related to the
use of water quality monitoring data and it is a way for combining the complex water quality data into a
single value or single statement.The present study was conducted on Al- Hilla river in the middle of Iraq
from August 2012 to July 2013 at five selected stations in the river, from Al- Musaib city to Al- Hashimya at
the south of Hilla to determine its suitability for aquatic environment (GWQI), drinking water (PWSI) and
irrigation (IWQI).This index offers a useful representation of the overall quality of water for public or any
intended use as well as indicating pollution, water quality management, and decision making. According to
the obtained results, it can be concluded that the EC, TSS, Total hardness, Ca, Mg, DO, BOD5, and NO3
moved away from the desired standards when the temperature rises. The variable of value of this index may
be due to increasing the ration of organic matters and converting the carbonate to bicarbonate. The results
recorded high value of calcium and magnesium more than the standard value of WHO and IQS (50 mg/l and
high value of total hardness more than 500 mg/l). Irrigation water quality index (IWQI) in the study sites
were ranged between 66-83 ranged between fair and good. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1):23-27 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1.0023 -Water Sampling: Hilla River is one of two major branches of
Euphrates River in AL- Hindiya barrage, middle of
Iraq. The water of the river is used for multipurpose
such as drinking, irrigation, etc. Water samples
were collected in polyethylene bottles from five
sites from August 2012 to July 2013. Table (3) shows the water quality of the
Hilla River ranged between 48 ( marginal )at site 2
in 4thperioid (Aug- Oct. 2012) as lowest value and
74(Fair) at site 5 in 2nd period (Nov.,Dec., 2012 –
Jan. , 2013). -Water Quality Parameters: Bad quality of water may be due to the
discharge of sewage and industrial waste water on
the study sites (24), or because of the increase in
temperature and decrease of dissolved oxygen(25). A total of 16 parameters were detected in this study,
all the following parameter were considered in
calculating the WQI{air and water temperature, pH,
EC,TDS,TSS, water current velocity , dissolved
oxygen, BOD5, total alkalinity according to(17);
total hardness , calcium, magnesium (18);
salinity(19); Nitrite, Nitrate(20) (Parson et al.,
1984), and reactive phosphorous (21). The study recorded high values of BOD5
and TSS compared with standard limited values
(22). The result of this study agrees with many other
studies (26, 27,15). On the other hand , the result showed low
value of drinking water quality index in all study
sites (Table 4 ) may be due to non compatible the
values with global limited values related with
community public health (28). The values of this
index (PWSI) ranged between 39 (poor) in 4th
period at st.2 and 68 (fair) at st.5 in 2endperiods as
highest value. The variable of value of this index
may be due to increasing the organic matters and
converting of the carbonate to bicarbonate. The
results recorded high value of calcium and
magnesium more than the standard value of WHO
and IQS (50 mg/l and high value of total hardness
more than 500 mg/l). Calculation of CCME WQI:- Calculation of CCME WQI:- The water quality was assessed using the Canadian
model (CCME WQI) (22). The data analysis
involve two steps, the first step include dividing the
study period to four periods; first period (Aug., Spt.,
Oct.) second period (Nov., Dec., Jan. ); third period
( Fab., March, May), and fourth period (April, Jun ,
July). In the second step, included three measures were
selected to calculate WQI (scope, frequency and
amplitude). -Water Sampling: Irrigation water
quality index (IWQI) in the study sites ranged
between 66-83 as fair to good because most of the
sites are agriculture land and have low population
density(30), but the decline in value of water quality
index may be due to the increase of temperature;
acidity or increase in dissolved heavy metals The calculated WQI could be classified according
to the following ranges 0 - 44 poor, 45 - 64
Marginal, 65 - 79 Fair, 80 - 94 Good and 95 - 100
Excellent (22,23). P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1):23-27 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 -Water Sampling: The values of these three measures were used in the
following formula to calculate WQI: The results agree with many other studies
such as (29, 30, 31). The spatial and temporal
variations in the index value may be due to the
increase of pollutants discharged in the river that
lead to increasing many environmental parameters
such as hardness, turbidity, TDS, BOD5, etc. (15,23). The river water quality within Babylon
province is generally categorized as good and
suitable for drinking uses and human consumption,
but the results of current research disagree with
previous studies and it is recommended to treat the
river water before using for drinking and the study
is compatible with Khudair (31) (2013) on Tigris
River. F1: number of failed variables total number of
variables x 100 F2 (Range): This factor represents the percentage of
individual tests that do not meet the objectives
(failed tests) and the formulation is as follows: F2
number of failed tests Total number of tests F2 (Range): This factor represents the percentage of
individual tests that do not meet the objectives
(failed tests) and the formulation is as follows: F2
number of failed tests Total number of tests
F3 (Range): This factor represents the number of
failed tests that do not meet their objectives. number of failed tests Total number of tests F3 (Range): This factor represents the number of
failed tests that do not meet their objectives. j
The Canadian water quality index is then calculated
as: ∑WQI= 100 -f12+f2+f32 /1.732 ∑WQI= 100 -f12+f2+f32 /1.732 ∑WQI= 100 -f12+f2+f32 /1.732 F1 : number of failed variables/total number of
variables x 100 F1 : number of failed variables/total number of
variables x 100 F2:number of failed tests / total number of tests
F3: (nes/ (nes + 0.01)
The calculated WQI could be classified according F2:number of failed tests / total number of tests Water quality indices used to assess the
Rivers water FOR irrigation purpose by many
environmental parameters such as EC, salinity,
alkalinity, TDS, TSS, Nitrite, Nitrate, reactive
phosphate, BOD5, DO, etc. (32,13). Materials and Methods: Water quality of Hilla River was studied to
different purpose as general water quality index
(GWQI), potable water supply index(PWSI) ;
Irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Introduction: Canadian, Council of Ministry of the Environment
Water Quality Index (CCME WQI), British
Columbia Water Quality Index (BC WQI), National
Sanitation foundation water quality index (NSF
WQI) and Oregon water quality index (OWQI)(4) A water quality Index is a good statistical
tool for assessment, simplifying and reporting
complex information obtained from any aquatic
system(1). It is difficult to evaluate water quality from
a large number of samples (2,3). Water quality
indices goal for giving a single value to the water
quality of a sources reducing great amount of
parameters into a simpler expression and enabling
easy interpretation of monitoring data(4). Horton(1) was the first author who
suggested the advantages of using the WQI and
since, then many studies concerning water index
have been reported elsewhere for different aquatic
systems(4,7,8,9,10). The decline in water quality of the main
Iraqi water resources is one of the important reasons
to use the water quality index in Iraq in order to
simplify the results of many data of water
quality(11). Some studies used the WQI to assess of
water quality in Iraq(12,13,14,15). The WQI
illustrates physical and chemical properties of an
aquatic system by simple decision whether an
aquatic system is valid for different human use or
for lives of aquatic organisms (16). The particulate problem in case of water
quality monitoring is the complexity associated with
analysing a large number of measured variables
(5).WQI can be used as a tool in comparing the
water quality of different sources and summarizing
large amounts of data in simple terms (e.g. poor,
good etc.) for reporting to management and the
public in a consistent manner(6). Numerous water quality indices have been
formulated all over the world which can easily
judge out the overall water quality within
aparticular area promptly and efficiently, such as
1 Department of Biology, College of Science, University
of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
2 The present paper was the CCME WQI to
assess of water quality in Hilla River, middle of Iraq
for aquatic environment (GWQI), drinking water
(PWSI), and irrigation (IWQI) to fill the gap of
information on water quality of the river area. 2Ministry of Health and Environment, Baghdad, Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
*ORCID ID: 0000-0002-2130-7197 23 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1):23-27 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1):23-27 concentration(14). Canadian model is put to give a
clear picture of the changes and represents a
reflection of the different aquatic systems (4). According to the obtained results,it can be
concluded that the EC, TSS, Total hardness, Ca,
Mg, DO, BOD5 and No3, moved away from the
desired standards when the temperature rises. desired standards when the temperature rises. Table 1. Variation of physical and chemical parameters in study sites in Hilla River between 2012-
2013 (first line: range, second line: mean ± SD). P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Parameters
Sites
Site 1
Site2
Site3
Site4
Site5
Air temp ( C°)
13.6 - 41
26 ± 9
13 - 43
23.8 ± 8.2
13.3-41.5
26.8 ±9.27
12.9-42
22.27±7.76
15.6.9-42.4
27.71±9.17
Water temp ( C°)
10.43-29.5
19.87±6.88
10.1-29.9
6.8 ± 20
10.6 – 31.4
20.79 ± 6.62
10.23 – 29.7
19.73± 6.69
13 – 31.4
21 ± 6.23
pH
7.5-8.7
0.34 ± 8.25
7.4-8.9
0.57 ± 8.18
7.6-8.7
0.38 ± 8.29
7.7-8.8
0.34 ± 8.26
7.5-8.7
0.57 ± 8.18
Water Current(m/s)
0.29-0.68
0.40 ± 0.16
0.26 - 0.63
0.43 ± 0.17
0.31 – 0.61
0.40 ± 0.16
0.33 – 0.68
0.48 ± 0.15
0.26 – 0.63
0.43 ± 0.17
E.C (µ.S/cm)
799-1168
112.3 ±993.9
811-1193
114.3 ±974.6
903 - 1144
93.7 ± 1016.2
798 - 1167
127.16 ± 961.17
811 - 1168
114.36 ± 974.61
)‰( Salinity
0.51 - 0.74
0.57 ± 0.05
0.51 - 0.76
0.62 ± 0.07
0.57 - 0.73
0.57 ± 0.05
0.51 - 0.75
0.57 ± 0.05
0.51 - 0.75
0.64 ± 0.06
TDS (mg/L)
567 - 739
682.5 ± 78.7
575 - 804
637.5 ± 53.7
527 -789
651 ±67
563 -747
620.8 ± 58.68
567 -802
682.5 ± 78.71
TSS (mg/L)
9.2 -17.2
14.1±2.1
9.1 – 16.2
14 ± 1.9
9.3 – 16.2
14 ± 2
9.5 – 17.1
14.1 ± 2.1
9.1 – 16.8
14.1 ± 2
DO (mg/L)
6.20-10.05
7.8± 1.3
6.72-11.59
8.9 ± 1.5
6.63 – 10.78
8.4±1.3
6.90 – 11.38
8.69±1.4
6.20 – 9.55
7.81 ± 1.25
BOD5(mg/L)
1.51- 4.5
2.8 ± 1.3
1.94 – 5.1
2.9 ± 1
1.05 – 4.86
2.25±0.94
0.96 – 4.83
2.33±1.1
1.51 – 4.1
2.3±1.1
Total
Alkalinity
(mgCaCo3/L)
136 - 204
182.3 ± 29.9
112-243
163.8 ± 32.1
102-208
174.1±32.48
119-203
159.88±28.42
132-230
182.38±29.92
Total
Hardness(mgCaCo3/L)
307 - 700
504 ± 112.2
446 - 775
529.6 ± 81.2
423 - 650
525.5 ± 82.4
423.3 - 775
548.9 ± 96.55
307.6 - 775
504 ± 112.27
Calcium(mg CaCo3/L)
80.7- 143
104.5±25.6
80 – 180.3
98.4 ± 24
87 - 175
114.8 ± 25.1
76 - 173
106.7 ± 36
84 – 145
104.5± 25.6
Magnesium(mg
CaCo3/L)
43 – 90.5
66 ± 12.1
37.9 -97.2
64.8 ± 18.8
35.5-78.9
59.8± 17
36.8-96.2
65.9 ± 23
44.5-90.5
64.15 ± 13.4
Nitrite(mg/L)
0.8 – 2.4
1.39 ± 0.42
0.93 - 1.85
1.4 ± 0.3
0.9 – 1.85
1.41 ± 0.31
0.8 – 1.9
1.41 ±0.39
0.62 – 2
1.4 ± 0.41
Nitrate(mg/L)
9.5-13.4
11.01 ± 1.23
9.4-13.7
12.07 ±1.31
9.7- 13.4
11.87 ± 1.28
9.4- 13
11 ±1.23
9.6- 13.2
11 ± 1.23
Reactive
phosphate(mg/L)
0.51-1.20
0.73 ± 0.23
0.59 – 1.39
1 ± 0.4
0.53-1.33
1 ± 0.4
0.55-0.99
0.72 ± 0.21
0.56-1.1
0.73 ± 0.23
Table 2. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Values of Water quality index (General water quality index GWQI, Potable water quality
index PWQI, and Irrigation water quality index IWQI) on sites and periods study in Hilla River. Index
range
Index value -
IWQI
Index range
Index value-
PWQI
Index range
Index value GWQI
-
Periods
Study Sites
Fair
76
Marginal
61
Fair
66
1St
St.1
Good
83
Marginal
64
Fair
72
2nd
Good
81
Marginal
62
Fair
70
3th
Fair
74
Marginal
59
Fair
65
4th
Fair
67
P00r
42
Marginal
48
1St
St.2
Fair
74
Marginal
45
Marginal
59
2nd
Fair
78
Marginal
46
Marginal
64
3th
Fair
66
P00r
39
Marginal
51
4th
Fair
71
Marginal
48
Marginal
63
1St
St.3
Fair
77
Marginal
52
Fair
69
2nd
Fair
79
Marginal
59
Fair
70
3th
Fair
69
Marginal
47
Marginal
61
4th
Fair
69
Marginal
55
Marginal
50
1St
St.4
Fair
72
Marginal
59
Marginal
57
2nd
Fair
75
Marginal
62
Marginal
61
3th
Fair
68
Marginal
54
Marginal
49
4th
Fair
74
Marginal
61
Fair
65
1St
St.5
Fair
79
Fair
68
Fair
74
2nd
Good
81
Fair
65
Fair
73
3th
Fair
67
Marginal
51
Fair
65
4th p
Table 1. Variation of physical and chemical parameters in study sites in Hilla River between 2012-
2013 (first line: range second line: mean ± SD) p
Table 1. Variation of physical and chemical parameters in study sites in Hilla River between 2012-
2013 (first line: range, second line: mean ± SD). sical and chemical parameters in study sites in Hilla River between 2012-
ond line: mean ± SD). able 2. Values of Water quality index (General water quality index GWQI, Potable wa
dex PWQI, and Irrigation water quality index IWQI) on sites and periods study in Hilla R Table 2. Values of Water quality index (General water quality index GWQI, Potable water quality
index PWQI, and Irrigation water quality index IWQI) on sites and periods study in Hilla River. Results and Discussion: The environmental parameters of the river
water in the study area are shown in Table (1). WHO and IQS standers are listed in Table (2). 24 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Conclusion: 17.American
public
Health
Association(APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of water and
wastewater, 20th ed, Washington, DC. USA, 2003. The results recorded high value of calcium and
magnesium more than the standard value of WHO and
IQS (50 mg/l and high value of total hardness more than
500 mg/l). Irrigation water quality index (IWQI) in the
study sites were ranged between 66-83 ranged between
fair and good. Bad quality of water may be due to the
discharge of sewage and industrial waste water on the
study sites . 18.Lind OT. Hand book of common methods in
Limnology. 2nd Ed. London, 109,1979. 19.Meckereth FJH, Heron J, Tailing JT. Water analysis
some revised methods for Limnologist. Sci. Publ. Fresh water, Biol. Ass. (England), 36: pp 1-120,1978. 20.Parson TR , Mait YL CM. A Manual of chemical and
biological methods for sea water analysis.pergamone
press, Oxford,1984.. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2020, 17(1):23-27 Table 3. International and Iraqi limited values
used in calculated of water quality index. PWSI
GWQI
IWQI
Parameters
***15
Temperature
*6.5-8.5
***65-9
6-8.56
pH
2250#
EC
***5.5-9
DO
3<***
BOD5
*1000
***500
TDS
**100
Total
Alkalinity
*50
Ca
*50
Mg
*500
Total
Hardness
***0.1
Reactive
Phosphate
*50
***13
Nitrate
*3
***0.06
Nitrite
* Iraqi standardization for drinking water 2001
** WHO (2004)
*** CCME (2007)
#Ayers &Westcot (1985)*
@US Salinity Laboratory (1954) 11.Hassan FM, AL-Zubaidi NAJ , AL-Dulaimi WA. An
ecological assessment for Tigris River within
Baghdad, Iraq .proceeding of 5th international
conference of Environmental science, Environmental
Research
center,
University
of
Babylon,
3-5
December 2013; 26-39. Table 3. International and Iraqi limited values
used in calculated of water quality index. 12.Al- Janabi Z Z, AL-Kubaisi AR, AL- Obaidy AHM. Assessment of water Quality of Tigris River by using
water quality index (CCME WQI). J. of AL-
NahrainUniv. ,2012; 15 (1) : 119-126 . 13.Al-Obaidy AHMJ, Haider A, Bahram M. Application
of water quality index for assessment of Dokan lake
Ecosystem , Kurdistan Region, Iraq. J. water Resour. Prot. ,2010; 2 : 792-789. 14.Al-Yassiry TMH , Salman JM . Ecological
assessment of sewage in Hilla city Iraq by Canadian
water quality index (CWQI). Inter. J. of Adv. Life
Sci.,2014; 7 (2) : 197- 203 . 15.Al-Rekabi HY, AL-Ghanimy D. Determine the
validity of the Euphrates River (Middle Euphrates)
for drinking purpose using a water quality index
(CCME WQI). Mesop. Environ. J., 2015; 2 (1): 1-11. 16.Akoteyon E. Determination of water quality index
and suitability of urban River for Municipal water
supply in Lagos – Nigeria. Europ.J. of Sci. Rese. ,2011; 54 (2) 263-271. Conflicts of Interest: None. 21.Murphy J , Riley JR. A Modification single solution
methods for determination of phosphate in natural
water. chem.. Acta.,1962; 27 : 31-36 . P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Index
range
Index value -
IWQI
Index range
Index value-
PWQI
Index range
Index value GWQI
-
Periods
Study Sites
Fair
76
Marginal
61
Fair
66
1St
St.1
Good
83
Marginal
64
Fair
72
2nd
Good
81
Marginal
62
Fair
70
3th
Fair
74
Marginal
59
Fair
65
4th
Fair
67
P00r
42
Marginal
48
1St
St.2
Fair
74
Marginal
45
Marginal
59
2nd
Fair
78
Marginal
46
Marginal
64
3th
Fair
66
P00r
39
Marginal
51
4th
Fair
71
Marginal
48
Marginal
63
1St
St.3
Fair
77
Marginal
52
Fair
69
2nd
Fair
79
Marginal
59
Fair
70
3th
Fair
69
Marginal
47
Marginal
61
4th
Fair
69
Marginal
55
Marginal
50
1St
St.4
Fair
72
Marginal
59
Marginal
57
2nd
Fair
75
Marginal
62
Marginal
61
3th
Fair
68
Marginal
54
Marginal
49
4th
Fair
74
Marginal
61
Fair
65
1St
St.5
Fair
79
Fair
68
Fair
74
2nd
Good
81
Fair
65
Fair
73
3th
Fair
67
Marginal
51
Fair
65
4th 25 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 References: 1.Horton RK. An index- number system for water
quality .J.water control FED. ,1965; 37: 300-306. 22. Canadian
council
of
Ministers
of
Environment(CCME). Canadian
water
quality
Guidelines for the protection of Aquatic life:
Canadian water quality Index 1.0 Technical report. In
Canadian
Environmental
quality
Guidelines,
Winnipeg, Manitoba,2001. 2.Khudair BH . Assessment of water quality Index and
water suitability of the Tigris River for drinking water
within Baghdad city, Iraq. J. of Engi.,2013; 6
(19):23-31 . 4.Bharti N,Katyal D. Water quality indices used for
surface water vulnerability assessment. Inter. J. of
Environ. Sci., 2011; 2 (1): 154-173 . 23.Salman JM, Abd- AL-Hussein NA, AL-Hashimi
OAH. Assessment of water quality of Hilla River for
Drinking water purpose by Canadian Index (CCME
WQI) .Inte. J. of Recent Sci. Res.,2015; 6 (2) : 2446-
2749. 5.Moyel MS. Assessment of water quality of shatt AL-
Arab River , using multivariate statisrical technique,
Mesop. Environ.J.,2014; 1(1):39-46. 24.Kyitaparmar RT, Vineetaparmar MA. Evaluation of
water quality Index for drinking purposes of River
subernarekha in singbhum district. Inter. J. of
Environ. Sci., 2010; 1 (1): 77-82. 7.Bhargava D S. Use of a water quality for river
classification and zoning of the Ganga River. Environ. Poll., 1983; B6: 51-67. 9.Nasirian
M. Anew
water
quality
index
for
environmental contamination contributed by mineral
processing : A case study of among ( TiTialing)
processing activity. J.App. Sci.,2007; 7:2977-2987. 25.Najjar RG,Walker HA, Anderson PJ,Barron EJ ,
Bord RJ , Gibson JR , et al. The potential impacts of
climate change on the mid Atlantic coastal region. Climate Rese., 2000; 14: 219-233. 10.Ysia J , Jimoh T. Analytical studies on water quality
index of River Landzu ( Report). Am.J. Appl. Sci. ,2010; 7 : 453- 458. 26.Hassan FM. Limnological features of Diwanyia River,
Iraq. J. of Urn- Salama for Sci 2004; 1 (1) : 119-124 . 26 Baghdad Science Journal Open Access
2020, 17(1):23-27 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Related physical and chemical properties in AL-
Abasiariver (Euphrates), Iraq. Inter. J. of Geology,
Earth and Environ. Sci.,2013; 3 (3): 155-169. 27.Hassan FM , Saleh MM , Salman JM. A study of
physicchemical parameters and nine heavy metals in
the Euphrates river, Iraq. E-Journal of Chem.,2010;
7(3): 685-692. 31.Mohamed – Ali S S, Salman JM, AL- Mamoori
AMJ. Assessment of water quality by some
Environmental Biomarkers in two Fish species
(Tilapia Zilli ,Aspiusvorax) in Hilla River, Iraq. Adva.in Nat. and Appl. Sci,2015; 9 (8) : 88-95. References: 28.Koklu R, Sengorur, B, Topal B. Water quality
assessment using multivariate statistical methods: a
case study of Melen River system (Turkey). Water
Resour. Manage., 2010; 24(5) : 959-978. 32.Salman
JM,Alkam
FM,
AL-Fatlaw
HJ
.A
Biodiversity of phytoplankton in Euphrates River,
middle of Iraq. Iraqi J. of Sci, special issue, 6-7
March 2012; 277-213. 29.Salman JM, Hussain HA. Water quality and some
Heavy metals in water and sediments of Euphrates
River, Iraq. J. of Environ. Sci. and Engi. A, 2012:
1088 – 1095. 30.Salman JM, Hadi SJ, Muttaer AA. Spatial and
Temporal Distribution of phytoplankton and some 30.Salman JM, Hadi SJ, Muttaer AA. Spatial and
Temporal Distribution of phytoplankton and some مراقبة نظام مائي جاري بتطبيق دليل نوعية المياه (الموديل الكنديCCMEWQI
)
جاسم محمد سلمان1
عامر عبيد سعود الشمري2 مراقبة نظام مائي جاري بتطبيق دليل نوعية المياه (الموديل الكنديCCMEWQI
) عامر عبيد سعود الشمري2 1 قسم علوم الحياة، كلية العلوم ، جامعة
بابل ،بابل.، العراق
2
،وزارة البيئة
بغداد ،العراق. :الخالصة :الخالصة :ا
تعد موديالت وادلة نوعية المياة اداة جيدة تستخدم في مراقبة جودة نوعية المياهوهي احد الطرق لجمع بيانات متعددة والتعبير عنها
من خالل قيمة واحدة .اجريت الدراسة الحالية على نهر الحلة وسط العراق من اب2012
ولغاية تموز2013
في خمس محطات مختاره من
مدينة المسيب الى
( منطقة الهاشمية جنوب مدينة الحلةلتحديد مدى مالئمة مياه هذا النظام المائي للحياة المائيةGWQI
) وألغراض الشرب
(
PWSI
( ) والريIWQI
).يقدم هذا الدليل تمثيال مفيدا لنوعية لتقييم نوعية المياه ومدى امكانية استخدامها ألغراض متعددة اضافة الى انه قد
يستخدم كمؤشر لحالة التلوث ويمكن ان يكون اداة جيدة في ادارة جودة المياه وصنع القرار المتعلق بذلك. ويمكن بواسطته تفسير المعلومات
التي يقدمها من قائمة القيم العددية والتي تكون مفيدة في اتخاذ قرارات التحليل البيئي وبما يتواف
ق
مع اللوائح والتشريعات البيئية.اظهرت النتائج
ان هنالك العديد من خصائص المياه يمكن استخدامها لتحقيق هذا الموديل مثل المواد الصلبة الذائبة واالس الهيدروجيني واالوكسجين الذائب
والمتطلب الحيوي لالوكسجين والكالسيوم والمغنسيوم والنتريت والنترات والفوسفات الفعالة. ومن نتائج الدليل يظهر زيادة تركيز الفضال ت
العض
وية في النهر وتحول الكاربونات الى بيكاربونات وان قيم الكالسيوم والمفنيسيوم تفوق المحددات الدولية اضافة الى ارتفاع تراكيز العس رة
في المياة وبالتالي فان مياه هذا النظام ممكن ان تكون صالحة لالحياء المائية والري واستخدامها الغراض الشرب قد يسبب مشاكل صحية
وبيئي.ة ال كلمات
ال:مفتاحية
.نهر الحلة، نظام مائي جاري،مرقبة االنهار، دليل نوعية المياه 27 | 3,860 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4913/3072 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Potentiostatic polarization and weight loss methods have been used to investigate the corrosion
behavior of carbon steel in sodium chloride solution at different concentrations (0.1, 0.4 and 0.6) M under
the influence of temperatures ( 293, 298, 303, 308 and 313) K. The inhibition efficiency of the amoxicillin
drug on carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl has also been studied based on concentration and temperature. The
corrosion rate showed that all salt concentrations ( NaCl solution) resulted in corrosion of carbon steel in
varying ratio and 0.6 M of salt solution was the highest rate (50.46 g/m².d). The results also indicate that the
rate of corrosion increases at a temperature of 313 K.. Potentiodynamic polarization studies showed that the
examined inhibitor suppress both anodic and cathodic process and behave as mixed type inhibitor. The
adsorption of amoxicillin was found to obey Langmuir isotherm model. Arrhenius equation and transition
state theory were used to calculate kinetic and thermodynamic parameter. Results obtained showed that
corrosion reaction of carbon steel in NaCl is spontaneous and there is a good agreement between the data got
from the both techniques employed. SEM analysis was performed to study the film persistency of the
inhibitor. Key words: Carbon steel, Kinetic, Sodium Chloride, Thermodynamic. Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Study the Inhibition Effect of Amoxicillin Drug for Corrosion of Carbon Steel in
Saline Media Zeena Sh. Mahmoud1 Taghried A. Salman2* 1Department of Chemistry College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
*Corresponding author: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected]*
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4660-9298, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5403-210x, https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-0158-7352 * 1Department of Chemistry College of Science, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
* Received 1/3/2020, Accepted 7/9/2020, Published Online First 20/7/2021, Published 1/2/2022 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: studying surface chemistry, it became certain that
surface reactions were directly affected by the
presence of foreign particles. For this reason,
corrosion should be controlled and the most
efficient way is by using compounds known as
inhibitors. Inhibitors are mostly organic compounds
having heteroatoms like oxygen, nitrogen and
sulfur atoms that, when added in small amounts
stops or slows down corrosion of metals and alloys. Newly, researchers trend on the use of eco-friendly,
cheap and non – toxic inhibitors. Inhibitors are
absorbed on the surface of the reactive metal3,4 . The term adsorption refers to molecules directly
linked to the surface, usually only one molecular
layer is thick, and does not penetrate into the extent
of the metal itself. A known method of controlling
corrosion in many branches of technology is the
technique of adding inhibitors to the mineral
environment. Generally inhibitors adsorb on the
entire metal surface impede corrosion reaction5,6 . Corrosion is a change naturally happening
for metals and alloys. The corrosion mechanism of
metals and alloys can be explained as follows:
when the metal is immersed in the corrosive
medium, it begins to oxidize, forming ions inside
the solution1, 2 1,2. Studying the corrosion process
has a significant attention through preventing and
overcoming of this spontaneous process. The
corrosion mechanism of different materials are
generally depends on the nature of corrosive
environment. The existence of the electrolytes in
the corrosive media leads to an effect on the rate of
corrosion. Sodium chloride is considered as an
effective corrosive electrolyte 3 3. Steel alloy is
extensively used in industry especially for tools and
metallic equipment due to its good mechanical
properties and low cost. Corrosion is a serious
problem for the application of iron and its alloys in
many types of service1. On the other hand,
corrosion process being surface reactions and by 121 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Antibacterial drugs seem to be ideal candidate
to replace traditional toxic organic inhibitors due to
their natural origin, containing heteroatoms (S, N
and O) as active centers, non- hazardous,
biodegradable, as well as they could be easily
produced and purified. Thus, such investigations
are found to be very fruitful and encouraging in
saving both metals and environment7. ..(1) …..(1) Introduction: Amoxicillin
is an antibiotic drug molecule generally having an
N-S hetero- cyclic compound containing five
oxygen atoms, three nitrogen atoms and one sulfur
atom8 . The molecule is big enough and planar to
block more surface area through adsorption on the
metal surface, these properties enable it to be an
effective inhibitor. working electrode (carbon steel), platinum auxiliary
electrode and a saturated calomel reference
electrode. The potential-current polarization curves
were
plotted
using
a
potentiostate
(Model
WENKING
lab-200)
obtained
from
Bank
Electronics- Intelligent, GmbH., Germany. This
apparatus
was
commercially
programmable,
together with an electrometer that provides
variability of continuous scan over a desired
potential range, including the cathodic and anodic
regions. Loss in weight measurements were performed
in 100 mL of sodium chloride solution at
concentrations of 0.1, 0.4 and 0.6 molar to immerse
three hours of carbon steel at different temperatures
in the range of 293 to 313 K. The same
experimental procedure was repeated for 0.6 M
NaCl solution containing various concentrations of
amoxicillin drug of 6×10-4,1×10-3 and 6×10-3 M. These carbon steel specimens were polished as
mentioned above, washed with distilled water,
degreased with acetone , dried and weighted. After
the end of the experiments, carbon steel specimens
were washed in distilled water, dried and finally
reweighted. Triplet experiments were occurred in
each study and the mean weight loss value was
reported. From the loss in weight measurements, the
corrosion rate (CR) was calculated using the
following relation: In this research, experimental studies were
done to examine the corrosion behavior of carbon
steel
alloy
at
various
sodium
chloride
concentrations at five different temperatures in the
range 293 – 313 K. Consequently, the inhibition
effect of amoxicillin drug at various concentrations
and temperatures on the corrosion of carbon steel in
0.6 M sodium chloride solution have been tested
using weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization
techniques. Furthermore, the kind of interactions
between amoxicillin drug and carbon steel surface
in 0.6 M NaCl solution were investigated from
thermodynamic isotherm simulation. Material and Methods: g
CR = (W1 – W2) St g
CR = (W1 – W2) St …..(1) where, W1 is the weight of steel before corrosion,
W2 is the weight of steel after corrosion, S is the
surface area of the specimen, t is the immersion
time, and CR is the corrosion rate. The inhibition
efficiency (IE %) was calculated by using the
following relation9 , Analar grade sodium chloride salt was used to
prepare
the
corrosion
solutions
at
various
concentrations of 0.1, 0.4 and 0.6 M by dissolving
an appropriate amount of NaCl in 1L of deionized
water. Amoxicillin ( inhibitor) namely ,[(2S,5R, 6R)
-6-{ [( 2R ) - 2 – amino -2-(4-hydroxyl phenyl)-
acetyl]amino}-3,3-dimethyl
-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabi
cyclo [3.2.0] heptan-2-carboxylic acid], its structure
was presented in the Fig. 1 below. Amoxicillin was
used as received without any further purification
and is added to the 0.6 M NaCl solution at different
concentrations of 6x10-6 , 1x10-3 and 6x10-3 M. g
IE% = [ (CR
o - CR
i ) / CR
o] × 100 …..(2) IE% = [ (CR
o - CR
i ) / CR
o] × 100 …..(2) where, CR
o is the corrosion rate without inhibitor
and CR
i is the corrosion rate with inhibitor. Figure 1. Amoxicillin structure Carbon steel specimen has the following
chemical compositions: Carbon (0.1), Silicon
(0.24),
Manganese
(0.47),
Chrome
(0.12),
Molybdenum (0.02), Nickel (0.1), Aluminum
(0.03), Cupper (0.14), Cobalt (<0.0012), Vanadium
(<0.003), Tungsten (0.06) and the rest is Iron. The
specimen with 2.5 cm in diameter and thickness of
1 mm was used as a working electrode in the
potentiostatic
polarization
technique. It
was
polished by silicon carbide grit abrasive paper from
400, 600, 800, 1200 and 2000, then degreased with
acetone and washed with distilled water and finally
deride by ethanol. The electrolytic cell had a
working capacity of 1L which contained the Figure 1. Amoxicillin structure 122 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access various temperatures in the range from 293 to 313
K. Table 2 represents the parameters obtained from
the polarization curves. Results and Discussion: represent the typical polarization curves for carbon
steel corrosion in various concentrations of NaCl
solution from 0.1 to 0.6 M at various temperatures
in the range from 293 to 313 K, respectively. The
starting potential was -0.4V (SCE) and the scan
range extended up to 0.0 V at a voltage scan rate of
10 mV.s-1.The data obtained from the polarization
curves are listed in Table 1. In order to notice the electrochemical
behavior of carbon steel in various concentrations
of sodium chloride solutions and obtain preliminary
information about how amoxicillin drug can
influence the corrosion process of it, potentiostatic
polarization curves were recorded. Fig. 2 a, b, c (a)
(b)
Figure 2. A carbon steel polarization curve in various concentrations of NaCl solution and
temperatures in the range from 293 to 313 K. (a) 0.1 M , (b) 0.4 M and (c) 0.6 M. (b) (a) Figure 2. A carbon steel polarization curve in various concentrations of NaCl solution and
temperatures in the range from 293 to 313 K. (a) 0.1 M , (b) 0.4 M and (c) 0.6 M. Table 1. Corrosion parameters of carbon steel in various concentrations of NaCl solution at five
temperatures 293, 298, 303, 308 and 313K. Conc. of NaCl
(M)
T
(K)
-Ecorr
(mV)
icorr
(µA cm-2)
bc
(mV.decade-1)
ba
(mV.decade-1)
0.1
293
341.6
16.58
171.5
116.4
298
382.2
32.13
133.6
130.1
303
437.5
43.18
130.9
134.3
308
579.7
50.10
159.5
165.3
313
657.2
57.20
101.5
159.9
0.4
293
468.6
31.89
129.9
161.0
298
485.1
47.56
107.5
140.3
303
535.5
55.16
131.5
195.9
308
643.1
67.44
177.2
136.5
313
704.7
75.91
134.2
103.3
0.6
293
413.6
40.68
177.2
101.5
298
479.0
58.58
198.0
129.1
303
562.3
69.95
153.0
132.3
308
630.4
85.10
160.0
139.1
313
635.0
98.02
199.0
145.9
Figure 3 a, b and c represent the typical
polarization curves for carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl
solution in the presence of various concentrations of
amoxicillin drug of 6x10-6 1x10-3 and 6x10-3 M at
various temperatures in the range from 293 to 313
K. Table 2 represents the parameters obtained from
the polarization curves. Table 1. Corrosion parameters of carbon steel in various concentrations of NaCl solut
temperatures 293, 298, 303, 308 and 313K. Results and Discussion: Figure 3 a, b and c represent the typical
polarization curves for carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl
solution in the presence of various concentrations of
amoxicillin drug of 6x10-6 , 1x10-3 and 6x10-3 M at Figure 3 a, b and c represent the typical
polarization curves for carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl
solution in the presence of various concentrations of
amoxicillin drug of 6x10-6 , 1x10-3 and 6x10-3 M at 123 Baghdad Science Journal
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: July 2021 2022, 19(1): 121-131 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 3. A carbon steel polarization curve in 0.6 M of NaCl solution at various temperatures
containing various concentrations of amoxicillin inhibitor.(a) 6x10 -4 M, (b)1x10-3 M and (c)
6x10 -3 M. Published Online First: July 2021 Figure 3. A carbon steel polarization curve in 0.6 M of NaCl solution at various temperatures
containing various concentrations of amoxicillin inhibitor.(a) 6x10 -4 M, (b)1x10-3 M and (c)
6x10 -3 M. Table 2. Corrosion parameters of carbon steel in 0.6 M of NaCl solution in the absence and presence
of amoxicillin inhibitor at different temperatures in the range 293-318 K. Table 2. Corrosion parameters of carbon steel in 0.6 M of NaCl solution in the absence and
of amoxicillin inhibitor at different temperatures in the range 293-318 K Table 2. Corrosion parameters of carbon steel in 0.6 M of NaCl solution in the absence and presence
of amoxicillin inhibitor at different temperatures in the range 293-318 K. Conc. Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 drug increases10,11 . On the other hand, the corrosion
current
density
decreases
with
increasing
concentration of inhibitor and increase with
increasing temperatures in the range 293-313. Corrosion potential increases with increasing
concentration of inhibitor and decreases with
increasing temperatures. 3). The increase in polarization resistance indicates
that the inhibition efficiency increased with an
increase in the concentration of amoxicillin and
temperature. Table 3. Polarization resistance (RP) and
equilibrium exchange current density (io) values
of carbon steel in 0.6 M of NaCl solution in the
absence and presence of various concentrations
of amoxicillin at five temperatures in the range
293- 313K. The corrosion current densities in the absence
and
presence
of
various
concentrations
of
amoxicillin drug in the corrosive medium (0.6 M
NaCl) have been used to determine the inhibition
efficiency (IE %) using the following equation: io /10-4
(A/cm2)
Rp/103
(Ω/cm2)
T/K
Additive
0.022
0.89
293
Blank
0.003
0.82
298
0.012
0.60
303
0.014
0.53
308
0.011
0.44
313
0.022
0.98
293
6×10-4
0.024
0.99
298
0.021
1.01
303
0.014
1.07
308
0.015
1.08
313
0.073
1.31
293
1×10-3
0.051
1.35
298
0.039
1.48
303
0.016
1.51
308
0.016
1.62
313
0.013
1.32
293
6×10-3
0.011
1.41
298
0.009
1.60
303
0.011
1.69
308
0.012
1.76
313 y (
)
g
g q
IE% =100 [ 1- (icorr)2 / ( icorr)1 ] …..(3) Where (icorr)1 and ( icorr)2 are respectively the
corrosion current densities of the steel in the
absence and the presence of amoxicillin at the same
temperature. The results obtained are listed in Table
2. It is indicated that the inhibition efficiency values
have been increased with increasing both the
amoxicillin concentration and temperature, and
these results are similar to data obtained from
weight loss method. The surface coverage (θ) was
calculated as θ = (1- (icorr)2 / ( icorr)1). Table 2 shows surface overage values obtained for
the corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of
various amoxicillin concentrations and various
temperatures. …..(5) ƞ = (RT/ i˳ F)i …..(5)
Where i˳ is the equilibrium exchange current
density. Rp may best be determined from the
equation: ƞ = (RT/ i˳ F)i …..(5)
Where i˳ is the equilibrium exchange current
density. Rp may best be determined from the
equation: Results and Discussion: of
inhibitor
(M)
T
(K)
-Ecorr
(mV)
icorr
(µA cm-2)
bc
(mV.decade-1)
ba
(mV.decade-1)
IE%
θ
Blank
293
675.2
40.68
377.2
101.5
-
-
298
699.5
58.58
398.0
129.1
-
-
303
725.4
69.95
453.0
132.3
-
-
308
751.3
85.10
460.0
139.1
-
-
313
779.5
98.02
499.0
145.9
-
-
6×10-4
293
518.1
13.37
171.2
143.7
67.13
0.6713
298
588.2
18.04
164.1
155.6
69.20
0.6920
303
602.1
19.72
154.0
155.2
71.84
0.7184
308
625.5
23.65
146.2
151.3
72.23
0.7223
313
682.5
26.37
137.4
162.1
73.15
0.7315
1×10-3
293
413.6
12.93
172.5
112.9
68.22
0.6822
298
478.9
16.93
166.2
101.8
71.15
0.7115
303
562.3
19.24
156.3
198.7
72.50
0.7250
308
630.4
22.47
148.1
147.8
73.61
0.7361
313
634.9
24.21
140.7
162.5
75.33
0.7533
6×10-3
293
388.6
11.92
175.8
123.3
70.66
0.7066
298
443.2
14.53
168.5
135.5
75.18
0.7518
303
476.8
16.29
159.3
121.2
76.73
0.7673
308
518.2
17.10
150.0
134.0
79.86
0.7986
313
581.9
17.54
145.5
145.5
82.15
0.8215 values revealed that the adsorption of amoxicillin
drug modify the mechanism of hydrogen evolution
reaction in addition to the anodic oxidation. This
result indicates that the cathodic and anodic
reactions are inhibited and the inhibition efficiency
data increase as the concentration of amoxicillin It appears from data presented in Tables 1 and 2
that the corrosion potential shifted to more negative
values with increasing temperatures in saline
solution and to the positive potentials in the
presence of various concentrations of inhibitor. The
change in the cathodic and anodic Tafel slope 124 Baghdad Science Journal
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Kinetics of Corrosion q
Rp = (babc) / [2.303( ba + bc) icorr] …..(6) The rate (r) of carbon steel corrosion at 0.6
M of NaCl solution increased with increasing
temperature from 293 to 313K and this behavior
followed Arrhenius equation (7), Table 3 shows data resulting from polarization
resistance (RP) and equilibrium exchange current
(io) of carbon steel in 0.6 M solution of NaCl
contaning different concentrations of amoxicillin
drug at various temperatures in the range from 293
to 313 K. The RP values of carbon steel in 0.6 M
NaCl solution decreased with an increase in
temperature for uninhibited solution (absence of
inhibitor) and increased with increase of both
amoxicillin concentration and temperature (Table …..(7) Polarization Resistance The overall definition of the polarization
resistance of any corroded metal or alloy is the
slope of the graphic relationship between the
potential (E) and the current density (i) of the
corrosion process as follows: p
RP = (∂ƞ / ∂i )T,C = [∂ (E – Ec) /∂i]T,C …..(4) p
RP = (∂ƞ / ∂i )T,C = [∂ (E – Ec) /∂i]T,C The data in Table 3 show that the polarization
resistance decreases as the temperature increases for
blank solution and increases with increasing
temperature for inhibited solutions. On the other
hand, RP values are greater in the presence of an
inhibitor due to the formation of a protective layer
on the surface of carbon steel. Where ƞ is the over potential which is defined as
the departure of the potential of the electrode from
its
equilibrium
value
(Ec). for
low
field
approximation (ƞ ≤ 10 mV) Tafel equation can be
miniature to this form P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
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Published Online First: July 2021 Figure 4. Arrhenius plot, relating, log icorr values
to 1/T for carbon steel corrosion without and
with various amoxicillin drug concentrations at
various temperatures in the range from 293 to
313 K. Higher values of activation energy (Ea) in the
presence of inhibitor refer to a strong inhibitive
action by increasing energy barrier for the corrosion
process12 . On the other hand, a decrease of the
corrosion activation energy with an increase of
inhibitor concentrations, is associated with an
increase in inhibition efficiency with increasing
temperature as shown in Table 3, referring to the
formation of an adsorption layer of chemical nature,
which involves the transfer of electrons from
amoxicillin molecules to the steel surface, results to
the formation of coordinate bond with the surface of
carbon steel13,14 . Alternatively, a chemisorption
mechanism associated with increase in inhibition
efficiency with temperature and higher activation
energy in the presence of the inhibitor15-17 . In fact,
it has been known that chemisorbed molecules are
bound at anodic sites of the metal and inhibit the
corrosion reaction by retarding the anodic reaction. Figure 4. Arrhenius plot, relating, log icorr values
to 1/T for carbon steel corrosion without and
with various amoxicillin drug concentrations at
various temperatures in the range from 293 to
313 K. Table 4 lists the values of Arrhenius
parameters (Ea and A) for carbon steel corrosion in
0.6 M NaCl solution in the absence and presence of
amoxicillin at different temperatures in the range of
293 to 313K. Thermodynamic of Corrosion Table 4. Activation energies (Ea) and pre-
exponential factors (A) data for the corrosion
of carbon steel in 0.6 M of NaCl solution
without and with various concentrations of
amoxicillin over the temperature range from 293
to 313 K. The science of energy change, which has been
applied for many years to studies corrosion of
metals and alloys, is known as thermodynamics. The change in free‒energy (ΔG) associated the
electrochemical reaction can be calculated using the
following equation: A×1020
(molecule.cm-
2.s-1)
Ea
(kJ.mol-1)
R2
T/K
Additive
4.481
30.82
0.9739
293
Blank
298
303
308
313
4.646
46.13
0.9808
293
6×10-4
298
303
308
313
5.303
42.28
0.9899
293
1×10-3
298
303
308
313
6.124
35.84
0.9599
293
6×10-3
298
303
308
313 …..(8) …..(8) g q
ΔG = - nFE Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 r = A exp (-Ea/RT) r = A exp (-Ea/RT) …..(7) that A and Ea are respectively, the pre-exponential
factor and the energy of activation. Figure 4 shows
a plot of log icorr values against the reciprocal
temperature (1/T) for both the blank (0.6 M NaCl)
and
presence
of
various
concentrations
of
amoxicillin inhibitor. that A and Ea are respectively, the pre-exponential
factor and the energy of activation. Figure 4 shows
a plot of log icorr values against the reciprocal
temperature (1/T) for both the blank (0.6 M NaCl)
and
presence
of
various
concentrations
of
amoxicillin inhibitor. 125 Weight loss study Corrosion rate data and percentage inhibition
efficiency were obtained from loss in weight
measurements
at
different
amoxicillin
concentrations in 0.6 M NaCl solution after
immersion for three hours at different temperatures
in the range from 293 to 313 K. The values
obtained are listed in Table 6. It has been noticeable
that amoxicillin inhibits carbon steel corrosion in
0.6 M NaCl solution at different concentrations
used in the research. Table 7 shows that the
inhibition efficiency increased from 73.13% to
81.31%
with
the
increasing
amoxicillin
concentration from 6×10-4 to 6×10-3 M at 313 K. On
the other hand, corrosion rates of blank saline
medium increase with increasing temperature from
293 to 313 K. Furthermore, the corrosion rate of
carbon steel in the inhibiting saline medium
decreased
with
increasing
temperature. Consequently,
the
efficiency
of
amoxicillin
inhibition increases significantly with increasing
temperature. This finding supports the idea that the
adsorption of amoxicillin molecules onto the
surface of carbon. Thus, as the temperature
increases, the number of adsorbed molecules
increases,
resulting
in
increased
inhibition
efficiency. However,
an
increased inhibition
efficiency (IE%) and a lower corrosion rate (CR)
may be due to increased adsorption and increased
coverage of amoxicillin molecules on the carbon
steel surface with an increased concentration18 . Figure 5. Gibbs free energies (∆G) data plotted
against temperature for the carbon steel
corrosion in 0.6 M NaCl solution at without and
with different concentrations of amoxicillin. Table 5. Values of thermodynamic quantities for
carbon steel corrosion in 0.6 M of NaCl solution
without and with various concentrations of
amoxicillin inhibitor over the temperature range
293- 313K. Results of Table 5 indicate negative values of
∆G that mean, corrosion reactions are occurring
spontaneously. The enthalpy changes (∆H) of the
corrosion reaction of carbon steel in different
ΔS
(J.K-
1.mol-1)
- ΔH
(kJ.mol-
1)
- ΔG
(kJ.mol-1)
T/K
Additive
137.2
90.18
130.32
293
Blank
94.22
135.05
298
98.67
140.17
303
103.44
145.64
308
107.56
150.44
313
141.0
58.69
100.10
293
6×10-4
70.98
113.52
298
73.48
116.20
303
76.57
120.72
308
86.86
131.73
313
176.9
27.99
79.82
293
1×10-3
39.55
92.44
298
55.19
108.52
303
66.79
121.66
308
66.92
122.55
313
229.3
67.58
75.00
293
6×10-3
16.76
85.53
298
22.61
92.02
303
29.47
100.01
308
40.64
112.32
313 Table 6. Carbon steel corrosion rates in different
NaCl
solution
concentrations
at
various
temperatures in the range from 293 to 313 K. Table 6. g q
ΔG = - nFE Since the number of electrons in the reaction is
denoted by n, Faraday constant as F and cell
potential ( E=Ecorr) equals E. Using ΔG values
obtained from above equation, entropy change (ΔS)
of the steel corrosion can be determined using the
known thermodynamic relationship: y
p
ΔS = - d (ΔG) / dT …..(9) ΔG data are plotted against temperature and therefor
values of ΔS can be evaluated from the slope of this
plot as shown in Figure 5. At constant temperature,
free energy can be expressed as: gy
p
ΔG= ΔH – TΔS …..(10) …..(10) Where ΔH is the change in enthalpy, and T is
absolute temperature. Thermodynamic quantities
for the corrosion of carbon steel are given in Table
5. The data show that the activation energy for
steel corrosion in corrosive medium in the presence
of inhibitor is higher than those in the absence of it
and its value decreases with increasing inhibitor
concentration. These results explain why the
variations of icorr are pronounced in the presence of
amoxicillin. 126 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 concentrations of amoxicillin at five temperatures in
the range 293-313 K have negative values revealing
an exothermic nature for this reaction. ∆S values
were positive suggesting a lower order of the
solvated ions. Figure 5. Gibbs free energies (∆G) data plotted
against temperature for the carbon steel
corrosion in 0.6 M NaCl solution at without and
with different concentrations of amoxicillin. Weight loss study Carbon steel corrosion rates in different
NaCl
solution
concentrations
at
various
temperatures in the range from 293 to 313 K. blank
Conc./ M
0.1
0.4
0.6
T (K)
CR
(g/m² d)
293
37.14
39.97
42.12
298
39.03
41.19
44.40
303
41.08
43.38
46.69
308
43.41
45.72
48.13
313
45.43
47.93
50.46 Results of Table 5 indicate negative values of
∆G that mean, corrosion reactions are occurring
spontaneously. The enthalpy changes (∆H) of the
corrosion reaction of carbon steel in different 127 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Table 7. Corrosion rates (CR) and inhibition efficiencies (IE%) of carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl, in the
presence of different concentrations of amoxicillin at various temperatures in the range from 293 to
313 K. Table 7. Corrosion rates (CR) and inhibition efficiencies (IE%) of carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl, in the
presence of different concentrations of amoxicillin at various temperatures in the range from 293 to
313 K. Table 7. Corrosion rates (CR) and inhibition efficiencies (IE%) of carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl, in the
presence of different concentrations of amoxicillin at various temperatures in the range from 293 to
313 K. Inhibitor
Conc. / M
6×10-4
1×10-3
6×10-3
T (K)
CR
(g/m² d)
IE%
θ
CR
(g/m² d)
IE%
θ
CR
(g/m² d)
IE%
θ
293
13.95
66.87
0.668
13.39
68.20
0.682
12.36
70.65
0.706
298
13.68
69.19
0.692
12.83
71.10
0.711
11.03
75.16
0.752
303
13.46
71.82
0.718
12.80
72.49
0.725
10.87
76.72
0.767
308
13.37
72.22
0.722
12.71
73.59
0.736
9.69
79.85
0.798
313
13.16
73.13
0.731
12.46
75.31
0.753
9.43
81.31
0.813 thermodynamic functions of amoxicillin adsorption
in saline medium at various temperatures obtained
by potentiostatic polarization and weight loss
techniques that presented in Table 8. Both methods
are of a good agreement. thermodynamic functions of amoxicillin adsorption
in saline medium at various temperatures obtained
by potentiostatic polarization and weight loss
techniques that presented in Table 8. Both methods
are of a good agreement. Adsorption isotherms Values
of
the Potentiostatic
polarization
method
Weight loss method Potentiostatic
polarization
method
Weight loss method
R2
0.9999
0.9998
T(K)
Kads (M-
1)
-ΔGads
(kJ.mol-1)
Kads (M-
1)
-ΔGads
(kJ.mol-1)
293
179468.7
39.25
145472.1
38.74
298
172858.4
39.83
118861.8
38.90
303
165998.9
40.04
109225.1
39.34
308
163712.0
41.03
109123.3
40.00
313
160873.0
41.64
109043.2
40.65 Adsorption isotherms One of the most important steps in the
inhibition
mechanism
is
the
adsorption
of
amoxicillin drug onto the carbon steel surface. Figure 6 shows the C/θ data plotted against the
concentration of amoxicillin in saline solutions for
both potentiostatic polarization and weight loss
techniques. The results indicate that the amoxicillin
adsorption follows the Langmuir isotherm, which
was applied using the relation as follows: Figure 6. Plots of Langmuir isotherm for
adsorption of amoxicillin drug on carbon steel
surface in 0.6M NaCl solution. pp
g
C/θ = 1/Kads. + C …..(11) …..(11) C/θ = 1/Kads. + C where Kads. indicates the adsorption constant, C
refers to concentration of amoxicillin, and θ
represents the surface coverage . Thermodynamic
adsorption parameters obtained from the intercept
of the straight line obtained by drawing C/θ against
C values at various temperatures are listed in Table
8. Table 8 results indicate that the R2 values ( linear
regression coefficient) are closed to one, which
reveals the amoxicillin adsorption on the surface
of carbon steel follow Langmuir adsorption
isotherm. Gibbs free energy of adsorption is
calculated using the following equation: Figure 6. Plots of Langmuir isotherm for
adsorption of amoxicillin drug on carbon steel
surface in 0.6M NaCl solution. Table
8. Thermodynamic
parameters
for
adsorption of the various concentrations of
amoxicillin drug on the carbon steel surface in
0.6 M NaCl solution at different temperatures. -ΔGads. = [ln Kads.- ln (1/55.5)] RT …..(12) -ΔGads. = [ln Kads.- ln (1/55.5)] RT …..(12) where ΔGads is the free energy of adsorption, when
one water molecule is replaced by one inhibitor
molecule and (1/55.5) is the numerical molarity of
water. The obtained data are presented in Table 8. The average value of ΔGads was found to be -40.36
kJ/mol. A negative sign indicates that the adsorption
of amoxicillin molecules onto the carbon steel
surface is spontaneous. It is known that19 when the
value of the free energy of adsorption is equal to -20
kJ / mol and less, the adsorption is physical,
whereas when the value is -40 kJ / mol and higher,
it indicates that the adsorption is chemical, referring
to the charge transfer from the drug molecules to
the surface of carbon steel leading to formation of a
coordinated type of bond. The obtained value of
ΔGads suggests a strong chemical adsorption of
amoxicillin molecules onto the surface of carbon
steel
in
saline
solution. Authors' declaration: Conclusions: - Conflicts of Interest: None. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude the
following:- Based on the results obtained, we can conclude the
following:- - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. Amoxicillin drug effectively inhibits the carbon
steel corrosion in 0.6 M NaCl solution. The corrosion process was inhibited by adsorption
of the amoxicillin molecules on the carbon steel
surface and the adsorption process obey Langmuir
adsorption isotherm. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Al-Nahrain
University. Both potentiostatic polarization and loss in weight
methods indicate that the inhibition efficiency (IE)
data
increases
with
increasing
amoxicillin
concentrations and temperatures. Authors' contributions statement: Zeena
sh.Mahmoud
performed
the
measurements, were involved in planning and
processed the experimental data. Gibbs energy for the adsorption values indicates a
general chemical absorption mechanism. This type
of inhibitor is effective in room temperature, and
is characterized by an increase in the efficiency of
inhibition at higher temperatures. Abeer K. Shams performed the analysis, drafted
the manuscript and designed the figures. Abeer K. Shams performed the analysis, drafted
the manuscript and designed the figures. Taghried A. Salman aided in interpreting the
results and worked on the manuscript. All authors
discussed the results and commented on the
manuscript Polarization curves showed that amoxicillin was a
mixed type inhibitor of surface corrosion of
carbon steel in 0.6 M NaCl solution. The formation of a protective layer on the surface
of the carbon steel alloy was confirmed by images
obtained by scanning electron microscopy. 1. Kinlen PJ, Kendig M. Smart Corrosion Protective
Coatings, Smart Materials. Schwartz M, Ed, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, F. 2009 :1 - 16. Published Online First: July 2021 Published Online First: July 2021 NaCl solution for 3 hours. It is clearly shown from
Fig.7 b that carbon steel surface shows cracks due
to the salt attach on its surface. On the other hand,
the presence of 5×10-4 M of amoxicillin leads to reduce the average crakes on steel surface (Fig.7c). Based on what was obtained, it can be concluded that
the adsorption layer was efficiently able to inhibit the
corrosion of the pure carbon steel sample. A A A
B
C
Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of (a) polished carbon steel specimen, (b) in 0.6 M NaCl, (c)
in the presence of 7.5×10-4 M of amoxicillin. B B A C Figure 7. Scanning electron micrographs of (a) polished carbon steel specimen, (b) in 0.6 M NaCl, (c)
in the presence of 7.5×10-4 M of amoxicillin. Scanning electron microscopy Figure 7 a, b and c. represent scanning electron
microscopy of the carbon steel samples. The carbon
steel surface before immersion in saline solution
seems smooth, as shown in Fig.7a, compared to
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دراسة تأثير دواء األموكسيسيلين لتثبيط تآكل الفوالذ الكربوني في االوساط المالحة
زينة شكر محمود1
عبير خزعل شمس2
تغريد علي سلمان2
1قسم علوم الكيمياء, كلية العلوم , جامعة الكوفة., الكوفة, العراق
2قسم علوم الكيمياء , كلية العلوم , جامعة النهرين
, بغدا.د, العراق Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 121-131 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 الخالصة: ا:
تم استخدام طرق االستقطاب المجهادي الساكن وفقدان الوزن لدراسة سلوك تآكل الفوالذ الكربوني في محلول كلوريد الصوديوم
( بتراكيز مختلفة0.1
و0.4
و0.6
( ) موالري تحت تأثير درجات الحرارة293
و298
و303
و308
و313
.) كلفن
كذلك تم دراس ة كفاءة
تثبيط دواء األموكسيسيلين على تآكل الفوالذ الكربوني في
محلول كلوريد الصوديوم بتركيز0,6
موالري على أساس التركيز ودرجة
الحرارة. أظهرت النتائج المستحصل عليها ان كل تراكيز الملح (محلول كلوريد الصوديوم) أدت إلى تآكل الفوالذ الكربوني بنسب متفاوت ة
وكان معدل التآكل عند تركيز0.6
( موالري من محلول الملح هو االعلى50.46
جم / م2
د). تشير النتائج أيضًا إلى أن معدل التآكل لكل
تراكيز الملح يزداد عند درجة حرارة313
كلفن. أظهرت دراسات االستقطاب المجهادي أن المثبط يقلل كل من العمليات األنودية و الكاثودية
ويتصرف كمثبط من النوع المختلط. وجد ان امتزاز أالموكسيسيلين يخضع لنموذج النكماير متساوي ال حرارة. تم استخدام معادلة
ارينيوس
ونظرية الحالة االنتقالية لحساب المعامالت الحركية والديناميكية الحرارية. أظهرت النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها أن تفاعل تآكل الف والذ
الكربوني في كلوريد الصوديوم هو تلقائي وهناك اتفاق جيد بين النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من كلت ا التقنيتين المستخدمتين. تم إجراء
تحليالت( بالمجهر االلكتروني الماسح(SEM
.لدراسة ثبات الطبقة الواقية للمثبط :الكلمات المفتاحية
.الفوالذ الكربوني, حركية, كلوريد الصوديوم, الديناميكية الحرارية 131 | 6,384 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/4940/3880 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: This work involves separating and studying the aminoacylase-1 (ACY1) of amniotic fluid from
healthy pregnant, mainly one peak with higher activity has been isolated by DEAE-Cellulose ion exchange
from the proteinous supernatant produced by deposition of proteins using ammonium sulfate (65%) after
dialysis. The purification folds reaching to 19 folds also gave one protein peak when injected into the gel
filtration column, a high ACY1 purity was obtained, with 38 folds of purification. It was found that the
molecular weight of the isolated ACY1 was up to 46698 Dalton when using gel chromatography
technique.The effect of ACY1 isolate was studied on rats with oxidative stress caused by lead acetate(LA) at
40 mg / kg body weight and compared with normal rats by measuring the selected biochemical parameters
which included: Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine
aminotransferase (ALT) through liver and kidney tissue examination. The results showed a significant
increase in the levels of (MDA, AST, ALT) and a decrease in the level of GSH compared with the control
group, Also it has been observed there that was a significant decrease in the levels of (MDA, AST, ALT) and
high level of GSH when injecting the ACY1 isolate in a dose of 4 mg / kg of rat weight with LA at 40
mg/kg. The results of the tissue examination demonstrated high pathological changes in the liver tissue of
rats treated with LA at 40 mg/kg of rat weight when compared with normal rats. The liver and kidney tissue
improved when treated with isolate at 4 mg / kg rat weight and LA. These results demonstrate the role of
ACY1 in protecting from oxidative stress then can reduce the severity of various diseases. Key words: Aminoacylase-1, Amniotic fluid, Isolation, Lead acetate, Rats. Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.3.0583 Biochemical and Histological Study of Aminoacylase-1 Purified from Amniotic
Fluid in Rats with Oxidative Stress Induced by Lead Acetate Eman S. Mahmood1 Luay A. Al-Helaly2* 1Department of Basic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. 2Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected] , [email protected]*
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7399-5884 , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2650-6179* Received 30/3/2020, Accepted 28/7/2020, Published Online First 21/2/2021, Published 1/9/2021 Received 30/3/2020, Accepted 28/7/2020, Published Online First 21/2/2021, Published 1/9/2021
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: q
p
Step III : Dialysis: This is done by using a
cellophane (Semi permeable) membrane with
M.wt. cut off (<10000) Dalton the sac containing
solution from (Step II) using 0.1M ammonium
bicarbonate to prevent Donnan's effect and left
overnight at 4oC(13) with stirring, the solution was
changed three times (per 3 hours)(14). The protein
of the suspension was used to estimate ACY1
activity by modifying Lowry method (11) and also
measuring the ACY1 activity in the solution
resulting from dialysis by using the Peterson
method (12), then keeping the solution at a
temperature of (-20)°C until it was used in the next
step. Oxidative stress can lead to different
effects on cell components including mitochondria
dysfunction, as well as loss of maintenance of the
electrical and chemical membrane of the inner
membrane of mitochondria, and changes in the
electron transport chain function, these changes lead
to a decrease on the production of energy in cell as
ATP, as well as the cause of some diseases for
example, heart failure, albuminuria, atherosclerosis
and diabetes (8). Step IV: Ion-Exchange Chromatography: A
sample (10) mL of the ACY1 fractions, which was
prepared in (III), was applied to column (2.2 45)
cm which contained DEAE-Cellulose (Diethyl
amino ethane–cellulose) anion exchange to (40)cm
height (15), which has been equilibrated with
sodium phosphate buffer (10) mM of pH=7.1 (13),
fractions of (5)mL volume were collected. Flow rate
was approximately 1 mL/min. The protein in each
fraction was detected by absorbance at (280) nm
using UV/visible spectrophotometer. The protein
peak containing the high aminoacylase-1 activity
(12) was also inferred. It has been observed that there
is only one protein pack resulting from the ion
exchange process. The researcher explained the decrease of
the ACY1 activity in pregnant women with
congenital malformations and encephalopathy, as
there is a relationship between enzyme deficiency
and autism, as N-acetyl-glutamate has a vital role in
learning, perception and memory and that changing
its level causes a defect in many brain functions (9). The research aims to isolate ACY1 from the
amniotic
fluid
using
different
biochemical
techniques and determine its molecular weight then
studying the biochemical parameters and tissue
effect of ACY1 on rats with OS induced by LA. Step V: Gel filtration chromatography using
Sephadex G-100: In the present study, the column
of dimension (2.2 45) cm contained a gel
sephadex height of (40) cm. Introduction: The exclusion limit for
sephadex G-100 is (150000) Dalton(10). A sample
(5) mL obtained from (Step IV), was applied on
column using 0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7 (13). Elution is of a flow rate (48) mL/hour. The fractions
were collected by using a fraction collector
apparatus working on minute system. The protein
compounds in each fraction were detected by
absorbance at (280) nm by using UV/visible
spectrophotometer and determined by ACY1 in
each fraction (10). The protein parts containing the
highest ACY1 activity were then collected, and also
determined for the standard substances injected into
the column for the purpose of determining the
standard curve (16) to determine the approximate
molecular weight of ACY1. Introduction: inhibiting the development of cancer cells(4)
through interacting with sphingosine kinase 1 which
inhibits apoptosis of tumor cells (5). Deficiency in
ACY-1 can cause neurological disorders, growth
delay, encephalopathy, brain atrophy, unspecific
psychomotor delay, muscle weakness, myelin
deficiency, hyperactivity and mental retardation (6). ACY1 has a role in the production of important
amino acids, like methionine produced from N-
acetyl methionine which is an important compound
in methylation process, as well as in the synthesis of
choline (Precursor of acetylcholine) which is an
important substance in the nervous system for the
transmission of nerve signals in addition to the acid
itself that is a raw material for the synthesis of
cysteine, as the methionine turns into cysteine, and
the latter participates in the formation of glutathione Aminoacylase-1 [EC 3.5.1.14] (ACY1) is a
soluble protein found in many tissues of mammals,
plants and microbiology (e.g. bacteria and fungi). It
was noticed that an isolated ACY1 from different
tissues has a molecular weight that varies depending
on the organism and the tissue isolated from it (1). ACY1 catalyzes the hydrolysis of N-acylated L-
amino acids to yield the corresponding organic acid
and amino acid(2). The ACY1 reduces the effects of
toxic substances resulting from oxidation processes,
and has a role in the pharmaceutical industry and in
the production of free amino acids used in protein
synthesis. Also, it acts as a regulator of the urea
cycle through its work as an allosteric regulator of
carbamoyl phosphate synthetase and then gets rid of
the increase in ammonia in the body by converting
it to urea (3). The ACY1 has a vital role in 583 Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Open Access (GSH) which is an important antioxidant that
protects the cell from the effects of oxidant
compounds and the occurrence of oxidative stress
(OS). Besides, N-acetylcysteine is an important
antioxidant that can work to remove OS, and may
serve as an L-cysteine produced as an important
amino acid. It becomes an antioxidant through its
entry into the production of various antioxidants
like glutathione which is involved in the removal of
toxic chemical compounds resulting from various
oxidative processes or from various environmental
pollutants (7). each fraction by using Peterson method (12), then the
precipitate protein and the supernatant were kept at -
20°C until used in subsequent steps. Histology: Luna method (19) was used for fixation,
parts of liver tissue and kidney were taken from all
groups after killing at the end of the treatment and
were installed with the previously prepared
stabilized solution, then washed with distilled water
to remove the remaining fixation. The installer was
then passed through a gradual series of ethyl alcohol
starting from 70%, 90%, 100% and then passed to
the solution of the xylole then transferred to the wax
of the molten paraffin for half an hour after which
the wax molds were poured to be ready to cut in the
microtome rotary hang out as they were cut into
strips of tissue with a thickness of five micrometers. The slides were dyed with hematoxylin and eosin
and then the exact tissue diagnosis was performed
by the histologist. ACY1 Assay: group (13) and upon completion of the treatment
period for the three groups the animals were killed
by dislocation. The rats in each group were killed
and part of the liver and kidney tissues were
extracted for the purpose of studying tissue
examination (Histology). The statistical program
SPSS-25 was used to determine the mean and
standard deviation (SD) and t-test was chosen to
compare two parameters and find the difference
between the values, the P-values equal or less than
0.05 were considered to be significantly different. Peterson method (12) was used for the
determination of ACY1 which depends on the
principle of the hydrolysis of the aliphatic amino
acids containing the acetyl group such as used N-
acetyl-L-methionine by determining its production
of L-methionine and the determination of L-
methionine using ninhydrin method was described
by Rosen method (17). Animals Used and How to Deal with them: Twenty-four white Albino female rats (200-
300) gm were obtained from Veterinary College,
University of Mosul. Rodent food rich in nutrient
and tap water were used as bedding. The rats were
distributed into three groups with eight for each and
for 30 days each group was treated as follow:
Group I was given drinking water for the duration
of the trial and was considered a healthy control
group. Group II was given drinking water by
special bottles and contained LA (40 mg/kg) for the
duration of the trial, and was considered an infected
group that was not treated. Group III was given
drinking water containing LA at a concentration (40
mg/kg) and injected with the aminoacylase-1
(ACY1) purified in the intraperitoneal and at a dose
(4 mg/kg) of rat weight throughout the trial, and
was considered an infected group treated by ACY1
purified. Materials and Methods: Samples of 100 ml of amniotic fluid were
obtained from healthy pregnant women between the
ages of (26-35) years from Al-Khansa teaching
hospital in Mosul city and under the supervision of
specialized physicians, taking into account the fact
that they are non-smokers and do not take
medication of various types during the period of
sampling. Subsequent purification steps were
carried out, using different techniques as follows:
Step I: Enzyme precipitation: ACY1 was
precipitated from the amniotic fluid using 65%
ammonium sulfate saturation with continuous
movement of the electric motor at 4°C, and then the
solution was left for 24 hours in the refrigerator to
complete precipitation of proteins (10). Samples of 100 ml of amniotic fluid were
obtained from healthy pregnant women between the
ages of (26-35) years from Al-Khansa teaching
hospital in Mosul city and under the supervision of
specialized physicians, taking into account the fact
that they are non-smokers and do not take
medication of various types during the period of
sampling. Subsequent purification steps were
carried out, using different techniques as follows: Step I: Enzyme precipitation: ACY1 was
precipitated from the amniotic fluid using 65%
ammonium sulfate saturation with continuous
movement of the electric motor at 4°C, and then the
solution was left for 24 hours in the refrigerator to
complete precipitation of proteins (10). Step VI: Lyophilization stage: The ACY1 from
step (V) was dried using a freeze-dryer to obtain a
solid. The ACY1 was frozen at -20oC to be used in
the subsequent step of the research (15). Step II: Cooling ultracentrifuge separation: The
suspension produced from step I was centrifuged at
9000 g for (30) min at -4C to avoid denaturation. The protein in precipitate and supernatant is
determined (11). ACY1 activity was determined in 584 U*: a mount of aminoacylase-1 (ACY1) catalyzing the formation of one micromole for L-methionine from N-acetyl-L-methionine
per mint under optimum conditions. Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Results and Discussion:
ACY1 purification It obtained a one peak at
elution volume (175) mL with a specific activity
(29.3) U/mg protein and (19) folds of purification. Gel Filtration Separations: This technique was
applied to separate the protein as a source of ACY1,
which was obtained after ion exchange using a
column containing sephadex G-100 gel as shown in
(step V). The result (Fig. 2) indicated that there is
mainly one peak for ACY1in sephadex G-100. The
elution volume of peak was (132) mL. The specific
activity of the ACY1 peak was (57.8 U/mg protein)
and 38 folds of purification compared to initial
extract, (Table 1). Ion-Exchange
Chromatography:
Selective
adsorption and elution of proteins from the
polydextran
derivatives
anion
exchange
diethylaminoethyl (DEAE-cellulose) have also been
extremely successful for extensive and rapid
purification. Specific activity of ACY1 was
increased
after
the
use
of
DEAE-cellulose
exchanger when passing the protein solution
resulting from the dialysis process, where it was
found that there is one peak of ACY1, Fig. 1
explains the elution profile of purified ACY1 by ion
exchange chromatography. It obtained a one peak at
elution volume (175) mL with a specific activity
(29.3) U/mg protein and (19) folds of purification. Molecular Weight Determination of ACY-1 by
Gel Filtration: Molecular Weight Determination of ACY-1 by
Gel Filtration: The molecular weight(M.wt) determined in
step V by column (2.2 45) cm calibrated with
known proteins that were listed in Table 2. Estimating the approximate M.wt for ACY1 gave
the highest specific activity of the ACY1 amounting
to 57.8 U/mg protein and purity reached to 38
times. Therefore, it was used to estimate the M.wt
of the ACY1 by passing a number of known M.wt
compounds whose M.wts range between (204-
2000000 Dalton) on the separation column for the
purpose of determining the properties of the column
in terms of internal volume (V0) that were Up to
(217 mL) and (57 mL) respectively. Table 2 shows
the materials that were ordered on the separation
column containing the sephadex gel with its
fractional weight and elution volumes. Gel Filtration Separations: This technique was
applied to separate the protein as a source of ACY1,
which was obtained after ion exchange using a
column containing sephadex G-100 gel as shown in
(step V). The result (Fig. 2) indicated that there is
mainly one peak for ACY1in sephadex G-100. The
elution volume of peak was (132) mL. Results and Discussion:
ACY1 purification Blood samples were collected from animals
upon times: Time zero (before treatment) and day
30 (after treatment). The animals were numbness by
pure ether, blood was collected directly by orbital
sinus (Intraocularly) and put into tubes and then left
to clot. The tubes were then placed in a centrifuge at
3000 xg for 15 minutes to separate the coagulated
part from the serum. The serum was used within 2
days for the purpose of estimating levels of:
glutathione(GSH) (13), malondialdehyde (MDA)
(18) and enzyme carriers of the AST and ALT As it was noted in the previous studies that
the ACY1 was isolated from the tissues of different
mammals, as it is found in the liver, brain, kidneys,
muscles, pancreas and in the blood serum and has
not been isolated from the amniotic fluid (20). The
ACY1 was found in (65)% (Table 1), and increased
the specific activity after dialysis because of
removal of the molecules (Below 10000 Dalton)
and increasing the folds of purification for ACY1. Table 1. Isolation steps for ACY1 from the amniotic fluid. Purification stage
Volum
(ml)
Protein
conc. (mg/ml)
Activity×10-3
(U*/ml)
Total
activity
(U)
Sp.activity
(U/mg
protein)
Folds of
Purification
Recovery
%
Amniotic fluid
100
3.22
4.92
492
1.527
1.0
100
Precipitate by
(NH4)2SO4(65%)
42
4.55
10.21
428.82
2.243
2
87.1
Supernatant
58
0.94
0.23
13.34
0.244
0.2
2.7
Dialysis
44
2.32
9.1
400.4
3.922
3
81.4
DEAE-cellulose
(Fractions) Peak
15
0.44
12.9
193.5
29.318
19
39.3
Sephadex G-100
(Fractions) Peak
14
0.162
9.37
131.18
57.839
38
26.7
U*: a mount of aminoacylase-1 (ACY1) catalyzing the formation of one micromole for L-methionine from N-acetyl-L-methionine
per mint under optimum conditions. Table 1. Isolation steps for ACY1 from the amniotic fluid. Table 1. Isolation steps for ACY1 from the amniotic fluid. 3 585 Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Open Access Ion-Exchange
Chromatography:
Selective
adsorption and elution of proteins from the
polydextran
derivatives
anion
exchange
diethylaminoethyl (DEAE-cellulose) have also been
extremely successful for extensive and rapid
purification. Specific activity of ACY1 was
increased
after
the
use
of
DEAE-cellulose
exchanger when passing the protein solution
resulting from the dialysis process, where it was
found that there is one peak of ACY1, Fig. 1
explains the elution profile of purified ACY1 by ion
exchange chromatography. Results and Discussion:
ACY1 purification The specific
activity of the ACY1 peak was (57.8 U/mg protein)
and 38 folds of purification compared to initial
extract, (Table 1). The M.wt of unknown protein separated by
the column in (step V) was determined from the
standard curve, which is represented by Fig. 3. The
comparative M.wt of peak as a source of ACY1 is
approximately equal to (46698.18) Dalton, and is
close to what Zhong and others (21) found for the
enzyme extracted from human blood, which
reached
47000
Dalton
when
separated
and
evaluated by the electrophoresis. Furthermore, it
matches the M.wt found by Sommar and others (2)
who indicated that the M.wt of ACY in the
mammals is approximately 46000 Dalton. It was
also observed that the ACY1 isolated from the rats
kidney has a M.wt around 43000 Dalton (22), and
using ion exchange technology has isolated enzyme
by Zhong and others (21) and also from rats kidney
who found that his M.wt up to 43000 Dalton. extract, (Table 1). Figure 1. Purification of ACY-1 by DEAE-
cellulose chromatography. Figure 2. Elution profile of ACY-1 for amniotic
fluid on sephadex G-100. (
)
Figure 1. Purification of ACY-1 by DEAE-
cellulose chromatography. Table
2. Elution
volumes
of
standard
compounds. Table
2. Elution
volumes
of
standard
compounds. Materials
M.wt
(Dalton)
Elution
volume (mL)
Blue dextran (Void
volume(V°))
2000000
57
Hexokinase
100000
68
Bovine serum albumin
67000
78
Amylase
58000
129.5
Albumin from egg
45000
139
Pepsin
36000
159.8
Insulin hormone
5750
191.8
Tryptophan (Internal
volume(Vi))
204
217
Unknown (peak A )
46698.18
*132 Figure 1. Purification of ACY-1 by DEAE-
cellulose chromatography. Figure 2. Elution profile of ACY-1 for amniotic
fluid on sephadex G-100. Figure 2. Elution profile of ACY-1 for amniotic
fluid on sephadex G-100. 586 Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Published Online First: February 2021 Figure 3. A plot of the logarithm molecular
weights of known proteins versus elution volume
on a sephadex G-100. Figure 3. A plot of the logarithm molecular
weights of known proteins versus elution volume
on a sephadex G-100. Table
3. The
effect
of
the
biochemical
parameters for animals treatment with LA
compared to the control group during the 30-day
treatment period. Table
3. The
effect
of
the
biochemical
parameters for animals treatment with LA
compared to the control group during the 30-day
treatment period. Results and Discussion:
ACY1 purification p
(Mean ± Standard
deviation)
Parameters
Animals
treatment
with LA
Control
group
11.2±0.11**
17.9± 0.15
Glutathione (µm/L)
4.8±0.13**
2.3±0.1
Malondialdehyde(µm/L)
67.8±0.5**
50.4±0.3
AST (U/L)
56.5 ±0.3**
44.8±0.8
ALT (U/L)
** Significant difference at p ≤ 0.001 Figure 3. A plot of the logarithm molecular
weights of known proteins versus elution volume
on a sephadex G-100. On the other hand, it was noted from the
results in Table 4 that there were no significant
differences between rats treated with LA and ACY1
at a dose (4 mg/kg of rat weight) compared to the
control group. This indicates the participation of the
isolated ACY1 in protecting the body from these
harmful
compounds
resulting
from
lead
contamination. The results also indicated that there
is a significant increase p ≤0.001 in the level of
glutathione in the rat serum treated with lead and
ACY1 in a dose (4 mg/kg of rat weight) compared
to experimental animals treated with lead-only
(Table 4 and 5). As to value of glutathione, it
returned as in the group of normal animals (Table
4). The high level of GSH value may be due to the
effectiveness of ACY1 in removing the acetyl
group from N-acetyl methionine to give methionine
and producing cysteine from N-acetylcysteine thus
increasing its GSH level (20). The Effects of ACY1 Isolated on Biochemical
Parameter in Animals with Oxidative Stress
Induced with LA: The rise is due
to the increased lipid peroxidation, due to the
ability of lead to stimulate oxidation and then raise
the level of MDA, which is one of the important
products of the lipid peroxidation and the resulting
interactions of these compounds modulate and toxic
within the cells and tissues of animals. Exposure to
heavy metals such as lead causes a reduction in the
construction of many antioxidants as a result of
inhibition of the necessary enzymes in the
construction process, such as the gama- Glutamyl-
cysteine synthase and glutathione synthase enzyme,
which are involved in the synthesis of glutathione,
thus reduces the level of antioxidants that are
involved in the process of removing oxidation and
increases in turn the oxidation compounds that lead
to increased lipid peroxidation process and the
production of MDA(27). The results in Table 4 also
show that there were no significant differences
between rats treated with lead in concentration of
40 mg/kg and the isolated ACY1 at a dose (4 mg/kg
of rat weight) compared to the control group, which
gives a clear indication that the enzyme worked to
protect the body from those harmful compounds
resulting from lead contamination and repair
damage through the production of antioxidant
compounds. It was demonstrated that there was a
significant decrease at p ≤0.001 of the MDA level
in the rat treated with LA and the isolated ACY1 at
a dose (4 mg/kg rat weight) compared to test
animals treated with lead-only (Table 5) and
returned to the MDA level of control group (Table The results shown in Table 4 indicate that
there were no significant differences in the enzymes
activity (AST, ALT) in the serum of animals with
LA lets at a concentration of 40 mg/kg and the
isolated ACY1 at a dose (4 mg/kg) compared to the
control group. This gives a clear indication that the
ACY1 worked to protect the body from those
harmful
compounds
resulting
from
lead
contamination and repair the damage to liver and
heart cells and tissues through the production of
antioxidant compounds as well as through the
production of structural materials for the repairing
process. The Effects of ACY1 Isolated on Biochemical
Parameter in Animals with Oxidative Stress
Induced with LA: This decrease in MDA level is due to the
effectiveness, role and participation of the ACY1 as
an antioxidant, as well as the direct removal of
oxidative compounds, causing a decrease in the
process of lipid peroxidation and thus a decrease in
the MDA level in rat serum. The results in Table 3
manifests increase p ≤ 0.001 for the of enzymes
activity (AST and ALT) in the serum of rats treated
with LA compared to the control group. These
results correspond to the results of previous studies
(23), this rise is due to the fact that exposure to lead
leads to accumulation in the liver tissue and causes
liver damage and thus leads to the release of
enzymes from f the necrosis liver tissue to the
bloodstream
(25). The
release
of
different
substances from the liver and endothelial cells
causes blood flow to the tissues, including the liver
which is the source of these enzymes, as well as in
the heart, muscles and kidneys where increases
enzymes activity(28). Moreover, the high level of
enzymes activity are associated with an increased
oxidative stress as a result of the increased oxidant
compounds resulting from the exposure to lead
pollutants that can damage liver and heart cells and
tissues. Table 5. Comparison of the effect of the
biochemical parameters for animals treatment
by LA (40 mg/kg) with animals treatment by
ACY1 isolated from the amniotic fluid (4 mg/kg)
during the 30-day treatment period. g
y
p
(Mean ± Standard deviation)
Parameters
Animals treated with
LA as well as treated
with ACY-1 isolated
from amniotic fluid(4
mg/kg)
Animals
treated
with LA
only
16.8±0.12**
11.2±0.11
Glutathione
(µm/L)
2.5±0.14**
4.8±0.13
Malondialdehyde
(µm/L)
52.6±0.7**
67.8±0.5
AST (U/L)
49.9 ±0.4**
56.5 ±0.3
ALT (U/L)
** Significant difference at p ≤ 0.001 g
y
p
(Mean ± Standard deviation)
Parameters The results shown in Table 3 indicate that
there is a significant increase p≤0.001 of the MDA
level in the serum of rats treated with LA
compared to the control group. These results are
consistent with those of the previous studies that
have indicated a rise in the level of MDA in the
serum of rats treated with LA (26). The Effects of ACY1 Isolated on Biochemical
Parameter in Animals with Oxidative Stress
Induced with LA: The results shown in Table 3 indicated that
there is a significant decrease (p<0.001) in the level
of GSH in the serum of rats treated with LA at a
concentration of 40mg / kg of weight compared to
the control group. These results are consistent with
those of the previous studies that have indicated a
low level of GSH in the serum of rats treated with
lead reduction (23). The reason for this decrease is
the consumption of GSH to remove free radicals,
which are increasingly produced as a result of
exposure to high levels of lead, and causes the
production of oxidative compounds of different
types and lead to inhibit many important enzymes in
the
production
of
erythrocytes,
such
as
aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD). It then
inhibits the process of hematopoiesis (24) as a result
of the accumulation of high amounts of gama-
aminolevulinic acid, which is auto-oxidized and then
produces high amounts of reactive oxygen species
(ROS). This leads to an increase in oxidative stress,
which causes protein oxidation and changes its
function, in addition to an increase in lipid
peroxidation and oxidation of nucleic acids that
cause many mutations that lead to cancer. Moreover,
lead interferes with ferrous ions in protoporphyrin
IX, which is responsible for the formation of heme
and cannot be capable of carrying oxygen. These
causes stimulate increased oxidative compounds
production and thus increase the consumption of
glutathione and decrease its level as a result of its
participation in the removal of those compounds
through direct removal or through its use as a
substance
for
antioxidant
enzymes
such
as
glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and glutathione
peroxidase (GPx)(25). Table
4. The
effect
of
the
biochemical
parameters for animals treatment with LA (40
mg/ kg) body weight and ACY1 isolated from
the amniotic fluid (4 mg/ kg) compared to the
control group during the 30-day treatment
period. (Mean ± Standard deviation)
Parameters
Animals treatment
with LA (40 mg/kg)as
well as treated with
ACY-1 isolated from
amniotic fluid(4
mg/kg)
Control
group
16.8±0.12
17.9±
0.15
Glutathione
(µm/L)
2.5±0.14
2.3±0.1
Malondialdehyde
(µm/L)
52.6±0.7
50.4±0.3
AST (U/L)
49.9 ±0.4
44.8±0.8
ALT (U/L) 587 Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Open Access Published Online First: February 2021 4). The Effects of ACY1 Isolated on Biochemical
Parameter in Animals with Oxidative Stress
Induced with LA: It has been observed that there is a
significant decrease p ≤0.001 of the enzyme
activity level (AST and ALT) in the serum of rats
treated with LA and the isolated ACY1 at a dose (4
mg/kg rat weight) compared to test animals treated
with lead-only reductions (Table 5). This is due to
the role of the ACY1 in increasing the production of
amino acids, especially methionine, which turns
into cysteine, which is an antioxidant and has a role
in direct removal of oxidative compounds or
through being one of the components of glutathione
as antioxidant, which protects cells from the toxicity
of substances and pollutants. Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 Open Access 30 days compared to the tissue examination of the
control group (Fig. 4a and b) indicate the presence
of tissue changes represented by the expansion of
the central veins, thrombotic necrosis of the
hepatocytes, as well as the presence of focal
infiltration of inflammatory cells and congestion of
blood vessels in the portal region. This is due to the
ability of lead to destroy the cell walls, which helps
in the liberation of many chemical media that work
to attract inflammatory cells in the hurt zone (29). It
has
been
observed
that
there
is follicular
degeneration in the group having LA at a dose of 40
mg/kg of body weight for 30 days, as well as
injected with ACY1 in the intraperitoneal at a dose
of 4 mg/kg of rat weight, but significantly less
severe when compared with the group having lead-
only as observed from (Fig. 4c). This results
demonstrate the role of the ACY1 separated in order
to protect the body from oxidative stress. As
previously pointed out, oxidative stress is one of the
factors that cause many diseases and lead to
damages in cellular materials and changes cellular compositions and results in increased production of
free
radicals
and
reduced
availability
of
antioxidants, as it inhibits the ability of antioxidant
enzymes as well as inhibits the action of
antioxidants containing thiol group such as
glutathione, cysteine, and others, as well as a
change in calcium balance and thus activate the
process of producing reactive oxygen species, this
leads to increased processes of lipid peroxidation
and cellular damage by LA(30). One of the products
of oxidative processes is the damage of cellular
components, which is observed through (Fig. 4 (b))
compared to the form control group (Fig. 4 (a)). However, after the use of the isolated ACY1 and
injected with LA, it was noted that it has the ability
to improve the condition of the animal by reducing
the oxidative processes and toxicity resulting in lead
contamination on cells, liver tissues and kidney
form (6), by increasing the production of
methionine and the production of glutathione, and
to preserve the proteins containing the thiol group
(31). g
g
(
)
Figure 4. p
a- Without any treatment, only given regular drinking water for the duration of the trial. with LA during the 30-day treatment period, where it is observed: A-Thrombosis necrosis. B-Congestion of
sels in the papyratic area. C- Inflammation of inflammatory cells in the door yard. c- Which treat with LA, as well as treatment with aminoacylase-1, at a dose of 4 mg/kg over a period of 30 days, where it is
observed: A- Follicular degeneration is much less severe when compared to the group treated with lead acetate only. B-
The portal vein expands significantly less frequently when compared to the lead acetate group only. Effect of ACY1 on the Liver and Kidney Tissue
Sections of the Liver and Kidneys of Rats with a
Case of Oxidative Stress Caused by LA: Effect of ACY1 on the Liver and Kidney Tissue
Sections of the Liver and Kidneys of Rats with a
Case of Oxidative Stress Caused by LA: The tissue examination of the liver and kidney
treatment at a dose of 40 mg/kg of body weight for 588 Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 ny treatment, only given regular drinking water for the duration of the trial. Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 B - Hepatitis osteoarthritis. C - Bleeding in the interstitial tissue. c- After being treated with LA, as well as treatment with the amninoacylase-1, at a dose of 4 mg/kg over a period of 30 days,
as there is bleeding with blood congestion in the crust area (A) but significantly lower when compared with the treatment
with lead-only. induced by LA and then can reduce the severity of
various diseases. Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February 2021 The results of the kidney tissue examination
treated with LA at a dose of 40 mg /kg body weight
for 30 days compared to the tissue examination of
the control group (Fig.5a and b) indicated the
presence of tissue changes represented by bleeding
in the interstitial tissue and epithelial cells
hyperplasia and the bulge, resulting in narrowing of
the lumen of the renal tubule, and degeneration of
the cells lining the renal tubules. The shrinkage of
the glomerular lumen and the expansion of the
Bowman space with the clarity of the glomerular lumen, are due to the fact that the kidneys are the
target organ of lead toxicity, because of their ability
to reabsorb and collect lead in cells nearby tubular
(31). On the other hand, it has also been observed
that there is hemorrhage with vascular congestion in
the cortex area of the group treated with lead letters
at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight for 30 days, as
well as injected with ACY1 in the intraperitoneal at
a dose of 4 mg/kg of rat weight, but much less
severely when compared with the treatment group
with lead-only decreases as observed from Fig. 5c. p
y
g
y
g
Figure 5. A cross section of the kidney tissue, using hematoxylin and eosin dye and 165x magnification
power:
a-Without any treatment, only was given drinking water for the duration of the experiment. b-Which is treat with LA during the 30-day treatment period, where it is observed: A - Shrinkage and curvature of the
glomerular, and expand the Bowman's space. B - Hepatitis osteoarthritis. C - Bleeding in the interstitial tissue. c- After being treated with LA, as well as treatment with the amninoacylase-1, at a dose of 4 mg/kg over a period of 30 days,
as there is bleeding with blood congestion in the crust area (A) but significantly lower when compared with the treatment
with lead-only. Conclusion:
induced by LA and then can reduce the severity of
i
di
a
b
c b b a a Figure 5. A cross section of the kidney tissue, using hematoxylin and eosin dye and 165x magnification
power: y
,
y
g
g
p
b-Which is treat with LA during the 30-day treatment period, where it is observed: A - Shrinkage and curvature of the
glomerular, and expand the Bowman's space. induced by LA and then can reduce the severity of
various diseases. Baghdad Science Journal
2021,18(3):583-592 A cross section of the liver tissue, using hematoxylin and eosin dye and 165x magnification
power:
a- Without any treatment, only given regular drinking water for the duration of the trial. b- Which treat with LA during the 30-day treatment period, where it is observed: A-Thrombosis necrosis. B-Congestion of
the blood vessels in the papyratic area. C- Inflammation of inflammatory cells in the door yard. c- Which treat with LA, as well as treatment with aminoacylase-1, at a dose of 4 mg/kg over a period of 30 days, where it is
observed: A- Follicular degeneration is much less severe when compared to the group treated with lead acetate only. B-
The portal vein expands significantly less frequently when compared to the lead acetate group only. a
b
c b b b a Figure 4. A cross section of the liver tissue, using hematoxylin and eosin dye and 165x magnification
power: a- Without any treatment, only given regular drinking water for the duration of the trial. b- Which treat with LA during the 30-day treatment period, where it is observed: A-Thrombosis necrosis. B-Congestion of
the blood vessels in the papyratic area. C- Inflammation of inflammatory cells in the door yard. c- Which treat with LA, as well as treatment with aminoacylase-1, at a dose of 4 mg/kg over a period of 30 days, where it is
observed: A- Follicular degeneration is much less severe when compared to the group treated with lead acetate only. B-
The portal vein expands significantly less frequently when compared to the lead acetate group only. 589 Baghdad Science Journal
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enzymes in cases of preeclampsia and intrauterine
growth restriction. Med. Arch. 2016;70(1): 44–47. دراسة كيموحيوية ونسيجية النزيم
أمين
واسليز-
1 الم
نقى
من السائل االمنيوني في الجرذان المصابين بحالة
اإلجهاد التأكسدي المستحدثة بخالت الرصاص
ايمان سالم محمود الطائي
1
لؤي عبد علي الهاللي2
1قسم علوم طب االسنان االساسية ،كلية طب اسنان ،جامعة الموصل، الموصل.، العراق
2قسم الكيمياء، كلية العلوم، جامعة الموصل، الموصل.، العراق لؤي عبد علي الهاللي2 الخالصة: الخالصة:
تضمن البحث فصل ودراسة إنزيم أمينواسيليز-
1
(
ACY1) من ال سائل،األمنيوني للحوامل االصحاء إذ تم فصل حزمة رئيس
ي ة
واحدة فقط ذات فعالية عالية بتقنية التبادل االيوني السالب
نوعDEAE-cellulose
للراسب البروتيني الناتج عن ترسيب
ال
بروتينات ب استخدام
( كبريتات االمونيوم65) بعد عملية الفرز%
الغشائي ، اذ وصلت( عدد مرات التنقية الى19
) مرة، وعند
استخدام عمو
د
الترشيح الهالمي
باستخدام
سيفادكس من نوع
G-100
تم الحصول على نقاوة عالية لإلنزيم وصلت
( عدد مرات التنقية له الى38
)، وقد وجد ان الوزن الجزيئي
إلنزيم المعزولة كان بحدود
46698
.دالتون عند استخدام تقنية كروماتوغرافي الترشيح الهالمي
س در تأثير إنزيم
ACY1المعزو ل على
( الجرذان المصابين باإلجهاد التأكسدي المستحدث بخالت الرصاصLA
) بجرعة40
ملغم /كغم من وزن الجرذي وتمت مقارنتها مع
الطبيعيين وذلك من خالل قياس المتغيرات الكيموحيوية
المختارة و :التي تضمنت( الكلوتاثايونGSH
() والمالوندايالديهايدMDA
)
وإنزيم
اسبارتيت
أمينوترانسفريز (
AST
) وإنزيم أالنين أمينوترانسفريز(
ALT
) وكذلك من خالل الفحص النسيجي
لل
كبد والكلية. اذ أظهرت النتائج
( ارتفاعاً معنوياً في مستوياتMDA
وAST
وALT
( ) وانخفاضها في مستوىGSH
) مقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة السالبة، كما لوحظ ان
هناك انخفاضاً معنوياً في( مستوياتMDA
وAST
وALT
) وارتفاع فيGSH
عند حقن إنزيمACY1
4
ملغم /كغم من وزن الجرذي مع
LA
بجرعة40
.ملغم /كغم و أظهرت نتائج الفحص النسيجي وجود تغيرات مرضية عالية ألنسجة الكبد للجرذان المعاملة بمادةLA
40
ملغم
/كغم من وزن الجرذان عند مقارنتها مع الطبيعيين، لقد حصل تحسن ألنسجة الكبد والكلية عند
استخدام إنزيمACY1
4
ملغم /كغم من وزن
الجرذان معLA
،
وهذه النتائج تثبت دور انزيمACY1
في الحماية من االجهاد التأكسدي و.التقليل من حدة األمراض المختلفة
الكلمات المفتاحية :أمينواسيليز-
1
،، السائل االمنيوني
،عزل
.خالت الرصاص، الجرذان 592 | 7,418 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/5067/3652 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Abstract: Dengke Naniura is a traditional food from Sumatera Utara, Indonesia, that is produced through
fermenting process, and this food is believed to contain high probiotics. The objective of the current research
is to determine the potential of LAB as a probiotic that has been obtained from Dengke Naniura. Dengke
Naniura was traditionally prepared from Cyprinus carpio. Four LABs have been successfully isolated from
Dengke Naniura, such as D7DA3, D7B3, D7DBF and D7DN3. Those four LAB isolates were identified as
Lactobacillus sp. This result has been confirmed by the non-spore forming bacterium, non-motile, and Gram-
positive. Also, it has been supported by biochemical test, for the example Voges Proskauer, catalase test,
Methyl Red test, and carbohydrate fermentation. Several tests have been performed for determining the
properties of the isolated LABs as probiotic, for the example: physiological properties, acid and bile
tolerance and antimicrobial activities. As a probiotic, the fermentation profile of the isolated LAB was
evaluated, including titratable acidity, pH, and organoleptic test. The all four isolates show the ability to
survive in the MRS broth medium at pH 2 and 3. At the pH 3, the isolates of D7B3 show the highest ability
to survive; it is about 100%, after 2 hours of incubation time. This data is followed by D7DBF4 with value
90 and 24% at pH 3 and 2, respectively. Otherwise, the isolate of D7DN3 and D7DA3 shows the lowest
value, it is about 55-58% and 52-58% at pH 3 and 2, respectively. The fermented milk has been successfully
made from LAB that has been isolated from Dengke Naniura. The fermented milk prepared using D7DA3
and D7DN3 has consistence and odor as similar as yoghurt, otherwise the isolate of D7DB3 and D7DBF4
produced fermented milk that is too thick. The fermented milk prepared from these isolates, D7DA3,
D7DBF4 and D7DN3 has a normal taste. The better taste has been obtained in the fermented milk that was
prepared using D7B3 isolate. The fermented milk prepared using LAB and obtained from Dengke Naniura
has titratable acidity of 0.92-1.15% with pH 4.03-4.60. Key words: Dengke Naniura, Fermentation, Lactic Acid Bacteria, Probiotic potential. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) with Probiotic Potential from Dengke Naniura
Maria Manik1,2*
Jamaran Kaban1*
Jansen Silalahi3
Mimpin Ginting1 Jamaran Kaban1* Maria Manik1,2* 1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Indonesia. 2 Department of Food Technology, University of HKBP Nommensen, Indonesia. 3F
l
f Ph
U i
i
S
U
I d
i p g
g
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-0555 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-1886, https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-9657-5890, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-746-3611 *ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0455-0555 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9482-1886, https://orcid.org/0000-
0002-9657-5890, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-746-3611 Received 27/6/2020, Accepted 24/9/2020, Published Online First 6/12/2020, Published 1/3/2021 Received 27/6/2020, Accepted 24/9/2020, Published Online First 6/12/2020, Published 1/3/2021
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ,
p
,
,
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Table 1. Bacterial identification. Characteristic
D7DA3
D7B3
D7DBF4
D7DN3
Motility
Non-
motile
Non-
motile
Non-
motile
Non-
motile
Gram
+
+
+
+
Cell shaped
Bacilli-
cocci
Cocci
Bacilli
Bacilli
Catalase
-
-
-
- Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Escherichia coli. The obtained inhibition zone was
measured after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C(11). Tolerance to acid and bile salt used, i.e. tolerance to acid and bile salt conditions,
has antimicrobial properties. Also, it should be able
to survive in the fermentation conditions, to
evaluate its potency in food industries (7). Acid and bile salt tolerances of LAB isolates
were evaluated using a modified method from Lee
et al.(12). Acid tolerance test was performed in
MRS medium and the pH of medium was adjusted
to pH 3.0 and 2.0 by adding HCl 0.1 M. The
colonies were observed for 2 h. Bile salt tolerances
of
isolates
were
determined
using
sodium
deoxycholate (1-3%) during 4 h of incubation at
37ºC. Dengke Naniura or marinated fish is a type of
traditional Batak Toba’s food in North Sumatra
which is consumed without cooking as a source of
protein. Dengke Naniura is traditionally made from
carp (Cyprinus carpio) fresh from Lake Toba. This
food is made by marinating the fish in jungga lime
(Citrus jambhiri Lush.) juice and spices until the
fish becomes soft and ready to be consumed without
cooking. The method of processing Dengke Naniura
varies in time spent marinating and the amount of
seasoning used subject to individual taste. As a
result of investigation in literature review, several
researches have observed the effect of LAB to the
growth of carp (8-10), but study that focused on the
isolation of LAB from derivative food product of
carp, especially Dengke Naniura has yet to be
found. According to the explanation above, the aim
of this research is to isolate and investigate the
probiotic properties of LAB from Dengke Naniura. Isolation of LAB The isolation process of LAB was performed
according to the method from Abushelaibi et al.(1). LAB of Dengke Naniura was isolated using spread-
plate on MRS agar and it was incubated at 30ºC for
48 h. The obtained colonies then continued to Gram
stain and catalase test. Fermentation profile The fermentation activity of isolated LAB
was evaluated using a method form Angmo et al. (2). The isolated LAB with concentration of 3.0%
was inoculated in the sterilized bovine skim milk
(10% w/v) and it was incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. the obtained fermented milk then was stored at 37ºC
for 18 h. After the incubation time, samples were
taken for pH measurement, determining titratable
acidity and organoleptic test. Materials and Methods:
Sample and enrichment technique Four bacteria colonies (D7DA3, D7B3,
D7DBF and D7DN3) were isolated from the
Dengke Naniura were identified as Lactobacillus
sp. As in Table 1, all the isolates of bacteria
colonies were produced bacilli-cocci shape (Fig. 1)
and supported with the all the isolates were found as
a non-spore forming bacterium, non-motile, and
Gram-positive. Also,
it
was
supported
by
biochemical test, for the example Voges Proskauer,
catalase test, Methyl Red test, and carbohydrate
fermentation (13-15). Sample and enrichment technique Carp (Cyprinus carpio) used in this research
has been taken from Lake Toba area in the
Haranggaol. Carp weighting approximately 1 kg
each was taken to the laboratory using a closed
plastic container that contains water and oxygen. Carp was cleaned, deboned and deskinned. The carp
meat was washed with cool boiled water and
drained. The carp meat that had been drained was
placed in a glass container and then marinated with
jungga lime juice with a ratio of 1g of jungga lime
juice to 1.8 g of carp meat and added 3% of salt. Marination in jungga lime juice was carried out in a
room at 18ºC within a period of 7 hours. The
mixture of spices was then put in a carp marinating
one hour before the marinating time finished. The
fish soaking container was sealed tightly during the
process. Introduction: antihypertension. The interest of the researchers and
industries to isolate new strain of probiotic and
promote it in dietary supplement is increasing
nowadays(5). Probiotic is classified as a microorganism
that can bring advantages to humans, especially in
human health (1, 2). Several researches that focused
on the effect of probiotic reported that this
microorganism can prevent and reduce the
indication of acute diarrhea, diabetes, hypertension,
and inflammatory disease(3, 4). As the impact of
technology advancement, nowadays probiotic can
be easily found in our daily food and it is called as
functional food. In the form of functional food, it
has many therapeutic advantages to human, i.e. antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulator, and A consortium of LABs with bifidobacterial
can be categorized as the most popular probiotic
that was investigated for the last decades (1, 6). Lactic acid bacteria in functional food bring health
advantages and it is also involved in the
fermentation process of functional food. To
evaluate the presence of new probiotic LAB in the
isolate, there are several criteria that have been 35 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Materials and Methods:
Sample and enrichment technique Sample and enrichment technique Antagonistic test The antagonistic properties of the isolated
LAB from Dengke Naniura were determined using
disk paper method against Bacillus subtilis,
Staphylococcus
aureus,
Bacillus
cereus,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, and 36 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: December 2020 Figure 1 Microscopic view after Gram staining Those cultures have a higher value of inhibition
zone than D7B3. Isolate of D7DBF4 has shown the
highest inhibition zone in antagonistic test against
Gram negative pathogens with 12 (0.5) mm in
diameter inhibition zone against E. coli, 9.3 (0.4)
mm in diameter against P. aeruginosa, 9.33 (0.81)
mm in diameter against S. typhi and 9.37 (0.47) mm
in diameter against E. faecalis. On the other hand,
the isolates of D7DBF4 and D7DN3 have shown
the significance difference activities compared to
D7DA3 and D7B3. The highest activity against
Gram positive pathogen is also shown by D7DBF4
with 10.40 (0.26) mm in diameter against S. aureus,
12.97 (1.31) mm in diameter against B. cereus and
12.27 (0.12) mm in diameter against B. subtilis
(Table 2). This result was relevant to the previous
results (16-18). Figure 1.Microscopic view after Gram staining. During the production of fermented
milk, the isolates were cultured in 10% skim milk to
obtain the starter culture. The number of bacterial
cells in the starter can be seen in Table 3. the highest tolerance to the bile salt test; it was
observed from the colonies number after 4 h
treatment. This ability that was showed by isolated
LAB can be associated with the presence of S-layer
protein. This protein can help to enhance the cell
viability of microflora in the gastrointestinal
system. Based on the result of de Valdez and
Taranto [19] and Gilliland et al. [20], the isolated
LAB may have a potency as probiotic due to its
ability to survive in the high bile salt concentration. Table 3. Bacterial cell growth in starter. Isolate
Bacterial Cells (cfu/ml)
D7DA3
11 x 10 7
D7DB3
12 x 10 7
D7DBF4
14 x 10 7
D7DN3
14 x 10 7 Table 3. Bacterial cell growth in starter. Figure 3. Bile salt tolerance test of identified
isolates at 0 and 4 h. D7DA3
D7B3
D7BF4
D7DN3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Bacteria density (x106 CFU/g)
Bile salt 1% 0h
Bile salt 1% 4h
Bile salt 2% 0h
Bile salt 2% 4h
Bile salt 3% 0h
Bile salt 3% 4h The fermented milk was made by inoculating
the 3% of LAB isolate in the starter culture. The
fermented milk has been successfully made from
LAB that was isolated from Dengke Naniura and
the characteristic of the fermented milk can be seen
in Table 4. The fermented milk that was prepared
using D7DA3 and D7DN3 has consistence and odor
as similar as yoghurt, otherwise the isolate of
D7DB3 and D7DBF4 produced fermented milk that
is too thick. The fermented milk that was prepared
from these isolates, D7DA3, D7DBF4 and D7DN3
has a normal taste. The bitter taste was obtained in
the fermented milk that was prepared using D7B3
isolate. The fermented milk that was prepared using
LAB obtained from Dengke Naniura has titratable
acidity of 0.92-1.15% with pH 4.03-4.60. Figure 3. Bile salt tolerance test of identified
isolates at 0 and 4 h. The obtained LAB isolates with the probiotic
potency has been applied in the production of Table 4. Figure 1.Microscopic view after Gram staining. The antagonistic test of D7DA3, D7DBF4,
and D7DN3 against Gram-negative pathogens in
Table 2 shows a significant difference (p ≤ 0.05). Table 2.Screening of antibacterial activity against eight pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria
D7DA3
D7B3
D7DBF4
D7BN3
Gram-negative Pathogen
E. coli
9.45 ± 0.45
6.30 ± 0.18
12.00 ± 0.5
10.43 ± 1.60
P. aeruginosa
7.43 ± 0.06
6.10 ± 0.08
9.30 ± 0.40
9.30 ± 0.75
S. typhi
9.37 ± 0.21
6.00 ± 0.00
9.33 ± 0.81
9.27 ± 0.64
E. faecalis
8.40 ± 0.10
6.08 ± 0.12
9.37 ± 0.47
10.25 ± 0.25
Gram-positive Pathogen
S. aureus
8.80 ± 0.10
6.07 ± 0.09
10.40 ± 0.3
10.13 ± 0.25
B. cereus
7.63 ± 0.15
6.17 ± 0.12
12.97 ± 1.3
8.43 ± 0.61
B. subtilis
7.73 ± 0.59
6.90 ± 0.15
12.27 ± 0.1
12.93 ± 0.42 able 2.Screening of antibacterial activity against eight pathogenic bacteria. Bacteria
D7DA3
D7B3
D7DBF4
D7BN3 The all four isolates show the ability to
survive in the MRS broth medium at pH 2 and 3
(Fig. 2). At the pH 3, the isolates of D7B3 show the
highest ability to survive, it is about 100%, after 2
hours of incubation time. This data is followed by
D7DBF4 with value 90 and 24% at pH 3 and 2,
respectively. Otherwise, the isolate of D7DN3 and
D7DA3 shows the lowest value, it is about 55-58%
and 52-58% at pH 3 and 2, respectively. It can be
shown that the bacterial colonies were decreased at
the certain value when pH increased (18). Figure 2. Effect of pH on growth of identified
isolates at 0 and 4 h. D7DA3
D7B3
D7DBF4
D7DN3
0
20
40
60
80
100
Bacteria density (x106 CFU/g)
pH 2 0h
pH 2 4h
pH 3 0h
pH 3 4h Figure 2. Effect of pH on growth of identified
isolates at 0 and 4 h. Bile salt is one of several tests to determine
the ability of LAB to survive in the gastrointestinal
system. In the previous research, the obtained LAB
was tested in the 2.0% of bile salt and it was able to
survive. In the present research, the bile salt
concentration was set to be 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0% and it
was incubated for 4 h. Fig. 3 shows that D7B3 has 37 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 Open Access fermented milk. Conclusion: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. The investigation of the presence of lactic
acid bacteria and its potency as probiotic sources in
a traditional fermented food is based on Cyprinus
carpio, Dengke Naniura of Bataknese, Indonesia
has been conducted. Four isolates of LAB have
been obtained, i.e. D7DA3, D7B3, D7DBF4 and
D7DN3. All of the isolates have good probiotic
properties that were evaluated from antagonistic
test, acid and bile salt tolerance. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Sumatera Utara. Figure 1.Microscopic view after Gram staining. Organoleptic evaluation
Fermented Milk
LAB isolate from Dengke Naniura
D7DA3
D7B3
D7DBF4
D7DN3
Physical Properties
Consistency
Thick
Too thick
Too thick
Thick
Odor
Yoghurt
Yeasty
Yoghurt
Soft yeasty
Taste
Yoghurt
Bitter
Yoghurt
Yoghurt
Chemical properties
Acid total
1.13 ± 0.23
0.92 ± 0.07
0.93 ±0.07
1.15 ± 0.19
pH
4.27 ± 0.21
4.60 ± 0.36
4.57 ±0.33
4.03 ± 0.09 Table 4. Organoleptic evaluation Open Access
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Published Online First: December 2020 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 ( بكتيريا حمض الالكتيكLAB
) مع إمكانات البروبيوتيك منDengke Naniura
ماريا مانيك1
جماران كابان2
ممبن كنتنك3
1 قسم الكيمياء ، كلية الرياضيات والعلوم الطبيعية ، جامعة شمال سومطرة ، إندونيسيا. 2 قسم تكنولوجيا األغذية ، جامعة نومنسن ، اندنوسيا
3 كلية الصيدلة جامعة شمال سومطرة بإندونيسيا. الخالصة: ممبن كنتنك3 ا:
Dengke Naniura هو طعام تقليدي من Sumatera Utara
، ، إندونيسيا ، يتم إنتاجه من خالل عملية التخمير ويعتقد أن هذا
.الطعام يحتوي على نسبة عالية من البروبيوتيك ان
الهدف من البحث الحالي هو تحديد إمكانات LAB
باعتبارها بروبيوتيك تم الحصول عليها
من Dengke Naniura
.تم تحضير Dengke Naniura بشكل تقليدي من Cyprinus carpio
حيث
تم عزل أربعة LABs بنجاح من
Dengke Naniura ، مثل D7DA3 و D7B3 و D7DBF و D7DN3. و
تم تحديد عزالت LAB األربعة على أنها Lactobacillus
sp. و
تم تأكيد هذه النتيجة عن طريق البكتيريا غير البوغية وغير المتحركة وإيجابية الجرام. أيضًا ، تم دعمه من خالل اختبار الكيمياء الح يوية
، على سبيل المثال Voges Proskauer واختبار الكاتالز واختبار Methyl Red
وتخمير الكربوهيدرات. تم إجراء العديد من االختبارات
لتحديد خصائص LABs
المعزولة باعتبارها بروبيوتيك ، على سبيل المثال: الخصائص الفسيولوجية وتحمل الحمض والصفراء واألنشطة
المضادة للميكروبات. باعتباره بروبيوتيكًا ، تم تقييم ملف التخمير الخاص بـ LAB
المعزول ، بما في ذلك الحموضة القابلة للمعايرة ، ودرجة
الحموضة ، واالختبار الحسي. تظهر جميع العزالت األربع القدرة على البقاء على قيد الحياة في وسط مرق MRS
عند درجة الحموضة2
و
3
. عند درجة الحموضة3
، تظهر عزالت D7B3 أعلى قدرة
على البقاء ؛ يكون حوالي100
بعد ساعتين من وقت الحضانة. ويتبع هذه٪
البيانات D7DBF4
بقيمة90
و24
عند الرقم الهيدروجيني٪
3
و2 على التوالي. خالف ذلك ، فإن عزلة D7DN3 و D7DA3
تظهر أقل
قيمة ، وهي حوالي55
-
58
و٪
52
-
58
عند درجة الحموضة٪
3
و2 على التوالي. تم تص
نيع الحليب المخمر بنجاح من LAB المعزول من
Dengke Naniura. . Open Access
Published Online First: December 2020 وان
الحليب المخمر المحضر باستخدام D7DA3 و D7DN3 له قوام ورائحة تشبه الزبادي ، وإال فإن عزل
D7DB3 و D7DBF4 أنتج لبنًا مخمرً ا سميكًا جدًا. اللبن المخمر المحضر من هذه العزالت D7DA3 و D7DBF4 و D7DN3 ل ه طعم
طبيعي. تم الحصول على أفضل طعم في الحليب المخمر الذي تم تحضيره باستخدام العزلة D7B3 و
الحليب المخمر المحضر باستخدام LAB
والذي تم الحصول عليه من Dengke Naniura
له حموضة معايرة تبلغ0.92
-
1.15 مع٪
pH 4.03-4.60. ا 40 | 3,528 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/5374/3376 | null |
Arabic | Introduction: importance of this type of coding in information
theory. Communication
is
the
exchange
of
information between individuals by different means
of transmission. The simplest communication
system can consist of an information source, and a
receiver and the link between them is called a
communication channel, which can be a wire or
wireless
or
the
air
range
in
which
the
electromagnetic waves propagate between the
source and the receiver. Network coding is an area of research created
in papers from the late 1990s to early the second
millennium 4 5. However, the concept of network
cipher, and especially linear network encryption,
appeared much earlier in 1978 6 The communication network contains a set of
source nodes so that each node generates a symbol
from its finite field. These symbols are called data
units, and it also includes a set of downstream
nodes, a set of internal nodes. These nodes are
linked with each other through a group of channels
so that each channel transmits a specific amount of
data called channel capacity. A communications network consists of a set
of source nodes. Each node generates a symbol or
set of symbols taken from a finite field, as well as a
set of downstream nodes, in addition to a set of
internal nodes. These nodes are linked to each other
through a set of channels so that each channel
transmits a specific amount of data called the
channel capacity. If the communications network contains a
single source node and a set of downstream nodes
that are asking for data generated in this source
node, then the connection problem over this
network is called a multicast transmission 7 while, it
is called Intersession network coding 8 if it contains
two source nodes and two downstream nodes such
that each downstream node requests the symbols
generated in one of the source nodes. The concept of network coding emerged as an
important field of study in the research presented by
Ahlswede, Cai Li, and Yeung, 1. This paper has
shown that it is possible to accomplish the network
coding if and only if the coding vectors for each
channel in the network are linearly independent. Robertet al.found that it is possible to find a
solution to the network coding problem using linear
coding, but 3 R. Dougherty, C. Freiling, and K. Keywords: Groebner bases, Network Coding, Resultant. Keywords: Groebner bases, Network Coding, Resultant. Abstract: This paper introduces a relationship between the independence of polynomials associated with the
links of the network, and the Jacobian determinant of these polynomials. Also, it presents a way to simplify a
given communication network through an algorithm that splits the network into subnets and reintegrates
them into a network that is a general representation or model of the studied network. This model is also
represented through a combination of polynomial equations and uses Groebner bases to reach a new
simplified network equivalent to the given network, which may make studying the ability to solve the
problem of network coding less expensive and much easier. Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 Received 11/10/2020, Accepted 1/3/2021, Published Online First 20/7/2021, Published 1/2/2022 Received 11/10/2020, Accepted 1/3/2021, Published Online First 20/7/2021, Published 1/2/2022 Application of Groebner Bases to Study a Communication System Shawki Al-Rashed Alaa Jony* Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences, Damascus University of Syria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]*, [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1200-2914* , https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 1
𝑛
Definition 5: 1 which has the following properties: Let 𝑓, 𝑔∈𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] be a nonzero polynomials,
fix a monomial order and let Let 𝑓, 𝑔∈𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] be a nonzero polynomials,
fix a monomial order and let
𝐿𝑇(𝑓) = 𝑐𝑥𝛼, 𝐿𝑇(𝑔) = 𝑑𝑥𝛽 where 𝑐, 𝑑∈𝐾 and
𝛼= (𝛼1, … , 𝛼𝑛), 𝛽= (𝛽1, … , 𝛽𝑛) ∶
𝛼𝑖, 𝛽𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 positive integers ∀𝑖, 𝑗= 1, … , 𝑛 . Let 𝑥𝛾
be the least common multiple of 𝑥𝛼, and 𝑥𝛽 where
𝛾= (𝛾1, … , 𝛾𝑛): 𝛾𝑖 positive integer, then: i. The equations 𝐹1 = ⋯= 𝐹𝑛= 0 have a
non-trivial solution over ℂ if and only if
𝑅𝑒𝑠(𝐹1, … , 𝐹𝑛) = 0. 𝐿𝑇(𝑓) = 𝑐𝑥𝛼, 𝐿𝑇(𝑔) = 𝑑𝑥𝛽 where 𝑐, 𝑑∈𝐾 and
𝛼= (𝛼1, … , 𝛼𝑛), 𝛽= (𝛽1, … , 𝛽𝑛) ∶ 𝐿𝑇(𝑓) = 𝑐𝑥𝛼, 𝐿𝑇(𝑔) = 𝑑𝑥𝛽 where 𝑐, 𝑑∈𝐾 and
𝛼= (𝛼1, … , 𝛼𝑛), 𝛽= (𝛽1, … , 𝛽𝑛) ∶ 𝐿𝑇(𝑓) = 𝑐𝑥𝛼, 𝐿𝑇(𝑔) = 𝑑𝑥𝛽 where 𝑐, 𝑑∈𝐾 and
𝛼= (𝛼1, … , 𝛼𝑛), 𝛽= (𝛽1, … , 𝛽𝑛) ∶ ii. 𝑅𝑒𝑠(𝑥1
𝑙1, … , 𝑥𝑛
𝑙𝑛) = 1. ( 1,
,
𝑛), 𝛽
(𝛽1,
, 𝛽𝑛)
𝛼𝑖, 𝛽𝑗 𝑎𝑟𝑒 positive integers ∀𝑖, 𝑗= 1, … , 𝑛 . Let 𝑥𝛾
be the least common multiple of 𝑥𝛼, and 𝑥𝛽 where
𝛾= (𝛾1, … , 𝛾𝑛): 𝛾𝑖 positive integer, then: iii. 𝑅𝑒𝑠 is irreducible, even when regarded as a
polynomial in ℂ[𝑢𝑖,𝛼]. 11 g
The S-polynomial of 𝑓 and 𝑔 is the polynomial For more details about this polynomial see. 11 For more details about this polynomial see. 11 A mathematical model for the transmission
problem in a communication network
Here the network transmission problem is defined
to be the septuplet (G, Σ, C, M, S, R, F) where 𝑆(𝑓, 𝑔) =
𝑥𝛾
𝐿𝑇(𝑓) . 𝑓−
𝑥𝛾
𝐿𝑇(𝑔) . 𝑔. 𝑔) =
𝑥𝛾
𝐿𝑇(𝑓) . 𝑓−
𝑥𝛾
𝐿𝑇(𝑔) . 𝑔. A mathematical model for the transmission
problem in a communication network Definition 3: 9 Definition 3: 9 Groebner basis for 𝐼 if and only if Groebner basis for 𝐼 if and only if Open Access Open Access Open Access Published Online First: July 2021 Published Online First: July 2021 𝐿𝑀(𝑓) = 𝑥3𝑦2 , 𝐿𝑀(𝑔) = 𝑥4𝑦 ⇒ 𝐿𝑐𝑚
= 𝑥4𝑦2 ⇒ 𝛾= (4,2)
𝑆(𝑓, 𝑔) =
𝑥4𝑦2
𝑥3𝑦2 . 𝑓−
𝑥4𝑦2
3𝑥4𝑦. 𝑔= 𝑥. 𝑓−
1
3 . 𝑦. 𝑔. Introduction: Zeger proved that the linear coding was not
sufficient to solve the problem, so nonlinear coding
was used, and several studies have shown the The coding problem is solvable if and only if
all the target nodes can get the message 𝑀 using
only the information they received; otherwise, it is
not solvable. 98 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Definition 6: 9 Definition 6: 9 Let 𝐾 be a field, and let 𝑓, ℎ, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑠∈ 𝑓
𝑓1
𝑓𝑠
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] be polynomials where 𝑓𝑖≠
0, (1 ≤𝑖≤𝑠) and 𝐹= {𝑓1, … 𝑓𝑠}, then 𝑓 is
𝐹 𝑓
𝑓1
𝑓𝑠
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] be polynomials where 𝑓𝑖≠
0, (1 ≤𝑖≤𝑠) and 𝐹= {𝑓1, … 𝑓𝑠}, then 𝑓 is
𝐹 1
𝑛
Linear maps are the simplest example of
l
i l
h Linear maps are the simple
polynomial maps, where Linear maps are the simplest exam
polynomial maps, where p
p
polynomial maps, where reduced to ℎ (via 𝐹), and denoted by 𝑓
𝐹→+ ℎ if and
only if there is a sequence of indexes 𝑖1, … , 𝑖𝑡∈ reduced to ℎ (via 𝐹), and denoted by 𝑓
𝐹→+ ℎ if and
only if there is a sequence of indexes 𝑖1, … , 𝑖𝑡∈
{1, … , 𝑠} and a sequence of polynomials
ℎ1, … , ℎ𝑡−1 ∈𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] such that:
𝑓
𝑓𝑖1
→ ℎ1
𝑓𝑖2
→ ℎ2
𝑓𝑖3
→ …
𝑓𝑖𝑡
→ ℎ
Definition 7: 10 𝑓𝑖(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) = 𝑎𝑖1𝑥1 + ⋯+ 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑛 ∶𝑎𝑖𝑗∈𝐾. Definition 2: 9 𝑓𝑖(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) = 𝑎𝑖1𝑥1 + ⋯+ 𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑛 ∶𝑎𝑖𝑗∈𝐾. Definition 2: 9 y
q
1,
{1, … , 𝑠} and a sequence of polynomials The Jacobian polynomial of 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦), 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) with
coefficients from a field 𝐾 is the determinant of the
form: q
p y
ℎ1, … , ℎ𝑡−1 ∈𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] such that: ∈𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] such that:
𝑓
𝑓𝑖1
→ ℎ1
𝑓𝑖2
→ ℎ2
𝑓𝑖3
→ …
𝑓𝑖𝑡
→ ℎ
: 10 det 𝐽(𝑓, 𝑔) = |
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑔
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑔
𝜕𝑦
| . : 9 Definition 7: 1 Let 𝐼 be an ideal in polynomial ring [𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛], and
𝐺= {𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑡} be a finite subset from 𝐼 then 𝐺 is a basis for 𝐼 if
Definition The Resultant is defined with respect to 𝑛
homogeneous polynomials 𝐹1, … , 𝐹𝑛 in 𝑛 variables,
of degrees 𝑙1, … , 𝑙𝑛 each polynomial being full in all
its
terms
with
literal
coefficients
𝐹𝑖= ∑
𝑢𝑖,𝛼𝑋𝛼
|𝛼|=𝑙𝑖
for 𝑖= 1, … , 𝑛. Then the
Resultant of 𝑛 given homogeneous polynomials in
𝑛 variables is a unique polynomial 𝑅𝑒𝑠∈ℤ[𝑢𝑖,𝛼]
which has the following properties: Each of them contains the ideal 𝐼. Theorem 1. (Hilbert Basis Theorem): 9 Every ideal 𝐼⊂𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] has a finite generating
set. In other words, given an ideal I, there exists a
finite collection of polynomials 𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑡∈
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] such that 𝐼= 〈𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑡〉 . [ 1
𝑛]
Definition 5: 10 Definition 4: 9 For 𝑆⊆ℛ a non-empty subset, the ideal 𝐼 For 𝑆⊆ℛ a non-empty subset, the ideal 𝐼
generated by a set 𝑆 has the form: Theorem 2. (Buchberger's criterion): 9
Let 𝐼 be an ideal in 𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] and G =
{𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑡} a generated set of 𝐼 then 𝐺 is a Groebner
basis for 𝐼 if and only if (𝑔𝑖, 𝑔𝑗)
𝐺→0; ∀𝑖≠𝑗. Definition
8. (Resultant):
9
Th
R
l
i
d fi
d
i h 〈𝐿𝑇(𝑔1), … , 𝐿𝑇(𝑔𝑡)〉= 〈𝐿𝑇(𝐼)〉∶
𝐿𝑇(𝑔𝑖) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖 〈𝐿𝑇(𝑔1), … , 𝐿𝑇(𝑔𝑡)〉= 〈𝐿𝑇(𝐼)〉∶
𝐿𝑇(𝑔𝑖) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑖. The ideal 𝐼 of a ring ℛ is defined as a non-empty
subset that achieves: Or, equivalently 𝐺 is a Groebner basis for an ideal 𝐼
if and only if the Leading Term of any element of
𝐼 is divisible by one of the terms 𝐿𝑇(𝑔𝑖) ; 𝑖=
1, … , 𝑡. Or, equivalently 𝐺 is a Groebner basis for an ideal 𝐼
if and only if the Leading Term of any element of
𝐼i di i ibl b
f h
𝐿𝑇(
) 1- 𝐼 is an additive subgroup of ℛ with (+). 2. Whatever 𝑎∈𝐼 and 𝑟∈ℛ then 𝑟. 𝑎∈𝐼. Definition 4: 9 1- 𝐼 is an additive subgroup of ℛ with (+). g
p
2. Whatever 𝑎∈𝐼 and 𝑟∈ℛ then 𝑟. 𝑎∈𝐼. 9 Definition 1: polynomial map 9 Let 𝐾 be a field. The polynomial map is a map of
the form Let 𝐾 be a field. The polynomial map is a map of
h f 𝐹= (𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛):𝐾𝑛→𝐾𝑛
( 𝐹= (𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛):𝐾𝑛→𝐾𝑛
𝑛) ↦(𝑓1(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛), … , 𝑓𝑛(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛)). [ ] 𝐹= (𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛):𝐾𝑛→𝐾𝑛
(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛) ↦(𝑓1(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛), … , 𝑓𝑛(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛)). Where each 𝑓𝑖 is an element of the ring 𝐾[𝑋] =
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛]. 𝐹
(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛):𝐾
→𝐾
(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛) ↦(𝑓1(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛), … , 𝑓𝑛(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛)). Where each 𝑓𝑖 is an element of the ring 𝐾[𝑋] =
𝐾[𝑥
𝑥] (𝑓1,
, 𝑓𝑛)
(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛) ↦(𝑓1(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛), … , 𝑓𝑛(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛)). Where each 𝑓𝑖 is an element of the ring 𝐾[𝑋] = (𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛) ↦(𝑓1(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛), … , 𝑓𝑛(𝑎1, … , 𝑎𝑛)). Where each 𝑓𝑖 is an element of the ring 𝐾[𝑋] =
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛]. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Theorem 2. (Buchberger's criterion): 9 𝐼= {∑
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑖
𝑚
1
∶𝑟𝑖∈ℛ, 𝑠𝑖∈𝑆 }. } i
fi i
h
h Let 𝐼 be an ideal in 𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] and G =
{𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑡} a generated set of 𝐼 then 𝐺 is a Groebner If 𝑆= {𝑠1, … , 𝑠𝑚} is a finite set, then the ideal 𝐼 is
finitely generated and write 𝐼= 〈𝑠1, … , 𝑠𝑚〉. Also,
the ideal is generated by the set 𝑆⊆ℛ, which can
be expressed as the intersection of all ideals in ℛ. Each of them contains the ideal 𝐼. If 𝑆= {𝑠1, … , 𝑠𝑚} is a finite set, then the ideal 𝐼 is
finitely generated and write 𝐼= 〈𝑠1, … , 𝑠𝑚〉. Also, the ideal is generated by the set 𝑆⊆ℛ, which can
be expressed as the intersection of all ideals in ℛ. Each of them contains the ideal 𝐼. Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 (𝑆𝑖, 𝑅𝑗). Therefore, receiver 𝑅𝑗 has to solve the
following system of equations: (𝑆𝑖, 𝑅𝑗). Therefore, receiver 𝑅𝑗 has to solve the
following system of equations: M = (𝑚1, … , 𝑚𝑛) message from the dimension 𝑛
on the alphabet Σ. q
[
𝜌1
𝑗
⋮
𝜌ℎ
𝑗
] = 𝐶𝑗[
𝜎1
⋮
𝜎ℎ
]. p
S is the set of sources. S is the set of sources. R ⊆V is the set of receivers. R ⊆V is the set of receivers. F = (𝑓1, … , 𝑓|𝐸|) is the set of encoding functions
associated with each link. Where 𝐶𝑗 are ℎ × ℎ matrices which are the Where 𝐶𝑗 are ℎ × ℎ matrices which are the
receiver transfer matrices 12. Graph 𝐺 represents a communications network
where routers or computers are represented by
nodes, and communication channels are represented
by links. Where 𝐶𝑗 are ℎ × ℎ matrices
receiver transfer matrices 12. 𝑗
receiver transfer matrices 12. Note that the elements of 𝐶𝑗 are polynomials in
{𝛼 𝑘}. The message 𝑀 is generated in the source 𝑆 and
must be transferred to all target nodes in 𝑅. Example 1 9 Here the network transmission problem is defined
to be the septuplet (G, Σ, C, M, S, R, F) where p
Let {𝑓= 𝑥3𝑦2 −𝑥2𝑦3 + 𝑥
𝑔= 3𝑥4𝑦+ 𝑦2
be polynomials from
ℝ[x, y] , 𝑥>grlex 𝑦 p
Let {𝑓= 𝑥3𝑦2 −𝑥2𝑦3 + 𝑥
𝑔= 3𝑥4𝑦+ 𝑦2
ℝ[x y] 𝑥>grlex 𝑦 Let {𝑓= 𝑥3𝑦2 −𝑥2𝑦3 + 𝑥
𝑔= 3𝑥4𝑦+ 𝑦2
be polynomials from
ℝ[x, y] , 𝑥>grlex 𝑦 G = (V, E) is a directed graph. 𝑔
𝑦
ℝ[x, y] , 𝑥>grlex 𝑦 𝑔
𝑦
ℝ[x, y] , 𝑥>grlex 𝑦 Σ is a given alphabet. grlex 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐎𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 . Then grlex 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐆𝐫𝐚𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐋𝐞𝐱𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜 𝐎𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐫 . Then C is the set of capacities of communication
channels in the network. 99 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Example 2: 12 Also an encoding function 𝑓𝑒 related to link
𝑒= (𝑣, 𝑢) is defined as follows: Consider a network with two sources and three
receivers, as in (Fig. 1). Note that there is two edge
disjoint paths from the sources to each receiver
(Fig. 1a). 𝑓𝑒= { 𝛴|𝑀| →𝛴 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑣= 𝑆
𝛴|𝐸𝐼(𝑣)| →𝛴 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑣≠𝑆
. Therefore, each receiver can receive the information
from
both
sources
when
using
the
network alone. However, when all three receivers
use the network at the same time, then the
intersections between paths at BD and GH have to
be resolved. In (Fig. 1b), the nodes linearly
combine their inputs at BD and GH, and the
receivers observe linear combinations of the source
symbols determined by matrices 𝐶𝑖. Where 𝐸𝐼(𝑣) is the set of links entering the node 𝑣. Put (𝑆𝑖, 𝑅𝑗) ;1 ≤ 𝑖 ≤ ℎ, the ℎ edge-disjoint paths
from the sources to receiver 𝑅𝑗, 1 ≤ 𝑗 ≤ 𝑁. Links
will be carrying linear combinations of their father
node inputs, and the set {𝛼 𝑘} denotes the p
{
𝑘}
coefficients used in these linear combinations. Put
𝜌𝑖
𝑗 to refer to the symbol on the last link of the path 100
Figure 1.a
Figure 1.b Figure 1 a Figure 1.a Figure 1.b 100 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: July 2021 (
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥1
…
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥1
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
…
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛)
(
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢1
⋮
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢𝑛)
= (
0
⋮
0
). An equivalent expression of the main theorem: 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑥1,…,𝑥𝑖−1,𝑥𝑖+1,…,𝑥𝑛(𝑓1 −𝑢1, … , 𝑓𝑛−𝑢𝑛) =
𝑅(𝑥𝑖, 𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛) An equivalent expression of the main theorem:
The source 𝑆𝑖 transmits symbol 𝜎𝑖 , which is an
element of some finite field 𝐹𝑞. Since each node can
linearly combine its inputs, each network link
carries a linear combination of its father node
inputs. So, links carry linear combinations of source
symbols 𝜎𝑖, and a receiver can recapture the source
information if the ℎ links it observes carry
independent linear combinations of the 𝜎𝑖. 𝑅𝑘𝑖(𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛)𝑥𝑖𝑘𝑖+ ⋯+ 𝑅0(𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛). See that there exist polynomials 𝐵𝑖(𝑥𝑖, 𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛)
of smallest possible positive degrees in 𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛
respectively,
so
that
𝐵1(𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = ⋯=
𝐵𝑛(𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0 then (
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
…
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑢𝑛(𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
…
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑢𝑛(𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛))
(
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥1
…
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
…
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛)
,
=
(
−
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑥1 (𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
0
⋱
0
−
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛(𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛))
. (
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
…
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑢𝑛(𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
…
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑢𝑛(𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛))
(
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥1
…
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
…
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛) (
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
…
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑢𝑛(𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑢1 (𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
…
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑢𝑛(𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛))
(
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥1
…
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
⋮
⋱
⋮
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛
…
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛)
,
=
(
−
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑥1 (𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
0
⋱
0
−
𝜕𝐵𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛(𝑥𝑛, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛))
. Theorem 5: 2. There
is
a
nonzero
polynomial
ℎ(𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛) ∈𝐾[𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛]
such
that
ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0. 2. There
is
a
nonzero
polynomial
ℎ(𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛) ∈𝐾[𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛]
such
that
ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0. Let 𝐾 be a finite field, and 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛∈𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛]
of positive degrees in variables 𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛−1 Then
the
polynomials
𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛
are
algebraically
independent over the field 𝐾 if det(𝐽(𝑓1, . . , 𝑓𝑛)) ≠
0. Proof
2 →1
Let ℎ(𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛) be of smallest possible
positive degree so that ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0. Then calculating partial derivatives of
ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) gives that Let ℎ(𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛) be of smallest possible
positive degree so that ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0. Then calculating partial derivatives of
ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) gives that Theorems This paragraph presents our contributions to
find the necessary and sufficient conditions under
which the nodes can combine their inputs which
guarantee the ability to solve the problem of
multicast transmission. =
(
−
𝜕𝐵1
𝜕𝑥1 (𝑥1, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛)
0 0 Theorem 4: 𝑛
But the minimality property implies that Let 𝐾 be a finite field, and let 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛∈
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] be of positive degrees in variables
𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛−1, then the following are equivalent: Let 𝐾 be a finite field, and let 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛∈
𝐾[𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛] be of positive degrees in variables
𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛−1, then the following are equivalent: ∏𝜕𝐵𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖(𝑥𝑖, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) ≠0
𝑖
,
and
thus
det(𝐽(𝑓1, . . , 𝑓𝑛)) ≠0. ∏𝜕𝐵𝑖
𝜕𝑥𝑖(𝑥𝑖, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) ≠0
𝑖
,
and
thus
det(𝐽(𝑓1, . . , 𝑓𝑛)) ≠0. 1. det(J(f1, . . , fn)) = 0. Theorem 3: Consider a directed graph without circles
with unit-capacity edges, ℎ unit-rate information
sources and N receivers, such that there are ℎ edge-
disjoint paths from the sources to all receivers. Then
there exists a multicast transmission scheme over a
large enough finite field 𝐹𝑞 , in which intermediate
network nodes linearly combine their incoming
information symbols over 𝐹𝑞, that delivers the
information from the sources simultaneously to
each receiver at a rate equal to ℎ. 𝑛
𝑛
𝑛
Then the minimality property implies that
𝜕ℎ Then the minimality property implies that
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢𝑖(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) ≠0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒 1 ≤𝑖≤𝑛, thus
det(𝐽(𝑓1, . . , 𝑓𝑛)) = 0 . 𝟏→𝟐
By contradiction, for 𝑖= 1, … , 𝑛 the resulta
(𝑥𝑖, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0 . Where
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑥1,…,𝑥𝑖−1,𝑥𝑖+1,…,𝑥𝑛(𝑓1 −𝑢1, … , 𝑓𝑛−𝑢𝑛) =
𝑅(𝑥𝑖, 𝑢1, … , 𝑢𝑛) 𝟏→𝟐
By contradiction, for 𝑖= 1, … , 𝑛 the resultant
(𝑥𝑖, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0 . By contradiction, for 𝑖= 1, … , 𝑛 the resultant
(𝑥𝑖, 𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0 . P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: July 2021 ℎ(𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) = ℎ,
which
means
that
the
polynomials 𝑓1, . . , 𝑓𝑛 are algebraically independent
of 𝐾. Simplify communications network The source sends a copy of the data. It
generates to each of the downstream nodes. (Fig. 2)
shows the transmission of the symbols 𝑏1, 𝑏2 from
the source nodes to the target node 𝑅1, 𝑅2 3- Represent every partial network by two nodes,
and a channel whose capacity is the available
capacity of the channels of the considered sub-
network rce nodes to the target node 𝑅1, 𝑅2
Figure 2 4- Call the node at the beginning of the channel, a
distributor (HOP). Note: assume that every HOP distributor receives
messages from the source node and can process and
forward the messages. 5- Represent the set of channels in the original
network that connects a node from one subnet to a
node from another subnet, with a channel from the
node in the first subnet to the distributor in the
second subnet (and that is in the new network). Construction algorithm 1- Choose the channels so that the same amount of
data will flow through them 2- Form partial networks so that the flow through
the channels of each sub network is the same
amount of data Application 1: Applying the algorithm to the previous network in
(Fig. 2), gives the network that is shown in (Fig. 3). Figure 2 Figure 2 Figure 3 𝑎𝑖= {𝑤((𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗)) 𝑖𝑓 (𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗) ∈𝐸
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑏𝑖= {𝑤((𝐻𝑗, 𝑣𝑖)) 𝑖𝑓 (𝐻𝑗, 𝑣𝑖) ∈𝐸
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑖= {𝑤((𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗)) 𝑖𝑓 (𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗) ∈𝐸
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑏𝑖= {𝑤((𝐻𝑗, 𝑣𝑖)) 𝑖𝑓 (𝐻𝑗, 𝑣𝑖) ∈𝐸
0 𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒 Proof Since
det 𝐽(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) ≠0 the polynomials that
define the map 𝐹= (𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) are algebraically
independent over 𝐾 . Because in the power series
ring since the Jacobian determinant does not vanish,
the opposite of 𝐹 exists and is uniquely determined,
i.e. there is 𝐺∈𝐾[[𝑋]]
𝑛;𝑋= (𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) where
𝐺= (𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑛): 𝑔𝑖∈𝐾[[𝑋]]
for
1 ≤𝑖≤𝑛:
𝑓𝑖(𝐺) = 𝑥𝑖. For every 1 ≤𝑖≤𝑛, which means that
𝐺 is the opposite of 𝐹 (not necessarily polynomial
in the general case). Since
det 𝐽(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) ≠0 the polynomials that
define the map 𝐹= (𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) are algebraically
independent over 𝐾 . Because in the power series
ring since the Jacobian determinant does not vanish,
the opposite of 𝐹 exists and is uniquely determined, 𝜕
𝜕𝑥1 ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) =
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢1
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥1 + ⋯+
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢𝑛
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥1 ,
⋮
𝜕
𝜕𝑥𝑛ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) =
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢1
𝜕𝑓1
𝜕𝑥𝑛+ ⋯+
𝜕𝑓𝑛
𝜕𝑥𝑛
𝜕ℎ
𝜕𝑢𝑛 ,
the matrix form of this system is i.e. there is 𝐺∈𝐾[[𝑋]]
𝑛;𝑋= (𝑥1, … , 𝑥𝑛) where
𝐺= (𝑔1, … , 𝑔𝑛): 𝑔𝑖∈𝐾[[𝑋]]
for
1 ≤𝑖≤𝑛:
𝑓𝑖(𝐺) = 𝑥𝑖. For every 1 ≤𝑖≤𝑛, which means that
𝐺 is the opposite of 𝐹 (not necessarily polynomial
in the general case). To prove the independence, suppose as in (theorem
4 ) the existence of ℎ∈𝐾[𝑋] such that
ℎ(𝑓1, … , 𝑓𝑛) = 0. Then 0 = ℎ(𝑓1(𝐺), … , 𝑓𝑛(𝐺)) = 101 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Theorem 6: Assuming that 𝐹 is a set of polynomials of the form
𝑓𝑖= 𝑚𝑖
1 −𝑚𝑖
2 where 𝑚𝑖
1, 𝑚𝑖
2 are monomials, then
the polynomials in Groebner basis of 𝐹 for some
monomials order will have the same form. Assuming that 𝐹 is a set of polynomials of the form Representation of the new network by a set of
polynomial equations: Representation of the new network by a set of
polynomial equations: This paragraph introduces an algorithm for
representing the network through a set of
polynomial equations: 𝑤((𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗)) Link weight representing the capacity 1-
For each node 𝑣𝑖 put a variable 𝑥𝑖. 2-
Each HOP (denote it by 𝐻𝑖) has a
polynomial form of the channel (𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗). of the channel (𝑣𝑖, 𝐻𝑗). Application 2: ℎ𝑖= 𝑥1
𝑎1𝑥2
𝑎2 … 𝑥𝑛
𝑎𝑛−𝑥1
𝑏1𝑥2
𝑏2 … 𝑥𝑛
𝑏𝑛 ∶𝑛= |𝑉|. Where Application 2:
Consider the network as in (Fig. 4) 102 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-
Published Online First: July 2021 2022, 19(1): 98-104
E
Figure 4 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: July 2021 Figure 4 𝐺= {𝑥1 −𝑥3, 𝑥2 −𝑥4, 𝑥3𝑥4 −𝑥8, 𝑥5 −𝑥8, 𝑥6 −
𝑥8, 𝑥7 −𝑥8}. The set of polynomials that express the distributor
node are as follows 𝐺= {𝑥1 −𝑥3, 𝑥2 −𝑥4, 𝑥3𝑥4 −𝑥8, 𝑥5 −𝑥8, 𝑥6 −
𝑥8, 𝑥7 −𝑥8}. (Theorem 6 proves that this basis always has this
shape). 𝐹= {𝑥1 −𝑥3, 𝑥2 −𝑥4, 𝑥3𝑥4 −𝑥5, 𝑥5 −𝑥6, 𝑥5 −
𝑥7, 𝑥6 −𝑥8, 𝑥7 −𝑥8, 𝑥8 −𝑥1𝑥2}. p
The new network corresponding to the Groebner
basis will be as in (Fig. 5). Calculating the corresponding Groebner basis
gives the set (
g
)
Figure 5 Figure 5 Theorem 7: It is now possible to define the equivalence between
two communication networks as follows. The
communication network 𝑁1 is equivalent to the
network 𝑁2 if and only if the ideal 𝐼1 generated by
polynomials that define the distributor nodes in 𝑁1,
equal to 𝐼2 which is the ideal generated by the
polynomials that define the distributor nodes in 𝑁2 . Proof - Depending on the properties of Groebner
basis Conclusion: This paper introduces a very important
application to the solvability problem of network
coding using tools from algebraic geometry by
building a simplified network using Groebner basis. 5. Cai H, Etzion T, Schwartz M, Wachter A. Network
Coding Solutions for the Combination Network and
its Subgraphs: IEEE Trans Inf Theory. 2019
September,
Available
from: Authors' contributions statement: AL Jony: did the study within the scope of
a PhD research project at Damascus University
SH Rashed: Supervisor of this work, Scientific
audit. AL Jony: did the study within the scope of
a PhD research project at Damascus University
SH Rashed: Supervisor of this work, Scientific
audit. AL Jony: did the study within the scope of
a PhD research project at Damascus University SH Rashed: Supervisor of this work, Scientific
audit. 9. Cox D, Little J, O’Shea, D. Using Algebraic
Geometry. 2nd ed. New York-Berlin-Heidelberg
Springer; 1998. 572 p. Open Access Open Access Published Online First: July 2021 Published Online First: July 2021 network coding-based method for high quality video
streaming
over
VANETs:
Computer
Science,
Medicine. PLoS one; 2019 June. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218647. Authors' declaration: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISIT.2019.8849620 - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. 6. Celebiler M, Stette G. On Increasing the Down-Link
Capacity of a Regenerative Satellite Repeater in
Point-to-Point Communications: IEEE Trans Inf
Theory. 1978 Jan;66 (1): 98–100. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. 7. Médini L, Mrissa M, Khalfi El, Terdjimi M, Sommer
NL, Capdepuy P, Jamont JP, Occello M, Touseau L. Managing the Web of Things Linking the Real World
to the Web 1st ed: Morgan Kaufmann; 2017.p151-
180 Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-
12-809764-9.00007-X - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Damascus
University. 8. Hansen J, Krigslund J, Lucani DE , Pahlevani P,
Fitzek FH. Bridging inter-flow and intra-flow
network coding in wireless mesh networks: Comput. Netw. 2018
Nov;145:1-12. Available
from:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.07.014. Proof: This proof shows that the polynomials obtained by
computing Groebner basis for 𝐹 are of the form
𝑓𝑖= 𝑚𝑖
1 −𝑚𝑖
2 where 𝑚𝑖
1, 𝑚𝑖
2 are monomials. Lets take the S - polynomials of the pairs 𝑓𝑖, 𝑓𝑗
𝑆(𝑓1, 𝑓2) = 𝑢1. (𝑚𝑖
1 −𝑚𝑖
2) −𝑢2. (𝑚𝑗
1 −𝑚𝑗
2). Where 𝑢1. 𝑚𝑖
1 = 𝑢2. 𝑚𝑗
2 then 𝑆(𝑓1, 𝑓2) = −𝑢1. 𝑚𝑖
1 +
𝑢2. 𝑚𝑗
2. Assuming 𝐺1 is the reduced Groebner basis
corresponding to the ideal 𝐼1 is generated by
polynomials that define the distributor nodes of the
network 𝑁1. And 𝐺2 be the reduced Groebner basis
corresponding to the ideal 𝐼2 generated by
polynomials that define the distributor nodes of the
network 𝑁2. 3 Which is either a zero polynomial or from the
desired form, also the reduction maintains this form,
this is a direct consequence because reduction
through polynomials of the desired form is similar
to the computation of S - polynomials where u1 =
1. This ends the proof. According to the properties of Groebner basis 3 the
ideals 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are equal if and only if
𝐺1 = 𝐺2. According to the properties of Groebner basis 3 the
ideals 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are equal if and only if Thus, the equivalence between communications
networks can be easily studied. 103 Baghdad Science Journal
2022, 19(1): 98-104 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 References: 10. Perry J. A dynamic F4 algorithm to compute Grobner
bases: Appl. Algebra Eng. Commun. Comput. Springer; 2020 July; 31(5-6):411-434. 1. Ahlswede R, Cai N, Robert Li. Network Information
Flow: IEEE Trans Inf Theory. 2000 July; 46(4):1204
-1216. 11. Bhayani S, Kukelova Z, Heikkil J. A sparse resultant
based
method
for
efficient
minimal
solvers:
IEEE/CVF Conf Comput Vis Pattern Recognit
Workshops. 2020: 1770-1779. 2. Robert Li, Yeung RW, Cai, N. Linear Network
Coding: IEEE Trans Inf Theory. 2003 Feb;
49(2):371-381. 3. Dougherty R, Freiling C, Zeger K. Insufficiency of
Linear Coding in Network Information Flow: IEEE
Trans Inf Theory. 2005 Aug; 51(8):2745-2759 3. Dougherty R, Freiling C, Zeger K. Insufficiency of
Linear Coding in Network Information Flow: IEEE
Trans Inf Theory. 2005 Aug; 51(8):2745-2759 12. Fragouli Ch, Soljanin E, (Secure) Linear network
coding multicast: Designs, Des Codes Cryptogr. Springer; 2016 Jan; 78: 269-310. Available from:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10623-015-0155-6. 4. Mosaarab M, Barekatain B, Raahemifar K,
Movahednejad H. An enhanced heuristic XoR 4. Mosaarab M, Barekatain B, Raahemifar K,
Movahednejad H. An enhanced heuristic XoR تطبيق قواعد غروبنر في دراسة نظام اتصاالت
ع
الء جوني
شـوقي الراشد
قسم الرياضيات، كلية العلوم، جامعة دمشق، سوريا
الخالصة:
قمنا في هذا البحث بإيجاد
عالقة بين استقاللية متعددات الحدود المرافقة إلضالع الشبكة وبين انعدام محدد اليعقوبي. قمنا أيضاً بتقديم
طريقة لتبسيط شبكة اتصاالت معطاة عبر خوارزمي ة تقوم بتجزئة الشبكة إلى شبكات جزئية وإعادة دمج هذه الشبكات للوصول إلى شبكة هي
عبارة عن تمثيل أو نموذج عام للشبكة قيد الدراسة. كما قمنا بتمثيل هذا النموذج عبر جملة معادالت متعددات حدود واالستفادة من قواعد
غروبنر للوصول إلى شبكة جديدة مبسطة مكافئة للشبكة ال .معطاة مما يجعل دراسة قابلية حل مسألة ترميز الشبكة أقل كلفة
الكلمات المفتاحية
: قواعد غروبنر، ترميز الشبكه ،الناتج. تطبيق قواعد غروبنر في دراسة نظام اتصاالت
ع
الء جوني
شـوقي الراشد
قسم الرياضيات، كلية العلوم، جامعة دمشق، سوريا تطبيق قواعد غروبنر في دراسة نظام اتصاالت لا:
قمنا في هذا البحث بإيجاد
عالقة بين استقاللية متعددات الحدود المرافقة إلضالع الشبكة وبين انعدام محدد اليعقوبي. قمنا أيضاً بتقديم
طريقة لتبسيط شبكة اتصاالت معطاة عبر خوارزمي ة تقوم بتجزئة الشبكة إلى شبكات جزئية وإعادة دمج هذه الشبكات للوصول إلى شبكة هي
عبارة عن تمثيل أو نموذج عام للشبكة قيد الدراسة. References: كما قمنا بتمثيل هذا النموذج عبر جملة معادالت متعددات حدود واالستفادة من قواعد
غروبنر للوصول إلى شبكة جديدة مبسطة مكافئة للشبكة ال .معطاة مما يجعل دراسة قابلية حل مسألة ترميز الشبكة أقل كلفة الكلمات المفتاحية
: قواعد غروبنر، ترميز الشبكه ،الناتج. 104 | 5,396 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/5647/3882 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Free water surface constructed wetlands (FSCWs) can be used to complement conventional waste
water treatment but removal efficiencies are often limited by a high ratio of water volume to biofilm surface
area (i.e. high water depth). Floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) consist of floating matrices which can
enhance the surface area available for the development of fixed microbial biofilms and provide a platform for
plant growth (which can remove pollutants by uptake). In this study the potential of FTWs for ammoniacal
nitrogen (AN) removal was evaluated using experimental mesocosms operated under steady-state flow
conditions with ten different treatments (two water depths, two levels of FTW mat coverage, two different
plant densities and a control, all replicated three times). A simple model was constructed as a framework for
understanding N dynamics in each treatment. The model was calibrated using data obtained from one
treatment and validated independently for the other treatments. Specifically, we hypothesized that the
nitrification and volatilization rate constants are inversely proportional to water depth and proportional to
mat surface area. This allowed the relative magnitude of different removal mechanisms to be estimated. The
model was able to predict steady-state concentrations of AN and total oxidized nitrogen (TON) across the
different treatments well (values for correlation in the regression between measured and predicted steady-
state concentrations and RMSE were 0.88 and 0.40 mg N L-1 for AN, and 0.63 and 1.75 mg N L-1 for TON). The results confirm that nitrification is the principal AN removal process, with maximum removal occurring
in shallow systems with high matrix cover (i.e. a high ratio of biofilm surface area to water volume). Plant
uptake was a relatively minor loss process compared to nitrification. Integrated experimental and model-
based approach was found to be a useful tool to improve mechanistic understanding AN dynamics in FSCWs
and system performance. Key words: Ammonia, Continuously stirred tank reactor, FTW,
imenik aRomeR
sc
, System dynamics
modelling Key words: Ammonia, Continuously stirred tank reactor, FTW,
imenik aRomeR
sc
, Sys
modelling Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2.0253
Ammonia Removal in Free-Surface Constructed Wetlands Employing Synthetic
Floating Islands
Muwafaq H. Al Lami*1,2,3
Mick J. Whelan4
Arnoud Boom4
David M. Harper 2,4,5
1Environment Research Centre, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
3The Higher Committee of Education Development in Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq. 4Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of
Leicester, UK
5Freshwater Biological Association, Far Sawrey, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK. *Corresponding
author:
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4544-4150; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0277-9559; https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-1299-691X Key words: Ammonia, Continuously stirred tank reactor, FTW,
imenik aRomeR
sc
, System dynamics
modelling Ammonia Removal in Free-Surface Constructed Wetlands Employing Synthetic
Floating Islands Muwafaq H. Al Lami*1,2,3 Arnoud Boom4 1Environment Research Centre, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, UK
3The Higher Committee of Education Development in Iraq, Baghdad, Iraq. 4Centre for Landscape and Climate Research, School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of
Leicester, UK
5Freshwater Biological Association, Far Sawrey, Cumbria LA22 0LP, UK. *Corresponding
author:
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4544-4150; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0277-9559; https://orcid.org/0000-
0003-1299-691X Received 20/11/2020, Accepted 30/12/2020, Published Online First 11/1/2021, Published 1/6/2021
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Received 20/11/2020, Accepted 30/12/2020, Published Online First 11/1/2021, Published 1/6/2021 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 For reference, a predicted no-effect
concentration (PNEC) for NH3 of 10 mg L-1 was
reported by (22) based on a species sensitivity
distribution and a value of 25 mg L-1 was reported
by Alabaster and Lloyd (23) for the protection of
freshwater salmonids. Specifically, we looked at the
role of the following factors under steady-state flow
diti
Fraction of water surface covered with
FTW matrix (fM). The synthetic matrix from
which FTWs are typically constructed is
assumed to function as a habitat for
nitrifying bacteria in mixed biofilms which
convert NH4
+ to NO2
- and NO3
- (26, 27). We hypothesise that the overall reaction
rate constant will increase with increasing
fM;
Plant density. Uptake of mineral nitrogen
(as both NH4
+ and NO3
-) should be
proportional to the number of plants per
unit area of wetland. A simple model was constructed in order to
disentangle the relative contribution of different
processes to overall treatment performance. Such
approaches have been employed previously in
agriculture (28-30) and stormwater management
(31-33). P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021
Water depth (z). We assume that reactions
occur principally at the interfaces between
water and solids (24, 25). Reaction rate
constants should, therefore, be inversely
proportional to the water volume to solid
surface area ratio (which can often be
approximated by the water depth); However, limited surface area for growth of fixed
microbial biofilms and the lack of direct contact
between plant roots in the sediment and the water
column often limit FSCW performance (4, 5). In
order to overcome these issues, floating treatment
wetlands (FTWs) have been proposed (6, 7). These
consist of floating islands constructed from
synthetic or natural materials which possess a high
submerged surface area that can facilitate the
development of microbial biofilms (8). They also
provide a platform for the growth of plants which
can enhance nutrient removal via uptake and
introduce carbon-rich exudates and oxygen via their
roots which can facilitate microbially-mediated
transformations of pollutants. Their performance
has been evaluated in a number of experimental (9-
11) and operational (12-14) settings and they have
been shown to effectively enhance the removal of
total suspended solids (TSS), zinc and copper by 41,
40 and 39 % (15); total phosphorus and
orthophosphate by 47 and 79 % (16) and total
nitrogen by 72 % (17). However, most of these
studies have adopted “black-box” (input – output)
approaches, in which inherent system complexity
and the relative contributions of different potential
removal mechanisms have been neglected (18). FSCWs containing FTWs are complex multimedia
environments in which a number of physical,
chemical and biological processes interact (19). It
is, therefore, critical to understand and evaluate
these interactions, in order to understand and
optimize system performance. This can be done
most effectively via the application of numerical
models which can provide a useful framework for
integrating the combined effects of several different
interacting processes. This study aims to
investigate the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen in
experimental FSCW mesocosms operated under
different design criteria, with special emphasis on
the removal of ammoniacal nitrogen (AN). Ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) is used here to denote
the total nitrogen present as either ammonium
(NH4
+) or free (unionized) ammonia (NH3). The
ratio of the two forms is pH- and temperature-
dependent (e.g. (20). Only NH3 is considered to
have toxic effects on organisms living in receiving
waters (21). Introduction: increasing desire to replicate natural systems,
minimize energy and resource consumption and
enhance treatment sustainability. Free surface
constructed wetlands (FSCWs) are the simplest
constructed wetland design and basically consist of
one or more shallow basins, which usually contain
plants, through which wastewater is directed. Constructed wetlands are being increasingly
used for water quality improvement during
wastewater treatment (1-3). This is, in part, a result
of increasingly strict water quality standards which
mean that conventional secondary treatment may
not always be sufficient to comply with targets in
receiving waters. However, it also reflects an 253 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 from the same batch at a local nursery. Vegetated
mats contained two plants per mat for 50%
coverage or four plants per mat for 100% coverage. from the same batch at a local nursery. Vegetated
mats contained two plants per mat for 50%
coverage or four plants per mat for 100% coverage. Each treatment was replicated three times and
organized using a randomized block design (Fig. 1). Table 1. Summary of experimental treatment characteristics and treatment codes. In all cases three
replicates were used. Treatment Description
Treatment Code
Water depth (m)
Mat cover (%)
Plants per mat
Shallow Control
C1
0.2
0
0
Deep Control
C2
0.4
0
0
Shallow Mat 50%
M1
0.2
50
0
Deep Mat 50%
M2
0.4
50
0
Shallow Mat 100%
M3
0.2
100
0
Deep Mat 100%
M4
0.4
100
0
Shallow Veg Mat 50%
V1
0.2
50
2
Deep Veg Mat 50%
V2
0.4
50
2
Shallow Veg Mat 100%
V3
0.2
100
4
Deep Veg Mat 100%
V4
0.4
100
4
Figure 1. Illustration of the three types of treatment. Top: Control (C), Middle: Mat only (M) and
Bottom: Mat + vegetation (V) for Left shallow and Right deep mesocosms. Not show are variations in
mat cover and number of plants. All t
t
t
bj
t d t
t
d
10
N L-1) f
h t
t
t th
l
di
Deep
Deep
Deep
Shallow
Shallow
Shallow
C
C
M
M
V
V Table 1. Summary of experimental treatment characteristics and treatment codes. In all cases three Table 1. Summary of experimental treatment characteristics and treatment code Deep
C Deep
M Figure 1. Illustration of the three types of treatment. Top: Control (C), Middle: Mat only (M) and
Bottom: Mat + vegetation (V) for Left shallow and Right deep mesocosms. Not show are variations in
mat cover and number of plants. 10 mg N L-1) for each treatment the mass loading
rate (MLR) of AN was 48.2 ± 0.5 mg N d-1 for the
shallow treatments and 96.4 ± 1.1 mg N d-1 for the
deep treatments. All treatments were subjected to a steady
state continuous flow regime in which an influent
containing a relatively high concentration of AN
was pumped into each mesocosm at a rate of 5.1 ±
0.2 L d-1 for the shallow treatments and 10.3 ± 0.5 L
d-1 for the deep treatments. Material and Methods:
Experimental Thirty
experimental
mesocosms
were
established at a campus location (52.3814° N,
1.0754° W) in Leicestershire, UK. Each mesocosm
consisted of an 80 L polyethylene tank (length 58
cm × width 38 cm × height 48.5 cm) which was
placed uncovered outdoors (i.e. open to rainfall and
evapotranspiration). The experimental design is
summarized in Table 1. Briefly, half the mesocosms
had shallow water depths (0.2 m, volume 36 L) and
half were deep (0.4 m, volume 72 L). For each
depth (shallow or deep) there were two control
treatments which contained no floating island (C1
and C2). All remaining treatments contained
floating mats at either full coverage of the water
surface (100 %) or 50% coverage. The mats were
constructed from an open matrix of extruded plastic
injected with polystyrene foam to support buoyancy
and were obtained from Frog Environmental, UK. The mats were either vegetated with soft rush
(Juncus effuses) or unvegetated. Vegetated mats
were drilled with 7 cm diameter holes to
accommodate pots containing plant seedlings in a
bed of sawdust to support plant establishment. Plant
roots were washed carefully to remove all attached
soil before insertion. All the macrophytes had the
same growth history and maturity and originated 254 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Since the rainfall rate exceeded the estimated ET
rate by approximately 0.33 mm d-1, net water losses
due to ET were assumed to be negligible and the
inflow was assumed to be equal to the outflow for
the majority of the time. loss processes occurring via first-order kinetics
(31). The AN MLR (mg N d-1) in the influent was
assumed to be the product of the inflow rate (Qin: L
day-1) and the influent AN concentration (mg N L-
1). The mass balance for AN can be written as: 𝑉. 𝑑𝐶𝐴𝑁
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑉. 𝑑𝐶𝐴𝑁
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑝
where CAN is the AN concentration (mg N
L-1), kvol is a first order rate constant for the mass
transfer of free ammonia across the air-liquid
interface by volatilization (day-1), fFREE is the
fraction of AN which is present as free NH3
(dependent on pH and temperature), V is the
operational volume of liquid in the mesocosm (L),
knit is a rate constant for nitrification (day-1), kup is a
rate constant for AN uptake by plants (day-1), and
Qout is the discharge in the outflow (L day-1). Since
ET was assumed to have a negligible effect on the
net water balance, Qout was assumed to be equal to
the inflow rate (Qin). Nitrification was represented
as a single step process (i.e. no distinction was
made between the oxidation of ammonium and the
oxidation of nitrite, which implicitly assumes that
the rate constant for nitrite oxidation is higher than
that for ammonium oxidation, such that nitrite does
not accumulate). Note that mineralisation of organic
nitrogen to AN and immobilization of AN and TON
in the microbial biomass were assumed to be zero
here. This is because organic N was not introduced
in the influent, although clearly some ON could
have built up in the system from root litter and
exudates, from autotrophic microbial biomass and
from photosynthate derived from algae. Since there
was no explicit consideration of organic N, there
was also no representation of the sedimentation
process. During the experimental phase, aqueous
samples (50 mL) were periodically collected (every
3 days) from the outflow of each tank over a six
week period. Samples were transported to the
laboratory in a dark cool box and stored in a cold
room at 4 °C. The following day they were filtered
into clean plastic containers using syringe-mounted
0.45 μm disk filters. Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Each mesocosm was
allowed to overflow via an outlet tube which could
be sampled periodically. This established a nominal
hydraulic residence time of approximately 7 days in
each mesocosm. Since the concentration of the
influent water was always the same (approximately Prior to the experimental phase, each
mesocosm was operated under steady state
conditions for two months using water supplied
continuously from an on-site stormwater retention
pond, in order for biofilms to be established and for
plants to take root in the FTW matrices. During the
experimental phase, influent water was obtained 255 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 from the domestic supply and de-chlorinated using
an activated carbon filter prior to pumping into a
central holding tank (~210 L) where it was spiked
with an ammonium stock solution (6.2 g NH4Cl L-1)
daily to create a constant initial concentration of 9.4
mg AN L-1. This was routed to each mesocosm via
three intermediate reservoirs using a system of eight
dosing pumps, calibrated to achieve the required
flow rates. The average air temperature at the
research site during the experimental phase was
13.3 °C, the average rainfall rate was 89 mm month-
1
(local
rain
gauge),
and
the
average
evapotranspiration (ET) rate was 79 mm month-1
(estimated using the Penman-Monteith model: (34). Since the rainfall rate exceeded the estimated ET
rate by approximately 0.33 mm d-1, net water losses
due to ET were assumed to be negligible and the
inflow was assumed to be equal to the outflow for
the majority of the time. from the domestic supply and de-chlorinated using
an activated carbon filter prior to pumping into a
central holding tank (~210 L) where it was spiked
with an ammonium stock solution (6.2 g NH4Cl L-1)
daily to create a constant initial concentration of 9.4
mg AN L-1. This was routed to each mesocosm via
three intermediate reservoirs using a system of eight
dosing pumps, calibrated to achieve the required
flow rates. The average air temperature at the
research site during the experimental phase was
13.3 °C, the average rainfall rate was 89 mm month-
1
(local
rain
gauge),
and
the
average
evapotranspiration (ET) rate was 79 mm month-1
(estimated using the Penman-Monteith model: (34). Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Samples for AN and NO3
--N
analyses were preserved by acidifying to pH ˂ 2
using concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) and
cooling to 4 °C (35). Samples for NO2
--N analysis
were frozen at -20 °C until analysis (36). All
analyses were performed within two weeks of
sampling. Concentrations of AN and NO2
--N were
analyzed according to established protocols using
an automated discrete colorimetric instrument
(AQ2: SEAL Analytical, UK). Concentrations of
NO3
--N were determined on the AQ2 using an ultra-
violet spectrophotometric screen method (37). Plant uptake was calculated by measuring the
total N concentration and dry mass in plant tissue at
the start and end of the experimental phase. Root
and shoot tissues of random samples at the start and
end of the study were dried and weighed for dry
biomass. Dried tissues were ground in a ball mill,
weighed (3 mg per sample) and analysed for TN
content using an elemental analyzer: SERCON
ANCA GSL according to established protocol. Reference samples (wheat flour standard-OAS-
SERCON Ltd.) were analysed in parallel to ensure
quality control. The NH3:NH4
+ ratio at equilibrium was calculated
from 𝑓𝐹𝑅𝐸𝐸=
1
1+10(𝑝𝐾𝑎−𝑝𝐻)
(2) (2) where pKa was estimated to be 9.56 at a
mean system temperature of 15 °C. For a mean pH
over the course of the experiment of 6.4, fFREE was
calculated to be 0.00068. The rate constant for volatilization (kvol)
was estimated as the combined mass transfer
coefficient for volatilization derived using two-film
resistance theory (27) divided by the water depth
(20, 38): Model (
)
𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑙=
𝑣𝑎𝑤
𝑧
(3) 𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑙=
𝑣𝑎𝑤
𝑧
h (3) A conceptual model was constructed to
represent mineral N dynamics in the experimental
systems. Each mesocosm was assumed to behave
as a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with where vaw is the combined mass transfer
across the air-water interface (m d-1) and z is the
water depth (m) which is simply a surrogate for the 256 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January 2021 ratio of water volume to the surface area of the air-
water interface. vaw is calculated as Lynch, Fox (43) and by McAndrew and Ahn (33),
suggesting N uptake rates between 0.011 and 0.1 g
N m-2 day-1 in mesocosm-based FTWs. In our
system, the shoot system accounted for most of the
plant biomass with a shoot : root ratio of 0.69±0.05. Since there was no analytical indication of the
preference of the plants for either NH4
+ or NO3
-, the
assimilation rate constants (kup) for NH4
+ or NO3
-
were assumed to be equal. This assumption allows
kup to be derived independently by solving the
following simultaneous equations for average
uptake: Lynch, Fox (43) and by McAndrew and Ahn (33),
suggesting N uptake rates between 0.011 and 0.1 g
N m-2 day-1 in mesocosm-based FTWs. In our
system, the shoot system accounted for most of the
plant biomass with a shoot : root ratio of 0.69±0.05. 𝑣𝑎𝑤= (
1
𝑣𝑤+
1
𝑣𝑎.𝐾𝐴𝑊)
−1
(4) (4) where vw and va are the partial mass transfer
coefficients for water and air (assumed to be 0.01
and 1 m h-1, respectively: Mackay, 2001) and KAW is
the dimensionless air: water partition coefficient for
ammonia (assumed to be 0.00071 which is
equivalent to a Henry’s law constant of 1.76 Pa m3
mol-1: (39). These assumptions result in a value of
vaw of 0.016 m d-1 and kvol values equivalent to 0.08
and 0.04 d-1 for the shallow and deep mesocosms,
respectively. It is assumed that floating mats do not
interfere with volatilization. Model Although this is
probably not realistic, the overall rate constant for
AN is very low in any case because fFREE is low
(even for the highest pH of 8.2 observed in one of
the control mesocosms fFREE is only 0.04 which
gives an overall AN rate constant for the shallow
systems of 0.003 d-1 equivalent to a dissipation half-
life of 213 days). Since there was no analytical indication of the
preference of the plants for either NH4
+ or NO3
-, the
assimilation rate constants (kup) for NH4
+ or NO3
-
were assumed to be equal. This assumption allows
kup to be derived independently by solving the
following simultaneous equations for average
uptake: 𝑈𝑇−𝑈𝑇𝑂𝑁= 𝑘𝑢𝑝. 𝑉. 𝐶𝐴𝑁
(6)
𝑈𝑇𝑂𝑁= 𝑘𝑢𝑝. 𝑉. 𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑁
(7) (6)
(7) (6)
(7) (7) where UT (=UTON + UAN) is the average total where UT (=UTON + UAN) is the average total
N uptake rate over the course of the experiment (25
mg N day-1), UTON is the average daily uptake of
TON, CAN is the average observed concentration of
AN over the course of the experiment (mg N L-1)
and CTON is the average observed concentration of
TON over the course of the experiment (mg N L-1). Here, there are two unknowns (UTON and kup) and
two equations. By substitution we can eliminate
CTON and derive a value for kup = 0.0603 d-1. The mass balance for nitrate can be written as p
At steady state, Equation (1) can be rearranged to
give g
𝐶𝐴𝑁=
𝐽𝐼𝑁
(𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑙.𝑓𝐹𝑅𝐸𝐸.𝑉+𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡.𝑉+𝑘𝑢𝑝.𝑉+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡)
(8) 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑇𝑂𝑁
( )
where CTON is the concentration of total
oxides of nitrogen (mg N L-1) and kup is a first order
rate constant for nitrate and nitrite uptake by plants
(day-1). Plant uptake is assumed to occur for both
AN and NO3
-. Opinions vary as to which is
preferentially utilized and this will undoubtedly
depend on plant species. In soil, reference DeKock
(40) observed short term uptake of ammonium in
excess of that of nitrate in tobacco plants, but equal
amounts at the end of the growing season. Reference Barraclough, Geens (41) suggest that
ammonium is preferentially utilised but that the rate
of nitrate uptake exceeds that of ammonium when
soil ammonium concentrations are high – possibly
due to the fact that high surplus ammonium
concentrations can be toxic to plant cells whereas
excess nitrate can simply be stored in cell tissue. Model Note that denitrification and nitrate ammonification
were also assumed to be zero in the application
described here. Since these processes occur
predominantly under anaerobic conditions, they are
assumed to be of negligible importance in the
experimental system which is open to the
atmosphere and flowing continuously. (8) Similarly, at steady state Equation (5) yields
𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑁=
𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡.𝑉.𝐶𝐴𝑁
(𝑘𝑢𝑝+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡)
(9) Similarly, at steady state Equation (5) yields Similarly, at steady state Equation (5) yields
𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑁=
𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡.𝑉.𝐶𝐴𝑁
(𝑘𝑢𝑝+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡)
(9) Similarly, at steady state Equation (5) yields 𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑁=
𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡.𝑉.𝐶𝐴𝑁
(𝑘𝑢𝑝+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡) 𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑁=
𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡.𝑉.𝐶𝐴𝑁
(𝑘𝑢𝑝+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡) (9) Except for knit, all terms in Equation (8) can
be estimated independently for the “calibration”
treatment V4 (see above). We can, therefore, use
the measured steady state concentrations of CAN and
CTON in the V4 treatment to give an estimate for knit
as follows: 𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡=
𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑁.(𝑘𝑢𝑝.𝑉+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡)
𝑉.𝐶𝐴𝑁
(10) (10) In the other treatments values of knit were
then adjusted via simple scaling, based on the
hypothesised effects of water depth and mat surface
area. The adjustments were as follows: (1) knit was
assumed to be inversely proportional to water depth
(27) where depth is a surrogate for the ratio of water
volume to biofilm surface area.. Specifically, for
shallow systems, knit was assumed to be twice knit
for deep systems based on the assumption that
nitrification only occurs on the bed of the
mesocosm and in the FTW matrix i.e. at the
surface); (2) knit was assumed to be proportional to
mat area (i.e. knit for full mat cover was assumed to
be twice knit for 50% cover, based on a similar
rationale that most nitrifiers inhabit the mat
material). Uptake was also scaled in proportion to The measured average net N uptake in the
V4 treatment (full mat cover with four plants) was
calculated to be 25 mg N day-1 (112 mg N m-2 water
surface day-1). This is within the range of plant
uptake rates of 0.0015 - 2.8 g N m-2 day-1 reported
by (42) and with experimental data obtained by 257 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 concentrations and pH over time are shown in Fig. 3. These data support the explanation that changes
in AN and TON in the control plots are driven by
the
development
of
a
competent
nitrifying
population. Model The decline in DO concentrations to
approximately Day 20 for the shallow system (C1)
and Day 28 for the deep system (Fig. 3a) (r2 = 0.28;
p = 0.05) is consistent with the utilization of oxygen
in the microbially-mediated oxidation of AN to
TON. According to Guisasola, Jubany (44), 4.57
mg O2 is required to oxidise each mg of NH4
+-N to
NO3
-, so nitrification represents a very powerful DO
sink. The higher steady state DO concentration in
C1 is expected as DO is only replenished at the
surface and hence the rate of reaeration will be
proportional to depth as well as to the oxygen
deficit. The depression in pH seen in the control
systems (Fig. 3d) is also likely to be related to the
release of protons as ammonium is oxidized (2
moles of H+ are generated for every mole of NH4
+
converted to NO3
-: e.g. Alzate Marin, Caravelli (45)
and Thakur and Medhi (46). the number of plants present, i.e. kup was assumed
to be proportional to the number of plants in the
system such that uptake rates for systems containing
four plants were twice those in systems containing
two. Following these simple adjustments, the
model predictions were compared with the observed
concentrations in the independent treatments. This
can be regarded as a validation of the model since
no further parameter optimisation was performed
for these treatments. the number of plants present, i.e. kup was assumed
to be proportional to the number of plants in the
system such that uptake rates for systems containing
four plants were twice those in systems containing
two. Following these simple adjustments, the
model predictions were compared with the observed
concentrations in the independent treatments. This
can be regarded as a validation of the model since
no further parameter optimisation was performed
for these treatments. Experimental Data p
Changes
in
mean
AN
and
TON
concentrations over time in each treatment are
shown in Fig. 2, grouped by control data (top
panels), data for mesocosms with mats but without
vegetation and data for mesocosms with mats and
vegetation. For most treatments, the concentrations
of both AN and TON remain relatively constant
over time, confirming that the systems were
approximately in steady state. Two notable
exceptions are the control treatments (without
mats). At the start of the monitoring period, AN
concentrations were initially high (ANOVA, F9,120 =
41.018; P < 0.05) and TON concentrations were
initially low (ANOVA, F10,132 = 42.790, P < 0.05)
in both the shallow and deep mesocosms. However,
after Day 10 there was a systematic decrease in AN
concentrations and a simultaneous increase in TON. This is consistent with conversion of AN to TON
via nitrification and suggests that a competent
nitrifier community developed in these vessels
between Days 10 and 20. After approximately Day
20 for the shallow systems (C1) and Day 30 for the
deep systems (C2) AN and TON concentrations
appear to reach a steady state. AN appears to be
removed more effectively in the shallow (r2 = 0.60;
p = 0.05) vessels which is consistent with our
hypothesis that microbial processing is primarily
occurring in fixed biofilms on solid surfaces. Data
on
changes
in
dissolved
oxygen
(DO) Concentrations of AN for the other
treatments range between approximately 0.5 and 3
mg N L-1. For both the vegetated and unvegetated
treatments, concentrations were systematically
lowest in the shallow vessels (dashed lines in Fig. 2). TON concentrations in the treatments with
unvegetated mats (Fig. 2e) were all similar
(approximately ranging between 7 and 9 mg N L-1). These were higher than the steady state TON
concentrations
in
the
treatments
containing
vegetation
(Fig. 2f)
which
ranged
between
approximately 1 and 6 mg N L-1. This suggests that
a TON sink process was operating in the vegetated
systems
–
probably
plant
uptake,
although
denitrification is also a possible nitrate loss process. Anomalously
low
TON
concentrations
were
observed in all the mesocosms in treatment V3
(shallow water depth with full mat cover and four
plants). This may have been due to a high rate of
plant uptake or denitrification. 258 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access p
Published Online First: January 2021 Figure 2. Experimental Data Changes in mean observed AN concentrations (left panels) and TON concentrations (right
panels) over time in each treatment. (a) and (d) data for control mesocosms; (b) and (e) data for
mesocosms with mats without vegetation; (c) and (f) data for mesocosms with mats and vegetation. Error bars show standard deviations. 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
TON conc (mg N / L)
Time (days)
C1
C2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
TON conc (mg N / L)
Time (days)
M1
M3
M2
M4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
TON conc (mg N / L)
Time (days)
V1
V2
V3
V4
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
AN conc (mg-N/l)
Time (days)
C1
C2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
10
20
30
40
AN conc (mg-N/l)
Time (days)
M1
M3
M2
M4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
10
20
30
40
AN conc (mg-N/l)
Time (days)
V1
V2
V3
V4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0
10
20
30
40
TON conc (mg N / L)
Time (days)
C1
C2
C1
C2
(a)
(d) 0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
AN conc (mg-N/l)
Time (days)
C1
C2
(a) (d) (a) 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
10
20
30
40
AN conc (mg-N/l)
Ti
(d
)
M1
M3
M2
M4
(b) (b) (e) Time (days)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
10
20
30
40
AN conc (mg-N/l)
Time (days)
V1
V2
V3
V4
(c) (c) (f) Figure 2. Changes in mean observed AN concentrations (left panels) and TON concentrations (right
panels) over time in each treatment. (a) and (d) data for control mesocosms; (b) and (e) data for
mesocosms with mats without vegetation; (c) and (f) data for mesocosms with mats and vegetation. Error bars show standard deviations. Mean DO concentrations and pH in the M
and V treatments (Fig. 3) changed relatively little
over most of the experiment, which is consistent
with the idea of a system in steady state. DO
concentrations were slightly higher in the shallower
treatments compared with the deeper ones which,
again, is consistent with physical expectations. Experimental Data DO
concentrations were lowest in the deep unvegetated
mesocosms (M2 and M3) with mean concentrations
only about 1.1 and 1.5 mg L-1, respectively, over the
period between Day 20 and Day 40. In the
vegetated treatments (Fig. 3c) DO concentrations
were generally between 2 and 3 mg L-1 with
concentrations in the deeper treatments consistently
lower than in the shallow treatments. Higher DO
concentrations in the vegetated treatments may have
been
maintained
by
the
radial
release
of
photosynthetic oxygen via the rhizosphere (47, 48). Nitrification is a strong sink for DO but can itself be limited by low DO concentrations (49). Reference
Guisasola, Jubany (44) showed that the second step
in nitrification (NO2
- to NO3
-) is more sensitive to
depressed DO concentrations and reported a half-
saturation constant for this process of 1.75 mg O2 L-
1. This means that nitrification may be partially
inhibited below about 2 mg O2 L-1, although this
was not obviously the case in the TON data
reported here (Fig. 2e). Mean pH ranged between
approximately 6.5 and 6.6 in the unvegetated
treatments (Fig. 3e) and between approximately 6.3
and 6.4 in the vegetated systems (Fig. 3f), between
Days 20 and 40. The slightly lower pH in the
vegetated system may have been due to the release
of organic acids by the plants or due to a slight
elevation in CO2 concentration caused by either
CO2 diffusion through the roots or by the
degradation of organic matter introduced into the
water column. limited by low DO concentrations (49). Reference
Guisasola, Jubany (44) showed that the second step
in nitrification (NO2
- to NO3
-) is more sensitive to
depressed DO concentrations and reported a half-
saturation constant for this process of 1.75 mg O2 L-
1. This means that nitrification may be partially
inhibited below about 2 mg O2 L-1, although this
was not obviously the case in the TON data
reported here (Fig. 2e). Mean pH ranged between
approximately 6.5 and 6.6 in the unvegetated
treatments (Fig. 3e) and between approximately 6.3
and 6.4 in the vegetated systems (Fig. 3f), between
Days 20 and 40. Experimental Data The slightly lower pH in the
vegetated system may have been due to the release
of organic acids by the plants or due to a slight
elevation in CO2 concentration caused by either
CO2 diffusion through the roots or by the
degradation of organic matter introduced into the
water column. 259 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access p
Published Online First: January 2021 5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0
10
20
30
40
pH
Time (days)
C1
C2
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0
10
20
30
40
pH
Time (days)
M1
M3
M2
M4
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0
10
20
30
40
pH
Time (days)
V1
V2
V3
V4
(d)
(e)
(f) Figure 3. Changes in mean observed dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (left panels) and pH (right
panels) over time in each treatment. (a) and (d) data for control mesocosms; (b) and (e) data for
mesocosms with mats without vegetation; (c) and (f) data for mesocosms with mats and vegetation. Error bars show standard deviations. 0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
DO conc (mg / L)
Time (days)
M1
M3
M2
M4
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
DO conc (mg / L)
Time (days)
C1
C2
0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
DO conc (mg / L)
Time (days)
V1
V2
V3
V4
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0
10
20
30
40
pH
Time (days)
C1
C2
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0
10
20
30
40
pH
Time (days)
M1
M3
M2
M4
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
0
10
20
30
40
pH
Time (days)
V1
V2
V3
V4
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f) 0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
DO conc (mg / L)
Ti
(d
)
C1
C2
(a) (d) (a) 0
2
4
6
8
10
0
10
20
30
40
DO conc (mg / L)
Time (da s)
M1
M3
M2
M4
Time (days)
(b) (b) (e) (c) (f) Figure 3. Changes in mean observed dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (left panels) and pH (right
panels) over time in each treatment. Experimental Data (a) and (d) data for control mesocosms; (b) and (e) data for
mesocosms with mats without vegetation; (c) and (f) data for mesocosms with mats and vegetation. Error bars show standard deviations. Steady state model performance Treatment
kvol x fFREE
(d-1)
kup (d-1)
knit (d-1)
Measured
CAN
Modelled
CAN
Measured
CTON
Modelled
CTON
C1
5.4 x 10-5
0
0.49
1.26
1.80
7.42
7.60
C2
2.7 x 10-5
0
0.3
3.04
3.03
7.79
6.36
M1
5.4 x 10-5
0
1.55
0.46
0.79
8.19
8.61
M2
2.7 x 10-5
0
0.78
2.21
1.46
8.03
7.94
M3
5.4 x 10-5
0
3.11
0.44
0.41
7.97
8.99
M4
2.7 x 10-5
0
1.55
1.27
0.79
7.51
8.61
V1
5.4 x 10-5
0.0302
1.55
0.67
0.77
5.66
6.98
V2
2.7 x 10-5
0.0302
0.78
1.36
1.42
5.61
6.35
V3
5.4 x 10-5
0.0603
3.11
0.38
0.40
1.30
6.19
V4
2.7 x 10-5
0.0603
1.55
0.77
0.70
5.36
5.36 Table 2. Main N process parameters used in the steady state model. Also shown are the mean
measured (Days 20 - 40) and modelled AN and TON concentrations (mg N L-1). noticeable outliers for treatments C1 and M2
(highlighted). For TON (Fig. 4b) the data alss sit
close to the 1:1 line for most treatments but the
linear fit is less strong with an insignificant r2 value
(in part, caused by the constraint to fit the
regression line through the origin). However, the
slope of the regression is still close to unity, despite
the obvious outlier V3, which is highlighted. The steady state measured and modelled
AN and TON concentrations are compared in Fig. 4. Also shown in Fig. 4 are the 1:1 lines and the best
fit regression lines constrained to go through the
origin and the associated equations and r2 values. For AN (Fig. 4a) the data group well along the 1:1
line (with an r2 value of 0.75) and the slope of the
best fit line is close to unity. There are two Figure 4. Measured versus modelled steady state concentrations for (a) AN and (b) TON. The dashed
lines show the 1:1 relationship. Solid grey lines show the best fit linear regression constrained to fit
through the origin. Steady state model performance there is clear evidence that a nitrifier community
developed in the system over the first half of the
monitoring period with both the deep and shallow
systems appearing to reach an approximate steady
state between Days 30 and 40. This means that knit
could not be simply scaled from the V4 data. Instead a value of 0.3 d-1 was obtained by trial and
error optimization for AN in C2 and the value of knit
for C1 was assumed to be 1.64 x 0.3 = 0.49 d-1,
where 1.64 is the ratio of the submerged container
surface area in the deep mesocosm to that in the
shallow systems. The values for the rate constants
adopted in each treatment and the measured and
predicted steady state concentrations are shown in
Table 2. The correlation coefficients between
measured and modelled steady state concentrations
were 0.88 and 0.63 for AN and TON respectively. The RMSE for AN was 0.4 mg N L-1 and the RMSE
for TON was 1.75 mg N L-1. Values of kvol and fFREE were estimated
independently from the two film resistance model
(Equations 3 and 4) and the influence of pH and
temperature on the theoretical partitioning of AN
into NH4
+ and NH3 (Equation 2). A value of kup
(assumed to be the same for both AN and TON)
was derived from the uptake data in treatment V4. The main unknown is, therefore, knit, which was
derived from Equation 10 using the average
measured AN and TON data from treatment V4
during steady state (i.e. between Days 20 and 40). The steady state solutions for AN and TON
concentrations (Equations 8 and 9) were then used
to estimate the AN and TON concentrations for the
other treatments with knit, kvol and kup adjusted from
their calibrated (V4) values a priori by factors
reflecting the predictive hypotheses outlined in the
introduction. In the case of the mat-free controls, 260 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 Open Access Table 2. Main N process parameters used in the steady state model. Also shown are the mean
measured (Days 20 - 40) and modelled AN and TON concentrations (mg N L-1). Steady state model performance y = 0.954.x
R² = 0.75
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Modelled Concentration (mg N / L)
Measured Concentration (mg N / L)
y = 1.05.x
R² = -1.16
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Modelled Concentration (mg N / L)
Measured Concentration (mg N / L)
(a) AN
(b) TON
V3
C1
M2 Figure 4. Measured versus modelled steady state concentrations for (a) AN and (b) TON. The dashed
lines show the 1:1 relationship. Solid grey lines show the best fit linear regression constrained to fit
through the origin. There are four principal AN loss processes:
volatilization,
nitrification,
plant
uptake
and
advection. The relative contribution of each
processes to AN loss (fPROCESS) was quantified by 32%) (Table 3). There appeared to be a substantial
conversion of AN to TON even in the absence of
floating mats, which resulted in an estimated 68%
contribution in the deep control (C2) and 78%
contribution in the shallow control (C1). This was
confirmed by systematic decreases in pH and DO
concentrations which were consistent with the
development of a nitrification capacity in these
vessels. This is likely to have been in fixed biofilms
rather than in freely suspended microbial colonies. All
other
things
being
equal,
the
overall
contribution of nitrification to AN loss was higher
in the shallow treatments than the equivalent deep
ones (Table 3). Similarly, in the presence of mat
material, the contribution of nitrification was higher
when more mat material was present (cet. par.). 𝑓𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐸𝑆𝑆=
𝐺𝑃𝑅𝑂𝐶𝐸𝑆𝑆
(𝑘𝑣𝑜𝑙.𝑓𝐹𝑅𝐸𝐸.𝑉+𝑘𝑛𝑖𝑡.𝑉+𝑘𝑢𝑝.𝑉+𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡) (11) (11) where GPROCESS (L d-1) is the respective
volumetric loss term for each process i.e. (kvol. fFREE. V)
for
volatilization;
(knit.V)
for
nitrification; (kup.V) for uptake and Qout for
advection. Nitrification is made by far the largest
contribution to total AN loss in the experimental
system (68 – 96 %), followed by advection (4 – 261 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 This confirms the postulate that nitrification
is occurring in microbial biofilms attached to the
mat material. The good agreement for outlet TON
concentrations confirms the plausibility of this
explanation (which is also supported by studies by
Marimon, Xuan (31) and Pavlineri, Skoulikidis
(50), who reported increased TN reduction in FTWs
when surface coverage increased). Steady state model performance Here,
the
dissolved
oxygen
concentrations were higher in the shallower systems
than in the deeper ones (by typically 1 mg O2 L-1)
over the course of the study. Differences in DO
between two systems may be also be explained due
to the competition between O2 consumption by
microbial
activity
and
O2
supplement
by
atmospheric diffusion. However, this is unlikely to
have affected ammonia removal by nitrification
because DO concentrations were always > the
threshold for nitrification inhibition (0.2-0.5 mg O2
L-1) (59, 60). Ammonia volatilization is also likely
to be more important in shallow water systems
because of the higher ratio of air:water interface to
volume. Volatilization is also a diffusion process
across the air:water interface. process, e.g., the organisms which mediate it live
predominantly in fixed biofilms on solid surfaces
(55, 56). Shallow systems are characterized by a
higher surface area of bed (and, where present, of
mat material) per unit volume of water. These
surfaces are available for microbial biofilm growth
and hence can contribute to increase reaction rates. In addition, redox potential may be higher in
shallower systems because the ratio of the air-water
interface area to water volume is higher, which
facilitate reaeration by diffusion exchange with the
air
(57,
58). Here,
the
dissolved
oxygen
concentrations were higher in the shallower systems
than in the deeper ones (by typically 1 mg O2 L-1)
over the course of the study. Differences in DO
between two systems may be also be explained due
to the competition between O2 consumption by
microbial
activity
and
O2
supplement
by
atmospheric diffusion. However, this is unlikely to
have affected ammonia removal by nitrification
because DO concentrations were always > the
threshold for nitrification inhibition (0.2-0.5 mg O2
L-1) (59, 60). Ammonia volatilization is also likely
to be more important in shallow water systems
because of the higher ratio of air:water interface to
volume. Volatilization is also a diffusion process
across the air:water interface. Although the experimental system appeared
to be in approximate physical and biogeochemical
steady state (especially in the last ten days of the
experiment), there were fluctuation in the monitored
variables (e.g. an apparent increase in AN
concentrations for several treatments on Day 14)
which
could
reflect
variations
in
treatment
performance, sample treatment or analytical errors. Steady state model performance Variations in treatment performance may have been
due to variations in pumping rate, variations in
temperature, evaporation rates, rainfall and the
physical stability of the attached biofilms. Steady state model performance All of these
observations support our central hypothesis, that
treatment performance will be proportional to the
solid surface area submerged which is available for
biofilm formation. Volatilisation made a negligible
contribution in all cases. Ammonia volatilization is
generally insignificant below a pH of 7.3, but can
account for nearly 10% of the total AN loss in aquatic systems with higher pH (51, 52). Uptake
was also a fairly insignificant loss process when
plants were present (1.8 – 3.4 %). That said, cet. par. total removal did increase with plant density
and we should point out that the planting density
used here was quite low. Reference García-Lledó,
Ruiz-Rueda (53) reported that removal rate
constants for AN and TON were higher in the
presence of dense vegetation than when vegetation
was sparse. In operational FTWs, the number of
plants utilized per unit area will vary. We might
expect uptake to be approximately proportional to
the number of plants grown, although this will only
be an effective sink during the growing season. Table 3. Relative contribution of the different loss processes to the total steady state AN loss rate. All
values expressed as percentages. Treatment
Volatilisation
Uptake
Nitrification
Advection
C1
<0.01
0
77.6
22.4
C2
<0.01
0
67.7
32.3
M1
<0.01
0
91.6
8.4
M2
<0.01
0
84.5
15.5
M3
<0.01
0
95.6
4.4
M4
<0.01
0
91.5
8.4
V1
<0.01
1.8
90.0
8.2
V2
<0.01
3.2
81.8
15.0
V3
<0.01
1.8
93.9
4.3
V4
<0.01
3.4
88.4
8.2 ive contribution of the different loss processes to the total steady state AN loss rate. All
ed as percentages. contribution of the different loss processes to the total steady state AN loss rate. All
t Table 3. Relative contribution of the different loss processes to the total steady state AN
values expressed as percentages. process, e.g., the organisms which mediate it live
predominantly in fixed biofilms on solid surfaces
(55, 56). Shallow systems are characterized by a
higher surface area of bed (and, where present, of
mat material) per unit volume of water. These
surfaces are available for microbial biofilm growth
and hence can contribute to increase reaction rates. In addition, redox potential may be higher in
shallower systems because the ratio of the air-water
interface area to water volume is higher, which
facilitate reaeration by diffusion exchange with the
air
(57,
58). Discussion: In this study, nitrification rates were the highest
in treatments with shallow water depths supporting
our initial hypothesis. An inverse relationship
between the nitrification rate coefficient and water
depth was also proposed byKadlec and Wallace
(54). Observed
overall
ammonia
removal
efficiencies were 57, 93, 88, 93 and 94 % for
shallow treatments: C1, M1, V1, M3 and V3, and 39,
77, 83, 85 and 91 % for deep treatments C2, M2, V2,
M4 and V4. Where C series represents controls
(without mats), M series are treatments with mats
only, and V series are treatments with mats plus
vegetation. Nitrification
is
a
surface-limited 262 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 used by microbial populations as a carbon source
for their activity (65). Nitrification rates were higher in treatments
where mat area was 100% surface area coverage
compared to 50% and no mat treatments. This
reinforces the idea that biofilm development (onto
the floating mat material and roots) enhances
nitrification (8, 61). Observed NHx removal
efficiencies increased from 93 and 77 % in M1 and
M2 to 93 and 85 % in M3 and M4. Reference
Pavlineri, Skoulikidis (50), also reported increased
N oxidation in FTWs when surface coverage
increased. The idea that the enhanced reduction of
ammonia concentrations observed when mat area
increased was due to increased microbial activity
was also supported by the microbial biomass
analysis. Bacterial biomass and growth rates on
floating mat underwater surfaces were significantly
higher than in control treatments. Growth rates of
bacterial population was 0.18±0.01 Log10 CFU g-1
day-1 compared to the unplanted treatments and
controls (0.13±0.01 and 0.015±0.002 Log10 CFU g-
1 day-1, respectively). High surface area available
for microbial growth in the FTWs (e.g., submerged
mat material and hydroponic roots) could explain
high production of microbial biomass, however
microbial biomass in the controls reflected
microbial density in the water column only as there
is no mat or plant were introduced. Physicochemical
changes observed in the mesocosms such as a
decline in pH and dissolved oxygen can also be
attributed to nitrification in the FTW treatments. Overall losses of NH3 via volatilization are believed
to have had relatively little effect on ammoniacal-N
losses, due to the relatively low pH in the
experimental system and, hence, the low fraction of
free ammonia. Discussion: Overall results support the idea that shallow
depth, full mat coverage and a higher plant density
promote optimal operational ammonia removal. Application of the numerical model to the
mesocosms suggested that nitrification in fixed
biofilms is the principal ammonia removal process
(responsible for 59-95%). Losses of NH3 via
volatilization is estimated to be negligible of
removed NHx Where plants were present their
contribution was estimated to be in the range (16 -
40 %) of overall removal. The model was useful and was able to make
good
quantitative
predictions
of
effluent
concentrations in all treatments, after calibration on
one treatment and making adjustments for water
depth, mat coverage area, and plant density based
on a priori hypotheses (e.g., simple linear
adjustment for rate constants as depth or mat area
changed). The deviation between the measured and
predicted concentrations of for ammonia and total
oxidized N was low in general, although there were
occasional samples and treatments replicates could
have been better. For instance, a poor model
performance for NOx dynamic was observed in V3
and to a lesser extent in the V1 treatment. This could
be explained as a result of some competitive
processes such as denitrification, and nitrate
immobilization, which they are assumed to be of
negligible importance as the system was open to the
atmosphere and flowing continuously and, therefore
should be aerobic as well as because organic N was
not introduced in the influent. Sensitivity analysis
confirmed that the most important loss process was
nitrification
associated
with
fixed
microbial
biofilms on mat surfaces. Good model performance
suggests that this type of modeling approach is
useful as a framework to improve understanding of
N dynamics in experimental wetland systems. Ammonia removal was the highest in
treatments with vegetation than without and
increased with increasing plant density. The
hypothesis posed was that a linear relationship of
ammonia removal would be observed with plant
density due to direct uptake of NH4
+. When plant
density increased from 2 individual plants to 4,
removal efficiencies increased from 88 and 83 % in
V1 and V2 cells to 94 and 91 % in V3 and V4 cells,
respectively. Overall, experimental-based data associated
with modelling approach findings indicated that a
treatment system operated under shallow water
depth with high surface area for microbial biofilm
and high plant density is a critical design for
ammonia removal from wastewater. Discussion: Therefore, such
design could be applicable at full scale to improve
ammonia removal from domestic sewage in
wastewater treatment system. As well as increased uptake, plants can
influence the removal of ammonia via nitrification
by providing additional surfaces for biofilm
development (62, 63). Some wetland plants can also
enhance dissolved oxygen levels by transferring air
through their root systems (64). Finally, plants can
enhance microbial activity via root exudates. Plants
roots can release a variety of dissolved organic
compounds (DOC) to the rhizosphere, which can be P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 municipal constructed wetlands in Ireland. J of Env
Manag. 2018;210:263-72. particular, we investigated the potential of FTWs to
enhance treatment performance for AN. Findings
presented in this research suggest that FTWs have
the potential to enhance AN treatment performance
in FSCWs, principally via the promotion of
nitrification fixed biofilms. Treatment should also
be improved by shallow depth and higher plant
abundance, although this will depend on planting
density and growth stage. Model-based analysis
indicates
reasonable
agreement
between
the
modelled steady state AN and TON concentrations
and the measured data suggests that the model
provides a good description of the experimental
system
and
that
our
hypotheses,
expressed
quantitatively via the a priori adjustment of the rate
constants are valid. This is particularly remarkable
considering the deliberately simplistic nature of
process representation and the fact that some
processes
(like
organic
N
mineralization,
denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation)
are not represented. The most important loss
process in all treatments is nitrification, followed by
advection associated with fixed microbial biofilms
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تعتبر أنظمة األراضي الرطبة ذات الجريان السطحي أحد أنظمة المعالجة التقليدية المستخدمة في معالجة ملوثات المياه على الرغم
من محدودية كفائتها جراء النسبة الحجمية العالية للسعة المائية الى المساحة السطحية المهيئة للنشاط الميكروبي في تحليل الملوثات ا
لبيئة. تمتاز
أنظمة المعالجة العائمة (بما تتضمنه من أنظمة طافية فوق سطح الماء) بالقدرة على زيادة المساحة السطحية الضرورية لنشوء وتنامي
المجتمعات الميكروبية المحللة على إختالف أنواعها فضالً عن إعتبارها منصة عائمة لنمو النباتات فوق سطح الماء وبالتالي زيادة معدال ت
العمليا
ت البيئية المحللة للملوثات المختلفة. يهدف هذا البحث الى تقييم فاعلية أنظمة المعالجة العائمة في إزالة تراكيز األمونيا الكلية م ن مياه
الصرف الصحي المصنع بإستخدام أنظمة تجريبية تعمل بطريقة الدفق المستمر-
الثابت مؤلفة من10
معامالت مكررة وبتصاميم تشغيلية
مختلف ة تتضمن إختبار مستويات مختلفة لعمود لماء و مساحات سطحية مختلفة لألظمة الطاقية فوق الماء و بإستخدام وفرة نباتية بكثافة مختلفة
فضالً عن معامالت اليسطرة لمقارنة النتائج). باإلضافة الى ذلك, تم إستحداث وتسخير نموذج رياضي لتطوير فهم ميكانيكي متقدم لديناميك يات
ال نتروجين في النظام التجريبي. تمت معايرة النموذج الرياضي بإستخدام بيانات أحد المعامالت ومن ثم التحقق من دقة الموديل من خالل
ًتطبيقه على بقية المعامالت. أستند أداء الموديل الرياضي على فرضية أن ثوابت معدالت عمليات النترتة والتطاير لألمونيا تتناسب عكسيا مع
عمق الماء إال أنها تتناسب طردياً مع المساحة السطحية. أظهر التحليل المعتمد على النموذج الرياضي إمكانية تقدير نسبة مساهمة بعض
ميكانيكيات التحليل الى األداء الكلي في إزالة األمونيا من الوسط. أثبت الموديل الرياضي دقة عالية في وصف وتوقع ديناميكيات تراكيز
األمونيا و األطوار المؤكسدة للنتروجين في المعامالت التجريبية المختلفة (التحليل اإلحصائي إلداء الموديل الخاص بسلوك األمونيا هو
i N m 0.88 koa 0.40 e S R
-
1
ولألطوار المؤكسدة هوi N m 0.63 koa 1.75 e S R
-
1
). References: Asemoloye MD, Jonathan SG, Ahmad R. Synergistic
plant-microbes interactions in the rhizosphere: a
potential headway for the remediation of hydrocarbon
polluted soils. Inter J of Phytorem. 2019;21(2):71-83. 53. García-Lledó A, Ruiz-Rueda O, Vilar-Sanz A, Sala
L, Bañeras L. Nitrogen removal efficiencies in a free
water surface constructed wetland in relation to plant
coverage. Ecol Eng. 2011;37(5):678-84. 63. Compant S, Samad A, Faist H, Sessitsch A. A review
on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and
emerging trends in microbial application. J of Adv
Re. 2019;19:29-37. 54. Kadlec RH, Wallace SD. Treatment wetlands,
Second Edition. New York, USA.: CRC press, Taylor
and Francis Group, Boca Raton New York, USA.;
2009. 1016 p. 64. Wiessner A, Kuschk P, Jechorek M, Seidel H,
Kästner M. Sulphur transformation and deposition in
the rhizosphere of Juncus effusus in a laboratory-
scale
constructed
wetland. Env
Poll. 2008;155(1):125-31. 55. Koch H, van Kessel MA, Lücker S. Complete
nitrification: insights into the ecophysiology of
comammox Nitrospira. App microbiol and biotech. 2019;103(1):177-89. 65. Cardon ZG, Whitbeck JL. The Rhizosphere : An
Ecological Perspective. Burlington, USA: Elsevier
Science & Technology; 2007. 56. Le TTH, Fettig J, Meon G. Kinetics and simulation of
nitrification at various pH values of a polluted river 266 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January 2021 إزالة األمونيا في األنظمة ذات الجريان السطحي بإستخدام نظم المعالجة العائمة
موفق حسين الالمي*
1,2.3
ميك جون ويالن4
آرنود بووم4
ديفيد مالكولم هاربر2,4,5
1
,مركز بحوث البيئة, الجامعة التكنولوجية,بغداد العراق. 2
قسم علوم الحياة, كلية
ا
لعلوم الحياتية, جامعة ليستر, المملكة المتحدة. 3
,اللجنة العليا لتطوير التعليم في العراق,بغداد العراق. 4
مركز بحوث النظم
الطبيعية والمناخ, كلية الجغرافيا والجيولوجيا والبيئة, جامعة ليستر, المملكة المتحدة. 5 جمعية البايولوجيين, كومبريا, المملكة المتحدة. ديفيد مالكولم هاربر2,4,5 :الخالصة :الخالصة دلت النتائج الى أن إزالة
األمونيا بواسطة عملية النترتة كا نت هي السائدة بالمقارنة مع بقية العمليات األخرى وأن الخصائص التصميمية للنظام و المتمثلة بالعمق
المنخفض لعمود الماء مقترناً مع زيادة المساحة السطحية للنظام الطافي تمثل النظام التصميم األكفاء في إزالة األمونيا الكلي من الو .سط المائي
تؤكد النتائج التي تم الحص ول عليها على قدرة األنظمة المعالجة الطافية على تحسين كفاءة أداء أنظمة األراضي الرطبة ذات الجريان السطحي
في إزالة األمونيا كما وتظهر أهمية إستخدام الموديالت الرياضية في بناء وتطوير المفاهيم الميكانيكية لديناميكيات النتروجين ومدى م ساهمة
العمليات البايوجيوكيم.يائية المختلفة في مصير األمونيا في ظل تأثير عدد من الخصائص التصميمية والتشغيلية
الكلمات المفتاحية
: األمونيا,مفاعل الخزان ذي المزج المستمر, أنظمة المعالجة العائمة,حركيات اإلزالة,نمذجة ديناميكيات النظام 267 | 11,356 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/5842/3461 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur (authentic supplications and remembrance of ALLAH ‘Azza wa Jalla) can
be suggested to Muslims to help them deal with challenges or issues in life. Counselling cases affect a
person’s feelings. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur are often applied as a counselling intervention. Unfortunately,
the authentic Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur are dispersed in many resources not visible to users, and the fact that
not all online resources offer access to accurate Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur to users and the dubious Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur frequently credited to the Prophet (pbuh). The goal of this research is to develop an ontology
for the purpose of providing credible results to counselling cases in need of relevant Do’a and Zikr Al-
Ma’thur. This research focused on presenting how an ontology could support to provide accurate information
to cases supervised by high school counsellors. This research developed the ontology for Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur for counselling in Protégé. The methodology implemented in the ontology development included
the models designed by Fernandez-Lopez et al., Thunkijjanukij, Gomez-Perez et al., and Kreider. The
ontology was verified, validated, and evaluated by two subject domain experts. Most concepts were rated as
‘Compliant’ and some as ‘Partially Compliant’. Queries in SPARQL produced answers to the competency
questions. Feedbacks from the user assessment proved that the executed results from the Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur ontology for counselling succeeded in fulfilling the users’ requirement. It is recommended that the
sustainability of the ontology should be secured through constant submission of real cases by counsellors and
people with similar roles for query analysis and results. Credible scholars should provide direction to
trustworthy sources. Such essential input is valuable for content management and contributes towards very
few domain ontologies that deliver support to professional works. It also provides the step-by-step
procedures to ontology construction and assessment for Islamic collection for counselling intervention. Key words: Islamic knowledge, Knowledge representation, Ontology, Ontology evaluation, Ontology
development, Semantic technology. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 11/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021 Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 11/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Ontological Methodologies for Counselling Intervention: Do’a and Zikr
Al-Mā’thur Corpus Siti Fatimah Mohd Tawil2 Roslina Othman 1* 1 International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia
2 Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
*
* y
y
,
y
2 Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Malaysia
*Corresponding author: [email protected] *, [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-141X * , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-9103 *Corresponding author: [email protected] *, [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-141X * , https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3044-9103 *Corresponding author: [email protected] *, [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7674-141X * , https://orcid.org/0000- Figure 1. Sample of non-filtered Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur found from a conventional search
engine result. Red arrow: Do’a to have a
beautiful body (English translation) Figure 1. Sample of non-filtered Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur found from a conventional search
engine result. Red arrow: Do’a to have a
beautiful body (English translation) The
process
of
retrieving
relevant
information within the ocean of resources is a
challenging task (3, 4). Resources related to Islamic
knowledge available through traditional search
engines are considered as natural language text
documents, whereas the imprints of scholars’
compilation are unstructured text documents (5). This
scattered
and
unorganised
information
becomes a hindrance to its exact usage (6). The
scattered information on the Internet often leads
users to a set of undesirable information (3). These
are also concerns for the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
collection. Therefore, an ontological approach is
one practical way that could contribute to better and
related results. The goal of this research is to develop an
ontology for the purpose of providing credible
results to counselling cases in need of relevant
Do’a and Zikr Al-Ma’thur. This research focuses
on presenting how an ontology could support in
providing accurate information (Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur) to cases supervised by high school
counsellors. Ontology is widely accepted as an explicit
specification of a conceptualisation (9) and
applicable as an effective tool in searching and
retrieving information (10, 11). An ontology should
be machine-readable and human-understandable. Concepts used must be unambiguously well-
defined. The ontology must also be shared, which
indicates a group acceptance or a community
consensus (12, 13). Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur are kept under
various headings. Placing the Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur under one heading only instead of their
multiple concepts would not give much clue to how
their query and application should be (7). This
arrangement
affects
targeted
search
results. Moreover, a majority of the Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur are compiled under inconsistent headings
due to the subjectivity of the scholars’ interpretation
(8). If a user conducted a search applying only the
headings, then the search terms would omit Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur with overlooked concepts. Thus, ontology plays a fundamental role in
preserving the semantic meaning of each Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur and its retrieval. Ontology has become an evolving means
of handling the massive amount of information
sources (14, 15). Introduction: and spiritual needs. Nevertheless, online resources
are not all designed to directly meet users’ need for
accurate information. Islam emphasises on the use of accurate
information despite its availability in any format. The online setting faces dubious sites with
misleading and fabricated information. Due to the
advancement in technology, end-user searching for
information in an online environment has become
more popular. The yearnings and necessities of
online users to obtain accurate information
promptly have also strikingly escalated. Information
related to counselling is of no exception as it is
significantly
searched
on
the
Internet
by
counsellors. Nowadays, counsellors have access to
possible solutions to their various cases with mental Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur
(authentic
supplications and remembrance of ALLAH ‘Azza
wa Jalla) can be suggested to Muslims to help them
deal with challenges or issues in life. Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur are authentic collections of supplication
and remembrance of ALLAH ‘Azza wa Jalla and
practised by Muslims for spiritual enrichment (1). Al-Qahtani emphasised that it is recommended for
Muslims seeking cure to use the noble Al-Quran
and authentic Hadith (prophetic traditions) because 856 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) of their usefulness and ability to lead towards a
complete recovery (2). Counselling cases often
related to emotions can affect a person’s feelings. Research indicates that prayers (supplications) to
God is often applied as a counselling intervention,
and it is considered significant to counselling
departments
handled
by
many
prominent
practitioners. Ontology
would
be
a
useful
mechanism to link between the targeted search
result (Do’a and Zikr Al-Ma’thur) and the users in
need (counsellors). Among the fundamental issues
of concern are the inconveniency of the information
retrieval for its exact use, the dispersed collection of
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur in many dubious sources,
and the deferment in finding the accurate search
outcomes caused by the existence of information in
enormous databases. from trustworthy sources will onlyl allow users to
access and retrieve reliable Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur for counselling. Moreover, semantic information
incorporated within ontology has been proven to
have contributed towards a more impactful process
of retrieving information (16-19). In Malaysia
alone, there are more than 30 million Internet users
(refer to Table 1). The emergence and development
of ontology enriched with the semantic relationship
would assist this huge group of users to find
relevant information to their search (17). The second issue is related to the many
unauthentic Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur claimed to be
from Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of
ALLAH be upon him) shared in the online
environment. Figure 1 below demonstrates the non-
filtered search results of a Do’a found from the
conventional search engine results. That Do’a does
not exist in a reliable Islamic source. Thus, having
the ontology for Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur derived 857 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Table 1. Statistic of Internet usage and
population
growth
in
Malaysia. Source:
internetworldstats.com (2020) Table 1. Statistic of Internet usage and
population
growth
in
Malaysia. Source:
internetworldstats.com (2020) the Islamic banking domain and the ontology
claimed to have the capability of adapting to the
purpose of its circumstance. (
)
Year
Internet Users
Population
2016
21,090,777
31,630,000
2017
25,500,000
32,020,000
2018
27,560,000
32,380,000
2019
29,010,000
32,580,000
2020
30,440,000
33,000,000 In 2018, Keltoum, Nabila, and Djamel
constructed a reference ontology specifically for
the Islamic finance and banking domain (41). The
ontology adopted the NeOn Methodology, which is
known to support the collaborative aspects of
ontology and its dynamic evolution. The ontology
provided
common
vocabularies
(concepts),
descriptions,
and
relationships
between
the
concepts. Fairouz and Nora introduced an ontology
representing the Islamic knowledge as well as a
system that could analyse the selected knowledge
(42). This ontology concentrated on the Islamic
legislative as its main source. In
Anjewierden
and
Kabel’s
work,
ontology functions as fixed vocabularies used to
index data from different points of view (20). Several methodologies for ontology development
have contributed to the area of information retrieval
(IR) and ontology works. Among the prevalent
methodologies for ontology development include
the TOVE methodology by Gruninger and Fox,
Uschold and King methodology, Methontology,
101 methodology, Formal Concept Analysis
(FCA), and knowledge engineering steps; as well
as the ontological engineering approach by Brusa,
Laura, and Chiotti (21-28). Part of the review was
referring to Breitman, Casanova and Truszkowski
(29). More recently, the literature has included the
methodology outlined in the work of Aminu,
Oyefolahan, Abdullahi, and Salaudeen (30). This
research aims to develop an ontology for Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur with regard to counselling in
Protégé – a commonly used ontology development
tool. g
In the research executed by Ta’a et al. the
researchers demonstrated the ontology of Al-Quran
and implemented a method used for retrieving the
Quranic knowledge via the semantic search
approach (43, 44). On the other hand, a research by
Almeida, Roche, and Costa (45) and Almeida and
Costa (46) emphasised on the significance of the
Islamic artefacts and archaeology in the built
ontology, namely OntoAndalus. This top-level
ontology supported experts and students in the
Islamic archaeology field. Alsammak and Sahib
established an ontology-based system that focused
on a particular field of knowledge (time nouns)
encompassed in the book of Nahjul Balaghah (a
collection of speeches and letters by Ali Ibn Abi
Talib) (47). It depended on the Vector Space Model
(VSM) for the indexing and retrieval system. The next forthcoming section will be a
review on the related works, and a thorough
discussion on the methodology utilised for the
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur ontology development. Afterwards, it will be followed by the findings
section,
which
focuses
on
elaborating
and
discussing
the
developed
ontology
and
its
assessment procedures. The paper will finally wrap
up with the conclusion section, which outlines the
overall summary of this research. A recent research by El Bakly, Darwish,
and Hefny proposed a model using an ontology of
main jurisprudence doctrines as a semantic feature
and a pioneer in authorship attribution (48). This
proposed ontology model was established to
particularly solve the unknown fatwa (authoritative
legal opinion given by a legal scholar) assigned to
one of the main Islamic jurisprudence doctrines. To
highlight the most recent work, this research
focused on building a new Quranic documented
ontology based on the words extracted from the
Quranic grammatical book and having the
grammatical functions as the ontological concepts
(49). Methodology: c) What types of questions should the ontology
provide answers? The research design was divided into three
major parts: identification phase of ontology
development methodologies, ontology development
phase
for
Do’a
and
Zikr
al-Mā’thur
for
counselling, and finally its evaluation phase. The
identification method was generated from a
systematic
literature
review. The
ontology
development was highly influenced by the
methodology demonstrated by Fernandez-Lopez et
al. (22) with close reference to Thunkijjanukij’s
(50) work, following the Protégé practical guide by
Horridge et al. (51). The ontology development
phase comprised five main stages, namely ontology
specification, knowledge acquisition, ontology
conceptualisation, ontology formalisation, and
ontology implementation. : The ontology should provide answers on the
relevant
Do’a
and
Zikr
al-Mā’thur
corresponding with the counselling cases. d) Who would benefit from the ontology? : The ontology would directly benefit the high
school counsellors during the counselling
intervention session with their respected
clients. The finalised 86 competency questions
ahould be answered by the developed ontology to
ensure its correctness. All the competency
questions were constructed to meet the purpose
of the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur ontology for
counselling. Examples of these competency
questions are: The Ontology Evaluation Phase followed
the guideline and criteria recommended by Gomez-
Perez et al. (52) and Kreider (53), which involved
validation and verification by two experts. One
validation was conducted after the ontology
conceptualisation stage had completed, while the
other
was
performed
after
the
ontology
implementation was accomplished through the
execution of competency questions in SPARQL
Query in the Protégé Ontology Editor (version 5.1). Subsequently, user assessment was circulated
among the prospective users for collection and was
recorded in assessment forms to evaluate how
much the executed results from the Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur ontology for counselling had succeeded
in fulfilling the users’ requirements. a) Which items should one consider if one is
having a difficult time? b) How many Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur are
available as a remedy for stress? c) What is the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur to
provide ease in understanding the subject
taught at schools? d) What Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur should be
practised in the case of bullies? e) Which Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur should be
considered if a person suddenly meets a
gangster group? f) What is the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur for good
manners? Related Works: Several ontological works have constructed
ontologies for Islamic knowledge corpus. These
works include several studies conducted by Iqbal
(31) and Iqbal et al. (32, 33), which focused on
developing ontology specifically for Sufism and
Quranic corpuses. While the works by Saad et al. (34-36) and Salim, et al. (37) ventured on creating
a framework of Islamic knowledge for ontology
construction based on the concepts contained in the
Al-Quran. Latiff, Haron, and Annamalai presented
an ontology creation utilising the software
engineering method, which was suggested to be
more reliable, longer lasting, and constantly
adjusted (38-40). This approach concentrated on However, all these existing ontologies only
fed the answers to a set of stipulated questions. These completed research on Islamic collections
were reflected as inadequate and needed to be
wide-ranging. None of the research had a specific
focus on the ontology of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
for counselling. Therefore, this effort would be
counted as additional research to the body of
knowledge, specifically on Islamic collections. 858 Baghdad Science Journal Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Ontology Development Activities Ontology Development Activities g) What is the recommended Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur
for
the
case
Pornography
Addiction? The ontology development began with a
specification of its purpose and scope. Its goal set
the direction of the ontology development and its
basic and competency questions. The basic
questions listed are answered as follows: h) What is the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur for good
manners? i) What are the endorsed Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur for the case of a suicide attempt? a) What domain would the ontology cover? a) What domain would the ontology cover? : The ontology domain covered the ontology
domain of Do’a and Zikr al- Mā’thur for
counselling. Content analysis was conducted on the
selected compilations of Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur (Table 2) and counselling segments from
the Ministry of Education. The analysis was set
to identify the structure of ontology and prepare
for the extraction process of the main concepts
(classes and subclasses) and all the related
information and knowledge to form the ontology
content at the ontology conceptualisation stage. b) For what purpose was the ontology used? : Primarily, the ontology was constructed with the
aim to provide support to high school
counsellors to the relevant Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur corresponding with the counselling
cases that occur in schools. This ontology
should provide the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
as the possible remedy or solution for
counselling cases. 859 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Table 2. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur sources
No. List of sources
Scholars
(Imprint/ Online
Publication)
Number of
Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur
Actual number of Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur
that met the criteria
1. Ensiklopedia Zikir – KitabAl-Adzkar
(Encyclopaedia – Remembrance of ALLAH)
Imam Nawawi
467
258
2. Perisai Muslim – Hisnul Muslim
(Fortress of Muslim)
Dr. Said Wahf Al-
Qahtani
142
142
3
Amal Youm wa Laylah –
(Day and Night of the Holy Prophet (peace
and blessings of ALLAH be upon him))
Imam An-Nasaie –
Abu Abd al-Rahman
Ahmad bin Ali bin
Syuaib bin Ali bin
Sinan bin Bahr al-
Khurasani al-Qadi
1141
164
4. 101 Doa Para Nabi & Rasul Dalam Al-
Quran
(101 Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur of the
Prophets & Messenger in Al-Quran)
Dr. Zahazan
Mohamed
120
120
5. 101 Doa daripada Hadis-Hadis Sahih
(101 Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur in Authentic
Hadith)
Dr. Ontology Development Activities Zahazan
Mohamed
118
118
6. Kompilasi Do’a-Do’a daripada Al-Quran
(Compilation of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
from Al-Quran)
An-Nawawi
88
88
7. Do’a daripada Al-Quran dan Sunnah
(Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur from Al-Quran
and As-Sunnah)
Khadimah Al-Ilm Al-
Syarif
125
125
TOTAL
2,201
1,015 Table 2. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur sources crucial step to ensure the credibility of Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur and their relation to the right cases. The concepts for counselling are derived
from three major sources: policies, reports, and
documents under the counselling and guidance unit
for schools prepared by the Ministry of Education
Malaysia. A total of 201 real counselling cases
were gathered from three high schools in the
Gombak district and were similar to cases reported
in daily newspapers. The school counsellors also
participated in the user assessment on the
suitability
of
retrieved
results. The
cases
represented instances or individuals within Protégé
and the competency questions (see Table 3). Table 4. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and the
corresponding cases ble 4. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and the
rresponding cases
’a and Zikr al-
ā’thur Headings
Counselling Cases
ar_tidak_tergol
g_dalam_golon
nyang_ jahil
o’a and Zikr al-
ā’thur to seek
uge from being
ong
the
orant)
Sukar_ingat_pelajaran
(Difficulties in memorising
lessons),
Susah_faham_pelajaran
(Difficulties to understand
lessons), Masalah_akademik
(Academic issues),
Tidak_tahu_membezakan_m
ana_yang_boleh_dan_mana_
yang_tidak (Inability to
differentiate between what is
permissible and what is not),
Kurang_pengetahuan_agama
(Lack of Islamic knowledge),
Sukar_ingat (Difficulty to
memorise) Table 4. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and the
corresponding cases
Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur Headings
Counselling Cases
Agar_tidak_tergol
ong_dalam_golon
ganyang_ jahil
(Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur to seek
refuge from being
among
the
ignorant)
Sukar_ingat_pelajaran
(Difficulties in memorising
lessons),
Susah_faham_pelajaran
(Difficulties to understand
lessons), Masalah_akademik
(Academic issues),
Tidak_tahu_membezakan_m
ana_yang_boleh_dan_mana_
yang_tidak (Inability to
differentiate between what is
permissible and what is not),
Kurang_pengetahuan_agama
(Lack of Islamic knowledge),
Sukar_ingat (Difficulty to
memorise) Table 4. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and the
corresponding cases
Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur Headings
Counselling Cases
Agar_tidak_tergol
ong_dalam_golon
ganyang_ jahil
(Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur to seek
refuge from being
among
the
ignorant)
Sukar_ingat_pelajaran
(Difficulties in memorising
lessons),
Susah_faham_pelajaran
(Difficulties to understand
lessons), Masalah_akademik
(Academic issues),
Tidak_tahu_membezakan_m
ana_yang_boleh_dan_mana_
yang_tidak (Inability to
differentiate between what is
permissible and what is not),
Kurang_pengetahuan_agama
(Lack of Islamic knowledge),
Sukar_ingat (Difficulty to
memorise) Table 4. Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and the
corresponding cases Table 3. A case and its definition
No. Ontology Development Activities 1
Case
Definition
Masalah bercinta/
Berpasangan
Student involved in a
prohibited boy-girl
relationship
(Unlawful
relationship issue) Table 4 partly lists the ontology comprising
the
Do’a
and
Zikr
al-Mā’thur
and
their
corresponding cases as verified by a subject matter
expert after the conceptualisation stage. A cross-
reference check was carried out in other credible
sources validated by a subject matter expert after
the ontology conceptualisation stage. This was a The
organisation
of
concepts
was
commonly managed using a class hierarchy
comprising the main classes and subclasses concept
connected through relationships. The conceptual
model developed in this research could be divided 860 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) p
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) into two types: hierarchical relationships and
associative relationships. Hierarchical relationship
linked the main classes and subclasses within the
same hierarchy. While associative relationship linked concepts between different hierarchies. Figure 2 depicts and reveals the structure of
hierarchies and relationships constructed within the
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur ontology for counselling. Figure 2. Ontology structure model Figure 2. Ontology structure model The concepts were identified using top-
down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down
approach, the most general classes were first
defined and sequentially decomposed into more
specialised classes. In the bottom-up approach, the
most specific classes were first defined, and then successively
grouped
according
to
some
generalisation criteria, and a more generic class
was chosen for each group as a superclass of the
more specific classes. Table 5 exhibits a sample of
identified concepts (main classes and sub-classes)
from Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur. Table 5. Sample list of identified concepts from Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur segment
Texts of Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur
Identified Classes and Subclasses
KECUKUPAN (Sufficiency)
Penyerahan segala urusan
(Submission of all affairs)
Cukuplah ALLAH bagi kami dan kepadaNYA tempat diserahkan segala
urusan
[Ali-Imran: 173]
(ALLAH is sufficient for us and to HIM we handed over all matters)
PERLINDUNGAN (Protection)
Bala kesengsaraan, keburukan
qadha` dan kegembiraan musuh
(Torment, misery, bad fate, and
the joy of the enemy)
Wahai Tuhanku, sesungguhnya aku berlindung kepadaMU dari
kesusahan bala, hinanya kesengsaraan, keburukan qadha` dan
kegembiraan musuh ( terhadap masalahku) [Hadith Bukhari & Muslim]
(O ALLAH I seek refuge in YOU from severe calamities and hardships,
grips of ill hope, evil destiny, and from the rejoice of enemies) Table 5. Ontology Development Activities Therefore, any Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur that have the same concept is grouped as a Note: DZM1 & BK1= Main Classes, DZM i & BK i = Subclasses, InstDZM & InsBK =
instances/ individual
DZM= Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur, BK = Bimbingan & Kaunseling (Guidance & Counselling)
Figure 3. Concept and relationship of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and counselling in MindManager Note: DZM1 & BK1= Main Classes, DZM i & BK i = Subclasses, InstDZM & InsBK =
instances/ individual instances/ individual DZM= Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur, BK = Bimbingan & Kaunseling (Guidance & Counselling)
Figure 3. Concept and relationship of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and counselling in MindManager DZM= Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur, BK = Bimbingan & Kaunseling (Guidance & Counselling)
Figure 3. Concept and relationship of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and counselling in MindManager DZM= Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur, BK = Bimbingan & Kaunseling (Guidance & Counselling)
Figure 3. Concept and relationship of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and counselling in MindManager Figure
3
shows
that
Permohonan
(Invocation) was assigned as one concept under the
main classes of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur. Therefore, any Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur that had
the same concept of Permohonan (Invocation) were
grouped as subclasses under this class. counselling cases were linked to the relevant
individuals of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur. For
example, ‘Mencuri’ (Theft) was linked to the
relevant Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur using the
inverse
relation
‘isSupplicationOf’
and
‘hasSupplication’. There were 13 semantic relationships (or
object properties) in the Do’a and Zikr al- Mā’thur
ontology for counselling. However, this research
focused on the function
of the dominant
relationship: hasSupplication and its inverse
relation isSupplicationOf. The object properties
reflected the major relations among the classes
(concepts) and individuals (instances) in the Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur ontology. Each of the object
properties had its purpose and function, and
properties were defined based on their roles. An
accurate and complete ontology relationship would
be considered as successful when it fulfilled the
competency assessment. Individuals were the
members belonging to the classes and were formed
from the counselling cases and constructed from
the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur collection. The In developing an ontology using Protégé,
an annotation was added as supplementary
information. An annotation is an important
information related to the main components of
ontology, such as comments, creation date, author,
references, a list of web pages, and any related
information. Ontology Development Activities Sample list of identified concepts from Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur segment
Texts of Do’a and Zikr al-
Identified Classes and Subclasses Table 5. Sample list of identified concepts from Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur segment This research was of the view that the
relation of hasSubclass could have an inverse
relation,
namely
isSubclassOf. All
available
relations between all hierarchical concepts were
listed
within
this
activity. An
associative
relationship was assigned by identifying the verbs
related to the concepts and a relation name was
assigned by forming a meaningful statement. This
research labelled a relationship based on the role
names, and assigned new relationships when there
was no existing relation or when a specific relation
was needed. In total, there were 13 significant
relationships identified in this research. The
associative relationship included hasSupplication
and isSupplicationFor. Table 6 lists the most significant role of all relationships within this
ontology. Table
6. List
of
identified
Properties
(Relationship)
Properties (Semantic
Relationships)
Relationship Description
hasSupplication
Counselling case has a
corresponding Do’a and
Zikr al- Mā’thur
isSupplicationFor
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
is the corresponding
supplication for
counselling cases Table
6. List
of
identified
Properties
(Relationship)
Properties (Semantic
Relationships)
Relationship Description
hasSupplication
Counselling case has a
corresponding Do’a and
Zikr al- Mā’thur
isSupplicationFor
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
is the corresponding
supplication for
counselling cases Table
6. List
of
identified
Properties
(Relationship)
Properties (Semantic
Relationships)
Relationship Description
hasSupplication
Counselling case has a
corresponding Do’a and
Zikr al- Mā’thur
isSupplicationFor
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
is the corresponding
supplication for
counselling cases Table
6. List
of
identified
Properties
(Relationship) 861 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) subclasses under this class. Classes were also made
up of the concepts for counselling. Figure 3
illustrates the bird’s eye view of Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur ontology informal draft model to further
guide the construction of the ontology components
and hierarchy. Individuals may belong to more than one
class. The ontology’s main classes were made up of
the main themes extracted from within the Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur. The subclasses were built
from the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thurs that have the
same theme. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 7. List of object properties created in
Protégé Ontology Editor ii-
Consistency: A given representation
is consistent if and only if the individual
representation is consistent and no contradictory
sentences can be inferred from the representations
and axioms (52). iii-
Extensible: The ontology can be
extended and specialised monotonically. In other
words, the ontology can accept new terms for
special uses based on its existing vocabulary, in a
way that does not require the revision of the
existing definitions (55). iii-
Extensible: The ontology can be
extended and specialised monotonically. In other
words, the ontology can accept new terms for
special uses based on its existing vocabulary, in a
way that does not require the revision of the
existing definitions (55). Figure 7. List of object properties created in
Protégé Ontology Editor iv-
Completeness: The incompleteness
of an individual representation can be proved if at
least one representation is missing concerning the
established
reference
framework. This
is
determined by figuring out what entities of the
world are or are not explicitly represented, and all
entities that are required but are not explicitly
represented
can
be
inferred
using
other
representations and axioms. If it can be inferred,
the representation is complete. Otherwise, it is
incomplete. The common errors associated with
completeness are incomplete class classification
and partition errors (subclass partition omission and
exhaustive subclass partition omission) (Gomez-
Perez et al., 2004). iv-
Completeness: The incompleteness
of an individual representation can be proved if at
least one representation is missing concerning the
established
reference
framework. This
is
determined by figuring out what entities of the
world are or are not explicitly represented, and all
entities that are required but are not explicitly
represented
can
be
inferred
using
other
representations and axioms. If it can be inferred,
the representation is complete. Otherwise, it is
incomplete. The common errors associated with
completeness are incomplete class classification
and partition errors (subclass partition omission and
exhaustive subclass partition omission) (Gomez-
Perez et al., 2004). The use of graphical representation was
crucial in facilitating and presenting a clear view on
the developed ontology. The completed ontology
could be visualised in OntoGraf to ease the overall
quality of navigation and visualisation in the built
ontology. Ontology Development Activities The annotations identified within this
ontology were definitions of concepts, definitions
of instances, and the original Arabic texts of the
Do’a and Zikr al- Mā’thur. If the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur contained
only a general idea without any specification, the
class concepts were then extracted based on the
heading of the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur as
assigned by the scholars. Thus, both ways could be
used to define the concept or classes for the
ontology depending on the situation. Figures 4 and 862 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Figure 6. Individuals constructed in Protégé
Ontology Editor 5 depict the sample of classes and subclasses
constructed within the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
ontology in Protégé ontology editor for Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur and counselling cases (Bimbingan
and Kaunseling / Guidance and Counselling). Figure 4. Ontology classes built-in Proté
Ontology Editor Figure 4. Ontology classes built-in Protégé
Ontology Editor Figure 4. Ontology classes built-in Prot
Ontology Editor Once the
ontology classes and the
hierarchy were established, they were assigned
properties and characteristics. This research applied
object properties to serve the purpose of the Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur ontology for counselling to be
included as data type properties. Moreover, this
research used annotation properties to add
supplementary information or data. Seven types of
characteristics were created under object properties. By having object properties assigned with any of
those characteristics, the meaning of each object
properties could be enhanced. Figure 5. Expanded ontology classes and
subclasses in Protégé Ontology Editor In this research, properties were linked to
form relations between classes or between
individuals and classes or between individuals. From the created properties, it can be inferred that
the collection of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur had an
interrelation similarity between one another and
reflected its knowledge value within the collection. The comprehensiveness and accuracy of the
ontology’s semantic relationship indicated the
ability of the competency questions to provide the
required answers. Figure 7 depicts the object
properties built in the ontology. Figure 5. Expanded ontology classes and
subclasses in Protégé Ontology Editor A total of 303 individuals were created
within the ontology development for Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur for counselling. Figure 6 illustrates a
sample of individuals created within the ontology,
which composed of the main content of Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur and counselling cases. 863 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 OntoGraf was one of the effective tools
for visualisation and interactive navigation of the
semantic relationships or the object properties in
the ontology. This visualisation included the class
axioms “is-a”, “disjoint-with”, and “equivalent-to”. Findings:
The
Developed
Ontology
and
Evaluation Findings:
The
Developed
Ontology
and
Evaluation This
ontology
evaluation
phase
encompassed validation, verification, competency
questions, and user assessment. It is essential to
highlight that not all ontology development
involves the participation of experts. Nevertheless,
for concepts derived from texts full of wisdom such
as Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur, the involvement of an
expert
is
highly
recommended
to
avoid
inaccuracies in semantic representations. v-
Ease of Use: It refers to the ability to
be understood, navigated, and implemented on the
related elements including the terms, concepts, and
the overall ontology. The involvement of experts during the
validation process could provide a piece of specific
knowledge about the concepts, their properties, and
their relationships, to evaluate the conceptual
model once the conceptualisation activity was
completed, and to evaluate its implementation. Outcomes from the validation part were as follows. The concepts for Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur were
rated
as
‘Compliant’
for
Comprehensive,
Consistency,
Extensible,
Ease
of
Use,
and
Completeness. The expert suggested that to
improve Ease of Use: “It will be much easier if the
Do’a and Zikr al- Mā’thur matched the main
concepts
with
smaller
categorisation”. The
concepts for the counselling cases were rated as
‘Compliant’ for Consistency, Extensible, and Ease
of
Use,
and
‘Partially
Compliant’
for
Comprehensive and Completeness. The comments
given on the Comprehensive criterion: “Some
coverage of the concepts is not suitable and not
exhaustive enough” and on Completeness: “Some The Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur were
validated by the contributing scholars. The
ontology for Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur for
counselling were validated and evaluated by two
subject domain experts. The expert in Quran and
Sunnah reviewed the concepts derived from the
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur. The expert in
counselling reviewed the concepts extracted from
the counselling guidance and cases. Each expert
was given a validation form listing the validation
criteria and the concepts for review. Three points of
rating were used: Compliant, Partially Compliant,
and Non-Compliant. The five criteria adopted from
Kreider (53) are listed as follows: i-
Comprehensive:
The
number
of
concepts in the ontology, relative to the average for
the entire concept of the ontologies (54). 864 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. towards the accuracy of counselling classes within
the ontology. Out of 237 concepts derived from the Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur, 12 required revisions. Thus,
the identified concepts in the ontology had a high
accuracy level as reviewed by the expert. The
expert thoroughly examined the categorisation of
the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and the matched
counselling cases. His review showed that all of the
listed Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur and their
corresponding cases were agreeable without any
amendment. His validation was an endorsement for
the vigorous semantic relationships built in the
ontology. Competency Question Assessment in SPARQL
Query Competency Question Assessment in SPARQL
Query Competency question assessment requires
the right query language before it can be posted
into the system. Competency questions are
translated and formalised from their natural
language into the query language. The queries for a total of 86 formalised
competency questions were formulated based on
real counselling cases, and submitted to the system
using SPARQL Query. Upon retrieval, the results
were transferred onto the assessment form for
submission to the participating counsellors for user
assessment. The
execution
of
formalised
competency questions in SPARQL query indicated
that the ontology had the capability of answering
the competency questions. Samples of the result
from the execution in SPARQL Query are
presented follows: Out of the 88 concepts extracted from the
counselling and guidance cases, 27 were added to
the existing list. Of the 27 new concepts, 17 were
added under the class of Psychosocial and Mental
Health (Psikososial dan Kesejahteraan Mental), 5
were added under the class of Career Education
(Pendidikan Kerjaya), 4 were revised and added
under
the
class
of
Personal
Development
(Pembangunan Sahsiah Diri), and one was revised
under the class of Enhancement of Self-Discipline
(Peningkatan Disiplin Diri). A total of 96 cases
were categorised into 57 counselling concepts. 11
concepts with their cases were revised, and 23
cases with ambiguous concepts were provided with
relevant counselling concepts. The counsellor’s
endorsement on the concepts and cases contributed Competency Question 1: What is the
recommended Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur for the
case
of
Ketagih
Pornografi
(Pornography
Addiction)? This question yielded nine results from the
SPARQL query execution, showing that the
ontology
successfully
answered
the
posed
competency question (see Figure 8). Figure 8 SPARQL Query results for Ketagih Pornografi (Pornography Addiction) case P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) concepts are incomplete and incompatible with the
latest Counselling and Guidance information”. towards the accuracy of counselling classes within
the ontology. Figure 8. SPARQL Query results for Ketagih Pornografi (Pornography Addiction) case 865 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Figure 9. OntoGraf visualisation: Pornography Addiction case and its corresponding Do’a Figure 9. OntoGraf visualisation: Pornography Addiction case and its corresponding Do’ Figure 9 shows the visualised results for
Ketagih Pornografi (Pornography Addiction) in
OntoGraf. The visualised results corresponded to
the nine results of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
obtained through the SPARQL Query execution. This finding showed that the results visualised in
OntoGraf were consistent with the findings in
SPARQL Query. as
the
instances
under
the
subclasses
of
Permohonan
(Invocation),
Perlindungan
(Protection), and Keampunan (Forgiveness). g
The user assessment adopted a three-point
scale: Suitable, Partially Suitable, and Not
Suitable. Users
from
among
the
qualified
counsellors in the participating schools were given
an assessment form to submit their assessment on
the capability of the ontology based on the Suitable
level. The form included details such as the case
name and list of corresponding Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur. The users were asked to judge the
suitability of the Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
retrieved from the ontology and the Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur resulted from the execution in SPARQL
and to provide reasons for the Partially Suitable
selection and the Not Suitable ones. Table 7 shows
the results of the user assessment. The brown-coloured links pointed to
multiple Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur, indicating a
hasSupplication
relationship
between
the
counselling case to the recommended Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur. The links in yellow coming out
from the Do’a and Zikr al- Mā’thur to the
counselling case had an inverse relationship of
isSupplicationFor. In the ontology hierarchy, all
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur corresponding to the
counselling cases shown in Figure 8 were grouped Table 7. Results of user assessment
Assessors (Counsellors)
Counselling
Do’a and Zikr al-
Percentage of Suitability
15
86
772
Suitable
638
83%
Partially Suitable
107
14%
Not Suitable
27
3% The counsellors rated a majority of the
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur as Suitable because of
their appropriateness in solving the cases and that
the reasonable length of the retrieved Do’a and Zikr
al-Mā’thur helped their students to practise those
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur. The Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur viewed as Partially Suitable were
considered as supplementary Do’a and Zikr al-
Mā’thur. References: 1. Al-Shawkani MAMA. Tuhfat al- dhakirin. Beirut:
Dar al-Kutub al-ilmiyya. 1970. 1. Al-Shawkani MAMA. Tuhfat al- dhakirin. Beirut:
Dar al-Kutub al-ilmiyya. 1970. This research has been carried out to
experience an ontology development for Do’a and
Zikr al-Mā’thur for counselling. Despite the
statement: “there is no single correct ontology for
any domain”, the use of credible sources and real
cases as the key stand of this research has proven
that this ontology development offers significant
benefits to its users. The feedback received on the
ontology from experts and qualified users showed
that the ontology has met the evaluation criteria. It
is important to highlight that this is the first
ontology that appropriately establishes the semantic
relationships between Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur
and counselling and guidance cases for intervention
session. 2. Al-Qahtani SIAIW. Invocations from the Quran and
Sunnah: Ar-Ruqiya. Egypt: Dar Al-Salam. 2004. 2. Al-Qahtani SIAIW. Invocations from the Quran and
Sunnah: Ar-Ruqiya. Egypt: Dar Al-Salam. 2004. 3. Mathur I, Mathur S, Joshi N. Ontology development
for health care in India. In Proceedings of the
International Conference & Workshop on Emerging
Trends in Technology. ACM 2100;715-718. 4. Selvalakshmi
B,
Subramaniam
M. Intelligent
ontology based semantic information retrieval using
feature
selection
and
classification. Cluster
Computing. 2019;22(5),12871-12881. 5. Saad S, Salim N, Hakim Z, Muda Z. A process for
building domain ontology: An experience in
developing Solat ontology. In Electrical Engineering
and Informatics (ICEEI). 2010;1-5. 6. Alves NS, Ribeiro LF, Caires V, Mendes TS, Spínola
RO. Towards an ontology of terms on technical debt. In 2014 Sixth International Workshop on Managing
Technical Debt:IEEE. 2014;1-7. Several
limitations
were
observed
throughout the ontology development phases, such
as it needed to be developed not only from scratch,
but to be done manually and consequently, time-
consuming. It
is
recommended
that
the
sustainability of the ontology should be secured
through constantly providing real cases by
counsellors and people with similar roles for query
analysis and results. Credible scholars should
provide direction to trustworthy sources. Such vital
input is treasured for valuable content management. As for recommendations, it is highly suggested for
the counselling unit at the participating schools to
use the ontology in Protégé and the counsellors are
encouraged to constantly offer the yield of current
real cases to the managing research centre to ensure
the unceasing update for the developed ontology. 7. Othman R, Tawil SFM. Acknowledgement: The authors would like to acknowledge
that this project was partially supported under
PRGS12-007-007 from the Ministry of Higher
Education. The authors would also like to
gratefully thank all the participants of this study
for their help and cooperation. This research developed an ontology for
Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur for counselling. This
ontology is used as a mechanism to ease the way of
finding the right Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur to
counselling cases and functions as a dynamic
knowledge base platform for a semantic web. The
ontology has been verified, validated, evaluated,
and assessed by both experts and users. The
ontology has yielded highly encouraging results
during the execution of queries in SPARQL Query. The Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur ontology for
counselling shall serve as a significant knowledge
base for counsellors who would like to enhance
their intervention to each case. The ontology shall
assist users in obtaining suitable results of Do’a
and Zikr al-Mā’thur. The validation, verification,
competency questions, and user assessment have
supported a rigorous ontology evaluation. Ontology
design is a creative process. Different ontology
developers
would
certainly
come
up
with
ontologies designed for different purposes. The reasons for the small number of Do’a and Zikr al-Mā’thur rated as Not Suitable were that
they were too lengthy and too general in meaning. The users expressed their eagerness of having the
ontology. The ontology provided the suitable Do’a
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their intervention. 866 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in International
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for information retrieval: an application of time nouns 869 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) ستي فاطمة موحد تأويل2 الخالصة: ا ال:
يمكن اقتراح دعاء وذكر المأثور (دعاء أصيل وذكرى هللا عز وجل) على المسلمين لمساعدتهم في التعامل مع التحديات أو القضايا
في الحياة. تؤثر حاالت االستشارة على مشاعر الشخص. غالبًا ما يتم استخدام دعاء وذكر الماثور كتدخل ، استشاري. اال انه من سوء الحظ
فإن دعاء وذكر المآثر األصيلتين مشتتان في العديد من الموارد غير المرئية للمستخدمين ، وحقيقة أنه ليست كل الموارد عبر اإلنترنت ت وفر
وصوالً دقيقًا إلى دعاء وذكر المآثر للمستخدمين و دعاء المشكوك فيها حيث ذكر المآثر كثيرا ما يُنسب إلى النبي صلى هللا عليه وسلم. الهدف
من هذا البحث هو تطوير علم الوجود لغرض تقديم نتائج موثوقة لتقديم المشورة للحاالت التي تحتاج إلى دعاء وذكر الماثور ذات الصلة. ر كز
هذا البحث على تقديم طريقة تمكّن علم الوجود من دعم تقديم معلومات دقيقة للحاالت التي يشرف علي ها مستشارو المدارس الثانوية. طور هذا
البحث األنطولوجيا لدعاء وذكر الماثور لتقديم المشورة في بروتيجي. وتضمنت المنهجية التي تم تنفيذها في تطوير علم الوجود النماذج ا لتي
صممها فرنانديز لوبيز وآخرون ، وتونكيجيانوكيج ، وجوميز بيريز وآخرون ، وكريدر. تم التحقق من األنطولوجيا والتحقق من صحتها
وتقييمها من قبل خبيرين في مجال الموضوع. تم تصنيف معظم المفاهيم على أنها "متوافقة" والبعض على أنها "متوافقة جزئيًا". أنتجت
االستعالمات في سباركل إجابات ألسئلة الكفاءة. وأثبتت التعليقات من تقييم المستخدم أن النتائج المنفذة من علم
الوجود "دعاء" و "ذكر
المأثور" لالستشارة نجحت في تلبية متطلبات المستخدمين. يوصى البحث بضرورة ضمان استدامة األنطولوجيا من خالل التقديم المستمر
للقضايا الحقيقية من قبل المستشارين واألشخاص الذين لهم أدوار مماثلة لتحليل االستعالم والنتائج. كما يجب على العلماء الموثوقين تقديم
التوجيه للمصادر الجديرة بالثقة. تعتبر هذه المدخالت األساسية ذات قيمة إلدارة المحتوى وتساهم في عدد قليل جدًا من أنطولوجيات الم جال
التي تقدم الدعم لألعمال المهنية. كما يوفر البحث إجراءات خطوة بخطوة لبناء األنطولوجيا وتقييم التحصيل اإلسالمي لل.تدخل اإلرشادي
الكلمات المفتاحية: المعرفة اإلسالمية ، تمثيل المعرفة ، األنطولوجيا ، تقييم األنطولوجيا ، تطوير األنطولوجيا ، التكنولوجيا الداللية 870 870 | 8,784 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6208/3504 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Some of the main challenges in developing an effective network-based intrusion detection system
(IDS) include analyzing large network traffic volumes and realizing the decision boundaries between normal
and abnormal behaviors. Deploying feature selection together with efficient classifiers in the detection
system can overcome these problems. Feature selection finds the most relevant features, thus reduces the
dimensionality and complexity to analyze the network traffic. Moreover, using the most relevant features to
build the predictive model, reduces the complexity of the developed model, thus reducing the building
classifier model time and consequently improves the detection performance. In this study, two different sets
of selected features have been adopted to train four machine-learning based classifiers. The two sets of
selected features are based on Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach
respectively. These evolutionary-based algorithms are known to be effective in solving optimization
problems. The classifiers used in this study are Naïve Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree and
Support Vector Machine that have been trained and tested using the NSL-KDD dataset. The performance of
the abovementioned classifiers using different features values was evaluated. The experimental results
indicate that the detection accuracy improves by approximately 1.55% when implemented using the PSO-
based selected features than that of using GA-based selected features. The Decision Tree classifier that was
trained with PSO-based selected features outperformed other classifiers with accuracy, precision, recall, and
f-score result of 99.38%, 99.36%, 99.32%, and 99.34% respectively. The results show that using optimal
features coupling with a good classifier in a detection system able to reduce the classifier model building
time, reduce the computational burden to analyze data, and consequently attain high detection rate. Key words: Intrusion detection system, Machine learning classifiers, Performance evaluation, Selected
f Key words: Intrusion detection system, Machine learning classifiers, Performance evaluation, Selected
features, Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).0884 Performance Evaluation of Intrusion Detection System using Selected Features
and Machine Learning Classifiers versiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia. rresponding author: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected]
RCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-4226* , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1063-8502 , https://orcid.org/0000-
1-7727-1739 y
,
y
*Corresponding author: [email protected]*, [email protected], [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1169-4226* , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1063-8502 , https://orcid.org/0000-
0001 7727 1739 Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 11/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: Intrusion detection system (IDS) is one of the
protection methods against network attacks and
threats in most organizations in addition to
firewalls, authentication and encryption. IDS model
was first proposed by (1), that is a software to
monitor and detect any intrusion in a system or
network. A modern effective network-based IDS
should
be
able
to
automate
the
network
surveillance, analysis process and attacks detection
or classification with high accuracy percentage in
short amount of time (2, 3). An IDS can be
categorized into signature-based, anomaly-based or
hybrid-based. Signature-based IDS only accurately
detects known attacks while anomaly-based IDS able to detect unknown attacks by comparing the
current profiles against the predefined normal
behaviours. The later method is effective against
zero-day attacks, but it still has high false positive
rates (4, 5) and hence of recent, hybrid method has
been developed to overcome these limitations (6). Due to the privacy and security issues,
getting a reasonably large and complete real-world
network traffic data with attacks footprints for IDS
performance assessment has been made difficult. Alternatively, researchers use the publicly available
benchmark datasets, namely KDD CUP 99 and
NSL-KDD to evaluate the IDS performance. The
NSL-KDD dataset has been used extensively, 884 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) including in this work, as it provides an improved
version of the original KDD Cup 99 dataset that
contains huge amount of redundant records (7). Nonetheless, NSK-KDD still consists of large
network traffic volumes with 125,973 instances of
41 network-related features and an assigned label to
classify each record instance as either normal or
abnormal. Analyzing a huge dataset imposes a
heavy computational burden and hence increases
the processing time. Feature selection or reduction
approach has then been proposed to solve such
problem. Feature selection identifies and removes
irrelevant features that do not contribute to the
accuracy of a predictive model and has been widely
used in machine learning, data mining and data
analysis (8). Using reduced set of features, also
known as the selected features, it reduces the
complexity of the developed model, that is reduces
the building classifier model time (9). presents the experimental setup including the
dataset and performance metrics used in this study. The performance of classifier models using
different sets of selected features are compared and
discussed in Section 7. Final comments and
conclusions are provided in Section 8. Machine Learning Classifiers: Machine learning (ML) enables the IDSes to
detect new attacks without human intervene. ML
allows the IDS to change its execution strategy
based on the recently acquired data. In general,
there are two types of learning techniques namely
the
supervised
and
unsupervised
learning. Supervised learning involves algorithms that are
‘taught’ by examples, with the input and out-put
labels are provided during training (13). The
unsupervised learning algorithms are left to
interpret the data without guidance as no labeled
data are provided in training dataset. Unsupervised
learning identifies similarities and differences in
data by clustering and association techniques (14). This study investigates the performance of an
IDS that uses only few selected features, as opposed
to all 41 features using popular machine-learning
based classifiers. Different features that have been
selected using the evolutionary-based feature
selection techniques from another research work
have been adopted. In specific, 11 features selected
using Genetic Algorithm (GA) by (10) and 20
features selected using Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) by (11) have been used and hence, the
feature selection implementation is not within the
scope of this study. Machine learning (ML)
techniques have been widely used for network
intrusion detection as they are able to classify
benign and attack patterns precisely. ML
algorithms automate the improvement of their
detection accuracy with subsequent trainings which
may contain new and previously unseen data. However, building ML models are time consuming
with the increase of data volumes (12). Hence,
reducing the volumes of data to be processed using
feature reduction method is critical to improve the
detection performance. In this work, four state-of-
the-art machine learning classifiers, namely Naïve
Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor, Decision Tree and
Support Vector Machine have been implemented
and evaluated. The detection accuracy of the
abovementioned classifiers using different sets of
features values were studied. The machine learning-based classifiers used
in this study are the supervised probabilistic-based
Naïve Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbors, Decision Tree
and Support Vector Machine. All these classifiers
are part of the state-of-the-art classifiers for they
have been widely used for classification and
regression problems due to their effectiveness. The
theoretical background of these algorithms has been
heavily discussed in many published works and
hence not discuss in depth in the following
subsections. The following subsections discuss the
classifiers in general including their historical
backgrounds, recent development and applications. (NB) Naïve
Bayes
(NB)
classifier
is
a
probabilistic-based classifier which uses Bayes’
theorem and assumes features are independent of
each other and their weight are equally important
(15). One of NB problems is the ‘Zero frequency or
probability’ situation in which the model is not able
to make prediction if it has not observed a certain
category in the training data set, yet a new and
unseen-before input variable appears in the test data
set. Smoothing techniques such as Laplace
estimation can be applied to avoid this undesirable
situation (16). This paper is structured as follows. Section 2
presents an overview of the machine learning-based
classifiers used in this. Section 3 discusses some of
the IDS models using different machine learning
classifiers. Existing feature selection approaches
are covered in Section 4. Section 5 reviews some of
the related works on IDS models using different
feature selection methods and classifiers. Section 6 With some improvements made towards the
traditional NB, it has been used extensively in text
classification area, along with other classification
areas as it is simple to implement, computationally
fast and robust (17, 18). Moreover, Naïve Bayes
are among the simplest Bayesian network models 885 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) that can achieve higher accuracy level if coupled
with kernel density estimation (19, 20). generally balanced and hence traversing the tree
from root to the leaf requires approximately O(log2
N). The tree-based algorithms include ID3 (Iterative
Dichotomiser 3), C4.5 (successor of ID3), CART
(Classification and Regression Tree), CHAID (Chi-
Square Automatic Interaction Detection), MARS
(Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines) and
cTree (Conditional Inference Trees). One of the
main challenges in DT is to build a good decision
tree, that is smallest decision tree possible. Nonetheless, DT is one of the most used techniques
in IDS for its fast adaptation, simplicity, and
accuracy (30). Support Vector Machine A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is based
on statistical learning theory and was developed by
Vapnik in 1995 (31). SVM finds the optimal
hyperplane that differentiates any two classes
efficiently. By using different types of kernel
functions, the low dimensional input space is
transformed to a high dimensional space. Hence
these nonseparable classes can then be separated by
adding
more
dimensions. Linear,
sigmoid,
polynomial and radial basis functions (RBF) are
some of the commonly used kernel functions, which
play a significant role in SVM (32). kNN requires no prior knowledge on the
distribution of the data (24). However, kNN is
biased by the selection of the k value. One way in
choosing good k value is to run the algorithm many
times and choose the one with the best performance. One of the disadvantages of this classifier is its
computational cost is considerably high as it needs
to compute distance the unlabeled data t to all
training samples. One promising approach made to
improve the kNN accuracy is by clustering
technique (25, 26). kNN has been deployed in
many
domain
areas
including
text
mining,
agriculture and medicine but has been heavily
applied in finance-related areas such the stock
market forecasting, bank customer profiling,
managing financial risk as well as money
laundering analyses (27). SVMs have performed well in multiple areas
of biological analysis including analysing RNA-
Sequencing and microarray gene expression data
due to their capabilities to generalize well with high
dimensional data (33, 34). However, SVM’s
performance may degrade when data is not linearly
separable and having large data sets to process, as
the precompute of the kernel matrix might become
infeasible (35). k-Nearest Neighbors The k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) is a non-
parametric classification method that has been
widely used due to its simplicity and effectiveness
(21). kNN was first described by Fix and Hodges in
1951 (22) in a USAF School of Aviation Medicine
technical report and later expanded by Cover and
Hart (23). kNN classifies each unlabeled data, t
based on the k nearest neighbors, known as the
neighborhood of t. Majority voting among the data
label in the neighborhood is then used to decide the
classification for t with or without consideration of
distanced-based weighting. Decision Tree Decision Tree (DT) is a supervised learning
method that maps from observations about a data to
conclusions about its target value (28). The leaves
represent the class or the label, the non-leaf nodes
are the features and the branches represent
conjunction of features that lead the specific a class. To create a DT, the training data or records are
distributed recursively according to the attribute
values (29). Intrusion Detection
Learning Classifiers: Machine learning (ML) has been widely used
in network intrusion detection for its ability to
classify benign and attack patterns with high
precision. Table 1 presents the performance
evaluation of IDS models with different ML
classifiers. DT is computationally fast even when
dealing with large training sets since they are 886 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June)
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Table 1. IDS Models with Different Machine Learning Classifiers. Authors / Year
Dataset
Classification
Accuracy
Precision
Recall
F-Score
(Relan
&
Patil,
2015)
(36)
NSL_KDD
Decision Tree
93.82%
Naive Bayes
81.66%
Random Forest
92.79%
Multi-layer
Perceptron
92.26%
SVM
65.01%
(Belavagi
&
Muniyal, 2016) (37)
NSL_KDD
Logistic
Regression
84%
83%
85%
82%
SVM
75%
76%
79%
77%
Naive Bayes
79%
79%
81%
78%
Random Forest
99%
99%
99%
99%
(Amira et al., 2017)
(38)
NSL_KDD
Naïve Bayes
84.41%
78.51%
81.35%
BFTree
98.19%
68.32%
80.58%
J48
98.59%
65.52%
78.72%
Multi-layer
Perceptron
98.24%
62.51%
76.41%
NBTree
98.36%
62.64%
76.53%
Random Forest
98.61%
62.58%
76.57%
(Suleiman & Isaac,
2018) (39)
NSL_KDD
Random Forest
99.76%
99.9%
99.6%
99.7%
Decision
Tree
(J48)
99.55%
99.5%
99.5%
99.5%
k-Nearest
Neighbor
99.44%
99.5%
99.3%
99.4%
Naive Bayes
88.59%
89.7%
87.7%
88.7%
SVM
97.32%
98.3%
95.9%
97.1%
ANN
98.24%
98.9%
97.3%
98.1%
(Devi
&
Abualkibash, 2019)
(40)
NSL_KDD
Logistic
Regression
79.7%
Decision tree
81.05%
k-Nearest
Neighbor
94.17%
SVM
83.09%
Random Forest
99.0%
Adaboost
90.73%
Multi-layer
Perceptron
80.5%
Naïve Bayes
92.4%
A decision tree-based intrusion detection
system was presented by (36) and a comparison
d
h
li
d
l
ifi
h
h
h
Tree (J48), Multilayer Perceptron, NBTree and
Random Forest (RF) classifiers and compare thei
l
Th
l
f
h
d
i i
b
d Table 1. IDS Models with Different Machine Learning Classifiers. Tree (J48), Multilayer Perceptron, NBTree and
Random Forest (RF) classifiers and compare their
results. The results of the decision tree-based
algorithms show high precision rate, which are
above 98% while NB peformed the worst in this
study. Suleiman and Isaac (39) evaluated six
classifiers which are the Decision Tree (J48),
Random Forest (RF), k-Nearest Neighbor (kNN),
Naive Bayes (NB), Support Vector Machine (SVM)
and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The
experimental results show that RF and J48
classifiers outperformed others in accuracy and
false positive rate. Feature Selection: IDS normally handle vast amounts of data
traffic containing redundant and irrelevant features,
which
could
negatively
affect
its
detection
performance. Many studies have shown that
classifier that is developed with an efficient subset
of relevant features provides higher predictive
accuracy compared to a classifier developed from
the complete set of features (41, 42). Feature
Selection (FS) is a popular preprocessing technique
aims to find the most relevant features, that is
features that have high correlation with the
respective results (43). Using only relevant features
in building the predictive model, it reduces the
complexity of the developed model, hence reduces
the building classifier model time and improve the
accuracy and efficiency. In general, FS approaches
can be classified into three categories, which are the
wrapper, filter and hybrid (44). Filter methods only
consider the relevance between features and class
labels, independent of the classifiers as depicted in
Figure 1. It ranks the features using statistical
techniques such as t-test or fisher discriminant ratio,
information theory, correlation coefficient, variance
threshold as well as using distance measurement
(45). These methods require less computational
resources and faster than wrapper methods as no
cross-validation process is performed. Intrusion Detection
Learning Classifiers: These tree-based classifiers A decision tree-based intrusion detection
system was presented by (36) and a comparison
study among the listed classifiers shows that the
proposed model able to achieve high detection
accuracy rate, at around 93.82%. Belavagi &
Muniyal (37) presented classification and predictive
models for intrusion detection by using machine
learning classification algorithms namely Logistic
Regression, Support Vector Machine, Naive Bayes
and Random Forest (RF). Experimental results
show that RF outperformed the other methods in all
metrics with highest value of 99%. Amira et al. (38) implemented Naive Bayes, BFTree, Decision 887 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) managed to attain above 99% for accuracy and
precision. Different machine learning algorithms
been implemented by (40) that include Logistic
Regression,
Decision
Tree
(DT),
Stochastic
Gradient Descent (Adaboost), SVM, Random
Forest(RF), Naive Bayes and Multilayer Perceptron
and as expected, RF performed the best with
achieved the highest accuracy rate of 99.0%. In
summary, Decision Tree and Random Forest (which
are composed of multiple decision trees) performed
well in most studies in comparison to other
classifiers for they are known to be efficient and
accurate. generally achieve high accuracy than filter methods. Wrapper methods for feature selection can be
categorized into step forward feature selection, step
backwards feature selection and exhaustive feature
selection. Meanwhile, the hybrid methods, also
known as embedded methods combine both filtering
and wrapping methods to obtain the best of both
techniques. Figure 2. Wrapper Method. (Nolan & Lally,
2018)(47). Related Works: Multi-class SVM is used to classify the
different types of attacks in the NSL-KDD dataset. Using the proposed model 31 features were selected
out of 41. The proposed system achieved 98% in
accuracy and 0.13% false positive rate. Al-Yaseen (41) suggested a wrapper feature
selection method, based on the firefly algorithm and
SVM. The SVM model was used to assess each of
the subsets of features selected from the firefly
approach. The key benefit of the proposed system is
its ability to adjust the firefly algorithm to match the
selection of features and 10 top ranked features are
selected. Their solution achieved about 78.89% in
accuracy, and only 75.81% when uses all 41
features. The results of the analysis show the
effectiveness
of
proposed
feature
selection
technique in improving the detection system. Chakir et al. (11) improved IDS efficiency by
using the Information Gain (IG) feature selection
method
and
SVM
with
Particle
Swarm
Optimization (PSO) for improved classification. PSO is a stochastic approach that performs searches
using
population
or
swarm
of
particles. Experiments were performed on the dataset NSL
KDD and top ranked 20 features were selected. The
experimental studies indicate that the proposed IG- Table 2. IDS Models with Feature Selection and Classifiers. Table 2. IDS Models with Feature Selection and Classifiers. Authors,
Year
Proposed IDS Models with
Different Feature Selection
Approaches and Classifiers
Dataset
(No. of
Features)
Accuracy
(%)
Precision
(%)
Recall
(%)
Sarvari et
al., 2015
(10)
Genetic Algorithm (GA) FS and
Support
Vector
Machine
(SVM)
KDD Cup 99
(11 features)
n/a
97.2
97.3
Ambusaid
i et al.,
2016 (48)
Flexible Mutual Information FS
and
Least
Square
Support
Vector Machine (LSSVM)
NSL-KDD
(17 features)
99.94
n/a
n/a
Thaseen
and
Kumar,
2017 (49)
Chi-square FS and multi class
SVM
NSL-KDD
(31 features)
98
n/a
n/a
Chakir et
al., 2018
(11)
Information Gain (IG) FS with
Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) and SVM
NSL-KDD
(20 features)
99.8
n/a
99.8
Al-
Yaseen,
2019 (41)
Firefly Algorithm (FA) FS and
SVM
NSL-KDD
(10 features)
78.89
n/a
n/a Table 2. IDS Models with Feature Selection and Classifiers. This study investigates the performance of the
evolutionary-based feature selection methods when
coupled with some of the state-of-the-art classifiers
in detecting attacks in the NSL KDD data set. Therefore, the 11 GA-based selected features and
the 20 PSO-based selected features by Sarvari et al. (10) and Chakir et al. Related Works: The following paragraphs discuss some of the
existing IDS models with various feature selection
techniques and classifiers and Table 2 presents the
summarized information. Sarvari et al. (10)
proposed an intrusion detection system using a
hybrid SVM approach with Genetic Algorithm
(GA) FS method. GA is a stochastic optimization
algorithm, that is based on natural evolution aims to
find the optimal solution. Hence, by implementing
GA, the number of important features has been
reduced from 41 to 11. These 11 significant
features are categorized into three groups, ranked
based on their importance. The 4 most important
features are placed in the first priority, 5 features in
the second priority and 2 least important featured in
the third. The results demonstrate that the proposed
algorithms, GA and SVM can attain true positive
and false positive values of 97.3% and 0.17%
respectively. Ambusaidi et al. (48) proposed a common
information-based algorithm that choose the ideal
element for grouping. This new filter-based feature
selection method is an enhancement of Mutual
Information Feature Selection (MIFS) and Modified
Mutual
Information-based
Feature
Selection
(MMIFS) known as Flexible Mutual Information
Feature (FMIFS). They employed Least Square
SVM (LS-SVM) classifier to detect the attacks in
NSL-KDD dataset with their proposed system is
known as LSSVM-IDS-FMIFS. The FMIFS
selected 17 most significant features, that are
columns 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 19, 23, 24, 25, 29,
31, 32, 36, and 39. The proposed system achieved
99.94% in accuracy, 98.93% in detection rate, and
0.28% of false positive rate. Figure 1. Filter Methods(Khalid etal., 2017 )(46) Figure 1. Filter Methods(Khalid etal., 2017 )(46) In wrapper methods, the incremental learning
sessions from the specific machine learning
algorithm is integrated into the feature selection
process as depicted in Figure 2. The prediction
performance of the algorithm is tested using
different feature subsets and finally, the subset with
the best performance is selected. Wrapper methods
which are based on greedy search algorithms Thaseen and Kumar (49) have proposed an
intrusion detection model that uses rank-based chi-
square feature selection technique and multi class
SVM classifier. Chi-squared is a numerical test that
measures deviation from the expected distribution 888 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) PSO-SVM detection model performed well with
0.9% false alarm rate and 99.8% accuracy as well as
precision. considering the feature event is independent of the
class value. Related Works: (11) respectively have been
adopted in this work. As mentioned earlier,
implementing evolutionary-based feature selections
is not within the scope of the study. The authors
use the features that have been selected from the
abovementioned
works
and
evaluate
the
performance of these two approaches. The
following paragraph provides some background on
the evolutionary computing that has gained
increasing attention from researchers. the researchers. Among the popular algorithms
include Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization
that have been widely used (50-52). Genetic
algorithms are randomized search algorithms that
rely on biologically inspired operators such as
mutation, crossover, selection and reproduction to
provide optimization. GA is an iterative process
that evolves in time and using the rule of survival of
the fittest to arrive at the best solution. It operates
on string structures like biological structures and in
every generation, a new set of strings is created
using parts of the fittest members of the old set. GA
is computationally costly and can take a long time
to converge due to its stochastic nature (53). PSO
was inspired by the movement behavior exhibits by
the flocks of birds and swarms of insects. Proposed
by Elberhart and Kennedy (54). PSO consists of
individuals or known as particles that have a the researchers. Among the popular algorithms
include Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) and ant colony optimization
that have been widely used (50-52). Genetic
algorithms are randomized search algorithms that
rely on biologically inspired operators such as
mutation, crossover, selection and reproduction to
provide optimization. GA is an iterative process
that evolves in time and using the rule of survival of
the fittest to arrive at the best solution. It operates
on string structures like biological structures and in
every generation, a new set of strings is created
using parts of the fittest members of the old set. GA
is computationally costly and can take a long time
to converge due to its stochastic nature (53). PSO
was inspired by the movement behavior exhibits by
the flocks of birds and swarms of insects. Proposed
by Elberhart and Kennedy (54). PSO consists of
individuals or known as particles that have a Due to the optimization capabilities of the
evolutionary-based feature selection techniques,
these algorithms have gained much attention from 889 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. Related Works: June) the NSL-KDD dataset in their work. In this study,
two sets of selected features, one with 11 features
selected using GA and another set of 20 features
selected using PSO, have been adopted to train the
four different predictive models. position and a velocity. Using a mathematical
formula, it iteratively improves the solution by
moving these particles in the given search-space. The movement of each particle is influenced by its
local best-known position but is also guided toward
the best-known positions in the search-space,
updated by other particles that have found better
positions. This moves the swarm toward the best
solutions. Methodology: The NSL-KDD dataset, proposed intrusion
detection system and performance metrics used in
this
study
are
discussed
in
the
following
subsections. The NSL-KDD dataset, proposed intrusion
detection system and performance metrics used in
this
study
are
discussed
in
the
following
subsections. PSO
is
easy
to
implement
and
computationally inexpensive compared to GA. However, with more features in the data set, the
solution space increases rapidly. In addition, high
number of uncorrelated or redundant features result
in many local optima detected in a large solution
space and thus, evolutionary-based methods still
suffer from the local optimal stagnation problems
(45). In this work the data dimension is limited to
41 and hypothetically, PSO should be able to
converge fast and expected to have less selected
features than GA. However, based on Table 2, the
selected features of PSO derived by (11) is higher
than those of GA derived by (10). This could due to
the selection of Information Gain threshold value
used in the experiments that led to 20 important
features been selected. Similarly, another work that
deploys a hybrid model that integrates Gini Index
with PSO can be found in (55). The authors only
consider features as important thus selected when
the respective Gini Index’s scores are less than 0.4. Consequently, only 18 features are selected from Dataset NSL-KDD dataset (56), is an improved
version of KDD-CUP 99 dataset that has been used
in this study. It has no redundant and duplicate
records and thus, better detection rate is expected. In this dataset, there are 125,973 instances with 41
attributes or features and one assigned label to
indicate the record as normal or abnormal. Figure 3
depicts the 41 features of the NSL-KDD dataset. These features can be divided into three different
categories as follows: 1) features extracted from the
TCP/IP connection, 2) features to access TCP
packet payload and 3) time-based traffic features
and host-based traffic features. The attacks in this
dataset can be classified into four different types of
attacks, namely the DoS, Probe, U2R and R2L
attacks. This public benchmark dataset has been
widely used by many researchers to conduct
different types of analyses and develop effective
IDSes (57- 60). Figure 3. The 41 features of the NSL-KDD dataset (9). Figure 3. The 41 features of the NSL-KDD dataset (9). Design and Implementation selected features, building classification models,
and evaluating performance are then elaborated in
the following subsections. selected features, building classification models,
and evaluating performance are then elaborated in
the following subsections. Figure 4 shows the proposed IDS model
used in this study and the processes involved. These processes include pre-processing data, using 890 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) 2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Figure 4. Proposed IDS Model. Figure 4. Proposed IDS Model. scales the data features into a specific range without
altering the feature’s statistical properties. The
maximum and minimum values of the features were
determined, and data is converted into a normalized
form using the following equation:
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑖=
(𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑖−𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎)
(𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎−𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎 ) scales the data features into a specific range without
altering the feature’s statistical properties. The
maximum and minimum values of the features were
determined, and data is converted into a normalized
form using the following equation: Pre-processing Data: Data Transformation and
Normalization Figure 5 shows two records taken from the
NSL-KDD dataset, in specific records for line 2 and
6 that contain mixed of numerical and string values. These strings or nominal feature values need to be
transformed into numeric values with the affected
columns are columns number 2 (Protocol_type), 3
(Services), 4 (Flag) and 42 (Attack or Normal). The
data in column 42 for each record has been
transformed, in particular the ‘normal’ value has
been assigned to value 0 and the ‘anomaly’ value
has been assigned to value 1. Figure 5. NSL-KDD Records. Figure 5. NSL-KDD Records. Using Selected Features: Adopting Two Sets of
Selected Significant Features In this study, two sets of selected significant
features have been applied. The 20 selected
features by (11) obtained using Information Gain
and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and 11
selected features by (10) obtained using Genetic
Algorithm (GA) are fed into the machine learning
models. Both GA and PSO are evolutionary
algorithms
with
their
own
advantages
and
limitations. Table 3 shows the selected features in
these two sets. Most of the features selected by GA
are also selected by PSO-based feature selection
approach. However, PSO-based feature selection
technique considers additional 9 features are also Building Classification Models: Training/Testing
Data and Predictive Models 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦=
𝑇𝑃+ 𝑇𝑁
𝑇𝑃+ 𝑇𝑁+ 𝐹𝑃+ 𝐹𝑁 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦=
𝑇𝑃+ 𝑇𝑁
𝑇𝑃+ 𝑇𝑁+ 𝐹𝑃+ 𝐹𝑁 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑦=
𝑇𝑃+ 𝑇𝑁
𝑇𝑃+ 𝑇𝑁+ 𝐹𝑃+ 𝐹𝑁 The NSL-KDD data are split into training and
testing sets for supervised learning. Following the
previous works by Sarvari et al. (10) and Chakir et
al. (11), 80% of the data has been randomly selected
and used to train the machine learning models and
the rest of 20% is used for the classifier’s
performance evaluation. Table 4 shows the statistics
of the data used in this study. (ii) Precision or the positive predictive value:
refers to the ratio of correctly predicted positive
observations
to
the
total
predicted
positive
observations. 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛=
𝑇𝑃
𝑇𝑃+ 𝐹𝑃 (iii) Recall known as sensitivity: refers to the true
positive rate that is determined correctly. (iii) Recall known as sensitivity: refers to the true
positive rate that is determined correctly. Table 4. Statistics of the NSL-KDD Dataset. Total
Training
(80%)
Testing
(20%)
Normal
67,244
53,795
13,449
Attack
58,730
46,984
11,746
Total
125,974
100,779
25,195 Table 4. Statistics of the NSL-KDD Dataset. 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙=
𝑇𝑃
𝑇𝑃+ 𝐹𝑁 (iv) F-score: is the harmonic mean of the precision
and recall. 𝐹−𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒= 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛∗𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛+ 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙 Figure 5. NSL-KDD Records. Due to the large variation among some of the
feature values, for example values 146 and 0.08 as
shown in line 2 of Figure 5, normalization is
required for better performance. Normalization 891 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) relevant and important in classifying attacks
accurately. The Decision Tree, Naïve Bayes, Support
Vector
Machine,
and
k-Nearest
Neighbor
algorithms are implemented using MATLAB
version R2018b. Using the training data, four
predictive models are then built and to be used for
classifying the remaining 20% of the dataset. Table 3. Different Sets of Selected Features. N
o
Selected Significant Features
Set 1: 20 Features
Set 2: 11 Features
1
src_bytes
protocol type
2
Service
Service
3
dst_bytes
Flag
4
Flag
wrong fragment
5
diff_srv_rate
logged_in
6
same_srv_rate
numfile creations
7
dst_host_srv_count
Count
8
dst_host_same_srv_rate
dst_host_same_srv_rate
9
dst_host_diff_srv_rate
dst_host_same_srv_port
_rate
10
dst_host_serror_rate
is_gus login
11
logged_in
srv_diff_host_rate
12
dst_host_srv_serror_rat
e
13
serror_rate
14
Count
15
srv_serror_rate
16
dst_host_srv_diff_host_
rate
17
dst_host_count
18
dst_host_same_src_port
19
srv_diff_host_rate
20
srv_count e 3. Different Sets of Selected Features. Performance Metrics Evaluation The accuracy, precision, recall and F-score
performance measurements are used to evaluate the
performance of the classifiers with different sets of
selected features. The confusion matrix is the basis
for calculating the abovementioned performance
metrics of the classifiers. It includes true positive
(TP) that specifies the normal instances that are
correctly predicted, true negative (TN) that
indicates the abnormal instances that are identified
correctly, false positive (FP) that denotes the
abnormal instances that are wrongly assumed as
normal and false negative (FN) that specifies the
abnormal instances detected as normal. The
descriptions of the performance metrics are as
follows: - (i) Classification rate or Accuracy: one of the
most important performance measurements of a
classification algorithm that shows the ability of the
algorithm to accurately predict positive and
negative instances, as shown in the following
formula: Building Classification Models: Training/Testing
Data and Predictive Models Building Classification Models: Training/Testing
Data and Predictive Models Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Figure 8 depicts the recall or sensitivity rate
of the predictive models. The classifiers using
PSO-based selected features outperformed the
classifiers that are trained by the GA-based selected
features except for SVM. Such problem is
prominent in SVM and there has been published
works discussing this phenomenon, known as the
outlier sensitivity problem of standard SVM (61). Many have found SVMs do not perform well with certain noise intensities. The performance of SVM
trained by the PSO-based selected features degraded
with the presence of noise and even worse than that
of DGA-based, by approximately 4.5%. The rest of
the classifiers are consistent in their performance. The decision tree classifier again attained the
highest recall percentages (of value 99.32%)
compared to other classifiers. Figure 8. Classifiers’ Recall Percentage Comparison. Decision Tree
SVM
kNN
Naïve Bayes
PSO-based
99.32
91.54
98.82
86.84
GA-based
97.42
95.09
97.71
85.1980859095100
RECALL (%) Figure 8. Classifiers’ Recall Percentage Comparison. highest accuracy percentage, which is 99.34% with
PSO selected features. In this experiment, the NB
classifier performed the worst behind SVM and
kNN with percentage of 87.6% using the GA-based
features. Figure 9 shows the f-score or f-measure rate
of the predictive models. In general, the classifiers’
f-score performs better by approximately 1.56%
when implemented using the PSO-based selected
features than that of using GA-based selected
features. Decision Tree (DT) classifier attained the Figure 9. Classifiers’ F-score Percentage Comparison. Decision Tree
SVM
kNN
Naïve Bayes
PSO-based
99.34
93.01
98.82
89.2
GA-based
97.85
91.85
96.96
87.4680859095100
F-SCORE (%) Figure 9 Classifiers’ F-score Percentage Comparison
Decision Tree
SVM
kNN
Naïve Bayes
PSO-based
99.34
93.01
98.82
89.2
GA-based
97.85
91.85
96.96
87.4680859095100
F-SCORE (%) Figure 9. Classifiers’ F-score Percentage Comparison. Results and Discussion: Accuracy is the most critical performance
measurement in intrusion detection and Figure 6
shows all the classifiers’ performances using both
PSO-based and GA-based selected features sets. Interestingly, even though PSO has greater number 892 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) of selected features used to develop the predictive
models, the overall performance of the models is
superior than that of GA’s. This could due to the
ability of the PSO, together with Information Gain
to correctly anticipate the most relevant attack
features in the dataset. In general, the accuracy
improves
by
approximately
1.55%
when
implemented using the PSO-based selected features
than that of using GA-based selected features. As
expected, the Decision Tree (DT) classifier attained
the highest accuracy percentage, which is 99.38% with PSO selected features. Meanwhile, decision
tree classifier with GA-based selected features only
able to detect up to 98% of accuracy. The results
are consistent with the studies shown in Table 1, the
decision tree’s performance. In this experiment,
the NB classifier performed the worst behind SVM
and kNN. In summary, the classifiers’ accuracy
using significant features derived from PSO
performed better than those with features obtained
by GA. Figure 6. Classifiers’ Accuracy Percentage Comparison. Decision Tree
SVM
kNN
Naïve Bayes
PSO-based
99.38
93.55
98.89
90.13
GA-based
98
92.08
97.12
88.5580859095100
ACCURACY (%) Figure 6. Classifiers’ Accuracy Percentage Comparison. The precision results that show the
classifier’s percentage of predicting instances
correctly is one of the important indicators of good
models, are shown in Figure 7. The classifiers using
PSO-based selected features outperformed the
classifiers that are trained by the GA-based selected
features. Again, as expected, the decision tree
classifier obtained the highest precision percentages (of value 99.36%) compared to other classifiers. Unlike previous results, in this experiment, SVM
has the worst precision percentage with value of
88.81%, behind NB and kNN respectively. The
performance difference rate shown by SVM in these
two different features sets is huge, which is about
5.73%. Meanwhile the other three classifiers are
considerably consistent in their performance. Figure 7. Classifiers’ Precision Percentage Comparison. Decision Tree
SVM
kNN
Naïve Bayes
PSO-based
99.36
94.54
98.82
91.69
GA-based
98.29
88.81
96.21
89.8780859095100
PRECISION (%) Figure 7. Classifiers’ Precision Percentage Comparison. 893 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Conclusion: The
performance
of
four
supervised
classifiers with different selected feature values on
the NSL-KDD dataset were evaluated. The feature
values
were
derived
from
Particle
Swarm
Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA)
feature selection approach respectively. The
experimental results show that using smaller
number of selected and relevant features may not
necessarily improves the accuracy. Instead, using
the appropriate number of relevant and significant
features, even if the number is big, it could enhance
the performance of the machine learning models. The 20 features selected by PSO outperformed the
11 features selected by GA in every performance
metric except for recall due to existing SVM’s
outlier sensitivity problem. The adopted PSO
feature selection method with Information Gain
selected the top 20 relevant features from the 41
features in NSL-KDD dataset and hence improves
the complexity, time, and the accuracy of the
predictive models. Decision Tree has proven to be
an efficient classifier and outperformed Naïve
Bayes, k-Nearest Neighbor and Support Vector
Machine classifiers in every evaluation test. In this
experimental study, a maximum accuracy of
99.38% and precision of 99.36% have been attained
by the decision tree-based IDS using particle swarm
optimization feature selection. In summary,
combining a good feature selection with an efficient
classifier in a detection system able to reduce to
complexity of data analysis and consequently
improve the detection performance. 3. Azeez NA, Bada TM, Misra S, Adewumi A, Van der
Vyver C, Ahuja R. Intrusion Detection and
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decision tree outperformed other classifiers in all
test instances, in both feature sets. The standard 894 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
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2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) تقييم أداء نظام كشف التسلل باستخدام الميزات ومصنفات مختارة في التعلم االلي
رجاء ازلينا رجاء محمود عامر حسين عبدي مازنيدا حسين
يزيا ، ماليزيا جامعة بوترا ماليزيا ، ماليزيا
الخالصة الخالصة
تتضمن
( بعض التحديات الرئيسية في تطوير نظام فعال للكشف عن التسلل المستند إلى الشبكةIDS
) تحليل أحجام حركة مرور
الشبكة الكبيرة وإدراك حدود القرار بين السلوكيات العادية وغير الطبيعية. يمكن أن يؤدي نشر اختيار الميزات جنبًا إلى جنب مع المصن فات
الفعالة في نظام الكشف إلى التغلب على هذه المشكالت. يجد اختيار الميزة أكثر الميزات ذات الصلة ، وبالتالي يقلل من األبعاد والتعقيد لتحليل
حركة مرور الشبكة. عالوة على ذلك ، فإن استخدام الميزات األكثر صلة لبناء النموذج التنبئي ، يقلل من تعقيد النموذج المطور ، وبالت الي يقلل
من وقت نم وذج مصنف المبنى والذي يؤدي الى تحسن أداء الكشف. في هذه الدراسة ، تم اعتماد مجموعتين مختلفتين من الميزات المختارة
( لتدريب أربعة مصنّفات قائمة على التعلم اآللي. تعتمد مجموعتا الميزات المحددة على الخوارزمية الجينيةGA
) ونهج تحسين حشد الجسيمات
(
PSO) على التوال ي. من المعروف أن هذه الخوارزميات المستندة إلى التطور فعالة في حل مشاكل التحسين. المصنفات المستخدمة في هذه
الدراسة هيNaïve Bayes
وk-Nearest Neighbor
وDecision Tree
وSupport Vector Machine
التي تم تدريبها واختبارها
باستخدام مجموعة بياناتNSL-KDD. تم تقيي م أداء المصنفات المذكورة أعاله باستخدام قيم خصائص مختلفة. تشير النتائج التجريبية إلى أن
دقة الكشف تتحسن بنسبة1.55
تقريبًا عند تنفيذها باستخدام الميزات المحددة المستندة إلى٪
PSO
مقارنة باستخدام الميزات المحددة المستندة
إلىGA. تفوق مصنف شجرة القرار الذي تم
تدريبه باستخدام الميزات المحددة المستندة إلىPSO
على المصنفات األخرى بدقة ودقة
واستدعاء ونتائجf-Score
بنسبة99.38
و٪
99.36
و٪
99.32
و٪
99.34
على التوالي. أظهرت النتائج أن استخدام اقتران الميزات٪
المثلى مع المصنف الجيد في نظام الكشف قادر على تقليل وقت بنا ء نموذج المصنف ، وتقليل العبء الحسابي لتحليل البيانات ، وبالتالي تحقيق
.معدل اكتشاف مرتفع الكلمات المفتاحية: نظام كشف التسلل ،مصنّفات التعلم اآللي، تقييم األداء، ميزات مختارة. 898 898 | 8,335 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6210/3529 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: The efforts in designing and developing lightweight cryptography (LWC) started a decade ago. Many
scholarly studies in literature report the enhancement of conventional cryptographic algorithms and the
development of new algorithms. This significant number of studies resulted in the rise of many review
studies on LWC in IoT. Due to the vast number of review studies on LWC in IoT, it is not known what the
studies cover and how extensive the review studies are. Therefore, this article aimed to bridge the gap in the
review studies by conducting a systematic scoping study. It analyzed the existing review articles on LWC in
IoT to discover the extensiveness of the reviews and the topics covered. The results of the study suggested
that many review studies are classified as overview-types of review focusing on generic LWC. Further, the
topics of the reviews mainly focused on symmetric block cryptography, while limited reviews were found
on asymmetric-key and hash in LWC. The outcomes of this study revealed that the reviews in LWC in IoT
are still in their premature stage and researchers are encouraged to explore by conducting review studies in
the less-attended areas. An extensive review of studies that cover these two topics is deemed necessary to
establish a balance of scholarly works in LWC for IoT and encourage more empirical research in the area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).0989 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).0989 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) 1 MailZip Tech Services LTD, Nigeria. 1 MailZip Tech Services LTD, Nigeria. 1,2 Universiti Utara Malaysia, Malaysia. * *Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]
*ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4770-6938 , https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8805-2574 Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 14/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021 Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 14/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021 A Scoping Study on Lightweight Cryptography Reviews in IoT Norliza Katuk 2 Ikenna Rene Chiadighikaobi 1* Ikenna Rene Chiadighikaobi 1* Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 14/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021 Received 28/3/2021, Accepted 14/4/2021, Published 20/6/2021
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: require similar approaches for protection (15, 16). For example, data are required to be in an
encrypted form when they are transferred in the
network to protect their confidentiality and secrecy
(17). It is commonly known that cryptographic
systems are a suitable approach for protecting data
confidentiality, secrecy and authenticity. However,
conventional cryptographic systems are complex
and use high computational power, making them
not suitable for resource-constraint devices within
the IoT environment (18). Due to the limitations in
the IoT resource-constraint devices, there is a need
for lightweight cryptography (LWC) to address the
issue (19). Generally, cryptography is a study of
data encoding and decoding using logical and
mathematical principles to protect the secrecy of
information (20, 21). The encoding and decoding
processes are also called encryption and decryption
respectively. In an IoT environment, the LCW is a
crucial component that protects the data exchanged
between interconnected devices from spoofing and
modification attacks. The fast development in information and
communication technology has witnessed the
emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), a
technology in which electronic devices and
electrical appliances are interconnected and are
able to transfer data (1, 2). IoT is expected to
facilitate and automate information exchange to a
broader context of data communication (3, 4)
which consequently improves the quality of life (5-
7) and business processes (8). IoT applications
cover smart homes (9), smart cities (10), smart
vehicles (11), healthcare (12), smart grids (13), and
smart farming (14), to mention a few. They mainly
use sensors and wearable devices that are capable
of communicating with each other and other
devices in a network. Sensors and wearable devices
are resource-constraint in which they are powered
up by batteries and have limited processing and
storage capabilities. In terms of data communication, sensors and
devices in IoT work in a way similar to mobile and
wireless communication. Therefore, they are also
susceptible to security threats and attacks which 989 Baghdad Science Journal Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 1. Introduction: Method for Conducting the Scoping
Study (Arksey & O'malley, 2005; Pham et al.,
2014)
Stag
e 1
Identify the RQ
Stag
e 2
Identify relevant studies
Stag
e 3
Select the relevant studies
Stag
e 4
Sort and record the data
Stag
e 5
Summarise and report the results In supporting the need for LWC in IoT, the
National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) has started developing a standard for LWC
algorithms to be used within resource-constrained
devices. The call for algorithms was published, and
currently, the process for developing a standard for
LWC is taking place. Apart from that, many
scholarly studies were also conducted a decade ago
by researchers in the area to design LCW
algorithms suitable for an IoT environment. The
significant number of scholarly works increased the
review and survey studies reported in the academic
databases. These review studies shared a common
aim in providing a basic understanding of LWC in
IoT and its state-of-the-art. Academic papers
reporting on LWC in IoT are beneficial for
researchers to acquire information about the
domain
systematically
more
quickly
than
performing research from scratch. The increase in
the number of review studies also indicates that the
domain is constantly being developed with many
new studies emerging, and more improvements
being added to the literature. Figure 1. Method for Conducting the Scoping
Study (Arksey & O'malley, 2005; Pham et al.,
2014) In Stage 1 (i.e. identify the RQ), two RQs
were formulated to guide the scoping study. They
aimed to investigate: “What are the topics covered
by the review studies?” (RQ1) and “How extensive
are the studies in covering the various aspects of
LCW in IoT?” (RQ2). Based on the specified RQs,
this study identified the keywords that would be
used in the database search for Stage 2 of the
method (i.e. identify the relevant studies). The
keywords were “lightweight (cryptography OR
encryption OR cipher) + IoT + (review OR
survey).” An initial search from the database in the
middle of February 2020 returned approximately
4080 documents. A filtering process was conducted
on the search results by analyzing the abstracts of
the documents. Three key elements were identified
in the abstracts that were selected; (a) review
articles, (b) reporting lightweight implementation
of the cryptography techniques and (c) in the IoT
domain. Only studies that reviewed lightweight
cryptography
techniques
within
the
IoT
environment were selected. Introduction: At the end of the
filtering
process,
irrelevant
documents
were
discarded. Documents that reported empirical
research in LWC within IoT were also discarded. Due to the vast number of review studies on
LWC in IoT being available in academic databases,
it is not clear what the studies cover and how
extensive the review studies are. Therefore, this
study aims to bridge the gap in the review studies
by conducting a scoping study to answer the two
questions stated above. The outcome of this
scoping study could suggest the areas of studies on
LWC in IoT that have received much and also less
attention. Consequently,
it
may
encourage
researchers to explore the potential of conducting
review studies in the less-researched areas. Hence,
the next section of this article describes the
methodology for conducting the scoping study, and
the results are described in the following section. Finally, the last section concludes the study. Finally, only forty-nine documents were
selected for content analysis in the next stage of the
scoping study method. In Stage 3 (i.e. select the
relevant studies), a full-text document search was
conducted to identify whether the review studies
were relevant to LCW in IoT. Eight documents
were not included in the scoping studies because
(a) four documents were duplicated, (b) three
documents had no full content published on the
Internet, and (c) one document was not relevant as
it reviewed hardware implementation. Therefore,
forty-one review studies were selected for further
analysis, as listed in Table 1. In Stage 4 (i.e. sort
and record the data), the full-text of the contents of
the documents was analyzed and reported in the
next section. Methodology: The main objective of this study is to provide
an in-depth coverage of available review studies on
LCW within the IoT environment. A scoping study
following the method proposed by Arksey and
O'malley; and Pham et al. was conducted to
identify the review studies related to LWC (22, 23). The method is presented in Figure 1. It comprised
five stages: identifying the research questions
(RQ), identifying relevant studies, selecting the
relevant studies, sorting and documenting the data,
and finally, summarising and reporting the results. 990 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) pp
Table 1. Information of the Review Studies of LCW in IoT
Study
Year
Num. of
references
Type
of
review
Type of IoT
environment
Type of
document
Country
of
the
first author
Types
of
cryptography
Kushwaha et
al. (24)
2014
20
Literature
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Kong et al. (25)
2015
200
Literature
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Malaysia
Symmetric
cryptography
Mohd et al. (26)
2015
138
State-of-
the-art
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Jordan
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Manifavas et
al. (27)
2016
124
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
United Arab
Emirates
Symmetric
stream
cryptography
Hosseinzadeh
and
Hosseinzadeh
(28)
2016
59
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Iran
Symmetric
cryptography
Younis
and
Abdulkareem
, (29)
2016
78
Literature
review
RFID
Journal
article
Iraq
Cryptography
methods
Singh,
Sharma,
Moon,
and
Park (30)
2017
87
State-of-
the-art
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
South Korea
Cryptographic
algorithms
Bhardwaj,
Kumar,
and
Bansal (31)
2017
30
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
India
Cryptographic
algorithms
Buchanan et
al. (32)
2017
33
Overview
Generic IoT
Journal
article
United
Kingdom
Cryptography
methods
Okello, Liu,
Siddiqui, and
Zhang (33)
2017
27
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
China
Generic
cryptography
Philip (34)
2017
28
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
India
Symmetric
cryptography
Biryukov and
Perrin (35)
2017
180
State-of-
the-art
review
Generic IoT
Report
Luxembour
g
Symmetric
cryptography
Bansal
and
Verma (36)
2017
18
Overview
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Genericcryptograph
y
Orúe,
Encinas,
Fernández,
and Montoya
(37)
2017
25
Overview
RFID
Confere
nce
article
Spain
Pseudorandom
number generators
Kaur
and
Sidhu (38)
2017
10
Critical
review
Wireless
sensor
network
Journal
article
India
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Lara-Nino et
al. (39)
2018
110
Systematic
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Mexico
Elliptic
curve
cryptography
Surendran et
al. (40)
2018
28
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
UAE
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Sadkhan and
Salman (41)
2018
13
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
Iraq
Generic
cryptography
Sehrawat
&
Gill (42)
2018
76
Literature
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Hussain and
Abdullah
(43)
2018
26
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
Pakistan
Generic
cryptography
Pawar
and
2018
10
Overview
Generic IoT
Journal
India
Generic Table 1. Information of the Review Studies of LCW in IoT 991 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 June) Pattanshetti
(44)
article
cryptography
Sallam
and
Beheshti (45)
2018
55
Literaturere
view
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
USA
Generic
cryptography
Mustafa,
Ashraf,
Mirza,
and
Jamil (46)
2018
22
Literature
review
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
Pakistan
Generic
cryptography
Chauhan,
Borikar,
Aote,
and
Katankar (47)
2018
11
Overview
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Generic
cryptography
Carracedo et
al. (48)
2018
74
Literature
review
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
UK
Generic
cryptography
Hatzivasilis
et al. (49)
2018
159
Systematic
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Greece
Symmetric
block
Cryptography
Bokhari and
Hassan (50)
2018
24
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Chapter
in book
India
Generic
cryptography
Dinu et al. (51)
2019
62
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Luxembour
g
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Shah
and
Engineer (52)
2019
22
Systematic
review
Generic IoT
Chapter
in book
India
Generic
cryptography
Gunathilake
et al. (19)
2019
19
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
UK
Generic
cryptography
Dutta, Ghosh,
and Bayoumi
(53)
2019
35
Systematic
review
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
USA
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Beg,
Al-
Kharobi, and
Al-Nasser
(54)
2019
13
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
Saudi
Arabia
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Shahbodin,
Azni,
Ali,
and
Mohd
(55)
2019
59
Literature
review
RFID
Confere
nce
article
Malaysia
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Rana (56)
2019
20
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
Bangladesh
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Singh, Singh,
and
Singh
(57)
2019
35
Critical
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Masoodi and
Javid (58)
2019
43
Critical
Review
Generic IoT
Chapter
in Book
India
Cryptographic
algorithms
Malik et al. (59)
2019
114
Systematic
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Public
key
cryptography
Kousalya and
Kumar (60)
2019
14
Overview
Generic IoT
Confere
nce
article
India
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Syal (61)
2019
19
Overview
Smart home
Chapter
n book
India
Generic
cryptography
Patil,
Banerjee, and
Borkar (62)
2020
8
Overview
Baby
monitoring
camera
Chapter
in book
India
Generic
cryptography
Dhanda et al. (63)
2020
108
Literature
review
Generic IoT
Journal
article
India
Generic
cryptography
Results:
This section summarises the analysis of the
divided into three subsections covering the
background of the selected review studies
the divided into three subsections covering the
background of the selected review studies, the
topics covered by the review studies (RQ1), and the Background of the Selected Review Studies Forty-one documents were found reporting
on review studies related to LWC in IoT. They
included twenty articles published in journals, fifty
articles published in conference proceedings, five
chapters in a book, and one technical report. Figure
2 shows a pie chart representing the types of
documents reporting the reviews of LCW in IoT. Figure 2. Types of Documentr Reportingr
Reviews on LCW in IoT
Journal
article; 20
Conferen
ce article;
15
Chapte
r in
book; 5
Report; 1 This study further analyzed the year in which
the individual review studies were published. A
review study on LCW in IoT was first published by
Kushwaha, Singh, and Kumar (24). Then, two
studies were published in 2015, followed by three
studies in 2016. The number of review studies
increased three times in 2017 as compared to the
previous year. In 2018 and 2019, twelve review
studies were published. Up to February 2020, two
review studies have been published. It is expected
that a similar number of review studies on LCW in
IoT will be published in 2020. Figure 3
demonstrates a bar chart representing the number
of studies published each year. Figure 2. Types of Documentr Reportingr
Reviews on LCW in IoT One hundred and seventeen authors authored
the forty-one review studies with 111 unique
authors. Authors
like
Biryukov,
Beheshti,
Manifavas, Hatzivasilis, Fysarakis and Asif had
their names on two documents (19, 27, 32, 35, 40,
45, 49). Further, this study analyzed the country of
the first author of the selected review studies. The
result of the analysis suggested that seventeen of
the first authors were from India, three from the
United Kingdom (UK) and two from Malaysia, the
United States of America (USA), the United Arab
Emirates (UAE), Luxembourg, Pakistan and Iraq,
while countries like Bangladesh, China, Jordan,
Greece, Spain, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and
South Korea had one first authoreach. Table 2 lists
the first authors’ countries. Figure 3. The Number of Documents Reporting
Reviews on LCW in IoT According to Years
1
2
3
9
12
12
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14201420152016201720182019شباط-20
Number of Studies
Year Figure 3. The Number of Documents Reporting
Reviews on LCW in IoT According to Years Results: This section summarises the analysis of the
selected review studies on LCW in IoT. It is 992 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Table 2. The Country of the First Author
Country
Frequency
India
17
UK
3
Malaysia
2
USA
2
UAE
2
Luxembourg
2
Pakistan
2
Iraq
2
Bangladesh
1
China
1
Jordan
1
Greece
1
Spain
1
Iran
1
Saudi Arabia
1
Mexico
1
South Korea
1
TOTAL
41 Table 2. The Country of the First Author extensiveness of the studies in covering the various
aspects of LCW in IoT (RQ2). p
Background of the Selected Review Studies RQ1 - The Topics Covered bythe Review
Studies These three classifications
of cryptography have been used in modern
computer systems since the 1970s. Apart from
these three generic classifications, cryptography is
operable and is implemented through unique
algorithms that efficiently run a computing
environment. Data Encryption Standard (DES) and
Advanced
Encryption
Standard
(AES)
and
Blowfish are examples of algorithms for symmetric
block cryptography while RC4 is an example of
symmetric stream cryptography. On the other hand,
RSA,
Diffie-Hellman,
and
elliptic
curve
cryptography
are
examples
of
asymmetric
cryptography while Message Digest 4 (MD4) and
Message Digest 5 (MD5) are examples of hash
functions. In the context of LWC in IoT,
cryptography classification remains the same while
many new methods and algorithms have emerged
to support the need for resource-constraint devices. The
methods
include
bit-wise
rotation,
permutation, substitution and reducing the number
of blocks or steps in the whole encryption and
decryption processes. Table 3. Number of Studies Based on the Area
of Cryptography Domain
Types of cryptography
Frequency
Generic cryptography
15
Symmetric block cryptography
13
Symmetric cryptography
4
Cryptographic algorithms
3
Cryptography methods
2
Symmetric stream cryptography
1
Pseudorandom number generators
1
Elliptic curve cryptography
1
Public key cryptography
1
TOTAL
41 Table 3. Number of Studies Based on the Area This scoping study further analysed the
information to see how the existing review studies
cover
the
cryptography
domain
areas. A
hierarchical diagram of LCW in Figure 4 represents
the overall coverage of the exiting review studies. Many review studies were conducted on the
generic LWC in IoT as well as the symmetric block
cryptography. These two are the most popular areas
of the review studies on LWC in IoT. On the other
hand, the diagram shows that a limited number of
review studies on LCW in IoT that were conducted
on symmetric stream cryptography, asymmetric-
key cryptography, and hash. The asymmetric-key
cryptography i is commonly used in authentication
schemes to exchange secret key encryption (66 -
68). Therefore, they might use other keywords that
are not included when the academic database
performed the search. This scoping study analyzed the types of
cryptography that the review studies had covered. The results of the analysis suggest that 36% of the
review studies focused on generic cryptography
which covered symmetric, asymmetric and hash, as
well as the associated algorithms. Next, 32% of the
review
studies
surveyed
symmetric
block
cryptography. RQ1 - The Topics Covered bythe Review
Studies Katz and Lindell defined cryptography as a
scientific study of techniques for securing digital 993 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) information,
transactions
and
distributed
computations (64). Stalling categorized modern
cryptography into three categories: symmetric-key,
asymmetric-key and hash function (65). The
symmetric-key can be divided into block and
stream cryptography. Symmetric key cryptography
uses a shared secret key to encrypt and decrypt
messages. The asymmetric-key is also known as
public-key cryptography which uses a public key
and a secret key for encryption and decryption
respectively. A hash function returns the hash value
of a message that can be used to check that the
message is not altered. These three classifications
of cryptography have been used in modern
computer systems since the 1970s. Apart from
these three generic classifications, cryptography is
operable and is implemented through unique
algorithms that efficiently run a computing
environment. Data Encryption Standard (DES) and
Advanced
Encryption
Standard
(AES)
and
Blowfish are examples of algorithms for symmetric
block cryptography while RC4 is an example of
symmetric stream cryptography. On the other hand,
RSA,
Diffie-Hellman,
and
elliptic
curve
cryptography
are
examples
of
asymmetric
cryptography while Message Digest 4 (MD4) and
Message Digest 5 (MD5) are examples of hash
functions. In the context of LWC in IoT,
cryptography classification remains the same while
many new methods and algorithms have emerged
to support the need for resource-constraint devices. The
methods
include
bit-wise
rotation,
permutation, substitution and reducing the number
of blocks or steps in the whole encryption and
decryption processes. IoT started. There are also review studies that
generally
report
their
findings
on
general
symmetric cryptography, cryptographic algorithms
and cryptographic methods. A review study also
surveyed
symmetric
stream
cryptography,
pseudorandom number generators, elliptic curve
cryptography and public-key cryptography. Table 3
lists the number of review studies for the
corresponding areas of LCW in IoT. information,
transactions
and
distributed
computations (64). Stalling categorized modern
cryptography into three categories: symmetric-key,
asymmetric-key and hash function (65). The
symmetric-key can be divided into block and
stream cryptography. Symmetric key cryptography
uses a shared secret key to encrypt and decrypt
messages. The asymmetric-key is also known as
public-key cryptography which uses a public key
and a secret key for encryption and decryption
respectively. A hash function returns the hash value
of a message that can be used to check that the
message is not altered. RQ2 - The Extensiveness of the Studies in
Covering Various Aspects of LCW in IoT RQ2 - The Extensiveness of the Studies in
Covering Various Aspects of LCW in IoT The analysis conducted on the forty-one
documents suggested that researchers in the area
mainly focused on the generic LWC and symmetric
block cryptography in their review studies. Unlike
these two topics, other areas of cryptography had
limited attention in terms of the review studies. This answers the RQ1 of this scoping study. This section describes the answer to the
second RQ on: “How extensive are the studies in
covering the various aspects of LCW in IoT?”. In
answering this RQ, this study analyzed the selected
review studies on LWC in IoT and classified them
into one of the fourteen types of review studies
suggested by Grant and Booth (69). The fourteen
types of review studies are listed in Table 4. Table 4. Types of Review Studies (Grant & Booth, 2009)
Num. Type of review
Description
1
Critical review
A review paper in which the authors performed extensive research in the literature
and evaluated the quality of the study critically. 2
Literature review
A review paper in which the authors examined recent or current literature. 3
Mapping
review/
systematic map
A review paper in which the authors classified existing literature to identify gaps in
the literature. 4
Meta-analysis
A review paper in which the authors integrated and analyzed the results of
quantitative studies statistically which demonstrated the combined effect of the
results. 5
Mixed
studies
review/mixed
methods review
A review paper in which the authors combined literature review with other review
approaches, for example combining quantitative with qualitative research. 6
Overview
A review paper in which the authors summarised the literature by providing the
characteristics of a topic. 7
Qualitative systematic
review/
qualitative
evidence synthesis
A review paper in which the authors compared the findings from qualitative studies
and identified the themes or constructs underpinning the individual qualitative
studies. 8
Rapid review
A review paper in which the authors appraised a known current issue using a
systematic review. 9
Scoping review
A review paper in which the authors evaluated the potential size and scope of the
available research literature to find the nature and extent of research evidence. 10
State-of-the-art
review
A review paper in which the authors addressed more current matters in a topic to
provide new perspectives on an issue or suggest an area for further research. RQ1 - The Topics Covered bythe Review
Studies These two areas are the most popular
areas of review studies reported in the academic
database and appear every year since the LWC in 994 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access p
g
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June)
E-ISSN: 24
Figure 4. Number of Review Studies Based on the Cryptography Classification
Cryptography
= 15
Symmetric
key = 4
Block = 13
Stream =1
Assymetric
key = 2
Hash
Methods = 2
Algorithms =
2
Other =1 2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Figure 4. Number of Review Studies Based on the Cryptograph
Cryptography
= 15
Symmetric
key = 4
Block = 13
Stream =1
Assymetric
key = 2
Hash
Methods = 2
Algorithms =
2 Cryptography
= 15 Figure 4. Number of Review Studies Based on the Cryptography Classification Reviews on LCW in IoT According to Types of
Review Study In classifying the review studies, this study
used the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis
(SALSA) framework (69). The results of the
classification revealed that fifteen studies were
classified as overview studies, nine studies were
literature reviews and critical reviews, five studies
were systematic reviews and three studies were
state-of-the-art review. The bar chart in Figure 5
shows the classification of the review studies. y
This study also calculated the number of
references for each of the review study. A total of
2236 references were cited and referred to in the
forty-one studies. However, this study did not
count the unique number of references from this
number. Further, this study listed eight review
studies with the number of references exceeding a
hundred as listed in Table 5. This scoping study
believes that these review studies can be used as a
starting point for researchers to understand LWC in
IoT as they have a higher coverage of references
and the types of review that they reported in the
respective
studies
varied
covering
literature
reviews (2 studies), state-of-the-art reviews (2
studies), systematic reviews (3 studies) and critical
review (1 study). This study also collected the
number of citations received by each paper in the
Google Scholar (as of Mid-February 2020). All
papers received substantial citations except for the
study by Dhanda, Singh, and Jindal (2020), as the
paper was newly published when this scoping study
was conducted. Figure 5. Number of Documents Reporting
9
9
15
5
3
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16Literature ReviewCritical ReviewOverviewSystematic ReviewState-of-the-art Review
Number of Studies
Types of Review Study Types of Review Study Figure 5. Number of Documents Reporting Table 5. List of Review Studies with More than One Hundred References
Study
Yea
r
Num. of
references
Num. of
citations (*)
Type of review
Types
of
Ccryptography
Kong, Ang, and Seng (25)
2015
200
49
Literature review
Symmetric
cryptography
Biryukov and Perrin (35)
2017
180
58
State-of-the-art
review
Symmetric
cryptography
Hatzivasilis et al. (49)
2018
159
42
Systematic review
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Mohd,
Hayajneh,
and
Vasilakos (26)
2015
138
88
State-of-the-art
review
Symmetric
block
cryptography
Manifavas et al. (49)
2016
124
37
Critical review
Symmetric
stream
Cryptography
Malik, Dutta, and Granjal
(59)
2019
114
6
Systematic review
Publickey
cryptography
Lara-Nino, Diaz-Perez, and
Morales-Sandoval (39)
2018
110
8
Systematic review
Elliptic
curve
cryptography
Dhanda et al. RQ2 - The Extensiveness of the Studies in
Covering Various Aspects of LCW in IoT 11
Systematic review
A review paper in which the authors searched, appraised, and synthesized research
evidence systematically. 12
Systematic search and
review
A review paper in which the authors integrated critical review with a comprehensive
search process to generate a piece of comprehensive evidence. 13
Systematized review
A review paper in which the authors performed the process of doing a systematic
review, however reporting the finding in a shorter and simpler version of the
systematic review
14
Umbrella review
A review paper in which the authors compiled evidence from multiple reviews into
one accessible and usable document. 995 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Reviews on LCW in IoT According to Types of
Review Study Reviews on LCW in IoT According to Types of
Review Study (63)
2020
108
0
Literature review
Generic
cryptography
* Google Scholar citations (as of Feb. 2020) Table 5. List of Review Studies with More than One Hundred Reference This scoping study also looked into the
extensiveness of the review studies of LCW in IoT
based on the types of review studies and the
number of documents or references included in the
reviews. Classification of the review studies using
the SALSA framework demonstrated that 36% of
the review studies provided overviews of the
various aspects of LCW in IoT. About 20%
provided a more comprehensive coverage of the
reviews in which they provided literature reviews. The critical review also contributed 20% of the
review studies. The rest covered the systematic review and the state-of-the-art review. The number
of references or documents included in the selected
review studies, covered various numbers, as low as
eight to the highest of two hundred. The types of
review studies had a relationship with the number
of documents or articles listed in the reference
section of the respective study. For example, the
review study by Kong, Ang, and Seng (25) had 200
references for the literature review while Patil,
Banerjee, and Borkar (62) had only eight references
for their overview study. Hence, the outcome of
this analysis answers RQ2. 996 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) Open Access
2021, Vol. 18 No.2 (Suppl. June) The result of the scoping study suggests that
many review studies focused on the areas of
generic
cryptography
and
symmetric
block
cryptography. Nevertheless, limited review studies
were found on symmetric stream cryptography,
asymmetric-key
cryptography
and
hash
for
achieving LWC in IoT. Further, more than a
quarter of the selected review studies reported on
the overview of the cryptographic concept, which is
beneficial in obtaining a basic understanding of the
area. Literature review and critical review also
contributed
to
the
LCW
literature,
with
approximately forty percent of the total number of
review studies. However, the results of this scoping
study reveal that a limited number of systematic
reviews and the state-of-the-art reviews were
conducted in the area of LCW in IoT. State-of-the-
art reviews are a beneficial source of reference that
can provide other researchers with information on
recent fundamental advances related to LCW in
IoT. Conclusion: 1. Rahman AFA, Daud M, Mohamad MZ. Securing
sensor to cloud ecosystem using internet of things
(iot) security framework. In the Proceedings of the
International Conference on Internet of things and
Cloud Computing. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145
/2896387.2906198 The cryptography domain is considered
monumental which can be applied in various
domains including the emerging IoT environment. However,
conventional
cryptography
is
not
working efficiently in IoT to lead to active
developments in LCW. The increase in the number
of review studies also indicates that the domain is
constantly developing with many new studies
emerging, and more improvements being added to
the literature. The review studies on LCW in IoT
are good sources of knowledge, especially to those
who are new to the domain and to researchers who
intend to obtain a general understanding of this
domain. However, a significant number of review
studies lead to essential questions, such as the
topics that are covered by the studies and their level
of extensiveness. Hence, a scoping study was
conducted to seek answers to these questions. This
scoping study revealed that more review studies are
needed in the domain to cover specific areas of
cryptography,
especially
on
asymmetric-key
cryptography and hash. Further, this study also
believes that review studies should be conducted to
cover specific instances of IoT technology rather
than the generic ones. A few review studies
covered the suitable cryptography approach for
RFID, wireless sensor networks and smart homes. A similar review on other IoT technology instances
could help understand the practicability of
cryptography in particular instances. Review
studies could also be conducted to analyze LWC 2. Ratasuk R, Vejlgaard B, Mangalvedhe N, Ghosh A. NB-IoT system for M2M communication. In the 2016
IEEE wireless communications and networking
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the domain of automation. Indian Journal of
Computer Science and Engineering. 2019;10(1),1-7. https://doi.org/10.21817/indjcse/2019/v10i1/1910010
04 4. Caron X, Bosua R, Maynard SB, Ahmad A. The
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5763-0.ch002 6. Elemam E, Bahaa-Eldin MA, Shaker HN, Sobh AM. A Secure MQTT Protocol, Telemedicine IoT Case
Study. Reviews on LCW in IoT According to Types of
Review Study It can be a starting point for further
improvements that can lead to advancement in the
area. for specific purposes in IoT such as authentication
schemes. for specific purposes in IoT such as authentication
schemes. Acknowledgements: The authors thank the Ministry of Education
Malaysia for funding this study under the
Fundamental
Research
Grant
Scheme
(Ref:
FRGS/1/2018/ICT03/UUM/02/1, UUM S/O Code:
14208),
and
the
Research
and
Innovation
Management Centre, Universiti Utara Malaysia for
the administration of this study. Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Universiti Utara
Malaysia. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
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the Proceedings of International Conference on https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x دراسة نطاق حول مراجعات التشفير خفيفة الوزن في إنترنت األشياء
إيكينا رينيه تشياديغيكوبي 1
نورليزا كاتوك2 دراسة نطاق حول مراجعات التشفير خفيفة الوزن في إنترنت األشياء
إيكينا رينيه تشياديغيكوبي 1
نورليزا كاتوك2
, نايجيرياMailZip Tech Services LTD 1
2 جامعة أوتارا ماليزيا , ماليزيا إيكينا رينيه تشياديغيكوبي 1 , نايجيرياMailZip Tech Services LTD 1
2 جامعة أوتارا ماليزيا , ماليزيا , نايجيرياMailZip Tech Services LTD 1
2 جامعة أوتارا ماليزيا , ماليزيا , نايجيرياMailZip Tech Services LTD 1
2 جامعة أوتارا ماليزيا , ماليزيا ا
لخالصة:
أ P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
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Smart Gadgets Using Lightweight Cryptography. ا
لخالصة: ا
بدأت الجهود في تصميم وتطوير
التشفير الخفيف (LWC)
قبل عقد من الزمن. تشير العديد من الدراسات العلمية في األدب إلى
تحسين خوارزميات التشفير التقليدية وتطوير خوارزميات جديدة. أدى هذا العدد الكبير من الدراسات إلى ظهور العديد من دراسات المراجعة
حول LWC
في إنترنت األشياء. نظرًا للعدد الكبير
من دراسات المراجعة حول LWC
في إنترنت األشياء , فمن غير المعروف ما تغطيه
الدراسات ومدى شمول دراسات المراجعة. لذلك , هدفت هذه المقالة إلى سد الفجوة في دراسات المراجعة من خالل إجراء دراسة نطاق
.منهجية تم تحليل
مقاالت المراجعة الحالية حول LWC في إنترنت األشياء
.الكتشاف مدى اتساع المراجعات والمواضيع التي تمت تغطيتها
اقترحت نتائج الدراسة أن العديد من دراسات المراجعة تم تصنيفها على أنها نظرة عامة على أنواع المراجعة التي تركز على LWC
.العام
عالوة على ذلك , ركزت موضوعات المراجعات بشكل أساسي على تشفير الكتلة المتماثل ة , بينما تم العثور على مراجعات محدودة على
المفتاح غير المتماثل والتجزئة في LWC. كشفت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن المراجعات في LWC
في إنترنت األشياء ال تزال في مرحلتها المبكرة
ويتم تشجيع الباحثين على االستكشاف من خالل إجراء دراسات المراجعة في المناطق األقل حضورًا . يُعتبر إجراء مراجعة شاملة للدراسات
التي تغطي هذين الموضوعين ضروريًا إلنشاء توازن بين األعمال العلمية في LWC
من أجل إنترنت األشياء وتشجيع المزيد من البحث
التجريبي في المنطقة. الكلمات المفتاحية :التشفير, إنترنت األشياء, التشفير الخفيف
, المراجعة ,الحساسات, دراسة النطاق 1000 | 7,648 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6218/3509 | null |
Arabic | DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(Suppl.).1350 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(Suppl.).1350 Abstract: Imitation learning is an effective method for training an autonomous agent to accomplish a task by
imitating expert behaviors in their demonstrations. However, traditional imitation learning methods require a
large number of expert demonstrations in order to learn a complex behavior. Such a disadvantage has limited
the potential of imitation learning in complex tasks where the expert demonstrations are not sufficient. In
order to address the problem, a Generative Adversarial Network-based model is proposed which is designed
to learn optimal policies using only a single demonstration. The proposed model is evaluated on two
simulated tasks in comparison with other methods. The results show that our proposed model is capable of
completing considered tasks despite the limitation in the number of expert demonstrations, which clearly
indicate the potential of our model. Keywords: Deep Learning, Few-shot Learning, Generative Adversarial Network, Imitation Learning, One-
shot Learning. signals for every timestep. In a game environment,
these reward signals can be easily collected. However, in a typical imitation learning setting,
reward functions are unavailable and can be
difficult to be defined manually. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Received 15/10/2021, Accepted 14/11/2021, Published 20/12/2021 Received 15/10/2021, Accepted 14/11/2021, Published 20/12/2021 Generative Adversarial Network for Imitation Learning from Single
Demonstration Eiji Kamioka Introduction: Imitation learning, known also as learning
from demonstration, has recently gained significant
attention since it enables training autonomous
agents in complex environments where reward
functions are unavailable. The main goal of
imitation learning is to imitate expert behaviors in
their demonstrations by learning a mapping between
observation states and actions. It is widely adopted
in robotic and human-computer interaction fields 1,
such as self-driving vehicles 2–4 and social robot
interaction
5,6. However, traditional imitation
learning algorithms usually require a significant
number of demonstrations in order to acquire
complex behaviors from the expert, since it is
challenging to train an agent using a few or only
one demonstration. Therefore, in this paper, a model to imitate
expert behaviors from a single demonstration is
proposed. Moreover,
the
model
leverages
Generative Adversarial Network in order to learn
optimal policies without having access to the
reward function. The main contributions of this
paper are as follows: - A GAN-based model is presented for imitating
expert behaviors from a single demonstration. - A comprehensive evaluation is conducted, which
demonstrates the potential of our proposed model. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. First, the related works of the proposed model is
introduced. Second, the imitation learning problem
is formulated. Third, the proposed model is
presented in detail. Forth, the proposed model is
evaluated, and the results is analyzed. Finally, the
paper is concluded. Indeed, humans are capable of learning a new
behavior by observing it produced by the expert just
once. Inspired by this human ability, the authors in 7
proposed a reinforcement learning model to solve
an Atari game using only one demonstration. The
model is trained by starting from a carefully
selected state in the demonstration. One main
drawback of the model is that it requires reward 1350 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Related Work: However, the model requires reward signals in
every timestep. These reward signals can be easily
collected in an Atari game environment. However,
in a typical imitation learning setting, reward
functions are unavailable and can be difficult to be
defined manually. Imitation learning has been successfully
applied to train autonomous agents 1,4,5,8 in many
fields. Behavioral Cloning (BC) and Inversed
Reinforcement Learning (IRL) are two main
approaches to imitation learning. Behavioral
Cloning 9 utilizes supervised learning in order to
mimic expert behaviors. Although BC is a
straightforward method, it is vulnerable to the
distribution shift between the training and testing
data. In contrast, IRL 10 has succeeded in a wide
range of tasks by first trying to recover a reward
function from expert demonstrations and then
leveraging it to find an optimal policy. However,
IRL requires an extremely high computational cost
since iterations of reinforcement learning are
involved during the training phase 11–13. In order to
overcome this drawback, recent studies 14,15 have
applied Generative Adversarial Network
16 to
imitate expert behaviors by finding a mapping
between states and actions. However, the above-
mentions methods require a significant number of
demonstrations during the training phase. Ideally,
the agent can have the same ability as humans in
which they can imitate expert behaviors from only
one or a few demonstrations. On the other hand, our proposed model
leverages GAN to imitate expert behaviors without
the need of a reward function. Moreover, the
proposed model is capable of learning from only
one expert demonstration and can provide a
competitive performance in such a challenging
setting. 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐷𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷) Problem Formulation: In this paper, the imitation learning problem
is described as a Markov Decision Process (MDP)
with finite time horizon: (1) ℳ= (𝑆, 𝐴, 𝑃, 𝑇) where, S denotes the state space, 𝐴 is the
action space, 𝑃: 𝑆× 𝐴→𝑆 represents the transition
function, and 𝑇 is the time horizon. It is important
to note that a shaped reward function is unavailable
in imitation learning. A policy π: 𝑆→𝐴 represents a
mapping from observation states to actions. An
expert demonstration 𝒟= {(𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝒟
𝑡): 𝑡∈[0, 𝑇]} is a
sequence of state-action pairs. Our main objective is
to learn an optimal policy π∗ given a single
demonstration 𝒟. The work in 7 proposed a reinforcement
learning model learning to play an Atari game using
only one demonstration. A carefully selected state
in the demonstration is input to the model at each
training step in order to imitate the expert behaviors
and
avoid
learning
a
sub-optimal
solution. The Proposed Model: (4)
Network Structure and Hyperparameters The generator and discriminator are deep
feed-forward networks with 2 hidden layers. Each
hidden layer has 32 nodes. Adam 20 is used which is
a stochastic gradient descent algorithm to optimize
the proposed model during the training phase. The
Adam method is provided with a learning rate of
0.0003. In order to train the model with only one
demonstration, the demonstration is divided into
multiple sub-demonstrations τ𝑘= {(𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝒟
𝑡): 𝑡∈
[𝑘, 𝑘+ 𝑚)} with the same length 0 < 𝑚≤𝑇,
where 𝑘= 0,1, … , (𝑇−𝑚+ 1) is the starting
timestep. Within each training iteration, sub-
demonstrations are feed into the model in random
order to prevent overfitting and improve the
stability of training. Results: Fig. 3 and 4 visualize the behaviors of
policies learned by the evaluated models on
Pendulum and CartPole environments, respectively. Observing from Fig. 3, the policies trained with
TRPO can swing the pendulum up faster and keeps
it stays vertical for a longer period of time than our
proposed model. Accordingly, the policies learned
by our proposed model have trouble applying a
strong enough force to swing the pendulum upright
at first. However, after the pendulum is upright, the
learned policies can apply few light forces to
maintain it vertically. For the CartPole environment
in Fig. 4, it can be observed that both policies
trained with TRPO and our proposed model can
move the cart in order to prevent the pole from
falling over. p
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 p
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 subject to 𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷) (3)
reinforcement learning algorithm for optimizing the
learned policies by using gradient descent. The
TRPO is trained with direct access to the
environment and the shaped reward. In addition, the
performance of our proposed model is also
compared with TRPO. This baseline set an upper
bound for the performance of our proposed model. The proposed model and TRPO are run on a
personal computer with an Intel i7-8750H @
2.20GHz and 16GB RAM system. 𝐺, 𝐷)
= 𝔼[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷(𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝒟
𝑡)]
+ 𝔼[𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 −𝐷(𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝐺
𝑡))]
= 𝔼[𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐷(𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝒟
𝑡)]
+ 𝔼[𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 −𝐷(𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝐺(𝑠𝒟
𝑡)))] The model acquires optimal policies by
finding a saddle point, where: 𝐺̂ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐺𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷̂)
𝐷̂ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐷𝔏(𝐺̂, 𝐷) 𝐺̂ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐺𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷̂) 𝐺̂ = 𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑚𝑎𝑥𝐺𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷̂) The Proposed Model: Figure 1. The architecture of the proposed model. Figure 1. The architecture of the proposed model. generator. Meanwhile, the generator 𝐺 aims to
produce an action 𝑎𝐺
𝑡 so that (𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝐺
𝑡) looks as
similar as possible to (𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝒟
𝑡). The model finds
optimal policies by playing a min-max game with
the discriminator trained together with the generator
using the following objective function 14,16: In this section, our proposed model is presented. The model leverages Generative Adversarial
Network in order to learn optimal policies from a
single expert demonstration 𝒟. The architecture of
the model is illustrated in Fig. 1. The model
includes two deep feed-forward networks 𝐺 and 𝐷. The discriminator 𝐷 is trained to distinguish
between a state-action pair (𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝒟
𝑡) from the expert
and a state-action pair (𝑠𝒟
𝑡, 𝑎𝐺
𝑡) generated by the 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐷𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷)
(2) (2) 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐺𝑚𝑖𝑛𝐷𝔏(𝐺, 𝐷) 1351 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Performance Evaluation: In this section, the performance of the
proposed model is evaluated. The evaluation
settings and results are presented in the following
subsections. Evaluation Settings Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Open Access Conclusion: In this paper, a model was proposed that
utilizes Generative Adversarial Network to imitate
expert behaviors using only one demonstration. Despite such a challenging setting, the model
successfully learns optimal policies on two
simulated environments. In comparison with TRPO
which is a Reinforcement Learning model, the
proposed
model
provides
a
competitive
performance with an extremely better training time. The results prove that the proposed model can be
promisingly applied in imitation learning. In future
work, our goal is to improve the performance of our
proposed model on more complex imitation tasks. Table 1. The performance of the proposed
model. These scores represent the cumulative
rewards obtained from executing a learned
policy in the simulator, averaged over 100
episodes. Evaluation Settings Environment
TRPO
Our proposed mod
Pendulum
−143.95
± 84.36
−313.35 ± 137.5
CartPole
497.13
± 28.56
317.97 ± 174.0 Tables 1 and 2 tabulate the comparison
results in terms of average cumulative reward and
average training time between the proposed model
and TRPO. It can be observed from Table 1 that
TRPO outperforms our proposed model in terms of
averaged cumulative reward on both environments. However, this result is expected since TRPO had
direct access to states and the reward function of the
environment in order to optimize their policies. On
the other hand, the proposed model is trained using
only one expert demonstration and without access
to any reward signals, yet it can provide a
competitive performance, especially in the CartPole
environment. Moreover, according to Table 2, while
TRPO takes more than 2 hours to finish training, the
proposed model is about 5 times faster. Even
though presenting lower averaged cumulative
reward values, the proposed model is able to
achieve a competing performance and requires a
significantly smaller training time. These results
clearly indicate the potential of our proposed model. Table 2. The training time of the proposed
model. These scores represent the minutes
needed to train a model with 𝟏𝟎𝟕 iterations,
averaged over 3 times. Environment
TRPO
Our proposed
model
Pendulum
123.62 ± 2.43
23.31 ± 3.34
CartPole
148.42 ± 2.80
20.31 ± 3.27 Evaluation Settings Evaluation Settings
Figure 2. Visual rendering of two simulated
environments used in the evaluation Figure 2. Visual rendering of two simulated
environments used in the evaluation Two simulated environments is considered:
17 - Pendulum 17: The pendulum starts at a random
position. The goal of the task is to keep the
pendulum stays upright by swinging it up. p
y
p g
y
g g
p
- CartPole 17,18 : A pole is attached to a cart. The
goal is to keeps it stays upright by applying a
force of +1 or -1 to the cart. The visualizations of the two environments
are shown in Fig. 2. For each environment, one
demonstration is collected by training the Trust
Region Policy Optimization (TRPO) 19 which is a 1352 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 3. Execution of policies learned by the evaluated models on the Pendulum environment. Figure 4. Execution of policies learned by the evaluated models on the CartPole environment. Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Figure 3. Execution of policies learned by the evaluated models on the Pendulum environm Figure 4. Execution of policies learned by the evaluated models on the CartPole environment. Tables 1 and 2 tabulate the compar
results in terms of average cumulative reward
average training time between the proposed mo
and TRPO. It can be observed from Table 1
TRPO outperforms our proposed model in term
averaged cumulative reward on both environme
However, this result is expected since TRPO
direct access to states and the reward function of
environment in order to optimize their policies. the other hand, the proposed model is trained u
only one expert demonstration and without ac
to any reward signals, yet it can provid
competitive performance, especially in the CartP
environment. Moreover, according to Table 2, w
TRPO takes more than 2 hours to finish training
proposed model is about 5 times faster. E
though presenting lower averaged cumula
reward values, the proposed model is able
achieve a competing performance and require
significantly smaller training time. These res
clearly indicate the potential of our proposed mo
Table 1. The performance of the propo
model. These scores represent the cumula
rewards obtained from executing a lear
policy in the simulator, averaged over
episodes. Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 Open Access Prediction
in
Autonomous
Driving:
Accurate
Forecasts of Vehicle Motion. IEEE Signal Process
Mag. 2021 Jan 1;38(1):87–96. have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. 11. 11. Wang Z, Hong T. Reinforcement learning for
building controls: The opportunities and challenges. Appl Energy. 2020 Jul 1;269:115036. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Shibaura Institute
of Technology. 12. Arulkumaran K, Deisenroth MP, Brundage M,
Bharath AA. Deep reinforcement learning: A brief
survey. IEEE Signal Process Mag. 2017 Nov
1;34(6):26–38. Author's contributions: 13. Pakzad AE, Manuel RM, Uy JS, Asuncion XF,
Ligayo JV, Materum L. Reinforcement Learning-
Based Television White Space Database. Baghdad
Sci J. 2021 Jun 20;18(2(Suppl.)):0947–0947. T.N.D., C.M.T., and P.X.T. conceived of
the presented idea. T.N.D. and C.M.T. developed
the theory and performed the computations. T.N.D.,
C.M.T., P.X.T., and E.K. verified the analytical
methods. P.X.T. and E.K. supervised the findings of
this work. All authors discussed the results and
contributed to the final manuscript. 14. Ho J, Ermon S. Generative Adversarial
Imitation
Learning. In:
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Information Processing Systems. Curran Associates,
Inc.; 2016. 15. Zuo G, Chen K, Lu J, Huang X. Deterministic
generative
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imitation
learning. Neurocomputing. 2020 May 7;388:60–9. Authors' declaration: p
Environment
TRPO
Our proposed model
Pendulum
−143.95
± 84.36
−313.35 ± 137.58
CartPole
497.13
± 28.56
317.97 ± 174.06 - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours, - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours, 1353 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1350-1355 شبكة الخصومة التوليدية للتعلم التقليد من مظاهرة واحدة
ثو نجوين دوك*
تشان مين تران فان شوان تان إيجي كاميوكا
كلية الهندسة والعلوم، معهد شيبور للتكنولوجيا، اليابان. الخالصة:
التعلم التقليد هو طريقة فعالة لتدريب وكيل مستقل إلنجاز المهمة عن طريق تقليد سلوكيات الخبراء في مظاهراتهم. ومع ذلك، تتطلب طرق
التعلم التقليدية التقليدية
عددا كبيرا من مظاهرات الخبراء من أجل تعلم سلوك معقد. حدد هذا العيب محدودا إمكانية التعلم التقليد في المهام
المعقدة حيث ال تكون مظاهرات الخبراء كافية. من أجل معالجة المشكلة، يقترح النموذج المستند إلى الشبكة المصنوعة من الشبكة المصممة
على تصميم سياسات مثالية باستخدام مظاهرة واحدة فقط. يتم تقييم النموذج المقترح على مهمتين محاكاة مقارنة بطرق أخرى. تظهر النتائج أن
نموذجنا المقترح قادر على إكمال المهام المدروسة على الرغم من القيد في عدد مظاهرات الخبراء، والذي يشير بوضوح إلى إمكانات
نموذجنا. الكلمات المفتاحية: ال
تعلم العميق، ال
قليل من التعلم، شبكة الخصومة التوليدية، تعلم التقليد،
التعلم
دفعة واحدة. 1355 | 3,162 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6652/3818 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: The university course timetable problem (UCTP) is typically a combinatorial optimization problem. Manually achieving a useful timetable requires many days of effort, and the results are still unsatisfactory. unsatisfactory. Various states of art methods (heuristic, meta-heuristic) are used to satisfactorily solve
UCTP. However, these approaches typically represent the instance-specific solutions. The hyper-heuristic
framework adequately addresses this complex problem. This research proposed Particle Swarm Optimizer-
based Hyper Heuristic (HH PSO) to solve UCTP efficiently. PSO is used as a higher-level method that
selects low-level heuristics (LLH) sequence which further generates an optimal solution. The proposed
approach generates solutions into two phases (initial and improvement). A new LLH named “least possible
rooms left” has been developed and proposed to schedule events. Both datasets of international timetabling
competition (ITC) i.e., ITC 2002 and ITC 2007 are used to evaluate the proposed method. Experimental
results indicate that the proposed low-level heuristic helps to schedule events at the initial stage. When
compared with other LLH’s, the proposed LLH schedule more events for 14 and 15 data instances out of 24
and 20 data instances of ITC 2002 and ITC 2007, respectively. The experimental study shows that HH PSO
gets a lower soft constraint violation rate on seven and six data instances of ITC 2007 and ITC 2002,
respectively. This research has concluded the proposed LLH can get a feasible solution if prioritized. Keywords: Auto Timetable, Hyper Heuristic, Particle Swarm Optimizer. satisfactory
1. UCTP has two categories of
constraints: hard constraints and soft constraints 2. A solution timetable is feasible only if no hard
constraint is violated and schedule all events. Because of the complex nature of the timetabling
problem, usually, it might be impossible to
approach a solution with no soft constraint violation
3 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(Suppl.).1465 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(Suppl.).1465 Effective Solution of University Course Timetabling using Particle Swarm
Optimizer based Hyper Heuristic approach
Zahid Iqbal 1,2 *
Rafia Ilyas 2
Huah Yong Chan 1
Naveed Ahmed 2
1School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mails: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] Effective Solution of University Course Timetabling using Particle Swarm
Optimizer based Hyper Heuristic approach Zahid Iqbal 1,2 * 1School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mails: [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] 1School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. 2Department of Computer Science, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan. *Corresponding author: zahidiqbal mb@gmail com Received 18/10/2021, Accepted 14/11/2021, Published 20/12/2021 Problem Representation: UCTP can be formulated as Constraint
Satisfaction Problem. There are multiple ways to
represent UCTP. It is almost beyond the possibility
to compose a single formulation that fits in for all
universities. As each university has various rules,
resources, and costs. This research employed a
formulation for UCTP named “ITC 2007” that was
proposed in International Timetabling Competition
(ITC) 10. The core objective is to insert all events or
classes in the solution timetable (i.e., assign room
and timeslots to each event from a limited collection
of rooms and timeslots with appropriate resources
in the rooms), such that every event must obey five
hard constraints. There are five hard constraints
used in ITC 2007. H1. Conflict (not more than one
class scheduled at a time for one student.), H2. Compatibility (the room that is used for scheduling
an event must have enough space and resources.), Table 1. Constraints and Data Instances
Problem Set
H1. H2. H3. H4. H5. S1. S2. S3. Number of
Data
Instances
Years
ITC 2007
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
24
2007
ITC 2002
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
20
2002 generation process that guides a subordinate
heuristic
by
combining
intelligently
various
concepts for exploring, exploiting the search space,
and learning strategies are used to structure
information for finding a near-optimal solution 11. There are two groups of metaheuristics methods 12:
methods based on Local search and methods based
on population. Local Search-based methods deal
with a single object in one iteration. Local search-
based techniques are also called single solution- Introduction: Research indicates that Particle Swarm
Optimizer
(PSO)
is
capable
of
handling
combinatorial
optimization
problems
and
constrained optimization problems 2,5. PSO has widely been used in the literature6–
9. This research proposed a PSO-based selection
hyper-heuristic for solving UCTP where PSO will
work as a higher-level methodology that will use
low-level heuristics to obtain the optimal solution. Moreover, the role of low-level heuristics is noted. Furthermore, a new low-level heuristic is proposed
that helps to achieve a feasible solution. The
proposed methodology is tested on both problem
formulation given in the first and second
international timetabling competitions (ITC) 2002
and 2007 and results are compared with the
previous state of art methods. PSO has widely been used in the literature6–
9. This research proposed a PSO-based selection
hyper-heuristic for solving UCTP where PSO will
work as a higher-level methodology that will use
low-level heuristics to obtain the optimal solution. Moreover, the role of low-level heuristics is noted. Furthermore, a new low-level heuristic is proposed
that helps to achieve a feasible solution. The
proposed methodology is tested on both problem
formulation given in the first and second
international timetabling competitions (ITC) 2002
and 2007 and results are compared with the
previous state of art methods. Distance to Feasibility measure is used to
evaluate the solution. If a solution is valid, it is
computed by counting the number of students who
must have to attend “unplaced events”. For
example, two events left unplaced in a solution. And students attending these events are 15 and 8. Then Distance to Feasibility will be (15 + 8) = 23. When a solution is feasible then, the Distance to
Feasibility will be zero. This will happen only when
there is no hard constraint violation (HCV) in the
solution. After calculating Distance to Feasibility,
soft constraint violations (SCV) are calculated in
the objective function that counts students (that
attend only one event in a day, have three or more
consecutive classes, or have class in the last
timeslot). Classes in two consecutive days (i.e., at
the end of one day and the start of the second day)
will not be counted as consecutive. Table I shows
different formulations and constraints used in those
formulations
along
with
data
instances. Introduction: In this progressive era, timetabling remains a
critical problem that is experienced in many forms. The versatile nature of the timetabling problem
makes it among challenging issues for artificial
intelligence and operational research. Among all
timetabling issues, educational timetabling is one of
the most complicated tasks and is widely discussed
by researchers. Generally, there are three types of
educational timetabling (university timetable, exam
timetable, and school timetable). University course
timetabling problem (UCTP) is a regularly
experienced issue. It has been explained that all timetable
problems are NP-Complete 4. Even though several
heuristic and metaheuristic methods exist but most
of these are problem-specific. Moreover, heuristic
methods are expensive to develop and maintain. It
is needed to work on more generalized methods that
can be used for more than one problem instance or
even for more than one problem domain. Therefore,
UCTP
has
been
debated
internationally for the last few decades, and its
significance has increased. This is because the
manual solution to the timetabling problem is very
time-consuming as all requirements need to be
taken care of. But, still, the results are not Hyper heuristics have great potential to
produce more general solutions. However, there has
been relatively little research on hyper-heuristic for 1465 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 UCTP. Research indicates that Particle Swarm
Optimizer
(PSO)
is
capable
of
handling
combinatorial
optimization
problems
and
constrained optimization problems 2,5. H3. Occupancy (in one timeslot, only one class can
be scheduled in one room.), H4. Availability (an
event can only be scheduled in a timeslot from the
collection of possible timeslots given for that
event.), H5. Precedence (events may or may not
have precedence on each other if precedence is
given it must be followed.). The resultant timetable
can be acceptable if it is valid or feasible. A
timetable can only be valid when no hard constraint
is violated, but some events remain unplaced in the
solution. A timetable is feasible if all events are
scheduled in solution with no violation of hard
constraints. Also, three soft constraints used in ITC
2007 are S1. Late Events (avoid scheduling events
in the last timeslot), S2. Consecutive Events (no
consecutive events (three or more) to attend by any
student in a day), S3. Isolated Events (each student
should have more than one event to attend in a day). UCTP. Literature Review: This approach initially works on
random search and then improves the solution by
using perturbative heuristics. In 2014, iterated local
search-based hyper-heuristic was used for UCTP,
which reported the best results on ITC 2007 data set
25. In 2016, add delete hyper-heuristic was
proposed, it added or deleted events from solution
using iterated local search to improve the solution
26. It was assessed on ITC 2002 dataset and
produced comparable results. Research shows that
Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO) 27 works better
than the genetic algorithm for UCTP. PSO is a
member of the broader swarm intelligence field for
solving global optimization problems. A hybrid
PSO combined with local search is evaluated for
university course timetabling problems 28. The
result shows that hybrid PSO performs better than
PSO alone and genetic algorithms. PSO was used
for UCTP with a flexible problem set. The proposed
method was tested on the dataset of the University
of Taiwan 7. In 2013, another hybrid approach for
PSO was proposed by 29. Transition probability was
applied at the place of velocity. Results showed that
this hybrid approach produced a lesser number of
conflicts with small data set but performance level
falls on larger data sets. However, it performed
better than other evolutionary approaches. This
method worked effectively for the university of
Tsukuba dataset. In 2014, a comparative study was
conducted, which proved that PSO can solve
university lecture timetabling problems better than
genetic algorithms 30. PSO gets one near the optima
faster than GA, but GA eventually gets one closer. Many researchers believe that getting a near-
optimal solution faster is better than achieving an
optimal solution in timetabling problems. Recently,
PSO has been used for school timetabling problems A blend of metaheuristic methods 13 was
proposed for UCTP to solve the problem set of ITC
2007. This approach used neighborhood search to
find a feasible solution at first. After that simulated
annealing was used to minimize the conflicts. Exchange of timeslots and rooms of scheduled
events was performed to decrease the conflicts. Finally, the event was scheduled to the timeslot that
caused comparatively fewer conflicts. In the second
step, tabu search was used to add randomness in
that
approach. A
general-purpose
constraint
satisfaction solver using tabu search 14 was tested on
ITC 2007 of UCTP. This approach used weighted
constraints to track conflicts in the solution
timetable. Literature Review: Results showed that
this hybrid approach produced a lesser number of
conflicts with small data set but performance level
falls on larger data sets. However, it performed
better than other evolutionary approaches. This
method worked effectively for the university of
Tsukuba dataset. In 2014, a comparative study was
conducted, which proved that PSO can solve
university lecture timetabling problems better than
genetic algorithms 30. PSO gets one near the optima
faster than GA, but GA eventually gets one closer. M
h
b li
th t
tti based techniques. In these approaches, a single
solution is created, then modified using local
search. Multi-Neighborhood 13, Tabu Search (TS)
14,15, Simulated Annealing (SA) 16, Local Search
(LS) 17 are some local search-based methods. Population search deals with the population of
objects on each iteration. Multiple Solutions are
built to explore search space and move toward an
optimal solution. Ant Colony algorithm 18, Particle
Swarm
Optimization (PSO)
9,
and
Genetic
algorithm (GA)
19 are some population-based
approaches. Several metaheuristic methods have
been used for UCTP 13–16,18. based techniques. In these approaches, a single
solution is created, then modified using local
search. Multi-Neighborhood 13, Tabu Search (TS)
14,15, Simulated Annealing (SA) 16, Local Search
(LS) 17 are some local search-based methods. Population search deals with the population of
objects on each iteration. Multiple Solutions are
built to explore search space and move toward an
optimal solution. Ant Colony algorithm 18, Particle
Swarm
Optimization (PSO)
9,
and
Genetic
algorithm (GA)
19 are some population-based
approaches. Several metaheuristic methods have
been used for UCTP 13–16,18. or generate low-level heuristics at each decision
point. Hyper-heuristic was first proposed for UCTP
in 2003. An evolutionary algorithm (EA) is used as
a high-level methodology. One-point cross-over,
binary tournament selection, and mutation are used
by this algorithm. Performance is evaluated on ITC
2002 dataset
21. In 2004-05, messy genetic
algorithms were proposed for UCTP 19,22. These
algorithms are based on selection constructive
hyper-heuristic, where messy Genetic Algorithm
(GA) is used as a high-level methodology to explore
heuristic space. In 2007, Simulated Annealing (SA)
was used for UCTP that uses random selection of
heuristic in start until a history of heuristics
performance is gathered. This history is further used
in solution generation 23. Using multiple high-level
heuristics improved the quality of the solution. In
2010, a random greedy approach based on
generation
perturbative
hyper-heuristic
was
proposed 24. Literature Review: In the past few years, several heuristics,
metaheuristic, and hyper-heuristic methods have
been used for UCTP. The heuristic is applied to find
out near-optimal solutions. It is based on a random
search mechanism. Although heuristic does not
promise the globally best solution, still it is
beneficial when traditional methods fail. Metaheuristics study the high-level methods
designed from heuristics. It is an iterative 1466 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Open Access or generate low-level heuristics at each decision
point. Hyper-heuristic was first proposed for UCTP
in 2003. An evolutionary algorithm (EA) is used as
a high-level methodology. One-point cross-over,
binary tournament selection, and mutation are used
by this algorithm. Performance is evaluated on ITC
2002 dataset
21. In 2004-05, messy genetic
algorithms were proposed for UCTP 19,22. These
algorithms are based on selection constructive
hyper-heuristic, where messy Genetic Algorithm
(GA) is used as a high-level methodology to explore
heuristic space. In 2007, Simulated Annealing (SA)
was used for UCTP that uses random selection of
heuristic in start until a history of heuristics
performance is gathered. This history is further used
in solution generation 23. Using multiple high-level
heuristics improved the quality of the solution. In
2010, a random greedy approach based on
generation
perturbative
hyper-heuristic
was
proposed 24. This approach initially works on
random search and then improves the solution by
using perturbative heuristics. In 2014, iterated local
search-based hyper-heuristic was used for UCTP,
which reported the best results on ITC 2007 data set
25. In 2016, add delete hyper-heuristic was
proposed, it added or deleted events from solution
using iterated local search to improve the solution
26. It was assessed on ITC 2002 dataset and
produced comparable results. Research shows that
Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO) 27 works better
than the genetic algorithm for UCTP. PSO is a
member of the broader swarm intelligence field for
solving global optimization problems. A hybrid
PSO combined with local search is evaluated for
university course timetabling problems 28. The
result shows that hybrid PSO performs better than
PSO alone and genetic algorithms. PSO was used
for UCTP with a flexible problem set. The proposed
method was tested on the dataset of the University
of Taiwan 7. In 2013, another hybrid approach for
PSO was proposed by 29. Transition probability was
applied at the place of velocity. Literature Review: It dynamically controlled the tabu tenure
and adjusted the weight of the constraint to obtain a
feasible solution. A multiphase heuristic solver was
proposed by 15. In the first phase, hard constraints
were considered only. At the end of the first phase,
there
might
be
some
events
that
remain
unscheduled. In the second phase, tabu search was
used to schedule unplaced events. The best partial
solution was used side by side for minimizing soft
constraint violation after a specified number of non-
improving moves. Iterated local search was used
several times with the blend of other techniques i-e. simulated annealing 17, great deluge 16, and hill-
climbing to produce feasible solutions for UCTP. An ant colony algorithm was proposed by 18 for
UCTP. Ants were used as events that were further
scheduled in timeslots and rooms. Events were
scheduled randomly using the greedy approach. This method was also examined on ITC 2007. Hyper Heuristic is a generalized search
technique
that
uses “heuristic for
selecting
heuristics” or “heuristics to generate heuristics”. It
does not search solution space directly but searches
for a method or set of heuristics that can solve
problem instances 20. By definition, it is clear HH
can be classified into two types: generation hyper-
heuristics and selection hyper-heuristics. Hyper-
heuristic is just two decades older. It was presented
there as a higher-level method, which could choose 1467 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Open Access 9 and produced reasonable results. Some remarkable
works on UCTP have been done by 13–16,18 using
different heuristic, metaheuristic 31, and hyper-
heuristic methods. Authors
32 have given a
comprehensive review of hyper-heuristic methods,
nature of heuristic space with data sets used in
hyper-heuristic models. Although research on meta-
heuristic 33–35 and hyper-heuristic methods are going
side by side however when it comes to flexible
methods, that can work for different problem
formulations, the hyper-heuristic framework has
great potential to produce general solution. In past,
few
years,
PSO
based
hyper-heuristics
is
successfully used to solve problems in different
domains. But only a few hyper-heuristic methods
are proposed for UCTP. Beneficial work can be
done for UCTP by employing the power of hyper-
heuristic. There are two random numbers used in the above
equations presented as r1 and r2. The value of r1
and r2 is between the range (0,1). Literature Review: The two positive
constants are named c1 and c2. To manage velocity
magnitude x is used as a constriction factor. Proper
mapping of the problem is very important to get
useful results. In this research, PSO is used as a
high-level methodology that will perform direct
encoding
of
problem
representation. More
specifically, a complete solution is provided by each
particle. A list of events is used that number
corresponds with the timeslot and room for that
room. Each particle represents a list of events that
length is equivalent to the number of events in a
dataset. Then PSO selects low-level heuristics that
will
solve
the
timetabling
problem. Both
constructive and perturbative low-level heuristics
will be used. Construction heuristics are used for
estimating the difficulty level of an event in
scheduling. Graph-based heuristics are construction
heuristics. Different construction heuristics are 36
largest degree, largest enrolment, largest weighted. 3
perturbative LLH improves firstly created solution
i.e., swapping two events, reallocating an event, and
rescheduling an event, etc. Each particle in the
population is completed timetable. The movement
of particles depends on the objective function value,
personal best (pbest), and global best (gbest) of the
particle. Fig. 1 shows the basic algorithm of HH-
PSO. It has two main processes: initialization and
modification. To generate the initial solution the
process of initialization works. The detailed
algorithm of initialization is given in Fig. 2. After
initial solution generation, the pbest and gbest of
every particle are calculated. All the hard
constraints are satisfied in the initial solution. There
can be following four possible scenarios to handle
constraints in solution generation: Infeasible/
Infeasible (initial/ modified), Infeasible/ Feasible
(initial/
modified),
Feasible/
Infeasible
(initial/modified),
Feasible/Feasible Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 solution. Seven low-level heuristics (LLH) are used
for this purpose. Among these seven LLH, the first
six are widely used in literature for UCTP 3. The
structure of these LLH helps to consider conflicts
(hard constraint violation) during the assignment of
timeslot and room to the events. While seventh is
proposed in this research, based on an experiment
calculated during result generation. We named it the
least possible rooms left. During experiments, it
was observed that events that have minimum
possible timeslots or room left in partial solution
might be left unplaced at the end. To adjust them,
we used these two heuristics at the start. It helped us
to first schedule the events that are hard to schedule. This approach helps to reduce the number of
unplaced events in the solution without violating
any hard constraint. We have used the following
LLH’s; Least Saturated Degree First (SD), Largest
Enrolment (LE), Largest Color Degree First (LCD),
Largest Weighted Degree First (LWD), Random
Ordering (RO), Largest Degree First (LD) 3 and
Least Possible Rooms Left (MRL). Fig. 2 shows the
initial
construction
level
algorithm. After
scheduling the hard events, PSO selects a sequence
of LLH from a predefined set of sequences and uses
these LLH to schedule the remaining events. If any
sequence fails to schedule events, that sequence is
added to the rejected list. And next time new
sequence is compared with rejected list sequences. The sequences in the rejected list are not used
further for solution generation. This method saves
time. On the other hand, if a heuristic successfully
schedules an event it is repeated to schedule the
next event too. It is expected that a set of the same
heuristics helps schedule events. Random ordering
is used to add randomness in solution construction. This initial method will generate and evaluate a
feasible population of N size and it will update the
pbest and gbest accordingly. By initiating every
particle with a feasible solution, we hope that it will
approach near to optimal solution and may bypass
many local optimums. This is how premature
convergence is avoided. After generating the initial
solution, the performance of solution is evaluated. The research used an objective function/
penalty function that is proposed in ITC 2007 Input: parameter values
Output: feasible timetable
Algorithm: Hyper-Heuristic PSO
1. Generate initial solution
2. Set pbest and calculate gbest
3. Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Improve initial solution
4. Update gbest and pbest. 5. Check termination criteria if condition not met goto
3. solution. Seven low-level heuristics (LLH) are used
for this purpose. Among these seven LLH, the first
six are widely used in literature for UCTP 3. The
structure of these LLH helps to consider conflicts
(hard constraint violation) during the assignment of
timeslot and room to the events. While seventh is
proposed in this research, based on an experiment
calculated during result generation. We named it the
least possible rooms left. During experiments, it
was observed that events that have minimum
possible timeslots or room left in partial solution
might be left unplaced at the end. To adjust them,
we used these two heuristics at the start. It helped us
to first schedule the events that are hard to schedule. This approach helps to reduce the number of
unplaced events in the solution without violating
any hard constraint. We have used the following
LLH’s; Least Saturated Degree First (SD), Largest
Enrolment (LE), Largest Color Degree First (LCD),
Largest Weighted Degree First (LWD), Random
Ordering (RO), Largest Degree First (LD) 3 and
Least Possible Rooms Left (MRL). Fig. 2 shows the
initial
construction
level
algorithm. After
scheduling the hard events, PSO selects a sequence
of LLH from a predefined set of sequences and uses
these LLH to schedule the remaining events. If any
sequence fails to schedule events, that sequence is
added to the rejected list. And next time new
sequence is compared with rejected list sequences. The sequences in the rejected list are not used
further for solution generation. This method saves
time. On the other hand, if a heuristic successfully
schedules an event it is repeated to schedule the
next event too. It is expected that a set of the same
heuristics helps schedule events. Random ordering
is used to add randomness in solution construction. This initial method will generate and evaluate a
feasible population of N size and it will update the
pbest and gbest accordingly. By initiating every
particle with a feasible solution, we hope that it will
approach near to optimal solution and may bypass
many local optimums. This is how premature
convergence is avoided. After generating the initial
solution, the performance of solution is evaluated. Input: data set, initial heuristic list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7}
Output: feasible timetable
Algorithm: Initialization
1. Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Input: initial solution
Output: feasible timetable
Algorithm: Improvement
1. Select a random event and updates its timeslot and
room. 2. If hard constraint violation remains 0 and soft
constraint violation improves or remain consistent
Update the timeslot and room. 3. Else Don’t change the solution. 4. If particle(i) does not improve in an iteration. Replace particle(i) with gbest at that iteration. Input: initial solution
Output: feasible timetable
Algorithm: Improvement
1. Select a random event and updates its timeslot and
room. 2. If hard constraint violation remains 0 and soft
constraint violation improves or remain consistent
Update the timeslot and room. 3. Else Don’t change the solution. 4. If particle(i) does not improve in an iteration. Replace particle(i) with gbest at that iteration. The research used an objective function/
penalty function that is proposed in ITC 2007
competition with modification. In ITC 2007, two
types of solutions were considered: valid solution
and feasible solution 10. This research focused on
initial feasible solution generation, so we eliminate
the valid solution section. And considered hard
constraints violation only. This allows us to
generate a solution that schedules all events while
satisfying all hard constraints in lesser time. After
completing the generation of the initial solution,
control moves to the main algorithm given in Fig. 1. Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Schedule events that have minimum possible rooms left
in partial solution. 2. Schedule events that have least possible timeslots left in
partial solution
3. Select a Random Sequence of Low-Level Heuristic (LLH)
4. If (sequence does not match the rejected sequences)
For e =0 to e = number of events in dataset
Schedule the events with respect to the sequence of
LLH
If a LLH schedule the event repeat it once again
immediately
Else follow the sequence. 5. Compute cost of solution: hard constraint violation
(HCV)
If the sequence fails to produce solution add it to
rejected sequences list
regenerate new sequence for solution
generation
Else
accept the initial solution. Input: data set, initial heuristic list {1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7}
Output: feasible timetable
Algorithm: Initialization
1. Schedule events that have minimum possible rooms left
in partial solution. 2. Schedule events that have least possible timeslots left in
partial solution
3. Select a Random Sequence of Low-Level Heuristic (LLH)
4. If (sequence does not match the rejected sequences)
For e =0 to e = number of events in dataset
Schedule the events with respect to the sequence of
LLH
If a LLH schedule the event repeat it once again
immediately
Else follow the sequence. 5. Compute cost of solution: hard constraint violation
(HCV)
If the sequence fails to produce solution add it to
rejected sequences list
regenerate new sequence for solution
generation
Else
accept the initial solution. This initial method will generate and evaluate a
feasible population of N size and it will update the
pbest and gbest accordingly. By initiating every
particle with a feasible solution, we hope that it will
approach near to optimal solution and may bypass
many local optimums. This is how premature
convergence is avoided. After generating the initial
solution, the performance of solution is evaluated. Figure 2. Initialization Process of HH-PSO Figure 2. Initialization Process of HH-PSO
Figure 3. Improvement process of proposed
method (HH-PSO)
Initialization
I
hi
h i
lli
i i i li
i
h
Input: initial solution
Output: feasible timetable
Algorithm: Improvement
1. Select a random event and updates its timeslot and
room. 2. If hard constraint violation remains 0 and soft
constraint violation improves or remain consistent
Update the timeslot and room. 3. Else Don’t change the solution. 4. If particle(i) does not improve in an iteration. Replace particle(i) with gbest at that iteration. Proposed Methodology: This
research
proposed
a
PSO-based
selection
hyper-heuristic
(HH-PSO)
for
the
university course timetabling issue. To the best of
our knowledge and survey, the PSO-based selection
hyper-heuristic is yet unused for university course
timetabling issues. PSO has a collection of
individuals named particles. It updates each
particle’s movement, in its population, known as
swarm, instead of generating a new population. The
position of every particle is updated based on its
own previous best position and the global best
position of its neighbor particles. PSO works on the
food searching strategy used by birds. An individual
bird in a crowd act as a particle and a swarm is a
group of particles. Particles move into search space
in different dimensions. Every particle saves two
basic sets of information (global best, personal
best). Global and personal best is retrieved based on
fitness, calculated by objective function 27. In PSO,
each particle adjusts its best position in the guidance
of its previous best position. And the global best is
achieved by evaluating the best position of every
particle on each iteration. Generally, PSO can be
formulated as follows: The D dimensional search
space,
𝑋𝑖= 𝑋𝑖1 + 𝑋𝑖2 + 𝑋𝑖3 + ⋯+ 𝑋 𝑖𝐷
is
position of ith particle 𝑃𝑖= (𝑃𝑖1, 𝑃𝑖2, 𝑃𝑖3, … , 𝑃𝑖𝑑) is
position of particle i in search space, 𝑉𝑖=
(𝑣𝑖1, 𝑣𝑖2, … , 𝑣𝑖𝑑) is velocity of each particle and g
is global best. Velocity and position of particles are
updated by using following equations: (initial/modified) As mentioned above that this
research has set the focus on the feasible initial
solution. Hence, only the 4th scenario is considered
in this work. Particles with low pbest move towards
gbest particle in the modification section. The
modification process given in Fig. 3 improves the
solution by reducing soft constraint violation as
much as possible by randomly selecting events and
swapping to other timeslots. 𝑉𝑖𝑑= 𝑥∗(𝑤∗𝑉𝑖𝑑+ 𝑐1 ∗ 𝑟1 ∗(𝑃𝑖𝑑− 𝑋𝑖𝑑) + 𝑐2 ∗
𝑟2 ∗(𝑃𝑔𝑑− 𝑋𝑖𝑑) (1)
𝑋𝑖𝑑= 𝑋𝑖𝑑+ 𝑉𝑖𝑑
(2) (1)
(2) (2) 1468 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Initialization In this research, intelligent initialization has
been applied which generates a feasible initial 1469 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 It will further set the pbest and gbest based on the
objective function. solves more events. Our proposed heuristic named
minimum possible room left (MRL) results better
than Least Saturated Degree on ITC 2007 and ITC
2002 datasets. For ITC 2002, it scheduled more
events of 14 datasets. For ITC 2007, it scheduled
more events of 15 datasets instance. The result is
shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5. Fig. 4 shows total events
in ITC 2002 dataset instances and the number of
events scheduled by each heuristic using datasets. Fig. 5 shows the same for ITC 2007 data set. It can
be observed that overall, our proposed heuristic
schedules more events. The least saturated degree
solves 2nd most events for all instances. It is
observed that Min room scheduled more events than
other LLH in most cases with a lesser soft
constraint violation. Optimization: The second step of the proposed method is to
improve the quality of the initial solution. The
mutation operator prevents fast convergence of the
algorithm and presumably trapping in local
minimums. Fig. 3 shows the optimization process in
algorithmic form. For now, only one structure is
used that “Randomly select an event and replace it
on any new timeslot and room that must not cause
any hard constraint violation and improves the soft
constraint violation”. Another action that is
considered to control slow convergence is to replace
the particle that may not improve after several
iterations with the gbest at that iteration. Figure 5. Number of events scheduled by each
low-level heuristic on ITC 2007 data instances
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
Events
MRL
SD
LE
LWD
LDF
data instances ITC 2007 Results: The results are divided into three groups i.e.,
the effectiveness of low-level heuristics, factors that
affect the output, testing the methodology on
standard datasets (ITC 2007, ITC 2002). The results
are further compared with previously proposed
techniques using the same data sets. Figure 4. Number of events scheduled by each
low-level heuristic on ITC 2002 data instances
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Events
MRL
SD
LE
LWD
LDF
data instances ITC 2002 Figure 5. Number of events scheduled by each
low-level heuristic on ITC 2007 data instances Moreover, the effect of different parameters
and their impact on output is analyzed. These
factors are divided into two parts: dataset factors
and algorithmic factors. Different dataset factors
can increase/decrease the complexity of dataset
instances. The values of these factors may affect the
quality of the timetable. Table II holds the values of
data sets i.e., number of students, number of events,
number of rooms, and number of features required
by events and may be held by rooms. It is observed
from the experiments that events that require more
room features may cause difficulty in improvement. As there may have less set of possible rooms for
each event available in the partial timetable. Dataset
instances that have more students and fewer events
may have a greater number of conflicts involved. It
may cause a problem in the improvement phase due
to more conflict density. Figure 4. Number of events scheduled by each
low-level heuristic on ITC 2002 data instances This research used seven low-level heuristics. We
have used a single heuristic on all dataset instances
of ITC 2002 and ITC 2007 and calculated the
number of events scheduled by a single heuristic
without violating any hard constraint. It is observed
that our proposed heuristic that is “min room” has
scheduled more events with no hard constraint
violation than other heuristics. It was previously
proved in the literature that Least Saturated Degree 1470 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 Table 2. Comparison: HH PSO results given in table 4 and table 5
are compared with some well-known previously
proposed methods
13–16,18,22–24. We considered
minimum soft constraint violation (SCV) that is
mentioned by some state of art methods on ITC
2007 and ITC 2002 results. The results are
calculated on 15 runs of the algorithm on every data
instance. Algorithmic Factors: Algorithmic Factors: The population size of the particle has a greater
effect on the output of PSO. From experiments and
previous studies, we have executed our algorithm
on 5, 10, and 20 particles. It is observed that HH
PSO produced better results on 20 particles. Algorithmic Factors: In PSO, there are certain parameters. Their
values have a greater effect on algorithm
performance. Table 3 holds the values of
parameters used in this research. Size of Swarm: Table 3. PSO Parameter Values used in Experiments
Attribute
Values
Initialization method
Supervised with random
Swarm Size
20
Max iteration
50, 100
Cognitive and social ratio
2:2
Inertia weight
0.75, 0.6
Data sets
ITC 2002 and ITC 2007 Table 3. PSO Parameter Values used in Experiments Table 3. PSO Parameter Values used in Experiments methodology that produces feasible solutions even
on the initial level. methodology that produces feasible solutions even
on the initial level. Number of Iterations Number of Iterations Exploration and exploitation of PSO can be
affected by the number of iterations. We have used
50 and 100 iterations. Even on 50 iterations
improvement in solution is achieved in this
research. Social and cognitive factors Typical values of social and cognitive
factors are used in this research. Results: Comparison of data instances of ITC 2002 and ITC 2007
Data
Number of events
Number of students
Number of rooms
Number of features
data set
ITC 2002
ITC 2007
ITC 2002
ITC 2007
ITC 2002
ITC 2007
ITC 2002
ITC 2007
1
400
400
200
500
10
10
10
10
2
400
400
200
500
10
10
10
10
3
400
200
200
1000
10
20
10
10
4
400
200
300
1000
10
20
5
10
5
350
400
300
300
10
20
10
20
6
350
400
300
300
10
20
5
20
7
350
200
350
500
10
20
5
20
8
400
200
250
500
10
20
5
20
9
440
400
220
500
11
10
6
20
10
400
400
200
500
10
10
5
20
11
400
200
220
1000
10
10
6
10
12
400
200
200
1000
10
10
5
10
13
400
400
250
300
10
20
6
10
14
350
400
350
300
10
20
5
10
15
350
200
300
500
10
10
10
20
16
440
200
220
500
11
10
6
20
17
350
100
300
500
10
10
10
10
18
400
200
200
500
10
10
10
10
19
400
300
300
1000
10
10
5
10
20
350
400
300
1000
10
10
5
10
21
N/A
500
N/A
300
N/A
10
N/A
10
22
N/A
600
N/A
500
N/A
20
N/A
20
23
N/A
400
N/A
1000
N/A
20
N/A
30
24
N/A
400
N/A
1000
N/A
20
N/A
30
Algorithmic Factors:
The population size of the particle has a greater Table 2. Comparison of data instances of ITC 2002 and ITC 2007
Data
Number of events
Number of students
Number of rooms
Num Initialization The iinitialization method plays a great role
in the effective generation of solutions. This
research uses a blend of supervised and random 1471 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access ,
( )
pp
Table 4. Comparison of HH-PSO with state of art methodologies on soft constraints violation of ITC
2002 data set
ITC2002
22
23
24
HH-PSO
1
831
86
79
77
2
577
59
73
250
3
662
116
77
100
4
975
135
175
130
5
792
196
292
326
6
730
11
133
359
7
698
12
170
574
8
610
36
82
383
9
549
46
69
256
10
645
85
83
73
11
953
76
81
72
12
579
134
118
108
13
826
120
103
257
14
796
40
253
377
15
700
25
123
369
16
684
33
64
359
17
856
249
170
148
18
624
57
61
288
19
758
104
186
383
20
697
1
94
33
Table 5. Initialization Comparison of HH-PSO with state of art methodologies on soft constraints violation of ITC
2007 data set
ITC
2007
13
14
15
18
16
HH-PSO
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
1
0
571
0
61
0
1482
0
15
0
1861
0
70
2
0
993
0
547
0
1635
0
0
39
2174
0
50
3
0
164
0
382
0
288
0
391
0
272
0
150
4
0
310
0
529
0
385
0
239
0
425
0
228
5
0
5
0
5
0
559
0
34
0
8
0
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
851
0
87
0
28
0
0
7
0
6
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
13
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
6
0
0
9
0
1560
0
0
0
1947
0
0
162
2733
0
1794
10
0
0
0
0
0
1741
0
0
161
2697
0
160
11
0
2163
0
548
0
240
0
547
0
263
0
230
12
0
178
0
869
0
475
0
32
0
804
0
34
13
0
146
0
0
0
675
0
166
0
285
0
302
14
0
0
0
0
0
864
0
0
0
110
0
390
15
0
1
0
379
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
690
16
0
0
0
191
0
1
0
41
0
132
0
642
17
0
2
0
1
0
5
0
68
0
72
0
10
18
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
26
0
70
0
70
19
0
1824
267
1862
0
1868
0
22
197
2268
0
1571
20
0
445
0
1215
0
596
655
2735
0
878
0
1295
21
0
0
0
0
0
602
0
33
0
40
0
302
22
0
29
0
0
0
1364
0
0
0
889
0
400
23
0
238
0
430
0
688
11
1275
0
436
0
234
24
0
21
0
720
0
822
0
30
0
372
0
562 Table 5. Initialization Comparison of HH-PSO with state of art methodologies on soft constraints violation of ITC
2007 data set
ITC
2007
13
14
15
18
16
HH-PSO
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
HCV
SCV
1
0
571
0
61
0
1482
0
15
0
1861
0
70
2
0
993
0
547
0
1635
0
0
39
2174
0
50
3
0
164
0
382
0
288
0
391
0
272
0
150
4
0
310
0
529
0
385
0
239
0
425
0
228
5
0
5
0
5
0
559
0
34
0
8
0
4
6
0
0
0
0
0
851
0
87
0
28
0
0
7
0
6
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
13
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
6
0
0
9
0
1560
0
0
0
1947
0
0
162
2733
0
1794
10
0
0
0
0
0
1741
0
0
161
2697
0
160
11
0
2163
0
548
0
240
0
547
0
263
0
230
12
0
178
0
869
0
475
0
32
0
804
0
34
13
0
146
0
0
0
675
0
166
0
285
0
302
14
0
0
0
0
0
864
0
0
0
110
0
390
15
0
1
0
379
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
690
16
0
0
0
191
0
1
0
41
0
132
0
642
17
0
2
0
1
0
5
0
68
0
72
0
10
18
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
26
0
70
0
70
19
0
1824
267
1862
0
1868
0
22
197
2268
0
1571
20
0
445
0
1215
0
596
655
2735
0
878
0
1295
21
0
0
0
0
0
602
0
33
0
40
0
302
22
0
29
0
0
0
1364
0
0
0
889
0
400
23
0
238
0
430
0
688
11
1275
0
436
0
234
24
0
21
0
720
0
822
0
30
0
372
0
562 1472 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 It is observed that our proposed methodology is
capable to produce less SCV than already reported
SCV’s on some data sets of ITC 2007 and ITC
2002. Initialization It is experienced that the overall soft
constraint violation of HH PSO is between the
highest and lowest reported SCV. It is experienced
that our proposed method has a distance of
feasibility zero and SCV is less and between the
min-max limit of already reported SCV. Table 4
compares SCV of HH PSO with hyper-heuristic
techniques for ITC 2002. Table 5 compares the hard
constraint violation and soft constraint violation of
HH PSO with techniques that participated in the
ITC 2007 competition. The proposed method
produced lesser SCV on 9 datasets of ITC 2007. model that contains the basic features of UCTP that
are needed by many universities. It is debated
during the research process to write a more general
representation of hard and soft constraints that may
fulfill as many requirements of most universities as
possible. One more possible future direction could
be to propose a more generalized representation of
the university course timetabling problem. Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. Authors' contributions: Zahid Iqbal and Rafia Ilyas designed and directed
the project. Rafia Ilyas performed the experiments. Chan Huah Yang revised the paper. Zahid Iqbal,
Naveed Ahmed and Rafia Ilyas wrote the paper
with input from all authors. Zahid Iqbal did the
proofreading. All authors contributed the final
manuscript. Naveed Ahmed and Rafia Ilyas wrote the paper
with input from all authors. Zahid Iqbal did the
proofreading. All authors contributed the final
manuscript. Conclusion and Future Work: - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. This research proposes a hyper-heuristic-
based particle swarm optimizer for UCTP. Hyper
heuristics are high-level methods that may select or
generate or select low-level heuristics (LLH) for
problem-solving. In this research, PSO is used as a
higher-level methodology. Seven LLH are used. While one new LLH is proposed. We name it “least
possible rooms left”. It is concluded that HH PSO
can generate a feasible solution for all data set
instances of ITC 2002 and ITC 2007. HH PSO has
the capacity to generate a feasible solution at the
first stage that helps the algorithm to escape local
minimums. When evaluating the performance of
individual low-level heuristics, it is concluded that
“least possible rooms left” have the potential to
schedule more events than other LLH’s. Therefore,
we have used “least possible rooms” and “least
saturated degree” in the first phase of solution
construction to decrease the complexity of the
dataset. It is concluded that this approach helps to
construct feasible solutions. It is concluded that the
increasing number of features required by events
may increase the complexity of the dataset. The
datasets that have a smaller number of rooms with a
greater number of features are hard to solve. It is
also concluded that datasets with a lesser number of
events, but a greater number of students have
greater conflict density. That may make the datasets
hard to solve. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Universiti Sains
Malaysia. Open Access
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timetabling. Ann Oper Res. 2016; الحل الفعال للجدول الزمني للمحاضرات الجامعية باستخدام محسن سرب الجسيمات
استناداً على منهجية
اإلرشاد
العالي
زاهد إقبال 1,2*
رافيا إلياس2
هوا يونغ تشان1
نافيد أحمد2
1
، كلية علوم الحاسوب ، يونيفرسيتي سينز ماليزيا11800
.، بوالو بينانج ، ماليزيا
2قسم علوم الحاسوب ، جامعة جوجرات ، غوجرات ، باكستان. 1
، كلية علوم الحاسوب ، يونيفرسيتي سينز ماليزيا11800
.، بوالو بينانج ، ماليزيا
2قسم علوم الحاسوب ، جامعة جوجرات ، غوجرات ، باكستان. ا:
عادة ما تكون مشكلة( الجدول الزمني للمحاضرات الجامعيةUCTP
) هي مشكلة تحسين اإلندماجية. يستغرق األمر جهود يدوية لعدة أيام
للوصول إلى جدول زمني مفيد ، وال تزال النتائج غير جيدة بما يكفي. تُستخدم طرق مختلفة من (اإلرشاد أو اإلرشاد المساعد) لحلUCTP
بشكل مناسب. لكن هذه األساليب عا دةً ما تعطي حلول محدودة. يعالج إطار العمل االسترشادي العالي هذه المشكلة المعقدة بشكل مناسب. يقترح
هذا البحث استخدام محسن سرب الجسيمات استنادا على منهجية اإلرشاد العالي (HH PSO)
لمعالجة مشكلة الجدول الزمني للمحاضرات
( الجامعيةUCTP
) . محسن سرب الجسيماتPSO
ي ستخدام كطريقة ذات مستوى عالي لتحديد تسلسل االستدالل ذي المستوى المنخفض
(
LLH
) والذي من ناحية أخرى يستطيع توليد الحل األمثل. Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 School of Computer
Science and Information Technology. University of
Nottingham. 2012. 24. Rattadilok P. An investigation and extension of a
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H, Burke EK. Effective learning hyper-heuristics for
the course timetabling problem. Eur J Oper Res. 2014
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General CSP Solver. ITC-2007 Track2. 2007. 26. Jonasson J, Norgren E. Investigating a Genetic
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186364 15. Chiarandini M, Fawcett C, Hoos HH. A modular
multiphase heuristic solver for post enrolment course
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effective hybrid local search approach for the post
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combination of PSO and local search in university
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and Technology, ICCET 2009. 2009. p. 492–5. gy
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Baghdad S
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475
Bioinformatics)
[Internet]. Springer,
Berlin,
Heidelberg; 2013 [cited 2021 Oct 17]. p. 256–65. Available
from:
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-
37213-1_27 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
2021, 18(4) Supplement: 1465-1475 لنهج المقترح يقسم الحل إلى مرحلتين (المرحلة األولية ومرحلة التحسين). قمنا
بتطويرLLH
جديد يسمى "أقل عدد ممكن من الغرف المتبقية" لجدولة األحداث. يتم استخدام مجموعتي بيانات مسابقة الجدول الزمني الدولية
(ITC)
ITC 2002
وITC 2007
لتقييم الطريقة المقترحة. تشير النتائج األولية إلى أن اإلرشاد منخفض المستوى المقترح يساعد في
جدولة األحداث في الم رحلة األولية. بالمقارنة معLLH
األخرى ، الطريقةLLH
المقترحة جدولت المزيد من األحداث لـ14
و15
من
حاالت البيانات من24
و20
حالة بيانات منITC
2002
وITC 2007
، على التوالي. تظهر الدراسة التجريبية أنHH PSO
تحصل على
معدل خرق أقل للقيود في سبع وستة حاالت ب يانات منITC
2007
وITC 2002
، على التوالي. واستنتج هذا البحث أنLLH
المقترحة
.يمكن أن تحصل على حل معقول ومالئم إذا تم تحديد األولويات :الكلمات المفتاحية
الجدول الزمني التلقائي ،اإلرشاد العالي ، مُحس ِّن سرب الجسيمات 1475 | 9,388 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6674/3812 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Organofluorines, as a pollutant, belongs to a group of substances which are very difficult to
neutralize. They are part of many products of everyday use and for this reason they pollute the environment
in large quantities. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids are entered into the list of the “Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants” in order to minimize the load on the environment by significantly reducing
their use, up to their complete rejection. The DD4 strain was isolated from the soil by the enrichment method
and identified using 16S rRNA method as Pseudomonas plecoglossicida. It is able to metabolize
perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as the only carbon source in Raymond nutrient medium with a concentration
of 1000 mg/l with the release of 132 mg/l fluorine ions. In tests conducted on the biological decomposition
of perfluorooctanoic acid, it was possible to quantify its residues using tandem LCMS-IT-TOF. The
presented results characterize the Pseudomonas plecoglossicida DD4 strain actively utilized PFOA as the
sole carbon source, which characterizes it as a candidate for the creation of biological products aimed at the
utilization of organofluorine pollutants. Biodegradation, Defluorination, LCMS-IT-TOF, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Pseudomonas Keywords: Biodegradation, Defluorination, LCMS-IT-TOF, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Pseudomonas
plecoglossicida Keywords: Biodegradation, Defluorination, LCMS-IT-TOF, Perfluorooctanoic acid, Pseudomonas
plecoglossicida DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6825 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6825 Baghdad Science Journal
2 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Baghdad Science Journal
2 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Received 10/12/2021, Accepted 27/7/2022, Published Online First 15/11/2021, Published 5/12/2022 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Biodegradation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid by Pseudomonas Plecoglossicida
Strain DD4 Sharipov Danil A.* Chetverikov Sergey P. Ufa Institute of Biology of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Ufa. Ufa Institute of Biology of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Ufa. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: [email protected] *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: [email protected] Received 10/12/2021, Accepted 27/7/2022, Published Online First 15/11/2021, Published 5/12/2022 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access perfluorinated carbons, PFSAs with more than 6
perfluorinated
carbons
and
their
predecessor
particularly PFOA and PFOS 6-8. Materials and Methods: The studied strain was isolated from the soil
of the enterprise for the production of halogen-
containing herbicides (Republic of Bashkortostan,
Russia). The ability to accumulate in nature 4 and
toxicity can have enormous negative consequences. The ability to accumulate in nature 4 and
toxicity can have enormous negative consequences. It is for this reason that regulations on the control of
PFOS, PFOC (as well as other PAS) are adopted,
mainly in developed countries 6. They are also listed
(PFOS) or are candidates for listing (PFOA) in the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic
Chemicals. Soil Sample Collection Sample
procedure
was
carried
out
according to the literature with slight modification
22. Composite samples from contaminated soils at
depth 0-15 cm, were collected from the point
coordinates N 54°84'80.4, E 56°10'16.0". Soil
samples were well mixed, excluding stones and
foreign objects. Then, they were sieved using a 2
mm sieve and kept in a cool place for analysis. The
samples were taken aseptically, kept in containers,
and were stored in the refrigerator until further use. The characteristics are presented in Table 1. The current PFOA pollution treatment
usually involves expensive adsorption processes on
activated carbon filters and subsequent combustion,
which can only serve to recycle PFAS back into the
environment 9,10. Known methods of decomposition
of perfluorinated acids are chemical processing,
burning at high temperature, but they are high–cost
and ineffective. These standard recovery strategies
have different levels of effectiveness; in some cases
they increase the risk to health 11-13. Table 1. The main pollutants of the soil (excerpt
from 23)
The Pollutant
Maximum
content in soil,
mg/kg
Chlorobenzene
2670
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
130
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
9,72
Mineral Oils
5100
Copper
580
Lead
2,6
Zinc
206 Table 1. The main pollutants of the soil (excerpt Table 1. The main pollutants of the soil (excerpt
from 23) A milder alternative to the physico-
chemical
variants
of
the
decomposition
of
organofluorine compounds is an environmentally
safe biological method, in the implementation of
which microorganisms minimize the negative
impact of PFOA on the environment 14,15. The
spectrum of PFOA-destructor bacteria is not so
wide. Only a single number of bacterial strains
capable of transforming perfluorocarboxylic acids
are known. A strain of Pseudomonas parafulva
YAB1 is known to have the ability to biodegradate
PFOA. It was able to utilize 32.2% PFOA at its
initial concentration of 500 mg/l 16. Isolation of PFOA-degrading Microorganisms Introduction: carry great risks from the point of view of ecology 3-
5. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs,
CnF2n+1−R) have been produced industrially for
more than 80 years. Due to such properties of
fluorine as large values of electronegativity, and
small sizes of atoms, compounds containing fluor,
in this case we are talking about the perfluoroalkyl
part
(CnF2n+1−),
have
higher
consumer
characteristics, which include high acidity levels,
excellent surfactant properties at low dosages, high
chemical resistance, high repelling capacities of oil
and aqua . There is literally no such sphere left
(including those related to food production) where
these compounds would not be used. On the one
hand, high chemical resistances with excellent
consumer qualities have a certain consumer value. However, the scientific community, in particular,
and the public in general, are concerned about the
potential threat of numerous long-chained PFASs,
which
include
PFCAs
with
more
than
7 The problem of cleaning terrestrial and
aquatic
ecosystems
contaminated
with
toxic
substances
of
unnatural
origin
resistant
to
decomposition is one of the most important tasks of
modern eco-biotechnology. Oil, petroleum products
and pesticides are considered to be the main
traditional
pollutants. Bioremediation
and
biodegradation are successful cleaning procedures
from them. But in terms of resistance, they are
surpassed by halogen organic pollutants
1,2. Halogenated pollutants are at the top of the list of
persistent
organic
pollutants,
in
which
perfluorocarboxylic
acids
(in
particular,
perfluorooctanoic
sulfonic
(PFOS)
and
perfluorooctanoic
acids
(PFOA)),
which
are
included in “Annex B” of the “Stockholm
Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants”,
possess the properties of surfactants. Possible
toxicological effects, coupled with resistance and a
highly probable ability to accumulate in organisms, 2051 Characterization of Bacteria Bacteria
identified
according
to
the
comparison with the characteristics contained in the
Bergey’s manual
25.The bacterial genera were
identified. The isolates were first diagnosed based
on the morphological characteristics of colonies on
culture media, including size, edge, height and
colour. The biochemical tests were carried out. Isolation of PFOA-degrading Microorganisms A
search
of
the
sequences
homologous to the corresponding sequences of the
studied strain in the GenBank database was
performed
by
BLAST
program
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast)
26,
for
the
phylogenetic tree was built with “MEGA7”
program (http://www.megasoftware.net) by the
neighbor-joining method 27 with the Kimura model
28. Terminator v.3.1 kit («Applied Biosystems», USA)
with an ABI PRIZM 3730 automated DNA
Sequencer
(«Applied
Biosystems»,
USA)
in
accordance with the instructions provided by the
manufacturer. A
search
of
the
sequences
homologous to the corresponding sequences of the
studied strain in the GenBank database was
performed
by
BLAST
program
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast)
26,
for
the
phylogenetic tree was built with “MEGA7”
program (http://www.megasoftware.net) by the
neighbor-joining method 27 with the Kimura model
28. Extraction
and
Identification
of
PFOA
Biotransformation Products Identification was done by analyzing the
data of sequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragment. Copies of 16S rRNA were enlarged using a set of
universal
primers,
27F
(5'-
AGAGTTTGATCMTGGCTCAG-3') and 1492R
(5'-TACGGYTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3'). The
polymerase chain reaction was performed in 25 ml
of a mixture consisting of 10 x buffer for Taq
polymerase («Silex», Russia), 0.25 mM dNTP, 1.5
mM MgCl2, 0.4 microns of each primer, 5 units of
act. Taq polymerase («Silex», Russia) and 10 ng of
genomic DNA under the following conditions: 95
°C –5 minutes, 30 s – 94 °C, 30 s – 55 °C, 80 s – 72
°C-30 cycles, 5 min – 72 °C in the «My Cycler»
amplifier («Bio-Rad», USA). Extraction and identification, as well as
quantitative
determination
of
PFOA
biotransformation products in the environment,
were carried out after separation of bacterial cells
by ultrafiltration on “Vivaflow 50” («Sartorius
AG», Germany). Then filtrate (≤3 kDa) was
analyzed on tandem LCMS-IT-TOF chromatograph
mass spectrometer («Shimadzu», Japan) with a
system for the introduction of eluted ions,
quadrupole ion trap, and time-of-flight detector. The
mass spectra were recorded in the negative ion
mode, in the mass range m/z 200-800 a.e.m. and 3.5
kV
of
the
voltage
in
the
detector. For
chromatographic division a “Shim-pak XR-ODS”
column (75 х 2 mm) in isocratic mode with a
solvent ratio 56:44 of ammonium acetate (5 mM in
water) and acetonitrile was used flow rate 0.2
mL/min has been set. The structure of the obtained
substances was determined by the analysis of total
mass spectrometry data based on the degradation of
the molecular ion and comparison with the literature
data 29. To
detect
PCR
products,
we
used
electrophoresis in a horizontal agarose gel (0.8%) in
a TBE x 0.5 buffer (boric acid–5.5 g/l, distilled
water–79.7 ml, EDTA–4 ml/l, Tris base–10.8 g/l) at
room temperature, at a voltage of 5-15 V/cm for 40
minutes. Agarose gels were stained with ethidium
bromide solution (0.5 mcg/ml for 5-10 minutes)
then
photographed in
UV
light
using
the
BioDocAnalyze gel documentation system («Bio-
Rad Laboratories», USA). The following molecular
mass markers were used to determine the size of the
fragments: O'generulertm 100 bp («Fermentas»,
Lithuania), O'generulertm 1 kb DNA Ladder
(«Fermentas», Lithuania) Biodefluorination of PFOA PFOA biodefluorination was evaluated by
the magnification of concentration of fluor ion in
nutrient medium using a fluoride-selective electrode
with a solid-state membrane DX219-F. Purification
of
PCR
products
and
subsequent sequencing PCR was performed using a
set of reagents Big Dye Terminator Cycle
Sequencing Kit («Applied Biosystems», USA)
according to the manufacturer's instructions. Isolation of PFOA-degrading Microorganisms Exemplars of soil were taken from the
territory of an industrial enterprise (Republic of
Bashkortostan, Russia). The sampling was carried
out from contaminated areas; sterile plastic bags
were used for this procedure. To enhance the
bioactivity of soil microorganisms, the samples
were dried in air and stored at a temperature of 4
°C. In order to isolate bacterial strains exhibiting the
ability to biodegrade PFOA, culture enrichment
methods were applied. Raymond's medium was
used for isolation, which consists (g/l) of Na2CO3–
0.1; MgSO4×7H20–0.2; FeSO4×7H2O–0.02; CaCl2–
0.01;
MnSO4×7H2O–0.02;
K2HPO4×3H2O–1.0;
NaH2PO4×3H2O–1.5; NH4Cl–3.0 24, and dissolved
in 1000 ml of distilled water. Then 100 ml of the
previous liquid medium was added to a 250 ml
conical flask and sterilized in an autoclave. Under
septic conditions, 0.1% PFOA (volume/volume)
was added as the only carbon source and 1 g of soil
contaminated with PFOA as the expected source of
soil microorganisms decomposing PFOA, 0.1 ml
was added to each flask, placed on a shaker at 30±2
°C for 10 days. Then the samples were transferred
to Raymond's agarized medium, adding 0.1 ml of It has been shown that several species of
Pseudomonas can decompose perfluorochemical
substances, especially perfluoroalkyl acids, under
aerobic
conditions. The
mixed
culture
of
Pseudomonas was more effective than pure cultures
17. Strain
Acidimicrobium
sp. decomposes
perfluoroalkyl acids anaerobically in the presence of
electron donors 18,19. Enzymatic pathways of PFOA
degradation have been determined for the aerobic
bacterium Delftia acidovorans isolated from a soil
sample contaminated with PFOA 20. It has also been
shown that perfluorooctanoic acid undergoes olefin
carbon deformation by a microbial consortium 21. The aim of the work is to show the
possibility of biological decomposition of PFOA by
fluoridation using a new bacterial strain DD4
isolated from the soil of an enterprise for the
production of halogen-containing herbicides. 2051 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access PFOA. This process was repeated several times
until pure colonies were obtained, and the cultures
were maintained at the same previous stages. Terminator v.3.1 kit («Applied Biosystems», USA)
with an ABI PRIZM 3730 automated DNA
Sequencer
(«Applied
Biosystems»,
USA)
in
accordance with the instructions provided by the
manufacturer. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Isolation and Identification of the Pseudomonas
Plecoglossicida DD4 The DD4 strain studied in this work, which
has the ability to utilize PFOA, was isolated using
standard isolation and enrichment techniques. The
strain grew noticeably on Raymond's mineral
medium, using PFOA as the sole carbon source (0.1
w/v %) at 28°C within 48 h of incubation. The
results of its characterization (Table 2) they are in
good
agreement
with
the
data
30
for
P. g
The nucleotide sequences of functional
genes and the 16S rRNA gene were determined
using a set of reagents Big Dye Terminator Cycle
Sequencing Kit on an automatic sequencer Genetic
Analyser 3500XL («Applied Biosystems», USA). Sequencing of the obtained PCR products
of 16S rRNA gene was performed with a Big Dye 2051 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 The genomic DNA of the isolate was used
for amplification of 16S rDNA by using universal
primers 27F and 1492R by PCR. The resulting
bands were cut and eluted; the DNA thus obtained
was subjected to sequencing. The amplified 16S
rRNA of the bacterial isolate was sequenced and
analyzed by BLAST search in the NCBI public
database. The sequence of approximately 1562 base
pairs of the 16S rRNA gene of the isolate was 99%
identical to that of the 16S rRNA gene of P. plecoglossicida. Based on the sequence similarity,
the strain was designated as P. plecoglossicida DD4
and its 16S rRNA sequence was deposited in the
GenBank database with accession no. MZ723936. determined. The
bacterial
species
P. plecoglossicida, P. juntendi, and P. monteilii were
the closest to the studied sample. The level of
sequence similarity between strains DD4 and P. plecoglossicida NBRC 103162 was 99.86%, with P. juntendi BML3 99.83%, and with P. monteilii
NBRC 103158 - 99.80%. To clarify the phylogenetic position of the
new strain, a comparative analysis of the nucleotide
sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of species
belonging to the genus Pseudomonas was carried
out and a dendrogram was constructed (Fig. 1). From the figure it can be seen that the bacterium P. plecoglossicida DD4 probably belongs to the
species P. plecoglossicida DD4. For the isolated strain, the sequence (1413
bp) of the gene encoding 16S rRNA was Figure 1. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences strain bacteria P. plecoglossicida DD4 and closely related species. Bootstrap values (expressed as percentages of 1000
replications) are shown at the branching points. Bar—two nucleotide substitutions per 1000
nucleotides
In periodical culture the P. Open Access plecoglossicida bacteria in appearance, optimal
growth temperature, and the profile of the substrates
consumed. Thus, according to the totality of
cultural-morphological
and
physiological-
biochemical properties, the strain was initially
presumably identified as P. plecoglossicida DD4. To confirm and accurately identify the bacteria,
sequencing and comparative analysis of the
nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene with
known structures from GenBank were carried out
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank). To confirm and accurately identify the bacteria,
sequencing and comparative analysis of the
nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene with
known structures from GenBank were carried out
(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank). Table 2. Physiological and morphological properties of the investigated strain
Characteristic
Test result
Gram coloring
-
Shape
rods
Mobility
+
Сolony shape
convex
Type of metabolism
respiratory
Catalase
+
Oxidase
+
Hydrolyze lecithin, casein, gelatin and starch
-
Optimum growth range
26-30°C
Optimum pH
6.8-7.2
Optimum concentration of NaCl
0-5 %
Fluorescent pigment
+
Growth at 4°C
-
Growth at 41°C
-
Arginine dihydrolase
+
Denitrification
-
Gelatin liquefaction
-
Lecithinase
-
Lipase
-
Utilization of:
Arabinose
-
Fructose
-
Galactose
-
Glucose
-
Inositol
-
Lactose
-
Levan
-
Maltose
-
Mannitol
+
Mannose
-
Meso-Inositol
+
Potassium Tartrate
+
Rhamnose
-
Sorbitol
-
Starch
-
Sucrose
+
Xylose
+
2-Ketogluconate
+
Citrate
-
Ethanol
-
L-Alanine
-
L-Arginine
-
L-Aspartate
-
L-Histidine
-
L-Leucine
-
L-Lysine
+
L-Valine
-
Malate
+
N-Butanol
-
Propylene Glycol
+
Succinate
- Table 2. Physiological and morphological properties of the investigated strain
Test result Table 2. Physiological and morphological properties of the investigated strai 2050 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 In the next day concentration of
this ingredient in the culture liquid growth and the
compound with m/z 369 a.m.u. after 144 hours of
cultivation in the medium was not detected. 363
a.m.u., according to the mass spectra MS1 and MS2,
it was identified as perfluoroheptanoic acid with a
forerunner ion (m/z 363 a.m.u.) in the mass
spectrum MS1, which splits with the release of the
product-ion with m/z 319 a.m.u. in the mass
spectrum MS2. During the conversion of the
perfluorinated substrate, free fluorine ions were
released into the medium, and the onset of release
was noted at 22-24 hours, followed by an increase
up to 96 hours to a concentration of 132 mg/L. Figure 2. Dependence of the OD590 values of the
culture fluid (1) and the concentrations of PFOA
(2), free fluorine ions (3) in it, depending on the
time of cultivation of P. plecoglossicida DD4 in a
batch culture. Perfluoroheptane acid which is formed
during biological defluorination was found in
nutrient medium in end of cultivating and was
recognized by a decomposed acidic ion. The PFOA
biodefluorination scheme at a concentration of 1000
mg/L, in which fluoride ions accumulate in the
medium to a concentration of 132 mg/L (which
corresponds to the removal of four fluorine ions
from one PFOA molecule), is shown in Fig.4. Further destruction of perfluorinated compounds is
probably inhibited by fluorine ions were emitted for
the nutrient medium, and the mechanism of
biodefluorination is similar to the case with the P. plecoglossicida 2.4-D strain 31, only in a more
dynamic variation. Other well-known publications
on microbial destruction and biodefluorination of
perfluorocarboxylic
acids
do
not
disclose
intermediate metabolites 32-34. The Pseudomonas plecoglossicida DD4
strain actively destroy PFOA a sole source of
carbon and energy in batch culture. Analysis of
PFOA
concentration
decrease
in
the
P. plecoglossicida DD4 culture liquid in dynamics
showed that the first day was the period of
adaptation of the culture to the substrate or there
was a process of accumulation of the necessary
enzymes. Subsequently, there was a linear growth
in the consumption of the substrate. In this case, the
optical density began to increase after 48 hours of
cultivation, reaching a maximum value on the third
day of cultivation. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 plecoglossicida
DD4 actively destroy PFOA as the only source of
energy and carbon (Fig 2)
The highest optical density of the culture
liquid fell on the 6th day of growth when cultivated
on PFOA (0 81 OD)
Pseudomonas wadenswilerensis CCOS864 (LT009706)
Pseudomonas donghuensis HYS (AJJP01000212)
Pseudomonas huaxiensis WCHPs060044 (MH428812)
Pseudomonas alkylphenolica KL28 (CP009048)
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae ICMP5940 (BATG01000120)
Pseudomonas asplenii ATCC23835 (LT629777)
Pseudomonas japonica NBRC103040 (BBIR01000146)
Pseudomonas putida NBRC14164 (AP013070)
Pseudomonas cremoricolorata IAM1541 (AB060137)
Pseudomonas reidholzensis CCOS865 (LT009707)
Pseudomonas sichuanensis WCHPs060039 (QKVM01000121)
Pseudomonas laurentiana GSL010 (KY471137)
Pseudomonas graminis DSM11363 (Y11150)
Pseudomonas moorei RW10 (AM293566)
Pseudomonas mohnii DSM18327 (FNRV01000001)
Pseudomonas laurylsulfativorans AP322 (MF554631)
Pseudomonas baetica a390 (FM201274)
Pseudomonas soli F279208 (HF930598)
Pseudomonas mosselii CIP105259 (AF072688)
Pseudomonas entomophila L48 (CT573326)
Pseudomonas guariconensis LMG27394 (FMYX01000029)
Pseudomonas taiwanensis BCRC17751 (EU103629)
Pseudomonas asiatica RYU5 (MH517510)
Pseudomonas parafulva NBRC16636 (BBIU01000051)
Pseudomonas fulva NBRC16637 (BBIQ01000036)
Pseudomonas seleniipraecipitans LMG25475 (FNBM01000016)
Pseudomonas flavescens LMG18387 (FNDG01000047)
Pseudomonas juntendi BML3 (MK680061)
Pseudomonas monteilii NBRC103158 (BBIS01000088)
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NBRC103162 (BBIV01000080)
strain DD4
100
84
78
72
100
99
72
52
78
70
80
92
52
60
87
71
58
74
0.002 Figure 1. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences strain bacteria P. plecoglossicida DD4 and closely related species. Bootstrap values (expressed as percentages of 1000
replications) are shown at the branching points. Bar—two nucleotide substitutions per 1000
nucleotides The highest optical density of the culture
liquid fell on the 6th day of growth when cultivated
on PFOA (0.81 OD). In periodical culture the P. plecoglossicida
DD4 actively destroy PFOA as the only source of
energy and carbon (Fig. 2). 2051 Baghdad Science Journal
2 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 Open Access Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 Figure 2. Dependence of the OD590 values of the
culture fluid (1) and the concentrations of PFOA
(2), free fluorine ions (3) in it, depending on the
time of cultivation of P. plecoglossicida DD4 in a
batch culture. 1
3
2 1
3
2 compound was found whose molecular ion
corresponds to m/z 369 a.m.u., which is perhaps in
the issue of the ablation of carbon dioxide (m/z 44
a.m.u.) of carboxyl (Fig. 3b). After 72 hours of
cultivation in the ultrafiltrate, a compound was
found whose molecular ion had an m/z ratio of 363
a.m.u. (Fig. 3c). P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
the data of phylogenetic analysis, the DD4 strain
was identified to the species It was found that the
recommend the strain for use in biotechnologies
aimed to the decomposition of organofluorine Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
the data of phylogenetic analysis, the DD4 strain
was identified to the species. It was found that the
b
t i P
d
l
l
i id DD4 h d th
recommend the strain for use in biotechnologies
aimed to the decomposition of organofluorine
d
t
t
t th
i
t Th P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 The conversion of PFOA was accompanied
by the extrication fluorine ions into the medium;
during cultivation, their concentration reached 132
mg/L of the culture fluid, the onset of extrication
was correlated the onset of a linear reduction of the
PFOA concentration. Thus,
at
the
end
of
cultivation,
perfluoroheptanoic acid identified by decomposed
acid ion was detected in nutrient medium. The
results obtained suggested the following scheme for
the destruction of PFOA (Fig. 4). The release of the
fluorine ion into the medium may have a retarding
effect on further destruction of intermediary
fluorinated compounds by the strain under study 33. Currently,
HPLC
with
tandem
mass
spectrometry
is
mostly
applied
method for
analyzing perfluorocarboxylic acids as anionic
substances
(including
PFOA). Perfluorinated
organic acids are neutral and poorly biodegradable. Decomposed acid ion is usually observed during
liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry of
an anionic perfluorated compounds. Strain DD4
actively grew on nutrient medium with PFOA as the
sole carbon source, achieving maximum OD of
bacterial suspension post 70-75 hours of cultivation
with its decomposition in 96 hours. During
chromatographic analysis with mass spectrometry, a
decomposed PFOA ion was observed in the initial
culture liquid (a molecular ion with an m/z ratio of
413
a.m.u.),
characteristic
of
anionic
perfluorocompounds (Fig. 3a). After 24 hours, a Assay of literature on microbial destruction
of perfluorooctanesulfonic and perfluorooctanoic
acids showed that the amount of strains of
microorganisms capable of using them is extremely
limited. The P. aeruginosa HJ4 strain 32 and the
phylogenetically close P. parafulva YAB1 strain 34
have been described. So, in the issue of research carried out in a
combination
of
cultural-morphological,
physiological-biochemical characteristics, as well as 2051 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
the data of phylogenetic analysis, the DD4 strain
was identified to the species. It was found that the
bacteria Pseudomonas plecoglossicida DD4 had the
unique ability to use PFOA as sole source of energy
and carbon. The results obtained make it possible to
recommend the strain for use in biotechnologies
aimed to the decomposition of organofluorine
compounds to protect the environment. They can
also be a base for further research of the adaptive
and destructive potential of bacteria. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: Suppl. Conclusions: A new strain DD4, a representative of the species P. plecoglossicida, capable of partial mineralization of
PFOA by defluorination has been described. The
strain P. plecoglossicida DD4 is recommended for
use
in
biotechnology
transformation
of
organofluorine
compounds
to
protect
the
environment. A new DD4 strain, a representative of
the Pseudomonas plecoglossicida species, capable
of partial mineralization of perfluorinated organic
compounds (using the example of perfluorooctanoic
acid (PFOA)), has been described by deftoring. The
biological
decomposition
of
PFOA
at
its
concentration up to 1000 mg/l was confirmed by
HPLC-MS/MS and potentiometry using a fluoride-
selective electrode with the release of 132 mg/l
fluorine ions. The strain P. plecoglossicida DD4 is
recommended
for
use
in
biotechnology
transformation of organofluorine compounds to
protect the environment. 5. Choi GH, Lee DY, Jeong DK, Kuppusamy S, Lee YB,
Park BJ et al. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and
perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations
in the South Korean agricultural environment: a
national survey. J Integr Agric. 2017; 16(8): 1841–
1851. doi:10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61585-X 6. Sznajder-Katarzyńska K, Surma M, Cieślik I. A
Review of Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) in terms of
sources, applications, human exposure, dietary intake,
toxicity,
legal
regulation,
and
methods
of
determination. J
Chem. 2019;
2019:
1–21. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2717528 7. Savoca D, Pace A. Bioaccumulation, biodistribution,
toxicology and biomonitoring of organofluorine
compounds in aquatic organisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;
22(12): 6276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126276 8. Dhore R, Murthy GS. Per/polyfluoroalkyl substances
production, applications and environmental impacts. Bioresour
Technol. 2021;
341:
125808. doi:
10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125808. Epub 2021 Aug 22. PMID: 34455249. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 Figure 4. Biodefluorination of PFOA by strain P. plecoglossicida DD4 (proposed scheme). - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Ufa Federal
Research Centre of the Russian Academy of
Sciences. Authors' contributions statement: Sh. DA. and Ch. SP. contributed to the
design and implementation of the research, to the
analysis of the results and to the writing of the
manuscript. References: 1. Raheem SS, Al-Dossary MA, Al-Saad HT. Laboratory
Study for biodegradation of oxymatrine insecticide by
single and mixed cultures of fungi isolated from
agriculture soils in Basrah Governorate, Iraq. Baghdad
Sci
J. 2019;
16(1):
10–17. doi:10.21123/bsj.16.1.0010. 1. Raheem SS, Al-Dossary MA, Al-Saad HT. Laboratory
Study for biodegradation of oxymatrine insecticide by
single and mixed cultures of fungi isolated from
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10–17. doi:10.21123/bsj.16.1.0010. 2. Noor MJ, Alaa KM, Estabriq HK. Bioremediation of
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Stockholm
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Organic
Pollutants on the work of its fourth meeting, 4-8 May
(2009). UNEP/POPS/COP.4/38. Geneva: Stockholm
Convention Secretariat. P. 66–69 Figure 4. Biodefluorination of PFOA by strain P. plecoglossicida DD4 (proposed scheme). 4. Sedlak MD, Benskin JP, Wong A, Grace R, Greig DJ. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in San
Francisco Bay wildlife: temporal trends, exposure
pathways, and notable presence of precursor
compounds. Chemosphere. 2017; 185: 1217–1226. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.096. Epub 2017
Apr 21. Open Access recommend the strain for use in biotechnologies
aimed to the decomposition of organofluorine
compounds to protect the environment. They can
also be a base for further research of the adaptive
and destructive potential of bacteria. the data of phylogenetic analysis, the DD4 strain
was identified to the species. It was found that the
bacteria Pseudomonas plecoglossicida DD4 had the
unique ability to use PFOA as sole source of energy
and carbon. The results obtained make it possible to recommend the strain for use in biotechnologies
aimed to the decomposition of organofluorine
compounds to protect the environment. They can
also be a base for further research of the adaptive
and destructive potential of bacteria. unique ability to use PFOA as sole source of energy
and carbon. The results obtained make it possible to
also be a base for further research of the adaptive
and destructive potential of bacteria. m/z 413
(a)
(d)
(b)
(e)
(c)
Figure 3. Mass chromatograms of ultrafiltrates of the culture fluid of P. plecoglossicida DD4 after 0
(a), 24 (b), 72 (c) hours of cultivation in a periodical culture and mass spectra of the MS1 (d), MS2 (e)
component with m/z 363. m/z 413
m/z 369
m/z 363
m/z 369
m/z 413 m/z 413 m/z 413 (a) (d)
(e) (b)
m/z 413
m/z 369 (e) (c)
m/z 363
m/z 369
m/z 413 (c) ( )
Figure 3. Mass chromatograms of ultrafiltrates of the culture fluid of P. plecoglossicida DD4 after 0
(a), 24 (b), 72 (c) hours of cultivation in a periodical culture and mass spectra of the MS1 (d), MS2 (e)
component with m/z 363. 2051 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511
Figure 4. Biodefluorination of PFOA by strain P. plecoglossicida DD4 (proposed scheme). Conclusions:
- Ethical Clearan
the local ethi
Research Cent
Sciences. Authors' contrib
Sh. DA. design and implem
analysis of the re
manuscript. References:
1. Raheem SS, Al-D
Study for biodeg
single and mixe
agriculture soil
Baghdad
Sci
doi:10.21123/bsj
2. Noor MJ, Alaa K
petroleum hydro
piles system. Ba
doi:10.21123/BS
3. Report of the
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Pollutants on the
(2009). UNEP/P
Convention Secre
4. Sedlak MD, Bens
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Francisco Bay w
h
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10.1021/acs.est.9b04047. Epub 2019 Sep 18. 31. Chetverikov S, Sharipov D, Korshunova T, Loginov
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al. Electrochemical destruction and mobilization of
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sulfonate (PFOS) in saturated soil. Chemosphere. 2022; 287: 132205. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere. 2021. 132205. Epub 2021 Sep 10. PMID: 34563764. 25. Holt JG, Kreig NR, Sneath PHA, Staley JT, Williams
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7(2):
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10.1016/j.synbio.2022.02.005. eCollection 2022 Jun. 33. Yi L, Chai LY, Xie Y, Peng QJ, Peng Q.Z. Isolation,
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PFOA degrading strain. Genet Mol Res. 2016; 15(2). doi: 10.4238/gmr.15028043. 21. Yu Y, Zhang K , Li Z , Ren C , Chen J, Lin YH. Microbial cleavage of C‐F bonds in two C6 per‐ and
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microorganisms in biological wastewater treatment 2025 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
systems. Water Res. 2009; 43(13): 3177-86. doi:
10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032. Epub 2009 May 3. التحلل البيولوجي لحمض البيرفلوروكتانويك بواسطة ساللة بليكوغلوسيسيدا الزائفة دي دي4
تشيتفيريكوف سيرجي ب
شاريبوف دانيال أ
معهد
أوفا للبيولوجيا التابع لمركز أوفا الفيدرالي للبحوث التابع لألكاديمية الروسية للعلوم ، أوفا
:الخالصة
تنتمي الفلورينات العضوية ، كملوث ، إلى مجموعة من المواد التي يصعب للغاية تحييدها. إنها جزء من العديد من منتجات
االستخدام اليومي ولهذا السبب تلوث البيئة بكم يات كبيرة. يتم إدخال األحماض الكربوكسيلية المشبعة بالفلور في قائمة "اتفاقية استكهولم بشأن
الملوثات العضوية الثابتة" من أجل تقليل الحمل على البيئة عن طريق الحد بشكل كبير من استخدامها ، حتى رفضها الكامل. تم عزل ساللة دي
دي1 من التربة بطريقة التخصيب وتم تحدي دها باستخدام طريقة الرنا الريباسي21
ثانية على أنها بسيودوموناس بليكوغلوسيسيدا. وهي قادرة
على استقالب حمض البيرفلوروكتانويك (بفوا) كمصدر الكربون الوحيد في ريمون المغذيات المتوسطة مع تركيز2555
ملغ/لتر مع االفراج
عن211
ملغ/لتر أيونات الفلور. في االختبارات التي أجريت على التحلل البيولوجي لحمض البيرفلوروكتانويك ، كان من الممكن تحديد بقاياه
باستخدام الترادف لممس-إيت-
توف. النتائج المقدمة تميز الزائفة بليكوغلوسيسيدا دد1
، ساللة تستخدم بنشاط بفوا كمصدر الكربون الوحيد
الذي يميزه كمرشح لخلق المنتجات البيولوجية الت
ي تهدف إلى استخدام الملوثات العضوية الفلورية. ال كلمات
المفتاحية:
،التحلل البيولوجي، إزالة الفلورة مطياف الكتلةLCMS-IT-TOF
,حمض البيرفلوروكتانويك، الزائفة بليكوغلوسيسيدا Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
systems. Water Res. 2009; 43(13): 3177-86. doi:
10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032. Epub 2009 May 3. التحلل البيولوجي لحمض البيرفلوروكتانويك بواسطة ساللة بليكوغلوسيسيدا الزائفة دي دي4
تشيتفيريكوف سيرجي ب
شاريبوف دانيال أ
معهد
أوفا للبيولوجيا التابع لمركز أوفا الفيدرالي للبحوث التابع لألكاديمية الروسية للعلوم ، أوفا P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: Suppl. November 2022 2022, 19(6): 1502-1511 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
systems. Water Res. 2009; 43(13): 3177-86. doi:
10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032. Epub 2009 May 3. التحلل البيولوجي لحمض البيرفلوروكتانويك بواسطة ساللة بليكوغلوسيسيدا الزائفة دي دي4
تشيتفيريكوف سيرجي ب
شاريبوف دانيال أ
عهد
أوفا للبيولوجيا التابع لمركز أوفا الفيدرالي للبحوث التابع لألكاديمية الروسية للعلوم ، أوفا 10.1016/j.watres.2009.04.032. Epub 2009 May 3. systems. Water Res. 2009; 43(13): 3177-86. doi: التحلل البيولوجي لحمض البيرفلوروكتانويك بواسطة ساللة بليكوغلوسيسيدا الزائفة دي دي4
تشيتفيريكوف سيرجي ب
شاريبوف دانيال أ
هد
أوفا للبيولوجيا التابع لمركز أوفا الفيدرالي للبحوث التابع لألكاديمية الروسية للعلوم ، أوفا :الخالصة
تنتمي الفلورينات العضوية ، كملوث ، إلى مجموعة من المواد التي يصعب للغاية تحييدها. إنها جزء من العديد من منتجات
االستخدام اليومي ولهذا السبب تلوث البيئة بكم يات كبيرة. يتم إدخال األحماض الكربوكسيلية المشبعة بالفلور في قائمة "اتفاقية استكهولم بشأن
الملوثات العضوية الثابتة" من أجل تقليل الحمل على البيئة عن طريق الحد بشكل كبير من استخدامها ، حتى رفضها الكامل. تم عزل ساللة دي
دي1 من التربة بطريقة التخصيب وتم تحدي دها باستخدام طريقة الرنا الريباسي21
ثانية على أنها بسيودوموناس بليكوغلوسيسيدا. وهي قادرة
على استقالب حمض البيرفلوروكتانويك (بفوا) كمصدر الكربون الوحيد في ريمون المغذيات المتوسطة مع تركيز2555
ملغ/لتر مع االفراج
عن211
ملغ/لتر أيونات الفلور. في االختبارات التي أجريت على التحلل البيولوجي لحمض البيرفلوروكتانويك ، كان من الممكن تحديد بقاياه
باستخدام الترادف لممس-إيت-
توف. النتائج المقدمة تميز الزائفة بليكوغلوسيسيدا دد1
، ساللة تستخدم بنشاط بفوا كمصدر الكربون الوحيد
الذي يميزه كمرشح لخلق المنتجات البيولوجية الت
ي تهدف إلى استخدام الملوثات العضوية الفلورية. 2022 | 6,349 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6825/4177 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: This research presents a statistical study of radiation generated from communication towers in the
Nineveh Plain region Baghdeda. The intensity of radiation energy was measured at 10 meters away from the
communication tower in different locations, using a (1PC XH-901 Dosimeter/ Personal Dose Alarm /
Radiation Detector, dosage rate: 0.01 μSv/h to 150μSv/h) to measure the amount of radiation at various
times. Energy densities were measured and compared with standard limits provided by other authorities, such
as the International Committee for Radiation Protection. Results were analyzed using SPSS version 26 to
implement the data. The results show that the means of the radiation levels measured at all the zones do not
statistically differ from the highest values determined globally 0.50-1.70 μSv/y; they lie within the radiation-
free zones. Civilians may not always have a choice where the mobile tower will place. As a result, it may
rely on some quick fixes, such as certified radiation protection items that offer all-around protection from
mobile tower irradiance. The radiation shielding technology used in these goods alters the nature of
irradiation from a constant to a variable waveform, rendering it useless. Keywords: Communication towers, Nineveh Plain region, P-value, Radiation, Statistical SPSS DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.6889 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.6889 [email protected], Received 1/1/2022, Revised 17/7/2022, Accepted 19/7/2022, Published Online First 20/1/2023,
Published 1/8/2023 A Statistical Study of the Amount of Radiation Generated from Communication
Towers in the Nineveh Plain Region, Baghdeda Ilham M. Yacoob1 Raed Sabeeh Karyakos1 1Department of Mathematics, College of Education, University of Al-Hamdaniya, Mosul, Iraq. 2Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Hamdaniya, Mosul, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail
addresses:
[email protected],
raga.habash
[email protected] 1Department of Mathematics, College of Education, University of Al-Hamdaniya, Mosul, Iraq. 2Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Hamdaniya, Mosul, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E
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dd
ilh
@
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d
i
d i
h b Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Introduction: The
study also found a connection between specific mobile tower irradiation and major human health
difficulties 12. Where the radiation levels measured
globally are from 0.50-1.70 μSv/y 13. Major papers
conducted by the U.S National Toxicology
Programed (NTP) 14 and the Ramazzini Institute in
Italy subjected a group of laboratory rats to RF
waves several times a day 15, beginning before
conception and continuing for the majority or even
all their natural lifetimes, they found groups of rats
had a higher hazard of malignant schwannomas,
which
are
rare
cardiac
tumors,
in
both
investigations, whereas female mice were not. The
study also found a connection between specific brains and adrenal cancers and an elevated death
rate 16-18. The goal of this study is to calculate and a
statistical study of the amount of radiation
generated from communications towers in the
Nineveh Plain region Baghdeda and the extent of its
impact on the health of people and the environment. Introduction: radiation; ionizing irradiation, which includes X-
rays, and non-ionizing radiation includes mobile
phone rays, computer radiation, desktop radiation,
iPad radiation, TV radiation, and rays from Wi-Fi
routers and networks boosters. Considering the
dangerous radiation emitted by mobile towers near
our houses 8-10. Mobile rays and mobile tower
irradiation cause cancer in specialists, academics,
and other clinicians. They're all aware of the
negative side effects of radiation released by Wi-Fi
devices, such as cell phones, mobile phone towers,
or other mobile electronic devices. According to the
World Health Organization (WHO) 11, such rays
can cause damage to the human brain and lead to
cancer when exposed to them for long durations,
putting them in the same classification as fumes and
pollution. Besides the WHO's substantial proof of a
link between electromagnetic waves and cancers, a
few occurrences have established the link between In recent decades, the widespread use of
cell phones has led to an enormous increase in cell
phone towers placed in communities. These towers
have electronic equipment and antennas that
transmit cell phone signals using radiofrequency
waves 1-4. The radiation emitted via mobile phones
and mobile sites causes many health problems
(cancers, reproductive problems, neurological, and
hormonal disorders). As mobile phones grew, so did
the demand for mobile towers built to serve many
mobile users. Mobile phones have become an
essential part of our lives because of the necessity
for communication. One needs a smart telephone in
our homes and business for various reasons. People
are constantly exposed to radiation because of our
proximity to this multifunction wireless technology. As a result, there's more tension and exhaustion,
irritability, poor quality sleep, headaches, and a
slew of other difficulties 5-7. There are two types of 5241 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 mobile tower irradiation and major human health
difficulties 12. Where the radiation levels measured
globally are from 0.50-1.70 μSv/y 13. Major papers
conducted by the U.S National Toxicology
Programed (NTP) 14 and the Ramazzini Institute in
Italy subjected a group of laboratory rats to RF
waves several times a day 15, beginning before
conception and continuing for the majority or even
all their natural lifetimes, they found groups of rats
had a higher hazard of malignant schwannomas,
which
are
rare
cardiac
tumors,
in
both
investigations, whereas female mice were not. Materials and Methods: In this work, the twelve zones in six alleys
were selected in Baghdeda from the Nineveh Plain
in Iraq. Maps of areas of recorded radiation levels at
all times of the day using ArcMap 10.3 are shown
in Fig. 1. Figure 1. Maps of areas of recorded radiation levels at all times of the day using ArcMap 10.3. 1. Maps of areas of recorded radiation levels at all times of the day using ArcMap 10.3. The amount of radiation was measured and
compared with standard limits provided by other The amount of radiation was measured and
compared with standard limits provided by other authorities, such as the International Commission
for Radiation Protection11. The amount of radiation 5241 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Published Online First: January, 2023 emitted from the towers of these sites was measured
using a radiometer (1PC XH-901 Dosimeter/
Personal Dose Alarm/ Radiation Detector, Dose
rate: 0.01 μSv/ h to 150μSv/ h), during different
periods of the day (in the morning, at noon, afternoon, in the evening), and a 10 meter away
from the tower site Table 1 and 2. The Statistical
software SPSS version 26 was used to implement
the statistical analysis of the data shown in Table 1. Table 1. Radiation level microsievert per hour emitted from the towers in the investigation area
measured at four different times at a 10 m distance from the towers
Alleys
Zone
In the morning,
At noon
In the afternoon
In the evening
Somer
1
0.21
0.18
0.21
0.21
2
0.18
0.20
0.21
0.14
3
0.18
0.14
0.20
0.20
4
0.18
0.18
0.12
0.20
Ashur
5
0.14
0.18
0.20
0.21
6
0.14
0.21
0.20
0.12
Sinharib
7
0.21
0.21
0.18
0.20
8
0.12
0.21
0.20
0.21
Kalih
9
0.18. 0.12
0.21
0.18
10
0.21
0.14
0.18
0.20
Rasin
11
0.21
0.14
0.14
0.18
Akad
12
0.12
0.20
0.14
0.21 Table 1. Materials and Methods: All values of
radiation levels from the towers for all the
investigated zones are below of permissible values
of radium, as recommended by the International
Committee for Radiation Protection19.The results
are in Table 3. Materials and Methods: Radiation level microsievert per hour emitted from the towers in the investig
measured at four different times at a 10 m distance from the towers ation level microsievert per hour emitted from the towers in the investigation area
measured at four different times at a 10 m distance from the towers by using the following relation 𝑌= 𝑋× 24 × 365,
where X: stands for the radiation level per hour and
Y: stands for the radiation level per year in table 2. by using the following relation 𝑌= 𝑋× 24 × 365,
where X: stands for the radiation level per hour and
Y: stands for the radiation level per year in table 2. The measurements values have transformed
from (μSv) per hour to (μSv) per year. The new
measures have been gated as illustrated in Table 2 Table 2. The measured radiation level (μSv/y) emitted from the towers in the areas of investigation at
four different times and 10 m distance from the towers
Alleys
Zone
In the morning,
At noon
In the afternoon,
In the evening,
Somer
1
1.8396
1.5768
1.8396
1.8396
2
1.5768
1.7520
1.8396
1.2264
3
1.5768
1.2264
1.7520
1.7520
4
1.5768
1.5768
1.0512
1.7520
Ashur
5
1.2264
1.5768
1.7520
1.8396
6
1.2264
1.8396
1.752
1.0512
Sinharib
7
1.8396
1.8396
1.5768
1.7520
8
1.0512
1.8396
1.7520
1.8396
Kalih
9
1.5768
1.0512
1.8396
1.5768
10
1.8396
1.2264
1.5768
1.7520
Rasin
11
1.8396
1.2264
1.2264
1.5768
Akad
12
1.0512
1.7520
1.2264
1.8396 Table 2. The measured radiation level (μSv/y) emitted from the towers in the areas of
four different times and 10 m distance from the towers measured radiation level (μSv/y) emitted from the towers in the areas of investigation at
four different times and 10 m distance from the towers Results and Discussion: afternoon 0.2773 μSv/y, and in the evening 0. 25834 μSv/y. The above results show that the
radiation levels increase over time until they reach
the climax in the evening, whereas the standard
deviation values decrease. The results offer the
closeness of the radiation rates to each other in the
evening. Statistically, the F-test was used through
the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
verify
the
absence
of
significant
statistical
differences among the radiation rates. Results and Discussion: ANOVA table for emitted radiation rates (μSv/y) from the towers in the investigated zones at
four different times of the day at 10 m distance from the towers
Variance sources
degree of Freedom
Sum of Squares
Mean of
Squares
F-value
p-value
Between times
3
0.127
0.042
0.529
0.665
Within times (error),
44
3.511
0.080
Total
47
3.637 The ANOVA results show that the p-value
(statistically significant) of the F-test (statistical
test) is 0.665, which is greater than the significant
level of 0.05 (a statistically significant test result (P
≤ 0.05) means that the test hypothesis is false or
should be rejected 20-23); this indicates no significant
differences among the means of the radiation rates
recorded at the different times of the day at 10 m
distance from the towers for all the investigated
zones. Statistically, to verify that no significant
statistical differences between each radiation
recorded means the Least Significant Difference
(LSD) test, which is one of the post hoc analysis of
variance tests used. The results show that the p-
value for all differences in the mean radiation levels
at two times during the day was greater than the
level of 0.05. The result indicates no statistical
significance between the means of radiation levels
recorded for all the investigated zones. Based on the
aforementioned, the first study hypothesis states"
that there are no statistically significant differences
between the means of the recorded radiation levels
at different times of the day at 10 m distance from
the towers for all the investigated buildings" has
been verified. guarantee non- ionized radiation-free safe zones
between 0.50 and 1.70 μSv/y 13, although some
measured values larger than the value of 1.70
μSv/y; however, all means of the radiation levels
fall within global limit. It has no harmful effects on
the
health
of
the
people
who
live
near
communication towers, as shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2. The means of recorded radiation levels
at all times of the day within the fixed global
limit of radiation levels 1.70 μSv/y. Figure 2. The means of recorded radiation levels
at all times of the day within the fixed global
limit of radiation levels 1.70 μSv/y. Results and Discussion: afternoon 0.2773 μSv/y, and in the evening 0. 25834 μSv/y. The above results show that the
radiation levels increase over time until they reach
the climax in the evening, whereas the standard
deviation values decrease. The results offer the
closeness of the radiation rates to each other in the
evening. Statistically, the F-test was used through
the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
verify
the
absence
of
significant
statistical
differences among the radiation rates. All values of
radiation levels from the towers for all the
investigated zones are below of permissible values
of radium, as recommended by the International
Committee for Radiation Protection19.The results
are in Table 3. Hypothesis 1: there are no statistically significant
differences between the rates of radiation levels
recorded at different times of the day at a distance
of 10 m from the towers for all the investigated
zones. Results show that; the radiation levels mean
rates values in different zones recorded at a distance
of 10 m in different day times (in the
morning=1.5184,
at
noon=1.5403,
in
the
afternoon=1.5987, and the evening=1.6498) are
close to each other. The minimum value was 1.0512
μSv/y, and the maximum value was 1.8396 μSv/y. The standard deviations of recorded radiation mean
rate for all the zones in the morning amounted
0.3065 μSv/y, at noon 0.2856 μSv/y, in the 5241 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 able 3. ANOVA table for emitted radiation rates (μSv/y) from the towers in the investigate
four different times of the day at 10 m distance from the towers Table 3. Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Hypothesis 3: the levels of the recorded radiation
for different areas on the geographical map lie
within the fixed global determinants of the non-
ionized radiation-free safe zones. Hypothesis 3: the levels of the recorded radiation
for different areas on the geographical map lie
within the fixed global determinants of the non-
ionized radiation-free safe zones. determinants of the non-ionized radiation-free safe
zones," has been verified. Hypothesis 4: there are no statistically significant
differences between the means of the recorded
radiation levels in different investigated areas at 10
m distance from the towers with other times of the
day 15. The results show that the mean of the
recorded radiation levels on the geographical maps
for all the areas was 1.5038 μSv/y with a standard
deviation of 0.2715 μSv/y. One can notice that the
mean of the radiation levels is within the fixed
global radiation levels between 0.05 and 1.70
μSv/y. The One-Sample t-test has been used to
verify this statistically to show the difference
between the recorded mean of the radiation levels
on the geographical map and what was determined
globally, as the highest 1.70 μSv/y. It can notice
that the p-value of the difference in means was less
than the significant level of 0.05; this shows a
statistically significant difference between them. The negative sign in the Table of the difference
means that recorded radiation levels on the
geographical map are too much less than the highest
globally determined value 1.70 μSv/y; it is at the
same time greater than the lowest globally defined
as the lowest 0.05 μSv/y; hence, it lies within the
non-ionized radiation-free safe zones. Therefore,
the third hypothesis, "which states that the recorded
radiation levels for different areas on the
geographical map lie within the fixed global y
The statistical analysis of this hypothesis
shows that; the means of the radiation levels
recorded in all the investigated areas were close to
each other, the least value for the recorded radiation
level at different times was 1.0512 μSv/y in the
Zones (Somer tower 4, Ashur tower 2, Sinharib
tower 2, Kalih tower 1, Akad). In contrast, the
highest recorded value was 1.8396 μSv/y in all
Zones except Somer Qr the Towers 3 and 4. The
highest means of the recorded radiation were 1.4673
and 1.7520 μSv/y with standard deviations 0.1314
and 0.1239 μSv/y in Somer tower 1 and Sinharib
tower 2, respectively. Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 In both Rasin and Akad
Zones, the least means were 1.7739 μSv/y with
standard deviations 0.2981 and 0.1239 μSv/y,
respectively. Statistically, F-test was used to verify
that there are no statistically significant differences
between the means of the emitted recorded radiation
per year from the towers in different areas by
implementing a one-way analysis of variance. The
results were: Table 5. ANOVA table for emitted radiation rates (μSv/y) from the towers in the investigated Zones at
four different times of the day and 10 m distance from the towers
Variance sources
Degree of
Freedom
Some of
the Squares
Mean of
Squares
F-value
p-value
Between areas
11
0.483
0.044
0.502
0889
Within areas (Error)
36
3.154
0.088
Total
47
3.637 able 5. ANOVA table for emitted radiation rates (μSv/y) from the towers in the investigate
four different times of the day and 10 m distance from the towers radiation levels in different investigated areas at 10
m distance from the towers and at different times of
the day", verified. Table. 5, shows that the p-value for the test
is 0.889, which is greater than the significant level
of 0.05, which indicates that there are no differences
in statistical signification between the means of the
recorded radiation levels at all the areas at 10 m
distance from the towers at different times of the
day. One post hoc has been used to statistically
verify no significant statistical differences between
every two means of the recorded radiation levels,
which is the least significant difference test. It is
clear from the results that the p-value for all the
values of differences between the two means of
radiation levels between every two areas was
greater than the significant level of 0.05. This shows
the absence of statistically significant differences
between the means of the recorded radiation levels
at 10 m from the towers at all times of the day. From what was stated so far, the fourth hypothesis
states that "there are no statistically significant
differences between the means of the recorded Hypothesis 5: The levels of recorded radiation in
different areas at 10 m distance from the
communication towers lie within the global
determinants of the safe non-ionized radiation-free
zones. The recorded radiation levels at all the
zones were compared with 0.05 and 1.70 μSv/y the
range of global secure safe non-ionized radiation-
free zones. Results and Discussion: A One-Sample t-test was used to verify
statistically the absence of significant differences
among the recorded means of radiation at 10 m
distance from the towers at different times of the
day (morning, noon, afternoon, and evening) and
the maximum global limit. The results are listed in
Table 4. Hypothesis 2: radiation rates recorded at different
day times are within the global fixed limits of safe
non-ionizing areas free of radiation. When the
means of radiation recorded at all the times of the
day compared with the global determinants which Table 4. t-test of the difference between the means of radiation levels recorded at different times at 10
m distance from the towers and the globally highest value of the radiation level 1.70 μSv/y
Times
t-test
Degree of freedom
Mean–limit difference
p-value
Morning
-2.052
11
-0.1816
0.065
Noon
-1.937
11
-0.1597
0.079
Afternoon
-0.673
11
-0.1013
0.232
Evening
-2.503
11
-0.1962
0.515 e difference between the means of radiation levels recorded at different times at 10
om the towers and the globally highest value of the radiation level 1.70 μSv/y
t-test
Degree of freedom
Mean–limit difference
p-value Table 4. t-test of the difference between the means of radiation levels recorded at diff
m distance from the towers and the globally highest value of the radiation level
Times
t-test
Degree of freedom
Mean–limit difference The t-test shows the p-value for all
differences between the radiation levels means at
each time, and the highest globally determined
value 1.70 μSv/y, was greater than the significant
level 0.05. The result showed no statistically
significant differences between the means of the
radiation levels recorded and the highest global
value of the radiation level. Since all indicators of
differences in the Table above were negative, the mean values of the measured radiation levels at all
times are less than what was determined globally;
hence lie within the limits of the non-ionized
radiation-free
zones. From
what
has
been
mentioned so far, the hypothesis that "the recorded
radiation rates at different times of the day at 10 m
distance from the communication towers lies within
the fixed global determinants of the non-ionized
radiation-free safe zones" has been verified. 5241 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Open Access
Baghdad Sc
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20
Figure 3. Most of the means of recorded
radiation levels at the Zones are within the range
of the fixed global determinants p
Published Online First: January, 2023 As regards verifying the absence of
statistically significant differences between the
means of radiation levels at 10 m distance from the
towers at different Zones and the fixed global
determinants of radiation levels between 0.05 and
1.70 μSv/y, a t-test has been used for each sample to
show the difference between the mean of the
recorded radiation level at each Quarter and the
highest globally determined 1.70 μSv/y. The results
are in Table 6. Figure 3. Most of the means of recorded
radiation levels at the Zones are within the range
of the fixed global determinants Table 6. t-test for differences between the recorded mean of radiation levels at 10 m distance from the
towers at all investigated Zones and the fixed highest radiation levels as determined globally
Zones
t-test
degree of reedom
(Mean–global) difference
p-value
1
1.125
3
0.0739
0.343
2
-0.747
3
-0.1013
0.509
3
-0.994
3
-0.1232
0.393
4
-1.389
3
-0.2108
0.259
5
-0.747
3
-0.1013
0.509
6
-1.201
3
-0.2327
0.316
7
0.839
3
0.0502
0.453
8
-0.416
3
-0.0794
0.705
9
-1.142
3
-0.1889
0.336
10
-0.747
3
-0.1013
0.509
11
-1.561
3
-0.2327
0.216
12
-1.201
3
-0.2327
0.316 rences between the recorded mean of radiation levels at 10 m distance from the
ed Zones and the fixed highest radiation levels as determined globally Table 6. t-test for differences between the recorded mean of radiation levels at 10 m dista
towers at all investigated Zones and the fixed highest radiation levels as determined globa free
zones,
although
some
values
of
the
measurements are greater than the globally
specified. Table 6 above shows the p-value level for
all the difference values between the mean radiation
levels in each area. The highest determined globally
1.70 μSv/y was greater than the significant level of
0.05. This indicates the absence of statistically
significant differences between the means of
recorded radiation levels at different Zones at 10 m
distance from the towers and the value of the
highest radiation determined globally. Conclusions: The
results
indicated
no
significant
differences between the rates of radiation levels
recorded at different times of the day at a distance
of 10 meters from the towers for all the areas
examined. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 This also
indicates that the means of the radiation levels
measured at all the zones do not statistically differ
from the highest determined globally; they lie
within the radiation-free zones 16,17. The means of radiation levels are within the global
limit, which means that there are no harmful effects
on
the
health
of
people
who
live
near
communication towers. Civilians may not always have that choice
of where a phone tower should be built due to
technological limitations in the wireless digital
world. As a result, it may rely on quick fixes, such
as recognized radiation protection elements that
provide general safety from cell phone tower
radiation. Radiation safety technology changes the
nature of irradiation from a stationary wave to a
variable waveform, making it harmless to humans. Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Some recorded measured values were
greater than the highest global value. Still, the
means of radiation levels recorded at the Zones are
within the range of the global determinants except
for Somer tower no. 1 and Sinharib tower no. 2. This is clear in Fig. 3. 5241 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 E-ISSN: 2411-7
Figure 3. Most of the means of recorded
radiation levels at the Zones are within the range
of the fixed global determinants
As regards verifying the absence
statistically significant differences between
means of radiation levels at 10 m distance from
towers at different Zones and the fixed gl
determinants of radiation levels between 0.05
1.70 μSv/y, a t-test has been used for each sampl
show the difference between the mean of
recorded radiation level at each Quarter and
highest globally determined 1.70 μSv/y. The res
are in Table 6. Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 References 1. Jaafar AN, Nema BM. Geolocation Android Mobile
Phones Using GSM/UMTS. Baghdad Sci J. 2019
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program: A case study on hexavalent chromium. Environ. Health Perspect. 2017 Feb; 125(2): 181-8. ;
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https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2019.16.1(Suppl.).0254 2. Yahya SI. The Use of Camouflaged Cell Phone
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B, Mollamahmutoglu L. Non-ionizing radiation
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exposure. Radiat Protect Australas. 2017 Aug 34(2):
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concepts clarified. 1st Edition. John Wiley & Sons. New York, USA; 2016. 448 p. 532 532 - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of Al-
Hamdaniya. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of Al-
Hamdaniya. 11. Ballarini F, Carante MP, Embriaco A, Ramos RL. Effects of ionizing radiation in biomolecules, cells
and tissue/organs: basic mechanisms and applications
for cancer therapy, medical imaging and radiation
protection. AIMS Biophys. 2022; 9(2): 108-12. Authors' contributions statement: I. M. Y. Contributed to conceptions and the
data analysis. R. A. B. Designed the Satalite figure
and contributed to the drafting of MS. R. S. K. Contributed to the acquisition of data. M. H. K. Drafting the MS and revision of the manuscript. I. M. Y. Contributed to conceptions and the
data analysis. R. A. B. Designed the Satalite figure
and contributed to the drafting of MS. R. S. K. Contributed to the acquisition of data. M. H. K. Drafting the MS and revision of the manuscript. 12. Silva G, Ljiljana TM, Salha T. Is Virtual
Communication Enough to Save Employed People
From Feelings of Social Isolation and Loneliness?. CPQ Neurol Psychol. (2020) 3: 4: 01-08. 13. Ahmad M, Ahmad H, Khattak MR, Shah KA,
Shaheen W, Shah JA, Iqbal S. Assessment of
occupational exposure to external radiation among
workers at the institute of radiotherapy and nuclear
medicine, Pakistan (2009-2016). Iran J Medical
Phys. 2017; 14(4): 197-202. Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. Radiation levels increase over time until they reach
a peak in the evening; the results present radiation
rates approximately close each to other in the
evening. Radiation rates recorded are within the
global fixed limits for safe non-ionizing radiation- 5241 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 References p
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8. LaPlaca DA, Turner H. Health Ramifications of
Smart Devices. Strength Cond J. 2020 Jun; 42(3):
106–11. 21. Heiberger RM, Holland B. Statistical Analysis and
Data Display An Intermediate Course with Examples
in R. 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2015. 898 p. 9. McCully KS. Environmental pollution, oxidative
stress and thioretinaco ozonide: Effects of glyphosate,
fluoride and electromagnetic fields on mitochondrial
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aging. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2020 May 1; 50(3): 408-11. 22. Al-Kenzawi MAH. Seasonal Changes of Nutrient
Concentrations in Water of Some Locations in
Southern Iraqi Marshes, After Restoration. Baghdad
Sci J. 2009 Dec 6; 6(4): 711-8. 10. Borzoueisileh S, Shabestani MA, Ghorbani H,
Mortazavi SMJ, Zabihi E, Pouramir M, et al. Combined
Effects
of
Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields and X-Ray in Renal Tissue
and Function. Res Rep Urol. 2020 Oct 29; 12: 527- 23. Ali F., Mohammed AH. Content Based Image
Retrieval (CBIR) by Statistical Methods. Baghdad
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Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
دراسة احصائية لكمية االشعاع المتولد من ابراج االتصاالت
في منطقة سهل نينوى بغديد
ا
إلهام متي
يعقوب1
رجاء عبدالله بشير2
رائد صبيح قرياقوس1
مالك حسين
ر خض 2
1قسم الرياضيات ،كلية التربية، جامعة الحمدانية، الموصل، العراق
4قسم الفيزياء ،كلية التربية، جامعة الحمدانية ،الموصل، العراق
:الخالصة
يقدم هذا البحث دراسة إحصائية لإلشعاع المتولد من أبراج االتصاالت في منطقة سهل نينوى بغديد
ا . تم قياس شدة طاقة اإلشعاع
على بعد51
( أمتار من برج االتصاالت في مناطق مختلفة، باستخدام5
PC XH-901 Dosimeter / Personal Dose Alarm /
Radiation Detector
،
dosage rate
:
1.15
μSv/h
إلى511
μSv/h
)
لقياس كمية اإلشعاع في أوقات مختلفة. تم قياس كثافة الطاقة
ومقارنتها بالحدود القياسية المقدمة من السلطات األخرى ، مثل اللجنة الدولية للحماية من اإلشعاع. تم تحليل النتائج باستخدام SPSS
اإلصدار
41
لتنفيذ البيانات. تظهر النتائج أن متوس ط مستويات اإلشعاع المقاسة في جميع المناطق ال تختلف إحصائيًا عن أعلى القيم المحددة عالميًا
(
1.11
-
5.11
/ميكرو سيفرت
س ،)؛ تقع داخل المناطق الخالية من اإلشعاع. قد ال يكون لدينا دائمًا خيار مكان برج الهاتف المحمول. نتيجة لذلك
قد نعتمد على بعض الحلول السريعة، م ثل عناصر الحماية من اإلشعاع المعتمدة التي توفر حماية شاملة من إشعاع األبراج المتنقلة. تعمل تقنية
الحماية من اإلشعاع المستخدمة في هذه السلع على تغيير طبيعة التشعيع من شكل موجة ثابت إلى شكل موجة متغير، مما يجعلها عديمة الفائ
دة. References :الكلمات المفتاحية أبراج االتصاالت، منطقة سهل نينوى
، القيمة االحتمالية، اإلشعاع ، البرنامج اإلحصائيSPSS
. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
دراسة احصائية لكمية االشعاع المتولد من ابراج االتصاالت
في منطقة سهل نينوى بغديد
ا
إلهام متي
يعقوب1
رجاء عبدالله بشير2
رائد صبيح قرياقوس1
مالك حسين
ر خض 2
1قسم الرياضيات ،كلية التربية، جامعة الحمدانية، الموصل، العراق
4قسم الفيزياء ،كلية التربية، جامعة الحمدانية ،الموصل، العراق Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
دراسة احصائية لكمية االشعاع المتولد من ابراج االتصاالت
في منطقة سهل نينوى بغديد
ا
إلهام متي
يعقوب1
رجاء عبدالله بشير2
رائد صبيح قرياقوس1
مالك حسين
ر خض 2
1قسم الرياضيات ،كلية التربية، جامعة الحمدانية، الموصل، العراق
4قسم الفيزياء ،كلية التربية، جامعة الحمدانية ،الموصل، العراق Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1425-1432 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 :ا
يقدم هذا البحث دراسة إحصائية لإلشعاع المتولد من أبراج االتصاالت في منطقة سهل نينوى بغديد
ا . تم قياس شدة طاقة اإلشعاع
على بعد51
( أمتار من برج االتصاالت في مناطق مختلفة، باستخدام5
PC XH-901 Dosimeter / Personal Dose Alarm /
Radiation Detector
،
dosage rate
:
1.15
μSv/h
إلى511
μSv/h
)
لقياس كمية اإلشعاع في أوقات مختلفة. تم قياس كثافة الطاقة
ومقارنتها بالحدود القياسية المقدمة من السلطات األخرى ، مثل اللجنة الدولية للحماية من اإلشعاع. تم تحليل النتائج باستخدام SPSS
اإلصدار
41
لتنفيذ البيانات. تظهر النتائج أن متوس ط مستويات اإلشعاع المقاسة في جميع المناطق ال تختلف إحصائيًا عن أعلى القيم المحددة عالميًا
(
1.11
-
5.11
/ميكرو سيفرت
س ،)؛ تقع داخل المناطق الخالية من اإلشعاع. قد ال يكون لدينا دائمًا خيار مكان برج الهاتف المحمول. نتيجة لذلك
قد نعتمد على بعض الحلول السريعة، م ثل عناصر الحماية من اإلشعاع المعتمدة التي توفر حماية شاملة من إشعاع األبراج المتنقلة. تعمل تقنية
الحماية من اإلشعاع المستخدمة في هذه السلع على تغيير طبيعة التشعيع من شكل موجة ثابت إلى شكل موجة متغير، مما يجعلها عديمة الفائ
دة. :الكلمات المفتاحية أبراج االتصاالت، منطقة سهل نينوى
، القيمة االحتمالية، اإلشعاع ، البرنامج اإلحصائيSPSS
. 5244 | 5,709 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6889/4223 | null |
Arabic | Introduction: occur in Engineering, Physics, or mathematics. Also,
in the Lyapunov-Schmidt method, the solutions in
unlimited dimensional spaces coincide with the
solutions in limited dimensional spaces. Therefore,
the method is an important method in modernistic
Mathematics to find analytical solutions. Many
researchers have dealt with this method; it was
previously called the alternative method by the
researcher Krasnoselskii 1956 2 who used it to study
Bifurcation for extremely without boundaries while
the implicit function theory was unable to be used. Sapronov and his group. For example, in 3 used the
homogeneous solution to have the linear Ritz
approximation represented by the function 𝒲(ζ, λ)
of the functional in Eq.1. Lyapunov-Schmidt method
was also used to study boundary value problems,
which can be seen in 4-7. Abdul Hussain, Mayada8
and Mizeal9, study a bifurcation equation for a
nonlinear system given by two algebraic equations. There are a lot of mathematical, physical,
chemical, and engineering phenomena that are
shown as nonlinear problems so can be described
these problems as a nonlinear Fredholm operator. 𝑔(𝑥, 𝛾) = 𝜑, 𝑥∈𝑆⊆𝑋, 𝜑∈𝑌, 𝛾∈𝑅𝑛 1
When 𝑔 is a smooth Fredholm map with zero
indexes and S is an open subset of Banach spaces. One of them is 𝑌. Write the other one as 𝑋. To
solve these problems may be used the method of
reduction to the dimensional equation by solving this
equation, Sapronov and his group. For example, in 3 used the
homogeneous solution to have the linear Ritz
approximation represented by the function 𝒲(ζ, λ)
of the functional in Eq.1. Lyapunov-Schmidt method
was also used to study boundary value problems,
which can be seen in 4-7. Abdul Hussain, Mayada8
and Mizeal9, study a bifurcation equation for a
nonlinear system given by two algebraic equations. q
𝜃(𝜉, 𝛾) = 𝛽, 𝜉∈𝐸, 𝛽∈𝑁, When 𝐸 and 𝑁 are smooth manifolds of finite
dimensional and 𝜃: 𝑅𝑛→𝑅 is a smooth function. The Lyapunov-Schmidt method can reduce Eq. 1 to
Eq. 2, in which Eq. 2 has the same properties as Eq. 1, in particular topological properties (multiplicity)
and analytical properties (bifurcation diagram),
which are found in 1. So that to study Eq. 1 it is
sufficient to study Eq. 2. Abdul Hussain 10 introduces a general method
for finding nonlinear Ritz approximation of
nonlinear Fredholm functionals. He introduces an
example for finding a nonlinear Ritz approximation
of the functional corresponding to the Duffing
equation. Abstract: In this work, the modified Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction is used to find a nonlinear Ritz approximation
of Fredholm functional defined by the nonhomogeneous Camassa-Holm equation and Benjamin-Bona-
Mahony. We introduced the modified Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction for nonhomogeneous problems when the
dimension of the null space is equal to two. The nonlinear Ritz approximation for the nonhomogeneous
Camassa-Holm equation has been found as a function of codimension twenty-four. Key words: Bifurcation of Solutions, Benjamin-Bona-Mahony equation, Camassa-Holm equation, Caustic,
Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method. Received 15/1/2022, Revised 7/8/2022, Accepted 8/8/2022, Published Online First 20/2/2023,
Published 1/10/2023 Received 15/1/2022, Revised 7/8/2022, Accepted 8/8/2022, Published Online First 20/2/2023,
Published 1/10/2023 Received 15/1/2022, Revised 7/8/2022, Accepted 8/8/2022, Published Online First 20/2/2023,
Published 1/10/2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licens DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.6932 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.6932 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: February, 2023 Nonlinear Ritz Approximation for the Camassa-Holm Equation by Using the
Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method Hadeel G. Abd Ali * Mudhir A. Abdul Hussain Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: [email protected] Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: [email protected] Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction (LSR) it is shown that the nonlinear Ritz approximation is
a function given by, The LSR was first suggested by Schmidt
1908 14. He discovered this method to get the
solutions to operator equations. It is a method
employed to solve the problems that possess
variational property and the problems that do
unpossessed variational property 1. Variational
problems can be solved in other ways like Boubaker
Polynomials15, but LSR has been successfully
exercised to solve different nonlinear partial
differential equations, as well as it has succeeded
in finding bifurcation solutions to the equations,
for example, Zainab and Mudhir 16, they found the
bifurcation solutions for the equation of sixth order
with boundary conditions using the Lyapunov-
Schmidt method in the variational case. This method
gives as follows: Ŵ (ξ, δ) = 𝑐1ξ20 + 𝑐2ξ18 + 𝑐3ξ16 + 𝑐4ξ14 + 𝑐5ξ12
+ 𝛼1ξ10 + 𝛼2ξ8 + 𝛼3ξ6 + 𝑐6ξ4
+ 𝛼4ξ2 + O(|ζ|20)
+ O(|ζ|20)O(|δ|)
where ξ = (𝜉1, 𝜉2), δ = {𝑐1,2,3,4,5,6, 𝛼1,2,3,4} such
that 𝑐, 𝛼 are parameters. (|ζ|
) (| |)
where ξ = (𝜉1, 𝜉2), δ = {𝑐1,2,3,4,5,6, 𝛼1,2,3,4} such
that 𝑐, 𝛼 are parameters. p
In
11 Murtada used Lyapunov-Schmidt
reduction (LSR) to study bifurcation solutions and
the bifurcation diagram of the following nonlinear
system √2𝜋𝜆1𝑋1 −𝑋1𝑋2 −𝑋2𝑋3 −𝑋3𝑋4 = 0
√2𝜋𝜆2𝑋2 −𝑋1
2 −2𝑋1𝑋3 −2𝑋2𝑋4 = 0
√2𝜋𝜆3𝑋3 + 3𝑋1𝑋2 −3𝑋1𝑋4 = 0
√𝜋𝜆4𝑋4 + 2√2𝑋1𝑋3 + √2𝑋2
2 = 0 Let 𝐸 and 𝐾 are real Banach spaces and
𝐺: 𝐸→𝐾 be a nonlinear Fredholm operator with
zero index, when 𝐺 is defined by In 2017 Rosen 12 has been studied to modify
the Lyapunov-Schmidt method to find a nonlinear
Ritz
approximation
for
nonlinear
Fredholm
functional defined by the nonlinear fourth ODE. In
his study, he considered the following cases, y
𝐺(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0, 𝑧∈𝐸,
𝛾∈ℝ𝑛. Written the spaces 𝐸 and 𝐾 as a direct sum, p
𝐸= 𝑊⊕𝑊⊥,
𝐾= 𝑊̃ ⊕ 𝑊̃ ⊥
̃ y
1. 𝑣̌ = 𝐷(2)(ζ), 1. 𝑣̌ = 𝐷(2)(ζ), (ζ),
2. 𝑣̌ = 𝐷(2)(ζ) + 𝐷(3)(ζ),
3. 𝑣̌ = 𝐷(2)(ζ) + 𝐷(3)(ζ) + 𝐷(4)(ζ),
4. 𝑣̌ = 𝐷(2)(ζ) + 𝐷(3)(ζ) + 𝐷(4)(ζ) + 𝐷(5)(ζ). where dim(𝑊) = dim(𝑊̃ ) = 𝑛 are subspaces of
𝐸 and 𝐾 respectively, the orthogonal spaces of
𝑊 and 𝑊̃ in 𝐸 and 𝐾 are 𝑊⊥and 𝑊̃ ⊥
respectively. Introduction: Also, Abdul Hussain, 2015 10 used a
modified Lyapunov-Schmidt method to get a
nonlinear Ritz approximation of the functional
corresponding to the following equation Nonlinear problems are one subject of the
greatest
important
subjects
of
mathematical
phenomena possess received a great interest in
scientific research in the last decades because of their
wide set of geometry and scientific applications. Many of these studies focus on getting the
bifurcation solutions of some equations, especially
nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) that 1371 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 𝑑4𝑣
𝑑𝑥4 + 𝛼
𝑑2𝑣
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑣+ 𝑣+ 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 = 0,
with boundary conditions
𝑣(0) = 𝑣(2𝜋) = 𝑣′′(0) = 𝑣′′(2𝜋) = 0 to-one corresponding between the critical points for
the functional 𝑉 and the critical points for the key
function 𝑊. Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction (LSR) Wherefore exist projections 𝑃: 𝐸→𝑊
& (𝐼−𝑃): 𝐸→𝑊⊥ defined by 𝑃𝑧= 𝑤 & (𝐼−
𝑃)𝑧= 𝑣. where 𝑒1, 𝑒2, … , 𝑒𝑘 a basis of space W,
then ∀ 𝑧∈𝐸 is written in a unique way: where 𝐷(𝑘)(ζ) are homogeneous polynomials of
degree 𝑘= 1,2,3,4,5 and ζ ∈R. In the last years, Kadhim13 studied the
bifurcation solution of extremes of the functions of
codimensions eight and five at the origin by using
Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction (LSR). In previous
works, the presence and absence of 𝑢 shaped
solutions were studied using the Lyapunov-
Schmidt method and Ritz linear approximation. As for our work, we study the presence and the
absence of 𝑢+ 𝑣 solutions using the modified
Lyapunov-Schmidt method and the nonlinear
Ritz approximation. 𝑣∈𝑊⊥, 𝑧= 𝑤+ 𝑣, 𝑤∈𝑊, 𝑤∈𝑊,
𝑣∈
𝑤= ∑𝑥𝑖𝑒𝑖
𝐾
𝑖=1
. 𝑖1
In the same way, exists projections 𝑄: 𝐾→
̃
̃ ⊥ 𝑊̃ and (𝐼−𝑄 ): 𝐾→𝑊̃ ⊥ defined by
𝑄𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 𝐺1(𝑧, 𝛾) & (𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) =
𝐺2(𝑧, 𝛾) . ̃ where 𝑔1, 𝑔2, … , 𝑔𝑘 is the basis for space 𝑊̃
then where 𝑔1, 𝑔2, … , 𝑔𝑘 is the basis for space 𝑊̃
then The goal of this paper is to find the nonlinear
Ritz approximation of the functional corresponding
to the nonhomogeneous Camassa-Holm equation. 𝐻(𝑧, 𝜆) = 𝐻1(𝑧, 𝛾) + 𝐻2(𝑧, 𝛾),
𝐻1(𝑧, 𝛾) ∈𝑊̃ ,
𝐻2(𝑧, 𝛾) ∈𝑊̃ ⊥ ,
𝐻1(𝑧, 𝛾) = ∑𝑣𝑖(𝑧, 𝛾)𝑔𝑖
𝑘
𝑖=1
, 𝐻2(𝑧, 𝛾) ⊥𝑊̃ . 𝐻(𝑧, 𝜆) = 𝐻1(𝑧, 𝛾) + 𝐻2(𝑧, 𝛾),
𝐻1(𝑧, 𝛾) ∈𝑊̃ ,
𝐻2(𝑧, 𝛾) ∈𝑊̃ ⊥ , 𝐻1(𝑧, 𝛾) = ∑𝑣𝑖(𝑧, 𝛾)𝑔𝑖
𝑘
𝑖=1
, 𝐻2(𝑧, 𝛾) ⊥𝑊̃ . Materials and Methods:
Methods: It concludes that, ,
𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 𝑄𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0. Hence, the result from it
𝑄𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0 ,
𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 𝑄𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0. Hence, the result from it
𝑄𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0 Proposition 14. Suppose that the triple {𝑝, 𝜑, 𝑁 } is
an elliptic finite dimensional reduction for the
functional 𝑉 on a set Ω from the smooth Banach
manifold M. Then the marginal map 𝜑 locates a one- 1371 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 Published Online First: February, 2023 (𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾)
Or 4
𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = 𝑄𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾)
And we get 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾)
Or 4
𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = 𝑄𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾)
And we get or
𝑄𝐻(𝑤+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = 0
(𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑤+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = 0. Or From implicit function theorem, exists a map
θ: 𝑊→𝑊⊥ that is smooth defined by, θ(𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝑣
and g
𝑄𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = Ψ1, Ψ1 ∈𝑊
̂ ⊥ 𝑄𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = Ψ1, Ψ1 ∈𝑊
(𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝜔+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = Ψ2,
Ψ2 ∈𝑊̂ ⊥
Where Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ2 , Ψ1 = 𝑡1𝑒1 + 𝑡2𝑒2 and here
assume that, (𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑤+ θ(𝑤, 𝛾), 𝛾) = 0. (
𝑄)𝑓(
, 𝛾)
2,
2
Where Ψ = Ψ1 + Ψ2 , Ψ1 = 𝑡1𝑒1 + 𝑡2𝑒2 and here
assume that, (𝐼−𝑄)𝐻(𝑤+ θ(𝑤, 𝛾), 𝛾) = 0. To get the solutions of the equation
𝐻(𝑧, 𝛾) = 0 at the neighborhood about a point 𝑧=
𝑏 it is sufficient to get solutions to the equation, ,
Ψ2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22
d ,
Ψ2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22
where a𝑖, 𝑖= 1,2,3 are constants and t𝑖, 𝑖= 1,2 are
parameters. Ψ2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22
where a𝑖, 𝑖= 1,2,3 are constants and t𝑖, 𝑖= 1,2 are
parameters. g
q
𝑄𝐻(𝑤+ θ(𝑤, 𝛾), 𝛾) = 0 . g
q
𝑄𝐻(𝑤+ θ(𝑤, 𝛾), 𝛾) = 0 . p
By implicit function theorem getting The above equation is called bifurcation equation11. 𝑀(𝜉, 𝛽) = 𝑉(θ(𝜉, 𝛽), 𝛽),
𝜉= (𝜉1, 𝜉2, … , 𝜉𝑛)⊥
Where 𝑑𝑒𝑔 𝑀≥2, the functional 𝑉 has the linear
Ritz approximation represent by a function 𝑀
defined by Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method for the
nonhomogeneous
nonlinear
differential
equations (MLSM) y
𝑀(𝜉, 𝛽) = 𝑉(∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖, 𝛽
𝑛
𝑖=1
) = 𝑀0(𝜉) + 𝑀1(𝜉, 𝛽)
5 y
𝑀(𝜉, 𝛽) = 𝑉(∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖, 𝛽
𝑛
𝑖=1
) = 𝑀0(𝜉) + 𝑀1(𝜉, 𝛽)
5 Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method is a
procedure
for
obtaining
the
nonlinear
Ritz
approximation to a Fredholm functional. MLSM is
similar to the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction but the
MLSM is based on finding the particular solution of
the operator Eq. 1 in the nonhomogeneous cases as
follows: Where 𝑀0(𝜉) represents a homogenous polynomial
with degree 𝑛≥3 s.t 𝑀0(0) = 0 & 𝑀1(𝜉, 𝛽) is a
polynomial function of degree < 𝑛. If 𝑞1, 𝑞2, … 𝑞𝑚
are the coefficients to the quadratic terms for the
function 𝑀1(𝜉, 𝛽), then can be written the function
𝑀1(𝜉, 𝛽) in the formula, Suppose the nonlinear operator which is
Fredholm with zero index 𝑓: 𝐸→𝐹 such that )
𝑀1(𝜉, 𝛽) = 𝑀2(𝜉, 𝛽) + ∑𝑞𝑘𝜉𝑘
2
𝑚
𝑘=1
𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑀= 𝑑2 < 𝑑< 𝑛 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = Ψ, 𝛾∈ 𝑅𝑛, 𝑢 ∈Λ ⊂ 𝐸 3
Where 𝐸, 𝐹 are real Banach space, Ψ = 𝜀𝜑 (𝜀-small
parameter) is a continuous function and 𝛬⊆𝐸 is
open. let's say the operator 𝑓 possesses a variational
property, this means, there is a functional 𝑉: 𝛬⊂
𝐸→𝑅, such that 𝑓= 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 when 𝛬 is a
bounded domain. Written operator 𝑓 as: 𝑘=
Where 𝑑𝑒𝑔 𝑀2 = 𝑑, 2 < 𝑑 < 𝑛. 𝑔
2
The functional 𝑉 has a nonlinear Ritz
approximation, it's a function 𝑀 defined by The functional 𝑉 has a nonlinear Ritz
approximation, it's a function 𝑀 defined by pp
,
y
𝑀(𝜉, 𝛽) = 𝑉(∑𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖+ θ (∑𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖, 𝛽
𝑛
𝑖=1
) , 𝛽
𝑛
𝑖=1
) p
𝑓
𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = H𝑢+ 𝑁𝑢= Ψ, Ψ ∈F
𝜕 When
θ(ω, β) = 𝑣(x, ξ, β), 𝑣 ϵ N⊥. Taylor's
expansion to the functions μk(ξ) and 𝑣(x, ξ, β) will
be
used
to determine
the
nonlinear
Ritz
approximation for the functional V, by assuming as
following: 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = H𝑢+ 𝑁𝑢= Ψ, Ψ ∈F
Where 𝐻=
𝜕𝑓
𝜕𝑢(𝑢0, 𝛾) is Frechet derivative of the
operator 𝑓 about the point 𝑢0 and its linear
continuous Fredholm operator and 𝑁 represents the
nonlinear operator for 𝑓. Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method for the
nonhomogeneous
nonlinear
differential
equations (MLSM) Applied the LSR, we get
the following decomposition 𝑞𝑘= 𝑞̂𝑘+ 𝜇𝑘(𝜉) = 𝑞̂𝑘+ ∑𝐷𝑘
𝑗
𝑟
𝑖=2
(𝜉),
𝑘= 1, … , 𝑚
𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝛽) = ∑𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑖=2
(𝜉)
(𝑗) p
𝐸= 𝑊⊕𝑊⊥, 𝐹= 𝑊̂ ⨁𝑊̂ ⊥ g
p
𝐸= 𝑊⊕𝑊⊥, 𝐹= 𝑊̂ ⨁𝑊̂ ⊥
where 𝑊= 𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝐻 is the null space of the operator 𝑓,
(here 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑊 = 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑊̂ = 2) and 𝑊⊥, 𝑊̂ ⊥ the
orthogonal complements of the subspaces 𝑊, 𝑊̂
respectively. If 𝑒1, 𝑒2is an orthonormal set in 𝑊 such
that 𝐻ei = αi(𝛾)ei, αi(𝛾) is a continuous function,
where 𝑖 = 1,2 then ∀ 𝑢 𝜖 𝐸 can be expressed in
the unique format, 𝐸= 𝑊⊕𝑊⊥, 𝐹= 𝑊̂ ⨁𝑊̂ ⊥
where 𝑊= 𝑘𝑒𝑟 𝐻 is the null space of the operator 𝑓,
(here 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑊 = 𝑑𝑖𝑚 𝑊̂ = 2) and 𝑊⊥, 𝑊̂ ⊥ the
orthogonal complements of the subspaces 𝑊, 𝑊̂
respectively. If 𝑒1, 𝑒2is an orthonormal set in 𝑊 such
that 𝐻ei = αi(𝛾)ei, αi(𝛾) is a continuous function,
where 𝑖 = 1,2 then ∀ 𝑢 𝜖 𝐸 can be expressed in
the unique format, Where 𝐷𝑘
(𝑗)(𝜉) and 𝐵(𝑗)(𝜉) are polynomials with
degree j which be homogenous, have coefficients Where 𝐷𝑘
(𝑗)(𝜉) and 𝐵(𝑗)(𝜉) are polynomials with
degree j which be homogenous, have coefficients Where 𝐷𝑘
(𝑗)(𝜉) and 𝐵(𝑗)(𝜉) are polynomials with
degree j which be homogenous, have coefficients
𝜇𝑘𝑖
and
𝑣𝑗𝑖(𝑥, 𝛽)
respectively,
𝜉=
(𝜉1, 𝜉2, … , 𝜉𝑛).since 𝜇𝑘𝑖
and
𝑣𝑗𝑖(𝑥, 𝛽) 𝑢= 𝑤+ 𝑣, 𝑤= 𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉1𝑒2 ∈𝑊, 𝑊⊥𝑣
∈𝑊⊥, 𝜉𝑖= 〈𝑢, 𝑒𝑖〉, 𝑗
(𝜉1, 𝜉2, … , 𝜉𝑛).since 𝑗
(𝜉1, 𝜉2, … , 𝜉𝑛).since 𝜉1 𝜉2
𝜉𝑛
𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 〈𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾), 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾), 𝑒2〉𝑒2 = Ψ1
It follows that
〈𝐻𝑢+ 𝑁𝑢, 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝐻𝑢+ 𝑁𝑢, 𝑒2〉𝑒2 = Ψ1
Hence
𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 + 〈𝑁𝑢, 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝑁𝑢, 𝑒2〉𝑒2
= Ψ1, 𝑞𝑖= 𝛼𝑖(𝛾) 𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 〈𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾), 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾), 𝑒2〉𝑒2 = Ψ1
It follows that
〈𝐻𝑢+ 𝑁𝑢, 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝐻𝑢+ 𝑁𝑢, 𝑒2〉𝑒2 = Ψ1
Hence
𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 + 〈𝑁𝑢, 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝑁𝑢, 𝑒2〉𝑒2
= Ψ1, 𝑞𝑖= 𝛼𝑖(𝛾) 𝜉𝑖
𝑖
When 〈. , . 〉 represents the inner product in Hilbert
space ℋ. So there are projections 𝑝: 𝐸→𝑊 & 𝐼−
𝑝: 𝐸→𝑊⊥ defined by 𝜔= 𝑝𝑢 & (𝐼−𝑝)𝑢= 𝑣. Where Where
V (w, λ, 𝜓) =
1
2 ∫(−𝛼(𝑤′)2
1
0
+ 𝛽𝑤2 + 𝑤3 +
w(𝑤′)2 −wψ)𝑑𝑥 Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method for the
nonhomogeneous
nonlinear
differential
equations (MLSM) Similarly, there exist two projections 𝑄: 𝐹→𝑊 and
𝐼−𝑄: 𝐹→𝑊̂ ⊥ defined by Hence 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 + 〈𝑁𝑢, 𝑒1〉𝑒1 + 〈𝑁𝑢, 𝑒2〉𝑒2
= Ψ1, 𝑞𝑖= 𝛼𝑖(𝛾) 1377 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 + [∫𝑁(𝑤+ 𝑣)𝑒1
Ω
]𝑒1 +
[∫𝑁(𝑤+ 𝑣)𝑒2
Ω
]𝑒2 = Ψ1, 6
From Eq. 4 it follows that when 𝑓 (𝑧) is a function of 𝑧 and [𝑓(𝑧)]𝑥 is the
derivative of 𝑓 for 𝑥. 6 Eq. 10 can obtain from Eq.11 by putting 𝛼= 3
and 𝛽= 0 in the function 𝑓 (𝑧) = 𝛼𝑧2 + 𝛽𝑧3. Let
𝑧(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑤( 𝑦), 𝑦 = 𝑥 −𝛼𝑡, when 𝛼 the wave
velocity. Eq. 11 transformed to the following
ordinary differential equation for a variable 𝑤( 𝑦),
𝛼𝑤′′ + 𝛽𝑤 +
3
2 𝑤2 −(
1
2 (𝑤′)2 + 𝑤𝑤′′) = 𝜓 12
where ′ =
𝑑
𝑑𝑦 and 𝛼, 𝛽 are parameters. ∫Ω
From Eq. 4 it follows that q
(𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) −𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾). From 𝐻(𝜔+ 𝑣) + 𝑁(𝜔+ 𝑣) = Ψ2 it follows that
𝐻𝑣+ 𝑁(𝑤, 𝑣) + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = Ψ2, 7
Substituting the values of 𝑞i, μi(ξ) and 𝑣(x, ξ, δ) in
Eq.6 and Eq.7 yields q
(𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) −𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾). From 𝐻(𝜔+ 𝑣) + 𝑁(𝜔+ 𝑣) = Ψ2 it follows that
𝐻𝑣+ 𝑁(𝑤, 𝑣) + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = Ψ2, 7
Substituting the values of 𝑞i, μi(ξ) and 𝑣(x, ξ, δ) in
Eq.6 and Eq.7 yields (𝐼−𝑄)𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾) −𝑄𝑓(𝑢, 𝛾). From 𝐻(𝜔+ 𝑣) + 𝑁(𝜔+ 𝑣) = Ψ2 it follows that
𝐻𝑣+ 𝑁(𝑤, 𝑣) + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = Ψ2, 7
Substituting the values of 𝑞i, μi(ξ) and 𝑣(x, ξ, δ) in
Eq.6 and Eq.7 yields [𝑞̂1 + ∑
(𝐷1
𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉) + 𝐷2
𝑗(𝜉))]𝜉1𝑒1 + [𝑞̂2 +
∑
(𝐷1
𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉) + 𝐷2
𝑗(𝜉))]𝜉2𝑒2 + [∫
𝑁(𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 +
Ω
𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 + ∑
𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉)𝑒1]𝑒1 + [∫
𝑁(𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 +
Ω
𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 ∑
𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉)𝑒2] 𝑒2 = Ψ1 8 Abdul Hussain provided a model in 10 for
finding non-linear approximation and bifurcation
solutions of differential equations of the fourth-
order. The present section includes an example for
finding the bifurcation of Eq. 12 with the coming
boundary conditions which satisfy Eq. Modify Lyapunov-Schmidt method for the
nonhomogeneous
nonlinear
differential
equations (MLSM) 10, 8 H(∑
𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉)) + 𝑁(𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 +
∑
𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉)) + [𝑞̂1 + ∑
(𝐷1
𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉) +
𝐷2
𝑗(𝜉))]𝜉1𝑒1 + [𝑞̂2 + ∑
(𝐷1
𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉) +
𝐷2
𝑗(𝜉))]𝜉2𝑒2 = Ψ2 H(∑
𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉)) + 𝑁(𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 +
∑
𝐵𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉)) + [𝑞̂1 + ∑
(𝐷1
𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉) +
𝐷2
𝑗(𝜉))]𝜉1𝑒1 + [𝑞̂2 + ∑
(𝐷1
𝑗
𝑟
𝑗=2
(𝜉) +
𝐷2
𝑗(𝜉))]𝜉2𝑒2 = Ψ2 y
y
q
𝑤(0) = 𝑤(1) = 0,
where 𝑤 = 𝑤( 𝑦), 𝑦 ∈[0, 1]. 𝑤(0) = 𝑤(1) = 0, ( )
( )
where 𝑤 = 𝑤( 𝑦), 𝑦 ∈[0, 1]. To obtain a nonlinear approximation for the
Camassa-Holm equation. Firstly, write Eq. 12 as a
nonlinear Fredholm operator as follows: 9 To calculate the functions 𝑣(x, ξ, β) & μk(ξ)
equate the coefficients of 𝜉= (𝜉1, 𝜉2, … , 𝜉𝑛) in Eq.8
to find the value of 𝜇𝑘𝑖 and after some calculation
from Eq.9, it is getting a linear ODE in the variable
𝑣𝑗𝑖(𝑥, 𝛾). Solving the equation which appears one
can get the value to 𝑣𝑗𝑖(𝑥, 𝛾). 𝑔(𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝛼𝑤′′ + 𝛽𝑤 +
3
2 𝑤2 −(
1
2 (𝑤′)2 +
𝑤𝑤′′) 13 𝑔(𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝛼𝑤′′ + 𝛽𝑤 +
3
2 𝑤2 −(
1
2 (𝑤′)2 + 𝑤𝑤′′) 𝑤𝑤′′) 13 13 when 𝑔: E ⟶𝑀 is Fredholm operator which is
nonlinear of index zero from Banach space 𝐸 to
Banach space 𝑀, where 𝐸= 𝐶2([0,1], ℝ) is the
space of all continuous functions that have derivative
of order at most two, 𝑀= 𝐶([0,1], ℝ) is the space
of every continuous function, 𝛾= (𝛼, 𝛽) . The
operator 𝑔 own variational property, so there is a
functional 𝑉 defined by, In the following section, we give two examples
to find a nonlinear Ritz approximation for the
functional corresponding to the nonhomogeneous
Camassa-Holm Equation and Benjamin-Bona-
Mahony equation as an application of the Modify
Lyapunov-Schmidt method given above. y
𝑔 (𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 (𝑤, 𝛾) 𝑔 (𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 (𝑤, 𝛾) P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 𝜕𝑔
𝜕𝜀|
𝜀=0
= 𝛼ℏ′′ + 𝛽ℏ+ 3wℏ
−( w′ℏ′ + wℏ′′ + w′′ℏ) Such that 𝜓1 = 𝑒1𝑡1 + 𝑒2𝑡2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜓2 =
𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 𝜓1
1 1
𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 where a𝑖, 𝑖= 1,2,3 are constants and t𝑖, 𝑖= 1,2 are
parameters. The Fréchet the derivative at the point (0, 𝛾) of the
nonlinear operator 𝑔(𝑤, 𝛾) has the form, p
From implicit function theory, obtain a
̂ p
From implicit function theory, obtain a
map 𝜃: 𝑊→𝐸̂ that is smooth satisfy, p
y
map 𝜃: 𝑊→𝐸̂ that is smooth satisfy, 𝑔( , 𝛾)
𝑑𝑔(0, 𝜆)ℏ= 𝛼ℏ′′ + 𝛽ℏ 𝑔(
𝛾)
𝑑𝑔(0, 𝜆)ℏ= 𝛼ℏ′′ + 𝛽ℏ p
y
𝑊(𝜉, Γ, 𝜓) = 𝑉(𝜃(𝜉, 𝛾), Γ, 𝜓), 𝛤= (Γ1, Γ2) 𝑔
𝛽
And hence the linearized equation identical to Eq. 10 is defined by, 𝑊(𝜉, Γ, 𝜓) = 𝑉(𝜃(𝜉, 𝛾), Γ, 𝜓), 𝛤= (Γ1, Γ2)
By
finding
the
functions 𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝛾) = 𝑂(𝜉2),
𝜇(𝜉) = 𝑂(𝜉), 𝜇̃(𝜉) = 𝑂(𝜉), 𝜉= (𝜉1, 𝜉2) can get the
nonlinear Ritz approximation of 𝑉(𝜃(𝜉, 𝛾), Γ, 𝜓) ,
when y
𝐴ℏ= 0, ℏ∈𝐸
𝐴= 𝑑𝑔(0, 𝛾) = 𝛼
d2
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛽, 𝑥∈[0,1],
ℏ(0) = ℏ(1) = 0 𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2), 𝑞2 = 𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2)
𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝛾) = 𝑣0(𝑥, 𝜆)𝜉1
2 + 𝑣1(𝑥, 𝜆)𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝑣2(𝑥, 𝜆)𝜉2
2 +
𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2) = 𝜇0𝜉1 + 𝜇1𝜉2
𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2) = 𝜇̃0𝜉1 + +𝜇̃1𝜉2
i
E
14
f ll Eq. 15 is called a linearized equation. Eq. 15 is called a linearized equation. The solution of
the linearized
Eq.15
verification of the boundary conditions is get by, The solution of
the linearized
Eq.15
verification of the boundary conditions is get by,
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑎𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝜋𝑥), 𝑝 = 1,2,3, … 16
Substituting Eq. 16 in Eq. 15 has a characteristic
equation identical to the above solution in the form, 𝜇(𝜉1 𝜉2)
written Eq. 14 as follows 𝜇(𝜉1 𝜉2)
written Eq. 14 as follows y
𝑒𝑝 = 𝑎𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝜋𝑥), 𝑝 = 1,2,3, … 𝑒𝑝 = 𝑎𝑝 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑝𝜋𝑥), 𝑝 = 1,2,3, … 16
Substituting Eq. 16 in Eq. Thus, (𝑞1𝜉1 +
3
2 ∫(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫((𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′)2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫(𝜉1𝑒1 +
1
0
𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′′𝑒1𝑑𝑥)𝑒1 + (𝑞2𝜉2 +
3
2 ∫(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫((𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 +
1
0
𝑣)′)2𝑒2𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)(𝜉1𝑒1 +
1
0
𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′′𝑒2𝑑𝑥)𝑒2 = 𝑡1𝑒1 + 𝑡2𝑒2 18
And (𝑞1𝜉1 +
3
2 ∫(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫((𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′)2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫(𝜉1𝑒1 +
1
0
𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′′𝑒1𝑑𝑥)𝑒1 + (𝑞2𝜉2 +
3
2 ∫(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫((𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 +
1
0
𝑣)′)2𝑒2𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)(𝜉1𝑒1 +
1
0
𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′′𝑒2𝑑𝑥)𝑒2 = 𝑡1𝑒1 + 𝑡2𝑒2 18
And 𝛽g
y
𝛼̂ = 0 + Γ1, 𝛽̂ = 0 + Γ2. where Γ1, Γ2 are parameters which small lead to the
below modes over the bifurcation. 𝑒1 = √2 sin(𝜋𝑥) , 𝑒2 = √2 sin(2𝜋𝑥) Where the norms of 𝑒1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒2 in Hilbert space (ℋ=
𝐿2([0,1], 𝑅)) are equal to one, and 𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = √2. This means that 𝑒1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒2 are the orthonormal basis
of null space W = ker(𝐻). Nonlinear Ritz Approximation for the
Camassa-Holm Equation (CH) Where 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 denotes the gradient of 𝑉. Every
solution of Eq. 12 is a solution of operator
equation18, Where 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 denotes the gradient of 𝑉. Every
solution of Eq. 12 is a solution of operator
equation18, This section applied MLSM given in the
previous section for finding
nonlinear Ritz
approximation for the functional corresponding to
the nonhomogeneous Camassa-Holm equation. 𝑔(𝑤, 𝜆) = 𝜓, 𝜓∈𝐹 14 14 g
Camassa and Holm in 199317, used the
Hamiltonian method to find a new model for a
completely integrable shallow water wave equation,
𝑧𝑡+ 2𝐾𝑧𝑥−𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 3𝑧𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑥𝑧𝑥𝑥+ 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑥,
10 Camassa and Holm in 199317, used the
Hamiltonian method to find a new model for a
completely integrable shallow water wave equation, From the definition of Fréchet derivative have, From the definition of Fréchet derivative have,
𝑔(𝑤+ εℏ) = 𝛼(𝑤+ εℏ)′′ + 𝛽(𝑤+ εℏ)
+ 3
2 (𝑤+ εℏ)2
−(1
2 ((𝑤+ εℏ)′)2
+ (𝑤+ εℏ)(𝑤+ εℏ)′′)
𝜕𝑔
𝜕𝜀= 𝛼ℏ′′ + 𝛽ℏ+ 3(𝑤+ εℏ)ℏ
−( (𝑤+ εℏ)′ℏ′ + (𝑤+ εℏ)ℏ′′
+ (𝑤+ εℏ)′′ℏ) 𝑔(𝑤+ εℏ) = 𝛼(𝑤+ εℏ)′′ + 𝛽(𝑤+ εℏ) 𝑧𝑡+ 2𝐾𝑧𝑥−𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑡 + 3𝑧𝑧𝑥 = 2𝑧𝑥𝑧𝑥𝑥+ 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑥,
10 + εℏ) = 𝛼(𝑤+ εℏ) + 𝛽(𝑤+ ε
+ 3
2 (𝑤+ εℏ)2
−(1
2 ((𝑤+ εℏ)′)2
+ (𝑤+ εℏ)(𝑤+ εℏ)′′) where 𝑡 is the time, 𝑧 is the speed of the fluid in 𝑥
trend and K is a constant number. Eq. 10 is known as
Camassa-Holm (CH) equation. Moreover, in newly
years, Camassa-Holm was generalized to the
following equation, 𝜕𝑔
𝜕𝜀= 𝛼ℏ′′ + 𝛽ℏ+ 3(𝑤+ εℏ)ℏ
−( (𝑤+ εℏ)′ℏ′ + (𝑤+ εℏ)ℏ′′
+ (𝑤+ εℏ)′′ℏ) 𝑧𝑡+ 2𝐾𝑧𝑥−𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑡+
1
2 [𝑓(𝑧)]𝑥= 2𝑧𝑥𝑧𝑥𝑥+ 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑥, 𝑧𝑡+ 2𝐾𝑧𝑥−𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑡+
1
2 [𝑓(𝑧)]𝑥= 2𝑧𝑥𝑧𝑥𝑥+ 𝑧𝑧𝑥𝑥𝑥, 11 11 1374 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 15 has a characteristic
equation identical to the above solution in the form, q
𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝐴𝑢+ 𝑇𝑢= 𝜓,
When 𝐴𝑤= 𝛼
𝑑2𝑤
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑤 represents a linear part
while 𝑇𝑤=
3
2 𝑤2 −(
1
2 (𝑤′)2 + 𝑤𝑤′′) is
the
nonlinear part of Eq. 13. Since q
𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝐴𝑢+ 𝑇𝑢= 𝜓,
𝑑2𝑤 𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝐴𝑢+ 𝑇𝑢= 𝜓,
𝑑2 𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝐴𝑢+ 𝑇𝑢= 𝜓,
When 𝐴𝑤= 𝛼
𝑑2𝑤
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛽𝑤 represents a linear part
while 𝑇𝑤=
3
2 𝑤2 −(
1
2 (𝑤′)2 + 𝑤𝑤′′) is
the
nonlinear part of Eq. 13. Since 𝛽 −𝛼𝑝2𝜋2 = 0
i
b
i
i
h The equation above gives in the characteristic
lines ( 𝛼𝛽−𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), wherefore, a point of
characteristic lines it's the points of (𝛼, 𝛽) such that
Eq.10 own nontrivial solutions. Can be found at the
bifurcation point18 in the space of parameters (𝛼, 𝛽)
from the point of intersection of the 𝛼𝛽−𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒. As
a result, (0,0) is a bifurcation point for Eq.10. And
localized parameters for 𝛼, 𝛽 gives by, p
q
𝑄𝑓(𝑤, 𝜆) = ∑
〈𝑓(𝑤, 𝜆), 𝑒𝑖〉𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
= 𝜓1,
obtaining 𝑄𝑓(𝑤, 𝜆) = ∑
〈𝑓(𝑤, 𝜆), 𝑒𝑖〉𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
= 𝜓1,
obtaining ∑
〈𝐴(𝑤) + 𝑇(𝑤), 𝑒𝑖〉𝑒𝑖= ∑
(∫(𝐴(𝑤)𝑒𝑖+
𝜋
0
2
𝑖=1
2
𝑖=1
𝑇(𝑤)𝑒𝑖)𝑑𝑥)𝑒𝑖= 𝜓1. ∑
〈𝐴(𝑤) + 𝑇(𝑤), 𝑒𝑖〉𝑒𝑖= ∑
(∫(𝐴(𝑤)𝑒𝑖+
𝜋
0
2
𝑖=1
2
𝑖=1
𝑇(𝑤)𝑒𝑖)𝑑𝑥)𝑒𝑖= 𝜓1. Thus, Thus, 26, becomes
𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 + 3
2 𝑒2
2 −1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ = 0, [
3
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒1 +
[𝜇̃1 +
3
2 ∫𝑒2
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒22𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒2 = 0 𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 +
3
2 𝑒2
2 −
1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ + 𝜇̃1𝑒2 = 0, 26
hence 𝜇̃1 = 0 that implies Eq. 26, becomes
𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 + 3
2 𝑒2
2 −1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ = 0, 𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 +
3
2 𝑒2
2 −
1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ + 𝜇̃1𝑒2 = 0, 26
hence 𝜇̃1 = 0 that implies Eq. 26, becomes 𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 +
3
2 𝑒2
2 −
1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ + 𝜇̃1𝑒2 = 0, 26
hence 𝜇̃1 = 0 that implies Eq. 26, becomes 21 𝜇1
p
q
,
𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 + 3
2 𝑒2
2 −1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ = 0, The functions 𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝜆), 𝜇(𝜉) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇̃(𝜉) in
Eq. 17 determine by finding the coefficients
𝜇0, 𝜇1, , 𝜇̃0, 𝜇̃1, , 𝑣0, 𝑣1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 in Eq. 20, 21. 2
2
and the solution for this equation q
𝑣2 = −
3(4𝜋2+1)
32𝜋2𝛼+2𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋𝑥) −
2
𝛽(𝜋2 +
3
4) 𝛽
𝛽
So, the nonlinear approximation for Eq. 12 was
found
by
substituting
the
values
of
μ0, μ1, , μ̃0, μ̃1, , 𝑣0, 𝑣1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 in Eq. 17, By equating the coefficients of 𝜉1
2 in Eq. Thus, 20 and 21,
then getting two equations, g
g
q
[𝜇0 +
3
2 ∫𝑒1
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′1
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒12𝑒1′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒1 + [
3
2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′1
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒1′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒2 = 0 22 0
0
0
q
𝑤(𝑥, 𝜉) = √2𝜉1 sin(𝜋𝑥) + √2𝜉2 sin(2𝜋𝑥) +
[
3(𝜋2+1)
−4𝛼𝜋2+𝛽cos(𝜋𝑥)2 +
(9𝜋5√2+8𝜋2−48)
6𝜋(−𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)
sin(𝜋𝑥) +
(2𝜋2−3)𝛽+(2𝜋4+6𝜋2)𝛼
𝛽(−4𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)
] 𝜉1
2 + [−
28(𝜋2+3
7)
9𝜋2𝛼+𝛽cos(𝜋𝑥)3 +
64(3𝜋2+2)
5𝜋(−4𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)sin(𝜋𝑥) cos(𝜋𝑥) +
(48𝜋4+36𝜋2)𝛼+(−24𝜋2+12)𝛽
(−𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)(−9𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)
cos(𝜋𝑥)] 𝜉1𝜉2 +
[−
3(4𝜋2+1)
32𝜋2𝛼+2𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝜋𝑥) −
2
𝛽(𝜋2 +
3
4)] 𝜉2
2 27
𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃ −
1
6
(−9𝜋5−4𝜋2√2+24√2)
𝜋
ξ1,
𝑞2 = 𝑞2
̃ −
16
5
(3𝜋2+2)√2
𝜋
ξ1
(
𝜆) 𝛼𝑣0
′′ + 𝛽𝑣0 +
3
2 𝑒1
2 −
1
2 𝑒′1
2 −𝑒1𝑒1′′ + 𝜇0𝑒1 = 0. 23
Eq.22 gives 𝜇0 = −
1
6
(−9𝜋5−4𝜋2√2+24√2)
𝜋
substitute
f
thi
l
i ODE E 23 𝛼𝑣0
′′ + 𝛽𝑣0 +
3
2 𝑒1
2 −
1
2 𝑒′1
2 −𝑒1𝑒1′′ + 𝜇0𝑒1 = 0. 23
Eq.22 gives 𝜇0 = −
1
6
(−9𝜋5−4𝜋2√2+24√2)
𝜋
substitute
f
thi
l
i ODE E 23 q
g
𝜇0
6
for this value in ODE Eq.23 q
𝛼𝑣0
′′ + 𝛽𝑣0 +
3
2 𝑒1
2 −
1
2 𝑒′1
2 −𝑒1𝑒1′′ −
1
6
(−9𝜋5−4𝜋2√2+24√2)
𝜋
𝑒1 = 0 27 6
And then have 𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃ −
1
6
(−9𝜋5−4𝜋2√2+24√2)
𝜋
ξ1,
𝑞2 = 𝑞2
̃ −
16
5
(3𝜋2+2)√2
𝜋
ξ1 𝑣0 =
3(𝜋2+1)
−4𝛼𝜋2+𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋𝑥)2 +
(9𝜋5√2+8𝜋2−48)
6𝜋(−𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑥) +
(2𝜋2−3)𝛽+(2𝜋4+6𝜋2)𝛼
𝛽(−4𝜋2𝛼+𝛽) Eq.27 is a solution of the functional 𝑉(𝑢, 𝜆). which
is represent the nonlinear Ritz approximation of V. Thus, 18 𝜉2
And 𝛼𝑣′′ + 𝛽𝑣+
3
2 (𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2 −
1
2 ((𝜉1𝑒1 +
𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′)2 −(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 +
𝑣)′′ + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 +
𝑎3𝑡22 19 𝛼𝑣′′ + 𝛽𝑣+
3
2 (𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2 −
1
2 ((𝜉1𝑒1 +
𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)′)2 −(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 +
𝑣)′′ + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 +
𝑎3𝑡22 19 p
Can separate the space 𝐸 into subspace 𝑊 and it's an
orthogonal complement, g
p
𝐸= 𝑊⨁𝐸̂, 𝐸̂ = 𝑊⊥∩𝐸= {𝑣∈𝐸: 𝑣⊥𝑊} g
p
𝐸= 𝑊⨁𝐸̂, 𝐸̂ = 𝑊⊥∩𝐸= {𝑣∈𝐸: 𝑣⊥𝑊}
Likewise, the space 𝑀 separated to subspace 𝑁 it's
an orthogonal complement as follows 19 𝐸= 𝑊⨁𝐸̂, 𝐸̂ = 𝑊⊥∩𝐸= {𝑣∈𝐸: 𝑣⊥𝑊}
Likewise, the space 𝑀 separated to subspace 𝑁 it's
an orthogonal complement as follows Likewise, the space 𝑀 separated to subspace 𝑁 it's
an orthogonal complement as follows by substituting 𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2) and 𝑞2 =
𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2) in Eq.18 and Eq.19, obtaining 𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2) in Eq.18 and Eq.19, obtaining
[(𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1 +
3
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
+
3𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
+
3
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′1
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒12𝑒1′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒′′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒1
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒1 + [(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2 +
3
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
+ 3𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒2
2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
+
3
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒2
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′1
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒2𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
− 𝑞2 + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2) in Eq.18 and Eq.19, obtaining
[(𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1 +
3
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
+
3𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
+
3
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′1
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒12𝑒1′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒′′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒1
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒1 + [(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2 +
3
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
+ 3𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒2
2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
+
3
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒2
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′1
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒2𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
− g
p
𝐹= 𝑁⨁𝐹̂,
𝐹̂ = N ∩𝐹= {𝑣∈𝐹: 𝑣⊥𝑁}
For that, there exist projections 𝑗: 𝐸→𝑊 & 𝐼−
𝑗: 𝐸→𝐸̂ such that 𝑗𝑤= 𝑢 and (𝐼−𝑗)𝑤= 𝑣, so
∀ 𝑤∈𝐸
represented
as
𝑤= 𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝑢=
∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
, 𝑊⊥𝑣∈𝐸̂, 𝜉𝑖= ⟨𝑤, 𝑒𝑖⟩ by the same way
there are projection 𝐺: 𝐹→𝑁 & 𝐼−𝐺: 𝐹→𝐹̂ in
which g
p
𝐹= 𝑁⨁𝐹̂,
𝐹̂ = N ∩𝐹= {𝑣∈𝐹: 𝑣⊥𝑁}
For that, there exist projections 𝑗: 𝐸→𝑊 & 𝐼−
𝑗: 𝐸→𝐸̂ such that 𝑗𝑤= 𝑢 and (𝐼−𝑗)𝑤= 𝑣, so
∀ 𝑤∈𝐸
represented
as
𝑤= 𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝑢=
∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
, 𝑊⊥𝑣∈𝐸̂, 𝜉𝑖= ⟨𝑤, 𝑒𝑖⟩ by the same way
there are projection 𝐺: 𝐹→𝑁 & 𝐼−𝐺: 𝐹→𝐹̂ in
which g
p
𝐹= 𝑁⨁𝐹̂,
𝐹̂ = N ∩𝐹= {𝑣∈𝐹: 𝑣⊥𝑁}
For that, there exist projections 𝑗: 𝐸→𝑊 & 𝐼−
𝑗: 𝐸→𝐸̂ such that 𝑗𝑤= 𝑢 and (𝐼−𝑗)𝑤= 𝑣, so
∀ 𝑤∈𝐸
represented
as
𝑤= 𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝑢=
∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
, 𝑊⊥𝑣∈𝐸̂, 𝜉𝑖= ⟨𝑤, 𝑒𝑖⟩ by the same way
there are projection 𝐺: 𝐹→𝑁 & 𝐼−𝐺: 𝐹→𝐹̂ in
which 𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝐺𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝐺)𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = ψ, 𝜓
= (𝑤, 𝑡), 𝑡= (𝑡1, 𝑡2) (
)
Accordingly, Eq.1 can be represented as follows, y
q
p
𝐺𝑔(𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = ψ1
(𝐼−𝐺)𝑔(𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = ψ2 1371 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: February, 2023 2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 𝜉1
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒1′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒2
2𝑒′′1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
𝜉1𝜉2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒2
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
−𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒22𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒2 =
𝑡1𝑒1 + 𝑡2𝑒2 20 𝑣1 = −
28(𝜋2+3
7)
9𝜋2𝛼+𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 𝑥)3 +
64(3𝜋2+2)
5𝜋(−4𝜋2𝛼+𝛽) 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋 𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 𝑥) +
(48𝜋4+36𝜋2)𝛼+(−24𝜋2+12)𝛽
(−𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)(−9𝜋2𝛼+𝛽)
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜋 𝑥) 𝛼𝑣′′ + 𝛽𝑣+
3
2 (𝜉1
2𝑒1
2 + 2𝑒1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2
2 +
2𝑣𝑒1𝜉1 + 2𝑣𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣2) −
1
2 (𝜉1
2𝑒′1
2 +
2𝑒′1𝑒′2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒′2
2 + 2𝑣′𝑒′1𝜉1 + 2𝑣′𝑒′2𝜉2 +
𝑣′2) −(𝜉1
2𝑒1𝑒1′′ + 𝜉1𝜉2𝑒1𝑒2
′′ + 𝑣′′𝑒1𝜉1 +
𝑒′′1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2𝑒2
′′ + 𝑣′′𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣𝑒′′1𝜉1 +
𝑣𝑒′′2𝜉2 + 𝑣𝑣′′) + (𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1𝑒1 + (𝑞2
̃ +
𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22
21 𝛼𝑣′′ + 𝛽𝑣+
3
2 (𝜉1
2𝑒1
2 + 2𝑒1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2
2 +
2𝑣𝑒1𝜉1 + 2𝑣𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣2) −
1
2 (𝜉1
2𝑒′1
2 +
2𝑒′1𝑒′2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒′2
2 + 2𝑣′𝑒′1𝜉1 + 2𝑣′𝑒′2𝜉2 +
𝑣′2) −(𝜉1
2𝑒1𝑒1′′ + 𝜉1𝜉2𝑒1𝑒2
′′ + 𝑣′′𝑒1𝜉1 +
𝑒′′1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2𝑒2
′′ + 𝑣′′𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣𝑒′′1𝜉1 +
𝑣𝑒′′2𝜉2 + 𝑣𝑣′′) + (𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1𝑒1 + (𝑞2
̃ +
𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22
21 (
𝛽)(
𝛽)
Equating the coefficients of 𝜉2
2, have (
𝛽)(
𝛽)
Equating the coefficients of 𝜉2
2, have Equating the coefficients of 𝜉2, have
[
3
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒1 +
[𝜇̃1 +
3
2 ∫𝑒2
3𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
1
2 ∫𝑒2𝑒′2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒22𝑒′2
′ 𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒2 = 0
𝛼𝑣2
′′ + 𝛽𝑣2 +
3
2 𝑒2
2 −
1
2 𝑒′2
2 −𝑒2𝑒2
′′ + 𝜇̃1𝑒2 = 0, 26
hence 𝜇̃1 = 0 that implies Eq. Where Where
bi Where bifurcating points for the function 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) are
entirely determined by its principal part 𝑈(𝜉, 𝛿). The
function 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) has all the topological and
analytical properties of functional V (w, γ, 𝜓). The
spreading of the critical points of the function
𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) depends on the change of parameter 𝛿 and
will be discussed in this paper as follows: γi = γi(α, β), i = 1,2, … ,11 , γi = γi(α, β), i = 1,2, … ,1
λi = λi(α, β, t), i = 1,2
ξ = (𝜉𝜉) δ = (γ λ ) su γi
γi(
β)
λi = λi(α, β, t), i = 1,2 γi
γi
β
λi = λi(α, β, t), i = 1,2 ξ = (𝜉1, 𝜉2), δ = (γi, λi) such that 𝜆, γ are
parameters. ξ = (𝜉1, 𝜉2), δ = (γi, λi) such that 𝜆, γ are
parameters. Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 Thus, (
𝛽)
Now, to find coefficients of 𝜉1𝜉2, [𝜇1 + 3 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒1
2𝑒′′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒1
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
]𝑒1 +
[𝜇̃0 + 3 ∫𝑒2
2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒2𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒2
2𝑒′′1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒2
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒2 = 0 [𝜇1 + 3 ∫𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒1
2𝑒′′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒1
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
]𝑒1 +
[𝜇̃0 + 3 ∫𝑒2
2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒2𝑒1
′𝑒′2𝑑𝑥
1
0
−
∫𝑒2
2𝑒′′1𝑑𝑥
1
0
−∫𝑒1𝑒2𝑒2
′′𝑑𝑥
1
0
] 𝑒2 = 0 24
24
𝛼𝑣1
′′ + 𝛽𝑣1 + 3𝑒1𝑒2 −𝑒′1𝑒′2 −𝑒1𝑒2
′′ −𝑒′′1𝑒2 +
𝜇1𝑒1 + 𝜇̃0𝑒2 = 0 25
From Eq.24 get 𝜇1 = 0, and 𝜇̃0 = −
16
5
(3𝜋2+2)√2
𝜋
, so
that, Eq.(25) becomes
′′
′
′
′′
′′ From the above results we deduced the following
theorem Theorem 1. The nonlinear Ritz approximation of
the functional 24 V (w, γ, 𝜓) =
1
2 ∫(−α(w′)2
1
0
+ V (w, γ, 𝜓) =
1
2 ∫(−α(w′)2
1
0
+
βw2 + w3+𝑤(w′) −w𝜓)𝑑𝑥. is given by the function 24
𝛼𝑣1
′′ + 𝛽𝑣1 + 3𝑒1𝑒2 −𝑒′1𝑒′2 −𝑒1𝑒2
′′ −𝑒′′1𝑒2 +
𝜇1𝑒1 + 𝜇̃0𝑒2 = 0 25
From Eq.24 get 𝜇1 = 0, and 𝜇̃0 = −
16
5
(3𝜋2+2)√2
𝜋
, so
that, Eq.(25) becomes g
y
𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) = 𝑈(𝜉, 𝛿) + 𝑜(|𝜉|6) + 𝑂(|𝜉|6)𝑂(|𝛿|), 𝑈(𝜉, 𝛿) = 𝛾1𝜉1
6 + 𝛾2𝜉2
6 + 𝛾3𝜉1
4𝜉2
2+𝛾4𝜉1
2𝜉2
4
+ 𝛾5𝜉1
5 + 𝛾6𝜉1𝜉2
4
+ 𝛾7𝜉1
3𝜉2
2+𝛾8𝜉1
4 + 𝛾9𝜉2
4
+ 𝛾10𝜉1
2𝜉2
2 + 𝛾11𝜉1
3 + 𝜆1𝜉1
2
+ 𝜆2𝜉2
2 −1
2 𝑡1𝜉1 −1
2 𝑡2𝜉2 𝛼𝑣1
′′ + 𝛽𝑣1 + 3𝑒1𝑒2 −𝑒′1𝑒′2 −𝑒1𝑒2
′′ −𝑒′′1𝑒2
−16
5
(3𝜋2 + 2)√2
𝜋
𝑒2 = 0 The solution of ODE gives the function 𝑣1 as
follows Proof: 𝟔𝟒 1373 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: February, 2023 2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 3. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= −𝟔, 𝜸𝟐= −𝟓, 𝜸𝟑= −𝟎. 𝟑𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= −𝟓𝟔, 𝜸𝟓= −𝟏, 𝜸𝟔= 𝟕𝟕, 𝜸𝟕=
𝟏𝟏, 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐𝟐, = 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑𝟑, 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟗𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟐𝟐, 𝝀𝟏= 𝟔𝟒
The bifurcation propagation of the critical points
𝐾( )
1 ∫
∞
(𝑘) 𝑖𝑘𝑥𝑑
𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅3 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 𝐾(𝑥) = 1
2𝜋∫
∞
−∞
𝑐(𝑘)𝑒𝑖𝑘𝑥𝑑𝑥 The bifurcation propagation of the critical points
to the function 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) is given as follows: In Fig.1, the caustic (bifurcation set) of function
𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) Split the space of parameters into
regions𝑅1, 𝑅2, and 𝑅3; in all regions, there is one real
critical point (Saddle). By Taylor expansion, the partial deferential Eq. 28
reduces to the Korteweg-de Vries equation, By Taylor expansion, the partial deferential Eq. 28
reduces to the Korteweg-de Vries equation, g
q
,
𝑢𝑡+ 𝑐0𝑢𝑥+
3
2
𝑐0
ℎ0 𝑢𝑢𝑥+
1
6 𝑐0ℎ0
2𝑢𝑥𝑥𝑥= 0 29
By assuming 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑢(𝜂), 𝜂 = 𝑥 − 𝑐𝑡, Eq.29
is
transformed
into
the
following
ordinary
differential equation for a variable 𝑤( 𝑦), In Fig.2 the caustic (bifurcation set) of function
𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) Split the space of parameters into regions 𝑅1
and 𝑅2; each region consists of a fixed number of
three real critical points (Minimum, 2 Saddles). q
( )
𝑑2𝑤
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛼w + 𝑤2 = 0 30
where 𝛼 is a parameter. 𝑑2𝑤
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛼w + 𝑤2 = 0 30
where 𝛼 is a parameter. 30 In Fig.3, the caustic (bifurcation set) of function
21 Split the space of parameters into regions 𝑅1, 𝑅2
,and 𝑅3; each region consists of a fixed number of
critical points so that the pervasion of the critical
points is as follows: if the parameters ( 𝜆1, 𝑡1, 𝑡2)
belong to 𝑅1, 𝑅2, then have three real critical points
(2 Maximum, Saddle), while haveing five real
critical points (Minimum, 2 Saddles, 2 Maximum). When ( 𝜆1, 𝑡1, 𝑡2) belong to 𝑅3. where 𝛼 is a parameter. In the present section, we will study Eq. 30 with
the following boundary conditions which satisfy Eq. 30, 𝑤(0) = 𝑤(2𝜋) = 0,
where 𝑤 = 𝑤( 𝑥), 𝑥 ∈[0, 2𝜋]. Proof: To determine the key function of V (w, γ, 𝜓) wall
substituting Eq.27 in the functional The study of the discriminant set of function
𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) it not easy to find so, we will use maple 16
to find the discriminant set of the above function
𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿), in particular, we will fix the values of
𝜆1, γi, 𝑖= 1,2, . . ,11. and then to find all sections of
discriminant set in the 𝜆2𝑡1𝑡2− surfaces, so we have
three cases. g
q
V (w, γ, 𝜓) = 1
2 ∫(−α(w′)2
1
0
+ βw2 + w3+𝑤(w′)
−w𝜓)𝑑𝑥. And after solving it get the function 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿). g
q
V (w, γ, 𝜓) = 1
2 ∫(−α(w′)2
1
0
+ βw2 + w3+𝑤(w′)
−w𝜓)𝑑𝑥. 𝜓)
And after solving it get the function 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿). The geometry of the bifurcation of critical points
and the principal asymptotic of the branches of nd the principal asymptotic of the branches of
Figure 1. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏, 𝜸𝟐= 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜸𝟓=
𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝜸𝟔= 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟒
Figure 2. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝟔, 𝜸𝟐= −𝟓, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔, 𝜸𝟓= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖, 𝜸𝟔=
𝟎. 𝟕𝟕, 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏𝟏, 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑, 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒
𝑅1
𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅3
𝑅2 Figure 1. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏, 𝜸𝟐= 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜸𝟓=
𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝜸𝟔= 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟒
𝑅1
𝑅2
𝑅3 Figure 1. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏, 𝜸𝟐= 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜸𝟓=
𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝜸𝟔= 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟒 Figure 1. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏, 𝜸𝟐= 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜸𝟓=
𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝜸𝟔= 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟒 g
𝜸𝟏
𝜸𝟕
, 𝜸𝟐
𝜸𝟖
, 𝜸𝟑
𝜸𝟗
, 𝜸𝟒
𝜸𝟏𝟎
, 𝜸𝟓
𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝜸𝟔= 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟒
Figure 2. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝟔, 𝜸𝟐= −𝟓, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔, 𝜸𝟓= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖, 𝜸𝟔=
𝟎. 𝟕𝟕, 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏𝟏, 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑, 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟒
𝑅1
𝑅2 Figure 2. Describe Caustic when 𝜸𝟏= 𝟔, 𝜸𝟐= −𝟓, 𝜸𝟑= 𝜸𝟗= 𝟑𝟑, 𝜸𝟒= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔, 𝜸𝟓= 𝟎. 𝟖𝟖, 𝜸𝟔=
𝟎. 𝟕𝟕, 𝜸𝟕= 𝟏𝟏, 𝜸𝟖= −𝟐𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟐, 𝜸𝟏𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑, 𝝀𝟏= 𝟎. Proof: To obtain a nonlinear approximation for the
Korteweg-de Vries equation, write Eq. 30 as a
nonlinear Fredholm operator as follows: Nonlinear Ritz Approximation for the
Benjamin-Bona-Mahony Equation (BBM) Nonlinear Ritz Approximation for the
Benjamin-Bona-Mahony Equation (BBM) p
𝑔(𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝑤′′ + 𝛼𝑤 + 𝑤2 p
𝑔(𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝑤′′ + 𝛼𝑤 + 𝑤2 3 31 𝑔(𝑤, 𝛾) = 𝑤
+ 𝛼𝑤 + 𝑤 31
when 𝑔: E ⟶𝑀 is the Fredholm operator which is
nonlinear of index zero from Banach space 𝐸 to
Banach space 𝑀, where 𝐸= 𝐶2([0,2π], ℝ) is the
space of all continuous functions that have derivative
of order at most two, 𝑀= 𝐶([0,2𝜋], ℝ) is the space
of every continuous function. The operator 𝑔 own
variational property, so there is a functional 𝑉
defined by, In this section, we will give another example
of our work in this paper. As in the above section,
MLSM will be applied to the study of the
existence of periodic solutions of the traveling
wave in the form 𝑢+ 𝑣 of the Benjamin-Bona-
Mahony equation. Consider the following nonlinear partial
differential equation ,
𝑔 (𝑤, 𝛼) = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 (𝑤, 𝛼) ,
𝑔 (𝑤, 𝛼) = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 (𝑤, 𝛼) 𝑢𝑡+
3
2
𝑐0
ℎ0 𝑢𝑢𝑥+ ∫
∞
−∞𝐾(𝑥−𝜂)𝑢𝜂(𝜂, 𝑡)𝑑𝜂= 0 28
when
𝑡, 𝑔, 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡), ℎ0
are
time,
gravitational
acceleration, and water wave velocity respectively
while ℎ0 is the depth of the fluid such that 𝑐 0 =
√𝑔ℎ0, with a kernel 𝐾(𝑥), defined by 32 p
Can separate the space 𝐸 into subspace 𝑊 and it's an
orthogonal complement, g
p
𝐸= 𝑊⨁𝐸̂, 𝐸̂ = 𝑊⊥∩𝐸= {𝑣∈𝐸: 𝑣⊥𝑊}
Likewise, the space 𝑀 separated to subspace 𝑁 it's
an orthogonal complement as follows g
p
𝐸= 𝑊⨁𝐸̂, 𝐸̂ = 𝑊⊥∩𝐸= {𝑣∈𝐸: 𝑣⊥𝑊 g
p
𝐸= 𝑊⨁𝐸̂, 𝐸̂ = 𝑊⊥∩𝐸= {𝑣∈𝐸: 𝑣⊥𝑊}
Likewise, the space 𝑀 separated to subspace 𝑁 it's
an orthogonal complement as follows ⨁,
{
}
Likewise, the space 𝑀 separated to subspace 𝑁 it's
an orthogonal complement as follows 𝑣′′ + 𝛼𝑣+
1
2𝜋(𝜉1
2𝑒1
2 + 2𝑒1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2
2 +
2𝑣𝑒1𝜉1 + 2𝑣𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣2)) + (𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝑣′′ + 𝛼𝑣+
1
2𝜋(𝜉1
2𝑒1
2 + 2𝑒1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2
2 +
2𝑣𝑒1𝜉1 + 2𝑣𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣2)) + (𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1𝑒1 +
(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 +
𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 39 𝑣′′ + 𝛼𝑣+
1
2𝜋(𝜉1
2𝑒1
2 + 2𝑒1𝑒2𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝜉2
2𝑒2
2 +
2𝑣𝑒1𝜉1 + 2𝑣𝑒2𝜉2 + 𝑣2)) + (𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1𝑒1 +
(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 +
𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 39 g
p
𝐹= 𝑁⨁𝐹̂,
𝐹̂ = N ∩𝐹= {𝑣∈𝐹: 𝑣⊥𝑁}
For that, there exist projections 𝑗: 𝐸→𝑊 & 𝐼−
𝑗: 𝐸→𝐸̂ such that 𝑗𝑤= 𝑢 and (𝐼−𝑗)𝑤= 𝑣, so
∀ 𝑤∈𝐸
represented
as
𝑤= 𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝑢=
∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
, 𝑊⊥𝑣∈𝐸̂, 𝜉𝑖= ⟨𝑤, 𝑒𝑖⟩ by the same way
there are projection 𝐺: 𝐹→𝑁 & 𝐼−𝐺: 𝐹→𝐹̂ in
which g
p
𝐹= 𝑁⨁𝐹̂,
𝐹̂ = N ∩𝐹= {𝑣∈𝐹: 𝑣⊥𝑁}
For that, there exist projections 𝑗: 𝐸→𝑊 & 𝐼−
𝑗: 𝐸→𝐸̂ such that 𝑗𝑤= 𝑢 and (𝐼−𝑗)𝑤= 𝑣, so
∀ 𝑤∈𝐸
represented
as
𝑤= 𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝑢=
∑
𝜉𝑖𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
, 𝑊⊥𝑣∈𝐸̂, 𝜉𝑖= ⟨𝑤, 𝑒𝑖⟩ by the same way
there are projection 𝐺: 𝐹→𝑁 & 𝐼−𝐺: 𝐹→𝐹̂ in
which 2𝜉2
))
+ 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 =
𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 1𝜉1
2𝜉2
))
(𝑞1
𝜇(𝜉1 𝜉2))𝜉
(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡1
𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 39 1𝜉1
2𝜉2
))
(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2𝑒2 =
𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 2 1 2
3 2
The functions 𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝜆), 𝜇(𝜉) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇̃(𝜉) in Eq.35
determine
by
finding
the
coefficients
𝜇0, 𝜇1, , 𝜇̃0, 𝜇̃1, , 𝑣0, 𝑣1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 in Eq.38, 39, so have 𝜇0 = 𝜇1 = 𝜇̃0 = 𝜇̃1 = 𝜇̃1 = 0
𝑣0 =
1
𝛼−4 𝑐𝑜𝑐(2𝑥) −1
𝛼
𝑣1 =
−1
𝛼−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 𝑥)
𝑣2 = −
1
𝛼−4 𝑐𝑜𝑐(2𝑥) −
1
𝛼 𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = 𝐺𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) + (𝐼−𝐺)𝑔(𝑢, 𝛾) = ψ, 𝜓
= (𝑤, 𝑡), 𝑡= (𝑡1, 𝑡2) ( 1
2)
Accordingly, Eq. 32 the Fréchet derivative at the point (0, 𝛼) of the
nonlinear operator 𝑔(𝑤, 𝛼) has the form, When 𝐴𝑤=
𝑑2𝑤
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛼𝑤 represents a linear part
while 𝑇𝑤= 𝑤2 is a nonlinear part of Eq.30. Since
𝑄𝑓(𝑤, 𝜆) = ∑
〈𝑓(𝑤, 𝜆), 𝑒𝑖〉𝑒𝑖
2
𝑖=1
= 𝜓1,
obtaining 𝑔( ,
)
𝑑𝑔(0, 𝛼)ℏ= ℏ′′ + 𝛼ℏ 𝑔
And hence the linearized equation identical to Eq. 28 is defined by, 𝑄𝑓(
obtaining 28 is defined by, g
∑
〈𝐴(𝑤) + 𝑇(𝑤), 𝑒𝑖〉𝑒𝑖= ∑
(∫
(𝐴(𝑤)𝑒𝑖+
2𝜋
0
2
𝑖=1
2
𝑖=1
𝑇(𝑤)𝑒𝑖)𝑑𝑥) 𝑒𝑖= 𝜓1. y,
𝐴ℏ= 0, ℏ∈𝐸
𝐴= 𝑑𝑔(0, 𝛼) =
d2
𝑑𝑥2 + 𝛼, 𝑥∈[0,2𝜋], 33
ℏ(0) = ℏ(2𝜋) = 0 Thus, Thus,
(𝑞1𝜉1 +
1
2𝜋∫
(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
) 𝑒1 +
(𝑞2𝜉2 +
1
2𝜋∫
(𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
) 𝑒2 =
𝑡1𝑒1 + 𝑡2𝑒2 36
A d Eq. 33 is called a linearized equation. The solution of the linearized Eq. 33 verification
of the boundary conditions is get by y
g
y
𝑒 = 𝑎1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥), 𝑒 = 𝑎1 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑎2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥), 34 As a result, (0,0) is a bifurcation point for Eq.28. And localized parameters for 𝛼 gives by, And 𝑣′′ + 𝛼𝑣+ (𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2 + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 +
𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 37 𝑣′′ + 𝛼𝑣+ (𝜉1𝑒1 + 𝜉2𝑒2 + 𝑣)2 + 𝑞1𝜉1𝑒1 +
𝑞2𝜉2𝑒2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 37 g
𝛼̂ = 0 + 𝛤 where 𝛤 are parameters that small lead to the below
modes over the bifurcation. where 𝛤 are parameters that small lead to the below
modes over the bifurcation. 32 by substituting 𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2) and 𝑞2 =
𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2) in Eq.36 and Eq.37, obtaining 𝑒1 = √2 sin(𝑥) , 𝑒2 = √2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) 𝑞2
𝜇(𝜉1 𝜉2)
q
q
g
[(𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉1 +
1
2𝜋𝜉1
2 ∫
𝑒1
3𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
+
1
𝜋𝜉1𝜉2 ∫
𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
+
1
2𝜋𝜉2
2 ∫𝑒1𝑒2
2𝑑𝑥
1
0
]𝑒1 +
[(𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2))𝜉2 +
1
2𝜋𝜉1
2 ∫
𝑒1
2𝑒2𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
+
1
𝜋𝜉1𝜉2 ∫
𝑒2
2𝑒1𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
+
1
2𝜋𝜉2
2 ∫
𝑒2
3𝑑𝑥
2𝜋
0
] 𝑒2 = 𝑡1𝑒1 +
𝑡2𝑒2 38 𝑒1 = √2 sin(𝑥) , 𝑒2 = √2 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
Where the norms of 𝑒1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒2 are equal to one, and
𝑎1 = 𝑎2 = √2. This means that 𝑒1𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑒2 are the
orthonormal basis of null space ker(𝐴). Where V (w, α, 𝜓) =
1
2𝜋∫((w′)2
2
1
0
+ αw2
2 + w3
3 ) −w𝜓)𝑑𝑥 When 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑𝐻 𝑉 denotes the gradient of 𝑉. Every
solution of Eq. 30 is a solution of the operator
equation, 1371 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 𝑔(𝑤, 𝜆) = 𝜓, 𝜓∈𝐹 𝑔(𝑤, 𝜆) = 𝜓, 𝜓∈𝐹 𝑔(𝑤, 𝜆) = 𝜓, 𝜓∈𝐹 32 𝑔(𝑢, 𝛼) = 𝐴𝑢+ 𝑇𝑢= 𝜓,
𝑑2 𝑔(𝑤, 𝜆) = 𝜓, 𝜓∈𝐹 32 Acknowledgment: https://www.ikprress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/article/vi
ew/751 The authors would like to express their hearty
thanks to the referees for their valuable suggestions
and comments in revising the manuscript. 12. Rosen A.H., Abdul Hussain M.A., On bifurcation
solutions of nonlinear fourth order differential
equation, Asian J Math.Comp Res. 2017;21(3): 145-
155. Authors' declaration: https://www.ikppress.org/index.php/AJOMCOR/articl - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Basrah. 13. Kadhim HK, Abdul Hussain MA. The analysis of
bifurcation solutions of the Camassa–Holm equation
by angular singularities. Probl Anal Issues Anal. 2020;
9(27) (1): 66–82. 14. Schmidt E. Zur Theorie der linearen und
nichtlinearen Integral gleichungen. III. Teil: Über die
Auflösung der nichtlinearen Integral gleichung und die
Verzweigung ihrer Lösungen. Math Ann. 1908;
65(1908): 370-399. Conclusion: 6. Abdul Hussain MA. Lyapunov –Schmidt Reduction in
the Study of Periodic Travelling Wave Solutions of
Nonlinear Dispersive Long Wave Equation. TWMS. J
App Eng Math. 2017; 7(2): 303-310. The modified Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction for
nonhomogeneous problems is used for finding the
nonlinear Ritz approximation of nonlinear Fredholm
functional when the dimension of the null space is
equal to two. The method allowed us to get more
information about the key function 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿). The
method can be used to find nonlinear Ritz
approximation for Fredholm functional defined by
the
nonhomogeneous
nonlinear
differential
equations like Camassa-Holm and Benjamin-Bona-
Mahony equations. Nonlinear Ritz approximation
solutions which have been obtained by MLSR
experimented with in terms of thoroughness and
convergence. Finding the caustic and discussing the
bifurcation of critical points was difficult in previous
studies, so the nonhomogeneous problems were
studied to avoid this problem. In future work, we will
study a new nonlinear equation using the modified
Lyapunov-Schmidt method. 7. Shawi ZA., Abdul Hussain MA. Bifurcation Solutions
of Fourth Order Non-linear Differential Equation
Using a Local Method of Lyapunov –Schmidt, Bas J
Sci. 39(2) 2021, 221–233. 8. Abdul Hussain MM, Abdul Hussain MA. Bifurcation
solutions of a fourth order Nonlinear Differential
Equations system using "local method of Lyapunov –
Schmidt". J Basrah Res. (Sci) 2020; 46(2): 163-174. 9. Abdul
Hussain
MA,
Mizeal
AA. Two-mode
bifurcation in solution of a perturbed nonlinear fourth
order differential equation. BRNΟ. Tοmus. 2012;
48(1): 27-37. 10. Abdul Hussain MA. Nonlinear Ritz approximation for
Fredholm functionals. Electron. J Differ Equ. 2015;
2015(294): 1–11. 11. Mohammed MJ. Lyapunov-Schmidt Reduction in the
analysis of bifurcation solutions and caustic of
nonlinear system of algebraic equation. Asian J
Math.Comp Res. 2016; 14(4): 275-289. Proof. 5. Abdul Hussain MA, Qaasim TH. On Bifurcation of
Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear Fourth Order Ordinary
Differential Equation Int J Nonlinear Anal Appl. 2018; 2018(1): 48-56. The proof is in the same manner as the proof of
Theorem 2. References: 1. Sapronov YI. Finite Dimensional Reduction of
Smooth Extremely Problems. Russ Math Surv. 51
1996; 51(1) : 97 𝜓)
has the key function of the form 𝜓)
has the key function of the form 𝑊(𝜉, 𝛿) = 𝛾1𝜉1
6 + 𝛾2𝜉2
6
+ 𝛾3𝜉1
4𝜉2
2+𝛾4𝜉1
2𝜉2
4+𝛾5𝜉1
4
+ 𝛾6𝜉2
4 + 𝛾7𝜉1
2𝜉2
2 + 𝜆1𝜉1
2
+ 𝜆2𝜉2
2 −𝑡1𝜉1 −𝑡2𝜉2
S ch that 2. Krasnoselskii MA. Topological Methods in the Theory
of Nonlinear Equations, M. Gostehizdat, 1956. https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19640441041 + 𝛾3𝜉1
4𝜉2
2+𝛾4𝜉1
2𝜉2
4+𝛾5𝜉1
4
+ 𝛾6𝜉2
4 + 𝛾7𝜉1
2𝜉2
2 + 𝜆1𝜉1
2
+ 𝜆2𝜉2
2 −𝑡1𝜉1 −𝑡2𝜉2 3. Saprοnοv
YI,
Cһemerzina
EV. Direct
parameterization of caustics of Fredholm functionals. J Math. 2007; 142(3): 2189-2197. Such that γi = γi(α), i = 1,2, … ,7 ,
λi = λi(α, t), i = 1,2. γi = γi(α), i = 1,2, … ,7 ,
(
) 4. Saprοnοv YI, Darinskii BM. Discriminant sets and
layerings of bifurcating solutions of fredholm
equations J Math. 2005; 126(4): 1297-1311. 32 31 can be represented as
follows, 𝐺𝑔(𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = ψ1
(𝐼−𝐺)𝑔(𝑢+ 𝑣, 𝛾) = ψ2
𝜓1 = 𝑒1𝑡1 + 𝑒2𝑡2 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝜓2 = 𝑎1𝑡12 + 𝑎2𝑡1𝑡2 + 𝑎3𝑡22 𝑣2 = −
1
𝛼−4 𝑐𝑜𝑐(2𝑥) −
1
𝛼 𝛼4
𝛼
So, the nonlinear approximation for Eq.31 found by
substituting
the
values
of
μ0, μ1, , μ̃0, μ̃1, , 𝑣0, 𝑣1, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣2 in 𝑈(𝑥, 𝜉), From implicit function theory, obtain a map 𝜃: 𝑊→
𝐸̂ that is smooth satisfying, 𝑤(𝑥, 𝜉) = √2𝜉1 sin(𝑥) + √2𝜉2 cos(𝑥) +
[
1
𝛼−4 𝑐𝑜𝑐(2𝑥) −
1
𝛼] 𝜉1
2 + [
−1
𝛼−4 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2 𝑥)] 𝜉1𝜉2 +
[−
1
𝛼−4 𝑐𝑜𝑐(2𝑥) −
1
𝛼] 𝜉2
2 40
𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃,
𝑞2 = 𝑞2
̃ y g,
𝑊(𝜉, Γ, 𝜓) = 𝑉(𝜃(𝜉, 𝛼), Γ, 𝜓) (𝜉, , 𝜓)
( (𝜉, ), , 𝜓)
By
finding
the
functions 𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝛾) = 𝑂(𝜉2),
𝜇(𝜉) = 𝑂(𝜉), 𝜇̃(𝜉) = 𝑂(𝜉), 𝜉= (𝜉1, 𝜉2), can get the
nonlinear Ritz approximation of 𝑉(𝜃(𝜉, 𝛼), Γ, 𝜓) ,
when 𝑞1 = 𝑞1
̃ + 𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2), 𝑞2 = 𝑞2
̃ + 𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2)
𝑣(𝑥, 𝜉, 𝛾) = 𝑣0(𝑥, 𝜆)𝜉1
2 + 𝑣1(𝑥, 𝜆)𝜉1𝜉2 + 𝑣2(𝑥, 𝜆)𝜉2
2 + ⋯
𝜇(𝜉1, 𝜉2) = 𝜇0𝜉1 + 𝜇1𝜉2
𝜇̃(𝜉1, 𝜉2) = 𝜇̃0𝜉1 + +𝜇̃1𝜉2
}
i
E
31
f ll Eq.40 is a solution of the functional 𝑉(𝑢, 𝛼).which
i
h
li
i
i
i
f 35
Eq.40 is a solution of the functional 𝑉(𝑢, 𝛼).which
is represent the nonlinear Ritz approximation of V. } 35
Eq.40 is a solution of the functional 𝑉(𝑢, 𝛼).which
is represent the nonlinear Ritz approximation of V. 35
p
pp
Now, will give the key function of functional
V (w, α, 𝜓). } 35
p
pp
Now, will give the key function of functional
V (w, α, 𝜓). written Eq. 31 as follows Theorem 2. The functional Theorem 2. The functional 1371 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 Authors' contributions statement: M. A. conceived of the presented idea. H. G. developed
the
theory
and
performed
the
computations. M. A. and H. G. verified the analytical
methods. M. A. supervised the findings of this work. All authors discussed the results and contributed to
the final manuscript. M. A. conceived of the presented idea. H. G. developed
the
theory
and
performed
the
computations. M. A. and H. G. verified the analytical
methods. M. A. supervised the findings of this work. All authors discussed the results and contributed to
the final manuscript. 15. Ouda EH. An Approximate Solution of some
Variational Problems Using Boubaker Polynomials. Baghdad Sci J. 2018; 15(1): 106-109. 1341 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5): 1731-1741 Open Access
Published Online First: February, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: February, 2023 18. Hameed HH, Al-Saedi HM. Three-Dimensional
Nonlinear Integral Operator with the Modelling of
Majorant Function. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18(2): 296-
305. 16. Zainab S. Madhi, Mudhir A. Abdul Hussain,
Bifurcation Diagram of 𝑊(𝑢𝑗, 𝜏) −function with
(𝑝, 𝑞)-parameters, Iraqi J Sci., 63(2), 2022, 667-674. 18. Hameed HH, Al-Saedi HM. Three-Dimensional
Nonlinear Integral Operator with the Modelling of
Majorant Function. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18(2): 296-
305. 18. Hameed HH, Al-Saedi HM. Three-Dimensional
Nonlinear Integral Operator with the Modelling of
Majorant Function. Baghdad Sci J. 2021; 18(2): 296-
305. 17. Li J, Qiao Z. Bifurcations and Exact Traveling Wave
Solutions for a Generalized CAMASSA-HOLM
Equation. Int J Bifurcat Chaos. 2013; 23(3): 17 pages. تقريب ريز غير الخطي للمعادلة كاماسا هولم باستخدام طريقة ليبنوف-شمدت المعدلة
هديل غازي عبدعلي
مظهر عبدالواحد عبدالحسين
،قسم الرياضيات
كلية التربية للعلوم ال
صرفة، جامعة البصرة، البصرة، العراق. :الخالصة
ف ي هذا العمل، تم استخدام
طريقة لي
نوف وبا-شمدت المعدلة
اليجاد تقريب ريتز غير الخطي لمؤثر فريدهولم المعرف بمعادلة
ك
اماسا هولم
غير المجانسة
ومعادلة
بنيامين بونا ماهوني. قدمنا طريقة ليابونوف- شمدت المعدلة في حالة ال
مسائل غير المتجانسة عندما يكون بعد الفضا ء
.الصفري مساو الى اثنان. أثبتنا ان تقريب ريتز غير الخطي لمعادلة كاماسا هولم يعطى بشكل دالة ذات بعد مرافق قيمته اربعة وعشرون
ال كلمات
ال:مفتاحية حلول التفرع ،
معادلة
بنيامين بونا ماهوني، معادلة كاماسا هولم، كاوستك، طر
يقة ليبنوف-شمدت المعدلة. 1341 | 9,953 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/6932/4289 | null |
Arabic | Keywords: Apigenin, Cholesterol, Cytarabine, Liver enzymes, Luteolin including vegetables, herbs, and fruits. It is an
anticancer drug against a variety of human cancers ,
including lung, breast, glioblastoma, prostate, colon,
and pancreatic cancer 9. Chemotherapeutic agents
have devastating side effects: the majority of
chemotherapeutic patients die as a result of
pneumonia, common infections, or other cancer-
related complications 10. Cytarabine is primarily
used to treat acute leukemia, especially acute non-
lymphoblastic leukemia. It is an antimetabolic
agent called 1-β arabinofuranosyl cytosine that is
interfering with DNA synthesis 11. Its mode of
action is due to its rapid conversion into cytosine
triphosphate arabinoside, which causes DNA
damage when the cell holds in phase S (DNA
synthesis). Cytosine also inhibits DNA and RNA
polymerases , as well as the nucleotide reductase
enzyme necessary for DNA synthesis12. This work
aims to study the adverse effects of cytarabine by
measuring
some
associated
biochemical
and
histological changes after cytarabine administration This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Lic This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected] Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected] Department of Dental Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected] Received 2/2/2022, Revised 28/11/2022, Accepted 30/11/2022, Published Online First 20/5/2023,
Published 01/1/2024 Abstract: The present study was undertaken to study the effect of apigenin and luteolin on physiological and
histological changes in rats treated with cytarabine drugs. Thirty-five albino healthy male adult rats with
equal age weighing 250 -300g were enrolled. Rats were randomly divided into seven groups according to the
treatment. Group “1” was treated with normal saline and served as the control group. Groups “2,3 and 4”
received cytarabine, apigenin, and luteolin respectively, while groups 5, 6, and 7 received a combination of
“apigenin + cytarabine”, “luteolin + cytarabine”, and “apigenin + luteolin + cytarabine”, respectively. After
one week of treatment, all seven groups of rats were sacrificed for histological finding, and blood samples
were collected from each rat for biochemical parameters analysis. The results of this study showed that
cytarabine increased the activity of GPT, GOT, and cholesterol levels in rats after one week of
intraperitoneal injection in comparison to the control. There was no significant difference in GPT and GOT
when apigenin and luteolin were administrated orally compared to the control group. When apigenin and
luteolin are combined with cytarabine, they have a protective effect on leakage of liver enzymes GPT and
GOT in serum. Apigenin and luteolin histologically protect liver cells from cytarabine damage when
administered alone. These findings conclude that apigenin and luteolin have a protective effect on cytarabine
side effects on the liver and its function in rats. Keywords: Apigenin, Cholesterol, Cytarabine, Liver enzymes, Luteolin. Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Physiological and histological effects of apigenin and luteolin on Cytarabine
injected rats ar N. Sultan
Ghada A. Taqa* Omar N. Sultan
Ghada A. Taqa* Ghada A. Taqa* Omar N. Sultan Animals Thirty-five healthy albino male adult rats with equal
age weighing 250 -300 g were used in the current
study. Rats were obtained from the animal care
housed in the Veterinary Medicine Collage of
Mosul University in Iraq. The animals were kept
under standard condition housing at 23±2°C room
temperature with 12h light\12h dark cycle and given
a standard diet and tap water ad libitium. The rats
were housed in the College of Dentistry, University
of Mosul. Materials and Methods: Drugs: Apigenin and luteolin pure powder were
purchased
from
Yanhuang
Industrial
Park
(Guanxian, Liaocheng, Shandong, China). Apigenin
and luteolin solution were prepared by mixing pure
powder of each one 50 mg with 1 mal of distilled
water to prepared 50 mg\kg\ml. The drug cytarabine
was purchased from Boston Biopharma, U.S.A. Each vial contains 10% of Cytarabine for injection. The
dose
of
Cytarabine
100mg/kg
was
intraperitoneal injected. 7- Group G7 : (n=5): Rats were orally
administered apigenin at 50 mg\kg and luteolin
at 50 mg\kg daily for seventh days, but in day
four, the rats were treated with cytarabine at
100 mg\kg intraperitonial for three days. The rats in all seven groups were sacrificed after
one week of treatment under chloroform general
anesthesia inhalation. Their livers were collected
from each one for evaluating histological changes. Blood samples were collected from each rat after
the animals were sacrificed for the analysis of
biochemical
parameters. Before
inhaling
chloroform, blood samples (5ml) were collected
from all rats via the orbital eye angle vein. Blood
was placed in plain tubes and allowed to coagulate
for thirty min at room temperature, before being
centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000 rpm. Serum
samples were separated and kept at ‒20°C until
analysis by using spectrophotometer kits (GPT and
GOT (Randox Laboratories, UK)) to measure liver
enzyme activities, as well as bilirubin, and
cholesterol concentrations. Introduction: Apigenin and luteolin are natural flavonoids found
in a variety of fruits and vegetables1. Apigenin,
(chemically known as 4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavone),
one of the popular dietary flavonoid plants, shows a
range of biological activities in various cellular
processes,
including
anticancer,
antimicrobial,
antiviral,
anti-inflammatory,
and
antioxidant
properties 2-5. Apigenin has thus been used as
conventional medicine for centuries due to its
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory physiological
functions 6,7. Chemotherapy in many malignances is
an effective treatment strategy, but this procedure
also entails many issues, as it uses a combination of
highly toxic chemicals. Possibly, the problem with
this form of treatment is the high toxicity and poor
specificity 8. Some food-derived phytochemicals and derivatives
provide
a
cornucopia
of
novel
anticancer
compounds. The
flavonoid
luteolin
(3,4,5,7-
tetrahydroxy flavone) can be found in many plants, 1 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 Open Access
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Published Online First: May, 2023 Published Online First: May, 2023 to rats, as well as to assess the protective effect of
the flavonoids apigenin and luteolin on this adverse
effect. 6- Group G6 (n=5): Rats were orally administered
luteolin at 50 mg\kg daily for the seventh days,
but on day four, the rats were treated with
cytarabine 100 mg\kg intraperitonial for three
days . Study design The rats were randomly divided into seven
experimental groups. Each group consisted of five
animals treated as follows: Statistical Analysis: All of the data have been analyzed using the
statistical software SPSS ver. 18. The ANOVA test
followed by post-hoc Duncan's test were used to
compare mean differences between groups. The
data was presented as a mean ± standard deviation. Statistical significance was defined as p-value
≤0.05. 1- Control group (G1) (n=5): Rats were orally
administered normal saline daily for seventh
days as a negative control but on day four the
rats
were
treated
with
normal
saline
intraperitoneal as well as orally to encounter
same conditions of other groups. 2- Group G2 (n=5): Apigenin 50 mg\kg was
given orally to rats for seventh days, but on
day four, the rats were given normal saline
intraperitoneally for three days. GPT and GOT: (
(
-Different small letters mean there are significant different in the same Colum at p≤0.05. GPT and GOT: GPT enzyme activity increased significantly in
cytarabine treated animals 45.0±2.0 in comparison
to the control 28.66±3.0 and others treated groups. Apigenin and luteolin administration alone had no
significant effect on GPT activity 32.6 ±2.5 and
33.6 ±4.1, respectively in comparison to the control
28.66±3.0 , whereas apigenin or luteolin combined
with cytarabine had a significant decrease in GPT
activity 38.0±2.0 and 38.0±2.0 , respectively in
comparison to the group treated with cytarabine
only. There was a significant decrease in GPT level
36.3±1.5 in the group treated with “apigenin+
luteolin+ cytarabine together compared to the group
treated with cytarabine only 45.0±2.0 ,but there
was no difference when compared to the control
group (Table 1). 3- Group G3 (n=5): Luteolin 50 mg\kg daily was
given orally to rats for seventh days, but on
day four, the rats were given normal saline
intraperitoneally for three days. 4- Group G4 (n=5): Rats were orally administered
normal saline daily for seventh days, but on
day four, rats were injected intraperitoneal
cytarabine at a dose 100 daily for three days. 5- Group G5 (n=5): Rats were orally administered
apigenin at 50 mg\kg daily for the seventh
days, but on day four the rats were treated with
cytarabine 100 mg\kg intraperitoneal. 5- Group G5 (n=5): Rats were orally administered
apigenin at 50 mg\kg daily for the seventh
days, but on day four the rats were treated with
cytarabine 100 mg\kg intraperitoneal. 2 2 Open Access
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Published Online First: May, 2023 2024, 21(1): 1-9
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Table 1. Comparison of changes in GPT and GOT activities between control and other groups
Groups
Median (range; IU/L)
Activity of GPT
Activity of GOT
. Control
28.7±3.0 a
34.0±1.0 a
Cytarabine
45.0±2.0 b
65.0±3.0 b
Apigenin
Luteolin
Apigenin +
cytarabine
Luteolin+
cytarabine
Apigenin+
luteolin+
Cytarabine
32.6 ±2.5 a
33.6 ±4.1 a
38.0±2.0 c
38.0±2.0 c
36.3±1.5 a c
37.0±2.0 a
36.8±0.07 a
35.0±2.0 a
42.0 ±2.0 c
37.1 ±1.0 a
GPT: alanine Aminotransferase; GOT: aspartate aminotransferase, , p-value ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple tests. -Data were describe (Mean + SD ( Open Access GPT: alanine Aminotransferase; GOT: aspartate aminotransferase, , p-value ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple tests. D t
d
ib (M
+ SD ( ;
p
-Data were describe (Mean + SD ( (
(
-Different small letters mean there are significant different in the same Colum at p≤0.05. Bilirubin and cholesterol Data were describe (Mean + SD (
-The similar letters among groups mean there is no significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05
-The different letters among groups mean there is a significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05 (
-The similar letters among groups mean there is no significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05
-The different letters among groups mean there is a significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05 showed pyknotic nuclei, necrosis, and infiltration of
inflammatory cells (Fig. 1: G2).
The results of the current study showed that the
number of kupffer cells and diploid hepatocytes was
slightly increased in the livers of G3 and G4 that
were
subjected
to
apigenin
and
luteolin,
respectively, when compared to the control group;
however, other histological features of the liver
were nearly similar to those of the control group
(Fig. 1: G3 and G4). showed pyknotic nuclei, necrosis, and infiltration of
inflammatory cells (Fig. 1: G2). Histological results Histological analysis investigation of a liver sample
of
control
group
G1
revealed
the
normal
architecture of liver tissue and hepatocyte pattern
(Fig.1, G1). The results of the current study showed that the
number of kupffer cells and diploid hepatocytes was
slightly increased in the livers of G3 and G4 that
were
subjected
to
apigenin
and
luteolin,
respectively, when compared to the control group;
however, other histological features of the liver
were nearly similar to those of the control group
(Fig. 1: G3 and G4). Histological sections of the G2 liver treated with
cytarabine revealed variable histological changes,
including an abnormal pattern of hepatocytes,
vacuolar degeneration (cell swelling), congestion of
the central vein with evidence of endothelial cells
desquamation , and fibrosis, whereas other sections Bilirubin and cholesterol GOT enzyme activity in cytarabine treated
animals
65.0±3.0,
increased
significantly
in
comparison to the control 34.0±1.0 and others
treated
groups. Administration
of
apigenin
37.0±2.0, and luteolin 36.8±0.07 each one alone had
no significant effect on GOT activity in comparison
to the control group 34.0±1.0 . However, there was
a significant decrease in GOT activity when
apigenin
and
cytarabine
35.0±2.0
combined
together in comparison to the group treated with
cytarabine alone 65.0±3.0 . Bilirubin concentrations increased significantly
1.7±0.15 in cytarabine-treated animals compared to
control 1.1±0.17 and others treated groups. Administration of apigenin and luteolin (separately
or together) decreased significantly bilirubin
concentrations in the cytarabine-treated group
(Table 2). Administration of cytarabine significantly increases
cholesterol levels 91.7±2.0 in comparison to the
control 77.0±2.0 and other treated groups. Administration
of
apigenin
alone
decreased
cholesterol level 70.0±2.0 in comparison to the
control 77.0±2.0 and all other treated groups, but
with non-significant effect with luteolin alone
75.0±5.0 (Table 2). The combination of luteolin and cytarabine
reduced the GOT levels 42.0 ±2.0 compared to the
cytarabine group alone 65.0±3.0, but they GOT
level was significantly higher than the level of
others groups. There was a significant decrease in
GOT level 37.1±1.0, in the group treated with
“apigenin+
luteolin+
Cytarabine”
together
compared to the group treated with cytarabine alone
65.0±3.0, but a non-significant difference was
observed when compared with the control group
(Table 1). The combination of apigenin and luteolin with
cytarabine
significantly
reduces
cholesterol
levels(81.0±2.0,
80.6
±3.0,
and
80.3
±1.0,
respectively when compared to cytarabine alone
91.7±2.0 (Table 2). 3 3 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 Open Access Open Access Published Online First: May, 2023 2024, 21(1): 1-9
E-ISSN: 2411-798
Table 2. Comparison of changes in bilirubin and cholesterol concentration between groups. Groups
Median (range; mg/ml)
Concentration of
Bili
Concentration of
Chol
. Control
1.1±0.17 a
77.0±2.0 a
Cytarabine
1.7±0.15 b
91.7±2.0 b
Apigenin
Luteolin
Apigenin +
cytarabine
Luteolin+
cytarabine
Apigenin+
luteolin+
Cytarabine
0.72 ±0.2 a
0.73 ±0.2 a
0.96±0.15 a
1.0±0.25 a
1.1±0.4 a
70.0±2.0 c
75.0±5.0 a c
81.0±2.0 a
80.6 ±3.0 a
80.3 ±1.0 a
Bili: Bilirubin; Choles: Cholesterol, , p-value ANOVA followed by Duncan multiple tests. 4 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 1. G1: photomicrograph of liver in control group G1 showing the normal architecture of liver
tissue characterized by central vein (A), sinusoids (B) , normal hepatic cords ( C ), and kupffer cell
(arrows). H&E stain, 400×. G2: Photomicrograph of liver in G2 (cytarabine only) showing congestion of portal vein (A), vacuolar Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Figure 1. G1: photomicrograph of liver in control group G1 showing the normal architecture of liver
tissue characterized by central vein (A), sinusoids (B) , normal hepatic cords ( C ), and kupffer cell
(arrows). H&E stain, 400×. G2: Photomicrograph of liver in G2 (cytarabine only) showing congestion of portal vein (A), vacuolar
degeneration (B) , fibrosis (C ), and infiltration of inflammatory cells (arrow). H&E stain, 100×. G3: Photomicrograph of liver in G3 (apigenin only) showing the normal architecture of liver tissue
characterized by central vein (A), sinusoids (B), and kupffer cell (arrows). H&E stain, 400×. G4: Photomicrograph of liver in G4 (luteolin only) showing the normal architecture of liver tissue
characterized by central vein (A), sinusoids (B) , normal hepatic cords (C) and kupffer cell (arrows). H&E stain, 400×. The ameliorative effect of apigenin in G5 and
luteolin in G6 against the effect of cytarabine was at
minimum levels, anyway, the severity of lesions in
these two groups was decreased in comparison to
cytarabine group. degenerated
hepatocytes,
with
infiltration
of
polymorph nuclear cells (Table 3: G5 and G6). When apigenin and luteolin were combined with
cytarabine in G7, the ameliorative effect was greater
than that in G5 and G6. Where the severity of
lesions decreased markedly with a significant
elevation in the number of kupffer cells. Some liver
sections in this group showed mild to moderate
vacuolar degeneration in hepatocytes (Table 3: G7). Apigenin
or
luteolin
administration
increased in the number of kupffer cells and
apoptotic cells in damaged liver tissue, as well as
sinusoid dilatation and a few necrotic and Figure 2. G5: photomicrograph of liver in group G5 (cytarabine+apigenin) showing sinusoid dilatation
(A), as well as a few necrotic and degenerated hepatocytes (B) with infiltration of polymorph nuclear
cells (arrow). 4 Data were describe (Mean + SD ( Data were describe (Mean + SD (
-The similar letters among groups mean there is no significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05
-The different letters among groups mean there is a significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05 Data were describe (Mean + SD (
-The similar letters among groups mean there is no significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05
-The different letters among groups mean there is a significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05 -The similar letters among groups mean there is no significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05
The different letters among groups mean there is a significant difference in the same column at p≤0 05 In this study, the use of cytarabine resulted in an
increase in cholesterol levels. This could be a return
to oxidative damage caused by the liver's high
levels of reactive oxygen species , which cause lipid
peroxidation and the formation of reactive lipid
dicarbonyls. These lipid oxidation products may be
the most prominent mediators of oxidative injury ,
because they adduct to proteins, lipids, and DNA,
causing cellular and organ dysfunction . As a result,
alternative strategies for preventing oxidative injury
are used
20. In this study, administration of
cytarabine and ( apigenin or luteolin) were found to
protect the liver from cytarabine- induced injury by
decreasing serum levels of GOT and GPT. Apigenin
and luteolin are natural flavonoid compounds found
in many vegetables, medicinal plants and health
foods 21. 4 H&E stain, 400×
G6: Photomicrograph of liver in group G6 (cytarabine+luteolin) showing congestion and dilation of
sinusoids, (A) increased number of kupffer cells (arrow) and apoptotic cells (B), and necrotic
hepatocytes ( C). H&E stain, 400×. G7:Photomicrograph of liver in group G7 (cytarabine+apigenin+luteolin) showing elevation in the
number of kupffer cells (arrow) mild to moderate vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes (A).H&E
stain, 400×. Figure 2. G5: photomicrograph of liver in group G5 (cytarabine+apigenin) showing sinusoid dilatation
(A), as well as a few necrotic and degenerated hepatocytes (B) with infiltration of polymorph nuclear
cells (arrow). H&E stain, 400× Figure 2. G5: photomicrograph of liver in group G5 (cytarabine+apigenin) showing sinusoid dilatation
(A), as well as a few necrotic and degenerated hepatocytes (B) with infiltration of polymorph nuclear
cells (arrow). H&E stain, 400× (
)
,
omicrograph of liver in group G6 (cytarabine+luteolin) showing congestion and dilation of
oids, (A) increased number of kupffer cells (arrow) and apoptotic cells (B), and necrotic
hepatocytes ( C). H&E stain, 400×. G7:Photomicrograph of liver in group G7 (cytarabine+apigenin+luteolin) showing elevation in the
number of kupffer cells (arrow) mild to moderate vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes (A).H&E
stain, 400×. 5 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Table 3. Diameter in millimeter of Sinusoid and number of Kupffer cell. Groups
Median (range; mm)
sinusoid diameter
mm
Number of
Kupffer cell
. Control
4.60±0.83 a
21.8±3.34 a
Cytarabine
17.88 ± 2.99 b
23.00± 2.91 b
Apigenin
Luteolin
Apigenin +
cytarabine
Luteolin+
cytarabine
Apigenin+
luteolin+
Cytarabine
5.08± 0.84 a
10.18± 1.17 c
13.32± 2.11 d
7.78 ± 1.09 c
69.6± 0.52 c
21.60± 3.04 a
20.6± 2.07 a
35.60± 3.43 c
24.4 ± 3.64 b
28.0 ± 2.0 b
Data were describe (Mean + SD (
-The similar letters among groups mean there is no significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05
-The different letters among groups mean there is a significant difference in the same column at p≤0.05 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 1-9 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Table 3. Diameter in millimeter of Sinusoid and number of Kupffer cell. Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 liver, they can cause a variety of histological
changes in the liver 23. Higher susceptibility to
chemotherapy,
which
causes
irreversible
hepatocellular injury by recruiting inflammatory
cells and altering the cellular structure of the liver,
and multiple foci of apoptotic cells is due to the
liver's rich blood supply and increased lipid content
in hepatic cells 24. The results of this study on the
cytarabine
treated
group
revealed
variable
histological changes, including an abnormal pattern
of hepatocytes, vacuolar degeneration, congestion
of the central vein with evidence of desquamation
of its endothelial cells, and fibrosis, whereas other
sections showed pyknotic nuclei, necrosis, and
inflammatory cells infiltration. The histological
finding could be explained by oxidative damage,
which causes mitochondrial DNA damage. These
alterations have been linked to DNA fragmentation
and the start of apoptosis. Tissue injury generates
sinusoidal congestion in the liver, and hepatocyte
damage causes hepatic fibrogenesis, which induces
inflammatory cell recruitment, activation of von
Kupffer cells, and cytokines production 25. antioxidant protective effect of apigenin and
luteolin found in this study against anticancer
therapy agreement with the previous study of
Brassica vegetable that has the restraining effects of
free radicals and antioxidants in that protect against
the serious effects of free radicals by reducing and
stopping oxidative reactions 31. Authors’ contribution statement: G A. T conceived of the presented idea. O N. developed
the
theory
and
performed
the
computations and verified the analytical methods. All authors discussed the results and contributed to
the final manuscript Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None9 - Conflicts of Interest: None9 - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are ours. Besides, the
Figures and images, which are not ours, have
been given the permission for re-publication
attached with the manuscript. - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement9 - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Mosul. Acknowledgment: The authors would like to express their deep thanks
to the College of Dentistry, University of Mosul \
Mosul/Iraq for their provided facilities that help in
this work. Similar to the result obtained by 26 , who looked at
the histopathological effects of anticancer drugs
cisplatin, doxorubicin, and 5-flu cancer therapy on
the hepatic of rats and found ultrastructural
abnormalities in the liver including marked
disruption of hepatic cords and dilated blood
sinusoids,
inflammatory
infiltration,
periportal
fibrosis, hyperplasia, and many hepatocytes showed
karyomegaly and pyknotic nuclei representing
apoptosis. Cancer treatment works by generating
direct DNA damage, after which triggers an
inflammatory cascade when cytokines reach the
circulation 27. Administration of cytarabine alone
produces significant histopathological changes in
liver sections of mice due to oxidative stress caused
by the use of this anticancer drug 28, Lipid
peroxidation is induced by high levels of reactive
oxygen
species,
resulting
in
reactive
lipid
dicarbonyls. These lipid oxidation products may be
the most important mediators of oxidative injury, as
they cause cellular and organ dysfunction by
adducting to proteins, lipids, and DNA 20. Because
apigenin and luteolin have antioxidant activity,
histology of liver sections in the apigenin and
luteolin showed normal views similar to the control
group 19,6. This result is in line with 29, who
mentioned that antioxidant CoQ10 reduced hepatic
histopathological damage in doxorubicin-treated
mice via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Apigenin and luteolin protect against cytarabine
toxicity by boosting antioxidants, preventing
mitochondrial DNA damage, promoting replication,
and inhibiting membrane-active lipases 30. The Conclusion: The administration of apigenin and luteolin
reduced the histological changes caused by
cytarabine in the liver, and a combination of
apigenin and luteolin with cytarabine produces
more protection for the liver and a significant
reduction in the severity of lesions, with a
significant elevation in the number of kupffer cells. Discussion: Cytarabine is a chemotherapeutic drug used to
treat leukemias such as acute myeloid leukemia,
chronic
myelogenous
leukemia,
and
acute
lymphocytic leukemia 13. Bone marrow suppression,
vomiting, diarrhea, mouth ulcer development, rash,
bleeding, liver difficulties, lung illness, and allergic
responses are the most common side effects of this
medicine 14. In the present study, the injection of
cytarabine to rats raised the activities of GOT and
GPT enzymes in serum, as well as bilirubin and
cholesterol. This finding is consistent with prior
research that showed cytarabine treatment increased
liver enzyme levels 15. However, when bodily tissue
or an organ such as the liver, becomes ill or
damaged, more GOT and GPT are released into the
circulation, raising the enzyme's levels 16. As a
result, the amount of GOT and GPT in the blood is
proportional to the severity of tissue injury. After
severe injury, GOT levels can rise 10 to 20 times
higher than usual, and GPT levels can climb much
higher (up to 50 times greater than normal) 17,18. The degree of liver damage was decreased by
reducing serum alanine aminotransferase and
aspartate aminotransferase levels after 7 days of
oral treatment of apigenin and luteolin 50, 50
mg/kg, respectively. If the level of this enzyme
decreases, it indicates that the drug is protecting the
organ 19. This might signal a return to Apigenin
pretreatment. Apigenin has also been demonstrated
to protect mice from agents induced liver injury,
and its mechanisms are thought to be connected to
increased Nrf-2- (mediated antioxidative enzymes
and anti-inflammatory action)22. The administration of apigenin or luteolin to rats
treated previously with cytarabine was shown to
significantly lower cholesterol in rats 19. They also
reduced bilirubin and cholesterol levels , as well as
glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and
glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) activities (the
enzymes found mainly in the liver); therefore, is
mainly affected by oxidative stress produced by
administration of cytarabine 15. Because most chemotherapeutic medications
are lipophilic substances and easily absorbed by the 6 Baghdad Science Journal
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34(8),
1812-1828. htt
//d i
/10 1002/ t 6647 https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6647. التأثيرات الفسيولوجية والنسجية لأل يبيجيني و الوووولي لو الجراا الحقووةة يبللسيتلاايبي
لحر ةجم سوطل
غلدة لبد الرحح طلقة
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أن السيتارابين يزيد من نشاط اإلنزيمات الناقلة لمجموعة األمين "
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ه في
9الجرذان
الكوحلت الحفتلحية
:
ابجنين , كوليسترول ,سيتارابين
,
انزيمات الكبد ,لوتولين9 . | 5,642 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7000/4390 | null |
Arabic | DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7050 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7050 Abstract: A theoretical study to design a conformal microstrip antennas was introduced in this work. Conformal microstrip antennas define antennas which can be conformed to a certain shape or to any curved
surface. It is used in high-speed trains, aircraft, defense and navigation systems, landing gear and various
communications systems, as well as in body wearable. Conformal antennas have some advantages such as a
wider-angle coverage compared to flat antennas and low radar cross-sectional (RCS) and they are suitable
for using in Radome. The main disadvantage of these antennas is the narrow bandwidth. The FDTD method
is extremely useful in simulating complicated structures because it allows for direct integration of Maxwell's
equations depending on time. The 1x2 cylindrical circular microstrip antennas array is designed and
simulated vertically via Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method where can directive antenna be
achieved through antennas array design. Mutual coupling between the antennas in the array and the different
separation between them were studied. The circular patch is excited by a probe feed method for several
reasons including providing less spurious radiation from the probe current, in addition to the simplicity in
theoretical engineering installation and practical manufacturing. It is well known that the values of the
coupling are decreased as the distance separation increased. Cylindrical circular microstrip antenna with
resonant frequency operating is 3.5GHz for TM01 mode, several parameters like return loss, band width, and
input impedance are calculated. Also, for isolated coupling, mutual coupling coefficients, directivity gain, for
different separations between the centers of the two adjacent circular patches in terms the wave length
operating are calculated. Moreover, the electromagnetic band gap EBG structure is used for reducing the
mutual coupling created by the surface waves in order to enhance the antenna's performance in an array has
become smaller than before. The proposed EBG is a three triangular-shape equal sides metallic structure,
utilizing the inter-element spacing in an array. The less value of S12 is −69dB for the spacing between the
two centers of patches is 102.84mm. BW percentage increased to 34.3% and the directivity is enhanced
also. Additionally, simulations were done using MATLAB 2017b. Keywords: Array Antennas, Conformal microstrip antennas, EBG structure, FDTD method, Mutual
li Keywords: Array Antennas, Conformal microstrip antennas, EBG structure, FDTD method, Mutual
coupling. Array Antennas, Conformal microstrip antennas, EBG structure, FDTD method, Mutu Received 15/2/2022, Revised 5/8/2022, Accepted 7/8/2022, Published Online First 20/1/2023,
Published 1/8/2023 Received 15/2/2022, Revised 5/8/2022, Accepted 7/8/2022, Published Online First 20/1/2023,
Published 1/8/2023 Received 15/2/2022, Revised 5/8/2022, Accepted 7/8/2022, Published Online First 2
Published 1/8/2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Reducing the Mutual Coupling of Cylindrical Circular Microstrip Antennas
(CCMAs) Array Using EBG Structure Nabeel Abbas Areebi Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Qadisiyah, Iraq. E-mail address: [email protected] Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Introduction: advantages such as special angular coverage,
wideband and lower radar cross-section(RCS) 3. become smaller than before by reducing the mutual
coupling between the array elements. Also, for
isolated coupling, mutual coupling coefficients,
directivity gain, for different separations between
the centers of the adjacent circular patches in terms
the wave length operating will be calculated .The
inter-element spacing in an array can be utilized to
put the proposed EBG. advantages such as special angular coverage,
wideband and lower radar cross-section(RCS) 3. The directive gain of the single element has a low
value and provides a relatively wide radiation
pattern. Some applications demand the design of
antennas with high directive gain characteristics. The directive antenna can be achieved by antennas
array design. Important parameters must be
calculated at stages of the conformal microstrip
arrays design such as the effect of the mutual
coupling between the elements
4. Conformal
microstrip arrays are used widely in a miscellaneous
application 5 such as satellite arrays, antennas of an
aircraft, and wearable networks 6. The configuration
of a directional cylindrical circular microstrip
antenna CCMA array requires that the identical
elements of CCMAs can be placed with an adjacent
spacing between the elements. However, the
closeness of the elements causes a mutual coupling
between the elements due to the electromagnetic
EM interaction between the elements which
influenced the radiating properties. When the
mutual coupling has a significant value then it
affects the performance of the array including
directivity, return loss and bandwidth, with a little
negative effect on both near and far field patterns
and the radiation efficiency. In other words, the
current in each element changed depending on the
amount of the mutual coupling between the
elements. Thus, it is necessary to take into account
the effect of mutual coupling while analyzing the
arrays 7. Several EBG structures are used for mutual
coupling reducing and bandwidth enhancement
such as EBG structure with T- shaped slot (EBGT)
and EBG structure with Opposite L-shape slot
Loading T- shaped slot (EBGTL) in order to
reduction the mutual coupling between radiating
elements in such array(S12 = −32.19𝑑𝐵, 𝐵𝑊=
4.76% and the directivity 7.7 dB 7. A rectangular-
shape metallic structure with four periodic inverted
H-shape slots, as a EBG structure is proposed by the
researcher 8. The mutual coupling coefficients
between
the
elements
of
the
array
S12 =
−52.7𝑑𝐵and BW= 2.99% while directivity about
14.9 dB . Cylindrical Circular Microstrip Antennas
(CCMAs) Antennas on singly surface curved are the
easiest conformal antennas. It is the most obvious in
non-planar geometry. Especially, the cylindrical
antennas are commonly used in conformal antenna
applications such as aerospace, communication
systems and in many experimental radars3. Our
study is concentrated on cylindrical conformal
microstrip antenna with a circle patch or which is
known cylindrical circular microstrip antenna
(CCMA) 11. The radiation of the surface wave increases
as the dielectric constant and substrate thickness
increases 8, hence, this radiation may be controlled
by various methods such as restricting the substrate
size or adding a photonic band gap modal .The
surface waves can be suppressed by utilizing the
electromagnetic band gap EBG structures which
reduce the mutual coupling and enhance the
performance of antenna 8.An EBG structure can be
defined as the fabricated periodic objects that
prevent the propagation of EM waves with a certain
band of frequency over the incident angles and for
all polarization cases 9.The main challenge of
tactical communication systems is the
accessibility of relevant information on the
particular operating environment required for the
determination of the waveform's ideal use. The
propagation model focuses mainly on broadcasting
and wireless communication with a high directivity
antenna 10.The current work has played a vital role
in enhancing CCMA's performance. In other words,
the EBG structure is used for reducing the mutual
coupling created by the surface waves in order to
enhance the antenna's performance in an array has The basic structure of CCMA is shown in Fig.1. The excitation was chosen by a probe feed method
for several reasons including providing less
spurious radiation from the probe current, in
addition, to the simplicity in theoretical engineering
installation and practical manufacturing. The
coaxial feed consists of two conductors, the outer
conductor is connected with the ground plane while
the inner conductor extends through the dielectric
substrate reaching to the patch. The essential feature
of this type of feeding methods is that the feed can
be placed at any required position within the patch
aimed to obtain the impedance matching 8. The
ground plane of the CCMA is a metal cylinder of
radius (a). The dielectric substrate is of dielectric
constant εr and having thickness h extends around
the body of the ground plane. The circular metal
patch is etched on the surface of the substrate 12. The ground plane has been assumed infinite
along z-axis. Introduction: of the antenna ground plane. Additionally, the patch
can be rolled on the base without getting any
unacceptable changes in its radiation characteristics
and does not cause an additional drawback 2. Recently, communications have developed
widely and the microstrip antennas array played a
curial role in this developing due to its multitasking
possibilities which made it have many advantages
in several applications. One of them, in high-
performance spacecraft, is satellite and missile
applications 1. The conformal antennas are divided into a
singly curved (such as cylindrical antennas) and
doubly curved (such as spherical antennas),
depending on how many curvatures the geometry
has. Generally, conformal antennas have some As known, a conformal antenna is defined as an
antenna that can be compatible with a specific shape
or on any curved surface by just changing the shape 2441 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 advantages such as special angular coverage,
wideband and lower radar cross-section(RCS) 3. The directive gain of the single element has a low
value and provides a relatively wide radiation
pattern. Some applications demand the design of
antennas with high directive gain characteristics. The directive antenna can be achieved by antennas
array design. Important parameters must be
calculated at stages of the conformal microstrip
arrays design such as the effect of the mutual
coupling between the elements
4. Conformal
microstrip arrays are used widely in a miscellaneous
application 5 such as satellite arrays, antennas of an
aircraft, and wearable networks 6. The configuration
of a directional cylindrical circular microstrip
antenna CCMA array requires that the identical
elements of CCMAs can be placed with an adjacent
spacing between the elements. However, the
closeness of the elements causes a mutual coupling
between the elements due to the electromagnetic
EM interaction between the elements which
influenced the radiating properties. When the
mutual coupling has a significant value then it
affects the performance of the array including
directivity, return loss and bandwidth, with a little
negative effect on both near and far field patterns
and the radiation efficiency. In other words, the
current in each element changed depending on the
amount of the mutual coupling between the
elements. Thus, it is necessary to take into account
the effect of mutual coupling while analyzing the
arrays 7. Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 effective radius reff and effective dielectric
constantεeff is given by 3: effective radius reff and effective dielectric
constantεeff is given by 3: Figure 2. Yee's cell FDTD in 3D. f010 =
3.8318 c
2π reff√εeff
1
where 𝑚= 0, 𝑛= 1, 𝑙= 0 and c is the speed of
light. where 𝑚= 0, 𝑛= 1, 𝑙= 0 and c is the speed of
light. Figure 1. Geometry of Cylindrical Circular
Microstrip Antenna. Figure 2. Yee's cell FDTD in 3D. Basic Formulation of FDTD Maxwell's time-dependent equation is used
because of the wave front of the input signal is a
function of time , and any computed results from a
FDTD simulation are in the time domain, where the
relationship between the input and output is
available. When the FDTD simulation is completed
, then, the input and output time functions will be
transformed to the frequency domain by using
Fourier transform Based on the system of central
difference, Maxwell’s curl equations can be
replaced by a set of finite difference equations. The
curl operator is yield to six-coupled scalar equations
which equivalent to Maxwell’s curl equations in a
3D rectangular coordinate system. These equations
can be written as: Figure 1. Geometry of Cylindrical Circular
Microstrip Antenna. An antenna bandwidth is defined as
(f
f ) BW = 200 ∗(fu −fL)
(fu + fL) % 2 BW = 200 ∗(fu −fL)
(fu + fL) % where fu: upper frequency. fL: lower frequency. where fu: upper frequency. fL: lower frequency. Cylindrical Circular Microstrip Antennas
(CCMAs) The resonant frequency of the circular
patch 𝑓𝑚,𝑛,𝑙 for TMmnmode as a function of an 2441 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 FDTD method Simulation model of FDTD method in time-
domain is obtained by solving Maxwell curl
equations 12. FDTD method provides us with an
understanding
of
the
propagation
of
the
electromagnetic waves in microstrip antennas. This
method is to solve Maxwell’s time-dependent
equations in the time domain by converting it into
finite difference equations. Simulation steps of
FDTD method are starts by representing the
physical structure depending on material type
(conductor, dielectric or boundaries). ∂Hx
∂t = 1
μ (
∂Ey
∂z −∂Ez
∂y −ρ′Hx) 3
∂Hy
∂t = 1
μ (∂Ez
∂x −∂Ex
∂z −ρ′Hy) 4
∂Hz
∂t = 1
μ (∂Ex
∂y −
∂Ey
∂x −ρ′Hz) 5
∂Ex
∂t = 1
ε (∂Hz
∂y −
∂Hy
∂z −σEx) 6
∂Ey
∂t = 1
ε (∂Hx
∂z −∂Hz
∂x −σEy) 7
∂Ez
∂t = 1
ε (
∂Hy
∂x −∂Hx
∂y −σEz) 8 The second step is applied Gaussian pulse to
simulate all the sources. Then, all the fields (electric
and magnetic) are calculated at any increments of
time. These fields are recalculated again after each
increment until they decay to zero into the system. Finally, the frequency information is extracted by
Fourier transformation. Yee supposed that FDTD
space are cells of an ∆x∆y∆z-volume and the
components of electric and magnetic fields in 3D
space are distributed as shown in Fig. 2. Every E-
field component is surrounded by four H-field
components and every H-field component is
surrounded by four E-field components 12. 8 where 𝜀 represents the electric permittivity in Farad
per meter, 𝜇 is the magnetic permeability in Henry
per meter , 𝜎 represents the electrical conductivity
and ρ′ is the magnetic conductivity. The FDTD simulation space is bounded,
and these radiated or scattered fields will be 2444 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 reflected back into the simulation space when they
arrived at the boundary of FDTD space. (h=1.5 mm). From Eq. 1 with resonant frequency
fr = 3.5GHz, so the radius of patch obtained is
equal reff = 30.19 mm. The simulated results of
CCMA with the optimum dimensions are shown in
Fig. 3. The perfect matched layer (PML) technique is
presented by Berenger
13, who proposed an
absorbing layer designed to absorb EM waves
without any reflections 14. The excitation of the
system can be done by Gausses pulse Figure 3. CCMA calculated by FDTD method. p(t) = e−(t−t0
τ )
2 p
where τ is a damping factor has to value depends on
the frequency range of the problem, t0 is the time
delay15. The far-field components can be getting by
using the equivalence principle and through a near-
field to far-field transformation. Design of cylindrical circular microstrip antenna
(CCMA) 5 shows that the calculated value of return
loss is (−23.95dB) and the resonant frequency is
f = 3 5GHz Bandwidth of the microstrip antenna
is calculated from Eq. 2. It is calculated from the
frequency range at two sides of return loss at -10dB. The percentage of bandwidth is 12.34%. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Return loss(RL) and bandwidth
is calculated from Eq 2 It is calculated from the Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 Return loss(RL) and bandwidth is calculated from Eq. 2. It is calculated from the
frequency range at two sides of return loss at -10dB. The percentage of bandwidth is 12.34%. Fig. 5 shows that the calculated value of return
loss is (−23.95dB) and the resonant frequency is
fr = 3.5GHz. Bandwidth of the microstrip antenna Figure 5. Return loss versus frequency calculated by FDTD method. Figure 5. Return loss versus frequency calculated by FDTD method. Figure 5. Return loss versus frequency calculated by FDTD method. the return loss for four different spacing (d), while,
Fig. 8 shows the values of the mutual coupling. Table 1 shows the effect of the mutual coupling on
the parameters of antenna for different separations
(d). Design of cylindrical circular microstrip antenna
(CCMA) Design of cylindrical circular microstrip antenna
(CCMA) The CCMA is fed by the coaxial probe
technique, it is excited with the dominant mode
TM01. The dimensions of the patch are determined
in terms of its resonant frequency formula (eq.1). The cylindrical antenna has a radius (a=10 cm). It is
used in the civilian and military fields 10, especially,
for unmanned aerial vehicle which need a
broadband antenna. In our study, for a circular patch
with its pure shape, the standard operating resonant
frequency is 3.5 GHz. The proposed antenna is very
suitable for the wireless local area network WLAN
applications. WLAN operates at the frequency
spectrum 3-10 GHz .In addition, this antenna is
used in civilian and military fields, specially, for
unmanned aerial vehicle, which need broadband
antennas. Figure 3. CCMA calculated by FDTD method. p
p
𝐢𝐧
q
y
𝐫
Simulation results of the real part (resistance)
and imaginary part (reactance) of the input
impedance are plotted in Fig. 4. At the moment
where the reactance value is zero, the resonant
frequency is fr = 3.5GHz and the input impedance
is Zin = 50Ω . The proposed antenna contains RO 3003
material as a dielectric layer with the dielectric
constant εr = 3 and thickness of the substrate is Figure 4. Input impedance versus frequency calculated by FDTD method. Real part
Im. part Real part
Im. part Figure 4. Input impedance versus frequency calculated by FDTD method. 2441 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Return loss(RL) and bandwidth
Fig. 5 shows that the calculated value of return
loss is (−23.95dB) and the resonant frequency is
fr = 3.5GHz. Bandwidth of the microstrip antenna
is calculated from Eq. 2. It is calculated from the
frequency range at two sides of return loss at -10dB. The percentage of bandwidth is 12.34%. Figure 5. Return loss versus frequency calculated by FDTD method. Design of 1x2 CCMAs Array
The proposed 1x2 array is designed and
the return loss for four different spacing (d), while,
Fig. 8 shows the values of the mutual coupling. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Return loss(RL) and bandwidth
Fig. Design of 1x2 CCMAs Array Spacing
(d)
S11
(dB)
S12
(dB)
Directivity
(dB)
Resonant
Frequency
(GHz)
0.9λ
-50
-35
12.5
3.5
1λ
-46
-40
13.2
3.5
1.2λ
-41
-46
13.9
3.5
1.4λ
-36
-52
12.88
3.5 Table 1. Effect of the mutual coupling on the
parameters of antenna for different separations. Table 1. Effect of the mutual coupling on the
parameters of antenna for different separations. Spacing
(d)
S11
(dB)
S12
(dB)
Directivity
(dB)
Resonant
Frequency
(GHz)
0.9λ
-50
-35
12.5
3.5
1λ
-46
-40
13.2
3.5
1.2λ
-41
-46
13.9
3.5
1.4λ
-36
-52
12.88
3.5
From the above results, it is shown that there is no
change in the value of resonant frequency as a result
of the design of the array. The return loss
coefficient S11 increased as the interspacing
between the centers of two adjacent patches
increased, whereas, the mutual coupling coefficient
S12decreased. A better array directivity obtained at
d = 1.2λ and
S11 = −41dB. The
resonant
frequency was not significantly affected by the
separation variation. Design of 1x2 CCMAs Array The proposed 1x2 array is designed and
simulated
by
FDTD
method. Return
loss
coefficients, mutual coupling coefficients, and
resonant frequency are calculated and plotted for
different separations between the elements. In
addition, the directive gain is calculated. Figure 6. 1x2 array of identical CCMAs with.𝐝=
𝟎. 𝟗𝛌. Fig. 6 shows the simulated results for two
identical CCMAs. The two patches have the same
size and fed individually by a coaxial probe with
TM01 mode. The separation between the centers of
the two adjacent patches is 0.9λ where λ=85.7mm is
the wavelength corresponds to the resonance
frequency operating. The analysis here is for isolated coupling which
is defined as the mutual coupling between two
elements only. The beginning was by study the
effect of the separation (d) between the centers of
two adjacent patches on the performance of the
antennas array. The spacing (d) is selected to be in
the range 0.9λ −1.4λ. The mutual coupling
coefficients were calculated as a function of this
spacing (d). Figure 6. 1x2 array of identical CCMAs with.𝐝=
𝟎. 𝟗𝛌. Values of the return loss coefficients, mutual
coupling coefficients, and resonant frequency are
shown in Figs. 7 and 8. Fig. 7 shows the values of 2441 Open Access
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Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 7. Return loss𝐒𝟏𝟏 for different separations (d). 𝑑= 0.9𝜆
𝑑= 1𝜆
𝑑= 1.4𝜆
𝑑= 1.2𝜆 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 7. Return loss𝐒𝟏𝟏 for different separations (d). Figure 8. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). 𝑑= 0.9𝜆
𝑑= 1𝜆
𝑑= 1.4𝜆
𝑑= 1.2𝜆
𝑑= 0.9𝜆
𝑑= 1𝜆
𝑑= 1.4𝜆
𝑑= 1.2𝜆 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 ublished Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
𝑑= 0.9𝜆
𝑑= 1𝜆
𝑑= 1.4𝜆
𝑑= 1.2𝜆 Figure 7. Return loss𝐒𝟏𝟏 for different separations (d). Figure 8. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). 𝑑= 0.9𝜆
𝑑= 1𝜆
𝑑= 1.4𝜆
𝑑= 1.2𝜆 Figure 8. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). Figure 8. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). Table 1. Effect of the mutual coupling on the
parameters of antenna for different separations. Design of 1x2 CCMAs Array with EBG
structure Several techniques are used for reducing mutual
coupling. In this work, the electromagnetic band
gap structure is employed to solve this coupling
problem. Electromagnetic
band
gap
(EBG)
structure defined as an artificial structure reduces
the propagation of the surface waves and its
generated currents at special band and frequency for
all the incident angles. From the above results, it is shown that there is no
change in the value of resonant frequency as a result
of the design of the array. The return loss
coefficient S11 increased as the interspacing
between the centers of two adjacent patches
increased, whereas, the mutual coupling coefficient
S12decreased. A better array directivity obtained at
d = 1.2λ and
S11 = −41dB. The
resonant
frequency was not significantly affected by the
separation variation. The proposed EBG is a three triangular-shape
equal sides metallic structure. FDTD method is used
to design and simulate EBG structure with side
length is 4mm as shown in Fig.9. These dimensions
are determined by using the trying and error
method. 2441 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 Conclusion: To conclude, the FDTD method has been used
to design and simulate 1x2 CCMAs array. The EBG
technique has played a vital role in enhancing
CCMA's performance. The coefficients of return
loss are improved as the distance between the
centers of two adjoining patches increased, while
the coefficients of mutual coupling are reduced,
additionally, better directivity has been acquired at
d=1.2λ. Hence, this study confirms that using EBG
structure reduces the values of the elements mutual
coupling with increasing the coefficients of return
loss. 4. Hati K, Sabbar N, El Hajjaji A, Asselman H.A novel
multiband
patch
antenna
array
for
satellite
applications. Procedia Eng. 2017; 181: 496-502. 4. Hati K, Sabbar N, El Hajjaji A, Asselman H.A novel
multiband
patch
antenna
array
for
satellite
applications. Procedia Eng. 2017; 181: 496-502. 5. Ijaz B, Sanyal A, Mendoza-RadalA, Roy S, Ullah I,
Reich M, et al. Gain limits of phase compensated
conformal
antenna
arrays
on
non-conducting
spherical surfaces using the projection method. In:
IEEE Int. Conf. Wirel. Extreme Environ. conf. dig. (WiSEE); 2013: 1-6. 6. Zhu S, Langley R. Dual-band wearable textile
antenna on an EBG substrate. IEEE Trans. Antennas
Propag. 2009; 57(4): 926-935. 7. Galli H S, Ahmed Z A, Abood A H. Mutual
Coupling Reduction in Microstrip antenna array
Using ebg. J Basrah Res Sci. 2018;44(1): 122-132. Acknowledgements: The author wish to thank to University of
Al-Qadisiyah/College of Education, Department of
Physics, Ministry of Higher Education and
Scientific Research of Iraq for finical support this
study. 8. Areebi N A, Ahmed Z A, Aubais M M. New Design
of Cylindrical Rectangular Microstrip Antenna
(CRMA) By Using The Slots Technique. J Kufa
phys..2020; 12(1): 1-8. 9. Guo Z, Tian H, Wang X, Luo Q, Ji Y.Bandwidth
enhancement of monopole UWB antenna with new
slots and EBG structures. IEEE antenn wirel pr. 2013;
12: 1550-1553. Author's declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. 10. Azita L Y, Hafizi H, NorsuzilaY, Nur H M H. Performance Analysis of Propagation in VHF
Military Tactical Communication System. Baghdad
Sci
J. 2021;
18(4):
1378-1386. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.4(Suppl.).1378 - I hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are mine. Besides, the Figures
and images, which are not mine, have been
given the permission for re-publication attached
with the manuscript. 11. Kohar S, SinghS,De A .Design of Low Profile
Cylindrical Conformed Microstrip Patch Antenna for
Wideband Operation. IETE J Res. 2021 Jul; 29: 1-10. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of Al-
Qadisiyah. 12. Godara LC. Handbook of Antennas in Wireless
Communications. USA: 1st Ed. CRC press; 2002, 936
p. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: January, 2023 ct of EBG structure on the parameters of antenna for different separations. Table 3. Compare the parameters of antenna with the earliest studies Table 3. Compare the parameters of antenna with the earliest studies
S12
(dB)
S12
(dB)7. S12
(dB)8. Directivity
(dB)
Directivity
(dB)7. Directivity
(dB)8. Bandwidth%
Bandwidth%
7. Bandwidth%
8
-55
-32.91
-35.8
14.55
7.7
12.9
14.28
4.76
2.73
-60
-33.96
-39.44
15.67
7.77
12.1
20.76
4.83
2.99
-64
-33.35
-42.64
16.89
7.82
14.99
26.72
4.81
2.82
-69
-32.95
-52.7
14.04
7.8
11.95
34.3
4.76
2.71 Theory and Design. Canada: Wiley-IEEE Press;
2006, 512 p. Theory and Design. Canada: Wiley-IEEE Press;
2006, 512 p. Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 Open Access
Published Online First: January, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Values of the return loss coefficients, mutual
coupling coefficients, and resonant frequency are
shown in Figs. 10 and 11. These values are
calculated for four different spacing (d). These Figs. show that the return lossS11 with EBG structure is
increased compared with the S11 of the cases
without EBG structure, whereas, the mutual
coupling coefficient S12is decreased. The less value
of S12 is −69dB for the spacing between the two
centers of patches is 102.84mm. S12 coefficient
less than -32.19dB or -52.7dB for both 7,8,
respectively. It can be clear that BW percentage
increased to 34.3% compare with earliest studies. Directivity is enhanced also. The effect of EBG
structure on the parameters of antenna for different
separations is shown in Table 2. The current results
can be compared with the earliest studies 7,8 as
depicted in Table. 3. The resonant frequency didn't
change because of the size both of the two circular patch or ground plane didn't change also due to not
using a slots or partial miniaturization, respectively. patch or ground plane didn't change also due to not
using a slots or partial miniaturization, respectively. g
p
p
y
Figure 9. Results simulated of two identical
CCMAs with EBG structure . 𝐝= 𝟎. 𝟗𝛌 Figure 9. Results simulated of two identical
CCMAs with EBG structure . 𝐝= 𝟎. 𝟗𝛌 Figure 9. Results simulated of two identical
CCMAs with EBG structure . 𝐝= 𝟎. 𝟗𝛌 2441
q
y
nge because of the size both of the two circular
Figure 9. Results simulated of two ident
CCMAs with EBG structure . 𝐝= 𝟎. 𝟗𝛌
Figure 10. Return loss𝐒𝟏𝟏 for different separations (d). Figure 11. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). 0.9𝜆
1𝜆
1.4𝜆
1.2𝜆
1.4𝜆
1.2𝜆
1𝜆
0.9𝜆 1.4𝜆
1.2𝜆
1𝜆
0.9𝜆 Figure 10. Return loss𝐒𝟏𝟏 for different separations (d). 0.9𝜆
1𝜆
1.4𝜆
1.2𝜆 Figure 11. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). Figure 11. Mutual coupling coefficient𝐒𝟏𝟐 for different separations (d). Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Table 2. Effect of EBG structure on the parameters of antenna for different separations. Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 Spacing(d)
S11(dB)
S12(dB)
Directivity(dB)
Resonant Frequency(GHz)
0.9λ
-31
-55
14.55
3.5
1λ
-25
-60
15.67
3.5
1.2λ
-21
-64
16.89
3.5
1.4λ
-15
-69
14.04
3.5 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 الخالصة: ا:
قدم العمل الحالي دراسة نظرية لدراسة وتصميم الهوائيات الشريطية التي
تعرف على انها الهوائيات التي من الممكن تثبيتها على
االجسام المنحنية وبأشكال مختلفة. تستخدم هذه الهوائيات في القطارات عالية السرعة , الطائرات , انظمة المالحة وفي انظمة االتصاالت
فضال عن اال جهزة التي من الممكن ان ترتدى كملبس. بالمقارنة مع الهوائيات المستوية, يمتاز هذا النوع من الهوائيات بتغطية واسعة لإلشعاع
وبمساحة مقطع راداري قليلة مما يجعلها اكثر مالئمة في ما يسمىRadome
, لكن العيب الرئيسي لها هي عرض الحزمة الضيق. استخدمت
طريقة الفروق المحد دة في مجال الزمن لكونها مفيدة للغاية في تصميم ومحاكاة التراكيب الهندسية المعقدة حيث توفر حال مباشرا لمعادالت
. ماكسويل المعتمدة على الزمن
صممت مصفوفة2
X
1
بالشكل العمودي من الهوائيات الشريطية االسطوانية ذات المشع الدائري وتمت
عملية محاكاة مصفوفة الهوائيا ت هذه باستخدام طريقة الفروق المحددة في مجال الزمن والمعروفة بالرموزFDTD
. تمكنا من الحصول على
هوائيات تمتاز بربح اتجاهية عالي بتصميمنا هذا الشكل من المصفوفات. العمل الحالي تضمن دراسة ما يعرف باالقتران المتبادل بين عناصر
المصفوفة باإلضافة الى دراسة تأثير ال مسافة الفاصلة بين تلك العناصر على خواص الهوائي. تم تغذية المشع الدائري باستخدام طريقة التغذية
المحورية وذلك لعدة اسباب منها, كون هذه التقنية تقلل من االشعاع الزائف الناتج عن تيار المغذي, اضافة الى سهولة تصميمها ومحاكاته ا
بشكل نظري وتصنيعها عمليا. الحظنا ان
قيم معامالت االقتران ستتناقص عند زيادة المسافة بين عناصر المصفوفة. شملت الدراسة ايضا
حساب العديد من معامالت الهوائي الشريطي االسطواني ذو المشع الدائري والذي يعمل بتردد رنيني مقداره3.5
كيكا هرتز وبنمط انتشار من
نوعTM01
, من هذه المعامالت, عامل الفقد وممان عة الدخل وعرض الحزمة باإلضافة الى دراسة معامالت المصفوفة كمعامل االقتران
المتبادل ومقدار ربح االتجاهية ولقيم مختلفة للمسافة الفاصلة بين مركزي المشعين الدائريين, حيث تقاس هنا المسافة بداللة الطول الم( وجيλ
)
.والذي يتوافق مع تردد الرنين الذي يعمل به الهوائي عالوة على ذلك, تم استخدام تركيب فجوة الطاقة الكهرومغناطيسيةEBG
كتقنية تعمل
من اجل تقليل قيم كمية االقتران المتبادل الناتج عن الموجات السطحية بهدف تحسين عمل واداء الهوائي قيد الدراسة في مصفوفة من الممك ن
ان تكون اصغر حجما. تم تصميم ثالثة مثلثات متطابقة ومتس اوية االضالع لتكون شكل فجوة الطاقة الكهرومغناطيسية المقترح والذي يقع في
.المسافة الداخلية بين عناصر المصفوفة ان قيمة معامل االقتران المتبادلS12
قلت الى سالب11
ديسيبل عندما كانت المسافة بين مركزي
المشعين211.14
ملم. النسبة المئوية لعرض الحزمة ازداد الى34.3%
وكذلك فأن االتجاهية قد تحسنت. References: 13. Al-Hillo M M, Nabeel A A. Bandwidth Enhancement
of Hexagonal Patch Microstrip Antenna with Several
Approaches. J. Basrah Res Sci. 2017; 35: 1-11. 1. Wa’il A, Shaaban RM,Ahmed ZA .Designing a
Microstrip Patch Antenna in Part of Ultra-Wideband
Applications. Baghdad Sci J. 2020; 17(4): 1216. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.4.1216 pp
14. Bérenger JP . Perfectly matched layer (PML) for
computational electromagnetics. Synth Lect Comput
Electromagn. 2007; 2(1):1-117. https://www.ate.uni-
d
d /d
/
f 1/ OC
1994
df 2. Naik M N. Design of compact annular ring microstrip
antenna
for
multiband
communication
system. JNCET.2017; 7(8): 24-28. due.de/data/coft1/JOCP_1994_Berenger.pdf 15. Taflove A, HagnessSC,Piket-May M.Computational
electromagnetics: the finite-difference time-domain 3. Josefsson L,Persson P.Conformal Array Antenna 2441 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: January, 2023 2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
method. The Electrical Engineering Handbook. 2005;
3:
629-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-
012170960-0/50046-3
تقليل االقتران المتبادل لمصفوفة هوائيات شريطية اسطوانية ذات المشع الدائري باستخدام تقنية فجوة الطاقة
الكهرومغناطيسية
نبيل عباس عريبي
قسم الفيزياء، كلية التربية، جامعة القادسية ،القادسية، العراق. الخالصة:
قدم العمل الحالي دراسة نظرية لدراسة وتصميم الهوائيات الشريطية التي
تعرف على انها الهوائيات التي من الممكن تثبيتها على
االجسام المنحنية وبأشكال مختلفة. تستخدم هذه الهوائيات في القطارات عالية السرعة , الطائرات , انظمة المالحة وفي انظمة االتصاالت
فضال عن اال جهزة التي من الممكن ان ترتدى كملبس. بالمقارنة مع الهوائيات المستوية, يمتاز هذا النوع من الهوائيات بتغطية واسعة لإلشعاع
وبمساحة مقطع راداري قليلة مما يجعلها اكثر مالئمة في ما يسمىRadome
, لكن العيب الرئيسي لها هي عرض الحزمة الضيق. استخدمت
طريقة الفروق المحد دة في مجال الزمن لكونها مفيدة للغاية في تصميم ومحاكاة التراكيب الهندسية المعقدة حيث توفر حال مباشرا لمعادالت
. ماكسويل المعتمدة على الزمن
صممت مصفوفة2
X
1
بالشكل العمودي من الهوائيات الشريطية االسطوانية ذات المشع الدائري وتمت
عملية محاكاة مصفوفة الهوائيا ت هذه باستخدام طريقة الفروق المحددة في مجال الزمن والمعروفة بالرموزFDTD
. تمكنا من الحصول على
هوائيات تمتاز بربح اتجاهية عالي بتصميمنا هذا الشكل من المصفوفات. العمل الحالي تضمن دراسة ما يعرف باالقتران المتبادل بين عناصر
المصفوفة باإلضافة الى دراسة تأثير ال مسافة الفاصلة بين تلك العناصر على خواص الهوائي. تم تغذية المشع الدائري باستخدام طريقة التغذية
المحورية وذلك لعدة اسباب منها, كون هذه التقنية تقلل من االشعاع الزائف الناتج عن تيار المغذي, اضافة الى سهولة تصميمها ومحاكاته ا
بشكل نظري وتصنيعها عمليا. الحظنا ان
قيم معامالت االقتران ستتناقص عند زيادة المسافة بين عناصر المصفوفة. References: شملت الدراسة ايضا
حساب العديد من معامالت الهوائي الشريطي االسطواني ذو المشع الدائري والذي يعمل بتردد رنيني مقداره3.5
كيكا هرتز وبنمط انتشار من
نوعTM01
, من هذه المعامالت, عامل الفقد وممان عة الدخل وعرض الحزمة باإلضافة الى دراسة معامالت المصفوفة كمعامل االقتران
المتبادل ومقدار ربح االتجاهية ولقيم مختلفة للمسافة الفاصلة بين مركزي المشعين الدائريين, حيث تقاس هنا المسافة بداللة الطول الم( وجيλ
)
.والذي يتوافق مع تردد الرنين الذي يعمل به الهوائي عالوة على ذلك, تم استخدام تركيب فجوة الطاقة الكهرومغناطيسيةEBG
كتقنية تعمل
من اجل تقليل قيم كمية االقتران المتبادل الناتج عن الموجات السطحية بهدف تحسين عمل واداء الهوائي قيد الدراسة في مصفوفة من الممك ن
ان تكون اصغر حجما. تم تصميم ثالثة مثلثات متطابقة ومتس اوية االضالع لتكون شكل فجوة الطاقة الكهرومغناطيسية المقترح والذي يقع في
.المسافة الداخلية بين عناصر المصفوفة ان قيمة معامل االقتران المتبادلS12
قلت الى سالب11
ديسيبل عندما كانت المسافة بين مركزي
المشعين211.14
ملم. النسبة المئوية لعرض الحزمة ازداد الى34.3%
وكذلك فأن االتجاهية قد تحسنت. تمت المحاكاة باستخدام لغة البرمجة
.الماتالب Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(4): 1442-1450 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 method. The Electrical Engineering Handbook. 2005;
3:
629-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- method. The Electrical Engineering Handbook. 2005;
3:
629-670. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978- تقليل االقتران المتبادل لمصفوفة هوائيات شريطية اسطوانية ذات المشع الدائري باستخدام تقنية فجوة الطاقة
الكهرومغناطيسية
نبيل عباس عريبي
قسم الفيزياء، كلية التربية، جامعة القادسية ،القادسية، العراق. الخالصة: تمت المحاكاة باستخدام لغة البرمجة
.الماتالب الكلمات المفتاحية
: هوائيات المصفوفة، الهوائيات الشريطية المنحنية، تركيب الفجوة الكهرومغناطيسية،
طريقة الفروق المحددة في مجال
الزمن، االقتران المتبادل الكلمات المفتاحية
: هوائيات المصفوفة، الهوائيات الشريطية المنحنية، تركيب الفجوة الكهرومغناطيسية،
طريقة الفروق المحددة في مجال
الزمن،االقتران المتبادل 2411 2411 | 5,792 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7050/4219 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.7088 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.7088 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Abstract: The study involved preparing a new compound by combining Schiff bases generated from compounds
for antipyrine, including lanthanide ions (lanthanum, neodymium, erbium, gadolinium, and dysprosium). The
preparation of the ligand from condensation reactions (4-antipyrinecarboxaldehyde with ethylene di-amine) at
room temperature, and was characterization using spectroscopic and analytical studies ( FT-IR, UV-visible
spectra, 1H-NMR, mass spectrometry, (C.H.N.O), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), in addition to the
magnetic susceptibility and conductivity measurement of the synthesis complexes, among the results we
obtained from the tests, we showed that the ligand behaves with the (triple Valence) lanthanide ions, the
multidentate behavior through two oxygen atoms of the carbonyl group and two nitrogen atoms of the
azomethine group with all the prepared complexes in a molar ratio (1:1). The participation of six groups of
bidentate nitrate in the coordination and indicating that their complexes have values of magnetic moment and
paramagnetic character and, based on the results of those measurements, the geometrical shape of the
complexes was proposed. The biological activity of the prepared complexes was studied using the antibacterial
activity, as the results of its effectiveness showed the direction of the bacteria used (Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) at the concentration of 1×10-3M Keywords: 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyed, Biological Activity, Metal complexes (lanthanide), Schiff’s bases,
Thermogravimetric Analysis Keywords: 4-antipyrinecarboxaldhyed, Biological Activity, Metal complexes (lanthanide), Schiff’s bases,
Thermogravimetric Analysis. Synthesis, Spectroscopy of New Lanthanide Complexes with Schiff Base Derived
From (4-Antipyrinecarboxaldehyde with Ethylene Di-Amine) and
Study the Bioactivity Shatha Mahdi 2 Kawther Adeeb Hussein 1* Naser Shaalan 1 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Ministry of Education, Al-Karkh Second Education Directorate, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: [email protected] , [email protected] 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, I
2Ministry of Education, Al-Karkh Second Education Directorate, Baghdad, Iraq. Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: [email protected] , [email protected] Introduction: aromatic, with amines with the partial withdrawal of
water 6, 7. The biological activity of Schiff base metal
complexes is one of the key areas of investigation,
with the objective of generating safe and effective
therapeutic drugs for the treatment of bacterial
infections and cancer 8. Several Schiff base metal
complexes have a diverse set of biological and
pharmacological features. Internal transition metal
complexes of Schiff base ligands, which have donor
atoms are particularly "O" and "N" donor atoms, are
particularly important due to their biological
properties, which include antibacterial 9, antifungal,
anti-inflammatory
10, analgesic, anticonvulsant,
antioxidant
11, and anthelmintic properties
12. Lanthanide Schiff base complexes have also been
used as biological models to explore the structure of
biomolecules and biological processes 13, 14. The Schiff base is named after its 1864 Hugo
Schiff discoverer and is an organic compound
containing an aryl or alkyl group (C=N), in which the
atom of nitrogen is linked to the atom of carbon by a
double bond, and the atom of nitrogen is linked to an
aryl or alkyl group and the general formula is
−CH=N− or >C=N−, (R1R2-C=NR3) 1-3. Schiff bases (Azomethine) are one of the most
important ligands in coordination chemistry because
they participate in the preparation of many
complexes with ions of internal transition elements
(lanthanides) and transition elements in particular,
due to their ability to coordinate and form complexes
using diverse coordination and applications 4, 5. The
stability property of Schiff bases depends on the
carbonyl compounds and amines that will be used in
their preparation, whether they are Aliphatic or 469 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
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2023, 20(2): 469-482 Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 The sequence of 15 metallic elements, from
lanthanum to lutetium, is called lanthanides 15-17. Lanthanides are sometimes called elements of rare
earth. These elements include 4f-orbitals in the
differentiating electron. The name lanthanides come
from the lanthanum (La) prototype element of
lanthanides
18. Lanthanide
chemistry
differs
significantly from that of the main group and
transition metal elements due to the presence of four
f orbitals that are spatially 'buried' inside the atom
and are thus protected from the ligand field. As a
result, the size of Lanthanide ions has a significant
impact on their chemistry. y
Materials and Methods:
Materials: The following chemicals were used in this
study: 4-Antipyrine Carboxaldehyde (sigma Aldrich
97%), ethylene di-amine (sigma Aldrich 99%),
absolute ethanol (B.DH 99%), and lanthanide nitrate
[M (NO3)3].6H2O (Sigma Aldrich), M = La+3, Nd+3,
Er+3, Gd+3, and Dy+3. Instrumentation: The microanalysis element of the studied
ligand and complexes was carried out with a Thermo
Finnegan flash device Energy Center in Syria. Infrared spectroscopy of ligand and its complexes
were recorded within the range (4000 - 250 cm-1)
using a device of the type (Shimadzu FTIR-
spectrometer) and using a disk (KBr) for ligands and
(CsI) for complexes at Baghdad University \ College
of Science \ Department of Chemistry. Also, the 1H-
NMR magnetic spectra of the prepared ligands were
recorded by using a Bruker 400 MHz AVANCE
spectrometer after dissolving it with (DMSO-d6)
solvent and using Si(CH3)4 as a reference for
measurement at room temperature in Ankara /
Turkey, and the mass spectra of the prepared
compounds were recorded by a Network Mass
Selective device at the University of Ankara \
Turkey, Melting point (M.p) of the prepared ligand
and their complexes using a device from the English
company Stuart with a temperature range of 300
degrees Celsius at the College of Science for Women
\ Department of Chemistry. Introduction: Because the 4 f electrons
are spatially buried, there is no mixing of ligand and
metal orbitals, and the connection between the
ligands and the Ln+3 ions is solely electrostatic. Because of their high charge density, Ln+3 ions are
usually hard Lewis acids that like to connect to hard
base atoms such as oxygen. The absence of any
directed bonding feature results in a high
coordination number (> 6 and up to 12) 19. The
largeness of the lanthanide ions increases the
coordination number (CN) easily above six. In
lanthanide complexes, the coordinated number is
usually 8 and 9 20. Lanthanide contraction refers to
the gradual shrinking of the atomic elements La
atomic number 57 and Lu atomic number 71 21. The
atomic numbers of rare earth elements have a
constant decline. Because – New electrons reach the
4f orbital that, because of their different form, has a
particularly bad shielding effect as a result of nuclear
attraction and electron shell contraction 22, Because
they prefer to create complexes with a higher
coordination number because of the huge size of ions
and their proclivity to form ionic bonds rather than
covalent interactions that result in coordination
complexes 23, 24 of electronic forms (4 f), The high
ionic radius of these metal ions, as well as the atomic
number or oxidation number of the lanthanides,
cause structural variation 25. nitrate salt [M (NO3)3].6H2O, M = La+3, Nd+3, Er+3,
Gd+3, and Dy+3 using the available spectroscopic
methods and the study of biological efficacy 29-31. Materials and Methods:
Materials: Results and Discussion: Microanalysis of elements and some of their
physical properties is one of the results. As shown in
Table.1, other methods were used to identify the
ligand and Schiff base complexes, including the
infrared spectrum, a mass spectrum, and the proton
NMR spectrum. ether and let dry to obtain a pure precipitate Table 1. The CHNO analysis and some physical characteristics of ligand L and lanthanide complexes
Ligand / complexes
Yield%
M.p. oC
color
Analysis (calculated)
C%
H%
N%
O%
M.wt
L/[ C26H28O2N6]
75%
211-
213
yellowish-
white
69.07
(68.40)
6.10
(6.18)
17.96
(18.41)
6.84
(7.01)
456.96
[La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
65%
290
Dec
White
smoke
37.45
(37.38)
4.12
(4.10)
14.97
(15.09)
26.84
(
26.81)
1671.02
[Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
70%
260
Dec
khaki
37.18
(37.14)
4.11
(4.08)
14.95
(14.99)
26.60
(26.64)
1681.70
[Er2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
65%
270
Dec
Pale gold
erode
36.17
(36.15)
4.04
(3.97)
14.52
(14.59)
25.87
(25.93)
1727.73
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
68%
270
Dec
ivory
36.59
(36.57)
4.02
(4.01)
14.72
(14.76)
26.25
(26.23)
1707.71
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
65%
260
Dec
Pale
orange
36.38
(36.35)
4.01
(3.99)
14.69
(14.67)
25.98
(26.07)
1718.21 CHNO analysis and some physical characteristics of ligand L and lanthanide complexes
complexes
Yield%
M p
color
Analysis (calculated) Table 1. The CHNO analysis and some physical characteristics of ligand L and lan
Li
d /
l
Yi ld%
M
l
A
l
i ( Methods:
Preparations of Schiff’s Bases of Ligand: p
g
Preparing a Schiff’s base L was prepared by
mixing in the flask round bottom 100 ml of 1.2g
(2mol) of 4-Antipyrinecarboxaldehyde with 0.1667g
(1 mol) ethylene di-amine and adding 3-5 drops of
glacial acetic acid, in presence of 20 ml of ethanol
absolute 99.9 %. The mixture was placed on reflux a
stirring at room temperature (4-6 hours), the
precipitation of the yellowish-white was completed
was then collected by filtration, washed with ethanol
absolute dried for 24 hours, and then recrystallized
from hot absolute ethanol. The yellowish-white
powder was collected by filtration and then dried for
hours. Yield 75 % and melting point (M.p) 211 -
213 ℃. The ligand was characterized by several
techniques 32. Show the scheme .1 Synthesis and
Prepare of Schiff base ligand. The biological features of antipyrine and its
derivatives are intriguing. As a potential oxygen
donor bond, it can form stable complexes with
lanthanide element ions of structural importance 26. Antipyrine and its derivatives have piqued the
interest of many researchers due to the various
possibilities for coordinating antipyrine derivatives
with lanthanide ions and hence their complex-elastic
behavior, being possible oxygen donor bonds
capable of creating stable complexes with metal ions
27. Furthermore, antipyrine and its derivatives exhibit
intriguing pharmacological properties and are being
used for multiple therapeutic purposes they are
antibacterial as well as anti-inflammatory 28. The
research aims to prepare and characterize the new
ligand and their complexes from the lanthanide 470 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: September 2022 Scheme .1 Synthesis of ligand Scheme .1 Synthesis of ligand Scheme .1 Synthesis of ligand Preparations of Lanthanide Complexes: In a 25 ml round bottom flask, 0.1 g of ligand
was dissolved in 5 ml of methanol, then gradually
with stirring dissolving add 0.0948 g of salts [M
(NO3)3].6H2O ; M+3 = La, Nd, Er, Gd, and Dy was
added in 5 ml of methanol absolute to make the
complexes. The mixture was reflux stirred for 4-7
hours, and then left to precipitate, and then the
precipitate was collected and purified with water and
ether and let dry to obtain a pure precipitate FT-IR Spectroscopy of the Ligand: 3.67 ppm CH2 and CH3, 7.30 ppm multiple chemical
shifts back in CH, 7.51 ppm multiple chemical shifts
back in the 4-aminoantipyrin ring in the CH2 ring. Azomethine proton peak (CH = N) has been linked
to signals of 8.04 ppm 36. The compound [C26H28O2N6] was discovered
using an FT-IR spectrum, which revealed bands
(3441, 3043, 2908, 1645, and 1591) cm-1 that are
attributed to (O-H) moisture 33, C-H (Ar), C-H
(Aliph), C=O 34and C=N 35. Show the Fig .1 Mass Spectrometry of Ligand: 1H-NMR Spectroscopy for the Ligand: Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 Published Online First: September 2022 1H-NMR Spectroscopy for the Ligand: LC-mass spectrum is as shown in fig.3, the
mass spectra of the [C26H28O2N6] shown molecular
ion peaks at (456.96) g mol−1, this agreed extremely
well with the estimated values (456.55) g mol−1 37. Figure .2 Shows the peaks of the 1H-NMR
ligand spectrum: (d6-DMSO — 400 MHz) ligand has
a single peak in 2.56 ppm CH3, one peak in 3.20 and 471 Baghdad Science Journal
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2023, 20(2): 469-482 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: September 2022 Figure 1. FT-IR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] 472
Figure 1. FT-IR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6]
Figure 2. 1 H-NMR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6]
Figure 3. LC- Mass of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 1. FT-IR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 2. 1 H-NMR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 2. 1 H-NMR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 2. 1 H-NMR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 2. 1 H-NMR of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 3. LC- Mass of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] Figure 3. LC- Mass of Ligand / [C26H28O2N6] 472 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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Published Online First: September 2022 Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 Open Access Fourier-Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
(FTIR) of lanthanide Complexes: Fourier-Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
(FTIR) of lanthanide Complexes: (M–O) and (M–N) may be expected in the
complexes' 400–600 cm–1 range, showed an
absorption beam that belongs to the bundle of (M-N)
compounds
([La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O, The Fourier-transform infrared Spectro-
scopy (FT-IR) of the prepared ligand, the
appearance of a beam at the site (1591) Cm-1, which
refers to the absorption band ν(C=N) of the ligand,
and a strong sharp beam at the site (1645) Cm-1,
which belongs to the bundle ν( C=O), and upon
comparison, the infrared spectra of the Schiff’s
bases and their complexes appear to have a
displacement towards higher frequencies of the beam
the compact absorption ν(C=N) of the complexes
([La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O, (NO3)6].6H2O,[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
,[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O ) at the sites (503,
412, 505, 503,435)Cm-1, respectively, and an
absorption beam that returns to the bundle (M-O) of
the compounds ([La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
,[Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O, [Er2(C26H28O2N6
)2(NO3)6].6H2O,
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O,
[Dy2(C26H28 O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O) at the sites (565 –
530 – 574 - 572, and 572) Cm-1, respectively 38, 39 , [Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O,[Er2(C26H28 O2N6)2
(NO3)6].6H2O,
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O,
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O) at the sites (1583-
1593-1581-1577, and 1578) Cm-1, respectively, and
a shift towards higher frequencies of the bundle
absorption beam ν(C=O) of the complexes at the
sites (1647 - 1649 - 1649 - 1647,and 1647) Cm-1
respectively, All of this confirms the presence of
coordination between the two nitrogen atoms of the
azomethine and ketone oxygen groups in 4-
antipyrinecarboxaldehyde. There is a scarcity of such
assignments in the literature, while it appears that Wide absorption packs due to not coordinating water
molecule appear with the lanthanide ions (outside the
coordination sphere) in general at the range (3300
cm-1 - 3500 cm-1). It was noticed that the prepared
complexes gave absorption packs in the range (3439
cm-1- 3439 cm-1), and this supports the presence of
incoordination
water
molecules
(outside
the
coordination sphere). It is worth noting that the
prepared ligand possesses water molecules due to
moisture at the (3441 cm-1) 40. As shown in Table .2
and Fig.4 pp
FT-IR of La complex
FT-IR of Nd complex FT IR f L
l FT-IR of La complex FT-IR of La complex
FT-IR of Nd complex FT-IR of Nd complex 473 Baghdad Science Journal
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E-ISS
FT-IR of Er complex
FT-IR of Gd complex
FT-IR of Dy complex
Figure 4. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Table 2. FT-IR spectrum of the prepared ligand and lanthanide complexes
Ligand / complexes
v(H-O)
Cm-1
water
molecul
e due to
moisture
v(C-H)
Cm-1
Ar
v(C-H)
Cm-1
aliph
v(C=O)
Cm-1
v(C=N)
Cm-1
v(NO3)
Cm-1
v(NO3)
Cm-1
v(NO3)
Cm-1
v(NO3)
Cm-1
v(M-O)
Cm-1
v(M-N)
Cm-1
L/C26H28O2N6
3441
3043
2908
1645
1591
1560
---
----
---
---
---
[La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
3444
3066
2920
1647
1583
1494
1396
1033
823
565
503
[Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
3423
3066
2924
1649
1593
1487
1381
1020
848
530
412
[Er2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
3446
3016
2918
1649
1581
1496
1392
1031
815
574
505
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
3435
3018
2918
1647
1577
1494
1357
1031
823
572
503
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
3439
3012
2914
1647
1578
1494
1359
1029
815
572
435 Table 2. FT-IR spectrum of the prepared ligand and lanthanide complexes Electron transfers in lanthanides, Magnetic
sensitivity and Molar Conductance of lanthanide
Complexes: Electron transfers in lanthanides, Magnetic
sensitivity and Molar Conductance of lanthanide
Complexes: Electron transfers in lanthanides, Magnetic
sensitivity and Molar Conductance of lanthanide
Complexes: hence it is sharp and clear, and this phenomenon is
the inverse of what is seen in the electronic spectrum
of transition elements The transitions have been
assigned to metal to ligand charge transfer
(MLCT)or ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT)
43. The absorption spectra of all examined Ln+3
(lanthanide) complexes differ from the free Schiff
base ligand in both intensity and pattern, showing
that the Schiff base ligand is coordinated to Ln+3 ions. Show the Fig. 5 p
In Table .3, we present the electronic spectra
of the ligand and its complexes. The ligand spectra
data displayed three bands at 242 nm, 267 nm, and
303 nm which resulted from intra-ligand charge
transfer due to the π→π* transition of the aromatic
rings bonds and n→π* transition of the (C=O) and
(C=N) bonds 41. The Ln+3 complexes showed three
types of transitions resulting from the 4f electrons of
lanthanides: (i) internal 4f-4f transitions resulting in
sharp, narrow transitions in Laporte bands of
relatively weak intensity. (ii) Allowed to are 4f n - 4f
n-1 (n - l) d, which are relatively broad and available
widely. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 (iii) Also important are the strong electron
transfer bands in the ultraviolet region 42, three
absorption frequencies at 582 - 891- 918 nm, 489 -
521- 652, 802 nm, and 757 - 806 - 909 nm, [4I9/2→
4G7/2,
4I9/2→
2D7/2,
4I9/2→
2P1/2],
[3H4→4I15/2,
4I15/2→4G11/2], [8S7/2→6I7/2], [5I11→6H5/2, 6H15/2→6P5/2]
respectively to complexes Nd, Er, Gd and Dy. The
exception is the (La+3) ion, absorbed in the visible
and near-ultraviolet regions due to the absence of
electrons in the (4f) orbitals of the ion (La+3). The
colors of these ions' compounds are due to the
electronic transition of the (f→f) type, and the bands
of this spectrum appear in the form of sharp
absorption bands, Because 4f is not an outer orbit
electron, it is not impacted by the ligand or solvent, Fourier-Transform
Infrared
Spectroscopy
(FTIR) of lanthanide Complexes: FT-IR spectra Ligand and Lanthanide complexes FT-IR of Er complex FT-IR of Er complex
FT-IR of Gd complex FT-IR of Er complex FT IR f Gd
l FT-IR of Gd complex
FT-IR of Dy complex FT-IR of Dy complex y
p
Figure 4. FT-IR spectra Ligand and Lanthanide complexes y
p
Figure 4. FT-IR spectra Ligand and Lanthanide complexes 474 474 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Magnetic sensitivity: It is challenging to assess the magnetic
susceptibility of f-block constituents. Their (µ)
values are computed by taking spin and orbital
components into account, because 4f-electrons are
inside the (5s and 5p) electrons and behave in a core-
like manner 44. The magnetic moment values of the
lanthanide Ln+3 complexes demonstrate that the
lanthanum La+3 complexes are diamagnetic, whereas
the others are paramagnetic, as seen in Tables 3. The
magnetic moments of all the complexes tested are
quite close to the theoretical values computed for free
lanthanide Ln+3 ions. These findings differed slightly
from the Van Vleck values, indicating that the 4f
electrons had a good role in the bonding 45. Molar
conductivity as shown in Table 3, that all the
lanthanide complexes is non-conductive in solvent
DMF in concentration 1× 10-3 M. UV-Visible spectra of Ligand
UV-Visible spectra of La complex UV-Visible spectra of La complex UV-Visible spectra of Ligand UV-Visible spectra of La complex 475 Open Access
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Published Online First: September 2022 2023, 20(2): 469-482
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
UV-Visible spectra of Nd complex
UV-Visible spectra of Er complex
UV-Visible spectra of Gd complex
UV-Visible spectra of Dy complex
Figure 5. The UV-Visible spectroscopy of ligand and lanthanide complexes Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: September 2022 UV Vi ibl
t
f E
l UV-Visible spectra of Nd complex UV-Visible spectra of Er complex p
p p
p
UV-Visible spectra of Gd complex UV-Visible spectra of Dy complex
nd and lanthanide complexes Figure 5. The UV-Visible spectroscopy of ligand and lanthanide complex Figure 5. The UV-Visible spectroscopy of ligand and lanthanide complexes Table 3. Electronic spectra and physical properties of ligand and lanthanide complexes their prepared
complexes in DMF solvent
Compound
Conductivity- DMF/
(Cm2. ohm-1. mol-1)
Absorption bonds
nm
Assigned
transition
Magnetic
sensitivity B.M
L /[ C26H28O2N6 ]
---
242, 267, 303
n→π*, n→π*,
π→π*
----
[La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
20
----
1S0
Dia
[Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
14
582 - 891- 918
4I9/2→ 4G7/2
4I9/2→ 2D7/2
4I9/2→ 2P1/2
4.56
[Er2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
23
489 - 521- 652
3H4→4I15/2
4I15/2→4G11/2
2.92
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
29
802
8S7/2→6I7/2
3.70
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
40
757 - 806 - 909
5I11→6H5/2
6H15/2→6P5/2
3.55 Table 3. Electronic spectra and physical properties of ligand and lanthanide complexes their prepared
complexes in DMF solvent Thermogravimetric Analysis: Table .4 and Figs.7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Thermal
analyzes of the lanthanide complexes showed that
the process of disintegration or loss passes through
several stages and the process occurs through 4 steps,
as in the scheme .2, and this is evidence of good
thermal stability, where the loss in the first a step is
water 25-100 °C, this means that water is outside the
coordination range, in each stage losing a part of their
weight and liberating a certain compound from the
compounds that were prepared. They differed among
themselves in the temperature ranges, which they
disintegrated as a result of the different nature of the
ion forming the complex. The remaining material
after the dissociation process is completed may
belong to the Lanthanide oxide that makes up the
complex Table .4 and Figs.7, 8, 9, 10, and 11. Thermal
analyzes of the lanthanide complexes showed that
the process of disintegration or loss passes through
several stages and the process occurs through 4 steps,
as in the scheme .2, and this is evidence of good
thermal stability, where the loss in the first a step is
water 25-100 °C, this means that water is outside the
coordination range, in each stage losing a part of their
weight and liberating a certain compound from the
compounds that were prepared. They differed among
themselves in the temperature ranges, which they
disintegrated as a result of the different nature of the
ion forming the complex. The remaining material
after the dissociation process is completed may
belong to the Lanthanide oxide that makes up the
complex Thermogravimetric Analysis: As shown in Table 4, the results of the ligand
and its lanthanide complexes are thermal results
decomposed are recorded From the TGA curve of the
ligand in Fig. 6, it was noticed that it displayed three
stages of decomposition. In the range 75 - 290 °C,
the estimated mass loss of 44.5% (calculation 43.8%)
due to the decomposition of the C12H12N2O molecule
in the first step, The range 290 – 394 °C, the
estimated mass loss of 13.2% (calculation 12.2%)
due to the decomposition of C2H4N2 molecule, In the
final stage, from 394 – 530 °C, the estimated mass
loss of 25.8% (calculation 26.9%), due to loss of a
C6H7N2O molecule with complete decomposition 46. Thermogravimetric Analysis: Thermogravimetric Analysis data of (L) ligand and lanthanide complexes
Sample) (step)
Temperature .range ºC
TG Weight mass loss
Reaction
Calc%
found%
L(1)
75 - 290
43.8
44.5
C12H12N2O
L(2)
290 - 394
12.2
13.2
C2H4N2
L(3)
394 - 530
26.9
25.8
C6H7N2O
Final residual
18.5
16.5
C6H5
La(1)
35 - 80
6.4
6.6
6(H2O)
La(2)
80 - 215
22.2
23.0
6(NO3)
La(3)
215 - 445
47.9
48.1
C48H48N8O4
La(4)
445 - 555
6.7
5.5
C4H8N4
Final residual
19.4
16.8
La2O3
Nd(1)
25 - 78
6.4
5.8
6(H2O)
Nd(2)
87 - 200
22.1
21.7
6(NO3)
Nd(3)
200 - 445
47.6
46.5
C48H48N8O4
Nd(4)
445 - 540
6.6
7.1
C4H8N4
Final residual
20.0
18.9
Nd2O3
Er(1)
30 - 85
6.2
5.9
6(H2O)
Er(2)
85 - 215
21.5
20.5
6(NO3)
Er(3)
215 - 450
46.3
47.3
C48H48N8O4
Er(4)
450 - 573
6.4
6.7
C4H8N4
Final residual
22.3
19.6
Er2O3
Gd(1)
27 - 85
6.3
6.9
6(H2O)
Gd(2)
85 - 225
21.7
22.0
6(NO3)
Gd(3)
225 - 435
46.8
45.9
C48H48N8O4
Gd(4)
435 - 550
6.5
7.2
C4H8N4
Final residual
21.2
18.7
Gd2O3
Dy(1)
25 - 70
6.2
5.8
6(H2O)
Dy(2)
70 - 220
21.6
20.8
6(NO3)
Dy(3)
220 - 435
46.5
47.2
C48H48N8O4
Dy(4)
435 - 540
6.2
6.4
C4H8N4
Final residual
21.7
19.5
Dy2O3
Figure 6. TC-analysis of ligand
Figure 7. TG- analysis of La complex Table 4. Thermogravimetric Analysis: The TG curves of M = La+3, Nd+3, Er+3, Gd+3, and
Dy+3, showed four decomposition steps shown in 476 Open Access
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
2 2023, 20(2): 469-482
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 blished Online First: September 2022 Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes
Table 4. Thermogravimetric Analysis data of (L) ligand and lanthanide complexes
Sample) (step)
Temperature .range ºC
TG Weight mass loss
Reaction
Calc%
found%
L(1)
75 - 290
43.8
44.5
C12H12N2O
L(2)
290 - 394
12.2
13.2
C2H4N2
L(3)
394 - 530
26.9
25.8
C6H7N2O
Final residual
18.5
16.5
C6H5
La(1)
35 - 80
6.4
6.6
6(H2O)
La(2)
80 - 215
22.2
23.0
6(NO3)
La(3)
215 - 445
47.9
48.1
C48H48N8O4
La(4)
445 - 555
6.7
5.5
C4H8N4
Final residual
19.4
16.8
La2O3
Nd(1)
25 - 78
6.4
5.8
6(H2O)
Nd(2)
87 - 200
22.1
21.7
6(NO3)
Nd(3)
200 - 445
47.6
46.5
C48H48N8O4
Nd(4)
445 - 540
6.6
7.1
C4H8N4
Final residual
20.0
18.9
Nd2O3
Er(1)
30 - 85
6.2
5.9
6(H2O)
Er(2)
85 - 215
21.5
20.5
6(NO3)
Er(3)
215 - 450
46.3
47.3
C48H48N8O4
Er(4)
450 - 573
6.4
6.7
C4H8N4
Final residual
22.3
19.6
Er2O3
Gd(1)
27 - 85
6.3
6.9
6(H2O)
Gd(2)
85 - 225
21.7
22.0
6(NO3)
Gd(3)
225 - 435
46.8
45.9
C48H48N8O4
Gd(4)
435 - 550
6.5
7.2
C4H8N4
Final residual
21.2
18.7
Gd2O3
Dy(1)
25 - 70
6.2
5.8
6(H2O)
Dy(2)
70 - 220
21.6
20.8
6(NO3)
Dy(3)
220 - 435
46.5
47.2
C48H48N8O4
Dy(4)
435 - 540
6.2
6.4
C4H8N4
Final residual
21.7
19.5
Dy2O3
Figure 6. TC-analysis of ligand
Figure 7. TG- analysis of La complex Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes Scheme .2 TGA-analyses of lanthanide complexes
Table 4. Published Online First: September 2022 Fi
9 TG
l
i
f E
l Figure 8. TG-analysis of Nd complex Figure 8. TG-analysis of Nd complex Figure 9. TG-analysis of Er complex Figure 9. TG-analysis of Er complex
Figure 11. TG-analysis of Dy complex g
y
p
Figure 10. TG-analysis of Gd complex Figure 10. TG-analysis of Gd complex Figure 11. TG-analysis of Dy complex Biological Activity: dish using a pure cork piercing with a diameter of 1
ml after that, 0.1 ml of the solutions is placed in the
holes of the aquariums planted with bacteria. Then
the area of the inhibition zone diameters resulting
from the effect of the prepared compounds was
measured using a ruler, and a table was drawn up
showing the biological activity of the prepared
compounds against bacteria 47. The biological activity of the prepared
compounds by diffusion method was studied. Four
types of bacteria were used in this study, two types
of Gram-positive and two types of Gram-negative:
1- Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis
(Gram-positive bacteria)
2
E
h
i hi
li
d Kl b i ll
i The biological activity of the prepared
compounds by diffusion method was studied. Four
types of bacteria were used in this study, two types
of Gram-positive and two types of Gram-negative: 1- Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis
(Gram-positive bacteria) 2- Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae
(Gram-negative bacteria) In Figure .12, note that ligand L variable
activity and complexes as antibacterial are more
active, with the ligand showing greater activity
against (Gram-positive) Staphylococcus aureus than
against other bacteria. The variable activity was also
found in the complexes as some complexes showed
greater activity against positive bacteria and some
against negative bacteria, as shown in Table 5. Showing
that
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
complexes are the most effective against all types of
bacteria, followed by [Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2 (NO3)6]
.6H2O,
and
[Er2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O,
while[La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O,
[Nd2 These types were tested because of their
importance in the medical field, as they cause many
diseases. The method used is to calculate the
inhibitory effect of chemical compounds (agar well
diffusion method) and it is done as follows: 38 mg
of agar is dissolved in 1L of distilled water and mixed
well in a glass conical flask, then heated until the agar
melts, then put the culture medium in a sterile device
for 15 minutes, then pour the culture medium into
sterile plastic dishes and leave it to solidify. Then the
bacteria are grown in a sterile liquid food nutrient
medium, where they are left for 24 hours in an
incubator and at a temperature of 37oC. Thermogravimetric Analysis: Thermogravimetric Analysis data of (L) ligand and lanthanide complexes
Sample) (step)
Temperature .range ºC
TG Weight mass loss
Reaction
Calc%
found%
L(1)
75 - 290
43.8
44.5
C12H12N2O
L(2)
290 - 394
12.2
13.2
C2H4N2
L(3)
394 - 530
26.9
25.8
C6H7N2O
Final residual
18.5
16.5
C6H5
La(1)
35 - 80
6.4
6.6
6(H2O)
La(2)
80 - 215
22.2
23.0
6(NO3)
La(3)
215 - 445
47.9
48.1
C48H48N8O4
La(4)
445 - 555
6.7
5.5
C4H8N4
Final residual
19.4
16.8
La2O3
Nd(1)
25 - 78
6.4
5.8
6(H2O)
Nd(2)
87 - 200
22.1
21.7
6(NO3)
Nd(3)
200 - 445
47.6
46.5
C48H48N8O4
Nd(4)
445 - 540
6.6
7.1
C4H8N4
Final residual
20.0
18.9
Nd2O3
Er(1)
30 - 85
6.2
5.9
6(H2O)
Er(2)
85 - 215
21.5
20.5
6(NO3)
Er(3)
215 - 450
46.3
47.3
C48H48N8O4
Er(4)
450 - 573
6.4
6.7
C4H8N4
Final residual
22.3
19.6
Er2O3
Gd(1)
27 - 85
6.3
6.9
6(H2O)
Gd(2)
85 - 225
21.7
22.0
6(NO3)
Gd(3)
225 - 435
46.8
45.9
C48H48N8O4
Gd(4)
435 - 550
6.5
7.2
C4H8N4
Final residual
21.2
18.7
Gd2O3
Dy(1)
25 - 70
6.2
5.8
6(H2O)
Dy(2)
70 - 220
21.6
20.8
6(NO3)
Dy(3)
220 - 435
46.5
47.2
C48H48N8O4
Dy(4)
435 - 540
6.2
6.4
C4H8N4
Final residual
21.7
19.5
Dy2O3 Table 4. Thermogravimetric Analysis data of (L) ligand and lanthanide complexes Fi
7 TG
l
i
f L
l Figure 6. TC-analysis of ligand Figure 7. TG- analysis of La complex Figure 6. TC-analysis of ligand 477 477 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: September 2022 2023, 20(2): 469-482
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 8. TG-analysis of Nd complex
Figure 9. TG-analysis of Er complex
Figure 10. TG-analysis of Gd complex
Figure 11. TG-analysis of Dy complex P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: September 2022 Authors' declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides, the
Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-publication
attached with the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. Figure 13. Suggesting the structure of lanthanide
complexes Biological Activity: A certain
concentration of these chemical compounds is
prepared and dissolved in a solvent DMSO with 1×
10-3 M concentrations, then a hole is made in each (C26H28O2N6)2 (NO3)6].6H2O it only had an inhibitory
effect on Gram-positive bacteria and had no effect on
Gram-negative bacteria 48. 478 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Table .5 The Biological activity effects of the ligand and its lanthanide complexes dissolved in DMSO
at Concentration 1×10-3M on four types of pathogenic bacteria
Sample
Staphylococcus
aureus
Bacillus
subtilis
Escherichia
coli
Klebsiella
penumoniae
C26H28O2N6( L)
++
+
+
+
[La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
++++
++
-
-
[Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
++
++
+
-
[Er2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
+++
+++
-
++
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
++++
++
+
+
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
+++
++
++
++
[(-) indicates (18-20) mm, (+) indicates (21-24) mm, (++) indicates (24-28) mm,(+++) indicates (28-32) mm, (++++) indicates (32-35) mm]
Figure 12. Biological activities of ligand L and lanthanide complexes Table .5 The Biological activity effects of the ligand and its lanthanide complexes dissolved in DMSO
at Concentration 1×10-3M on four types of pathogenic bacteria
Sample
Staphylococcus
aureus
Bacillus
subtilis
Escherichia
coli
Klebsiella
penumoniae
C26H28O2N6( L)
++
+
+
+
[La2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
++++
++
-
-
[Nd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
++
++
+
-
[Er2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
+++
+++
-
++
[Gd2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
++++
++
+
+
[Dy2(C26H28O2N6)2(NO3)6].6H2O
+++
++
++
++
[(-) indicates (18-20) mm, (+) indicates (21-24) mm, (++) indicates (24-28) mm,(+++) indicates (28-32) mm, (++++) indicates (32-35) mm] Biological activity effects of the ligand and its lanthanide complexes dissolved in DMSO
at Concentration 1×10-3M on four types of pathogenic bacteria Table .5 The Biological activity effects of the ligand and its lanthanide complexes dissolved in DMSO
at Concentration 1×10-3M on four types of pathogenic bacteria Figure 12. Biological activities of ligand L and lanthanide complexes Figure 12. Biological activities of ligand L and lanthanide complexes Conclusion: Thanks to all those who assisted us with
assistance and advice, in addition to the research
supervisor who led the research, and to all those who
cooperated with us and provided an appropriate
environment for the research to receive information. We would also like to thank the magazine editors and
auditors who contributed to the research process. In this study, lanthanide complexes were
synthesis and characterization for (La+3, Nd+3, Er+3,
Gd+3, and Dy+3). Schiff's bases are produced by the
condensation
reaction
of
(2mol)
4-
antipyrinecarboxaldehyde with (1mol) ethylene di-
amine. The synthesis of Schiff bases ligand and
lanthanide complexes by using various analytical and
spectroscopic techniques. The complexes were
found to be stable at room temperature. Based on the
spectroscopic data, it was concluded that lanthanides
Ln+3 coordinates to 16 oxygen atoms (12 from nitrate
and four from antipyrine ligand) four nitrogen
azomethine (C=N), multidentate ligand, and their
binuclear complexes with lanthanides. We conclude
that the complexes are more biologically effective
than the ligand, is more bioactivity complexes
bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. Authors' contributions statement: N. Sh. conceived this idea, based on the
expressions of K. A. H. and Sh. M.. N. Sh. supervised
the project. K. A. H. and Sh. M. carried out the
experiment, wrote the manuscript, and performed the
analysis. All authors discussed the results and
contributed to the final manuscript. Figure 13. Suggesting the structure of lanthanide
complexes Acknowledgment: 479 Baghdad Science Journal
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Preparation, 480 Baghdad Science Journal
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 Open Access
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4
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أنتيبيرين كربوكسالدهيد مع
إيثيلين داي أمين) ودراسة النشاط البيولوجي
كوثر اديب حسين1
شذى مهدي2
ناصر ضياء شعالن1
1 قسم
،الكيمياء
كلية
، العلوم للبنات جامعة
،بغداد
،بغداد العراق. 2 تربية
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1991
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1,2-dihydro-pyrazolidine-3-one)-1,2 diamino ethane). Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2018 ; 9 (1): 376–385. p
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Kasprzycka E, Weselski M, Dyakonenko VV, et al. Structures and Spectral and Magnetic Properties of a 481 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(2): 469-482 Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: September 2022 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 :الخالصة :ا
تضمنت الدراسة تحضير
معقدات
جديد من خالل الجمع بين قواعد شف الناتجة من مركبات
ا
لالنتيبايرين ، بما في ذلك أيونات الالنثان يدات
( (الالنثانوم، والنيوديميوم، واإلربيوم، والجادولينيوم، والديسبروسيوم). حضر الليكاند من تفاعالت التكثيف
٤ -
انتيبيرين كاربوكسالدهيد مع
ايثلين دا
ي امين) في درجة حرارة الغرفة ، وتم تشخيصها باستخدام الدراسات الطيفية والتحليلية (أطياف األشعة تحت الحمراء، األطياف
اإللكترونية (طيف االشعة فوق البنفسجية-المرئية .)، طيف الرنين النووي المغناطيسي، طيف الكتلي، تحليل الدقيق للعناصر (الكاربون
( الهيدروجين .النتروجين . االوكسجين)، التحلل الحراري الوزنيTGA
) ، باإلضافة إلى الحساسية المغناطيسية وقياس الموصلية الموالرية
للمعقدات
، من بين النتائج التي حصلنا عليها من القياسات الحضنا أن الليكاند ي
سلك مع ايونات الالنثانيدات (ثنائية النوى) السلوك رباع ي المخلب
من خالل ذرتين من األكسجين مجموعة الكاربونيل وذرتان نيتروجين مجموعة اآلزوميثين مع جميع المعقدات المحضرة و بنسبة مولي
ة )
1:1
.)
ت
م التحقق من تناسق
من خالل مشاركة ست مجاميع من نترات ثنائية المخلب في التنسيق، وتشير إلى أن مجمعاتها تحتوي على قيم للعزم
المغناطيسية ذات الصفة البارامغناطيسي، وبناءً على نتائج تلك القياسات، تم اقتراح الشكل الهندسي للمعقدات. تمت دراسة ال
ف عالية
البيولوجي ة
لل
يكاند و
ال معقدات المحضرة باستخدام النشاط المضاد للبكتيريا، حيث أظهرت نتائج فعاليتها اتجاه البكتيريا المستخدمة(المك ورات العنقودية
،الذهبية
،العصوية الرقيقة اإلشريكية القولونية أو العصيات القولونية و الكَلِبْسية الرئوية
) بتركيز(
1
×
10
-
3
)مول
الكلمات ال
مفتاحية :٤ -
، انتيبيرين كربوكسالدهيد النشاط البيولوجي
، المعقدات المعدنية
، )(الالنثانيدات
قواعد شف , تحلل الحراري 482 | 7,845 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7088/4094 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: This study, which is considered the first of its kind in the world and the Arab homeland, was carried out in
the laboratory of mushroom production belonging to the Medicinal Plant Unit/ College Of Agricultural
Engineering Sciences/ University of Baghdad during the period from July 21, 2016, to December 30, 2018,
aiming to isolate and purify the mycelium of the wild isolation in addition to the genetic and morphological
identification of the mushroom Agaricus bellaniae. The obtained pure isolation was tagged in the American
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) with symbol MF987843.1, thus Iraq would be the
second country in the world in which the mushroom is grown following the United States of America. The
optimum temperature for the mycelium growth rate was also determined in the laboratory, as they ranged
between 50 -60 ◦C. Furthermore, the dried fruit bodies were recognized qualitatively and quantitatively to
identify their content of medicinally active compounds. Theyhave shown a high percentage of Linoleic acid
(47.77%), total anti-oxidants, and total phenols in addition to the high content of essential chemicals
including high protein percentage (44%), mineral elements- selenium in particular (0.369 ppm), and amino
acid where glutamic and aspartic acids recorded the highest percentage, reached 4.02% and 2.226%
respectively. p
y
Keyword: Agaricus bellaniae , phenotypic , molecular structure, active constituents. Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April, 2023 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7158 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7158 Estimating the chemical composition of secondary compounds of Iraqi wild
Agaricus bellaniae characterized morphologically and genetically Ziena M.Abdul-Qader*¹
Rukiabaa A.Chechan² Rukiabaa A.Chechan² ¹Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Unit, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Baghdad
Iraq. nd Aromatic Plants Research Unit, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Baghdad, ²Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. ³Department of Field crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. Corresponding author: [email protected]
E-mail addresses: roqaibaa ali@coagri uobaghdad edu iq Sudad altaweel@coagri uobaghdad edu iq ²Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. ³Department of Field crops, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Iraq. Corresponding author: zinakinan@coagri uobaghdad edu iq p
g
g
g
q
E-mail addresses: [email protected] , [email protected] Received 6/3/2022, Revised 12/11/2022, Accepted 13/11/2022, Published Online First 20/4/2023,
Published 01/12/2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: aging ending in brown color at the button stage
when the brittle, white ring appears on the stem. The stem height is 3.5 -7cm and its diameter 5-12
cm either uniform or widening at the base. Stem
color turns to brown during aging, and sometimes
pink bumps appear at the base. The flesh is white
unchanging color after cutting. The spore print color
is dark brown 2 . The mushroom Agaricus bellaniae belongs to the
Basidiomycota group, order Agaricales, and family
Agaricaceae which is listed among edible
mushrooms. It was classified as edible mushroom
that grows during late summer to early fall season
within weeds in the form of cuts, arches, or circles
distributed in the huge eastern plains of Illinois in
the USA 1 .This type of mushroom is characterized
by the short, convex, and bell-shaped cap in the
early stages and then, at the maturity, it expanded to
become flat with inverted convex from the middle
to the inside. The cap diameter is 3.5-8 cm
containing yellowish-brown gills in contrary to the
color of the cap, which is pale brown in color at the
edges and dark brown in the middle that grades in
color during maturity. The cap edge is soft and
bump-free while the gills are free at the stem region. They are short and compact at initially with a white
color turns to pink in the center of the cap at the The importance of edible genus Agaricus collected
from the wild and consumed by humans is due to
the high nutritional value, medicinal compound
content, taste, and flavor. This mushroom genera
included A. augustus Fr., A. campestris L.: Fr, A. Introduction: arvensis schaeff, and A subrufescens3 however,
A.bisporus is regarded the commonest species
among them for the nutritional value it has as it is
characterized by the high content of protein in the
fruit bodies that is around 11.01- 29.14 % varying
according to the growth culture media 4.Total 2114 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April, 2023 Open Access carbohydrates content was 51.05% involving the
digestible carbohydrates such as mannitol and
glucose, usually forming less than 1%, in addition
to glycogen forming 5-10% of the dried fruit bodies
while the indigestible carbohydrates, including
oligosaccharides such as trehalose and non starch as
well as the polysaccharides such as lignin, beta-
glucan, and mannans, formed the major part of the
carbohydrates
found
within
the
cultivated
mushroom 5 . Mannitol and trehalose are among the
saccharides abundantly found in the cultivated
mushroom of both types, the white and the brown. The dried fruit bodies of A.bisporus (cultivated
mushroom) also contain chitin, hemicellulose,
mannans, and Beta-glucan which have beneficial
characteristics for human health 6. Rukaibaa 7
mentioned that the fruit bodies of the cultivated
mushroom contain k, Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Se, Mn, Cad,
and Co where the amount of phosphor, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, iron, and zinc is usually high
in the dried fruit bodies . Ekhlas et al 6 found that
the polysaccharides content in the dried fruit bodies
of the cultivated white mushroom of the brown
series enhances the immunity system in a human
body and acts as an anti-tumors in-vitro as well as
in-vivo., furthermore, the dried bodies of them
contain anti- filamentary and anti-oxidants such as phenols and chitosan that prevent the fatty liver
disease 8 as well as they contain several anti-
bacterial compounds 9. This mushroom has been
recognized in North America through a study prior
to this and symbolized at the National Center for
Biotechnology Information (NCBI), with the
symbols
NR_145001.1,
KJ877783.110,
and
KJ877782.1 . Therefore, conducted for the first
time in Iraq, this research aims to determine the
nutritional and medicinal compounds in the
mushroom Agaricus bellaniae which grows wildly
in the middle region of Iraq at the high temperature
weather. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April, 2023 Open Access
Number of days required for mycelium
growth commence.
Number of days required for mycelium
growth commence. Preparation of agarose gel: The gel was prepared at a concentration of 1% by
dissolving 0.5 g of acarose in 50 ml of 1 x TBE
solution, heated using a microwave oven for 2
minutes, cooled to approximately 55 °C and adding
2 μl of ethidium bromide dye to it. The experiment involved culturing 5 dishes where
the results were analyzed with Genstat software
according to the Completely Randomized Design
(CRD). Material and methods: Samples collection: The samples of Agaricus
bellaniae were obtained from the Salhia region,
Baghdad where the temperature was about 50-55
°Con July 21, 2016 (Fig.1). They were propagated
and purified on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) media
11 in the Mushroom Laboratory of the Medicinal
and Aromatic Plants Research Unit at the
University of Baghdad, College of Agricultural
Engineering
Sciences
where
the
isolation
purification period lasted virtually for a year. Figure 1.The wild agricultural mushroom Agaricus bellanniae Figure 1.The wild agricultural mushroom Agaricus bellanniae 2115 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April, 2023 g
a-Morphological diagnosis Morphological characterization
of
mushrooms
samples was taken in situ Macro fungi characterized
using coloured field guide books, photographs,
monographs and published work 12 as well as
databases. Conventional characterization was based
on the features such as photograph, colour Spore Table 1. Primers were added
Primer
Sequence
Tm (ᵒC)
GC (%)
Product size
Forward
TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG
60.3
50 %
650
base pair
Reverse
TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC
57.8
41 %
The following program was chosen for gene amplification
No. Phase
Tm (ᵒC)
Time
No. of cycle
1-
Initial Denaturation
94ᵒC
3 min
35cycle
2-
Denaturation -2
94ᵒC
45sec
3-
Annealing
60ᵒC
45sec
4-
Extension-1
72ᵒC
45sec
5-
Extension -2
72ᵒC
10 min. 6-
Cooling
4
∞ Electrophoresis of PCR products investigating the chemical composition and the
content of the medicinal secondary compounds
of the mushroom. Preparation of gel mold and sample Results and discussion: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Unit at the
University of Baghdad, College of Agricultural
Engineering
Sciences
where
the
isolation
purification period lasted virtually for a year. The
morphological traits of the wild mushroom bodies
were identified as illustrated in Table 2. The sample of Agaricus bellaniae was obtained
from Salhia region, Baghdad where the temperature
was about 50-55 °Con July 21, 2016. They were
propagated and purified on Potato Dextrose Agar
(PDA) media 10 in the Mushroom Laboratory of the Table 2. Morphological identification the fresh bodies of the wild mushroom Agaricus bellaniae
Cap shape
Short, convex, and bell-shaped in the early stages and then, at the maturity, it expanded to
become flat with inverted convex from the middle to the inside. Cap diameter
About 4-8.7 cm
Cap color
Outer surface is dark brown in the middle, graduates to pale at the cap edges, while the inner part
is characterized by its white flesh
Gills
Free at the stem region with white color at the edges and pink in the center of the cap at the
commencing and then turn to dark brown at aging. Ring
Brittle, white in color appears on the stem beyond the button stage completion
Stem
Heighted about 3.1-7.8 cm with 4.6-11.8 mm in diameter, widening at the base, browning in color
during aging, and has pink bumps near the base. Spore print
Dark brown The fungi molecular diagnosis was made by 18S
with ITS1 and ITS4 primers usage . After PCR
reaction samples results were electrophoresis on
agarose gel 1.5% and sent to Macrogene Co. While
Macrogene Co repeated a nucleotides sequence for
each isolate, this sequence enteredthe blast program
to find the similarity between sequences of the
isolates. This bind was sent to the Korean company
(Macrogene) to show the sequence of nitrogenous
bases. Upon analyzing these results in the BLAST
program, it was found that the isolate under study
was related to Agaricus bellanniae, and the isolate
matched with an isolate that had been registered in
the genebank with the code NR145001.1. The strain
under-study was recorded in the genebank with the
searchers' names as a new isolate of Agaricus
bellanniae and was given the international code
MF987843. It is to be noted that this strain of
fungus is being diagnosed for the first time in Iraq
and the Middle East. This diagnosis relied on the gene ITS4 gene. Preparation of gel mold and sample Pour the gel at 55-50°C into the electric transfer
mould. Place the comb at the end of the gel mould,
after the end of the mold is blocked, and leave for
half an hour to solidify. Then, remove the comb and
add 1× TBE buffer to cover the surface of the gel. The remained part of the fruit body samples were
dried and ground with a special grinder. Next, the
samples were placed in tightly closed containers
prepared for this purpose, and after that, they were
sent to the Arab Republic of Egypt, Agricultural
Research Center, Regional Food and Feed Center,
to analyze the chemical elements and compositions
and probe the percentage of medicinal compounds
with GC-mass device where the following estimates
have been involved. After PCR reaction, the samples results were
electrophoresis on agarose gel 1.5% and sent to
Macrogene Co. thatgave us nucleotides sequence
for each isolate , this sequence enteredthe blast
program to find the similarity between sequences of
the isolates, while all isolates are recorded in NCBI. investigating the best extent of mycelium growth
of the mushroom Agaricus bellaniae from the
mother culture in vitro. 1. The medicinal compounds content in the fruit
bodies estimated with the GC-mass device. investigating the best extent of mycelium growth
of the mushroom Agaricus bellaniae from the
mother culture in vitro. 2. The total antioxidants content, total phenols
content and total flavonoids content in the dried
fruit
bodies
calculated
according
to
the
procedure described by Albaldawi et al 13. The mycelium growth in PDA was studied within
various temperature extents including the following
seven treatments(25,30,35,40,45,50,55,60) °C 3. The content of the chemicals in the dried fruit
bodies calculated according to the procedure
described by Cho et al 14. The parameters included are:
Number of days for completing the colony
diameter. 2116 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: April, 2023 Published Online First: April, 2023 Results and discussion: Firstly,
the fungus' genetic material was extracted and
checked for purity, and then it was amplified by
PCR using the gene mentioned above. One package
appeared, representing the whole genome extracted
from the fungus. ITS4 gene amplification was done
using the mentioned primers and the prepared
program for this purpose. Fig. 2, Shows gel
electrophoresis of DNA extracted from fungal
isolates; a single bind appeared at the site 600 - 700
bases and in two replicates 15 Table 3, shows that the control needed time more
than other “treatments” and the highest degree of
growth was at the highest temperature, 50 °C and
55 °C recording the superiority in the number of
days required for completing the mycelia growth
that was 3.0 and 3.3 days respectively, while the
control treatment needed more days reached 12.3
days to complete mycelia growth.The treatments of
the incubation temperatures 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60
°C show a remarkable superiority compared to the
35 °C and the control treatments in the number of
days required for commencing the mycelium
growth on the culture media achieving 2.3, 2.0, 1.7,
1.3, 1.3, 4.3, and 3.7 days respectively. M F1
Figure 2. Electrophoresis of the amplification
product of the ITS4 gene showing the location of
the segment between the molecular weight 600-
700 nitrogenous bases Determining the best temperature degree for
mushroom genus Agaricus growth as well as the
other edible genera is considered essential and
necessary for affecting the production process
economically as a result of its relation to the
mycelium growth rapidity at the spawn production
stage and to its growth rapidity on the compost
cultivation media during producing the fruit bodies
of the genus Agaricus16. M F1 Figure 2. Electrophoresis of the amplification
product of the ITS4 gene showing the location of
the segment between the molecular weight 600-
700 nitrogenous bases Figure 2. Electrophoresis of the amplification
product of the ITS4 gene showing the location of
the segment between the molecular weight 600-
700 nitrogenous bases 2117 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Table 3. Effect of incubation temperature on the number of days required for completing the colony
diameter (days) and the number of days (days) required for commencing mycelium growth of the
mushroom Agaricus bellaniae in the laboratory on a culture media Table 3. Effect of incubation temperature on the number of days required for completing the colony
diameter (days) and the number of days (days) required for commencing mycelium growth of the
mushroom Agaricus bellaniae in the laboratory on a culture media
Mycelium growth temperature
Number
of
days
required
forcompleting
the
colony
diameter (days)
Number of daysrequired for commencing
the mycelia appearance on the culture
media (days)
Treatment of 25°C (control)
12
4
Treatment of 30°C
9
4
Treatment of 35°C
8
3
Treatment of 40°C
6
2
Treatment of 45°C
5
2
Treatment of 50°C
3
1
Treatment of 55°C
3
1
Treatment of 60°C
4
2
L.S.D(0.05)
2
1 anti-oxidant leading to the programmed death of
cancer cells 20. Glycitin recorded 0.67 %, which is a
glycosylisoflavone compound characterized by its
activity inhibiting the cancer cell growth 21. The
percentage of Cholesta-4, 6-dien-3-one reached
0.87%. It is an important compound, as this was
proven through laboratory experiments in mice, it
reduces cholesterol in the body 22. The Ethyl
linoleate percentage reached 11.42%. It acts as an
anti-fungal and anti-oxidant compound 23. The
percentage of Quercetin 3',4'-7-trimethyl ether was
0.92%. It is a flavone belonging to the polyphenols
helping to prevent neurodegenerative diseases and
inhibit six types of cancer. The percentage of γ-
Sitrosterol was 0.89%. It is characterized by the co-
effect on the human immune system and the
protection against many diseases 24. The percentage
of oleic acid was 1.1 %. This fatty acid is
considered
as
anti-inflammatory
compound. Luteolin6, 8-C-diglucoside recorded the percentage
of 1.1 %. It is one of the monounsaturated fatty
acids known as omega 9 that is considered an anti-
oxidant helping to decrease hypertension in addition
to enhancing the cell membrane construction and
brain development 25. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: April, 2023 Open Access Published Online First: April, 2023 2023, 20(6
Table 4. Percentage of the medicinal compound
contents in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus
bellaniae estimated with the GC-mass device
N
o
Medicinal compound
Retenti
on time
(min)
Percenta
ge (%)
1
Sinaply alcohol
5.3
5.3
2
Melezitose
11.3
11.3
3
Arachidic acid
12.57
12.57
4
Phytol acetate
12.93
12.93
5
Cis-13,16-Docasadienoic
acid
13.1
13.1
6
5,7,3',4',5'Pentahydroxyfla
vone
13.3
13.3
7
Santalcamphor
13.65
13.65
8
Scutellarein
13.77
13.77
9
4',6-Dimethoxyisoflavone-
7-O-B-D glucopyranoside
13.88
13.88
10
Zearalenone
14.27
14.27
11
Glycitin
14.35
14.35
12
Cholesta-4,6-dien-3-one
14.4
14.4
13
Cis-Vaccenic acid
14.5
14.5
14
Linoleic acid
14.78
14.78
15
Ethyl linoleate
14.9
14.9
16
Quercetin 3',4'-7-trimethyl
ether
16.38
16.38
17
-Sitrosterol
16.9
16.9
18
Oleic acid
17.9
17.9
19
Luteolin
6,8-C-
diglucoside
18.5
18.5
20
14--H-Pregna
19.46
19.46
21
Vitamin E
20.07
20.07
22
Phytanic acid
20.7
20.7
23
Trans-Geranylgeraniol
21.8
21.8
24
Curcumol
21.98
21.98
25
Stigmasterol
22.17
22.17
26
Heptacosane
23
23 Table 4. Percentage of the medicinal compound
contents in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus
bellaniae estimated with the GC-mass device The phytanic acid showed a percentage of 1.16%. It is one of the saturated fatty acids reducing
prostate cancer occurrence 27.The percentage of
Trans
Geranyl
geraniol
was
0.82%. This
compound prevents the poisonous effect of
cholesterol
on
cells
without reducing
the
beneficial effect 28. Curcumol which reached
1.02% reduces the incidence of breast cancer 29. The percentage of Stigmasterol was 1.02%. It
decreases cholesterol as a result of reducing its
absorption since it is considered an anti-cancer of
colon, ovary, prostate, and breast 30. The
medicinal
active
materials
of
which
percentages were measured with the GC mass and
listed in Table 3, show the importance of active
materials in this mushroom compared to those
found in Agricus bisporus that were recognized by
many other investigative studies 31. The
medicinal
active
materials
of
which
percentages were measured with the GC mass and
listed in Table 3, show the importance of active
materials in this mushroom compared to those
found in Agricus bisporus that were recognized by
many other investigative studies 31. Table
5,
ilustrates
the
content
of
total
antioxidants, total phenols, and total flavonoids, in
the fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae, to which
the medicinal importance of the mushroom is due
unlike what is found in the common species, A. M F1 The percentage of vitamin E
was 1.67%. This vitamin is known as anti-
inflammatory and anti-oxidant which is related to
many diseases and cancer types such as prostate and
skin cancer, moreover the skin diseases such as
eczema26. Table 4, demonstrates that Linoleic acid content in
the dried fruit bodies was as the highest percentage
that recorded 47.77 %. Linoleic acid is defined as a
polyunsaturated fatty acid used in the biosynthesis
of arachidonic acid (AA) as well as some other
substances such as Prostaglandin, Leukotrienes
(LTA, LTB, and LTC), and Thromboxane (TXA). All these linoleic acid products have a biological
activity associated with human physiology and
pathology. Linoleic acid is an essential fatty acid for
humans, which must be obtained through diet
forgood health. During an experiment on mice,
lacking linoeate in the feed resulted in slight
expansion in the skin, hair loss ,and poor wound
healing , furthermore, it is considered an anti-cancer
16. The percentage of sinaply alcohol was 0.99 7%. It is an organic compound related to cinnamic acid,
one of the mono lignin that is considered the
initiator for the biosynthesis of different stilbenoids
and coumarins, while the percentage of Melezitose
was 0.51 %. This compound is molecularly
decomposed into glucose and turanse, sucrose
isomer, 17. The percentage of the flavone complex
Scutellarein was19.3% which importance lies as an
anti-ischemic and anti- heart disease in humans 18. The compound 4',6-Dimethoxyisoflavone-7-O-B-D
was at the percentage of 1.15% which importance
lies as a secondary compound regulates the fat
metabolism in the liver and reduces the insulin
allergy 19. The percentage of Zearalenone was
0.77% that is one of the mycotoxins acting as an 2118 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Table 6. Percentage of the nutritional contents in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae
No
Nutrient ingredient
Percentage (%)
1
Proteins
44%
2
Fats
4.17%
3
Raw fibers
13.33%
4
Total carbohydrates
37%
5
Ash
1.10% Table 6. Percentage of the nutritional contents in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus b centage of the nutritional contents in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae recording a remarkable increase reached 0.3691
ppm compared to A.bisporus that according to
previous studies its dried fruit bodies contained 1.34
mg/kg 33. recording a remarkable increase reached 0.3691
ppm compared to A.bisporus that according to
previous studies its dried fruit bodies contained 1.34
mg/kg 33. Table 7, shows the content of minerals elements in
Agaricus bellaniae which play an important role in
the human health especially selenium, which
regarded one of the essential anti-cancer elements, Table 7. Content of some mineral element in the dried fruit bodies of Agaric Content of some mineral element in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae Table 7. Content of some mineral element in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae
No
Element
Concentration (ppm)
1
Sodium
380.02
2
Selenium
0.3691
3
Copper
42.74
4
Phosphorous
0.59
5
Calcium
0.134
6
Potassium
46862.42
7
Iron
304.9
8
magnesium
342.7
9
Zinc
267.10 maintains the health of newborns, adults, and
pregnant women as well as it maintains the integrity
of the membrane surrounding the digestive system
34,35. Aspartic acid is distinguished by being
involved in synthesizing and secreting hormone
testosterone, which is responsible for fertility in
men and important for athletes, as it participates in
building muscles and increasing their strength 36,37. The results in Table 8, demonstrate the amino acid
contents in the dried fruit bodies in the wild
mushroom where the highest percentage was
recorded by Glutamic acid 4.02% followed by
Aspartic acid 2.26%. The data in the same table
show that the powder of the dried fruit bodies
contained 16 amino acids beneficial for human
nutrition. Glutamic acid is necessary as it enhances
the immunity system of the human body and Table 8. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Content of amino acids in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae
No
Amino acid
Percentage (%)
No
Amino acid
Percentage (%)
1
Aspartic
2.26
10
Tyrosine
0.95
2
Therionine
1.09
11
Phenylalanine
1.07
3
Serine
1.19
12
Histidine
0.63
4
Glutamic
4.02
13
Lysine
1.98
5
Glycine
1.16
14
Argnine
1.41
6
Alanine
1.04
15
Proline
0.81
7
Valine
1.44
16
Cystine
0.34
8
Isoleucine
1.15
17
Methioineine
0.46
9
Leucine
- Table 8. Content of amino acids in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae Authors' Declaration:
- Conflicts of Interest: None. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 bisporus22 Table 5. Contents of the total anti-oxidants, total flavonoids, and total phenols in the dried fruit bodies
of Agaricus bellaniae
No
Medicinal compound
Dry matter concentration of the dried fruit bodies (mg/100g)
1
Total antioxidant
10006.4
2
Total Phenols
1120.7
3
Total flavonoids
92.4 the total anti-oxidants, total flavonoids, and total phenols in the dried fruit bodies
of Agaricus bellaniae Table 5. Contents of the total anti-oxidants, total flavonoids, and total phenols in the drie
of Agaricus bellaniae A.bisporus explaining the decrease in the total
carbohydrate
percentage
unlike
what
was
mentioned
in
researches
referring
the
total
carbohydrates are high in the grown mushroom32. Though the oil percentage in the studied mushroom
was high, most of the fatty acids were beneficial in
the sense of health for humans that was confirmed
by the results illustrated in Table 4 Results in Table 6, illustrate the nutrient value of
the mushroom Agaricus bellaniae showing the
superiority the protein percentage in the fruit bodies
compared to its content in white mushroom,
A.bisporus Results in Table 5, ilustrate the nutrient
value of the mushroom Agaricus bellaniae showing
the superiority the protein percentage in the fruit
bodies compared to its content in white mushroom, 2119 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April, 2023 2023, 20(6): 2114-2123
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Table 6. Percentage of the nutritional contents in the dried fruit bodies of Agaricus bellaniae
No
Nutrient ingredient
Percentage (%)
1
Proteins
44%
2
Fats
4.17%
3
Raw fibers
13.33%
4
Total carbohydrates
37%
5
Ash
1.10% Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
Published Online First: April, 2023 2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 Open Access
Published Online First: April, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 References: 1. Rukaibaa A C, Ekhlas MF, Mowafaq M M, Ziena M
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Conclusion: aspartic acid 2.26% which are important for
human health. Therefore, according to the findings
obtained, we recommend producing the mushroom
on a commercial scale, taking into account
introducing the treatments that increase the valuable
medicinal and nutritional materials of the medicinal
importance for the human body. According to the high medicinal and nutritional
value of Agaricus bellaniae represented by this
study, the results show that the dried fruit bodies are
rich in secondary compounds such as 47.77%
Linoleic acid and 0.369 ppm of selenium which are
considered as anti-cancer compounds in addition to
sodium and potassium which play an essential role
in decreasing the hypertension of human. The dried
fruit bodies of this mushroom are also distinguished
by the high percentage of glutamic acid 4.02% and Authors' Declaration:
- Conflicts of Interest: None. 2120 Baghdad Science Journal
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.Polyunsaturated fatty cids in perinatal depression: a
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25.https://doi.org/ 10.1177/1534735416642865 2122 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: April, 2023 2023, 20(6): 2114-2123
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
تقدير التركيب الكيميائي للمركبات الثانوية للفطر البري العراقيAgaricus bellaniae
وتشخيصه
مورفولوجيا وجزئيا
زينة محمد عبدالقادر¹
*
رقيباء علي جيجان²
سداد
كاظم محمد الطويل³
¹وحدة بحوث النباتات الطبية والعطرية ،كلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية ،جامعة بغداد،، بغداد
.العراق
²قسم علوم االغذية، كلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية ،جامعة بغداد،
،بغداد
.العراق
³قسم المحاصيل الحقلية، كلية علوم الهندسة الزراعية، جامعة بغداد ،
،بغداد
.العراق Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(6): 2114-2123 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 :الخالصة
هدفت هذه الدراسة التي تعد األولى من نوعها في العالم والوطن العربي التي أجريت في مختبر أنتاج الفطر التابع لوحدة بحوث النباتات /الطبية
كليةعلوم الهندسة الزراعية–
جامعة بغداد للفترة من21
تموز2016
ولغاية30
كانون األول2018
إلى عزل وتنقية الغزل الفطري للعزلة
البرية ، ثم إجراء التشخيص المظهري والجيني لها ،إذ اظهر ان العزلة البرية تعود للفطرAgaricus
bellaniae
بعدها تم ترميز العزلة
النقية التي تم الحصول عليها في منظمةNCBI
األمريكية بالرمزMF987843.1وبذا يكون العراق ثاني دولة
في العالم ينمو فيها الفطر بعد
الواليات المتحدة االمريكية ،كما تم تحديد درجات الحرارة المثلى لسرعة نمو الغزل الفطري مختبريا ،إذ تراوحت مابين50
-
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◦
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اجراء التشخيص النوعي والكمي لمحتوى االجسام الثمرية المجففة للفطرالبري لمعرفة محتواه من المركبات الف عالة طبيا ،إذ اظهرت ارتفاع
نسبة كل من Linoleic acid47.77
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و مضادات االكسدةالكليةوالفينوالتالكلية والفالفونويدات الكلية ، فضال عن محتوى االجسام الثمرية
من المركبات الكيمائية االساسية وخصوصا ارتفاع نسبة البروتين44
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والعناصر المعدنية خصوصا عنصر السلينيوم0.3691ppm
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.على التوالي
:الكلمات المفتاحية الفطر ، الشكل الظاهري ، التركيب الجزيئي ، المكونات الفعالة. 2123 | 6,099 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7158/4378 | null |
Arabic | Keywords: AES, BB84 protocol, QBER., QKD, WSN Keywords: AES, BB84 protocol, QBER., QKD, WSN Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are promoting the spread of the Internet for devices in all areas of
life, which makes it is a promising technology in the future. In the coming days, as attack technologies become
more improved, security will have an important role in WSN. Currently, quantum computers pose a significant
risk to current encryption technologies that work in tandem with intrusion detection systems because it is
difficult to implement quantum properties on sensors due to the resource limitations. In this paper, quantum
computing is used to develop a future-proof, robust, lightweight and resource-conscious approach to sensor
networks. Great emphasis is placed on the concepts of using the BB84 protocol with the AES algorithm in
WSN security. The results of analysis indicated a high level of security between the data by depending on the
generation of secure keys, and reached an accuracy rate of about (80-95) % based on using NIST statistical. The efficiency of the work increased to 0.704 after using the Quantum Bit Error Rate equation, eventually
increasing the network performance. This results in the reduction of the overall amount of energy, and the time
required for performing the key exchange in the encryption and decryption processes decreased. Presidency of University of Babylon, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
*Corresponding authors: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected] Received 26/5/2022, Revised 6/11/2022, Accepted 7/11/2022, Published Online First 20/3/2023,
Published 28/10/2023 Improving Wireless Sensor Network Security Using Quantum Key Distribution
Laith H Alhasnawy*
Ameer K AL-Mashanji Ameer K. AL-Mashanji Laith H. Alhasnawy* Presidency of University of Babylon, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
*Corresponding authors: [email protected]
E-mail address: [email protected] Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 Received 26/5/2022, Revised 6/11/2022, Accepted 7/11/2022, Published Online First 20/3/2023,
Published 28/10/2023 Received 26/5/2022, Revised 6/11/2022, Accepted 7/11/2022, Published Online First 20/3/2023,
Published 28/10/2023 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Introduction: symmetric and asymmetric, stream ciphers and block
are both symmetric ciphers3, 4. A Wireless Sensor Network consists of a large
number
of
sensor
nodes
that
communicate
wirelessly. Healthcare, sports training, workplace
safety, consumer electronics, secure authentication,
and protection of uniformed personnel are just a few
of the applications of WSN, meaning it is ubiquitous
and has broad market potential1. In a wireless sensor
network,
data
aggregation
reduces
packet
transmissions and enhances network duration, as
sensor data is collected and delivered to the base
station by aggregation nodes. A WSN is typically
used to monitor inaccessible or hard-to-reach
websites. There are security issues in the
communication between sensor nodes2. The WSN environment has many security
issues being unable to secure the privacy of user data. One of the most serious security issues with WSN,
which is vulnerable to a variety of privacy
threatening attacks, one of which is a quantum
computer attack that has occurred as a result of rapid
advances in the use of quantum physics to break
many than traditional algorithms5. Quantum computing is based on quantum
physics and allows secure communication based on
quantum properties, such as quantum no-colning
theorem. Because quantum computing properties can
solve problems of security and privacy that are
unsolvable with classical approaches6, quantum
computing
(quantum
key
distribution
QKD)
becomes more likely for security in WSN. In WSN, message security and sensor node
authentication have become major concerns while
data collection, security is the most important in the
matter of the paper3. Network security is a concept of securing data
in a designed manner that requires few resources and
provides high throughput while consuming little
power. Two types of light weight algorithms are In a wireless sensor network, quantum
computation is utilized to ensure that data
transmission is secure. Quantum key distribution
(QKD) is a quantum-based communication system. Using the BB84 protocol, it will generate a shared 2077 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 p
Published Online First: March, 2023 possibility of protection against eavesdropping
attacks. secret key that is only known by communicating
parties7,8. Two basis sequences are employed in the
BB84 protocol: rectilinear (+) and diagonal (x). The
horizontal polarization (0°) and vertical polarization
(90°) of the rectilinear basis are separated. Two
polarization states, (45°) and (135°), are found in the
diagonal basis9, 10. Journal, D. In, and P. K. Related Work 1- Confidentiality: The encryption method is
employed to keep data confidential11, because
the radio spectrum used in the sensor network
is an open resource that may be accessed by
anybody with a suitable radio transceiver. Heig et al.2 proposed a future proof
lightweight security concept for wireless sensor
networks with a permeate filtering mechanism
through a multi-stage filtration system that includes
encryption and error detection mechanisms in the
processing stage. Focuses on conceptual evaluation
on the new magic number filter to reduce the special
type of denial of service attack that has been worked
on the CC1350 Launch-Pad ARM Cortex M3
microcontroller boards. 2- Authentication: The receiving node of
transmitted data should verify that the data
came
from
a
trustworthy
source12. Authentication ensures that the identities of
those involved in the communication are
verified. 3- Data Integrity: Is a term that refers to the
quality of data assurance that the sent data is
not tampered with, either intentionally or
unintentionally. The usage of message
integrity code is the conventional method for
assuring data integrity13. JV Anand3 proposes an approach that deals
with a routing algorithm that relies on compression
sensing data and trust-awareness, to handle routing
in a clustered WSN. In this approach five
optimization methods were used based on a
developed methodology that focuses on maximizing
trust in the route, minimizing message overhead,
number of hops and maximum distance. 4- Self-Organization and Self-Healing: WSN
sensor nodes can self-organize and self-heal. There is no fixed infrastructure available for
WSN network management due to the
capability of sensor nodes to organize14. Bhatia and Sumbaly4 presented a methodology
for incorporating quantum encryption and IEEE
802.11 wireless network security into cryptographic
key distribution. A new protocol was developed to
distribute the secret key needed to encrypt data, as
this key provides strong security during the
communication session. 5- Data Freshness: The attack may attempt a
replay by substituting an old key for a new
key; in such instances, data freshness assures
that the data is current and that no old data
keys are used15. Miralem Mohic et al.5 described a simulated
environment of a quantum key distribution network
with several nodes and links. In this approach several
routing protocols, packet delivery ratio and routing
packets are analyzed to find a best solution to the
large amount of routing data flowing through the
WSN through the QKD network. Security Requirements in WSN The below are the security requirements for
wireless sensor networks: Introduction: Kishore7 reviewed
how we can use symmetric polynomials and the
quantum cryptography method based on key
management in key distribution to enhance and
analyze the authentication mechanism between
wireless sensor network access points. This purpose of this paper is to provide
lightweight encryption algorithm for low-resource
devices in WSNs. By combining quantum computing
and the lightweight algorithm (AES) in WSN,
encryption procedures in lightweight cryptographic
algorithms are created, implemented, and assessed to
improve the security of communication and data
transmission in this environment. The above related works did not introduced
the computing between QKD and AES algorithm to
enhance the security of WSN which will be
introduced in our paper. Security Requirements in WSN Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 Published Online First: March, 2023 modify the quantum state according to the rules of
quantum mechanics17, 18, and it will not be able to
clone an arbitrary quantum state. WSN nodes often face resource constraints,
such as computing capacity, memory space, and
power management. Additional constraints imposed
by network communication, especially WSN
communications, include low information rates,
constant delays, and higher data drops. 1- BB84 Protocol Bennett and Brassard introduced the first quantum
key distribution protocol in 1984, which has since
been documented in a number of publications, as well
as proof that it is unconditional. Quantum and
classical channels are used in the BB84 protocol19 for
sending polarized light pulses via a quantum channel,
such as an optical fiber, with each pulse containing
one photon. It allows two parties, Alice as the sender
and Bob as the receiver, to create a secret shared key
using polarized photons qubits20, 21. Conjugate bases
are used to polarize photons. Different methods are used to verify the
information key exchanged between WSN nodes. The existing method makes use of WSN node
classical memories via key information stored in the
node that recalls the key that is kept in a secure
location. The suggested approach is based on the
QKD principle to produce safe keys using the QKD
link's local key, which is stored by the node on both
ends of the connection, while the secret key is
generated on the QKD path link's paths. The Standard Basis is the vertical and horizontal
polarization) such as: 1- Proposed Network in WSN The rectilinear bases + The rectilinear bases + The topology of the WSN consists of some
sensors sending data to a sink, which processes the
data and encrypts it using the AES algorithm and
BB84 to exchange keys before sending it to the
Internet. The suggested WSN topology is shown in
Fig.1. •
Horizontally(0 )polarized
represent as H •
Vertically (90 ) polarized represent as V
And the horizontal bases 𝒗? •
Right (45 ) polarized represent as R •
Left (135 ) polarized represent as L Proposed System in WSN Figure 1: WSN Topology Figure 1: WSN Topology The QKD principle is used in conjunction with
the WSN environment in this system. It is dependent
on switching from the classical algorithms used to
generate the key in the AES algorithm to another
algorithm or protocol based on quantum features,
such as the BB84 protocol, which is used to generate
secure keys to encrypt data in the WSN. To prevent
security threats in WSN, the QKD employs the
features of the Transport Layer Security (TLS)
protocol to offer safe data by requiring trustworthy
parties to interact. Quantum Key Distribution Quantum physics advancements have prompted
new ideas for ensuring communication security. In
symmetric
encryption
systems,
designers
of
encryption systems had to come up with a new
encryption scheme and distribute the key safely7, 15. A
single or entangled quantum is passed between two
parties in the quantum key distribution. Doha AL-Mubayedh et al.6 used the quantum
key distribution protocol BB84 to provide a practical
application to IBM QX software. In this approach a
statistical analysis of third-party eavesdropping
detection in WSN is proposed. Through this
proposal, the quantum key distribution protocol
BB84 is practically implemented in addition to the A quantum channel is utilized for photon
exchange, and a conventional channel is used for basic
agreement to find the opponent in this protocol16. Both
parties will notice an eavesdropper presence on the
public media if a third party measures the conveyed
quantity. The eavesdropper's measurement will 2078 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 Published Online First: March, 2023 Begin
1- Generate Key IDs (N) BB84 Bases //range (1- N) // N
number of Received Polarized Photons
2- for i
1 to N do
function: Measure Photon (Polarized Photons, Key IDs)
If (Polarized Photon == H & Key ID == ‘+’) then Raw Key = 0
end if
If (Polarized Photon == V & Key ID == ‘+’) then Raw Key = 1
end if
If (Polarized Photon == R & Key ID == ‘x’) then Raw Key = 0
end if
If (Polarized Photon == L & Key ID == ‘x’) then Raw Key = 1
end if
End Measuring photons End for
3- Calculate error bits. End Algorithm 1: Key exchange in Sender
Input: n (Number of initial photons),i1, Alice_qu [n],
Alice_Basis [n]. Output: polarized photon as (H,V,R,L). Begin
1- for i
0 to n do // Generate Random Bits … // Raw Key i1
=i1+1
if (i1==0 ||i1==1) then Alice_qu [i] = 0 else Alice_qu[i]==1
end if
If (i1==4) then i1 = -1 end if end for
2- for i
0 to n do //Generate Random Bases ... //Key IDs
Alice_ba [i] = "+" or "x" end for
3- function: PreparePhoton(n, Raw Key, Key IDs)
If (Raw Key == 0 & Key IDs =="+") then Polarized photon (H)
end if
If (Raw Key == 0 & Key IDs =="x") then Polarized photon (R)
end if
If (Raw Key == 1 & Key IDs =="+") then Polarized photon (V)
end if
If (Raw Key == 1 & Key IDs =="x") then Polarized photon (L)
end if
End PreparePhoton
4- Encoding Key Parameters
5- Send Key Parameters
6- Send Polarized photons via WSN_ quantum channel
End Algorithm 1: Key exchange in Sender
Input: n (Number of initial photons),i1, Alice_qu [n],
Alice_Basis [n]. Output: polarized photon as (H,V,R,L). Begin
1- for i
0 to n do // Generate Random Bits … // Raw Key i1
=i1+1
if (i1==0 ||i1==1) then Alice_qu [i] = 0 else Alice_qu[i]==1
end if
If (i1==4) then i1 = -1 end if end for
2- for i
0 to n do //Generate Random Bases ... Published Online First: March, 2023 polarize photons to receiver, polarization are
(→= 0 , = 90 ,
= 45 , = 135 ). The major processes for returning the
generated bits based on the polarization received are
shown in the second algorithm. The server starts by
creating a random number and calculating the key to
extract the error bit after receiving the polarization
and measurement operation by using the steps of
algorithm 2. 2- If the bases is +, that state based on the random
bit values as follows: 2- If the bases is +, that state based on the random
bit values as follows:
if bit value =0, polarize state will be → (H
if bit value =1, polarize state will be (V)
if bit value =1, polarize state will be (V) If the bases are x, that state based on the random
bit values as follow: This algorithms, rather than Deffie Hellman,
is used in the AES algorithm to exchange keys based
on the features of the BB84 protocol.
if bit value =0, polarize state will be (R)
if bit value =1, polarize state will be (L)
if bit value =1, polarize state will be (L)
After these steps, the polarization is sent to
the receiver. Algorithm 2: Key exchange in receiver
Input: r P (Private Key)
Output: Received Polarized Photons through Quantum
channel. Begin
1- Generate Key IDs (N) BB84 Bases //range (1- N) // N
number of Received Polarized Photons
2- for i
1 to N do
function: Measure Photon (Polarized Photons, Key IDs)
If (Polarized Photon == H & Key ID == ‘+’) then Raw Key = 0
end if
If (Polarized Photon == V & Key ID == ‘+’) then Raw Key = 1
end if
If (Polarized Photon == R & Key ID == ‘x’) then Raw Key = 0
end if
If (Polarized Photon == L & Key ID == ‘x’) then Raw Key = 1
end if
End Measuring photons End for
3- Calculate error bits. End Algorithm 2: Key exchange in receiver
Input: r P (Private Key)
Output: Received Polarized Photons through Quantum
channel. Open Access Published Online First: March, 2023 2- Proposed Algorithm for Network 2- Proposed Algorithm for Network Each work algorithm in the WSN establishes
communication between the sensor and the sink, as
well as adding security via the AES architecture. The following technique depicts the major
steps for generating keys for WSN security from the
sender side using the quantum key Distribution
(BB84) protocol, the points below explain to execute
steps of algorithm 1. 1- The sender may select a value (N) that used a
random function to generate fragments (0 or 1)
and equalize them with the input value and then
generate another function to pass N numbers to
random bases (+ or 𝒗?) to create polarization
by using these generated bases. Then send these The QKD method in AES is used to
authenticate and encrypt data using a key generated
by the BB84 protocol, which is utilized to generate
key material in AES' data encryption process. 2079 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Figure 4. Mote output Figure 4. Mote output Published Online First: March, 2023 //Key IDs
Alice_ba [i] = "+" or "x" end for
3- function: PreparePhoton(n, Raw Key, Key IDs)
If (Raw Key == 0 & Key IDs =="+") then Polarized photon (H)
end if
If (Raw Key == 0 & Key IDs =="x") then Polarized photon (R)
end if
If (Raw Key == 1 & Key IDs =="+") then Polarized photon (V)
end if
If (Raw Key == 1 & Key IDs =="x") then Polarized photon (L)
end if
End PreparePhoton
4- Encoding Key Parameters
5- Send Key Parameters
6- Send Polarized photons via WSN_ quantum channel
End Algorithm 1: Key exchange in Sender To set up this network, the Contiki operating
system and the Cooja simulator is used to construct a
WSN made up of sensors and sinks (WisMote) In the
cooja simulation, the WSN is shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2 . Network in cooja Simulation Figure 2 . Network in cooja Simulation 2080 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 between clients and servers, as well as the network's
output, which is displayed in Fig. 4 as a Bit Array,
packet data, and power trace. The mechanism of QKD within AES is used
to authenticate and encrypt data based on the key
generated by BB84. The BB84 protocol key is used
to generate key material within the data encryption
process in AES algorithm protocol for the WSN
environment. Fig. 3 represents the diagram of the
properties used for BB84 in QKD with the AES
algorithm instead Deffie Hullman, such as a case
study to exchange the key for encryption and
decryption the data and to enhance the security in
WSN. Fi
4 M t
t
t WSN. Figure 3 . AES with BB84 Protocol Results and Discussion: Figure 3 . AES with BB84 Protocol The
current
study
aims
towards
the
identification of the features with the highest
significance and which have established and
analyzed integrating the WSN in the cooja simulator,
which aims to strengthen the environment's security,
to prove the enhancement protocol's algorithm. The network's output shows that data
authentication in these nodes takes a bit longer than
the conventional protocol, about one second, but is
more secure and saves energy for each WSN node. The result of the work analysis using the
Wireshark, Fig. 5 represents the captured packet
using in the proposed protocol in WSN, IPV4
address of the source and destination, clarification
the throughput, and packet loss of WSN. Where the percentage of transmission,
communication delay and the amount of sent and
received packets between each nodes in WSN are
displayed. Figure 3 . AES with BB84 Protocol After designing the WSN, the network was run
through simulation, observing the connections 2081 pen Access
Baghdad Science Journal
P-ISSN: 2078-866
blished Online First: March, 2023 2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 5. IPV4 conversation P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Also, there is a table for QBER for BB84
protocols that show the result of QBER depending on
the following equation: Fig. 6 displays the percentage of packets based
on the frame, amount of packets and bytes, and other
factors in Wireshark's protocol Hierarchy Statistical. The key for encryption is an important parameter in
the security process; according to NIST statistics
with the different percentage of analysis and
statistical that make this protocol safer. QBER =
(
) (
) The important parameter in security process is
the key for encryption, the percentage of generated
bits key around 80%-95% based on NIST statistical
(Using Random Test) that makes protocol stronger
for security as shown in Fig.6. Table 1 shows the result of equation to
calculate the QBER with BB84 protocol in WSN
environment which appears the low values of errors
and high values of efficiency. Figure 6 . Wireshark Statistical Table 1. P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 5. Bhatia P, Sumbaly R. Framework for Wireless
Network Security Using Quantum Cryptography. Int J
Comput Networks Commun. 2014; 6(6):45–61. Authors' declaration: 12. Rathore H, Badarla V, Shit S. Consensus-aware
sociopsychological trust model for wireless sensor
networks. ACM Trans Sens Networks. 2016;12(3).. -Conflicts of Interest: None. -We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides, the
Figures and images, which are not mine ours, have
been given the permission for re-publication
attached with the manuscript. 13. Abdullah AA, Mahdi SS. Hybrid quantum-classical
key distribution. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng. 2019; 8(12):4786–91. 14. Jassem YH, Abdullah AA. Enhancement of quantum
key distribution protocol for data security in cloud
environment. ICIC Express Lett Part B Appl. 2020;
11(3):279–88. -Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by the
local
ethical
committee
in
department
of
Environmental Engineering, University of Babylon. 15. Chiadighikaobi IR, Katuk N. A scoping study on
lightweight cryptography reviews in IoT. Baghdad Sci
J. 2021; 18(2):989–1000. Authors' contributions statement: L.A suggested the idea by Conception, design,
execute and drafting the MS. A.A take a part of
analysis, interpretation of the results, revision and
proofreading the MS, and the reviewers provided
some suggestions which improved the quality of the
work. 16. Lavanya M, Natarajan V. LWDSA: light-weight
digital signature algorithm for wireless sensor
networks. Sadhana - Acad Proc Eng Sci. 2017;
42(10):1629–43. 17. Shahra EQ, Sheltami TR, Shakshuki EM. A
comparative study of range-free and range-based
localization protocols for Wireless Sensor Network:
Using COOJA simulator. Int J Distrib Syst Technol. 2017; 8(1):1–16. Conclusion: Security requirements for sensors in WSN
environments are becoming more stringent, and the
interest in using quantum computing has grown
significantly, so this paper proposed to enhance
WSN security based on quantum properties by using
about (80-95)% from randomly generated bits in the
BB84 protocol that ensures high security among
sensors in WSN. Security was سimproved by
exploiting the best proportion of the generated key
compared to classical algorithms, to achieve high
security and efficiency in the performance of WSN
by implementing AES algorithm with quantum
computing, which reduces packet lost in the network
based on the results obtained. As a result, our
proposed method is effective in ensuring the
confidentiality of user data in WSN, reducing time
consuming of transmitted packets between nodes in
WSN and adding high secure key exchange between
sender and receiver. 6. Batra I, Verma S, Kavita, Alazab M. A lightweight
IoT-based
security
framework
for
inventory
automation using wireless sensor network. Int J
Commun Syst. 2020; 33(4):1–16. 7. Journal I, In D, Kishore PK. An Efficiency of Security
and Quantum Cryptography in Wireless Sensors
Networks. (5):581–6. 8. JV A. Trust-Value Based Wireless Sensor Network
Using Compressed Sensing. J Electron Informatics. 2020;2(2):88–95. 9. Lohachab A. Using Quantum Key Distribution and
ECC for Secure Inter-Device Authentication and
Communication in IoT Infrastructure. SSRN Electron
J. 2018; 10. Saeedi IDI, Al-Qurabat AKM. Perceptually Important
Points-Based Data Aggregation Method for Wireless
Sensor Networks. Baghdad Sci J. 2022; 19(4):875–86. 11. Rahat AAM, Everson RM, Fieldsend JE. Evolutionary
multi-path routing for network lifetime and robustness
in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks. 2016;
52:130–45. Results and Discussion: QBER and Efficiency for BB84
Nerror
Ncorrect
+
Nerror
QBER
Efficiency
Nerror :
208
Ncorrect + Nerror
is :512 bit
QBER
: 0.406
0.594
Nerror :
215
Ncorrect + Nerror
is :512 bit
QBER
: 0.419
0.581
Nerror :
102
Ncorrect + Nerror
is :256 bit
QBER
: 0.398
0.602
Nerror
: 86
Ncorrect + Nerror
is :256 bit
QBER
: 0.335
0.665
Nerror :
106
Ncorrect + Nerror
is :256 bit
QBER
: 0.414
0.586
Nerror :
38
Ncorrect + Nerror
is :128 bit
QBER
: 0.296
0.704 Table 1. QBER and Efficiency for BB84 Fig. 7 shows the mechanism for analyzing the
network protocol and network data when the packet
is sent through Mote nodes at intervals time using the
UDP protocol as a filter. Figure 6 . Wireshark Statistical 2082 Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal
P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: March, 2023 2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Figure 7 . WSN graph analysis
In Wireshark analysis, the conversation using
in the all of the interfaces for (Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6,
TCP, UDP), In Ethernet analysis calculates the (time,
bytes array, packets, rel start (relative time),
duration) that Show the relationship between the byte
arrays and time while commencing the operation in
Fig. 8, which signifies higher data security based on
all result of Wireshark Statistical. Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: March, 2023 Figure 7 . WSN graph analysis In Wireshark analysis, the conversation using
in the all of the interfaces for (Ethernet, IPv4, IPv6,
TCP, UDP), In Ethernet analysis calculates the (time,
bytes array, packets, rel start (relative time),
duration) that Show the relationship between the byte
arrays and time while commencing the operation in
Fig. 8, which signifies higher data security based on
all result of Wireshark Statistical. Figure 7 . WSN graph analysis Figure 8 . Ethernet conversation Figure 8 . Ethernet conversation Using UDP statistical can display and know
the
values
and
percentage
of
transmission,
communication delay and the amount of sent and
receive packets between each nodes in WSN. In addition, the conversation for UDP analysis
appears the data result (address(A,B), ports, packets,
bytes, real-time start, duration) for request and
response between Mote node in WSN, this values
and others represented in Fig. 9. Figure 9 . Results and Discussion: UDP statistical 2083 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 References: 1. Medhat K, Ramadan RA, Talkhan I. Distributed
Intrusion Detection System for Wireless Sensor
Networks. Proc - NGMAST 2015 9th Int Conf Next
Gener Mob Appl Serv Technol. 2016; 234–9. 18. Bhatt AP, Sharma A. Quantum cryptography for
internet of things security. J Electron Sci Technol. 2019; 17(3):213–20. 19. Heigl M, Schramm M, Fiala D. A Lightweight
Quantum-Safe Security Concept for Wireless Sensor
Network Communication. 2019 IEEE Int Conf
Pervasive Comput Commun Work PerCom Work
2019. 2019; 906–11. 2. JV A. Trust-Value Based Wireless Sensor Network
Using Compressed Sensing. J Electron Informatics. 2020; 2(2):88–95. 3. Heigl M, Schramm M, Fiala D. A Lightweight
Quantum-Safe Security Concept for Wireless Sensor
Network Communication. 2019 IEEE Int Conf
Pervasive Comput Commun Work PerCom Work
2019. 2019; 906–11. 20. Hu C, Cheng X, Tian Z, Yu J, Akkaya K, Sun L. An
attribute-based
signcryption
scheme
to
secure
attribute-defined multicast communications. Lect
Notes Inst Comput Sci Soc Telecommun Eng
LNICST. 2015; 164: 418–37. 4. Mehic M, Fazio P, Voznak M, Chromy E. Toward
designing a quantum key distribution network
simulation
model. Adv
Electr
Electron
Eng. 2016;14(4Special Issue):413–20. 2084 Baghdad Science Journal
2023, 20(5 Suppl.): 2077-2085 Open Access
Published Online First: March, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Published Online First: March, 2023 21. Madhu R, Neelima B. Performance analysis of DTLS
protocol. 2017 Int Conf Intell Comput Instrum Control
Technol ICICICT 2017. 2018;2018-Janua:331–4. 21. Madhu R, Neelima B. Performance analysis of DTLS
protocol. 2017 Int Conf Intell Comput Instrum Control
Technol ICICICT 2017. 2018;2018-Janua:331–4. تحسين أمان شبكة المستشعرات الالسلكية باستخدام توزيع المفاتيح الكمية
امير علي كاظم ليث حامد الحسناوي
ئاسة جامعة بابل، جامعة بابل، بابل، العراق. رئاسة جامعة بابل، جامعة بابل، بابل، العراق. رئاسة جامعة بابل، جامعة بابل، بابل، العراق. :الخالصة :ا
تعمل شبكات االستشعار الالسلكية على تعزيز انتشار
.اإلنترنت لألجهزة في جميع مجاالت الحياة ، مما يجعلها تقنية واعدة في المستقبل
في األيام المقبلة ، مع زيادة تطوير تقنيات الهجوم ، سيكون لألمن دور مهم في شبكات االستشعار الالسلكية. حاليًا ، تشكل أجهزة الكمبيوتر
الكمية خطرً ا كبيرً ا على تقنيات التشفير الحالية التي تعمل جنبًا إلى جنب مع أنظمة الكشف عن التسلل ألنه من الصعب تنفيذ الخصائص الكمية
على أجهزة االستشعار بسبب محدودية الموارد. في هذا البحث ، تُستخدم الحوسبة الكمية لتطوير نهج مقاوم للمستقبل وقوي وخفيف الوزن
ومراعي للموارد لشبكات االستشعار. يتم التركيز بشكل كبير على مفاهيم استخدام بروتوكول BB84 مع خوارزمية
معيار التشفير المتقدم في
أمان شبكات االستشعار الالسلكية . تشير نتائج التحليل إلى مستوى عالٍ من األمان بين البيانات باالعتماد على توليد مفاتيح آمنة وتصل إلى معدل
( دقة حوالي08
-
59 بناءً على استخدام إحصائية٪)
NIST
. زادت كفاءة العمل إلى8.780
بعد استخدام معادلة
معدل خطأ بت الكم مما أدى في
النهاية إلى زيادة أداء الشبكة. ينتج عن هذا تقليل الكمية اإلجمالية للطاقة ، وانخفاض الوقت الالزم إلجراء تبادل المفاتيح في عملي
ا ت التشفير وفك
التشفير. الكلمات
المفتاحية: بروتوكولBB84، توزيع مفتاح الكم ، شبكة االستشعار الالسلكية ، معدل خطأ بت الكم، معيار التشفير ا 2085 | 4,885 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7460/4362 | null |
Arabic | Abstract The newly synthesized Schiff base ligand (E)-2-((2-phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol (phenyl
hydrazine derivative), is allowed to react with each of the next mineral ion: Ni2+, Cu2+,
Zn2+andCd2+successfully resulting to obtain new metal complexes with different geometric shape. The
formation of Schiff base complexes and also the origin Schiff base is indicated using LC-Mass that
manifest the obtained molar mass, FT-IR proved the occurrence of coordination through N of
azobenzene and O of OH by observing the shifting in azomethines band and appearing of M-N and N-
O bands. Moreover, we can also detect by such apparatus, the presence of aquatic water molecule inside
the coordination sphere. UV-Vis spectra of all resultants revealed the creation of coordination by
noticing the shifting in electronic transitions that happened in ligand at ultra violet region. TGA and
DSC measurements for ligand and Ni-complex also prove the complexation and presence of coordinated
water molecule inside the coordination sphere. In addition, molar accessibility and FAA results were
closer to the counting results. The diagnoses return gave mononuclear complexes, bidentate dental
behavior and tetrahedral geometry for all complexes. Depending on the antibiotic property of Schiff
base and its complexes, we have tested such property on various types of microorganisms as detailed in
the paper. Keywords: bioactivity, electronic transition, 2-hydroxy-1- napthaldehyed, Schiff bases, spectroscopic
studies. Received 81/81/2122, Revised 82/10/2120, Accepted 81/10/2120, Published Online First 21/10/2120,
Published 01/04/2024 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited. Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation for Some
Metal Ions Complexes with New Ligand Derived from 2-hydroxy-1-
napthaldehyed Andy Mohammed Abd-Alaziz *1
, Abbas Ali Salih Al-Hamdani 1
, Waleed Ali
Mahmmoud 2
, Zinah Hazim AbdulRaheem 1 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Department of Prosthodontics Techniques, Dijlah University College, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. Received 81/81/2122, Revised 82/10/2120, Accepted 81/10/2120, Published Online First 21/10/2120,
Published 01/04/2024 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Synthesis, Characterization and Bioactivity Evaluation for Some
Metal Ions Complexes with New Ligand Derived from 2-hydroxy-1-
napthaldehyed Keywords: bioactivity, electronic transition, 2-hydroxy-1- napthaldehyed, Schiff bases, spectroscopic
studies. Synthesis of Cu2+Complex Copper complex was synthesized as shown in
scheme 1 by dissolving (0.1g, 0.0004 mol)
CuCl2.2H2O as metal salt in (5ml) of ethanol with
continuous stirring at room conditions 25 oC. Then
adding metal salt solution onto (5ml) of ethanolic
solution of (0.1 g, 0.0003 mol) from ligand. dark
green precipitate will be formed 6 hours of stirring. The precipitate was filtered and washed by di ethyl
ether and weighted, the weight was found 0.06 gm
for 44% Cu2+ and the organic complex was found to
be 1:1. Preparation
of
the
Ligand
(E)-2-((2-
phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol An
ethanolic
solution
of
2-hydroxy-1-
naphthaldehyde (which formed by dissolving (0.5 g,
0.003 mol) of 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde in 10ml
of ethanol with continuous stirring, then adding the
hydrobromic acid HBr (about 3 drops as a catalyst)
onto the extremely dissolved solution and adding 5
ml of ethanol (for dilution purposes because of its
exothermic reaction), finally ,adding 5ml of phenyl Synthesis of Ni2+ Complex Nickle complex was synthesized as shown in scheme
1 by dissolving (0.1g, 0.0004 mol) NiCl2.6H2O as
metal salt in 5ml of ethanol with continuous stirring
at room conditions 25 oC. Then adding metal salt
solution onto 5ml of ethanolic solution of (0.1 g,
0.0003 mol) from ligand. Light brown precipitate
will be formed immediately for Ni2. The precipitate
was filtered and washed by di ethyl ether and
weighted, the weight was found 0.16 gm for 64%
Ni2+ and the organic complex was found to be 1:1. Materials and Methods Materials and Methods The starting materials including (NH2-ph, 2-
hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde,
NiCl2.6H2O,
CuCl2.2H2O,
ZnCl2.2H2O,
CdCl2.2H2O)
were
commercially abundant in addition to the employed
catalysts
including
(dimethyl
sulfoxide,
abs. CH3CH2OH and diethyl-ether) that supplied from F-
897ewluka, Sigma Aldrich. The employed FTIR
apparatus operates in the range 4000-400 cm-1
Shimadzu-3800 model. Electronic spectral inform
were accomplished depending on Shimadzu160-
meter. LC/MASS incomes are also established by
Mass100P_Shimadzu
contribution. Pyrolysis
diagnosis
were
carried
out
depending
on
perkin_Elmer_pyris Diamond DSC/TG. Proton-
NMR was published using Bruker 400-MHz-meter
and elemental micro analysis were done on a
perkin_Elmer_automatical
instruments
model
240B.minerals were determinedobeying a Shimadzu
(A-A) 680G AA_spectrometer. The Cl combination
was estimated gravimetrically. Magnetic features
were measured using balance magnetic susceptibility
model MSR-MKi. hydrazine with continuous stirring (for about 5 min.),
a yellow precipitate will be formed immediately, as
shown in scheme 1. Introduction Schiff bases are organic compounds that
contain an azomethine group (-CH=N-), are named
after the German scientist (Hugo Schiff) who
synthesized them for the first time in 1864 by the
condensation reaction of aldehydes or ketones with primary amines1, 2. The general formula of which is
[R1R2-C=N-R3] and the naming of these bases
depending upon R1R2R3 groups either aliphatic or
aromatic, and related with the aldehyde, ketone and
amine that are derived from which. The Schiff bases Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal complexes involving O, N donating atoms of
chelates own an uncommon configuration. In these
cases, the presence of donating atoms at complexes
could enhance
antibiotic
reactivity
such as
(antitcancer, antifungal, antibacterial, etc.)3. Schiff
bases are considered as (Imines), (Azomethines) and
(Anils) 4-8. Generally, the Schiff bases derived from
the condensation of aldehydes with primary amines,
are referred to as (Aldimines), whereas the
compounds that derived from the condensation of
ketones with primary amines are referred to as
(Ketimines). In the condensation of suitable acid
hydrazines with ketones or aldehydes in the presence of suitable solvents, the result of this condensation is
called (Hydrazones) 9, 10. These compounds are
preferred to contain an aryl group attaches to either
the nitrogen of amino group or the carbon of
aldehyde or ketone molecule in order to increase
their stability and keep them from decomposition or
polymerization. This work investigates the synthesis
and characterization of a new -Schiff base ligand (E)-
2-((2-phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol and
all complexes were formed and diagnosed by 1H-
NMR, Mass-spectroscopy, IR and UV Vis spectra
and TGA. Also, we evaluated its vital reactivity. 2- The Measurement of the Inhibitory Action of
Fungi Zinc complex was synthesized as shown in scheme 1
by dissolving (0.1g, 0.0004 mol) ZnCl2.2H2O as
metal salt in 5ml of ethanol with continuous stirring
at room conditions (25 oC). Then adding metal salt
solution onto 5ml of ethanolic solution of (0.1 g,
0.0003 mol) from ligand. reddish-brown precipitate
will be formed 6 hours of stirring. The precipitate
was filtered and washed by di ethyl ether and
weighted, the weight was found 0.03 gm for 46%
Zn2+ and the organic complex was found to be 1:1. Synthesis of the sabouraud dextrose agar or potato
dextrose agar was with 1×10-3M in glass bottles with
circular stirring so that the culture medium can be
homogeneous and it is poured into Petri dishes with
a diameter of 9 cm and then left to harden and using
the spore suspension method, where a volume of 0.01
ml was taken from the spore suspension and the
culture medium was received by stabbing method, it
is the easiest and best method for most fungi, with a
control sample free of extract for comparison, then
the dishes were incubated in an inverted position at a
temperature (28 ±2), then the fungal growth area and
the spore density of the fungi were measured after
three days. The results were taken by calculating the
average of two perpendicular diameters for each
colony. Each treatment was three replicated, and
each replicate had one dish. Synthesis of Cd2+Complex Cadmium complex was synthesized as shown in
scheme 1 by dissolving (0.1g, 0.0004 mol) Page | 1221 Page | 1221 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 1.5×810 cell/ml by using glass diffuser, then bores
with 6mm dimeter for each bore were carried out on
the surface of the cultured middle by using sterile
cork
piercing,
the
synthesized
extracted
concentrations were carried to the bores of 50 mm in
each bore, one bore contains the solvent as control. The activity of the extracted was detected by
measuring the inhibition zone which formed around
the bore after 24 hours incubation at 37 ˚C. CdCl2.2H2O as metal salt in 5ml of ethanol with
continuous stirring at room conditions 25 oC. Then
adding metal salt solution onto 5ml of ethanolic
solution of (0.1 g, 0.0003 mol) from ligand. Green
precipitate will be formed immediately. The
precipitate was filtered and washed by di ethyl ether
and weighted, the weight was found 0.05 gm for 55%
Cd2+ and the organic complex was found to be 1:1. 1- The Measurements of the Inhibitory Action
on Bacteria Bauer and his colleagues’ method was followed in
testing the activity of the synthesized ligand and its
complexes on the bacteria by Well Diffusion Assay
Method. The plates containing the agar middle were
cultured in the bacterial suspension in 1×10-3 M with Page | 1222 Page | 1222 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Scheme 1. Pathway creation of Schiff-base and minerals Scheme 1. Pathway creation of Schiff-base and minerals Results and Discussion Results and Discussion of benzene groups. The singlet signal located at δ
(9.74) ppm is attributed to the proton of C-H imine
group (imine-C-H) 11. The singlet signal observed at
δ (9.16) ppm was attributed to chemical shifts of
(OH- phenol) 12. The 1HNMR spectrum of ligand in DMSO-d6is
shown in Fig. 1. The spectrum displayed a peak
observed at δ (4.60) ppm which was assigned to
chemical shifts of (N-H) amine 11, the multiple peaks
at δ (7.55) ppm are assigned to the aromatic protons Page | 1223 Page | 1223 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 1. 1 H-NMR Spectrum of Ligand
Micro elemental analysis manifest that, the practical
incomes corresponded the theoretical incomes as
illustrated in Table 1 The gained metallic complexes
were found to be 1:1 M: L and metal salts, the
conductance feature manifest that, the obtained
complexes were nonelectrolytes Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 1. 1 H-NMR Spectrum of Ligand Figure 1. 1 H-NMR Spectrum of Ligand were found to be 1:1 M: L and metal salts, the
conductance feature manifest that, the obtained
complexes were nonelectrolytes. Micro elemental analysis manifest that, the practical
incomes corresponded the theoretical incomes as
illustrated in Table 1. The gained metallic complexes Micro elemental analysis manifest that, the practical
incomes corresponded the theoretical incomes as
illustrated in Table 1. The gained metallic complexes Table 1. Element microanalysis returns and some physical features for ligand and complexes
Compound
M g/mol
m.p °C
Yield
%
Color
Element Microanalysis% found (calc.)
C
H
N
O
M
Cl
C17H14N2O
262.31
99-101
90
yellow
76.99
(77.84)
4.88
(5.38)
11.21
(10.68)
5.61
(6.10)
--
--
C17H15ClCuN2O2
378.31
300-301
44
Dark gray
53.07
(53.97)
4.78
(4.00)
8.44
(7.40)
7.71
(8.46)
17.05
(16.80)
8.06
(9.37)
C17H15ClN2NiO2
373.46
130-133
64
green
55.04
(54.64)
3.78
(4.05)
9.04
(7.50)
8.88
(8.56)
14.91
(15.77)
10.01
(9.49)
C17H15CdClN2O2
427.18
127-129 55
light brown
48.11
(47.80)
4.04
(3.54)
8.07
(6.56)
7.77
(7.49)
26.01
(26.31)
7.74
(8.30)
C17H15ClN2ZnO2
379.88
199-201
46
orange
54.01
(53.71)
2.98
(3.98)
8.11
(7.37)
7.71
(8.42)
18.81
(17.20)
10.00
(9.33) Table 1. Element microanalysis returns and some physical features for ligand and co asymmetric vibrational mode of NH2 group for
starting materials and presence of unique vibrational
mode at 1602 cm-1 13. Attributed to C=N stretching FTIR Studies Table 2. FTIR inform of Schiff and minerals
Compound
C_H
aldehydic
C_H
Aromatic
O-H
Phenolic
C=N
N-H
C=C
M-N
M-O
H2O
aquat
ic
C17H14N2O
2555
3020-3097
3461
1602
3228
1496
C17H15ClCuN2O2
2700
3050
-
1620
3429
1550
550
478
3464
C17H15CdClN2O2
2638
3001
-
1610
3020
1494
578
495
3485
1543
C17H15ClN2NiO2
2700
3057
-
1625
3265
1492
582
495
3381
1587
C17H15ClN2ZnO2
2675
3101
-
1604
3277
1498
570
495
3460 Table 2. FTIR inform of Schiff and minerals addition to other peaks that observed at 378, 373 and
427 m/z. which corresponds with its formula weight. The suggested fractionation forms of the ligand, Ni,
Cu and Cd complexes are illustrated in Schemes 2, 3,
4 and 5. Table 3, illustrates mass spectral records for
ligand and related complexes 15. addition to other peaks that observed at 378, 373 and
427 m/z. which corresponds with its formula weight. The suggested fractionation forms of the ligand, Ni,
Cu and Cd complexes are illustrated in Schemes 2, 3,
4 and 5. Table 3, illustrates mass spectral records for
ligand and related complexes 15. FTIR Studies FT-IR spectral data of obtained ligand demonstrates
that, the absence of C=O vibrational, absence of Page | 1224 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal observed at 550, 578, 582 and 570 cm-1 for the
mentioned complexes respectively. Such vibrations
attributed to the coordination with N of Schiff base
group, M-O (the presence of this band results in
absence of stretching vibrational mode of hydroxyl
group) observed at 478, 495, 495 and 495 cm-1 for
the mentioned complexes respectively. Such
vibrations may be attributed to the coordination with
O of OH group. Finally, aqua water molecule is
presented inside the coordination sphere 14. All
spectral data are displayed in Table 2. vibrational mode which proves the formation of
ligand through the mentioned groups. In addition to
other vibrations that denoted in Table 3, C-H
aldehydic 2555cm-1, C-H aromatic 3020-3097 cm-1,
O-H phenolic 3461 cm-1, C=N 1602 cm-1, N-H 3228
cm-1, C=C 1496 cm-1. Moreover, in FT-IR data of our
complexes, we can apparently notice the shifting in
C=N vibrational mode, which manifest the creation
of coordination through this group to be observed at
(1620, 1610, 1625 and 1604) cm-1 for metal
complexes Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ respectively. Moreover, some new bands appeared such as M-N Table 2. FTIR inform of Schiff and minerals
Compound
C_H
aldehydic
C_H
Aromatic
O-H
Phenolic
C=N
N-H
C=C
M-N
M-O
H2O
aquat
ic
C17H14N2O
2555
3020-3097
3461
1602
3228
1496
C17H15ClCuN2O2
2700
3050
-
1620
3429
1550
550
478
3464
C17H15CdClN2O2
2638
3001
-
1610
3020
1494
578
495
3485
1543
C17H15ClN2NiO2
2700
3057
-
1625
3265
1492
582
495
3381
1587
C17H15ClN2ZnO2
2675
3101
-
1604
3277
1498
570
495
3460
Mass Spectral Investigations
The mass spectral records of Schiff base ligand and
its Cupper complex are demonstrated in Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4, denoted a pack at m/z= 262 contributes to
[M+] and matching the molar mass of the ligand. In
addition to other peaks that observed at 378, 373 and
427 m/z. which corresponds with its formula weight. The suggested fractionation forms of the ligand, Ni,
Cu and Cd complexes are illustrated in Schemes 2, 3,
4 and 5. Table 3, illustrates mass spectral records for
ligand and related complexes 15. Mass Spectral Investigations The mass spectral records of Schiff base ligand and
its Cupper complex are demonstrated in Fig. 3 and
Fig. 4, denoted a pack at m/z= 262 contributes to
[M+] and matching the molar mass of the ligand. In Page | 1225 Page | 1225 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
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Baghdad Science Journal
Scheme 2. Partitioning modes of Schiff-base
Scheme 3. Partitioning modes of Cu-Schiff Scheme 2. Partitioning modes of Schiff-base Scheme 2. Partitioning modes of Schiff-base Scheme 2. Partitioning modes of Schiff-base Scheme 3. Partitioning modes of Cu-Schiff Scheme 3. Partitioning modes of Cu-Schiff Page | 1226 Page | 1226 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Scheme 4. Partitioning modes of Cd-complex
O
C N
N
C17H15ClNiN2O2
m/z = 373.46
H
H
Ni
H2O
Cl
O
C
N
C11H8ClNiNO2
m/z = 280.33
Ni
Cl
H2N
C6H6N
m/z = 92.05
C10H7
m/z = 127.16
H2O
O
Ni
Cl
H2O
NH2
NiClCH5NO2
m/z = 157.20
CH2
Scheme 5. Partitioning modes of Ni-complex Scheme 4. Partitioning modes of Cd-complex Scheme 4. Partitioning modes of Cd-complex Scheme 4. Partitioning modes of Cd-complex
O
C N
N
C17H15ClNiN2O2
m/z = 373.46
H
H
Ni
H2O
Cl
O
C
N
C11H8ClNiNO2
m/z = 280.33
Ni
Cl
H2N
C6H6N
m/z = 92.05
C10H7
m/z = 127.16
H2O
O
Ni
Cl
H2O
NH2
NiClCH5NO2
m/z = 157.20
CH2
Scheme 5. Partitioning modes of Ni-complex C10H7
m/z = 127.16 Scheme 5. Partitioning modes of Ni-complex Page | 1227 Page | 1227 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 3. Mass spectrum of Schiff-base
Figure 4. Mass spectrum of Cucomplex Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 4. Mass spectrum of Cucomplex Figure 4. Mass spectrum of Cucomplex Figure 3. Mass spectrum of Schiff-base Figure 4. Mass spectrum of Cucomplex Figure 4. Mass spectrum of Cucomplex Figure 3. Mass spectrum of Schiff-base Figure 3. Mass spectrum of Schiff-base Table 3. Mass Spectral Investigations LC/Mass spectral inform of some resultants
Assignment
Ligand (HL)
Peak
m/z
Abundance
%
Assignment
Cu-L
Peak
m/z
Abundance %
C17H14N2O
C17H13N+2
C10H7
C7H7N2
262.31
245.30
127.16
119.14
17%
60%
25%
50%
C17H15ClCuN2O2
C17H12ClCuN2O
C11H6ClCuNO
C6H7N
378.31
359.29
267
93
28%
55%
50%
70%
Assignment
Cd-L
Peak
m/z
Abundance
%
Assignment
Ni-L
Peak
m/z
Abundance %
C17H15CdClN2O2
C11H8CdClNO2
CdClH5NO2
C11H9
C6H6N
427.18
334
199
141
92.12
27%
85%
60%
50%
80%
C17H15CiN2NiO2
C11H8ClNNiO2
CH5ClNNiO2
C10H7
C6H6N
373.46
280.33
157.20
127.16
92.05
27%
85%
60%
55%
80% Table 3. LC/Mass spectral inform of some resultants Table 3. LC/Mass spectral inform of some resultants Ultra Violet-Visible for the Ligand and Its
Complexes Ultra Violet-Visible for the Ligand and Its
Complexes moment because of the presence of two single
electrons. Whereas the experimental value 3.9 B.M,
describes the spindle moment combined with orbital
moment. Knowing that the molar conductivity was
found to be 12 S.cm2mol-1. And according to the
value of magnetic moment and the presence of two
single electrons, the ligand can be considered as
weak ligand with high spin. The ultra violet –visible
spectrum of copper(II) complex illustrated three
packs at 224, 292 and 887 nm attributed to (π→π*),
(n→π*), (2T2→2E) respectively and the magnetic
moment 1.63 B.M support tetrahedral geometry of
the complex in addition to molar conductivity which The electronic spectrum of the ligand
showed intense absorption at 260, 283 nm and 339,
354 nm which belong to ( π→π*), (n→π*)
respectively. The electronic spectrum of Ni(II)
complex showed four peaks at 280, 443, 616 and 678
nm assigned to (π→π*), ʋ3(3T1→3T1F), ʋ2(3T1→3T1p)
and ʋ1(3T1→3A1 .respectively
16. The magnetic
moment value 3.9 B.M supports the tetrahedral
geometry for the complex. The theoretical value of
magnetic moment is 2.98 describes only the spindle Page | 1228 Page | 12 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal complex in addition to molar conductivity which
equals 19 S.cm2mol-1. It showed three peaks at 261,
264 nm, 338,338 nm and 375, 379 nm assigned to
(π→π*), (n→π*) and (C.T) respectively 18, suggesting
a tetrahedral geometry of all complexes .All the
detected spectral incomes of the products are
recorded in (Table 4). equal to 10 S.cm2mol-1 17. And according to the value
of magnetic moment and the presence of one single
electron, the ligand can be considered as weak ligand
with high spin. The electronic spectrum of Zn (II)
(diamagnetic support tetrahedral geometry of the
complex in addition to molar conductivity which
equal
to
17
S.cm2mol-1. Cd
(II)
complex
(diamagnetic support tetrahedral geometry of the Table 4. Ultra Violet-Visible for the Ligand and Its
Complexes Transitions in UV-vis spectra, conductivity and µeff of ligand and its metal complexes
Compound
Abs
λmax
ύ cm-1
Ɛmax
Transition
Ʌ
S.cm2mol-1
µeff B.M
found (calc.)
geometry
C17H14N2O
0.934
0.974
1.467
1.691
354
339
283
260
28248.587
29498.525
35335.689
38461.538
934
974
1467
1691
*→πn
*→πn
*π→π
*π→π
-
-
C17H15ClN2NiO2
0.19
0.18
0.2
2.25
678
616
443
280
14727.541
16155.088
22624.434
35714.285
190
180
200
2250
3T1→3A1
3T1→3T1p
3T1→3T2F
*π→π
12
3.9
(2.98)
Td
C17H15ClCuN2O2
0.074
3.141
0.349
887
292
224
11273.957
34246.575
44662.857
74
3141
349
2T2 → 2E
*→πn
*π→π
10
1.63
(1.7)
Td
C17H15ClN2ZnO2
0.464
0.443
1.388
375
338
261
26666.666
29585.798
38314.176
464
443
1388
C.T
*→πn
*π→π
17
Dia
(0)
Td
C17H15CdClN2O2
0.524
0.453
1.463
379
338
264
26385.224
29585.798
37878.788
524
453
1463
C.T
*→πn
*π→π
19
Dia
(0)
Td
Dia= diamagnetic ransitions in UV-vis spectra, conductivity and µeff of ligand and its metal complexes Table 4. Transitions in UV-vis spectra, conductivity and µeff of ligand and its met calculated mass loss equal 97.47 and 98.36,
respectively 19. The TG curve of Ni complex shows
four steps decomposition with four DSC peaks as
shown in (Table 5) and Fig. 5 and 6. Thermal Analysis The thermogravimetric (TG) curve of ligand L shows
relatively one step decomposition in the range 50–
595 °C with four DSC peaks and estimated and Table 5. Thermogram incomes of ligand and Nickle
Molecule. Thermograv
imetri
T_°C
D_S_C
max °C
% Est. (calculated)
Assignment
Mas lost
Tot. mas
lost
C17H14N2O
262.31g/mole
50-595
89.3(Endo)
188.9(Exo)
303.5(Exo)
567.3(Exo)
97.47(98.36)
2.53 (1.52)
97.47
(98.36)
C16H14N2O
C
[Ni complex]
373.46g/mole
50-160
160-240
240-390
390-595
85.3(Endo)
265.2(Exo)
299.5(Exo)
400(Endo)
7.39 (4.82)
27.33(26.24)
43.6(41.64)
13.47(13.48)
8.21(10.0)
91.79
(86.18)
H2O
C8H2
C7H8N2Cl
0.5NiO+CH
0.5NiO
Endo= Endothermic
Exo= Exothermic Table 5. Thermogram incomes of ligand and Nickle Table 5. Thermogram incomes of ligand and Nickle Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 5. Ligand-thermogram
Figure 6. Nickel-thermogram
ological Diagnosis
wo types of bacteria were tested, the gram-positive
cteria (Staphellococcus aureus) and gram negative
cteria (E. coli), and two types of fungi (Candida
albicans and Rhizopus), the effect of the synthesize
ligand and its complexes on the previous bacteria an
fungi were tested and compared in 1×10-3 M DMSO
(solvent) as control. We could manifest their activit Figure 5. Ligand-thermogram Page | 1230
Figure 5. Ligand-thermogram
Figure 6. Nickel-thermogram
Biological Diagnosis
Two types of bacteria were tested, the gram-positive
bacteria (Staphellococcus aureus) and gram negative
bacteria (E. coli), and two types of fungi (Candida
albicans and Rhizopus), the effect of the synthesized
ligand and its complexes on the previous bacteria and
fungi were tested and compared in 1×10-3 M DMSO
(solvent) as control. We could manifest their activity Figure 5. Ligand-thermogram Figure 6 Nickel-thermogram Figure 6. Nickel-thermogram Biological Diagnosis albicans and Rhizopus), the effect of the synthesized
ligand and its complexes on the previous bacteria and
fungi were tested and compared in 1×10-3 M DMSO
(solvent) as control. We could manifest their activity Biological Diagnosis Two types of bacteria were tested, the gram-positive
bacteria (Staphellococcus aureus) and gram negative
bacteria (E. coli), and two types of fungi (Candida Two types of bacteria were tested, the gram-positive
bacteria (Staphellococcus aureus) and gram negative
bacteria (E. coli), and two types of fungi (Candida Page | 1230 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal nickel complexes are more effective than other
complexes in their inhibition toward both types of
fungi because of the mutual effect between their
corresponded metal salts and ligand 20. on such organisms as demonstrated in Fig. 7. Additionally, we can also notice the variations in
inhibitory radius between bacteria and fungi and
according to these variations; we have detailed their
action in Fig. 7 and Table 6. The ligand, copper and 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
(HL)
Ni-L
Cu-L
Zn-L
Cd-L
The Bioactivity Chart
Candida
Rhizopus
E-coli
Staphcusyloco 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
(HL)
Ni-L
Cu-L
Zn-L
Cd-L
The Bioactivity Chart
Candida
Rhizopus
E-coli
Staphcusyloco The Bioactivity Chart Figure 7. Biological diagnosis incomes Table 6. Inhibition zone (mm) of ligand and its complexes
Compound
fungi\
E-coli
Staphylococcus_aureus
(gram positive)
Candida_albicanes
(gram negative)
Rhizopus
fungi\
C17H14N2O
9 mm
9 mm
28 mm
35mm
C17H15ClN2NiO2
10 mm
20 mm
32 mm
33mm
C17H15ClCuN2O2
18 mm
26 mm
30 mm
37mm
C17H15ClN2ZnO2
8 mm
10 mm
11 mm
8 mm
C17H15CdClN2O2
20 mm
27 mm
22 mm
25mm Table 6. Inhibition zone (mm) of ligand and its complexes References diaminobenzidine: synthesis, characterization, thermal
behavior, DFT, antimicrobial and molecular docking
studies. J Coord Chem. 2020 Mar 18; 73(6): 1009-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00958972.2020.1752372 1. Gupta KC, Sutar AK. Catalytic activities of Schiff base
transition metal complexes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2008
Jul
1;252(12-14):1420-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.005 1. Gupta KC, Sutar AK. Catalytic activities of Schiff base
transition metal complexes. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2008
Jul
1;252(12-14):1420-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2007.09.005 8. 8. Almáši M, Vilkova M, Bednarčík J. Synthesis,
characterization and spectral properties of novel azo-
azomethine-tetracarboxylic Schiff base ligand and its
Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Pd (II) complexes. Inorganica
Chim. Acta. 2021
Jan
24;515:120064.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2020.120
064 2. Al-Adilee KJ, Hesson H. Synthesis, identification,
structural, studies and biological activity of some
transition metal complexes with novel heterocyclic
azo-Schiff base ligand derived from benzimidazole. J
Chem
Pharm
Res. 2015;7(8):89-
103.doihttp://www.jocpr.com/ 3. Kareem IK, Hadi MA. Synthesis and characterization
of some transition metal complexes with new azo-
schiff base ligand 3, 4-bis (((1E, 2E)-2-((2-((4-((Z)-(3-
Hydroxyphenyl) Diazenyl) Naphthalen-1-yl) amino)
ethyl)
imino)-1,
2-Diphenylethylidene)
Amino)
Phenyl)(phenyl) Methanone. Egypt. J. Chem.. 2020
Jan
1;63(1):301- 9. Kadhim
SM,
Mahdi
SM. Preparation
and
characterization of new (halogenated azo-Schiff)
ligands with some of their transition metal ions
complexes. IJS. 2022
Aug
31:3283-99.DOI:
10.24996/ijs.2022.63.8.4 10. Kaur M, Kumar S, Younis SA, Yusuf M, Lee J, Weon
S, Kim KH, Malik AK. Post-Synthesis modification of
metal-organic
frameworks
using
Schiff
base
complexes for various catalytic applications. J Chem
Eng. 2021
Nov
1;
423:
130230.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.130230 4. Kakanejadifard A, Esna-ashari F, Hashemi P,
Zabardasti A. Synthesis and characterization of an azo
dibenzoic acid Schiff base and its Ni (II), Pb (II), Zn
(II) and Cd (II) complexes. Spectrochimica Acta Part
A:
SAA. 2013
Apr
1;106:80- 11. Al Zoubi W, Al-Hamdani AAS, Duraid Ahmed S,
Basheer HM, Al-Luhaibi RS, Dib A, et al. Synthesis,
characterization, and antioxidant activities of imine
compounds. J Phys Org Chem. 2019 Mar; 32(3):
e3916. https://doi.org/10.1002/poc.3916 5. El-Gammal OA, Mohamed FS, Rezk GN, El-Bindary
AAS. Structural characterization and biological
activity of a new metal complexes based of Schiff
base. J Mol Liq 2021 May 15; 330: 115522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115522 12. Parveen S. Recent advances in anticancer ruthenium
Schiff base complexes. Appl. Organomet. Chem. 2020
Aug; 34(8): e5687. https://doi.org/10.1002/aoc.5687 6. Radha VP, Kirubavathy SJ, Chitra S. Synthesis,
characterization and biological investigations of novel
Schiff base ligands containing imidazoline moiety and
their Co (II) and Cu (II) complexes. J Mol Struct. 2018
Aug
5;
1165:
246-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.03.109 13. Authors’ Contribution Statement A. M. A. prepared the samples, wrote and edited the
manuscript with revision. This work carried out in collaboration between all
authors. A. A.S., W. A. M. and Z. H. A. participated
in doing the tests and analyzing data with revision. Authors’ Declaration - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images, that are not ours, have been
included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. - Authors sign on ethical consideration’s approval. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. Authors’ Contribution Statement Conclusion apparatus can prove the results individually
depending on its own features as detailed in the
article. On the other hand, the bidentate behavior of
ligand was detected spectrally. Finally, we could
manifest successfully the biological activity of
compounds
toward
several
shapes
of
microorganisms. In this paper, the formation of Schiff-base (E)-2-((2-
phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol
(phenyl
hydrazine derivative) and their metal complexes
including Ni2+,Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions were
prepared
and
proved
successfully. Spectral
combination using various apparatus could manifest
the formation of the resultants including (FTIR, UV-
VIS, LC/MSS, (TGA and DSC) and 1H-NMR). Each In this paper, the formation of Schiff-base (E)-2-((2-
phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol
(phenyl
hydrazine derivative) and their metal complexes
including Ni2+,Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions were
prepared
and
proved
successfully. Spectral
combination using various apparatus could manifest
the formation of the resultants including (FTIR, UV-
VIS, LC/MSS, (TGA and DSC) and 1H-NMR). Each Page | 1231 Page | 1231 Page | 1231 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7918
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal References Jafari M, Salehi M, Kubicki M, Arab A, Khaleghian
A. DFT studies and antioxidant activity of Schiff base
metal
complexes
of
2-aminopyridine. Crystal
structures of cobalt (II) and zinc (II) complexes. Inorganica Chim. Acta. 2017 Jun 1;462:329- 35.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2017.04.007 7. Radha VP, Chitra S, Jonekirubavathi S, Chung IM,
Kim SH, Prabakaran M. Transition metal complexes
of novel binuclear Schiff base derived from 3, 3′- 14. EL-Gammal OA, Alshater H, El-Boraey HA. Schiff
base metal complexes of 4-methyl-1H-indol-3- Page | 1232 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1220-1233
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal carbaldehyde derivative as a series of potential
antioxidants
and
antimicrobial:
Synthesis,
spectroscopic characterization and 3D molecular
modeling. J. Mol. Struct. 2019 Nov 5;1195:220-
30.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.05.101 18. Özdemir Ö. Bis-azo-linkage Schiff bases—Part (II):
Synthesis, characterization, photoluminescence and
DPPH radical scavenging properties of their novel
luminescent mononuclear Zn (II) complexes. J
Photochem. Photobiol A: Chem. 2020; 392:
112356.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.11
2356 15. Reda SM, Al-Hamdani AAS. Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II)
and Rh (III) complexes with azo ligand: Synthesis,
characterization, thermal analysis and bioactivity. Baghdad
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890–896. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.7289 19. Abu-Dief AM, El-Khatib RM, Aljohani FS, Alzahrani
SO, Mahran A, Khalifa ME, El-Metwaly NM. Synthesis and intensive characterization for novel Zn
(II), Pd (II), Cr (III) and VO (II)-Schiff base
complexes; DNA-interaction, DFT, drug-likeness and
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1242:
130693. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130693. 16. Waheeb
AS,
Al-Adilee
KJ. Synthesis,
characterization and antimicrobial activity studies of
new heterocyclic azo dye derived from 2-amino-4, 5-
dimethyl thiazole with some metal ions. Mater Today. 2021;
42:
2150-2163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.299 20. Al-Hamdani AAS, Al-Alwany TAM, Mseer MA,
Fadhel
AM,
Al-Khafaji
YF. Synthesis,
Characterization,
Spectroscopic,
Thermal
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223-235. https://doi:
10.21608/EJCHEM.2022.144403.6297 17. Boussadia A, Beghidja A, Gali L, Beghidja C, Elhabiri
M, Rabu P, Rogez G. Coordination properties of two
new
Schiff-base
phenoxy-carboxylates
and
comparative study of their antioxidant activities. Inorganica
Chim. Acta. References 2020
Aug
1;508:119656.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2020.1196 تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم الفعالية الح
يوية لبعض معقدات ايونات المعادن مع ليكاند جديد
مشتق
من2
- هيدروكسي-
1
- نفثالديهايد
اندي محمد عبد العزيز1
،عباس علي صالح1
،وليد علي محم
ود2
،زينة حازم عبد الرحيم1
.العراق ،قسم الكيمياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد8
.العراق ،بغداد ،صناعة االسنان كلية دجلة الجامعة، قسم تقنيات2
الخالص
ة
تم مفاعلة قاعدة شيف المُحضرة حديثًا(E)-2-((2-phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol
(مشتق فينيل هيدرازين) مع
:كل من األيونات المعدنية التالية2 +
Ni
،
2 +
Cu
+
2
Cd
,
2 +
Zn
للحصول على معقدات فلزية بأشكال هندسية
مختلفة . تم االستدالل عن
تكوين معقدات قاعدة شيف وأيضًا قاعدة شيف األصلية باستخدام
كروماتوغرافيا السائل-
مطياف الكتلة
التي تتفق مع الكتلة
المولية التي
تم الحصول عليها نظريا، أثبت
دراسات مطيافية االشعة تحت الحمراء حدوث التناسق من خاللN
منazobenzene
و اوكسجين
مجموعة الOH
من خالل مالحظة االنزياح في قمةazomethines
والظهور كل من قمتيM-N
وN-O
. عالوة على ذلك ، يمكننا
أيضًا أن نكتشف بواسطة هذا الجهاز وجود جزيء ماء داخل مجال التناسق. كشفت أطيافUV-Vis
لجميع النتائج عن حدوث تناسق
من خالل مالحظة االنزياح في االنتقاالت اإللكترونية التي حدثت في
الليكاند
في المنطقة فوق البنفسجية. تثبت قياساتTGA
وDSC
لكل من
الليكاند
و
معقد النيكل أيضًا تكون المعقد ووجود جزيء ماء داخل مجال التناسق. باإلضافة إلى ذلك ، كانت ن تائج
الت وصيلية
الموالرية و االمتصاص الذري اللهبيFAA
أقرب إلى نتائج المحسوبة نظريا. أعطت نتائج التشخيص معقدات أحادية النواة وسلوك
ثنائي السن واشكال هندسية
رباعي
السطوح لجميع المعقدات. اعتمادا على خاصية المضادات الحيوية لقاعدة شيف ومعقداتها ، قمنا
بدراسة ال
فعالية الحيوية لقاعدة شف ومعقداتها كما مفصل في المخطوطة. :الكلمات المفتاحية
, الفعالية الحيوية
, االنتقال االلكتروني - هيدروكسي-
8
- نفثالديهايد
, قاعدة شيف , الدراسات الطيفية. References تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم الفعالية الح
يوية لبعض معقدات ايونات المعادن مع ليكاند جديد مشتق
من2
- هيدروكسي-
1
- نفثالديهايد
اندي محمد عبد العزيز1
،عباس علي صالح1
،وليد علي محم
ود2
،زينة حازم عبد الرحيم1
.العراق ،قسم الكيمياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد8
.العراق ،بغداد ،صناعة االسنان كلية دجلة الجامعة، قسم تقنيات2 تحضير وتشخيص وتقييم الفعالية الح
يوية لبعض معقدات ايونات المعادن مع ليكاند جديد
مشتق
من2
- هيدروكسي-
1
- نفثالديهايد
اندي محمد عبد العزيز1
،عباس علي صالح1
،وليد علي محم
ود2
،زينة حازم عبد الرحيم1
.العراق ،قسم الكيمياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد8
.العراق ،بغداد ،صناعة االسنان كلية دجلة الجامعة، قسم تقنيات2 الخالص
ة
تم مفاعلة قاعدة شيف المُحضرة حديثًا(E)-2-((2-phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol
(مشتق فينيل هيدرازين) مع
:كل من األيونات المعدنية التالية2 +
Ni
،
2 +
Cu
+
2
Cd
,
2 +
Zn
للحصول على معقدات فلزية بأشكال هندسية
مختلفة . تم االستدالل عن
تكوين معقدات قاعدة شيف وأيضًا قاعدة شيف األصلية باستخدام
كروماتوغرافيا السائل-
مطياف الكتلة
التي تتفق مع الكتلة
المولية التي
تم الحصول عليها نظريا، أثبت
دراسات مطيافية االشعة تحت الحمراء حدوث التناسق من خاللN
منazobenzene
و اوكسجين
مجموعة الOH
من خالل مالحظة االنزياح في قمةazomethines
والظهور كل من قمتيM-N
وN-O
. عالوة على ذلك ، يمكننا
أيضًا أن نكتشف بواسطة هذا الجهاز وجود جزيء ماء داخل مجال التناسق. كشفت أطيافUV-Vis
لجميع النتائج عن حدوث تناسق
من خالل مالحظة االنزياح في االنتقاالت اإللكترونية التي حدثت في
الليكاند
في المنطقة فوق البنفسجية. تثبت قياساتTGA
وDSC
لكل من
الليكاند
و
معقد النيكل أيضًا تكون المعقد ووجود جزيء ماء داخل مجال التناسق. باإلضافة إلى ذلك ، كانت ن تائج
الت وصيلية
الموالرية و االمتصاص الذري اللهبيFAA
أقرب إلى نتائج المحسوبة نظريا. أعطت نتائج التشخيص معقدات أحادية النواة وسلوك
ثنائي السن واشكال هندسية
رباعي
السطوح لجميع المعقدات. اعتمادا على خاصية المضادات الحيوية لقاعدة شيف ومعقداتها ، قمنا
بدراسة ال
فعالية الحيوية لقاعدة شف ومعقداتها كما مفصل في المخطوطة. :الكلمات المفتاحية
, الفعالية الحيوية
, االنتقال االلكتروني - هيدروكسي-
8
- نفثالديهايد
, قاعدة شيف , الدراسات الطيفية. الخالص
ة تم مفاعلة قاعدة شيف المُحضرة حديثًا(E)-2-((2-phenylhydrazono)methyl)naphthalen-1-ol
(مشتق فينيل هيدرازين) مع
:كل من األيونات المعدنية التالية2 +
Ni
،
2 +
Cu
+
2
Cd
,
2 +
Zn
للحصول على معقدات فلزية بأشكال هندسية
مختلفة . تم االستدالل عن
تكوين معقدات قاعدة شيف وأيضًا قاعدة شيف األصلية باستخدام
كروماتوغرافيا السائل-
مطياف الكتلة
التي تتفق مع الكتلة
المولية التي
تم الحصول عليها نظريا، أثبت
دراسات مطيافية االشعة تحت الحمراء حدوث التناسق من خاللN
منazobenzene
و اوكسجين
مجموعة الOH
من خالل مالحظة االنزياح في قمةazomethines
والظهور كل من قمتيM-N
وN-O
. عالوة على ذلك ، يمكننا
أيضًا أن نكتشف بواسطة هذا الجهاز وجود جزيء ماء داخل مجال التناسق. كشفت أطيافUV-Vis
لجميع النتائج عن حدوث تناسق
من خالل مالحظة االنزياح في االنتقاالت اإللكترونية التي حدثت في
الليكاند
في المنطقة فوق البنفسجية. تثبت قياساتTGA
وDSC
لكل من
الليكاند
و
معقد النيكل أيضًا تكون المعقد ووجود جزيء ماء داخل مجال التناسق. باإلضافة إلى ذلك ، كانت ن تائج
الت وصيلية
الموالرية و االمتصاص الذري اللهبيFAA
أقرب إلى نتائج المحسوبة نظريا. أعطت نتائج التشخيص معقدات أحادية النواة وسلوك
ثنائي السن واشكال هندسية
رباعي
السطوح لجميع المعقدات. اعتمادا على خاصية المضادات الحيوية لقاعدة شيف ومعقداتها ، قمنا
بدراسة ال
فعالية الحيوية لقاعدة شف ومعقداتها كما مفصل في المخطوطة. Page | 1233 Page | 1233 | 6,001 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7918/4515 | null |
Arabic | Abstract The two parameters of Exponential-Rayleigh distribution were estimated using the maximum
likelihood estimation method (MLE) for progressively censoring data. To find estimated values for
these two scale parameters using real data for COVID-19 which was taken from the Iraqi Ministry of
Health and Environment, AL-Karkh General Hospital. Then the Chi-square test was utilized to
determine if the sample (data) corresponded with the Exponential-Rayleigh distribution (ER). Employing the nonlinear membership function (s-function) to find fuzzy numbers for these parameters
estimators. Then utilizing the ranking function transforms the fuzzy numbers into crisp numbers. Finally, using mean square error (MSE) to compare the outcomes of the survival function before and
after fuzzy work. The period of study was (May, June, July, and August). The number of patients who
entered the study during the above period was 1058 patients. Six cases have been ruled out including:
The number of prisoners was 26. The number of people with negative swabs was 48. The number of
patients who exit status was unknown was 29. The number of patients who escaped from the hospital
was 2. The number of patients transferred to other hospitals was 35. The number of patients
discharged at their responsibility was 133. Then the number of patients who entered the (study)
hospital which is the sample size becomes (n=785). The number of patients who died during the
period of study was (m=88). The number of patients who survived during the study period was (n-
m=697). Keywords: COVID-19, Exponential-Rayleigh distribution (ERD), Progressively censored data, Ranking
function, S-function. Received 16/10/2022, Revised 03/02/2023, Accepted 05/02/2023, Published Online First 20/07/2023,
Published 01/02/2024 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited. Keywords: COVID-19, Exponential-Rayleigh distribution (ERD), Progressively censored data, Ranking
function, S-function. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Received 16/10/2022, Revised 03/02/2023, Accepted 05/02/2023, Published Online First 20/07/2023,
Published 01/02/2024 Progressively Censoring Data 13 It is one of the most common right-censored
types. It is also called randomly censored data or
multiply censored data. In this type of censoring,
entering times to the study or experiment are
different, and survival times occur are also
different. In 2021, Mazaal AR, and Karam NS, based on a
singly type II censored sample for Weibull Stress-
Strength with considering the stress-strength
Reliability estimation. Bayesian analysis has been
considered to be using loss functions under two
prior functions with singly type II censored sample9. In 2021, Algari A et al used the Bayesian and
non-Bayesian methods to estimate the parameters of
the
inverse
Weibull
distribution
using
the
progressively censoring data10. In 2021, Mazaal AR, and Karam NS, based on a
singly type II censored sample for Weibull Stress-
Strength with considering the stress-strength
Reliability estimation. Bayesian analysis has been
considered to be using loss functions under two
prior functions with singly type II censored sample9. In 2021, Mazaal AR, and Karam NS, based on a
singly type II censored sample for Weibull Stress-
Strength with considering the stress-strength
Reliability estimation. Bayesian analysis has been
considered to be using loss functions under two
prior functions with singly type II censored sample9. Exponential Rayleigh Distribution (ERD) 12
The CDF of ERD is as follows: Exponential Rayleigh Distribution (ERD) 12
The CDF of ERD is as follows: F(t; θ, β) = 1 −e−(θt+β
2t2) In 2018, Chaturvedi A, Singh SK, and Singh U. discussed different estimation methods to estimate
the unknown parameters for Rayleigh distribution,
the methods were (MLE), the Moments method, the
Computational approach estimation method, and the
Bayes estimation method. After that, using the
progressive type two censoring sample. And fuzzy
information is used to describe the provided data5.
The probability density function is given by: 𝑓(𝑡; 𝜃, 𝛽) = (𝜃+ 𝛽𝑡)𝑒−(𝜃𝑡+𝛽
2𝑡2) 𝑡≥
0 ; 𝜃, 𝛽> 0 2 0 ; 𝜃, 𝛽> 0 And zero for otherwise, where θ and β are
scale parameters. And zero for otherwise, where θ and β are
scale parameters. And zero for otherwise, where θ and β are
scale parameters. p
. . The survival function is obtained by:
𝑆(𝑡; 𝜃, 𝛽) = 𝑒−(𝜃𝑡+𝛽
2𝑡2) 𝑡≥
0 ; 𝜃, 𝛽> 0
3 The survival function is obtained by: 𝑆(𝑡; 𝜃, 𝛽) = 𝑒−(𝜃𝑡+𝛽
2𝑡2)
0 ; 𝜃𝛽> 0 The Hazard rate function can be expressed
as: ℎ(𝑡; 𝜃, 𝛽) = (𝜃+ 𝛽𝑡) ℎ(𝑡; 𝜃, 𝛽) = (𝜃+ 𝛽𝑡)
0
𝜃𝛽
0 (
𝛽)
0 ; 𝜃, 𝛽> 0 In 2021, Heidari KF, Deri E, and Jamkhaneh EB. generalized the estimated methods for real numbers
to fuzzy numbers. They estimated the parameters of
Rayleigh distribution by using the Bayesian method
under type two censoring data under the squared
error loss function8. In 2021, Heidari KF, Deri E, and Jamkhaneh EB. generalized the estimated methods for real numbers
to fuzzy numbers. They estimated the parameters of
Rayleigh distribution by using the Bayesian method
under type two censoring data under the squared
error loss function8. Introduction In many life testing and reliability studies, the
experimenters and researchers may not obtain
complete
information
on
failure
times
for
experimental
units,
the
data
obtained
from
experiments are called censoring data 1. interval-censored
sample. The
right-censored
sample is also divided into three branches, singly
type one censoring sample, singly type two
censoring sample, and progressively censoring
sample. This paper estimates the parameters under
progressively censoring data. A censored sample is divided into three types:
Right-censored sample, left-censored sample, and Page | 496 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal distribution by using (MLE) method, after utilizing
the method of Monte Carlo, they fuzzified the
estimation of parameters by a proposed method,
then used a new proposed ranking functions to
transform
the
fuzzy
parameters
to
crisp
parameters11. In 1965 Zadeh L.A discovered the Fuzzy Set
Theory 2. It has been a main field of focus in many
ways, many applications related to Fuzzy sets, such
as operation research, computer science, logic,
statistic, and medicine3. In 2013, Hussain I, and Kadhum H. relied on
(MLE) method to estimate the unknown parameters
of the generalized Rayleigh distribution for singly
type one censored sample4. In 2016, Makhdoom I, Nasiri P, and Pak A. estimated the parameters of exponential distribution
under type two censoring scheme by using the
Bayesian estimation method, when the lifetime
observations are reported in fuzzy numbers 1. In 2016, Makhdoom I, Nasiri P, and Pak A. estimated the parameters of exponential distribution
under type two censoring scheme by using the
Bayesian estimation method, when the lifetime
observations are reported in fuzzy numbers 1. Fuzzy Set Theory This section includes some definitions of fuzzy set
theory and the method used to find the fuzzy
numbers. Deriving Eq.7 partially with respect to θ and 𝛽
respectively, and setting it equal to zero. 𝜕𝑙𝑙
δ Deriving Eq.7 partially with respect to θ and 𝛽
respectively, and setting it equal to zero. 𝛂−cut set (𝛂−Level set) 16 𝛂−cut set (𝛂−Level set) 16 The crisp set of elements belongs to à at least to the
degree α is called the α −Level set, where α ∈
[0,1] f(βk) = ∑
δiti
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
δiti
2
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
(1 −
n
i=1
δi)ti
2 11 g
[0,1] Aα = {∀z ∈Z: μ(Ã)(z) ≥α} where where δi = 𝐴𝛼′ = {∀z ∈Z: μ(Ã)(z) > α} is said to a be strong
α −Level set. 𝐴𝛼′ = {∀z ∈Z: μ(Ã)(z) > α} is said to a be strong
α −Level set. w e e
{ 1 if the patients die
0 if the ith patients alive Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method
for Progressively Censoring Data The maximum likelihood estimation method
is one of the most popular and widely used
classic methods. This method was initially used
in 1912 by R.A. Fisher in his first statistical
papers. Maximum likelihood describes a In 2021, Algari A et al used the Bayesian and
non-Bayesian methods to estimate the parameters of
the
inverse
Weibull
distribution
using
the
progressively censoring data10. In 2021, Algari A et al used the Bayesian and
non-Bayesian methods to estimate the parameters of
the
inverse
Weibull
distribution
using
the
progressively censoring data10. In 2022, Yass SB, and Kanani IHA. estimated the
parameters of the Modified-Weibull-Extension Page | 497 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 technique
for
estimating
the
unknown
parameters of any distribution14. And βk+1 = βk −
f(βk)
f́(βk) 14
Where f́(βk) = −∑
δiti
2
(θ+βti)2
n
i=1
15 15 L =
n! (n−m)! ∏
{f[(ti;θ, β)]δiS[(ti;θ, β)]1−δi}
n
i=1
5 L =
n! (n−m)! ∏
{f[(ti;θ, β)]δiS[(ti;θ, β)]1−δi}
n
i=1 The error term denoted by 𝜖, which is a very
small and assumed value, is the value for the
difference between the new values of 𝜃 and 𝛽
in the new iterative with the previous values of
𝜃 and 𝛽 in the past iterative. Let
n! (n−m)! = k, then:
L = k ∏
{[(θ +
n
i=1
βti)e−(θti+β
2ti
2)]
δ𝑖
[e−(θti+β
2ti
2)]
1−δ𝑖
}
6 The error term is formulated as: The error term is formulated as: 𝜖𝑘+1(θ) = θk+1 −θk
𝜖𝑘+1(β) = βk+1 −βk 𝜖𝑘+1(θ) = θk+1 −θk
𝜖𝑘+1(β) = βk+1 −βk 6 Where θk and βk are initial values that are
assumed. Taking the natural logarithm for both sides of the
equation: ln L = ln k + ∑
δ𝑖ln(θ + βti) −∑
δ𝑖(θti +
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛
𝑖=1
β
2 ti
2 ) −∑
(1 −δ𝑖) (θti +
β
2 ti
2)
𝑛
𝑖=1
7 Membership function 1 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑙
𝜕θ = ∑
δi
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−∑
δiti
n
i=1
−∑
(1 −δi)ti
n
i=1
=
0 8
𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑙
𝜕𝛽= ∑
δiti
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
δiti
2
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
(1 −δi)ti
2
n
i=1
= 0 9 Let Z be a universal set (nonempty set), a fuzzy set
à in Z can be expressed as Let Z be a universal set (nonempty set), a fuzzy set
à in Z can be expressed as μÃ: Z →[0,1] is said to be a membership function
of à in Z. where à = {(𝑧, μ(Ã)(z)) ; 𝑧∈𝑍} μÃ: Z →[0,1] is said to be a membership function
of à in Z. where à = {(𝑧, μ(Ã)(z)) ; 𝑧∈𝑍} 𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑙
𝜕𝛽= ∑
δiti
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
δiti
2
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
(1 −δi)ti
2
n
i=1
= 0 9 The Support of 𝐀̃ 16 Now, putting
𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑙
𝜕θ as a function f(θ) and
𝜕𝑙𝑛𝑙
𝜕𝛽 as a
function f(β) The support of à is the crisp set ∀𝑧∈𝑍 , μ(Ã)(z) >
0 , i.e Supp(Ã) = {∀z ∈Z: μ(Ã)(z) > 0} f(θk) = ∑
δi
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−∑
δiti
n
i=1
−∑
(1 −δi)ti
n
i=1
10
f(βk) = ∑
δiti
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
δiti
2
n
i=1
−
1
2 ∑
(1 −
n
i=1
δi)ti
2 11
where
δi =
{ 1 if the patients die
0 if the ith patients alive f(θk) = ∑
δi
(θ+βti)
n
i=1
−∑
δiti
n
i=1
−∑
(1 −δi)ti
n
i=1
10 Normal Set 1 Noting that Eq.10 and Eq.11 are difficult to solve,
then employing them by an iterative method such as
the Newton-Raphson procedure 15 to find the value
of θ̂ and β ̂as follows: Let Z be the universal set and let à be a fuzzy
subset of set Z, Ã is said to be normal set if and only
if supz∈Z μ(Ã)(z) = 1. θk+1 = θk −
f(θk)
f́(θk) 12
Where f́(θk) = −∑
δi
(θ+βti)2
n
i=1
13 θk+1 = θk −
f(θk)
f́(θk) 12 12 Case 1: Case 1: Where λ ∈[0,1] Where λ ∈[0,1] Case 1:
Consider a1 = θ̂ −∆ , b1 = θ̂ , c1 = θ̂ + ∆, then
a1 = θ̂ −0.002 , b1 = θ̂ , c1 = θ̂ + 0.002
Case 2:
Consider a2 = β̂ −∆ , b2 = β̂ , c2 = β̂ + ∆, then
a2 = β̂ −0.002 , b2 = β̂ , c2 = β̂ + 0.002 R(Ã) =
1
2 ∫(2a + (c −a)√
α
2 + (c −a)√1−α
2 )dα
λ
0
19
R(Ã) = ∫adα +
c−a
2√2 ∫√α
λ
0
dα +
c−a
2√2 ∫√1 −α dα
λ
0
λ
0
20
R(Ã) = aλ +
c−a
3√2 λ
3
2 −
c−a
3√2 (1 −λ)
3
2 +
c−a
3√2
21
R(Ã) = aλ +
c−a
3√2 (1 + λ
3
2) −
c−a
3√2 (1 −λ)
3
2
22 R(Ã) =
1
2 ∫(2a + (c −a)√
α
2 + (c −a)√1−α
2 )dα
λ
0 19 Ranking Function 3 20 g
In 1976, Jain proposed the ranking function, in 1981
Yager proposed four indices, that might be
employed for the aim of ordering fuzzy quantities in
[0,1]. 21 A fuzzy number ranking function is a mapping from
fuzzy numbers into real numbers. Convex Fuzzy Set 1 Convex Fuzzy Set 1 Where f́(θk) = −∑
δi
(θ+βti)2
n
i=1
13 Page | 498 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
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Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 𝑥= 𝑎+ (𝑐−𝑎)√𝛼
2
Ã(α)
l
= a + (c −a)√
α
2 16 Let Z be the universal set and let à be fuzzy subset
of set Z, Ã is said to be convex set if and only if Ã(α)
l
= a + (c −a)√
α
2 16 μ(Ã)(λz + (1 −λ)w) ≥min { μ(Ã)(z) +
μ(Ã)(w)} = 1 ∀𝑧, 𝑤∈𝑍 and ∀ λ ∈[0,1] 16 Let 𝛼= 1 −2 (
x−a
c−a)
2 Let 𝛼= 1 −2 (
x−a
c−a)
2 Fuzzy Number Taking root for both sides yields: Taking root for both sides yields: A fuzzy set K̃ is said to be fuzzy number if and only
if K̃ is normal set and convex set on universal set Z. √1−α
2 =
x−a
c−a √1−α
2 =
x−a
c−a
x = a + (c −a)√1−α
2
Ã(α)
u
= a + (c −a)√1−α
2 17 S-function In this paper, utilizing an unpopular function it has a
second-degree polynomial constructed as the S-
function, S: R→ [0, 1] is given by: 17 S(x; a, b, c) =
{
0 x ≤a
2 (
x−a
c−a)
2
a < x ≤b
1 −2 (
x−a
c−a)
2
b < x < c
1 x ≥c
With b =
a+c
2 S(x; a, b, c) =
{
0 x ≤a
2 (
x−a
c−a)
2
a < x ≤b
1 −2 (
x−a
c−a)
2
b < x < c
1 x ≥c
With b =
a+c
2 Where Ã(α)
l
is bounded left continuous increasing
function over [0, λ] Where Ã(α)
l
is bounded left continuous increasing
function over [0, λ] (α)
function over [0, λ] And Ã(α)
u is bounded left continuous decreasing
function over [0, λ] And Ã(α)
u is bounded left continuous decreasing
function over [0, λ] ( )
function over [0, λ] Then the presented for arbitrary fuzzy numbers can
be written as an ordered pair of functions
[Ã(α)
l
, Ã(α)
u ] [Ã(α)
l
, Ã(α)
u ] Finding Fuzzy Numbers [𝐚, 𝐛, 𝐜] Finding Fuzzy Numbers [𝐚, 𝐛, 𝐜] ( )
( )
R(Ã) =
1
2 ∫(Ã(α)
l
+ Ã(α)
u )dα
λ
0
18
Where λ ∈[0,1] Suppose that ∆= 0.002, substitute it in case1 and
case2 to find the fuzzy numbers. 18 Description of Data In this section, using the nonlinear ranking function
(s-function) to transform the fuzzy number into a
crisp number, then the ranking function becomes as
follows: This study is based on a sample and real data taken
from the Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment,
AL-Karkh General Hospital. About COVID-19. The duration of the study was the interval 4/5/2020
until 31/8/2020 equivalent to 120 days. The period
of study was (May, June, July, and August). This study is based on a sample and real data taken
from the Iraqi Ministry of Health and Environment, Let 𝛼= 2 (
x−a
c−a)
2 Taking root for both sides yields: √𝛼
2 = 𝑥−𝑎
𝑐−𝑎 √𝛼
2 = 𝑥−𝑎
𝑐−𝑎 Page | 499 Page | 499 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 H1 ∶ The data are not distributed as (ER)
distribution. The number of patients who entered the (study)
hospital which is the sample size was (n=785). The number of patients who died during the
period of study was (m=88). The formula of this test is given by: χ2 = ∑
(𝑂𝑖−𝐸𝑖)2
𝑂𝑖
𝑘
𝑖=1 The number of patients who survived during
the study period was (n-m=697). Where: In this study, using Chi-square test which is one
of the non-parametric tests, to determine if the
sample (data) correspond with the Exponential-
Rayleigh distribution (ER). Oi refers to the observed in class i. Oi refers to the observed in class i. Ei refers to the expected frequency in class i. The null and alternative hypotheses for Chi-
square test are: k refers to the number of class. k refers to the number of class. The calculated value (15.32008 ) is less than
the tabulated value (21.67) with the degree of
freedom (9) and level of significant (0.01). That
means accepting the null hypothesis H0 and the
data distributed as (ER) distribution. H0 ∶ The data are distributed as (ER)
distribution. H0 ∶ The data are distributed as (ER)
distribution. Results and Discussion 4 patients died five days later, 17 patients died six
days later, 5 patients died seven days later, 4
patients died eight days later, 3 patients died nine
days later, 2 patients died ten days later, 6 patients
died twelve days later, 3 patients died fifteen days
later, 4 patients died eighteen days later. The results
were evaluate for the probability death density
function, survival function, and hazard rate
function. Numerical Results In this section, MATLAB programming (version
2021) was employed to estimate values of the
following parameters: θ̂ = 0.00263, β̂ = 0.0079
when the initial values are θ0 = 0.003, β0 = 0.005
While arranging the data, noting that many patients
died on the same date, and to avoid repetition in the
table, the data is written briefly, 15 patients died in
one day, 7 patients died two days later, 5 patients
died three days later, 9 patients died four days later, Page | 500
Table 1. The values of 𝒇̂(t), 𝑭̂(t), 𝑺̂(t), and 𝒉̂(t) by (MLE) method for progressively censored data. Life time
𝐟̂(𝐭)
𝐅̂(𝐭)
𝐒̂(𝐭)
𝐡̂ (𝐭)
1
0.010478
0.006558
0.993442
0.010547
2
0.018101
0.02084
0.97916
0.018486
3
0.025323
0.04251
0.95749
0.06447
4
0.031984
0.071068
0.928932
0.034431
5
0.037948
0.105866
0.894134
0.042441
6
0.043103
0.146133
0.853867
0.05048
7
0.047368
0.191003
0.808997
0.058551
8
0.050691
0.239546
0.760454
0.066658
9
0.053054
0.290802
0.709198
0.074808
10
0.054469
0.343807
0.656193
0.083008
11
0.054976
0.397628
0.602372
0.091266
12
0.054639
0.451386
0.548614
0.099594
13
0.053541
0.504278
0.495722
0.108005
15
0.049469
0.604735
0.395265
0.125154
16
0.046717
0.651208
0.348792
0.13394
17
0.04364
0.694639
0.305361
0.142913
18
0.040346
0.734765
0.265235
0.152116 Table 1. The values of 𝒇̂(t), 𝑭̂(t), 𝑺̂(t), and 𝒉̂(t) by (MLE) method for progressively
Life time
𝐟̂(𝐭)
𝐅̂(𝐭)
𝐒̂(𝐭)
𝐡̂ he values of 𝒇̂(t), 𝑭̂(t), 𝑺̂(t), and 𝒉̂(t) by (MLE) method for progressively censored data. fe time
𝐟̂(𝐭)
𝐅̂(𝐭)
𝐒̂(𝐭)
𝐡̂ (𝐭) Page | 500 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 𝑎1 = 0.00063, 𝑏1 = 0.00263, 𝑐1 = 0.00463
Case2
𝑎2 = 0.0059, 𝑏2 = 0.0079, 𝑐2 = 0.0099 Note that the values of f̂(t) increase until t = 11,
and they decrease when 12 ≤𝑡≤18. The values
of F̂(t) increase with the increase in failure times. The values of Ŝ(t) decrease with the increase of
failure times. The values of ĥ(t) increase with the
increase in failure times. The mean square error for
the survival function is 0.041479. Note that the values of f̂(t) increase until t = 11,
and they decrease when 12 ≤𝑡≤18. The values
of F̂(t) increase with the increase in failure times. 𝑎2 = 0.0059, 𝑏2 = 0.0079, 𝑐2 = 0.0099 The values of Ŝ(t) decrease with the increase of
failure times. Author’s Declaration - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are ours. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are ours. Conclusion The major findings in this paper are as following: times, Ŝ(t) are decreasing with the increase in
failure times.
Before and after fuzzy work, note that there is a
direct relationship between the hazard rate
function and the failure times, ĥ(t) is increasing
with the increase in failure times.
The fuzzy numbers are better than the crisp
numbers by using mean square error (MSE).
The mean square error for fuzzy numbers is less
than the mean square error for traditional
numbers when λ ∈[0.5,0.9].
Observing that there is an opposite relationship
between the survival function and the failure Author’s Contribution Statement research and performed the programming of the
estimated values of the parameters. research and performed the programming of the
estimated values of the parameters. I.H. proposed the idea of the research,
reviewed, suggested the modifications and gave
advice how to write the paper. R. N. calculated the
results before and after fuzzy work, wrote the Numerical Results 𝟗 Page | 501 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0496-0503
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7963
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal decrease with the increase in failure times, and the
values of ĥ(t) increase with the increase in failure
times. The mean square error of the survival
function is 0.033236. Note that the values of f̂(t) increase until t = 12,
the probability density function decrease when
13 ≤𝑡≤18. The values of F̂(t) increase with the
increase in failure times, the values of Ŝ(t) Numerical Results The values of ĥ(t) increase with the
increase in failure times. The mean square error for
the survival function is 0.041479. From case1, case2 and from Eq.22, substituting 𝜆=
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, to find the
best one utilizing mean square error (MSE). Table
1 represents the values of 𝑓̂(t), 𝐹̂(t), 𝑆̂(t), and ℎ̂(t)
when 𝜆= 0.5. Now, finding the fuzzy numbers as:
Case1 Table 2. The values of 𝒇̂(t), 𝑭̂(t), 𝑺̂(t), and 𝒉̂(t) when 𝝀= 𝟎. 𝟓
Life time
𝐟̂(𝐭)
𝐅̂(𝐭)
𝐒̂(𝐭)
𝐡̂ (𝐭)
1
0.005095
0.003159
0.996841
0.00511
2
0.008912
0.01017
0.98983
0.00900
3
0.012627
0.02095
0.97905
0.012897
4
0.016196
0.035375
0.964625
0.01679
5
0.019581
0.53281
0.946719
0.020683
6
0.022746
0.074464
0.925536
0.024576
7
0.025659
0.098689
0.901311
0.028469
8
0.028294
0.12569
0.87431
0.032362
9
0.030629
0.155177
0.844823
0.036255
10
0.032647
0.186842
0.813158
0.040148
11
0.034336
0.220361
0.779639
0.044041
12
0.035692
0.255403
0.744597
0.047934
13
0.036713
0.291633
0.708367
0.051827
15
0.037775
0.366332
0.633666
0.05613
16
0.036102
0.383309
0.616691
0.058542
17
0.036045
0.4194039
0.580596
0.062083
18
0.035744
0.455319
0.544682
0.065625 Table 2. The values of 𝒇̂(t), 𝑭̂(t), 𝑺̂(t), and 𝒉̂(t) when 𝝀= 𝟎. 𝟓 increase of failure times. The mean square error of
the survival function is 0.008312. Table. 2,
represents the values of 𝑓̂(t), 𝐹̂(t), 𝑆̂(t), and ℎ̂(t)
when 𝜆= 0.9 Note that the values of f̂(t) increase until t = 15,
and they decrease when 16 ≤𝑡≤18. The values of
F̂(t) increase with the increase in failure times, the
values of Ŝ(t) decrease with the increase in failure
times, and the values of ĥ(t) increase with the Page | 501
,
( )
Table 3. The values of 𝒇̂(t), 𝑭̂(t), 𝑺̂(t), and 𝒉̂(t) when 𝝀= 𝟎. 𝟗
Life time
𝐟̂(𝐭)
𝐅̂(𝐭)
𝐒̂(𝐭)
𝐡̂ (𝐭)
1
0.009188
0.005711
0.994289
0.009241
2
0.015971
0.018312
0.981688
0.016269
3
0.022422
0.037542
0.962458
0.023297
4
0.028414
0.063004
0.936996
0.030325
5
0.033835
0.09418
0.90582
0.037353
6
0.038591
0.130452
0.869548
0.044381
7
0.042612
0.171118
0.828882
0.051409
8
0.045849
0.215415
0.784585
0.058437
9
0.048277
0.262546
0.737454
0.065465
10
0.049897
0.3117
0.6883
0.072493
11
0.050728
0.362077
0.637923
0.079521
12
0.050812
0.412907
0.587093
0.086549
13
0.050207
0.463471
0.536529
0.093577
15
0.047223
0.561259
0.438741
0.107633
16
0.045015
0.607411
0.392589
0.114661
17
0.042449
0.651169
0.348831
0.121689
18
0.039617
0.69222
0.30778
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93–107. https://doi.org/10.30526/34.4.2706 15. Hameed HH, Al-Saedi HM. The majorant function
modelling to solve nonlinear algebraic system. J
Interdiscip
Math. 2021;
24(7):
1825–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720502.2021.1963518 13. Nassar M, Alotaibi R, Dey S. Estimation Based on
Adaptive Progressively Censored under Competing 16. Zimmermann HJ. Fuzzy set theory. WiREs Rev
Comput Stat. 2010; 2(3): 317–32. تقدير معلمات توزيع رايلي األسي للنوع ال
ثالث من البيانات الخاضعة للرقابة مع دالة-s
لفايروس كورونا
ايدن حسن الكناني ،ريهام نجم شاطي
قسم الرياضيات, كلية العلوم للبنات, جامعة بغداد, بغداد, العراق الخالص
ة الخالص
ة في هذه الدراسة تم تقدير معلمات توزيع رايلي_األسي للنوع الثالث للبيانات الخاضعة للرقابة و ذلك بأستخدام طريقة االمكان االعظم. وتم
االعتماد على بيانات حقيقية خاصة بمرضى بفايروس كورونا تم الحصول عليها من وزارة الصحة العراقية/ مستشفى الكرخ العام وتم
استخدام اختبار كاي _سكوير ألختبار العينة المستخدمة في الدراسة تتوزع توزيع رايلي_االسي. وبعد ذلك تم استخدام دالة ضبابية غير
خطية إليجاد القيم الضبابية لقيم المعلمات المقدرة وتم استخدام الدالة الرتبية الضبابية لتحويل القيم الضبابية الى القيم التقليدي ة.تمت مقارنة
النتائج قبل وب.عد استخدام المنطق الضبابي من خالل حساب متوسط مربع الخطأ لكل منهم هدف البحث هو تقدير معلمات توزيع رايلي-
األسي للنوع الثالث من البيانات الخاضعة للرقابة.بعد ذلك يتم تضبيب المعلمات بأستخدام دالة-
s
الغير خطية الضبابية إليجاد القيم
.الضبابية للمعلمات
بعد ذلك يتم تحويل القيم الضبابية الى قيم تقليدية بأستخدام الدالة الرتبية الضبابية. نقارن النتائج قبل وبعد استخدام
.المنطق الضبابي بأستخدام طريقة متوسط مربعات الخطأ
كانت فترة الدراسة (مايو ويونيو ويوليو وأغسطس) وبلغ عدد المرضى الذين
دخلوا الدراسة خالل الفترة المذكو رة أعاله8501
مريض. تم استبعاد ست حاالت من بينها: عدد السجناء62
. عدد األشخاص الذين كانت
مسحاتهم سالبة81
. عدد المرضى الذين كانت حالة خروجهم غير معروفة62
. عدد المرضى الذين هربوا من المستشفى كان6
. بلغ عدد
المرضى الذين تم نقلهم إلى مستشفيات أخرى50
.مريضًا
وبلغ عدد المرضى الذين تم إخراجهم على مسؤوليتهم855
. ثم أصبح عدد
( المرضى الذين دخلوا مستشفى (الدراسة) وهو حجم العينةn=785
( ). بلغ عدد المرضى الذين ماتوا خالل فترة الدراسةm=88
.)
كان
( عدد المرضى الذين تشافوا من المرض خالل فترة الدراسةn-m=697
.)
الكلمات المف :تاحية
كوفيد-
82، توزيع رايلي
،األسي، البيانات الخاضعة للرقابة من النوع الثالث الدالة الرتبية
، دالةs-
. Page | 503 Page | 503 | 4,956 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/7963/4450 | null |
Arabic | Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease, which affects many organs besides the
pancreas such as the kidney, liver, brain and eye. Due to hyperglycemia at long periods and uncontrolled
on diabetes with presence of other risk factors, diabetes complications could occurr. Diabetes
complications include microvascular and macrovascular complications that target the kidneys. The aim
of this study is to predict early fibrosis of the renal glomeruli and tubules by evaluating the levels of
angiotensin-converting enzyme -2(ACE-2), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and some relevant
biochemical factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. The study included 120 male and female ranging
in age 30-65 years old, they were subdivided into three groups according to ACR criteria include
normoalbuminuria, microalbuminuria, macroalbuminuria (30 patients for each group) and 30 healthy
people served as the control group, who visited Baghdad Teaching Hospital / Medical City and Al-
Yarmouk Teaching Hospital, at the period between December 2021 and May 2022. Lipid profile, FBS,
urea levels were estimated using calorimetric techniques. ACE-2, CTGF levels were determined using
the ELISA technique. The results showed significant differences between groups of patients and control
group for (CTGF), (ACE-2) levels were found to be significant increase in patients’ groups than healthy
control. Also, the results showed that both fasting blood sugar (FBS) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C)
were significantly increased in patients’ groups compared to healthy group. Furthermore, estimated
glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) revealed high significant differences among all the studied groups, as
well as albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) which showed high significant differences among the three
patients’ groups which represents the basic criteria for classification of patient groups. On the basis of
the obtained results in this study, it can be concluded that each of ACE-2 and CTGF markers can be
applied as early reliable prognosticated factors for detection disease progression. Keywords: Angiotensin converting enzyme-2, albumin to creatinine ratio, connective tissue growth
factor, Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetic Nephropathy. Received 25/10/2022, Revised 30/04/2023, Accepted 02/05/2023, Published Online First 20/10/2023,
Published 01/05/2024 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Introduction chronic hyperglycemia, and disorders of lipid and
protein metabolism resulting from insulin secretion, The definition of diabetes mellitus refers to a
multi-etiological metabolic state characterized by Page | 1549 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
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https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 insulin action, or both1. Symptoms of diabetes
include
long-term
multiple
tissue
damage,
dysfunction and kidney failure. Diabetes mellitus
(DM) may present with characteristic symptoms
such as thirst, urination, blurry vision, and weight
loss2. Hyperglycemia may progress to life-
threatening diabetic ketoacidosis while persistent
hyperglycemia is associated with macrovascular
complications, increasing the risks of myocardial
infarction, stroke, and microvascular complications
that contribute to diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy
and neuropathy 3. While the different forms of
diabetes have many treatment options3. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is
engaged in numerous diseases, including the growth
of tumors and tissue fibrosis, as well as numerous
biological processes, including cell proliferation,
angiogenesis, and wound healing. It is considered
one of the most important proteins that belong to the
CCN family of proteins, and one of the most
important components of cysteine, as it contains (22
cysteines in the N-terminal region and 16 cysteines
in the C-terminal region) 10. The mechanism causing
excessive
extracellular
matrix
accumulation
transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been
suggested as the main trigger for both the increased
collagen
production
and
decreased
matrix
degradation pathways in fibrosis, being recognized
as a central mediator in the development of fibrosis11. Renal
fibrosis
is
a
common
pathological
manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
significantly accelerated due to the activation of the
renin angiotensin system12. Renin is excreted in the
kidneys in the event of a decrease in renal ischemia. Renin enzyme is produced by the kidney acts in
converting angiotensinogen protein synthesis in liver
to angiotensin 1 by removing 10 amino acids from
peptide13. Lung and kidney produce angiotensin
converting enzyme to convert angiotensin Į to
angiotensin ĮĮ by removing 2 amino acids from
peptide14,15. Angiotensin ĮĮ Na, potassium K
execration. Stimulation adrenal gland cortex
secretion of aldosterone hormone acts in H2O
retention. Angiotensin ĮĮ stimulation arteriolar
vasoconstriction increase in blood pressure and
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion by pituitary
gland collecting duct H2O reabsorption. Water and
salt retention effect circulating volume increase. Introduction Perfusion of the juxtaglomerular apparatus increase
due to inhibition renin enzyme product by kidney16. Diabetic kidney disease is an illness of the
glomerulus that interferes with the glomerular
filtration barrier (GFB)4. It works in tandem to
enable water and solutes to be selectively purified,
while
limiting
the
movement
of
large
macromolecules such as albumin5. The glomerular
filtration membrane consists of 3 membranes, the
glomerular basement membrane (GBM), the
podocyte, and the fenestrated endothelium. Cellular
holes that can take up to 40% of the cell surface are
what distinguish glomerular endothelial cells from
other cell types. This modification makes the
glomerular endothelium highly permeable to water,
resulting in effective filtration function 6. The
glycocalyx,
a
layer
of
proteoglycans
and
glycoproteins covered the glomerular endothelial
cells with particular molecular and charge properties
that controls endothelial permeability and glomerular
filtration7. The glomerular basement membrane GBM,
which is made up of a layer of extracellular matrix
(ECM) proteins positioned between the glomerular
endothelium and the podocyte, divides the urine area
from the vasculature8. Renal hypertrophy and
increased glomerular blood flow are the primary
pathogenic changes in DN, which are then followed
by mesangial cell enlargement and the onset of
glomerular fibrosis. Glomerular fibrosis is caused by
an excessive buildup of extracellular matrix (ECM),
such as collagen I and fibronectin (FN)9. The aim of this study is to predict early fibrosis of
the renal glomeruli and tubules by evaluating the
levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme -2(ACE-2),
connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and some
relevant biochemical factors in patients with type 2
diabetes. Inclusion Criteria: -
Patients ranging in age from 30 to 65 years. -
Patients ranging in age from 30 to 65 years. -
Type 2 diabetes medical history. -
All selected patients fasted for a period of
10-14 hours for the purpose of conducting a
comprehensive lipid profile. Materials and Methods diabetes who visited Baghdad Teaching Hospital /
Medical City and Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital One hundred and twenty men and women, aged
30-65 participated in the study, 90 patients with Page | 1550 Page | 1550 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Control Group of Volunteers Was Formed Using
the Following Criteria: -
Clinically healthy. -
Clinically healthy. -
Negative for clinical indicators of systemic
illnesses. -
Negative for diabetes. between December-2021 and May-2022 and 30
healthy persons acted as control group. between December-2021 and May-2022 and 30
healthy persons acted as control group. Groups of Analysis Included: Seven ml of blood from antecubital vein were
withdrawn and divided into two parts. Part (1): 5 ml
were placed in gel tubes and coagulated at room
temperature for 30 minutes. After 10 minutes of
centrifugation, the serum was separated and kept in
Eppendorf tubes. The first part was utilized to rapidly
identify (FBS, urea, creatinine, Na, K, and lipid
profile) in serum using an Auto Spectrophotometer
which is a clinical chemistry analyzer that performs
diagnostic tests17. Also, it was utilized after being
maintained at -20°C to assess CTGF, ACE-2 which
were evaluated using a My BioSource manufactures
an enzyme–linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) kit,
USA. Part (2) of the blood was kept in test tube
containing anticoagulant for HbA1c measured by I-
chroma a device (2 ml)17. The glomerular filtration
rate (GFR) was calculated by applying the formula
of modification of diet renal disease (MDRD) and
expressed per 1.73 m2 per minute. MDRD is the most
common equation for estimating GFR, this includes
age, gender and race as muscle mass measures. This
equation needs no weight since the result is a
normalized body surface area of 1.73m2 which is an
acceptable average adult surface area. Urine samples
were collected in a clean glass tube for the purpose
of determination of urinary albumin/creatinine. Albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) was measured using
the device FUS 3000 urinalysis 18. 1) Control group: included 30 healthy looking
subjects without any diseases. 2) Patients groups: included 90 patients who were
divided into three groups according to ACR
criterion: -
Normoalbuminuria group: Included 30
patients the range of ACR <30 mg/g -
Microalbuminuria
group:
Included
30
patients the range of ACR 30-300 mg/g -
Macroalbuminuria group: Included 30
patients the range of ACR >300 mg/g Exclusion Criteria SPSS software version 22 was used to statistically
analyze the data. The variables' means and standard
deviations were reported. To ascertain whether there
are statistically significant variations in the means of
the four independent studied groups, one-way
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized (control,
DM
with
normoalbuminuria,
DM
with
microalbuminuria,
and
DM
with
macroalbuminuria19. -
Patients over the age of 65. -
Behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and
chewing tobacco. -
Patients with diabetic neuropathy. -
Patients with diabetic retinopathy. -
Patients
with
systemic
lupus
erythematosus (SLE). -
Patients with diabetic heart disease. Results significant difference (p=0.0001**), (p=0.0001**)
between
patient
groups
(macro,
micro
and
normoalbuminuria)
and
healthy
subjects Table 1 shows, the results of FBS mg/dL, HbA1c%
and lipid profile in all the studied groups (patients
and control). FBS, HbA1c revealed a highly Page | 1551 Page | 1551 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal lipoprotein HDL(mg/dL) level which showed
decrease
significant
differences
(p=0.0001**)
among macro, micro, normoalbuminuria and control
groups, (34.94 ± 4.96 d), (36.33 ± 4.57 c), (43.06 ±
6.59 b) and (51.23 ± 4.93 a) respectively, as recorded
in Table 1. respectively. All lipid profile revealed triglycerides
TC mg/dL (p=0.002**), total cholesterol TGs
(mg/dL) (p=0.002**), low–density lipoprotein LDL
(mg/dL) (p=0.0001**) and very low–density
lipoprotein VLDL (mg/dL) (p=0.005**) significant
differences increased between patient groups
compared to control group except high –density Table 1. FBS, HbA1C and lipid profile of the studied group Table 1. FBS, HbA1C and lipid profile of the studied groups. Groups
Control
N=30
Normo-
albuminuria
N=30
Micro-
albuminuria
N=30
Macro-
albuminuria
N=30
P value
Parameters
FBS
(mg/dL)
HbA1c
87.46 ± 5.66 a
(77-96)
5.18 ± 0.32 a
(4.5-5.8)
209.03 ± 48.44 b
(130-298)
9.68 ± 1.94 b
(6.9-13.3)
211.16 ± 42.02 b
(161-321)
10.08 ± 1.96 b
(7.30-14.40)
214.03 ± 69.49 b
(134-461)
10.49 ± 2.78 b
(7.10-19.20)
0.0001**
0.0001**
TC
(mg/dL)
121.10 ± 19.26 a
(93-178)
146.5 ± 40.35 b
(100-255)
138.16 ± 34.14 b
(93-244)
152.41 ± 33.06 b
(94-244)
0.002**
TGs
(mg/dL)
91.39 ± 13.87 a
(70-123)
136.66 ± 72.22 b
(60-397)
119.82 ± 55.44 b
(61-297)
139.13 ± 46.83 b
(61-256)
0.002**
HDL-C
(mg/dL)
51.23 ± 4.93 a
(43-59)
43.06 ± 6.59 b
(31.40-57.30)
36.33 ± 4.57 c
(30-45.60)
34.94 ± 4.96 d
(26.80-46.20)
0.0001**
LDL-C
(mg/dL)
51.18 ± 21.04 a
(21.80-112.8)
78.85 ± 34.87b
(26.50-162.40)
81.67 ± 30.35b
(23.70-148.8)
82.41 ± 34.40 b
(21.50-162.7)
0.0001**
VLDL-C
(mg/dL)
19.50 ± 3.47a
(15.2-27.2)
27.74 ± 14.14b
(12.2-79.4)
24.55 ± 11.23b
(12.20-59.30)
28.55 ± 10.72b
(12.20-59.30)
0.005**
**Significant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0.01 level. , Significant variants are Table 1. FBS, HbA1C and lipid profile of the studied groups. nificant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0.01 level. , Significant variants ar denoted by different small letters .Non-significant variations are denoted by identical small letters. Results If there are differences for each individual group, the
groups are denoted by b,c and d, respectively, and the control group is denoted by A. If two groups are
denoted by the same letter, there are no significant differences between them. ficant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0.01 level. Significant variants y different small letters .Non-significant variations are denoted by identical small letters. denoted by different small letters .Non-significant variations are denoted by identical small letters. If
there are significant differences between the patient groups, they are all denoted by the same letter B
and the healthy control group is denoted by a. If there are differences for each individual group, the
groups are denoted by b,c and d, respectively, and the control group is denoted by A. If two groups are
denoted by the same letter, there are no significant differences between them. normoalbuminuria) and control group, (37.8 ± 25.5 d,
66.33 ± 35.70 c, 89.33 ± 23.24 b and 109.03 ± 11.04
a), respectively. However, the results of ACR (mg/g)
showed high significant differences among the
patient groups that include macro, micro and
normoalbuminuria (558.55 ±233.49 d, 111.16 ±60.44
c and 15.96 ± 5.46 b), with healthy control group
(14.83± 4.41 a ) respectively. normoalbuminuria) and control group, (37.8 ± 25.5 d,
66.33 ± 35.70 c, 89.33 ± 23.24 b and 109.03 ± 11.04
a), respectively. However, the results of ACR (mg/g)
showed high significant differences among the
patient groups that include macro, micro and
normoalbuminuria (558.55 ±233.49 d, 111.16 ±60.44
c and 15.96 ± 5.46 b), with healthy control group
(14.83± 4.41 a ) respectively. Table 3 shows, the results of the estimated
glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (ml./min./m2) in
patients’ and healthy groups, in addition to the ratio
between albumin and creatinine (ACR) (mg/g) in
patients’ groups. The results of eGFR (ml./min./m2)
revealed high significant differences (p=0.0001)
among
patient
groups
(macro,
micro
and Table 3. Values of eGFR , ACR, Na, and K in the studied groups. Results If
there are significant differences between the patient groups, they are all denoted by the same letter B
and the healthy control group is denoted by a. If there are differences for each individual group, the
groups are denoted by b,c and d, respectively, and the control group is denoted by A. If two groups are
denoted by the same letter, there are no significant differences between them. micro ,and macroalbuminuria) group whereas, urea
results revealed higher significant differences among
patient (micro and macroalbuminuria) and control
groups as recorded in but no significant differences
between patient normoalbuminuria with control
group. Table 2 shows, the results of creatinine (mg/dL)
and urea (mg/dL) in patient and healthy groups. Creatinine the results showed that there was a highly
significant difference in the patients' groups
(p=0.0001) than control group, and there were
significant differences between patient (normo, Page | 1552 Page | 1552 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 2. levels of urea, creatinine in the studied groups. Table 2. levels of urea, creatinine in the studied groups. Groups
Control
N=30
Normo-
albuminuria
N=30
Micro-
albuminuria
N=30
Macro-
albuminuria
N=30
P value
Parameters
Creatinine
(mg/dL)
0.74 ±0.11 a
(0.50-0.90)
0.93 ± 0.24 b
(0.5-1.6)
1.40 ± 0.7 c
(0.52-3)
3.40 ± 2.89 d
(1-9)
0.0001
Urea
(mg/dL)
30.66 ± 5.19 a
(22-39)
34.43 ± 9.10 a
(17-55)
60.12 ± 23.69 b
(30.1-134)
83.33 ± 38.40 c
(41-162)
0.0001
**Significant difference between means using ANOVA test at 0 01 level
Significant variants are Table 2. levels of urea, creatinine in the studied groups. Table 2. levels of urea, creatinine in the studied groups. Groups
Control
N=30
Normo-
albuminuria
N=30
Micro-
albuminuria
N=30
Macro-
albuminuria
N=30
P value
Parameters
Creatinine
(mg/dL)
0.74 ±0.11 a
(0.50-0.90)
0.93 ± 0.24 b
(0.5-1.6)
1.40 ± 0.7 c
(0.52-3)
3.40 ± 2.89 d
(1-9)
0.0001
Urea
(mg/dL)
30.66 ± 5.19 a
(22-39)
34.43 ± 9.10 a
(17-55)
60.12 ± 23.69 b
(30.1-134)
83.33 ± 38.40 c
(41-162)
0.0001
**Significant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0.01 level. Significant variants are
denoted by different small letters .Non-significant variations are denoted by identical small letters. If
there are significant differences between the patient groups, they are all denoted by the same letter B
and the healthy control group is denoted by a. Results Table 4 shows mean ± SD of CTGF (pg/mL)
among patient groups including normalalbuminuria,
micro and macroalbuminuria [( 61.54 ± 46.48 b ),
(77.39 ± 44.75 b), and (87.54 ± 50.38 b)] respectively,
in addition to control group [18.55 ± 13.83 a]. The
results showed highly significant difference among
the patients’ and control groups. ACE-2 (pg/mL) level was determined in sera of
control group and patient groups. The results are
described in Table 4 .The results showed mean ± SD
of ACE-2(pg/mL) among patient groups including
normolalbuminuria, micro and macroalbuminuria
[(2239.8 ± 783.8 b), (2559.8 ± 755.96 b), and (2620.13
± 1294.84 b)] respectively in addition to control
group(1545.30 ± 779.08 a). The results showed a highly significant difference
(p=0.0001) between patient and control groups. And Table 4. levels of ACE-2 and CTGF in the studied groups
Groups
Control
N=30
Normo-
albuminuria
N=30
Micro-
albuminuria
N=30
Macro-
albuminuria
N=30
P
value
Parameters
ACE-2(pg/mL)
1545.30 ± 779.08 a
(500.3-2679.6)
2239.8 ± 783.8 b
(780.4-3786.1)
2559.8 ± 755.96 b
(767.16-3707.6)
2620.13 ± 1294.84 b
(546.61-8416.30)
0.0001
CTGF (pg/mL)
18.55 ± 13.83 a
(4.11-47.22)
61.54 ± 46.48 b
(5.8-148.2)
77.39 ± 44.75 b
(10.77-162.08)
87.54 ± 50.38 b
(10.84-162.12)
0.0001
**Significant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0.01 level, Significant variants are Table 4. levels of ACE-2 and CTGF in the studied groups denoted by different small letters. Non-significant variations are denoted by identical small letters. If
there are significant differences between the patient groups, they are all denoted by the same letter B
and the healthy control group is denoted by a. If there are differences for each individual group, the
groups are denoted by b,c and d, respectively, and the control group is denoted by A. If two groups are
denoted by the same letter, there are no significant differences between them. Figure 1. ROC Curves of serum biomarkers
including CTGF for diagnosis of DM patients
with microalbuminuria. Fig. 1 shows ROC curve of CTGF for patients with
microalbuminuria. The results of ROC analysis
revealed that CTGF has an excellent ability (AUC
=0.90) to be a reliable marker for early diagnosis of
the disease under study, as shown in Table 5. The
significance level is a very important (P<0.0001). As
shown in Fig. 1. Results Groups
Control
N=30
Normo-
albuminuria
N=30
Micro-
albuminuria
N=30
Macro-
albuminuria
N=30
P value
Parameters
eGFR
(ml./min./m2)
109.03 ± 11.04 a
(82-128)
89.33 ± 23.24 b
(48-126)
66.33 ± 35.70 c
(0-121)
37.8 ± 25.5 d
(5-87)
0.0001
ACR
(mg/g)
Na (mg/dL)
K (mg/dL)
14.83± 4.41 a
(9-20)
134.23 ± 5.11 a
(126.7-143.1)
4.70 ±0.96 a
(2.5-5.9)
15.96 ± 5.46 b
(10-22)
138.04 ± 4.25 a
(124.8-145.6)
4.39 ±0.49 a
(3.2-5.3)
111.16 ±60.44 c
(34-181)
140.32 ± 3.86 a
(131.1-147.2)
4.18 ± 0.45 ab
(3.5-4.9)
558.55 ±233.49 d
(4.02-903)
140.27± 2.47 b
(135.4-145.3)
4.06 ± 0.56 b
(2.5-5.10)
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
**Significant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0 01 level Significant variants are Table 3. Values of eGFR , ACR, Na, and K in the studied groups. **Significant difference between means using ANOVA -test at 0.01 level .Significant denoted by different small letters.Non-significant variations are denoted by identical small letters. If
there are significant differences between the patient groups, they are all denoted by the same letter B
and the healthy control group is denoted by a. If there are differences for each individual group, the
groups are denoted by b,c and d, respectively, and the control group is denoted by A. If two groups are
denoted by the same letter, there are no significant differences between them. concentrations were determined in sera of healthy
control group and patients’ groups as described in
Table 3. Significant differences were found between
patient macroalbumin and both of normo, and control
groups, but there is no significant difference between
microalbuminurea with normo, macro and control
groups group. concentrations were determined in sera of healthy
control group and patients’ groups as described in
Table 3. Significant differences were found between
patient macroalbumin and both of normo, and control
groups, but there is no significant difference between
microalbuminurea with normo, macro and control
groups group. The results in Table 3 shows the mean ±SD values
of Na (mg/dL) for the studied groups include patient
(normo, micro and macroalbuminuria) and control
groups respectively. A highly significant differences
(p=0.0001) was noticed between patient groups
macro with control groups) and non significant
differences between normo and micrialbuminuria
with
control
group. Potassium
(mg/dL) Page | 1553 Page | 1553 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal there was no significant difference between
patients’ (normo,micro,and macroalbuminuria )
groups. Results In ACE-2 analysis, area under the
ROC curve (AUC) is 0.8, thus it considers a very
good factor to identify diabetic patients with
microalbuminuria related to normal control as shown
in Table 5. The significance level is a very important
(P<0.0001) as shown in Fig. 2. Criterion of both
CTGF and ACE-2 were found to be ≤47.22 and
≤1630.76 pg/ml, respectively, that means value equal
or less than criterion value represents healthy
condition, while value more than that denotes
disease case. Figure 1. ROC Curves of serum biomarkers
including CTGF for diagnosis of DM patients
with microalbuminuria. Page | 1554 Page | 1554 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 2. ROC Curves of serum biomarkers
including ACE-2 for diagnosis of DM patients
with microalbuminuria. Table 5. Area under the curve value of CTGF and
ACE-2
in
patients
with
diabetic
microalbuminuria
Test Result
Variable (s)
Area
Std. Errora
Asymptotic
Sig.b
Asymptotic
95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
ACE-2
0.8
.000
.000
1.000
1.000
CTGF
.903
.041
.000
.823
.983
a. Under the
nonparametr
ic assumption
b. Null
hypothesis:
true area =
0.5 Figure 2. ROC Curves of serum biomarkers
including ACE-2 for diagnosis of DM patients
with microalbuminuria. Table 5. Area under the curve value of CTGF and
ACE-2
in
patients
with
diabetic
microalbuminuria
Test Result
Variable (s)
Area
Std. Errora
Asymptotic
Sig.b
Asymptotic
95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
ACE-2
0.8
.000
.000
1.000
1.000
CTGF
.903
.041
.000
.823
.983
a. Under the
nonparametr
ic assumption
b. Null
hypothesis:
true area =
0.5 Table 5. Area under the curve value of CTGF and
ACE-2
in
patients
with
diabetic
microalbuminuria
Test Result
Variable (s)
Area
Std. Errora
Asymptotic
Sig.b
Asymptotic
95%
Confidence
Interval
Lower
Bound
Upper
Bound
ACE-2
0.8
.000
.000
1.000
1.000
CTGF
.903
.041
.000
.823
.983
a. Under the
nonparametr
ic assumption
b. Null
hypothesis:
true area =
0.5 Table 5. Area under the curve value of CTGF and
ACE-2
in
patients
with
diabetic
microalbuminuria Figure 2. ROC Curves of serum biomarkers
including ACE-2 for diagnosis of DM patients
with microalbuminuria. Discussion Overt
proteinuria/hypoalbuminemia raises low–density
lipoprotein (LDL-C) dramatically, and kidney
dysfunction increases residues and reduces high – Page | 1555 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Renal endothelium produces angiotensin converting
enzyme, this enzyme converts angiotensin І to
angiotensin ІІ. Angiotensin ІІ acts on tubular Na
reabsorption and K excretion34. The findings of this study showed that
estimation of albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) and
glomerular filtration rate (GFR) could be useful as
markers in this environment for early detection of
diabetic
nephropathy,
prevention
of
overt
nephropathy, and progression to end stage renal
disease27. When creatinine and urea are normal, but
there are early changes in glomerular basement
membrane, in addition to presence of accumulated
matrix materials in the mesangium, with consequent
microalbuminuria, the glomerular changes at this
stage can reverse pharmacological interference28. So,
newly detected or known Type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM) patients need monitoring for glycemic
control, with simultaneous monitoring for early
reversible nephropathy, microalbuminuria. Clinical
progression of diabetic nephropathy can be defined
in terms of changes in urinary albumin excretion rate
and decline in glomerular filtration rate29. The liver appears as the main source of this protein
in the kidney. However, that angiotensinogen can
also be synthesized in the proximal tubule and can be
secreted to the tubular lumen, playing a potential role
in intra tubular angiotensin II (Ang II) synthesis35,36. Angiotensin-converting enzyme is also widely
expressed throughout the nephron including the
glomerular endothelium, mesangial cells, podocytes
and the brush border of the proximal tubule, its
highest site of expression in the kidney. Increased
levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme- 2(ACE) in
the kidneys have been associated with elevated levels
of renal angiotensin II (Ang II). Our study agree with other studies that
have shown that if inflammation occurs for three
days, it leads to the production of monocytes and
microphages37. These cells are a result of cytokins
IL-6, and MCP1 inflammation induced product
connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) related with
fibrosis38. Discussion Numerous studies were conducted to know the
reasons of damage and fibrosis of glomerulus and
tubules and their early prediction by measuring some
relevant variables
20.The current study was
conducted for diabetic patients with or without
nephropathy
(micro
or
macroalbuminuria),
characterized by hyperglycemia fasting blood sugar
(FBS), albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) and
estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR ) values
as depended criteria for classification of patient
groups, which are recorded in Tables 1 and 3. In
addition to other factors such as urea and creatinine
that support the criteria results, as recorded in Table
2, the mentioned parameters denote to the
progression of diabetes complication diabetic kidney
disease (DKD). The risk conditions for stimulation
and progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD)
are associated with hyperglycemia, fibrosis and
inflammation21. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is
defined as the gradual loss or impairment of kidney
function due to damage that occurred in glomerulus
and tubules22. density lipoprotein (HDL-C)23. In the current study,
dyslipidemia was established within diabetic patients
by the increase in cholesterol, triglycerides, and low–
density lipoprotein LDL and decrease high –density
lipoprotein (HDL). Dyslipidemia is commonly
associated with obesity and T2DM. Obesity may
activate changes to the body's metabolism that cause
adipose tissue to release increased amounts of fatty
acids,
glycerol,
hormones,
proinflammatory
cytokines, and other factors that are involved in the
development of insulin resistance. Our current study showed that there was an
increase
in
the
levels
of
urea,
creatinine,
microalbuminuria, and a decrease in the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR) in the diabetic groups compared
to the control group 24. Hyperinsulinemia indicates a
strong positive association between the level of
blood sugar with urea and creatinine. Plasma
creatinine and urea are known indicators of
glomerular filtration, with the more sensitive index
of kidney function being serum creatinine25. Hyperglycemic injury can affect all forms of renal
cells, including podocyte of glomerular, mesangial
cells of endothelial, tubular epithelial cells,
interstitial fibroblasts and vascular endothelia, which
may explain appear both of blood urea, creatinine
levels along with chronic hyperglycemia 26. The diabetic kidney disease (DKD) progresses,
plasma lipid profiles shift significantly. Discussion Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)
expression is modest in healthy adult kidneys but is
significantly elevated in a number of renal disorders,
where it plays an important role in the development
of glomerular and tubular interstitial fibrosis
involved in cell migration, proliferation and
differentiation, connective tissue growth factor
(CTGF) acts either directly to promote fibrosis39.Our
current study demonstrated an increase in connective
tissue growth factor, which indicates glomerular and
tubular damage and fibrosis in diabetic patients. This
finding is consistent with Koszegi, S., et al who
found elevated serum connective tissue growth
factor (CTGF) expression as a strong predictor of
renal fibrosis 40. Sodium and potassium can be used to identify risk
factors for decreased kidney function and to
understand the mechanisms in the development of
chronic kidney disease30. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is
of particular interest because it is associated with
renal sodium retention. The mechanisms of enhanced
renal sodium reabsorption have not been clearly
established, but evidence has been provided for the
involvement of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-
mediated sodium reabsorption 31,32. This transport
appears to be stimulated by the additive effects of
aldosterone
and
the
combined
actions
of
hyperinsulinaemia and hyperglycaemia. In addition
to hyperinsulinaemia-mediated renal tubular sodium
transports, it has also been suggested that the
increased glomerular filtration of glucose may
enhance the activity of the proximal tubular Na+-
glucose co-transporter and may contribute to sodium
retention when decreased renal perfusion stimulation
kidney produces renin enzyme 33 .This enzyme can
be converting angiotensinogen to angiotensin І.. Authors’ Declaration Authors’ Declaration - Authors sign on ethical consideration’s approval. - Authors sign on ethical consideration’s approval. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Medical City. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images, that are not ours, have been
included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. Authors’ Contribution Statement K. G. wrote and edited the manuscript. A. A. D. did
the analysis of the data. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript. K. G. wrote and edited the manuscript. A. A. D. did
the analysis of the data. All authors read and
approved the final manuscript. This work was carried out in collaboration
between all authors. R. K. I. diagnosed the cases and
conducted the collection of samples and the test. K. Conclusion kidney injury. This result is confirmed by many other
results such as significant differences among patient
groups and control, especially, the results of ROC,
that confirmed both angiotensin-converting enzyme-
2(ACE-2) and connective tissue growth factor According to reported data in this study, angiotensin-
converting enzyme- 2(ACE-2) and connective tissue
growth factor (CTGF) found to be excellent factors
for early prediction to glomerular and tubular
damage and fibrosis in diabetic complications of Page | 1556 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1549-1560
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8008
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal (CTGF) found to be as excellent markers for
monitoring the progression of diabetic and diabetic
nephropathy complications, as early predictors. Acknowledgment their assistance in collecting and analyzing samples
and for their facilities that assisted in the
achievement of this study. Our thanks and appreciation to the staff of the
Medical City/College of Medicine-University of
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Levels with Insulin Resistance in Type-2 Diabetes
Mellitus Patients. Baghdad Sci J. 2022; 19(1): 0055-
0055. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.1.0055 Page | 1559 Page | 1559 Baghdad Science Journal التنبؤ المبكر
باالعتالل
الكلوي لمرضى عراقين مصابين بالسكري النوع الثاني بداللة تقييم بعض
العوامل البيوكيمائية ذات الصلة
رهام خلدون ابراهيم1
،
كاظم
خ ضير
غضيب1
،علي عبد المجيد عالوي2
.العراق ،بغداد ،جامعة بغداد ،كلية العلوم للبنات ،قسم الكيمياء1
.العراق ،بغداد ،جامعة بغداد ،كليه الطب2 الخالص
ة الخالص
ة داء السكري من النوع2
(T2DM)
.هو مرض معقد يصيب العديد من األعضاء إلى جانب البنكرياس مثل الكلى والكبد والدماغ والعين
بسبب ارتفاع السكر في الدم لفترات طويلة وعدم السيطرة على مرض السكري مع وجود عوامل خطر أخرى ، يمكن أن تحدث
مضاعفات مرض السكري. تشمل مضاعفات مرض السكري مضاعفات األوعية الدموية الدقيقة واألوعية الدموية الكبيرة التي تستهدف
الكلى. تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى التحقق من مستوى
االنجوتينسن المحول لالنزيم
ACE-2)
) ، عامل نمو النسيج الضام (CTGF)
جنبًا إل ى جنب مع بعض العوامل البيوكيميائية ذات الصلة في النساء المصابات بداء السكري واعتالل الكلية السكري مقارنة بالضوابط
الصحية. اشتملت الدراسة على00
مريض
تتراوح أعمارهم بين
00
-
56
سنة. يعانون من مرض السكري من النوع2
مقسمون إلى
ثالث
مجاميع على أساس معايير ACR
تشمل البيلة األلبومينية الطبيعية ، البيلة األلبومينية الدقيقة ، البيلة األلبومينية الكبيرة
00
مريضًا
لكل مجموعة
و00
، شخصًا يتمتعون بصحة جيدة كانوا بمثابة المجموعة الضابطة منمن
زاروا مستشفى بغداد التعليمي / المدينة الطبي ة
و مستشفى اليرموك التعليمي ، في
الفترة ما بين ديسمبر2021
ومايو2022. تم تحديد مستوياتACE-2 و CTGF باستخدام تقنية
ELISA. أظهرت النتائج وجود فروق ذات داللة إحصائية بين مجموعات المرضى والمجموعة الضابطة لعامل CTGF
، ووجد أن
مستويات ACE-2
تزيد بشكل كبير في مجموعات المرضى عن مجموعة التحكم
الصحية. كما أظهرت النتائج أن كال من
سكر الدم
الصائمFBS و هيموكلوبينA1C
(HbA1C)
قد زاد بشكل ملحوظ في مجموعات المرضى مقارنة بالمجموعة الصحية. عالوة على
، ذلك
كشفت قيم
(معدل الترشيح الكبيبي المقدر
( eGFR عن فروق ذات داللة إحصائية بين جميع المجموعات المدروسة
، وكذلك
اظهرت نتائج ACR
وجود فروقات ذات داللة إحصائية بين مجموعات المرضى الثالثة ، والتي تمثل المعايير األساسية لتصنيف
مجموعات المرضى. على أساس النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها في هذه الدراسة ، يمكن استنتاج ان عاملي ACE-2 و CTGF
يمكن
تطبيقهما كواسمات تنبؤية
مبكرة موثوقة للكشف عن المرض. :الكلمات المفتاحية
االنجوتينسن المحول لالنزيم ,
نسبة االلبومين الى الكراتنين,عامل نمو النسيج الضام ,
اعتالل الكلية السكري,
مرض
السكري :الكلمات المفتاحية
االنجوتينسن المحول لالنزيم ,
نسبة االلبومين الى الكراتنين,عامل نمو النسيج الضام ,
اعتالل الكلية السكري,
مرض
السكري. Page | 1560 Page | 1560 | 6,922 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8008/4551 | null |
Arabic | مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم / العرا
**
ثلية التربية اب
الهيثم / جامعة
بغداد ،
/ بغداد
العرا . مواد البحث وطرائقه
1
.يئ هت
ه المس
عمر ت
ة المخ
ير تب ه
لآلفة.
تعريض . والمثرر الواحد عبار عا74
يرقاة التاق
وضاااعت بطبااا بتاااري ماااق74
غااارام
مااا الوساااط
الغاااذانق اسةاااطناعق المثاااو مااا الحنطاااة الساااليمة
المجروشاا ة وخمياار الخباا الجافااة بنساابة7170
7
.)
بعااد اسنت
هاا اء
ماا
التعااريض لاادرجات الحاارار ولماادد
التعريض أعال،
أعيدت أطباا البتاري إلاق حاضانة
*دانر البحو
ال راعية وتثنولوجيا
الغذاء
، / و ار العلوم والتثنولوجيا
بغداد
. / العرا
**
ثلية التربية اب
الهيثم / جامعة
بغداد ،
/ بغداد
العرا . مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 تأثير
درجات
الحرارة ا
لعالية
في
األدا
ء
الحياتي
لخنفساء الحبوب الش
رية ع
أياد احمد الطويل *
مها سلمان أ بو معال**
حسن سعي
د االسدي**
تاريخ قبول النشر71
/3/
7001
الخال ة تاريخ قبول النشر71
/3/
7001 :ا
رس د تأثير ثالثة درجات حرارية عالية ولم
د
د تعريض مخ
تل فة في نسب تطور أدوار
خن
فساء الحبوب الش
عر
ية وب
قا ء
بالغاتهاا علاق قيااد الحياا وقابليتهااا التثاثر
يا
ة .أشااارت النتاا
ئ
ج إلاق أ النسااب الم
ئ
وياة لمااوت اأ
د وار المعرضاة تاا داد
ب ياد
د
رجة الحرار ومد التعر
ي
ض . إذ أوضحت النتا
ئ ج أ
تعريض
الطور اليرقق اأخير لمد6
سااعات لدرجاة
حرار
34
م أدى إلق موتا ه700
%
أماا
البالغاات
بعمار7
-
4
) ياوم والمعرضاة
لدرجاة الحارار وماد
التعاريض
س نف يهما
فأنهم لم يتمثنوا م البقا
ء علق قيد ال
ح
يا اث
ثر
م73
ساعة، فضاال
عا ذلا أوضاحت النتاا
ئ ج أ
القابلياة
التثاثرية لبال
غ ات
خنفساء
الحبوب
الشعرية
اعتمدت علق
د رجة حرار التعريض
ومدته والجنس المعرض . كلمات مفتاحيه
:خنفساء
الحبوب
الشعرية ، اأدا
ء الحياتي ، د. رجة الحرار العالية 433
التثاثرية لبال
غ ات
خنفساء
الحبوب
الشعرية
اعتمدت علق
د رجة حرار التعريض
ومدته والجنس المعرض . كلمات مفتاحيه
:خنفساء
الحبوب
الشعرية ، اأدا
ء الحياتي ، د. رجة الحرار العالية
المقدمة:
تعد
خنفساء الحبوب الشعريةTrogoderma
granarium
ماا اافااات الح
شاا
رية التااي تسااب ب
اضاارار ا جساايمة للحبااوب المخ ونااة
نتيجااة لتغااذيتها
عليهااا ماا جهااة وبقاااء
بقايااا اسنسااالخات اليرقيااة ماا
جهة اخرى ثما وتسبب هاذ اسفاة تلفاا سناوام الماواد
الغذائياااة الحيوانياااة الجافاااة ثالحلياااب المجفااا
3
و
74). قااادرت الخساااا
ئ
ر نتيجاااة اسةاااابة بهاااذ اافاااة
بموجب إحةا
ئ يات المنظمة العربية
للتنميا
ة
ال راعياة
فق العام الواحد بحدود7661
مليو ط م ال
ر و8
مليااو طاا ماا الحنطااة و8
مليااو طاا ماا الااذر
الشامية
1
). تثافح
حشرات المخا عااد باساتخدام
المبيااادات الثيميا
ئ يااااة وا
اسساااتخدام
المتثاااارر لهااااذ
المبيدات قد ي
ؤ دي إلق
ظهور ساالست مقاوماة
74
و
70
. مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم )
فضاااال عااا التاااأثيرات السااالبية بعياااد المااادى
سساااتعمال هاااذ المبيااادات
لبق اءهاااا لفتااار طويلاااة فاااي
اأغذية وتأثيرها علق ةاحة المساتهل
76
) ، لاذل
فثر
المهتمو
بمثافحة اسفاات الحشارية التاي تةايب
المااواد الغذائيااة
المخ ونااة إلااق أيجاااد طرائاا بديلااة
للمثافحااااة منهااااا اسااااتعمال
غااااا
CO2
و
درجااااات
الحاارار المرتفعااة و
التفريااا الهااوائي والتقنيااة النوويااة
7 ، 4
،
9
،
77
،
71
و78
)وأخياااااارا
المثافحااااااة
الحيوياااااااة باساااااااتعمال الممرضاااااااات والمفترساااااااات
والمااتطفالت
77
،
73
و78
). يهااد هااذا البحاا
إلاااق دراساااة
تاااأثير درجاااات الحااارار العالياااة ولماااد
د
تعريض مختلفة في أمثانياة حفاظ حباوب الحنطاة ما
اإلةابة بخنفساء الحبوب
الشاعرية ودراساة
تأثيرهماا
في
أدو
ار ش الح ر
المختلفة
.وأداءها الحياتي
مواد البحث وطرائقه
1
.يئ هت
ه المس
عمر ت
ة المخ
ير تب ه
لآلفة. حةااال
علاااق حباااوب حنطاااة مةاااابة باااأدوار
خنفساااء الحبااوب الشااعرية المخ
تلفاا
ة ماا أحااد
مخااا
الحباااوب التابعااا
ة
/ للشااارثة العاماااة لتجاااار الحباااوب
و ار التجار .هي
ئ
ت مستعمر دا
مياة ئ
ما
هاذ اأفاة
في مختبار الحشارات التاابق لقسام علاوم الحياا / ثلياة
التربية ابا
الهياثم
–
جامعاة بغاداد و بعاد أ
ش خةات
الحشاار ماا قباال متحاا
التاااريخ
الطبيعااي / جامعااة
بغاداد علاق انهااا خنفسااء الحبااوب الشاعرية . الطريقااة
التي اتبعات فاي اداماة المساتعمر المختبرياة تضامنت
تقسيم الحنطة ال مةابة التي حةل عليها ما مخاا
الحباااوب علاااق علاااب بالساااتيثية76
×
8
) سااام ومااا
اضااي اليهااا حنطااة سااليمة مجروشااة وخمياار الخباا
الجافة بنسبة7170
بعد خلطه
م ا جيدا . غطيت فوهاات
العلااب بقمااام الملماال واحثااام شااد بوساااطة اربطاااة
مطاطياااة ووضاااعت هاااذ العلاااب فاااي حاضااانة درجاااة
حرارتهاااا40
±
7 م و رطوبتهاااا النسااابية10
±
4
%
وهثااذا جااددت المسااتعمر الحشاارية باسااتمرار وثمااا
اشار ابو معال7
. )
7
.تأأأثير
درجأأات الحأأرارة العاليأأة فأأي
الطأأور
. اليرقي األخير لخنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
عاارض الطااور اليرقااق اأخياار لخنفساااء الحبااوب
الشعرية
بعد ا شخص وبموجب ماا ذثارHinton
74
) للدرجات الحرارية العالية استية
44
،
30
و34
±
7
م وللمادد6 ، 9 ،
73
،
38
و17
ساااعة وبواقااق
6 مثررات لثل درجة حرارية
ومد
تعريض . والمثرر الواحد عبار عا74
يرقاة التاق
وضاااعت بطبااا بتاااري ماااق74
غااارام
مااا الوساااط
الغاااذانق اسةاااطناعق المثاااو مااا الحنطاااة الساااليمة
المجروشاا ة وخمياار الخباا الجافااة بنساابة7170
7
.)
بعااد اسنت
هاا اء
ماا
التعااريض لاادرجات الحاارار ولماادد
التعريض أعال،
أعيدت أطباا البتاري إلاق حاضانة
*دانر البحو
ال راعية وتثنولوجيا
الغذاء
، / و ار العلوم والتثنولوجيا
بغداد
. المقدمة: حةااال
علاااق حباااوب حنطاااة مةاااابة باااأدوار
خنفساااء الحبااوب الشااعرية المخ
تلفاا
ة ماا أحااد
مخااا
الحباااوب التابعااا
ة
/ للشااارثة العاماااة لتجاااار الحباااوب
و ار التجار .هي
ئ
ت مستعمر دا
مياة ئ
ما
هاذ اأفاة
في مختبار الحشارات التاابق لقسام علاوم الحياا / ثلياة
التربية ابا
الهياثم
–
جامعاة بغاداد و بعاد أ
ش خةات
الحشاار ماا قباال متحاا
التاااريخ
الطبيعااي / جامعااة
بغاداد علاق انهااا خنفسااء الحبااوب الشاعرية . الطريقااة
التي اتبعات فاي اداماة المساتعمر المختبرياة تضامنت
تقسيم الحنطة ال مةابة التي حةل عليها ما مخاا
الحباااوب علاااق علاااب بالساااتيثية76
×
8
) سااام ومااا
اضااي اليهااا حنطااة سااليمة مجروشااة وخمياار الخباا
الجافة بنسبة7170
بعد خلطه
م ا جيدا . غطيت فوهاات
العلااب بقمااام الملماال واحثااام شااد بوساااطة اربطاااة
مطاطياااة ووضاااعت هاااذ العلاااب فاااي حاضااانة درجاااة
حرارتهاااا40
±
7 م و رطوبتهاااا النسااابية10
±
4
%
وهثااذا جااددت المسااتعمر الحشاارية باسااتمرار وثمااا
اشار ابو معال7
. ) تعد
خنفساء الحبوب الشعريةTrogoderma
granarium
ماا اافااات الح
شاا
رية التااي تسااب ب
اضاارار ا جساايمة للحبااوب المخ ونااة
نتيجااة لتغااذيتها
عليهااا ماا جهااة وبقاااء
بقايااا اسنسااالخات اليرقيااة ماا
جهة اخرى ثما وتسبب هاذ اسفاة تلفاا سناوام الماواد
الغذائياااة الحيوانياااة الجافاااة ثالحلياااب المجفااا
3
و
74). قااادرت الخساااا
ئ
ر نتيجاااة اسةاااابة بهاااذ اافاااة
بموجب إحةا
ئ يات المنظمة العربية
للتنميا
ة
ال راعياة
فق العام الواحد بحدود7661
مليو ط م ال
ر و8
مليااو طاا ماا الحنطااة و8
مليااو طاا ماا الااذر
الشامية
1
). تثافح
حشرات المخا عااد باساتخدام
المبيااادات الثيميا
ئ يااااة وا
اسساااتخدام
المتثاااارر لهااااذ
المبيدات قد ي
ؤ دي إلق
ظهور ساالست مقاوماة
74
و
70
. )
فضاااال عااا التاااأثيرات السااالبية بعياااد المااادى
سساااتعمال هاااذ المبيااادات
لبق اءهاااا لفتااار طويلاااة فاااي
اأغذية وتأثيرها علق ةاحة المساتهل
76
) ، لاذل
فثر
المهتمو
بمثافحة اسفاات الحشارية التاي تةايب
المااواد الغذائيااة
المخ ونااة إلااق أيجاااد طرائاا بديلااة
للمثافحااااة منهااااا اسااااتعمال
غااااا
CO2
و
درجااااات
الحاارار المرتفعااة و
التفريااا الهااوائي والتقنيااة النوويااة
7 ، 4
،
9
،
77
،
71
و78
)وأخياااااارا
المثافحااااااة
الحيوياااااااة باساااااااتعمال الممرضاااااااات والمفترساااااااات
والمااتطفالت
77
،
73
و78
). المقدمة: أما عند فحاص تطاور اليرقاات إ
لاق
بالغاات
وال
مع رضاااااة للااااادرجتي الحاااااراريتي
44
و30
ْ
م
ولمااا
دد التعاااريض المخ
ت
لفاااة فثانااات الن
سااا ب متفاوتاااة
جاادول7
.)اتفقاات هااذ النتااا
ئ
ج ماا
ق ئ نتااا ج دراسااات
أخرى حول تأ
ث ير درجات الحرار العالية فاق يرقاات
خنف
ساا
اء ذات الةاادر
المنشاااريOryzaephilas
surinamensis
ويرقات
خنفساء الحب
وب الشاعرية
Trogoderma granarium
ويرقاااات ثاقباااة
الحبااوب الةااغرى
Rhyzopertha dominica
4177و77و79
) ي
4
-
تأثير درج ات الحرارة العالية في خصوبة
بالغات خنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
المعرضة
عذارى
( بعمر3
-
5) يوم (م
)
عرضت عذارى خنفسااء الحباوب الشاعرية بعمار
4
-
4
يوم لل درجات الحرارياة44
،
30
،
34
7 م
و للمااادد6 ، 9
،
73
،
38
و17
سااااعة ولثااال درجاااة
. حرار
أ بعد تعاريض العاذارى و عات فارادى
فاي أنابياب
جاجية4
×
764
)
سم ووضعت
في ح اضنه درجه
ت رار ح ها
40
7
م ورطوب
تها ا
النسابية
60
-
10
%
لحااااي باااا و
البالغااااا
ت . و أ
الهااااد ماااا
ت و
ياااا ق
العذارى بهذ الطريقة
هو الحةول علق بالغات غيار
مت اوجاااااا
ه
بعماااااار7
-
4
يااااااومVirgin
) سجااااااراء
الت اوجاات ت اس
ياة : أنثاق معرضاة للحارار
×
ذثار
غير معرض للحارار، أنثاق غيار معرضاة
للحارار
×
ذثر معرض للحرار،
أنثاق معرضاة للحارار×
ذثاار معاارض للحاارار واخياارأ انثااق
غياار معرضااة
للحاارار×
ذثاار غياار معاارض للحاارار
أي معاملااة
الشاااهد
. وبواقااق عشاار مثااررات لثاال
تاا او
و لثاال
درجة حارار وماد تعاريض والمثارر الواحاد عبا ار
ع ذثر ×
.أنثق
أ الحبااوب الةااغرى
4177
و77
و79
). 4177
و77
و79
). وفسااااارت هاااااذ النتاااااا
ئ ج علاااااق أسااااااس أ أدوار
الحشااا
ر ات التاااق تمتلااا جااادار جسااام غيااار متقااار س
تستط
يق
مجابهة درجات الحارار العالياة أنهاا تسارم
م سرعة جفا جسمها وبالتالق موتها
نتيجة لفقادا
الماااااء ،
بينمااااا الجاااادول7
) يبااااي تااااأثير التعااااريض
لاادرجات الحاارار العاليااة ولماادد تل مخ فااة فااق تطااور
عاااذارى
خ
نفسااااء الحباااوب ال
شاااع . رية إلاااق بالغاااات
ويالحااظ ماا هااذا الجاادول
أ
ياااد درجااة الحاارار
ومد التعريض قد اثارا سالبا قاق تطاور العاذارى إلاق
بالغات وبقاء هذ ا
لبالغات
علق قيد الحيا وخةوةاا
التعاااااريض لدرجاااااة حااااارار30
م
لماااااد17
سااااااعة
والتعريض لدرجة
حرار34
م لمد6 س اعات حيا
لم تتطور سوى34
و%
060
م%
العاذارى عناق
التوالق
وبعد18
-
77
يوما. المقدمة: حرار
أ 3
- تأأأأثير
درجأأأات الحأأأرارة العاليأأأة فأأأي دوري
العذراء والبالغات
لخنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
عرض
ت عذارى خنفساء
الحبوب
الشعرية
عمار
7
- 4
ياوم فاي الحالااة اسولاق والبالغااات بغاض النظاار
عاا جنسااها بعماار7
-
4
يااوم فااي الحالااة الثانيااة الااق
درجااات الحاارار والماادد ال منيااة
المشااار اليهااا فااي
الفقر7
اعال وبواقق6
مثررات لثل درجاة حارار
ومد تعريض والمثرر الواحد عبار ع74
عاذراء
بعمر7
-
4
يوم او74
بالغة بغض النظار عا الجانس
وثمااا ذثاار اعااال . اضااي سطبااا البالغااات فقااط4
غرام م الوساط الغاذائي اسةاطناعي المحضار ما
خلااط الحنطااة المجروشاااة
مااق خميااار الخباا الجافاااة
بنساابة7170
وبعااد اسنتهاااء ماا التعااريض لاادرجات
الحرار ، وضعت اطبا البتري فاي الحاضانة بانفس
الظاارو التااي ذثاارت فااي اعااال . تاام مراقبااة تطااور
العااذارى الااق بالغااات فااي الحالااة اسولااق ونساابة بقاااء
البالغات علق قيد الحيا في الحالة الثانية النتائج والمناقشة:
تأأأأثير
درجأأأات الحأأأرارة
العاليأأأة ولمأأأدد تعأأأ
ري ض
مختلفة في أدوار خنفساء الحبوب
الشعرية. يوضااا
ح
جااادول7
)تاااأثير
درجاااات الحااارار العالياااة
ولمااادد تعاااريض مخ
تل
فاااة فاااق تطاااور يرقااا
تا الطاااور
اأخيااار لخنفسااااء الحباااوب ال
شااا
عرية مقارناااة بمعام
لااا ة
الشاااهد .ت
شااير هااذ
النتااا
ئ
ج إلااق وجااود تااأثير
ل ياااد
درجة الحرار ومد التعريض في تطور اليرقات إلق
ل با
غااات وخةوةااأ التعااريض
لدرجااة الحاارار30
م
ولمااد17
ساااعة والتعااريض لدرجااة حاارار34
ْ م
ولمد 6
ساعات ،حي انخفضت نسبة ب
قا اء البالغاات
علق قيد الحيا إل
ق الةفر عندما فحةت 6
-
8
ايام،
أماااا ب
عااا د74
-
74
و78
-
77
يوماااأ فثانااات ن
سااا بة بقااااء
البال
غاا ات علااق قيااد الحيااا761
و%
461
%
عناادما
عرضاات اليرقااات
لد رجااة الحاارار34
م
ولمااد17
ساعة مقارنة ماق نسابة بقااء للبالغاات مقادارها
ةافرا
د عن
ما عرضت اليرقات ل
در جة حرار34
م ولمد6
ساعات . المقدمة: يهااد هااذا البحاا
إلاااق دراساااة
تاااأثير درجاااات الحااارار العالياااة ولماااد
د
تعريض مختلفة في أمثانياة حفاظ حباوب الحنطاة ما
اإلةابة بخنفساء الحبوب
الشاعرية ودراساة
تأثيرهماا
في
أدو
ار ش الح ر
المختلفة
.وأداءها الحياتي
مواد البحث وطرائقه
*دانر البحو
ال راعية وتثنولوجيا
الغذاء / و ار العلوم
**
ثلية التربية اب
الهيثم / جامعة
بغداد ،
/ بغداد
العرا 7
.تأأأثير
درجأأات الحأأرارة العاليأأة فأأي
الطأأور
. اليرقي األخير لخنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
عاارض الطااور اليرقااق اأخياار لخنفساااء الحبااوب
الشعرية
بعد ا شخص وبموجب ماا ذثارHinton
74
) للدرجات الحرارية العالية استية
44
،
30
و34
±
7
م وللمادد6 ، 9 ،
73
،
38
و17
ساااعة وبواقااق
6 مثررات لثل درجة حرارية
ومد 7
.تأأأثير
درجأأات الحأأرارة العاليأأة فأأي
الطأأور
. اليرقي األخير لخنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
عاارض الطااور اليرقااق اأخياار لخنفساااء الحبااوب
الشعرية
بعد ا شخص وبموجب ماا ذثارHinton
74
) للدرجات الحرارية العالية استية
44
،
30
و34
±
7
م وللمادد6 ، 9 ،
73
،
38
و17
ساااعة وبواقااق
6 مثررات لثل درجة حرارية
ومد 433 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 درجااة
حرارتهااا40
±
7
م
ورطوبتهااا النساابية
60
-
10
%
. تم مراقبة نمو وتطور اليرقات إلاق عاذارى
و
م ثم الق ب
الغات يوميأ ومقارنتها مق مع املة الشاهد 3
- تأأأأثير
درجأأأات الحأأأرارة العاليأأأة فأأأي دوري
العذراء والبالغات
لخنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
عرض
ت عذارى خنفساء
الحبوب
الشعرية
عمار
7
- 4
ياوم فاي الحالااة اسولاق والبالغااات بغاض النظاار
عاا جنسااها بعماار7
-
4
يااوم فااي الحالااة الثانيااة الااق
درجااات الحاارار والماادد ال منيااة
المشااار اليهااا فااي
الفقر7
اعال وبواقق6
مثررات لثل درجاة حارار
ومد تعريض والمثرر الواحد عبار ع74
عاذراء
بعمر7
-
4
يوم او74
بالغة بغض النظار عا الجانس
وثمااا ذثاار اعااال . اضااي سطبااا البالغااات فقااط4
غرام م الوساط الغاذائي اسةاطناعي المحضار ما
خلااط الحنطااة المجروشاااة
مااق خميااار الخباا الجافاااة
بنساابة7170
وبعااد اسنتهاااء ماا التعااريض لاادرجات
الحرار ، وضعت اطبا البتري فاي الحاضانة بانفس
الظاارو التااي ذثاارت فااي اعااال . تاام مراقبااة تطااور
العااذارى الااق بالغااات فااي الحالااة اسولااق ونساابة بقاااء
. البالغات علق قيد الحيا في الحالة الثانية
4
-
تأثير درج ات الحرارة العالية في خصوبة
بالغات خنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
المعرضة
عذارى
( بعمر3
-
5) يوم
عرضت عذارى خنفسااء الحباوب الشاعرية بعمار
4
-
4
يوم لل درجات الحرارياة44
،
30
،
34
7 م
و للمااادد6 ، 9
،
73
،
38
و17
سااااعة ولثااال درجاااة
. المقدمة: وخنفساء الثمار الجافة تحتااا مااد
أطااول لثااق تت
طاا
ور إلااق بالغااات و
ي عااود
السااابب إلاااق أ اساااتمرار التعاااريض
لدرجاااة حااارار
44
م يعمل ع
ل
ق ابطاء نشاط اأ
ن
يمات فق ا
ل عملياات
اسيضية والمطلوبة
لتطور العذارى إلق بالغاات وثماا
شاا أ ار هاااول ورخاارو73). اتف
قاا
ت هااذ النتااائج مااق
نتائج
Kapoor Chaudhry
ا7
)
اللاذي وجادا أ
عاااذارى خنفسااااء الطحاااي الحماااراء
Tribolium
confusum
تماااوت
فاااي حالاااة بقاءهاااا فاااق در
جاااة
حاااارار30
م
لمااااد96
ساااااعة، ومااااق نتااااا
ئج
معااااد
واسماعيل9) لدى درا
سا تهم
تااثير
درجاات الحارار
العالية فق سوسة الر
Sitophilus oryzae
خا يارا
يوضاااح جااادول4
)تااااثير
درجاااات الحااارار العالياااة
ولمااد
د التعااريض المخ
تل فااة فااق بقاااء بالغااات خنفساااء
الحبوب ا
ل
شعرية علق قيد الحيا والمعرضة بعمار 7
-
4
. أيام
ت
شير هذ النتا
ئ
ج أ لدرجات الحرار العا
ل ية
تااأثيرا واضااحا فااق ب
قاا
اء البالغااات علااق قيااد
الحيااا ء
وفسرت هذ النتا
ئ ج علاق أسااس ا لبالغاات حشارات
ثل نوم
ما دى حاراري معاي تبقاق
فياه مساتمر علاق
قيااد الحيااا وحينمااا تتعاادى الحاارار هااذا الماادى نحااو
الحارار العاليااة يتاأثر ن
شاا اطها وتمااوت وهاذا مااا اثااد
يو لق ورخرو
8
) وشابما70). اتفقت هذ النتا
ئ ج
مااق نتااا
جئ باا احثي
اخااري
4 ، 6 و9
)لاادى درا
ساا تهم
تاااأثير درجاااات ا
ل حااارار العالياااة فاااق ثاقباااة الحباااوب
الةغرى وخ
نفساء الحبوب ال
ش
عرية وسو
س . ة الر يساااتنج
مااا هاااذ الدراساااة أ درجاااة الحااارار
44
م ئ مال
مااة لنمااو وتطااور الاادوري اليرقااي
الطااور
اأخياار) والعااذري، لثاا ياااد مااد التعااريض لهااذ
الدرجة اثر في بقااء البالغاات علاق قياد
الحياا . بينماا
درجة الحارار30
م فلاوحظ إنهاا غيار مال
ئ ماة لنماو
وتطور هذي الدوري وبقاء البالغات علاق ق
ياد
الحياا
. ثمااااا ويساااات
ن
تج ماااا هااااذ
الدراسااااة أ الاااادرحتي
الحااااراريتي44
و30
ْه م ل
مااااا تااااأثير فااااي ال
ق ابليااااة
. التثاثرية لهذ اافة فق حالة ياد مد التعريض
أ هذ النتاا
ئ ج
قاد تثاو ذات اهمياة
لبرناامج متثامال
للسيطر علق هذ اافة في مخا الحبوب المن
تشا ر
في عر ال. ا تأأأأأثير
درجأأأأات الحأأأأرارة العاليأأأأة ومأأأأدد التعأأأأريض
المختلفأأأة( للعأأأأذارى بعمأأأر3
-
5
) يأأأأوم فأأأي القابليأأأأة
التكاثريأة
لبالغأأات خنفسأاء الحبأأوب
الشأعرية الباغةأأة
. المقدمة: ثما وي
ال حظ ما الجادول
نفسه أ التعريض لدرجة حرار44
م
جعل
العذارى وضااعت أطبااا التاا او فااي حاضاانة بااالظرو
المذثور أعال نفسها بعد أ أضي لثل
طبا
بتاري
4 غرامااات ماا الوسااط الغااذا
ئ ي اسةااطناعي
7
)
. وبعد مرور يومي حسابت إعاداد البياوض
الملقاا ما
قبل ثل أنثق ولثل مثرر،
وم ثم نقلت البالغات إلق
أطبا أخرى و
هثذا استمر
الحال لمد70
أياام . بعاد
4
أيام م
ا خر نقل للبالغات تام حسااب عادد البياوض 434 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 تحتااا مااد
أطااول لثااق تت
طاا
ور إلااق بالغااات و
ي عااود
السااابب إلاااق أ اساااتمرار التعاااريض
لدرجاااة حااارار
44
م يعمل ع
ل
ق ابطاء نشاط اأ
ن
يمات فق ا
ل عملياات
اسيضية والمطلوبة
لتطور العذارى إلق بالغاات وثماا
شاا أ ار هاااول ورخاارو73). اتف
قاا
ت هااذ النتااائج مااق
نتائج
Kapoor Chaudhry
ا7
)
اللاذي وجادا أ
عاااذارى خنفسااااء الطحاااي الحماااراء
Tribolium
confusum
تماااوت
فاااي حالاااة بقاءهاااا فاااق در
جاااة
حاااارار30
م
لمااااد96
ساااااعة، ومااااق نتااااا
ئج
معااااد
واسماعيل9) لدى درا
سا تهم
تااثير
درجاات الحارار
العالية فق سوسة الر
Sitophilus oryzae
خا يارا
يوضاااح جااادول4
)تااااثير
درجاااات الحااارار العالياااة
ولمااد
د التعااريض المخ
تل فااة فااق بقاااء بالغااات خنفساااء
الحبوب ا
ل
شعرية علق قيد الحيا والمعرضة بعمار 7
-
4
. أيام
ت
شير هذ النتا
ئ
ج أ لدرجات الحرار العا
ل ية
تااأثيرا واضااحا فااق ب
قاا
اء البالغااات علااق قيااد
الحيااا ء
وفسرت هذ النتا
ئ ج علاق أسااس ا لبالغاات حشارات
ثل نوم
ما دى حاراري معاي تبقاق
فياه مساتمر علاق
قيااد الحيااا وحينمااا تتعاادى الحاارار هااذا الماادى نحااو
الحارار العاليااة يتاأثر ن
شاا اطها وتمااوت وهاذا مااا اثااد
يو لق ورخرو
8
) وشابما70). اتفقت هذ النتا
ئ ج
مااق نتااا
جئ باا احثي
اخااري
4 ، 6 و9
)لاادى درا
ساا تهم
تاااأثير درجاااات ا
ل حااارار العالياااة فاااق ثاقباااة الحباااوب
الةغرى وخ
نفساء الحبوب ال
ش
عرية وسو
س . ة الر الحيام أ
ثن
اء عملية تثوي الحيام في الخةق
70
)
أ هااذ النتاااا
ئ
ج وتفسااايرات
ه ا تتفاا ماااق نتاااانج بااااحثي
رخاااااري
4174176
و74
) اللاااااذي درساااااوا تاااااأثير
درجااات الحاارار العاليااة فااي اأداء الحياااتي لخنفساااء
ذات الةااادر المنشااااري وخنفسااااء الطحاااي الحماااراء
. المقدمة: منها
أ يبي
جدول3
)تاأثير
درجاات الحارار العالياة
ومدد التعريض المخ
تل
فة في القابلية ا
لتثاثرياة
لبالغاات
خنفساااء الحبااوب
الشااعرية ، يتضااح ماا هااذ النتااا
ئج
وجااود تااأثيرات معنويااة بعاادد الباايض المل
قاا ق ضاام
الت او الواحاد م
ق ارناة بمعاملاة
الشااهد
نتيجاة ل يااد
مد التعريض ضم درجة
. الحرار الواحد وثا اقل معدل لعدد البيض المل
ق ق لثافة الت اوجات
عنااااادما عرضااااات البالغاااااات لدرجاااااة حااااارار
30
م
وللمااادتي38و17سااااعة و وجااات ماااق الجااا
ن س غيااار
المعاارض، فضااال عاا ذلاا أشااارت نتاا
ائ ج الجاادول
نفسااااه أ نساااابة فقاااا
س
الباااايض قااااد تااااأثرت ولثافااااة
الت اوجاااات وعناااد
مساااتوى اسحتماااال0604
. يمثااا
تفسااير هااذ النتااانج علااق أساااس أ درجااات الحاارار
العاليااة تعماال علااق اعاقااة عم ليااة تثااوي الباايض فااي
المبايض للعذارى اإلنا المعرضة لدرجات الحارار
العاليااة ،
فضااال عاا اتااال الباايض الناضااج وتاادمير
الخاليااااا اأوليااااة والثانويااااة المولااااد للباااايض،
بينمااااا
تعاااريض الاااذثور فيااا
ؤ دي إلاااق فقااادا وتحلااال حااا م 436 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 ( جدول1): تأثير التعريض لدرجات الحرارة العالية لمدد مخت لفة في تطور يرقات (الطور األخير) لخنفساء الحبوب الشعرية
T. المقدمة: granarium
إلى بالغات
درجة الحرار م) /
)مد التعرض ساعة
)) التي حةل عليها بعد يوم% نسبة البالغات
6
-
8
70
-
77
74
-
74
78
-
77
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
40
) المقارنة
71.5 c
4.5
76.2 c
3.4
89.2 b
3.4
100 a
0.0
44
/
6
72.8 c
2.8
79.3 bc
1.9
90.5 b
2.2
100 a
0.0
44
/
9
75.7 b
2.5
82.3 b
3.3
93.7 ab
4.0
100 a
0.0
44
/
73
84.3 a
2.2
91.3 a
2.5
98.5 a
1.9
100 a
0.0
30
/
6
38.5 d
6.9
47.2 d
6.6
71.7 b
3.7
90 b
3.2
30
/
9
36.5 de
2.6
45.2 de
4.3
60.8 d
3.9
74.2 c
6.2
30
/
73
34.2 e
1.3
42.5 e
2.3
52.3 e
6.4
73.2 c
2.9
30
/
38
30.2 f
3.5
33.5 f
3.4
44.2 f
5.4
60.5 d
3.9
30
/
17
0.0 g
0.0 g
1.7 g
1.5
3.7 e
1.0
34
/
6
0.0 g
* المعدست ضم العمود الواحد المتبوعة باالحر نفساه س تختلا معنوياا حساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
مستوى اسحتمالية0604
.) ( جأأدول7): تأأأثير التعأأريض لأأدرجات الحأأرارة المرتفعأأة لمأأدد مختلفأأة فأأي تطأأو ر عأأذارى خنفسأأاء الحبأأوب الشأأعريةT. granarium
إلى بالغات
درجة الحرار م) /
)مد التعرض ساعة
)) التي حةل عليها بعد يوم% نسبة البالغات
7
-
7
6
-
8
77
-
73
78
-
77
ل
الS Dل
الS Dل
الS Dل
الS D ( جأأدول7): تأأأثير التعأأريض لأأدرجات الحأأرارة المرتفعأأة لمأأدد مختلفأأة فأأي تطأأو ر عأأذارى خنفسأأاء الحبأأوب الشأأعريةT. granarium
إلى بالغات ( جأأدول7): تأأأثير التعأأريض لأأدرجات الحأأرارة المرتفعأأة لمأأدد مختلفأأة فأأي تطأأو ر عأأذارى خنفسأأاء الحبأأوب الشأأعريةT. المقدمة: granarium
إلى بالغات
درجة الحرار م) /
)مد التعرض ساعة
)) التي حةل عليها بعد يوم% نسبة البالغات
7
-
7
6
-
8
77
-
73
78
-
77
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
40
) المقارنة
83.2 a
5.4
99.2 a
1.6
100 a
0.0
ـ
44
/
6
81.3 ab
1.6
98.7 a
1.6
100 a
0.0
ـ
44
/
9
80.2 ab
2.2
97.8 a
3.1
100 a
0.0
ـ
44
/
73
78.5 b
2.4
95.3 a
3.2
99.8 a
0.4
100 a
0.0
30
/
6
46.0 c
5.2
63.5 b
8.6
81.0 b
4.0
90.0 b
1.8
30
/
9
40.3 d
3. 5
48.8 c
4.9
70.8 c
2.6
77.5 c
3.0
30
/
73
33.0 e
2.2
40.8 d
2.4
48.0 d
2.8
55.2 d
2.5
30
/
38
17.8 f
5.4
29.8 e
3.7
47.0 d
6.4
54.3 d
3.6
30
/
17
8.5 g
2.2
14.5 f
2.3
30.0 e
2.0
43.0 d
3.4
34
/
6
0.0
ـ
*
المعدست ضم العمود الواحد والمتبوعة بالحر نفسه س تختل معنوياا بحساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
مستوى اسحتمالية0604
.) *
المعدست ضم العمود الواحد والمتبوعة بالحر نفسه س تختل معنوياا بحساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
مستوى اسحتمالية0604
.) ( جأدول3): تأأثير التعأريض لأدرجات الحأرارة العاليأة لمأدد مختلفأة فأأي نسأبة
بقأاء بالغأات خنفسأاء الحبأوب الشأعريةT. granarium
المعرضة( بعمر1
-
3
.) أيام على قيد الحياة
ال ا
ق
ل
ال
ة ال ال ا ( جأدول3): تأأثير التعأريض لأدرجات الحأرارة العاليأة لمأدد مختلفأة فأأي نسأبة
بقأاء بالغأات خنفسأاء الحبأوب الشأعريةT. ( جدول4
): تأثير التعريض لدرجات الحرارة العالية لمدد مختلفة في القابلية التكاثرية لبالغات خنفساء الحبوب الشعريةT.
granarium
. *المعدست ضم العمود ال واحد والمتبوعة بالحر نفسه س تختل معنوياا بحساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
مستوى اسحتمالية0604
.) المقدمة: granarium
المعرضة( بعمر1
-
3
.) أيام على قيد الحياة
درجة الحرار م) /
)مد التعرض ساعة
)) التي بقيت علق قيد الحيا بعد يوم% نسبة البالغات
7
-
7
6
-
8
77
-
73
78
-
77
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
40
) المقارنة
100 a
0.0
99 a
2
95.8 a
2.1
10.0 a
6.4
44
/
6
100 a
0.0
98.9 a
2.7
95.6 a
3.4
87.8 a
5.0
44
/
9
96.7 a
5.6
93.3 a
4.2
86.7 b
6.0
70.0 b
7.0
44
/
73
93.3 a
5.6
82.2 b
10.0
72.2 b
11.5
67.8 b
12.9
30
/
6
48.9 b
10.9
34.5 c
8.9
14.4 c
5.0
1.1 c
2.3
30
/
9
45.6 b
7.8
34.5 b
8.9
12.2 c
5.0
1.1 c
2.7
30
/
73
33.3 c
7.3
17.8 b
3.4
2.2 c
3.4
0.0 c
30
/
38
30.0 c
10.1
11.1 b
6.9
1.1 c
2.7
0.0 c
30
/
17
14.4 b
10.7
0.0 c
ـ
ـ
34
/
6
ـ
ـ
ـ
ـ
*المعدست ضم العمود ال واحد والمتبوعة بالحر نفسه س تختل معنوياا بحساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
اس ت ال ة
ت0 04
) *المعدست ضم العمود ال واحد والمتبوعة بالحر نفسه س تختل معنوياا بحساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
مستوى اسحتمالية0604
.) ( جدول4
): تأثير التعريض لدرجات الحرارة العالية لمدد مختلفة في القابلية التكاثرية لبالغات خنفساء الحبوب الشعريةT. granarium
. المقدمة: ا حمااد،
محمااد سااعيد هاشاام7998
)
اسشااعاعات
ؤ الم. ينة وحفظ الغذاء م الحشرات
الهي
ئة
العربياة
للطاقة
الذرية، ن تو ، س / الجمهورياة التونساية734
. ص
3. الجمياال ،
سااهل ثوثااب7994
)تااأثير
درجااات
الحاارار العاليااة والرطوبااة النساابية علااق أدوار
ثاقبااة
. الحبوب الةغرى ، مجلة راعة الرافدي74
7
:)
73
-
79
. 4. الع اوي ، عباد ه
فلايح ومهادي ، محماد طااهر
7984
)
حشاارات المخااا / و ار التعلاايم
العااالق
والبحاا العلمااي،
مديريااة مطبعااة الجامعااة-
جامعااة
الموةل،
363
ص . 5. العلااوي، سااعدي عبااد المحساا و
م هاادي،
محمااد
طاااااهر وال بياااادي،
مجيااااد محساااا7984
) تااااأثير
در جااااات الحاااارار العاليااااة علااااق
خ نفساااااء الطحااااي
الحمراء. مجلة البحو ال راعية والماوارد الما
ئ . ياة
3
7
:)
74
-
40
. 6. العراقاااااي
،ريااااا
اض
7994
) تاااااأثير درجاااااات
الحرار العالية علق
خ
نفساء الحبوب الشعرية وعلاق
نسبة إنبات الحنطة والشاعير. مجلاة راعاة الرافادي
،
74
7
:)
37
-
36
. 2. المنظمااااة العربيااااة للت
ن
ميااااة ال ر
ا عيااااة7993
)
الندو القومية حول
ت
نمياة التباادل التجااري ال راعاي
باااي اأقطاااار العربياااة . ال مناماااة / دولاااة البحاااري-
المنظمة العربية للتمية ال راعية ،
334
. ص
8. ديلي، هـ ـ . ف
ودوي، . ت واهارل
ت م،
. ب
ر7984
) مقدمة في بيولوجية الحشرات
ه وع تن و.) ا. دار ماثجروهيل للنشر مترجم
9. ساااعد،
عاااوض حناااا واساااماعيل،
أيااااد يوسااا
7988
)تااأثير درجااات الحاارار العاليااة علااق مااوت
الحشاارات البالغااة لسوسااة الاار . مجلااة وقايااة النبااات :االمصادر )
10
. شااابما،
د
7981
)
الحشاارات‘‘
الترثيااب
والوظيفااااة‘‘
الجاااا ء اأول، الاااادار العربيااااة للنشاااار
.) والتو يق مترجم
أ )
10
. شااابما،
د
7981
)
الحشاارات‘‘
الترثيااب
والوظيفااااة‘‘
الجاااا ء اأول، الاااادار العربيااااة للنشاااار
.) والتو يق مترجم
أ :ر
1. أباااو معاااال ، مهاااا سااالما ساااالم7007
)تاااأثير
درجااات الحاارار العاليااة والمنخفضااة فااق نمااو وبقاااء
خ نفساااااء الخااااابراTrogoderma granarium
. رسااالة ماجسااتير ،ثليااة التربيااة
اباا الهيااثم / جامعااة
.بغداد 11
. عبااد
ه ،
ليااا محمااود7994
)تاااأثير
التفرياااا
الهوا
ئي
مق درجات الحرار
ال
عالية وغ ا
CO2
فاي
. بعض أنوام حشرات التمور المخ وناة فاي العارا
اطروحة
دثتورا
/ قسم وقاية النبات-
ثلية ال راعاة
-
.جامعة بغداد 7. ا حمااد،
محمااد سااعيد هاشاام7998
)
اسشااعاعات
ؤ الم. ينة وحفظ الغذاء م الحشرات
الهي
ئة
العربياة
للطاقة
الذرية، ن تو ، س / الجمهورياة التونساية734 17
. المقدمة: ع ي،
فو ية محمد7993
) تأثير غااCO2
مق الحرار علاق اأدوار المختلفاة
لخنفسااء
الحباوب
ذات الةدر المنشااريO.surinamennsis
. مجلاة
العلوم ال ر
اعية
. العراقية74
7
:)
744
-
741
. 3. الجمياال ،
سااهل ثوثااب7994
)تااأثير
درجااات
الحاارار العاليااة والرطوبااة النساابية علااق أدوار
ثاقبااة
. الحبوب الةغرى ، مجلة راعة الرافدي74
7
:)
73
-
79
. 3. الجمياال ،
سااهل ثوثااب7994
)تااأثير
درجااات
الحاارار العاليااة والرطوبااة النساابية علااق أدوار
ثاقبااة
. الحبوب الةغرى ، مجلة راعة الرافدي74
7
:)
73
-
79
. م
)
13
. مجلاااة ال راعاااة فاااي الشااار اسوساااط والعاااالم
العربي7998) حشرات الحبوب المخ وناة
وطار
.الوقاية منها77
:
64
-
76
. 4. الع اوي ، عباد ه
فلايح ومهادي ، محماد طااهر
7984
)
حشاارات المخااا / و ار التعلاايم
العااالق
والبحاا العلمااي،
مديريااة مطبعااة الجامعااة-
جامعااة
الموةل،
363
ص . 14
. هااااااااول، ـ فااااااا
. د. وجاااااااوت،
ت . د. وباااااااول
،،أ
7980
) مقدمة في بيولوجية الحشرات وتثاثرهاا . . مطبعة دار ماثجروهيل للنشر. مترجم م
15.Abdel-Rahman, H.A.; Rostom, Z. M.; and Moussa, A. A. (1975). Effect of
heat treatment of S. lattoralis on the
biological potency of produced adults. Z. Ang. Entomal.; 79: 147-152. 16.Al-Azawi, A. F. and Aziz, F. M. (1994) The fate of eggs of the dried fruit
beetle
Carpophilus
hemipterus
(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) survivors of
vacuum with heat or heat treatment. Iraq. J. Agric. Sci.; 25 (1): 79-85. م
15.Abdel-Rahman, H.A.; Rostom, Z. M.; and Moussa, A. A. (1975). Effect of
heat treatment of S. lattoralis on the
biological potency of produced adults. Z. Ang. Entomal.; 79: 147-152. 5. العلااوي، سااعدي عبااد المحساا و
م هاادي،
محمااد
طاااااهر وال بياااادي،
مجيااااد محساااا7984
) تااااأثير
در جااااات الحاااارار العاليااااة علااااق
خ نفساااااء الطحااااي
الحمراء. مجلة البحو ال راعية والماوارد الما
ئ . ياة
3
7
:)
74
-
40
. 5. العلااوي، سااعدي عبااد المحساا و
م هاادي،
محمااد
طاااااهر وال بياااادي،
مجيااااد محساااا7984
) تااااأثير
در جااااات الحاااارار العاليااااة علااااق
خ نفساااااء الطحااااي
الحمراء. مجلة البحو ال راعية والماوارد الما
ئ . ياة
3
7
:)
74
-
40
. 16.Al-Azawi, A. F. and Aziz, F. M. (1994) The fate of eggs of the dried fruit
beetle
Carpophilus
hemipterus
(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) survivors of
vacuum with heat or heat treatment. Iraq. J. Agric. Sci.; 25 (1): 79-85. )
6. المقدمة: 431 431 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 نوم الت او
درجة
ال حرار
م) /
مد
)التعرض ساعة
انثق معرضة للحرار ×ذثر غير معرض
للحرار أنثق غير معرضة
للحرار
×
ذثر معرض للحرار
أنثق معرضة للحرار ×
ذثر معرض للحرار
معدل عدد البيض الملقق
% نسبة الفقس معدل عدد البيض الملقق
% نسبة الفقس معدل عدد البيض الملقق نسبة الفقس
%
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
المعدل
S.D
40
) المقارنة
3766 a
6.5
84.2 a
2.9
3766 a
664
84.2 a
2.9
3766 a
6.5
84.2 a
2.9
44
/
6
36.7 b
7.7
70.7 b
5.9
38.7 ab
7.7
73.9 b
7.4
35.8 b
6.2
72.2 b
8 b
44
/
9
33.6 bc
7.6
72.3 b
4.5
37.0 ab
6.4
72.0 b
5.6
35.5 b
7.6
71.9 b
4.4
44
/
73
33.2 bc
6.7
69.9 b
5.4
34.9 bc
8.8
70.4 b
4.0
33.1 b
5.1
59.1 c
9.9
30
/
6
29.2 cd
4.8
58.2 c
3.9
29.6 cd
5.4
58.6 c
4.6
27.8 c
5.5
46.0 d
8.3
30
/
9
26.2 de
466
46.0 d
3.4
29.0 d
7.7
46.3 d
9.6
25.1 c
4.6
36.1 e
13.8
30
/
73
22.1 e
3.1
28.0 e
3.9
20.4 e
3.7
29.2 e
4.7
15.7 d
3.6
26.5 f
6.7
30
/
38
6.9 f
1.2
7.3 f
9.7
7.1 f
1.4
8.6 f
10.2
3 .0 e
1.9
5.9 g
9.9
30
/
17
0.5 g
0.7
0.0 g
0.6 g
0.7
0.0 g
0.2 e
0.4
0.0 h
المعدست ضم العماود الواحاد والمتبوعاة بانفس الحار س تختلا معنوياا حساب اختباار دنثا متعادد الحادود عناد
مستوى اسحتمالية0604
.)
ة
ال
) . العربية8
7
: )
73
-
78
. . العربية8
7
: )
73
-
78
. 8
:المصادر
1. أباااو معاااال ، مهاااا سااالما ساااالم7007
)تاااأثير
درجااات الحاارار العاليااة والمنخفضااة فااق نمااو وبقاااء
خ نفساااااء الخااااابراTrogoderma granarium
. رسااالة ماجسااتير ،ثليااة التربيااة
اباا الهيااثم / جامعااة
.بغداد
7. المقدمة: العراقاااااي
،ريااااا
اض
7994
) تاااااأثير درجاااااات
الحرار العالية علق
خ
نفساء الحبوب الشعرية وعلاق
نسبة إنبات الحنطة والشاعير. مجلاة راعاة الرافادي
،
74
7
:)
37
-
36
. 2. المنظمااااة العربيااااة للت
ن
ميااااة ال ر
ا عيااااة7993
)
الندو القومية حول
ت
نمياة التباادل التجااري ال راعاي
باااي اأقطاااار العربياااة . ال مناماااة / دولاااة البحاااري-
المنظمة العربية للتمية ال راعية ،
334
. ص 8. ديلي، هـ ـ . ف
ودوي، . ت واهارل
ت م،
. ب
ر7984
) مقدمة في بيولوجية الحشرات
ه وع تن و.) ا. دار ماثجروهيل للنشر مترجم
9. ساااعد،
عاااوض حناااا واساااماعيل،
أيااااد يوسااا
7988
)تااأثير درجااات الحاارار العاليااة علااق مااوت
الحشاارات البالغااة لسوسااة الاار . مجلااة وقايااة النبااات 438 مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم plant
disease
control. Biological
Control,7: 333-351. 23.Hinton, H. E. (1945). A monograph
of the beetles associated with stored
products. Bull. Entomol. Res.; 4: 387-
395. plant
disease
control. Biological
Control,7: 333-351. 17.Ali, M. F.; E. F. Abdel-Raheem and
H. A. Abdel-Rahman (1997).Effect of
temperature extremes on the survival
and biology of carpet beetle, Attagenus
fasciatus (Coleoptera: Demestidae). J. Stored Prod. Res.; 33: 147-156. 23.Hinton, H. E. (1945). A monograph
of the beetles associated with stored
products. Bull. Entomol. Res.; 4: 387-
395. 23.Hinton, H. E. (1945). A monograph
of the beetles associated with stored
products. Bull. Entomol. Res.; 4: 387-
395. 18.Bank, J. and P. Fields (1995). Physical methods for insect control in
stored-grain ecosystem, In Stored Grain
Ecosystem. Jayas, D. S.; N. D. White
and W. E. Muir. Eds. Marcel Dekker,
Inc.; NewYork. 24.Keever, D. W.; M. A.; Mullen; J. W.;
Press and R. T.; Arbogast (1986)
Augmentation of natural enemies for
suppressing two major insect pests in
stored farmers stock peanuts. Environ. Entomol.; 15 (3): 767-770. 25. Lum,
P. T. M. (1977)
High
temperature inhibition of development of
eupyren sperm and reproduction in P. Interpunctella and E. cautella. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc.; 12: 199-204. 25. Lum,
P. T. M. (1977)
High
temperature inhibition of development of
eupyren sperm and reproduction in P. Interpunctella and E. cautella. J. Ga. Entomol. Soc.; 12: 199-204. 26.Rechcigl, J. E.; and N. A. Rechcigl
(2000)
Insect
Pest
M
t T
h i
f 19.Battu, G. S.; Bains, S. S. and Atwal,
A. S. (1975). The lethal effect of high
temperature on the survival of larvae of
T. granarium (Everts). Ind. J. Effect of High Temperatures on Biological Performance of
Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)
Al- Taweel. A. A* Abu-Moalla.M.S.S** Al-Asaady.H. S. ** *Directorate of Agric. Res. and Food Tech. /Ministry of Science and Technology, Baghdad / Iraq. **Education College /Ibn- Al-Haitham, Baghdad University, Baghdad /Iraq. المقدمة: Ecol.; 2
(1): 98-101. 26.Rechcigl, J. E.; and N. A. Rechcigl
(2000)
Insect
Pest 20.Champ, B. R.; and Dyte, C. F. (1977). FAO global survey of pesticides
susceptibility of stored grain pests. FAO
Plant Protection Bull.; 25 (2): 67-82. Management,Techniques
for Environmental Protection. CRS Press,
Boca,Raton, 392 PP. ;
( )
21.Chaudhry, H. S.; and Kapoor, R. P. D. (1955) Effect of relative humidity on
the development stages of T. castaneum
(Host) (Coleoptera: Tenebionidae). Ann. Entomal. Soc. Amer.; 61(3):290-292. 22.Cook, R. J.; W. L. Bruckhart; J. R. Coulson; M. S. Goettel; R. A.Humber
and 1. L. Vaughn (1996). Safety of
Microorganisms intended for pest and 21.Chaudhry, H. S.; and Kapoor, R. P. D. (1955) Effect of relative humidity on
the development stages of T. castaneum
(Host) (Coleoptera: Tenebionidae). Ann. Entomal. Soc. Amer.; 61(3):290-292. ,
,
27.Steel, A. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980) Principles and procedures of
statistics: A biometrical approach, 2nd
Edn. Mcgraw-Hill , NewYork. 28.Tumlinsen, J. H.; W. 1. Lewis and E. Vet (1993) How parasitic wasps find
their hosts. Scientific American, 268:
100-106. 27.Steel, A. G. D. and Torrie, J. H. (1980) Principles and procedures of
statistics: A biometrical approach, 2nd
Edn. Mcgraw-Hill , NewYork. 22.Cook, R. J.; W. L. Bruckhart; J. R. Coulson; M. S. Goettel; R. A.Humber
and 1. L. Vaughn (1996). Safety of
Microorganisms intended for pest and 439 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 p
Key words: Trogoderma granarium, Biological performance, High temperature,
Survival. Abstract: The effect of three high temperatures for five exposure periods on the
developments of larvae, pupae and adults of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and their
biological performance were investigated. The results revealed that the percent of
mortality was increased as the temperature and the exposure period increased, e. g. exposing last instar larvae to 45°C for 6 hrs caused 100% death of this stage, while
exposing adults (1-3) days old to the same temperature and exposure time resulted in that
these adults did not able to survive more than 24 hrs.; in addition, the results showed that
the ability of reproduction of adults was depended on the temperature, duration of
exposure and the sex. p
Key words: Trogoderma granarium, Biological performance, High temperature,
Survival. 440 | 6,111 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/808/739 | null |
Arabic | مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 حساب القيمة المتوقعة لتواجد اال
لكترون
المفرد للدوال الموحية المختلفة لذرة
البيريليوم Be
بان حسن عادل األسعد * خليل هادي البياتي*
صالح عبد هللا حسون*
تاريخ قبول النشر8/4/
7002
الخال ة حساب القيمة المتوقعة لتواجد اال
لكترون
المفرد للدوال الموحية المختلفة لذرة
البيريليوم Be
بان حسن عادل األسعد * خليل هادي البياتي*
صالح عبد هللا حسون*
تاريخ قبول النشر8/4/
7002
الخال ة خليل هادي البياتي* ا ال:
ان
الهدف من
البحث
هو حساب
ت واجد االلكترون حول النواة من خالل دراسة دالة توزيع
الكثافة
القطرية
لجسيم واحدD(r1)
لذرة
البيريليوم Beوبأستخدام مجموعة من الدوال الموجية لهارتري-
فوك
(1960,1974,1993)
وقد تمت الدراسة باستخدام طريقة التجز
ئة لذرة البيريليوم في الحالة1s22s2
،حيث تم
تحليل ذر
ة البيريليومBe
الى ستة ازواج من الدوال الموجية زوج في الغالفK
وزوج في الغالف L
والبقيه في
األغلفة الوسطية KL
والنتائج المستحصلة تم حسابها عدديا بأستخدام برامج حاسوبيه بأستخدام برنامج
الماثكاد(Mathcad) الدالة الموجية وجي
ان نظرية هارتري فوك تمتاز باستخدا مها
الدوال الموجية ذات التماثل العكسي والتي يمكن
كتابتها بشكل محددة سليترحيث يمكن كتابة محدد
سليترSlatre determinant
لألنظمة الذرية
بالمعادلة االتية[1]
:- حيث انSnl(r)
يمثل اوربيتال سليترSlater type-
orbitals
،اماξ
تمثل دليل المدارorbital
exponent
. ا
(1)
…
)
N
(
).... 2
(
)
1
(
)
! N
(
)
N
,.... 2,1
(
N
2
1
2
/
1
النظرية
ان احتمالية تواجد االلكترونات في كل
غالف الكتروني يعرف بدالة توزيع الكثافة القطرية
لجسيم واحد وبصورة عامة يعّرف بالمعادلة
االتية[1]
:-
(7)
…
حيث ان
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
)
r(
r
4
d
)
r(
r
)
r(
D
N
3
2
1
N
2
1
N
2
1
1
dx
.... dX
dX
d
)
X
.... X
,
X
(
)
X
.... X
,
X
(
N
)
r
(
النظرية
ان احتمالية تواجد االلكترونات في كل
غالف الكتروني يعرف بدالة توزيع الكثافة القطرية
لجسيم واحد وبصورة عامة يعّرف بالمعادلة
االتية[1]
:-
2 النظرية
ان احتمالية تواجد االلكترونات في كل
غالف الكتروني يعرف بدالة توزيع الكثافة القطرية
لجسيم واحد وبصورة عامة يعّرف بالمعادلة
االتية[1]
:-
(7)
…
حيث ان
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
)
r(
r
4
d
)
r(
r
)
r(
D
N
3
2
1
N
2
1
N
2
1
1
dx
.... dX
dX
d
)
X
.... X
,
X
(
)
X
.... الدالة الموجية القيمة المتوقعة
للغالف KαLα= KβLα
1993[4]
1974[3]
1960[2]
n
14.40451
14.40597
14.55654
-2
2.10220
2.10216
2.12579
-1
1
1
1
0
1.53220
1.53234
1.52864
1
4.32955
4.33237
4.32159
2
من الجداول السابقة تم حساب معدل القيمة المتوقعة
:من المعادلة االتية-
(11)
...
1993
n
1
1974
n
1
1960
n
1
Total
n
1
r
r
r
3
1
r
n
1r القيمة المتوقعة
للغالف KαLα= KβLα
1993[4]
1974[3]
1960[2]
n
14.40451
14.40597
14.55654
-2
2.10220
2.10216
2.12579
-1
1
1
1
0
1.53220
1.53234
1.52864
1
4.32955
4.33237
4.32159
2
n
1r ( جدول1) القيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
KαKβ
لعدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة في السنوات
1993,1974,1960
. ا ( جدول1) القيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
KαKβ
لعدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة في السنوات
1993,1974,1960
. القيمة المتوقعة
للغالفKαKβ
1993[4]
1974[3]
1960[2]
n
27.75338
27.75583
27.75345
-2
3.68188
3.68183
3.68188
-1
1
1
1
0
0.41499
0.41499
0.41499
1
0.23295
0.23295
0.16532
2
n
1r 1993,1974,1960
. القيمة المتوقعة
للغالفKαKβ
1993[4]
1974[3]
1960[2]
n
27.75338
27.75583
27.75345
-2
3.68188
3.68183
3.68188
-1
1
1
1
0
0.41499
0.41499
0.41499
1
0.23295
0.23295
0.16532
2
( جدول2) القيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
LαLβ
ل عدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة في السنوات
1993,1974,1960
. القيمة المتوقعة للغالف LαLβ
1993[4]
1974[3]
1960[2]
n
1.05564
1.05611
1.35915
-2
0.52252
0.52248
0.56969
-1
1
1
1
0
2.64852
2.64865
2.64136
1
8.41665
8.42051
8.40033
2
( جدول3) ال
قيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
KαLα= KβLα
لعدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة
في السنوات1993,1974,1960
. 1.53220
1.53234
1.52864
1
4.32955
4.33237
4.32159
2
من الجداول السابقة تم حساب معدل القيمة المتوقعة
:من المعادلة االتية-
(11)
... الدالة الموجية X
,
X
(
N
)
r
(
N
يمثل عدد االلكترونات
الدالة1
تمثل دالة االلكترو ن االول وتسمى هذه
الدالة ببرم المدار وتعتمد على متجه البرم ومتجه
:الفضاء وتعرف بالمعادلة االتية-
j ا
(2) l
…
استخدمتj=12
للمصدر[2]
j=6
للمصدر[3]
j=7
للمصدر[4]
j
1
i
i
χ
i
c
(8)
… حيث ان
ويمكن االستفادة من حساب توزيع الكثافة القطرية
لجسيم واحد في ايجاد القيم المتوقعة لجسيم واحد كما
في المعادلة[5]
(9)
…
اذ ان2
-
≥ n ≥
2
وعندما تكون قيمةn
تساو ي (صفر) فأن القيمة
المتوقعة يجب ان تساوي (واحد) ألن الدالة متعايره
اي ان
...(10)
وللمزيد من المعلومات يمكن مراجعة المصدر رقم
[6]
K
K
K
K
d
d
d
sin
0
1
n
1
1
n
1
dr
r
)
r
(
D
r
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
1
dr
)
r
(
D
dr
r
)
r
(
D ويمكن كتابةnlm
x
: والمتمثلة بالصيغة االتية-
(3)
…
)
s
(
)
,
(
m
Y
)
r
(
n
R
)
,
,
(r,
m
n
χ
ويمكن كتابةnlm
x
: والمتمثلة بالصيغة االتية-
(3)
…
)
s
(
)
,
(
m
Y
)
r
(
n
R
)
,
,
(r,
m
n
χ
ويمكن كتابةnlm
x
: والمتمثلة بالصيغة االتية-
(3)
…
)
s
(
)
,
(
m
Y
)
r
(
n
R
)
,
,
(r,
m
n
χ
حيث انRnl(r)
يمثل الجزء القطري من الدالة
: الموجية ويعرف بالمعادلة االتية- (4)
…
)
(r
n
S
m
n
N
(r)
n
R
الحسابات والنتائج
بأستخدام المعادلة(9)
تم حساب القيمة المتوقعة
لجسيم واحد
للغالفKαKβ
لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
لدوال موجية مختلفة والنتائج موضحة في الجدول1
،
n
1r (6) 393 مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم وكذلك للغالف LαLβ
وا
لنتائج موضحة في الجدول
2
اما بالنسبة للغالف KαLα=KβLαفأن النتائج
موضحةفي
الجدول3. وكذلك للغالف LαLβ
وا
لنتائج موضحة في الجدول
2
اما بالنسبة للغالف KαLα=KβLαفأن النتائج
موضحةفي
الجدول3. الدالة الموجية جدول (
4
) معدل القيمة لذرة البريليومBe
وحسب
االغلفة
KαLα= KβLα
LαLβ
KαKβ
n
14.40506
1.05581
27.75432
-2
2.10219
0.5225
3.68186
-1
1
1
1
0
1.53225
2.64856
0.41499
1
4.33855
8.41792
0.23295
2
2
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
27.754
0.2 33
ex1s1T s
( )
3
ex2s1T s
( )
3
ex3T s
( )
3
2
2
s
شكل (
1
) معدل القيمة لذرة البريليومBe
وحسب االغلفة
n
1r
n
1r
n
K-Shell
KL-Shell
L-Shell
1993
n
1
1974
n
1
1960
n
1
Total
n
1
r
r
r
3
1
r
n
1r
n
1r
n
1r القيمة المتوقعة
للغالفKαKβ
1993[4]
1974[3]
1960[2]
n
27.75338
27.75583
27.75345
-2
3.68188
3.68183
3.68188
-1
1
1
1
0
0.41499
0.41499
0.41499
1
0.23295
0.23295
0.16532
2
n
1r من الجداول السابقة تم حساب معدل القيمة المتوقعة
:من المعادلة االتية-
(11)
...
1993
n
1
1974
n
1
1960
n
1
Total
n
1
r
r
r
3
1
r ( جدول2) القيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
LαLβ
ل
عدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة في السنوات
1993,1974,1960
. ا جدول (
4
) معدل القيمة لذرة البريليومBe
وحسب
االغلفة
KαLα= KβLα
LαLβ
KαKβ
n
14.40506
1.05581
27.75432
-2
2.10219
0.5225
3.68186
-1
1
1
1
0
1.53225
2.64856
0.41499
1
4.33855
8.41792
0.23295
2
n
1r جدول (
4
) معدل القيمة لذرة البريليومBe
وحسب
االغلفة
KαLα= KβLα
LαLβ
KαKβ
n
14.40506
1.05581
27.75432
-2
2.10219
0.5225
3.68186
-1
1
1
1
0
1.53225
2.64856
0.41499
1
4.33855
8.41792
0.23295
2
n
1r ( جدول3) ال
قيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
KαLα= KβLα
لعدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة
في السنوات1993,1974,1960
. اما القيم التوقعة عندما تكون1
n
:كما يأتي-
n=-2 as HF(1974)>HF(1993)>HF(1960) 3-Clementi, E. and Roetti.1974.Atomic
Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 14:177-
478.
الغالفKαLα= KβLα
القيم المتوقعة
لمجموعة الدوال الموجية لهارتري فوك
:كاالتي-
الغالفKαLα= KβLα
القيم المتوقعة
لمجموعة الدوال الموجية لهارتري فوك
:كاالتي-
الغالفKαLα= KβLα
القيم المتوقعة
لمجموعة الدوال الموجية لهارتري فوك
:كاالتي- 4-Bunge, C.F, J.A.Barrientos, and A.V. Bunge
.1993.Roothaan-Hartree
Fock
ground State atomic Wave function,
Atomic Data Nucl.Data Table, 53:113-
124. يا
n=-2 as HF(1974)>HF(1960)>HF(1993)
n=-1 as HF(1993) =HF(1960)>HF(1974) 5-Al-bayati, K.H., A.K.Ahamd and N. CH.Al-Tamimei 2006. Calculation of
the one –particle expectation Values to
some atoms and ions. Um-Salama
Science Journal, College of Science for
Women, Baghdad University,3:246-253. 5-Al-bayati, K.H., A.K.Ahamd and N. CH.Al-Tamimei 2006. Calculation of
the one –particle expectation Values to
some atoms and ions. Um-Salama
Science Journal, College of Science for
Women, Baghdad University,3:246-253. 6-Al-Asaad, B.H, A.2005. Study of the
physical properties for the electrons
outer shells for some atoms, M.Sc
Thesis college of Scince for Women,
Baghdad University,Baghdad, Iraq. اما القيم التوقعة عندما تكون1
n
:كما يأتي-
n=-2 as HF(1974)> HF(1960)>HF(1993) اما القيم التوقعة عندما تكون1
n
:كما يأتي-
n=-2 as HF(1974)> HF(1960)>HF(1993)
تكون القيمة المتوقعة للغالف KαKβ
عندما قيمn
سالبةاكبر مما ع
ليه عند القيم الموجبة لـn
اي ان
احتمالية تواجد االلكترونات تكون في ال
م ناطق
.القريبة من النواة
تكون القيمة المتوقعة للغالف KαKβ
عندما قيمn
سالبةاكبر مما ع
ليه عند القيم الموجبة لـn
اي ان
احتمالية تواجد االلكترونات تكون في ال
م ناطق
.القريبة من النواة
L
n
1
K
n
1
r
r
عند القيم الموجبة
لـn
وذلك ألن النوى الثقيلة قوة التجاذب بين الدالة الموجية 1
1
1
0
1.53225
2.64856
0.41499
1
4.33855
8.41792
0.23295
2
2
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
27.754
0.2 33
ex1s1T s
( )
3
ex2s1T s
( )
3
ex3T s
( )
3
2
2
s
شكل (
1
) معدل القيمة لذرة البريليومBe
وحسب االغلفة
n
1r
n
K-Shell
KL-Shell
L-Shell
n
1r ( جدول3) ال
قيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
KαLα= KβLα
لعدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة
في السنوات1993,1974,1960
.
n
1r ( جدول3) ال
قيمة المتوقعة لذرة البيريليوم(Be)
للغالف
KαLα= KβLα
لعدد من الدوال الموجية المنشورة
في السنوات1993,1974,1960
.
n
1r 2
1
0
1
2
0
10
20
30
27.754
0.2 33
ex1s1T s
( )
3
ex2s1T s
( )
3
ex3T s
( )
3
2
2
s
n
1r
K-Shell
KL-Shell
L-Shell L-Shell 394 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 مناقشة النتائج
عند مقارنة القيم ال
م توقعة لمجموعة الدوال
: الموجية المختلفة نجد ان-
الغالفKαKβ
اغلب القيم متساوية باستثناءالقيم
عندما تكونn=-2,-1
تكون حسب العالقة
n=-2 as HF(1974) >HF(1960)>HF(1993)
n=-1as HF(1993)=HF(1960) >HF(1974) مناقشة النتائج
عند مقارنة القيم ال
م توقعة لمجموعة الدوال
: الموجية المختلفة نجد ان-
الغالفKαKβ
اغلب القيم متساوية باستثناءالقيم
عندما تكونn=-2,-1
تكون حسب العالقة
n=-2 as HF(1974) >HF(1960)>HF(1993)
n=-1as HF(1993)=HF(1960) >HF(1974) الكتروناتها كبيرة الت سمح بتواجد الكترونات بعيدا
عنها
.والعكس صحيح الكتروناتها كبيرة الت سمح بتواجد الكترونات بعيدا
عنها
.والعكس صحيح
المصادر:
1- King, F.W.1991.Radial electronic
density function for selected low-lying
excited 2s state of Li isoelectronic series
Phys.Rev, 44: 3350-3353. 2-Roothaan,
C.C,
L.Sachs,and
A.W.Weiss.1960.Analytical
self-
consistent field function for the atomic
configurations 1s2,1s22s, and 1s22s2
,Reviews of modern Physics, 32:186-
193
3-Clementi, E. and Roetti.1974.Atomic
Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 14:177-
478. 4-Bunge, C.F, J.A.Barrientos, and A.V. Bunge
.1993.Roothaan-Hartree
Fock
ground State atomic Wave function,
Atomic Data Nucl.Data Table, 53:113-
124. 5-Al-bayati, K.H., A.K.Ahamd and N. CH.Al-Tamimei 2006. Calculation of
the one –particle expectation Values to
some atoms and ions. Um-Salama
Science Journal, College of Science for
Women, Baghdad University,3:246-253. 6-Al-Asaad, B.H, A.2005. Study of the
physical properties for the electrons
outer shells for some atoms, M.Sc
Thesis college of Scince for Women,
Baghdad University,Baghdad, Iraq. المصادر: 1- King, F.W.1991.Radial electronic
density function for selected low-lying
excited 2s state of Li isoelectronic series
Phys.Rev, 44: 3350-3353. ,ا
n=-2 as HF(1974) >HF(1960)>HF(1993)
n=-1as HF(1993)=HF(1960) >HF(1974)
الغالف LαLβ
القيم المتوقعة لمجموعة الدوال
:الموجية لهارتري فوك كاالتي- ,
,
,
A.W.Weiss.1960.Analytical
self-
consistent field function for the atomic
configurations 1s2,1s22s, and 1s22s2
,Reviews of modern Physics, 32:186-
193 يا
ي
n=-2 as HF(1974)>HF(1960)>HF(1993)
n=-1 as HF(1993) >HF(1960)>HF(1974) اما القيم التوقعة عندما تكون1
n
:كما يأتي-
n=-2 as HF(1974)>HF(1993)>HF(1960)
الغالفKαLα= KβLα
القيم المتوقعة
لمجموعة الدوال الموجية لهارتري فوك
:كاالتي-
n=-2 as HF(1974)>HF(1960)>HF(1993)
n=-1 as HF(1993) =HF(1960)>HF(1974) اما القيم التوقعة عندما تكون1
n
:كما يأتي-
n=-2 as HF(1974)>HF(1993)>HF(1960) 393
Evaluation of the one electron expectation values for different
wave function of Be atom مجلد4
(
3
)
7002 مجلة أم سلمة للعلوم *Physics department Baghdad University - College of Science for Women *Physics department Baghdad University - College of Science for Women * Khalil H.Al-bayati*
Salaah A.Hasson* Salaah A.Hasson* Abstract: The aim of this work is to evaluate the one- electron expectation value from
the radial electronic density function D(r1) for different wave function for the 2S state of
Be atom . The wave function used were published in 1960,1974and 1993, respectavily.
n
1r Using Hartree-Fock wave function as a Slater determinant has used the
partitioning technique for the analysis open shell system of Be (1s22s2) state, the
analyze Be atom for six-pairs electronic wave function , tow of these are for intra-shells
(K,L) and the rest for inter-shells(KL) . The results are obtained numerically by using
computer programs (Mathcad). 393 | 2,365 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/816/747 | null |
Arabic | Abstract Applications of microalgae in environmental studies have recently increased. Current uses of
immobilized microalga Chlorella vulgaris include reducing pharmaceutical substances such as
amoxicillin AMX and potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 on freshwater clam Pseudodontopsis
euphraticus as a biotic model. Recent research pointed out a change in biomarkers of oxidative stress
in an evaluation of induced toxicity. Where clams were exposed to different concentrations100, 200,
and 400 mg/L for 7 days and 20, 30, and 50 mg/L for 5 days of amoxicillin and potassium dichromate,
respectively. The results showed that exposure to AMX and K2Cr2O7 led to a significant change in the
activity of antioxidant enzymes, with significant increases (p<0.05) in reactive oxygen species (ROS)
production. The highest ROS value was 51.05 μg/mg under concentrations of 50 mg/L of K2Cr2O7,
and the highest recorded percentage of Superoxide Dismutase SOD, Catalase CAT, Malondialdehyde
MDA, and Glutathione Reductase GSH, as: 33.40 U/m, 33.32KU/L, 23.22 μmol/l and 21.30µg/g
respectively, in concentrations of 50 mg/L of K2Cr2O7 non-treated. It was observed in this study that
potassium dichromate was more effective than amoxicillin in causing toxicity. According to the
current study, immobilized C. vulgaris was instrumental in decreasing chemicals toxicity, by relieving
oxidative stress on P. euphraticus clam, as it recorded a significant decrease p≤ 0.05 in ROS values
and oxidizing enzymes such as Superoxide Dismutase SOD, Catalase CAT, Malondialdehyde MDA,
as well as ascorbic acid. AA, total protein and GPX in treated samples. Keywords: Biochemical markers, Chlorella vulgaris, Freshwater clam, Immobilized algae,
Pharmaceutical wastes. Received 11/12/2022, Revised 27/01/2023, Accepted 29/01/2023, Published Online First 20/07/2023,
Published 01/02/2024 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited. The Role of Chlorella vulgaris in Reducing Some Pharmaceutical
Wastes Toxicity in Clam Pseudodontopsis euphraticus 1Environmental Research & Study Center, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq. 2Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Introduction The use of microalgae in biotechnology has
increased in recent times, frequent uses of
immobilized algae are the nutrients, inorganic 1 ,
organic pollutants removal from aquatic systems,
culturing
for
metabolite
production,
and
measurement of toxicity2.In the last years, growing Page | 289
more attention has been paid to the presence of
pharmaceutical substances in aquatic ecosystems,
due to their potential to have detrimental impacts to
non-target aquatic species1,3. There are probably
entering freshwater systems by many pathways
including effluents from wastewater treatment The use of microalgae in biotechnology has
increased in recent times, frequent uses of
immobilized algae are the nutrients, inorganic 1 ,
organic pollutants removal from aquatic systems,
culturing
for
metabolite
production,
and
measurement of toxicity2.In the last years, growing Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal plants (WWTPs), chemical industrialization plants,
and animal rearing and aquaculture 3. lead to the production of ROS in aquatic organisms
10. Thus, differences in the action of the enzymes
that make up the antioxidant protective mechanism
can be used as an early warning sign of toxic
compound contamination.11. Amoxicillin AMX has been classified as an
emerging pollutant it causes great damage to
aquatic organisms, such as changes in embryonic
development and oxidative stress, and it has been
discovered that AMX is capable of causing DNA
damage and cytotoxic effects in common carp blood
cells
4,5. The most serious issue caused by
antibiotic-contaminated water, is the rise of
antibacterial drugs and genes for antibiotic
resistance, which result in the annual deaths of
700,000 people per year 2, 6. Bivalves
are
considered
good
bio-indicator
organisms
for
determining
the
degree
of
contamination
in
freshwater
and
marine
ecosystems11-13. This is due to several significant
characteristics, including their wide dispersion,
abundance, sedentary behaviour, physical size, and
frequently, their ecological and/or economic value. As a result, various authors have studied responses
of molluscs reacting to environmental pressures and
contaminants 14-17 Chromium is a highly toxic inorganic pollutant that
enters environment from a variety of natural and
artificial sources, including medical facilities,
textile
manufacturers
dye,
and
chrome
electroplating. Materials and Methods Research and Studies Center, University of
Babylon, Iraq. Research and Studies Center, University of
Babylon, Iraq. Introduction Chromium has been designated as a
priority pollutant by numerous environmental and
health organizations, when present in excess, it
induces toxic effects on the cells such as
genotoxicity and oxidative damage and can damage
lipids, proteins, DNA, and cause carcinogenic and
mutagenic effects in living beings7, 8. It has been shown that C. vulgaris can adapt to
antibiotic stress through its own physiological
adaptation and its ability to degrade pollutants, it is
therefore a good option for removing antibiotics
from aqueous systems18. Algal immobilization
technology has received increasing attention and
has been used in many applications in the
environmental field, such as treating wastewater by
removing nutrients, pharmaceutical compounds,
hazardous textile dyeing, and heavy metals 19-22. The utilization of biomarkers as early warning tools
for contamination in an environment can be toxic
and dangerous to aquatic life
9. Chemical
compounds can affect biological systems by
forming radicals or high-energy molecules, which
eventually reflect oxidative stress on organisms and The current study aimed to use immobilized
alga as an eco-friendly method to a reduced the
toxic
effect
of
amoxicillin
and
potassium
dichromate on some biomarkers in freshwater clam
Pseudodontopsis
euphraticus. Materials and Methods Experimental Design Cultivation of fresh clams was performed in 24
plastic containers 18 cm x 21 cm x 31 cm, which
were selected for the experiment. P. euphraticus. which ranged in shell length from 3.5–4.6cm, were
collected from the Euphrates River and transported
to the laboratory. The stocks were prepared for all
macro, and microelements were dissolving the
weight of the salt, Table. S1The components and
concentration of modified Chu-10 medium and the
concentration of each component (Bleakley and
Hayes, 2017). Statistical Analysis The results of statistical analyses study and the
significance level were considered at p<0.05. Descriptive analyses included means and standard
deviations. Variables were tested for normality
distribution prior to analysis. To determine the
significance of differences, analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was used, and p-values less than 0.05
were considered significant. SPSS program was
also
used
for
the
analysis. They were acclimated within standard conditions
with dechlorinated water for 5 days and exposed to
amoxicillin for 7 days at concentrations of 100, 200, Pharmaceutical Substances Pharmaceutical substances were used in this work,
including potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7 and pure
amoxicillin trihydrate (C16H19N3O5S.3H2O) was
obtained from the General Company for the
Manufacture of Medicines and Medical Supplies
Samarra, Iraq. Marklund&Marklund26.Catalase (CAT) activity was
determined according to Goth 27. Malondialdehyde
(MDA) tested by method of Buege and Aust28.The
Glutathione peroxidase GPx activity determined
was completed by using the methodology adopted
from Hafeman et al,29. GSH was determined
according to Moron et al,30 . Total protein was
determined by Lowry et al., 31 moreover, ascorbic
acid AA was determined by McCormick and
Greene 32 by three replicates Tested Organisms 1-A freshwater clam, P. euphraticus, was selected
for toxicity testing and collected from the Euphrates
River in Al Hindiya District 32° 32' 29.9" N, 44°
13' 38.7" E, which is about 20 km east of Karbala
city and approximately the same distance west of
Hilla city ,Iraq . The C. vulgaris was identified by microscopic
observation
and
incubated
under
controlled
conditions of light intensity 286 μE/m²/s, light/dark
period 16:8 hours and temperature 25±2 °C. All
equipment and media were sterilized in an
autoclave at 121 °C, 1.5 h for 15 min. Modified
Chu-10 was used for the algal growth. 2- The microalgal species used in this study was
Chlorella vulgaris that belonged to green algae and
most commonly used for wastewater treatment
which have high growth rates and can grow under a
wide range of culture conditions.This microalgal
strain was obtained from the Environmental The method was followed by taking 50 ml of the
algae culture in the stabilization phase and
concentrate by centrifugation at 3000 rotation /
minute for a period 15 minutes. Afterwards, an
equal volume of 2% sodium genes solution was Page Page Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal added to it and shaken well to homogenize the
mixture (algae and genes) which then placed in a
syringe or separating funnel. The contents of the
medical syringe or the funnel are gradually distilled
in the calcium chloride solution where the algae fall
in the beads form and leave for 5-10 minutes to
harden, then wash the beads from the calcium
chloride solution with tap water and rinse
thoroughly with distilled water by using a tea
strainer 23. and 300 mg/l, and they were also exposed to
K2Cr2O7 for 5 days at concentrations of 20, 30, and
50 mg/l. On the other hand, 5–15 beads of
immobilized C. vulgaris were added to all
containers of treatments with pharmaceutical
substances. At the end of the exposure, the
haemolymph was extracted, to study the variation of
biochemical biomarkers 24. Measuring Biomarkers Method of EreI25 was used to determine reactive
oxygen species ( ROS )activity , and determine
super oxide dismutase (SOD) activity using the
method
described
by Results between 12.99 -22.52 μg/mg compared to the
control which recorded 11.77 μg/mg ,while with
C. vulgaris, ROS mean values decreased and
ranged from 8.89-16.73g/mg compared to 10.91
μg/mg in the control group for 100-300mg/L AMX
concentrations. In K2Cr2O7 experiment, the ROS
mean values recorded without C. vulgaris 37.50 -
51.05μg/mg compared to the control (which
recorded 12.58 μg/mg) but with added C.vulgaris,
ROS mean values were suppressed and ranged from Results recorded the experimental toxicity effects of
the amoxicillin (AMX) and potassium dichromate
(K2Cr2O7) toxicity effects experiments on P. euphraticus are shown in Figs.1,2. and Tables 1,2
respectively. Exposing P.euphraticus to amoxicillin showed that
the ROS mean values in the exposure experiments
without the addition of immobilized alga ranged Page | 291 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
33.88 -42.66μg/mg compared to 11.80μg/mg in the
control group of 20-50 mg/L concentrations. 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 33.88 -42.66μg/mg compared to 11.80μg/mg in the
control group of 20-50 mg/L concentrations. The GSH values for AMX mean ranged from 7.55 -
10.37µg/g in the exposure experiments without
adding immobilized C. vulgaris compared to the
control which recorded 5.92 µg/g, while with C. vulgaris, GSH values slightly decreased and ranged
from 6.54 -9.46 µg/g compared to 5.14 µg/g in the
control group for 100 -300 mg/L concentrations. In
K2Cr2O7, The GSH mean values recorded (without
C. vulgaris ) 21.30 - 16.30 µg/g compared to the
control which recorded 8.57 µg/g but on the
addition of C. vulgaris, GSH mean values ranged
from 14.52-22.47µg/g compared to 9.7µg/g in the
control group 20- 30mg/L concentrations. In amoxicillin, without adding immobilized alga, in
the exposure experiments' CAT, mean values
ranged from 25.44-30.53 KU/L, compared the
control group of 24.14 KU/L, while with C. vulgaris, a pronounced elevation of CAT values
was recorded which ranged from 17.56 -25.15
KU/L compared to 14.26 KU/L in the control group
for 100-300mg/L AMX concentrations. In K2Cr2O7,
without C. vulgaris, higher CAT value was
recorded (26.88 -33.32KU/L) compared to the
control which recorded 23.60 KU/L ,but with
adding immobilized C. vulgaris, CAT mean values
were decreased and ranged from 27.16–25.76 KU/L
compared to 22.82 KU/L in the control group of 20
-50 mg/L concentrations. Results The
malondialdehyde
(MDA)
mean
values
produced during the effect of AMX ranged from
17.69 -42.43 μmol/L in the exposure experiments
without addition of immobilized C. vulgaris,
compared to the control which recorded 13.28
μmol/l, while C. vulgaris, MDA mean values were
highly decreased and recorded from 11.60 -23.97
μmol/l compared to 8.89 μmol/l in the control group
for 100-300 mg/L concentrations. While in K2Cr2O7
experiment, the MDA mean values recorded
(without C. vulgaris) from 12.68 to 23.22 μmol/l
compared to the control which showed 7.99 μmol/l
but with added C.vulgaris, MDA mean values were
largely
decreased
and
ranged
from
9.81-
11.44μmol/l compared to 8.86μmol/l in the control
group of 20-50 mg/L concentrations. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) mean values for
AMX varied from 20.79 to 33.33 U/m in the
exposure trials without the addition of immobilized
C. vulgaris, compared to the control which recorded
17.51 U/m. while with C. vulgaris, SOD mean
values were significantly decreased and ranged
from 12.72 -21.62 U/m compared to 9.80 U/min the
control group of 100-300 mg/L concentrations. In
K2Cr2O7, the SOD mean values without C. vulgaris
were 28.36 -33.40 U/m as opposed to the control
group 24.02 U/m values, but with the addition of C. vulgaris, the SOD mean values ranged from 23.36 -
31.41U/m while that of control group's was 20.35 of
20-50 mg/L concentrations. In AMX, the total protein (TP) mean values in the
exposure experiments without the addition of
immobilized C. vulgaris ranged from 9.65 to 11.14
mg/g compared to the control, which recorded
13.17 mg/g, while with C. vulgaris. TP mean values
significantly increased and recorded ranged from
14.25 to 15.60mg/g, compared to 12.44 mg/g in the
control group for 100-300mg/L. In K2Cr2O7. The
TP mean values recorded without C. vulgaris were
from 10.86 to17.25mg/g compared to the control,
which recorded 12.12mg/g but with C. vulgaris, TP
mean values recorded ranged from 10.93 to 15.42
mg/g compared to 29.21 mg/g in the control group
at a 20-30mg/L concentrations. In AMX, the GPX mean values in the exposure
experiments without the addition of immobilized C. vulgaris ranged between 5.70 to 8.36 U/L compared
to the control which recorded 18.48 U/L, While
with C. vulgaris, GPX mean values was apparently
not affected and ranged from 5.02-9.58 U/L
compared to 13.96 U/L in the control group for 100-
300 mg/L concentrations. However in case of
K2Cr2O7, The GPX mean values recorded without
C. Results Control
24.14
100
25.44
200
28.21
300
30.53
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg/l
A
Control
14.26
100
17.56
200
23.41
300
25.15
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg\l
B
Control
11.77
100
12.99
200
13.66
300
15.19
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
A
Control
10.91
100
8.89
200
9.8
300
16.73
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
B
Control
13.28
100
17.93
200
25.9
300
42.43
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/ l
Control
8.89
100
11.6
200
13.96
300
23.97
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/ l
Control
18.48
100
8.36
200
6.91
300
5.7
GPX U/L
concentrations mg/ l
Control
13.96
100
9.58
200
7.5
300
5.028
GPX U/L
concentrations mg/l
B
A
B
A Control
14.26
100
17.56
200
23.41
300
25.15
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg\l
B Control
24.14
100
25.44
200
28.21
300
30.53
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg/l
A Control
10.91
100
8.89
200
9.8
300
16.73
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
B Control
11.77
100
12.99
200
13.66
300
15.19
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
A Control
8.89
100
11.6
200
13.96
300
23.97
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/ l
B Control
13.28
100
17.93
200
25.9
300
42.43
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/ l
A Control
13.96
100
9.58
200
7.5
300
5.028
GPX U/L
concentrations mg/l
B Control
18.48
100
8.36
200
6.91
300
5.7
GPX U/L
concentrations mg/ l
A Page | 293 Page | 293 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
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https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 1. Effect of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on mean of biochemical markers
SOD,CAT,ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphraticus. A-
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), B- with using Immobilized C. vulgaris
Control
5.92
100
7.55
200
8.79
300
10.37
GSH µg/g
concentrations mg/l
Control
5.14
100
6.54
200
6.95
300
9.46
GSH µg/g
concentration mg/l
Control
13.17
100
11.14
200
10.38
300
9.65
Total protein
mg/g
concentrations mg/l
Control
12.44
100
15.6
200
14.74
300
14.25
Total protein
mg/g
concentrations mg/l
Control
23.6
20
26.88
30
30.86
50
33.32
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg/l
A
Control
22.82
20
25.76
30
26.3
50
27.16
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg/l
B
Control
25.58
20
34.17
30
35.87
50
44.2
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
A
Control
23.13
20
33.88
30
36.86
50
42.48
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
B
A
B
A
B Figure 1. Results vulgaris were 4.35 to 6.34 U/L compared to the
control which recorded 7.99 U/L but with added C. vulgaris, GPX mean values ranged from 3.57-7.34
U/L compared in to 6.28 U/L in the control group of
20-30mg/L concentrations. The Ascorbic acid AA mean values for AMX
ranged from 13.41 to 14.48 µM in the exposure
experiments without the addition of immobilized C. Page | 292 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal vulgaris compared to the control which recorded
11.59 µM, while with C. vulgaris, AA mean values
were apparently unaffected and ranged from 10.31 -
13.40 µM compared to 11.47 µMin the control
group for 100-300 mg/L concentrations. In
K2Cr2O7.The AA mean values recorded without C. vulgaris were 25.27-27.93µM compared to the
control which recorded 25.36 µM but with adding
C. vulgaris. AA mean values were apparently
unaffected and ranged from 24.83-27.94 µM
compared to 23.92 µMin the control group in a 20-
50
mg/L
concentrations. Results Effect of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on mean of biochemical markers
SOD,CAT,ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphraticus. A-
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), B- with using Immobilized C. vulgaris
Control
5.92
100
7.55
200
8.79
300
10.37
GSH µg/g
concentrations mg/l
Control
5.14
100
6.54
200
6.95
300
9.46
GSH µg/g
concentration mg/l
Control
13.17
100
11.14
200
10.38
300
9.65
Total protein
mg/g
concentrations mg/l
Control
12.44
100
15.6
200
14.74
300
14.25
Total protein
mg/g
concentrations mg/l
A
B
A
B Control
5.14
100
6.54
200
6.95
300
9.46
GSH µg/g
concentration mg/l
B Control
12.44
100
15.6
200
14.74
300
14.25
Total protein
mg/g
concentrations mg/l
B Control
13.17
100
11.14
200
10.38
300
9.65
Total protein
mg/g
concentrations mg/l
A Figure 1. Effect of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on mean of biochemical marker Figure 1. Effect of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on mean of biochemical marker
SOD,CAT,ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphra
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), B- with using Immobilized C. vulgaris Figure 1. Effect of the antibiotic amoxicillin (AMX) on mean of biochemical markers
SOD,CAT,ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphraticus. A-
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), B- with using Immobilized C. Results Control
20
30
50
Ascorbic acid µM
concentrations mg/l
A
Control
20
30
50
Ascorbic acid µM
concentrations mg/l
B 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
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https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Control
20
30
50
Ascorbic acid µM
concentrations mg/l
A Control
20
30
50
Ascorbic acid µM
concentrations mg/l
B Figure 2. Effect of the Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) on mean of biochemical markers g
)
SOD,CAT,ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphraticus. : c-
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), D- with Immobilization of the alga. ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphraticus. : c-
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), D- with Immobilization of the alga. P
| 296
Table 1. The mean of biochemical markers in P. euphraticus during acute exposure period to antibiotic
amoxicillin (Min., Max., Mean±SDof three replicates). Biochemical
markers
Without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris)
Immobilization with ( C. vulgaris)
control
100 (mg/l)
200 (mg/l)
300(
mg/l)
control
100
(mg/l)
200
(mg/l)
300
(mg/l
)
ROS (μg/mg)
9.63-
11.92
11.77±
0.94
10.56
–
17.00
12.99
±
3.49
14.83
-
12.38
13.66 ±
1.22
19.35
–
25.93
22.52 ±
3.29
8.54
–
13.54
10.91 ±
2.37
7.22-
11.26
8.89 ±
2.10
11.72
-
8.54
9.80 ±
1.68
14.46
–
18.75
16.73
±
2.15
SOD( U/m)
16.22-
18.92
17.51
±
1.35
18.92- 22.14
20.79 ±1.67
16.49
-
32.43
25.04 ±
8.03
27.03-
40.54
33.33 ±
6.80
8.11–
10.81
9.80 ±
1.47
11.62-
13.92
12.72 ±
1. 15
10. 81
20.54-
16.75
±
5.21
16.22
–
27.03
21.62
±
5.40
CAT ( KU/L)
24.14-
24.9
24.14 ±
0.39
23.93-26.77
25.44 ±1.42
27.08
-
29.15
28.21 ±
1.04
27.39-
35.28
30.53 ±
4.18
11.58
–
17.49
14.26
±
2.99
15.86-
18.42
17.56
±1.47
22.42
-
24. Results vulgaris Control
23.6
20
26.88
30
30.86
50
33.32
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg/l
A Control
22.82
20
25.76
30
26.3
50
27.16
Catalas KU/L
concentrations mg/l
B Control
25.58
20
34.17
30
35.87
50
44.2
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
A Control
23.13
20
33.88
30
36.86
50
42.48
ROS µg/gm
concentrations mg/l
B Page | 294 Page | 294 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
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Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Control
9.7
20
12.68
30
19.69
50
23.32
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/l
A
Control
8.86
20
9.81
30
10.87
50
11.44
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/ l
B
Control
6.28
20
7.34
30
3.57
50
3.87
GPX U/L
concentrations mg\l
A
Control
7.99
20
6.34
30
5.28
50
4.35
GPX U/L
concentration mg/l
B
Control
8.57
20
16.3
30
18.01
50
21.3
GSH µg/g
concentration mg/l
A
Control
9.7
20
22.47
30
14.52
50
18.78
GSH (µg/g)
concentrations mg/l
B
Control
12.12
20
10.86
30
17.25
50
12.79
Total protein (mg/g)
concentration mg/l
A
Control
29.21
20
10.93
30
15.42
50
15.56
Total protein (mg/g)
concentration mg/l
B Control
8.86
20
9.81
30
10.87
50
11.44
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/ l
B Control
9.7
20
12.68
30
19.69
50
23.32
MDA mmol/l
concentrations mg/l
A Control
6.28
20
7.34
30
3.57
50
3.87
GPX U/L
concentrations mg\l
A Control
7.99
20
6.34
30
5.28
50
4.35
GPX U/L
concentration mg/l
B GPX U/L Control
8.57
20
16.3
30
18.01
50
21.3
GSH µg/g
concentration mg/l
A Control
9.7
20
22.47
30
14.52
50
18.78
GSH (µg/g)
concentrations mg/l
B Control
29.21
20
10.93
30
15.42
50
15.56
Total protein (mg/g)
concentration mg/l
B Control
12.12
20
10.86
30
17.25
50
12.79
Total protein (mg/g)
concentration mg/l
A Total protein (mg/g) concentration mg/l Page | 295 Page | 295 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 2. Effect of the Potassium Dichromate (K2Cr2O7) on mean of biochemical markers
SOD,CAT,ROS,MDA,GPX, GSH, Total Protein and Ascorbic Acid in mussel in P.euphraticus. : c-
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris), D- with Immobilization of the alga. Results 56
23.41 ±
1.07
23.59
-
26.24
25.15
±
1.38
MDA (μm/l)
12.19-
14.36
13.28
±
1.06
12.18-23.21
17.69 ± 5.51
25.90-
25.90
25.9± 0.00
40.01-
44.87
42.43
±
2.43
7.69-9.62
8.89
±
1.04
11.60-
11.69
11.60
±
0.00
12.79-
15.13
13.96
±
1.17
20.51
-
26.47
23.97
±
3.09
GPX ( U/L)
16.82
-
21.82
18.48 ±
2.88
6.94 – 9.78
8.36 ± 1.42
6.50 - 7.38
6.91 ± 0.44
5.26
-
6.02
5.70
±
0.39
11.90
-
15.90
13.96 ±
2.00
5.62
–
15.14
9.58
±
4.95
6.14
-
9.43
7.50
±
1.71
4.98 -
5.06
5.02
± Table 1. The mean of biochemical markers in P. euphraticus during acute exposure period to antibiotic
amoxicillin (Min Max Mean±SDof three replicates) mean of biochemical markers in P. euphraticus during acute exposure period to antibiotic
amoxicillin (Min., Max., Mean±SDof three replicates). Page | 296 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 0.04 0.04
GSH(µg/g)
5.82
-
6.00
5.92
±
0.09
5.64 -8.81
7.55 ±1 .68
5.46 -11.81
8.79 ± 3.18
9.11
-
17.32
10.37 ±
1.25
3.96
-
6.90
5.14
±
1.55
5.55
-
7.31
6.54±
0.90
4.86
-
9.40
6.95
±
2.29
7.25-
12.13
9.46±
2.47
Total protein
(mg/g)
12.74-
14.38
13.17 ±
0.58
9.37-12.58
11.14 ± 1.63
9.04-11.39
10.38
±
1.20
8.67-
10.45
9 .65 ±
0.905
11.09-
13.95
12.44
±
1.43
13.59-
17.18
15.60
±1.83
14.43-
15.06
14.74 ±
0.31
12.66
-
15.45
14.25
±
1.43
Ascorbic acid
(AA) µM
10.95-
12.28
11.59 ±
0.91
10.08-15.65
13.41 ± 2.94
11.66-
16.66
13..37±
2.91
12.49-
17.14
14.48±
2.39
10.34-
12.65
11.47
±
1.13
10.47-
11.99
11.31
±
0.77
7.11-
13.51
10.31±
3.19
11.80
-
14.27
13.40
±
1.39 Table 2. The mean of biochemical markers in P. euphraticus during acute exposure period to
Potassium dichromate. (Min., Max., Mean±SD of three replicates)
Biochemical
markers
without Immobilization of (C. vulgaris)
Immobilization with (C. vulgaris)
control
20(
mg/l)
30
(mg/l)
50( mg/l)
Control
20( mg/l)
30(
mg/l)
50(
mg/l)
ROS (μg/mg)
10.74–
14.77
12.58 ±
1.76
30.70-
44.17
37.50 ±
6. Discussion kidneys, and brain of C. carpio during acute
exposure42. Also the study of 43, showed that Cr6+
affects antioxidant responses and causes increased
SOD-CAT activity, DNA damage and apoptosis in
fish Channapunctatus. In this study, GPx levels in
P. euphraticus decreased considerably following
chromium and AMX exposure, this may be due to
the fact that Cr(VI) compounds cause a decrease in
glutathione concentrations due to an increase in
glutathione disulphide (GSSG), which is an
important marker of oxidative stress in cells as
reported by 44,45. In this study, it was found that exposure to AMX
and K2Cr2O7 enhanced the production of ROS, this
is consistent with many studies which indicated that
these pharmaceutical substances led to an increased
production of ROS in aquatic organisms 33-35 Previous studies showed that AMX and K2Cr2O7
caused significant changes in the activity of
antioxidant enzymes and induced oxidative stress
36,37. In this study, increased levels of the antioxidant
enzymes CAT, SOD, GSH, and MDA were
observed in oysters’ P. euphraticus after exposure
to the pharmaceuticals AMX and K2Cr2O7 than the
control group, which possibly due to increased
oxidative stress on the clams (Tables 1,2 and
Figs.1,2. respectively) . The enzyme activity of the glutathione system can
be induced by pharmaceutical preparations in
bivalves, as in M. galloprovincialis and Curbicula
fluminea46, hexavalent chromium increased GSH in
Venus verrucosa soft tissues, due to oxidative
stress45. The Super oxide dismutase SOD and CAT are the
most important first lines of defence to remove
Reactive oxygen radicals in antioxidant enzymes. They are mostly used as an indicator of oxidative
stress to determine pollution stress on organisms 38,
39, and could indicate that the cells are attempting to
defend itself against the scenario of oxidative stress. It is a protective mechanism for the conversion of
excess oxygen and free radicals resulting from
exposure to hydrogen peroxide
10,40. Cellular
biomarkers have a prognostic or diagnostic value
for long-term toxicological or ecological effects by
early identifying the onset of biological changes
induced by chemical pollutants 41. Our results are
consistent with Elizaldi-Velasquez who reported
that the AMX induced oxidative stress, and it was
also responsible for raising the activity of the
enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase,
catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) in the gills, The enzyme activity of the glutathione system can
be induced by pharmaceutical preparations in
bivalves, as in M. galloprovincialis and Carbicula
fluminea 46. Results 73
36.31-
45.94
40.97
±4.82
45.08
–
57.20
51.05 ±
6.06
9.53
–
13.54
11.80 ±
2.05
31.62
–
36.55
33.88±
2.48
34.03 –
38.69
36.86 ±
2.48
40.06 –
43.64
42.06 ±
1.82
SOD(U/m)
21.62–
27.03
24.02 ±
2.75
27.62-
29.05
28.36
±0.71
29.73-
32.43
31.10
± 1.35
33.55
-
36.04
33.40
±
1.44
19.11–
21.62
20.35 ±
1.255
24.32-
29.73. 23.36
±1.18
25.62
-
28.92
27.43 ±
1.67
33.25 –
29.34
31.41 ±
1.96
CAT ( KU/L)
22.67 –
25.13
23.60 ±
1.33
26.61 -
27.16
26.88
±0.38
30.52 -
31. 20
30.86
± 0.48
30.99-
35.41
33.32 ±
2.22
21.59–
24.59
22.82 ±
1.57
25.08-
26.45
25.76 ±
0.68
24.11 -
29.25
26.30 ±
2.65
25.27-
28.92
27.16 ±
1.82
MDA(μmol/l)
8.00
-
11.70
9.70±
1.86
10.77-
14.6
12.68 ±
2.70
17.38-
12.38
19.69 ±
2.52
22.38-
24.13
23.22
±
0.87
5.77
–
5.86
8.86
±
0.09
8.40–
11.22
9.81
±
1.41
8.97-
12.82
10.87±
1.92
11.5-
11.73
11.44 ±
0.41
GPX ( U/L)
6.18-
9.06
7.99 ±
1.57
4.26
–
8.42
6.34
±
2.08
2.78 –
7.42
5.28 ±
2.34
3.70
-
5.34
4.35
±
0.86
6.14
-
6.14
6.28 ±
0.14
6.66–
8.02
7. 34 ±
0.68
3.10
–
4.34
3.57±
0.67
3.02
–
5.10
3.87
±
1.08
GSH(µg/g)
6.42
-
10.79
8.57
±
2.18
14.38 -
18.46
16.30
±2.05
18.15-
16.06
18.01 ±
1.88
18.99
-
25.56
21.30 ±
3.69
6.42
-
10.79
9.7
±
2.89
18.46-
25.70
22.47
±3.68
11.03-
18.01
14.52 ±
4.39
15.00 -
22.77
18.78 ±
3..88 Page | 297 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Total protein
(mg/g)
10.29 –
13.95
12.12 ±
1.83
10.16 -
11.39
10.86 ±
0.62
15.42 -
17.25
17.25 ±
1.83
11.03-
14.43
12.79
±
1.70
28.24
–
30.07
29.21 ±
0.92
9.93
-
12.22
10.93 ±
1.17
12.49 -
18.35
15.42±
2.93
14.40-
15.50
15.56 ±
1.06
Ascorbic acid
(AA) µM
24.52 -
26.54
25.36 ±
1.05
26.35 -
27.11
26.37 ±
0.38
24.14 -
26.29
25.27±
1.08
27.68-
28.32
27.93±
0.33
23.57
-
24.27
23.92
±
0.34
22.86
-
26.10
24.83 ±
1.73
26.73-
26.99
26.88 ±
0.13
27.03 -
28.86
27.94 ±
0.91
Di
i Discussion Proteins are broken down into
amino acids under stress conditions by organisms to
meet their metabolic needs
50.In clams, an
environment with high levels of pollution leads to a
rise in protein breakdown and a decrease in cell
protective proteins 49. The study carried out by Ahmad et al. showed that
potassium
dichromate
caused a
considerable
reduction in renal tissue proteins, albumin levels
and hepatic tissue proteins when compared the
control group of mollusks 50. Ascorbic acid or
vitamin C is a primary nutrient that, acts as a
reducing factor and a non-enzymatic antioxidant in
the cell. Ascorbic acid is used as a reducing agent
for potassium dichromate from Cr (VI) to Cr (III). According to Chaâbane et al. chromium (VI) causes
a significant increase in the levels of both GSH and
vitamin C in soft tissues of Venus verrucosa51. Increased Catalase, SOD enzyme activity and MDA
level as well as reduced GPx activity significantly
indicated that P. euphraticus clams had experienced
oxidative stress. Many
investigators
reported
that
cell
immobilization could protect the organism's growth
against the toxicity of both heavy metals at LC50 as
compared to lethal concentrations and maintain
metabolic cell activity for a longer period 58, 59. This
makes it more effective in removing these
compounds from the medium and thus reducing
toxic effects on the organism. Immobilization of
microalgal cells are recently used to remove many
pollutants
such
as
heavy
metals,
nitrogen,
phosphorus, and pharmaceutical materials from
polluted wastewater, because microalgae have a
high ability to adapt to various and harsh
environmental conditions 60 and can act as a good
biological absorbent, and provide a high absorption
capacity for minerals and nutrients. This study
agrees with the results of Xie et al. who reported
that immobilized C. vulgaris disrupted the toxicity
of SMX and increased the removal efficiency by
85.1% and 86.2% SMX, respectively from the
medium 61. The present study indicated that C.vulgaris has a
distinct role in relieving oxidative stress in clams
through its pronounced effect on biochemical
biomarkers during the study period. A gradual
decrease in the values of ROS, SOD, CAT, GSH,
TP and MDA was observed compared to untreated
samples (p<0.05). Because C. vulgaris has been
used to remove many environmental pollutants,
(such as (heavy metals, organic compounds or
pharmaceuticals), due to its widespread occurrence
in aquatic habitats, rapid growth rates, and tolerance
to harsh environmental conditions 52, 53. Discussion According to a study carried out by
Shaaban et al. ,Hexavalent chromium increased
GSH in Venus verrucosa soft tissues, due to
oxidative stress45. MDA is widely used as a
biomarker of oxidative stress, and increased level of
oxidative damage in terms of lipid oxidation has
been reported in different species of snails exposed
in vitro to environmental pollutants 47. Excess ROS
produced within the organism's body may react with
the lipid of the cell membrane, forming lipid
peroxides
that
are
further
degraded
into
malondialdehyde. The MDA formation is an
indicator of cell damage, which leads to tissue
damage and, in extreme cases, death of the
organism 48. Rusdi et al. suggested that the elevated Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal MDA level in green-lipped mussels (Pernaviridis)
indicated that an organism has experienced
oxidative stress 49. Proteins are the most important
organic molecules in a living system. Proteins play
an essential role in an organism's physiology and
providing an information on an animal's general
energy mobilization. Proteins are broken down into
amino acids under stress conditions by organisms to
meet their metabolic needs
50.In clams, an
environment with high levels of pollution leads to a
rise in protein breakdown and a decrease in cell
protective proteins 49. eliminate some antibiotics such as levofloxacin and
fluoroquinolones; with an initial concentration was
of 5 mg/L, after 7 days, about 15% of the antibiotic
had been eliminated 55. There are several studies
indicating the ability of C. vulgaris to clear the
amoxicillin antibiotic, such as the study by Rickey
et al. who indicated the susceptibility of C. vulgaris
to removal of AMX (by 37%) from the medium by
a biodegradation mechanism56. In a similar the
study of Xiao et al. 57 who used Chlorella
pyrenoidosa to remove amoxicillin which achieved
about 91% clearance, within 6 hours. As well as
study performed by Zhao et al., AMX was removed
by C. vulgaris with an efficiency of 25% 58 MDA level in green-lipped mussels (Pernaviridis)
indicated that an organism has experienced
oxidative stress 49. Proteins are the most important
organic molecules in a living system. Proteins play
an essential role in an organism's physiology and
providing an information on an animal's general
energy mobilization. Authors’ Declaration Authors’ Declaration - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore,
any Figures and images, that are not ours, have
been included with the necessary permission for
re-publication,
which
is
attached
to
the
manuscript. - Authors sign on ethical consideration’s approval. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Babylon. biomass is a suitable candidate to remove Cr(VI)
from
aqueous
solutions64. biomass is a suitable candidate to remove Cr(VI)
from
aqueous
solutions64. Authors’ Contribution Statement This work was carried out in collaboration between
all authors. Z.H.O. diagnosed the cases then
collected the samples and doing the tests. J M S, wrote and edited the manuscript with revisions idea. N.F.K ., wrote and analyzed the data with revisions
idea . All authors approved the final manuscript. Conclusion the high adaptability of immobilized C. vulgaris to
environments containing pharmaceuticals, as well
as its ability to reduce the toxic effects of these
substances and thus reduce oxidative stress on non-
target aquatic organisms. More researches are
needed to determine whether immobilized C. vulgaris can reduce the toxic impacts of other
pharmaceuticals on aquatic creatures that are not
targets. According to the obtained results of the present
study, the pharmaceutical substances; AMX and
K2Cr2O7 cause oxidative stress in P. euphraticus
due to increased ROS formation and CAT, SOD,
MDA, GSH, and Ascorbic Acid activities in clams. So it might suggest the critical role of these
enzymes in cell protection against the deleterious
effects of pharmaceutical compound. Also, it
showed that K2Cr2O7 is the most harmful and
effective toxin in clams. A recent study confirmed https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.07.054. Discussion Algae can at
the same time utilize many methods or mechanisms
that supplement each other to remove medicines
and other toxic compounds from the environment. These mechanisms included intracellular and
extracellular
biodegradation,
adsorption,
bioaccumulation photolysis and hydrolysis
45
Additionally, Xiong et al. used C. vulgaris to The possibility of using C. vulgaris as a cheap and
effective sorbent material to remove chromium ions
from wastewater without the need for pretreatment. The maximum chromium ion removal (99.75%)
was under the following conditions; pH, 60 min.,
contact time, 60 mg/50 mL at a concentration of
100 ppm
62. The alga removed chromate by
adsorption, the alga contain functional groups, such
as carboxyl (COO−), amino (NH2−), sulfate
(SO42−), and hydroxyl (OH−), which acted as
binding sites for metals 63. Also, the possibility of
using green algae as a good bio absorbent for bioaccumulation photolysis and hydrolysis
45
Additionally, Xiong et al. used C. vulgaris to Page | 299 Page | 2 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 removing Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions in the
environment, and showed that C. glomerata dry Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank the Department of
Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon,
Iraq for their assistance with this project. 3. Kovalakova P, Cizmas L, McDonald TJ, Marsalek B,
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Oxidative Stress. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2015 43. Osioma E, Ezugworie TT. Comparative evaluation of
antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide,
and non – microsomal oxidases in Galatea paradoxa Page | 302 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
exposed to varying concentrations of ‘uproot’ a
glyphosate-based herbicide. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish. 2022
May
1;
26(3):
213–28. https://doi.org/10.21608/EJABF.2022.239713 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal exposed to varying concentrations of ‘uproot’ a
glyphosate-based herbicide. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7 وأظهرت النتائج أن التعرض لـ AMX
وK2Cr2O7 أدى إلى حدوث تغير كبير في نشاط اإلنزيمات المضادة لألكسدة ، مع زيادات كبيرة في إنتاج ROS
أعلى قيمة مسجلة
لـ ROS
كانت40.14
ميكروغرام / ملغم بتركيزات41
ملغم / لتر من K2Cr2O7
، وأعلى نسبة مسجلة كانت SOD و CAT و
MDA و GSH
:، على النحو التالي00.51وحدة/مل
،
00.02كيلو وحدة/لتر ،
20.22
ميكرو
مول
/ لتر و20.01
/ ميكروغرام
غرام على التوالي ، بتركيزات41ملغم / لتر من
7
O
2
Cr
2
K
غير المعالجة. لوحظ في هذه الدراسة أن ثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم كان
أكثر فعالية من األموكسيسيلين في إحداث السمية. وفقًا للدراسة الحالية ، كان ل
نوع طحالب
المقيدة C. vulgaris
دورً ا أساسيًا في تقليل
سمية المواد الكيميائية ، من خالل تخفيف اإلجهاد التأكسدي على محارP. euphraticus، حيث سجل انخفاضًا كبيرً ا في قيم ROS
واإلنزيمات المؤكسدة مثل GSH و SOD و CAT و MDA ، وكذلك ح
ا
مض االسكوربيك. AA
، البروتين الكلي
و GPX
في
العينات المعالجة. :الكلمات المفتاحية
،المؤشرات الكيموحيوية Chlorella vulgaris
,محار المياه العذبة،الطحالب المقيدة، المخلفات الصيدالنية. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7 Bioremediation of Chromium
by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to
Functional
Groups. J
Chem. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7694157 49. Ahmad MK, Syma S, Mahmood R. Cr(VI) induces
lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and alters the
activities
of
antioxidant
enzymes
in
human
erythrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011 Dec; 144(1–
3): 426–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-011-
9119-5 59. Al-Homaidan AA, Al-Qahtani HS, Al-Ghanayem
AA, Ameen F, Ibraheem IBM. Potential use of green
algae as a biosorbent for hexavalent chromium
removal from aqueous solutions. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2018
Dec;
25(8):
1733–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.07.011 50. Wirth R, Pap B, Böjti T, Shetty P, Lakatos G, Bagi Z,
et al. Chlorella vulgaris and Its Phycosphere in
Wastewater: Microalgae-Bacteria Interactions During
Nutrient Removal. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2020
Sep 22; 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.557572 60. Ukhurebor KE, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Nwankwo
W, Osibote OA, Paumo HK, et al. Effect of
hexavalent chromium on the environment and
removal techniques: A review. J Environ Manage. 2021
Feb;280:
111809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111809. 51. Leong YK, Huang CY ,Chang JS . Pollution
prevention and waste phycoremediation by algal-
based
wastewater
treatment
technologies:
The
applications of high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) and
algal turf scrubber (ATS). J Environ Manage. 021;
296:
113193. . 61. Hejna
M,
Kapuścińska
D,
Aksmann
A. Pharmaceuticals in the Aquatic Environment: A
Review on Eco-Toxicology and the Remediation
Potential of Algae. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(13):7717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113193 Page | 303 Page | 303 Page | 303 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2): 0289-0304
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8214
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 62. Ayele A , Godeto YG. Bioremediation of Chromium
by Microorganisms and Its Mechanisms Related to
Functional
Groups. J
Chem. 2021;
2021. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7694157 64. Ukhurebor KE, Aigbe UO, Onyancha RB, Nwankwo
W, Osibote OA, Paumo HK, et al. Effect of
hexavalent chromium on the environment and
removal techniques: A review. J Environ Manage. 2021;280:111809. 63. Al-Homaidan AA, Al-Qahtani HS, Al-Ghanayem
AA, Ameen F, Ibraheem IBM. Potential use of green
algae as a biosorbent for hexavalent chromium
removal from aqueous solutions. Saudi J Biol Sci. 2018;25(8):1733–8. دورطحلب
Chlorella vulgaris
المقيد
في تقليل سمية بعض المخلفات الصيدالنية في محار
Pseudodontopsis euphraticus
زهراء حسين عبيد1
،نهى فالح2، جاسم محمد سلمان2
1
،مركزالبحوث والدراسات البيئية جامعة
،بابل
،بابل
.العراق
2
قسم علوم
الحياة ـكلية العلوم ـجامعة بابل،، بابل العراق. الخالص
ة
تم في اآلونة األخيرة زيادة تطبيقات الطحالب الدقيقة المقيدة في الدراسات ال
بيئية. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(79)90289-7 تشمل االستخدامات الحالية للطحالب الدقيقة المقيدة
Chlorella vulgarisتقليل المواد الصيدالنية مثل األموكسيسيلينAMX وثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم
7
O
2
Cr
2
K
على محار المياه
العذبةPseudodontopsis euphraticus
كنموذج حيوي. أشار البحث الحالي إلى حدوث تغيير في المؤشر ات الحيوية لإلجهاد
التأكسدي في تقييم السمية المستحدثة. حيث تم تعريض المحار لتركيزات مختلفة011
،
211
،
511
ملغم / لتر لمدة7 أيام و21
،
01
،
41
ملغم / لتر لمدة4
أيام من أموكسيسيلي نوثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم على التوالي. وأظهرت النتائج أن التعرض لـ AMX
وK2Cr2O7 أدى إلى حدوث تغير كبير في نشاط اإلنزيمات المضادة لألكسدة ، مع زيادات كبيرة في إنتاج ROS
أعلى قيمة مسجلة
لـ ROS
كانت40.14
ميكروغرام / ملغم بتركيزات41
ملغم / لتر من K2Cr2O7
، وأعلى نسبة مسجلة كانت SOD و CAT و
MDA و GSH
:، على النحو التالي00.51وحدة/مل
،
00.02كيلو وحدة/لتر ،
20.22
ميكرو
مول
/ لتر و20.01
/ ميكروغرام
غرام على التوالي ، بتركيزات41ملغم / لتر من
7
O
2
Cr
2
K
غير المعالجة. لوحظ في هذه الدراسة أن ثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم كان
أكثر فعالية من األموكسيسيلين في إحداث السمية. وفقًا للدراسة الحالية ، كان ل
نوع طحالب
المقيدة C. vulgaris
دورً ا أساسيًا في تقليل
سمية المواد الكيميائية ، من خالل تخفيف اإلجهاد التأكسدي على محارP. euphraticus، حيث سجل انخفاضًا كبيرً ا في قيم ROS
واإلنزيمات المؤكسدة مثل GSH و SOD و CAT و MDA ، وكذلك ح
ا
مض االسكوربيك. AA
، البروتين الكلي
و GPX
في
العينات المعالجة. :الكلمات المفتاحية
،المؤشرات الكيموحيوية Chlorella vulgaris
,محار المياه العذبة،الطحالب المقيدة، المخلفات الصيدالنية. دورطحلب
Chlorella vulgaris
المقيد
في تقليل سمية بعض المخلفات الصيدالنية في محار
Pseudodontopsis euphraticus
زهراء حسين عبيد1
،نهى فالح2، جاسم محمد سلمان2
1
،مركزالبحوث والدراسات البيئية جامعة
،بابل
،بابل
.العراق
2
قسم علوم
الحياة ـكلية العلوم ـجامعة بابل،، بابل العراق. الخالص
ة
تم في اآلونة األخيرة زيادة تطبيقات الطحالب الدقيقة المقيدة في الدراسات ال
بيئية. تشمل االستخدامات الحالية للطحالب الدقيقة المقيدة
Chlorella vulgarisتقليل المواد الصيدالنية مثل األموكسيسيلينAMX وثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم
7
O
2
Cr
2
K
على محار المياه
العذبةPseudodontopsis euphraticus
كنموذج حيوي. أشار البحث الحالي إلى حدوث تغيير في المؤشر ات الحيوية لإلجهاد
التأكسدي في تقييم السمية المستحدثة. حيث تم تعريض المحار لتركيزات مختلفة011
،
211
،
511
ملغم / لتر لمدة7 أيام و21
،
01
،
41
ملغم / لتر لمدة4
أيام من أموكسيسيلي نوثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم على التوالي. الخالص
ة تم في اآلونة األخيرة زيادة تطبيقات الطحالب الدقيقة المقيدة في الدراسات ال
بيئية. تشمل االستخدامات الحالية للطحالب الدقيقة المقيدة
Chlorella vulgarisتقليل المواد الصيدالنية مثل األموكسيسيلينAMX وثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم
7
O
2
Cr
2
K
على محار المياه
العذبةPseudodontopsis euphraticus
كنموذج حيوي. أشار البحث الحالي إلى حدوث تغيير في المؤشر ات الحيوية لإلجهاد
التأكسدي في تقييم السمية المستحدثة. حيث تم تعريض المحار لتركيزات مختلفة011
،
211
،
511
ملغم / لتر لمدة7 أيام و21
،
01
،
41
ملغم / لتر لمدة4
أيام من أموكسيسيلي نوثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم على التوالي. وأظهرت النتائج أن التعرض لـ AMX
وK2Cr2O7 أدى إلى حدوث تغير كبير في نشاط اإلنزيمات المضادة لألكسدة ، مع زيادات كبيرة في إنتاج ROS
أعلى قيمة مسجلة
لـ ROS
كانت40.14
ميكروغرام / ملغم بتركيزات41
ملغم / لتر من K2Cr2O7
، وأعلى نسبة مسجلة كانت SOD و CAT و
MDA و GSH
:، على النحو التالي00.51وحدة/مل
،
00.02كيلو وحدة/لتر ،
20.22
ميكرو
مول
/ لتر و20.01
/ ميكروغرام
غرام على التوالي ، بتركيزات41ملغم / لتر من
7
O
2
Cr
2
K
غير المعالجة. لوحظ في هذه الدراسة أن ثنائي كرومات البوتاسيوم كان
أكثر فعالية من األموكسيسيلين في إحداث السمية. وفقًا للدراسة الحالية ، كان ل
نوع طحالب
المقيدة C. vulgaris
دورً ا أساسيًا في تقليل
سمية المواد الكيميائية ، من خالل تخفيف اإلجهاد التأكسدي على محارP. euphraticus، حيث سجل انخفاضًا كبيرً ا في قيم ROS
واإلنزيمات المؤكسدة مثل GSH و SOD و CAT و MDA ، وكذلك ح
ا
مض االسكوربيك. AA
، البروتين الكلي
و GPX
في
العينات المعالجة. :الكلمات المفتاحية
،المؤشرات الكيموحيوية Chlorella vulgaris
,محار المياه العذبة،الطحالب المقيدة، المخلفات الصيدالنية. :الكلمات المفتاحية
،المؤشرات الكيموحيوية Chlorella vulgaris
,محار المياه العذبة،الطحالب المقيدة، المخلفات الصيدالنية. Page | 304 Page | 304 | 9,415 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8214/4451 | null |
Arabic | Abstract In this article, the effect of the rotation variable and other variables on the peristaltic flow of Powell-
Eyring fluid in an inclined asymmetric channel with an inclining magnetic field through a porous medium
with heat transfer is examined. Long wavelength and low Reynolds number are assumed, where the
perturbation approach is used to solve the nonlinear governing equations in the Cartesian coordinate system
to produce series solutions. distributions of velocity and pressure gradients are expressed mathematically. Through the collection of figures, the impact of various criteria is explained and graphically represented. These numerical results were attained using the mathematical application MATHEMATICA. Keywords: Heat transfer, Inclined channel, Magnetic felid, Peristaltic flow, Porous medium, Powell-
Eyring fluid, Rotation. Received 12/01/2023, Revised 20/03/2023, Accepted 22/03/0002, Published Online First 20/09/2023,
Published 01/04/2024 ived 12/01/2023, Revised 20/03/2023, Accepted 22/03/0002, Published Online First 20/09/2023
h d 01/04/2024 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited. Rana Ghazi Ibraheem* Department of Mathematics, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
*Corresponding Author. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Effect of Different Parameters on Powell-Eyring Fluid Peristaltic Flow
with the Influence of a Rotation and Heat Transform in an Inclined
Asymmetric Channel Introduction These
applications
include
the
transportation of aggressive chemicals, high solid
slurries, toxic (nuclear industries), and other
materials. With regard to well-established problems
of the stir of semi-conductive physiological fluids,
such as blood and blood pump machines, magnetic
drug forcing, and pertinent methods of human
digestion, the advantage of applied magnetic field
(MHD) on peristaltic efficacy is crucial. It is also
helpful
in
treating
gastroparesis,
chronic
constipation, and morbid obesity as well as magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), which is used to identify
brain, vascular diseases, and tumors. A substance
that has several tiny holes scattered throughout it is
referred to as a porous medium. In riverbeds, fluid
infiltration and seepage are sustained by flows over
porous media. Important examples of flows through
a porous material are those through the ground,
water, and oil. Oil is trapped in rock formations like
limestone and sandstone, which make up the
majority of an oil reservoir 13. Natural porous media
can be found in many different forms, such as sand,
rye bread, wood, filters, bread loaves, human lungs,
and the gallbladder. Food processing, oxygenation,
hemodialysis, tissue condition, heat convection for
blood flow from tissues' pores, and radiation between
the environment and its surface all depend on the
action of heat transfer in the peristaltic repositioning
of fluid 14–17. The aforementioned processes all
benefit from mass transfer; in particular, the mass
transfer that occurs as nutrients diffuse from the
blood into nearby tissues cannot be understated. Greater mass transfer participation is typical in the
distillation, diffusion of chemical contaminants, should be observed that when mass and heat
transmission happens at the same time, there is a
connection between driving potentials and fluxes. However, the temperature gradient is what causes the
gradients in mass flux and composition (termed soret
action). The study of fluid peristaltic transport in the
presence of an external magnetic field and rotation is
necessary for many issues involving the flow of
conductive physiological fluids, such as blood and
saline water18. A variety of values are used for the
rotational parameters, the porous medium, density,
amplitude wave, and taper of the channel, as well as
a variety of values for the Hartman number and
Darcy number, to study the effects of varying the
velocity and pressure gradient. Introduction Peristaltic pumping is a specific sort of
pumping when a wide range of intricate rheological
fluids can be moved readily from between two
locations. This pumping principle is referred to as
peristaltic. The ducts through which the fluid passes
undergo intermittent involuntary constriction and
then expand. As a result, the pressure gradient rises,
causing the fluid to move forward. After Latham's
groundbreaking work1 and due to the fact that it is
utilized in biological, engineering, and physiological
systems academics have become increasingly
interested in the different applications of peristalsis. Due to the fact that it is utilized in biological,
engineering, and physiological systems, peristaltic
transport has received significant attention in recent
years. Generally, the peristaltic wave’s circular
contractions
and
the
successive
longitudinal
contractions that occur during peristalsis are generated by the sinuses which propagate along the
fluid-containing duct. This technique is the basis for
several muscular tubes, including the gastrointestinal
tract, fallopian tubes, bile ducts, ureters, esophageal
tubes, and others. Moreover, non-Newtonian fluids
are better than numerous industrial and physiological
processes that use Newtonian fluids. Among the
models of non-Newtonian fluids (which can exhibit
various rheological effects), that can be accessed is
Paul-Earing fluid. Although this model is more
difficult mathematically than models of non-
Newtonian fluids, it deserves more attention because
of its distinct benefits. Numerous researchers have
been interested in the Powell-Eyring fluid's
peristaltic flow mechanism since it was studied by
Hina and Mustafa and Hayat and Alsaedi2, Hayat and
Naseema and Rafiq and Fuad3, Hayat and Ahmed 4,
Hussain and Alvi and Latif and Asghar 5, and Ali and Page | Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Liqaa 6. The static magnetohydrodynamic flow and
heat transfer of an Eyring-Powell fluid on an
expansion plate with viscous dissipation were
studied and numerically explained7. The exchange of
thermal
energy
between
different
system
components is referred to as heat transfer. However,
the medium's physical characteristics and the
separate compartments' temperatures affect the
speed. In recent years, research8–11 has been
conducted about studying the effect of heat transport
on non-Newtonian fluids. In a tapered asymmetric
channel, the issue of peristaltic transport of an
incompressible non-Newtonian fluid is examined 12. Peristalsis is used as the basis for the creation of
devices such as peristaltic pumps, roller pumps, hose
pumps, tube pumps, finger pumps, heart-lung
machines, blood pump machines, and dialysis
machines. Introduction This article's
objective is to look into the rotational effects of the
peristaltic transport of a Powell-Eyring fluid through
a porous media under the combined influence of
inclined MHD. Problem Mathematical Description Consider the peristaltic motion of an
incompressible Powell-Eyring fluid in a two-
dimensional, asymmetric conduit with a width of
(d'+d). An endless sinusoidal wave traveling along
the channel walls at a constant forward speed (c) is
what generates flow. g
The geometry of the wall structure is described as: g
y
ℎ1
̅̅̅(𝑋̅, 𝑡̅) = 𝑑−𝑎1 sin [
2𝜋
𝜆(𝑥̅ −𝑐𝑡̅)] 1
ℎ2
̅̅̅(𝑋̅, 𝑡̅) = −𝑑′ −𝑎2 sin [
2𝜋
𝜆(𝑥̅ −𝑐𝑡̅) + Φ] 2 In which ℎ1
̅̅̅(𝑥̅, 𝑡̅), ℎ2
̅̅̅(𝑥̅, 𝑡̅) are the lower and upper
walls respectively, (𝑑, 𝑑′)denote the channel width, In which ℎ1
̅̅̅(𝑥̅, 𝑡̅), ℎ2
̅̅̅(𝑥̅, 𝑡̅) are the lower and upper
walls respectively, (𝑑, 𝑑′)denote the channel width, (𝑎1, 𝑎2) are the amplitudes of the wave, (𝜆) is the
wavelength, (𝑐) is wave the wave speed, (Φ) varies
in the range (0 ≤Φ ≤𝜋), when Φ = 0 is a
symmetric channel with out-of-phase waves and
Φ = 𝜋 waves are in phase, the rectangular coordinate
system is chosen so that the 𝑋̅ −𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 is in the
direction of the wave's motion. and the 𝑌̅ −𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
perpendicular to 𝑋̅, where 𝑡̅ is the time as shown in
Error! Reference source not found.. Further 𝑎1, 𝑎2 , 𝑑, 𝑑′ and Φ fulfill the following
condition; 𝑎1
2 + 𝑎2
2 + 2𝑎1𝑎2 cosΦ ≤(𝑑+ 𝑑′)2 3 𝑎1
2 + 𝑎2
2 + 2𝑎1𝑎2 cosΦ ≤(𝑑+ 𝑑′)2 3 The Cauchy stress tensor 𝜏̅ for a fluid that obeys the
Powell- Eyring model is given as follows:- τ̅ = −PI + S̅ 4 Page | 1319 Page | 1319 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal S̅ = [μ +
1
βγ sinh−1 (
γ̇
c1)] A11 S̅ = [μ +
1
βγ sinh−1 (
γ̇
c1)] A11 5
Figure 1. Problem Mathematical Description Coordinates for Inclined Asymmetric
Channels in Cartesian Space 5
Listed below are the parts of Powell-additional 5
Listed below are the parts of Powell-additional Eying's stress tensor, as described by Eq.5 Eying's stress tensor, as described by Eq.5 𝝆(
𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝒕̅ + 𝑼̅ 𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝑿̅ + 𝑽̅ 𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝒀̅) −𝝆𝛀 (𝛀𝑼̅ + 𝟐
𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝒕̅) =
−
𝝏𝑷̅
𝝏𝒀̅ +
𝝏𝑺̅𝑿̅𝒀̅
𝝏𝑿̅ +
𝝏𝑺̅𝒀̅𝒀̅
𝝏𝒀̅ −𝝈𝜷𝟎
𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷(𝑼̅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷−
𝑽̅𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷) −
𝝁
𝒌̅ 𝑽̅ + 𝒑𝒈𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜶∗ 1 11 𝝆𝑪𝑷(
𝝏
𝝏𝒕̅ + 𝑼̅ 𝝏
𝝏𝑿̅ + 𝑽̅ 𝝏
𝝏𝒀̅) 𝑻̅ = 𝒌′ (
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝒕̅𝟐+
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝑿̅𝟐+
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝒀̅𝟐) 𝑻̅ + 𝝁[(
𝝏𝑼̅
𝝏𝒀̅ +
𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝑿̅)
𝟐
+ 𝟐(
𝝏𝑼̅
𝝏𝑿̅)
𝟐
+ 𝟐(
𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝒀̅)
𝟐
] 12
𝑺̅𝑿̅𝑿̅ = 𝟐(𝝁+
𝟏
𝜷𝑪𝟏) 𝑼̅𝑿̅ −
𝟏
𝟑𝜷𝑪𝟏
𝟑[𝟐𝑼̅𝑿̅
𝟐+ (𝑽̅𝑿̅ +
𝑼̅𝒀̅)𝟐+ 𝟐𝑽̅𝒀
𝟐] 𝑼̅𝑿̅ 13
𝑺̅𝑿̅𝒀̅ = 𝟐(𝝁+
𝟏
𝜷𝑪𝟏) (𝑽̅𝑿̅ + 𝑼̅𝒀̅) −
𝟏
𝟔𝜷𝑪𝟏
𝟑[𝟐𝑼̅𝑿̅
𝟐+
(𝑽̅𝑿̅ + 𝑼̅𝒀̅)𝟐+ 𝟐𝑽̅𝒀
𝟐](𝑽̅𝑿̅ + 𝑼̅𝒀̅) 14
𝑺̅𝒀̅𝒀̅ = 𝟐(𝝁+
𝟏
𝜷𝑪𝟏) 𝑽̅𝒀̅ −
𝟏
𝟑𝜷𝑪𝟏
𝟑[𝟐𝑼̅𝑿̅
𝟐+ (𝑽̅𝑿̅ +
𝑼̅𝒀̅)𝟐+ 𝟐𝑽̅𝒀
𝟐] 𝑽̅𝒀̅ 15 13 Figure 1. Coordinates for Inclined Asymmetric
Channels in Cartesian Space 𝛄̇ = √𝟏
𝟐𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬(𝐀𝟏𝟏)𝟐 6
𝐀𝟏𝟏= 𝛁𝐕̅ + (𝛁𝐕̅)𝐓 7 𝛄̇ = √𝟏
𝟐𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐬(𝐀𝟏𝟏)𝟐
𝐀𝟏𝟏= 𝛁𝐕̅ + (𝛁𝐕̅)𝐓 15 Natural peristaltic motion is an erratic occurrence,
but it applying the transformation from a laboratory
frame, stability can be assumed (fixed frame)
(𝑋̅, 𝑌̅)to wave frame (move frame) (𝑥̅, 𝑦̅). The
subsequent
transformations
determine
the
relationship between coordinates, velocities, and
pressure in the laboratory frame (𝑋̅, 𝑌̅) to wave
frame (𝑥̅, 𝑦̅) Where S̅ is the extra stress tensor, I is the identity
tensor, ∇= (𝜕𝑋̅, 𝜕𝑌̅, 0) is the gradient vector, (𝛽, 𝑐1)
are the material parameters of Powell-Eyring fluid, P
is the fluid pressure, and 𝜇 the dynamic viscosity. Problem Mathematical Description The term sinh−1 is approximately equivalent to pp
y q
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝐡−𝟏(
𝛄̇
𝐜𝟏) =
𝛄̇
𝐜𝟏−
𝛄̇ 𝟑
𝟔𝐜𝟏
𝟑 , |
𝛄̇ 𝟓
𝟔𝐜𝟏
𝟓| ≪𝟏 8 The flow is governed by three coupled nonlinear
partial differentials of continuity, momentum, and
energy, which are expressed in frame (𝑋̅, 𝑌̅) as 𝒙̅ = 𝑿̅ + 𝒄𝒕̅, 𝒚̅ = 𝒀 ̅, 𝒖̅ = 𝑼̅ −𝒄, 𝒗̅ = 𝑽̅, 𝒑̅(𝒙̅, 𝒚̅) =
𝑷̅(𝑿̅, 𝒀̅, 𝒕̅) 16 p
y
energy, which are expressed in frame (𝑋̅, 𝑌̅) as 16 𝜕𝑈̅
𝜕𝑋̅ +
𝜕𝑉̅
𝜕𝑌̅ = 0
𝝆(
𝝏𝑼̅
𝝏𝒕̅ + 𝑼̅ 𝝏𝑼̅
𝝏𝑿̅ + 𝑽̅ 𝝏𝑼̅
𝝏𝒀̅) −𝝆𝛀 (𝛀𝑼̅ + 𝟐
𝝏𝑽̅
𝝏𝒕̅) =
−
𝝏𝑷̅
𝝏𝑿̅ +
𝝏𝑺̅𝑿̅𝑿̅
𝝏𝑿̅ +
𝝏𝑺̅𝑿̅𝒀̅
𝝏𝒀̅ −𝝈𝜷𝟎
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷(𝑼̅𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷−
𝑽̅𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜷)
𝝁̅ 9 Where 𝑢̅ and 𝑣̅ represent the velocity factors and 𝑝̅
represents the pressure in the wave frame. Now that
Eq.15 has been substituted into Eqs.1, 2, and 9–14,
the resulting equation has been normalized using the
non-dimensional variables shown below: Where 𝑢̅ and 𝑣̅ represent the velocity factors and 𝑝̅
represents the pressure in the wave frame. Now that p
p
Eq.15 has been substituted into Eqs.1, 2, and 9–14,
the resulting equation has been normalized using the
non-dimensional variables shown below: −
𝝁
𝒌̅ 𝑼̅ + 𝒑𝒈𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜶∗ 10 10 𝒙=
𝟏
𝝀𝒙̅, 𝒚=
𝟏
𝒅𝒙̅, 𝒖=
𝟏
𝒄𝒖̅, 𝒗=
𝟏
𝜹𝒄𝒗̅, 𝑷=
𝒅𝟐
𝝀 𝝁 𝒄𝒑̅, 𝒕=
𝒄
𝝀𝒕̅, 𝒉𝟏=
𝟏
𝒅𝒉𝟏
̅̅̅̅, 𝒉𝟐=
𝟏
𝒅𝒉𝟐
̅̅̅̅, 𝜹=
𝒅
𝝀 , 𝑹𝒆=
𝝆 𝒄 𝒅
𝝁,
𝑯𝒂= 𝒅√
𝝈
𝝁𝜷𝟎, 𝑫𝒂=
𝒌̅
𝒅𝟐, 𝒘=
𝟏
𝝁 𝜷 𝑪𝟏 , 𝑨=
𝒘
𝟔(
𝑪
𝑪𝟏 𝒅)
𝟐
, 𝑻̅ = 𝑻−𝑻𝟎, 𝜽=
𝑻−𝑻𝟎
𝑻𝟏−𝑻𝟎 , 𝑭𝒓=
𝒄𝟐
𝒅𝒈, 𝜷𝟏=
𝜷∗
𝒅, 𝑺𝒙𝒙=
𝝀
𝝁 𝒄𝑺̅𝑿̅𝑿̅, 𝑺𝒙𝒚=
𝒅
𝝁 𝒄𝑺̅𝑿̅𝒀̅, 𝐝∗=
𝐝′
𝐝, Where 𝜌 is the fluid density, 𝑉̅ = [𝑈̅, 𝑉̅] is the
velocity vector, 𝑃̅ is the hydrodynamic pressure,
𝑆̅𝑋̅𝑋̅ , 𝑆̅𝑋̅𝑌̅ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆̅𝑌̅𝑌̅ are the elements of the extra
stress tensor 𝑆̅, 𝜎 is the electrical conductivity, 𝛽0 is
the constant magnetic field, 𝛽 is the inclination of
the magnetic field, Ω is the rotation 𝐶𝑃 is specific
heat, 𝑘′ is the thermal conductivity, 𝑇̅ is a
temperature, and 𝜇 for viscosity. Problem Mathematical Description Where 𝜌 is the fluid density, 𝑉̅ = [𝑈̅, 𝑉̅] is the
velocity vector, 𝑃̅ is the hydrodynamic pressure,
𝑆̅𝑋̅𝑋̅ , 𝑆̅𝑋̅𝑌̅ , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆̅𝑌̅𝑌̅ are the elements of the extra
stress tensor 𝑆̅, 𝜎 is the electrical conductivity, 𝛽0 is
the constant magnetic field, 𝛽 is the inclination of
the magnetic field, Ω is the rotation 𝐶𝑃 is specific
heat, 𝑘′ is the thermal conductivity, 𝑇̅ is a
temperature, and 𝜇 for viscosity. Page | 1320 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 𝑺𝒙𝒚= (𝟏+ 𝒘) (𝜹𝟐𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚) −𝑨[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙)
𝟐
+
(
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒙)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] (𝜹𝟐𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚) 26
𝑆𝑦𝑦= 2(1 + 𝑤) (𝛿
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦) −2𝐴𝛿[2𝛿2 (
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥)
2
+ (
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦+
𝛿2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥)
2
+ 2𝛿2 (
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦)
2
] 27 𝐚=
𝐚𝟏
𝐝, 𝐛=
𝐚𝟐
𝐝, 𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝒅
𝝁 𝒄𝑺̅𝒀̅𝒀̅ 𝐚=
𝐚𝟏
𝐝, 𝐛=
𝐚𝟐
𝐝, 𝑺𝒚𝒚
𝒅
𝝁 𝒄𝑺̅𝒀̅𝒀̅ 17 Where, (𝛿) is the wave number, (ℎ1) and (ℎ2) are
non-dimensional lower and upper wall surfaces
respectively, (Re) is the Reynolds number, (Ha) is
the Hartman number, (Φ) is the amplitude ratio, (w)
is the non-dimensional permeability of the porous
medium parameter, (Da) is the Darcy number, (A) is
the
Powell-Eyring
fluid
parameter,
(𝑇0) and (𝑇1) are the temperatures at the upper and
lower walls, (Fr) is the Froude number, and (𝛼∗) the
inclination angle of the channel to the horizontal
axis. 27 In previous equations, Pr is the Prandtl number, Ec is
the Eckert number and θ is the dimensionless
temperature. Following are the relations between the stream
function (ψ) and velocity components: Following that is Following that is 𝒉𝟏(𝒙) = 𝟏−𝒂𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝟐𝝅𝒙) 18 18 (ψ)
y
p
𝒖=
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚, 𝒗= −
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒙 28 28 Substituting Eq.28 into Eqs. 21 to 27, noting that the
mass balance displayed by Eq.21 is similarly
satisfied, produces the consequence that Eq.28 is
satisfied. Substituting Eq.28 into Eqs. 21 to 27, noting that the
mass balance displayed by Eq.21 is similarly
satisfied, produces the consequence that Eq.28 is
satisfied. Problem's Resolution A non-linear system of partial differential
equations is solved using the perturbation method by
increasing flow amounts in a power series of A. 𝚿= 𝚿𝟎+ 𝐀𝚿𝟏+ 𝐎(𝐀𝟐) 44
𝐏= 𝐏𝟎+ 𝐀𝐏𝟏+ 𝐎(𝐀𝟐) 45 45 Now, by substituting Eqs.44 – 45 into Eqs.35 – 40
and boundary conditions (42), (43) and comparing
the coefficients of the same A power up to the first
order yields the two system solutions listed below: Now, Eqs.29- 34 become the form when
(𝑅𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿≪1) are present: While the component of the extra stress tensor
becomes the form of Problem Mathematical Description 𝒉𝟐(𝒙) = −𝒅∗−𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒙+ 𝚽) 𝒉𝟐(𝒙) = −𝒅∗−𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒙+ 𝚽) 𝒉𝟐(𝒙) = −𝒅∗−𝒃 𝒔𝒊𝒏 (𝟐𝝅𝒙+ 𝚽) 19 Where a, b, d*, and satisfy Eq.3, then 𝒂𝟐+ 𝒃𝟐+ 𝟐𝒂𝒃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝚽≤(𝟏+ 𝒅∗)𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝑹𝒆 𝜹(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒕𝝏𝒚+
𝝏𝟑𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚𝟐−
𝝏𝟑𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚𝟐) −
𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀
𝝁
(𝛀
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚−
𝟐
𝜹𝒄
𝒅
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒕𝝏𝒙) = −
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒙+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏
𝝏𝒙 𝑺𝒙𝒙+
𝝏
𝝏𝒚𝑺𝒙𝒚−
𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷(
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷+ 𝜹
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜷) −
𝟏
𝑫𝒂
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚+
𝑹𝒆
𝑭𝒓𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜶∗ 29 𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 21 𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 21 𝑅𝑒𝛿(
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑡+ 𝑢
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥+ 𝑣
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦) −
𝜌𝑑2Ω
𝜇
(Ω𝑢+ 2
𝛿𝑐
𝑑
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑡) =
−
𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑥+ 𝛿2
𝜕
𝜕𝑥 𝑆𝑥𝑥+
𝜕
𝜕𝑦 𝑆𝑥𝑦
−𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷(𝒖𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷−𝜹𝒗𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜷) −
𝟏
𝑫𝒂 𝒖+
𝑹𝒆
𝑭𝒓𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜶∗ 22 𝑹𝒆 𝜹𝟑(−
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒕𝝏𝒙−
𝝏𝟑𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐𝝏𝒚−
𝝏𝟑𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐𝝏𝒚) −
𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝛅
𝝁
(𝛀
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒙−
𝟐
𝜹𝒄
𝒅
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒕𝝏𝒙) = −
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒚+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏
𝝏𝒙 𝑺𝒙𝒚+ 𝜹
𝝏
𝝏𝒚𝑺𝒚𝒚+
𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜷(𝜹
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜷+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜷) +
𝜹𝟐𝟏
𝑫𝒂
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒙+
𝜹
𝑹𝒆
𝑭𝒓𝐜𝐨𝐬𝜶∗ 30 22 22 𝑭𝒓
𝑹𝒆𝜹𝟑(
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒕+ 𝒖
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒙+ 𝒗
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚) −
𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝛅
𝝁
(𝛀𝒖+
𝟐
𝜹𝒄
𝒅
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒕) = −
𝝏𝒑
𝝏𝒙+ 𝜹𝟐
𝝏
𝝏𝒙 𝑺𝒙𝒚+ 𝜹
𝝏
𝝏𝒚 𝑺𝒚𝒚 30 30 30 23
𝑅𝑒𝛿(
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑡+ 𝑢
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑥+ 𝑣
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑦) =
1
𝑃𝑟(𝑐2𝛿2 𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑡2 + 𝛿2 𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑥2 +
𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑦2) + 𝐸𝑐[(
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑦+ 𝛿2 𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑥)
2
+ 2𝛿2 (
𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥)
2
+
2𝛿2 (
𝜕𝑣
𝜕𝑦)
2
]
24
𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙−𝟐𝑨[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙)
𝟐
+ (
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚+
𝜹𝟐𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒙)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
]
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙 25
𝑅𝑒𝛿(
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑡+
𝜕Ψ
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑥−
𝜕Ψ
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑦) =
1
𝑃𝑟(𝑐2𝛿2 𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑡2 + 𝛿2 𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑥2 +
𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑦2)
+𝑬𝒄[(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
+
𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] 31 𝑅𝑒𝛿(
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑡+
𝜕Ψ
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑥−
𝜕Ψ
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝜃
𝜕𝑦) =
1
𝑃𝑟(𝑐2𝛿2 𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑡2 + 𝛿2 𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑥2 +
𝜕2𝜃
𝜕𝑦2)
+𝑬𝒄[(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
+
𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] 31 2𝛿(𝜕𝑦) ]
24
𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙−𝟐𝑨[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙)
𝟐
+ (
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒚+
𝜹𝟐𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒙)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝒗
𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
]
𝝏𝒖
𝝏𝒙 25
𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] 31 31 Page | 1321 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚−𝟐𝑨[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
+
(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] 32
𝑺𝒙𝒚= (𝟏+ 𝒘) (−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐+
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐) −
𝟐
𝟐
𝚿=
𝑭
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −𝟏 , 𝜽= 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒚=
𝒉𝟏 42
𝚿= −
𝑭
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −𝟏 , 𝜽= 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒚=
𝒉𝟐 43 𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚−𝟐𝑨[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
+
(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] 32
𝑺𝒙𝒚= (𝟏+ 𝒘) (−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐+
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐) −
𝑨[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
+ (−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐+ 𝜹𝟐𝝏𝜳
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐
+
𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
] (−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐+
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐) 33
𝑺𝒚𝒚= −𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘)𝜹
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚−𝟐𝑨𝜹[𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
+
(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐−𝜹𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝟐)
𝟐
+ 𝟐𝜹𝟐(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚)
𝟐
](−
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚) 34 𝚿=
𝑭
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −𝟏 , 𝜽= 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒚=
𝒉𝟏 42
𝚿= −
𝑭
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −𝟏 , 𝜽= 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒚=
𝒉𝟐 43 1. Zeroth Order System When the terms of order (A) in a zeroth-order
system are negligible, then Also, if Eq.39 is entered into Eq.35 as well as the
derivative with regard to y and by (w+1) is taken,
then the following equation is obtained: g g
,
𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚−𝜻𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚= 𝟎 46 g g
,
𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚−𝜻𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚= 𝟎 −
𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝟐
𝝁
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏
𝝏𝒚𝑺𝒙𝒚−(𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜷+
𝟏
𝑫𝒂)
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚+
𝑹𝒆
𝑭𝒓𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜶∗ 35
−
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 36
𝝏𝟐𝜽
𝝏𝒚𝟐= −𝑬𝒄. 𝑷𝒓(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐
37
𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚−𝟐𝑨(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 38
𝑺𝒙𝒚= (𝟏+ 𝒘) (
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐) −𝑨(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟑
39
𝑺𝒚𝒚= 𝟎 40
Where
In the wave frame, the dimensionless volume flow
𝜻=
𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜷+ 𝟏
𝑫𝒂−𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝟐
𝝁
𝒘+ 𝟏
,
𝜼=
𝟏
𝒘+ 𝟏 −
𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝟐
𝝁
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏
𝝏𝒚𝑺𝒙𝒚−(𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜷+
𝟏
𝑫𝒂)
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚+
𝑹𝒆
𝑭𝒓𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜶∗ 35
−
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 36
𝝏𝟐𝜽
𝝏𝒚𝟐= −𝑬𝒄. 𝑷𝒓(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐
37
𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚−𝟐𝑨(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 38
𝑺𝒙𝒚= (𝟏+ 𝒘) (
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐) −𝑨(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟑
39
𝑺𝒚𝒚= 𝟎 40
Where
In the wave frame, the dimensionless volume flow
rate and boundary condition are as follows:
F represents the dimensionless temporal average
flow in the wave frame. 𝜻=
𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜷+ 𝟏
𝑫𝒂−𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝟐
𝝁
𝒘+ 𝟏
,
𝜼=
𝟏
𝒘+ 𝟏 Such is the case −
𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝟐
𝝁
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚= −
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒙+
𝝏
𝝏𝒚𝑺𝒙𝒚−(𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜷+
𝟏
𝑫𝒂)
𝝏𝚿
𝝏𝒚+
𝑹𝒆
𝑭𝒓𝐬𝐢𝐧𝜶∗ 35
−
𝝏𝐩
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 36
𝝏𝟐𝜽
𝝏𝒚𝟐= −𝑬𝒄. 𝑷𝒓(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐
37 and
𝚿𝟎=
𝐅𝟎
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟎
𝝏𝒚= −𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒚= 𝒉𝟏
𝚿𝟎= −
𝐅𝟎
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟎
𝝏𝒚= −𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒚= 𝒉𝟐 35 47 36 𝝏𝒚
𝝏𝟐𝜽
𝝏𝒚𝟐= −𝑬𝒄. 𝑷𝒓(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐
37
𝑺𝒙𝒙= 𝟐(𝟏+ 𝒘) 𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚−𝟐𝑨(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒙𝝏𝒚 38
𝑺𝒙𝒚= (𝟏+ 𝒘) (
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐) −𝑨(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟑
39
𝑺𝒚𝒚= 𝟎 40
Where
In the wave frame, the dimensionless volume flow
t
d b
d
diti
f ll
2. First Order System
and
Solving associated zeroth and first-order system
yields the final equation for the stream function. Results and Discussion gradient close to the right or left walls of the
channel is unaffected. This section consists of two subsections. In the first,
the pressure gradient is discussed, while in the
second, the temperature distribution is illustrated
using the MATHEMATICA software.
Figs 5, 9, 10, and 11 demonstrate that the axial
pressure gradient does not change as the rotation
(Ω), the Froude number (Fr), the Reynolds
number (Re), and the inclination angle of the
channel to the horizontal axis (𝛼∗) values
increase. Pressure Gradient dp/dx:
Case variation of dp/dx indicates the variance in
the axial pressure gradient across the channel. The influence of various values (Ha, β, Da, Ω, w,
ϕ, A, Fr, Re, α*) on the axial pressure gradient
dp/dx is illustrated in Figs. 2 - 11
In Fig 7, for approximately -1.9<x<0, and -
2.8<x<-2.2, the axial velocity increases as the
amplitude
ratio
increases
(ϕ),
but
for
approximately -4<x<-2.8, the axial pressure
gradient decreases slightly. However, for -
2.2<x<-1.9 and 0<x<1, the axial pressure does not
change.
Figs 2 and 8 demonstrate that increases in the
values of the Hartman number (Ha) and the
material fluid parameter (A) cause the axial
pressure gradient to decrease as the curve's
vertex, but have no effect on the axial pressure
gradient near the right or left channel wall. Energy Equation Solution Energy Equation Solution gy
q
The
long
wavelength
and
low
Reynolds
approximation are used to get Eq. 37. pp
g
q
𝟏
𝑷𝒓(
𝝏𝟐𝜽
𝝏𝒚𝟐) + 𝑬𝒄(
𝝏𝟐𝚿
𝝏𝒚𝟐)
𝟐
= 𝟎 57 57 The solution of Eq.57with boundary conditions
𝜃= 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑦= ℎ1 and 𝜃= 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑦= ℎ2 5 The solution of Eq.57with boundary conditions
𝜃= 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑦= ℎ1 and 𝜃= 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑦= ℎ2 The solution of Eq.57with boundary conditions
𝜃= 0 𝑎𝑡 𝑦= ℎ1 and 𝜃= 1 𝑎𝑡 𝑦= ℎ2 58 It is possible to prove that r1 and r2 are constants
using the boundary conditions, and can be stated θ as
in the index. 𝑦A4] 54 54 54 1. Zeroth Order System Ψ =
ⅇ−𝑦√𝜁(ⅇ2𝑦√𝜁c1+c2)
𝜁
+ c3 + 𝑦c4 +
𝜻=
𝑯𝒂𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐𝜷+ 𝟏
𝑫𝒂−𝝆𝒅𝟐𝛀𝟐
𝝁
𝒘+ 𝟏
,
𝜼=
𝟏
𝒘+ 𝟏
𝚿𝟎=
𝟐 , 𝝏𝒚=
𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒚= 𝒉𝟐 48
𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚−𝜼
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝒚𝟐(𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚)
𝟑−𝜻𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚= 𝟎 49
𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚−𝜻𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚= 𝜼
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝒚𝟐(𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚)
𝟑 50
𝚿𝟏=
𝐅𝟏
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟏
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒚= 𝒉𝟏 51
𝚿𝟏= −
𝐅𝟏
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟏
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 𝐚𝐭 𝒚= 𝒉𝟐 52
𝚿= 𝚿𝟎+ 𝐀𝚿𝟏 53 2. First Order System 37 2. First Order System
and
𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚−𝜼
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝒚𝟐(𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚)
𝟑−𝜻𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚= 𝟎
𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚𝒚𝒚−𝜻𝚿𝟏𝒚𝒚= 𝜼
𝝏𝟐
𝝏𝒚𝟐(𝚿𝟎𝒚𝒚)
𝟑
𝚿𝟏=
𝐅𝟏
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟏
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 𝒂𝒕 𝒚= 𝒉𝟏
𝚿𝟏= −
𝐅𝟏
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟏
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 𝐚𝐭 𝒚= 𝒉𝟐 𝚿𝟏= −
𝐅𝟏
𝟐 ,
𝝏𝚿𝟏
𝝏𝒚= 𝟎 𝐚𝐭 𝒚= 𝒉𝟐 52 52 Solving associated zeroth and first-order systems
yields the final equation for the stream function. Solving associated zeroth and first-order systems
yields the final equation for the stream function. q
𝚿= 𝚿𝟎+ 𝐀𝚿𝟏 53 Ψ =
ⅇ−𝑦√𝜁(ⅇ2𝑦√𝜁c1+c2)
𝜁
+ c3 + 𝑦c4 +
A[(𝑒−3𝑦√𝜁(𝑒3(h1+h2)√𝜁(F0 + h1 −h2)3𝜁3𝜂−
𝑒6𝑦√𝜁(F0 + h1 −h2)3𝜁3𝜂+ In the wave frame, the dimensionless volume flow
rate and boundary condition are as follows:
F represents the dimensionless temporal average
flow in the wave frame. In the wave frame, the dimensionless volume flow
rate and boundary condition are as follows:
F represents the dimensionless temporal average
flow in the wave frame. Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Within the fixed frame, the axial velocity component
is expressed as 6𝑒(h1+h2+4𝑦)√𝜁(F0 + h1 −h2)3(−5 +
2𝑦√𝜁)𝜁3𝜂+ 6𝑒2(h1+h2+𝑦)√𝜁(F0 + h1 −h2)3(5 +
2𝑦√𝜁)𝜁3𝜂+ 8𝑒(3h1+4𝑦)√𝜁(−2 + h1√𝜁−
h2√𝜁)3A1 + 24𝑒(h1+2h2+4𝑦)√𝜁(−2 + h1√𝜁−
h2√𝜁)(2 + h1√𝜁−h2√𝜁)2A1 −
8𝑒(3h2+4𝑦)√𝜁(−2 −h1√𝜁+ h2√𝜁)3A1 +
24𝑒(2h1+h2+4𝑦)√𝜁(2 + h1√𝜁−h2√𝜁)(2 −
h1√𝜁+ h2√𝜁)2A1 + 8𝑒(3h1+2𝑦)√𝜁(−2 + h1√𝜁−
h2√𝜁)3A2 + 24𝑒(h1+2(h2+𝑦))√𝜁(−2 + h1√𝜁−
h2√𝜁)(2 + h1√𝜁−h2√𝜁)2A2 −
8𝑒(3h2+2𝑦)√𝜁(−2 −h1√𝜁+ h2√𝜁)3A2 +
24𝑒(2h1+h2+2𝑦)√𝜁(2 + h1√𝜁−h2√𝜁)(2 −
h1√𝜁+ h2√𝜁)2A2))/(8(𝑒h1√𝜁(−2 + h1√𝜁−
h2√𝜁) + 𝑒h2√𝜁(2 + h1√𝜁−h2√𝜁))3𝜁) + A3 +
𝑦A4] 54 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = Ψy 55 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑡) = Ψy 55 It is possible to rewrite Eq.35 as It is possible to rewrite Eq.35 as 𝜕𝑝
𝜕𝑥= Ψ0𝑦𝑦𝑦−𝜁Ψ0𝑦+ 𝐴Ψ1𝑦𝑦𝑦−
𝜂𝐴
𝜕
𝜕𝑦(Ψ0𝑦𝑦)
3 −𝐴𝜁Ψ1𝑦𝑦 56 56 Temperature Distribution 𝛉: Prandtl number (Pr) have no effect on the
temperature field in the channel's central region,
whereas the temperature field decreases near the
channel wall. Figs. 13, 14, 15, and 16 display the increases in
the values of Darcy number (Da), the inclination
of the magnetic field (β), the rotation (Ω), and
porous medium parameter (w) there is no effect
on the temperature field in the central region of
the channel, whereas the temperature field is
rising close to the channel wall's margin. Figure 4. Pressure gradient variation for
different (β) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 4. Pressure gradient variation for The temperature field does not change as the
Reynolds number (Re), the Froude number (Fr),
and the inclination angle of the channel to the
horizontal axis (α*) values increase, as shown in
Figs. 21, 22, and 23. Figure 2. Pressure gradient variation for Figure 5. Pressure gradient variation for different (Ha) values when 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 g
g
different (Ω) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑 , 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 6. Pressure gradient variation for Figure 6. Pressure gradient variation for
different (w) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 3. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Da) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐 ,𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. Temperature Distribution 𝛉:
In Figs 3 and 4, the increases in the values of
Darcy number (Da) and the inclination of the
magnetic field (β) lead to the axial pressure
gradient increasing as the vertex of the curve is
twisted to the right but the axial pressure gradient
close to the right or left walls of the channel is
unaffected, while in Fig.6 the increases in the
values of the porous medium parameter (w) lead
to the axial pressure gradient increases as the
vertex of the curve only but the axial pressure The effect of relevant parameters on the temperature
distribution 𝜃is graphically illustrated in Figs.12 - 21
whereas depicted in the following figures, the
behavior of temperature distribution is parabolic.
Figs. 12, 17, 18, 19, and 20 illustrate that
increases in the values of the Hartman number
(Ha), the amplitude ratio (ϕ), the material fluid
parameter (A), the Eckert number (Ec), and the Page | 1323 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Page | 1324
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 4. Pressure gradient variation for
different (β) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 5. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Ω) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑 , 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 6. Pressure gradient variation for
different (w) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Prandtl number (Pr) have no effect on the
temperature field in the channel's central region,
whereas the temperature field decreases near the
channel wall. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 3. Pressure gradient variation for Page | 1324 Baghdad Science Journal
for
𝜷=
𝟐, 𝝁=
𝐅𝟎=
𝟐, 𝜶∗=
for
𝜷=
𝟐, 𝝁=
𝒅𝟏=
𝟐, 𝜶∗=
Figure 10. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕 , 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 11. Pressure gradient variation for
different (α*) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫=
𝜶∗𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐 Page | 1325
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 10. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕 , 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 11. Pressure gradient variation for
different (α*) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫=
𝜶∗𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐
Figure 12. Temperature variation for various
(Ha) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐 , 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 7. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕 , 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 10. Pressure gradient variation for Figure 7. Pressure gradient variation for
different (ϕ) values when 𝐇𝐚
𝟐𝟓𝜷 Figure 10. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕 , 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 different (ϕ) values when 𝐇𝐚
𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 11. Pressure gradient variation for
diff
( *)
l
h
𝐇
𝟐𝟓𝜷 Figure 11. Pressure gradient variation for
different (α*) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷= Figure 11. Pressure gradient variation for
different (α*) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫=
𝜶∗𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐 Figure 8. Pressure gradient variation for different (A) values when 𝐇𝐚
𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑 , 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 9. Pressure gradient variation for Figure 9. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Fr) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑 , 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓 Figure 12. Temperature variation for various
(Ha) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: Pressure gradient variation for
different (ϕ) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 8. Pressure gradient variation for
different (A) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑 , 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 9. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Fr) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑 , 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 10. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟕 , 𝜶∗=
𝟎. 𝟓
Figure 11. Pressure gradient variation for
different (α*) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏 , 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝁=
𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝐅𝐫=
𝜶∗𝟎. 𝟕, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟎. 𝟐
Figure 12. Temperature variation for various
(Ha) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐 , 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 10. Pressure gradient variation for
different (Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟐. 𝟓, 𝜷=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐 , 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Figure 12. Temperature variation for various Figure 12. Temperature variation for various
(Ha) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐 , 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Page | 1325 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 13. Temperature variation for various
(Da) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓,
𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓
Figure 14. Temperature variation for various (𝜷)
values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒,
𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆=
𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓
Figure 16. Temperature variation for various (w)
values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎, 𝝆=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒,
𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆=
𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓
Figure 17. Temperature variation for various
(𝝓) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟓 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 13. Temperature variation for various Figure 13. Temperature variation for various Figure 16. Temperature variation for various (w) Figure 16. Temperature variation for various (w) g
p
(Da) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓,
𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎, 𝝆=
𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒,
𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆=
𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Figure 14. Temperature variation for various (𝜷) Figure 14. Temperature variation for various (𝜷) Figure 17. Temperature variation for various Figure 17. Temperature variation for various
(𝝓) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒,
𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆=
𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 (𝝓)
, 𝜷
,
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Figure 15. Temperature variation for various
(𝜴) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓
Figure 22. Temperature variation for various
(Fr ) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 19. Temperature variation for various Figure 21. Temperature variation for various g
p
(𝐄𝐜) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏,𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 (Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Figure 20. Temperature variation for various Figure 22. Temperature variation for various Figure 22. Temperature variation for various Figure 20. Temperature variation for various (Fr ) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 g
p
(Pr) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑,
𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒
, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆=
𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 , , Figure 23. Temperature variation for various Figure 23. Temperature variation for various (𝜶∗) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏,𝐄𝐜=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Figure 15. Temperature variation for various
(𝜴) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏,𝐄𝐜=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Figure 15. Temperature variation for various Figure 18. Temperature variation for various 𝜷
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏=
𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏,𝐄𝐜=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 (A) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑 , 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓,
𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Page | 1326 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 19. Temperature variation for various
(𝐄𝐜) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏=
𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏,𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫=
𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓
Figure 20. Temperature variation for various
(Pr) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑,
𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐 , 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. 𝟒
, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆=
𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓
Figure 21. Temperature variation for various
(Re) values when 𝐇𝐚= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚= 𝟏𝟎,
𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘= 𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓=
𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎= 𝟎. Authors’ Contribution Statement This work was carried out in collaboration between
both authors. R. Gh. I. and L. Z. H. read and
approved the final manuscript. Temperature Distribution 𝛉: 𝟓, 𝜷= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝐃𝐚=
𝟏𝟎, 𝝆= 𝟎. 𝟏, 𝒅= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜴= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝝁= 𝟑, 𝒘=
𝟎. 𝟑, 𝝓= 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒂= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒃= 𝟎. 𝟐, 𝒅𝟏= 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝐅𝟎=
𝟎. 𝟒, 𝐅𝟏= 𝟎, 𝑨= 𝟎. 𝟏,𝐄𝐜= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝐏𝐫=
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓, 𝑹𝒆= 𝟐, 𝐅𝐫= 𝟏, 𝜶∗= 𝟏. 𝟓 Page | 1327 Page | 1327 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Conclusion and the inclination angle of the channel to the
horizontal axis (α*) values increase. Whereas for
approximately -1.9<x<0, and -2.8<x<-2.2, the axial
velocity increases as the amplitude ratio increases
(ϕ), but for approximately -4<x<-2.8, the axial
pressure gradient decreases slightly. However, for -
2.2<x<-1.9 and 0<x<1, the axial pressure does not
change. In this study, the rotational effects of peristaltic
transport of a Powell-Eyring fluid in an asymmetric
channel through a porous material susceptible to the
combined acts of inclined MHD are investigated. The asymmetric channel is formed by selecting
peristaltic waves with varying amplitudes and phases
on the non-uniform walls and a low Reynolds
number. Using the perturbation approach, the
formulas for the axial velocity and pressure gradient
are produced. Multiple graphs are utilized for
parameter analysis: g
II) As the Hartman number (Ha), the amplitude ratio
(ϕ), material fluid parameter (A), Eckert number
(Ec), and Prandtl number (Pr) increases, the
temperature field decreases in the vicinity of the
channel's wall but no change in the channel's central
region, while the increases in the values of Darcy
number (Da), the inclination of magnetic field (β),
the rotation (Ω), and porous medium parameter (w)
there is no effect on the temperature field in the
channel’s central region, the temperature field
increases in the vicinity of the channel's wall and
furthermore increasing values of Reynolds number
(Re), Froude number (Fr), and inclination angle of
the channel to the horizontal axis (α*) have no effect
on the temperature field. I) When the values of Hartman number (Ha) and
material fluid parameter (A) increase, the axial
pressure gradient decreases as the vertex of the curve
is twisted to the right. However, the axial pressure
gradient close to the right or left walls of the channel
is unaffected. However, the opposite occurs when the
values of Darcy number (Da), and the inclination of
magnetic field (β)increase, while the increases in the
values of the porous medium parameter (w) lead to
the axial pressure gradient increases as the vertex of
the curve only while demonstrating that the axial
pressure gradient does not change as the rotation (Ω),
the Froude number (Fr), the Reynolds number (Re), Authors’ Declaration - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images, that are not ours, have been Authors’ Contribution Statement p
p
- Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript.
- Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. p
g
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p
3. Hayat T, Aslam N, Rafiq M, Alsaadi FE. Hall and
Joule Heating Effects on Peristaltic Flow of Powell– included with the necessary permission for re-
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Baghdad Science Journal
تأثير المعلمات المختلفة على التدفق التمعجي لسائل
باول آرينغ
مع تأثير الدوران واالنتقال
الحراري في قناة غير متماثلة مائلة
2لقاء زكي حمادي ،1رنا غازي ابراهيم
،قسم الرياضات
كلية العلوم، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. الخالص
ة
في هذه المقالة ، يتم فحص تأثير متغير الدوران والمتغيرات األخرى على التدفق التمعجي لسائلPowell-Eyring
في قناة غير متماثلة
مائلة مع مجال مغناطيسي مائل عبر وسط مسامي مع نقل الحرارة. يُفترض الطول الموجي الطويل وعدد رينولدز المنخفض ، حيث يتم
استخدام نهج االضطر اب لحل المعادالت الحاكمة غير الخطية في نظام اإلحداثيات الديكارتية إلنتاج حلول متسلسلة. يتم التعبير عن توزيعات
.ًالسرعة وتدرجات الضغط رياضيًا. من خالل جمع األرقام ، يتم شرح تأثير المعايير المختلفة وتمثيلها بيانيا
تم الحصول على هذ ه النتائج
العددية باستخدام ا لتطبيق الرياضيMATHEMATICA
. :الكلمات المفتاحية انتقال الحرارة، قناة المائلة، مجال مغناطيسي، تدفق تمعجي، وسط مسامي، سائل باول آرينغ،
.الدوران 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
تأثير المعلمات المختلفة على التدفق التمعجي لسائل
باول آرينغ
مع تأثير الدوران واالنتقال
الحراري في قناة غير متماثلة مائلة
2لقاء زكي حمادي ،1رنا غازي ابراهيم
،قسم الرياضات
كلية العلوم، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. 2024, 21(4): 1318-1330
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8360
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 الخالص
ة
في هذه المقالة ، يتم فحص تأثير متغير الدوران والمتغيرات األخرى على التدفق التمعجي لسائلPowell-Eyring
في قناة غير متماثلة
مائلة مع مجال مغناطيسي مائل عبر وسط مسامي مع نقل الحرارة. يُفترض الطول الموجي الطويل وعدد رينولدز المنخفض ، حيث يتم
استخدام نهج االضطر اب لحل المعادالت الحاكمة غير الخطية في نظام اإلحداثيات الديكارتية إلنتاج حلول متسلسلة. يتم التعبير عن توزيعات
.ًالسرعة وتدرجات الضغط رياضيًا. من خالل جمع األرقام ، يتم شرح تأثير المعايير المختلفة وتمثيلها بيانيا
تم الحصول على هذ ه النتائج
العددية باستخدام ا لتطبيق الرياضيMATHEMATICA
. Transfer in Powell–Eyring Nanofluid with Peristalsis. :الكلمات المفتاحية انتقال الحرارة، قناة المائلة، مجال مغناطيسي، تدفق تمعجي، وسط مسامي، سائل باول آرينغ،
.الدوران Page | 1330 Page | 1330 | 9,423 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8360/4517 | null |
Arabic | DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8361 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8361 Abstract: Cipher security is becoming an important step when transmitting important information through
networks. The algorithms of cryptography play major roles in providing security and avoiding hacker
attacks. In this work two hybrid cryptosystems have been proposed, that combine a modification of the
symmetric cryptosystem Playfair cipher called the modified Playfair cipher and two modifications of the
asymmetric cryptosystem RSA called the square of RSA technique and the square RSA with Chinese
remainder theorem technique. The proposed hybrid cryptosystems have two layers of encryption and
decryption. In the first layer the plaintext is encrypted using modified Playfair to get the cipher text, this
cipher text will be encrypted using squared RSA to get the final cipher text. This algorithm achieved higher
security to data but suffers from a long computational time. So Chinese remainder theorem has been used in
the second hybrid cryptosystem to obtain less encryption and decryption time. The simulation results
indicated that using the modified Playfair with the proposed square RSA has improved security. Moreover,
using the Chinese remainder theorem achieved less encryption and decryption time in comparison to our first
proposed and the standard algorithms. Keywords: Ciphertext, CRT, Cryptosystem, Plaintext, Playfair cipher, Private and public key, RSA cipher. Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Proposed Hybrid Cryptosystems Based on Modifications of Playfair Cipher and
RSA Cryptosystem Saja Mohammed Suhael1* Zaynab Anwer Ahmed1 Abir Jaafer Hussain2 1 Department of Mathematics, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. 2 Computer Science and Mathematics, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah UAE
*Corresponding author: [email protected] p
g
j
g
q
mails addresses: [email protected], [email protected] Received 12/1/2023, Revised 2/4/2023, Accepted 3/4/2023, Published Online First 20/5/2023,
Published 01/1/2024 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Hybrid Cryptosystems: Modified Playfair with
RSASQ and Modified Playfair with RSASQ-
CRT The remainder of this paper is organized as
follows. Section 3 provides related work, Section 4
shows the proposed hybrid cryptosystem including
modified Playfair with RSASQ and modified
Playfair with RSASQ-CRT, while Section 5
discusses the simulation results and Section 6
demonstrates the conclusion and future works. The proposed methods combine Playfair
with RSASQ and RSASQ-CRT. They use the same
steps to generate public and private keys but are
different in some encryption and decryption steps. These hybrid methods consist of three phases: the
key
generation
steps,
encryption
steps
and
decryption steps. Fig 1 shows the block diagram of the proposed
hybrid methods (RSASQ & RSASQ-CRT) between
the sender and receiver. Open Access In this work, the modified Playfair cipher and two
modifications of the RSA will be made to increase
the level of security and reduce the time required
for encryption and decryption. This
research
proposed
two
new
cryptosystems, one of them called the hybrid
cryptosystem using the Playfair cipher with the
RSA square (HRSASQ). The second is a hybrid
cryptosystem using the Playfair with the RSA
square and Chinese remainder theorem (HRSASQ-
CRT). These systems used two layers of encryption:
First, encrypt with the Playfair cipher which used
the modified Playfair matrix 7×13 to obtain the first
ciphertext. Second, it used RSASQ or RSASQ-CRT
to obtain the final ciphertext. The hybrid
cryptosystem Playfair with RSASQ provides high
security and more complexity against hackers to
find the private keys since it does not use the public
key directly. However, this technique suffers from
computational complexity due to RSASQ. To
overcomes, this problem proposed the use of CRT10
in the second hybrid cryptosystem. Open Access RSA algorithm based on a mathematical formula is
a powerful algorithm because this algorithm is not
easy to attack, but it takes longer time to process
than a symmetric algorithm4, 5. Institute of Technology 15,16. RSA cryptosystem
relies on Euler’s theorem and the existence of
unique inverse to the integer that are relatively
prime to the modulo2, 7. Modified RSA by using
CRT has been proposed by Samir et al. in10 to
decrease the time of RSA cipher. The third type is a hybrid cryptosystem that
combines symmetric and asymmetric to provide
high security and more complexity against hackers6. p
There are lots of hybrid cryptography
methods
that
combine
RSA
and
Playfair
cryptosystem techniques7-9. These hybrid methods
overcome the disadvantages of RSA and Playfair
methods 11,17,18. While combining their advantages
to produce a safer ciphertext with a low
computational complexity15. They can be classified
into four types. In 2021, Salih and Yousif 7
suggested a hybrid cryptosystem that provides high
security by encrypting plaintext using two layers in
which the first layer encrypts plaintext by Playfair
then the second layer encrypts by RSA technique. Singh Chauhan et al.9 Zakariyau et al.17 and Mathur
and Srivastava11 in 2014, 2015 and 2017
respectively suggested hybrid cryptography that
encrypts plaintext by Playfair and encrypts the key
of Playfair by RSA. In 2017, Naga8 presented a
hybrid cryptosystem of Playfair and RSA with an
XOR process that provides a complex process that
is difficult to be attacked. In 2015, Iqbal et al.18
suggested a hybrid cryptosystem of Playfair and a
modified RSA in which hybrid cryptography that
encrypts plaintext by Playfair and encrypts Playfair
key by modified RSA that used dual levels for key
exchanges. There are lots of hybrid cryptography
methods that combine the Playfair cipher with the
RSA cryptosystem technique7-9. Most of them used
modified Playfair and the RSA cryptosystem
without modification. There are lots of hybrid cryptography
methods that combine the Playfair cipher with the
RSA cryptosystem technique7-9. Most of them used
modified Playfair and the RSA cryptosystem
without modification. In this work, the modified Playfair cipher and two
modifications of the RSA will be made to increase
the level of security and reduce the time required
for encryption and decryption. Introduction: cryptosystem to offer higher security and lower
complexity. Cryptography techniques are used to secure
information from unauthorized personal intruders 1. There are various cryptography algorithms to
encrypt information. These algorithms can be
classified into three types which are symmetric,
asymmetric and hybrid cryptosystems. In the
symmetric cryptosystem, the sender and receiver
should have a specified secure channel to exchange
the secret key and the initiation of this channel may
cause problem. However, the advantage of using the
symmetric algorithm is simplicity and hence less
time consumption. Playfair cipher is one of the
simplest
symmetric
cryptosystem. Playfair
encryption from the ease of access can be revealed
by cryptanalysis. Hence, the ease of utilize of this
symmetric cipher has led many researchers to
enhance and modify it, then use it in a hybrid The
second
type
is
an
asymmetric
cryptosystem which uses two different keys, public
and private keys. The public key for encryption be
publicly known and the private key is known only
to the receiver to decrypt the message. RSA is one
of the asymmetric algorithm. It consists of three
steps, the first step is the generation of keys (public
and private) that is used to encrypt and decrypt data,
the second step is encryption, performs actual
process of transformation of the encryption into
ciphertext, and the third step is decryption, where
decrypted ciphertext is translated into plaintext at
the receiver1, 2. The idea of RSA cryptosystem that
it is easy to multiply two large prime numbers and it
is extremely difficult to factorize their product. 3. 151 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Related Work Playfair
was
introduced
by
Charles
Wheatstone in 185411. Playfair cipher is the most
widely used of all symmetric multialphabetic cipher
techniques, in which a pair of characters is utilized
instead
of
a
single
character12. Playfair
cryptosystem uses a matrix of 5×5 characters. The
26 alphabetic letters are distributed to 25 cells,
hence the J and I characters are shared with the
same cell. To use Playfair encryption must arrange
the keyword in the matrix from left to right sides
and from top to bottom without duplicate13,14. Reviser, Shamir, and Ad leman described an
asymmetric RSA algorithm at the Massachusetts 152 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access Published Online First: May, 2023 numbers and the corresponding numbers of the
Plaintext2, 19. Figure 1.The diagram of RSASQ and RSASQ-
CRT algorithms Step 2: Calculate 𝑁, 𝑁2 where 𝑁= 𝑝× 𝑞 and
𝑁2 = 𝑝2 × 𝑞2. Step 2: Calculate 𝑁, 𝑁2 where 𝑁= 𝑝× 𝑞 and
𝑁2 = 𝑝2 × 𝑞2. Step 3: Choose public exponent e such that 1 <
𝑒 < 𝜙 (𝑁) and the greatest common divisor
between 𝑒 and 𝜙(𝑁) is 1. Then the greatest
common divisor between 𝑒2 and 𝜙(𝑁2) is 1
(𝑔𝑐𝑑 (𝑒2, 𝜙(𝑁2)) = 1). Step 4: Find the secret exponent 𝑑2 which is
unique multiplication invers of 𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝜙(𝑁2) 20. )the existence and the uniqueness of the invers are
satisfying since 𝑒2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜙(𝑁2) are relatively prime,
therefore 𝑒2𝑥 ≡ 1 (𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝜙(𝑁2)) has a unique
solution which is the multiplicative inverse of 𝑒2
modulo 𝜙(𝑁2)( (see the corollary off theorem
(A.2.73) in20). Then (𝑑2, 𝑁2) will be private key. Step 5: The receiver shares the public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
with the others. Figure 1.The diagram of RSASQ and RSASQ-
CRT algorithms The steps to generate public and private
keys of RSASQ and RSASQ-CRT are as follows:
Step 1: Select two prime number p and q. It should
be noted that choosing large prime numbers of p
and q will give more security but need more
computational complexity. Since the proposed
technique will use two layers, hence p and q will be
sufficiently bigger than the corresponding numbers
of the Plaintext to satisfy Euler’s theorem condition
of getting relatively prime between the prime Step 5: The receiver shares the public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
with the others. Related Work The following pseudocode shows the algorithm of
generating the public and private keys of RSASQ
and RSASQ-CRT. Input
Create a pair of sufficiently enough random prime numbers p and q. Key generated
Calculate N , N2 where N = p × q and N2 = p2 × q2 .
Compute∅(N) = (p −1)(q −1) and ϕ (N2) = (p2 −p)(q2 −q).
Choose public exponent e such that 1 < e < ϕ (N), and gcd (e, ϕ (N)) = 1,
gcd (e2, ϕ(N2)) = 1.
Find the secret exponent 𝑑2 such that 𝑒2 × 𝑑2 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝜙(𝑁2))
Output
(𝑒, 𝑁) as the public key
(d2, N2) as the private key Step 2: Let the keyword 𝐾1 be "Mathematics", then
the duplicate characters should be eliminated and
the rest will be "Mathemics". Apply the key 𝐾1 of
Playfair on the modified Playfair matrix 7× 13 as
shown in
T bl Input
Create a pair of sufficiently enough random prime numbers p and q.
Key generated
Calculate N , N2 where N = p × q and N2 = p2 × q2 .
Compute∅(N) = (p −1)(q −1) and ϕ (N2) = (p2 −p)(q2 −q).
Choose public exponent e such that 1 < e < ϕ (N), and gcd (e, ϕ (N)) = 1,
gcd (e2, ϕ(N2)) = 1.
Find the secret exponent 𝑑2 such that 𝑒2 × 𝑑2 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝜙(𝑁2))
Output
(𝑒, 𝑁) as the public key
(d2, N2) as the private key Steps
the
Encryption
of
the
Proposed
Cryptosystems yp
y
Step 1: Design the modified Playfair matrix 7×13
which contains all characters and letters on the
keyboard as shown in Table 1. Table 1. Modified Playfair 7 ×13
𝐀
𝐁
𝐂
𝐃 𝐄
𝐅
𝐆 𝐇
𝐈
𝐉
𝐊
𝐋
𝐌
𝐍
𝐎
𝐏 𝐐 𝐑 𝐒
𝐓
𝐔
𝐕
𝐖 𝐗
𝐘
𝐙
𝐚
𝐛
𝐜
𝐝
𝐞
𝐟
𝐠
𝐡
𝐢
𝐣
𝐤
𝐥
𝐦
𝐧
𝐨
𝐩
𝐪
𝐫
𝐬
𝐭
𝐮
𝐯
𝐰
𝐱
𝐲
𝐳
𝟎
𝟏
𝟐
𝟑
𝟒
𝟓 𝟔
𝟕
𝟖
𝟗
! @
#
$
% ^
&
∗
(
)
− =
_
+
[
]
{
}
;
:
‘
“
,
. <
>
/
? 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 Table 2. Modified Playfair key matrix 7×13
𝐌 𝐚
𝐭
𝐡
𝐞
𝐦
𝐢
𝐂
𝐒
𝐀
𝐁
𝐂
𝐃
𝐄
𝐅
𝐆 𝐇
𝐈
𝐉
𝐊 𝐋
𝐍 𝐎
𝐏
𝐐
𝐑
𝐒
𝐓
𝐔 𝐕
𝐖 𝐗
𝐘
𝐙
𝐛
𝐝
𝐟
𝐠
𝐣
𝐤
𝐥
𝐧
𝐨
𝐩
𝐪
𝐫
𝐮
𝐯
𝐰 𝐱
𝐲
𝐳
𝟎
𝟏
𝟐
𝟑
𝟒
𝟓
𝟔
𝟕
𝟖
𝟗
! @
#
$
% ^
&
∗
(
)
− =
_
+
[
]
{
}
;
:
‘
“
,
. < >
/
? 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐞 151 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Open Access Figure 3. The diagram of HRSASQ-CRT
encryption
The following pseudocodes show the encryption
algorithms of HRSASQ and HRSASQ-CRT Step 3: The plaintext M splits into a blocks of two
characters. (If two characters are the same then add
𝑊 between them, while if the character at the final
set is single then add the character 𝑄). Step 4: Transform the plaintext M into ciphertext
(𝐶1) by the Playfair algorithm. Step 5: Convert the 91 characters of the Playfair
matrix to suitable corresponding number from 2-93. It should be noted that ASCII table has not been
used in this work due to computation complexity. Step 6: The sender Bob will use the public key (e,
N) of the hybrid cryptosystem algorithm received
from Alice. Then square it and use the square key in
RSASQ and RSASQ-CRT as follows: In RSASQ In RSASQ
𝐶2 ≡𝐶1e2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
In RSASQ-CRT
𝐶𝑝≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2,𝐶𝑞≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐸𝑝≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2), 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐸𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 , 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
Find 𝑥1such that 𝑥1𝑞2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2. Find 𝑥2 such
that 𝑥2𝑝2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶2 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝐶𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝐶𝑞× 𝑥2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2. Q
𝐶𝑝≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2,𝐶𝑞≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐸𝑝≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2), 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐸𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 , 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
Find 𝑥1such that 𝑥1𝑞2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2. Find 𝑥2 such
that 𝑥2𝑝2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶2 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝐶𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝐶𝑞× 𝑥2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2. Figure 3. The diagram of HRSASQ-CRT
encryption yp
The following pseudocodes show the encryption
algorithms of HRSASQ and HRSASQ-CRT 𝐶2 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝐶𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝐶𝑞× 𝑥2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2. Figs 2 and 3 show the block diagrams of the
encryption algorithm of the two proposed. cryptosystems. Figure 2. The diagram of HRSASQ encryption
Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table 1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified Playfair
matrix to create the key matrix as shown in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two characters. If two characters are the same then add W and If the
character at the final set is single, add the character
"Q".
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ for C1 to get 𝐶2
𝐶2 ≡C1e2𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table 1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified Playfair
matrix to create the key matrix as shown in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two characters. If two characters are the same then add W and If the
character at the final set is single, add the character
"Q". In RSASQ If two characters are the same then
add W and If the character at the final set is
single, add the character "Q".
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ-CRT for C1: Compute 𝐶𝑝≡
𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2,𝐶𝑞≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐸𝑝≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2), 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐸𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
Find 𝑥1such that 𝑥1𝑞2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2. Find 𝑥2
, 𝑥2𝑝2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶2 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝐶𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝐶𝑞× 𝑥2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Figure 4. The diagram of HRSASQ decryption
Figure 5. The diagram of HRSASQ-CRT
decryption Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified
Playfair matrix to create the key matrix as shown
in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two
characters. If two characters are the same then
add W and If the character at the final set is
single, add the character "Q".
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ-CRT for C1: Compute 𝐶𝑝≡
𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2,𝐶𝑞≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐸𝑝≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2), 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐸𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
Find 𝑥1such that 𝑥1𝑞2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2. Find 𝑥2
, 𝑥2𝑝2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶2 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝐶𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝐶𝑞× 𝑥2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified
Playfair matrix to create the key matrix as shown
in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two
characters. If two characters are the same then
add W and If the character at the final set is
single, add the character "Q". In RSASQ
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ for C1 to get 𝐶2
𝐶2 ≡C1e2𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table 1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified Playfair
matrix to create the key matrix as shown in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two characters. If two characters are the same then add W and If the
character at the final set is single, add the character
"Q".
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ for C1 to get 𝐶2
𝐶2 ≡C1e2𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table 1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified Playfair
matrix to create the key matrix as shown in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two characters. If two characters are the same then add W and If the
character at the final set is single, add the character
"Q".
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ for C1 to get 𝐶2
𝐶2 ≡C1e2𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Figs 2 and 3 show the block diagrams of the
encryption algorithm of the two proposed. cryptosystems. Figure 2. The diagram of HRSASQ encryption Figure 2. The diagram of HRSASQ encryption Figure 2. The diagram of HRSASQ encryption 151 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Public key (𝑒, 𝑁)
The plaintext M
Hybrid encryption method:
Apply the Playfair key K1 on the modified
Playfair matrix to create the key matrix as shown
in
Table 2
Split the plaintext M into the blocks of two
characters. In RSASQ
Find the first ciphertext 𝐶1 by applying Playfair
algorithm
Square the public key
Applying RSASQ-CRT for C1: Compute 𝐶𝑝≡
𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2,𝐶𝑞≡𝐶1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐸𝑝≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2), 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐸𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
Find 𝑥1such that 𝑥1𝑞2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2. Find 𝑥2
, 𝑥2𝑝2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶2 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝐶𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝐶𝑞× 𝑥2 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Output:
Ciphertext (𝐶2) Figure 4. The diagram of HRSASQ decryption Hybrid encryption method: Figure 4. The diagram of HRSASQ decryption Figure 4. The diagram of HRSASQ decryption Output: Steps of Decryption of the Proposed Hybrid
Cryptosystems:
Step 1: Alice received 𝐶2 from Bob. Decrypt 𝐶2 to
get 𝐶1 by using the private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2) as follows:
In SRASQ
𝐶1 ≡𝐶2𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
In RSASQ-CRT
𝐶𝑝≡C2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2 , 𝐶𝑞≡𝐶2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 N2
𝐷𝑝≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ,𝐷𝑞≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐷𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐷𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶1 ≡(𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Step 2: Create the key matrix 7 × 13 as shown in
Table 2 by using the secret key 𝐾1. Step 3: Utilize the same operations of Playfair
cipher of encryption algorithm for C1 but in
converse to get the final plaintext 𝑀. Figs 4 and 5 show the block diagrams of decryption
algorithm of two proposed cryptosystems. encryption Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair (K11×12)
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Table 1Private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2)
The ciphrtext 𝐶2
Hybrid decryption method:
Using privet key to decrypt 𝐶2 as follows :
𝐶𝑝≡C2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2 , 𝐶𝑞≡𝐶2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 q2
𝐷𝑝≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ,𝐷𝑞≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐷𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐷𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶1 = (𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Create the key matrix 7 × 13 as shown in
Table 2 by using the key 𝐾1.
Utilize the same operations of Playfair cipher of
encryption algorithm for 𝐶1 but in converse to get
the final plaintext 𝑀
Output: 𝑀𝑝≡M 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ≡41 56 46 45 36 43
2 30 4 41 83 53 37 90 4 47 23 4 21 2 16 34
𝐸𝑝≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ≡529 𝐶𝑝≡(𝑀𝑝)
𝐸𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ≡
7304 9216 6517 6439 390 6311 9755 10019
4915 9217 4954 4888 5097 1144 4171 5097
2166 9755 7663 2677 𝑀𝑞≡M 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2 ≡ 41 56 46 45 36 43
2 30 4 41 83 53 37 90 4 47 23 4 21 2 16
34 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2) ≡529
𝐶𝑞≡(𝐶𝑀𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2 ≡ 𝐸𝑞≡𝑒2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2) ≡529
𝐶𝑞≡(𝐶𝑀𝑞)
𝐸𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2 ≡ 𝑞
( 𝑀𝑞)
𝑞
11389 4473 4929 1693 1073 11026 3478 48
40 6340 11389 1119 1175 1044 3468 6340
4963 4080 6340 7434 3478 9610 2332 Find 𝑥1such that 𝑥1𝑞2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2. Find 𝑥2
, 𝑥2𝑝2 ≡1 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2 ,
2𝑝
𝑞
𝑥1 = 188 , 𝑥2 = 11238
𝐶= (𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2)𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2 2𝑝
𝑞
𝑥1 = 188 , 𝑥2 = 11238
𝐶= (𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2)𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2 For
more
explanation,
the
following
example illustrates the encryption and decryption of
HRSA-CRT
𝑀 𝐶= 𝐶=
83543293 48055926 31088964 54510382
48189914 12227109 79699967 52177933
10756951
83543293 111960890 24593627 6962036
19856034 10756951 72122214 79082323
10756951 106643420 79699967 13748410
41836978 𝐶=
83543293 48055926 31088964 54510382
48189914 12227109 79699967 52177933
10756951 Key generation process at the receive Steps of Decryption of the Proposed Hybrid
Cryptosystems: Steps of Decryption of the Proposed Hybrid
Cryptosystems: Figure 5. The diagram of HRSASQ-CRT
decryption Figure 5. The diagram of HRSASQ-CRT
decryption yp
y
Step 1: Alice received 𝐶2 from Bob. Decrypt 𝐶2 to
get 𝐶1 by using the private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2) as follows:
In SRASQ The following pseudocodes show the decryption
algorithms of HRSASQ and HRSASQ-CRT. g
Q
Q
Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair (K11×12)
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2)
The ciphrtext 𝐶2
Hybrid decryption method:
Using private key to decrypt 𝐶2 as follows :
𝐶1 = C2d2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Create the key matrix 7 × 13 as shown in
Table 2 by using the key 𝐾1.
Utilize the same operations of Playfair cipher of
encryption algorithm for 𝐶1 but in converse to
get the final plaintext 𝑀
Output:
plaintext 𝑀 Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair (K11×12)
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2)
The ciphrtext 𝐶2
Hybrid decryption method:
Using private key to decrypt 𝐶2 as follows :
𝐶1 = C2d2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Create the key matrix 7 × 13 as shown in
Table 2 by using the key 𝐾1.
Utilize the same operations of Playfair cipher of
encryption algorithm for 𝐶1 but in converse to
get the final plaintext 𝑀
Output:
plaintext 𝑀 Table 2 by using the secret key 𝐾1. Step 3: Utilize the same operations of Playfair
cipher of encryption algorithm for C1 but in
converse to get the final plaintext 𝑀. Figs 4 and 5 show the block diagrams of decryption
algorithm of two proposed cryptosystems. 155 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair (K11×12)
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1. Steps of Decryption of the Proposed Hybrid
Cryptosystems:
Table 1Private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2)
The ciphrtext 𝐶2
Hybrid decryption method:
Using privet key to decrypt 𝐶2 as follows :
𝐶𝑝≡C2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2 , 𝐶𝑞≡𝐶2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 q2
𝐷𝑝≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ,𝐷𝑞≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐷𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐷𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶1 = (𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Create the key matrix 7 × 13 as shown in
Table 2 by using the key 𝐾1.
Utilize the same operations of Playfair cipher of
encryption algorithm for 𝐶1 but in converse to get
the final plaintext 𝑀
Output: Input:
The key 𝐾1 of Playfair (K11×12)
The matrix of Playfair 7 × 13 as shown in Table
1.
Table 1Private key (𝑑2, 𝑁2)
The ciphrtext 𝐶2
Hybrid decryption method:
Using privet key to decrypt 𝐶2 as follows :
𝐶𝑝≡C2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2 , 𝐶𝑞≡𝐶2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 q2
𝐷𝑝≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ,𝐷𝑞≡𝑑2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2)
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐷𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2, 𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐷𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2
𝐶1 = (𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2) 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
Create the key matrix 7 × 13 as shown in
Table 2 by using the key 𝐾1.
Utilize the same operations of Playfair cipher of
encryption algorithm for 𝐶1 but in converse to get
the final plaintext 𝑀
Output: Decryption 𝑪𝟏 by Playfair algorithm to get
the plaintext Table 3. Time table of encryption
Time
Data
Time
encryption of
RSA
Time
encryption
of RSASQ
Time encryption
of RSASQ- CRT
n≡41
0.0424
0.0732
0.0133
2≡56
0.0305
0.0928
0.0173
s≡46
0.0258
0.0568
0.0109
r≡45
0.0309
0.0651
0.0118
i≡36
0.0272
0.0629
0.014
p≡43
0.0173
0.0697
0.0108
A≡2
0.0182
0.07
0.012
c≡30
0.021
0.0629
0.0107
C≡4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
n=41
0.0287
0.0783
0.0152
:=83
0.0278
0.0622
0.0102
z=53
0.0193
0.066
0.0102
j=37
0.0166
0.0588
0.0089
/=90
0.0169
0.0602
0.0103
C=4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
t=47
0.0184
0.048
0.0134
V=23
0.0159
0.0514
0.0104
C=4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
T=21
0.0187
0.0612
0.0087
A≡2
0.0182
0.07
0.012
O=16
0.0198
0.0653
0.0112
g=34
0.0206
0.0546
0.0108
sum
0.4879
1.4763
0.2578
Figure 6. Data of encryption
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
Time
Data
tencRSA
tencRSASQ
tencRSASQCRT
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time
tencRSA
tencRSASQ
tencRSASQCRT M = University of Baghdad Table 3. Time table of encryption
Time
Data
Time
encryption of
RSA
Time
encryption
of RSASQ
Time encryption
of RSASQ- CRT
n≡41
0.0424
0.0732
0.0133
2≡56
0.0305
0.0928
0.0173
s≡46
0.0258
0.0568
0.0109
r≡45
0.0309
0.0651
0.0118
i≡36
0.0272
0.0629
0.014
p≡43
0.0173
0.0697
0.0108
A≡2
0.0182
0.07
0.012
c≡30
0.021
0.0629
0.0107
C≡4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
n=41
0.0287
0.0783
0.0152
:=83
0.0278
0.0622
0.0102
z=53
0.0193
0.066
0.0102
j=37
0.0166
0.0588
0.0089
/=90
0.0169
0.0602
0.0103
C=4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
t=47
0.0184
0.048
0.0134
V=23
0.0159
0.0514
0.0104
C=4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
T=21
0.0187
0.0612
0.0087
A≡2
0.0182
0.07
0.012
O=16
0.0198
0.0653
0.0112
g=34
0.0206
0.0546
0.0108
sum
0.4879
1.4763
0.2578 Simulation Results Table 3. Time table of encryption Various simulations are performed to test
the performance of our proposed HRSASQ and
HRSASQ-CRT. The simulation results of the
processing time determined using Matlab 14a
software with an ‘Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7600
CPU@ 2.80GHz 2.90 GHz’ process. In the symmetric layer, the modified
Playfair algorithm utilized 7×13=91 characters that
covered all the keyboard characters which are easy
for users in comparison to some other modified
Playfair[ref]. It expands the 5x5 matrix that using
25 characters. Moreover, the ciphertext of Playfair
7×13 is more protected against hackers in
comparison to the 5×5 Playfair since the hacker
must find in 7×13 =91 characters. Expanding the
matrix causes the key size to be increased and hence
reduces the probability to break the code. The
chance to break the code in Playfair 5×5 is 1/26 =
0.0384 15, while the likelihood to break the modified
Playfair is 1/91=0.010989011. p≡43
0.0173
0.0697
0.0108
A≡2
0.0182
0.07
0.012
c≡30
0.021
0.0629
0.0107
C≡4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
n=41
0.0287
0.0783
0.0152
:=83
0.0278
0.0622
0.0102
z=53
0.0193
0.066
0.0102
j=37
0.0166
0.0588
0.0089
/=90
0.0169
0.0602
0.0103
C=4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
t=47
0.0184
0.048
0.0134
V=23
0.0159
0.0514
0.0104
C=4
0.0179
0.0823
0.0119
T=21
0.0187
0.0612
0.0087
A≡2
0.0182
0.07
0.012
O=16
0.0198
0.0653
0.0112
g=34
0.0206
0.0546
0.0108
sum
0.4879
1.4763
0.2578
Figure 6. Data of encryption
Figure 7. Sum data of encryption
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
Time
Data
tencRSA
tencRSASQ
tencRSASQCRT
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time
Sum of data
tencRSA
tencRSASQ
tencRSASQCRT In the asymmetric layer, the proposed
RSASQ technique provides more security when
benchmarked with the RSA algorithm which
utilizes the public key directly. RSASQ depends on
the square of the public key indicating that if the
public key was hacked, it would be difficult to
break it. The second proposed technique uses CRT
enhance
the
speed
and
simplify
complex
computations. The computations can be reduced by
using modulo, this reduces computation time. 0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14
Time
Data
tencRSA
tencRSASQ
tencRSASQCRT Table 3
shows that the encryption time of RSASQ is about 3.03 times than RSA time in total. Key generation process at the receive First create the public and private key at the
receiver, let 𝑝 = 101, 𝑞 = 107 then 𝑁 = p ×
q = 10807
and
∅ (𝑁) = (𝑝−1) × (𝑞−
1)= 10600, 𝑝2 = 10201 , 𝑞2 = 11449
Compute
𝑁2 = 𝑝2 × 𝑞2 then 𝑁2 = 116791249 83543293 111960890 24593627 6962036
19856034 10756951 72122214 79082323
10756951 106643420 79699967 13748410
41836978 𝑝
𝑞
Choose e such that 1< e < ∅ (N) such that
𝑔𝑐𝑑 (𝑒, ∅ (𝑁)) = 1and
hence
𝑔𝑐𝑑 (𝑒2 , ∅ (𝑁2)) = 1 Decrypt 𝑪𝟐
Get ciphertext C1 by using CRT - RSASQ
decryption 𝐶𝑝≡𝐶2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ≡ 7304 9216 6517 6439
390 6311 9755 10019 5097 7304 4915
9217 4954 4888 5097 1144 4171 5097 2166
9755 7663 2677 𝑔
(
(
))
∅ (𝑁2) = (𝑝2 −𝑝) × (𝑞2 −𝑞)
then
∅ (𝑁2) = 114554200 The public key is (𝑒 , 𝑁) = (23,10807) Use
the
secret
exponent
d2
as
invers
multiplication of 𝑒2 mod ∅ (𝑁2) such that
𝑒2𝑑2 ≡ 1(𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝜙 (𝑁2 )) Then d2=65830769
Encryption 𝐷𝑝≡𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ≡9069 𝐷𝑝≡𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ≡9069
𝐷 𝐷𝑝≡𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝2) ≡9069
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐷𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ≡
41 56 46 45 36 43 2 30 4 41 83 53 37
90 4 47 23 4 21 2 16 34 𝐷𝑝≡𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑝) ≡9069
𝑀𝑝≡(𝐶𝑝)
𝐷𝑝 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑝2 ≡
41 56 46 45 36 43 2 30 4 41 83 53 37
90 4 47 23 4 21 2 16 34 Let the plaintext (M) = University of Baghdad Let the plaintext (M) = University of Baghdad 𝐶𝑞≡𝐶2 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2 ≡ 11389 4473 4929 1693
1073 11026 3478 4840 6340 11389 1119
1175 1044 3468 6340 5963 4080 6340 7434
3478 9610 2332 Let the key of Playfair (K1) = Mathematics Let the key of Playfair (K1) = Mathematics Split M into a blocks of two characters M = Un
iv er si ty space o fspace Ba gh da dQ Applying the key or Playfair on the Playfair
matrix 7 ×13 as shown in Table 1 𝐷𝑞≡𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2) ≡1801 𝐷𝑞≡𝐷 𝑚𝑜𝑑 ∅ (𝑞2) ≡1801
𝑀𝑞≡(𝐶𝑞)
𝐷𝑞 𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑞2 ≡
41 56 46 45 36 43 2 30 4 41 83 53 37
90 4 47 23 4 21 2 16 34 Find ciphertext 𝑪𝟏 by encrypt the plaintext
by applying Playfair algorithm using the key
matrix as shown Table 2 𝐶1 = (𝑞2 × 𝑀𝑝× 𝑥1 + 𝑝2 × 𝑀𝑞× 𝑥2)𝑚𝑜𝑑 𝑁2
𝐶= 41 56 46 45 36 43 2 30 4 41
83 53 37 90 4 47 23 4 21 2 16 34
𝐶1 equivalent to n2sripAcCn: zj/CtVTAOg 𝐂𝟏= 𝐧𝟐𝐬𝐫𝐢𝐩𝐀𝐜𝐂𝐧: 𝐳𝐣/𝐂𝐭𝐕𝐓𝐀𝐎𝐠 equivalent to
41 56 46 45 36 43 2 30 4 41 83 53 37
90 4 47 23 4 21 2 61 43 Find the ciphertext 𝑪𝟐 by using RSASQ-CRT 151 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 Open Access Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Open Access
Published Online First: May, 2023 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access p
Published Online First: May, 2023 In this work two hybrid cryptosystems have
been proposed, that combine a modification of the
symmetric cryptosystem Playfair cipher and two
modifications of the asymmetric cryptosystem RSA. These proposed techniques depend on two layers of
encryption and decryption. Table 4. Time table of decryption
Time
Data
Time
Decryption
of RSA
Time
decryption
of RSASQ
Time
decryption of
RSA─ CRT
n≡41
0.0129
0.124
0.0052
2≡56
0.014
0.0824
0.0044
s≡46
0.0176
0.1113
0.0048
r≡45
0.0259
0.136
0.0056
i≡36
0.0223
0.1358
0.0065
p≡43
0.0166
0.0977
0.005
A≡2
0.0228
0.1327
0.0045
c≡30
0.014
0.1198
0.0081
C≡4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
n=41
0.0136
0.0836
0.0041
:=83
0.0161
0.0862
0.0038
z=53
0.0149
0.874
0.0043
j=37
0.0157
0.0957
0.0051
/=90
0.0143
0.0896
0.0049
C=4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
t=47
0.0052
0.0876
0.0052
V=23
0.0179
0.0964
0.0047
C=4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
T=21
0.0187
0.01142
0.0058
A≡2
0.0166
0.0977
0.005
O=16
0.0179
0.1032
0.004
g=34
0.0187
0.1089
0.0043
sum
0.3571
2.96922
0.113
Figure 8. Data of decryption
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
Data
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
3
4
e
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
tdecRSASQCRT Table 4. Time table of decryption
Time
Data
Time
Decryption
of RSA
Time
decryption
of RSASQ
Time
decryption of
RSA─ CRT
n≡41
0.0129
0.124
0.0052
2≡56
0.014
0.0824
0.0044
s≡46
0.0176
0.1113
0.0048
r≡45
0.0259
0.136
0.0056
i≡36
0.0223
0.1358
0.0065
p≡43
0.0166
0.0977
0.005
A≡2
0.0228
0.1327
0.0045
c≡30
0.014
0.1198
0.0081
C≡4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
n=41
0.0136
0.0836
0.0041
:=83
0.0161
0.0862
0.0038
z=53
0.0149
0.874
0.0043
j=37
0.0157
0.0957
0.0051
/=90
0.0143
0.0896
0.0049
C=4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
t=47
0.0052
0.0876
0.0052
V=23
0.0179
0.0964
0.0047
C=4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
T=21
0.0187
0.01142
0.0058
A≡2
0.0166
0.0977
0.005
O=16
0.0179
0.1032
0.004
g=34
0.0187
0.1089
0.0043
sum
0.3571
2.96922
0.113
Figure 8. Data of decryption
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
Data
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
2
3
4
Time
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
tdecRSASQCRT Table 4. Time table of decryption Our extensive research and simulation
results showed that the first layer modification of
the symmetric cryptosystem Playfair improved the
standard
Playfair
and
gives
more
security. Authors' Contributions Statement: Z.A. A. and A. H. J contributed to the
interpretation and review of the research, checking
the results and verifying the validity of what was
stated in the research. S. M. S. contributed in
designing and implementing the research, analyzing
the results and writing this manuscript. The authors
discussed the results and contributed to the final
manuscript. Figure 8. Data of decryption Figure 9 Sum data of decryption
0
1
2
3
4
Time
Sum of data
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
tdecRSASQCRT Authors' Declaration: - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
Data
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are mine ours. Besides,
the Figures and images, which are not mine ours,
have been given the permission for re-
publication attached with the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Moreover, the second layer for our proposed
RSASQ and RSASQ-CRT is more secure when
benchmarked with the original RSA algorithm. The
complexity of the RSASQ algorithm was overcome
by using CRT in RSASQ-CRT which gives the less
computational time when benchmarked with the
RSA and RSASQ. 2≡56
0.014
0.0824
0.0044
s≡46
0.0176
0.1113
0.0048
r≡45
0.0259
0.136
0.0056
i≡36
0.0223
0.1358
0.0065
p≡43
0.0166
0.0977
0.005
A≡2
0.0228
0.1327
0.0045
c≡30
0.014
0.1198
0.0081
C≡4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
n=41
0.0136
0.0836
0.0041
:=83
0.0161
0.0862
0.0038
z=53
0.0149
0.874
0.0043
j=37
0.0157
0.0957
0.0051
/=90
0.0143
0.0896
0.0049
C=4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
t=47
0.0052
0.0876
0.0052
V=23
0.0179
0.0964
0.0047
C=4
0.0138
0.0984
0.0059
T=21
0.0187
0.01142
0.0058
A≡2
0.0166
0.0977
0.005
O=16
0.0179
0.1032
0.004
g=34
0.0187
0.1089
0.0043
sum
0.3571
2.96922
0.113
Figure 8. Data of decryption
Figure 9. Sum data of decryption
Conclusion and Future works
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Time
Data
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
0
1
2
3
4
Time
Sum of data
tdecRSA
tdecRSASQ
tdecRSASQCRT The future works will overcome the
limitation of RSASQ by using simplified equation
instead of square to give less complexity such that
Euler theorem can still be satisfied, for example
square root can be taken especially the domain is
positive. Moreover, using another symmetric
cryptosystem in hybrid cryptosystem combined
with the modified RSA. Authors' Declaration: Simulation Results While the encryption time of our proposed RSASQ-
CRT is about 0.5 of RSA encryption time and 0.17
of RSASQ encryption time in total. Figs 6 and 7
provide analysis diagrams of encryption time. Figure 6. Data of encryption Figure 6. Data of encryption Figure 6. Data of encryption Table 4 shows the decryption time of
RSASQ is about 8.3 times than RSA time in total. While the decryption time of the proposed RSASQ-
CRT is about 0.3 of RSA decryption time and 0.03
of RSASQ decryption time in total. Figs 8 and 9
provide analysis diagrams of decryption time. Figure 7. Sum data of encryption
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Time
Sum of data
tencRSA
tencRSASQ
tencRSASQCRT Figure 7. Sum data of encryption 151 References: 1. Din M, Pal SK, Muttoo SK, Madan S. A Hybrid
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E-ISSN: 2411-7986 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access
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Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: May, 2023 2024, 21(1): 151-160
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
أنظمة التشفير الهجينة المقترحة التي تعتمد على شفرة
باليفير المعدلة ونظام التشفير ار اس أي المعدل
سجى محمد سهيل1
زينب أنور احمد 1
عبير جعفر حسين2
1
قسم،الرياضيات
كلية العلوم،للبنات
،جامعة بغداد
،بغداد
.العراق
2علوم الحاسوب والرياضيات ، جامعة ليفربول جون مورس ، ليفربول ، المملكة المتح دة
2 قسم الهندسة الكهربائية ، كلية الهندسة ، جامعة الشارقة ، الشارقة اإلمارات العربية المتحد
ة
:الخالصة
امان النص المشفر أصبح خطوة مهمة في نقل المعلومات المهمة عبر الشبكات. تلعب خوارزميات التشفير دورا رئيسيا في توفير
األمان وتجنب هجمات القراصنة. في هذا البحث، تم اقتراح نظامي تشفير هجينين يجمعان بين نظامي التشفير المتماثل المعدل باليفير والذ ي
يسمى شفرة باليفير المعدلة ونظامي التشفير غير المتماثل ا
لمعدل الذي يسمى تقنية مربعRSA
وتقنية مربعRSA
.مع نظرية البواقي الصينية
أنظمة التشفير الهجينة المقترحة لها طبقتان من التشفير وفك التشفير. في الطبقة األولى، يتم تشفير النص العادي باستخدام باليفير ال معدل
للحصول على النص المشفر وسيتم تشفير هذا النص باستخدام RSA
التربيعي للحصول على نص التشفير النهائي. حققت هذه الخوارزمية أمانًا
أعلى للبيانات ولكنها تعاني من وقت حسابي طويل. لذلك تم استخدام نظرية البواقي الصينية في نظام التشفير الهجين الثاني للحصول على وقت
أقل للتشفير وفك التشفير. أشارت نتائج المحاكاة إلى أن اس
تخدام باليفير المعدل مع المربع المقترح RSA
قد أدى إلى تحسين األمان. عالوة
على ذلك، فإن استخدام نظرية البواقي الصينية حقق وقتًا أقل للتشفير وفك التشفير مقارنةً بالخوارزميات المقترحة األولى والخوارزميا ت
القياسية. :الكلمات المفتاحية النص المشفر، نظرية البواق ي الصينية، نظام التشفير، النص العادي، شفرة باليفير، المفتاح الخاص والعام، شفرةRSA
. Open Access
Baghdad Science Journal P-ISSN: 2078-8665
Published Online First: May, 2023 2024, 21(1): 151-160
E-ISSN: 2411-7986
أنظمة التشفير الهجينة المقترحة التي تعتمد على شفرة
باليفير المعدلة ونظام التشفير ار اس أي المعدل
سجى محمد سهيل1
زينب أنور احمد 1
عبير جعفر حسين2
1
قسم،الرياضيات
كلية العلوم،للبنات
،جامعة بغداد
،بغداد
.العراق
2علوم الحاسوب والرياضيات ، جامعة ليفربول جون مورس ، ليفربول ، المملكة المتح دة
2 قسم الهندسة الكهربائية ، كلية الهندسة ، جامعة الشارقة ، الشارقة اإلمارات العربية المتحد
ة ا Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 Baghdad Science Journal
2024, 21(1): 151-160 P-ISSN: 2078-8665
E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Open Access ا
امان النص المشفر أصبح خطوة مهمة في نقل المعلومات المهمة عبر الشبكات. 6596/1964/2/022016 تلعب خوارزميات التشفير دورا رئيسيا في توفير
األمان وتجنب هجمات القراصنة. في هذا البحث، تم اقتراح نظامي تشفير هجينين يجمعان بين نظامي التشفير المتماثل المعدل باليفير والذ ي
يسمى شفرة باليفير المعدلة ونظامي التشفير غير المتماثل ا
لمعدل الذي يسمى تقنية مربعRSA
وتقنية مربعRSA
.مع نظرية البواقي الصينية
أنظمة التشفير الهجينة المقترحة لها طبقتان من التشفير وفك التشفير. في الطبقة األولى، يتم تشفير النص العادي باستخدام باليفير ال معدل
للحصول على النص المشفر وسيتم تشفير هذا النص باستخدام RSA
التربيعي للحصول على نص التشفير النهائي. حققت هذه الخوارزمية أمانًا
أعلى للبيانات ولكنها تعاني من وقت حسابي طويل. لذلك تم استخدام نظرية البواقي الصينية في نظام التشفير الهجين الثاني للحصول على وقت
أقل للتشفير وفك التشفير. أشارت نتائج المحاكاة إلى أن اس
تخدام باليفير المعدل مع المربع المقترح RSA
قد أدى إلى تحسين األمان. عالوة
على ذلك، فإن استخدام نظرية البواقي الصينية حقق وقتًا أقل للتشفير وفك التشفير مقارنةً بالخوارزميات المقترحة األولى والخوارزميا ت
القياسية :الكلمات المفتاحية النص المشفر، نظرية البواق ي الصينية، نظام التشفير، النص العادي، شفرة باليفير، المفتاح الخاص والعام، شفرةRSA
. 111 | 8,086 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8361/4414 | null |
Arabic | © © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited. Abstract Diazotization reaction between 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone and diazonium salts was carried
out
resulting
in
ligand
4-(3-Acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-phenylazo)-N-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-
benzenesulfonamide, this in turn reacted with the next metal ions (V4+ , Cr3+ , Mn2+ and Cu2+) forming
stable complexes with unique geometries such as (Octahedral for both Cr3+ , Mn2+ and Cu2+ ,squar
pyramidal for V4+). The creation of such complexes was detected by employing spectroscopic means
involving ultraviolet-visible which proved the obtained geometries, fourier transfer proved the formation
of azo group and and the coordination with metal ion through it. Pyrolysis (TGA & DSC) studies proved
the coordination of water residues with metal ions inside the coordination sphere as well as chlorine
atoms. Moreover, element micro-analysis and AAS that gave corresponding outcome with theoretically
counting outcome. (1H &13C-NMR) and magnetic quantifications can also indicate the formation of
ligand-H3L and occurrence of coordination. The thermodynamic constants (∆H, ∆S and ∆G) were
calculated. The DPPH radical scavenging method will be used to assess the antioxidant activities of the
compounds the compounds showed antioxidant abilities to scavenge free radical. Keywords: Antioxidant, Azo dye, Mass spectroscopy, 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone , Thermal
analysis. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8365
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8365
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Synthesis, Characterization, Thermal Studies and Antioxidant
Activities of Transition Metal Complexes with Azo Dye ligand
Amnah Mahdi Abdullah
, Abbas Ali Salih Al-Hamdani* Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. Received 14/01/2023, Revised 31/03/2023, Accepted 02/04/2023, Published Online First 20/10/2023,
P bli h d 01/05/2024 Received 14/01/2023, Revised 31/03/2023, Accepted 02/04/2023, Published Online First 20/10/2023,
Published 01/05/2024 Introduction Diverse types of dyes, often containing highly toxic
metal complexes, have been used for the textile
industry, and other uses in industries like food
industry, leather processing, papermaking, printing,
paints, as well cosmetics also it constitutes a source
of grave concern to the environment through to its
discharge into fresh waters
1. Their relative
importance continues to increase in the future and
drive the color and print market decisively2. Because
azo group has several advantages, it has been used in
photochromic,
oxidation-
responsive,
pH
sensitive, it stabilizes oxidation state of low-valent
metals due to the existence for the a low-lying azo
fastened π* molecular orbital, it is utilized as a metal
ion indicator at complex measurement titration, dyes
as well pigments at textile industry 3 .These azo dye
molecules make up over 70% of the entire amount of
dye used and have been reported to be mutagenic,
carcinogenic, and genotoxic to humans and other
aquatic life4-6.Numerous uses of the dye's related Page | 1512 Page | 1512 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal the
parent
sulfonamides15.Because
of
their
interesting bioactivity, many studies have been
performed on heterocyclic azo dyes and their metal
chelate 16,17. Azo dye metal chelates are of interest for
use in molecular memory storage, non-linear visual
representations, and printing systems. The aim of this
work is to synthesize a novelmetal ions complexes
V4+ , Cr3+ , Mn2+ and Cu2+ from azo ligand H3L as
well as characterization with spectroscopic analysis
and studying of thermal decomposition and thermal
stability by using DSC and TGA curve, the DSC
curve was used to calculated thermodynamic
parameters ∆H, ∆S and ∆G then antioxidant activity
of these compounds was determined against the
DPPH radical and compared to that of a standard
natural antioxidant gallic acid. electrolytes, from biology to the textile industry,
have been discovered. If the dye is cytotoxic, it can
be administered to the living cells after being
wrapped in many electrolytes to boost its
biocompatibility. Additionally, pH detection is done
using the dyes entrapped within the polyelectrolyte
complexes
7. The textile business has been
revolutionized by polymer coloring reactions8,9. In
the production of food, essential electrolytes and
edible dyes are frequently used10. Biological research
have also discovered extensive usage for the
combination of colors and proteins11,12. Materials and Methods Materials have been obtained from the trading
suppliers, (SigmaAldrich, Merck, and others). The
Urovector model EA/3000, singleV3O, has been
employed to achieve (C.H.N. Sand O). Mineral-ions
have determined as M-O employing a gravimitrec-
approaches. Molar-conductivity has been estimated
employing conduct meter W-T-W, 25°C . 1×10-3 M. DMSO has been employed as solvent. Mass-spectra
for substances have been collected using mass
spectrometry
(MS)
Q-P-50-A-D-I
Analysis
Shimadzu QP(E170Ev) -2010-Pluss spectrometer. The UV-visible absorption spectra were obtained
using a UV-1800 Shimadzu Spectrophotometer. The
Brucker (400MHz) Spectrometer was used to obtain
the 1H & 13C NMR spectra. The IR Prestige-21 was
used to investigate the Fourier Transform Infrared
(FTIR) spectra, where the device used was Shimadzu
4000-200 cm-1 by CsI and Braker 4000-500 cm-1 by
KBr. Utilizing a Shimadzu (A.A) 680 G atomic
clock, metals were identified. The balancing
susceptibility
model
MSR-MKI
was
utilized
magnetic
characteristics. Perkin-Elmer
Pyris
Diamond DSC/TGA was used for all prior sorts
thermal analysis. Synthesis of Azo Dye Ligand [4-(3-Acetyl-2,4,6-
trihydroxy-phenylazo) -N- (5- methyl – isoxazol -
3- yl) – benzene sulfon amide] : Sulfamethoxazole (1g, 3.948mmol) has been
dissolved in (2ml HCl , 10ml of ethanol) at 0-5°C
during refrigeration. To minimize temperature to
5°C, (10% , 1g , 14.49mmol) NaNO2 were added
gradually. After the reaction has been stirred for
approximately 45 minutes, (0.663g, 3.948mmol) of
1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone dissolved in
15ml of ethanol were added. A change to a dark
colored solution was observed after stirring for 30
minutes to carry out the reaction. This product was
collected after being filtered and dried. Its melting
point was 146-148 °C and orange precipitate, and its
yield was 93%. Scheme1 shows the formation of the
ligand azo dye. Introduction Azo dyes of
sulfonamides are well known for their antiseptic
activity and some of them are useful as
chemotherapeutic agents13. Transition metals such as
V4+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ have been used in medicine
for a long time14. Many metal sulfonamide
complexes have been shown to be more potent than General Approach for Metal Complexes
Synthesis: The metal salt (1mmol) [VOSO4.5H2O 0.13641g,
CrCl3.6H2O 0.26649g, MnCl2.4H2O 0.19794g and
CuCl2.2H2O 0.17055g] was dissolved in 10ml of
water. (15ml) from Azo ligand H3L (0.432g, 1mmol)
was added drop by drop. The resultant mixture is
heated and refluxed for 2 hours up to 40°C . The solid
complexes were separated and any unreacted Page | 1513 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal components were removed by briefly immersing
them in hot ethanol. The complexes were collected, dried and weighed. Schem1 shows the formation of
the metal ions complexes. N
O
H3C
H
N
S
O
O
NH2
4-amino-N-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)benzenesulfonamide
Ethanol/ HCL . NaNO2
temprture 0-5C
N
O
H3C
H
N
S
O
O
N+
NCl
C
CH3
O
OH
OH
HO
1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
N
O
H3C
H
N
S
O O
N
N
CH3
O
HO
OH
HO
VOSO4.5H2O
CrCl3.6H2O
M(II)Cl2.nH2O
N
O
H3C
H
N
S
O O
N
N
CH3
O
HO
OH
O
N
O
H3C
H
N
S
O O
N
N
CH3
O
HO
OH
O
N
O
H3C
H
N
S
O O
N
N
CH3
O
HO
OH
O
Diazonium salt
O
V
Cr
Cl
Cl
OH2
M
Cl
OH2
H2O
M=Mn and Cu
n = 4 and 2 in both of them respictevely
O
S
O
O
O
Scheme1. Formation for ligand (H3L) and their metal complexes H3C HO OH 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone 1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone HO CrCl3.6H2O M=Mn and Cu
n = 4 and 2 in both of them respictevely HO
Scheme1. Formation for ligand (H3L) and their metal complexes Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Physical and Analytical Data For ligand(H3L) and
the Complexes Synthesized Physical and Analytical Data For ligand(H3L) and
the Complexes Synthesized Physical and Analytical Data For ligand(H3L) and
the Complexes Synthesized
Reactions of metal salts with ligand gave the
synthetic complexes, Scheme 1. The results of elemental
analysis
demonstrates
1:1
M:
L
stoichiometry for all complexes .The elemental
analysis results were compatible with theoretical
calculated results as denoted in Table 1. p
y
Reactions of metal salts with ligand gave the
synthetic complexes, Scheme 1. The results of Page | 1514
Table 1. Some physical properties element micro analysis studies of ligand and complexes. Micro elemental analysis (Found)and Calculated %
Compounds
formula M.wt
m.p °C
Color
Cl
M
S
O
N
H
C
146_148
Orange
--
--
(6.70)
7.42
(25.10)
25.90
(14.00)
12.96
(4.01)
3.72
(50.55)
50.00
H3L=
C18H16N4O7S
432
=
227_228
d
Dark
Brown
Nil
(8.01)
8.58
(9.88)
10.77
(31.45)
32.33
(10.70)
9.43
(3.59)
2.52
(36.99)
36.37
C18H15N4O12S2V
= 593.9415
300<
Dark
Brown
(11.80)
12.41
(10.00)
9.09
(4.98)
5.60
(21.86)
22.38
(10.89)
9.79
(2.39)
2.97
(38.07)
37.76
C18H17N4O8SCl2
Cr
571.99=
172_174
d
Reddish
Brown
(7.22)
6.37
(10.01)
9.86
(6.02)
5.74
(25.00)
25.83
(11.12)
10.05
(2.61)
3.40
(38.02)
38.75
C18H19N4O9SCl
Mn
577.44=
222_223
d
Brown
(7.01)
6.27
(10.93)
11.23
(5.43)
5.65
(26.06)
25.44
(10.10)
9.89
(3.23)
3.36
(37.33)
38.16
C18H19N4O9SClC
u = 566.43
d=decompose e 1. Some physical properties element micro analysis studies of ligand and complexes. Mi
l
t l
l
i (F
d)
d C l
l t d % Table 1. Some physical properties element micro analysis studies of ligand and complexe
Micro elemental analysis (Found)and Calculated %
mpounds Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8365
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 8.11ppm,
(1H)d
(C-H)aromatic
bside(N=N),
8.10ppm,
(1H)S
(C-H)aromatic
bside(N=N),
8.74ppm(1H)S, (OH) phenolic bside (N=N),
8.75ppm, (1H)S (OH) phenolic bside(N=N) and
12.00ppm, (1H)S, (OH) phenolic bside COCH3. 13C-
NMR:
33.62(C1),
181.97(C2),
118.20(C3)
,
165.30(C4), 157.23(C5), 155.15(C6), 145.00(C7),
172.24(C8), 137.27(C9), 148.96(C10), 132.21(C11),
178.10(C12), 106.90(C13), 189.75(C14), 127.48(C15),
169.75(C16), 196.20(C17), and 49.71(C18)18,19. Nuclear Resonance Spectrum of Ligand ( 1H-
NMR &13C-NMR ) : The 1H-NMR &13C-NMR spectrum of newazo,
which can be seen in Fig.1 demonstrates the
chemical shifts of these spectra. 1H-NMR(DMSO-
d6,ppm):1.92ppm(3H)S, CH3, 2.08ppm(3H)S, CH3,
2.38-2.64ppm, DMSO, 3.34ppm(DHO), 6.43ppm,
(1H)S,(C-H), 6.77ppm, (1H)S, (C-H) bside OH,
7.26(1H)S,NH, 7.71ppm(1H)d, C-H aromatic bside
SO2 , 7.72ppm, (1H)d (C-H) aromatic bside SO2 , Page | 1515 Page | 1515 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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Figure 1. 1H &13C-NMR spectra of ligand (H3L) Figure 1. 1H &13C-NMR spectra of ligand (H3L) Figure 1. 1H &13C-NMR spectra of ligand (H3L) UV-Vis Studies of the Ligand (H3L) and its
Complexes: π*, and C.T,
4A2g→4T1g(P),
4A2g→4T1g(F) and
4A2g→4T2g(F) respectively. This is in a good
agreement with prior work on octahedral geometry21. The
electronic
absorption
of
Mn2+complexe
exhibited peaks of 242, 275, 410, 611, 670, 745 and
787 nm ascribed to the π → π*, n → π*,
C.TML,6A1g→4Eg(G), The electronic spectrum for ligand (H3L) in Fig.3
exhibits strong absorpans at 286 nm, 34965.04cm-1
ascribed to the π ⟶ π* transition and peak at
(392nm, 25510.20cm-1) attributed to the n⟶π*
transition a peak with a high intensity band formed
withabsorption maxima20. The electronic transition
of V4+complexe is shown in Fig .2 which depicts a
peak of 269, 380, 661 and 850 nm assigned to π→
π*, n→ π*, 2B2g→2Eg and 2B2g→2B1g respectively
which is an indicative of a square pyramidal
geometry. The Cr3+complex exhibited peaks of 264,
415, 646, 755 and 851 nm ascribed to the π→ π*, n→ g
g( )
6A1g→4T2g(G),6A1g→4T1g(G)and respectively which is an indicative of a Octahedral
geometry 22. The Cu2+complexe exhibited peaks at
245, 575, 398 and 795 nm ascribed to the π→ π*,n→
π*, C.TML and 2Eg→2T2g respectively. which is in
a good agreement with prior work on Octahedral
geometry
23. Table 2 displays the electronic
assignment, metal complexes. Page | 1516 Page | 1516 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 2. Nuclear Resonance Spectrum of Ligand ( 1H-
NMR &13C-NMR ) : UV-Vis spectra, magnetic moments and molar conductivity for ligand (H3L) and their metal
complexes
Ʌm
S.cm2.Mol-1
µeff (B.M)
Assignment
Ɛmax L
mol-1
cm-1
Abs
ύ cm-1
λ nm
Compound
--
--
π →π*
n→ π*
16020
17320
1.602
1.732
34965.04
25510.20
286
392
Ligand = H3L
12
1.63
π→π*
n→π*
2B2g →2Eg
2B2g → 2B1g
29980
11000
4100
4000
2.998
1.100
0.410
0.400
37174.72
26315.79
15128.59
11764.71
269
380
661
850
VO(H2L)(SO4)] ]
Square pyramidal
12
3.81
π→π*
n→π*
4A2g→4T1g(P)
4A2g→4T1g(F)
4A2g→4T2g(F)
5120
8000
450 250
500
0.512
0.800
0.045
0.025
0.050
37878.79
24096.39
15479.88
13245.03
11750.88
264
415
646
755
851
[Cr(H2L)(H2O)Cl2]
Octahedral
11
5.70
π→π*
n→π*
C.T M→L
6A1g→4Eg(G)
6A1g→4T2g(G)
6A1g→4T1g(G)
6A1g→4T2g(D)
5000
6000
11370
210
340
360
240
0.500
0.600
1.137
0.021
0.034
0.036
0.024
41322.31
36363.64
24390.24
16366.61
14925.37
13422.82
12706.48
242
275
410
611
670
745
787
Mn(H2L)(H2O)2Cl]]
Octahedral
20
1.76
π→π*
n→π*
C.T M→L
2Eg→ 2T2g
856014
570
8000
2690
0.856
1.457
0.800
0.269
40816.32
36363.63
25125.63
12578.62
245
275
398
795
[Cu(H2L)(H2O)2Cl]
Octahedral
Figure2. UV-Vis spectrum of V-complex
Figure3. UV-Vis spectrum of ligand (H3L)
LC-Mass Spectrum. of H3L & Some Products:
LC-Mass spectrumof ligand (H3L) & some
products were tested using LC-Mass device, this
approach is one of the most important approaches in
characterization and complementary for the rest
approaches by which the molecular weight of the
compound is estimated according to the relation Table 2. UV-Vis spectra, magnetic moments and molar conductivity for ligand (H3L) and th
complexes Figure3. UV-Vis spectrum of ligand (H3L) Figure2. UV-Vis spectrum of V-complex Figure3. UV-Vis spectrum of ligand (H3L) LC-Mass Spectrum. of H3L & Some Products: LC-Mass spectrumof ligand (H3L) & some
products were tested using LC-Mass device, this
approach is one of the most important approaches in
characterization and complementary for the rest
approaches by which the molecular weight of the
compound is estimated according to the relation
(m/z). Mass information of the ligand in Scheme 2 Page | 1517 Page | 1517 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal C18H15CrN4O7S•+,
C5H6CrO3•+,
C6H5NO2S•+,
C3H4N2O•+ and C4H4NO+ that corresponded to
552.94 m/z, 483.01 m/z, 165.97 m/z, 155 m/z, 84.03
m/z and82.03 m/z respectively 25. Additionally,
[Mn(H2L)(H2O)2Cl] complex in Fig. Nuclear Resonance Spectrum of Ligand ( 1H-
NMR &13C-NMR ) : 7 and Scheme
5, illustrate the next fragments: (M+) at 556.99 m/z
with relative abundance 10%, C18H15ClMnN4O7S+,
C14H10ClMnN2O4•+, C6H6ClMnN2O2•+, C4H4N2O3S•+
and C8H7O2+ that correspond to 520.97 m/z, 359.97
m/z, 227.95 m/z, 159.99 m/z and135.04 m/z
respectively 25. Finally, Fig. 8 and Scheme 6 of
[Cu(H2L)(H2O)2Cl] complex illustrate the next
fragments:(M+) at 564.99 m/z with relative
abundance
10%,C18H15ClCuN4O7S+,
C14H10ClCuN2O4•+, C6H4ClCuN•+, C8H7NO4•+and
C4H4N2O3S•+ corresponded to 528.96 m/z, 367.96
m/z , 187.93 m/z, 181.04 m/z and159.99 m/z
respectively 25. shows the fragmentation pattern and the extract mass
for each pattern. We can clearly observe the
molecular ion peak [M]+ for the fragment
C14H10N2O6S•+and its relative abundance about 66%
in Fig.4, in addition to other abundances for the rest
of peaks including C8H8N2O4•+, C6H4O2S•+ and
C4H4N2O•+ mentioned in Table 3 and corresponded
the
next
abundances:
47%,
33%
and79%respectively24. For [VO(H2L)(SO4)], Fig. 5
and Scheme 3, we can also detect the molecular ion
peak (M+) at 593.96 m/z with relative abundance
20%
and
next
patterns:
C18H14N4O8SV•+,
C14H9N2O5V•+
and
C4H4N2O3S•+,
which
corresponded to 497 m/z, 335.99 m/z and159.99 m/z
respectively24. For [Cr(H2L) (H2O) Cl] complex in
Fig. 6 and Scheme 4, which illustrate the next
fragments: (M+) at 570.95 m/z with relative
abundance
20%,
C18H15Cl2CrN4O7S+, Figure 4. Mass spectrum of ligand Figure 4. Mass spectrum of ligand Page | 1518 Page | 1518 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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Figure 5. Mass spectrum of V-complex
Figure 6. Mass spectrum of Cr-complex Baghdad Science Journal Figure 5. Mass spectrum of V-complex Page |
Figure 5. Mass spectrum of V-complex
Figure 6. Mass spectrum of Cr-complex
Figure7. Mass spectrum of Mn-complex Figure 5. Mass spectrum of V-complex Figure 5. Mass spectrum of V-complex Figure 5. Mass spectrum of V-complex Figure 6. Mass spectrum of Cr-complex Figure 6. Mass spectrum of Cr-complex Figure7. Mass spectrum of Mn-complex Figure7. Mass spectrum of Mn-complex Page | 1519 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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Figure8. Mass spectrum of Cu-complex
Scheme 2. Pattern of fragmentation of ligand (H3L) Baghdad Science Journal Figure8. Mass spectrum of Cu-complex Figure8. Mass spectrum of Cu-complex
Scheme 2. Pattern of fragmentation of ligand (H3L) Figure8. Mass spectrum of Cu-complex Scheme 2. Pattern of fragmentation of ligand (H3L) Scheme 2. Nuclear Resonance Spectrum of Ligand ( 1H-
NMR &13C-NMR ) : Pattern of fragmentation of ligand (H3L) Page | 1520 Page | 1520 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Scheme 3. Pattern of fragmentation of V-complex f fragmentation of V complex Scheme 3. Pattern of fragmentation of V-complex Scheme 3. Pattern of fragmentation of V-complex Page | 1521 Page | 1521 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal N
O
H3C
N
H
S
O
O
N
N
HO
O
OH
C
CH3
O
Cr
Cl
Cl
OH2
Chemical Formula: C18H17Cl2CrN4O8S
Exact Mass: 570.95
N
O
H3C
N
H
S
O
O
N
N
HO
O
OH
C
CH3
O
Cr
Cl
Cl
N
O
H3C
N
H
S
O
O
N
N
HO
O
OH
C
CH3
O
Cr
Chemical Formula: C18H15Cl2CrN4O7S+
Exact Mass: 552.94
Chemical Formula: C18H15CrN4O7S•+
Exact Mass: 483.01
N
O
H3C
N
H
S
O
O
N
N
HO
O
OH
C
CH
3
O
Cr
Chemical Formula:
C4H4NO+
Exact Mass: 82.03
Chemical Formula: C3H4N2O•+
Exact Mass: 84.03
Chemical Formula:
C5H6CrO3
•+
Exact Mass: 165.97
Chemical Formula: C6H5NO2S•+
Exact Mass: 155.00
Scheme 4. Pattern of fragmentation of Cr-complex H CH3 OH
Chemical Formula:
C5H6CrO3
•+
Exact Mass: 165.97 H3C Chemical Formula: C3H4N2O•+
Exact Mass: 84.03 Chemical Formula: C3H4N2O•+
Exact Mass: 84.03 Chemical Formula: C3H4N2O•+
Exact Mass: 84.03 Chemical Formula:
C4H4NO+
Exact Mass: 82.03 Chemical Formula:
C4H4NO+
Exact Mass: 82.03 H Chemical Formula: C6H5NO2S•+
Exact Mass: 155.00 Chemical Formula: C6H5NO2S•+
Exact Mass: 155.00 Scheme 4. Pattern of fragmentation of Cr-complex Page | 1522 Page | 1522 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Scheme 6. Pattern of fragmentation of Cu-complex Scheme 6. Pattern of fragmentation of Cu-complex Page | 1524 Page | 1524 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 3. Nuclear Resonance Spectrum of Ligand ( 1H-
NMR &13C-NMR ) : LC-Mass spectral data of ligand and its complexes
Relative Abundance(%)
m/z Exact mass
Fragment
10
432.07
[C18H16N4O7S]
66
334.03
[C14H10N2O6S]•+
47
196.05
[C8H8N2O4]•+
33
139.99
[C6H4O2S]•+
79
96.03
[C4H4N2O]•+
18
593.96
[C18H15N4O12S2V]
44
497.00
[C18H14N4O8SV]•+
33
335.99
[C14H9N2O5V]•+
64
159.99
[C4H4N2O3S]•+
19
571.11
[C18H17Cl2CrN4O8S]
10
552.94
[C18H15Cl2CrN4O7S]+
45
483.01
[C18H15CrN4O7S]•+
80
165.97
[C5H6CrO3]•+
54
155.00
[C6H5NO2S]•+
47
84.03
[C3H4N2O]•+
32
82.03
[C4H4NO]+
10
556.99
[C18H19N4O9SClMn]
45
520.97
[C18H15N4O7SClMn]+
36
359.97
[C14H10N2O4ClMn]•+
59
227.95
[C6H6N2O2ClMn]•+
51
159.99
[C4H4N2O3S]•+
77
135.04
[C8H7O2]+
10
564.99
[C18H19N4O9SClCu]
64
528.96
[C18H15N4O7SClCu]+
41
367.96
[C14H10N2O4ClCu]•+
75
187.93
[C6H4NClCu]•+
89
181.04
[C8H7NO4]•+
34
159.99
[C4H4N2O3S]•+ Table 3. LC-Mass spectral data of ligand and its complexes Infrared Spectra Measurements: Infrared Spectra Measurements: Infrared Spectra Measurements: behavior of azo group N=N, which indicates the
ligand formation. After this, the IR spectra of all
produced compounds revealed that the azo-dye
ligand connected to metal ions through two sites: the
azo group's nitrogen site, and oxygen site via
deprotonation of the phenolic
26. New bands
belonging to (M-N) appeared at 549, 520, 501 and
512 cm-1 for the V4+, Cr3+,Mn2+ and Cu2+ complexes,
respectively, (M-O) at 406, 480, 460 and 450 cm-1
for the complexes of V4+, Cr3+,Mn2+ and Cu2+,
respectively, (M-Cl) at 385, 389 and 370 cm-1 for the
complexes of Cr3+,Mn2+ and Cu2+, respectively. behavior of azo group N=N, which indicates the
ligand formation. After this, the IR spectra of all
produced compounds revealed that the azo-dye
ligand connected to metal ions through two sites: the
azo group's nitrogen site, and oxygen site via
deprotonation of the phenolic
26. New bands
belonging to (M-N) appeared at 549, 520, 501 and
512 cm-1 for the V4+, Cr3+,Mn2+ and Cu2+ complexes,
respectively, (M-O) at 406, 480, 460 and 450 cm-1
for the complexes of V4+, Cr3+,Mn2+ and Cu2+,
respectively, (M-Cl) at 385, 389 and 370 cm-1 for the
complexes of Cr3+,Mn2+ and Cu2+, respectively. The azo ligand spectra and their metal chelates
complexes with V4+, Cr3+, Mn2+ and Cu2+ have been
compiled, and the data has been organized in Table
4, Fig.9 for the ligand and Fig.10 for the vanadium
complex. The ligand displayed bands at 3503,
3281,3014, 2979, 1635 and 1088-1015 cm-1 that
were ascribed to the ν (OH) phenolic, ν (NH), ν (C-
H) aromatic, ν (C-H)aliphatic, ν(C =O) and
ν(SO2).FT-IR spectrum of the resulting ligand
demonstrates new distinguishable double band at
1485 cm-1 attributed to stretching vibrational Page | 1525 Page | 1525 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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Figure 9. FT-IR spectrum of ligand (H3L)
Figure 10. FT-IR spectrum of V-complex Baghdad Science Journal Figure 9. FT-IR spectrum of ligand (H3L) Figure 9. FT-IR spectrum of ligand (H3L) Figure 9. FT-IR spectrum of ligand (H3L) Figure 10. FT-IR spectrum of V-complex Figure 10. FT-IR spectrum of V-complex Page | 1526 Page | 1526 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 4. Infrared Spectra Measurements: The IR spectra bands (cm-1) of the ligand azo and its complexes
Other
bands
ν(SO2)
ν
(N=N)
ν(C =O)
ν
(C-H)
aromatic
aliphatic
ν (NH)
ν
(OH)
phenolic
ν
(H2O)
aqua
Compounds
_
1088
1015
1485
1635
3014
2979
3281
3503
--
L
3
H
549 (V-N)
406 (V-O)
979(V=O
1087
1467
1605
3079
2979
3287
3437
--
)]
4
L)(SO
2
VO(H
]
520 (Cr-N)
480 (Cr-O)
385 (Cr-Cl)
1089
1005
1467
1605
3067
2927
3285
3501
3739
[
2
O)Cl
2
L)(H
2
Cr(H
]
501 (Mn-N)
460 (Mn-O)
389
(Mn-
Cl)
1010
1467
1603
3049
2977
3283
3504
3738
Cl]
2
O)
2
L)(H
2
Mn(H
]
512 (Cu-N)
450 (Cu-O)
370 (Cu-Cl)
1087
1473
1603
3070
2983
3284
3520
3704
[
Cl
2
O)
2
L)(H
2
Cu(H
] Table 4. The IR spectra bands (cm-1) of the ligand azo and its complexes Thermal Study Data: TGA data of the ligand H3Landsome complexes
Reaction
Weight mass loss%
TDTGmax
Tf/°C
Ti/°C
Step
mplexes
Found
Calc
-C17H16N4O7S
97.7560
97.2248
347.362
597.747
111.021
1
gand
C
culated:97.2248%final=2.7752%;Estimated97.7560%final=2.244%
-SO4, -2CO2
31.1313
30.9795
317.731
423.313
280.102
1
complex
-C16H15N4O3S
56.7405
57.7499
498.321
592.517
421.678
2
VO
Calculated:88.7294% final =11.2706%;Estimated 87.8718% final =12.1282%
-H2O
3.7645
3.1469
80.351
121.288
38.200
1
-complex
-Cl, -SO2, -CO2
30.9885
31.2942
251.511
309.688
118.998
2
-C17H15N4O2
53.6412
53.6722
419.121
588.931
309.799
3
OCr
Calculated:88.1133% final =11.8867%;Estimated 88.3942% final =11.6058%
-2H2O
6.9639
6.2344
109.611
168.471
52.111
1
n-complex
-Cl, -CO2
14.4372
13.7676
203.721
242.1
170.001
2
-SO2, -C12H13N4
47.6077
47.9703
309.115
389.359
247.986
3
-C5H2O2
16.4660
16.2787
414.413
597.709
390.031
4
MnO
Calculated:84.251% final =15.749%;Estimated 85.4748% final =14.5252%
C18H16N4O7S
-C17H16N4O7S
7.7560
C
C18H15N4O12S2V
found=31.1313
.2248
calc=30.9795
-SO4
-2CO2
C16H15N4O4SV
found=56.7405
calc=57.7499
-C16H15N4O3S
VO
C18H17N4O8SCl2Cr
found=3.7645
calc=3.1469
-H2O
C18H15N4O7SCl2Cr
found=30.9885
calc=31.2942
C17H15N4O3Cr
OCr
found=53.6412
calc=53.6722 -C17H15N4O2
-Cl
-SO2
-CO2 P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
C18H19N4O9SClMn
found=6.9639
clac=6.2344
-H2O
C18H15N4O7SClMn
found=14.4372
clac=13.7676
-Cl
-CO2
C17H15N4O5SMn
found=47.6077
clac=47.9703
-SO2
-C12H13N4
C5H2O3Mn
-C5H2O2
found=16.46601
calc=16.2787
MnO
Scheme 7. Tentative decomposition reaction of ligand and metal complexes
Table 5. TGA data of the ligand H3Landsome complexes
Reaction
Weight mass loss%
TDTGmax
Tf/°C
Ti/°C
Step
Complexes
Found
Calc
-C17H16N4O7S
97.7560
97.2248
347.362
597.747
111.021
1
Ligand
C
Calculated:97.2248%final=2.7752%;Estimated97.7560%final=2.244%
-SO4, -2CO2
31.1313
30.9795
317.731
423.313
280.102
1
V-complex
-C16H15N4O3S
56.7405
57.7499
498.321
592.517
421.678
2
VO
Calculated:88.7294% final =11.2706%;Estimated 87.8718% final =12.1282%
-H2O
3.7645
3.1469
80.351
121.288
38.200
1
Cr-complex
-Cl, -SO2, -CO2
30.9885
31.2942
251.511
309.688
118.998
2
-C17H15N4O2
53.6412
53.6722
419.121
588.931
309.799
3
OCr
Calculated:88.1133% final =11.8867%;Estimated 88.3942% final =11.6058%
-2H2O
6.9639
6.2344
109.611
168.471
52.111
1
Mn-complex
-Cl, -CO2
14.4372
13.7676
203.721
242.1
170.001
2
-SO2, -C12H13N4
47.6077
47.9703
309.115
389.359
247.986
3
-C5H2O2
16.4660
16.2787
414.413
597.709
390.031
4
MnO
Calculated:84.251% final =15.749%;Estimated 85.4748% final =14.5252%
C18H16N4O7S
-C17H16N4O7S
found=97.7560
C
C18H15N4O12S2V
found=31.1313
calc=97.2248
calc=30.9795
-SO4
-2CO2
C16H15N4O4SV
found=56.7405
calc=57.7499
-C16H15N4O3S
VO
C18H17N4O8SCl2Cr
found=3.7645
calc=3.1469
-H2O
C18H15N4O7SCl2Cr
found=30.9885
calc=31.2942
C17H15N4O3Cr
OCr
found=53.6412
calc=53.6722 -C17H15N4O2
-Cl
-SO2
-CO2 C18H19N4O9SClMn
found=6.9639
clac=6.2344
-H2O
C18H15N4O7SClMn
found=14.4372
clac=13.7676
-Cl
-CO2
C17H15N4O5SMn
found=47.6077
clac=47.9703
-SO2
-C12H13N4
C5H2O3Mn
-C5H2O2
found=16.46601
calc=16.2787
MnO
Scheme 7. Tentative decomposition reaction of ligand and metal complexes
C18H16N4O7S
-C17H16N4O7S
found=97.7560
C
C18H15N4O12S2V
found=31.1313
calc=97.2248
calc=30.9795
-SO4
-2CO2
C16H15N4O4SV
found=56.7405
calc=57.7499
-C16H15N4O3S
VO
C18H17N4O8SCl2Cr
found=3.7645
calc=3.1469
-H2O
C18H15N4O7SCl2Cr
found=30.9885
calc=31.2942
C17H15N4O3Cr
OCr
found=53.6412
calc=53.6722 -C17H15N4O2
-Cl
-SO2
-CO2 Scheme 7. Thermal Study Data: results and calculated values, that validates elemental
analysis results and suggested Eqs27,28. In this work,
it was noted that the remaining ligand was carbon
and the remaining metal oxide in the ligand and
metal complexes of V4+, Cr3+ and Mn2+. According
to the results of the thermo gravimetric tests, the
complexes and the ligand decompose in (one to
three) phases. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH,
ΔS and ΔG were computed using the DCS curve, as
shown in Scheme 7. The findings of the thermal analysis for ligand (H3L)
and their synthesized complexes are displayed in
Tables 5, 6, the Figs.11- 14 respectively. Tentative
decomposition reaction of metal complexes is
summarized in Schemes 5. Decomposition stages,
temperature ranges, decomposition products, and
weight loss complex percentages were computed
based on the thermograms, and they showed
agreement between their thermal decomposition Figure 11. TGA&DSC curve of Ligand (H3L) Figure 11. TGA&DSC curve of Ligand (H3L) Page | 1527 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 12. TGA & DSC curve of V-complex Figure 12. TGA & DSC curve of V-complex Figure 12. TGA & DSC curve of V-complex Figure 12. TGA & DSC curve of V-complex Page | 1528 Page | 1528 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 13. TGA & DSC curve of Cr-complex Figure 13. TGA & DSC curve of Cr-complex Figure 13. TGA & DSC curve of Cr-complex Page | 1529 Page | 1529 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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C18H19N4O9SClMn
found=6.9639
clac=6.2344
-H2O
C18H15N4O7SClMn
found=14.4372
clac=13.7676
-Cl
-CO2
C17H15N4O5SMn
found=47.6077
clac=47.9703
-SO2
-C12H13N4
C5H2O3Mn
-C5H2O2
found=16.46601
calc=16.2787
MnO
Scheme 7. Tentative decomposition reaction of ligand and metal complexes
Table 5. Investigation of Antioxidant Activity nm). electron delocalization also produces dark
purple29. The interaction of [VO(H2L)(SO4)],
[Cr(H2L)(H2O)Cl2],[Mn(H2L)(H2O)2Cl] The assay is used to determine how well antioxidants
can scavenge it. Antioxidants provide a hydrogen
atom
to1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxy-phenyl)-ethanone,
which reduces the single electrons from nitrogen
atoms in DPPH . When the DPPH radical solution is
combined with the antioxidant, the color of the
corresponding hydrazine changes from violet to
yellow, which is characterized by an absorption band
in an ethanol solution centered at approximately (517 and[Cu(H2L)(H2O)2Cl] complexes with DPPH
radicals and subsequent hydrogen donation to
scavenge the radicals are displayed in Table
7.Effective DPPH radical scavenging is indicated by
a lower IC50 value. In the DPPH assay, the practically
Cr-complex has more antioxidant activity than the
metal complexes30,31. Table 7. Antioxidant activity of Azo dye and its complexes Table 7. Antioxidant activity of Azo dye and its complexes
Compounds
Mean
Standard
deviation
Coefficient
of
variation%
Correlation
coefficient
IC50(M)
GA
93.5600
2.0846
2.2281
0.9993
6.1135
H3 L
85.7600
3.0663
3.3521
0.9938
4.6630
Mn(H2L)(H2O)2Cl]]
68.8316
5.7753
4.1123
0.9977
2.6521
[VO(H2L)(SO4)]
68.2735
3.6742
13.8665
0.9978
2.1663
[Cr(H2L)(H2O)Cl2]
71.2276
4.7796
13.8221
0.9993
2.1350
Cu(H2L)(H2O)2Cl]]
80.3162
2.5007
3.7986
0.9961
2.6651 Table 7. Antioxidant activity of Azo dye and its complexes Thermal Study Data: Tentative decomposition reaction of ligand and metal complexes Scheme 7. Tentative decomposition reaction of ligand and metal complexes Scheme 7. Tentative decomposition reaction of ligand and metal complexes
Table 5. TGA data of the ligand H3Landsome complexes
Reaction
Weight mass loss%
TDTGmax
Tf/°C
Ti/°C
Step
Complexes
Found
Calc
-C17H16N4O7S
97.7560
97.2248
347.362
597.747
111.021
1
Ligand
C
Calculated:97.2248%final=2.7752%;Estimated97.7560%final=2.244%
-SO4, -2CO2
31.1313
30.9795
317.731
423.313
280.102
1
V-complex
-C16H15N4O3S
56.7405
57.7499
498.321
592.517
421.678
2
VO
Calculated:88.7294% final =11.2706%;Estimated 87.8718% final =12.1282%
-H2O
3.7645
3.1469
80.351
121.288
38.200
1
Cr-complex
-Cl, -SO2, -CO2
30.9885
31.2942
251.511
309.688
118.998
2
-C17H15N4O2
53.6412
53.6722
419.121
588.931
309.799
3
OCr
Calculated:88.1133% final =11.8867%;Estimated 88.3942% final =11.6058%
-2H2O
6.9639
6.2344
109.611
168.471
52.111
1
Mn-complex
-Cl, -CO2
14.4372
13.7676
203.721
242.1
170.001
2
-SO2, -C12H13N4
47.6077
47.9703
309.115
389.359
247.986
3
-C5H2O2
16.4660
16.2787
414.413
597.709
390.031
4
MnO
Calculated:84.251% final =15.749%;Estimated 85.4748% final =14.5252% Table 5. TGA data of the ligand H3Landsome complexes Page | 1531 Page | 1531 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 6. Thermal decomposition DSC of Ligand and somecomplexes
Type
ΔG
J
ΔS J
ΔH J/g
Maximum
temperature
point °C
Tf/°C
Ti/°C
Compound
endothermic
694.399
-1.804
-13.49
392.40
395.13
387.65
L3H
endothermic
0.2747
-0.430
-28.23
66.29
104.90
39.23
VO(H2L)(SO4)] ]
endothermic
211.977
-1.063
-29.09
226.78
236.59
209.23
endothermic
121.034
-0.471
-4.44
266.40
266.41
256.98
endothermic
122.967
-2.430
-119.11
99.62
119.40
70.38
Cr(H2L)(H2O)Cl2]]
endothermic
364.879
-3.755
-227.66
157.80
188.10
127.48
endothermic
77.039
-0.401
-9.22
215.11
227.99
204.97
endothermic
176.475
-0.906
-50.94
251.01
286.67
230.45
endothermic
122.967
-2.430
-119.11
99.62
119.40
70.38
Mn(H2L)(H2O)2Cl]
]
endothermic
364.879
-3.755
-227.66
157.80
188.10
127.48
endothermic
77.039
-0.401
-9.22
215.11
227.99
204.97
endothermic
176.475
-0.906
-50.94
251.01
286.67
230.45
Investigation of Antioxidant Activity
nm)
electron delocalization also produces dark Table 6. Thermal decomposition DSC of Ligand and somecomplexes Investigation of Antioxidant Activity Authors’ Declaration - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images, that are not ours, have been
included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. Conclusion were characterized by various analytical techniques,
like elemental microanalysis, metal – chloride
containing, electrical conductivity measurement,
magnetic susceptibility,1H and
13CNMR, FT- In summary, we successfully synthesized a new Azo
ligand derivatives of sulfamethoxazole by simple
substitution reactionfrom with 1-(2,4,6-Trihydroxy-
phenyl)-ethanone.Then ligand and metal complexes Page | 1532 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8365
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8365
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1512-1535
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8365
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal IR,\UV-Vis , mass spectra, and thermal analysis
(TGA and DSC) curves .The DCS curve was used to
calculate the thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS, ,
and Δ G. The yield of the synthesized compounds
was found to be in the range from 60-80%. The molar
conductivity results showed that none of the
produced complexes are electrolytes, and the atomic
N ,O and O tridentate coordination sites in the ligand
were identified by comparing their IR spectra to
those of the metal complexes. The M:L ratio in every compound was [1:1]. According to the results,
octahedral geometry suggest of ;( Cr3+, Mn2+ and
Cu2+), V4+complex square pyramidal .Antioxidant
activity of the synthetic compounds were evaluated
against
the
DPPH
radical
(1.1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl), and the results were contrasted with
those of gallic acid, a widely used natural
antioxidant. Results show how efficient metal
complexes was at scavenging free radicals. Authors’ Contribution Statement data with revision. A. M. A. prepared the samples,
wrote, and edited the manuscript with revision. This work carried out in collaboration between
all authors. A. A. S. did the tests and analysis the Acknowledgment women, Baghdad University, Ministry of Higher
Education & Scientific Research & Science and
Technology, Directorate of Environment & Water. Authors would like to thank everyone that
contributed to the success of this review article
Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Authors’ Declaration References 1. Ibraheem IH, Mubder NS, Abdullah MM, Al-Neshmi
H. Synthesis, characterization and bioactivity Study
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114-120. antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing, DFT, in silico
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37 https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6584 5. Hamad SF, Ibraheem TK. Synthesis, Characterize and
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and determination antioxidant activities for new Schiff 10.21608/EJCHEM.2022.144403.6297 تحضير ، تشخيص دراسة التحلل الحراري فعالية مضادات االكسدة لمعقدات العناصر االنتقالية
مع
ليكاند صبغة االزو
منه أ م
هدي عبدالله ،
عباس علي صالح الحمداني
قس
م الكيمياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.050 تحضير ، تشخيص دراسة التحلل الحراري فعالية مضادات االكسدة لمعقدات العناصر االنتقالية
مع
ليكاند صبغة االزو
منه أ م
هدي عبدالله ،
عباس علي صالح الحمداني
قس
م الكيمياء، كلية العلوم للبنات، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. الخالص
ة
تم إجراء
تفاعل ديازوتيزيشن بين1
- (
2,4,6
-ثالثي هيدروكسي-
)فينيل-إيثانون وأمالح ديازونيوم مما أدى إلى تكوين
ليكاند4
- (
3
-
أسيتيل-
6،4،2
-ثالثي هيدروكسي-فينيل
)ازو-
(5
-
N
-ميثيل-إيزوكسازول-
3
-
)يل-
بنزين سلفوناميد ، وهذا بدوره يتفاعل مع أيونات
( المعادن التالية+
4
V
،
+
3
Cr
،
+
2
Mn
و+
2
Cu) مكونة م
عقدات
مستقرة
ثمانية السطوح لكل من الكروم والمنغنيز والنحاس و هرمي مربع
القاعدة لـ. لفناديوم الرباعي
تم اكتشاف إنشاء مثل هذه الم
عقدات من خالل استخدام الوسائل الطيفية التي تنطوي على األشعة فوق البنفسج ية
التي أثبتت األشكال الهندسية التي تم الحصول عليها ، وأثبتIR
تكوين مجموعة اآلزو والتنسيق مع أيون المعدن من خاللها. أثبتت
( دراسات االنحالل الحراريTGA & DSC) تنسيق بقايا الماء مع أيونات الم عادن داخل مجال
التناسق
وكذلك ذرات الكلور. عالوة
على ذلك ، التحليل الجزئي للعنصر وAAS
( .الذي أعطى النتيجة المقابلة مع نتيجة العد النظريNMR
-
C
13
H &
1
) والكميات
المغناطيسية يمكن أن تشير أيضًا إلى تكوين ليكاند
L
3
H
.وحدوث التنسيق تم حساب الثوابت الديناميكية الح( راريةH
∆
,
S
∆
,
G
∆
)
. سيتم استخدام طريقة الكسح الجذريDPPH
لتقييم األنشطة المضادة لألكسدة للمركبات التي أظهرت قدرتها المضادة لألكسدة على
اخماد الجذور الحرة. الكلمات المفتاحية:
,مضادات االكسدة, صبغة ازو, مطيافية الكتلة1
-(
2,4,6
ثالثي هيدروكسي-
)فينيل- ايثان.ون, التحليل الحراري الخالص
ة
تم إجراء
تفاعل ديازوتيزيشن بين1
- (
2,4,6
-ثالثي هيدروكسي-
)فينيل-إيثانون وأمالح ديازونيوم مما أدى إلى تكوين
ليكاند4
- (
3
-
أسيتيل-
6،4،2
-ثالثي هيدروكسي-فينيل
)ازو-
(5
-
N
-ميثيل-إيزوكسازول-
3
-
)يل-
بنزين سلفوناميد ، وهذا بدوره يتفاعل مع أيونات
( المعادن التالية+
4
V
،
+
3
Cr
،
+
2
Mn
و+
2
Cu) مكونة م
عقدات
مستقرة
ثمانية السطوح لكل من الكروم والمنغنيز والنحاس و هرمي مربع
القاعدة لـ. لفناديوم الرباعي
تم اكتشاف إنشاء مثل هذه الم
عقدات من خالل استخدام الوسائل الطيفية التي تنطوي على األشعة فوق البنفسج ية
التي أثبتت األشكال الهندسية التي تم الحصول عليها ، وأثبتIR
تكوين مجموعة اآلزو والتنسيق مع أيون المعدن من خاللها. أثبتت
( دراسات االنحالل الحراريTGA & DSC) تنسيق بقايا الماء مع أيونات الم عادن داخل مجال
التناسق
وكذلك ذرات الكلور. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.09.050 عالوة
على ذلك ، التحليل الجزئي للعنصر وAAS
( .الذي أعطى النتيجة المقابلة مع نتيجة العد النظريNMR
-
C
13
H &
1
) والكميات
المغناطيسية يمكن أن تشير أيضًا إلى تكوين ليكاند
L
3
H
.وحدوث التنسيق تم حساب الثوابت الديناميكية الح( راريةH
∆
,
S
∆
,
G
∆
)
. سيتم استخدام طريقة الكسح الجذريDPPH
لتقييم األنشطة المضادة لألكسدة للمركبات التي أظهرت قدرتها المضادة لألكسدة على
اخماد الجذور الحرة. الكلمات المفتاحية:
,مضادات االكسدة, صبغة ازو, مطيافية الكتلة1
-(
2,4,6
ثالثي هيدروكسي-
)فينيل- ايثان.ون, التحليل الحراري Page | 1535 Page | 1535 | 7,210 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8365/4549 | null |
Arabic | Vol.4(4)2007 Vol.4(4)2007 Um-Salama Science Journal Abstract:- The x-ray fluorescence (XRF) of Znpc molecule with (flow of Ar) and Znpc molecule
with (grow in N2) showed two peaks at (8.5and 9.5 Kv) referring to orbital transition )Kα-
shell & Kβ-shell) respectively. The study of x-ray diffraction (XRD) where it was observed good growth of the
crystal structure as a needle by the sublimation technique with a β-phase of (monoclinic
structure ) . Using Bragg equation the value of the interdistance of the crystalline plane (d-
value) were calculated. We noticed good similarity with like once in the American Standards
for Testing Material (ASTM) .Powder Diffraction File (PDF) Program was used to ensure the
information obtained from (ASTM) . The output of (PDF) was compared with celn program,
where the value of angle(2θ( , crystal axis (a,b,c) and axial angles (α,β,γ) were calculated. The partical grain size of H2PC was between (27-35)nm, while for ZnPC was between
(17-50)nm by applying of Schreer equation. The results are in a good agreement with c-size
program. The morphology was distinguished by optical microscope of (200X) magnification for
a tini-fiber like a (whisker needle type) with blue color, porous nature and short term
structure. The diameter of the fiber H2PC and ZnPC were (20 and 16μm) respectively. Introduction where the vaopur is condensed as
single crystals. The process of sublimed
material in the presence of flowing gas is
named entainer sublimation. Phthalocyanines are widely used as
charge generation materials in solid-state
devices such as solar cells and electro-
photographic copiers and printers as well
as a gas sensor.(1) The sublimation technique takes
advantage of a special characteristic at
phthalocyanine compounds, namely that is
proceeds directly from that vapour phase
to
the
solid
phase
when
it
crystallizes(7&8). An additional advantage
of the sublimation technique is that
impurities are removed if the impurities
have vaopur pressures different from those
of phthalocyaniine compounds. As most organic compounds have
an appreciable vaopur pressure below their
melting point, it is possible to purity and
crystallize these compounds by the vapour
transport method. (2,3) Linsted and Lowe(4), Heilmeier
and Harrison (5) and Hamann (6) have
used the vaopur transport method for
growth of the most stable. β- modification of phthalocyanine,
their methods included the transportation
of the subliming phthalocyanine molecule
by an inert gas (such as Ar, N2, Co2) from
the heating furnace to the growth zone, β- structure properties of
Zn-Phthalocyanine organic semi-conductor K.H.Hussein** A.B.Abdul Hussein** M.T.Hussein* Date of acceptance 13/11/2007 * Baghdad University–College of Science-Physics Department
**Al-Mustansiriyah University–College of Science-Physics Department 635
* Baghdad University–College of Science-Physics Department
**Al-Mustansiriyah University–College of Science-Physics Department * Baghdad University–College of Science-Physics Department Experimental Phthalocynine metal free (95% dye
content) and zinc phthalocynine (97% dye
content) were obtained from Aldrich 635 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.4(4)2007 chemical company and were used as
received. chemical company and were used as
received. two peaks of zinc metal at (8.5 and 9.5 Kv)
referring to orbital transition (Kα -shell &
Kβ -shell) respectively. XR.Fluorescence
Oxford
instrument model MSOO5. VI was used to
find the concentration of the zinc metal in
phthalocynine and any other impurity. X-
ray diffraction instrument from philps
company was also used to find the crystal
plane (hkl). β
p
y
Fig. (3)
shown
the
X-ray
diffraction of zinc-phthalocyanine were it
was observed good growth of the crystal
structure as a needle by the sublimation
technique with a β-phase of monoclinic
structure. From calculation the value of the
interdistance of the crystalline plane (d-
value) using Bragg equation, we noticed
good similarity with like once in the
American Standard for testing material
(ASTM) powder diffraction file (PDF)
program was use to ensure the information
obtained from (ASTM). The output of
(PDF) was calibrated with celen program
as shown in table (3 & 4) respectively. Finally
Nikon-Eclipse
ME600
optical-microscope was also used to study
the morphology of the whisker needle type
of (phthlocynine & zinc-phthalocynine
crystal with 200X magnification. Results and Discussion X-ray
diffraction
(XRD)
of
phthalocynine metal free show a good
growth of the crystal structure as a needle
by the sublimation technique with a β-
phase of monoclinic structure as shown in
Fig. (1). The partical grain size of H2Pc was
between (27-35)nm, and for ZnPc was
between (17-50)nm by applying of Schreer
equation as shown in Fig. 4a-1 and Fig. 4b-3 respectively. The result are in good
agreement with c-size program. The experimental results of the
(XRD) of phthalocyanine metal free
parameters (hkl, 2θ,d) are in a good
agreement with the theoretical study as
calculated by using (Celen, PDF) program
as shown in table (1,2) respectively. The morphology was distinguished
by
optical
microscope
of
(200X)
magnification like a (Whisker needle type)
with blue color, porous nature and short
term structure as shown in Fig. 4b-5. The
diameter of the needle H2Pc and ZnPc
were (20 and 16μm) as shown in Fig 4a-2
& Fig. 4b.4 respectively. Fig. (2)
shows
the
X-ray
fluorescence (XRF) of zinc in ZnPc
molecule with (flow of Ar) and zinc in
ZnPc molecule with (grow in N2) showed 636
Fig(1)X-ray diffraction of pthalocyanine metal free
Intensity (a. u.)
2Ө(degree)
101
202
101
103
211
303
411 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.4(4)2007 Table(1)X-ray diffraction of
pthalocyanine metal free parameters
Error percentage
between d(Aº)&
d(Aº) ASTM
d(Aº)
ASTM
d(Aº)
Intensity
(a.u.)
h k L
2Ө
(degre
e)
010.0
..11
13.01
01000
(
.0. )
7
010.0
9.64
10.10
01000
(
.0. )
8.74
01000.0
01.0
6.351
.1900
(
.0. )
14
0100.. .190
4.961
.1700
(
103
)
18
010.7
.11. 3.763
.1000
(
... )
21
010.0
.1.0
3.153
.1.00
(
.0. )
35.85
01.1
.191
2.521
.1000
(
... )
43 Table(1)X-ray diffraction of
pthalocyanine metal free parameters Table (2) Shown the value of the Miller
indices, angles (2θ) and the error
percentage for the pthalocyanine metal
free molecule
Error
percentage
XRD &
PDF
Error
percentage
XRD &
Celn
2θ by
(
XRD
)
2θ by
(Celn)
2θ by
(PDF)
Miller
indices
hkl
01..0
01.0
117. 91.00
91.00
(101)
0110. 01.1
..19
..10.0
..10.7
(201)
01110
01177
.01. .01977
.01910
(300)
01..0
01011
.01. .01111
.01..0
(103)
01.90
01.1. ..10
..1..9
..1.00
(211)
01700
010.1
.019
.01.0. .01..0
(004)
017.0
017.. .79. .71.00
.71.00
(402)
0171
0177
.11. .71.. .71..0
(303)
0110
0110. .91. .9190. .91900
(411)
01... 01..9
..19
..101. Results and Discussion ..1019
(403) Table (2) Shown the value of the Miller
indices, angles (2θ) and the error
percentage for the pthalocyanine metal
free molecule 637
Fig(2)XRF of zinc phthalocyanine with 1-flow of Ar & 2-grow in N2
Fig(3)X-ray diffraction of Zinc-pthalocyanine
Zn
Zn
Intensity (cps)
1-flow of Ar
2-grow in N2
1
2
(2Ө)degree
Intensity (a. u.)
100
204
102
202
310
116 Zn
Zn
Intensity (cps)
1-flow of Ar
2-grow in N2
1
2 Fig(2)XRF of zinc phthalocyanine with 1-flow of Ar & 2-grow in N2 (2Ө)degree
Intensity (a. u.)
100
204
102
202
310
116 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.4(4)2007 Table(3)X-ray diffraction of zinc-
phthalocyanine parameter
Error
percentage
between
d(Aº)& d(Aº)
ASTM
d(Aº)
ASTM
d(Aº)
Intensi
ty
(a.u.)
h k L
2Ө(degre
e)
020.0
6.21
12.9
02000
(
600
)
6.8
020.0
92.9
9.720
02000
(
60. )
9.0
020090
220. 7.084
62100
(
.0. )
12.51
02061
.220
4.810
.2100
(
.0. )
18.74
02001
0263
3.16
62600
(
060
)
28.01
0206. .209
2.552
900
(
661
)
34.5 Table(3)X-ray diffraction of zinc-
phthalocyanine parameter Table(4)Shown the value of the Miller
indices,
angles
(2θ)
and
the
error
percentage for the Zinc- pthalocyanine
molecule Table(4)Shown the value of the Miller
indices,
angles
(2θ)
and
the
error
percentage for the Zinc- pthalocyanine
molecule Table(3)X-ray diffraction of zinc- Error
percentage
XRD &
PDF
Error
percentage
XRD &
Celn
2θ by
(
XRD
)
2θ by
(Celn)
2θ by
(PDF)
Miller
indices
hkl
01.. 01. 011
71000
710.0
(100)
01.0
01.0. .01. .0100. .01000
(002)
01.01
01.00
..19
..1000
..1001
(200)
01.0. 01... .01. .01... .01.0. (102)
01.0. 01.1
..1. ..1..0
..1..0
(012)
01.0. 010
..10
..1.00
..1.99
(013)
0100. 0101
.11. .110.0
.110.0
(400)
01.9. 01... .01. .01... .0109. (311)
01.0. 01.77
..1. ..1... ..1..9
(204)
01.7. 01.0
..11
..1.00
..1.7. (006)
01... 01... ..1. ..10.. ..10.. (015) 638
01.7. 01.0
..11
..1.00
..1.7. (006)
01... 01... ..1. ..10.. ..10.. (015)
1. H2Pc with KBr 2. 20μm with (200X) magnification
3. ZnPc with KBr 4. 16μm with (200X) magnification
5. (ZnPc) as whisker needle type
(a)
(b)
Fig (4): Shown the optical microscope of
a-1.H2PC with KBr as a disc,2.H2PC as tini fiber of(200X) magnification
b-3.ZnPC with KBr as a disc,4.ZnPC as tini fiber of(200X)magnification
5.Phthalocyanine with Zinc(Znpc)as whisker needle type 1. H2Pc with KBr (a) 2. 20μm with (200X) magnification 1. Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.4(4)2007 References
[1] Daniel R. Tackley, Geoffrey Dent and
W-Ewen Smith, 2001,"phthalocyanines
:structure and vibrations" Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys. 3: 1419-1426. [2] Ferguson, J., 1956,"Entrainer gas
sublimation apparatus" J. Chem. Aust.,
9:160-166. [3] Joseph R.stetter .1978,"A surface
chemical view of gas detaction " Journal of
colloid and interface science.65(3):432-
443. [4] Linsted, R.P. and Lowe, A.R., 1934,
J.Chem. Soc.2: 1022-1032. References
[1] Daniel R. Tackley, Geoffrey Dent and
W-Ewen Smith, 2001,"phthalocyanines
:structure and vibrations" Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys. 3: 1419-1426. [5] Heilmeier, G.H. and Harrison, S.E.,
1963, Phys. Rev., 132 :2010-16. [6] Hamann, C.Z. 1967,Phys. Chem., 236:
516-520. y
[2] Ferguson, J., 1956,"Entrainer gas
sublimation apparatus" J. Chem. Aust.,
9:160-166. [7] A. Hasereg, (http://en .wikipedia.org. /wiki/
Phthalocyanine)
V.20,(l/June
/2005). [3] Joseph R.stetter .1978,"A surface
chemical view of gas detaction " Journal of
colloid and interface science.65(3):432-
443. [8] A.Cela, 2005,"Energy Conversion
Efficiency of World Top Level with
Organic Thin-Film Solar Cell" AIST, 27. [8] A.Cela, 2005,"Energy Conversion
Efficiency of World Top Level with
Organic Thin-Film Solar Cell" AIST, 27. دراسة الخواص التركيبية للفثالوسيانين-خارصين كشبه موصل عضوي
محمد تقي حسين*
كاظم حسن حسين**
اسيل باسم عبد الحسين**
*
قسم الفيزياء-
كلية العلوم–
جامعة بغداد
**
قسم الفيزياء-
كلية العلوم–
الجامعة المستنصرية اسيل باسم عبد الحسين** Results and Discussion H2Pc with KBr 4 16
ith (200X)
ifi
ti 3. ZnPc with KBr
(b) (b) 3. ZnPc with KBr 4. 16μm with (200X) magnification 5. (ZnPc) as whisker needle type 5. (ZnPc) as whisker needle type Fig (4): Shown the optical microscope of Fig (4): Shown the optical microscope of Fig (4): Shown the optical microscope of
a-1.H2PC with KBr as a disc,2.H2PC as tini fiber of(200X) magnification
b-3.ZnPC with KBr as a disc,4.ZnPC as tini fiber of(200X)magnification
5.Phthalocyanine with Zinc(Znpc)as whisker needle type g ( ) S
p
p
a-1.H2PC with KBr as a disc,2.H2PC as tini fiber of(200X) magnification
b-3.ZnPC with KBr as a disc,4.ZnPC as tini fiber of(200X)magnification
5.Phthalocyanine with Zinc(Znpc)as whisker needle type 638 Um-Salama Science Journal الخالصة ا
تم قياس طيف فلورة االشعة السينية(XRF)
(للنموذجZnpc
) المعامل باالركون(Flow of Ar)
والذي يوضح
قمتين مختلفتين الشدة وعند طاقتين ب(حدود110،910
كيلوفولت(
والمتمثلة باالنتقال المداري(Kα-shell)
و(Kβ-shell)
على التوالي. ومثلها بالنسبة للنموذج المعامل بالنتروجين(Grow-in N2)
. اا ج
ي
كذلك تم دراسة الخواص التركيبية من خالل دراسة حيود االشعة السينية(XRD)
لجزيئة الفثالوسيانين
المعوض بالخارصين، حي ث لوحظ نمواً جيداً للتركيب البلوري االبري من خالل عملية التقنية بالتسامي
(Sublimation)
وظهور طورβ
احادي الميل(Monoclinic Structure)
. وتم حساب قيم المسافات البينية(d-
value)
باستخدام معادلة براك والتي تتطابق مع مثيالتها في بطاقة المؤسسة االمريكية لفحص ال مواد(ASTM)
(American Standards for Testing Material)
وباالستعانة ببرنامج(PDF)
(Powder Diffraction File)
للتاكد من المعلمات التي تم الحصول عليها من(ASTM)
لكال الجزيئتين ومعايرته مع برنامجCeln
، تم حساب قيم
الزوايا(2θ)
وقيم المحاور البلورية(a,b,c)
والزو ايا المحورية(α,β,γ)
، كذلك تم حساب حجم الحبيبة(Grain size)
لجزئية الفثالوسيانين بدون معدن والفثالوسيانين–
خارصين بتطبيق مباشر لمعادلة شيرر وكانت قيمها بحدود(35-27)
( نانومتر و.7
-
00
) نانومتر على التوالي، ومقارنتها مع برنامج(c-size)
.فاعطى نتائج مطابقة (ج
ع
ي
)(
)ج
كذلك تم فحص الشكل البلوري(Morphology)
بواسطة المجهر الضوئي وبقوة تكبير(200X)
لليف
الفثالوسيانين بدون معدن وليف الفثالوسيانين-
خارصين حيث يكون الليف شبيه بشعرة القط(Whisker needle type)
ذو اللون االزرق وطبيعة مسامية وانتظام بلوري قصير وان قطر الليف للفثال وسيانين بدون معدن بحدود(20μm)
و
الفثالوسيانين–
خارصين بحدود(16μm)
. كذلك تم فحص الشكل البلوري(Morphology)
بواسطة المجهر الضوئي وبقوة تكبير(200X)
لليف
الفثالوسيانين بدون معدن وليف الفثالوسيانين-
خارصين حيث يكون الليف شبيه بشعرة القط(Whisker needle type)
ذو اللون االزرق وطبيعة مسامية وانتظام بلوري قصير وان قطر الليف للفثال وسيانين بدون معدن بحدود(20μm)
و
الفثالوسيانين–
خارصين بحدود(16μm)
. 639 | 2,035 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/847/778 | null |
Arabic | Abstract Gastritis can be defined as histological inflammation of the gastric mucosa. It can be classified according
to the time course of the disease as acute or chronic, histological findings, anatomic location, and
pathological mechanisms. The objective of this study was to evaluation of serum levels of the
proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-17 and IL-22 in Helicobacter pylori infection and their association
with the degree of gastritis histopathology in a sample of Iraqi patients. The case-control prospective
study consists of 60 patients who attended the Gastrointestinal Tract Center at Al-Kindy Teaching
Hospital during the period from December 2019 to April 2020. In addition, the control group included
60 apparently healthy individuals. Biopsies from the gastric antrum and/or body mucosa were used to
assess the severity of chronic inflammation, neutrophil infiltration, atrophy, intestinal metaplasia. Serum
samples were obtained to determine H. pylori infection, circulating interleukin (IL)-8, IL-17, and IL-
22. Results showed that the Patients’ ages with gastritis ranged from 18-75 years. The body mass index
revealed that 33.33% of the patients were obese and 35% of them were overweight. Most of the patients
with active chronic gastritis and superficial chronic gastritis had positive titers for anti-H. pylori IgG
antibody (167.89 ± 3.18 IU/ml) and (150.74± 1.45 IU/ml) respectively, which was significantly different
from the control group (4.36 ± 0.29 IU/ml) (P=0.0001). Histopathological analysis showed that all
subjects experienced chronic inflammation, while neutrophil infiltration was found 36.66% and there
was significant association between serum levels of IL-8, IL-17, and IL-22 with a degree of chronic
inflammation and neutrophils infiltration. In conclusion, the most common cause of gastritis was H. pylori with histopathological lesions, showing neutrophils infiltration and chronic gastric mucosal
inflammation associated with increased levels of IL-8, IL-17, and IL-22 in serum. Keywords: Biopsies, Cytokines, Gastritis, Histopathology, H. pylori. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Evaluation of serum levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-8, IL-17,
and IL-22 in Helicobacter pylori infection and their association with
the degree of gastritis histopathology in a sample of Iraqi patients
Miriam Jasim Shehab*1
, Batool Mutar Mahdi 2
, Reem Husam Al-Tabra1
and
Dhuha Salim Namaa 1
1Forensic DNA Center for Research and Training, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Department of Microbiology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. Received 19/02/2023, Revised 09/05/2023, Accepted 11/05/2023, Published 20/06/2023
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Evaluation of serum levels of Proinflammatory Cytokines IL-8, IL-17,
and IL-22 in Helicobacter pylori infection and their association with
the degree of gastritis histopathology in a sample of Iraqi patients
Miriam Jasim Shehab*1
Batool Mutar Mahdi 2
Reem Husam Al Tabra1
and 1Forensic DNA Center for Research and Training, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq. 2Department of Microbiology, Al-Kindy College of Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. T of gastritis is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
infection, tobacco smoking, alcohol, use of non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or
steroids, autoimmune gastritis, collagenous gastritis,
sarcoidosis, eosinophilic gastritis, and lymphocytic Introduction Gastritis can be defined as histological inflammation
of the gastric mucosa. It can be classified according
to the time course of the disease whether acute or
chronic, histological findings, anatomic location, and
pathological mechanisms. The most common cause of gastritis is Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)
infection, tobacco smoking, alcohol, use of non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or
steroids, autoimmune gastritis, collagenous gastritis,
sarcoidosis, eosinophilic gastritis, and lymphocytic Page | 937 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal gastritis1. Patients with chronic gastritis may end up
with Gastric atrophy (GA), gastric ulcer, and
metaplasia in the intestine of the gastric mucosa
(GIM) and may develop gastric adenocarcinoma
(GC), which is the fifth most common cancer all over
the world and causes mortality as a result of delayed
diagnosis2. H. pylori may introduce alterations in its
genetics, produce many virulence factors, toxins, and
proteins, and stimulates miscellaneous adaptation
processes throughout its adhesion and colonization. In addition to that, it changes its shape from spiral to
coccoid to persist in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Therefore, the pathogenicity and virulence of H. pylori are sophisticated interactions among virulence
factors, host, and environmental factors3. The host’s
immune responses play an important role in
controlling the infection. Interleukine-8 (IL-8) is an
important mediator in H. pylori-associated gastritis4. In infected individuals, The T-helper (Th)-CD4+
lymphocytes in the gastric lamina propria become
polarized and hyporesponsive by Th1/Th17 cells that
are under the control of Treg (CD25+) cells. Th17 in
the gastric mucosa plays an important role in gastric
pathogenesis via secretion of IL-17 that affects the
activity of antimicrobials and the immune response
inside the gut environment5. On the other hand, IL-
22 is a multifunctional cytokine that helps to
maintain tissue homeostasis and regulate immune
responses. Its role in H. pylori infection is not well
understood, but it is known to play a critical role in
tissue repair and regeneration, especially in barrier
tissues like the gut6. This study was designed to an
evaluation of serum levels for the proinflammatory
cytokines IL-8, IL-17, and IL-22 in Helicobacter
pylori infection and their association with the degree
of gastritis histopathology. using fiber optic endoscope: GIF‑H260; Olympus,
Tokyo, Japan display screen; Olympus OEV‑261H
liquid crystal display monitor; Olympus, Tokyo,
Japan for diagnosis confirmation with biopsies for
histopathological studies. Serological examination One hundred twenty sera samples were
collected from both gastritis patients and apparently
healthy individuals for serological examination. Enzyme-linked
immunosorbent
assay
kit
(Immunolab, Germany) used for the determination of
the quantity of anti- H. pylori IgG antibodies in the
sera of the study groups. Serum levels of IL-8 was
measured according to manufacturer instructions,
using ELISA kit from Beckman Coulter Marseille,
France. While, ELISA kits of IL-17 and IL-22 were
obtained from Al-shkairate Company, Jordon. Gastritis histological analysis Sixty biopsies of the mucosa of the gastric
antrum and stomach body were used to determine the
degree of histological gastritis. Patients' biopsy
samples were first fixed in 10% formalin, and then
they were embedded in paraffin. After that, they were
stained using Hematoxylin- Eosin and examined by
the pathologists of Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital in a
blinded technique. The histopathological study
included: the degree of neutrophils infiltration,
chronic gastric mucosal inflammation, mucosal
atrophy, and intestinal metaplasia according to the
most recent Sydney System, they were graded as (0)
normal, (1) mild, (2) moderate, and (3) severe7. Introduction The second group was the
control group that included 60 apparently healthy
individuals that matched the gastritis patients in sex
and age, but without any gastric disorders or
complaints. gastritis1. Patients with chronic gastritis may end up
with Gastric atrophy (GA), gastric ulcer, and
metaplasia in the intestine of the gastric mucosa
(GIM) and may develop gastric adenocarcinoma
(GC), which is the fifth most common cancer all over
the world and causes mortality as a result of delayed
diagnosis2. H. pylori may introduce alterations in its
genetics, produce many virulence factors, toxins, and
proteins, and stimulates miscellaneous adaptation
processes throughout its adhesion and colonization. In addition to that, it changes its shape from spiral to
coccoid to persist in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Therefore, the pathogenicity and virulence of H. pylori are sophisticated interactions among virulence
factors, host, and environmental factors3. The host’s
immune responses play an important role in
controlling the infection. Interleukine-8 (IL-8) is an
important mediator in H. pylori-associated gastritis4. In infected individuals, The T-helper (Th)-CD4+
lymphocytes in the gastric lamina propria become
polarized and hyporesponsive by Th1/Th17 cells that
are under the control of Treg (CD25+) cells. Th17 in
the gastric mucosa plays an important role in gastric
pathogenesis via secretion of IL-17 that affects the
activity of antimicrobials and the immune response
inside the gut environment5. On the other hand, IL-
22 is a multifunctional cytokine that helps to
maintain tissue homeostasis and regulate immune
responses. Its role in H. pylori infection is not well
understood, but it is known to play a critical role in
tissue repair and regeneration, especially in barrier
tissues like the gut6. This study was designed to an
evaluation of serum levels for the proinflammatory
cytokines IL-8, IL-17, and IL-22 in Helicobacter
pylori infection and their association with the degree
of gastritis histopathology. Ethical clearance was obtained from Al-
Kindy Teaching Hospital's Scientific and Ethical
Committee as well as Al-Kindy College of Medicine. Informed consent was obtained from each participant
prior to the commencement of the study. Patients and methods: This is a case-control prospective study
including 60 patients, 30 males and 30 females who
attended the Gastrointestinal Tract Center at Al-
Kindy Teaching Hospital during the period from
December 2019 to April 2020 with the cooperation
of the medical and nursing staff of the Endoscopy
Unit. The inclusion criteria were patients who were
complaining of epigastric pain, dyspepsia, nausea,
vomiting,
and
upper-gastrointestinal
bleeding
presenting as hematemesis and/ or Malena. The
exclusion criteria were patients with carcinoma of
the stomach and esophagus. The patients who
underwent endoscopic examination were kept fasting
for at least 8 hours and the examination was
performed under local pharyngeal anesthesia by Statistical Analysis: Statistical Analysis System (SAS) program,
2018 was used in this study. The Least Significant
Difference (LSD) test (Analysis of Variation,
ANOVA) was performed to compare between
means. The Chi-square test was used to determine an
association between categorical variables in a
significant way (0.05 and 0.01 probability). In this
study, the odd ratio and confidence interval were
estimated. Page | 938 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
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https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Results This study included 60 patients with gastritis
confirmed by gastroscope and histopathology. Their
ages ranged from 18-75 years old. Most of them were
between 30-50 years old (56.67%) which was not
significantly different from the control group
(53.33%) as shown in fig.1. Male to female ratio was
1:1(50% males and 50% females) is nearly
frequency- matched with the control group as
demonstrated in fig.2. Regarding body mass index,
Fig.3 illustrated that the percentage of individuals
that have a normal weight (18.5-25) and obese (BMI
more than 30) tended to be lower in the control group
when compared with the patients’ group (25% versus
31.67% and 31.67% versus 33.33%, respectively). In
contrast, the control group tended to be more
overweight (25.1-30) in comparison with the
patients’ group (43.33% versus 35%, respectively)
but the differences did not reach the significance
level. The main cause of gastritis in those patients
was infection with H. pylori. Most of the patients
with active chronic gastritis and superficial chronic
gastritis had positive titers for anti-H. pylori IgG
antibody (167.89 ± 3.18 IU/ml) and (150.74± 1.45
IU/ml) respectively, which was significantly
different from the control group (4.36 ± 0.29 IU/ml)
(P=0.0001) as shown in table 1. findings were moderate chronic gastric mucosal
inflammation seen in 29 (48.33%) of the cases
followed
by
mild
chronic
gastric
mucosal
inflammation 21 (35%) and severe gastric mucosal
inflammation 10 (16.66) as shown in Table 2. Furthermore, histological analysis confirmed that
only 22 (36.66%) of cases were infected with H. pylori as presented in table 2. Concerning cytokines levels of IL-8, IL-22, and
IL-17 in patients with gastritis, there was a
significant increase (P= 0.0001, 0.0001, and 0.0062)
in the serum (336.95± 19.41, 38.77 ± 1.01, 18.84 ±
0.16 pg/ml), respectively, as compared with the
control group (122.48± 12.07, 17.69 ± 1.34, and
14.09 ± 0.8 pg/ml) as shown in Table 3. In addition,
analysis association between cytokines serum levels
with the degree of gastritis histopathology revealed
that, the percentage of patients that showed increased
in the cytokines levels of IL-8, IL-17, and IL-22 were
significantly associated with moderate and severe
chronic inflammation [OR ( 95% CI): 1.26 (0.82-
2.15);
1.33:(0.86-2.09)
and
1.07:(0.72-1.87)
respectively, P≤0.05] and neutrophil infiltration of
gastric mucosa [OR ( 95% CI) were 1.74 (0.92-3.05);
2.19:(1.15-4.22) and 1.56: (1.02-3.97) respectively,
P≤0.01] as demonstrated in Table 4. Gastric biopsies were taken from the patients and
sent for histopathologic study. Means with different letters in the same column were significantly different.
** (P≤0.0001). Results The most common Figure 1. Distribution of study samples based on age groups. 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
> 30 yr. 30 - 50 yr. < 50 yr. 26.67
56.67
16.66
31.67
53.33
15
percentage
(%)gastritis
gastritispatients
patientscontrol
control Figure 1. Distribution of study samples based on age groups. Page | 939 Page | 939 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 2. Distribution of study samples based on gender
Figure 3. Distribution of study samples based on Body Mass Index (BMI). Table 1. The mean level of anti-H. pylori IgG antibody concentration in study groups. Study groups
Number
Level of anti- H. pylori IgG
antibody (IU/ml)
(Mean ± SD)
P-value
Active chronic gastritis
22
167.89 ± 3.18 a
0.0001 **
Superficial chronic gastritis
38
150.74± 1.45 a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Gastritis patients
Control
50
45
50
55
Male
Female
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
18.5 - 25 kg/m˄2
25.1 - 30 kg/m˄2
> 30 kg/m˄2
31.67
35
33.33
25
43.33
31.67
percentage (%)
gastritis
patients Figure 2. Distribution of study samples based on gender
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Gastritis patients
Control
50
45
50
55
Male
Female Figure 2. Distribution of study samples based on gender 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
18.5 - 25 kg/m˄2
25.1 - 30 kg/m˄2
> 30 kg/m˄2
31.67
35
33.33
25
43.33
31.67
percentage (%)
gastritis
patients Figure 3. Distribution of study samples based on Body Mass Index (BMI). Table 1. The mean level of anti-H. pylori IgG antibody concentration in study groups. Study groups
Number
Level of anti- H. pylori IgG
antibody (IU/ml)
(Mean ± SD)
P-value
Active chronic gastritis
22
167.89 ± 3.18 a
0.0001 **
Superficial chronic gastritis
38
150.74± 1.45 a
Control group
60
4.36 ± 0.29 b
Means with different letters in the same column were significantly different. ** (P≤0.0001). Table 1. The mean level of anti-H. pylori IgG antibody concentration in study groups. Page | 940 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
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https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 2. Histopathologic grading of gastritis according to Sydney System. Results Histological results
Normal
(0)
No. (%)
Mild
(1)
No. (%)
Moderate
(2)
No. (%)
Sever
(3)
No. (%)
Total
Neutrophil infiltration
38 (63.33)
12 (20)
6 (10)
4 (6.67)
22 (36.66)
Chronic gastric mucosal
inflammation
0 0
21 (35)
29 (48.33)
10 (16.66)
60 (100%)
Mucosal atrophy
0 0
0 0
0 0
2 (3.33)
2 (3.33)
Intestinal metaplasia
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0
H. pylori positive by
histopathology
38 (63.33)
10 (16.66)
7 (11.66)
5 (8.33)
22 (36.66) Table 2. Histopathologic grading of gastritis according to Sydney System. Table 3. Cytokines levels in patients and control groups. Cytokines
Serum level (pg/ml)
P-value
Gastritis patients
Control group
IL-8
336.95± 19.41
122.48± 12.07
0.0001 **
IL-17
38.77 ± 1.01
17.69 ± 1.34
0.0001 **
IL-22
18.84 ± 0.16
14.09 ± 0.8
0.0062 **
** (P≤0.01). Table 3. Cytokines levels in patients and control groups. Table 3. Cytokines levels in patients and control groups. l
l
l
l Table 4. Association among cytokines levels of IL-8, IL-17, IL-22 and degree of chronic inflammation
and neutrophil infiltration. Cytokines
Chronic inflammation
N. (%)
P-
value
OR (95%
CI)
Neutrophil infiltration
N. (%)
P- value
OR (95%
CI)
Normal +
mild
Moderate
+ sever
Normal +
mild
Moderate
+ sever
IL-8
High
9 (15%)
22
(36.66%)
0.037
*
1.26
(0.82-
2.15)
24 (40%)
7
(11.66%)
0.0052
**
1.74
(0.92-
3.05)
Low
12 (20%)
17
(28.33%)
26
(43.33%)
3 (5%)
IL-17
High
7
(11.66%)
19
(31.66%)
0.039
*
1.33
(0.86-
2.09)
17(28.33
%)
6 (10%)
0.0006
**
2.19
(1.15-
4.22)
Low
14
(23.33%)
20
(33.33%)
33 (55%)
4(6.66%)
IL-22
High
14(23.33
%)
23
(38.33%)
0.041
*
1.07
(0.72-
1.87)
21 (35%)
6 (10%)
0.0084
**
1.56
(1.02-
3.97)
Low
7(11.66%
)
16
(26.66%)
19
(31.66%)
4 (6.66%)
* (P≤0.05), ** (P≤0.01). Table 4. Association among cytokines levels of IL-8, IL-17, IL-22 and degree of chronic i
and neutrophil infiltration. tion among cytokines levels of IL-8, IL-17, IL-22 and degree of chronic inflammation
and neutrophil infiltration. Discussion In this study, the highest incidence of gastritis
was observed to occur between the third and fifth
decades. Age can be a crucial factor for having
gastritis due to thinning stomach lining with aging
because of aging is related to a decreased rate of
gastric epithelial cell turnover and a decreased ability
to repair the gastric mucosa due to decreased levels of prostaglandin in the gastric mucosa. Additionally,
lifestyle factors such as stress, smoking, and diet may
contribute to the development of gastritis. This result
agrees with other studies that have shown that aging
is associated with inflammatory changes in the
gastric body, which can also contribute to the
development of gastritis8, 9. In the present study, Page | 941 Page | 941 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal serological tests for H. pylori IgG showed the highest
positive frequency when compared with the
histological examination that showed only 22
(36.66%) from cases were infected with H. pylori
and IgG antibodies titer was higher in active chronic
gastritis than superficial chronic gastritis. Previous
studies reported that the prevalence of H. pylori
infection increased in the Middle East region, and the
rate was more in subjects with gastritis and this
prevalence was varied between studies performed in
different countries and within the same country. The
serological index of IgG antibodies cannot predicate
whether the individuals have a previous or current
infection. IgG antibodies can be found even after the
bacteria clearance and IgG level could be decreased
to 40-50% by 6-month post-treatment, and only 25%
of successfully treated patients show complete
disappearances of IgG10-13. corpus either undergo superficial injury that heals
through histopathologic changes of surface cells like
foveolar hyperplasia or it may suffer a deep injury
like chronic inflammation caused by H. pylori
leading to pyloric pseudopyloric metaplasia, loss of
parietal cells that secrete acids i.e. atrophic gastritis,
foveolar cells expansion, and turning of chief cells
which secrets enzymes in the deep antral gland that
is similar to mucous cells. Chief cells can be
reprogrammed into paligenosis and mucus secreting
spasmolytic polypeptide which expresses metaplasia
cells stimulated by IL-13 secreted from innate
lymphoid cells (ILC2s)18. This study demonstrated
the significant elevation in the levels of IL-8, IL-17
and IL-22 as compared with control samples. Compatible with a previous study, the present study
demonstrated that H. Discussion pylori stimulate Th CD4+ cells
and Th17 to secret proinflammatory cytokines IL-
17A, IL-17F, IL-21 and IL-22, which have anti-
microbial
response
and
control
bacterial
colonization. IL-22 and IL-17 act synergistically in
the stimulation of chemokines and antimicrobials
like lipocalin (LCN), IL-8 and some β-defensins
within gastric epithelial cells that inhibit growth of
H. pylori 19. Infection with H. pylori induces IL-17
secretion in the mucosa of the stomach that induces
IL-8 secretion via ERK 1/2 MAP kinase pathway
activation. IL-8 works by attracting neutrophil to
induce inflammation, while T regulatory cells
(Tregs) works on suppressing the reaction of
mucosal inflammation initiated by IL-17. Gastric
inflammation is stimulated by host factors like IL-6,
IL-1β, TGF-β1, tumor necrosis factor TNF-α, IL-22,
IL-21, IL-18 and IL-17, and the H. pylori factors like
vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA) and proteins
cytotoxin associated gene A (cagA) 20. So, inhibition
of these cytokines may be used as a potential
therapeutic opportunity in the treatment21. One of the risk factors for gastritis is high body mass
index as seen in this research (BMI of more than 30
kg/ m2 was associated with gastritis 33.33%). This
study is in accordance with previous studies
illustrated that obese patients had higher H. pylori
infection and gastritis than lean patients with BMI
less than 25 kg/m2. High BMI leads to lipid
peroxidation, oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant
activity all of which led to oxidative DNA damage
that increased the risk of gastric cancer14-16. The
histopathological tests showed that all subjects
experienced chronic inflammation, while neutrophil
infiltration was found 36.66% and atrophy and
intestinal metaplasia were not found in the present
study. The degree of gastritis histopathology results
was varied among studies17, 18. This difference may
be due to patient selection, duration of the disease,
underlying causes, race of the patients included in the
study, sample size, and the timing of biopsies during
the course of the disease. The mucosa of stomach inflammation associated with increased levels of IL-
22, IL-8, and IL-17 in the serum. References surveillance]. Ther
Umsch. 2020;77(4):127-131. https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a001167 surveillance]. Ther
Umsch. 2020;77(4):127-131. https://doi.org/10.1024/0040-5930/a001167 1. Azer SA, Akhondi H. Gastritis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; July 4,
2022. PMID: 31334970, Bookshelf ID: NBK544250. 12. Pandya HB, Patel JS, Agravat HH, Singh NKR. Non-
Invasive Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Evaluation
of Two Enzyme Immunoassays, Testing Serum IgG
and IgA Response in the Anand District of Central
Gujarat, India. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014; 8(6): 12-15. 2. Raza M, Bhatt H. Atrophic Gastritis. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; August 8,
2021. 3. Sharndama HC, Mba IE. Helicobacter pylori: an up-
to-date overview on the virulence and pathogenesis
mechanisms. Braz J Microbiol. 2022;53(1):33-50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-021-00675-0 13. Leja M, Grinberga-Derica I, Bilgilier C, Steininger C. Review:
Epidemiology
of
Helicobacter
pylori
infection. Helicobacter. 2019 Sep;24 Suppl 1:e12635. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12635. PMID: 31486242 p
g
4. Ruggiero P. Helicobacter pylori and inflammation. Curr
Pharm
Des. 2010;16(38):4225-4236. https://doi.org/10.2174/138161210794455117. 14. Al-Thuwaini TM. Body mass indexand shortened
telomere length in middle-aged female and male
Running Head : Middle-aged and shortened telomere
length. Baghdad
Sic
J. 2022;19(2):246-254. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.19.2.0246 5. Bagheri N, Razavi A, Pourgheysari B, et al. Up-
regulated Th17 cell function is associated with
increased peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori-
infection. Infect
Genet
Evol. 2018;60:117-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.020 15. Al-Zubaidi AM, Alzobydi AH, Alsareii SA, Al-
Shahrani A, Alzaman N, Kassim S. Body Mass Index
and Helicobacter pylori among Obese and Non-Obese
Patients in Najran, Saudi Arabia: A Case-Control
Study. Int
J
Environ
Res
Public
Health. 2018;15(11):2586. Published
2018
Nov
19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112586 6. Eyerich K, Dimartino V, Cavani A. IL-17 and IL-22 in
immunity: driving protection and pathology. Eur J
Immunol. 2017;47(4):607-614. 7. Dixon MF, Genta RM, Yardley JH, Correa P. Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated
Sydney System. International Workshop on the
Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994. Am J Surg
Pathol. 1996;20(10):1161-81. 16. Mustaf AJ and Ismail PA. Association of potent
inflammatory Cytokine and Oxidative DNA Damage
Biomarkers in Stomach cancer patients. Baghdad Sic
J. 2022,
19(6):
1313-1325. 8. Kako S, Iwaya Y, Nagaya T, et al. Clinicopathological
features of nodular gastritis in three classes of
age. Helicobacter. 2021;26(6):e12845. https://doi.org/10.1111/hel.12845 https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6589 17. Siregar GA, Halim S and Sitepu RR. Serum TNF-α,
IL-8, VEGF Levels in Helicobacter pylori Infection
and Their Association with Degree of Gastritis. Acta
Med Indones-Indones J Intern Med. 2015; 47(2):120-
126. 9. Pilotto A and Franceschi M. Helicobacter pylori
infection in older people. Author’s Declaration - Authors sign on ethical consideration’s approval. - Authors sign on ethical consideration’s approval. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Baghdad. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images that are not ours have been
included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. Author’s Contribution Statement interpretation of histological reports and writing the
manuscript. R.H. and Dh. S.N. data analytic. M.J.Sh. devised the project, samples collection and
responsible on carried out ELISA technique. B.M.M. Conclusion The most common cause of gastritis was H. pylori
with histopathological lesions showing neutrophil
infiltration
and
chronic
gastric
mucosal Acknowledgment Many thanks to the staff of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Center at Al-Kindy Teaching Hospital. Page | 942 Page | 942 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal References World J Gastroenterol.2014;
20:6364-73. 18. Goldenring JR, Mills JC. Cellular Plasticity,
Reprogramming, and Regeneration: Metaplasia in the
Stomach
and
Beyond. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(2):415-430. 10. Alsamarai AM, Thegeal F and Alobaidi AHM. Frequency of Biomarkers Positivity in Iraqi Subject
with Gastritis. Sci. Int. 2017; 5 (2): 68-83. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.036 تضمنت مجموعة الدراسة60
مريضا من بين األشخاص الذين يعانون من
أ عراض التهاب المعدة وكانوا
يقصدون قسم تنظير الجهاز الهضمي / مستشفى الكندي التعليمي خالل الفترة من كانون الثاني2019
إ لى نيسان2020. باإلضافة الى
مجموعة السيطرة المتكونة من60
شخصا الذي يبدو
أ نهم اصحاء ظاهريا. استخدمت الخزعات النسيجية المأخوذة من الغشاء المخاطي
لمنطقة غار وجسم المعد
ة
.لتحديد درجة االلتهاب النسيجي
تم الحصول على
المصول
لتحديد اإلصابة ببكتريا
H. pylori
وقياس
مستويات
انترلوكين8، انترل وكين17
و انترلوكين22
.أ ظهرت النتائج
أ ن المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المعدة تتراوح أعمارهم من18
-
75
سنة. كشفت نتائج مؤشر كتلة الجسم
أ ن33.33
%
من المرضى يعانون من السمنة المفرطة و35
%
منهم يعانون من الوزن الزائد. معظم
مرضى
التهاب المعدة النشط و
التهاب المعد ة السطحي المزمن
أ ظهروا نتائج مصلية موجبة لألجسام المضادة لبكترياH. pylori
وكان
معدل التركيز االجسام المضادة للبكتريا(167.89 ± 3.18 IU/ml)
و(150.74± 1.45 IU/ml)
على التوالي مع وجود فرق عالي
المعنويةP=0.0001
عند المقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة(4.36 ± 0.29 IU/ml)
.أ ظهرت نتائج التحليل النسيجي ان جميع المرضى
كانوا يعانون من
التهاب الغشاء المخاطي المزم ن، بينما36.66
%
كانوا يعانون من ارتشاح خاليا الدم البيضاء المتعادلة وكان هناك
ارتباط معنوي بين مستويات االنترلوكينات8
و17
و22
مع درجة التهاب الغشاء المخاطي المزم ن وارتشاح
خاليا
الدم
البيضاءneutrophil
. نستنتج من هذه الدراسة
أ ن السبب األكثر شيوعا اللتهاب المعدة هو اإلصابة ببكترياH. pylori
مع
التغيرات
النسيجية المرضية والتي
تضمن
ارتشاح
خاليا الدم البيضاء المتعادلة
neutrophil
والتهاب الغشاء المخاطي المزمن
المرتبط مع زيادة
مستويات األ
نترلوكينات الموالية لالتها
ب. :الكلمات المفتاحية الخزع النسيجية، السيتوكينات، التهاب المعدة، النسيج المرضي، الملوية البوابية. يعرف التهاب المعدة ب
أ نه التهاب نسيجي للطبقة المخاطية المبطنة للمعدة ويصنف اعتمادا
على مدة المرض إ لى التهاب حاد
و م أ ،زمن
وكذلك اعتمادا على
النتائج النسيجية والموقع التشريحي واإل مراضية. هدفت الدراسة الحالية
إ لى تقييم
مستويات المصل ل لسيتوكينات
الموالية لالتها
ب
انترلوكين8
، انترلوكين17
و انترلوكين22
في اإلصابة ببكتريا
H. pylori
وارتباطها
مع درجة التهاب المعدة في
عينة من المرضى العراقيين. تضمنت مجموعة الدراسة60
مريضا من بين األشخاص الذين يعانون من
أ عراض التهاب المعدة وكانوا
يقصدون قسم تنظير الجهاز الهضمي / مستشفى الكندي التعليمي خالل الفترة من كانون الثاني2019
إ لى نيسان2020. باإلضافة الى
مجموعة السيطرة المتكونة من60
شخصا الذي يبدو
أ نهم اصحاء ظاهريا. استخدمت الخزعات النسيجية المأخوذة من الغشاء المخاطي
لمنطقة غار وجسم المعد
ة
.لتحديد درجة االلتهاب النسيجي
تم الحصول على
المصول
لتحديد اإلصابة ببكتريا
H. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.036 11. Bionda M, Kapoglou I, Wiest R. H. pylori-assoziierte
Gastritis: Diagnostik, Therapie und Nachsorge [H. pylori-associated gastritis: diagnostic, treatment and https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.036 19. Dixon BR, Radin JN, Piazuelo MB, Contreras DC,
Algood HM. IL-17a and IL-22 Induce Expression of
Antimicrobials in Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells and Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(3 Suppl.): 937-944
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8621
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal 2022;13:952674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.952674. PMID:
35911678; PMCID: PMC9328118. 21. Nguyen PM, Putoczki TL. Could the inhibition of IL-
17 or IL-18 be a potential therapeutic opportunity for
gastric
cancer?. Cytokine. 2019;118:8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.008 2022;13:952674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.952674. PMID:
35911678; PMCID: PMC9328118. 21. Nguyen PM, Putoczki TL. Could the inhibition of IL-
17 or IL-18 be a potential therapeutic opportunity for
gastric
cancer?. Cytokine. 2019;118:8-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2018.01.008 2022;13:952674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.952674. PMID:
35911678; PMCID: PMC9328118. May Contribute to Epithelial Cell Defense against
Helicobacter pylori. PLoS One. 2016;11(2):e0148514. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148514 20. Della Bella C, Antico A, Panozzo MP, Capitani N,
Petrone L, Benagiano M, et al. Gastric Th17 Cells
Specific for H+/K+-ATPase and Serum IL-17
Signature in Gastric Autoimmunity. Front Immunol. تقييم مستويات السيتوكينات الموالية لاللتهاب انترلوكين8
، انترلوكين17
وانترلوكين22
مع
االصابة ببكترياHelicobacter pylori
ودرجة التهاب المعدة في عينة من المرضى العراقيين
مريم جاسم شهاب 1
،بتول مطر مهدي 2 ،
ريم حسام
الطبره 1 و ضحى سالم نعمة
1
1 مركز الدنا العدل
ي للبحث والتدريب، جامعة النهرين، بغداد ،العراق. 2 قسم االحياء المجهرية ،كلية طب الكندي، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. تقييم مستويات السيتوكينات الموالية لاللتهاب انترلوكين8
، انترلوكين17
وانترلوكين22
مع
االصابة ببكترياHelicobacter pylori
ودرجة التهاب المعدة في عينة من المرضى العراقيين
مريم جاسم شهاب 1
،بتول مطر مهدي 2 ،
ريم حسام
الطبره 1 و ضحى سالم نعمة
1
1 مركز الدنا العدل
ي للبحث والتدريب، جامعة النهرين، بغداد ،العراق. 2 قسم االحياء المجهرية ،كلية طب الكندي، جامعة بغداد، بغداد، العراق. الخالص
ة
يعرف التهاب المعدة ب
أ نه التهاب نسيجي للطبقة المخاطية المبطنة للمعدة ويصنف اعتمادا
على مدة المرض إ لى التهاب حاد
و م أ ،زمن
وكذلك اعتمادا على
النتائج النسيجية والموقع التشريحي واإل مراضية. هدفت الدراسة الحالية
إ لى تقييم
مستويات المصل ل لسيتوكينات
الموالية لالتها
ب
انترلوكين8
، انترلوكين17
و انترلوكين22
في اإلصابة ببكتريا
H. pylori
وارتباطها
مع درجة التهاب المعدة في
عينة من المرضى العراقيين. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.036 pylori
وقياس
مستويات
انترلوكين8، انترل وكين17
و انترلوكين22
.أ ظهرت النتائج
أ ن المرضى الذين يعانون من التهاب المعدة تتراوح أعمارهم من18
-
75
سنة. كشفت نتائج مؤشر كتلة الجسم
أ ن33.33
%
من المرضى يعانون من السمنة المفرطة و35
%
منهم يعانون من الوزن الزائد. معظم
مرضى
التهاب المعدة النشط و
التهاب المعد ة السطحي المزمن
أ ظهروا نتائج مصلية موجبة لألجسام المضادة لبكترياH. pylori
وكان
معدل التركيز االجسام المضادة للبكتريا(167.89 ± 3.18 IU/ml)
و(150.74± 1.45 IU/ml)
على التوالي مع وجود فرق عالي
المعنويةP=0.0001
عند المقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة(4.36 ± 0.29 IU/ml)
.أ ظهرت نتائج التحليل النسيجي ان جميع المرضى
كانوا يعانون من
التهاب الغشاء المخاطي المزم ن، بينما36.66
%
كانوا يعانون من ارتشاح خاليا الدم البيضاء المتعادلة وكان هناك
ارتباط معنوي بين مستويات االنترلوكينات8
و17
و22
مع درجة التهاب الغشاء المخاطي المزم ن وارتشاح
خاليا
الدم
البيضاءneutrophil
. نستنتج من هذه الدراسة
أ ن السبب األكثر شيوعا اللتهاب المعدة هو اإلصابة ببكترياH. pylori
مع
التغيرات
النسيجية المرضية والتي
تضمن
ارتشاح
خاليا الدم البيضاء المتعادلة
neutrophil
والتهاب الغشاء المخاطي المزمن
المرتبط مع زيادة
مستويات األ
نترلوكينات الموالية لالتها
ب. :الكلمات المفتاحية الخزع النسيجية، السيتوكينات، التهاب المعدة، النسيج المرضي، الملوية البوابية. Page | 944 Page | 944 | 5,102 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8621/4417 | null |
Arabic | Abstract Introduction
Abstract
The genus Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is frequently grown in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and is
as a folk remedy by the locals to heal a variety of illnesses. The purpose of this study is to evaluate
total phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C contents using spectrophotometric method with
determination of antioxidant activities for different solvents such as (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl ace
chloroform and n-hexane) using different antioxidant methods namely (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydr
reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical, β -carot
Linoleic acid and iron chelating assays) and ascorbic acid as standard reference. Our results showed
polar solvent extracts exhibited a significant high phenolic and flavonoid contents while ethyl ac
extract had a high vitamin C content. In addition, the findings showed that the extracts had remark
antioxidant effects compared with standard ascorbic acid. The ethanol extract of Urtica dioica L. le
had stronger scavenging activities than other solvent extracts for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
hydroxyl radicals. Water extract exhibited higher antioxidant effect than other extracts for redu
power and nitric oxide scavenging assays while lower antioxidant activity for β -carotene/Linoleic
and total antioxidant capacity tests. In contrast, non-polar hexane had the highest antioxidant act
for the iron chelating assay. The present study shows that Urtica dioica L. leaf extracts are a vi
natural source of antioxidants and may be used in food products as well as nutraceutical applicatio
Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Total phenolic contents, Total flavonoid contents, Total vitam
contents, Utica dioica L. (Stinging nettle). The genus Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae) is frequently grown in the Kurdistan region of Iraq and is used
as a folk remedy by the locals to heal a variety of illnesses. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the
total phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C contents using spectrophotometric method with the
determination of antioxidant activities for different solvents such as (aqueous, ethanol, ethyl acetate,
chloroform and n-hexane) using different antioxidant methods namely (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,
reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide scavenging, hydroxyl radical, β -carotene-
Linoleic acid and iron chelating assays) and ascorbic acid as standard reference. Our results showed that
polar solvent extracts exhibited a significant high phenolic and flavonoid contents while ethyl acetate
extract had a high vitamin C content. In addition, the findings showed that the extracts had remarkable
antioxidant effects compared with standard ascorbic acid. The ethanol extract of Urtica dioica L. Abstract leaves
had stronger scavenging activities than other solvent extracts for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and
hydroxyl radicals. Water extract exhibited higher antioxidant effect than other extracts for reducing
power and nitric oxide scavenging assays while lower antioxidant activity for β -carotene/Linoleic acid
and total antioxidant capacity tests. In contrast, non-polar hexane had the highest antioxidant activity
for the iron chelating assay. The present study shows that Urtica dioica L. leaf extracts are a viable
natural source of antioxidants and may be used in food products as well as nutraceutical applications. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Total phenolic contents, Total flavonoid contents, Total vitamin C
contents, Utica dioica L. (Stinging nettle). Received 26/02/2023, Revised 06/05/2023, Accepted 08/05/2023, Published Online First 20/10/2023,
Published 01/05/2024 © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Gharbia A. Omer*1
, Lina Y. Mohammed 2 Gharbia A. Omer*1
, Lina Y. Mohammed 2 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Zakho, Duhok, Iraq. 2Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Duhok, Iraq. *Corresponding Author. *Corresponding Author. Received 26/02/2023, Revised 06/05/2023, Accepted 08/05/2023, Published Online First 20/10/2023,
Published 01/05/2024 ived 26/02/2023, Revised 06/05/2023, Accepted 08/05/2023, Published Online First 20/10/2023 Introduction Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as a
result of oxygen consumption that occurs naturally
during cell growth. They are created by the body’s
regular oxygen usage, including respiration and
some cellular immunity functions. Active oxygen can occur in the form of free radicals such as
Hydroxyl radical (OH•), superoxide anion (O2-) and
non-free radicals such as singlet oxygen(1O2) and
hydrogen peroxide(H2O2), a product of normal
metabolism that attacks biological molecules, Page | 1592 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal causing cell or tissue damage1,2. When the system of
antioxidant defence is disrupted by exogenic and
endogenic factors enhanced polymorphonuclear
leukocytes , macrophages and peroxisomes, resulting
diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease,
inflammation, and accelerated ageing process 3,4. employed to treat kidney stones allergies, burns,
diabetes, leukopenia, internal bleeding, rashes and
other ailments12. In our society (Kurds), Kurdistan
Region, Iraq, U. dioica L., known as Kazink, is
considered as herb and used as a tea choice. Moreover, the leaves of nettle have a significant
amount of biologically active substances, including
terpenoids, flavonoids, carotenoids, polyphenolic
compounds, chlorophyll, amino acids, vitamins,
tannins,
carbohydrates
and
minerals10,12,13. Additionally, U. dioica L. extracts have anti-
inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antimicrobial and
antiaging properties due to the presence of phenolic
and flavonoids compounds in nettle 14,15. However, antioxidant substances or antioxidant-rich
foods may be utilized to assist the reducing oxidative
harm caused by free-radicals as well as active oxygen
in human body. Natural antioxidants with their site-
specific action mechanisms may be more efficient
but even less hazardous than the naturally occurring
and synthetic antioxidants currently employed in the
food processing industry5. Hence, it is necessary to
identify alternative safe and natural sources of food-
antioxidants, the search for natural antioxidants,
particularly those of plant origin, has increased
significantly in recent years 6. The initial goal of this study, the first to be done on
this plant, is to assess the antioxidant activity by
employing different methods for each extract of
nettle leaves grown in Kurdistan region, Iraq. Additionally, the present research evaluates the total
phenolic, flavonoid and vitamin C contents for
different solvent extracts of U. dioica L. leaves. Phenolic and polyphenolic components are a most
notable groups of secondary plant metabolites that
have antioxidant activity primarily because of their
chemical reactivity that can be interacting directly
with ROS, hydrogen donors, and chelating metal
ions 6,7. Figure 1. Materials and Methods All applied reagents were of the highest purity
available and purchased from the Sigma Aldrich
Chemical Company. Plant collection and reagents Urtica dioica L. leaves were harvested from Zakho
City, Kurdistan region of Iraq (April-May 2021). Identified
by
taxonomist
from
College
of
Agriculture/ Duhok University. The leaves of U. dioica were washed with tap water, then distilled
water and left to dry in darkness for 15 days, ground
to powder and stored in dark containers in freezer
until the day use. Introduction Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Urtica dioica L. is a member of the family
Urticaceae (Fig.1). It is a perennial herbaceous
species often known as nettle 8,9 and it is utilized as a
medicine in many countries all over the world10. Small trichomes may be seen on the stem and leaves
of nettles as they contain formic acid and histamines,
the major causes of skin allergies when interacting
with this plant. This plant grows in nitrogen-rich soil
11. In traditional medicine, the entire plant is Figure 1. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). Materials and Methods Preparation of Urtica dioica L. leaves extract: To prepare different solvent extracts of U. dioica L. leaves and standard ascorbic acid: 50 mg of ascorbic
acid and each extract were dissolved in 50 ml of
methanol (1000 μg /ml). From the stock solution
prepare the series of dilution 6.25 - 100 μg/ml. Five different solvents were prepared from leaves U. dioica using Soxhlet apparatus and procedure
described by this method 16. Total phenolic content: Total phenolic content of
all extracts have been estimated by Folin-Ciocalteu
method with modifications 17 . A standard curve was
prepared
using
same
method
with
serial
concentrations of standard tannic acid solution (50-
500 mg/ ml) for determine the concentration of TPC
in each extract. DPPH free radical-scavenging activity: The 1,1-
diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical was used
to assess the extracts’ ability to scavenge free
radicals was evaluated by 20 with modifications. The
percent inhibition of DPPH scavenging of free
radicals was determined by using following Eq. 1: % Inhibition of scavenging free radical = [(AC- AS) /
AC] ×100 …. 1 Total flavonoid content: The aluminum chloride
method was used to determine the total flavonoid
content (TFC) with slight modifications18 and
Quercetin was used as a standard. To prepare the
quercetin standard curve, a stock solution was
prepared by dissolving 20 mg of quercetin in 100 ml
methanol (200 μg/ml). From this stock solution, a
series of different concentrations 10 - 180 μg/ml
were prepared. To estimate TFC, a standard curve of
quercetin was obtained by plotting quercetin
concentration
versus
absorbance. Quercetin
equivalents were calculated using the regression
equation of this curve and the result was
demonstrated as a percentage w/w (mean S.E.). Where: AC = absorbance of freshly prepared DPPH
and AS = absorbance of extracts and standard. Reducing power activity: The activity of reducing
power for different solvent extracts of Urtica dioica
L. leaves was measured by Oyaizu assay 21. Total antioxidant capacity (Phosphomolybdate
assay):The phosphomolybdenum method was used
to determine the antioxidant capacity of U. dioica L. leaves extracts and ascorbic acid as standard 22. Nitric oxide scavenging activity assay: Nitric oxide
(NO-) produced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) was
evaluated the Marcocci et al method 23. The amount
of nitric oxide scavenging was calculated by this Eq. 2: Total ascorbic acid content:The total ascorbic acid
contents for different solvent extracts of Urtica
dioica L. leaves were determined by 19 method. Instrument: (Lambda-25
Perkin-Elmer
UV-VIS
spectrophotometer). Page | 1593 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Preparation of Urtica dioica L. leaves extract: Ascorbic acid was used as standard as ten milligrams
of ascorbic acid were dissolved in 100 ml of distilled
water
(100
µg/ml). For
preparing
standard
calibration curve of ascorbic acid, pipettes various
volume from the stock solution aliquots of 0.05, 0.1,
0.25, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 ml and transfer the volume into
each volumetric flack and complete the volume to 10
ml by distilled water. For the preparation of extracts,
weighted 10 mg and mixed with 10 ml of suitable
solvents (1mg/gm). The concentration of ascorbic
acid in the extracts was determined by extrapolation
from the standard curve and calculated as ascorbic
acid equivalents per gram of the dry plant material
(mg.AAE.g-1) % Nitric oxide scavenging = [(AC- AS) / AC] ×100 …. 2 % Scavenging of hydroxyl radical OH- = [(AC- AS) /
AC] ×100 …… 3 % Scavenging of hydroxyl radical OH- = [(AC- AS) /
AC] ×100 …… 3 % Nitric oxide scavenging = [(AC- AS) / AC] ×100 …. 2 % Nitric oxide scavenging = [(AC- AS) / AC] ×100 …. 2 Where: AC = absorbance of control and AS =
absorbance of sample extract and standard (ascorbic
acid) Where: AC = absorbance of control and AS =
absorbance of sample extract and standard (ascorbic
acid) Hydroxyl radical (OH-) scavenging activity:
Fenton's reaction was carried out to evaluate the
scavenging of hydroxyl radicals capacity for
different solvent extracts of U.dioica L. leaves using
Smirnoff and Cumbes method 24, with slight
modifications. The percent scavenging of hydroxyl
radical was calculated the following Eq. 3: % Scavenging of hydroxyl radical OH- = [(AC- AS) /
AC] ×100 …… 3 Page | 1594 Page | 1594 Page | 1594 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Where: AC = absorbance of control and AS =
absorbance of sample extract and standard (ascorbic
acid) Where: AC = absorbance of control and AS =
absorbance of sample extract and standard (ascorbic
acid) % Inhibition of Fe radical = [(AC- AS) / AC] ×100
5 5 Where: AC= absorbance of control and AS=
absorbance of sample extract and standard (ascorbic
acid) Where: AC= absorbance of control and AS=
absorbance of sample extract and standard (ascorbic
acid) Effect of ß-carotene/linoleic bleaching assay: A
method described by 25 was used to assess the
antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves extracts. The
following Eq. 4 was used to calculate the antioxidant
activity (AA) in terms of bleaching -carotene: Statistical analysis: Data were displayed mean ±SEM (standard error of
mean) of triplicates and were statistically evaluated
by one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The
values were separated by Duncan multiple tests using
(SPSS software version 26). Differences with values
were considered significant at p<0.05. Linear
regression analysis and intercept data was used to
calculate the IC50 values. Iron- cheating activity: The iron chelating ability
for different solvent extracts was determined by 1,10
phenanthroline method 26 with few modifications. The % inhibition of iron chelating was calculated by
the following Eq. 5: Results and Discussion Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents and vitamin
C contents of Urtica dioica L. On the other hand, the total flavonoid content of U. dioica L. leaves for each extract are shown in Table
1. The total flavonoid content of each extract was
remarkably elevated followed the order: ethanol
extract > n-hexane > ethyl acetate > chloroform >
water extract. Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents and vitamin
C contents of Urtica dioica L. The total phenolic content of U. dioica L. leaves for
each extract are shown in Table 1. The total phenol
content of each extract was significantly increased p
< 0.05 showing the water extract had the highest TPC
while the chloroform had the lowest value according
to the following order: water extract > ethanol extract
> n- hexane > ethyl acetate > chloroform. The vitamin C contents for each extract of leaves U. dioica is demonstrated in the same table. Our results
demonstrated that total vitamin C content followed
the order: ethyl acetate > ethanol > water > hexane >
and chloroform extract. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. Additionally, the IC50 values of all extracts and
ascorbic acid of U. dioica L. leaves followed the
order: ethyl acetate > chloroform > hexane >
Aqueous > ascorbic acid > ethanol extract. DPPH free-radicals scavenging activity: Our
findings showed that all extracts of U. dioica L. leaves and ascorbic acid had a moderate level of 1,1- Table 2. DPPH scavenging activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves for different solvent extracts and ascorbic
acid. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
DPPH scavenging activity (%)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
6.25
40.7333r
± 0.02028
44.4200u
± 0.03055
13.2238b
± 0.02340
11.9867a
± 0.01202
16.1167c
± 0.01764
39.8067p
± 0.02404
P<0.0008
12.5
41.5200s
± 0.01732
48.2400x
± 0.03055
30.7433h
± 0.01764
13.2433b
± 0.01764
16.3500d
± 0.02887
40.0500q
± 0.01528
25
44.1200t
± 0.02082
54.5133AA
± 0.01856
33.4533i
± 2.34334
19.0433f
± 0.03383
18.2167e
± 0.01764
40.7433r
± 0.01202
50
47.1900w
± 0.02082
68.0967AB
± 0.02963
34.6733j
± 0.31339
19.2000g
± 0.01155
37.2567k
± 0.03712
46.4367v
± 0.02028
75
50.8200y
± 0.01155
81.2000AC
± 0.01155
38.2625m
± 0.08683
38.5700n
± 0.03000
37.7667l
± 0.02404
85.5633AD
± 0.11200
100
52.4700z
± 0.02082
91.3567AE
± 0.01453
38.6233n
± 0.08950
39.0600o
± 0.02887
38.2467m
± 0.02728
97.0600AF
± 0.02309
IC50
74.6058
15.9219
142.801
129.6698
125.652
32.2294
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05
Reducing power assay (RPA): The reducing power
of various extracts increased with the increasing
concentration of extracts which is considered to be
statically significant in all extract P < 0.05 as shown PPH scavenging activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves for different solvent extracts and ascorbi
acid. DPPH scavenging activity (%)
p-value ging activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves for different solvent extracts and ascorbic
acid. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05 -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. Table 1. Total phenol and flavonoid contents and Vitamin C from Urtica dioica L. leaves extract. e 1. Total phenol and flavonoid contents and Vitamin C from Urtica dioica L. leaves extrac able 1. Total phenol and flavonoid contents and Vitamin C from Urtica dioica L. leaves extract. Extraction type
Total phenolic content
(mg TAE /gm)
Total flavonoid content
(mg QE/gm)
vitamin C
(mg AA/gm)
Water
680.826667 ± 13.91374d
30.49 ± 2.62439a
9.7957 ± 0.00345 c
Ethanol
359.71 ± 9.41433c
215.176667 ± 2.03415e
14.9430 ± 0.30142d
Ethyl acetate
63.415 ± 1.50043a
83.4533333 ± 3.47413b
50.1203 ± 0.81297e
Chloroform
57.4666667 ± 8.07056a
53.3466667 ± 2.44270c
1.7470 ± 0.00416 a
n-hexane
136.633333 ± 16.86876b
135.89 ± 0.16258d
7.2953 ± 0.08127b
p-value
< 0.0001
< 0.0008
< 0.0006 Page | 1595 Page | 1595 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal - Note: Values are means of three replicates M ± S.
Error. Numbers in the same column followed by the
same letter are not significantly different p < 0.05. - Note: Values are means of three replicates M ± S. Error. Numbers in the same column followed by the
same letter are not significantly different p < 0.05. diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity as
presented in Table 2. The scavenging activity of
standard ascorbic acid was significant increase p <
0.05 more than extracts while, ethanol extract had the
highest scavenging activity among other extracts. At
50 μg/ml of the ethanol and aqueous extracts had a
slightly stronger DPPH scavenging activity than
standard of ascorbic acid. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. P < 0.05 Reducing power assay (RPA): The reducing power
of various extracts increased with the increasing
concentration of extracts which is considered to be
statically significant in all extract P < 0.05 as shown Reducing power assay (RPA): The reducing power
of various extracts increased with the increasing
concentration of extracts which is considered to be
statically significant in all extract P < 0.05 as shown Page | 1596 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal in Table 3. The U. dioica extracts demonstrated
slightly lower reducing power than ascorbic acid at
all concentrations tested, besides water extract has a
greater reducing power than ascorbic acid at concentration 6.25 μg/ml. As a result, the reducing
power was discovered to be in the following order:
ascorbic acid > water > ethanolic > chloroform >
ethyl acetate > and hexane extract. Table 3. Effect on reducing power of Urtica dioica L. extracts and ascorbic acid. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
Reducing power assay (O.D 700 nm)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
6.25
2.3042hij
± 0.00400
2.2788bcde
± 0.00137
2.2582a
± 0.00263
2.2652ab
± 0.00160
2.2658abc
± 0.00377
2.2941fgh
± 0.00703
P< 0.0003
12.5
2.3110ijk
± 0.00157
2.2881efg
± 0.00653
2.2767bcde
± 0.00027
2.27007abc
± 0.00280
2.2718abcd
± 0.00015
2.3127ijk
± 0.00225
25
2.3278lmno
± 0.00207
2.3121ijk
± 0.00177
2.2809cdef
± 0.00233
2.2871defg
± 0.00356
2.2723abcd
± 0.00015
2.3238klmn
± 0.00603
50
2.3326no
± 0.00256
2.3286lmno
± 0.00237
2.2980ghi
± 0.00404
2.3049hij
± 0.00393
2.2726abcd
± 0.00260
2.3321no
± 0.00333
75
2.3381nop
± 0.00087
2.3317mno
± 0.00739
2.3155jkl
± 0.00226
2.3148jklm
± 0.00110
2.2802bcdef
± 0.00207
2.3517p
± 0.00733
100
2.3407op
± 0.00285
2.3410op
± 0.00208
2.3253klmno
± 0.00410
2.3290mno
± 0.00200
2.2850defg
± 0.00200
2.3738q
± 0.01894
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
d
t diff
i
ifi
tl
P < 0 05
concentration. As a result, it was found that the order
of increasing total antioxidant activity as; ascorbic
id >
th l
t t
>
th
l >
hl
f
> Table 3. Effect on reducing power of Urtica dioica L. extracts and ascorbic acid. Reducing power assay (O.D 700 nm) -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. The value of IC50
for all extracts was found to be as follows: ethanol >
ethyl acetate > hexane > chloroform > and water. The
IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was 47.6099
μg/ml. Table 3. The effect of nitric oxide NO assay for different extract of leaves U. dioica L. against ascorbic
acid. Urtica
dioica L. Scavenging of hydroxyl radical (%)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid Table 2. Total antioxidant capacity of different extracts of U. dioica L. leaves and against ascorbic
acid. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
Total antioxidant capacity (O.D 695 nm)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
6.25
0.0660a
± 0.00065
0.0770bc
± 0.00043
0.0685ab
± 0.00529
0.0681ab
± 0.00260
0.1085ef
± 0.00127
0.0753abc
± 0.00033
P< 0.0009
12.5
0.0681ab
± 0.00003
0.1169fg
± 0.00052
0.0769bc
± 0.00470
0.0929d
± 0.00253
0.1150fg
± 0.00137
0.1510jk
± 0.00003
25
0.0684ab
± 0.00010
0.1335h
± 0.00030
0.0815c
± 0.00613
0.1200g
± 0.00096
0.1203g
± 0.00405
0.2611o
± 0.00027
50
0.0756abc
± 0.00003
0.1448ij
± 0.00018
0.1396hi
± 0.00115
0.1323h
± 0.00098
0.1315h
± 0.00204
0.3467p
± 0.00009
75
0.0906d
± 0.00003
0.1948m
± 0.00012
0.2036m
± 0.00044
0.1593k
± 0.00757
0.1460ij
± 0.00056
0.4890q
± 0.00018
100
0.1036e
± 0.00072
0.2025m
± 0.00054
0.2173n
± 0.00642
0.1961m
± 0.01063
0.1800l
± 0.00428
0.5445r
± 0.00029
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. μg/ml respectively. Moreover, aqueous extract of U. dioica L. leaves were found to be the highest NO
scavenging activity than other solvents and ascorbic Table 2. Total antioxidant capacity of different extracts of U. dioica L. leaves and against ascorbic
acid. μg/ml respectively. Moreover, aqueous extract of U. dioica L. leaves were found to be the highest NO
scavenging activity than other solvents and ascorbic
acid as well. The all extracts were observed to be
included in the sequence: aqueous > chloroform >
hexane > ethyl acetate > ethanol. The value of IC50
for all extracts was found to be as follows: ethanol >
ethyl acetate > hexane > chloroform > and water. The
IC50 value of standard ascorbic acid was 47.6099
μg/ml. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. P < 0.05 concentration. As a result, it was found that the order
of increasing total antioxidant activity as; ascorbic
acid > ethyl acetate > ethanol > chloroform > n-
hexane > water. The total antioxidant capacity of all
extracts showed a statistically significant differences
p < 0.05 using ANOVA as illustrated in Table 4. Total antioxidant capacity: Our results displayed
that antioxidant capacity of all extracts and ascorbic
acid
as
standard
increased
with
increasing Page | 1597 Page | 1597 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 2. Total antioxidant capacity of different extracts of U. dioica L. leaves and against ascorbic
acid. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
Total antioxidant capacity (O.D 695 nm)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
6.25
0.0660a
± 0.00065
0.0770bc
± 0.00043
0.0685ab
± 0.00529
0.0681ab
± 0.00260
0.1085ef
± 0.00127
0.0753abc
± 0.00033
P< 0.0009
12.5
0.0681ab
± 0.00003
0.1169fg
± 0.00052
0.0769bc
± 0.00470
0.0929d
± 0.00253
0.1150fg
± 0.00137
0.1510jk
± 0.00003
25
0.0684ab
± 0.00010
0.1335h
± 0.00030
0.0815c
± 0.00613
0.1200g
± 0.00096
0.1203g
± 0.00405
0.2611o
± 0.00027
50
0.0756abc
± 0.00003
0.1448ij
± 0.00018
0.1396hi
± 0.00115
0.1323h
± 0.00098
0.1315h
± 0.00204
0.3467p
± 0.00009
75
0.0906d
± 0.00003
0.1948m
± 0.00012
0.2036m
± 0.00044
0.1593k
± 0.00757
0.1460ij
± 0.00056
0.4890q
± 0.00018
100
0.1036e
± 0.00072
0.2025m
± 0.00054
0.2173n
± 0.00642
0.1961m
± 0.01063
0.1800l
± 0.00428
0.5445r
± 0.00029
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. Effect of nitric oxide scavenging assay: The %
inhibition of nitric oxide increasing with the increase
concentration of the plant extracts and ascorbic acid
which is found to be statically significant p < 0.05 as
shown in Table 5. Besides that, it was found that the
rate of scavenging NO for ethyl acetate extract at
concentration 12.5 μg/ml was higher than 25 and 50
μg/ml respectively. Moreover, aqueous extract of U. dioica L. leaves were found to be the highest NO
scavenging activity than other solvents and ascorbic
acid as well. The all extracts were observed to be
included in the sequence: aqueous > chloroform >
hexane > ethyl acetate > ethanol. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. Effect of nitric oxide scavenging assay: The %
inhibition of nitric oxide increasing with the increase
concentration of the plant extracts and ascorbic acid
which is found to be statically significant p < 0.05 as
shown in Table 5. Besides that, it was found that the
rate of scavenging NO for ethyl acetate extract at
concentration 12.5 μg/ml was higher than 25 and 50 Table 3. The effect of nitric oxide NO assay for different extract of leaves U. dioica L. against ascorbic
acid. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
Scavenging of hydroxyl radical (%)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
12.5
8.6407hij
± 0.01613
1.6889a
± 0.05880
5.3185e
± 0.00979
8.4777hi
± 0.04205
6.0185f
± 0.02063
2.2851b
± 0.03229
P < 0.0001
25
11.8148m
± 0.17514
2.9555c
± 0.01923
6.8148g
± 0.03291
8.8926ij
± 0.03866
6.7111g
± 0.05133
4.7888d
± 0.01285
50
20.7555q
± 0.34145
5.5407e
± 0.08520
8.2777h
± 0.01285
10.3555l
± 0.19159
9.0074jk
± 0.04730
5.2073e
± 0.03647
75
21.5000r
± 0.05130
24.6481s
± 0.01334
8.4074h
± 0.02593
11.5363m
± 0.16293
12.4592n
± 0.00370
9.3417k
± 0.62794
100
25.4407t
± 0.04900
31.1926u
± 0.01961
13.4925o
± 0.02063
15.8555p
± 0.07564
15.9074p
± 0.07155
33.9926v
± 0.06553
IC50
223.5930
120.3848
573.0551
547.7306
400.7308
144.6722
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. Hydroxyl radical (OH-) scavenging assay: The
scavenging of hydroxyl radicals OH- activity of plant
extracts and standard ascorbic acid increased with
increasing concentration as shown in Table 6. The effect of nitric oxide NO assay for different extract of leaves U. dioica L. against ascorbic
acid. Table 3. The effect of nitric oxide NO assay for different extract of leaves U. dioica L. acid. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. Hydroxyl radical (OH-) scavenging assay: The
scavenging of hydroxyl radicals OH- activity of plant
extracts and standard ascorbic acid increased with
increasing concentration as shown in Table 6. The Hydroxyl radical (OH-) scavenging assay: The
scavenging of hydroxyl radicals OH- activity of plant
extracts and standard ascorbic acid increased with
increasing concentration as shown in Table 6. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. The Page | 1598 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal to be: ascorbic acid > ethanol> water> hexane >
chloroform > ethyl acetate. In addition, the greatest
IC50 value was showed in ethyl acetate followed by
chloroform > hexane > water > ethanol > and
ascorbic acid respectively. results demonstrated that the U. dioica L. extracts
and ascorbic acid are statistically significant p<0.05. In general, maximum hydroxyl radical scavenging
ability was observed in ethanol extract among other
solvent extracts. The increasing of scavenging
activity of plant extracts and ascorbic acid was found Table 6. The effect of hydroxyl radical scavenging for different extract of leaves U. dioica L. against
ascorbic acid. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
Scavenging of hydroxyl radical (%)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
12.5
8.6407hij
± 0.01613
1.6889a
± 0.05880
5.3185e
± 0.00979
8.4777hi
± 0.04205
6.0185f
± 0.02063
2.2851b
± 0.03229
P<0.0001
25
11.8148m
± 0.17514
2.9555c
± 0.01923
6.8148g
± 0.03291
8.8926ij
± 0.03866
6.7111g
± 0.05133
4.7888d
± 0.01285
50
20.7555q
± 0.34145
5.5407e
± 0.08520
8.2777h
± 0.01285
10.3555l
± 0.19159
9.0074jk
± 0.04730
5.2073e
± 0.03647
75
21.5000r
± 0.05130
24.6481s
± 0.01334
8.4074h
± 0.02593
11.5363m
± 0.16293
12.4592n
± 0.00370
9.3417k
± 0.62794
100
25.4407t
± 0.04900
31.1926u
± 0.01961
13.4925o
± 0.02063
15.8555p
± 0.07564
15.9074p
± 0.07155
33.9926v
± 0.06553
IC50
223.5930
120.3848
573.0551
547.7306
400.7308
144.6722
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. β -carotene- Linoleic acid bleaching assay: Table 7
illustrates the inhibition of oxidative damage in all
extract for U. dioica L. leaves with different
concentrations compared with ascorbic acid. All of
the extracts and ascorbic acid displayed significant
activity (p < 0.05) ranged from 19.57 to 90.77%. The
absorbance increase rates among the extracts were
shown as: water > hexane > ethyl acetate > ethanol >
chloroform. Furthermore, the order of the strength of
the IC50 of all extracts and ascorbic acid was
followed the order; chloroform > ethanol > ethyl
acetate > hexane > water > ascorbic acid. e effect of hydroxyl radical scavenging for different extract of leaves U. dioica L. against
ascorbic acid. Scavenging of hydroxyl radical (%)
p-value -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. the extracts and ascorbic acid displayed significant
activity (p < 0.05) ranged from 19.57 to 90.77%. The
absorbance increase rates among the extracts were
shown as: water > hexane > ethyl acetate > ethanol >
chloroform. Furthermore, the order of the strength of
the IC50 of all extracts and ascorbic acid was
followed the order; chloroform > ethanol > ethyl
acetate > hexane > water > ascorbic acid. β -carotene- Linoleic acid bleaching assay: Table 7
illustrates the inhibition of oxidative damage in all
extract for U. dioica L. leaves with different
concentrations compared with ascorbic acid. All of Page | 1599 Page | 1599 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Table 7. Antioxidant capacity of Urtica dioica L. leaves extracts and ascorbic acid was evaluated using
theβ -carotene / linoleic acid assay. Urtica
dioica
L. Conc. (μg/ml)
β -carotene bleaching assay (%)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chloroform
n- Hexane
Ascorbic
acid(standard)
6.25
65.3311kl
± 0.87105
19.5785a
± 1.98511
45.0663ef
± 0.76847
23.5433ab
± 1.72262
35.5522cd
± 1.96215
69.9847lmn
± 0.95114
P<0.0005
12.5
69.5452lmn
± 1.29121
30.4448bc
± 5.95962
48.3575fgh
± 2.55502
40.1008de
± 1.76050
49.9522fgh
± 0.45137
73.6216mno
± 1.23452
25
70.6776lmn
± 0.83582
62.6163jkl
± 1.60964
54.8751ghi
± 1.17906
49.0719fgh
± 0.57820
51.7773fghi
± 0.61021
75.6989 no
± 0.14737
50
84.0421pqr
± 0.31100
65.4606klm
± 9.83730
55.8352hig
± 0.55930
44.3976ef
± 0.06188
66.8552klm
± 2.15605
78.5136op
± 1.36339
75
86.2690qr
± 0.95686
67.2313lm
± 1.28215
59.1646igk
± 3.08256
47.3086efg
± 0.96465
67.5730lm
± 1.31594
86.8560qr
± 0.95490
100
88.0031r
± 4.48284
69.9204lmn
± 2.56996
79.5693opq
± 1.11247
51.4594fghi
± 1.17772
86.5850qr
± 1.37067
90.7710r
± 2.07625
IC50
42.0698
54.513
54.300
74.0631
49.3096
41.6077
-Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. Iron chelating activity: Our data revealed that the
high-level activity of scavenging ferrous chelating
for extracts of leaves U. dioica L. and ascorbic acid
ranged from 79.06 % to 93.24%. The % inhibition of
metal chelating increasing with the increase
concentration of the plant extracts and ascorbic acid
which is discovered to be statically significant (p
<0.05) as shown in Table 8. Moreover, it was
observed that the rate of aqueous and ethanol
extract's iron chelating initially fluctuated with
concentration but later increased with increasing
concentration. On the other hand, the percent of
chelating ferrous activity of all extracts of leaves
nettle was found to be higher than standard ascorbic
acid which is found to be: hexane > water >
chloroform > ethanol > ethyl acetate > ascorbic acid. Additionally, the IC50 values of U. dioica L. leaves
extracts and standard was decreased with following
order: ascorbic acid > water > ethyl acetate > ethanol
> chloroform > hexane. ntioxidant capacity of Urtica dioica L. leaves extracts and ascorbic acid was evaluated usin
theβ -carotene / linoleic acid assay. β -carotene bleaching assay (%)
p-value -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. observed that the rate of aqueous and ethanol
extract's iron chelating initially fluctuated with
concentration but later increased with increasing
concentration. On the other hand, the percent of
chelating ferrous activity of all extracts of leaves
nettle was found to be higher than standard ascorbic
acid which is found to be: hexane > water >
chloroform > ethanol > ethyl acetate > ascorbic acid. Additionally, the IC50 values of U. dioica L. leaves
extracts and standard was decreased with following
order: ascorbic acid > water > ethyl acetate > ethanol
> chloroform > hexane. observed that the rate of aqueous and ethanol
extract's iron chelating initially fluctuated with
concentration but later increased with increasing
concentration. On the other hand, the percent of
chelating ferrous activity of all extracts of leaves
nettle was found to be higher than standard ascorbic
acid which is found to be: hexane > water >
chloroform > ethanol > ethyl acetate > ascorbic acid. Additionally, the IC50 values of U. Antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves:
Different antioxidant methods were used to
determine the antioxidant activity of U. dioica leaves
extracts. dioica L. leaves
extracts and standard was decreased with following
order: ascorbic acid > water > ethyl acetate > ethanol
> chloroform > hexane. Iron chelating activity: Our data revealed that the
high-level activity of scavenging ferrous chelating
for extracts of leaves U. dioica L. and ascorbic acid
ranged from 79.06 % to 93.24%. The % inhibition of
metal chelating increasing with the increase
concentration of the plant extracts and ascorbic acid
which is discovered to be statically significant (p
<0.05) as shown in Table 8. Moreover, it was Page | 1600 Page | 1600 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Table 8. Chelating effect of different extracts of Urtica dioica L. leaves and ascorbic acid on Fe+2 ion. Urtica
dioica L
Iron chelating agent (%)
p-value Table 8. Chelating effect of different extracts of Urtica dioica L. leaves and ascorbic acid on Fe+2 ion. Urtica
dioica L. Conc. (μg/ml)
Iron chelating agent (%)
p-value
Aqueous
Ethanol
Ethyl
acetate
chlorofor
m
n- Hexane
Ascorbic acid
(standard)
6.25
84.0841c
± 0.00969
85.3251e
± 0.05933
86.4912f
± 0.01226
89.0209hi
± 0.00736
88.1758g
± 0.02200
79.0689a
± 0.27110
P<0.0006
12.5
84.5437d
± 0.01120
85.5137e
± 0.02769
89.1838i
± 0.62690
89.2792i
± 0.01181
88.8133h
± 0.00763
79.7360b
± 0.03387
25
84.5839d
± 0.00850
92.2419lm
± 0.01123
91.3547k
± 0.00559
91.5242k
± 0.03813
92.7419nop
± 0.00423
90.0518j
± 0.03376
50
92.7502nop
± 0.01676
92.6043mno
± 0.00367
91.9584l
± 0.16642
91.8948l
± 0.08812
92.5557mno
± 0.03940
92.0325l
± 0.06794
75
92.6107mno
± 0.04851
92.5299mno
± 0.03601
92.4645mn
± 0.01100
92.7081nop
± 0.00210
92.8881opqr
± 0.01481
92.5620mno
± 0.06981
100
93.1655pqr
± 0.00764
92.8902opqr
± 0.03363
92.7886nopq
± 0.15253
93.0914pqr
± 0.02149
93.2482or
± 0.02357
92.8224nopq
± 0.00213
IC50
38.5119
38.2467
38.2731
38.1679
38.0430
38.5564 -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. -Note: Results are expressed Mean ± S. Error, n=3. Numbers in same column followed by a similar letter
do not differ significantly. P < 0.05. Discussion Therefore, DPPH is typically utilized
as a substrate to assess the antioxidant capacity of
antioxidants41. non-conventional extraction techniques such as
microwave assisted, ultrasonic-assisted and sub-
critical water extraction. That results revelated the
water extract using ultrasonic assisted extraction had
the highest antioxidant activity in reducing power
assay among other solvents. Similarly, Fattahi et al,
30 considered that the reducing power of aqueous
extract Urtica dioica L. had the highest value while,
the study of Singh & Sengar confirm that the 70%
ethanol extract of U. dioica L. had a higher reducing
power than ascorbic acid as a standard 46. Chloroform
extract of U. dioica L. leaves is done using this assay
for the first time. Therefore, the results of this study demonstrated
Urtica dioica L. leaves for each extract to be a
moderate free- radical scavenger, due to the presence
of hydroxyl group of phenolic and flavonoid contents
in U. dioica plant. Depending on the previous
research, Flórez et al evaluated DPPH radical assay
using different solvents and techniques, their results
revelated water extract had the high antioxidant
activity than ethanol extract utilized stirring
extraction technique 42.Similarly, Külcü and co-
workers found that the Urtica dioica L. have
moderate antioxidant activity in DPPH radical
method, in our result showed the ethanol extract had
a highest inhibition activity than chloroform and
hexane extract 31. On the other hand, another groups
demonstrated that fresh leaves of ethanol extract in
stinging nettle has a minimal amount of antioxidant
capacity in DPPH scavenging assay 43.In addition,
the IC50 values of Urtica dioica L. from Nepalese
using DPPH method showed that hexane extract had
the highest value while methanol had the lowest 44. Other authors claim that, plants harvested under
different conditions illustrate notably different
antioxidant activity. According to Paulauskien et al.,
13 the antioxidant activity of Urtica dioica L. leaves
varied considerably (p 0.05) from 52.9 to 95.1%
from April to September, with May of harvesting the
leaves with the highest antioxidant activity. The phosphomolybdate method is commonly used to
assess the total antioxidant capacity of stinging nettle
extracts. The antioxidant activities of the plant
extract are strongly related to the solvent used, due
to different antioxidant property of compounds with
varying
polarities. Moreover,
phytochemical
screenings indicated the existence of numerous
different
bioactive
phytochemicals,
may
be
contributed antioxidant capacity of Urtica dioica L. leaves. Discussion extracts were much lower than our results 31. Moreover, Vitamins are a unique class of organic
substances that has important biochemical and
biological functions in living cells 32- 34. Phenolic compounds in nettle leaves have received a
significant amount of attention due to their
antioxidant effects provided by their OH- groups 8 as
many research groups demonstrated that these leaves
are rich in phenolic compounds than other wild
plants27, and the most abundant one is Rutin 28. Zeković and his co-workers used different extraction
techniques for determining TPC and TFC as they
found that total phenolic contents from subcritical
water extraction gave the highest value and the
lowest total flavonoid 29. Common nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a beneficial
plant source of vitamins and is used both traditionally
and medicinally as homeostatic, vitamin stimulants35
and as infusions,36. According to Ioana and his group,
who collected nettles from March to July, the
maximum concentration of vitamin C was found in a
50% ethanol extract of U. dioica leaves in March 37. Moreover, the amount of vitamin C for boiled water
as (a tea) of leave Urtica dioica L. from two different
location in Serbia were 32 to 35 mg/g 38. Similarly,
ethanol extract of nettle leaves was discovered to be
most effective for isolating vitamin C and
pigments39. There are no research findings about
vitamin C content for ethyl acetate, chloroform and
n-hexane extracts of nettle. Fattahi et al. 30 reported that total phenolic content
from water extract was two-fold lower than our
findings while the total flavonoid contents were ~
4.5-fold higher than our findings, this might be
attributed to various standards used for quantifying
flavonoids. In addition, Ghaima et. al.28 found that
TPC in ethyl acetate extract was lower than our result
using same solvent. Külcü study revealed that both
TPC and TFC of ethanol, chloroform and n-hexane Page | 1601 Page | 1601 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Over free-radicals production beyond the body’s
capability to defend itself through antioxidant
defense system results in oxidative stress, which is
the basis of biological chronic disease 40. Evaluating
the scavenging abilities of stable DPPH free radicals
for the estimation of antioxidant effect in vitro is a
prevalent and quick method when comparing to the
other methods. Discussion Our findings are in agreement with the results
of Joshi et al. 47 reporting flavonoids such as rutin
and quercetin, phenolic acids such as chlorogenic
acid and caffeic acid, and carotenoids (β-carotene
and hydroxyl- β-carotene) and also fatty acids,
essential oils and other constituents such as vitamins
and minerals in leaves U. dioica L. extracts were
accountable for the potent antioxidant activity. Considering the earlier research Sharma et al results
disagree with our findings, they estimated that the
methanol extract of nettle leaves had the highest
antioxidant activity than hexane and ethyl acetate
extracts48. On the other hand , other authors
demonstrated that the Turkish U. dioica L leaves for
ethanol extract had a highest antioxidant activity than
chloroform and hexane extracts 31. Another groups
revealed that the growing U .dioica L. leaves for 70%
alcoholic extract under different intensity of light
and wavelength obtained different quantity of
phenolic, flavonoids and antioxidant activity levels
49. Substances with reducing power that are electron
donors can minimize the oxidized substituents of
lipid per-oxidation systems, allowing them to act as
primary and secondary antioxidants 45. The findings
of our investigation on leaves Urtica dioica L. for all
extract revealed that have strong reducing agents. Nitric oxide is one of the important antioxidant
methods. Nitric oxide is a short-lived endogenous
free radical and a significant chemical mediator According to the Zeković et al 29 reported about U. dioica L of different extracting solvents using three ge | 1602 Page | 1602 1602 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal β -carotene/Linoleic acid bleaching assay is one of
the widely methods used for determining antioxidant
activity. Different extracts can reduce the amount of
beta-carotene
decolorization
by
neutralizing
linoleate-free radical as well as other radicals
established with in system 45. Regarding the previous
study by Mehdi 55 and groups agree with our results,
they are estimated that the Iranian Utica dioica L. leaves for pre and post flowering steps; water had
higher inhibition than ether extract. Similarly,
Bashyigit et al.,56 results showed the hydroalcoholic
extract of nettle exhibited high value ability of
antioxidants. Other groups assessed that the higher
concentration of phenolic compounds in 80%
ethanol extract was associated with the highest
antioxidant activity in beta-carotene bleaching
method 57. Chloroform, ethyl acetate and hexane
extracts of U. dioica L. Discussion leaves is done using this assay
for the first time. produced by macrophages and endothelial cells,
plays an essential role in pathogenies of different
diseases associated with inflammation diabetes,
cancer, epilepsy and cerebral ischemia50. Plants and
plant products have the capability to prevent the
effect of NO formation, which may be a great interest
in avoiding the negative effects of excessive nitric
oxide (NO-) generation in human body. The Urtica
dioica L. leaves extracts showed high nitric oxide
scavenging. As the extract concentration increase,
the percentage of inhibition increase as well. Depending on the previous research, our results
disagree with Semwa et al, findings, who revealed
that the ethyl acetate had a higher NO- scavenging
effect than other solvent extracts.51 . Similarly, Joshi
et al.,52 reported the effect of NO- scavenging assay
of U. dioica L. whole plant for the 80% of alcohol
extract and it’s fractioned by aqueous, butanol, ethyl
acetate and petroleum ether and compared with
ascorbic acid as standard. They demonstrated the
ethyl acetate fraction had a significant nitric oxide
scavenging potential comparing to hydroalcoholic
extract as well and other fractions. Moreover, other
authors revealed that the methanolic extract of nettle
leaves had a significant of NO- free-radical
scavenging activity 53. Chloroform and n-hexane
extracts we measured for first time. Finally, Iron is thought to be important cell functions
including cellular respiration and oxygen transport
and it serves as a co-factor by a number of Fe-
metallic enzymes58. This method is based on the
formation 1,10-Phenanthroline-Fe+2 complex and
interruption in the appearance of chelating agents. The reduction will be utilized as an indicator of
donating electrons action, which displaying an
efficient mechanism of antioxidant property 59. Metal
chelating activity results for extracts of Urtica dioica
L. Leaves showed that the highest value was found
in n-hexane among other solvent extracts, while the
lowest metal chelating ability was recorded in
standard ascorbic acid. As a result, the iron-chelating
ability for all extracts of U. dioica L. leaves would
prevent transition metals from contributing to the
beginning of oxidative stress. Hydroxyl radical (OH-) is an active reactive oxygen
component that has an effective oxidising ability. It
can destroy red blood cells, cellular membranes,
damaging DNA, macromolecules, and also lead to
significant harm human health. Thus, removing
hydroxyl radicals is considered one of the most
efficient methods for preventing disease. Our results
revealed that the U. dioica L. Authors’ Declaration included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Zakho. - Conflicts of Interest: None. included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Zakho. included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images, that are not ours, have been p
p
- Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Zakho. p
p
- Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Zakho. metal chelating assay for ethanol, ethyl acetate,
chloroform and n-hexane extracts are no one
detected. metal chelating assay for ethanol, ethyl acetate,
chloroform and n-hexane extracts are no one
detected. Authors’ Contribution Statement Gh. A. O.; writing—original draft preparation: Gh. A. O. Writing—review and editing: L. Y. M. Visualization: L. Y. M. and Gh. A. O.; Supervision:
L. Y. M. Gh. A. O.; writing—original draft preparation: Gh. A. O. Writing—review and editing: L. Y. M. Visualization: L. Y. M. and Gh. A. O.; Supervision:
L. Y. M. The manuscript was done by the cooperation by the
two
authors. Conceptualization:
L. Y
M.;
Methodology: L. Y M.; Validation: L. Y. M.; Formal
analysis: Gh. A. O.; Investigation: L. Y. M.;
Resources: L. Y. M. and Gh. A. O.; Data curation: Conclusion showed high antioxidant activity (1,1-diphenyl-2-
picrylhydrazyl
scavenging,
total
anti-oxidant
capability, reducing power, hydroxyl radical, NO
scavenging, β -carotene bleaching scavenging, and
iron chelating scavenging). Because of this, the
examined Urtica dioica L species seem to be
significant sources of natural antioxidants that could
be exploited in agriculture and healthcare. The findings of this study demonstrated that U. dioica leaves are a good source of antioxidants
(phenolic, flavonoid, and vitamin C contents). In
comparison to other solvents, water extract had the
highest total phenolic content, whereas ethanolic
extract had the highest total flavonoid content. The
extract with the greatest overall vitamin C levels was
found to be ethyl acetate. Furthermore, in
comparison to conventional ascorbic acid, our results Acknowledgment The authors would like to express their gratitude to
the Chemistry Sciences Department for supplying
the substances and laboratory for this s Authors’ Declaration Discussion leaves for each extract
have a moderate-low ability to scavenge the
hydroxyl radicals. Previous research reported for aqueous extract of U. dioica L. leaves revelated that the water extract had
a lowest effect of metal chelating when compared to
standard 60. Similarly, Vajic et al 61 investigated that
54% methanol extract of nettle 18-times weaker than
standard EDTA. In addition, Güder and co-workers
62 studied hydroalcoholic extract of different parts U. dioica L. in Turkey, they showed that the metal-
chelating activity of leaves nettle was lower than
another parts of plant, and standards of BHA, α-
tocopherol and BHT. The antioxidant activity by Durović et al., 54 studied hydroxyl radical scavenging
assay of Urtica dioica L. leaves for different location
in Serbia by supercritical carbon dioxide. They
revealed that the nettle had a high antioxidant activity
scavenging of OH- radical. Moreover, there is no
report with the estimation of hydroxyl radical
scavenging ability regarding different solvents
increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl
acetate, ethanol and water) of leaves Urtica dioica L. Page | 1603 Page | 1603 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
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باستخدام طريقة القياس الطيفي مع تحديد األنشطة المضادة لألكسدة للمذيبا ، ت المختلفة مثل (المائي ، اإليثانول ، أسيتات اإليثيل
( الكلوروفورم و هكسان) المتدفقة التي تختلف باختالف اختبارات مضادات األكسدة مع تراكيز مختلفة وهي1
،
1
-
ثنائي فينيل-
2
بيكريل
هيدرازيل ، اختبار القدرة المختزل ، القدرة الكلية لمضادات األكسدة ، كسح أكسيد الن يتريك ، جذور
الهيدروكسيل
،
β-carotene
-
حمض اللينوليك ومخلبات الحديد) وحمض األسكوربيك كمرجع معياري. أوضحت نتائجنا أن تحديد إجمالي محتويات الفينول
والفالفونويد باستخدام طرق فولين سيوكالتو وكلوريد األلومنيوم أظهر أن مستخلصات المذيبات القطبية أظهرت محتوى عالي
ا
من الفينول
والفالفونويد بينما يحتوي مستخلص أسيتات اإليثيل على نسبة عالية من فيتامين ج. باإلضافة إلى،ذلك أظهرت النتائ ج أن المستخلصات
لها تأثيرات مضادة لألكسدة ملحوظة مقارنة بمضادات األكسدة القياسية مثل حمض األسكوربيك. كان لمستخلص اإليثانول ألوراقU. dioica L
أنشطة تنظيف أقوى من مستخلصات المذيبات األخرى لجذور1
،
1
-
ثنائي فينيل-
2 بيكريل هيدرازيل
و الهيدروكسيل. أظهر
مستخلص الماء تأثير ا مضاد ا لألكسدة أعلى من المستخلصات األخرى لتقليل مقايسات القوة وأكسيد النيتريك مع انخفاض نشاط مضادات
األكسدة لـβ-carotene
/
حمض اللينوليك وإجمالي اختبارات القدرة المضادة لألكسدة. في المقابل ، كان للهكسان غير القطبي أعلى
نشاط مضاد لألكسدة لمقايسة مخلب الحديد. تُظهر الدراسة الحالية أن مستخلصات أوراقU. dioica L
هي مصدر طبيعي حيوي
لمضادات األكسدة ويمكن استخدامها في المنتجات الغذائي
ة باإلضافة إلى تطبيقات التغذ. :الكلمات المفتاحية
لنشاط المضاد،لألكسدة
إجمالي محتويات،الفينول
إجمالي محتويات الفالفونويد ، إجمالي محتويات فيتامين سي
،نبات القراص. الخالص
ة يُزرع جنسUrtica dioica L. (Urticaceae)
بشكل متكرر في إقليم كردستان العراق ويستخدم كعالج شعبي من قبل السكان
المحليين لعالج مجموعة متنوعة من األمراض. الغرض من هذه الدراسة هو تقييم إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفالفونويد وفيتامين ج
باستخدام طريقة القياس الطيفي مع تحديد األنشطة المضادة لألكسدة للمذيبا ، ت المختلفة مثل (المائي ، اإليثانول ، أسيتات اإليثيل
( الكلوروفورم و هكسان) المتدفقة التي تختلف باختالف اختبارات مضادات األكسدة مع تراكيز مختلفة وهي1
،
1
-
ثنائي فينيل-
2
بيكريل
هيدرازيل ، اختبار القدرة المختزل ، القدرة الكلية لمضادات األكسدة ، كسح أكسيد الن يتريك ، جذور
الهيدروكسيل
،
β-carotene
-
حمض اللينوليك ومخلبات الحديد) وحمض األسكوربيك كمرجع معياري. أوضحت نتائجنا أن تحديد إجمالي محتويات الفينول
والفالفونويد باستخدام طرق فولين سيوكالتو وكلوريد األلومنيوم أظهر أن مستخلصات المذيبات القطبية أظهرت محتوى عالي
ا
من الفينول
والفالفونويد بينما يحتوي مستخلص أسيتات اإليثيل على نسبة عالية من فيتامين ج. https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijahs/index.php/IJAHS/a Kasouni A I, Chatzimitakos T G, Stalikas C D,
Trangas T, Papoudou-Bai A, Troganis A N. The
Unexplored Wound Healing Activity of Urtica Dioica
L. Extract: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study. Molecules. 2021;
26
(20):
6248. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26206248. 52. Joshi B C, Prakash A, Kalia A N. Hepatoprotective
Potential of Antioxidant Potent Fraction from Urtica
Dioica Linn.(Whole Plant) in CCl4 Challenged Rats. Toxicol
reports
2015;
2:
1101–1110. httpa://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.020 61. Vajic U-J, Grujic-Milanovic J, Miloradovic Z, Jovovic
D, Ivanov M, Karanovic D, et al. Urtica Dioica L. Leaf
Extract Modulates Blood Pressure and Oxidative
Stress
in
Spontaneously
Hypertensive
Rats. Phytomedicine. 2018;
46:
39–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.04.037 53. Kataki M S, Murugamani V, Rajkumari A, Mehra P S,
Awasthi D, Yadav R S. Antioxidant, Hepatoprotective,
and Anthelmintic Activities of Methanol Extract of
Urtica Dioica L. Leaves. Pharm Crop. 2012; 3 (1): 38–
46. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210290601203010038 54. Đurović S, Šorgić S, Popov S, Pezo L, Mašković P,
Blagojević S, et al. Recovery of Biologically Active
Compounds from Stinging Nettle Leaves Part I:
Supercritical Carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chem. 2021;373
B:
131724. 62. Güder A, Korkmaz H. Evaluation of In-Vitro
Antioxidant Properties of Hydroalcoholic Solution
Extracts Urtica Dioica L., Malva Neglecta Wallr. and
Their Mixture. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012; 11 (3): 913. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24250519 B: Page | 1607 Page | 1607 024, 21(5): 1592-1608
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8658
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفالفونويد وفيتامين ج مع نشاط مضاد لألكسدة ألوراق القراص
التي تنمو في زاخو ، إقليم كوردستان ، العراق
غريبه اشقي عمر1
،لينا يوسف محمد2
1قسم الكيمياء، كلية العلوم، جامعة زاخو.، دهوك، العراق
2قسم العلوم الطبية الحيوية، كلية الطب، جامعة زاخو.، دهوك، العراق Baghdad Science Journal إجمالي محتويات الفينول والفالفونويد وفيتامين ج مع نشاط مضاد لألكسدة ألوراق القراص
التي تنمو في زاخو ، إقليم كوردستان ، العراق
غريبه اشقي عمر1
،لينا يوسف محمد2 الخالص
ة
يُزرع جنسUrtica dioica L. (Urticaceae)
بشكل متكرر في إقليم كردستان العراق ويستخدم كعالج شعبي من قبل السكان
المحليين لعالج مجموعة متنوعة من األمراض. https://journals.iium.edu.my/ijahs/index.php/IJAHS/a باإلضافة إلى،ذلك أظهرت النتائ ج أن المستخلصات
لها تأثيرات مضادة لألكسدة ملحوظة مقارنة بمضادات األكسدة القياسية مثل حمض األسكوربيك. كان لمستخلص اإليثانول ألوراقU. dioica L
أنشطة تنظيف أقوى من مستخلصات المذيبات األخرى لجذور1
،
1
-
ثنائي فينيل-
2 بيكريل هيدرازيل
و الهيدروكسيل. أظهر
مستخلص الماء تأثير ا مضاد ا لألكسدة أعلى من المستخلصات األخرى لتقليل مقايسات القوة وأكسيد النيتريك مع انخفاض نشاط مضادات
األكسدة لـβ-carotene
/
حمض اللينوليك وإجمالي اختبارات القدرة المضادة لألكسدة. في المقابل ، كان للهكسان غير القطبي أعلى
نشاط مضاد لألكسدة لمقايسة مخلب الحديد. تُظهر الدراسة الحالية أن مستخلصات أوراقU. dioica L
هي مصدر طبيعي حيوي
لمضادات األكسدة ويمكن استخدامها في المنتجات الغذائي
ة باإلضافة إلى تطبيقات التغذ. :الكلمات المفتاحية
لنشاط المضاد،لألكسدة
إجمالي محتويات،الفينول
إجمالي محتويات الفالفونويد ، إجمالي محتويات فيتامين سي
،نبات القراص. Page | 1608 Page | 1608 | 11,534 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/8658/4554 | null |
Arabic | Red Ginger's Anti-Anxiety Effect on BALB/c Strain Mice (Mus
musculus) Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Measurements
as Anxiety Model Red Ginger's Anti-Anxiety Effect on BALB/c Strain Mice (Mus
musculus) Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Measurements
as Anxiety Model Ira Aini Dania*1
, Aldy Safruddin Rambe2
, Urip Harahap 3
, Elmeida Effendy 4
, Tuti Wahmurti 5
, Syafruddin Ilyas6
, Muhammad Rusda7
, Mustafa Mahmud
Amin4 1Department of, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 2Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 3Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 4Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 5Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia. 6Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. 7Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia. *Corresponding Author. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Keywords: Anxiety model mice, red ginger, FST, EPM, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10. Introduction (SSRIs) are the first line of treatment for anxiety
disorders, various classes of antidepressant drugs
include
Selective
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), Tricyclic Anti-
Depressants (TCAs) and Monoamine Oxidase
Inhibitors
(MAOIs),
anxiolytics
such
as
benzodiazepines, non-benzodiazepine hypnotics,
also used in the treatment of anxiety disorders and
depression, However, the use of medicinal
compounds in the treatment of various disease
causes many side effects and costs quite a lot of
money if these drugs are used long term6,7, so an
alternative to the use of herbs is sought, which is
quite easy to obtain and inexpensive, regular use or
regular consumption does not cause significant side
effects, so the selection of herbal ingredients can be
considered for safety as a therapeutic treatment8. Anxiety is the most commonly reported psychiatric
condition, causing a wide range of psychological
effects on mental health crises, including factors
related
to
work,
finance,
micro
and
macroeconomics, crime, bullying, and social
isolation pressures, all of which are thought to be
factors in the rise of anxiety disorders1. Anxiety is
defined by awareness, such as nervousness and fear,
and physiological sensations, such as sweating and
palpitations, which generate feelings of discomfort
and unjustified fear and are generally accompanied
by autonomic symptoms2. Anxiety feelings are
comparable to those of fear, but anxiety differs in
that it responds to unreal danger and predicts
approaching danger that may or may not occur3. The high prevalence of anxiety disorders and the
need for anxiety treatment continue to cause many
side
effects,
particularly
cardiovascular,
gastrointestinal, and hepatotoxic, resulting in
complications such as seizures, suicide, sexual
dysfunction, weight gain, hypo sodium, insomnia,
and
hypersomnia,
even
in
patients
with
cardiovascular problems and diseases of the brain
nerves4. Red ginger is a variant of the species Zingiber
officinale that is cultivated in Indonesia and
Malaysia. Because red ginger has many benefits,
particularly as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial,
antioxidant, antiulcer, anti-clotting, anticancer, and
immunostimulant9. The aim of the study is to
determine the effect of red ginger ethanol as
antianxiety in male mice induced into anxiety with
Force Swimming Test (FST) and Elevated Plus
Maze for Mice (EPM) as evaluation by measuring
the duration and measuring the number of open and
closed mice arms that entered in anxiety model
mice, then measuring molecular proteins such as
TNF-α, IL-6 as inflammatory mediators and IL-10
as an anti-inflammatory mediator. Abstract There is a correlation between the occurrence of anxiety and the production of inflammatory
mediators, and red ginger rhizome is a well-known herbal product with a high content of phenolic and
flavonoid compounds that can be used as anti-inflammatories and antioxidants. The aim of study to
evaluate the effect of red ginger as antianxiety in mice (Mus musculus) BALB/c strain by measuring
levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10. Anxiety model mice were carried out by giving treatment with the
Forced Swimming Test (FST) for 7 days then assessed by carrying out the Elevated Plus Maze for
Mice (EPM) test for one day. After the treatment, the anxiety mice model was made, followed by
administration of red ginger ethanol extract therapy for 14 days. The distribution of the experimental
animal model groups was divided into control groups (KN, K-, K+) and treatment groups (P, P2,
P3).There was a significant difference the decreased of the TNF-α levels at the all of treatment groups
with red ginger rhizome extract (P1, P2, P3) compared with the control groups (KN, K-) (p<0.05), the
significantly decreased of IL-6 levels in the three doses treatment group (P1, P2, P3) compared to the
control group (K-, K+) (p <0.05) and an increase in IL-10 levels in the 50 mg treatment group
compared to group K -, statistically not significant (p>0.05).In overall, this study suggests that FST
stimulation will create anxiety symptoms and behavior as well as impact cytokine levels, namely
elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Giving red ginger ethanol extract has the potential to be researched
further for reducing anxiety symptoms because it can block pro-inflammatory cytokines by
significantly decreased levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and increased IL-10 cytokines a brief abstract about
your paper’s subject of study. Keywords: Anxiety model mice, red ginger, FST, EPM, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10. Page | 2363 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Materials and Methods Materials and Methods Science Technology area in Jakarta. Alkaloids,
flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and
steroids/terpenoid were found in the red ginger
rhizome's phytopharmacological screening results
by spectrophotometer method. Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc.
Var. Rubrum) Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum) Red ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum) The red ginger used is fresh whole red ginger
rhizome (Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum)
purchased at the Lau Chi traditional wholesale
market in Simpang Selayang Village, Medan
Tuntungan District, and North Sumatra Province. Using E-Science Services BRIN, identify plants at
the
Bogor
Cibinong
Scientific
Collections
Management Laboratory Research Facilities and Introduction The Increased inflammatory activity is regarded to
be a crucial mediator in the development of anxiety
and therefore it was necessary to measure the levels
of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor
Necrotic Factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6),
anti-inflammatory
interleukin-10
(IL-10),
and
inflammatory markers systemic C-Reactive Protein
(C-RP)5. Pharmacological interventions with drugs such as
using Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Examination of Molecular Protein All mice were sampled by withdrawing blood from
an orbital vein (4ml/ mouse), blood was collected in
serum separator tubes (SST), and samples allowed
to clot overnight at 4 degrees Celsius before
centrifugation for 15 minutes at 1000×g. The serum
was removed for assay immediately. Research Sample Anxiety in BALB/c white mice (Mus musculus)
aged 2.5-3 months and weighing 18-30 grams. Estimation of sample size using Federer's formula Page | 2364 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal (Federer 1965, in Hanafiah 2010) for studies with
an experimental design. From the calculation
results, the minimum sample size is 24 mice divided
into 6 groups. To anticipate the possibility of mice
dropping out, group were added, so that the total
number of mice used was 30 mice (5 mice per
group). The inclusion criteria were, male, 2.5-3
month old, weighing between 18-30 grams, healthy
and active in appearance (eating and drinking, no
injuries, body defects or hair loss) during the study. The exclusion criteria were mice that suffered other
diseases or injuries during the study and mice that
did not survive to the end of the study. with suspension agent Carboxy Methyl Cellulose
Sodium (CMC-Na) 0.5%), positive control group
(K+) were given Sertraline 50 mg treatment and
intervention which was converted to mice weighing
20 grams as much as 0.13 mg and if the weight was
30 grams converted to 0.195 mg. All the treatment
groups were given the Forced Swimming Test
(FST) and EPM evaluation, and then were treatment
with the red ginger ethanol extract dose 50 mg/kg
BW (P1), dose of 100 mg/kg BW (P2) and dose of
200 mg/kg BW (P3). Anxiety model mice were treated with the Forced
Swimming Test (FST) and assessed with the
Elevated Plus Maze for Mice (EPM). The purpose
of this EPM test is to count the number of open and
closed arms in mice that enter the labyrinth, as well
as the time it takes for the arms to open and close. This FST treatment lasted 7 days and was followed
by Elevated Plus Maze for Mice (EPM) for one day. After generating anxiety mouse models, therapy
with red ginger ethanol extract was given for 14
days. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS
version 20.0 using analysis of variance (ANOVA)
test and to be continued by post hoc LSD analysis
and Kruskal-Wallis and to be continued by Mann
Whitney analysis. P-values less than 0.05 (p < 0.05)
were considered statistically significant10. The measurement of molecular protein such as
TNF-α, CRP, IL6 and IL 10 with ELISA methods in Anxiety Model Mice Male BALB/c mice (8 weeks old, 18-30 gram) were
used in this study. They were kept in the animal
house under appropriate conditions with free access
to food and water. They underwent different
stressors to exhibit anxiety-like behaviors in
different periods Six groups of animals (normal
control, negative control (treated and intervened laboratory
of
the
Institute
of
Biosciences,
University of Brawijaya Malang. Results for 20-gram mice and 0.195 mg for 30-gram mice. Additionally, there are three treatment groups: P1
receiving a 50 mg dose of red ginger ethanol extract
(Zingiber officinale Rosc. Var. Rubrum), P2 with a
100 mg dose, and P3 with a 200 mg dose. The results of the extract's phytochemical screening
found the presence of flavonoids, phenolic,
saponins, alkaloids and steroids/terpenoids and no
tannins were found and for determining of the levels
of secondary metabolites from the ethanol extract of
red ginger obtained flavonoid levels of 43.97 mg
QE/g extract, phenol levels of 97.22 mg GAE/g
extract and anti-oxidant levels (IC50) of 38.86 ppm. In this study, involves various groups: a normal
control group (KN) with no treatment, a negative
control group (K-) treated with 0.5% CMC-Na
suspending agent, a positive control group (K+)
treated with sertraline 50 mg, converted to 0.13 mg The group of mice given the Forced Swimming Test
(FST) treatment showed anxiety, as showed by a
reduced number of open arms in the FST group and
also when compared to the control group, but there
was no statistically significant difference p>0.05,
but in the FST treatment with an assessment of the
number of closed arms a significant difference was
found in the control group and the treatment group,
p<0.05, and with the post hoc One Way ANOVA test Page | 2365 Page | e | 2365 2365 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 arms in the P2 group, P1 group there is a significant
difference in the number of closed arms with the P2
group and P2 group there is a significant difference
in the number of open arms in the P3 group, p<0.05. analysis found significant differences in the number
of closed arms in the normal control group (KN)
with the (K-) group, the (K+) group, and the
treatment group (P1, P3), in the (K+) group there
was a difference significantly the number of closed Table 1. Results EPM Assessment of FST treatment in the mice group
(Number of open and closed arms)
Groups
Median
(min-max)
p value
Median
(min-max)
Post hoc
The count
of
opened
arms
The count
of closed
arms
K-
K+
P1
P2
P3
KN
4 (3-5)
2 (1-3)
0.00**
0.00**
0.00**
0.181
0.00**
K-
2 (1-4)
5 (3-7)
0.785
1.000
0.006
0.181
K+
3 (1-5)
0.068*
6 (3-7)
0.00**
0.785
0.003**
0.281
P1
3 (2-5)
5 (4-7)
0.006**
0.181
P2
2 (1-2)
3 (2-4)
0.00**
P3
3 (2-5)
6 (5-7)
Note: Data is in median form
*p <0.05 statistically significant, Kruskal-Wallis test
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline group
P1=extract dose 50 mg group P2=extract dose 100 mg group P3=extract dose 200 mg group
**p<0.05, One Way ANOVA test Table 1. EPM Assessment of FST treatment in the mice group Man Whitney post hoc test, found a significant
difference duration of open arms in the KN group
with the K-, K+ and treatment groups P2, P3
p<0.05. We can see on the table 2. Through the Elevated Plus Maze for Mice (EPM)
test with an assessment of the duration of time
required for open arms in mice, there was a
significant difference in the treatment group
compared to the control group, p <0.05., with the Table 2. EPM assessment of the FST treatment in the mice group
(Duration time of open arms)
Groups
Median
(min –max)
p value
Post Hoc
Duration of
opened arms
te (sec)
K-
K+
P1
P2
P3
KN
52 (42-80)
0.008**
0.008**
0.056
0.008**
0.008**
K-
20 (9- 34)
0.548
1.00
0.222
0.690
K+
25 (11-31)
0.023*
1.00
0.222
0.310
P1
13 (9-54)
0.310
1.00
P2
10 (7-34)
0.548
P3
20 (6-26)
Note: Data is in median form
*p <0.05 statistically significant, Kruskal-Wallis test
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline group
P1=extract dose 50 mg group P2=extract dose 100 mg group P3=extract dose 200 mg group. **p<0.05, Mann Whitney test. Table 2. EPM assessment of the FST treatment in the mice group
(Duration time of open arms) Table 2. Results EPM assessment of the FST treatment in the mice group
(D
ti
ti
f
) Page | 2366
compared to the control group, p <0.05., with the
Man Whitney post hoc test, found a significant
difference duration of open arms in the KN group While the (EPM) test on the assessment of the
duration of time required for closed arms in mice
was significantly different in the treatment group 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
with the K-, K+ and P2 treatment groups, p<0.05. We can see on the table 3. Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal with the K-, K+ and P2 treatment groups, p<0.05. We can see on the table 3. Table 3. EPM assessment of the FST treatment in the mice group
(Duration time closed arms)
Groups
Median
p value
Duration of
closed arms
(sec)
K-
K+
P1
P2
P3
KN
248 (220-258)
0.008**
0.008**
0.056
0.008**
0.095
K-
280 (266-291)
0.548
1.000
0.222
1.00
K+
275 (269-289)
0.045*
1.000
0.222
0.841
P1
287 (246-291)
0.310
0.841
P2
290 (266-293)
0.421
P3
278 (220-294)
Note: Data is in median form
*p <0.05 statistically significant, Kruskal-Wallis test
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline group
P1=extract dose 50 mg group P2=extract dose 100 mg group P3=extract dose 200 mg group. **p<0.05, Mann Whitney
test Table 3. EPM assessment of the FST treatment in the mice group
(Duration time closed arms) Note: Data is in median form *p <0.05 statistically significant, Kruskal-Wallis test p
y
g
,
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline group P2, P3) when compared to the control group
(referred to as KN and K- in the study). The Effect of TNF-α Levels on Anxiety Model
Mice Treated In addition, through the post hoc analysis test, it can
also be observed that there is a significant
difference in the mean TNF-α levels between the
untreated control group (K-) and the treated control
group (K+), as well as between the treated groups at
all doses (P1, P2, P3) and the untreated control
group (K-) as shown in table 4. The examination of TNF-α levels in the serum,
there was a significant difference in average TNF-α
levels between the two groups, namely the control
and treatment groups (with a significance level of
p<0.05). Furthermore, the results showed that TNF-
α levels tended to significantly decrease in the
treatment group at three different dose levels (P1, Table 4. TNF-α levels in normal mice and anxiety model
Groups
TNF-α serum
(pg/ml)
p value
Post Hoc
mean±SD
K-
K+
P1
P2
P3
KN
4.24±0.96
0.327
0.815
0.755
0.997
0.690
K-
5.28±2.140
0.020**
0.015**
0.135
0.011**
K+
3.613±0.556
0.007*
1.00
0.972
1.00
P1
3.56±0.863
0.95
1.00
P2
4.00±0.926
0.92
P3
3.50±0.515
Note: Data is in the form of mean ± SD
*p <0.05 statistically significant, one-way ANOVA test
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline group
P1=extract dose 50 mg group P2=extract dose 100 mg group P3=extract dose 200 mg group
**p<0.05, post hoc test. Table 4. TNF-α levels in normal mice and anxiety model Table 4. TNF-α levels in normal mice and anxiety model Note: Data is in the form of mean ± SD *p <0.05 statistically significant, one-way ANOVA test (23.181-23.225) pg/ml, P2 23.172 (23.161-23.228)
pg/ml, P3 23.177 (23.168-23.179) pg/ml, there was
a significant difference in. A decrease in IL-6 levels
was found in the treatment group at the three doses
(50,100,200) mg compared to the control group (K-,
K+). With post hoc test analysis found a significant
difference in mean IL-6 levels in the normal group Effect of IL-10 Levels in Anxiety Model Mice IL-10 levels showed a increased in the group of
treated anxiety mice (P1) compared to the group of
the control group (K-), but statistically there was no
significant difference as shown in table below table
6. Table 6. IL-10 levels in the anxiety group of mice Table 6. IL-10 levels in the anxiety group of mice
Groups
IL10 serum
(pg/ml)
p value
Mean±SD
KN
469.719±.0.0381
K-
469.671±0.0372
K+
469.703±0.0205
0.56
P1
469.706±0.0074
P2
469.689±0.0745
P3
469.690±0.0415 The Effect of IL-6 Levels on Anxiety Model
Mice Treated The measurement of IL-6 levels in the control and
treatment groups of mice, found IL-6 levels in the
KN group 23,168 (23,159-23,179) pg/ml, K- group
23,199 (23,171-23,547) pg/ml, K+ group 23,186
(23,178-23,202) pg /ml, treatment group P1 23.185 Page | 2367 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 (KN) with the K- and K+ groups, the K+ group with
the 50 dose treatment (P1) as shown in the table 5. (KN) with the K- and K+ groups, the K+ group with
the 50 dose treatment (P1) as shown in the table 5. Table 5. IL-6 levels in the anxiety model mice
Groups
IL6 (Pg/ml)
p value
Post Hoc
Median (min-max)
K-
K+
P1
P2
P3
KN
23.168 (23.159-23.179)
0.056**
0.016**
0.008
0.421
0.31
K-
23.199 (23.171-23.547)
0.841
1.00
0.421
0.222
K+
23.186 (23.178-23.202)
0.041*
0.690
0.548
0.016**
P1
23.185 (23.181-23.225)
0.548
0.008**
P2
23.172 (23.161-23.228)
1.00
P3
23.177 (23.168-23.179)
Note: Data is in the form of median (min-max)
*p <0.05 statistically significant, Kruskall-Wallis Test
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline group
P1=extract dose 50 mg group P2=extract dose 100 mg group P3=extract dose 200 mg group
**p<0.05, Mann Whitney test he K- and K+ groups, the K+ group with
the 50 dose treatment (P1) as shown in the table 5. Table 5. IL-6 levels in the anxiety model mice
Groups
IL6 (Pg/ml)
p value
Post Hoc Note: Data is in the form of mean ±SD
*p <0.05 statistically significant, One Way ANOVA test
KN = normal group K-= CMC group K + = sertraline
group
P1=extract dose 50 mg group P2=extract dose 100 mg
group P3=extract dose 200 mg group Discussion Other research stated
that CRP that as biomarker that severe cases in
infection of COVID-1918. Psychological stress affects the immune system in
many ways. The effect of stress on the immune
system varies and can be individual specific19. The
most frequently observed response is immune
suppression, especially when stress is chronic and
persistent. Several studies have suggested that there
is a relationship between TNF-α secretion and
anxiety20. In this study there was a significant
difference in TNF-α levels in the control group and
the treatment group (p<0.05). In the use of ethanol
extract of red ginger rhizome, there was a
significant decrease in TNF-α levels at doses of 50
mg and 200 mg (p<0.05). Previous research stated
that potential therapeutic strategies for mood
disorders are compounds that can reduce TNF-α or
compounds that are selectively anti-TNF-α21. The period of time required for the Elevated Plus
Maze test was considerably shorter and the number
of open arms was lower in the FST treatment group
compared to the control group. According to the
habit of avoiding open arms is thought to be the
outcome of increased anxiety. This EPM test has
high predictive validity when used to screen for
anxiolytic medications13. In the study, we found that there was a significant
difference in the duration of the opened and closed
arms in the control group and the treatment group (p
<0.05), We found that there was the shorter duration
of the opened arms in the treatment group with a
dose of 50 and 100 mg (p<0.005) compared to the
three control groups, while the duration of closed
arms was found to be longer in the three treatment
groups (P1, P2, P3), but the longest duration was
the treatment group with a dose of 100 mg. Studies show that of the many cytokines, IL-6 is
one of the most studied cytokines in terms of its
relation to depression22. Evidence has been carried
out
from
various
studies
either
through
experimental animals or clinically showing that
there is an increase in peripheral and central
cytokines and IL-6 plays an important role in stress
reactions and depressive disorders, and increased
release of IL-6 is a factor associated with the
prognosis of Major Depression Disorder and It is
also a therapeutic response, and may contribute to
various depressive symptoms23. Discussion The results of the extract's phytochemical screening
found the presence of flavonoids, phenolic,
saponins, alkaloids and steroids/triterpenoids and no
tannins were found. The test results for determining
the levels of secondary metabolites from the ethanol
extract of red ginger obtained a flavonoid level of
43.97 mg QE/g extract, phenol content. 97.22 mg
GAE/g extract and Anti-oxidant level (IC50) 38.86
ppm. significantly associated with as an antioxidant in
this study11. It was carried out in the anxiety model mice study
by administering the Force Swimming Test
treatment and assessing it with EPM. In this study,
each mouse was placed in a container with a
diameter of 20 cm and a height of 30 cm filled with
water at a temperature of 250 C and a water level of
15 cm and allowed to swim for 6 minutes before
being removed and allowed to dry for one hour. This is evidenced by the significantly decreased
number of open arms in the FST group when
compared to the control group. The Force
Swimming Test, sometimes known as the Porsolt
Swim Test, has sparked debate. The FST was It was carried out in the anxiety model mice study
by administering the Force Swimming Test
treatment and assessing it with EPM. In this study,
each mouse was placed in a container with a
diameter of 20 cm and a height of 30 cm filled with
water at a temperature of 250 C and a water level of
15 cm and allowed to swim for 6 minutes before
being removed and allowed to dry for one hour. Natural antioxidants derived from red ginger
rhizome are linked to phenolic, flavonoid, and
carotenoid content. Previous research revealed that
the phenolic content detected in red ginger rhizome
was (931.94 mg GAE/100 g) and that it was This is evidenced by the significantly decreased
number of open arms in the FST group when
compared to the control group. The Force
Swimming Test, sometimes known as the Porsolt
Swim Test, has sparked debate. The FST was Page | 2368 2368 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal developed in the 1970s by Roger Porsolt as a rapid
detection of behavior for antidepressant drugs and it
is currently regarded the gold standard of animal
testing for depression12. monoamines and glutamate17. Discussion In this study, a
decrease in IL-6 levels was found in the treatment
group at doses of 100 and 200 mg compared to the
control group, so the red ginger extract used can
reduce anxiety with evidence of decreased IL-6 in
the treatment group and statistically found a
significant decreased with the control group
(p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference
(P>0.05) between the treatment group with a dose
of 100 and the KN and K- groups although the fact
that there were less open arms in the treatment
group. The treatment group with a dose of 100 was
found to have less closed arms than the control
group K-, the K+ group, but more closed arms than
the KN group, and this difference was statistically
significant. The present study is consistent with the
research14. Other studies state that the EPM test has
weaknesses such as variables that cannot be
controlled, such as existing procedural differences,
and that it is difficult to replicate for more specific
results. The Porsolt forced swimming test, anxiety
in a bright room, light/dark and open room
transition tests, and open field testing are other
procedures that can be utilized for anxiety
conditioning15. Page | 2369
Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines
are in a balanced state in healthy people, with IL-6
mediating the early stages of inflammation and then
triggering the release of IL-10, which has
immunoregulatory
effects
and
suppresses
inflammation, that pro-inflammatory cytokines play
an important role in intercellular communications24. In individuals in good health, there is a regulated
balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines,
such as IL-6, which mediates the initial phase of the
inflammatory
process
and
then
causes
the Several studies have found that depression and
anxiety are associated with increased peripheral
inflammatory markers such as C-RP, IL-6, and
TNF-α, as well as blood cytokines16. Previous
research has revealed that inflammation affects
brain areas associated with anxiety, particularly the
amygdala, insula, and anterior cingulate cortex,
which appears to be caused by cytokine effects on Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 production of IL-10, which has immunoregulatory
effects and overcomes inflammation25. These
findings clearly show that the immune system can
respond immediately to inflammation and then
return
to
a
homeostatic
state. The
immunoregulatory balance between pro- and anti-
inflammatory cytokines is a crucial mechanism in
anxiety-related inflammatory diseases. Author’s Declaration - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee at the Faculty of
Medicine,
Universitas
Sumatera
Utara,
Indonesia (approval No.547 /KEPK/USU/2022). - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee at the Faculty of
Medicine,
Universitas
Sumatera
Utara,
Indonesia (approval No.547 /KEPK/USU/2022). - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Tables in the
manuscript are ours. - The author has signed an animal welfare
statement. Acknowledgment This study is supported by the Universitas Islam
Sumatera Utara. Discussion In this case,
it might be argued that depressed patients have
lower levels of IL-10 and higher levels of pro-
inflammatory cytokines. The decreased of IL-10
levels will prevent inflammation repair, impair pro- inflammatory inhibition in undamaged tissue, and
allow the adverse development of acute to chronic
inflammation26. Giving red ginger in this study showed that there is
a repair mechanism that responds to inflammation
to maintain homeostasis. This was proved by an
increase in IL-10 levels in the group that received
therapy at both doses of 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg BW,
and 200 mg/kg BW against pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, as it is well
known that treatment increases IL-10 levels27. Authors’ Contributions Analyzed the data by I.A.D, E.E, T.W, Wrote the
paper with input from all authors by S.I, M.M.A
and M.R. Analyzed the data by I.A.D, E.E, T.W, Wrote the
paper with input from all authors by S.I, M.M.A
and M.R. I.A.D as corresponding author, designed the study
perform by I.A.D, A.S.R, U.H, E.E, performed the
experiments study I.A.D, A.S.R, U,H, E.E, Conclusion ginger can inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines by
markedly decreasing levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and
increasing IL-10 cytokines and has the potential to
be studied further to reduce anxiety symptoms. In general, this study indicates that FST stimulation
will cause anxiety and cause anxiety symptoms and
behavior and affect cytokine levels, namely
increased levels of TNF-α and IL-6. Giving red https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S357797 100045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100045 6. Strawn J, Geracioti L, Rajdev N, Clemenza K, Levine
A. Pharmacotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder
in adult and pediatric patients: an evidence-based
treatment review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018;
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1057-1070. 17. Knight JM, Costanzo ES, Singh S, et al. The IL-6
antagonist tocilizumab is associated with worse
depression and related symptoms in the medically ill. Transl
Psychiatry. 2021;11(1):58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-01164-y 18. Mac Giollabhui N. Inflammation and depression:
Research designs to better understand the mechanistic
relationships between depression, inflammation,
cognitive dysfunction, and their shared risk factors. Brain Behav Immun - Heal. 2021; 15: 100278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100278 https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2018.1491966 7. Wedekind D, Bandelow B. Trends in the treatment of
anxiety disorders. PsychoNeuro. 2005; 31: 499-503. 8. Halder S, Anand U, Nandy S, et al. Herbal drugs and
natural bioactive products as potential therapeutics: A
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boosters
perspectives. Saudi Pharm J. 2021; 29(8): 879-907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.07.003 19. Khalied Mohammed S, Taha M, Taha E, Mohammad
M. Cluster Analysis of Biochemical Markers as
Predictor of COVID-19 Severity. Baghdad Sci J. 2022;
19:
1423. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.7454 9. Supu R, Diantini A, Levita J. RED GINGER
(Zingiber officinale var. rubrum): Its Chemical
Constituents, Pharmacological Activities and
Safety . Fitofarmaka J Ilm Farm. 2019; 8: 23-29. https://doi.org/10.33751/jf.v8i1.1168 20. Alshammari MA, Khan MR, Majid Mahmood H, et
al. Systemic TNF-α blockade attenuates anxiety and
depressive-like behaviors in db/db mice through
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in
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621-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2020.04.001 10. Ghafoor K, AL Juhaimi F, Özcan M, Uslu N, Babiker
E, Mohamed Ahmed I. Total phenolics, total
carotenoids, individual phenolics and antioxidant
activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome as
affected by drying methods. LWT. 2020; 126:
109354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109354 21. Dib P, Zhang Y, Ihnat M, Gallucci R, Standifer K. TNF-Alpha as an Initiator of Allodynia and Anxiety-
Like Behaviors in a Preclinical Model of PTSD and
Comorbid Pain. Front Psychiatry. 2021; 12: 721999. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721999 11. Ünal G, Canbeyli R. Psychomotor Retardation in
Depression: A Critical Measure of the Forced Swim
Test. Behav
Brain
Res. 2019;372:112047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112047 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.721999 22. Uzzan S, Azab A. Anti-TNF-α Compounds as a
Treatment for Depression. Molecules. 2021; 26:
2368. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082368 12. Gorman-Sandler E, Hollis F. The forced swim test:
Giving up on behavioral despair (Commentary on
Molendijk \& de Kloet, 2021). Eur J Neurosci. 2022;
55(9-10):
2832-2835. 23. Al-Hassnawi ATS, Al-Morshidy KAH, Al-Harbi NY. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.34058 1. Boland RJ, Verduin ML, Ruiz P, Shah A. Kaplan and
Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry. (12th Ed.). Lippincott
Williams
&
Wilkins
(LWW),
Philadelphia; 2021. 471-472. 4. Rynn M a., Riddle M a., Yeung PP, Kunz NR. Efficacy and safety of extended-release venlafaxine
in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in
children and adolescents: Two placebo-controlled
trials. Am
J
Psychiatry. 2007;164(2):290-300. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.290 p
2. Espiridion E, Fuchs A, Oladunjoye A. Illness Anxiety
Disorder A Case Report and Brief of the literature. Cureus. 2021;
13:
e12897. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.12897 5. Toft H, Bramness J, Lien L. Levels of Peripheral
Circulating IL-6 and IL-10 Decrease Over Time
Despite High Depression Burden in PTSD Patients. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2022; 18: 737-747. 3. Salama H, Alnajjar Y, AbuHeweila M, Dukmak O,
Ikhmayyes I, Saadeh S. Health Anxiety by Proxy
Disorder:
A
Case
Report. Cureus. 2023;15. Page | 2370 Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S357797 الخالص
ة
هناك عالقة بين حدوث القلق وإنتاج الوسائط االلتهابية ، جذور الزنجبيل األحمر هو منتج عشبي مشهور يحتوي على نسبة عالية من
مركبات الفينول والفالفونويد التي يمكن استخ دامها كمضادات لاللتهابات ومضادات األكسدة. دراسة لتقييم تأثير الزنجبيل األحمر
كمضاد للقلق لدى الفئران (Mus musculus) ساللة BALB / c عن طريق قياس مستويات TNF-α و IL-6 و IL-10. . تم إجراء اختبار نموذج القلق من خالل إعطاء العالج للفئران باختبار السباحة القس( ريةFST
) لمدة7
أيام ثم تم تقييمها عن طريق
إجراء اختبارElevated Plus Maze for Mice (EPM)
لمدة يوم واحد. بعد العالج ، تم عمل نموذج الفئران القلق ، متبوعًا
بإعطاء العالج بمستخلص اإليثانول من الزنجبيل األحمر لمدة14
يومًا. تم تقسيم توزيع مجموعات النماذج الح يوانية التجريبية إلى
( مجموعات ضابطةKN
،
K-
،
K
( ) ومجموعات معاملة+
P
،
P2
،
P3
) وكان هناك اختالف معنوي في انخفاض مستوياتTNF-α
( في كل المعاملة. المجموعات التي تحتوي على مستخلص جذور الزنجبيل األحمرP1
،
P2
،
P3
) مقارنة بمجموعات التحكم(KN
،
K-) (P <0.05)
، انخ فض بشكل ملحوظ م من مستوياتIL-6
( في مجموعة العالج بالجرعات الثالثP1
،
P2
،
P3
) مقارنة
بالمجموعة الضابطة(K-
،
K +) (p <0.05)
وزيادة مستوياتIL-10
في مجموعة العالج50
مجم مقارنة بالمجموعةK
-
، غير
( ذات داللة إحصائيةp> 0.05
). تشير الدراسة إلى أن تحفيزFST
سيخلق أعراضًا وسلوكًا للقلق باإلضافة إلى تأثيره على مستويات
السيتوكين ، أي المستويات المرتفعة منTNF
-
وIL-6
. إن إعطاء مستخلص اإليثانول من الزنجبيل األحمر لديه القدرة على إجراء
مزيد من البحث لتقليل أعراض القلق ألنه يمكن أن يمنع السيتوكينات المؤيدة لاللتها بات عن طريق انخفاض مستوياتTNF
-
وIL-6
وزيادة السيتوكيناتIL-10
.بشكل كبير. يذاكر
:الكلمات المفتاحية
الفئران،نموذج القلق ، الزنجبيل األحمرFST
،
MPE
،
TNF-α
،
IL-6
،
IL-10
. Baghdad Science Journal 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S357797 Milk tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-
1beta among toxoplasma gondii-free and infected
women. Baghdad
Sci
J. 2022;
19(1):
1-6. https://doi.org/10.21123/BSJ.2022.19.1.0001 p
g
j
13. Rosas-Sánchez G, German-Ponciano L, Rodríguez-
Landa JF. Considerations of Pool Dimensions in the
Forced Swim Test in Predicting the Potential
Antidepressant Activity of Drugs. Front Behav
Neurosci. 2022;
15:
1-7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2021.757348 24. Amer SAAM, Fouad AM, El-Samahy M, et al. Mental Stress, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms
and Interleuken-6 Level among Healthcare Workers
during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J prim care amp
community Health. 2021;12:21501327211027430. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211027432 14. Lima B, Patriota L, Marinho A, et al. The Anxiolytic
Activity of Schinus terebinthifolia Leaf Lectin
(SteLL) Is Dependent on Monoaminergic Signaling
although Independent of the Carbohydrate-Binding
Domain
of
the
Lectin. Pharmaceuticals. 2022;15:1364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph15111364 25. Ting E, Yang A, Tsai SJ. Role of Interleukin-6 in
Depressive Disorder. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21: 2194. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062194 26. Darcy J, Tseng YH. The Link between Stress and IL-
6 Is Heating Up. Cell Metab. 2020; 32: 152-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2020.07.011 p
g
p
15. Andreatini R, Bacellar LFS. The relationship between
anxiety and depression in animal models: A study
using the forced swimming test and elevated plus-
maze. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999; 32: 1121-1126. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X1999000900011 27. Munshi S, Parrilli V, Rosenkranz J. Peripheral Anti-
inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-10 Treatment
Mitigates Interleukin-1β - Induced Anxiety And
Sickness Behaviors in Adult Male Rats. Behav Brain
Res. 2019;
372:
112024. https://doi org/10 1016/j bbr 2019 112024 16. Santoft F, Hedman E, Salomonsson S, et al. Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Common
Mental Disorders Treated with Cognitive Behavior
Therapy. Brain Behav Immun - Heal. 2020; 3: Page | 2371 Page | 2371 2023, 20(6 Suppl.): 2363-2372
https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9035
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
تأثير الزنجبيل األحمر المضاد للقلق في BALB / c الفئران (Musculus) قياسات مسببة
لاللتهابات ومضادة لاللتهابات كنموذج لدراسة القلق
إيرا عيني دانيا1، الدي س. رامبي2، يريب حار
ب3
،الميدا افندي4
،توتي وامورتي5
،سيفرو الدين إلياس6
،محمد رضوى7،
مصط
فى محمود أمين4
1كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 2قسم أمراض األعصاب، كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 3قسم علم األدوية، كلية الصيدلة، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 4قسم الطب النفسي، كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتار
ا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 5قسم الطب النفسي، كلية الطب، جامعة بادجادجاران، باندونج، إندونيسيا. 6قسم األحياء، كلية الرياضيات والعلوم الطبيعية، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 7قسم أمراض النساء والتوليد، كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. تأثير الزنجبيل األحمر المضاد للقلق في BALB / c الفئران (Musculus) قياسات مسببة
لاللتهابات ومضادة لاللتهابات كنموذج لدراسة القلق
إيرا عيني دانيا1، الدي س. رامبي2، يريب حار
ب3
،الميدا افندي4
،توتي وامورتي5
،سيفرو الدين إلياس6
،محمد رضوى7،
مصط
فى محمود أمين4 1كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 2قسم أمراض األعصاب، كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 3قسم علم األدوية، كلية الصيدلة، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 4قسم الطب النفسي، كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتار
ا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 5قسم الطب النفسي، كلية الطب، جامعة بادجادجاران، باندونج، إندونيسيا. 6قسم األحياء، كلية الرياضيات والعلوم الطبيعية، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. 7قسم أمراض النساء والتوليد، كلية الطب، جامعة سومطرة أوتارا، ميدان، إندونيسيا. الخالص
ة هناك عالقة بين حدوث القلق وإنتاج الوسائط االلتهابية ، جذور الزنجبيل األحمر هو منتج عشبي مشهور يحتوي على نسبة عالية من
مركبات الفينول والفالفونويد التي يمكن استخ دامها كمضادات لاللتهابات ومضادات األكسدة. دراسة لتقييم تأثير الزنجبيل األحمر
كمضاد للقلق لدى الفئران (Mus musculus) ساللة BALB / c عن طريق قياس مستويات TNF-α و IL-6 و IL-10. . تم إجراء اختبار نموذج القلق من خالل إعطاء العالج للفئران باختبار السباحة القس( ريةFST
) لمدة7
أيام ثم تم تقييمها عن طريق
إجراء اختبارElevated Plus Maze for Mice (EPM)
لمدة يوم واحد. بعد العالج ، تم عمل نموذج الفئران القلق ، متبوعًا
بإعطاء العالج بمستخلص اإليثانول من الزنجبيل األحمر لمدة14
يومًا. تم تقسيم توزيع مجموعات النماذج الح يوانية التجريبية إلى
( مجموعات ضابطةKN
،
K-
،
K
( ) ومجموعات معاملة+
P
،
P2
،
P3
) وكان هناك اختالف معنوي في انخفاض مستوياتTNF-α
( في كل المعاملة. المجموعات التي تحتوي على مستخلص جذور الزنجبيل األحمرP1
،
P2
،
P3
) مقارنة بمجموعات التحكم(KN
،
K-) (P <0.05)
، انخ فض بشكل ملحوظ م من مستوياتIL-6
( في مجموعة العالج بالجرعات الثالثP1
،
P2
،
P3
) مقارنة
بالمجموعة الضابطة(K-
،
K +) (p <0.05)
وزيادة مستوياتIL-10
في مجموعة العالج50
مجم مقارنة بالمجموعةK
-
، غير
( ذات داللة إحصائيةp> 0.05
). تشير الدراسة إلى أن تحفيزFST
سيخلق أعراضًا وسلوكًا للقلق باإلضافة إلى تأثيره على مستويات
السيتوكين ، أي المستويات المرتفعة منTNF
-
وIL-6
. إن إعطاء مستخلص اإليثانول من الزنجبيل األحمر لديه القدرة على إجراء
مزيد من البحث لتقليل أعراض القلق ألنه يمكن أن يمنع السيتوكينات المؤيدة لاللتها بات عن طريق انخفاض مستوياتTNF
-
وIL-6
وزيادة السيتوكيناتIL-10
.بشكل كبير. يذاكر :الكلمات المفتاحية
الفئران،نموذج القلق ، الزنجبيل األحمرFST
،
MPE
،
TNF-α
،
IL-6
،
IL-10
. Page | 2372 Page | 2372 | 6,435 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/9035/4593 | null |
Arabic | Lecturer Dr. Nadia Adil Salih*,Assistant Lecturer Hanan Abd El-Latif Ibraheem*
Date of acceptance 2/4/2008 Date of acceptance 2/4/2008 Abstract In this study, new heterocyclic compounds were synthesized through the cyclization
reactions of o-phenylenediamine (1) with various organic reagents. Benzodiazepine derivatives (2-
4) were obtained by reaction of (1) with ethylacetoacetate, malonic acid and acetyl
acetone.Treatment of compound (1) with chloroacetamide, chloroacetic acid, p-bromophenacyl
bromide and oxalic acid dihydrate afforded quinoxaline derivatives (5-8), respectively. Reaction of
compound (1) with benzoic acid, piperonal, cyclohexanone and carbon disulfide resulted in the
formation of compounds (9-12), respectively. Finally, reaction of compound (12) with chloroacetic
acid in the presence of potassium hydroxide produced compound (13). Keywords: Benzodiazepine, Quinoxaline, Benzimidazole and Thiazole, Cyclization Reactions. Benzimidazoles can be synthesized by
a number of methods, usually involving
formation of the N-C-N unit as the key step. One of the formally utilized general routs to
benzimidazoles involves the reaction of alde-
hydes and ketones with o-phenylenediamine3. Although there are several routs leading to 2-
substituted benzimidazoles,a typical proc-
edure involves heating o-phenylenediamine
with a substituted carboxylic acid in the pre-
sence of a mineral acid4. *Department of Chemistry, College of Science,
Al-Nahrain University,Baghdad, Iraq Um-Salama Science Journal Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 Introduction Nitrogen containing heterocycles are
frequently found in privileged structures
(pharmacophores) but their incorporation so-
metimes possess special problems (multi step
sequence, lack of generality, preparation from
cyclic precursors,etc);thus,only a limited nu-
mber of strategies have been successfully
applied in the synthesis of heterocyclic scaff-
olds.The development of new, rapid and clean
synthetic routes toward focused libraries of
such compounds is therefore of great imp-
ortance to both medicinal and synthetic chem-
ists.Consequently,the design and develo-
pment of procedures for the generation of new
heterocycles receive growing interest.The
benzimidazole ring is of a crucial pharma-
cophore in drug discovery. Benzimidazoles
show different biological activities, such as
anticancer ,antimicrobial,or anthelmintic act-
ivities1.Benzimdazole derivatives are a unique
broad-spectrum class of antirhino/enteroviral
agents. Benzimidazoles exhibit cytomegalovirus
(HCMV)2.A number of synthetic methods
have beendeveloped in recent years to un-
cover a variety of new reagents for the
synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives Brown rot, caused by the fungal
Monilina fructicola(G.Wint.).Chemical cont-
rol of brown rout is an important strategy for
the management of this disease. The Benzim-
idazole fungicides like Benomyl ,Carben-
dazine,Chlorofenazole,Thiophanat, etc. have
been widely used for controlling the disease5. Benzodiazepines are a family of
prescription drugs that are used mainly to
relieve anxiety and to help people to
sleep.These are sedative drugs, which reduce
activity in certain parts of your brain,resulting
in a calming effect Xanax (alprazolam),
Rivotril (clonazepam), Valium (diazepam) ,
Dalmane (flurazepam) , Ativan(lorazepam),Restoril (temazepam),Hal-
cion (triazolam),etc,are examples of benzo-
diazepine drugs6. 1 Synthesis
of
3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-
amine (5) Synthesis
of
3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-
amine (5) Synthesis
of
3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-
amine (5) A solution of (0.01mol) of compound 1 and
(0.01mol) of potassium hydroxide in 15ml
abs. ethanol was added to (0.01mol) of
chloroacetamide.The reaction mixture was
heated under reflux for 24h, and then the solid
that formed was separated by filtration and
recrystallized from chloroform to give the
final products. M.P. 198-200C˚, Yield 60%. Synthesis of 3 4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)- diazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (3) diazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (3)
The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use malonic acid instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.187-189C˚, Yield 70%. Synthesis of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodia
zepine (4)
The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use acetylactone instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.115-117C˚, Yield 75%. Synthesis
of
3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-
amine (5)
A solution of (0.01mol) of compound 1 and
(0.01mol) of potassium hydroxide in 15ml
abs. ethanol was added to (0.01mol) of
chloroacetamide.The reaction mixture was
heated under reflux for 24h, and then the solid
that formed was separated by filtration and
recrystallized from chloroform to give the
final products. M.P. 198-200C˚, Yield 60%. Synthesis of 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-
one (6) The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use malonic acid instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.187-189C˚, Yield 70%. Synthesis of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodia
zepine (4) The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use malonic acid instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.187-189C˚, Yield 70%. Synthesis of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodia
zepine (4) ethylacetoacetate.M.P.187-189C˚, Yield 70%. Synthesis of 2,4-dimethyl-3H-1,5-benzodia
zepine (4)
The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use acetylactone instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.115-117C˚, Yield 75%. Synthesis
of
3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-
amine (5) zepine (4)
The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use acetylactone instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.115-117C˚, Yield 75%. Synthesis
of
3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2-
amine (5) The same procedure as for the synthesis of
compound 2 but use acetylactone instead of
ethylacetoacetate.M.P.115-117C˚, Yield 75%. Because of its synthetic utility and
broad rang of pharmacological activities,the
thiazole nucleus is an important heterocyclic
ring.Some thiazole derivatives with different
pharmacological effects,including anti HIV,
antihistaminic,antiulcer,cardiotonic,antihyper-
tensive and neuroleptic,are in clinical use11. In
order to obtain more effective chemoth-
erapeutic agents, a variety of reports have
been presented on the synthesis and biological
evolution of new thiazole derivatives12. Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 were made at Medicinal and Health Anal-
ytical Center, Peking University, China. Synthesis of 4-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,5-
benzodiazepin -2-one (2) were made at Medicinal and Health Anal-
ytical Center, Peking University, China. Synthesis of 4-methyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,5-
benzodiazepin -2-one (2) Other uses of benzodiazepines include
:inducing sedation for sur-gical and other
medicinal procedures treatment of alco- hol
withdrawal controlling seizures relaxation of
skeletal muscles, such as the back and neck7. A mixture of o-phenylenediamine(1)
(0.015mol) and (0.015mol) of ethylacetoa
cetate, in 20ml abs. ethanol was reflux for
24h. The excess solvent was removed under
reduced pressure, the reaction mixture was
cooled and the formed precipitate was filtered
off and recrystallized from ethanol to give the
desired products. M.P. 158-159C˚, Yield
85%. Among the various classes of heter-
ocyclic compounds, quinoxaline form an
important component of pharmacologically
active compounds. Quinoxaline ring is a part
of various antibiotics such as Echinomycine,
Levomycine and Actnomycine that are known
to inhibit the growth of Gram positive
bacteria and are active against varioustrans
plantable tumors8. Quinoxalinediones and
their derivatives are important members of
heterocyclic compounds that are widely appl-
ied in many fields, as curatorial intermediates,
bactericides and inseticides9.One-pot efficient
synthesis of quinoxaline-dione derivatives
may permit the development of novel ther-
apies for the treatment of epilepsy, pain and
other neurodegenerative disorders10. Synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzo Synthesis of 1H-1,5-benzo diazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (3) Synthesis of 1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol (12) Synthesis of 1H-benzimidazole-2-thiol (12)
o-Phenylenediamine (0.01mol) (1) and
(0.02mol) of CS2 was mixed together in 20 ml
abs. ethanol. The reaction mixture was
refluxed for 18h. The crude product was
obtained by filtration, washed with water and
recrystallized from benzene. M.P. 90-92C˚,
Yield 70%. o-Phenylenediamine (0.01mol) (1) and
(0.02mol) of CS2 was mixed together in 20 ml
abs. ethanol. The reaction mixture was
refluxed for 18h. The crude product was
obtained by filtration, washed with water and
recrystallized from benzene. M.P. 90-92C˚,
Yield 70%. 3
ethylacetoacetate Synthesis of 1,4-dihydroquinoxaline-2,3-
dione (8)10 A mixture of oxalic acid dihydrate
(0.012mol) and o-phenylenediamine (0.012
mol) was thoroughly ground with a pestle in a
mortar at R.T. In an open atmosphere until the
mixture turned into a melt.The mixture conti-
nued to be ground occasionally for 1/2h. Then
the melt was crystallized from water/ethanol
(1:1) mixture to get the pure product. M.P.155
-157C˚, Yield 80%. Synthesis 2-phenyl-1H-benzimidazole (9) To (0.01mol) of compound 1, a
mixture of (0.01mol) of benzoic acid with few
drops of conc. hydrochloric acid in 15ml abs. ethanol was added. Then the reaction mixture
was heated under reflux for 15h. The crude
product was isolated by filtration and
recrystallized from acetone. M.P.210-212C˚,
Yield 65%. To (0.01mol) of compound 1, a
mixture of (0.01mol) of benzoic acid with few
drops of conc. hydrochloric acid in 15ml abs. ethanol was added. Then the reaction mixture
was heated under reflux for 15h. The crude
product was isolated by filtration and
recrystallized from acetone. M.P.210-212C˚,
Yield 65%. General A solution of (0.01mol) of compound
1 and (0.01mol)of potassium hydroxide in
15ml abs. Ethanol was added to (0.01mol) of
chloroacetic acid. The reaction mixture was
heated under reflux for 24h, and then the solid
that formed was separated by filtration and
recrystallized from chloroform to give the
final products.M.P. 170-172C˚, Yield 70%. Synthesis of 3 - (4 – bromophenyl ) -1 , 2 -
dihydroquinoxaline (7) Melting points were determined on
Gallen Kamp melting point apparatus and
were uncorrected. The IR spectra of the com-
pounds were recorded on Shimadzu FTIR-
8300 spectrometer as KBr disc; results are
given in cm-1.1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra
were recorded at 300.131 and 75.47 MHz,
respectively,in DMSO-d6 for all compo- unds
on a Bruker AMX-400 NMR spectro- meter. The chemical shifts are reported in part per
million (ppm) downfield from internal tetra-
methylsilane (TMS) (chemical shift in δ
values).Thin
layer
chromatography
was
carried out using Fertigfollen precoated sheets
type Polygram SilG, the plates were develo-
ped with iodine vapour.1H-and 13C-NMR A mixture of compound 1 (0.015mol)
and p-bromophenacyl bromide (0.015mol) in
25ml abs. ethanol was refluxed for 24h; then
the solvent was reduced to one third its
volume under reduced pressure and then
cooled. The solid that separated was recrys- 2 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 tallized from dichloromethane. M.P. 78-80C˚,
Yield 80%. tallized from dichloromethane. M.P. 78-80C˚,
Yield 80%. chloroacetic acid was added. The reaction
mixture was refluxed for 24h.The solid
precipitate was formed after the solvent was
reduced to one third its volume under reduced
pressure.Crude product was obtained by
filtration and recrystallized from benzene. M.P. 112-114C˚, Yield 80%. Results and Discussion In the current study,o-phenelened-
iamine (1) was chosen as starting material. One of our aims was to use the two nucleop-
hilic center of this material in synthesis an
interesting heterocyclic compounds. One of
the two amino groups will be reacting in a
normal manner and an intermolecular attack
by the other amino group at ortho position
was suggested to take place. In the first part
of these synthetic procedures, compounds 2-4
were obtained from the reaction of compound
1 with ethylacetoacetate, malonic acid and
acetyl acetone, respectively (Scheme I). Their
structures were confirmed by FT-IR,1H-NMR
and 13C-NMR spectral data. CH3 Synthesis of 1 , 3-dihydrospiro [benzim
idazol -2,1'-cyclohexane] (11) (i) ethylacetoacetate
(ii) malonic acid
(iii) acetylacetone A mixture of (0.015mol) of compound
1 and (0.015mol) of cyclohexanone in 20ml
glacial acetic acid was heated under reflux for
24h, and then the mixture was filtered off to
obtain the desired product. M.P. 220-222C˚,
Yield 60%. Scheme I Synthesis of 2-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3-
dihydro-1H-benzimidazole (10) p
NH2
NH2
NH
N
NH
HN
O
O
N
N
CH3
CH3
O
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
2
3
4
(i) ethylacetoacetate
(ii) malonic acid
(iii) acetylacetone
Scheme I
1 A mixture of compound 1 (0.012mol),
25ml abs. ethanol and piperonal (0.012mol)
was heated under reflux for 24h. The reaction
mixture was filtered off and recrystallized
from chloroform. M.P. 230-232C˚,Yield 75%. Synthesis of 1 , 3-dihydrospiro [benzim
idazol -2,1'-cyclohexane] (11) A mixture of compound 1 (0.012mol),
25ml abs. ethanol and piperonal (0.012mol)
was heated under reflux for 24h. The reaction
mixture was filtered off and recrystallized
from chloroform. M.P. 230-232C˚,Yield 75%. NH2
NH2
(i) ethylacetoacetate
(ii) malonic acid
(iii) acetylacetone
1 NH2
NH2
1 Scheme I The mechanism of the reaction for the
synthesis of compounds 2-4 is outlined below synthesis of compounds 2 4 is outlined below
in
NH2
NH2
CH3
C
H2
C
O
C
OEt
O
NH2
N
C
OH
CH3
CH2
C
O
OEt
- H2O
NH2
N
C
CH3
CH2
C
O
OEt
N
N
CH3
OEt
OH
- EtOH
N
N
CH3
OH
N
H
N
CH3
O
+
ethylacetoacetate
P.T
P.T
2
H
H
NH2
NH2
HO
C
H2
C
O
C
OH
O
NH2
N
C
OH
OH
CH2
C
O
OH
- H2O
N
C
OH
CH2
C
O
OH
N
N
OH
OH
N
OH
H
N
O
H
H
OH
+
malonic acid
P.T
P.T
NH2 Synthesis of [1,3] thiazolo [ 3 , 2 - a] benzim
idazol-3(2H)-one (13) - EtOH
N
N
CH3
OH
N
H
N
CH3
O
2
NH2
NH2
HO
C
H2
C
O
C
OH
O
NH2
N
C
OH
OH
CH2
C
O
H
+
malonic acid
P.T To a warmed sodium hydroxide solu-
tion prepared by dissolving of sodium
hydroxide (0.01mol) and (0.01mol) of comp-
ound 12 in 15ml abs. ethanol, (0.01mol) of - H2O
N
C
OH
CH2
C
O
OH
N
OH
P.T
NH2 3 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 In the IR spectra of compounds 5-8, Fig. 2
show FT-IR spectrum of compound 8 , the
stretching multiple bands derived from –NH2
group of o-phenylenediamine were absent. In
addition, signal derived from C=O was
observed, at 168.7 and 170.7, 172.4 in the
13C-NMR spectra of compounds 6 and 8,
respectively. Beside this, the signal corres-
ponding to –NH group was recorded at the
range 8.21-8.55 in the 1H-NMR spectra of
these compounds which were disappear with
D2O exchange. Furthermore, 1H-NMR spectra
of compounds 5 and 7 showed signals at 8.71
which was integrated for two protons
corresponding to –NH2 group of compound 5,
this was disappeared with D2O exchange,
while the structure of compound 7 was
confirmed by a multiple signal at 6.81–7.44
due to aromatic protons. In the last part of the
synthesis reactions,compound 1 was treated
with benzoic acid ,piperonal ,cyclohexanone
and carbon disulfide ;
2 -phenyl-1H–benzimidazole (9) ,2-(1,3-
N
H
N
NH 2
N
H
H
N
O
N
H
N
N
H
H
N
O
O
Br
5
6
(i)
(ii)
7
(iii)
8
1
(iv)
(i) chloroacetamide
(ii) chloroacetic acid
(iii) p-bromophenacyl bromide
(iv) oxalic acid dihydrate
Scheme III N
H
N
NH 2
N
H
H
N
O
N
H
N
N
H
H
N
O
O
Br
5
6
(i)
(ii)
7
(iii)
8
1
(iv)
(i) chloroacetamide
(ii) chloroacetic acid
(iii) p-bromophenacyl bromide
(iv) oxalic acid dihydrate
Scheme III N
H
N
NH 2
5 1 1 NH2
NH2
H3C
C
H2
C
O
C
CH3
O
NH2
N
C
OH
CH3
CH2
C
O
CH3
- H2O
N
C
CH3
CH2
C
O
CH3
N
N
CH3
CH3
- H2O
N
N
CH3
CH3
H
H
OH
+
acetylacetone
P.T
P.T
4
Scheme II
NH2 (i) chloroacetamide
(ii) chloroacetic acid
(iii) p-bromophenacyl bromide
(iv) oxalic acid dihydrate Scheme III Scheme III In the IR spectra of compounds 5-8, Fig. Synthesis of [1,3] thiazolo [ 3 , 2 - a] benzim
idazol-3(2H)-one (13) 2
show FT-IR spectrum of compound 8 , the
stretching multiple bands derived from –NH2
group of o-phenylenediamine were absent. In
addition, signal derived from C=O was
observed, at 168.7 and 170.7, 172.4 in the
13C-NMR spectra of compounds 6 and 8,
respectively. Beside this, the signal corres-
ponding to –NH group was recorded at the
range 8.21-8.55 in the 1H-NMR spectra of
these compounds which were disappear with
D2O exchange. Furthermore, 1H-NMR spectra
of compounds 5 and 7 showed signals at 8.71
which was integrated for two protons
corresponding to –NH2 group of compound 5,
this was disappeared with D2O exchange,
while the structure of compound 7 was
confirmed by a multiple signal at 6.81–7.44
due to aromatic protons. In the last part of the
synthesis reactions,compound 1 was treated
with benzoic acid ,piperonal ,cyclohexanone
and carbon disulfide ; Scheme II The IR spectra of compounds 4-methyl-1,3-
dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepin -2-one (2) and
1H-1,5-Benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (3)
(Fig. 1) showed characteristic bands at 3400-
3300, 2900-2800 and 1650-1700 due to stretc-
hing vibrations of OH, CH aliphatic and C=O
groups, respectively. From this we can say
that these two compounds can exist in two
tautomeric forms keto and enol forms. The
signals corresponding to aliphatic protons,
NH and OH protons were recorded at
1.14(s,3H,CH3),8.32(s,1H,NH)(D2Oexcha
nge), 9.21(s,1H,OH) (D2O exchange) for
compound 2 and at 2.10(s, 2H, CH2), 8.44 and
8.71(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange), 9.35(s, 1H,
OH) (D2O exchange), for compound 3, in 1H-
NMR spectra. The C=O signal appear at
170.1and 164.7,168. 3 for compounds 2 and
3,
respectively,in
13C-NMR
analysis. Compound 4 displayed bands in its IR spect-
rum at 2900 and 1610 belonging to CH aliph-
atic and C=N stretching vibrations. 1H-NMR
spectrum showed signals at 1.21 (s, 6H,
2CH3) and 6.89-7.56 (m, 4H, aromatic prot-
ons), these two groups appeared at 14.6,
15.7(2C, CH3), and 132.0-136.4(6C, aromatic
carbons) in the 13C-NMR spectrum.In the
second step of this study, quinoxaline deriva-
tives 5-8 were obtained by the reaction of
compound 1 with chloroacetamide, chloroa-
cetic acid,p-bromophenacyl bromide and oxa-
lica cid dihydrate,respectively,(Scheme III). The IR spectra of compounds 4-methyl-1,3-
dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodiazepin -2-one (2) and
1H-1,5-Benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione (3)
(Fig. 1) showed characteristic bands at 3400-
3300, 2900-2800 and 1650-1700 due to stretc-
hing vibrations of OH, CH aliphatic and C=O
groups, respectively. From this we can say
that these two compounds can exist in two
tautomeric forms keto and enol forms. Synthesis of [1,3] thiazolo [ 3 , 2 - a] benzim
idazol-3(2H)-one (13) 5(6C, aromatic carbons),
164.7and 168.3(2C, C=O)
4
3080(CH aromatic), 2900(CH
aliphatic), 1610(C=N), 752
(aromatico-disubstituted)
1.21(s, 6H, 2CH3), 1.78(s, 2H, CH2),
6.89-7.56(m, 4H,aromaticprotons)
14.63 and 15.7(2C, CH3),
18.4(1C, CH2), 132.0-
136.4(6C, aromatic
carbons)
5
3300-3200 (NH2), 3180(NH),
2941(CH aliphatic),1600(C=N),
772(aromatic o-disubstituted)
2.10(s, 2H, CH2), 7.11-7.54(m, 4H,
aromatic protons),8.22(s, 1H,NH)(D2O
exchange, disappear), 8.71(s, 2H, NH2) (D2O
exchange, disappear)
17.1(1C, CH2), 40.2(1C,
C-NH2), 130.5-134.1(6C,
Aromaticcarbons)
6
3398(b, OH), 3222(NH), 3030
(CH aromatic), 2860(CH
aliphatic),1672(C=O),
769(aromatic o-disubstituted)
2.03(s, 2H, CH2), 7.20-7.69(m, 4H, aromatic
protons), 8.21 and 8.35
(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange, disappear),
9.21(s, 1H, OH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
20.2(1C, CH2), 132.5-
136.9(6C, aromatic
carbons), 168.7(1C, C=O)
7
3300(NH), 3080(CH aromatic),
2900(CH aliphatic), 1614(C=N),
877(aromaticp-substituted),
758(aromatico-disubstituted)
2.05(s, 2H, CH2), 6.81-7.44(m,
8H, aromatic protons), 8.09 (s, 1H, NH)
(D2O exchange, disappear)
18.2(1C, CH2), 22.5(1C,
C= N), 128.4-133.3(12C,
aromatic carbons)
8
3390(OH), 3255(NH), 3028(CH
aromatic),1670(C=O),779
(aromatico-disubstituted)
7.27-7.60(m, 4H, aromatic protons), 8.24 and
8.55(s, 1H, NH)(D2O exchange, disappear),
9.06(s, 2H, OH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
131.1-135.5(6C, aromatic
carbons),170.7 and
172.4(2C, C=O)
9
3230(NH), 3100(CH
aromatic),1605(C=N), 1566
(C=C), 757 (aromatic o-
disubstituted), 735 and 705
(aromatic mono substituted)
7.05-7.87(m, 9H, aromatic
protons), 8.33(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange,
disappear)
32.4(1C, C=N),
128.9-132.2(12C,
aromatic carbons)
10
3230(NH), 3100(CH aromatic),
2900(CH aliphatic),760(aromatic
o-disubstituted)
2.08(s, 2H, CH2), 2.77(s, 1H, CH),7.22-7.98
(m, 7H, Aromatic protons), 8.73 and 8.84
(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
20.1(1C, CH2), 24.8(1C,
N-C-N), 129.3-135.5(12C,
aromatic carbons)
11
3280(NH), 3050(CH aromatic),
2920(CHaliphatic),
1530(C=C), 755(aromatic o-
disubstituted)
1.80-2.05(m, 10H, 5CH2), 7.10-7.48(m, 4H,
Aromatic protons),8.44 and 8.69(s,
1H, NH)(D2Oexchange, disappear)
20.5-24.8(5C, CH2
cyclohexane carbons),
26.6(1C, N-C-N), 133.1-
138.5(6C, aromatic
carbons)
12
3230(NH),3080(CH aromatic),
2600(SH),1620(C=N),1550(C=C
),352(C=S), 730(aromatic o-
substituted), 653(C-S)
5.51(s, 1H, SH)(D2O exchange,disappear),
6.66-7.45(m, 4H, aromatic protons), 8.15(s,
1H, NH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
24.3(C=N),132.3136.0(6C,
aromaticcarbons)
13
3400(OH), 3080(CH aromatic)
, 2916(CH aliphatic),1660(C=O),
1600(C=N),1502(C=C),744(aro
matic o-disubstituted),
678(C-S)
2.25(s, 1H, CH2), 7.33-7.67(m, 4H, aromatic
protons)
17.3(1C, CH2),23.4(C=N),
128.8-133.1(6C, aromatic
carbons), 172.5(1C, C=O) The 1H-NMR spectra of compound 9
and 10 showed characteristic signals at 8.30-
8.84(s, 1H, NH) which was further characte-
rized by D2O exchange. Beside this, in the
1H-NMR spectrum of compound 11, there
were a multiple signals at 1.80-2.05
belonging to –CH2- group of cyclohexane
ring. On the other hand, 1H-NMR spectrum
of compound 12 showed signal at 5.51 due to
–SH group which was disappear with D2O. Synthesis of [1,3] thiazolo [ 3 , 2 - a] benzim
idazol-3(2H)-one (13) The
signals corresponding to aliphatic protons,
NH and OH protons were recorded at
1.14(s,3H,CH3),8.32(s,1H,NH)(D2Oexcha nge), 9.21(s,1H,OH) (D2O exchange) for
compound 2 and at 2.10(s, 2H, CH2), 8.44 and
8.71(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange), 9.35(s, 1H,
OH) (D2O exchange), for compound 3, in 1H-
NMR spectra. The C=O signal appear at
170.1and 164.7,168. 3 for compounds 2 and
3,
respectively,in
13C-NMR
analysis. Compound 4 displayed bands in its IR spect-
rum at 2900 and 1610 belonging to CH aliph-
atic and C=N stretching vibrations. 1H-NMR
spectrum showed signals at 1.21 (s, 6H,
2CH3) and 6.89-7.56 (m, 4H, aromatic prot-
ons), these two groups appeared at 14.6,
15.7(2C, CH3), and 132.0-136.4(6C, aromatic
carbons) in the 13C-NMR spectrum.In the
second step of this study, quinoxaline deriva-
tives 5-8 were obtained by the reaction of
compound 1 with chloroacetamide, chloroa-
cetic acid,p-bromophenacyl bromide and oxa-
lica cid dihydrate,respectively,(Scheme III). 2 -phenyl-1H–benzimidazole (9) ,2-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimi
dazole(10),1,3-dihydrospiro[benzimidazol-
2,1'-cyclohexane](11) and 1H-benzimidazole-
2-thiol (12) were formed respectively. Then
compound
(12)
was
converting
to
[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazol -3(2H)-one
(13) by treating with chloroacetic acid in abs. ethanol (Scheme IV). 2 -phenyl-1H–benzimidazole (9) ,2-(1,3-
benzodioxol-5-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzimi
dazole(10),1,3-dihydrospiro[benzimidazol- 2,1'-cyclohexane](11) and 1H-benzimidazole-
2-thiol (12) were formed respectively. Then
compound
(12)
was
converting
to
[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazol -3(2H)-one
(13) by treating with chloroacetic acid in abs. ethanol (Scheme IV). 2,1'-cyclohexane](11) and 1H-benzimidazole-
2-thiol (12) were formed respectively. Then
compound
(12)
was
converting
to
[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazol -3(2H)-one
(13) by treating with chloroacetic acid in abs. ethanol (Scheme IV). N
H
N
Ph
N
H
NH
O
O
H
9
10
(i)
(ii)
1 N
H
N
Ph
N
H
NH
O
O
H
9
10
(i)
(ii)
1 4 1 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 Com
No
FT-IR
1H-NMR
13C-NMR
2
3361(OH),3100,(NH),3050(CH
aromatic),2987 and2810(CH
aliphatic),1668,(C=O),734
(aromatico-disubstituted)
1.14(s, 3H, CH3), 1.86 (s, 2H,CH2), 6.75-
7.21(m, 4H, aromatic protons), 8.32(s, 1H,
NH) (D2O exchange, disappear), 9.21(s, 1H,
OH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
13.4(1C, CH3),
18.2(1C, CH2),
26.8(1C, N=C),
130.2-135.4(6C, aromatic
carbons), 170.1 (1C, C=O)
3
3400(OH), 3249(NH), 3060(CH
aromatic), 2823(CH aliphatic),
1685(C=O),758(aromatic o-
disubstituted)
2.10(s, 2H, CH2), 7.12-7.45(m, 4H, aromatic
protons), 8.44 and 8.71(s, 1H, NH) (D2O
exchange, disappear), 9.35 (s, 1H, OH) (D2O
exchange, disappear)
0.1(1C, CH2), 128.3-131. Synthesis of [1,3] thiazolo [ 3 , 2 - a] benzim
idazol-3(2H)-one (13) 5(6C, aromatic carbons),
164.7and 168.3(2C, C=O)
4
3080(CH aromatic), 2900(CH
aliphatic), 1610(C=N), 752
(aromatico-disubstituted)
1.21(s, 6H, 2CH3), 1.78(s, 2H, CH2),
6.89-7.56(m, 4H,aromaticprotons)
14.63 and 15.7(2C, CH3),
18.4(1C, CH2), 132.0-
136.4(6C, aromatic
carbons)
5
3300-3200 (NH2), 3180(NH),
2941(CH aliphatic),1600(C=N),
772(aromatic o-disubstituted)
2.10(s, 2H, CH2), 7.11-7.54(m, 4H,
aromatic protons),8.22(s, 1H,NH)(D2O
exchange, disappear), 8.71(s, 2H, NH2) (D2O
exchange, disappear)
17.1(1C, CH2), 40.2(1C,
C-NH2), 130.5-134.1(6C,
Aromaticcarbons)
6
3398(b, OH), 3222(NH), 3030
(CH aromatic), 2860(CH
aliphatic),1672(C=O),
769(aromatic o-disubstituted)
2.03(s, 2H, CH2), 7.20-7.69(m, 4H, aromatic
protons), 8.21 and 8.35
(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange, disappear),
9.21(s, 1H, OH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
20.2(1C, CH2), 132.5-
136.9(6C, aromatic
carbons), 168.7(1C, C=O)
7
3300(NH), 3080(CH aromatic),
2900(CH aliphatic), 1614(C=N),
877(aromaticp-substituted),
758(aromatico-disubstituted)
2.05(s, 2H, CH2), 6.81-7.44(m,
8H, aromatic protons), 8.09 (s, 1H, NH)
(D2O exchange, disappear)
18.2(1C, CH2), 22.5(1C,
C= N), 128.4-133.3(12C,
aromatic carbons)
8
3390(OH), 3255(NH), 3028(CH
aromatic),1670(C=O),779
(aromatico-disubstituted)
7.27-7.60(m, 4H, aromatic protons), 8.24 and
8.55(s, 1H, NH)(D2O exchange, disappear),
9.06(s, 2H, OH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
131.1-135.5(6C, aromatic
carbons),170.7 and
172.4(2C, C=O)
9
3230(NH), 3100(CH
aromatic),1605(C=N), 1566
(C=C), 757 (aromatic o-
disubstituted), 735 and 705
(aromatic mono substituted)
7.05-7.87(m, 9H, aromatic
protons), 8.33(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange,
disappear)
32.4(1C, C=N),
128.9-132.2(12C,
aromatic carbons)
10
3230(NH), 3100(CH aromatic),
2900(CH aliphatic),760(aromatic
o-disubstituted)
2.08(s, 2H, CH2), 2.77(s, 1H, CH),7.22-7.98
(m, 7H, Aromatic protons), 8.73 and 8.84
(s, 1H, NH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
20.1(1C, CH2), 24.8(1C,
N-C-N), 129.3-135.5(12C,
aromatic carbons)
11
3280(NH), 3050(CH aromatic),
2920(CHaliphatic),
1530(C=C), 755(aromatic o-
disubstituted)
1.80-2.05(m, 10H, 5CH2), 7.10-7.48(m, 4H,
Aromatic protons),8.44 and 8.69(s,
1H, NH)(D2Oexchange, disappear)
20.5-24.8(5C, CH2
cyclohexane carbons),
26.6(1C, N-C-N), 133.1-
138.5(6C, aromatic
carbons)
12
3230(NH),3080(CH aromatic),
2600(SH),1620(C=N),1550(C=C
),352(C=S), 730(aromatic o-
substituted), 653(C-S)
5.51(s, 1H, SH)(D2O exchange,disappear),
6.66-7.45(m, 4H, aromatic protons), 8.15(s,
1H, NH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
24.3(C=N),132.3136.0(6C,
aromaticcarbons)
13
3400(OH), 3080(CH aromatic)
, 2916(CH aliphatic),1660(C=O),
1600(C=N),1502(C=C),744(aro
matic o-disubstituted),
678(C-S)
2.25(s, 1H, CH2), 7.33-7.67(m, 4H, aromatic
protons)
17.3(1C, CH2),23.4(C=N),
128.8-133.1(6C, aromatic
carbons), 172.5(1C, C=O) Com
No
FT-IR
1H-NMR
13C-NMR
2
3361(OH),3100,(NH),3050(CH
aromatic),2987 and2810(CH
aliphatic),1668,(C=O),734
(aromatico-disubstituted)
1.14(s, 3H, CH3), 1.86 (s, 2H,CH2), 6.75-
7.21(m, 4H, aromatic protons), 8.32(s, 1H,
NH) (D2O exchange, disappear), 9.21(s, 1H,
OH) (D2O exchange, disappear)
13.4(1C, CH3),
18.2(1C, CH2),
26.8(1C, N=C),
130.2-135.4(6C, aromatic
carbons), 170.1 (1C, C=O)
3
3400(OH), 3249(NH), 3060(CH
aromatic), 2823(CH aliphatic),
1685(C=O),758(aromatic o-
disubstituted)
2.10(s, 2H, CH2), 7.12-7.45(m, 4H, aromatic
protons), 8.44 and 8.71(s, 1H, NH) (D2O
exchange, disappear), 9.35 (s, 1H, OH) (D2O
exchange, disappear)
0.1(1C, CH2), 128.3-131. Synthesis of [1,3] thiazolo [ 3 , 2 - a] benzim
idazol-3(2H)-one (13) When compo- und 12 was converted to
compound 13, signal of -SH group was
disappear and a new signal at 2.25 was shown
which represent –CH2- group, in 1H-NMR
spectrum. Furthermore, 13C-NMR spectra of
compounds 9-13 give a good support for the
IR and 1H-NMR data of these compounds. Table I summarize phy- sical properties of
the synthesized compo- unds; Table II shoes
characteristic
spectral
data
of
these
compounds. Fig. 1: FT-IR spectrum of compound 3 Table II:spectral data of compounds 2-13 Fig. 1: FT-IR spectrum of compound 3 Fig. 2: FT-IR spectrum of compound 8 Table I: Physical properties of compounds 2-13 Table I: Physical properties of compounds 2-13 Table I: Physical properties of compounds 2-13 Fig. 2: FT-IR spectrum of compound 8 Compound
No. M.P/˚C
%Yield
2
158-159
85
3
187-189
70
4
115-117
75
5
198-200
60
6
170-172
70
7
78-80
80
8
55-157
80
9
210-212
65
10
230-232
75
11
220-222
60
12
90-92
70
13
112-114
80 Fig. 2: FT-IR spectrum of compound 8 5 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase.J of Virology.77(24): 13225-
13231. References Biroccio and G.Migliaccio ,2003.Mechan-
ism of action and antiviral activity of ben-
zimidazole-based allosteric inhibitors of the تحضير وتشخيص مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة ملتحمة جديدة جديدة تحتوي على حلقات
البنزودايأيزوأبين، الكوينوكزالين، البنزايمدازول والثايزول
المدرس الدكتورة نادية عادل صالح* والمدرس المساعد حنان عبد اللطيف ابراهيم*
ا
لخالصة
لقد تم في هذا
البحث تحضير عدد من المركبات الحلقية الغير متجانسة
الجديدة من خالل تفاعالت الغلق للـ أورثو فنيليين دا
( أمين1
( ) مع عدد من الكواشي الضضيوية الملتلفيةق لقيد تيم الحليول عليت مليتقات البنيزو دا أييزوأ ين4
-
2) مين خيالل مفاعلية
( المركب1
,) مع أثيل أسيتوأستيت
( حامض المالوني,, أسييتايل أسييتواق اا مضاملية المركيب1
,) ميع الكلوروأسيتيمايد, كلوروأسيتي
( أسد, ارا رومو فيناسييل روماييد, حيامض ازوكزالي, ثنياهي الديدرييد أعقيت مليتقات الكوينيوكزالين8
-
5
,) عليت التيواليق وكيذل
( عومل المركب1
,) مع حامض البنزوي,, برونال, سايكلوهكسانوا( ثناهي كبريتيد الكار وا أنيت المركبيات12
-
9) عليت التيواليق
( وأخيرا فوعل المركب12
( ) مع كلوروأستي, أسد وجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم ليضقي المركب11
)ق تحضير وتشخيص مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة ملتحمة جديدة جديدة تحتوي على حلقات
البنزودايأيزوأبين، الكوينوكزالين، البنزايمدازول والثايزول
المدرس الدكتورة نادية عادل صالح* والمدرس المساعد حنان عبد اللطيف ابراهيم*
لخالصة تحضير وتشخيص مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة ملتحمة جديدة جديدة تحتوي على حلقات
البنزودايأيزوأبين، الكوينوكزالين، البنزايمدازول والثايزول
المدرس الدكتورة نادية عادل صالح* والمدرس المساعد حنان عبد اللطيف ابراهيم*
لخالصة تحضير وتشخيص مركبات حلقية غير متجانسة ملتحمة جديدة جديدة تحتوي على حلقات
البنزودايأيزوأبين، الكوينوكزالين، البنزايمدازول والثايزول
المدرس الدكتورة نادية عادل صالح* والمدرس المساعد حنان عبد اللطيف ابراهيم*
خالصة References 1- Lu,J.,B.Yang and Y.Bai,2002.Microwave
irradiation synthesis of 2-substituted benz-
im idazoles using PPA as a catalyst under
solvent-free conditions.Synth. Commun. 32
(24): 3703-3709. 7- Elnima,E.,M.U.Zubair and A.A .Al-Bader
,1981.Antibacterial and antifungal activit-
ies of benzimidazole and benzoxazole
derivatives.Antimicrobial Agents and Ch-
emotherapy.19(1):29-32. 2- 2.Tandon,V.K.and M.Kumar,2004. BF3Et
20 promoted one-pot expeditious and conv-
enient synthesis of 2-substituted benzim-
idazoles and 3,1,5-benzoxadiaze-pines.Tet-
ra hedron Lett. 45: 4185-4187. 8- Bailly,C.,S.Echepare,F.Gago and M.War-
ing,1999.An efficient and facile synthesis
of quinoxaline derivatives catalyzed by
KHSO4at room temperature.J.Anti- cancer
Drug Des. 15:291-296. 3- Dege,N.,M.Şekerci,S.Servi,M.Dinçer
and
Ü.Demirbas,2006.Structure of1-(thiop-hen-
2-ylmethyl)-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-ben-
zimidazole.Turk.J.Chem. 30: 103-108. 9- Rahul,R.and
B.Devanand,2006.BF3.OEt2
Promoted solvent-free synthesis of benzi-
midazole derivatives. Chinese Chemical
Letters.17: 453-456. 4- 4.Rodriguez,M.L.,B.Benhamu,M.J.Morci-
llo and M.I.Martin,1999.Design and sy-
nthesis of new benzimidazole-arylpiper-
azine derivatives acting as mixed 5-HT1A
/5-HT3ligands.J.Med.Chem.42:5020-5025. 10- Thakuria,H.and G.Das,2006.One-poteffic-
ient green synthesis of 1,4-dihydroquino-
xaline-2,3-dione
derivatives.J.Chem.Sci. 118 (5): 425-428. 5- Ma,Z.,M.A.Yoshimura and T.J.MichaIli-
des,2003.Identification and Characterizati-
on of Benzimidazole Resistance in Mon-
ilinia fructicola from Stone Fruit Orchards
in California. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology.69(12):7145-7160. 11- Kus,C.,2002.Synthesis of new substituted
6-(morpholin-4-yl)-1H-benzimidazole deri-
vatives. Turk. J. Chem. 26:559-564. 12- Nakano,H.,T.Inoue,N.Kawasaki and T.Sa-
toch,2000.Synthesis and biological activi-
ties of novel antiallergic agents with 5-lip-
oxygenase inhibiting action,Bioorganic and
Medicinal Chemistry.8(2):373-380. 6- Tomei,L.,S.Altamura,L.Bartholomew,A. Biroccio and G.Migliaccio ,2003.Mechan-
ism of action and antiviral activity of ben-
zimidazole-based allosteric inhibitors of the 6- Tomei,L.,S.Altamura,L.Bartholomew,A. ا
لخالصة لقد تم في هذا
البحث تحضير عدد من المركبات الحلقية الغير متجانسة
الجديدة من خالل تفاعالت الغلق للـ أورثو فنيليين دا
( أمين1
( ) مع عدد من الكواشي الضضيوية الملتلفيةق لقيد تيم الحليول عليت مليتقات البنيزو دا أييزوأ ين4
-
2
) مين خيالل مفاعلية
( المركب1
,) مع أثيل أسيتوأستيت
( حامض المالوني,, أسييتايل أسييتواق اا مضاملية المركيب1
,) ميع الكلوروأسيتيمايد, كلوروأسيتي
( أسد, ارا رومو فيناسييل روماييد, حيامض ازوكزالي, ثنياهي الديدرييد أعقيت مليتقات الكوينيوكزالين8
-
5
,) عليت التيواليق وكيذل
( عومل المركب1
,) مع حامض البنزوي,, برونال, سايكلوهكسانوا( ثناهي كبريتيد الكار وا أنيت المركبيات12
-
9
) عليت التيواليق
( وأخيرا فوعل المركب12
( ) مع كلوروأستي, أسد وجود هيدروكسيد البوتاسيوم ليضقي المركب11
)ق 6 6 | 4,727 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/922/853 | null |
Arabic | A Study of some biochemical parameters in patients with -
thalassemia Israa G.Zainal*, Maysoon K. AL-Shaikle** ,Shatha A. A.Kadim ***
Date of acceptance 11/6/2008 Abstract: Serum levels of iron,copper,ceruloplasmin and transferrine were estimated in three groups
of patients with - thalassemia: 24 patients have splenectomy thalassemia major, 29 patients have
non splenectomy thalassemia major and 19 patients have thalassemia intermedia , data were
compared to normal and pathological controls (anemia and minor). There were significant increase
in trace element levels in all studied groups of pateints as compared to normal and pathological
controls. Also there were a significant increase in ceruloplasmin levels,While the result revealed
that there were a significant decrease in transferrine levels in all groups of patients studied as
compared to normal and pathological controls. The result also indicate that there is a significant
positive correlation between serum ceruloplasmin & copper levels in thalassemia patients while the
correlation between serum transferring & iron levels in thalassemia patients are negative. Trace elements present in the body in very
low amounts,some are essential(9),a change in
the normal concentration of essential trace
elements in the human body might lead to
major
health
disturbances(11) ,including
thalassemia,the alteration of elements like
iron & copper , is combined with excess
amount of hemoglobin subunits enhances the
generation of oxygen radicals after a chain of
reactions leading to early death of the red
blood cells & hemolysis (12). The relationship
between trace elements & their carrier
molecules must be kept in mind (13). *Al-Mustansiriya University,College of Science,Chemistry
Department
**Baghdad University, College of Science, Chemistry Department
** *Ibn Al-Balady Hospital. Vol.5(2)2008 Vol.5(2)2008 Um-Salama Science Journal Introduction: Thalassemia is a heterogeneous group
of genetic disorders in which the production
of normal Hb (Hemoglobin) is partly or
completely suppressed because of defective
synthesis of one or more globin chains(1-3).-
thalassemia is the most familiar type Medit-
erranean area (4,5),in which the - globin chain
synthesis is impaired (6). The severity of the
disease depends on the amount of HbA (Adult
Hemoglobin) and Hbf (fetal Hemoglobin),
which present (7). In Iraq,- Thalassemia is one impor-
tant public health problems. This is because
of the considerable burden on the children and
their families as well as on health services (8). To keep the Hb concentration in normal range
(between 13-16g%),the transfusion therapy
should be started when diagnosis is made and
the Hb level falls bellow (7 g %) (4, 6, 9). Ceruloplasmine
(CP),it’s
a
blue
copper protein contains (90- 95) % of copper
found in the plasma (14,15),one of the main
functions ,is transport the copper to the tissues
(16).The high level of ceruloplasmine is
present in the hemochromatosis (17)
,while each
molecule of transferrin has two iron binding
sites (18) ,that is binding up to two atoms of
iron / molecule of protein (19) . The excess iron acquired through transfusions
result in damage to the liver, endocrine organs
and heart,therefore,this patients require chela-
ting therapy to promote the excretion of iron
accumulated from transfusions (10). Human Transfrrin is a single chain, 80
KDa member of the anion-binding superfa-
mily of proteins (20).Transfrrin is iron transport
(21)
, 1 Statistical methods: Fig. (1): Comparison of Fe levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Results were analyzed statistically
using student’s “t” test (27) to
Determine the level of significance. The
difference was considered to be significant
only when “p” value was less than (0.05). 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
Cases
Fe ppm
n
a
m
n
s
i Materials and Methods: Patients from Ibn Al-Balladry hospital
thalassemia clinic center were studied from
April 2004 to September 2004 .The diagnosis
of - thalassemia was established by Hb
electrophoresis technique model:Bio Rad
Variant.Patients were divided into three
groups:those who splenectomy - thalassemia
major (n= 40);range of age (10 to 26) years,
non splenectomy - thalassemia major
( n=29);range of age(3 to 16) years & those
who thalassemia intermedia ( n= 19);range of
age (7-30) years .Along side,26 matched
healthy subject,aged(3 to 30) years &
pathlogical subjects (anemia),(n=18) aged
(4 to 30)years & pathological subjects
(minor),(n=15),aged (4-30) years, were used
as a control groups. Table (2): Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological controls &
patients with - thalassemia
Groups
No. Cu concs. (ppm)
mean SD
Normal control
26
0.174 0.035
Pathological control:
33
(1) anemia
18
0.1878 0.041
(2) minor
15
0.188 0.041
Patients:
72
(a) major
53
(1) splenectomy
24
0.243 0.0731
(2) Non splenectomy
29
0.252 0.045
(b) Intermedia
19
0.228 0.063 The results showed a highly significant
increase (p<0.001) in Fe & Cu concentration
in all groups of patients that are studied as
compared to normal & pathological control
groups.Figures(1,2,3&4) show the compa-
rison and distribution of Fe & Cu levels in
sera of all groups studied, respectively Iron & copper were assayed by an atomic
absorption spectrophotometer model Perkin
Elmer 5000,while the activity of Cerulop-
lasmine was determined according to the
method of Ravin (23, 24), & the transferrin were
assayed according to Ramsey method by
measuring TIBC ( indirect method) (25, 26). 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
Fig. (1): Comparison of Fe levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 Table (1): Fe levels in sera of normal, pathological controls &
patients with - thalassemia. supplies the tissues with it which is
needed for their functions & the concentr-
ation is control by the iron content of these
tissues (22).This study includes determination
the level of Fe,Cu,ceruloplasmine & transfe-
rring in patients with - thalassemia &
studying the correlation between them. Groups
No. Fe concs. (ppm)
mean SD
Normal control
26
0.431 0.11
Pathological control:
33
(1) anemia
18
0.379 0.087
(2) minor
15
0.412 0.1
Patients:
72
(a) major
53
(1) splenectomy
24
0.721 0.18
(2) Non splenectomy
29
0.748 0.15
(b) Intermedia
19
0.716 0.088 Result and discussion: Tables (1&2) are list the main concentration
of Fe & Cu in patients & control groups
respectively. Fig. (2): Distribution of Fe levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 2 Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 mucosal cells or for similar protein carrier
system (32) . Fig. (3): Comparison of Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological
controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Cu ppm
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
Fig. (4): Distribution of Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological
controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Cases
Cu ppm
normal
anemia
miner
non-splenectomy
splenectomy
intermedia Fig. (3): Comparison of Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological
controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
Cu ppm
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter The
elevation
in
Cu
concentration
is
described
by
other
workers,
such
as
Suthipark(1991) ,who studied serum Cu in ß-
thalassemia
/HbE
(33) ,Tatu(1997)
and
Vantanavicharn(1982) were studied serum Cu
in HbH & ß- thalassemia /HbE disease (34, 35)
.Bashir(1995) studied serum Cu in ß-
thalassemia & sickle cell anemia (36),Hamid
(1999)studied Cu in splenectomized group of
ß-
thalassemia
major
children
(37) &
Andona(1976) studied Cu in sickle cell
disease (38) . Fig. (3): Comparison of Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological
controls patients with - thalassemia. Fig. (4): Distribution of Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological
controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Cases
Cu ppm
normal
anemia
miner
non-splenectomy
splenectomy
intermedia A similar is reported in Arcasoy's(1975) study
,who studied serum Fe & Cu in sera of
homozygous ß- thalassemia & thalassemia
intermedia(39) , the present study is agrees
with Nammeer's et.al.,(2003) (8) & it doesn’t
agree with it when iron concentration is
compared
when
splenectomy
&
non
splenectomy are concerned. Table (3) illustrates the serum ceruloplasmine
activity among normal ,pathological control
& patient groups .The results show a
significant
increases
(p
<
0.001)
in
ceruloplasmine activity in all groups of
patients that are studied as compared to
normal & pathological control groups. This
elevation in ceruloplasmin activity may be
due
to
the
decreased
ceruloplasmin
catabolism,which could in turn account for
the increased serum copper level (40) . Table (3): Ceruloplasmin activity in sera of normal, pathological
controls & patients with - thalassemia Um-Salama Science Journal (5): Comparison of CP levels in sera of normal,
th l
i
l
t
l
ti
t
ith th l
i
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
CP g/L
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter Fig. (5): Comparison of CP levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
CP g/L
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
Fig. (6): Distribution of CP levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Cases
CP g/L
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter Figures (8, 9 ) shows the comparison &
distribution of TIBC levels in sera of all
groups studied ,respectively.All groups sho-
wed highly significantly reduced ( p< 0.001)
in comparison to normal & pathological cont-
rols.This may be due to the TIBC measures
the maximum amount of iron that serum
proteins can bind & is therefore an indirect
way of assessing transferrin levels (9) ,as well
as serum TIBC varies in disorders of iron
metabolism such as hemo chromatosis (45). These results are in line with those obtained
in
study
of
Karamiam
et.al.,(2003)(46),
Nammeer et. al.,(2003) (8) . Fig. (5): Comparison of CP levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Fig. (5): Comparison of CP levels in sera of normal, 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
Cases
CP g/L
normal
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter Fig. (8): Comparison of TIBC levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
100
200
300
400
500
TIBC mg%
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
Fig. (9): Distribution of TIBC levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Cases
TIBC Mg%
normal
anemia
miner
non.sple
sple
inter 0
100
200
300
400
500
TIBC mg%
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter Fig. (6): Distribution of CP levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Fig. Result and discussion: Although copper- does not affect the rate of
synthesis or secretion of apo Ceruloplasmin,
but a failure to incorporate copper during
biosynthesis results in secretion of an apo-
protein that is devoid of oxidase activity and
rapidly degraded(41,42). Fig. (4): Distribution of Cu levels in sera of normal, pathological
controls patients with - thalassemia. These results are agreed with the
finding of Keramati (2007),who found an
increase in Fe level in patients with thalas-
semia minor(28).The higher Fe concentration
may be result from transfusion therapy &
increased iron absorption (9)
, but from the
results of patients groups which are listed in
table (1),it is obvious that the non splenecto-
my groups were a higher concentration from
splenectomy & intermedia groups,this beca-
use the number of blood transfusion which is
needed higher in non splenectomy than the
splenectomy &intermedia groups(1, 29) Table (3): Ceruloplasmin activity in sera of normal, pathological
controls & patients with - thalassemia This fact is important to monitor the
iron over load, while the higher Cu
concentration is probably due to parenchymal
hepatic damage which is a common side
effect in blood transfused patients(30).The
presence of zinc deficiency in patients with ß-
thalassemia
(31) is the other reason for
hypercupremia.This
inverse
relationship
between serum Zn & Cu concentrations
because of their competition either for the
same absorptive binding sites on the intestinal Groups
No. CP g%
mean SD
Normal control
26
0.462 0.11
Pathological control:
33
(1) anemia
18
0.543 0.10
(2) minor
15
0.509 0.08
Patients:
72
(a) major
53
(1) splenectomy
24
0.609 0.15
(2) Non splenectomy
29
0.695 0.16
(b) Intermedia
19
0.664 0.12 3 Um-Salama Science Journal Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 Table (4) shows the TIBC(total iron binding
capacity) concentration which is measured in
all controls & patients groups
Table ( 4 ): (TIBC) levels in sera of normal, pathological controls &
patients with - thalassemia
Groups
No. TIBC g%
mean SD
Normal control
26
306.14 21.36
Pathological control:
33
(1) anemia
18
425.46 28.81
(2) minor
15
322.26 27.83
Patients:
72
(a) major
53
(1) splenectomy
24
225.76 24.91
(2) Non splenectomy
29
217.37 26.93
(b) Intermedia
19
219.93 31.76
Figures (8, 9 ) shows the comparison &
distribution of TIBC levels in sera of all
groups studied ,respectively.All groups sho-
wed highly significantly reduced ( p< 0.001)
in comparison to normal & pathological cont-
rols.This may be due to the TIBC measures
the maximum amount of iron that serum
proteins can bind & is therefore an indirect
way of assessing transferrin levels (9) ,as well
as serum TIBC varies in disorders of iron
metabolism such as hemo chromatosis (45). These results are in line with those obtained
in
study
of
Karamiam
et.al.,(2003)(46),
Nammeer et. al.,(2003) (8) . 300
400
500
g%
control
anemia Table (4) shows the TIBC(total iron binding
capacity) concentration which is measured in
all controls & patients groups Similar rise are indicated in homozygous
sickle cell disease in ( Hedo & Alken),s(1993)
study (43) but in other disease of microcytic
anemia
such
as
Coeliac
disease
the
ceruloplasmin activity is normal (44) . Table ( 4 ): (TIBC) levels in sera of normal, pathological controls &
patients with - thalassemia Table ( 4 ): (TIBC) levels in sera of normal, pathological controls &
patients with - thalassemia Figures (5,6) shows the comparision &
distribution of ceruloplasmin levels in sera of
all groups studied while figure (7 ) shows the
correlation
between
the
activity
of
ceruloplasmin with Cu levels ( r= 0.875) for
thalassemic patients .this correlation may be
due to the fact that ceruloplasmin is transport
protein to copper . Groups
No. TIBC g%
mean SD
Normal control
26
306.14 21.36
Pathological control:
33
(1) anemia
18
425.46 28.81
(2) minor
15
322.26 27.83
Patients:
72
(a) major
53
(1) splenectomy
24
225.76 24.91
(2) Non splenectomy
29
217.37 26.93
(b) Intermedia
19
219.93 31.76 Fig. Um-Salama Science Journal (6): Distribution of CP levels in sera of normal, 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Cu (ppm)
Cp (g/L)
Fig. (7): Correlation between serum CP levels
with Cu levels for thalassemic patients 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
Cu (ppm)
Cp (g/L) Fig. (8): Comparison of TIBC levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Fig. (8): Comparison of TIBC levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Cases
TIBC Mg%
normal
anemia
miner
non.sple
sple
inter Fig. (7): Correlation between serum CP levels
with Cu levels for thalassemic patients Fig. (7): Correlation between serum CP levels Fig. (9): Distribution of TIBC levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Fig. (9): Distribution of TIBC levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Um-Salama Science Journal Vol.5(2)2008 Table (5 ) shows the transferrin concentration
which is measured in all controls & patients
groups . Other reason may be the decreased
synthesis of protein which is generally
decreased transferrin level (48) . A similar reduction is shown by
Gutteridge,s(1994) study (49) & Warrier(1994)
who studied the TF in sickle cell anemia (50) . Table (5 ): Transferrin levels in sera of normal, pathological controls
& patients with - thalassemia Groups
No. TF mg%
mean SD
Normal control
26
255.75 19.8
Pathological control:
33
(1) anemia
18
367.17 25.8
(2) minor
15
294.22 25.1
Patients:
72
(a) major
53
(1) splenectomy
24
177.73 22.0
(2) Non splenectomy
29
176.86 25.8
(b) Intermedia
19
173.93 29.8 The
correlation
between
serum
transferrin
levels
with
Fe
levels
for
thalassemic patients are shown in figure (11))
(r=0.38337). 100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Fe (ppm)
TF (mg%)
Fig. (11): Correlation between serum TF levels
with Fe levels for thalassemic patients Fe & TF 100
120
140
160
180
200
220
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Fe (ppm)
TF (mg%) Figures(9,10) show the comparison & distrib-
ution of transferrin levels in all groups studied
All
groups
showed
highly
significant
reduction (p<0.001) as compared to normal &
pathological controls. Fig. Um-Salama Science Journal (9): Comparison of TF levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
100
200
300
400
TF mg%
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter
control
anemia
miner
non-sple
sple
inter Fig. (11): Correlation between serum TF levels
with Fe levels for thalassemic patients Fe & TF Fig. (11): Correlation between serum TF levels Fig. (11): Correlation between serum TF levels
with Fe levels for thalassemic patients Fe & TF with Fe levels for thalassemic patients Fe & TF References: 1-CappelliniN.,Cohen, A.,Porter, J.,(2000),
“Guidelines for the clinical management of
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pathological controls patients with thalassemia Fig. (9): Comparison of TF levels in sera of normal, Fig. (9): Comparison of TF levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. Fig. (10): Distribution of TF levels in sera of normal,
pathological controls patients with - thalassemia. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
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450
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550
Cases
TF mg%
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anemia
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sple
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Gordon,L.,(1994):Transport proteins
and acute phase reactant proteins in
children with sickle cell anemia. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 86(1): 33-9. دراسة بعض المتغيزات الكيموحيوية لمزضي فقز دم البحز االبيض المتوسط ومط بيتا()
اسزاء غسان سيىل ، ميسون خالذ حسيه ، شذى عبذ االئمة كاظم
الخالص
ة
ًتضمـــىت ٌذي الدراســ
تقديز مستُيات الىحاص ,الحديد ,السيزَلُبالسميه َالتزاوسفزيه في مصوُ مزىوّ فقوز ال ال ح
األب (،يض المتُسط24
, موزيض رافيوي الاحوا29
َ موزيض ييوز رافيوي الاحوا19
موزيض بفقوز الودل الُسواي َ قُروو
. ًالىتائج مع مجاميع السيازي االصحاء َ مجاميع السيازي المزىي
أشارت الىتائج إلّ َجُا سيااة َاىوح فوي مسوتُِ ٌوذي اليىاصوز الىوشرة فوي يو مجواميع المزىوّ المدرَسو مقاروو
م
. المجاميع الضابا الا ييي َالمزىي
سيااة َاىح في مستُِ السيزَلُبالسميه َوقصان َاىو فوي مسوتُِ التزاوسوفزيه فوي يو مجواميع المزىوّ المدرَس
مقارو مع المجاميع الضابا الا ييي َالمزىي
, َ اظٍزت الدراسو َجوُا قالقو مُج و
َاىوح بويه مسوتُِ السويزَبالسم
َالىحا ص في مجاميع مزىّ فقز ال ال حز األبويض المتُسوط َ
ٌىوا قالقو
سوال بويه مسوتُِ التزاوسوفزيه َالحديود فوي مجوام
.مزىّ فقز ال ال حز األبيض المتُسط دراسة بعض المتغيزات الكيموحيوية لمزضي فقز دم البحز االبيض المتوسط ومط بيتا()
اسزاء غسان سيىل ، ميسون خالذ حسيه ، شذى عبذ االئمة كاظم
الخال
ة دراسة بعض المتغيزات الكيموحيوية لمزضي فقز دم البحز االبيض المتوسط ومط بيتا()
اسزاء غسان سيىل ، ميسون خالذ حسيه ، شذى عبذ االئمة كاظم
الخالص
ة اسزاء غسان سيىل ، ميسون خالذ حسيه ، شذى عبذ االئمة كاظم
الخالص
ة
ًتضمـــىت ٌذي الدراســ
تقديز
مستُيات الىحاص ,الحديد ,السيزَلُبالسميه َالتزاوسفزيه في مصوُ مزىوّ فقوز ال ال حوز
األب (،يض المتُسط24
, موزيض رافيوي الاحوا29
َ موزيض ييوز رافيوي الاحوا19
موزيض بفقوز الودل الُسواي
َ قُرووت
. References: ًالىتائج مع مجاميع السيازي االصحاء َ مجاميع السيازي المزىي
أشارت الىتائج إلّ َجُا سيااة َاىوح فوي مسوتُِ ٌوذي اليىاصوز الىوشرة فوي يو مجواميع المزىوّ المدرَسو مقاروو موع
. المجاميع الضابا الا ييي َالمزىي
سيااة َاىح في مستُِ السيزَلُبالسميه َوقصان َاىو فوي مسوتُِ التزاوسوفزيه فوي يو مجواميع المزىوّ المدرَسو
مقارو مع المجاميع الضابا الا ييي َالمزىي
, َ اظٍزت الدراسو َجوُا قالقو مُج و َاىوح بويه مسوتُِ السويزَبالسميه
َالىحا ص في مجاميع مزىّ فقز ال ال حز األبويض المتُسوط َ
ٌىوا قالقو
سوال
بويه مسوتُِ التزاوسوفزيه َالحديود فوي مجواميع
.مزىّ فقز ال ال حز األبيض المتُسط ا
ًتضمـــىت ٌذي الدراســ
تقديز
مستُيات الىحاص ,الحديد ,السيزَلُبالسميه َالتزاوسفزيه في مصوُ مزىوّ فقوز ال ال حوز
األب (،يض المتُسط24
, موزيض رافيوي الاحوا29
َ موزيض ييوز رافيوي الاحوا19
موزيض بفقوز الودل الُسواي
َ قُرووت
. ًالىتائج مع مجاميع السيازي االصحاء َ مجاميع السيازي المزىي
أشارت الىتائج إلّ َجُا سيااة َاىوح فوي مسوتُِ ٌوذي اليىاصوز الىوشرة فوي يو مجواميع المزىوّ المدرَسو مقاروو موع
. المجاميع الضابا الا ييي َالمزىي ع
سيااة َاىح في مستُِ السيزَلُبالسميه َوقصان َاىو فوي مسوتُِ التزاوسوفزيه فوي يو مجواميع المزىوّ المدرَسو
مقارو مع المجاميع الضابا الا ييي َالمزىي
, َ اظٍزت الدراسو َجوُا قالقو مُج و َاىوح بويه مسوتُِ السويزَبالسميه
َالىحا ص في مجاميع مزىّ فقز ال ال حز األبويض المتُسوط َ
ٌىوا قالقو
سوال
بويه مسوتُِ التزاوسوفزيه َالحديود فوي مجواميع
.مزىّ فقز ال ال حز األبيض المتُسط 7 | 4,384 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/928/859 | null |
Arabic | : الخـالصـة ا
استتتت مل ن تتتام تطفيتتتر بكتتتترG-system
مكتتتون متتتن التتت عتتتG3 ( Bacillus ) ,
(Arthrobacter )
G12
G27 ( Brevibacterium)
ختبتار القابليتا التطفيريتا لل قتار المضتاد للسترطان
(CP) Cyclophosphamide
وب روف مشابها للتطفير بالمطفر القياسي(NTG) Nitrosoguanidine
. االر المركب على المتبقتي متن الخ يتا ال يت ا ب تد الم املتا لمتد50
دقيقتا لل ت الال التا عنتد استت مال
تراكي متدرجا منت ولكتن كتان بتتاالير اقتل متنNTG
. امتا التتيالير المطفتر فقتد فتاع الم املتا بالتتNTG
فتي التا
الطفرا المقاوما للستربتومايسين ولكن ان كس ال ال عند اتخاذ الطفترا المقاومتا للريفامبستين كمقيتاس وقت د
انس ب التاالير بنفس التنمط عنتد قيتاس كفتال المطفتر /طفر /متايكرونرام متن المطفترا. يمتا قابليتا ال ت للتطفتر
بالمطفرين فقد تفوق ال لا12
G
، والذ انس ب على ساستيا ال لتا ل مليتا التطفيتر وان كانت الطفتر3
G
قتد
تفوق عليها في الا تسجيل المقاوما للريفامبسين كواسم ا ورااليا والذ كان مشابها لما ي د في الاNTG
. وقتتتتد وجتتتتد ان ف تتتتو التطفيتتتتر يمكتتتتن ان
تتتتت ود بنتتتتتا ح نوعيتتتتا تتتتول خطتتتتور المتتتتواد المضتتتتاد
/ل ورام7
ا، وعلي فان الجها المستؤولا تؤكتد علتى
اجتتتترال اختبتتتتارا الستتتتميا الورااليتتتتاGenotoxicity
/ ل دويتتتتتتتتتا قبتتتتتتتتتل طر هتتتتتتتتتا ل ستتتتتتتتتواع8
ا. ومركتتتتتتتتتب
Cyclophosphamide
/
CP
ا متتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتن ا دويتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتا
المستتت ملا لم الجتتا انتتواة م ينتتا متتن الستترطانا اذ
ان لتتتتتتتتتتت ف اليتتتتتتتتتتتتا فتتتتتتتتتتتتي ايقتتتتتتتتتتتتاف تكتتتتتتتتتتتتاالر الخ يتتتتتتتتتتتتا
(Cytostatic
drug)
وي تتتتتتتد متتتتتتتن ال جتتتتتتتا
/ الكيمياويا القياسيا المست ملا9ا،
ومن جها اختر
فتتانCP
لتت قابليتتا تط/ فيريتتا فتتي اللبتتا ن55
ا بشتتكل
نيتتر مباشتتر يتت ي تتتاش التتى تنشتتيط ايضتتي التتذ
يتتتتتتم عتتتتتاد باستتتتتت مال9
S
/ خ صتتتتتا كبتتتتتد الجتتتتترذان
الم
رضا والم ضر بنبذ مهروس الكبتد علتى سترعا
g
9555
الب ل طفر
ا ، لذلع تك ن شتقات ف غيث لطفي العزاوي* غيث لطفي العزاوي* زهرة محمود الخفاجي* الهام عبد الهادي خلف* مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم المقدمة ن تتتتتتتترا لل قتتتتتتتتا الواليقتتتتتتتتا بتتتتتتتتين التطفيتتتتتتتتر
والتستتتتترطن وباعتبتتتتتار ال مليتتتتتا ا ولتتتتتى تتتتتي ا تتتتتد
/ مؤشتتتتترا التستتتتترطن5
ا فلتتتتتذلع استتتتتت مل ف تتتتتو
التطفيتتر للكشتتف عتتن التتتاالير المستترطن للمتتواد ستتوال
للكشتتتف عتتتن المتتتواد المستتترطنا فتتتي البي تتتا او لغير تتتا
/ متتن ا نتترا5
ا وذلتتع ن ال قتتا بتتين التطفيتتر
الكيميتتتتاو والمتتتتو فتتتتي البكتريتتتتا وتوليتتتتد الستتتترطانا
/ اصتتتب متتتن ا متتتور المستتتجلا رستتتميا3
ا و اصتتتب
متتن المقبتتتول فتتي الوقتتت ال اضتتر استتتت مال ا يتتتال
المجهريتتا لت ديتتد صتت يا المتتواد جديتتد ا ستتت مال
/
0،5ا ، والستتتتتتتتبب ي تتتتتتتتتود التتتتتتتتتى ساستتتتتتتتتيا ا يتتتتتتتتتال
المجهريا لت ديد مد خطور المواد المسرطنا سوال
/ في التربا او ص يا ا دويا6،0
.ا 055 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 -
المطفتتتتتتتتتتتتتتر: استتتتتتتتتتتتتتت ملCyclophosphamide
/
CP
ا من شركاFluka
. / سويسرا ستتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتوال ل ن متتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتا البكتريتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتا او اللبتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتا ن
/
55،53،55،55ا. وبا ضتتتتافا التتتتى متتتت ا ذكتتتتر فتتتتان
مركتتتتتتتتتبCP
يستتتتتتتتتبب كستتتتتتتتتور فتتتتتتتتتي الكروستتتتتتتتتوما
(Clastogen)
ولتتذلع يستتت مل كستتيطر موجبتتا فتتي
ال ديتتتتتتتتتتتتد متتتتتتتتتتتتن الدراستتتتتتتتتتتتا فتتتتتتتتتتتتي تتتتتتتتتتتتذا المجتتتتتتتتتتتتال
/
58،57،56،50
.ا : اختبارات التطفير تتتتتتم ت ضتتتتتير متتتتت روة لونتتتتتارتيمي لل تتتتت
التي تم انتخابها في وستط المترع المغتذ التى كالافتا
ضتتتتو يا000
OD
ب تتتتدود5050
–
50
. 5
. فصتتتتل
الخ يا عن الوسط بالطرد المرك ونسل بم لتول
دارل الفوستتتتتفا بتتتتت
ي س يتتتتتدروجيني000
التتتتتم علقتتتتت
بتتنفس ال جتتم متتن دارل الفوستتفا وقستتم إلتتى عتتد
يقسام ب جم0
مللتر ، و دد ال دد ال ي للخ يا في
وقتت الصتتفر ، التتم عوملتت النمتتاذش بتراكيتت متدرجتتا
متتتتتنCP
/
555،70،05،55،0ا متتتتتايك رونرام/مللتر
لمتتتتد50
دقيقتتتتا بدرجتتتتا373
م ، ب تتتتد ذلتتتتع فصتتتتل
الخ يتتتتتتتتتا متتتتتتتتتن الم لتتتتتتتتتول ونستتتتتتتتتل بم لتتتتتتتتتول دارل
الفوستفا التتم علقت و تتدد ال تتدد ال تي ب تتد الم املتتا
مباشتتر ،وكتتذلع رعتت النمتتاذش علتتى يوستتاط اويتتا
/ علتتتى الستربسومايستتتين55
متتتايكرونرام / ملليتتتترا
/والريفامبستتتتتتين55
متتتتتتايكرونرام / م لليتتتتتتترا لت ديتتتتتتد
الطفرا المقاوما . الم صن النمتاذش بدرجتا373
م -
م لتتول التخفيتتف ، استتت مل ل متتن التربتتتون
/
Oxoid
.ا من المال المقطر -
م لتتتول دارل الفوستتتفا : ضتتتر بتركيتتت5050
عيار وعدل ا س الهيدروجيني الى
000
باست مال
م لول عيار من ام/ الهيدروكلوريعHCl
.ا : العزالت البكترية : العزالت البكترية
عتتتت ل عتتتتتدد متتتتن البكتريتتتتتا متتتتتن نمتتتتاذش تربتتتتتا متتتتتن
مناطع ب يد عن مصادر التلو والمدن ، تم إجرال
التخافيف ال ما و راعتها على وسط اكتر يستاس
التتتتتدم و ضتتتتتن بدرجتتتتتا37
ْ
م لمتتتتتد55
ستتتتتاعا
.لل صول على مست مرا م ولا
*
اختيـــار تركيـــز المضـــاد الحيـــوي
: تتتتم باستتتت مال
/ طريقا التدرش بالتركي في األطباع55
ا
*اختبــــار الحساســــية لصــــبغة البلــــور البنفســــجي
:استتتتتتتتتتتتتت مل تراكيتتتتتتتتتتتتت متدرجتتتتتتتتتتتتتا متتتتتتتتتتتتتن الصتتتتتتتتتتتتتبغا
7،6،0،5،3،5، مللغرام/مللتتتتتتتتر
و تتتتتتتدد ساستتتتتتتيا
ال باست
م/ ال طريقا األقرا الورقيا55ا
*
( تحديد عدد البكتريـا الحـيViable count
:)
/ تم باست مال الطرع الم تمد في ذا المجال55ا عتتتت ل عتتتتتدد متتتتن البكتريتتتتتا متتتتتن نمتتتتاذش تربتتتتتا متتتتتن
مناطع ب يد عن مصادر التلو والمدن ، تم إجرال
التخافيف ال ما و راعتها على وسط اكتر يستاس
التتتتتدم و ضتتتتتن بدرجتتتتتا37
ْ
م لمتتتتتد55
ستتتتتاعا
.لل صول على مست مرا م ولا وفي م اولا يجاد ن ام تطفير ي تمد علتى البكتريتا
الموجبتتتا لصتتتبغا كتتترام والتتتتي تتتتم تجربتهتتتا متتت ب تتت
/ المطفتتتتترا الموالقتتتتتا59
ا، تنتتتتتاول تتتتتذا الجتتتتت ل متتتتتن
الدراسا تاالير مركبCP
في
عت الن تام المكتون
من ال ع3
G
12,
G
27,
G
باست مال الواسما
/ الورااليتتتتتتتتتاGenetic
markers
ا المقاومتتتتتتتتتا
للستربتومايستتتتتتتتتتين والريفامبستتتتتتتتتتين ومقارنتتتتتتتتتتا النتتتتتتتتتتتا ح
بالمطفر القياسيNTG
. *
اختيـــار تركيـــز المضـــاد الحيـــوي
: تتتتم باستتتت مال
/ طريقا التدرش بالتركي في األطباع55
ا
*اختبــــار الحساســــية لصــــبغة البلــــور البنفســــجي
:استتتتتتتتتتتتتت مل تراكيتتتتتتتتتتتتت متدرجتتتتتتتتتتتتتا متتتتتتتتتتتتتن الصتتتتتتتتتتتتتبغا
7،6،0،5،3،5، مللغرام/مللتتتتتتتتر
و تتتتتتتدد ساستتتتتتتيا
ال باست
م/ ال طريقا األقرا الورقيا55ا
*
( تحديد عدد البكتريـا الحـيViable count
:)
/ تم باست مال الطرع الم تمد في ذا المجال55ا المواد وطرق العمل
:االوساط الغذائية
-
وستتط اكتتار استتاس التتدمBlood agar base
من شركاMast/England
-
وستتط المتترع المغتتذNutrient broth
متتن
شركاGermany/Merck
-
م لتتول التخفيتتف ، استتت مل ل متتن التربتتتون
/
Oxoid
.ا من المال المقطر
-
م لتتتول دارل الفوستتتفا : ضتتتر بتركيتتت5050
عيار وعدل ا س الهيدروجيني الى
000
باست مال
م لول عيار من ام/ الهيدروكلوريعHCl
.ا
:المضادات الحيوية
-
الستربتومايستتتتتتتتتتتين: استتتتتتتتتتتت مل بشتتتتتتتتتتتك
ل
كبريتتتتتتتتتتتتا
الستربتومايسينStreptomycin sulphate
من شركاIndia/Ajanta
. -
الريفامبستتينRifampicin
: متتن م متتل ا دويتتا
/ في سامرالSDI
.ا / ال راع
-
صتبغا البلتور البنفستجيCrystal violet
: متن
شر كاBHD
/
England
. : العزالت البكترية المواد وطرق العمل
:االوساط الغذائية
-
وستتط اكتتار استتاس التتدمBlood agar base
من شركاMast/England
-
وستتط المتترع المغتتذNutrient broth
متتن
شركاGermany/Merck
-
م لتتول التخفيتتف ، استتت مل ل متتن التربتتتون
/
Oxoid
.ا من المال المقطر
-
م لتتتول دارل الفوستتتفا : ضتتتر بتركيتتت5050
عيار وعدل ا س الهيدروجيني الى
000
باست مال
م لول عيار من ام/ الهيدروكلوريعHCl
.ا
:المضادات الحيوية
-
الستربتومايستتتتتتتتتتتين: استتتتتتتتتتتت مل بشتتتتتتتتتتتك
ل
كبريتتتتتتتتتتتتا
الستربتومايسينStreptomycin sulphate
من شركاIndia/Ajanta
. -
الريفامبستتينRifampicin
: متتن م متتل ا دويتتا
/ في سامرالSDI
.ا / ال راع
-
صتبغا البلتور البنفستجيCrystal violet
: متن
شر كاBHD
/
England
. :المضادات الحيوية الستربتومايسينStreptomycin sulphate الستربتومايسينStreptomycin sulphate
من شركاIndia/Ajanta
. من شركاIndia/Ajanta
. -
الريفامبستتينRifampicin
: متتن م متتل ا دويتتا
/ في سامرالSDI
.ا / ال راع -
الريفامبستتينRifampicin
: متتن م متتل ا دويتتا
/ في سامرالSDI
.ا / ال راع 055 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم لليوم الالاني لغر الت بير ال تا رPhenotypic
expression
/
53
ا وفتتتتتي اليتتتتتوم التتتتتتالي تتتتتتم ت ديتتتتتد
عتتدد الخ يتتا ال تتي وكتتذلع تتتم ت ديتتد عتتدد الطفتترا
المقاومتتتتتتتتتتا للمضتتتتتتتتتتادا ال يويتتتتتتتتتتا الستربتومايستتتتتتتتتتين
،الريفاستتتتتين ، الستربتومايستتتتتت/ الريفامبستتتتتتين+ ين55
،
55
ا لليوم الالاني لغر الت بير ال تا رPhenotypic
expression
/
53
ا وفتتتتتي اليتتتتتوم التتتتتتالي تتتتتتم ت ديتتتتتد
عتتدد الخ يتتا ال تتي وكتتذلع تتتم ت ديتتد عتتدد الطفتترا
المقاومتتتتتتتتتتا للمضتتتتتتتتتتادا ال يويتتتتتتتتتتا الستربتومايستتتتتتتتتتين
،الريفاستتتتتين ، الستربتومايستتتتتت/ الريفامبستتتتتتين+ ين55 النتائج والمناقشة ال المست ملا تتيالر بتالبلور البنفستجي
التتذ يصتتتل و نتتت الج ي تتتي التتتى559
امتتتا مركتتتب
Cyclophosphamide
CP)
ا فيصتتتتتتتتتتتتتتل و نتتتتتتتتتتتتتت
الج ي تتتي التتتى57905
دالتتتتون ويستتتت مل فتتتي عتتت ش
/ الستتتترطانا بكونتتتت متتتتن ا دويتتتتاCytostatic
drug
/ ا55
ا وقتتتتد استتتتت مل لدراستتتتا تتتتتاالير التطفتتتتر
في ال ويوض /الشتكل5
ا تتاالير القاتتل للخ يتا
اذ مالتتتتل تتتتتاالير
فتتتتي
المتبقتتتتي متتتتن الخ يتتتتا(Sχ)
Survival Fraction
ومتا يقابلت متن ا تداف القتتل
(Hχ) lethal hits
فتتتي الخليتتتا،
ومقارنتتتا تتتتذ
المؤشتتتترا عنتتتتد استتتتت مال المطفتتتترNTG
القياستتتتي
ي يوض ان ال لا3
G
لها اعلتى قتيم للتتHx
عنتد التركيت555
متايكرونرام متنCP
مقارنتا بالتت
NTG
عنتتد
استتت مال05
/ متتايكرونرام50766ا ،
امتتتا ال لتتتاG12
فتتتي ان التركيتتت ا كالتتتر تتتتااليرا
فتتي ا تتدا اصتتابا فتتي الخليتتا كا تتداف قا تلتتا تتي
بالتركي555
مايكرونرام منCP
اماNTG
فقد
اد التتتتتتتى مالتتتتتتتل تتتتتتتذ النتيجتتتتتتتا عنتتتتتتتد التركيتتتتتتت55
متتايكرونرام ، وال لتتا27
G
كانتت خ يا تتا اكالتتر عرضتتا
للقتتتل وبشتتكل اوضتت عنتتد استتت مالNTG
التتذ
اد عنتتتتتد التركيتتتتت555
متتتتتايكرونرام التتتتتى ايصتتتتتال
ا داف القتل الى اقتل بقليتل متن555
ل اذ
اقتربت
قيمتاHx
متن555
( Natural log ) Ln
البالغتا
50650
/
53
ا اذ لتتتتتتم يبتتتتتتع متتتتتتن الخ يتتتتتتا ا نستتتتتتبا
50556
. من ال دد الذ بدي ب ا :الحسابات
يجريتتتتتتتتتتتتت ا ل ستتتتتتتتتتتتتابا وفتتتتتتتتتتتتتع المراجتتتتتتتتتتتتت
الخاصا/
53
ا
5
. ت ديتد الجت ل ال تي المتبقتي(Sx ) Survival
fraction
Sx = Ns/No
X
تركي المطفر
Ns
عدد الخ يا المتبقيا ب د الم املا مباشر
No
عتدد الخ يتا ال يتا فتي نمتوذش الستيطر
ا لا ا
/بد ن /بدون م املا ا :الحسابات 5
. ت ديتد الجت ل ال تي المتبقتي(Sx ) Survival
fraction
Sx = Ns/No
X
تركي المطفر
Ns
عدد الخ يا المتبقيا ب د الم املا مباشر
No
عتدد الخ يتا ال يتا فتي نمتوذش الستيطر 5
. تتتتترددLethal
hits
/
Hxا وفتتتتع الم ادلتتتتا
Sx = exp [- Hx]
3
. تردد الطفراMutant frequency ( Mx )
x/No
m
Mx =N
x
m
N
عدد الطفرا المست الا عند التركي
5
. / اصل الطفراYx
اMutant yield
/No
m
Yx =N
0
. يعلتتتى اصتتتل للطفتتترا عنتتتد تركيتتت م تتتين يو
عند اقل تركي مست ملYmax
6
. قابليتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتا الخ يتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتا للتطفيتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتر النستتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتتبيا
mutability
/
RmtاRelative
/Hx
max
Rmt= Y
7
. ساستتتتتتيا التطفيتتتتتتر النستتتتتتبياRelative
mutational sensitivity ( Rms)
/x
max
ms =Y
R
8
. كفال المطفرMutagen efficiency
Mut . Eff. =No. of mutant/ml /μg
mutagen وبمتتتتتتا ان عمليتتتتتتا القتتتتتتتل تكتتتتتتون بمالابتتتتتتا
/ ا تتتدا منفصتتتلا عتتتن التطفيتتتر نوعتتتا متتتا23
ا كتتتان
، بتتتد متتتن دراستتتتا ب تتت مؤشتتتترا التطفيتتتر للمتتتتواد
وفتتتي البتتتدل تتتم ستتتاب اصتتل الطفتتتتراYχ
Mutant
yield
عنتتتتتتتد اقتتتتتتل تركيتتتتتتت مستتتتتتتت مل
/
Ymax
ا لتتت55
متتايكرونرام / مللتتتر متتن المطفتترين
والنتتتا ح موضتت ا فتتي /الشتتكل5
ا وباستتت مال طفتترا 8
. كفال المطفرMutagen efficiency
Mut . Eff. =No. of mutant/ml /μg
mutagen 055 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم /استتتت مالNTG
ا. ومتتتن م تتتا النتتتتا ح نجتتتد ان
ال لا12
G
ي ا كالر قابليا للتطفيتر ي ت ت بهتا
طفتترا كاليتتر مقارنتتا بتتال لتين ا ختترتين وان تفوقتت
ال لتا3
G
قلتي بالنستبا لطفترا الريفامبستين عنتد
استتتتتت مال. CP
والمؤشتتتتتر ا ختتتتتر التتتتتذ يمكتتتتتن
استتتتت مال لتمييتتتت ال تتتت و ساستتتتيتها(Rms)
Relative mutability sensitivity
فموضت ا
فتتتي /الشتتتكل7
ا وتشتتتير النتتتتا ح التتتى ان ال لتتتا12
G
تتتي ا كالتتتر ساستتتيا وان كانتتت ال لتتتا3
G
اكالتتتر
. ساسيا في ب ال ا /استتتت مالNTG
ا. ومتتتن م تتتا النتتتتا ح نجتتتد ان
ال لا12
G
ي ا كالر قابليا للتطفيتر ي ت ت بهتا
طفتترا كاليتتر مقارنتتا بتتال لتين ا ختترتين وان تفوقتت
ال لتا3
G
قلتي بالنستبا لطفترا الريفامبستين عنتد
استتتتتت مال. CP
والمؤشتتتتتر ا ختتتتتر التتتتتذ يمكتتتتتن
استتتتت مال لتمييتتتت ال تتتت و ساستتتتيتها(Rms)
Relative mutability sensitivity
فموضت ا المقاومتتتتتتتتا للستربتومايستتتتتتتتين ومقاومتتتتتتتتا الريفامبستتتتتتتتين
كواستتتتتما ورااليتتتتتا. :الحسابات ويتضتتتتت متتتتتن النتتتتتتا ح ان تتتتتتاالير
المطفتتترين ي تمتتتد علتتتى ا ل لتتتا المستتتت ملا با ضتتتافا
.الى اعتماد على الواسما الورااليا وفي مجال ت ديد التاالير المطفر للمواد تتم
ستتتاب عتتتدد الطفتتترا / مللتتتتر التتتتي ي الهتتتا المطفتتتر
CP
والمطفتتتتتتر القياستتتتتتيNTG
كمتتتتتتا موضتتتتتت فتتتتتتي
الشتتتكل ويوضتتت الشتتتكل3
تفتتتوعCP
علتتتىNTG
متتتتن يتتتت الطفتتتترا المقاومتتتتا لل ستربتومايستتتتين فتتتتي
ال الال التا ، فتي تين ان كتس ذلتع فتي الطفترا
المقاومتتا للريفامبستتين وت تتدد الجهتتا المستتؤولا مالتتل
WHO,EPA
التتى ان المتتاد ت تتد مطفتتر /وبالتتتالي
مستتترطناا فيمتتتا اذا اد التتتى يتتتاد خطيتتتا فتتتي تتتتردد
الطفتتترا(Mχ) Mutation frequency
عنتتتد
/ ا دياد التركيت المستت مل متن المتاد55،53
ا لتذلع
ستتتبMχ
علتتتى متتتد متتتن التراكيتتت للمركتتتبCP
ومقارنا ذلتع بالتتNTG
كمتا موضت فتي /الشتكل5
ا
للطفرا المقاوما للستربتومايسين والطفرا المقاوما
للريفامبستتتتتين ويتضتتتتت متتتتتن الشتتتتتكل ان نتتتتتاع يتتتتتاد
مضطرد في تردد الطفرا المقاوما للستربتومايسين
والريفامبسين في ال لا3
G
باستت مال
CP
وNTG
، اماال لتتتا12
G
فقتتتد تفتتتوعCP
فتتتي تتت الطفتتترا
المقاومتتتتتتتتا للستربتومايستتتتتتتتين وبشتتتتتتتتكل اقتتتتتتتتل بالنستتتتتتتتبا
للطفرا المقاوما للريفامبسين، ونمطتا مشتابها لتو
بالنسبا لل لا27
G
. فتتتي /الشتتتكل7
ا وتشتتتير النتتتتا ح التتتى ان ال لتتتا12
G
تتتي ا كالتتتر ساستتتيا وان كانتتت ال لتتتا3
G
اكالتتتر
. :الحسابات ساسيا في ب ال ا ويتضتتتتتت متتتتتتن النتتتتتتتا ح اعتتتتتت انCP
ذو
التتو ن الج ي تتي57905
المستتت مل فتتي عتت ش ب تت
السرطانا و ماد مطفر كما االب فتي ال ديتد متن
/ الدراستتتا ا ختتتر19,10
ا واالبتتت ذلتتتع فتتتي ن تتتام
Escherichia coli ,Salmonella
/
24,16
ا
وتشتتير الدراستتا التتى ان المتتاد مطفتتر نيتتر مباشتتر
/
56
ا ي ت تتتتاش التتتى تنشتتتيط ايضتتتي ولكتتتن المستتت
/ التتتتتتذ اجتتتتتتر تتتتتتول تقيتتتتتتيم المطفتتتتتترا55
،
50
ا
والدراستتتا التتتتي اجريتت فتتي تتذا المجتتتال تشتتير التت تى
انCP
مطفتتر فتتي ستت لا ايمتتسTA1535
ا ان
الدراسا لم تشر الى ان ناع سيطر سالبا ي بدون
وجود9
S
كمنشط ايضي با ضتافا التى ان الدراستا
ا خر كان تنقصها الكالير من التاكيد ولتذلع فمتن
المتوقتتت ان تكتتتون نتتتاع قابليتتتا تطفيريتتتا للمركتتتب لتتتم
.يتم تسجيلها مسبقا وعليتتتت يمكتتتتن
ان تستتتتت مل عتتتت الن تتتتام
G-system
لدراستتتتا القابليتتتتا التطفيريتتتتا لل ديتتتتد متتتتن
المتتتتتتواد
خاصتتتتتتا وان
الجهتتتتتتا المستتتتتتؤولا والمشتتتتتترعا
/ توصتتي ب تتدم الركتتون التتى ن تتام تطفيتتر وا تتد50
ا
كما ان المراج
تشير في ال دي د من نتا جها التى ان
ب تتتتتت المتتتتتتواد التتتتتتتي كانتتتتتت ستتتتتتالبا عنتتتتتتد استتتتتتت مال
Salmonella / microsomal assay
كانتت
موجبا في الا است مال بكترياBacillus
/
56
.ا ولتقدير كفالCP
ومقارنت فيNTG
تم
ساب عدد الطفرا لكل و د و نيتا متن المركبتا
/ كمتتتتتتتا موضتتتتتتت فتتتتتتتي
الشتتتتتتتكل0
ا الختتتتتتتا بطفتتتتتتترا
الستربتومايستتتتتتتين والطفتتتتتتترا المقاومتتتتتتتا للريفامبستتتتتتتين
والتي توض كفالNTG
مقارنا بمركبCP
. :الحسابات امتتتتتتا قابليتتتتتتا ال تتتتتت للتطفتتتتتتر بالمركبتتتتتتا
(Rmt) Relative mutability
/
53
ا موضتت ا
في /الشكل6
ا خا بمركبCP
والم املا المقارنا 053
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Sx
Hx
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Sx
Hx 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Sx
Hx 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Sx
Hx 53
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Sx
Hx مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم 055
شكل1
: تأثير تراكيز متدرجة منCp
على نسبة بقاء الخاليا الحيةSx
وما يقابلها من قيمHx
على اعزالت الثالث مقارنة بالمطفرNTG
G12/Cp Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Sx
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Hx
Sx
Hx
G12/NTG/ Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Sx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Hx
Sx
Hx
G27/NTG
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Sx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Hx
Sx
Hx
G27/Cp Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Sx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Hx
Sx
Hx
Ymax/G3/Cp/Strep
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
NTG
Cp
treat
Ymax/105
Ymax/G3/Cp/Rif
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
NTG
Cp
treat
Ymax/105 شكل1
: تأثير تراكيز متدرجة منCp
على نسبة بقاء الخاليا الحيةSx
وما يقابلها من قيمHx
على اعزالت الثالث مقارنة بالمطفرNTG
G12/Cp Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Sx
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Hx
Sx
Hx
G12/NTG/ Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Sx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Hx
Sx
Hx
G27/NTG
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Sx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Hx
Sx
Hx
G27/Cp Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Sx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Hx
Sx
Hx G12/NTG/ Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Sx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Hx
Sx
Hx G12/Cp Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Sx
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Hx
Sx
Hx G27/NTG
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Sx
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Hx
Sx
Hx G27/Cp Sx vs Hx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Sx
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
Hx
Sx
Hx شكل1
: تأثير تراكيز متدرجة منCp
على نسبة بقاء الخاليا الحيةSx
وما يقابلها من قيمHx
على اعزالت الثالث مقارنة بالمطفرNTG 055
Ymax/G3/Cp/Strep
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
NTG
Cp
treat
Ymax/105
Ymax/G3/Cp/Rif
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
NTG
Cp
treat
Ymax/105 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم شكل2
: حاصل الطفراتYmax
الناتج من استعمالCp
م وال طفر القياسيNTG
بتركيز11
مايكروغرام لحث الطفرات المقاومة للستربتومايسين والريفامبيسين شكل2
: حاصل الطفراتYmax
الناتج من استعمالCp
م وال طفر القياسيNTG
بتركيز11
مايكروغرام لحث الطفرات المقاومة للستربتومايسين والريفامبيسين 050
G3/Mut/ml /NTG & Cp /Sterp
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Mut/ml
Cp
NTG
G3/ Mut/ml /Cp &NTG /Rif
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Mut/ml
Cp
NTG G3/Mut/ml /NTG & Cp /Sterp
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Mut/ml
Cp
NTG 050
G3/ Mut/ml /Cp &NTG /Rif
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Mut/ml
Cp
NTG مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم 056
شكل3
: تأثير المطفرات
في عدد الطفرت / مللتر في ا لعزالت الثالث
بتأثيرCp
وNTG
G3/Mx 0f NTG&CP /Sterp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp
G3 /Mx of NTG& Cp/Rif
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp 056
G3/Mx 0f NTG&CP /Sterp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp
G3 /Mx of NTG& Cp/Rif
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp 056
G3/Mx 0f NTG&CP /Sterp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp
G3 /Mx of NTG& Cp/Rif
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp G3 /Mx of NTG& Cp/Rif
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp G3/Mx 0f NTG&CP /Sterp
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mx/105
NTG
Cp مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم 057
شكل4
: تردد الطفراتMx
المستحثة بتأثيرCp
مقارنة بالمطفر القياسي
NTG
Mut.Activity G3 /NTG vs Cp/Strep
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut./ microg
NTG
Cp
Mut.Activity /G3 /NTG vs Cp / Rif
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut/microg
NTG
Cp
12
NTG
3.5
NTG شكل4
: تردد الطفراتMx
المستحثة بتأثيرCp
مقارنة بالمطفر القياسي
NTG 057
Mut.Activity G3 /NTG vs Cp/Strep
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut./ microg
NTG
Cp
Mut.Activity /G3 /NTG vs Cp / Rif
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut/microg
NTG
Cp
12
NTG
3.5
NTG 057
Mut.Activity G3 /NTG vs Cp/Strep
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut./ microg
NTG
Cp
Mut.Activity /G3 /NTG vs Cp / Rif
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut/microg
NTG
Cp
12
NTG
3 5
NTG Mut.Activity /G3 /NTG vs Cp / Rif
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut/microg
NTG
Cp Mut.Activity G3 /NTG vs Cp/Strep
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Mut./ microg
NTG
Cp مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم شكل5
: كفاءة المطفر ( طفرة / مايكروغرام ) على حث الطفر ات في العزالت المستعملة
مقارنة بالمطفر القياسيNTG شكل5
: كفاءة المطفر ( طفرة / مايكروغرام ) على حث الطفر ات في العزالت المستعملة
مقارنة بالمطفر القياسيNTG شكل5
: كفاءة المطفر ( طفرة / مايكروغرام ) على حث الطفر ات في العزالت المستعملة
مقارنة بالمطفر القياسيNTG شكل5
: كفاءة المطفر ( طفرة / مايكروغرام ) على حث الطفر
ات في العزالت المستعملة
مقارنة بالمطفر القياسيNTG 058
Rmt/Cp /Strep
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Rmt/105
G3
G12
G27
Rmt/NTG/Strep
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
10
50
75 100
conc
Rmt/ 105
G3
G12
G27
70
80
G3
G12
8
9
G3 Rmt/Cp /Strep
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Rmt/105
G3
G12
G27 Rmt/NTG/Strep
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
10
50
75 100
conc
Rmt/ 105
G3
G12
G27 Rmt/Cp /Strep 058 8
9
G3 70
80
G3
G12 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم
مجلد5
(
4
)
8002
شكل6
: قابلية العزالت للتطفيرRelative mutability
بالمطفرCp
مقارنة بالمطفر
القياسيNTG مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم 059 مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم شكل 7: حساسية العزالت Relative mutational sensitivity للتطفير CP& NTG
Rms/Cp /Strep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Rms//105
G3
G12
G27
Rms /NTG /Sterp
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Rms /10
5
G3
G12
G27
Rms /NTG/ Rif
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
10
50
75
100
conc
Rms/ 105
G3
G12
G27
Rms//Cp /Rif
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
10
100
conc
Rms/105
G3
G12
G27 Rms/Cp /Strep
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0
1
10
50
100
conc
Rms//105
G3
G12
G27 Rms//Cp /Rif
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0
10
100
conc
Rms/105
G3
G12
G27 شكل 7: حساسية العزالت Relative mutational sensitivity للتطفير CP& NTG كل 7: حساسية العزالت Relative mutational sensitivity للتطفيرCP& NTG Furocoumaryl
arcinogenes/
Mutagens & their Interactions
with
Nucleic
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179. 4. McMahon,R.E.,Cline,J.C.&Th
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Res.39: 682-693. 4. 2. Ward,J.B.,Rinkus,S.J.&Legato
r,M.S.1981.Strategies
for
Overcoming the Deficiencies
of
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System
for
Detecting
Chemical
Mutagens. In
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York,Basel. 5. Rao,K.S.,Young,M.D.,Shaw,
M.S.&Parton,J.W.2004.Mutag
enicity testing applied for
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developing
products. Curr.Separations.20:141-144. 5. Rao,K.S.,Young,M.D.,Shaw,
M.S.&Parton,J.W.2004.Mutag
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regulation
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developing
products. Curr.Separations.20:141-144. ,
3. Song,P.S.,Ou,C.N.&Tapley,J.1
981.Photo-activation
of 3. 055 مجلد5
(
4
)
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(
4
)
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3.Antigenotoxic
potential
of
certain
dietary
constituents. Teratog. Carcinog.Mutagen.Suppl.1:
323-
325. 6. Watanabe,T.&Hirayama,T.200
1.Genotoxicity of soil.J.Health. Sci.47:433-438. 7. DeMarini,D.M.,pham,H.N.,Ka
tz,A.J.&Brockman,H.E.1984.r
elationships between structures
& mutagenic potencies of
heterocyclic nitrogen mustards
(ICR
compounds)
in
Salmonella typhimurium.Mut
Res. 136: 158-199. 15. Ellenberger,J.&Mohn,G.1975.Mut
agenic
activity
of
Cyclophosphamid,
ifosfamide,&
trofosfamide in different genes of
Escherichia
coli&
Salmonella
typhimurium
after
biotransformation through extracts
of
radent
liver.Arch. Toxicol.33:225-240. 8. Nath,J.&Krishna,G.1998.Ssfet
y screening of drugs in cancer
therapy.Acta
Haematologica. 99: 138-147. 9. Ojo-
Amaize,E.A.,Nchekwabe,E.J.,
Cottam,H.B.,Bai,R.,Okogun,J. I.,
Adesomoju,
A.A.,Oyemade,O.A.&Hamel,E
.2002.Hypoestoxide a natural
nonmutagenic diterpenaid with
antiangiogenic & antitumor
activity: Possible mechanisms
of
action. Cancer
Res. 62:4007-4014. 16. Azevedo,J.,Gomes,J.C.,Stringheta,
P.C.,Gontijo,A.M.,Padovani,C.R.,
Riberio,
L.R.&
Salvadori,
D.M.2003.Black bear (Phaseolus
vulgaris L.) as a protective agent
against
DNA
damage
in
mice.Food
chem. Toxicol. 41:1671-1676. 17. Giannotti,E.,Vandin,L.,Repeto,R. &Comelli,R.2002.A
comparison
of the in virto comet assay with
the
in
vitro
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aberration
assay
using
whole
human
blood
or
Chinese
hamster.Mutagenesis.17:163-170. 10. Oesch-Bartlmowiz, B & Oesch,
F.2004.Modulation of mutagencity
by phosphonylation of mutagen-
metabolizing
enzymes. Arch-
Brochem. Biophys. 423: 31-36. 18. Shukla,Y.&Taneja,P.2002.Antimu
tagenic effects of garlic extract on
chromosomal aberrations. Cancer
lett.8:31-36. 11. Benedict,W.F.,Baker,M.S.,Haroun,
L.,Choi,E. & Ames, B.N. 1977. Mutagenicity
of
Cancer
Chemotherapeutic agents in the
Salmonella/
microsome
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cliation & chemical induced
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hi,A.,Kawachi,T.&
Sugimura,T. 1978.Mutagenicity
of
several
classes of antitumor agents to
Salmonella typhimurium TA98,
TA100 & TA92.Cancer Res.38:
148-156. 20. WHO.1985.Guide to Short-Term
Tests for Detecting Mutagenic &
Carcinogenic
Chemicals. Environmental Health Criteria #
51. 21. Kier,L.D.,Brusick,D.J.,Auletta,A. E.,Van
Halle,E.S.,Brown,M.M.,Simmon,
V.F.,Dunkel,V.,McCann,J.,Mortel
mans,K.,Prival,M.,&Rao,T.K.198
6.The
Salmonella
typhimurium
/mammalian microsomal assay:A 13. Pak,K.,Iwasaki,T.,Miyakawa,M.&
Yoshida,O.1979.The
mutagenic
activity of anti-cancer drugs&the
urine
of
given
these
drugs. Urol.Res.22: 119-124. 055 مجلة ام سلمة للعلوم مجلد5
(
4
)
8002 24. Felkner,I.C.1981.Microbial
Testers:Probing
Carcinogenesis. Marcel
Dekker
Inc.:New
York,Basel. report of the U.S. Environmental
Protection
Agency
Gene-Tox
program.Mut.Res.168: 69-240. 22. Eckardt,F.&Haynes,R.H.1981.Qua
ntitative Measures of Induced
Mutagensis.In “Short-Term Tests
for
Chemical
Carcinogens”
Eds.H.F. Stich &R.H.C. San. Springer-verlag: New York,Berlin. 25. Felkner,I.C.,Laumbach,A.D.&Hart
er,M.L.1981.Development
of
a
B.subtilis
system
to
Screen
Carcinogens/Mutagens:DNA.Dam
aging
Mutation
Assays.In
“Microbial
Testers:
Probing
Carcinogensis”.Ed.I.C. Felkner,
Marcel
Dekker
Inc.:New
York,Basel. 23. Taneja,P.,Arora,A.&Shukla,Y.200
3.Antimutagenic effects of black
tea in the Salmonella typhimurium
reverse mutation assay. Asian. Pac.J.Cancer. Prev.4:193-198. * Genetic Engineering of Biotechnology Institute for Postgraduate Studies/University
of Baghdad. * Genetic Engineering of Biotechnology Institute for Postgraduate Studies/University
of Baghdad. Developing of Bacterial Mutagenic Assay System for
Detection of Environmental and Food Mutagens
V – Using Anticancer Drug Cyclophosphamide *
Elham A.Kalaf*
Gaith L.Al-Azawi* Zahra M.Al-Khafaji*
Elham A.Kalaf*
Gaith L.Al-Azawi* Elham A.Kalaf* Gaith L.Al-Azawi* Abstract G-system composed of three isolates G3 ( Bacillus),G12 ( Arthrobacter )and
G27 ( Brevibacterium) was used to detect the mutagenicity of the anticancer drug,
cyclophosphamide (CP) under conditions similar to that used for standard mutagen,
Nitrosoguanidine (NTG). g
The CP effected the survival fraction of isolates after treatment for 15 mins
using gradual increasing concentrations, but at less extent comparing to NTG. The
mutagenic effect of CP was at higher level than that of NTG when using streptomycin
as a genetic marker, but the situation was reversed when using rifampicin resistant as
a report marker. The latter effect appeared upon recording the mutagen efficiency (ie.,
number of induced mutants/microgram of mutagen). Measuring the Relative mutability revealed that isolate G12 was highly
mutable by both mutagens. The Relative mutational results showed also that isolate G12 is more sensitive,
except when recording rifampicin resistance as a genetic marker, and this pattern was
similar to NTG. 055 | 4,583 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/931/862 | null |
Arabic | Abstract Data Driven Requirement Engineering (DDRE) represents a vision for a shift from the static traditional
methods of doing requirements engineering to dynamic data-driven user-centered methods. Data available
and the increasingly complex requirements of system software whose functions can adapt to changing
needs to gain the trust of its users, an approach is needed in a continuous software engineering process. This need drives the emergence of new challenges in the discipline of requirements engineering to meet
the required changes. The problem in this study was the method in data discrepancies which resulted in
the needs elicitation process being hampered and in the end software development found discrepancies
and could not meet the needs of stakeholders and the goals of the organization. The research objectives
in this research to the process collected and integrating data from multiple sources and ensuring
interoperability. Conclusion in this research is determining is the clustering algorithm help the collection
data and elicitation process has a somewhat greater impact on the ratings provided by professionals for
pairs that belong to the same cluster. However, the influence of POS tagging on the ratings given by
professionals is relatively consistent for pairs within the same cluster and pairs in different clusters. Keywords: DDRE, Data Source, Requirement Engineering, System Software, Elicitation Process. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Received 26/09/2023, Revised 10/02/2024, Accepted 12/02/2024, Published 25/02/2024 © © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited. Fransiskus Adikara3 1Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. 2Department of Information System, Faculty of Technology and Design, Universitas Bunda Mulia, Jakarta, Indonesia. 3Department of Informatics, Faculty of Technology and Design, Universitas Bunda Mulia, Jakarta, Indonesia. *Corresponding Author. *Corresponding Author. PARS2023: Postgraduate Annual Research Seminars 2023. Received 26/09/2023, Revised 10/02/2024, Accepted 12/02/2024, Published 25/02/2024 Introduction Organizations are closely related to the need for
information systems, adaptation of information
technology, and information systems are the main
drivers for organizations to develop their business 1. Requirement
engineering
is
important initial
processes when developing software for an
organization, including how data plays an important
role in requirement engineering2,3. Requirement engineering (RE) is a collection of
activities to identify and communicate the goals of
the system, specifically the software, and the context
in which the software will be used 3. RE is bridge
between the real-world needs of users, customers,
and other constituents affected by a software system,
and the capabilities and opportunities provided by
software-intensive technologies 4-6. Requirement engineering (RE) is a collection of
activities to identify and communicate the goals of
the system, specifically the software, and the context
in which the software will be used 3. RE is bridge
between the real-world needs of users, customers,
and other constituents affected by a software system,
and the capabilities and opportunities provided by
software-intensive technologies 4-6. Page | 561 Page | 561 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal The initial process of RE development is very useful
for obtaining system functions that will be developed
in software 5. Software requirements engineering
activities must be able to run correctly, completely
and accurately so that the information system
developed does not become backward, over budget,
or even fails to be completed 6. The quality of the
requirement engineering process is an important
factor that can cause errors in software engineering
projects 7. operations and customer feedback 10. For example,
user reviews on mobile apps platform becomes an
important target of analysis, because it contains a lot
of information. However, data-driven requirements
technology is a new domain that must be
continuously researched and developed 11. According to the data, data management and
analytics will grow rapidly according to their role. The compound annual growth rate is 21%, twice as
fast as the business software. As data grows rapidly,
decision makers and stakeholders are demanding
computerized support for their work by asking for
intelligent solutions that can analyze and visualize
their data to achieve their goals 12. To meet these
needs, it is necessary to enhance RE elicitation
process that utilizes available data as the main source
for determining software requirement 5. Introduction This study
uses Natural Language Processing (NLP) combined
with the Kmeans and MeanShift algorithms to find
out whether there are significant differences in the
data used and in the end these data can be used in the
need elicitation process 13. Failures in system development are often caused by
misunderstandings that are misinterpreted when the
RE stage cannot meet user expectations. The better
the requirements specification given, the better the
software system developed 8. Therefore, a RE
process is needed that is able to solve these problems. RE is often referred to as the most important phase
in software engineering because errors in this phase
are very expensive if not detected at a later stage 9. Currently, RE not only on key stakeholders but also
on large-scale data, which comes from a number of Materials and Methods Test the effectiveness of different concepts and
combinations of POS tagging and clustering
techniques in automatically managing large amounts
of user input. Ten participants, consisting of five
students and five lecturers, were asked to evaluate
pairs of existing feedback data 13. The selected pairs
were designed to test all variables equally. The
participants' familiarity with the domain and their
level of interest were considered, and four
combinations of POS tagging were chosen for
testing. The supervised and unsupervised clustering
algorithms were used to partition the data after
extracting the POS tagging combinations, and the
performance differences between these approaches
were also examined
14. After the experiment,
participants were interviewed to gather their
motivations for choosing specific items. The evaluation
metrics
focused
on
intra-cluster
relatedness, measuring the similarity of items within
the same cluster, and inter-cluster relatedness,
assessing the differences between items in different
clusters. These metrics were utilized to evaluate the
effectiveness of different NLP settings and
techniques in generating groupings 15 ,16. In Fig. 1, the research used is university case studies
and will eventually produce a dashboard in the form
of the distribution of existing data sets. To achieve
this goal, a process is followed where 20 feedback
items are extracted from the dataset. These items are
then transformed using POS tagging, which involves
utilizing NLP tools and domain-specific dictionaries. The POS tagging helps in identifying and
categorizing different parts of speech in the text. Page | 562 Page | 562 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 1. Component Diagram Architecture Figure 1. Component Diagram Architecture After the text transformation, two clustering
algorithms, namely K-means and Meanshift, are
applied to assign the transformed text to cluster 17. These clustering algorithms group similar feedback
items together based on their textual features18. themes or subjects that are prevalent within the
feedback data 19. Overall, the analysis focuses on automatically
organizing the unstructured text data by applying
POS tagging, clustering algorithms (K-means and
MeanShift), and topic modeling 20. These techniques
aim to provide insights into the structure and content
of the feedback data without relying on human-
generated classifications. In addition to clustering, topic modeling is also
performed to identify topics within each cluster. Topic modeling helps in uncovering underlying Results and Discussion Results and Discussion In Fig. 2, the overall evaluation of the pairs based
on the assessments from the test subjects, it is
observed that 48% of the pairs are rated as "Not at
all Associated." When including the category of
"Somewhat Unrelated," this percentage increases
to 68%, indicating a significant portion of the data
being considered as not associated based on
evaluating clustering algorithm. It is crucial to consider these findings since the effectiveness of
our metrics relies on accurately grouping or
separating the feedback items. The presence of a
substantial number of unrelated pairs affects the
results and may indicate that our grouping
approach is successful in identifying and handling
unrelated tickets, particularly when more than two
components of a pair are unrelated. Page | 563 Page | 563 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
Figure 2. Distribution of Ratings Across Data Set Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 2. Distribution of Ratings Across Data Set Figure 2. Distribution of Ratings Across Data Set Figure 2. Distribution of Ratings Across Data Set The Wilcoxon Total Rating test was conducted on
the distribution of ratings, comparing pairs that were
in the same cluster versus pairs in different clusters. The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test results in N=639992,
W=397301, and a p-value of less than 2.2e-15,
indicating a statistically significant difference
between these two groups. This suggests that there is
a significant distinction between the ratings of paired
items within the same cluster and those in different
clusters. evaluating pairs within the same cluster and lower
agreement for pairs in different clusters, although the
differences did not reach statistical significance In Fig.3, the lecturer rate tickets in the same cluster. Three combinations the K-Means is related by more
than 51%, whereas Meanshift has only one
distribution which violates the 50%. However, all
distributions are tied between 42% and 56%. When
examining the results for lecturers the saw pairs
clustered in the same cluster and different clusters
separately, because interested in the performance of
the POS clustering and tagging algorithms regarding
ticket grouping and segregation. Results and Discussion Further analysis was performed by dividing the data
into pairs within the same cluster and pairs in
different clusters, and conducting the Wilcoxon
Rank Sum Test on the difference in ratings between
students and professionals. For pairs in the same
cluster, N=160931, W=86389, and the p-value is
0.06285. For pairs in different clusters, N=158531,
W=72621, and the p-value is 0.02135. The W-score
represents the sum of the ratings, indicating how
many ratings are larger in one population compared
to the other. Although no statistical significance was
found,
it
was
observed
that
students
and
professionals tended to agree more on ratings for
pairs within the same cluster and had more
disagreements on ratings for pairs in different
clusters. Page | 564
Figure 3. Distribution of Ratings Across Data Set Overall, these findings suggest a tendency for higher
agreement between students and professionals when Page | 564
Figure 3. Distribution of Ratings Across Data Set Page | 564 Page | 564 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal The Wilcoxon Sum Rating Test was conducted
separately on pairs within the same cluster and pairs
in different clusters, considering the ratings given by
professionals and students. For pairs within the same
cluster, N=40159, W=20539, and the p-value is
0.6773. For pairs in different clusters, N=39759,
W=20135, and the p-value is 0.803. These results
suggest that the clustering algorithm has a slightly
more noticeable effect on the ratings given by
professionals when evaluating pairs within the same
cluster compared to pairs in different clusters. The
distribution of ratings appears to be less uniform in
the former category. In Fig.4, the distribution of pairs in a different cluster
is analyzed to evaluate the success of ticket
separation. A high proportion of unrelated pairs
indicates a successful distribution. The most
effective combination is the Meanshift algorithm
with the Verbs and Nouns feature set, achieving a
separation of unrelated tickets in 92% of cases. Conversely, the worst performing combination is the
K-means algorithm with Named Entities, Nouns, and
Adjectives, achieving a separation of unrelated
tickets in only 80% of cases. Therefore, the
MeanShift algorithm with the Verbs and Nouns
combination is the most successful approach for
accurately separating tickets into different clusters. The Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to assess the
influence of the four distributions of POS tagging on
the ratings given by lecturers. Results and Discussion The test was conducted
separately for pairs within the same cluster and pairs
in different clusters. For pairs within the same
cluster, the test yielded a chi-squared value of
2.6496, df=3, and a p-value of 0.4488. Figure 4. Lecturer For Pair in The Different
Cluster Rating The clustering algorithm appears to have a slightly
stronger influence on the ratings given by lecturers
for pairs within the same cluster, while the effect of
POS tagging on the ratings given by lecturers is
similar for pairs within the same cluster and pairs in
different clusters. Figure 4. Lecturer For Pair in The Different
Cluster Rating Authors’ Declaration Authors’ Declaration included with the necessary permission for re-
publication, which is attached to the manuscript. Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and Tables
in the manuscript are ours. Furthermore, any
Figures and images, that are not ours, have been Conclusion In the evaluation of the pairs based on test subjects'
assessments, it was found that a significant
percentage of the data, 68%, was considered
unrelated or not associated. This finding is important
as it affects the accuracy of the metrics used to group
or separate feedback items. A statistical test showed
a significant difference in ratings between pairs
within the same cluster and pairs in different clusters. However, when comparing ratings given by students
and
professionals,
there
was
no
statistical significance, but a tendency for higher agreement
within the same cluster and lower agreement in
different clusters was observed. In line with the shift towards a data-centered
approach, there is a need for automated tools that can
process feedback. These tools could build on the
findings of this thesis, particularly in the area of
directed clustering, which focuses on words relevant
to requirements analysts in software development. Page | 565 Page | 565 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0561-0567
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9675
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 p
g
j
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Authors’ Contribution Statement D.Y.B and D.N.J conceived of the presented idea. D.Y.B, D.N.J., and F.A. development theory and
performed computation. D.N.J and S.A.H. verified
the analytical methods. F.A. encouraged D.Y.B. to D.Y.B and D.N.J conceived of the presented idea. D.Y.B, D.N.J., and F.A. development theory and
performed computation. D.N.J and S.A.H. verified
the analytical methods. F.A. encouraged D.Y.B. to investigate and supervised finding of this work. All
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Meanshift and Kmeans. IEEE Adv Inf Technol ديفي يوريسكا برناندا1,2، دايانغ إن.إيه جواوي1، شهليزا عبد الحليم1
،فرانسيسكوس أديكارا3
1
قسم علوم الحاسب، كلية الهندسة، الجامعة
التكنولوجية الماليزية، جوهور باهرو، ماليزيا. 2قسم نظم المعلومات، كلية التكنولوجيا والتصميم، جامعة بوندا موليا، جاكرتا، إندونيسيا. 3قسم المعلوماتية، كلية التكنولوجيا والتصميم، جامعة بوندا موليا، جاكرتا، إندونيسيا. الخالص
ة
تمثل هندسة المتطلبات المبنية على البيانات
DDRE
رؤية للتحول من األساليب التقليدية الثابتة للقيام بهندسة المتطلبات إلى األساليب
الديناميكية التي تعتمد على البيانات والتي تركز على المستخدم. البيانات المتاحة والمتطلبات المتزايدة التعقيد لبرامج النظام التي مي كن أن
،تتكيف وظائفها مع االحتياجات المتغيرة لكسب ثقة مستخدميها
تحتاج
إلى نهج في عملية هندسة البرمجيات المستمرة. هذه الحاجة تدفع
إلى ظهور تحديات جديدة في مجال هندسة المتطلبات لمواجهة التغييرات المطلوبة. كانت المشكلة في هذه الدراسة هي طريقة تناقضات
البيانات
التي أدت إلى إعاقة عملية استنباط االحتياجات وفي نهاية تطوير البرمجيات وجدت
تناقضات ال يمكن أن تلبي احتياجات
أصحاب
.المصلحة وأهداف المنظمة
ي هدف البحث إلى جمع ودمج البيانات من مصادر متعددة وضمان قابلية التشغيل البيني. االستنتاج في هذا
البحث هو أن خوارزمية ا لتجميع تساعد في جمع البيانات وعملية االستنباط لها تأثير أكبر إلى حد ما على التقييمات المقدمة من قبل
المتخصصين لألزواج التي تنتمي إلى نفس المجموعة. Ghani AAA. A requirement engineering model for big
data software. 2017 IEEE Conf Big Data Anal ICBDA
2017.
2018;2018-Janua(November):111–7.
1 ومع ذلك، فإن تأثيرPOS tagging)
)ع لى التقييمات التي يقدمها المحترفون يكون
متسقًا نسبيًا بالنسبة لألزواج داخل
.نفس المجموعة واألزواج في مجموعات مختلفة
:الكلمات المفتاحية
DDRE
.، مصدر البيانات، هندسة المتطلبات، برمجيات النظام، عملية االستنباط تمثل هندسة المتطلبات المبنية على البيانات
DDRE
رؤية للتحول من األساليب التقليدية الثابتة للقيام بهندسة المتطلبات إلى األساليب
الديناميكية التي تعتمد على البيانات والتي تركز على المستخدم. البيانات المتاحة والمتطلبات المتزايدة التعقيد لبرامج النظام التي مي كن أن
،تتكيف وظائفها مع االحتياجات المتغيرة لكسب ثقة مستخدميها
تحتاج
إلى نهج في عملية هندسة البرمجيات المستمرة. هذه الحاجة تدفع
إلى ظهور تحديات جديدة في مجال هندسة المتطلبات لمواجهة التغييرات المطلوبة. كانت المشكلة في هذه الدراسة هي طريقة تناقضات
البيانات
التي أدت إلى إعاقة عملية استنباط االحتياجات وفي نهاية تطوير البرمجيات وجدت
تناقضات ال يمكن أن تلبي احتياجات
أصحاب
.المصلحة وأهداف المنظمة
ي هدف البحث إلى جمع ودمج البيانات من مصادر متعددة وضمان قابلية التشغيل البيني. االستنتاج في هذا
البحث هو أن خوارزمية ا لتجميع تساعد في جمع البيانات وعملية االستنباط لها تأثير أكبر إلى حد ما على التقييمات المقدمة من قبل
المتخصصين لألزواج التي تنتمي إلى نفس المجموعة. ومع ذلك، فإن تأثيرPOS tagging)
)ع لى التقييمات التي يقدمها المحترفون يكون
متسقًا نسبيًا بالنسبة لألزواج داخل
.نفس المجموعة واألزواج في مجموعات مختلفة
:الكلمات المفتاحية
DDRE
.، مصدر البيانات، هندسة المتطلبات، برمجيات النظام، عملية االستنباط Page | 567 Page | 567 | 3,610 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/9675/4693 | null |
Arabic | Abstract An oil spill is a leakage of pipelines, vessels, oil rigs, or tankers that leads to the release of petroleum
products into the marine environment or on land that happened naturally or due to human action,
which resulted in severe damages and financial loss. Satellite imagery is one of the powerful tools
currently utilized for capturing and getting vital information from the Earth's surface. But the
complexity and the vast amount of data make it challenging and time-consuming for humans to
process. However, with the advancement of deep learning techniques, the processes are now
computerized for finding vital information using real-time satellite images. This paper applied three
deep-learning algorithms for satellite image classification, including ResNet50, VGG19, and
InceptionV4; They were trained and tested on an open-source satellite image dataset to analyze the
algorithms' efficiency and performance and correlated the classification accuracy, precisions, recall,
and f1-score. The result shows that InceptionV4 gives the best classification accuracy of 97% for
cloudy, desert, green areas, and water, followed by VGG19 with approximately 96% and ResNet50
with 93%. The findings proved that the InceptionV4 algorithm is suitable for classifying oil spills and
no spill with satellite images on a validated dataset. Keywords: Classification, Marine, Oil spill, satellite images, deep learning. Oil spill classification based on satellite image using deep learning techniques
Abubakar Salihu Abba*
, Noorfa Haszlinna Mustaffa
, Siti Zaiton Mohd Hashim
,
Razana Alwee Faculty of Computing, University of Technology, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. *C
di
A th Faculty of Computing, University of Technology, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. *Corresponding Author. *Corresponding Author. ICAC2023: The 4th International Conference on Applied Computing 2023. Received 30/09/2023, Revised 10/02/2024, Accepted 12/02/2024, Published 25/02/2024 © © 2022 The Author(s). Published by College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Related Work The recent development of satellite sensors has
significantly improved image processing, allowing
the acquisition of images and processing them using
computer vision algorithms. Furthermore, this
enables the detection of actual leakage points in an
offshore
pipeline. As
a
result
of
these
developments,
quite
several
scholars
have
developed several kinds of algorithms for the
detection of pipeline leakages, such as segmentation
of threshold
16, detection of edge
17, and
segmentation of zone
18. Several efforts are
currently going on to employ artificial intelligence
to detect pipeline leakages resulting in oil spills. The work of 19 applied a convolutional neural
network to monitor the offshore pipelines with the
help of an in-house dataset generated from web
mining and only achieved an accuracy of 92%
which need further improvement with a valid
dataset. 20 applied random forest in mapping a
terrestrial oil spill using a satellite with sentinel-1
and sentinel-2 images and obtained a slight increase
in accuracy to 95%. However, the identification of
polluted areas is less accurate than detection. However, the technique is only applicable to a
specified location. 21 applied UNet-CNN in the The recent development of satellite sensors has
significantly improved image processing, allowing
the acquisition of images and processing them using
computer vision algorithms. Furthermore, this
enables the detection of actual leakage points in an
offshore
pipeline. As
a
result
of
these
developments,
quite
several
scholars
have
developed several kinds of algorithms for the
detection of pipeline leakages, such as segmentation
of threshold
16, detection of edge
17, and
segmentation of zone
18. Several efforts are
currently going on to employ artificial intelligence
to detect pipeline leakages resulting in oil spills. Currently, numerous techniques are used in
identifying and locating leakage points, including
statistical techniques, traditional ML techniques,
and semantic DL segmentation. Still, the techniques
have some setbacks in detection accuracy, which is
the most fundamental attribute 12. 13 applied VGG16
using mask R-CNN with the in-house generated
dataset called Nafta 2019 in detection and instance
segmentation in oil spills using deep neural network
and obtained an accuracy of 93%, which is not
enough to depend on. 14 applied deep convolutional
neural network in detecting oil spillage from
synthetic aperture radar SAR images with patches,
but only obtained 94.01%, 83.51%, and 85.70% of
accuracy, recall, and precision, respectively. Introduction financial loss. Rusting and leakage are just a few
abnormalities that might occur, leading to a severe
problem,
especially
with
offshore
pipelines. Detecting a small leakage in any pipeline, be it a
water pipe or an oil and gas pipe, is a crucial and
pervasive challenge in any company that deals with
conduit. Many companies have so much depended
on the traditional techniques or use of some devices
for surveillance of leakages. But, with the new
advancements in science and technology, they come
with an economical, safest, and simple method for Oil and Gas products are generally transported by
pipelines across a thousand kilometers worldwide. To provide reliable, secure, and dependent
transportation of the products from one production
deport to distribution deport, the pipeline was
constructed to resist many environmental factors
that lead to corrosion or leakages 1. In oil and gas
companies, numerous issues and irregularities may
cause severe damage to the connected oil and gas
pipelines, which could eventually harm people,
aquatic animals, and the environment that can cause Oil and Gas products are generally transported by
pipelines across a thousand kilometers worldwide. To provide reliable, secure, and dependent
transportation of the products from one production
deport to distribution deport, the pipeline was
constructed to resist many environmental factors
that lead to corrosion or leakages 1. In oil and gas
companies, numerous issues and irregularities may
cause severe damage to the connected oil and gas
pipelines, which could eventually harm people,
aquatic animals, and the environment that can cause Page | 684 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal implementation 2. The use of remote sensing has
been extremely helpful in monitoring adjustments,
whether in climate or surface area, thereby saving
time, money, and effort 3. life of aquatic animals in danger 6. So, there is a
need for real-time detection of leakage points to
prevent a severe problem that may develop 7. The
study of 8 and 9 made some observations for
enhancing pipeline detection systems by employing
the global potentiality of machine learning ML and
deep learning DL methods. One of the significant marine contaminants is oil
spill pollution which seriously harms marine
ecology
4. Hence, timely identification of the
leakage area is essential to prevent any serious
issues that may arise 5. Introduction Additionally, the effects of
pipeline leakages escalate with the size of the
leakage point; hence, leakages need to be identified
quickly to stop them from spreading all over the
surface. Implementing
accurate
and
timely
monitoring and detection systems for pipelines is
necessary for minimizing the leak's effect. Using deep learning based on the potential of
artificial intelligence plays a vital role in providing
an
accurate
detection
result
after
carefully
monitoring the situations10. ML techniques help to
create a general model that can classify newly
discovered data with little or no error due to its high
computational
power. ML
algorithms
are
considered potent artificial intelligence technology
that enables advanced systems for analytics to
identify patterns in a billion bytes of data and
develop dependable detection models. These
models were built, tested, and validated based on a
specific dataset in different scenarios to provide a
maximum accurate result 11. The release of oil and gas into the natural
environment due to human activities, intentionally
or unintentionally, is called an oil spill. The most
dangerous spill is a maritime spill, which is more
risky than those spills on land or forest due to the
fastest spreading all over the ocean and putting the Related Work But,
the method did not consider pixel level, and there is
a need to test the technique on an extensive dataset. 15 applied YOLOv3 with a darknet-53 network in
detecting leaks from underwater pipelines and
achieved an accuracy of 93.67% and 77.05% of
pipeline identification and leak point identification,
respectively. But YOLO family algorithms are
better at detecting moving objects; also, the images
used were collected from a robot in the seabed. The work of 19 applied a convolutional neural
network to monitor the offshore pipelines with the
help of an in-house dataset generated from web
mining and only achieved an accuracy of 92%
which need further improvement with a valid
dataset. 20 applied random forest in mapping a
terrestrial oil spill using a satellite with sentinel-1
and sentinel-2 images and obtained a slight increase
in accuracy to 95%. However, the identification of
polluted areas is less accurate than detection. However, the technique is only applicable to a
specified location. 21 applied UNet-CNN in the Page | 685 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal classification of oil spills with SAR images and
obtained a slight increase in mIou value to 75.70%. 22 applied 23-layer CNN with sentinel-1 data
obtained from the European space agency and
achieved an accuracy of 92%, but the technique did
not consider the segmentation of patches that
measure the intensity of the spill. 23 applied
AlextNet with GF-2 and RADARSAT-2 SAR
images and compared them with the Support vector
machine, Fuzzy C mean Clustering (FCM), and
OTSU,
but
the
AlexNet
achieved
a
high
identification accuracy. 24 applied V-Net with image
flipping and rotation due to the scarcity of a large
dataset and only achieved an accuracy of 90.65%. However, all the above methodologies have their
shortcomings, starting from delays in response time,
accuracy, and detection not in real-time. classifiers achieved better accuracy in a specified
region (Gulf of Mexico) selected for the research. However, there is no guarantee that the proposed
method will perform better when applied in
different areas. 27 Proposed decision tree forest DTF
method for classifying an oil spill and look alike
using SAR images dataset for the evaluation. Related Work However, the method is based on the data's
geometrical, textual, and physical features at
present; the result shows that combining more
features increases the classification accuracy. So,
there is a need to separate the features and test the
method on large datasets for verification. In summary, from the reviewed work, most of the
proposed techniques depend heavily on the region
of interest and the availability of data for that
region. Therefore, in this paper, an oil spill
classification image dataset available for research
will be utilized using the most potent deep-learning
classification algorithms 28. ResNet, VGG, and
Inception series are among the best classification
algorithms that achieved good performance based
on satellite image datasets, as demonstrated in the
work of 29. The work of 25 used traditional convolutional neural
networks, which include support vector machine,
random forest, and K-nearest neighbour as machine
learning classifiers to automatically label the
hyperspectral images dataset for classification of
spill from satellite images; the CNN has a global
perspective in terms of its ability to perform object
classification and recognition 26. However, the Materials and Methods Materials and Methods applications have substantially advanced over the
past decade. Since RS images are increasingly
becoming more easily available now, there is a need
to increase their automated interpretation. The
dataset is necessary for developing and evaluating
the interpretation model in this scenario. After
collecting the data, the dataset was separated into
70% training and 30% validation sets of 3941 and
1690, respectively. However, the images were
augmented and scaled into the target size of 224,
224 in 3 dimensions, as shown in Fig. 1. The methodology starts by collecting the data; the
dataset used is Satellite Remote Sensing Image RSI-
CB256, an open source obtained from Kaggle.com;
It is a satellite image classification with four (4)
different categories combined from a sensor and
Google map snapshot that contains about 5631
images with a size of 256 x 256 pixels from 4
categories named water with 1500 images, cloudy
with 1500 images, green area with 1500 images,
and desert with 1131 images. The interpretation of
images obtained from remote sensing and its vast Page | 686 Page | 686 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Figure 1. Methodology flowchart Figure 1. Methodology flowchart The next phase is the model summary for
InceptionV4, ResNet50, and VGG19, which helps
in understanding the architectural structure of the
CNN model that has been made, as shown in Fig. 2,
Fig. 3, and Fig. 4. The next step is data preprocessing, thereby
augmenting the data by changing the orientation
and resizing the image to a square shape to have the
exact image dimensions; Applying geometrics
transformations to images like vertical or horizontal
flipping, cropping of images, rotation of images,
and noise injection will help the model to
understand different image orientation and position
of an object on the image. The last stage of data
preprocessing is to label each image, making it easy
for the model to learn quickly for each given input. Fig. 2 shows the summary of the architectural
model of InceptionV4 within ten epochs, having
several activations after convolutional layers and
only one dropout layer, the architectural summary
of the model produces the accuracy and loss value
presented in Fig. 7. Page
Figure 2. InceptionV4 model summary Page | 687
Figure 2. InceptionV4 model summary Figure 2. Materials and Methods InceptionV4 model summary Page | 687 Page | 687 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal architectural model of ResNet50, which utilized the
bottleneck approach to have lower parameters and
multiplications of a matrix for faster training. But
reducing the multiplication matrix also reduces the
accuracy of this model, as shown in Fig. 5. However,
ResNet50
has
less
efficient
and
straightforward architecture when compared with
InceptionV4. The model architecture of InceptionV4, as shown in
Fig. 2, is formed from the combination of Inception
and ResNet-v2; these residual connections allow
better training of deeper networks by mitigating the
vanishing gradient problem. Combining Inception-
style modules and residual connections makes
InceptionV4 more robust to overfitting and allows it
to learn complex patterns and features in the data
effectively. Fig. 3 shows the summary of the Figure 3. ResNet50 model summary Figure 3. ResNet50 model summary Figure 3. ResNet50 model summary computation and prone to overfitting when dealing
with limited data, and it's a relatively simple and
deep architecture with single activation layer
compared with InceptionV4. Fig. 4 displays the summary of the architectural
model
of
VGG19,
consisting
of
several
convolutional layers assembled on top of each
other, thereby making it more expensive in Page | 688 Page | 688 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Figure 4. VGG19 model summary Figure 4. VGG19 model summary The next phase is compiling and fitting the model,
where the optimization and loss are applied in
training to get model results that can classify the
imputed images. Therefore, after the compilation of
the model phase, the next is model training, which
enables the model to read all the parameters,
including the number of epochs for getting the loss,
accuracy, loss validation value, and accuracy
validation value. output, which requires an optimization algorithm
for that. Adam optimizer 30 was considered in this
research, and Amsgrad = True, as shown in Table 1. The choice of learning rate is vital; it can affect any
CNN algorithm's prediction accuracy, time, and
computational cost. So here, a 0.00001 learning rate
was considered due to the dataset and the model
used to have an optimal result. Table 1. Materials and Methods Hyperparameter settings for CNN
Models
Parameters
Settings
Epochs
10
Target size
224, 224
Batch size
32
Output classes
4
Adam Optimizer
Learning Rate (lr)
0.00001
beta_1
0.6
Beta_2
0.9
Amsgrad
True Table 1. Hyperparameter settings for CNN
Models Table 1. Hyperparameter settings for CNN Lastly, the model evaluation is based on an
evaluation generator. It calculates overall metrics
like accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score. These
metrics give a detailed view of the model's
performance. Parameter Settings During the training of the convolutional neural
network, error measurement is required for
computing the expected outputs and the training Results and Discussion settings to find the best among them for classifying
satellite images, as shown in Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4. During
the
experiment,
three
models
were
implemented, which include ResNet50, VGG19,
and InceptionV4. Each model has been trained and
tested with the dataset in the same environment and Page | 689 Page | 689 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Table 3. Metrics per class
Metrics
Precisions
Recalls
F1-
Scores
Support
Cloudy
1.00
0.98
0.99
450
Desert
1.00
0.98
0.99
340
Green
area
1.00
0.73
0.84
450
Water
0.77
1.00
0.87
450
Accuracy
0.92
1690
Macro-
Avg
0.94
0.92
0.92
1690
Weighted
Avg
0.94
0.92
0.92
1690
Cloudy
1.00
0.98
0.99
450 Model result and accuracy on ResNet50 Metrics per class
Metrics
Precisions
Recalls
F1-
Scores
Support
Cloudy
1.00
0.98
0.99
450
Desert
1.00
1.00
1.00
340
Green
area
0.99
0.88
0.94
450
Water
0.88
0.99
0.94
450
Accuracy
0.96
1690
Macro-
Avg
0.97
0.96
0.97
1690
Weighted
Avg
0.97
0.96
0.96
1690
Cloudy
1.00
0.98
0.99
450 Table 5. Metrics per class Model result and accuracy on ResNet50 Table 3. Metrics per class Model result and accuracy on ResNet50
From the ResNet50 model architecture, as shown in
Fig. 3, after ten epochs with a batch size of 32 based
on the image shape of 224,224,3 using the training
sample of 3941 images while the validation has
2690 images, the model was able to achieve overall
accuracy of 91% with 61% loss. Tables 2 and 3 show the result of the overall metrics
for accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score for each
dataset class. Table 2. Overall metrics for ResNet50
Metrics
Values
Accuracy
0.9183431952662722
Precisions
0.9375075473976572
Recall
0.9183431952662722
F1-Score
0.9179678866226003
Table 3. Metrics per class
Metrics
Precisions
Recalls
F1-
Scores
Support
Cloudy
1.00
0.98
0.99
450
Desert
1.00
0.98
0.99
340
Green
area
1.00
0.73
0.84
450
Water
0.77
1.00
0.87
450
Accuracy
0.92
1690
Macro-
Avg
0.94
0.92
0.92
1690
Weighted
Avg
0.94
0.92
0.92
1690
Cloudy
1.00
0.98
0.99
450
The result of ResNet50, shown in Fig. 5, achieved
the least accuracy due to the use of the bottleneck
approach utilized by the model. The model has an
overfitting problem that needs more residual
connections in the architecture to solve it. (a)
(b)
Figure 5. ResNet50 model curve (a) accuracy (b) loss From the ResNet50 model architecture, as shown in
Fig. 3, after ten epochs with a batch size of 32 based
on the image shape of 224,224,3 using the training
sample of 3941 images while the validation has
2690 images, the model was able to achieve overall
accuracy of 91% with 61% loss. Tables 2 and 3 show the result of the overall metrics
for accuracy, precision, recall, and f1-score for each
dataset class. Table 2. Overall metrics for ResNet50 The result of ResNet50, shown in Fig. 5, achieved
the least accuracy due to the use of the bottleneck
approach utilized by the model. The model has an
overfitting problem that needs more residual
connections in the architecture to solve it. (a)
(b)
Figure 5. ResNet50 model curve (a) accuracy (b) loss (b) (a) (b) (a) Figure 5. ResNet50 model curve (a) accuracy (b) loss Table 5. Model result and accuracy on VGG19 The VGG19 model architecture, as shown in Fig.4,
produces the model curve accuracy and model
curve loss displayed in Fig. 6, and the result of the
overall metrics for each dataset class was also
shown in Tables 4 and 5 with an accuracy of 96%
and loss of 23%. Table 4. Overall metrics for VGG19
Metrics
Values
Accuracy
0.9627218934911242
Precisions
0.9664300446542559
Recall
0.9627218934911242
F1-Score
0.9628361681335859 Table 4. Overall metrics for VGG19 Fig. 6 shows a good result of VGG19. However, the
model suffered from overfitting, which needs more
dense layers and dropouts to make it more efficient. Fig. 6 shows a good result of VGG19. However, the
model suffered from overfitting, which needs more
dense layers and dropouts to make it more efficient. Page | 690 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
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(a)
(b)
Figure 6. VGG19 model curve (a) accuracy (b) loss 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
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Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 (b) (a) (b) (a)
(b
Figure 6. VGG19 model curve (a) accuracy (b) loss Figure 6. VGG19 model curve (a) accuracy (b) loss
Model Result and accuracy on InceptionV4
The InceptionV4 architecture from Fig. 2 produces
the best result compared to VGG19 and ResNet50
on the same dataset and the environment. Tables 6
and 7 show the model's overall accuracy for all the
dataset classes, with an accuracy of 97% and only a
loss of 10%. Table 6. Overall metrics for InceptionV4
Metrics
Values
Accuracy
0.9698224852071006
Precisions
0.9698858240086438
Recall
0.9698224852071006
F1-Score
0.9698272076868117
Table 7. Metrics per class
Metrics
Precisions
Recalls
F1-
Scores
Support
Cloudy
0.97
0.98
0.97
450
Desert
0.98
0.98
0.98
340
Green
area
0.98
0.96
0.97
450
Water
0.96
0.97
0.96
450
Accuracy
0.97
1690
Macro-
Avg
0.97
0.97
0.97
1690
Weighted
Avg
0.97
0.97
0.97
1690
Cloudy
0.97
0.98
0.97
450
Fig. 7 demonstrates the potentiality of the
InceptionV4 model against existing CNN models on
the classification of images. (a)
(b)
Figure 7. InceptionV4 model curve (a) Accuracy (b) Loss Table 7. Model result and accuracy on VGG19 Metrics per class
Metrics
Precisions
Recalls
F1-
Scores
Support
Cloudy
0.97
0.98
0.97
450
Desert
0.98
0.98
0.98
340
Green
area
0.98
0.96
0.97
450
Water
0.96
0.97
0.96
450
Accuracy
0.97
1690
Macro-
Avg
0.97
0.97
0.97
1690
Weighted
Avg
0.97
0.97
0.97
1690
Cloudy
0.97
0.98
0.97
450
Fig. 7 demonstrates the potentiality of the
InceptionV4 model against existing CNN models on
the classification of images. Table 7. Metrics per class Model Result and accuracy on InceptionV4 The InceptionV4 architecture from Fig. 2 produces
the best result compared to VGG19 and ResNet50
on the same dataset and the environment. Tables 6
and 7 show the model's overall accuracy for all the
dataset classes, with an accuracy of 97% and only a
loss of 10%. Table 6. Overall metrics for InceptionV4
Metrics
Values
Accuracy
0.9698224852071006
Precisions
0.9698858240086438
Recall
0.9698224852071006
F1-Score
0.9698272076868117 Table 6. Overall metrics for InceptionV4
Metrics
Values
Accuracy
0.9698224852071006
Precisions
0.9698858240086438
Recall
0.9698224852071006
F1-Score
0.9698272076868117 Table 6. Overall metrics for InceptionV4 Table 6. Overall metrics for InceptionV4 Fig. 7 demonstrates the potentiality of the
InceptionV4 model against existing CNN models on
the classification of images. Fig. 7 demonstrates the potentiality of the
InceptionV4 model against existing CNN models on
the classification of images. (b)
urve (a) Accuracy (b) Loss (a)
(b)
Figure 7. InceptionV4 model curve (a) Accuracy (b) Loss (a) (a) ( )
( )
Figure 7. InceptionV4 model curve (a) Accuracy (b) Loss Overall,
InceptionV4
is
a
state-of-the-art
architecture combining the best ideas from
Inception and ResNet family, providing a more
efficient and robust model than VGG19 and Overall,
InceptionV4
is
a
state-of-the-art
architecture combining the best ideas from
Inception and ResNet family, providing a more
efficient and robust model than VGG19 and ResNet50. It can handle more complex tasks and
datasets, achieving higher accuracy and faster
training convergence. However, choosing the best ResNet50. It can handle more complex tasks and
datasets, achieving higher accuracy and faster
training convergence. However, choosing the best Page | 691 Baghdad Science Journal 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 increase of 13% accuracy. However, both ResNet50
and VGG19 models used in this study achieved
better results than 32. model depends on the specific use case and
available resources. CNN Models comparison and accuracy The result obtained by InceptionV4 in this study
performed better when compared with 31, with an Figure 8. CNN Models comparison and accuracy Figure 8. CNN Models comparison and accuracy utilization of several activation functions, which
shows how well the model is performing in
prediction by having the highest accuracy and the
low loss value. Fig. 8 shows the results of the comparisons of three
CNN based on accuracy and loss; the result proved
that InceptionV4 is the best in this research with the
highest accuracy and lowest loss value due to the Fig. 8 shows the results of the comparisons of three
CNN based on accuracy and loss; the result proved
that InceptionV4 is the best in this research with the
highest accuracy and lowest loss value due to the Authors’ Declaration - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Technology Malaysia (UTM)-skudai, Johor
Bahru Malaysia. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Technology Malaysia (UTM)-skudai, Johor
Bahru Malaysia. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Technology Malaysia (UTM)-skudai, Johor
Bahru Malaysia. - Ethical Clearance: The project was approved by
the local ethical committee in University of
Technology Malaysia (UTM)-skudai, Johor
Bahru Malaysia. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - Conflicts of Interest: None. - We hereby confirm that all the Figures and
Tables in the manuscript are ours. Besides, the
Figures and images, which are not ours, have
been given the permission for re-publication
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depth and width well, making it more efficient and
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P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 Baghdad Science Journal Authors’ Contribution Statement H.S.Z.M. reviewed the final version of the
manuscript and performed editing and proofreading. All authors discussed the results and contributed to
the final manuscript. M.N.H. conducted the literature review and data
acquisition, A.A.S. performed the analysis and
interpretation of the result, A.R. drafted the
manuscript with input from all authors, and H.S.Z.M. reviewed the final version of the
manuscript and performed editing and proofreading. All authors discussed the results and contributed to
the final manuscript. Acknowledgment This research was supported by the Minister of
Higher Education under the Fundamental Research
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https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986 تصنيف االنسكابات النفطية على أساس الصور الفضائية باستخدام تقنيات التعلم العميق
أبو بكر صالحو أبا، نورفا هاسلينا مصطفى، ستي زيتون محمد هاشم، رزانة علوي
.كلية الحاسبات، الجامعة التكنولوجية، جوهور باهرو، ماليزيا الخالص
ة
التسرب النفطي هو تسرب في خطوط األنابيب أو السفن أو منصات النفط أو الناقالت يؤدي إلى انطالق المنتجات البترولية في البيئة
البحرية أو على اليابسة بشكل طبيعي أو بسبب عمل بشري، مما يؤدي إلى أضرار جسيمة وخسائر مالية. تعد صور األقمار الصناعية
إحدى ا ألدوات القوية المستخدمة حاليًا اللتقاط المعلومات الحيوية والحصول عليها من سطح األرض. لكن التعقيد والكم الهائل من
البيانات يجعل من الصعب على البشر معالجتها ويستغرق وقتًا طويالً. ومع ذلك، مع تقدم تقنيات التعلم العميق، أصبحت العمليات اآلن
محوسبة للعثور على ال.معلومات الحيوية باستخدام صور األقمار الصناعية في الوقت الحقيقي
طبقت هذه الورقة ثالث خوارزميات
للتعلم العميق لتصنيف صور األقمار الصناعية، بما في ذلكResNet50، وVGG19، وInceptionV4
؛ تم تدريبهم واختبارهم على
مجموعة بيانات صور األقمار الصناعية مفتوحة المصدر ل تحليل كفاءة الخوارزميات وأدائها وربط دقة التصنيف والدقة واالستدعاء
ودرجةf1
. وأظهرت النتيجة أنInceptionV4
يعطي أفضل دقة تصنيف بنسبة97
%
للغيوم والصحراوية والمناطق الخضراء
والمياه، يليهVGG19
بنسبة96
%
تقريبًا وResNet50
بنسبة93
%
. أثبتت النتائج أن خوارزميةInceptionV4
مناسبة لتصنيف
االنسكابات النفطية وعدم االنسكابات باستخدام صور األقمار الصناعية على مجموعة بيانات تم التحقق من صحتها. :الكلمات المفتاحية
التصنيف، البحرية، التسرب النفطي، صور
األقمار الصناعية، التعلم العميق. التسرب النفطي هو تسرب في خطوط األنابيب أو السفن أو منصات النفط أو الناقالت يؤدي إلى انطالق المنتجات البترولية في البيئة
البحرية أو على اليابسة بشكل طبيعي أو بسبب عمل بشري، مما يؤدي إلى أضرار جسيمة وخسائر مالية. تعد صور األقمار الصناعية
إحدى ا ألدوات القوية المستخدمة حاليًا اللتقاط المعلومات الحيوية والحصول عليها من سطح األرض. لكن التعقيد والكم الهائل من
البيانات يجعل من الصعب على البشر معالجتها ويستغرق وقتًا طويالً. ومع ذلك، مع تقدم تقنيات التعلم العميق، أصبحت العمليات اآلن
محوسبة للعثور على ال.معلومات الحيوية باستخدام صور األقمار الصناعية في الوقت الحقيقي
طبقت هذه الورقة ثالث خوارزميات
للتعلم العميق لتصنيف صور األقمار الصناعية، بما في ذلكResNet50، وVGG19، وInceptionV4
؛ تم تدريبهم واختبارهم على
مجموعة بيانات صور األقمار الصناعية مفتوحة المصدر ل تحليل كفاءة الخوارزميات وأدائها وربط دقة التصنيف والدقة واالستدعاء
ودرجةf1
. وأظهرت النتيجة أنInceptionV4
يعطي أفضل دقة تصنيف بنسبة97
%
للغيوم والصحراوية والمناطق الخضراء
والمياه، يليهVGG19
بنسبة96
%
تقريبًا وResNet50
بنسبة93
%
. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.07.011. Performance
of Resnet-16 and Inception-V4 Architecture to
Identify Covid-19 from X-Ray Images. 2022 IEEE
9th Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference
on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
(UPCON); 2022 2-4 Dec. 2022. Prayagraj, India,
2022,
pp. 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/UPCON56432.2022.9986372. 20. Löw F, Stieglitz K, Diemar O. Terrestrial oil spill
mapping using satellite earth observation and
machine learning: A case study in South Sudan. J. Environ. Manage. . 2021;298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113424. 21. Basit A, Siddique MA, Sarfraz MS, editors. Deep
Learning Based Oil Spill Classification Using Unet
Convolutional Neural Network. IGARSS. 2021; pp. 3491-3494. 32. Simonyan K, Zisserman A. Very deep convolutional
networks for large-scale image recognition. arXiv
preprint
arXiv:14091556. 2014. https://doi org/10 48550/arXiv 1409 1556 p
g
22. Shaban M, Salim R, Khalifeh HA, Khelifi A, Shalaby
A, El-Mashad S, et al. A deep-learning framework for Page | 694 Page | 694 2024, 21(2 Special Issue): 0684-0695
https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2024.9767
P-ISSN: 2078-8665 - E-ISSN: 2411-7986
Baghdad Science Journal
تصنيف االنسكابات النفطية على أساس الصور الفضائية باستخدام تقنيات التعلم العميق
أبو بكر صالحو أبا، نورفا هاسلينا مصطفى، ستي زيتون محمد هاشم، رزانة علوي
.كلية الحاسبات، الجامعة التكنولوجية، جوهور باهرو، ماليزيا
الخالص
ة
التسرب النفطي هو تسرب في خطوط األنابيب أو السفن أو منصات النفط أو الناقالت يؤدي إلى انطالق المنتجات البترولية في البيئة
البحرية أو على اليابسة بشكل طبيعي أو بسبب عمل بشري، مما يؤدي إلى أضرار جسيمة وخسائر مالية. تعد صور األقمار الصناعية
إحدى ا ألدوات القوية المستخدمة حاليًا اللتقاط المعلومات الحيوية والحصول عليها من سطح األرض. لكن التعقيد والكم الهائل من
البيانات يجعل من الصعب على البشر معالجتها ويستغرق وقتًا طويالً. ومع ذلك، مع تقدم تقنيات التعلم العميق، أصبحت العمليات اآلن
محوسبة للعثور على ال.معلومات الحيوية باستخدام صور األقمار الصناعية في الوقت الحقيقي
طبقت هذه الورقة ثالث خوارزميات
للتعلم العميق لتصنيف صور األقمار الصناعية، بما في ذلكResNet50، وVGG19، وInceptionV4
؛ تم تدريبهم واختبارهم على
مجموعة بيانات صور األقمار الصناعية مفتوحة المصدر ل تحليل كفاءة الخوارزميات وأدائها وربط دقة التصنيف والدقة واالستدعاء
ودرجةf1
. وأظهرت النتيجة أنInceptionV4
يعطي أفضل دقة تصنيف بنسبة97
%
للغيوم والصحراوية والمناطق الخضراء
والمياه، يليهVGG19
بنسبة96
%
تقريبًا وResNet50
بنسبة93
%
. أثبتت النتائج أن خوارزميةInceptionV4
مناسبة لتصنيف
االنسكابات النفطية وعدم االنسكابات باستخدام صور األقمار الصناعية على مجموعة بيانات تم التحقق من صحتها. :الكلمات المفتاحية
التصنيف، البحرية، التسرب النفطي، صور
األقمار الصناعية، التعلم العميق. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.07.011. أثبتت النتائج أن خوارزميةInceptionV4
مناسبة لتصنيف
االنسكابات النفطية وعدم االنسكابات باستخدام صور األقمار الصناعية على مجموعة بيانات تم التحقق من صحتها. :الكلمات المفتاحية
التصنيف، البحرية، التسرب النفطي، صور
األقمار الصناعية، التعلم العميق. Page | 695 Page | 695 | 6,369 | https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/9767/4703 | null |
Arabic | JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب واثرهُ في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم
الرياضيات
اخالص الياس عبدالعزيز
.ا.د
ايناس يونس العزو
.ا.م تغريد حمدون شكر
مديرية تربية نينوى
جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
[email protected]
،
[email protected]
ال: مستخلص
استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
وصيغت فرضية صفرية للتحقق من هذا الهدف طبق البحث في العام ا لدراسي2022
-
2023
على
عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات/
(كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة وبلغت العينة131
)
طالبا
( وطالبة بواقع67
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست باالستراتيجية المعتمدة على
(التفكير المتشعب و64
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية .واعد
( الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا مكونا من20
) فقرة اختبارية من نوع االختيار من متعدد وتقيس مستويات
،بلوم الخمسة (التذكر
،الفهم
،التطبيق
،التحليل
التركيب) وتم التحقق من صدق الظاهري والمحتوى
وتم اجراء التحليل اإلحصائي علية في استخراج صعوبة وتمييز فقراته فضال عن التحقق من فعالية
البدائل المخطئة وبلغ معامل كودر ريتشاردسون-
20
للبيانات0.73
وتم االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
لتحليل البيانات باستخدام االختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين واظهرت النتائج قابلية التدريس باستخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع .وطرح البحث مجموعة من التوصيات
. والمقترحات المكملة لهذا البحث
الكلمات المفتاحية :تدريس التحليل العقدي ،استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب .
العدد
السابع
عشر
(
323
) -(
344
) العدد
السابع
عشر
(
323
) -(
344
) JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب واثرهُ في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم
الرياضيات
اخالص الياس عبدالعزيز
.ا.د
ايناس يونس العزو
.ا.م تغريد حمدون شكر
مديرية تربية نينوى
جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
[email protected]
،
[email protected]
ال: مستخلص
استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
وصيغت فرضية صفرية للتحقق من هذا الهدف طبق البحث في العام ا لدراسي2022
-
2023
على
عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات/
(كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة وبلغت العينة131
)
طالبا
( وطالبة بواقع67
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست باالستراتيجية المعتمدة على
(التفكير المتشعب و64
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية .واعد
( الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا مكونا من20
) فقرة اختبارية من نوع االختيار من متعدد وتقيس مستويات
،بلوم الخمسة (التذكر
،الفهم
،التطبيق
،التحليل
التركيب) وتم التحقق من صدق الظاهري والمحتوى
وتم اجراء التحليل اإلحصائي علية في استخراج صعوبة وتمييز فقراته فضال عن التحقق من فعالية
البدائل المخطئة وبلغ معامل كودر ريتشاردسون-
20
للبيانات0.73
وتم االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
لتحليل البيانات باستخدام االختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين واظهرت النتائج قابلية التدريس باستخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع .وطرح البحث مجموعة من التوصيات
. والمقترحات المكملة لهذا البحث
الكلمات المفتاحية :تدريس التحليل العقدي ،استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب . JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب واثرهُ في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم
الرياضيات
اخالص الياس عبدالعزيز
.ا.د
ايناس يونس العزو
.ا.م تغريد حمدون شكر
مديرية تربية نينوى
جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
[email protected]
،
[email protected]
ال: مستخلص
استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
وصيغت فرضية صفرية للتحقق من هذا الهدف طبق البحث في العام ا لدراسي2022
-
2023
على
عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات/
(كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة وبلغت العينة131
)
طالبا
( وطالبة بواقع67
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست باالستراتيجية المعتمدة على
(التفكير المتشعب و64
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية .واعد
( الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا مكونا من20
) فقرة اختبارية من نوع االختيار من متعدد وتقيس مستويات
،بلوم الخمسة (التذكر
،الفهم
،التطبيق
،التحليل
التركيب) وتم التحقق من صدق الظاهري والمحتوى
وتم اجراء التحليل اإلحصائي علية في استخراج صعوبة وتمييز فقراته فضال عن التحقق من فعالية
البدائل المخطئة وبلغ معامل كودر ريتشاردسون-
20
للبيانات0.73
وتم االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
لتحليل البيانات باستخدام االختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين واظهرت النتائج قابلية التدريس باستخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع .وطرح البحث مجموعة من التوصيات
. والمقترحات المكملة لهذا البحث
الكلمات المفتاحية :تدريس التحليل العقدي ،استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب .
العدد
السابع
عشر
(
323
) -(
344
) JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب واثرهُ في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم
الرياضيات
اخالص الياس عبدالعزيز
.ا.د
ايناس يونس العزو
.ا.م تغريد حمدون شكر
مديرية تربية نينوى
جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
[email protected]
،
[email protected]
ال: مستخلص
استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
وصيغت فرضية صفرية للتحقق من هذا الهدف طبق البحث في العام ا لدراسي2022
-
2023
على
عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات/
(كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة وبلغت العينة131
)
طالبا
( وطالبة بواقع67
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست باالستراتيجية المعتمدة على
(التفكير المتشعب و64
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية .واعد
( الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا مكونا من20
) فقرة اختبارية من نوع االختيار من متعدد وتقيس مستويات
،بلوم الخمسة (التذكر
،الفهم
،التطبيق
،التحليل
التركيب) وتم التحقق من صدق الظاهري والمحتوى
وتم اجراء التحليل اإلحصائي علية في استخراج صعوبة وتمييز فقراته فضال عن التحقق من فعالية
البدائل المخطئة وبلغ معامل كودر ريتشاردسون-
20
للبيانات0.73
وتم االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
لتحليل البيانات باستخدام االختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين واظهرت النتائج قابلية التدريس باستخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع .وطرح البحث مجموعة من التوصيات
. والمقترحات المكملة لهذا البحث
الكلمات المفتاحية :تدريس التحليل العقدي ،استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب . JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
عشر
1هـ
Print -ISS
Online-ISS Teaching nodal analysis using divergent thinking strategies and its
impact on the achievement of fourth-grade students, Department of
Mathematics
Ekhlas Elias Abdelaziz Directorate of Pure Nineveh Education
Mr. Dr. Enas Younes Al-Azzou
Mosul University / College of Education for Pure Sciences
. Taghreed Hamdoun Shukr University of Mosul / College of Education for
Science
Akhl
l
1997@
il
d
l
@
l d
i JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب واثرهُ في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم
الرياضيات
اخالص الياس عبدالعزيز
.ا.د
ايناس يونس العزو
.ا.م تغريد حمدون شكر
مديرية تربية نينوى
جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
[email protected]
،
[email protected]
ال: مستخلص
استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
وصيغت فرضية صفرية للتحقق من هذا الهدف طبق البحث في العام ا لدراسي2022
-
2023
على
عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات/
(كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة وبلغت العينة131
)
طالبا
( وطالبة بواقع67
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست باالستراتيجية المعتمدة على
(التفكير المتشعب و64
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية .واعد
( الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا مكونا من20
) فقرة اختبارية من نوع االختيار من متعدد وتقيس مستويات
،بلوم الخمسة (التذكر
،الفهم
،التطبيق
،التحليل
التركيب) وتم التحقق من صدق الظاهري والمحتوى
وتم اجراء التحليل اإلحصائي علية في استخراج صعوبة وتمييز فقراته فضال عن التحقق من فعالية
البدائل المخطئة وبلغ معامل كودر ريتشاردسون-
20
للبيانات0.73
وتم االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
لتحليل البيانات باستخدام االختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين واظهرت النتائج قابلية التدريس باستخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع .وطرح البحث مجموعة من التوصيات
. والمقترحات المكملة لهذا البحث
الكلمات المفتاحية :تدريس التحليل العقدي ،استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب .
العدد
السابع
عشر
(
323
) -(
344
) العدد
السابع
عشر
(
323
) -(
344
) JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب واثرهُ في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم
الرياضيات
اخالص الياس عبدالعزيز
.ا.د
ايناس يونس العزو
.ا.م تغريد حمدون شكر
مديرية تربية نينوى
جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة جامعة الموصل/كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
[email protected]
،
[email protected]
العدد
السابع
عشر
(
323
) -(
344
) (
323
) -(
344
) [email protected] [email protected] استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة استهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
وصيغت فرضية صفرية للتحقق من هذا الهدف طبق البحث في العام ا لدراسي2022
-
2023
على
عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات/
(كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة وبلغت العينة131
)
طالبا
( وطالبة بواقع67
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة التجريبية التي درست باالستراتيجية المعتمدة على
(التفكير المتشعب و64
) طالبا
وطالبة للمجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية .واعد
( الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا مكونا من20
) فقرة اختبارية من نوع االختيار من متعدد وتقيس مستويات
،بلوم الخمسة (التذكر
،الفهم
،التطبيق
،التحليل
التركيب) وتم التحقق من صدق الظاهري والمحتوى
وتم اجراء التحليل اإلحصائي علية في استخراج صعوبة وتمييز فقراته فضال عن التحقق من فعالية
البدائل المخطئة وبلغ معامل كودر ريتشاردسون-
20
للبيانات0.73
وتم االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
لتحليل البيانات باستخدام االختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين واظهرت النتائج قابلية التدريس باستخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع .وطرح البحث مجموعة من التوصيات
. والمقترحات المكملة لهذا البحث
ال ش
ال فك
ا
ا
ا
ال ل ل ال ق
ال ف ا ة
الكل ا الكلمات المفتاحية :تدريس التحليل العقدي ،استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب . 323 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ➢
: مشكلة البحث من خالل تواجد الباحثين في الميدان الجامعي وتعاملهم مع طلبة قسم الرياضيات وجدو ان
هناك شكوى من قب لهم لبعض المواد الدراسية ومن جهة اخرى ومن خالل استطالع اراء الخبراء
وبعض التدريسين ونسب النجاح التي تم الحصول عليها من اللجنة االمتحانات ومن خالل استطالع
اراء مجموعة من طلبة المرحلة المنتهية للعام2021
-
2022
شخصوا صعوبة في فهم بعض المواد
الدراسية ومنها ماد ة التحليل العقدي التي ظهرت بالمرتبة الثالثة من الدروس التي تحتاج الى جهد
منهم في النجاح بعد مادة اإلحصاء الرياضي والتبولوجي
وذلك لتداخل موضوعاتها ومفاهيمها
وبالتالي انعكس ذلك على نتائج تحصيلهم الدراسي في هذه المادة وهذا ما استدل عليه الباحثون من
نتائج نسب النجاح للسنوات الثالث السابقة في الدور األول، فالنتائج ال ترقى للمستوى المطلوب
واكتفاء الطلبة بدرجات النجاح فيها. ويجد ال باحثون ان ذلك ربما يعود للطرائق التقليدية التي يتبعها
مدرسو هذه المادة فهي عاده ما تركز على اعطاء االثر االكبر للتدريسي لتقديم المادة بحسب ما
جاء بالمنهج الدراسي المقرر ويبتعد عن اعطاء االثر االكبر للطالب
ومن التوصيات التي اكدت عليها الندوات والمؤتمر ات تطوير طرائق التدريس الجامعي باتجاه
اعطاء الدور االكبر للطالب وتنشيط تفكيره اثناء الدروس. والتركيز على ربط المحتوى الدراسي
بمهارات التفكير مثل ربط المحتوى بمهارات التفكير الناقد والمنظومي وغيرها ومن ضمنها الربط
. بمهارات التفكير المتشعب
وبهذا ارتأى ال باحثون توظيف استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب ضمن استراتيجية تدريسية لتدريس
ماده التحليل العقدي من خالل توزيع الوظائف او المهام بين التدريسي والطالب والتنوع باألسئلة
المطروحة اثناء الدرس لفسح المجال ليكون الطالب نشطا ومفكرا جيدا ، وربما ذلك سينعكس على
تحسين. ادائهم في تلك المادة ورفع تحصيلهم الدراسي
: وأطرت مشكلة البحث بالتساؤل االتي
ما اثر تدريس مادة التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع
بقسم الرياضيات ؟
➢
:اهمية البحث من خالل تواجد الباحثين في الميدان الجامعي وتعاملهم مع طلبة قسم الرياضيات وجدو ان
هناك شكوى من قب لهم لبعض المواد الدراسية ومن جهة اخرى ومن خالل استطالع اراء الخبراء
وبعض التدريسين ونسب النجاح التي تم الحصول عليها من اللجنة االمتحانات ومن خالل استطالع
اراء مجموعة من طلبة المرحلة المنتهية للعام2021
-
2022
شخصوا صعوبة في فهم بعض المواد
الدراسية ومنها ماد ة التحليل العقدي التي ظهرت بالمرتبة الثالثة من الدروس التي تحتاج الى جهد
منهم في النجاح بعد مادة اإلحصاء الرياضي والتبولوجي
وذلك لتداخل موضوعاتها ومفاهيمها
وبالتالي انعكس ذلك على نتائج تحصيلهم الدراسي في هذه المادة وهذا ما استدل عليه الباحثون من
نتائج نسب النجاح للسنوات الثالث السابقة في الدور األول، فالنتائج ال ترقى للمستوى المطلوب
واكتفاء الطلبة بدرجات النجاح فيها. Abstract : The research aimed to identify the impact of teaching nodal analysis using
divergent thinking strategies on the achievement of fourth grade students in
the Department of Mathematics, College of Education for Pure Sciences. A
zero hypothesis was formulated to verify this goal. The research was applied
in the academic year 2022-2023 on a sample of fourth-grade students in the
Department of Mathematics / College of Education for Pure Sciences. The
sample reached (131) male and female students, with (67) male and female
students for the experimental group that studied the strategy based on
divergent thinking. And (64) male and female students for the control group
that studied in the usual way. The researchers prepared an achievement test
consisting of (20) test items of the multiple-choice type, and we measure the
five Bloom levels (remembering, understanding, application, analysis,
structure), and the validity of the apparent and content was verified. Codder
Richardson coefficient - 20 for the data 0.73, and the SPSS program was
used to analyze the data using the t-test for two independent samples, and the
results showed the ability to teach using divergent thinking strategies in the
achievement of fourth grade students.The research presented a set of
recommendations and proposals complementary to this research. Keywords: teaching nodal analysis, divergent thinking strategies,
achievement teaching . 324 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 منح تطور تقنيات االتصال الحديثة وادواته فرصة لتطور ال
معرفة
وانعكاسا لمفاهيم جديدة للعملية
التعليمية
،والتعلّمية
التي من شأنها
أن
تحسن نوعية التعليم في مراحله
،المختلفة مما فرض على
المدرسين إعادة النظر ليس
فقط في طريقة فهمهم لعملية التعليم
،والتعلّم بل في إمكانية وضرورة
استثمار فرص جديدة
من التعليم نتيجة تلك
،التطورات كما ينبغي عليهم إدراك حقيقة
أن
استراتيجيات
و طرائق التدريس هي عنصر بارز في البيئة التعليمية يف الوقت
،الراهن وتزداد أهميتها بأنها تمثل
فرصة
للمتعلمين قد تؤثر بشكل كبير على
مستوى ادائهم. ا
(2018
13
) (جري و رون)
ومواكبة لذلك التقدم والتطور نجد ان الرياضيات وطرائق تدريسها شهدت تطورا جذريا على
المستوى العالمي من أجل مواكبة روح العصر إذ انها ركن أساسي في التعليم وقد شهد العالم في
السنوات األخيرة تغيرات واسعة في مناهج الرياضيات مما حدا المربين والمهتمين بتدريسها إلى اعادة
(.النظر في اثر الرياضيات إلعداد االفراد ولبناء مجتمع متطور ،الخطيب2011
:
9
) واالتجاهات
الحديثة في تعليم الرياضيات وتعلمه لم تعد من أهدافها األساسية حفظ الطلبة أو تذكرهم للمعلومات
كما هو األمر في المناهج وأساليب التدريس التقليدية بل تغير االهتمام إلى التعلم النشط للطلبة
وايجابيتهم وإكسابهم المهارات واالتجاهات العلم ية التي تمكنهم من اكتشاف المعلومات وتكوين
المفاهيم العلمية الصحيحة بأنفسهم وذلك بتوفير بيئة التعلم والظروف المالئمة لطلبتهم التي تساعدهم
على التعامل مع مواقف الحياة. وتهتم االتجاهات الحديثة أيضا في تدريس الرياضيات بتنمية التفكير
إذا أصبحت مهارات التفكير هد .فا مهما من أهداف الرياضيات ،(عبدالسالم2006
:
18
)
وتعد مادة التحليل العقدي من المواد المهمة في الرياضيات فقد تنبه العرب الى الحالة التي يكون
فيها جذرا المعادلة من الدرجة الثانية مقد ارين خياليين، فقد جاء كتاب الجبر والمقابلة لمؤلفه
الخوارزمي .وهيأ العرب منذ القدم المواضيع المقدمة لموضوع التحليل العقدي مثل النسب المثلثية
, واللوغاريتمات وحساب التفاصيل والتكامل .(حديد وسعيد1982
:
4
.) ،(عبدالسالم2006
:
18
)
وتعد مادة التحليل العقدي من المواد المهمة في الرياضيات فقد تنبه العرب الى الحالة التي يكون
فيها جذرا المعادلة من الدرجة الثانية مقد ارين خياليين، فقد جاء كتاب الجبر والمقابلة لمؤلفه
الخوارزمي .وهيأ العرب منذ القدم المواضيع المقدمة لموضوع التحليل العقدي مثل النسب المثلثية
, واللوغاريتمات وحساب التفاصيل والتكامل .(حديد وسعيد1982
:
4
.)
ومن جهة أخرى تبرز أهمية الجامعة من حيث أنها مسؤولة عن إعداد القيادات الفكرية
والعلمية واألدبية والفنية والمهنية بمختلف مستوياتها ولجميع مؤسسات المجتمع وقطاعات هذه
المؤسسات وواقعها. ➢
: مشكلة البحث ويجد ال باحثون ان ذلك ربما يعود للطرائق التقليدية التي يتبعها
مدرسو هذه المادة فهي عاده ما تركز على اعطاء االثر االكبر للتدريسي لتقديم المادة بحسب ما
جاء بالمنهج الدراسي المقرر ويبتعد عن اعطاء االثر االكبر للطالب
ومن التوصيات التي اكدت عليها الندوات والمؤتمر ات تطوير طرائق التدريس الجامعي باتجاه
اعطاء الدور االكبر للطالب وتنشيط تفكيره اثناء الدروس. والتركيز على ربط المحتوى الدراسي
بمهارات التفكير مثل ربط المحتوى بمهارات التفكير الناقد والمنظومي وغيرها ومن ضمنها الربط
. بمهارات التفكير المتشعب
ال
ذا ا تأ
ة لتد
ة تد
ض ن ا ت ات
ال تش
ات التفك
ا ث ن ت ظ ف ا ت ات من خالل تواجد الباحثين في الميدان الجامعي وتعاملهم مع طلبة قسم الرياضيات وجدو ان
هناك شكوى من قب لهم لبعض المواد الدراسية ومن جهة اخرى ومن خالل استطالع اراء الخبراء
وبعض التدريسين ونسب النجاح التي تم الحصول عليها من اللجنة االمتحانات ومن خالل استطالع
اراء مجموعة من طلبة المرحلة المنتهية للعام2021
-
2022
شخصوا صعوبة في فهم بعض المواد
الدراسية ومنها ماد ة التحليل العقدي التي ظهرت بالمرتبة الثالثة من الدروس التي تحتاج الى جهد
منهم في النجاح بعد مادة اإلحصاء الرياضي والتبولوجي
وذلك لتداخل موضوعاتها ومفاهيمها
وبالتالي انعكس ذلك على نتائج تحصيلهم الدراسي في هذه المادة وهذا ما استدل عليه الباحثون من
نتائج نسب النجاح للسنوات الثالث السابقة في الدور األول، فالنتائج ال ترقى للمستوى المطلوب
واكتفاء الطلبة بدرجات النجاح فيها. ويجد ال باحثون ان ذلك ربما يعود للطرائق التقليدية التي يتبعها
مدرسو هذه المادة فهي عاده ما تركز على اعطاء االثر االكبر للتدريسي لتقديم المادة بحسب ما
جاء بالمنهج الدراسي المقرر ويبتعد عن اعطاء االثر االكبر للطالب وبهذا ارتأى ال باحثون توظيف استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب ضمن استراتيجية تدريسية لتدريس
ماده التحليل العقدي من خالل توزيع الوظائف او المهام بين التدريسي والطالب والتنوع باألسئلة
المطروحة اثناء الدرس لفسح المجال ليكون الطالب نشطا ومفكرا جيدا ، وربما ذلك سينعكس على
تحسين. ادائهم في تلك المادة ورفع تحصيلهم الدراسي 325 JOBS
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Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 من خالل تقديم خدمات أنموذجية عملية مباشرة للمجتمع من قبل أعضاء الهي ئة ومن جهة أخرى تبرز أهمية الجامعة من حيث أنها مسؤولة عن إعداد القيادات الفكرية
والعلمية واألدبية والفنية والمهنية بمختلف مستوياتها ولجميع مؤسسات المجتمع وقطاعات هذه
المؤسسات وواقعها. من خالل تقديم خدمات أنموذجية عملية مباشرة للمجتمع من قبل أعضاء الهي
ئة 326 e
العدد
السابع
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
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2023
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 , التدريس والطلبة وباالستعانة بمرافقها المختلفة.( الجوارنة وصوص2017
:
36
) اذ تمثلت
التصورات اإليجابية في أهمية الجامعة بوصفها أداة لالرتقاء بالمستوى الثقافي والعلمي لطالبها
ووسيلة لالرتقاء بالوضع االجتماعي وكذلك لتوفير فرص عمل أفضل والمساعدة على خدمة ال مجتمع
، والنهوض به. (عبدالرحمن2014
:
309
.) وألهمية التفكير واثره الهام في العملية التعليمية ظهرت توجهات لعملية دمجه ومهارته في
المحتوى الدراسي مع استراتيجيات وبرامج تدريس هذا المحتوى مثلما اقترحه بايرBeyer1988
( وكذلك ما قدمه شوارتز وساندر باركس2004) في كت "ابهما "التفكير الناقد واإلبداعي في التدريس
وما قام بهchamber(1988)
في انطالقة أن المفاهيم والشروحات موجودة في المواد الدراسية
،تحتاج إلى تجارب جديدة بالنسبة للطلبة لكي يخوضوها ويحلوا مشاكلها. (القاضي2006
:
428
.)
ويعد التفكير المتشعب نمط من انماط التفكير التي تساهم في تنمية قدرة المتعلم على
استقبال واستيعاب وتمثيل المعرفة ودمجها في البنية العقلية له، والموائمة بين هذه المعرفة والخبرات
السابقة لدى المتعلم وتحويلها إلى خبرة ذات معنى، األمر الذي يجعل مرونة الفكر صدور استجابات
تباعدية غير نمطية ، وتعدد الرؤى ع ند معالجة المتعلم للمشكالت الجديدة بالنسبة له. (فتالوي
, والبراك2022
:
183
.) وبذلك اصبح من الضروري أن يكون هناك اهتمام متزايد بتنمية مهارات التفكير
واستراتيجيات التدريس المعتمدة عليه بوصفها هدفا من أهداف التدريس؛ ألن تعميق قدرة المتعلم على
التفكير بأنواعه المختلفة يمكنه من القدرة على دراسة األفكار وتحليلها وتقييمها للوصول إلى قرار
( علمي تجاه المواقف المرتبطة بحياته الشخصية وبالمجتمع الذي نعيش فيه(Swartz & Fischr,
2001: 305
وأشار العالم ايستنز بأن تعليم المحتوى الدراسي مقرون بتعلم مهارات التفكير يترتب
عليه تحصيل أعلى مقارنة مع تعلم المحتوى فقط، ويعطي الطالب إحساسا بالسيطرة الواعية على
تفكيره مما ينعكس على تحسين مستوى التحصيل لديه وشعوره بالثقة في مواجهة المهمات المدرسية
،والحياتية، (الكبيسي2014
:
25
.) 327
.وتعد كليات التربية المصدر الرئيس إلعداد المدرسين فهي تركز على إعدادهم قادة ومفكرين
ودعاة للتغيير، مسلحين بالمعرفة والقدرة على ربط النظرية بالممارسة والواقع، وخلق بيئات تعلم فاعلة
تساعد جميع الطلبة دون استثناء على النجاح والتفوق. يتم ذلك من خالل تبنى مداخل أساسية تركز .وتعد كليات التربية المصدر الرئيس إلعداد المدرسين فهي تركز على إعدادهم قادة ومفكرين
ودعاة للتغيير، مسلحين بالمعرفة والقدرة على ربط النظرية بالممارسة والواقع، وخلق بيئات تعلم فاعلة
تساعد جميع الطلبة دون استثناء على النجاح والتفوق. يتم ذلك من خالل تبنى مداخل أساسية تركز 327 e
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 على المتعلمLearner-Centered
والتعلم القائم على األداءPerformance-based
Learning
, ، وبناء قدرات المتعلمين وتنمية تفكيرهم المنوع. (النبوي2007
:
209
-
210
.)
وبناء على ما تقدم، وتماشيا مع التوجهات العالمية في دمج مهارا ت التفكير واستراتيجياته في
المحتوى الدراسي وتدريسه، فإنه يؤمّل أن تسهم هذه الدراسة في البحث عن بعض العوامل
واالستراتيجيات التي تستند على التفكير ومنها التفكير المتشعب في زيادة تحصيل طلبة ال صف الرابع
.في قسم الرياضيات لمادة التحليل العقدي
:وبذلك يمكن ان نلخص أهمية البحث بما يأتي
1. قد تتماشى هذه الدراسة مع أهداف وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي في مواكبة التطوير العلمي
والتربوي عن طريق استعمال استراتيجيات حديثة في التدريس تركز على تنمية التفكي ر بما يكفل
تأهيل الطلبة وإعدادهم إعدادا علميا ومعرفيا ويجعلهم قادرين على مواكبة هذا التطور في المجاالت
.كافة 2. إعطاء تصور للتربويين ومدرسي الرياضيات عن كيفية استخدام إستراتيجية لدمج مهارات التفكير
بالمحتوى الرياضي قد يساعدهم على تعديل طرائقهم التدريسية ع لى وفق ذلك وتوجيه نظرهم إلى
.مهارات التفكير المتشعب أ 3. تسليط الضوء على المرحلة الجامعية واهميتها وباألخص الصف الرابع ففيها تبرز شخصية
.المتعلم بشكل واضح ويبلغ مرحلة النضج العقلي والعمري الذي يؤهله للتخرج واإللتحاق بسوق العمل
4. تزويد الباحثين وطلبة الدراسات العل يا بنتائج البحث الحالي لإلفادة منها في إجراء بحوث مماثلة
.أو مكملة ولسد ثغرة في البحوث التربوية الناتجة عن ندرة الدراسات في مجاالت هذه الدراسة
5. سعي البحث للوصول الى حلول قد تساعد في تقليل صعوبات طلبة الصف الرابع في مادة
التحليل العقدي ومساعدتهم لفهمها واستي.عابها وفقا الستراتيجية التفكير المتشعب
➢
:هدف البحث يهدف البحث التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تحصيل
.طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
➢ف ة اآل ة
ة ال
الف
اغ ال ا ث
ف ال ث
ة ال ث لل ق
ف ➢
:فرضية البحث: للتحقق من هدف البحث صاغ الباحثون الفرضية الصفرية اآلتية 328 JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ( "ال يوجد فرق ذو داللة احصائية عند مستوى𝛼≤0.05
) بين متوسطي درجات تحصيل مادة
التحليل العقدي لطلبة المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب ودرجات طلبة
".المجموعة الضابطة التي درست بالطريقة االعتيادية ➢
:حدود البحث: يتحدد البحث الحالي بـ
•
الحدود البشرية: طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم.الرياضيات
•
.الحدود المكانية: جامعة الموصل / كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة / قسم الرياضيات
•
الحدود الزمانية: الفصل الدراسي االول للعام الدراسي2022
-
2023
. JOBS
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الحدود الموضوعية المعرفية: الفصول االول والثاني والثالث والرابع في كتاب تحليل العقدي
: .(حديد وسعيد1982
)
➢
:مصطلحات البحث
1
. ( االستراتيجية التدريس(Teaching: Strategy
:: وعرفها كل من
•
( قرعان والصبحة2020
):"بأنها ما يقوم به المدرس من إجراءات تعليمية داخل الغرفة الصفية
وتهدف الى تحسين التعليم وتطوير مهماته على وفق ما تتوصل إليـه الدراسات والبحوث. (قرعان
, والصبحة2020
:
32
.) ➢
:حدود البحث: يتحدد البحث الحالي بـ
•
الحدود البشرية: طلبة الصف الرابع في قسم.الرياضيات
•
.الحدود المكانية: جامعة الموصل / كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة / قسم الرياضيات
•
الحدود الزمانية: الفصل الدراسي االول للعام الدراسي2022
-
2023
. •
الحدود الموضوعية المعرفية: الفصول االول والثاني والثالث والرابع في كتاب تحليل العقدي
: .(حديد وسعيد1982
)
➢
:مصطلحات البحث ا 1
. ( االستراتيجية التدريس(Teaching: Strategy
:: وعرفها كل من
•
( قرعان والصبحة2020
):"بأنها ما يقوم به المدرس من إجراءات تعليمية داخل الغرفة الصفية
وتهدف الى تحسين التعليم وتطوير مهماته على وفق ما تتوصل إليـه الدراسات والبحوث. (قرعان
, والصبحة2020
:
32
.) •
( الكريمين2021
) :" بانها مجموعة تحركات المعلم التي تحدث بشكل منتظم ومتسلسل ومتتابع و
, متعاقب داخل الصف لتحقيق األهداف التدريسية المرجوة على أكمل وجه. (الكريمين2021
:
19
.)
2
. ( التفكير المتشعبNeural Branching thinking
:): وعرفه كل من ( السليتي2015): "على
انه عملية توليد العديد من األفكار المختلفة عن موضوع معين خالل فترة
قصيرة، وانه يشمل تجزئة الموضوع الى مكوناته المختلفة من أجل التبصر بمختلف أوجه ذلك
،الموضوع. (السليتي242:2015
.) ( البدري2019):"بأنها مجموعة من اإلجراءات والعمليات العقلية التي يقوم الطالب م ن خاللها
باستقبال واستيعاب وتنظيم المعرفة الرياضية ودمجها في البنية المعرفية له والربط بينها وبين خيراته
. ومعارفه الرياضية السابقة وتوظيفها هدف حل موقف مشكلة جديدة بالنسبة له ب
ب
ج ي
و
و و ي ه
ب
ي
ير
ر
و
, (البدري2019
:
75
) 329 JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ويعرف الباحثون استراتيجية التدريس على وفق التفكير المتشعب اجرائيا بانه :مجموعة التحركات
المنتظمة التي تقوم بها تدريسية مادة التحليل العقدي لتوليد العديد من االفكار الم ختلفة عن موضوع
الدرس لدى الطلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات من خالل استقبالهم وتنظيمهم المعرفة الرياضية
ودمجها في البنية المعرفية لهم والربط بينها وبين خبراتهم السابقة من خالل االندماج في االجابة عن
. االسئلة المتشعبة والمنوعة في الدرس
3
.التحصيل وعرفه كل: من
( اسماعيلي2019
): هو " عبارة عن متوسط ما يتحصل عليه الطالب من درجات في المسافات
الدراسية أومجموعة من المسافات الدراسية التي تقاس هذا الحال من خالل تصنيف آخر السنة أو
، العام .(اسماعيلي2019
:
39
.)
( حسين2018): بأنه "يتمثل في المعرفة التي يحصل عليها الطال ب من خالل برنامج أو منهج
المقرر دراسي قصد تكيفه مع الوسط التربوي، ويقتصر هذا المفهوم على ما يحصل عليه الطالب
من معلومات وفق برنامج معد يهدف إلى جعل المتعلم أكثر تكيفا مع الوسط االجتماعي الذي ينتمي
! إليه، فضال عن إعداده للتكيف مع البيئة الدراسية بصورة عامة. , (حسين2018
:
176
)
ويعرف الباحثون التحصيل اجرائيا بأنه :مقدار مااكتسبة طالب الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات من
معلومات ومهارات لمادة التحليل العقدي ،وتقاس بالدرجة التي يحصل عليها عن اجابته ال سئلة
.االختبار التحصيلي المعد
: الدراسات السابقة يتضمن هذا المحور عرضا لعدد من الدراسات السابقة التي اطلع عليها الباحثون
لمتغير البحث (استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب) وستعرض بشكل مخطط يوضح فيه عنوان الدراسة
والهدف منها وعينتها وادواتها واهم النتائج التي توص .لت اليها
( العريني2020
:
236
-
3
1
-
فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في مهارات حل المشكالت الرياضية لدى
طالبات المرحلة المتوسطة
أهم نتائج الدراسة أدوات البحث عينة الدراسة هدف الدراسة ويعرف الباحثون استراتيجية التدريس على وفق التفكير المتشعب اجرائيا بانه :مجموعة التحركات
المنتظمة التي تقوم بها تدريسية مادة التحليل العقدي لتوليد العديد من االفكار الم ختلفة عن موضوع
الدرس لدى الطلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات من خالل استقبالهم وتنظيمهم المعرفة الرياضية
ودمجها في البنية المعرفية لهم والربط بينها وبين خبراتهم السابقة من خالل االندماج في االجابة عن
. JOBS
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Journal of Basic Science
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عشر
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 االسئلة المتشعبة والمنوعة في الدرس
3
.التحصيل وعرفه كل: من
( اسماعيلي2019
): هو " عبارة عن متوسط ما يتحصل عليه الطالب من درجات في المسافات
الدراسية أومجموعة من المسافات الدراسية التي تقاس هذا الحال من خالل تصنيف آخر السنة أو
، العام .(اسماعيلي2019
:
39
.)
( حسين2018): بأنه "يتمثل في المعرفة التي يحصل عليها الطال ب من خالل برنامج أو منهج
المقرر دراسي قصد تكيفه مع الوسط التربوي، ويقتصر هذا المفهوم على ما يحصل عليه الطالب
من معلومات وفق برنامج معد يهدف إلى جعل المتعلم أكثر تكيفا مع الوسط االجتماعي الذي ينتمي
! إليه، فضال عن إعداده للتكيف مع البيئة الدراسية بصورة عامة. , (حسين2018
:
176
)
ويعرف الباحثون التحصيل اجرائيا بأنه :مقدار مااكتسبة طالب الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات من
معلومات ومهارات لمادة التحليل العقدي ،وتقاس بالدرجة التي يحصل عليها عن اجابته ال سئلة
.االختبار التحصيلي المعد
: الدراسات السابقة يتضمن هذا المحور عرضا لعدد من الدراسات السابقة التي اطلع عليها الباحثون
لمتغير البحث (استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب) وستعرض بشكل مخطط يوضح فيه عنوان الدراسة
والهدف منها وعينتها وادواتها واهم النتائج التي توص .لت اليها
( العريني2020
:
236
-
علية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في مهارات حل المشكالت الرياضية لدى
ت المرحلة المتوسطة
أ
أ ويعرف الباحثون استراتيجية التدريس على وفق التفكير المتشعب اجرائيا بانه :مجموعة التحركات
المنتظمة التي تقوم بها تدريسية مادة التحليل العقدي لتوليد العديد من االفكار الم ختلفة عن موضوع
الدرس لدى الطلبة الصف الرابع في قسم الرياضيات من خالل استقبالهم وتنظيمهم المعرفة الرياضية
ودمجها في البنية المعرفية لهم والربط بينها وبين خبراتهم السابقة من خالل االندماج في االجابة عن
. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
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3فه كل
ل
الت:ن 330 JOBS
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(مخطط1
) عرض الدراسات السابقة
,( محمد2018
:
123
-
158
)
جامعة قناة السويس
2
-
فعالية استخدام استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تدريس األحياء لتنمية مهارات
التفكير
التأملي والتنظيم الذاتي للتعلم لدى طالب المرحلة الثانوية
أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة أدوات البحث عينة الدراسة هدف الدراسة
يوجد فرق ذو داللة احصائية بين متوسطي
درجات طالب المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة
الضابطة في اختبار مهارات التفكير التأملي
.وأبعاده لصالح طالب المجموعة التجريبية
يوجد فرق ذو داللة احصائية بين متوسطي
درجات طالب المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة
الضابطة في مقياس التنظيم الذاتي للتعلم وأبعاده
.لصالح المجموعة التجريبية
الباحثة
اعدت
اختبار
باعداد
التفكير
مهارات
واختبار
التأملي
م التنظيم
قياس
.الذاتي للتعلم
من
اختيارمجموعتين
تم
طالبات الصف األول الثانوي
بمدرستي الزهور وأم األبطال
بمحافظة
للبنات
الثانوية
.االسماعيلية
تنمية مهارات التفكير التأملي
والتنظيم الذاتي للتعلم في مادة
األحياء لدى طالب المرحلة
الثانوية باستخدام استراتيجيات
ال. تفكير المتشعب
وأهم ما أسفرت عنه الدراسة من
نتائج وجود فروق ذات داللة
إحصائية بين متوسط درجات
طالبات المجموعتين التجريبية
والضابطة في جميع مهارات حل
المشكالت في التطبيق البعدي
المجموعة
الصالح
لالختبار
التجريبية، ما يدل على فاعلية
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
تنمية مهارات التفكير وحل
.الرياضية المرحلة المتوسطة
وتمثلت أداة ا لبحث في
المشكالت
حل
اختيار
الرياضية وفقا االستراتيجيات
التفكير المتشعب ومن خالل
،تطبيق مهارة تحديد المشكلة
،والتخطيط لحل المشكلة
وتنفيذ الحل، والتأكد من
.صحة حل المشكلة
( حيث تكونت عينة البحث من50
)
طالبة بالصف األول المتوسط
بمدرسة عمارة بنت حمزة بمدينة
ال رياض بالمملكة العربية السعودية تم
تقسيمهن إلى مجموعتين متساويتين
( قوام كل منهما25
) طالبة األولى
باستخدام
درست
تجريبية
،المتشعب
التفكير
استراتيجيات
واألخرى ضابطة درست بالطريقة
المعتادة
هدف البحث إلى معالجة
التدني في مهارات حل
المشكالت الرياضية لدى
طالبات ا لمرحلة المتوسطة
بالمملكة
الرياض
بمدينة
العربية السعودية من خالل
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 وأهم ما أسفرت عنه الدراسة من
نتائج وجود فروق ذات داللة
إحصائية بين متوسط درجات
طالبات المجموعتين التجريبية
والضابطة في جميع مهارات حل
المشكالت في التطبيق البعدي
المجموعة
الصالح
لالختبار
التجريبية، ما يدل على فاعلية
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
تنمية مهارات التفكير وحل
.الرياضية المرحلة المتوسطة 331 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 332
, ( فتحي2023
:
247
-
274
)
4
-
أثر استخدام استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب لتدريس العلوم في تنمية مهارات حل المشكالت
لتالميذ المرحلة اإلعداية
أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة أدوات البحث عينة الدراسة هدف الدراسة
وتوصلت نتائج البحث إلى أن استخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تدريس
وحدة دورية العناصر وخواصها" للمجموعة
التجريبية كان له تأثير في تنمية مهارات
. حل المشكالت لدى تالميذ الصف الثاني
وقد تم إعداد مواد التعليم والتعلم
والتي تمثلت في كراسة نشاط التلم يذ
المعدة وفقا الستراتيجيات التفكير
المتشعب في وحدة " دورية العناصر
وخواصها المقررة على الصف الثاني
االعدادي, دليل المعلم في وحدة
شبه
المنهج
واستخدم
التجريبي القائم على تصميم
التجريبية
المجموعتين
اختيار
ثم
والضابطة,
مجموعة البحث من تالميذ
وتلميذات مدرسة دير عطية
هدف البحث الحالي
إلى تعزف أثر استخدام
التفكير
استراتيجيات
لتدريس
المتشعب
تنمية
في
العلوم
مهارات حل المشكالت
, (البدري2019
:
73
-
86
)
سامراء-العراق
3
-
فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير المنتج في الرياضيات لدى طالبات
الصف الثاني متوسط
أهم نتائج الدراسة أدوات البحث عينة الدراسة هدف الدراسة
اظهرت النتائج وجود فرق ذو
داللة احصائية عند مستوى
(
0.05
) بين مجموعتي البحث
في متوسط درجات اختبار
درجات
ومتوسط
التحصيل
اختبار التفكير المنتج ولصالح
. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 المجموعة التجريبية
استخدم اداتين للبحث االولى
اختبار تحصيلي موضوعي من
(نوع اختيار من متعدد30
)
فقرة اختبارية واالداة االخرى
اختبار
( مهارات التفكير المنتج20
)
فقرة اختبارية
اختارت الباحثة ثانوية دار الحكمة
للبنات في محافظة صالح الدين
/
قضاء سامراء,واختير منها شعبتان
عشوائيا وزعت الى مجموعتين
(االولى تجريبية30
)طالبة درست
المتشعب
التفكير
باسترتيجيات
( والثانية30
) طالبة درست بالطريقة
االعتيادية ,وقد تم التكافؤ بين
المجموعتين في بعض المتغيرات
بالشهور
الزمني
(العمر
منها
,التحصيل ,درجة الذكاء , مستوى
.) تعليم الوالدين
فاعلية
الى
التعرف
الى
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب
في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير
المنتج في الرياضيات لدى
.طالبات الصف الثاني متوسط 332
, ( فتحي2023
:
247
-
274
)
4
-
أثر استخدام استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب لتدريس العلوم في تنمية مهارات حل المشكالت
لتالميذ المرحلة اإلعداية
أهم النتائج التي توصلت إليها الدراسة أدوات البحث عينة الدراسة هدف الدراسة
وتوصلت نتائج البحث إلى أن استخدام
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تدريس
وحدة دورية العناصر وخواصها" للمجموعة
التجريبية كان له تأثير في تنمية مهارات
. حل المشكالت لدى تالميذ الصف الثاني
وقد تم إعداد مواد التعليم والتعلم
والتي تمثلت في كراسة نشاط التلم يذ
المعدة وفقا الستراتيجيات التفكير
المتشعب في وحدة " دورية العناصر
وخواصها المقررة على الصف الثاني
االعدادي, دليل المعلم في وحدة
شبه
المنهج
واستخدم
التجريبي القائم على تصميم
التجريبية
المجموعتين
اختيار
ثم
والضابطة,
مجموعة البحث من تالميذ
وتلميذات مدرسة دير عطية
هدف البحث الحالي
إلى تعزف أثر استخدام
التفكير
استراتيجيات
لتدريس
المتشعب
تنمية
في
العلوم
مهارات حل المشكالت
, (البدري2019
:
73
-
86
)
سامراء-العراق
3
-
فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير المنتج في الرياضيات لدى طالبات
الصف الثاني متوسط
أهم نتائج الدراسة أدوات البحث عينة الدراسة هدف الدراسة
اظهرت النتائج وجود فرق ذو
داللة احصائية عند مستوى
(
0.05
) بين مجموعتي البحث
في متوسط درجات اختبار
درجات
ومتوسط
التحصيل
اختبار التفكير المنتج ولصالح
. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 المجموعة التجريبية
استخدم اداتين للبحث االولى
اختبار تحصيلي موضوعي من
(نوع اختيار من متعدد30
)
فقرة اختبارية واالداة االخرى
اختبار
( مهارات التفكير المنتج20
)
فقرة اختبارية
اختارت الباحثة ثانوية دار الحكمة
للبنات في محافظة صالح الدين
/
قضاء سامراء,واختير منها شعبتان
عشوائيا وزعت الى مجموعتين
(االولى تجريبية30
)طالبة درست
المتشعب
التفكير
باسترتيجيات
( والثانية30
) طالبة درست بالطريقة
االعتيادية ,وقد تم التكافؤ بين
المجموعتين في بعض المتغيرات
بالشهور
الزمني
(العمر
منها
,التحصيل ,درجة الذكاء , مستوى
.) تعليم الوالدين
فاعلية
الى
التعرف
الى
استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب
في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير
المنتج في الرياضيات لدى
.طالبات الصف الثاني متوسط JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
دورية العناصر وخواصها والمعد وفقا
الستراتيجيات التفكير المنشعب، وأداة
القياس وتمثلت في: اختبار مهارات
حل المشكالت االحساس با لمشكلة
وصياغتها جمع البيانات تكوين
الفروض اختبار صحة الفروض
التفسير-
المفاهيم
تكوين
.)والتعميمات
قوامها
وكان
اإلعدادية
(
54
. ) تلميذ وتلميذة
وقسمت إلى مجموعتين
إحداهما تمثل المجموعة
( التجريبية وعددها27
)
تلميذ وتلميذة. وا لمجموعة
المجموعة
تمثل
الثانية
( الضابطة وعددها27
)
تلميذ وتلميذة. لدى تالميذ الصف
.الثاني االعدادي
تعقيب على الدراسات السابقة :من خالل العرض: السابق للدراسات تم التوصل إلى
1
. تناولت الدراسات السابقة متغير التفكير المتشعب متغيرا مستقال في التدريس واختلفت بمعرفة اثرها
في المتغيرات التابعة مثل (الفهم القرائي ،التفكير التأملي والتنظيم الذاتي ،التفكير المنتج ،مهارات
) حل المشكالت
يهدف البحث الحالي الى التعرف على أثر تدريس التحليل العقدي باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
.تحصيل طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة
3
. تراوحت العينة في الدراسات السابقة بين (اقل ،اعلى) وتباينت في المرحلة الدراسية بين المرحلة
االعدادية والثانوية
و البحث الحالي يستهدف عينة من طلبة الصف الرابع قسم الرياضيات وسيتم اختيار عدد مناسب من
. مجتمع البحث
4
. تباين ادوات البحث بحسب متغيراتها التابعة والبحث الحالي سيتناول متغير التحصيل وسيتم
. اعدادهُ على وفق خطوات البحث العلمي
5
. وقد استفادت الباحثة منها في االطالع ع لى اإلطار النظري الستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب
. ,وأدوات التجريب والقياس ,وفي عرض النتائج ومناقشتها
: إجراءات البحث JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 دورية العناصر وخواصها والمعد وفقا
الستراتيجيات التفكير المنشعب، وأداة
القياس وتمثلت في: اختبار مهارات
حل المشكالت االحساس با لمشكلة
وصياغتها جمع البيانات تكوين
الفروض اختبار صحة الفروض
التفسير-
المفاهيم
تكوين
.)والتعميمات
قوامها
وكان
اإلعدادية
(
54
. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ) تلميذ وتلميذة
وقسمت إلى مجموعتين
إحداهما تمثل المجموعة
( التجريبية وعددها27
)
تلميذ وتلميذة. وا لمجموعة
المجموعة
تمثل
الثانية
( الضابطة وعددها27
)
تلميذ وتلميذة. لدى تالميذ الصف
.الثاني االعدادي 333 334
JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
(التجريبي
التصميم
اختيار
أوال: Experimental
Design
):
( اعتمد الباحثون التصميم التجريبي ذا المجموعتين المتكافئتينEquivalent Groups
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:) في أدناه
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المجموعة
التكافؤ
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وفق المتغير التابع
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التفكير المتشعب
التحصيل
الضابطة
الطريقة االعتيادية
( ثانياً: تحديد مجتمع البحثPopulation of the Research
: )
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-
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) طالبا موزعين على ثالثة
شعب (AB,CD,EF)
. ( ثالثاً: اختيار عينة البحثSample of the Research
: )
تم اختيار شع( بتين من مجتمع البحث بطريقة عشوائية بسيطة ،والمثبتة معلوماته في الجدول1
)
:التالي
( جدول1) عدد أفراد عينة البحث
جامعة الموصل
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عدد الطلبة
ال مستبعدون
عدد الطلبة
بعد االستبعاد
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كلية
الصرفة
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CD
99
32
67
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AB
101
37
64
المجموع الكلي للطلبة200
200
69
131 (التجريبي
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أوال: Experimental
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):
( اعتمد الباحثون التصميم التجريبي ذا المجموعتين المتكافئتينEquivalent Groups
Design
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:) في أدناه
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المجموعة
التكافؤ
المتغير المستقل
التدريس على
وفق المتغير التابع
التجريبية
التفكير المتشعب
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الضابطة
الطريقة االعتيادية
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l ti
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( ثانياً: تحديد مجتمع البحثPopulation of the Research
: )
وتم تحديد مجتمع البحث من طلبة .جامعة الموصل . كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة .قسم الرياضيات
( .الصف الرابع للعام الدراسي2022
-
2023
( ) والبالغ عددهم298
) طالبا موزعين على ثالثة
شعب (AB,CD,EF)
. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ( ثالثاً: اختيار عينة البحثSample of the Research
: )
تم اختيار شع( بتين من مجتمع البحث بطريقة عشوائية بسيطة ،والمثبتة معلوماته في الجدول1
)
:التالي
( جدول1) عدد أفراد عينة البحث
جامعة الموصل
المجموعة
الشعبة
عدد الطلبة قبل
االستبعاد
عدد الطلبة
ال مستبعدون
عدد الطلبة
بعد االستبعاد
للعلوم
التربية
كلية
الصرفة
التجريبية
CD
99
32
67
الضابطة
AB
101
37
64
المجموع الكلي للطلبة200
200
69
131 ( ثانياً: تحديد مجتمع البحثPopulation of the Research
: ) 334 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
شر
هـ
Print -I
Online- )تحديد المادة العلمية (المحتوى JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 حُددت المادة العلمية بالفصول (االول–
الثاني–
الثالث–
الرابع) من الكتاب المقرر لمادة التحليل
:العقدي للمرحلة الرابعة كما يأتي
)الفصل االول: (االعداد المعقدة) الفصل الثاني: (الدوال التحليلية
)الفصل الثالث: (الدوال المعقدة االولية) الفصل الرابع: (التكامل المعقد
وهذه الفصول تم تحديد موضوعاتها من قبل اللجنة القطاعية في وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث
العلمي– الجمهورية العراقية-
للفصل.الدراسي االول JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
شر
هـ
Print -I
Online- : أسباب االستبعاد
تم استبعاد69
طالبا وطالبة من النتائج اإلحصائية عند تحليل البيانات لكونهم
اما من الطلبة الراسبين ،او من الذين تاخرو في االلتحاق بالدراسة بعد بدأ التجربة او من المجازين
.ألداء االختبار النهائي للتحصيل في يومه المحدد : أسباب االستبعاد
تم استبعاد69
طالبا وطالبة من النتائج اإلحصائية عند تحليل البيانات لكونهم
اما من الطلبة الراسبين ،او من الذين تاخرو في االلتحاق بالدراسة بعد بدأ التجربة او من المجازين
.ألداء االختبار النهائي للتحصيل في يومه المحدد (
البحث
مجموعات
تكافؤ
رابعاً: Equivalence
of
the
Groups
:
)
حرص الباحثون على التكافؤ احصائيا في متغيرات يعتقد أنها تؤثر في مجريات التجربة وضبطها
منها: العمر ، الذكاء، والمعدل العام للصف الثالث وتم استخراج المتوسط الحسابي واالنحراف
المعياري لكال المجموعتين عند كل متغير
( وادرجت النتائج في الجدول2
:) االتي (
البحث
مجموعات
تكافؤ
رابعاً: Equivalence
of
the
Groups
:
)
حرص الباحثون على التكافؤ احصائيا في متغيرات يعتقد أنها تؤثر في مجريات التجربة وضبطها
منها: العمر ، الذكاء، والمعدل العام للصف الثالث وتم استخراج المتوسط الحسابي واالنحراف
المعياري لكال المجموعتين عند كل متغير
( وادرجت النتائج في الجدول2
:) االتي 335
(جدول2) نتائج االختبار التائي لمتغيرات التكافؤ
المتغيرات المجموعة العدد المتوسط الحسابي
االنحراف
المعياري
ت
المحسوبة
Sig
العمر
التجريبية
67
23.5075
2.76544
-.563
.574
الضابطة
64
23.7344
1.69258
المعدل
التجريبية
66
71.2652
8.89413
.939
.349
الضابطة
64
69.6961
10.12711
الذكاء
التجريبية
67
41.8650
3.76940
1.042
.121
الضابطة
64
42.4844
2.95460
يتضح أن جميع القيم المعنويةSig
( اكبر من مستوى الداللة0.05
) ,هذا يعني أنه
اليوجد فرق ذو
ّداللة احصائية بين متوسطي عينة البحث في هذه المتغيرات ،وبهذا تع د المجموعتان متكافئتان لكل
. متغير
( خامسا : مستلزمات البحثResearch Requirements
: )
لغرض تحقيق هدف البحث وفرضياته تطلب:تهيئة عدد من المستلزمات هي
أ . )تحديد المادة العلمية (المحتوى 335
(جدول2) نتائج االختبار التائي لمتغيرات التكافؤ
المتغيرات المجموعة العدد المتوسط الحسابي
االنحراف
المعياري
ت
المحسوبة
Sig
العمر
التجريبية
67
23.5075
2.76544
-.563
.574
الضابطة
64
23.7344
1.69258
المعدل
التجريبية
66
71.2652
8.89413
.939
.349
الضابطة
64
69.6961
10.12711
الذكاء
التجريبية
67
41.8650
3.76940
1.042
.121
الضابطة
64
42.4844
2.95460
يتضح أن جميع القيم المعنويةSig
( اكبر من مستوى الداللة0.05
) ,هذا يعني أنه
اليوجد فرق ذو
ّداللة احصائية بين متوسطي عينة البحث في هذه المتغيرات ،وبهذا تع د المجموعتان متكافئتان لكل
. متغير
( خامسا : مستلزمات البحثResearch Requirements
: )
لغرض تحقيق هدف البحث وفرضياته تطلب:تهيئة عدد من المستلزمات هي
أ . ب .
صياغة األغراض السلوكية ب . صياغة األغراض السلوكية
من خالل تحديد المادة العلمية وتحليلها في ضوء االهداف العامة لتدريس مادة التحليل العقدي
( صاغ الباحثون257
, ) غرضا سلوكيا من تصنيف بلوم المستويات الخمسة االولى (التذكر, الفهم
( التطبيق ,التحليل ,التركيب). تمثل نسبة34
، %
31
، %
25
، %
2
، %
8
) على التوالي، وتم%
عرض ها على مجموعة من المحكمين والخبراء في مجال العلوم التربوية والنفسية وطرائق تدريس
الرياضيات. وفي ضوء آرائهم حصلت جميع االغراض السلوكية على نسبة اكثرمن90
،بعد تعديل%
. واعادة الصياغة اللغوية
ت. تحليل محتوى المادة العلمية :قام الباحثون بتحليل المادة العلمية ب حسب مكوناتها (المفاهيم
،المبادئ ،اإلجراءات) تباعا وبحسب ماورد في الكتاب المنهجي وتحديد إستراتيجية التفكير المتشعب
. المالئمة لكل جزئية في المحتوى لغرض استخدامها في عرض الدرس
.ج
إعداد الخطط التدريسية
و
في ض وء تحليل محتوى المادة العلمية المقرر تدريسها خالل مدّة التجربة واألغراض السلوكية تم
إعداد خطة تدريسية للمجموعة التجريبية على وفق خطوات استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب المقترحة
:من قبل الباحثين وخطواتها كاالتي
1.تهيئة اذهان الطلبة للموضوع الجديد من خالل طرح مجم وعة اسئلة تثير المناقشات والحوارات
. المفتوحة واالسترسال في األفكار من خالل ربط األفكار السابقة باألفكار الجديدة
2
.عرض الدرس من خالل طرح االسئلة المنوعة وبحسب المحتوى العلمي تباعا مع مراعاة التنوع
. في العرض وتنشيط تفكير الطالب ب
و ي
أرض
ي
من خالل تحديد المادة العلمية وتحليلها في ضوء االهداف العامة لتدريس مادة التحليل العقدي
( صاغ الباحثون257
, ) غرضا سلوكيا من تصنيف بلوم المستويات الخمسة االولى (التذكر, الفهم
( التطبيق ,التحليل ,التركيب). تمثل نسبة34
، %
31
، %
25
، %
2
، %
8
) على التوالي، وتم%
عرض ها على مجموعة من المحكمين والخبراء في مجال العلوم التربوية والنفسية وطرائق تدريس
الرياضيات. وفي ضوء آرائهم حصلت جميع االغراض السلوكية على نسبة اكثرمن90
،بعد تعديل%
. واعادة الصياغة اللغوية ت. تحليل محتوى المادة العلمية :قام الباحثون بتحليل المادة العلمية ب حسب مكوناتها (المفاهيم
،المبادئ ،اإلجراءات) تباعا وبحسب ماورد في الكتاب المنهجي وتحديد إستراتيجية التفكير المتشعب
. المالئمة لكل جزئية في المحتوى لغرض استخدامها في عرض الدرس
.ج
إعداد الخطط التدريسية اأ 336 3.يقوم التدريسي استخالص اهم األفكار المتشعبة والمرتبطة بموضوع الدرس الجديد وتسجيلها على
. السبورة 3.يقوم التدريسي استخالص اهم األفكار المتشعبة والمرتبطة بموضوع الدرس الجديد وتسجيلها على
. السبورة 4
. .تعريف الطلبة بجوانب القوة والضعف في تفكيرهم وتصحيح مسارهم 4
. .تعريف الطلبة بجوانب القوة والضعف في تفكيرهم وتصحيح مسارهم ، ،وكما نظمت الخطة التدريسية التي تم اعدادها للمجموعة الضابطة على وفق الطريقة االعتيادية
،وتم عرض األنموذجين على عدد من المحكمين، وتم األخذ بجميع المالحظات التي أشاروا إليها
وإجراء التعديالت الالزمة. وتم إعداد باقي الخطط التدريسية على وفق األنموذجين المعدل ين؛ إذ بلغ
( عددها18
.) خطة لكل مجموعة للدروس النظرية، وبذلك أصبحت الخطط جاهزة للتطبيق
:سادسا : اعداد االختبار التحصيلي: أعدت الباحثون اختبارا تحصيليا على وفق الخطوات اآلتية
1
:.الهدف من االختبار يهدف االختبار الى قياس اكتساب الطلبة المعلومات والمهارات لمادة
التحليل العقدي لطلبة المجموعتين، للموضوعات التي تم تدريسها أثناء مدة التجربة
2.تحديد عدد فقرات االختبار(: تم االتفاق على تحديد عدد فقرات االختبار بـ20
) فقرة اختبارية مع
عدد من مدرسي مادة التحليل العقدي ومتخصصين بعلم النفس التربوي .وطرائق التدريس3
.إعداد
:جدول المواصفات
أعد الباحثون جدوال للمواصفات بهدف توزيع فقرات االختبار التحصيلي بين شتى
موضوعات مادة التحليل العقدي للمرحلة الرابعة قسم الرياضيات وفي ضوء النسب المحددة
،لمستويات األغراض موزعة بين مستويات بلوم المعرفية األولى (تذكر وفهم، وتطبيق ,وتحليل
,وتركيب).كما حددت أوزان المحتوى الدراسي في ضوء عدد الدروس الدراسية لكل من الفصول
( المشمولة بالبحث. كما مبين في جدول3
.) 337
ي
( جدول رقم3) الخارطة االختبارية (جدول المواصفات) الختبار التحصيل
الموضوعات
عدد
الدروس
االغراض
السلوكية
النسبة
التذكر
34%
الفهم
31
%
التطبي
ق
25%
التحليل
2%
التركيب
8%
المجمو
ع
100%
الفصل االول
4
17%
1
1
1
0
0
3
الفصل4
17%
1
1
1
0
0
3 337 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
الثاني
الفصل
الثالث
6
25%
2
2
1
0
0
5
الفصل الرابع
10
41%
3
3
2
0
1
9
المجموع
24
100%
7
7
5
0
1
20
وصيغت فقرات االختبار على وفق مؤشراتها في جدول المواصفات، واستخدمت صيغة االختيار
( من متعدد المكون من20) فقرة
وتم صياغة التعليمات الخاصة باالختبار وكيفية االجابة عنه وبهذا
.اصبح االختبار التحصيلي بصيغته األولية
4
. صدق االختبار:تم
: التحقق من
أ. الصدق الظاهري (
Face Validity
:)
وهو اإلشارة إلى مدى قياس االختبار للغرض الذي وضع
من اجله ظاهريا ، ويتم التوصل إليه من خالل توافق تقديرات المحكمين في تخصص علم النفس
التربوي وطرائق التدريس ومدرسين درسو مادة التحليل العقدي والذين عرض عليهم االختبار على
،درجة قياس االختبار للسمة وقياس المظهر العام لالختبار من حيث المفردات وكيفية صياغتها
ومدى وضوحها، وكذلك يتناول تعليمات االختبار ودقتها ودرجة وضوحها وموضوعيتها ومدى
.مناسبة االختبار للغرض الذي وضع من اجله
ب. 4
. .تعريف الطلبة بجوانب القوة والضعف في تفكيرهم وتصحيح مسارهم صدق المحتوىContent Validity)
):
إذ عُرضت فقرات االختبار التحصيلي على المحكمين
لبيان رائيهم في مدى تغطية االختبار للمحتوى الذي سيتم تدريسه، وبناء على ذلك يكون االختبار
التحصيلي صادقا ألنه مختارٌ من محتويات كتاب التحليل العقدي للمرحلة الرابعة ويغطي المادة
الدراسية وبنسبة اتفاق أكثر من90
.، وبذلك أصبح االختبار صادقا في محتواه%
5
. تطبيق االختبار التحصيلي على العينة االستطالعية:
لغرض التحقق من الخصائص
السايكومترية لفقرات االختبار وللتعرف على وضوح الفقرات وتعليمات االجابة عليها، وكذلك لحساب
ت تط ق االخت
ق ل الطال
تغ ق لإل ا ة
ال قت ال
نة ا تطال ة ك نة
ل
ا JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
الثاني
الفصل
الثالث
6
25%
2
2
1
0
0
5
الفصل الرابع
10
41%
3
3
2
0
1
9
المجموع
24
100%
7
7
5
0
1
20
ا
اال
ا
ا
ل ال ا
ا ا
ل
ا
اال
ا أ. الصدق الظاهري (
Face Validity
:)
وهو اإلشارة إلى مدى قياس االختبار للغرض الذي وضع
من اجله ظاهريا ، ويتم التوصل إليه من خالل توافق تقديرات المحكمين في تخصص علم النفس
التربوي وطرائق التدريس ومدرسين درسو مادة التحليل العقدي والذين عرض عليهم االختبار على
،درجة قياس االختبار للسمة وقياس المظهر العام لالختبار من حيث المفردات وكيفية صياغتها
ومدى وضوحها، وكذلك يتناول تعليمات االختبار ودقتها ودرجة وضوحها وموضوعيتها ومدى
.مناسبة االختبار للغرض الذي وضع من اجله ب. صدق المحتوىContent Validity)
):
إذ عُرضت فقرات االختبار التحصيلي على المحكمين
لبيان رائيهم في مدى تغطية االختبار للمحتوى الذي سيتم تدريسه، وبناء على ذلك يكون االختبار
التحصيلي صادقا ألنه مختارٌ من محتويات كتاب التحليل العقدي للمرحلة الرابعة ويغطي المادة
الدراسية وبنسبة اتفاق أكثر من90
.، وبذلك أصبح االختبار صادقا في محتواه%
5
. تطبيق االختبار التحصيلي على العينة االستطالعية:
لغرض التحقق من الخصائص
السايكومترية لفقرات االختبار وللتعرف على وضوح الفقرات وتعليمات االجابة عليها، وكذلك لحساب
الوقت المستغرق لإلجابة من قبل الطالب تم تطبيق االختب ار على عينة استطالعية مكونة من
(
60
) طالبا من طالب كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة قسم الرياضيات المرحلة الرابعة شعبةEF
، وذلك
( في يوم الخميس الموافق29
/
12
/
2022
)، واتضح من خالل التطبيق أن فقرات االختبار وتعليماته ب. 4
. .تعريف الطلبة بجوانب القوة والضعف في تفكيرهم وتصحيح مسارهم صدق المحتوىContent Validity)
):إذ عُرضت فقرات االختبار التحصيلي على المحكمين
لبيان رائيهم في مدى تغطية االختبار للمحتوى الذي سيتم تدريسه، وبناء على ذلك يكون االختبار
التحصيلي صادقا ألنه مختارٌ من محتويات كتاب التحليل العقدي للمرحلة الرابعة ويغطي المادة
الدراسية وبنسبة اتفاق أكثر من90
.، وبذلك أصبح االختبار صادقا في محتواه% 5
. تطبيق االختبار التحصيلي على العينة االستطالعية:
لغرض التحقق من الخصائص
السايكومترية لفقرات االختبار وللتعرف على وضوح الفقرات وتعليمات االجابة عليها، وكذلك لحساب
الوقت المستغرق لإلجابة من قبل الطالب تم تطبيق االختب ار على عينة استطالعية مكونة من
(
60
) طالبا من طالب كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة قسم الرياضيات المرحلة الرابعة شعبةEF
، وذلك
( في يوم الخميس الموافق29
/
12
/
2022
)، واتضح من خالل التطبيق أن فقرات االختبار وتعليماته 338 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279
كانت واضحة، وأن متوسط الزمن المستغرق لإلجابة عن( جميع االسئلة للطلبة بلغ ما يقارب90
)
. دقيقة 6
. :التحليل االحصائي لفقرات االختبار
.أ
:معامل الصعوبة والسهولة للفقرات
وعند
حساب معامل الصعوبة لكل فقرة من فقرات االختبار
( وجد أنها تراوحت بين0.20
-
0.60
) و تُعدّ نسبة مقبولة، إذ إن أي فقرة ضمن توزيع معامالت
( الصعوبة الذي يتراوح مداه بين0.20
-
0.80
.) ويمكن أن تكون مقبولة وينصح باالحتفاظ بها
.ب قوة تمييز الفق:رة
وبعد حساب قوة التمييز لكل فقرة من فقرات االختبار وُجد أنها تتراوح بين
(
0.26
-
0.46
.) لذا تُعدّ جميع فقرات االختبار مقبولة وجيدة
جـ. فعالية البدائل الخاطئة تم التحقق من هذه الفعالية وكانت جميع قيم البدائل الخاطئة سالبة وبذلك
تم اإلبقاء عليها جميعا . 7. ثبات االختبار: تم اعتماد معادلة كودر-
ريتشارسون20
لحساب ثبات التجانس الداخلي وهي
طريقة من طرائق تقدير معامل الثبات، وبعد تطبيق المعادلة وجد أن معامل ثبات االختبار
( المحسوب0.73
) (وهذا يدل على أن االختبار يحظى بدرجة عالية من الثبات). وبهذا اصبح
االختبار
. التحصيلي جاهزا للتطبيق بصيغته النهائية وقد ارفق بتعليمات االجابة والمعلومات
. المقدمة للطلبة ااا 8. تصحيح االختبار : لتصحيح االختبار التحصيلي وضع الباحثون انموذجا لالجابة الصحيحة اذ
اعطيت الدرجة1
لالجابة الصحيحة وصفر لالجابة المخطئة او المتروكة وبهذا تراو حت درجة
االختبار بين0
–
20
. درجة
سابعاً: تطبيق التجـربة 8. تصحيح االختبار : لتصحيح االختبار التحصيلي وضع الباحثون انموذجا لالجابة الصحيحة اذ
اعطيت الدرجة1
لالجابة الصحيحة وصفر لالجابة المخطئة او المتروكة وبهذا تراو حت درجة
االختبار بين0
–
20
. درجة
سابعاً: تطبيق التجـربة
( أ. 4
. .تعريف الطلبة بجوانب القوة والضعف في تفكيرهم وتصحيح مسارهم بدأت بالتدريس الفعلي للتجربة بتاريخ األحد16
/
10
/
2022
) استنادا ودرست الباحثة طالب
مجموعتي البحث بموجب الخطط التدريسية المعدّه لكل مجموعة واستمر لغاية يوم
(االحد22
/
12
/
2022)م ب-
( االختبار التحصيلي فقد تم تطبيقه بتأريخ األحد8
/
1
/
2023
.)م
ج-. درست المجموعتا ن من قبل ا.م.تغريد حمدون(وهي مدرسة المادة االصلية) نفسها بواقع24
.درس نظري لكل مجموعة ولكل درس نظري يتبعه درس مناقشة في األسبوع نفسه 8. تصحيح االختبار : لتصحيح االختبار التحصيلي وضع الباحثون انموذجا لالجابة الصحيحة اذ
اعطيت الدرجة1
لالجابة الصحيحة وصفر لالجابة المخطئة او المتروكة وبهذا تراو حت درجة
االختبار بين0
–
20
. درجة
سابعاً: تطبيق التجـربة
( أ. بدأت بالتدريس الفعلي للتجربة بتاريخ األحد16
/
10
/
2022
) استنادا ودرست الباحثة طالب
مجموعتي البحث بموجب الخطط التدريسية المعدّه لكل مجموعة واستمر لغاية يوم
(االحد22
/
12
/
2022)م ب-
( االختبار التحصيلي فقد تم تطبيقه بتأريخ األحد8
/
1
/
2023
.)م
ج-. درست المجموعتا ن من قبل ا.م.تغريد حمدون(وهي مدرسة المادة االصلية) نفسها بواقع24
.درس نظري لكل مجموعة ولكل درس نظري يتبعه درس مناقشة في األسبوع نفسه ( أ. بدأت بالتدريس الفعلي للتجربة بتاريخ األحد16
/
10
/
2022
) استنادا ودرست الباحثة طالب
مجموعتي البحث بموجب الخطط التدريسية المعدّه لكل مجموعة واستمر لغاية يوم
(االحد22
/
12
/
2022)م ب-
( االختبار التحصيلي فقد تم تطبيقه بتأريخ األحد8
/
1
/
2023
.)م
ج-. 4
. .تعريف الطلبة بجوانب القوة والضعف في تفكيرهم وتصحيح مسارهم درست المجموعتا ن من قبل ا.م.تغريد حمدون(وهي مدرسة المادة االصلية) نفسها بواقع24
.درس نظري لكل مجموعة ولكل درس نظري يتبعه درس مناقشة في األسبوع نفسه 339 e
العدد
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ثامناً: الوسائل اإلحصائية : استخدمت مجموعة من القوانين اإلحصائية إلجراءات البحث والتحقق
من فرضيته وتمت االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
فضال عن برمجة بعض معادالت القياس والتقويم
ببرنامجEXCEL
: والقوانين هي ثامناً: الوسائل اإلحصائية : استخدمت مجموعة من القوانين اإلحصائية إلجراءات البحث والتحقق
من فرضيته وتمت االستعانة ببرنامجSPSS
فضال عن برمجة بعض معادالت القياس والتقويم
ببرنامجEXCEL
: والقوانين هي .أ
( االختبار التائيt – test
) لعينتين مستقلتين: تكافؤ المجموعتين، والتحقق من فرضية.البحث
ب-
معادلة كودر-
ريتشاردسون-
20
.:استخدمت لحساب معامل ثبات االختبار التحصيلي
د-
معامل صعوبة الفقرة: استخدم إليجاد صعوبة فقرات االختبار التحصيلي
هـ-
قوة تمييز الفقرة:الستخراج قوة تمييز فقرات االختبار التحصيلي
و-
معادلة فعالية البدائل: استخدمت إليجاد
فعالية البدائل المخطئة لالختبار التحصيلي
:عرض نتائج البحث ومناقشتها
: تم التحقق من فرضية لبحث، وتنص على انه(
"ال يوجد فرق ذو
داللة احصائية عند مستوى𝛼≤0.05)
بين متوسطي درجات تحصيل مادة التحليل العقدي لطلبة
المجموعة التجريبية التي درست باستراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب وطلبة المجموعة الضابطة التي
".درست بالطريقة االعتيادية اأ ،استخرج الباحثون المتوسط الحسابي واالنحراف المعياري لدرجات التحصيل ألفراد عينة البحث
وللتعرف على الداللة االحصائية للفرق بين درجات المتوسطين الحسابيين استخدمت
األختبار التا ئي
(لعينتين مستقلتينt-test
() وادرجت النتائج في الجدول4
:) اآلتي 340
(يتبين من الجدول السابق ان قيمة الدالة االحتماليةsig) ألختبار
( التجانس لليفين اقل من0.05
) وهذا
(يعني ان المجموعتين غير متجانستين عندها نعتمد االختبار التائي عند درجةالحرية111.180
). بحسب
ما أظهرته نتائج برنامجSPSS
تبين انsig
(ألختبار ت بلغت0.015
) وهي أقل من القيمة
المتغير المجموعة العدد
المتوسط
الحسابي
االنحراف
المعياري
العينتين
اختبار
*مستقلتين
مستوى
الداللة
0.05
ت
المحسوبة
Sig
حجم
االثر
F
Sig
ا
لتحصيل
تجريبية
67
14.5821
2.1891
11.147
.001
دالة لصالح
التجريبية
2.454
.015
0.044
أثر
صغير الضابطة
64
13.4063
3.18089 340 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
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السابع
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/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 341
(المعنوية0.05
.) وبهذا ترفض الفرضية الصفرية األولى وهذا يعني انه يوجد فرق ذو داللة احصائية بين
متوسطي المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في اختبار التحصيل ،ولمصلحة المجموعة التجريبية . كما تم حساب حجم األثر الذي تركه تدريس الطلبة وفق استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب المقترحة وتبين
انهُ حجم صغير في تأثير االسترات يجية المتبعة مع المجموعة التجريبية على االختبار التحصيلي في
اجاباتهم على االختبار الخاص بهِ وتتفق هذه النتيجة مع دراسة،(المنصوري2017
)
ويعزو الباحثون السبب في ذلك الى أن طلبة المجموعة التجريبية التي درست موضوعات مادة
التحليل العقدي في ضوء االستراتيجيا ت على وفق التفكير المتشعب تلقوا سلسلة متصلة من أساليب التعلم
التي طبقت في التجربة عن طريق استخدام الطلبة لتفكيرهم االفتراضي وتطبيق االنظمة الرمزية المختلفة
وتحليل وجهة نظرهم و توظيف التفكير العكسي والتكملة والتحليل الشبكي فضال عن استخدامهم التفكير
االفتراض ي ، واتخاذ القرارات الخاصة بموضوعات مادة التحليل العقدي مما حسن من طريقة تفكيرهم
. وانعكس ذال على اكتسابهم لمعلومات المادة
كما وفرَّ التفكير المتشعب استراتيجيات تدريسية منوعة تستخدم خالل الدرس الواحد وبالتالي انعكس
ذلك على تنوع توزيع المهام لكل من المدرسة والطلبة فنجد ان الطلبة في المجموعة التجريبية نشيطين
يقظين ومنتبهين لما سيطلب منهم داخل الصف وبالتالي مارسوا مهارات مختلفة منها التواصل مع المادة
الدراسية ومع مدرسة المادة فضال عن ان الدرس وضع مواقف تعليمية تجعل الطلبة يفكرون في كيفية ربط
الموضوعات
المقدمة بما يملكون من خبرات سابقة حول الموضوع مع ربط الموضوعات الرياضية في
موضوعات علمية اخرى وفي مواقف من الحياة لتوظيف كل ذلك الى استخدام الخطوات العلمية في حل
المشكالت الرياضية والتفكير المنتظم في خطواتها ومن خالل اعادة تمثيل الموقف الرياضي المألوف لدي هم
للتعامل معهُ بالمواقف الجديدة ثم تقديم األدلة والبراهين على صحة النتائج كل ذلك ساعد الطلبة عن فهم
واستيعاب الموضوعات الرياضية المقدمة لهم، كما وفرت األسئلة المنوعة التي تضمنتها استراتيجيات
التفكير المتشعب الى التدرج في تفكير الطلبة واالجابة عنها بمستويا ت متدرجة ومنوعة انعكس على الفهم
العميق للمادة. مقارنة مع زمالءهم الذين درسوا بالطريقة االعتيادية التي اعطت الدور األكبر للمدرسة في
تقديم المادة واالعتماد على طريقة أو استراتيجية واحدة لتقديم الدرس لم تسمح للطلبة ان يكون لديهم الوقت
أو الموقف الكافي للتعمق.في المعرفة المقدمة
:االستنتاجات :في ضوء نتائج البحث خرج الباحثون باالستنتاجات االتية (المعنوية0.05
.) وبهذا ترفض الفرضية الصفرية األولى وهذا يعني انه يوجد فرق ذو داللة احصائية بين
متوسطي المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في اختبار التحصيل ،ولمصلحة المجموعة التجريبية . JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
السابع
عشر
2023
/ م1444هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 كما تم حساب حجم األثر الذي تركه تدريس الطلبة وفق استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب المقترحة وتبين
انهُ حجم صغير في تأثير االسترات يجية المتبعة مع المجموعة التجريبية على االختبار التحصيلي في
اجاباتهم على االختبار الخاص بهِ وتتفق هذه النتيجة مع دراسة،(المنصوري2017
)
ويعزو الباحثون السبب في ذلك الى أن طلبة المجموعة التجريبية التي درست موضوعات مادة
التحليل العقدي في ضوء االستراتيجيا ت على وفق التفكير المتشعب تلقوا سلسلة متصلة من أساليب التعلم
التي طبقت في التجربة عن طريق استخدام الطلبة لتفكيرهم االفتراضي وتطبيق االنظمة الرمزية المختلفة
وتحليل وجهة نظرهم و توظيف التفكير العكسي والتكملة والتحليل الشبكي فضال عن استخدامهم التفكير
االفتراض ي ، واتخاذ القرارات الخاصة بموضوعات مادة التحليل العقدي مما حسن من طريقة تفكيرهم
. وانعكس ذال على اكتسابهم لمعلومات المادة َا كما وفرَّ التفكير المتشعب استراتيجيات تدريسية منوعة تستخدم خالل الدرس الواحد وبالتالي انعكس
ذلك على تنوع توزيع المهام لكل من المدرسة والطلبة فنجد ان الطلبة في المجموعة التجريبية نشيطين
يقظين ومنتبهين لما سيطلب منهم داخل الصف وبالتالي مارسوا مهارات مختلفة منها التواصل مع المادة
الدراسية ومع مدرسة المادة فضال عن ان الدرس وضع مواقف تعليمية تجعل الطلبة يفكرون في كيفية ربط
الموضوعات
المقدمة بما يملكون من خبرات سابقة حول الموضوع مع ربط الموضوعات الرياضية في
موضوعات علمية اخرى وفي مواقف من الحياة لتوظيف كل ذلك الى استخدام الخطوات العلمية في حل
المشكالت الرياضية والتفكير المنتظم في خطواتها ومن خالل اعادة تمثيل الموقف الرياضي المألوف لدي هم
للتعامل معهُ بالمواقف الجديدة ثم تقديم األدلة والبراهين على صحة النتائج كل ذلك ساعد الطلبة عن فهم
واستيعاب الموضوعات الرياضية المقدمة لهم، كما وفرت األسئلة المنوعة التي تضمنتها استراتيجيات
التفكير المتشعب الى التدرج في تفكير الطلبة واالجابة عنها بمستويا ت متدرجة ومنوعة انعكس على الفهم
العميق للمادة. مقارنة مع زمالءهم الذين درسوا بالطريقة االعتيادية التي اعطت الدور األكبر للمدرسة في
تقديم المادة واالعتماد على طريقة أو استراتيجية واحدة لتقديم الدرس لم تسمح للطلبة ان يكون لديهم الوقت
أو الموقف الكافي للتعمق.في المعرفة المقدمة :االستنتاجات :في ضوء نتائج البحث خرج الباحثون باالستنتاجات االتية ce
العدد
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Journal of Basic Science
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Print -ISSN 2306-5249
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Journal of Basic Science
عشر
1هـ
Print -ISS
Online-IS اسماعيلي ،ي( امنة عبدالقادر2019
) :انماط التفكير ومستويات التحصيل الدراسي ،دار اليازوري العلمية للنشر
. والتوزيع
2
. ( البدري ,فائدة ياسين طه2019
) : فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير المنتج
في الرياضيات لدى طالبات الصف الثاني متوسط , المجلة الد( ولية التربوية المتخصصة ,المجلد8
( ) ,العدد4
, )
سامراء-
, العراق73
-
86
. 3
. ( جري، خضير عباس والعلياوي، عباس دحام2018
) : الجودة في اعداد المعلمين وتطويرهم، الدار الجامعية
.للطباعة والنشر والترجمة، العراق
4
. الجوارنة
( ,المعتصم باهلل ,ديمة محمد وصوص2017
) :التمية البشرية المستدامة والنظم التعليمية ,دار الخليج
. للناشرون وموزعون ,جامعة الملك خالد
5
. ( حديد ,سمير بشير ,يحيى عبد سعيد1982
) :الدوال المعقدة ,للصف الثالث فيزياء في كليات التربية ,دار الكتب
للطباعة والنشر جامعة ال. موصل,العراق
6
. ( حسين ,عبدالمنعم2018
. ) :القياس والتقويم في الفن والتربية الفنية
7
. ( الخطيب، محمد أحمد2011): مناهج الرياضيات الحديثة تصميمها وتدريسها، ط1
،، دار الحامد للنشر والتوزيع
.األردن
8
. ( السليتي ,فراس2008
) :استراتيجيات التعلم والتعليم :النظرية والتطبيق ,الطبعة األولى ,جدار للكتاب العالمي
. للنشر والتوزيع وعالم الكتب الحديث للنشر والتوزيع ,األردن
9
. ( عبدالسالم، مصطفى عبدالسالم2006): تدريس العلوم ومتطلبات العصر، ط1
،، مطابع اياك كوبي ستتر
.المنصورة، مصر
10
. ( عبدالرحمن ,عواطف2014
) :الصحافة والجامعات :رؤى مستقبلية إصالح أوضاع هيئات التدريس بالجامعات
. ,الجزء الثاني بحث جماعي
11
. ( العريني ،حنان بنت عبد الرحمن بن سليمان2020
) :فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في مهارات حل
المشكالت الرياضية لدى طالبات المرحلة
12
. ( الفتالوي ,احمد حمزه كاظم ,مجد ممتاز البراك2022) :مف اهيم سيكولوجية في علم النفس وطرائق التدريس
. ,الطبعة األولى ,مؤسسة دار الصادق الثقافية ,العراق
13
. ( فتحي ,أمل صالح2023
: )
أثر استخدام استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب لتدريس العلوم في تنمية مهارات حل
المشكالت لتالميذ المرحلة اإلعداية ,مجلة البحث في التربية وعلم ال
نفس ,المجلد38
.,العدد األول : المصادر 1
. اسماعيلي ،ي( امنة عبدالقادر2019
) :انماط التفكير ومستويات التحصيل الدراسي ،دار اليازوري العلمية للنشر
. والتوزيع 2
. ( البدري ,فائدة ياسين طه2019
) : فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في التحصيل ومهارات التفكير المنتج
في الرياضيات لدى طالبات الصف الثاني متوسط , المجلة الد( ولية التربوية المتخصصة ,المجلد8
( ) ,العدد4
, )
سامراء-
, العراق73
-
86
. 3
. ( جري، خضير عباس والعلياوي، عباس دحام2018
) : الجودة في اعداد المعلمين وتطويرهم، الدار الجامعية
.للطباعة والنشر والترجمة، العراق 4
. JOBS
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فاعلية التدريس على وفق استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في رفع تحصيل طلبة المجموعة
التجريبية التي اعتمدت توفير عرض منوع للمادة الدراسية يسمح للطلبة باستعمال استراتيجيات منوعة
. من التفكير المتشعب ساعد على احداث التواصل مع المادة الدراسية واستيعابها
2. إن فاعلي ة التدريس باالستراتيجية على وفق استراتيجيات "التفكير المتشعب" عن طريق وضع
األهداف لخطة التدريس والبحث عن بدائل الحلول لألسئلة المتشعبة المقدمة لهم واختيار األنسب
منها، واالستفسارات عن الموضوعات التي تتسم بالغموض، أدى هذا الى زيادة مستوى التحصيل
الدراسي لدى
.الطلبة 1
-
فاعلية التدريس على وفق استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في رفع تحصيل طلبة المجموعة
التجريبية التي اعتمدت توفير عرض منوع للمادة الدراسية يسمح للطلبة باستعمال استراتيجيات منوعة
. من التفكير المتشعب ساعد على احداث التواصل مع المادة الدراسية واستيعابها 2. إن فاعلي ة التدريس باالستراتيجية على وفق استراتيجيات "التفكير المتشعب" عن طريق وضع
األهداف لخطة التدريس والبحث عن بدائل الحلول لألسئلة المتشعبة المقدمة لهم واختيار األنسب
منها، واالستفسارات عن الموضوعات التي تتسم بالغموض، أدى هذا الى زيادة مستوى التحصيل
الدراسي لدى
.الطلبة 3
. اسهمت هذه االستراتيجية في مساعدة الطلبة في اثارة انتباههم والمحافظة عليه اثناء الدرس لتنفيذ
مهارات منوعة من التفكير والتحفيز الدائم للمشاركة في الدرس اذ ولّد لديهم تعلم أساليب تجريبية
.جديدة تسهل لهم فهم موضوعات مادة التحليل العقدي آ التوصيا : ت :يوصي الباحثون المهتمون بتطوير التدريس الجامعي باآلتي
1
.ادارة مركز التعليم المستمر: تدريب تدريسي الرياضيات على أساليب التدريس الستخدام
.(استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب)، إذ أثبتت فاعليتها في العملية التعليمية بحدود التجربة الحالية
2.ت
دريسي مادة التحلي. ل العقدي :استعمال استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في التدريس
3
. مطوري المناهج الجامعية: أضافة مفردات جديدة متعلقة بكيفية تنمية استراتيجيات التفكير ومن
ضمنها التفكير المتشعب الى مادة المناهج وطرائق التدريس في الصف الثالث لكلية التربية للعلوم
الصرفة وتدريب الط. لبة على كيفية تطبيقها فعليا في الموضوعات العلمية ي
ي
م
2
-
أثر استخدام استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في تنمية اتجاهات طلبة الصف الرابع رياضيات نحو
. مادة اإلحصاء الرياضي إ
3
-
تصميم برنامج قائم على التفكير المتشعب في تنمية مهارات التنظيم الذاتي لدى طلبة قسم
.الرياضيات 342 JOBS
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/ م1444هـ
: المصادر
1
. JOBS
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Online-ISS 14
. ( القاضي، عدنان محمد2006
): فاعلية برنامج حل المشكالت المستقبلية في تطوير القدرات االبداعية ومهارات
،التفكير العليا لدى عينة من الطالب الموهوبين بالمرحلة االعدادية بمملكة البحرين مركز رباية الطالب الموهوبين
وزارة التربية والتعلي.م، مملكة البحرين
15
. ( قرعان ,محمد عيد محمد ,غادة عبدالفتاح احمد الصبحة2020
.) : التدريس ولغة الجسد
16
. ( الكبيسي، عبد الواحد2014): تنمية التفكير بأساليب مشوقة، ط1
.، مركز ديبونو لتعليم التفكير، األردن
17
. ( الكريمين ,رائد أحمد إبراهيم2021
) : إستراتيجيات التدريس الفعال بين الكفايات التعليمية ونظريات التعلم
,فلسفة المناهج والتدريس–
قسم العلوم التربوية ,جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية–
كلية السلط للعلوم اإلنسانية ,شركة دار
. األكاديميون للنشر والتوزيع 14
. ( القاضي، عدنان محمد2006
): فاعلية برنامج حل المشكالت المستقبلية في تطوير القدرات االبداعية ومهارات
،التفكير العليا لدى عينة من الطالب الموهوبين بالمرحلة االعدادية بمملكة البحرين مركز رباية الطالب الموهوبين
وزارة التربية والتعلي.م، مملكة البحرين
15
. ( قرعان ,محمد عيد محمد ,غادة عبدالفتاح احمد الصبحة2020
.) : التدريس ولغة الجسد
16
. ( الكبيسي، عبد الواحد2014): تنمية التفكير بأساليب مشوقة، ط1
.، مركز ديبونو لتعليم التفكير، األردن
17
. ( الكريمين ,رائد أحمد إبراهيم2021
) : إستراتيجيات التدريس الفعال بين الكفايات التعليمية ونظريات التعلم
,فلسفة المناهج والتدريس–
قسم العلوم التربوية ,جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية–
كلية السلط للعلوم اإلنسانية ,شركة دار
. األكاديميون للنشر والتوزيع
18
. (, محمد , حنان محمود2018
: )
فعالية استخدام استراتيجيات التفكير المتشعب في
تدريس األحياء لتنمية
مهارات التفكير التأملي والتنظيم الذاتي للتعلم لدى طالب المرحلة الثانوية , مجلة البحث العلمي في التربية , كلية
التربية–
جامعة قناة السويس , العدد التاسع عشر,صفحة123
-
158
. 19
. ( المنصوري ,مشعل بدر احمد2017) .فاعلية استراتيجيات التفكير الم تشعب في تنمية التحصيل بمادة
الرياضيات للصف التاسع بدولة الكويت ,العلوم التربوية ,العدد الثالث–ج3
,كلية التربية األساسية ,الكويت , ص
284
-
311
. 20
. ( النبوي ,أمين محمد2007
) : اإلعتماد األكاديمي وإدارة الجودة الشاملة في التعليم الجامعي , كلية التربية–
جامعة عين. شمس ,الدار المصرية اللبنانية 14
. ( القاضي، عدنان محمد2006
): فاعلية برنامج حل المشكالت المستقبلية في تطوير القدرات االبداعية ومهارات
،التفكير العليا لدى عينة من الطالب الموهوبين بالمرحلة االعدادية بمملكة البحرين مركز رباية الطالب الموهوبين
وزارة التربية والتعلي.م، مملكة البحرين ب
ي
م
15
. ( قرعان ,محمد عيد محمد ,غادة عبدالفتاح احمد الصبحة2020
.) : التدريس ولغة الجسد
16
. ( الكبيسي، عبد الواحد2014): تنمية التفكير بأساليب مشوقة، ط1
.، مركز ديبونو لتعليم التفكير، األردن
17
. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
عشر
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Print -ISSN
Online-ISS ( الكريمين ,رائد أحمد إبراهيم2021
) : إستراتيجيات التدريس الفعال بين الكفايات التعليمية ونظريات التعلم
,فلسفة المناهج والتدريس–
قسم العلوم التربوية ,جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية–
كلية السلط للعلوم اإلنسانية ,شركة دار
. األكاديميون للنشر والتوزيع JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
عشر
1هـ
Print -ISS
Online-IS الجوارنة
( ,المعتصم باهلل ,ديمة محمد وصوص2017
) :التمية البشرية المستدامة والنظم التعليمية ,دار الخليج
. للناشرون وموزعون ,جامعة الملك خالد
5
. ( حديد ,سمير بشير ,يحيى عبد سعيد1982
) :الدوال المعقدة ,للصف الثالث فيزياء في كليات التربية ,دار الكتب
للطباعة والنشر جامعة ال. موصل,العراق 343 JOBS
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العدد
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 | 11,540 | https://bsj.uowasit.edu.iq/index.php/bsj/article/download/469/382 | null |
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صراع البالغات وتتابعها
البالغة الغربية أنموذجا
ا.م.د فالح عبجهللا شالىي
[email protected]
جامعة واسط/ كمية التخبية
األساسية/ قدع المغة العخبية
:المستخلص
تخغب ىحه الجراسة إلى زعدعة الترػرات السعسجَّة بشػاميذ الييسشة، التي تشذج األنا واقراء
،اآلخخ، وتدعى كحلظ إلى بث الحياة في الثابت وعجم التدميع باستقخاريتو بعج عخض ىحه التقاشعات
ومغ ثعَّ تتجو الخغبة في تحجيج الخؤية بذ كل يباعج الرخعات، مغ خالل استجعاء البعج التتابعي
ومذاشختو لمسشطػمة اإلندانية البالغية، ودورىا الخائج في تقعيج ىحه العمػم مبتعجاً عغ الجغخافية
وشبيعة الجشذ، غايتيا تيذيع اليػ والسحجود في الالمحجود.
الكمسات السفتاحية : الييسشة-
الرخاع-
التتابع-
البالغة االند
انية .
The conflict of reports and their sussession
Western rhetoric as a model
Prof.Dr. falih abdullah shalahi
University of wasit/College of basic Education/Department of Arabic Language
[email protected]
العدد
العشرون
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165
) -(
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) JOBS
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صراع البالغات وتتابعها
البالغة الغربية أنموذجا
ا.م.د فالح عبجهللا شالىي
[email protected]
جامعة واسط/ كمية التخبية
األساسية/ قدع المغة العخبية
:المستخلص
تخغب ىحه الجراسة إلى زعدعة الترػرات السعسجَّة بشػاميذ الييسشة، التي تشذج األنا واقراء
،اآلخخ، وتدعى كحلظ إلى بث الحياة في الثابت وعجم التدميع باستقخاريتو بعج عخض ىحه التقاشعات
ومغ ثعَّ تتجو الخغبة في تحجيج الخؤية بذ كل يباعج الرخعات، مغ خالل استجعاء البعج التتابعي
ومذاشختو لمسشطػمة اإلندانية البالغية، ودورىا الخائج في تقعيج ىحه العمػم مبتعجاً عغ الجغخافية
وشبيعة الجشذ، غايتيا تيذيع اليػ والسحجود في الالمحجود. الكمسات السفتاحية : الييسشة-
الرخاع-
التتابع-
البالغة االند
انية . The conflict of reports and their sussession
Western rhetoric as a model
Prof.Dr. falih abdullah shalahi
University of wasit/College of basic Education/Department of Arabic Language
[email protected]
العدد
العشرون
(
165
) -(
181
) (
165
) -(
181
) تخغب ىحه الجراسة إلى زعدعة الترػرات السعسجَّة بشػاميذ الييسشة، التي تشذج األنا واقراء
،اآلخخ، وتدعى كحلظ إلى بث الحياة في الثابت وعجم التدميع باستقخاريتو بعج عخض ىحه التقاشعات
ومغ ثعَّ تتجو الخغبة في تحجيج الخؤية بذ كل يباعج الرخعات، مغ خالل استجعاء البعج التتابعي
ومذاشختو لمسشطػمة اإلندانية البالغية، ودورىا الخائج في تقعيج ىحه العمػم مبتعجاً عغ الجغخافية
وشبيعة الجشذ، غايتيا تيذيع اليػ والسحجود في الالمحجود. الكمسات السفتاحية : الييسشة-
الرخاع-
التتابع-
البالغة االند
انية . The conflict of reports and their sussession
Western rhetoric as a model
Prof.Dr. falih abdullah shalahi University of wasit/College of basic Education/Department of Arabic Language
[email protected] Abstract This paper endeavours to destabilize perceptions that are christened by the
laws of hegemony, which seek the ego and the other’s exclusion. It also aims
to breathe life into the invariable and does not acknowledge its stability, in
time presenting these intersections. العدد العشرون 561 JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 Later, the desire to define this vision hereby distances struggles,
throughout invoking the sequential dimension, and via sharing it with the
humanistic rhetorical scheme. Thus, its significant role, contributes at restricting these sciences away
from geography and the nature of sex, is goaled to break down the rhetorical
unconscious conventions and the limited ones at the unlimited. Keywords: hegemony - struggle – sequentiality - human rhetoric صخاع البالغات وتتابعيا-ا
لبالغة الغخبية أنسػذجا
الرخاع والتشازع وحب اإل ِستحػاذ، سمػك مييسغ ومخافق لمصبيعة البذخية، ويشعكذ سمباً عمى األمع
والحزارات ِ شػال حخكة التأريخ وزمشيتو ، اذ نمحع تجاوز ىحا الرخاع عمى
إ دعاء الحق في الثخوات
أو تخسيع الحجود، بل نججه يتعجػ إلى نػاحٍ عجة، ويسخ في مسخات شائكة وأكثخ حداسية، مشيا
،إرجاع العمػم ولحطة تأسيديا األولى إلى مػشغ دون سػاه وإلى اشخاص وجساعات دون غيخىع
،وىحا أمخ شبيعي حرل وسُ مع بو مغ جخاء الرخاعات التي حجثت ، والشتائج التي تػصمت إلييا
ومغ ثَّع نتج عشو تخسيع بػصمة الحخكة العمسية ورَكشيا و
ندبتيا إلى الغالب دون السغمػب . لكغ سخعان ما ي
تبجد ىحا الترػر والفيع بُعيج اإل ستقخار. وىحا األمخ سيصال–
بال شظ-
عمع
البالغة كغيخىا مغ العمػم. وعشج الػلػج في التقعيج ليا، والمحطة األولى لشذأتيا مغ خالل الصخوحات والترػرات التي واكبت
:رسسيا، نججىا تسخ عبخ معابخ ومدالظ متشػعة، مشيا التدميع بالخؤية الدفدصائية تارة . (يشطخ
،بارت3122
:
35
،) وسحبيا بعشػة باتجاة الخؤية األفالشػنية تارة أخخػ(يشطخ: الخيفي
أشخاف
حسادؼ صسػد، د-
:ط82
،) وتشيس بسػضػعية باتجاه الخؤية األرسصية ( يشطخ: الصمبة3119
:
34
-
36
،وكحلظ يشطخ: الذالىي3129
:
3:
) وتتذاشخ وتتػازع ىحه الخؤػ والترػرات حتى ترل
،إلى المػن في تحجيج ىػيتيا (يشطخ: عبج المصيف3132
:
61
)، لحا تخغب ىحه الجراسة إلى زعدعة
الترػرات السعسجَّة بشػاميذ الييسشة ، التي تشذج األنا وأقراء اآلخخ ، وتدعى كحلظ إلى بث الحياة
في الثابت وعجم التدميع باستقخاريتو بعج عخض ىحه التقاشعات، ومغ ثَّع تتجو الخغبة في تحجيج
الخؤية بذكل يباعج الصخوحات ويذاشخ ويقاسع السشطػمة اإلندانية، ودورىا الخائج والكبيخ في تقعيج
ىحه العمػم مبتعجاً عغ الجغخافية وشبيعة الجشذ، غايتيا تيذيع اليػ والسحجود في الالمحجود، حيث
نجج جلَّ السشطػمات البذخية قج أسيست بذكل أو بآخخ في بث ما يسكغ بثو في رفج ىحه السعخفة
حتى وصمت إلى مخحمة االستػاء. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
ـ
Prin
Onli وبيحا الصخح والتفمدف أصبحت البال غة ضخورة ال يسكغ االستغشاء والتخمي عشيا في صياغاتشا
اليػمية، وعقج سبل التػاصل بيغ الباث والستمقي ، حتى أصبحشا ندمع ليحا العمع فصخياً مغ دون سابق
أو تخصيط مغ خالل استجعاء الستػاليات المفطية التي تالك عمى األلدغ، وحسػالتيا السدتجعية
بتمػيشاتيا السعسسة االمت اعية-
اإلقشاعية، رغبة في االنريار وشج العالئق مع اآلخخ ومج جدػر
التػاصل وىػ التكشيظ األىع، الحؼ سيديع في بشاء السجتسعات الحجيثة، ومع كل ىحا فأن الجراسة
غيخ متشكخة آللية التأثيخ والتأثخ الحاصمة عبخ الجيسػغخافية السخشحة. وعشج السخاجعة لستػن السعخفة نمحع لَسعَان بعس الستػن بصخوحات شاخرة ومخقشة، بأن اليػنان
ليع الدبق األول في ىحا التأسيذ، وىع مغ شكل مخحمة ميسة ومخكدية في رسع خط سيخ ىحا
،العمع.(يشطخ: بارت3122
:
36
) ففي المحطة اليػنانية األولى نجج ثسة ليسشة واضحة لمدفدصائية
عمى السذيج الفكخؼ لفتخة ليدت بالقري خة، اذ استجعتيا السشاخات التي حفت بيا مغ جخاء الحخوب
،السيجية والشتائج التي تختبت عمييا مغ ناحية(يشطخ: عادل3124
:
39
) ولسعان بخيق أثيشا في
خزع التغيخ الجيسػغخافي، وانتقال عخش الخصابة مغ صقمية األرض التي أوججتيا وأوىجتيا متجاوزة
بحلظ ساركػزا حتى استػت في أث ، يشا راسسةً بحلظ عالمة فارقة مغ ناحية اخخػ( يشطخ: بشػ ىاشع
3125
:
44
(
أ وبيحا الصخح والتفمدف أصبحت البال غة ضخورة ال يسكغ االستغشاء والتخمي عشيا في صياغاتشا
اليػمية، وعقج سبل التػاصل بيغ الباث والستمقي ، حتى أصبحشا ندمع ليحا العمع فصخياً مغ دون سابق
أو تخصيط مغ خالل استجعاء الستػاليات المفطية التي تالك عمى األلدغ، وحسػالتيا السدتجعية
بتمػيشاتيا السعسسة االمت اعية-
اإلقشاعية، رغبة في االنريار وشج العالئق مع اآلخخ ومج جدػر
التػاصل وىػ التكشيظ األىع، الحؼ سيديع في بشاء السجتسعات الحجيثة، ومع كل ىحا فأن الجراسة
غيخ متشكخة آللية التأثيخ والتأثخ الحاصمة عبخ الجيسػغخافية السخشحة. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
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العدد
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 صخاع البالغات وتتابعيا-ا
لبالغة الغخبية أنسػذجا
الرخاع والتشازع وحب اإل ِستحػاذ، سمػك مييسغ ومخافق لمصبيعة البذخية، ويشعكذ سمباً عمى األمع
والحزارات ِ شػال حخكة التأريخ وزمشيتو ، اذ نمحع تجاوز ىحا الرخاع عمى
إ دعاء الحق في الثخوات
أو تخسيع الحجود، بل نججه يتعجػ إلى نػاحٍ عجة، ويسخ في مسخات شائكة وأكثخ حداسية، مشيا
،إرجاع العمػم ولحطة تأسيديا األولى إلى مػشغ دون سػاه وإلى اشخاص وجساعات دون غيخىع
،وىحا أمخ شبيعي حرل وسُ مع بو مغ جخاء الرخاعات التي حجثت ، والشتائج التي تػصمت إلييا
ومغ ثَّع نتج عشو تخسيع بػصمة الحخكة العمسية ورَكشيا و
ندبتيا إلى الغالب دون السغمػب . لكغ سخعان ما ي
تبجد ىحا الترػر والفيع بُعيج اإل ستقخار. وىحا األمخ سيصال–
بال شظ-
عمع
البالغة كغيخىا مغ العمػم. اأ ا
وعشج الػلػج في التقعيج ليا، والمحطة األولى لشذأتيا مغ خالل الصخوحات والترػرات التي واكبت
:رسسيا، نججىا تسخ عبخ معابخ ومدالظ متشػعة، مشيا التدميع بالخؤية الدفدصائية تارة . (يشطخ
،بارت3122
:
35
،) وسحبيا بعشػة باتجاة الخؤية األفالشػنية تارة أخخػ(يشطخ: الخيفي
أشخاف
حسادؼ صسػد، د-
:ط82
،) وتشيس بسػضػعية باتجاه الخؤية األرسصية ( يشطخ: الصمبة3119
:
34
-
36
،وكحلظ يشطخ: الذالىي3129
:
3:
) وتتذاشخ وتتػازع ىحه الخؤػ والترػرات حتى ترل
،إلى المػن في تحجيج ىػيتيا (يشطخ: عبج المصيف3132
:
61
)، لحا تخغب ىحه الجراسة إلى زعدعة
الترػرات السعسجَّة بشػاميذ الييسشة ، التي تشذج األنا وأقراء اآلخخ ، وتدعى كحلظ إلى بث الحياة
في الثابت وعجم التدميع باستقخاريتو بعج عخض ىحه التقاشعات، ومغ ثَّع تتجو الخغبة في تحجيج
الخؤية بذكل يباعج الصخوحات ويذاشخ ويقاسع السشطػمة اإلندانية، ودورىا الخائج والكبيخ في تقعيج
ىحه العمػم مبتعجاً عغ الجغخافية وشبيعة الجشذ، غايتيا تيذيع اليػ والسحجود في الالمحجود، حيث
نجج جلَّ السشطػمات البذخية قج أسيست بذكل أو بآخخ في بث ما يسكغ بثو في رفج ىحه السعخفة
حتى وصمت إلى مخحمة االستػاء. 566 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
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2023
/ م1445هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
ـ
Prin
Onli وعشج السخاجعة لستػن السعخفة نمحع لَسعَان بعس الستػن بصخوحات شاخرة ومخقشة، بأن اليػنان
ليع الدبق األول في ىحا التأسيذ، وىع مغ شكل مخحمة ميسة ومخكدية في رسع خط سيخ ىحا
،العمع.(يشطخ: بارت3122
:
36
) ففي المحطة اليػنانية األولى نجج ثسة ليسشة واضحة لمدفدصائية
عمى السذيج الفكخؼ لفتخة ليدت بالقري خة، اذ استجعتيا السشاخات التي حفت بيا مغ جخاء الحخوب
،السيجية والشتائج التي تختبت عمييا مغ ناحية(يشطخ: عادل3124
:
39
) ولسعان بخيق أثيشا في
خزع التغيخ الجيسػغخافي، وانتقال عخش الخصابة مغ صقمية األرض التي أوججتيا وأوىجتيا متجاوزة
بحلظ ساركػزا حتى استػت في أث ، يشا راسسةً بحلظ عالمة فارقة مغ ناحية اخخػ( يشطخ: بشػ ىاشع
3125
:
44
(
لأ
أ
أ وعشج الػقػف عمى األسباب التي أوججتيا تذخز
أ مامشا ضخوف سياسية متعثخة إبان تمظ
الفتخة مسا أصبح التغييخ واالنكدار شاخراً وواضحاً في بشية السجتسع مغ جخاء القتل والشفي وسمب
الشاس حقػق ،يع. (يشطخ: بشػ ىاشع3125
:
44
(
كل ىحه األمػر أدت إلى استجعاء تكشيظ خاص في السػاجية األولى التي تقف خمفو جلَّ الصبقات
السجتسعية السدمػبة. ويعج ىحا الرخاع في المحاظ األول إيجابيا غايتو استخداد السمكية السغرػبة
ويقف عمى ناصية القػل الحؼ يحسل عمى اإلقشاع وذ لظ ألن القػل الخصابي عشجىع يحتل مختبة كبيخة
(( بسا يستمكو مغ قػة وفعالية، اذ ىػ أعمى سمصة لتحقيق االعتقاد وبشاء السعخفة، ووصل األندان
،والسجيشة بالخيخ والشافع)). (عادل3124
:
3:
) مغ ىشا ولجت البالغة التأسيدية والتي ((تفتخض
وتؤكج في الػقت نفدو ىػية جامعة
سا أ سية لجسيػرىا، وتقجم سخداً يػضح تمظ اليُػية، وترجر
،دعػات لمعسل بسا يؤكج تمظ اليُػية)).( ا. سمػان3127
:
4
/
3:5)، وعمى وفق ىحا اإل
شتغال
الحقتيع تػصيفات عجة مشيا؛ محتخفػ الحكاء، والحكسة، والكفاءة، والسقجرة المغػية، والتي استصاعػا
مغ خالليا الييسشة والديصخة عمى أغمب فزاءات الفكخ واالجتساع في أثيشا مسا دعاىع ذلظ إلى وعشج الػقػف عمى األسباب التي أوججتيا تذخز
أ مامشا ضخوف سياسية متعثخة إبان تمظ
الفتخة مسا أصبح التغييخ واالنكدار شاخراً وواضحاً في بشية السجتسع مغ جخاء القتل والشفي وسمب
الشاس حقػق ،يع. (يشطخ: بشػ ىاشع3125
:
44
( 561 JOBS
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
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Pri
Onl مغ ىشا ال تخكغ الجراسة وال تتفق مع السقػالت التي تذي بأن الدفدصائييغ (( كانػا يعقجون
نقاشات فمدفية ذات مشدع …
،تػليجؼ لؤلفكار)) (الصمبة3119
:
35
) ألن السراديق تباعج ىحه
السشاويل، وذلظ ألن غايتيع تكسغ في تعميع م ا ىػ راسخ، عمى العكذ مغ التكشيظ الستبع في
مػاجيتيع، وىػ التػليج الحؼ يجعػ إلى خمق ججيج يفاتر أفق الصخوحات الستعجدة والسعخوضة مغ
أجل الػصػل إلى الحيثيات الججيجة، وىػ جػىخ عسل سقخاط في محاورتو ليع وااليقاع بيع، وعمى
وفق ىحه االستخاتيجية ىدمت الدفدصائية، ومغ ىحه المحطة الدمشية القمقة سيعسل التأريخ الستحامل
في أنتاج صػرة مغايخة ليحه الجساعة ، فيجون عمى وفق رؤػ متحاممة ومتزادة ، مبتعجاً عغ
الحيادية التي تشذج في تجويغ الطاىخة واإلحاشة بيا، مغ دون أسخاف أو تحامل أو أعجاب، لحا كان
، لداماً االبتعاد عغ أدلجة السعارف
وعجم ربصيا بالسػاقف ، ألن ذلظ يؤدؼ إلى تخاجع األمع، ويشذأ
عشو أرباك فكخؼ. وىحا ما أحجثو افالشػن في نقمو لسحاورات الدفدصائييغ مع سقخاط، وىػ يحاكع ىحه البالغة
فزالً عغ األدبيات التي كان يحسميا افالشػن بذقييا السعمغ والسخبػء كانت تػصف بأنيا مأزومة ،
اذ أن رفزو يقػم عمى اعتبارات كثيخة مشيا، ان ىحه البالغة تقػم عمى الخأؼ. وأن ىحا الخأؼ عمى
:وفق مشطػمتو يحيل عمى وقائع مدعػمة، يشتجيا السقام بحدب السرالح والخغبات والطخوف. (يشطخ
،الػلي3131
:
87
) فزالً عغ ذلظ ىي محاولة لمديصخة عمى الحذػد التي اجتسعت لدساع
، الخصيب بذتى شخوحاتو ، وىي بحلظ ال تشذأ معخفة يقيشية بل تشتج اعتقاداً. (يشطخ: الػلي3131
:
87
) وان ىحا سييذع الحكيقة الػاحجة التي يخفعيا افالشػن، ومغ ثع يؤدؼ إلى التعجد والتبايغ في
الخؤػ، في حيغ كان جلَّ سعيو الػصػل إلى الحكيقة السصمقة عبخ رؤيتو لمسُثُل عغ
شخيق العقل
،الحؼ التجانيو السادة. (يشطخ: لػيذ2:94
:
32
) وال يبتعج كثيخاً مارقشو في متغ جسيػريتو، فيػ
مذخوع قار وراسخ لجيو في مػاجيتو لمدفدصائية حيث نججه يبتعج كثيخاً عغ الخصابة حتى يرل
األمخ بو إلى سمب السعخفة مغ خرػمو اذ يقػل: ((إن كل ىؤالء االشخاص الحي غ يتاجخون في
العمع ، والحيغ يجعػىع الجسيػر بالدفدصائييغ …
ال يمقشػن سػػ السبادغ التي يجعػا الييا الجسيػر
،ذاتو في اجتساعاتو ، وىحا ما يدسػنو بالحكسة)) (افالشػن2:97
:
329
) وما يأتػن بو مجخد
مغالصات. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
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العدد
العشرون
2023
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 أنتاج جيل يػاصل ما بحروه ويحسل ىحه التػصيفات ويشريخ مع ىحا المػن التأسيدي مغ
أجل الغمبة
عمى الخرػم. ( يشطخ: ضيف ، د-
:ت4:
) فزالً عغ ذلظ ىي ضاىخة اجتساعية تدعى إلى رسع
خارشة ججيجة لمبشية السجتسعية التي تذكمت بيا السجيشة آن ذاك ، والتي بشيت عمى وفق التقديع
اإل
قرائي الحؼ عسج عمى رسسيا الفالسفة، فزالً عغ الخغبة في تحػيل آلية التفكيخ ال
تي كا نت
سائجة في مزان الفمدفة وىي األ ىتسام بالصبيعة وتحػيل السدار نحػ األندان حتى اولػه عشاية
كبخػ، لحا انسازت البالغة الدفدصائية بذكل الفت بشجاعة االداء المغػؼ والبالغي القائع عمى سحب
الستزاد إلى مشصقة ندالية، تتدع باالحتسال وتبتعجُ عغ الحكيقة الػاحجة وال سصمقة، ألن مبتغاىع
،ًالشيائي ومحػر اىتساميع األندان الحؼ يعج (( مكياس كل شيء فالحق ما يخاه كل أندان حقا
والباشل ما يخاه باشال وليذ ىشاك حق مػضػعي يتعارض مع الباشل السػضػعي، ما دام األندان
،ىػ مكياس كل شيء)).( مشجور2:91
:
265) وىشا ندجل اعتخاضشا عمى األحكام
السصمقة واتداع
مداحتيا حيث نججىا تعخيفاتيا تخكغ الى العسػميات، مغ دون الػلػج إلى الجػىخيات، وعجم معخفة
مالية ىحا األندان وبعجه السعخفي، فثسة تبايغ كبيخ في ىحا التػصيف وضبابية
مقرػدة تحف الكيع
، فزالً عغ اإل
شكالية التي تحسميا الخصابة الدفدصائية في أثشائيا
بأنيا (( ليدت مشحورة لمعمع بل
،ىي لمقجرة مشحورة ليحا تحػلت ىحه السمكة الدفدصائية إلى أكثخ استبجادية ))( روبػل3128
،
49
( ومع ذلظ لع يسخّ األمخ بدالم مغ دون معارضة تذيج بيا الفزاءات الدمانية والسكانية والسعخفية
آن ذاك، والسيسا بعج ان بات يذكل ىحا المػ ن الججيج تيجيجاً لمسعخفة السشغخسة في أثيشا اذا جاز لشا
تعخيفيا بفمدفة األوائل، اذ سخعان ما ضيخ ليحا التأسيذ تابػ فمدفي معارض يخػ زيف الحسػالت
التي تخفعيا ىحه البالغة متخحاً مغ السػاجية والسشازلة الحػارية سبيالً إلسقاط ىحه البالغة، مَثّل ىحا
)الشداع (سقخاط
((فقج ىاجع الدفدصائية وحسػالتيا الفكخية واألشخ التي تدمكيا عبخ شخيقة عخفت ب
التيكع والتػليج حيث يبجأ بصخح اسئمة مختمفة تجعل الستكمع أو السحاور يقع في التشاقس ويقخّ في
العجد عغ معخفة الحكيقة، ثع يعاود سقخاط االمثمة ويدتشبط السعمػمات السختمفة حػل حكيقة
الس
ػضػع مغ محاوره حتى يرل بو إلى تقخي ، خ نتيجة ما))( افالشػن2::6
:
4
( ويبجو األمخ واضحاً مغ خالل استحزار السشصق الدقخاشي الحؼ كان يديخ بحخكة واعية مغ
الجدئي إلى الكمي، مباعجاً السشيج الدفدصائي الحؼ كان يجور حػل الجدئيات مسا سبب لو أزمة
مكبمة مغ دون الػلػ
ج إلى الكميات، مغ خالل السكاشفة الحػارية. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
العشرون
2023
/ م1445هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 561
يا
ج 561
يا JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
العشرون
2023
/ م1445هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
Pri
Onl بل نخاه يديج األمخ ضخاوة في السػاجية، ويبتعج كثيخاً في
اشالق األحكام حتى وصل بو بػصف
العمع والسعخفة وربصيسا بالفصخة متشكخاً حسميسا بػساشة الصخق السكتدبة عشج الدفدصائي ((ال يُعمّع مغ ىشا ال تخكغ الجراسة وال تتفق مع السقػالت التي تذي بأن الدفدصائييغ (( كانػا يعقجون
نقاشات فمدفية ذات مشدع …
،تػليجؼ لؤلفكار)) (الصمبة3119
:
35
) ألن السراديق تباعج ىحه
السشاويل، وذلظ ألن غايتيع تكسغ في تعميع م ا ىػ راسخ، عمى العكذ مغ التكشيظ الستبع في
مػاجيتيع، وىػ التػليج الحؼ يجعػ إلى خمق ججيج يفاتر أفق الصخوحات الستعجدة والسعخوضة مغ
أجل الػصػل إلى الحيثيات الججيجة، وىػ جػىخ عسل سقخاط في محاورتو ليع وااليقاع بيع، وعمى
وفق ىحه االستخاتيجية ىدمت الدفدصائية، ومغ ىحه المحطة الدمشية القمقة سيعسل التأريخ الستحامل
في أنتاج صػرة مغايخة ليحه الجساعة ، فيجون عمى وفق رؤػ متحاممة ومتزادة ، مبتعجاً عغ
الحيادية التي تشذج في تجويغ الطاىخة واإلحاشة بيا، مغ دون أسخاف أو تحامل أو أعجاب، لحا كان
، لداماً االبتعاد عغ أدلجة السعارف
وعجم ربصيا بالسػاقف ، ألن ذلظ يؤدؼ إلى تخاجع األمع، ويشذأ
عشو أرباك فكخؼ. اا وىحا ما أحجثو افالشػن في نقمو لسحاورات الدفدصائييغ مع سقخاط، وىػ يحاكع ىحه البالغة
فزالً عغ األدبيات التي كان يحسميا افالشػن بذقييا السعمغ والسخبػء كانت تػصف بأنيا مأزومة ،
اذ أن رفزو يقػم عمى اعتبارات كثيخة مشيا، ان ىحه البالغة تقػم عمى الخأؼ. وأن ىحا الخأؼ عمى
:وفق مشطػمتو يحيل عمى وقائع مدعػمة، يشتجيا السقام بحدب السرالح والخغبات والطخوف. (يشطخ
،الػلي3131
:
87
) فزالً عغ ذلظ ىي محاولة لمديصخة عمى الحذػد التي اجتسعت لدساع
، الخصيب بذتى شخوحاتو ، وىي بحلظ ال تشذأ معخفة يقيشية بل تشتج اعتقاداً. (يشطخ: الػلي3131
:
87
) وان ىحا سييذع الحكيقة الػاحجة التي يخفعيا افالشػن، ومغ ثع يؤدؼ إلى التعجد والتبايغ في
الخؤػ، في حيغ كان جلَّ سعيو الػصػل إلى الحكيقة السصمقة عبخ رؤيتو لمسُثُل عغ
شخيق العقل
،الحؼ التجانيو السادة. (يشطخ: لػيذ2:94
:
32
) وال يبتعج كثيخاً مارقشو في متغ جسيػريتو، فيػ
مذخوع قار وراسخ لجيو في مػاجيتو لمدفدصائية حيث نججه يبتعج كثيخاً عغ الخصابة حتى يرل
األمخ بو إلى سمب السعخفة مغ خرػمو اذ يقػل: ((إن كل ىؤالء االشخاص الحي غ يتاجخون في
العمع ، والحيغ يجعػىع الجسيػر بالدفدصائييغ …
ال يمقشػن سػػ السبادغ التي يجعػا الييا الجسيػر
،ذاتو في اجتساعاتو ، وىحا ما يدسػنو بالحكسة)) (افالشػن2:97
:
329
) وما يأتػن بو مجخد
مغالصات. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
Pri
Onl وىحا ما يجعػنا إلى رصج ارتساء الػعي العخبي في احزان ىحه الخؤية ويتساىى معيا؛ وىػ
،يتشاول ىحه الطاىخة مبتعجاً عغ محاكسة الشرػص، بل يحىب إلى تكخيذ رؤية اآلخخ السشترخ
ويدعى معو في انتاج رؤية جسعية تحت غصاء السعخفة في تعخيفو لمدفدصة فيخاىا((قياس مخكب مغ
الػىسي ،ات والغخض مشو تغميط الخرع واسكاتو)) (الجخجاني97
:
3116
) وال تبتعج الخؤية السعاصخة
في تػصيفيا عمى الخغع مغ آلية التشاص التي تتبعيا، اال أنيا تججىا ((الكياس الفاسج الحؼ يقرج
،مشو التسػيو عغ الشاس والتغخيخ بيع وبحلظ يمدميع الحجة ويكفػن عغ الججل)) (ولبة2:95
:
2::
(
أأآ ،وبيحا تتدع الفجػات في السشاويل السحسػلة بيغ الدفدصائييغ وافالشػن في تقعيجىع لمخصابة
، فالدفدصائي يخاىا صانعة إقشاع، ويججىا افالشػن صشاعة قيادة الشفػس بالقػل. ((يشطخ: الخيفي
اشخاف صسػد ، د-
:ت8:
(( ف السحجد والسخقغ في ىحه الرشاعة تحيصو وتحفو الزبابية، ويديخ في مسخات مغايخة ومقاصج
مختمفة. ف السحجد والسخقغ في ىحه الرشاعة تحيصو وتحفو الزبابية، ويديخ في مسخات مغايخة ومقاصج
مختمفة. )فالكذف السفاليسي الحؼ يقف عميو افالشػن ناتج عغ السقاربات الحػارية التي قجميا في ( فيجر
والحؼ نز عمى أن الجقة ىي جػىخ ىحه الرشاعة، في تحقيق الفزيمة لمشفذ، لحا صّ جر وا عمى مغ
اشخوحتو بأن الخصابة ليدت فزاءً تفاعمياً قػلياً بيغ األندان واألندان بسا في ذلظ مغ عالقات
معقجة ومقاصج مختمفة وتشػع في الخؤػ وانسا ىي فعل قػلي (اخالقي) غايتو ومقرجه في ىحا ىػ
تأسيذ مغايخ عسا كانت الغاية السشذػدة في مزان الدفدصائية ىي كدب القزية.( يش :طخ
الخيفي، اشخاف صسػد، د-
:ت8:
( )فالكذف السفاليسي الحؼ يقف عميو افالشػن ناتج عغ السقاربات الحػارية التي قجميا في ( فيجر
والحؼ نز عمى أن الجقة ىي جػىخ ىحه الرشاعة، في تحقيق الفزيمة لمشفذ، لحا صّ جر وا عمى مغ
اشخوحتو بأن الخصابة ليدت فزاءً تفاعمياً قػلياً بيغ األندان واألندان بسا في ذلظ مغ عالقات
معقجة ومقاصج مختمفة وتشػع في الخؤػ وانسا ىي فعل قػلي (اخالقي) غايتو ومقرجه في ىحا ىػ
تأسيذ مغايخ عسا كانت الغاية السشذػدة في مزان الدفدصائية ىي كدب القزية.( يش :طخ
الخيفي، اشخاف صسػد، د-
:ت8:
(
كل ىحا سيؤدؼ إلى خمق مدافة معخفية قمقة، يجيد لشا نعتيا بالدمبية، وىي بجورىا شكمت وعسمت
عمى انتاج تمقٍ أنداني جسعي تحفو رؤية الغالب. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
Pri
Onl 561
بل نخاه يديج األمخ ضخاوة في السػاجية، ويبتعج كثيخاً في
اشالق األحكام حتى وصل بو بػصف
العمع والسعخفة وربصيسا بالفصخة متشكخاً حسميسا بػساشة الصخق السكتدبة عشج الدفدصائي ((ال يُعمّع بل نخاه يديج األمخ ضخاوة في السػاجية، ويبتعج كثيخاً في
اشالق األحكام حتى وصل بو بػصف
العمع والسعخفة وربصيسا بالفصخة متشكخاً حسميسا بػساشة الصخق السكتدبة عشج الدفدصائي ((ال يُعمّع 561
العمع والسعخفة وربصيسا بالفصخة متشكخاً حسميسا بػساشة الصخق السكتدبة عشج الدفدصائي ((ال يُعمّع JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
العشرون
2023
/ م1445هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 في السحاكع والجسعيات العجل والطمع، وانسا ىػ يكدبيا رأياً، اذ واضح أنو سيدتحيل عميو في مثل
ىحا الػقت القميل أن يُعمّع جساىيخ عجيجة ك ،يحه مثل تمظ السػضػعات العطيسة))(افالشػن2:81
:
55
(
ا في السحاكع والجسعيات العجل والطمع، وانسا ىػ يكدبيا رأيا، اذ واضح أنو سيدتحيل عميو في مثل
ىحا الػقت القميل أن يُعمّع جساىيخ عجيجة ك ،يحه مثل تمظ السػضػعات العطيسة))(افالشػن2:81
:
55
(
،وبيحا تتدع الفجػات في السشاويل السحسػلة بيغ الدفدصائييغ وافالشػن في تقعيجىع لمخصابة
، فالدفدصائي يخاىا صانعة إقشاع، ويججىا افالشػن صشاعة قيادة الشفػس بالقػل. ((يشطخ: الخيفي
اشخاف صسػد ، د-
:ت8:
((
ف السحجد والسخقغ في ىحه الرشاعة تحيصو وتحفو الزبابية، ويديخ في مسخات مغايخة ومقاصج
مختمفة. )فالكذف السفاليسي الحؼ يقف عميو افالشػن ناتج عغ السقاربات الحػارية التي قجميا في ( فيجر
والحؼ نز عمى أن الجقة ىي جػىخ ىحه الرشاعة، في تحقيق الفزيمة لمشفذ، لحا صّ جر وا عمى مغ
اشخوحتو بأن الخصابة ليدت فزاءً تفاعمياً قػلياً بيغ األندان واألندان بسا في ذلظ مغ عالقات
معقجة ومقاصج مختمفة وتشػع في الخؤػ وانسا ىي فعل قػلي (اخالقي) غايتو ومقرجه في ىحا ىػ
تأسيذ مغايخ عسا كانت الغاية السشذػدة في مزان الدفدصائية ىي كدب القزية.( يش :طخ
الخيفي، اشخاف صسػد، د-
:ت8:
(
كل ىحا سيؤدؼ إلى خمق مدافة معخفية قمقة، يجيد لشا نعتيا بالدمبية، وىي بجورىا شكمت وعسمت
عمى انتاج تمقٍ أنداني جسعي تحفو رؤية الغالب. JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
Pri
Onl وىحا ما يجعػنا إلى رصج ارتساء الػعي العخبي في احزان ىحه الخؤية ويتساىى معيا؛ وىػ
،يتشاول ىحه الطاىخة مبتعجاً عغ محاكسة الشرػص، بل يحىب إلى تكخيذ رؤية اآلخخ السشترخ
ويدعى معو في انتاج رؤية جسعية تحت غصاء السعخفة في تعخيفو لمدفدصة فيخاىا((قياس مخكب مغ
الػىسي ،ات والغخض مشو تغميط الخرع واسكاتو)) (الجخجاني97
:
3116
) وال تبتعج الخؤية السعاصخة
في تػصيفيا عمى الخغع مغ آلية التشاص التي تتبعيا، اال أنيا تججىا ((الكياس الفاسج الحؼ يقرج
،مشو التسػيو عغ الشاس والتغخيخ بيع وبحلظ يمدميع الحجة ويكفػن عغ الججل)) (ولبة2:95
:
2::
(
أأآ 511
2::
(
ويبجو أن األمخ بجا مغايخاً مع ارسصػ، ألنو كان غيخ معشي بالخرػمة
مع اآلخخ، وليدت
لجيو رغبة في ايجاد مػقف ضجيج مغ جخاء ما قجّم مسغ سبقو، بل كانت مثاقفتو واضحة وجمية في ويبجو أن األمخ بجا مغايخاً مع ارسصػ، ألنو كان غيخ معشي بالخرػمة
مع اآلخخ، وليدت
لجيو رغبة في ايجاد مػقف ضجيج مغ جخاء ما قجّم مسغ سبقو، بل كانت مثاقفتو واضحة وجمية في 511 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
العشرون
2023
/ م1445هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
العدد
العشرون
2023
/ م1445هـ
Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 الججل في خجمة الرادق، جاعميغ مشو مشيجاً لمف مدفة، لكغ مع
أ رسصػ اختمف األمخ اذ اصبح
الججل يتػق في الحرػل عمى مكانة بيشيسا مبتعجاً عغ ثشائيتيسا الستزادة ليجج لو مكانة بيشيسا
،تعخف بالسسكغ.(يشطخ: روبػل3128
:
67
) كسا ركد عمى خرائز أخخػ تزاف إلى
اشتغاالتو البالغية نحػ(( الخأؼ واالحتسال …عمى اعتبار انيا
ذات دالالت بالغة ال في حياة الشاس
فحدب لكغ في ال تػاصل برفة عامة وفي فتح السجال
أ ، مام اآلخخ لؤلدالء بخأيو ))( الصمبة3119
:
43
) ويذتخط ارسصػ ويباعج اآلخخ في استجعائو لمكياس البخىاني ويججه يشصمق مغ مقجمات
بجييية وضخورية يدمع بشتيجتو عمى خالف الكياس الججلي فأنو يشصمق عشج ارسصػ مغ مقجمات
مسكشة يػشي بصخيقة أو بأخخػ بأنو صادق لمجسيع
أو لؤلغمبية بيحا أنساز الججل األ رسصي عغ
ججل اآلخخيغ ، ألنو يسيل في اسمػبو إلى الحػار السشطع، وبيحا الترػر يشذأ عشج ارسصػ بدمغ
مبكخ احتخام قػاعج ا لسشازلة الججلية ، واالبتعاد عغ
سال أ ،يب الغر لكال السحاوريغ. ( يشطخ: روبػل
3128
:
67) والغمبة غيخ السعقمشة عمى اآلخخ . وعمى ىحا األ
دا ء وغيخه نخػ بارت يعمي مغ بالغة
أ رسصػ في عخض استفيامو أليدت كل البالغة
اذا ما استثشيشا افالشػن ارسصية ؟ الججل في خجمة الرادق، جاعميغ مشو مشيجاً لمف مدفة، لكغ مع
أ رسصػ اختمف األمخ اذ اصبح
الججل يتػق في الحرػل عمى مكانة بيشيسا مبتعجاً عغ ثشائيتيسا الستزادة ليجج لو مكانة بيشيسا
،تعخف بالسسكغ.(يشطخ: روبػل3128
:
67
) كسا ركد عمى خرائز أخخػ تزاف إلى
اشتغاالتو البالغية نحػ(( الخأؼ واالحتسال …عمى اعتبار انيا
ذات دالالت بالغة ال في حياة الشاس
فحدب لكغ في ال تػاصل برفة عامة وفي فتح السجال
أ ، مام اآلخخ لؤلدالء بخأيو ))( الصمبة3119
:
43
) ويذتخط ارسصػ ويباعج اآلخخ في استجعائو لمكياس البخىاني ويججه يشصمق مغ مقجمات
بجييية وضخورية يدمع بشتيجتو عمى خالف الكياس الججلي فأنو يشصمق عشج ارسصػ مغ مقجمات
مسكشة يػشي بصخيقة أو بأخخػ بأنو صادق لمجسيع
أو لؤلغمبية بيحا أنساز الججل األ رسصي عغ
ججل اآلخخيغ ، ألنو يسيل في اسمػبو إلى الحػار السشطع، وبيحا الترػر يشذأ عشج ارسصػ بدمغ
مبكخ احتخام قػاعج ا لسشازلة الججلية ، واالبتعاد عغ
سال أ ،يب الغر لكال السحاوريغ. ( يشطخ: روبػل
3128
:
67) والغمبة غيخ السعقمشة عمى اآلخخ . JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
1هـ
Print -I
Online- ،الػقػف عمى السفاليع فصبيعة السقاربة التي قجميا تعجُ اسياماً وتصػيخاً لمسعخفة
ولػناً مغ الػان
تصػيخ العقمية اإلندانية التتابعية. اذ عسل عمى(( تصػيع ىحه اإلسيامات وتحػيميا إلى ارتياضات تسارس لسغ يأتي بعجه، اذ
حرخىا في مشطػمتو وادخل حمة عمييا مغ عشجياتو استصاع أن يمفت نطخ مغ جاء بعجه ويعجه
مخجعاً لو)) (الذالىي ،
3129
:
35
)، فيػ يشصمق بسػضػعية واضحة مغ خالل كذفو السعخفي اذ
نججه ال يقف مجامالً وال مجادالً حيث جاء في رسالتو إلى نيقػماخػس ميسا صعب عميشا األمخ في
تحجيج مذكمة حػل الحكيقة والرجاقة ((ألنو ليذ لحب وال لبغس يرصشع األشياء كسا يشبغي، بل
ألنو ىكحا خمق ذلظ حق إال أنو يمدم دائساً ىحا الخمق عيشو مع مغ ال يعخفيع ومع مغ يعخفيع …
،وذلظ ال يسشع مغ انو يخاعي السقام في معاممتو مع كل اندان)). (شاليذ2:35
:
3
/
51
( ونخاه بعج اعالن مػقفو ىحا، يعسل عمى كدخ الشسصية التي كانت سائجة قبمو لسفاليع مخكدية راسخة
التقعيج بخبط العا :لع الحكيقي بالعالع الػاقعي والسعاش مشكخاً عميو انغخاسو في العالع السثالي. (يشطخ
،حسجاوؼ3125
:
35
( اذ نججه وبدبب رجاحة مذخوعو الفمدفي، وانفتاحو عمى جسيع ضخوب السعخفة، ففي مذخوعو
البالغي نخػ اشتغالو يأخح بعجاً آخخا محتفطاً بالتقديع الثشائي ( الخصابة-
الج جل) مفارقاً استاذه الحؼ
،شابق بيشيسا. (الػلي3131
:
91
،) وعج الخصابة ضخورة ال يسكغ االستغشاء عشيا في اؼ مجتسع
ألنيا تيب السداحة السػضػعية السجتسعية بتمػيشاتيا السختمفة سػاء أكانت قزائية أم استذارية أم
،احتفالية (يشطخ: الػلي3131
:
91
) ووفّق كثيخاً في ايجاد العشاصخ السحايثة لمخصابة والتي تترل
برػرة أو بأخخػ بالعسمية التػاصمية سػاء تعمقت بالباث االيتػس أو الستمقي الباتػس أو بسادة
الخصاب المػغػس اذ نخاه يقػل:((كل خصبة تتألف مغ ثالث عشاصخ: الخصيب والسػضػع الحؼ
،يتشاولو، والذخز الحؼ يػجو إليو الخصاب )) (شاليذ2:91
:
47
-
48
) وكحلظ تشبو مبكخاً إلى
الخابط بيغ الخصابة والججل وحجد العالقة بيشيسا بقػلو ((الخصابة تشاسب الججل ألن كمييسا يتشاول
أ
مػراً تجخل في نحػ ما-
ًفي نصاق معخفة الشاس جسيعا …
وليحا فإن الشاس جسيعاً يذاركػن
بجرجات متفاوتة في كمييسا ألنيع جسيعاً إلى حج ما يحاولػن نقج قػل أو تأييجه ، والجفاع عغ أنفديع
،أو الذكػػ(مغ اآلخخيغ) )) (شاليذ2:91
:
34
) وعشج السخور في اشتغال الججل األول، وىػ
السخاء الدفدصائي، فغ السصارحة الحؼ يدسح بشرخ الدخيف أو الكاذب، وجعل سقخاط ثع افالشػن 515 JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 وعمى ىحا األ
دا ء وغيخه نخػ بارت يعمي مغ بالغة
أ رسصػ في عخض استفيامو أليدت كل البالغة
اذا ما استثشيشا افالشػن ارسصية ؟
فشججه يمحق كل معخفة مغ شأنيا تعمي بالبالغة تعػد إلى ار سصػ مغ خالل عخض ما قعجه في ىحا
السجال متكأً عمى السرشفيغ المحيغ أسيسا في رفج وقائع الخصاب عمى الخغع مغ تباعجىسا
واشتغاالتيسا السختمفة ، فشجج األول يترل بالخصابية ويدتحزخ الجانب الحجاجي اإلقشاعي ومحػر
اشتغالو يعشى بتقعيج تصػر الخصاب مغ فكخة إلى فكخة، في ح يغ يعسل الثاني مغ خالل اترالو
بالذعخية وىػ يدتحزخ الجانب التخيمي الحؼ يدعى في تصػيخ األثخ الخصابي مغ صػرة إلى
صػرة، وبيحا الترػر ستمحق البالغة بأرسصػ، لكغ سخعان ما ييذع ىحا التقابل عشج انريارىسا في
:بالغة عامة وتحػيل البالغة إلى تقشية شعخية لؤلبجاع. (يشطخ،بارت3122
:
42
-
44
) وربسا يعػد
كل ذلظ مغ خالل الخغبة في استجعاء االمتاعي والحاقو باالقشاعي وخمق صيخورة بالغية بيحه
الرػرة ىػ الفخاغ السعخفي الحؼ تخكو ارسصػ
مباعجا في اشتغالتو عغ السقػم األ سمػبي مسا دفع
اآلخخ ان يصخح اشتغاالً يُعشى بالسحدغ والرػر الشاتجة عغ ذلظ السحدغ مغ خالل ما رقغ مغ
اضافات معخفية انبثقت مغ شيذخون وكشتميان
والعسل عمى اختدال الحصابة في األ سمػبية وذلظ عبخ
استجعاء الشدق ا الرسصي وعشايتو بالعبارة بػصفيا
أ
ساس الفغ الخصابي . فشججه يمحق كل معخفة مغ شأنيا تعمي بالبالغة تعػد إلى ار سصػ مغ خالل عخض ما قعجه في ىحا
السجال متكأً عمى السرشفيغ المحيغ أسيسا في رفج وقائع الخصاب عمى الخغع مغ تباعجىسا
واشتغاالتيسا السختمفة ، فشجج األول يترل بالخصابية ويدتحزخ الجانب الحجاجي اإلقشاعي ومحػر
اشتغالو يعشى بتقعيج تصػر الخصاب مغ فكخة إلى فكخة، في ح يغ يعسل الثاني مغ خالل اترالو
بالذعخية وىػ يدتحزخ الجانب التخيمي الحؼ يدعى في تصػيخ األثخ الخصابي مغ صػرة إلى
صػرة، وبيحا الترػر ستمحق البالغة بأرسصػ، لكغ سخعان ما ييذع ىحا التقابل عشج انريارىسا في
:بالغة عامة وتحػيل البالغة إلى تقشية شعخية لؤلبجاع. (يشطخ،بارت3122
:
42
-
44
) وربسا يعػد
كل ذلظ مغ خالل الخغبة في استجعاء االمتاعي والحاقو باالقشاعي وخمق صيخورة بالغية بيحه
الرػرة ىػ الفخاغ السعخفي الحؼ تخكو ارسصػ
مباعجا في اشتغالتو عغ السقػم األ سمػبي مسا دفع
اآلخخ ان يصخح اشتغاالً يُعشى بالسحدغ والرػر الشاتجة عغ ذلظ السحدغ مغ خالل ما رقغ مغ
اضافات معخفية انبثقت مغ شيذخون وكشتميان
والعسل عمى اختدال الحصابة في األ سمػبية وذلظ عبخ
استجعاء الشدق ا الرسصي وعشايتو بالعبارة بػصفيا
أ
ساس الفغ الخصابي . JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 فز الً عغ ذلظ عسج عمى كدخ ىحا الشدق مغ خالل ادخال بعس العشاصخ إلى مشطػمتو تػازؼ
الشدق االرسصي نحػ (الحوق والصبع) وكحلظ عسل عمى زحدحة البالغة مغ حاضشتيا االولى
،اليػنانية وسحبيا باتجاه الخومانية ( بارت3122
:
49
-
4:
) كل ذلظ سيسيج الصخيق إلى ليسشو
مصبقة لمرشعة ،
لفتخة ليدت بالقريخة آل ذلظ
أ ن تختدل البالغة في بعس الػجػه والسجازات، وىػ
بالشظ لػن تتابعي ججيج يدعى ويديع في رسع خارشة ججيجة لمبالغة، اال انو يدعى وبذكل قدخؼ
عمى تغييب وعدل الشدق الحجاجي مسا سبب انحداراً وتكبيالً لمبالغة عبخ حخكتيا التاريخية ويسكغ
تخجسة ذل
ظ في مخاجعة الشتاجات الثقافية مشح عرخ الشيزة الى فتخة قخيبة مغ يػمشا ىحا . وغايتشا ال تيجف إلى اثبات وجو دون سػاه أو االنترار لو بل الغاية تكسغ في كذف الحخكة
العمسية عبخ مداحتيا االشتغالية والغاية السشذػدة في تدخيخ ما يسكغ تدخيخه مغ عمػم في خجمة
الس ػجػد البذخؼ، والسيسا بعج التصػر الحاصل في عمػم الفمدفة وغيخىا مغ العمػم بعج ان تحػل
السدار مغ العقل إلى حاممو فأصبحت العشاية واضحة بعمػم ((األندان والمدان، تتأسذ في عرخ
الشيزة مغ مشصق، ولدانيات، وعمع الشفذ واجتساع …
حيث مجت يجىا الى عمع البالغة، لحل
بعس مذ كالت الخصاب التي تخريا فػججت البالغة غائبة عغ السيجان فاقتحست مػضػع
الخصاب. مجيبة عغ األسئمة التي تيسيا حيشاً ومتجاوزة ذلظ إلى اقتخاح اجػبة تختز بيا البالغة
،حيشاً آخخ وبحلظ التجاوز كػنت ليا ما يذبو السدتعسخات في ارض البالغة مغ قبيل مشصق الحجاج
والتجاوليات ، ولدانيات الشز، وعمع الشز، وسيسيائية الشز، والذعخية المدانية ( ))…
، العسخؼ
3124
:
25
(
اا ،كل ىحا يدتجعي بخوزاً تتابعياً ججيجاً السيسا بعج الشكػص السحدن الحؼ وصمت إليو البالغة
بات يطيخ جمياً مع تداؤالت العقالنية أو مع انييار الجيسقخاشية وصعػد السديحية
ىػ الحؼ يداعج
،عمى ضيػر مذخوع بالغي ججيج. JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ( الػلي3116
:
46:
(
وان الدمان والسكان مؤىالن الحتزان المػن الججيج، لكغ ىحه السخة يحسل الرفة الثشائية مباعجاً عغ
الفخدية السييسشة، حيث نخاىسا يقفان شػيالً عشج ال سقػالت الدابقة والسيسا مقػالت
أ رسصػ ليشصمقا
مشيا لي رال إلى شخوحات ججيجة مغ دون الػقػع في دائخة التكخار لآلخخ، فقعجا ونطخا لمبالغة
،البخىانية القائسة عمى السشصق والتي تسثل السشطػر السدتحجث لمبالغة (الصمبة3111
:
64
) بحدب
السباحث العمسية التي يشتسيان الييا ( بيخلسان وتيتكا) وعبخ السجاالت االشتغالية ليسا مغ ف مدفة
وقانػن وعم
ع نفذ، مع األخح بشطخ الحدبان األ
بعاد الدياسية السخبػءة والقابعة في أ نداق بيخلسان ،كل ىحا يدتجعي بخوزاً تتابعياً ججيجاً السيسا بعج الشكػص السحدن الحؼ وصمت إليو البالغة
بات يطيخ جمياً مع تداؤالت العقالنية أو مع انييار الجيسقخاشية وصعػد السديحية
ىػ الحؼ يداعج
،عمى ضيػر مذخوع بالغي ججيج. ( الػلي3116
:
46:
( ( ػي
اي ج ي
خوع ب
يػر
ى(
وان الدمان والسكان مؤىالن الحتزان المػن الججيج، لكغ ىحه السخة يحسل الرفة الثشائية مباعجاً عغ
الفخدية السييسشة، حيث نخاىسا يقفان شػيالً عشج ال سقػالت الدابقة والسيسا مقػالت
أ رسصػ ليشصمقا
مشيا لي رال إلى شخوحات ججيجة مغ دون الػقػع في دائخة التكخار لآلخخ، فقعجا ونطخا لمبالغة
،البخىانية القائسة عمى السشصق والتي تسثل السشطػر السدتحجث لمبالغة (الصمبة3111
:
64
) بحدب
السباحث العمسية التي يشتسيان الييا ( بيخلسان وتيتكا) وعبخ السجاالت االشتغالية ليسا مغ ف مدفة
وقانػن وعم
ع نفذ، مع األخح بشطخ الحدبان األ
بعاد الدياسية السخبػءة والقابعة في أ نداق بيخلسان 511 511 JOBS
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تشاميو-
إلى ضخورة مشصكية . -
، ليدت نتائجو ممدمة أو نيائية . ( يشطخ : اعخاب3112
ؼ87
) وثسة معارضة ججيجة تختجؼ لبػساً مغايخاً ومفارقاً لمشطخيات الدابقة فيي تحسل الرفة المغػية، وىي
بال شظ تُعج جػىخية في اشتغاالتيا
الجقيقة وتحسل سسة الججة في حسػالتيا التي تخفعا، كػنيا تقف
عمى معارضة السشاويل الدابقة سػاء كانت تمظ التي تشتسي إلى بالغة الخصابة اليػنانية الكالسيكية
أم الحجيثة التي اقتخنت مع بيخلسان وتيتكا أم االشتغال السشصقي والحؼ تسثل في شخوحات جان بميد
في استجالء ال ، حجج. ( يشطخ: عمػؼ3121
ؼ5
/
2:4
) وثسة معارضة ججيجة تختجؼ لبػساً مغايخاً ومفارقاً لمشطخيات الدابقة فيي تحسل الرفة المغػية، وىي
بال شظ تُعج جػىخية في اشتغاالتيا
الجقيقة وتحسل سسة الججة في حسػالتيا التي تخفعا، كػنيا تقف
عمى معارضة السشاويل الدابقة سػاء كانت تمظ التي تشتسي إلى بالغة الخصابة اليػنانية الكالسيكية
أم الحجيثة التي اقتخنت مع بيخلسان وتيتكا أم االشتغال السشصقي والحؼ تسثل في شخوحات جان بميد
في استجالء ال ، حجج. ( يشطخ: عمػؼ3121
ؼ5
/
2:4
)
فقج عسل كل مغ (ديكخو وأونكدػمبخ) في بشاء رؤية حجاجية بعيجاً عسا ذكخ في متػن فمدفية أو
مشصكية، بل كان جلّ تخكيدىسا يتسحػر حػل الجور الحجاجي، الحؼ يمعبو الكداء المغػؼ ليحه الػقائع
باعتبار أن المغة تحسل بعجاً حجاجياً كامش
اً في صسيع بشيتيا الجاخمية ( يشطخ: السبخػت، د-
: ت
462
، وكحلظ يشطخ: عادل3124
:
:6
) وذلظ ألن جػىخ نطخيتيا أنشا نتكمع بقرج التأثيخ أؼ
ًتحسل المغة في شياتيا بريغة ذاتية وجػىخية وضيفة حجاجية تتجمى في بشية األقػال ذاتيا صػتيا
وصخفياً وتخكيباً وداللياً . (يشط
خ: حسجاوؼ ، د-
: ت44
)
وبيحا الصخح سعت بقػة إلى استجعاء السدافة المغػية السغيبة في الشطخيات التجاولية، والتي رقشت
في شخوحات گخايذ وأوستغ وسيخل، اذ لع تكغ اليػية المغػية الحجاجية واضحة ومائدة، بل كانت
تحفيا الزبابية فزالً عغ عجم محجوديتيا، وبيحا اعاد اال عتبار لمػجػد المداني في التجاولية بطيػر
ًالتجاولية السجمجة والتي يكسغ عسميا السائد في رفس الترػرات أو األقػال القائمة بأن ىشاك فرال
بيغ الجاللة ومػضػعيا الحؼ يعشى بسعشى الجسمة، والتجاولية ومػضػعيا الحؼ يعشى في استعسال
الجسمة في السقام مغ جية، والدعي إلى س بخ كل ما لو صمو داخل بشية المغة، باالستعسال البالغي
السحتسل مغ جية أخخػ. وبيحا يكػن مػضػع بحثيا ىػ بيان الجاللة التجاولية ال الخبخة الػصفية وال
الحسػلة االخبارية الستػاججة في بشية األقػال والسدمع بيا. (السبخػت ، د-
: ت462
) وبيحا الصخح
تدعى إلى تخسيخ مبادغ ميسة ىي حرخ دراسة التجاولية بالمغة ذاتيا ومغ ثع حرخ الحجاج داخل
. JOBS
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هـ
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Online تحجيجاً ورغبتو في
إ
يقاف اإل بادة الجساعية التي يتعخض ليا الذعب الييػدؼ في خالل الحخب
العالسية والػقػف عمى خصػرة الحسػالت التي يحسميا القػل الخصابي والتعبػؼ والتحخيزي القائع عمى
،اقراء اآلخخ كسا يخػ جػرج فيشػ.(عادل3124
:
94
-
95
) وصعػبة تعبئة الخصاب وقجرتو في
مػاجية التخسانة العدكخية وعجتيا الكبيخة. فعسل عمى تجاوز األشخ والسقػالت الدابقة التي بشيت عمييا صشاعة الخصابة وقجرتيا عمى
الييسشة مغ خالل تػجيييا إل ى مدتسع بعيشو، والديصخة عميو، مسا دعاه إلى كدخ ىحه الشسصية مغ
خالل تخقيشاتو التي استػعب فييا جلّ السدتسعيغ واشكاليع بخالف((مرشفات صشاعة الخصابة
القجيسة التي كانت غايتيا تتسثل في تعميع الخصابة وتػفيخ وسائل اإلقشاع لمخصيب إلى فيع
ميكاندمات التفكيخ وبشيات الح جاج التي يدتعسميا االندان في األمػر العمسية ومجال الفعل …
لحلظ
ال داعي عشجه لحرخ دراستو في الحجاج الذفػؼ، وحرخ السدتسع في حذج مجتسع في ساحة
عسػمية، فسا دام اليجف مغ ذلظ الحجاج الحؼ ىػ الترجيق بجعػػ ما، ىػ اليجف نفدو مغ اؼ
حجاج، فأنو لغ يذكل سػػ احجػ اشكال الخصاب التي تعالجيا نطخيتو، ولغ يُذكل ذلظ السدتسع
،سػػ نػع مغ بيغ انػاع اخخػ السبيل لحرخىا))( بيخلسان3133
:
:
). وعمى وفق ما تقجم فالغاية
لجيو ىػ أخخاج الحجاج مغ دائخة الخصابة والججل بعجما كان مخادفاً ومداوياً لمسشصق لفتخة شػيمة مغ
،الدمان (يشطخ: صػلو3122
:
22
) وبيحه الشقمة أصبح لمحجاج شكل آخخ والسيسا بعج ان كانت
الخصابة تحسل في أثشائيا حسػالت مغالصية مغ مشاورات، واغػاء وتالعب فزالً عغ السحاولة، وىي
، األىع في تحػيل السدار مغ ليسشة االستجالل الحؼ يعسل عمى اذعان واستالب الستمقي ( صػلو
د-
: ت3:9
)
َاا فزالَ ع
غ
يكسغ الحجاج عشجه عمى مجسػعة ترػرات لمػاقع باالتكاء عمى بعس السعصيات
، الخاصة لكل مغ الحجاج والسقام الحؼ يشجب ىحا الخصاب ( يشطخ: اعخا3112
:
87
) مغ دون
أغفال الدامع أو الستمقي السػجج لمحجاج، ومغ خالل ىحه اإل ستجعاءات الستكػنة مغ الستكمع والدامع
والسقام وبا
لإ
عتساد ع مى قشاة تػاصمية معيشة كأن تكػن
إ ،شارية أو مكتػبة أو مشصػقة ( يشطخ: الصمبة
3111
:
72) لحا تكػن. مذخوعو الفكخؼ والحجاجي عمى عجة مالمح مشيا: - ان يتػجو إلى مدتسع . 511
- ان يعبخ عشو بمغة شبيعية . - مدمساتو التعجوا ان تكػن احتسالية غيخ يقيشية . - ان يعبخ عشو بمغة شبيعية. 511
بي ي
ب
ن ي بخ
- مدمساتو التعجوا ان تكػن احتسالية غيخ يقيشية . - مدمساتو التعجوا ان تكػن احتسالية غيخ يقيشية - مدمساتو التعجوا ان تكػن احتسالية غيخ يقيشية. JOBS
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Online JOBS
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
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العدد
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Print -ISSN 2306-5249
Online-ISSN 2791-3279 ابشية المغة فتربح نطخية دالئمية حجاجية بامتياز ويتع ذلظ عبخ الخوابط والعػامل والداللع
،(يشطخ: الذالىي3129
:
239
)
حاولت البالغة عبخ حخكتيا الدمشية، عمى مػاجية الدكػن الحؼ قج يصبق عمى فزاءاتي ا بالحخكة
السعخفية السدتسخة، جخاء ذلظ لع يتػقف العقل اإلنداني في بحثو عغ السآالت السغايخة، بل جاد في JOBS
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Onlin سعيو السدتسخ، تسطيخ لشا مغ خالل ذلظ رؤية بالغية حجيثة تشدع عغ أكتافيا حسػالت السشاويل
الدابقة، والتي تيب االجابات الجاىدة والسدكتة مكانة كبيخة ، تكاد تكػن
،ليا الرجارة في السعخفة
حجتيا في ذلظ، إن ىحه الحسػالت تعسل عمى اضسحالل السعخفة وتكبيميا، فزالً عغ رغبتيا بسغادرة
الكيع التي وىبتيا تمظ الحسػالت والسعارف صفة الثبات . ا
ي
لحا اتكأت رؤية مذيل ماييخ عمى آلية مختمفة، ىي إخزاع الدؤال لمسداءلة، وىػ السذخوع
الفمد ،في الحؼ انساز بو عغ اآلخخيغ مغ خالل عمع األشكمة.(يشطخ: ماييخ3121:227
) وىػ بال
،شظ اخزاع يقػم عمى بعج إبدتسػلػجي رغبة مشو في دفع السعخفة وآلية التفكيخ إلى مجيات بعيجة
،واالبتعاد عغ ثشائية الدؤال والجػاب، ومغ يقف مع أو ضج ىحه الثشائية (يشطخ: الصمبة3119
:
245
وكحلظ يشطخ: الخيفي، د-
: ت81
) والخمػص إلى االنكدار الحاصل جخاء األنا وليسشتيا
واالشكالية التي رافقتيا مغ خالل شخوحات ديكارت الفمدفية والتي عسمت عمى تقػيس السداءلة
،وفتح اآلفاق نحػ المغة والخصاب وربصيسا بالحات.( يشطخ: عادل3124
:
214
-
215
(
لحا يخػ ماييخ
ان الحجاج ىػ بسثابة جػاب عغ سؤال مفاد ذلظ أن الخصيب أو الستكمع يقجم
. سمدمة مغ األجػبة الػاقعية والسحتسمة ألسئمة افتخاضية تترف بحجاجيتيا في ترػرات السدتسع
،( بشطخ: حسجاوؼ312:
:
8) ويحىب ماييخ بعيجاً عغ السخقشات
الدابقة التي تعمي مغ شأن
الخصيب أو الستمقي أو الخصاب ويتجو في مداره الى حيثية مغايخة فحرخ دراستو بيغ الرخيح
والزسشي مغ الكالم وقاسع ىحه الثشائية بيغ الستكمع والدامع فالسرخح بو لمستكمع والزسشي
، لمدامع(يشطخ: صػلة3118
:
48
) مغ ىشا تشفتح السعخفة وتتخبع عمى ع خش التفكيخ مغ خالل
تذزي األجػبة إلى اسئمة متشػعة ومتعجدة. 516
قائسة السر
ادر
2
.أفالشػن (ط5
-
2:94
) الجسيػرية، تخجسة حشا خباز، دارالشيزة-
بغجاد. 3
.أفالشػن(د-
ط-
2:81
) محاورة جػرجياس، تخجسة دمحم حدغ ضاضا، الييئة السرخية لمتأليف
والشذخ. 4
.أفالشػن (ط2
-
2::6
) محاورة كخاتيميػس، تخجسة عدمي شو الديج أحسج، مشذػرات وزارة الثقافة
عسان-
األردن . قائسة السر
ادر
2
.أفالشػن (ط5
-
2:94
) الجسيػرية، تخجسة حشا خباز، دارالشيزة-
بغجاد. 3
.أفالشػن(د-
ط-
2:81
) محاورة جػرجياس، تخجسة دمحم حدغ ضاضا، الييئة السرخية لمتأليف
والشذخ. 4
.أفالشػن (ط2
-
2::6
) محاورة كخاتيميػس، تخجسة عدمي شو الديج أحسج، مشذػرات وزارة الثقافة
عسان-
األردن . قائسة السر
ادر
2
.أفالشػن (ط5
-
2:94
) الجسيػرية، تخجسة حشا خباز، دارالشيزة-
بغجاد. 3
.أفالشػن(د-
ط-
2:81
) محاورة جػرجياس، تخجسة دمحم حدغ ضاضا، الييئة السرخية لمتأليف
والشذخ. JOBS
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Onlin 4
.أفالشػن (ط2
-
2::6
) محاورة كخاتيميػس، تخجسة عدمي شو الديج أحسج، مشذػرات وزارة الثقافة
عسان-
األردن . 516 JOBS
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5
.بارت، روالن (ط2
-
3122
) قخاءة ججيجة لمبالغة القجيسة ،تخجسة عسخ أوكان، رؤية لمشذخ
والتػزيع-القاىخة. 6
.بشػىاشع ، الحديغ ( ط2
-
3125
) بالغة الحجاج األصػل اليػ نانية، دار الكتاب الججيج
الستحجة، بيخوت-
لبشان . 7
. بيخلسان شاييع (ط2
-
3133
.) االمبخاشػرية الخصابية صشاعة الخصابة والحجاج ، تخجسة د
الحديغ بشػ ىاشع، دار الكتاب الججيج ، بيخوت-
لبشان . 8
. الجخجاني ، عمي بغ دمحم بغ عمي الديج الديغ أبػ الحدغ(ط2
-
3116) كت اب التعخيفات ، دار
الفكخ لمشذخ والتػزيع، بيخوت–
لبشان)
9
. حسجاوؼ، جسيل (ط2
-
312:
) الفمدفة واألسئمة الكبخػ عشج ميذيل ماييخ ، دار الخيف لمصبع
والشذخ الشاضػر-
تصػان السسمكة السغخبية . :
. حسجاوؼ ، جسيل (د-
ط3125
) مغ الحجاج إلى البالغة الججيجة ، افخيكيا الذخق-
السغخب . 21
. روبػل ، أوليفيي ( د-
ط3128
.) مجخل إلى الخصابة ، تخجسة رضػان العربة ، مخاجعة د
حدان الباىي ، افخيكيا الذخق-
السغخب . 22
. سمػان، تػماس أ( ط2
-
3127
، ) مػسػعة البالغة ، أشخاف وتقجيع عساد عبج المصيف
مخاجعة عساد عبج المصيف ومرصفى المب يب ، السخكد القػمي لمتخجسة القاىخة-
مرخ . 23
. شالىي ، فالح عبجهللا ( ط2
-
3129
) البيان والتبييغ دراسة في ضػء البالغة الججيجة ، دار
ومكتبة عجنان لمصباعة والشذخ والتػزيع، بغجاد-
العخاق . 24
. صسػد ، حسادؼ (د-
ط ،د-
ت) أىع نطخيات الحجاج في التقاليج الغ خبية مغ ارسصػ إلى
اليػم ، فخيق البحث في البالغة والحجاج ، مشذػرات كمية االداب مشػبة-
تػنذ . 25
. صػلة، عبجهللا ( ط2
-
3118
) الحجاج في القخآن مغ خالل أىع خرائرو االسمػبية ، دار
الفارابي بيخوت-
لبشان . 26
. صػلة، عبجهللا ( ط2
-
3122
) في نطخية الحجاج درا سات وتصبيقات، مدكيمياني لمشذخ
والتػزيع-
تػنذ . 27
. ضيف ، شػقي ( ط3
-
د-
ت ) البالغة تصػر وتاريخ ، دار السعارف السرخية-
القاىخة . 28
. شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:91
) الخصابةالرسصػ ، تخجسة عبج الخحسغ بجوؼ ، دار الخشيج
لمشذخ-
بغجاد . JOBS
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Onlin 511
5
.بارت، روالن (ط2
-
3122
) قخاءة ججيجة لمبالغة القجيسة ،تخجسة عسخ أوكان، رؤية لمشذخ
والتػزيع-القاىخة. 6
.بشػىاشع ، الحديغ ( ط2
-
3125
) بالغة الحجاج األصػل اليػ نانية، دار الكتاب الججيج
الستحجة، بيخوت-
لبشان . 7
. بيخلسان شاييع (ط2
-
3133
.) االمبخاشػرية الخصابية صشاعة الخصابة والحجاج ، تخجسة د
الحديغ بشػ ىاشع، دار الكتاب الججيج ، بيخوت-
لبشان . 8
. الجخجاني ، عمي بغ دمحم بغ عمي الديج الديغ أبػ الحدغ(ط2
-
3116) كت اب التعخيفات ، دار
الفكخ لمشذخ والتػزيع، بيخوت–
لبشان)
9
. حسجاوؼ، جسيل (ط2
-
312:
) الفمدفة واألسئمة الكبخػ عشج ميذيل ماييخ ، دار الخيف لمصبع
والشذخ الشاضػر-
تصػان السسمكة السغخبية . :
. حسجاوؼ ، جسيل (د-
ط3125
) مغ الحجاج إلى البالغة الججيجة ، افخيكيا الذخق-
السغخب . 21
. روبػل ، أوليفيي ( د-
ط3128
.) مجخل إلى الخصابة ، تخجسة رضػان العربة ، مخاجعة د
حدان الباىي ، افخيكيا الذخق-
السغخب . 22
. سمػان، تػماس أ( ط2
-
3127
، ) مػسػعة البالغة ، أشخاف وتقجيع عساد عبج المصيف
مخاجعة عساد عبج المصيف ومرصفى المب يب ، السخكد القػمي لمتخجسة القاىخة-
مرخ . 23
. شالىي ، فالح عبجهللا ( ط2
-
3129
) البيان والتبييغ دراسة في ضػء البالغة الججيجة ، دار
ومكتبة عجنان لمصباعة والشذخ والتػزيع، بغجاد-
العخاق . 24
. صسػد ، حسادؼ (د-
ط ،د-
ت) أىع نطخيات الحجاج في التقاليج الغ خبية مغ ارسصػ إلى
اليػم ، فخيق البحث في البالغة والحجاج ، مشذػرات كمية االداب مشػبة-
تػنذ . 25
. صػلة، عبجهللا ( ط2
-
3118
) الحجاج في القخآن مغ خالل أىع خرائرو االسمػبية ، دار
الفارابي بيخوت-
لبشان . 26
. صػلة، عبجهللا ( ط2
-
3122
) في نطخية الحجاج درا سات وتصبيقات، مدكيمياني لمشذخ
والتػزيع-
تػنذ . 27
. ضيف ، شػقي ( ط3
-
د-
ت ) البالغة تصػر وتاريخ ، دار السعارف السرخية-
القاىخة . 28
. شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:91
) الخصابةالرسصػ ، تخجسة عبج الخحسغ بجوؼ ، دار الخشيج
لمشذخ-
بغجاد . 27
. ضيف ، شػقي ( ط3
-
د-
ت ) البالغة تصػر وتاريخ ، دار السعارف السرخية-
القاىخة . 28
. شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:91
) الخصابةالرسصػ ، تخجسة عبج الخحسغ بجوؼ ، دار الخشيج
لمشذخ-
بغجاد . JOBS
مجلة العلوم األساسـية
Journal of Basic Science
هـ
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Onlin شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:35
) عمع األخالق إلى نيقػماخػس ، تخجسو مغ اليػنانية إلى
الغخبية بارتمسي سانتيميخ، ونقمو إلى العخبية أحسج لصفي الديج ، مصبعة دار الكتب السرخية-
القاىخة . 29
. شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:35
) عمع األخالق إلى نيقػماخػس ، تخجسو مغ اليػنانية إلى
الغخبية بارتمسي سانتيميخ، ونقمو إلى العخبية أحسج لصفي الديج ، مصبعة دار الكتب السرخية-
القاىخة . 2:
. عبج المصيف، عادل ( ط2
-
3125
) بالغة اإلقشاع في السشاضخة ، دار ومكتبة عجنا ن ، بغجاد
-
العخاق . 31
.عبج المصيف، ( ط3
-
3132
) البالغة العخبية الججيجة ، مدارات ومقاربات، دار كشػز
السعخفة لمشذخ والتػزيع ، عسان-
االردن . 32
. العسخؼ ، دمحم ( د-
ط3124
) أسئمة البالغة في الشطخية والتاريخ والقخاءة ، افخيكيا الذخق-
الجار البيزاء . 33
. عمػؼ، حافع اسساعيمي ( ط2
-
3121
) الحجاج مفيػمو ومجاالتو دراسات نطخية وتصبيكية
في البالغة الججيجة ، عالع الكتب الججيجة لمشذخ والتػزيع، اربج-
االردن . 34
. لػيذ ، جػن(ط5
-
2:94
) مجخل إلى الفمدفة ، تخجسة انػر عبج السالظ ، دار الحكيقة
لمصباعة والشذخ، بيخوت
-
لبشان . 35
. ولبو ، مججؼ وكامل السيشجس ( ط3
-
2:95
) معجع السرصمحات العخبية في المغة
واالدب ، مكتبة لبشان-
بيخوت . 36
. الػلي ، دمحم ( ط2
-
3116
) االستعارة في محصات يػنانية وعخبية وغخبية ، مشذػرات دار
األمان-
الخباط . 37
. الػلي ، دمحم ( ط2
-
3131
) الخصابة والحجاج بيغ افالشػن وارسصػ وبيخلسان ، الشاشخ
فالية لمصباعة والشذخ والتػزيع ، مصبعة الشجاح الججيجة-
الجار البيزاء . 38
. مشجور، دمحم ( د-
ط2:93
) األدب وفشػنو ، دار الشيزة لمصبع والشذخ، الفجالة-
مرخ . السجالت والجوريات
39
. ( اعخاب ، حبيب3112
، ) الحجاج واالستجالل الحجاجي ، عالع الفكخ مجمة دورية محكسة
الكػيت25
ستسبخ . 3:
. ( الصمبة ، دمحم سالع االميغ3111
، ) مفيػم الحجاج عشج بيخلسان وتصػره في البالغة السعاصخة
عالع الفكخ مجمة دورية محكسة ، الكػيت35
يشايخ . 2:
. عبج المصيف، عادل ( ط2
-
3125
) بالغة اإلقشاع في السشاضخة ، دار ومكتبة عجنا ن ، بغجاد
-
العخاق . 31
.عبج المصيف، ( ط3
-
3132
) البالغة العخبية الججيجة ، مدارات ومقاربات، دار كشػ
ا
ال
فة لم
ل
اال 31
.عبج المصيف، ( ط3
-
3132
) البالغة العخبية الججيجة ، مدارات ومقاربات، دار كشػز
السعخفة لمشذخ والتػزيع ، عسان-
االردن . JOBS
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. شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:35
) عمع األخالق إلى نيقػماخػس ، تخجسو مغ اليػنانية إلى
الغخبية بارتمسي سانتيميخ، ونقمو إلى العخبية أحسج لصفي الديج ، مصبعة دار الكتب السرخية-
القاىخة . 2:
. عبج المصيف، عادل ( ط2
-
3125
) بالغة اإلقشاع في السشاضخة ، دار ومكتبة عجنا ن ، بغجاد
-
العخاق . 31
.عبج المصيف، ( ط3
-
3132
) البالغة العخبية الججيجة ، مدارات ومقاربات، دار كشػز
السعخفة لمشذخ والتػزيع ، عسان-
االردن . 32
. العسخؼ ، دمحم ( د-
ط3124
) أسئمة البالغة في الشطخية والتاريخ والقخاءة ، افخيكيا الذخق-
الجار البيزاء . 33
. عمػؼ، حافع اسساعيمي ( ط2
-
3121
) الحجاج مفيػمو ومجاالتو دراسات نطخية وتصبيكية
في البالغة الججيجة ، عالع الكتب الججيجة لمشذخ والتػزيع، اربج-
االردن . 34
. لػيذ ، جػن(ط5
-
2:94
) مجخل إلى الفمدفة ، تخجسة انػر عبج السالظ ، دار الحكيقة
لمصباعة والشذخ، بيخوت
-
لبشان . 35
. ولبو ، مججؼ وكامل السيشجس ( ط3
-
2:95
) معجع السرصمحات العخبية في المغة
واالدب ، مكتبة لبشان-
بيخوت . 36
. الػلي ، دمحم ( ط2
-
3116
) االستعارة في محصات يػنانية وعخبية وغخبية ، مشذػرات دار
األمان-
الخباط . 37
. الػلي ، دمحم ( ط2
-
3131
) الخصابة والحجاج بيغ افالشػن وارسصػ وبيخلسان ، الشاشخ
فالية لمصباعة والشذخ والتػزيع ، مصبعة الشجاح الججيجة-
الجار البيزاء . 38
. مشجور، دمحم ( د-
ط2:93
) األدب وفشػنو ، دار الشيزة لمصبع والشذخ، الفجالة-
مرخ . السجالت والجوريات
39
. ( اعخاب ، حبيب3112
، ) الحجاج واالستجالل الحجاجي ، عالع الفكخ مجمة دورية محكسة
الكػيت25
ستسبخ . 3:
. ( الصمبة ، دمحم سالع االميغ3111
، ) مفيػم الحجاج عشج بيخلسان وتصػره في البالغة السعاصخة
عالع الفكخ مجمة دورية محكسة ، الكػيت35
يشايخ . 29
. شاليذ ، ارسصػ ( د-
ط2:35
) عمع األخالق إلى نيقػماخػس ، تخجسو مغ اليػنانية إلى
الغخبية بارتمسي سانتيميخ، ونقمو إلى العخبية أحسج لصفي الديج ، مصبعة دار الكتب السرخية-
القاىخة . 29
. JOBS
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.عبج المصيف، ( ط3
-
3132
) البالغة العخبية الججيجة ، مدارات ومقاربات، دار كشػز
السعخفة لمشذخ والتػزيع ، عسان-
االردن . 32
. العسخؼ ، دمحم ( د-
ط3124
) أسئمة البالغة في الشطخية والتاريخ والقخاءة ، افخيكيا الذخق-
ا
ال
ال ا السعخفة لمشذخ والتػزيع ، عسان-
االردن . 32
. العسخؼ ، دمحم ( د-
ط3124
) أسئمة البالغة في الشطخية والتاريخ والقخاءة ، افخيكيا الذخق-
الجار البيزاء . ا 3:
. ( الصمبة ، دمحم سالع االميغ3111
، ) مفيػم الحجاج عشج بيخلسان وتصػره في البالغة السعاصخة
عالع الفكخ مجمة دورية محكسة ، الكػيت35
يشايخ . 511 JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 qayimat almasadir walmarajie 30.'aflatun (ta4-1983) aljumhuriatu, tarjamat hanaa khabazi, daralnahdat -
baghdadu. 31.'aflatun(da- ta- 1970) muhawarat jurjias, tarjamat muhamad hasan zaza,
alhayyat almisriat liltaalif walnashri. 32.'aflatun (ta1- 1995) muhawarat karatilius, tarjamat eazmii tah alsayid
'ahmadu, manshurat wizarat althaqafat eaman- al'urduni . 32.'aflatun (ta1- 1995) muhawarat karatilius, tarjamat eazmii tah alsayid
'ahmadu, manshurat wizarat althaqafat eaman- al'urduni . q
33.barti, rulan (ta1- 2011) qira'at jadidat lilbalaghat alqadimat ,tarjamat
eumar 'uwkan, ruyat lilnashr waltawzie-alqahrati. 34.banuhashim , alhusayn ( ta1 - 2014) balaghat alhujaaj al'usul alyunaniatu,
dar alkitab aljadid almutahidati, bayrut- lubnan . 35.birlman shayim (t 1 -2022 ) aliambiraturiat alkhatabiat sinaeat alkhitabat
walhajaj , tarjamat du. alhusayn banu hashim, dar alkitab aljadid , bayrut -
lubnan . 33.barti, rulan (ta1- 2011) qira'at jadidat lilbalaghat alqadimat ,tarjamat
eumar 'uwkan, ruyat lilnashr waltawzie-alqahrati. 36.aljirjaniu , eali bin muhamad bin eali alsayid alzayn 'abu alhasan(t 1-
2005) kitab altaerifat , dar alfikr lilnashr waltawzie, bayrut - lubnan) 37.hamdawi, jamil (t 1 - 2019) alfalsafat wal'asyilat alkubraa eind mishil
mayir , dar alriyf liltabe walnashr alnaazur - titwan almamlakat almaghribia . 38.hamdawi , jamil (d - t 2014 ) min alhujaaj 'iilaa albalaghat aljadidat ,
afriqia alsharq - almaghrib . 39.rubul , 'uwlifii ( d - t 2017 ) madkhal 'iilaa alkhatabat , tarjamat ridwan
aleasabat , murajaeat da. hasaan albahi , afriqia alsharq - almaghrib . 40.silwan, tumas 'a( t 1 - 2016 ) mawsueat albalaghat , 'ashraf wataqdim
eimad eabd allatif , murajaeat eimad eabd allatif wamustafaa allabib ,
almarkaz alqawmiu liltarjamat alqahirat - misr . JOBS
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eimad eabd allatif , murajaeat eimad eabd allatif wamustafaa allabib ,
almarkaz alqawmiu liltarjamat alqahirat - misr . 41.shalahi , falh eabdallah ( t 1 - 2018 ) albayan waltabyin dirasatan fi daw'
albalaghat aljadidat , dar wamaktabat eadnan liltibaeat walnashr waltawzie,
baghdad - aleiraq . 42.sumud , hamaadi (du -t ,dun - ta) 'ahamu nazariaat alhujaaj fi altaqalid
algharbiat min arastu 'iilaa alyawm , fariq albahth fi albalaghat walhujaj ,
manshurat kuliyat aladab manubat - tunis . 42.sumud , hamaadi (du -t ,dun - ta) 'ahamu nazariaat alhujaaj fi altaqalid
algharbiat min arastu 'iilaa alyawm , fariq albahth fi albalaghat walhujaj ,
manshurat kuliyat aladab manubat - tunis . 43.sawlatu, eabdallah ( t 1 - 2007 ) alhujaaj fi alquran min khilal 'ahami
khasayisih alaslubiat , dar alfarabi bayrut - lubnan . 511 511 JOBS
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Online-ISSN 2791-3279 44.sawlatu, eabdallah ( t 1 -2011 ) fi nazariat alhujaaj dirasat watatbiqati,
miskiliani lilnashr waltawzie - tunis . 44.sawlatu, eabdallah ( t 1 -2011 ) fi nazariat alhujaaj dirasat watatbiqati,
miskiliani lilnashr waltawzie - tunis . 45.dayf , shawqi ( t 2 - da- t ) albalaghat tatawur watarikh , dar almaearif
almisriat - alqahira . 46.talis , arstu ( d - t 1980 ) alkhatabatularistu , tarjamat eabd alrahman
badawi , dar alrashid lilnashr - baghdad . 47.talis , arstu ( d - t 1924 ) eilm al'akhlaq 'iilaa niqumakhus , tarjamah min
alyunaniat 'ilaa algharbiat bartilmi santihlir, wanaqlih 'iilaa alearabiat 'ahmad
lutfay alsayid , matbaeat dar alkutub almisriat - alqahira . 48.eabd allutifi, eadil ( t 1- 2014 ) balaghat al'iiqnae fi almunazarat , dar
wamaktabat eadnan , baghdad - aleiraq . 48.eabd allutifi, eadil ( t 1- 2014 ) balaghat al'iiqnae fi almunazarat , dar
wamaktabat eadnan , baghdad - aleiraq . 49.eabd allatifi, ( ta2 - 2021 ) albalaghat alearabiat aljadidat , masarat
wamuqarabatu, dar kunuz almaerifat lilnashr waltawzie , eaman- alardin . 50.aleumariu , muhamad ( d - t 2013 ) 'asyilat albalaghat fi alnazariat
waltaarikh walqira'at , afriqia alsharq - aldaar albayda' . 51.ealawi, hafiz asmaeili ( t 1 - 2010 ) alhujaaj mafhumuh wamajalatuh
dirasat nazariat watatbiqiat fi albalaghat aljadidat , ealam alkutub aljadidat
lilnashr waltawziei, arbid - alardin . 52.luis , jun(t 4 - 1983 ) madkhal 'iilaa alfalsafat , tarjamat anur eabd almalik
, dar alhaqiqat liltibaeat walnashri, bayrut - lubnan . 53.wahabah , mujdi wakamil almuhandis ( t 2 - 1984 ) muejam almustalahat
alearabiat fi allughat waladib , maktabat lubnan - bayrut . 54.alwali , muhamad ( t 1 - 2005) alaistiearat fi mahataat yunaniat
waearabiat wagharbiat , manshurat dar al'aman - alribat . 55.alwaliu , muhamad ( t 1 - 2020 ) alkhitabat walhujaj bayn aflatun waristu
wabirlman , alnaashir faliat liltibaeat walnashr waltawzie , matbaeat alnajah
aljadidati- aldaar albayda' . 56.mandur, muhamad ( d -t 1982 ) al'adab wafununuh , dar alnahdat liltabe
walnashri, alfajaalat - misr . 56.mandur, muhamad ( d -t 1982 ) al'adab wafununuh , dar alnahdat liltabe
walnashri, alfajaalat - misr . almajalaat waldawriaat 57.aerab , habib ( 2001 ) alhujaaj walastidlal alhujajiu , ealam alfikr majalat
dawriat mahkamat , alkuayt 14 stambar . 511 511 JOBS
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58.altalabat , muhamad salim alaamin (2000 ) mafhum alhujaaj eind
birlaman watatawurih fi albalaghat almueasirat , ealam alfikr majalat dawriat
mahkamat , alkuayt 24 yanayir . 58.altalabat , muhamad salim alaamin (2000 ) mafhum alhujaaj eind
birlaman watatawurih fi albalaghat almueasirat , ealam alfikr majalat dawriat
mahkamat , alkuayt 24 yanayir . 58.altalabat , muhamad salim alaamin (2000 ) mafhum alhujaaj eind
birlaman watatawurih fi albalaghat almueasirat , ealam alfikr majalat dawriat
mahkamat , alkuayt 24 yanayir . 515 515 JOBS
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Arabic | Modeling health signals of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq using non-standard modified maps
Yasir Majid Drjal Ghntab
Department of Geography and GIS / College of Arts / Al-Iraqi University Yasir Majid Drjal Ghntab
Department of Geography and GIS / College of Arts / Al-Iraqi University Abstract Keywords
corona pandemic,
modified maps,
map design,
quantitative signals,
software Keywords
corona pandemic,
modified maps,
map design,
quantitative signals,
software In its structure the study seeks to treat some of the problems of thematic maps that do not
perform their visual purpose as required. Therefore this study came to represent the health
indicators (COVID-19) using non-standard modified maps (cartogram) in an attempt to treat the
visual perception problems facing the map reader by focusing on showing the objective of the
map. The cartographic modeling used for health indicators showed the effectiveness of this type
of maps in highlighting the spatial discrepancies in indicators of injury recovery and death
between administrative units in a way through which the reader can obtain a conceptual
understanding and a more discerning scientific view of the statistical values used in this study. Keywords
corona pandemic,
modified maps,
map design,
quantitative signals,
software Sirte University Journal of Humanities Vol.12. Issue. 2
مجلة
جامعة
سرت للعلوم اإلنسانية Sirte University Journal of Humanities (SUJH)
Source Homepage: http://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/Humanities/index Sirte University Journal of Humanities Vol.12. Issue. 2
مجلة
جامعة
سرت للعلوم اإلنسانية Sirte University Journal of Humanities (SUJH)
Source Homepage: http://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/Humanities/index Sirte University Journal of Humanities Vol.12. Issue. 2
مجلة
جامعة
سرت للعلوم اإلنسانية Sirte University Journal of Humanities (SUJH)
Source Homepage: http://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/Humanities/index
( منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء19
–
COVID
) يف العراق
ابستخدام اخلرائط املعدلة غري القياسية
ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب
[email protected]
قسم اجلغرافية ونظم املعلومات/ كلية اآل
داب/ اجلامعة العراقية/
العراق
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
:الكلمات املفتاحية
امللخ ص
وابء
،كوروان اخلرائط
،املعدلة تصميم
،اخلرائط مؤشرات
،كمية براجميات . تسعى الدراسة يف هيكليتها إىل معاجلة بعض مشكالت اخلرائط املوضوعية اليت ال تؤدي غرضها البصري ابلشكل املطلوب
؛
( لذلك جاءت هذه الدراسة لتمثيل املؤشرات الصحية19
-
COVID
) ابستخدام اخلرائط املعدلة غري القياسية
(الكارتوجرام) يف حماولة ملعاجلة مشكالت اإلدراك البصري اليت تواجه قارئ اخلريطة من خالل الرتكيز
على إظهار اهلدف
املوضوعي للخريطة ،وقد أظهرت النمذجة اخلرائطية املست خدمة للمؤشرات الصحية مدى فاعلية
هذا النوع من اخل رائط يف
إبراز
التباينات املكانية ملؤشرات اإل صابة ، والشفاء،
والوفاة بني الوحدات اإلدارية بشكل
يتمكن من خالهلا القارئ من
احلصول على إدراك
مفاهيمي، وبرؤية علمية أكثر متييز للقيم اإل
حصائية املستخدمة يف هذه الدراس .ة
Modeling health signals of the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraq using non-standard modified maps
Yasir Majid Drjal Ghntab
Department of Geography and GIS / College of Arts / Al Iraqi University :الكلمات املفتاحية
وابء
،كوروان اخلرائط
،املعدلة تصميم
،اخلرائط مؤشرات
،كمية براجميات . امللخ ص SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University املقدمة SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University
292
املقدمة
( أصبحت اخلريطةMap
) متثل لغة عاملية ال تعرتف ابحلدود
املعرفية والثقافية نظرًا ملا تتمتع به من خصائص وصفات جعلت منها
لغة تتميز ابلتطور والتقدم املستمر يف أليات عملها، وتقدميها ،
ومشوليتها
اليت
أ عطتها ب
عد مفاهيمي ،
وبصري واضح يستطيع من خالهلا القارئ
تفسري وحتليل الظاهرة املدروسة يف خمتلف اجملاالت واالختصاصات
كافة ؛
فالتمثيل اخلرائطي للظواهر اجلغرافية سواء كانت طبيعية أم بشرية
عند تصميم خرائط التوزيعات املوضوعي ة ومتثيلها لظاهرة جغرافية ما،
فإهنا تستخدم عدة أنواع من الرتميز وطرق التوزيع الكمي والنوعي
املختلفة مع احلفاظ على الشكل واملساحة احلقيقني للوحدة اإل دارية ،
إ ال أن التقنيات وأساليب الرتميز املتقدمة يف علم الكارتو
رافي ج ا
احلديثة
أشارت إىل استخدامات جديدة تتمثل
يف إ مكانية اعتماد اخلرائط
.املعدلة غري القياسية لتمثيل الظاهرة اجلغرافية
ومن املتعارف علية أن املوضوعات اجلغرافية بشىت
أ نواعها ليست
ابهلينة من انحية معاجلتها كارتو
ج رافيا
وذلك ل تشابك العوامل واملقومات
املؤثرة يف متثيل الظاهرة اجلغرافية خرائطيًا، ولذلك جاءت
اخلرائط املعدلة
غري القياسية لتشكل مسار لتمثل الظاهرة اجلغرافية بشكل يعتمد على
التبسيط يف التمثيل للمعطيات، من خالل االستغناء عن بعض
التفاصيل األ أ قل
مهية يف حدود املناطق واأل قاليم املوضحة يف اخلريطة
على أن
تكون غري مؤثرة يف اإل دراك املفاهيمي للخريطة يف مو .ضوعها م
( أصبحت اخلريطةMap
) متثل لغة عاملية ال تعرتف ابحلدود
املعرفية والثقافية نظرًا ملا تتمتع به من خصائص وصفات جعلت منها
لغة تتميز ابلتطور والتقدم املستمر يف أليات عملها، وتقدميها ،
ومشوليتها
اليت
أ عطتها ب
عد مفاهيمي ،
وبصري واضح يستطيع من خالهلا القارئ
تفسري وحتليل الظاهرة املدروسة يف خمتلف اجملاالت واالختصاصات
كافة ؛
فالتمثيل اخلرائطي للظواهر اجلغرافية سواء كانت طبيعية أم بشرية
عند تصميم خرائط التوزيعات املوضوعي ة ومتثيلها لظاهرة جغرافية ما،
فإهنا تستخدم عدة أنواع من الرتميز وطرق التوزيع الكمي والنوعي
املختلفة مع احلفاظ على الشكل واملساحة احلقيقني للوحدة اإل دارية ،
إ ال أن التقنيات وأساليب الرتميز املتقدمة يف علم الكارتو
رافي ج ا
احلديثة SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. فرضية الدراسة فرضية الدراسة
متثلت الفرضية الرئيسة ملشكلة الدراسة (يف إ مكانية زايدة مستوى
اإل دراك البصري للقارئ ابستخدام اخلرائط املعدلة غري القياسية عند
متثيلها للمؤشرات الكمية للظاهرة اجلغرافية املتمثلة مبؤشرات وابء كوروان
:يف العراق)، ومن هذه الفرضية انبثقت فرضيات فرعية هي
1
- إ ن استخدام اخلرائط غري القياسية متكن القارئ من الوصول إىل
اإلدراك املفاهيمي املطلوب هلدف للخريطة املوضوعية لتمييز التباينات
املكانية للمؤشرات الصحية وتفسريها للوصول إىل رؤية مستقبلية
لتحديد أبرز
.الوحدات اإلدارية األكثر تضرر من الوابء
2
-
تتيح اخلرائط غري القياسية إ مكانية متثيل أكثر من مؤشر كمي
يف اخلريطة الواحدة مما ميكن القارئ من دراسة العالقات املكانية
.املتداخلة بني الظواهر اجلغرافية هتدف
الدراسةةة إىل تسةةليط الضةةوء على اخلرائط غري القياسةةية
وقدرهتا على جتاوز املشةةةةةكالت اليت تواجهه املصةةةةةمم عند متثيل التباين
املعطيةات الكميةة ملؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةرات وابء كوروان يف العراق ابلطرق التقليةديةة ،
وحمةاولةة العمةل على إبراز هةذه التبةاينةات من خالل منةذجةة املؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةرات
بطرق غري تقليدية ابالعتماد على خرائط املعدلة
اليت تعتمد يف
أ سةةاس
عملها على
إبراز القيمة اإل حصائية بشكل يستطيع من خالهلا القارئ
.فهم وحتليل وتفسري هذه التباينات :أدوات الدراسة
تضمنت الدراسة استعمال جمموعة من الربجميات املتنوعة يف تصميم
إو خراج خرائط املؤشرات الصحية لوابء كوروان يف العراق، وهي تشمل
على : :(ScapeToad 11) -1 برانمج مفتوح املصدر
يستخدم يف
تصميم
وصناعة خريطة
الكارتوجرام ابالعتماد
على
احليز املساحي للخريطة . 2
-
(
GeoDa 1.20): برانمج
مفتوح
املصدر
يعمل
على
حتليل
ومنذجة
األمناط املكانية للظاهرة
.اجلغرافية
:(ArcGIS 10.8.1)-3
إنشاء وتصميم قواعد
البياانت
اجلغرافية
واملساعدة يف الرسم واإلخراج النهائي للخرائط . املقدمة December 2022, Sirte University 292 منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب SUJH Journal: Vol 12 Issue
293
حدود الدراسة :
1
-
احلدود املكانية : متثل الب عد املكاين بدراسة احلدود اإلدارية
( للعراق الذي يقع ضمن دائريت عرض29
-
37
ً) مشاال،
وخطي طول
(
38
-
48
( ) شرقًا وكما مبني يف اخلريطة1
.)
2
- احلدود الزمانية : متثل الب عد الزماين بدراسة املؤشرات الصحية
( لوابء كوروان يف العراق لعام2020م .)
( خريطة1) التقسيمات اإلدارية جلمه ورية العراق لعام2020م
،املصدر ابالعتماد على: مجهورية العراق، وزارة املوارد املائية، مديرية املساحة العامة
،خريطة التقسيمات اإلدارية جلمهورية العراق2020
(، مبقياس1:1000000
.)
أمهية الدراسة ومربراهت
ا
هتدف
الدراسةةة إىل تسةةليط الضةةوء على اخلرائط غري القياسةةية
وقدرهتا على جتاوز املشةةةةةكالت اليت تواجهه املصةةةةةمم عند متثيل التباين
املعطيةات الكميةة ملؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةرات وابء كوروان يف العراق ابلطرق التقليةديةة ،
وحمةاولةة العمةل على إبراز هةذه التبةاينةات من خالل منةذجةة املؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةرات
بطرق غري تقليدية ابالعتماد على خرائط املعدلة
اليت تعتمد يف
أ سةةاس
عملها على
إبراز القيمة اإل حصائية بشكل يستطيع من خالهلا القارئ
.فهم وحتليل وتفسري هذه التباينات
منهجية الدراسة
اعتمدت الدراسةةةةةةةة على عدة مناهج، منها املنهج الوصةةةةةةةفي يف
ًالتأصةةيل املفاهيمي للخرائط املعدلة غري القياسةةية، فضةةال
عن االعتماد
على الوسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةائةل والتقةاانت اجلغرافيةة وتوظ يفهةا ابلشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةكةل الةذي ةدم
.موضوع الدراسة مشكلة الدراسة
تكمن
( مشكلة الدراسة مبشكلة رئيسة ميكن صياغتها يف أن
اإل دراك البصري للخرائط املوضوعية املصممة ابلطرق التقليدية أصبح
ينتاهبا شيء من عدم الوضوح ابلنسبة للقارئ وقلة إدراك
ه هلا ،
سيما
عند متثيلها للمؤشرات الكمية اخلاصة بوابء كوروان يف العراق واليت ال
تظهر بشكل متكن معها القارئ من إدراك العمق املوضوعي لنمط تباين
املؤشرات :الصحية)، ومن هذا التساؤل تتفرع عدة تساؤالت اثنوية هي
1
-
كيف ميكن توظيف اخلرائط املعدلة غري القياسية يف متثيل التباين
املكاين للمؤشرات الصحية لوابء كوروان يف العراق وجعلها ذات إدراك
بصري ومفاهيمي واضح ابلنسبة للقارئ؟
2
- هل ميكن استعمال اخلرائط املعدلة يف مت ثيل عدة مؤشرات كمية
ونوعية لوابء كوروان يف
آ ن واحد؟ حدود الدراسة :
1
-
احلدود املكانية : متثل الب عد املكاين بدراسة احلدود اإلدارية
( للعراق الذي يقع ضمن دائريت عرض29
-
37
ً) مشاال،
وخطي طول
(
38
-
48
( ) شرقًا وكما مبني يف اخلريطة1
.) 2
- احلدود الزمانية : متثل الب عد الزماين بدراسة املؤشرات الصحية
( لوابء كوروان يف العراق لعام2020م .) ( خريطة1) التقسيمات اإلدارية جلمه ورية العراق لعام2020م
،املصدر ابالعتماد على: مجهورية العراق، وزارة املوارد املائية، مديرية املساحة العامة
،خريطة التقسيمات اإلدارية جلمهورية العراق2020
(، مبقياس1:1000000
.)
مهية الدراسة ومربراهت
ا ( خريطة1) التقسيمات اإلدارية جلمه ورية العراق لعام2020م
،املصدر ابالعتماد على: مجهورية العراق، وزارة املوارد املائية، مديرية املساحة العامة
،خريطة التقسيمات اإلدارية جلمهورية العراق2020
(، مبقياس1:1000000
.)
أمهية الدراسة ومربراهت
ا ظهور اخلرائط
املعدلة غري القياسية و الكارتوجرام
أ و اخلرائط غري القياسةةةةةةةةةةةية نوع من اخلرائط املوضةةةةةةةةةةةوعية
تغيب معها احلدود اجلغرافية ولكن متثيلها و
إدراك ها البصةةري يسةةاعد يف
فهم التباينات املكانية للظاهرة املدرو سةةةةةة، فاخلريطة املوضةةةةةةوعية تسةةةةةةعى
إىل تزويد القارئ اريطة مفهومة يسةةةةةةةةةةةتطيع من خالل النظر
إليها
متييز
.التباينات املكانية الرقمية اليت متثلها اخلريطة
أ
هداف استخدام اخلرائط املعدلة
أن
الرتميز املعروف يف تصميم اخلرائ ط هو (النقطة-اخلط -املساحة )
إ ال أننةةةا ةةةد أن خرائط
الكةةةارتوجرام
(املعةةةدلةةةة) تعتمةةةد يف متثيلهةةةا لقيم
الظاهرة املدروسةةة على املتغري البصةةري املسةةاحي،
والذي يتباين حبسةةب ج و مرت
ن
املؤشرات الكمية املستخدمة يف الدراسة
( اجلدول1
) يوضةةةةةةةةةةةةح املؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةرات الكمية لوابء كوروان يف العراق لعام
2020م
.واليت مت اعتمادها يف التمثيل اخلرائطي للدراسة ظهور اخلرائط
املعدلة غري القياسية ويف ذلك الوقت ك
ا ن
يتم االعتماد على الوسةةةةةةةةةةائ ل اليدوية يف
رسةةةةةةةم خرائط املعدلة
أ
و ما يعرف اب
لكارتوجرام،
ولكن مع دخول العامل
مرحلة عصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةر املعلوماتية والثورة الكمية اليت شةةةةةةةةةةةةةةهدها علم اجلغرافية،
والتغيريات اال
قتصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاد
يةةة،
واحلضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاريةةة الكبرية
أ فرزت كم هةةائةةل من
املعلومات والبياانت املرتاكمة،
وبذلك
أصةةةةبح من الصةةةةعوبة التعامل م ع
،هذا الكم الكبري من البياانت
إ ًال إذا صةةةنفت ونظمت واختزلت رقمي
ا
ضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةمن قواعةةد بيةةاانت ميكن
التعةةامةةل معهةةا،
وهةةذا مةةا توفره بيئةةة نظم
.املعلومات اجلغرافية SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University
294
مو و ي
رخ
ير
ي ي
جم و
ر
و
من النتائج واملقرتحات. املؤشرات الكمية املستخدمة يف الدراسة
( اجلدول1
) يوضةةةةةةةةةةةةح املؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةرات الكمية لوابء كوروان يف العراق لعام
2020م
.واليت مت اعتمادها يف التمثيل اخلرائطي للدراسة
( جدول1
( ) املؤشرات الصحية19
-
COVID
) يف العراق عام
2020م / نسمة
احملافظة
اصابة
شفاء
وفاة
دهوك
33,932
23,075
681
السليمانية
32,741
23,027
1,797
أربيل
35,717
25,771
912
نينوى
23,762
22,184
490
كركوك
31,521
26,824
784
دايىل
21,413
20,889
273
األنبار
7,739
7,486
71
بغداد
182,607
173,186
2,843
اببل
20,795
19,882
592
كربالء
22,594
21,486
513
واسط
32,036
31,664
475
صالح الدين
15,478
12,321
253
النجف
22,025
21,484
318
القادسية
18,352
17,678
407
املثن
12,501
11,779
231
ذي قار
23,808
22,443
813
ميسان
18,435
17,695
445
البصرة
39,835
38,967
915
اجملموع
595,291
537,841
12,813
،املصدر ابالعتماد على: مجهورية العراق، وزارة الصحة والبيئة، القطاع الصحي دائرة
التخطيط وتنمية املوارد، قسم اإلحصاء الصحي واحليايت، احصاءات فايروس كوروان لعام
2020
.م
ويف ك و ت ن
ى و
ي م ال ل ي وي يف
رسةةةةةةةم خرائط املعدلة
أ
و ما يعرف اب
لكارتوجرام،
ولكن مع دخول العامل
مرحلة عصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةر املعلوماتية والثورة الكمية اليت شةةةةةةةةةةةةةةهدها علم اجلغرافية،
والتغيريات اال
قتصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاد
يةةة،
واحلضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاريةةة الكبرية
أ فرزت كم هةةائةةل من
املعلومات والبياانت املرتاكمة،
وبذلك
أصةةةةبح من الصةةةةعوبة التعامل م ع
،هذا الكم الكبري من البياانت
إ ًال إذا صةةةنفت ونظمت واختزلت رقمي
ا
ضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةمن قواعةةد بيةةاانت ميكن
التعةةامةةل معهةةا،
وهةةذا مةةا توفره بيئةةة نظم
.املعلومات اجلغرافية
وتعرف خرائ
ط املعدل
ة غري القياسةةية ارائط القيمة اإل حصةةائية
وهي متثيل كمي يعتمد على العالقة بني القيم اإل حصةةةةةةةةةةةائية ومسةةةةةةةةةةةاحة
الوحدة اإل دارية، وهذا يعجمل أن طريقة التصةةةةةةةةةميم تكمن يف أن تشةةةةةةةةةرتك
القيم اإل حصةائية سةواء كانت
أ
رقامًا مطلقة، أ و متوسةطات
أ و معدالت
مع مسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاحةة الوحةدة اإلداريةة نفسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةهةا يف متثيةل الظةاهرة
املةدروسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةة
(
،الشريعي1997، ص م265
). منهجية الدراسة اعتمدت الدراسةةةةةةةة على عدة مناهج، منها املنهج الوصةةةةةةةفي يف
ًالتأصةةيل املفاهيمي للخرائط املعدلة غري القياسةةية، فضةةال
عن االعتماد
على الوسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةائةل والتقةاانت اجلغرافيةة وتوظ يفهةا ابلشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةكةل الةذي ةدم
.موضوع الدراسة SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University 293 منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب املبحث األول مأ
(اخلرائط ا
ملعدلة غري القياسية املفهوم واأل نواع واخلصائص )
ظهور اخلرائط
املعدلة غري القياسية
شةةةةةةةةةةةةةةهةةةد علم اخلرائط تطور كبري مبرور الزمن، ومةةا كةة
ا ن هةةذا
التطور
إلا
ًنتيجةةةة ة حتميةةةةة للتقةةةةدم املعريف والتقجمل يف شةةةةةةةةةةةةةةىت اجملةةةةاالت
العلميةة،
ومةا رافق هةذا التقةدم من زايدة احلةاجةة إىل اسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةتخةدام خمتلف
الوسةةةةةةةةائل واألدوات يف حل املشةةةةةةةةكالت اليت تواجهه التمثيل اخلرائطي
للبيةةةةاانت الرقميةةةةة، ا وكةةةة أ ن ول ظهور هلةةةةذا النوع من اخلرائط يف عةةةةام
1934م على يةةةةةةد األ ،مريكي (رايسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةز اروين) (حممةةةةةةد2013م ،
ص83
.) تضةةةةةةةةةةمنت الدراسةةةةةةةةةةة يف هيكليتها مبحثني
تناولت مواضةةةةةةةةةةيع
ا ختلفت
مبحتواها حبسةةةةةةةةب ما اقتضةةةةةةةةته الضةةةةةةةةرورة العلمية،
تناول املبحث األول
الةذي جةاء بعنو
ا ن (اخلرائط املعددلدة غري القيداسددددددددددديدة
املفهوم واأل نواع
)واخلصدددددددائص ا سةةةةةةةةةتعرض من خالله مفهوم اخلرائط املعدلة ونشةةةةةةةةةأهتا
فضةةةةةةةةةةالً عن األ هداف اليت تسةةةةةةةةةةتعمل من
أ جلها هذه،اخلرائط كذلك
التطرق إىل أبرز
أ
نواع هةذه اخلرائط وطبيعةة اسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةتخةدام كةل منهةا،
أمةا
املبحث الثاين الذي محل عنو
ا ن(
منذجة املؤشددددددددرات الصددددددددحية لوابء
كوروان يف العراق
) والةةذي تنةةاول حتليةةل التبةةاين املكةةاين ل لمؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةرات
الصةةةحية املعتمدة وهي (اإل صةةاابت-
الشةةفاء-
الوفيات) ابسةةتخدام
اخلرائط املوضةوعية العدلة غري
القياسةية كما
وتضةمنت الدراسةة جمموعة
من النتائج واملقرتحات. SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University يخيم
تي
( جدول1
( ) املؤشرات الصحية19
-
COVID
) يف العراق عام
2020م / نسمة 2. December 2022, Sirte University
(ج ول(ص ي
) مؤ ر
م
رق
) يف
2020م / نسمة
احملافظة
اصابة
شفاء
وفاة
دهوك
33,932
23,075
681
السليمانية
32,741
23,027
1,797
أربيل
35,717
25,771
912
نينوى
23,762
22,184
490
كركوك
31,521
26,824
784
دايىل
21,413
20,889
273
األنبار
7,739
7,486
71
بغداد
182,607
173,186
2,843
اببل
20,795
19,882
592
كربالء
22,594
21,486
513
واسط
32,036
31,664
475
صالح الدين
15,478
12,321
253
النجف
22,025
21,484
318
القادسية
18,352
17,678
407
املثن
12,501
11,779
231
ذي قار
23,808
22,443
813
ميسان
18,435
17,695
445
البصرة
39,835
38,967
915
اجملموع
595,291
537,841
12,813
،املصدر ابالعتماد على: مجهورية العراق، وزارة الصحة والبيئة، القطاع الصحي دائرة
خطيط وتنمية املوارد، قسم اإلحصاء الصحي واحليايت، احصاءات فايروس كوروان لعام
2020
.م وتعرف خرائ
ط املعدل
ة غري القياسةةية ارائط القيمة اإل حصةةائية
وهي متثيل كمي يعتمد على العالقة بني القيم اإل حصةةةةةةةةةةةائية ومسةةةةةةةةةةةاحة
الوحدة اإل دارية، وهذا يعجمل أن طريقة التصةةةةةةةةةميم تكمن يف أن تشةةةةةةةةةرتك
القيم اإل حصةائية سةواء كانت
أ
رقامًا مطلقة، أ و متوسةطات
أ و معدالت
مع مسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاحةة الوحةدة اإلداريةة نفسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةهةا يف متثيةل الظةاهرة
املةدروسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةة
(
،الشريعي1997، ص م265
). و الكارتوجرام
أ و اخلرائط غري القياسةةةةةةةةةةةية نوع من اخلرائط املوضةةةةةةةةةةةوعية
تغيب معها احلدود اجلغرافية ولكن متثيلها و
إدراك ها البصةةري يسةةاعد يف
فهم التباينات املكانية للظاهرة املدرو سةةةةةة، فاخلريطة املوضةةةةةةوعية تسةةةةةةعى
إىل تزويد القارئ اريطة مفهومة يسةةةةةةةةةةةتطيع من خالل النظر
إليها
متييز
.التباينات املكانية الرقمية اليت متثلها اخلريطة أ
هداف استخدام اخلرائط املعدلة
أن
الرتميز املعروف يف تصميم اخلرائ ط هو (النقطة-اخلط -املساحة )
إ ال أننةةةا ةةةد أن خرائط
الكةةةارتوجرام
(املعةةةدلةةةة) تعتمةةةد يف متثيلهةةةا لقيم
الظاهرة املدروسةةة على املتغري البصةةري املسةةاحي،
والذي يتباين حبسةةب SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University 294 ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء 2017, P39)
.)
وقةد يواجةه القةارئ صةةةةةةةةةةةةةةعوبةة يف فهم
وإدراك
هةذا
النوع من اخلرائط عند النظر
إ.ليها للمرة األوىل
ويعود السةةةةةةةةةةةةةةبةب لعةدم وجود خلفيةة لةدى البعض عن كيفيةة
بنائها و ،قراءهتا (بن سةلمى1995، ص250
،)إ ال أن هذا النوع من
اخلر ائط قةد تكون غري مةألوفةة ومنتشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةرة
إ أ ال هنةا يف الواقع تقةدم
إد راك
بصةةةةةةري جيد للمقارنة،
وفهم التباينات يف القيم بني املناطق. يخيم
تي
( جدول1
( ) املؤشرات الصحية19
-
COVID
) يف العراق عام
2020م / نسمة خ
ففي اخلرائط املوضةةةةةةوعية منتظمة املسةةةةةةاحة (التقليدية) د يف
كثري من ا
ألحيان أ هنا خرائط مظللة يف موضةةةةةةةةةةةةةوعها إىل حد
ما، فعلى
سةةةةةةةةةةةةبيل املثال د يف خريطة العراق أن
احملافظات املكتظة ابلسةةةةةةةةةةةةك ا ن
ًصةةةةةةةةةةغرية نسةةةةةةةةةةبي
ا
من
انحية
،املسةةةةةةةةةةاحة كما هو احلال يف حمافظة بغداد
والعك صةةةحيح يف احملافظات قليلة السةةةةك
ا ن وكبرية املسةةةةاحة كما هو
احلال يف حمافظة
األنبار ما جيعل اإل دراك البصةةةةةةةةري للقارئ ينحرف و
الوحةدات اإلداريةة
ا ألكرب مسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاحةة (خريطةة2) من دون األ خةذ بنظر
االعتبار القيمة اإلحصائية لعمق املو.ضوع الذي متثله اخلريطة ( خريطة2
) التوزيع اجلغرايف لسكان العراق عام2020
م
،املصدر ابالعتماد على: مجهورية العراق، وزارة التخطيط، اجلهاز املركزي لإلحصاء
،مديرية اإلحصاء السكاين والقوى العاملة2020
.م ( خريطة2
) التوزيع اجلغرايف لسكان العراق عام2020
م م
وعنةد تصةةةةةةةةةةةةةة
ميم اخلرائط املعةدلةة ال بةد من األ خةذ بنظر االعتبةار عةدة
جوانةةب أبرزهةةا الشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةكةةل، فالبةةد من إبراز شةةةةةةةةةةةةةةكةةل اخلريطةةة ابلطريقةةة
املناسةةةةةةةبة، واليت ال تؤث ،ر بشةةةةةةةكل كبري على قراءة اخلريطة
أ أ ي نه ينبغي
أن
يك ون شةةةةكل املنطقة املصةةةةممة املمثلة
إ ًحصةةةةائي
ا
متشةةةةابه إىل حد
ما
مع شةكل املنطقة الفعلي قدر اإل
نا مك، والتقليل من ال تغريات الشةكلية
للمناطق اجلغرافية،
وعدم املبالغة يف تغيريها بطريقة تؤثر على مسةةةةةةةةةةتوى
اإل دراك.البصري للقيمة املراد متثيلها أنواع خرائط املعدلة غري القياسية تنقسم خرائط
الكارتوجرام
إىل:نوعني أساسيني مها
1
- اخلرائط األ
حدداديددة :يف هةةذا النوع يتم متثيةةةل القيم اإل حصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةائيةةة
لظاهرة جغرافية واحد ة، وهلذا النوع عدة أشكال تنقسم
إ:لى تنقسم خرائط
الكارتوجرام
إىل:نوعني أساسيني مها من اخلريطةةة أعاله
يتبني أن اختالف املسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاحةةات احلقيقيةةة
للوحدات اإلدارية
يشةةةةةةةةةةةةتت اإل دراك البصةةةةةةةةةةةةري للموضةةةةةةةةةةةةوع الذي متثله
اخلريطة وهو عدد السةةةةةةةةةك
ان؛
فاملتصةةةةةةةةةفح هلذه اخلريطة يف البداية خذ
ابلنظر و حمافظة
األنبار
اليت تشةةةةةةةةةةغل أكرب حيز يف اخلريطة من
انحية
املسةةةةةةةةاحة يف حني دها ضةةةةةةةةمن الفئات املنخفضةةةةةةةةة من انحي ة تواجد
السةةةةةك
ا
ن فيها،
لذلك تسةةةةةعى خرائط املعدلة إىل
حتق يق حالة التوازن ما
بني الدقة اإل
حصائية والدقة اجلغرافية،
وعلى الرغم من ذلك فأهنا تظهر
بشكل غري متناسق يف احلدود اجلغرافية وهو أمر ال مفر منهField, -A
خرائط الكارتوجرام املتصدددلة : يف هذا النوع من اخلرائط املعدلة تكون
مسةةةةةةةةةاحة الوحدات اإلدارية لإلقليم
أ
و الدولة متصةةةةةةةةةلة،
كما وتظهر يف
هذا النوع من طرق التمثيل اخلرائطي احل دود بشةةةةةكل غري متناسةةةةةق ويف
بعض األ
ا حي ن تؤدي إىل ًصةعوبة تفسةري اخلريطة نظر ا لكوهنا غري مألوفة
للقارئ،
أ أن
هم العوامل اليت تؤثر على سةةةةةةةةةةةةرعة اإل دراك
املفاهيمي هل ذا 295 295 SUJH Journal: Vol.12. يخيم
تي
( جدول1
( ) املؤشرات الصحية19
-
COVID
) يف العراق عام
2020م / نسمة كما توجه
اخلرائط املعدلة األن
ظار و املناطق األ كثر قيمة
إ حصةةةةةةةةةةائية، ومع ذلك
جيةب أن نةدرك أن
هةذه اخلرائط قةد يصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةعةب فيهةا اإل دراك املفةاهيمي
ًللمناطق اجلغرافية ابلنسةةةةةبة للقارئ (غري املتخصةةةةةص) نظر
ا أل ن مصةةةةةمم
خر ائط الكارتوجرام
أ
و (اخل
رائط املعدلة) يقوم يف حقيقة األ مر بكسةةةةةةةةةةةةر
القاعدة األ
سةاسةية يف رسةم اخل رائط
إ ال وهي التضةحية ابحلدود اجلغرافية
احلقيقيةةةة للحيز املكةةةاين يف مقةةةابةةةل نقةةةل املعلومةةةة وجعلهةةةا ذات إدراك
مفاهيمي أكثر سةةةةةالسةةةةةة للقارئ
؛
لذا فهي تعمل بشةةةةةكل أفضةةةةةل من
حيث إدراكها
ألصةةةةةةحاب اال
ختصةةةةةةاص، لذلك عند
عرض هكذا نوع
من اخلرائط جيب األ خذ بنظر االعتبار إعطاء توضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةيح خمتصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةر عن
طبيعةة متثيةل هةذه اخلرائط ليتمكن القةارئ غري املتخصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةص من إدراك
.عمقها املوضوعي القيمة الرقمية اليت ميثلها،
وتعد هذه اخلرائط
إ حدى احللول املسةةتخدمة
يف التغلةب على بعض مشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاكةل الواقع غري املتجةان عنةد تصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةميم
اخلريطة . ًاول :
-
اخلرائط
املعدلة املتصلة و
رخمم
بعد
إ
دخال القيم اإل حصةةةةةةائية للمؤشةةةةةةرات الصةةةةةةحية اخلاصةةةةةةة
بوابء كوروان الربجميات املسةةةةةةتخدمة،
وإنتاج اخلرائط املعدلة للمؤشةةةةةةرات
( الصةةةةحية املتمثلة اريطة3
() و4
() و5
) يتضةةةةح أن
اإل دراك البصةةةةري
للخرائط أبرز الوحدات
اإلدارية األ على قيمة
إ حصةةةةائية بشةةةةكل واضةةةةح
يسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةتطيع من خاللةةه القةةارئ أن يفهم أن هةةذا الربوز للوحةةدة اإلداريةة
ابملقارنة مع اخلريطة التقليدية لنف املؤشةةةةةةةةةةةر
،املمثل يف اخلريطة املعدلة
فقةةد جةةاء هةةذا الربوز الواضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةح لبعض الوحةةدات اإلداريةةة يف اخلرائط
امل
عةةدلةةة نتيجةةة لوجود عةةدد كبري من اإل صةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاابت ابلوابء، يف حني أن
الوحدات اإلدارية
أ و احملافظات (املنضةةةةةةغطة) يف اخلريطة تؤشةةةةةةر إىل قلة
عدد اإل
صةةةةةاابت مقارنة ابحملافظات األ
كثر توسةةةةةع ؛ لذا ميكن القول أ ن
اخلريطة املشةةةةةةار
إ ليها أدانه
توضةةةةةةح
أن
حمافظة بغداد ال يت متثل عاصةةةةةةمة
الدولة كانت هي األ
على من حيث عدد اإل صةةةةةاابت وحاالت الشةةةةةفاء
وهذا يعود إىل ،ارتفاع نسةةةةبة احلجم السةةةةكاين الذي متثله حمافظة بغداد
إ
ذ بلغ عةةدد سةةةةةةةةةةةةةةكةة
ا ن( حمةةافظةةة بغةةداد يف عةةام2020م ) حبسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةب
( التقةةةةديرات الر(يةةةة8,558,625
) نسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةمةةةة يشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةكلون نسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةبةةةة
(
21.31
) من%إ
مجايل سةةةةةةةةةك
ا ن ،العراق (وزارة التخطيط2020م)
يف حني أن مؤشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةر الوفيةات
يف حمةافظيت السةةةةةةةةةةةةةةليمةانيةة، وبغةداد كةان ت
املتصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةدرة بعةةدد الوفيةةات ابلوابء،
ويف هةةذا النوع من اخلرائط املعةةدلةةة
تكون احملافظات (الوحدات اإل دارية) حدودها متصةلة مع بعضةها وهذا
ما يعرف اب
لكارتوجرام املتصل أ ي أن حدودها املساحية متصلة بعضها
.ببعض -B
خرائط الكارتوجرام املنفصددددددددلة
: يعد هذا النوع ضةةةةةةةةةةةمن األ سةةةةةةةةةةةاليب
التخطيطية البسةةةةةةةةةيطة واملعرب
ة بشةةةةةةةةةكل واضةةةةةةةةةح عن الظاهرة املمثلة،
أن
مبتكرة اخلرائط املنفصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةلةةةةة هي االمريكيةةةةة (جودي أولسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةون) عةةةةام
(
1976
) (
Olson, 1976, P379
)
وهةةةةذا النوع من اخلرائط
ًهي أكثر وضةةةةةةةةةةةةةةوحةة
ا لإل دراك
ال
بصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةري،
واملعربة يف متثيةةةل الظةةةاهرات
اجل
غرافية
؛ نظرًا لكوهنا توضةةةةح شةةةةكل اإل قليم
أ و الوحدة اإلدارية بصةةةةورة
أ ،دق وأقرب للواقع (حممود، جاسةةةم2019، ص م1198
)، مبعن أن
الوحدات اإلدارية
تبقى يف موقعها وشةةةةةةةكل
ها الصةةةةةةةحيح،
ولكن بطريقة
منفصلة بفجوات (فضاءات ومهية) عما جياورها
يف اخل .ريطة 2
- خرائط الكدارتوجرام املعددلدة املركبدة : يف هةذا النوع يتم متثيةل القيم
اإل حصةائية لظاهرة جغر
افية أبكثر من متغري، ففي بعض األ
ا حي ن حيتاج
مصةةةةةةةةةةةةةمم اخلريطة إىل توضةةةةةةةةةةةةةيح بعض البياانت التفصةةةةةةةةةةةةةيلية
فيلجأ إىل
اسةةةةةةةةةةةةةتخدام
الكارتوجرام
املركب لتمثيل ظاهرتني يف أن واحد عن طريق
ا
سةةةةةةةةةةةتعمال الرموز واأل ا لو و اال أ ن ختالف الوارد يف القيمة
اإل حصةةةةةةةةةةةائية
املمثلة هلا، وهلذا ال نوع من اخلرائط عدة أشكال تنقسم
إ:لى -A
( كددارتوكرامDorling
) (أو مةةايعرف ابلكةةارتوجرام اهلنةةدسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةي ) :
مب
تكر هذا األسةةةلوب هو الربيطاين األ صةةةل (داين دورلينج) وهو
أ سةةةتاذ
اجل
غرافية البشةةةةةةةةرية يف جامعة أكسةةةةةةةةفورد،
يف هذا األسةةةةةةةةلوب يتم حتويل
املسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاحةةة اجلغرافيةةة إىل
دوائر تتبةةاين يف حجمهةةا ح سةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةب القيمةةة
اإلحصةةةةةةائية اليت متثلها،
ومن سةةةةةةلبيات هذا التصةةةةةةميم
نأ ه يرتك فجوات
بني الدوائ
ر تضلل نوع ما اهلدف من اخلريطة . يخيم
تي
( جدول1
( ) املؤشرات الصحية19
-
COVID
) يف العراق عام
2020م / نسمة Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء املبحث الثاين SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University ًا اثني
: اخلرائط املعدلة اهلندسية إ
ن الفكرة األ ساسية هلذا النوع هو متثيل الوحدة اإلدارية بقيمتها
اإل حصائية أبشكال هندسية خمتلفة،
ويستطيع املصمم من خالل هذا
الن وع من اخلرائط استخدام أكثر من متغري بصري لتمثيل مؤشرات
الظاهرة اجلغرافية املدروسة ،
( وكما هو احلال يف اخلريطة6
) اليت تبني
حاالت اإلصاابت و
الوفيات بوابء كوروان يف العراق . ًاول :
-
اخلرائط
املعدلة املتصلة 297 ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب
( خريطة6
) حالت اإلصابة والوفاة بوابء كوروان حسب احملافظات يف العراق عام2020م
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
GeoDa 1.20
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.)
يتضح من اخلريطة أعاله كيف أن
متغري اللون يعرب عن القيمة اإلحصائي ة
،ألعداد الوفيات يف احملافظات أ ما املتغري البصري الثاين فتمثل يف حجم
الدائرة اليت عربت عن عدد اإلصاابت يف كل حمافظة،
وبذلك د أن
متغري احلجم مع اللون يعطي إدراك مفاهيمي عن طبيعة التباينات
املكانية للمؤشرات الصحية حسب احملافظات ،
وبناءً علي ه
ميكن تفسري
تباين هذه املؤشرات وفقًا
لتأثري عدة عوامل منها املستوى الصحي يف
كل حمافظة ، والقدرة االقتصاد
ية لسك
ا ن ًكل حمافظة، فضال
عن أثر
العادات االجتماعية ،
والتقاليد يف زايدة حجم الوفيات يف بعض
.احملافظات دون غريها منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب ( خريطة6
) حالت اإلصابة والوفاة بوابء كوروان حسب احملافظات يف العراق عام2020م
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
GeoDa 1.20
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) ( خريطة5
) وفيات املصابني بوابء كوروان حسب احملافظات يف العراق عام2020
م ( خريطة5
) وفيات املصابني بوابء كوروان حسب احملافظات يف العراق عام2020
م
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) ( خريطة6
) حالت اإلصابة والوفاة بوابء كوروان حسب احملافظات يف العراق عام2020م
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
GeoDa 1.20
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) :املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
GeoDa 1.20
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) :املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) يتضح من اخلريطة أعاله كيف أن
متغري اللون يعرب عن القيمة اإلحصائي ة
،ألعداد الوفيات يف احملافظات أ ما املتغري البصري الثاين فتمثل يف حجم
الدائرة اليت عربت عن عدد اإلصاابت يف كل حمافظة،
وبذلك د أن
متغري احلجم مع اللون يعطي إدراك مفاهيمي عن طبيعة التباينات
املكانية للمؤشرات الصحية حسب احملافظات ،
وبناءً علي ه
ميكن تفسري
تباين هذه املؤشرات وفقًا
لتأثري عدة عوامل منها املستوى الصحي يف
كل حمافظة ، والقدرة االقتصاد
ية لسك
ا ن ًكل حمافظة، فضال
عن أثر
العادات االجتماعية ،
والتقاليد يف زايدة حجم الوفيات يف بعض
.احملافظات دون غريها مينح اإل دراك
البصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةري اجليةةةد للخريطةةة ة القةةةدرة على متييز التبةةةاينةةةات
اإل
حصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةائيةة هلةا،
فمن اخلريطةة
أ عاله نالحظ
أن عةدد الوفيةات األ كثر
كانت ضةةةةمن حمافظيت بغداد،
والسةةةةليمانية اليت برزت كأكرب الوحدات
اإلدارية،
.من حيث املساحة داللة على ارتفاع القيم املمثلة هلا SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University ًاول :
-
اخلرائط
املعدلة املتصلة -B
الكارتوجرام املركب ابلتدرج اللوين : يف هذا النوع يتم اسةةةةةتعمال منط
ًالتمثيل املسةةاحي للظاهرة ابخلريطة املعدلة غري القياسةةية البسةةيطة فضةال
عن متغري بصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةري
آ خر واليت من خالهلةةةا ميكن زايدة إدراك القةةةارئ
للتباينات واملقارانت للقيم اإلحصةةةةةةةةةةائية،
وحتليلها وفقَ منهجية جغرافية
يف ضةةةةةةوء البياانت املمثلة،
كما وتضةةةةةةم اخلرائط املركبة أنواع أخرى كثرية
تتباين احلاجة هلا حبسب رؤية مصمم اخلريطة،
وطبيعة القيم اإلحصائية
املراد متثيلها. SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University 296 منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب ا
( خريطة4) حالت الشفاء من وابء كوروان حسب احملا فظات يف العراق عام2020
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) ( خريطة3
)إ صاابت وابء كوروان حسب احملافظات يف العراق عام2020م
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) ( خريطة4) حالت الشفاء من وابء كوروان حسب احملا فظات يف العراق عام2020
:املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) :املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) :املصدر
ابالعتماد على برانمج
Arcgis 10.8
وبرانمج
11
ScapeToad
ابالعتماد على بياانت اجلدول (1
.) من اخلريطة أعاله تظهر كيف
أن حمافظة بغداد هي األ كرب تضخم من
ابقي احملافظات
؛
ًا نظر
لكثر عدد اإلصااب ت فيها وهذا هو اهلدف الذي
تسعى إ ليه اخلرائط املعدلة
إ ال وهو جعل القيم املرتفعة ابرزة بشكل
واضح لل
قارئ ،
وصانع القرار من
أ جل القدرة على
اختاذ اإل
جراء املالئم ،
ومبا يتناسب مع التباينات املكانية النتشار الوابء،
واالرتفاع، أو
االخنفاض يف مؤشرات الوفاة والشفا
ء ً، فضال عن ص غر مساحة
احملافظات ذات القيم اإل .حصائية األقل من حيث عدد اإلصاابت من خالل اإل دراك البصري للخريطة
أ عاله يتضح أن حمافظة بغداد هي
األ ًعلى يف حاالت الشفاء للمصابني بوابء كوروان نظر ا ملا تتمتع به
حمافظة بغداد من
أع
داد كبرية من الكوادر الصحية واأل طباء لكوهنا متثل
العاصمة
اإلدارية،
( والسياسية للبلد وفيها47
) مستشفى حكومي
تعادل ما نسبته26.4
من عموم املستشفيات يف البالد (وزارة%
،الصحة2020
). يف حني أن ًكال
من األنبار ،
وصالح الدين ، وامل ثن
كانت األ
قل من حيث حاالت الشفاء ،
وهذا يفهم من خالل
أ ًوال
ًصغر مساحة هذه الوحدات فضال
عن قيمة التدر
ج اللوين
اخلفيف
اليت
تدل على قيمتها اإل حصائية
املتدنية . الستنتاجات 1
- للخرائط املعدلة غري القياسةةةةةةية القدرة على زايدة مسةةةةةةتوى اإل دراك
البصةري واملفاهيمي للقارئ كوهنا تعتمد على إبراز القيمة الرقمية حبيث
يسةةتطيع القارئ متييز الفوارق املكانية للقيم
اإل
حصةةائية،
وحتديد مواطن
االخنفاض، واالرتفاع هلذه القيم، واليت من خالهلا ميكن أن يتم وضةةةةةةةةةةةع
رؤيةة مسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةتقبليةة ملعةاجلةة هةذه التبةاينةات وشةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةد ًهتةا سةةةةةةةةةةةةةةواء من انحية ة
استخدامها يف جماالت التخطيط،
.وقياس كفاءة اخلدمات 298 SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University
98 SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University منذجة املؤشرات الصحية لوابء ايسر ماجد درجال غنتاب 1. بن سةةةةةلمى، انصةةةةةر بن
،حممد (
1995م)، خرائط التوزيعات البشةةةةةرية
مفهومها وطرق
،إنشائها ط1، مكتبة
،العبيكان اململكة العربية السعودية. 2. الشةةةةةريعي، امحد البدوي
،حممد (
1997م)، اخلرائط اجلغرافية تصةةةةةميم
وقراءة
،وتفسري ط1، دار الفكر العريب للطباعة
،والنشر القاهرة. 3. حممةةد، صةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةديق مصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةطفى
،جةةاسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةم (
2013م)، منةةذجةةة خرائط
الكارتوجرام
لبعض البياانت السةكانية يف العراق ابسةتخدام تقنيات نظم املعلومات
اجلغرافية واالسةةةةتشةةةةعار عن ب عد دراسةةةةة مقارنة ألسةةةةاليب
،اإلدراك الفعال أطروحة
،دكتوراه كلية
،الرتبية جامعة تكريت. 2
- إ ن الثورة الكمية والتطور الذي شةةةةةةةهدته التقنيات اجلغرافية احلديثة
ساعدت وبشكل كبري على التقدم يف جمال التصميم اخلرائطي،
وحماولة
اسةةةتحداف أفضةةةل الطرق واأل دوات اليت تعمل على حتسةةةني التصةةةميم،
والتمثيةةةةةل اخلرائطي ل ًزايدة قةةةةةدرة القةةةةةارئ على فهم اخلريطةةةةةة نظر
ا لأ ن
اخلريطة لغة عاملية معروفة ميكن من خالهلا فهم وتفسري خمتلف الظواهر
.املكانية ري
3. حممةةد، صةةةةةةةةةةةةةةةديق مصةةةةةةةةةةةةةةطفى
،جةةاسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةم (
2013م)، منةةذجةةة خرائط
الكارتوجرام
لبعض البياانت السةكانية يف العراق ابسةتخدام تقنيات نظم املعلومات
اجلغرافية واالسةةةةتشةةةةعار عن ب عد دراسةةةةة مقارنة ألسةةةةاليب
،اإلدراك الفعال أطروحة
،دكتوراه كلية
،الرتبية جامعة تكريت. 3
- إ ن فلسةفة تصةميم اخلرائط املعدلة غري القياسةية تعتمد على تغييب
احلةةةدود اجلغرافيةةةة احلقيقةةةة للوحةةةدات اإلداريةةةة يف مقةةةابةةةل
إ عطةةةاء عمق
و
إدراك مفا
هيمي للقيم اإل
حصةةةةةةةةةةائية املوضةةةةةةةةةةوعية
،اخلاصةةةةةةةةةةة بظاهرة ما
ولذلك ف أن الوحدة
اإلدارية األ على قيمة تربز بشةةكل واسةةع،تتمدد أ و
تتقلص
ًنسةةةةةةةةةةةب ة إىل
الوحدات اجملاورة هلا،
ويقلل من حجمها كوهنا
أ قل
.قيمة ر
4. حممود، جاسةةةةةم، يب عبد
،الرمحن (
2019م)، سةةةةةعد
،حممد منذجة
خرائط الكةةارتوكرام لكميةةات إنتةةاج القمح يف حمةةافظةةة
،كركوك جملةةة مةةداد
،اآلداب
عدد خاص
،ابملؤمترات بغداد. ًا اثني :: اجلهات والدوائر احلكومية 1
- وزارة
( ،التخطيط2020
،)م
اجلهاز املركزي
،لإلحصاء مديرية اإلحصاء
،السكاين تقديرات سكان العراق . 2
- وزارة
،الصحة (
2020م)، دائرة التخطيط وتنمية
،املوارد قسم اإلحصاء
الصحي
،واحليايت بياانت
الصحة . 3
- وزارة املوارد
( ،املائية2020
)م مديرية املساحة
،العامة خريطة التقسيمات
اإلدارية جلمهورية
،العراق مبقياس (
1:1000000
.) 1
- وزارة
( ،التخطيط2020
،)م
اجلهاز املركزي
،لإلحصاء مديرية اإلحصاء
،السكاين تقديرات سكان العراق . 4
-
ال يقتصةةةةةةةةةةر هذا النوع من اخلرائط على
الت مثيل ابسةةةةةةةةةتخدام متغري
بصةةةةةةةري واحد
كاملسةةةةةةةاحة فقط، بل أصةةةةةةةبح ابإلمك
ا ن
اسةةةةةةةتخدام عدة
متغريات بصةةةةرية سةةةةواء متغري حجمي
أ و لوين يف متثيل أكثر من مؤشةةةةر
للظاهرة اجلغرافية،
وهو ما يسةمح للقارئ ججراء املقارانت والتحليالت
.املوضوعية :اثلثًا: املصادر األجنبية 5
-
تبني على الرغم من أن ُاخلرائط املعةةةةدلةةةةة تغري حقيقةةةةة الوحةةةةدات
اإلدارية من ح
يث املسةاحة،
والشةكل
إ أ ال هنا تعمل- بقدر اإل
ا مك ن-
على احملافظة على
الشةةةكل العام ملنطقة الدراسةةةة من
أ جل التعرف على
ماهية هذه املنطقة سيما يف
الكارتوجرام
.املتصل 1- Field, K. (2017). Cartograms. The Geographic
Information Science & Technology Body of
Knowledge (3rd Quarter 2017 Edition). 2- Judy M. Olson, (1976.) NONCONTIGUOUS
AREA CARTOGRAMS, Professional
Geographer, The Volume 28. املقرتحات يف ضوء النتائج اليت توصلت هلا الدراسة يقرتح أن يتم تشجيع الطلبة
والبةاحثني على اسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةتخةدام أحةدف التقنيةات والطرق واألسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةاليةب
في
التمثيةةل اخلرائطي،
ومبةةا ةةدم
أ هةةداف البحةةث العلمي من خالل إبراز
الظاهرة املدروسةةةةةةةةةةةةةة على اخلريطة أبفضةةةةةةةةةةةةةل طريقة ميكن للقارئ فهمها
إدراك و
هةةةةا
، كةةةةذلةةةةك
السةةةةةةةةةةةةةةعي و اسةةةةةةةةةةةةةةتخةةةةدام خمتلف
أ نواع خرائط
الكةةارتوجرام يف متثيةةل الظةةاهرة اجلغرافيةةة
واختيةةار النمط األ كثر مالئمةةة
من
انحية
سةرعة
إدراك ها البصةري للقارئ، مع مراعاة أن اسةتخدام هذا
النوع من اخلرائط يفضةةةةةةةةةةةل أن يكون للجغرافيني املدركني هلذا النوع من
.اخلرائط SUJH Journal: Vol.12. Issue 2. December 2022, Sirte University 299 | 5,216 | http://journal.su.edu.ly/index.php/humanities/article/download/208/152 | null |
Arabic | IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 دور انتذريب
اإلنكتزوني
في تطىيز انتنميت انمهنيت ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس
بجبمعت اإلمبو دمحم بن سعىد اإلسالميت THE ROLE OF E-TRAINING IN DEVELOPING THE PROFESSIONAL
DEVELOPMENT OF FACULTY MEMBERS
IMAM MUHAMMAD BIN SAUD ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
Yousef Saud Z. Alharbi a1, Ahmed bin Yussuf a2, Syed Mohammad
Hilmi Bin Syed Abdul Rahman a3
a Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya
[email protected] Yousef Saud Z. Alharbi a1, Ahmed bin Yussuf a2, Syed Mohamma
Hilmi Bin Syed Abdul Rahman a3
a Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya
[email protected] 1 Ph.D. candidate in Education, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya (UM) Malaysia.
2 Senior lecturer, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya (UM) Malaysia.
3 Senior lecturer, Academy of Islamic Studies, University of Malaya (UM) Malaysia. ords: e-training, professional development, technology, academics :انمقذمت َئْ اٍزقلاٚ ،األعٙيح ٚاٌٍٛبئً اٌؾل٠ضخ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ثٕبء ػٍٝ أٌٍ ِلهٍٚخ ٚأثؾبس أصجزذ طؾزٙب ثبٌزغبهة
فك
َِّٝب ٠
ٓرمٕ١بد اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٟٚ٘ ثّؼٕب٘ب اٌشبًِ رؼُ عّ١غ اٌطوائك ٚاألعٙيح اٌَّزقلِخ فٟ ٔظبَ رؼٍ١ّٟ ِؼ١
ٌز ؾم١ك أ٘لاف رؼٍ١ّ١خ
،ِؾلكح ٚهفغ فؼبٌ١زٗ (اٌؾ١ٍخ
40:2440
.)
ئم
ٓرٛفو رمٕ١بد اٌزؼٍ١ُ ِٕظِٛبد رؼٍ١ّ١خ وبٍِخ، لبكهح ػٍٝ ٔمً اٌزؼٍُ ٌٍّزؼٍّ١
فواكٜ أٚ عّبػبد
ر ،شزوان ِغ ثؼؼٙب اٌجؼغ؛ ٌزؾم١ك أ٘لاف رؼٍ١ّ١خ ِؼ١ٕخًِٓ فالي االٍزقلاَ األِض ٌ
،ألفواكٚ
ًاٌٍٛبئ
،اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خٚاألٍبٌ١ت اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خٚ ،
،ٌاٌج١ئبد اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ (فّ١30:2441
.) ،٠ش١و (اٌؾ١ٍخ40:2440) ئٌٝ أْ اٌجؾٛس اٌزوثٛ٠خ اٌزٟ أعو٠ذ فٟ ثالك ِقزٍفخ أظٙود
؛
ٟأْ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ أٍبٍ١خ ف
ٌٟاٌزله٠ٌ، ٚئٔٙب ٠ّىٓ أْ رَبػل ػٍٝ رؼٍ١ُ أفؼً، ٚرٛفو اٌغٙل ٚاٌٛلذ، ٚروفغ ِٓ َِزٜٛ اٌزؼٍ١ُ، ٚرىّٓ أّ٘١زٙب فٟ اٌزب : ،٠ش١و (اٌؾ١ٍخ40:2440) ئٌٝ أْ اٌجؾٛس اٌزوثٛ٠خ اٌزٟ أعو٠ذ فٟ ثالك ِقزٍفخ أظٙود
؛
ٟأْ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ أٍبٍ١خ ف
ٌٟاٌزله٠ٌ، ٚئٔٙب ٠ّىٓ أْ رَبػل ػٍٝ رؼٍ١ُ أفؼً، ٚرٛفو اٌغٙل ٚاٌٛلذ، ٚروفغ ِٓ َِزٜٛ اٌزؼٍ١ُ، ٚرىّٓ أّ٘١زٙب فٟ اٌزب :
3. .ٖرَبػل ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ػٍٝ هفغ كهعخ وفب٠زٗ إٌّٙ١خ ٚاٍزؼلاك 3. .ٖرَبػل ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ػٍٝ هفغ كهعخ وفب٠زٗ إٌّٙ١خ ٚاٍزؼلاك 2. .ًرّىٓ ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ِٓ اٍزغالي وً اٌٛلذ اٌّزبػ ثشىً أفؼ 1. ٚرَبػل ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ ئصبهح اٌلافؼ١خ ٌلٜ اٌطٍجخ ٚمٌه ِٓ فالي اٌم١بَ ثبٌٕشبؽبد اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌؾً اٌّشىالد أ
.اوزشبف اٌؾمبئك 1. ٚرَبػل ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ ئصبهح اٌلافؼ١خ ٌلٜ اٌطٍجخ ٚمٌه ِٓ فالي اٌم١بَ ثبٌٕشبؽبد اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌؾً اٌّشىالد أ
.اوزشبف اٌؾمبئك 0. رَبػل ػ ؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ رٛف١و اٌٛلذ ٚاٌغٙل اٌّجنٌٚ١ٓ ِٓ لجً ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ، وّب رَبػلٖ فٟ اٌزغٍت
ٚػٍٝ ؽلٚك اٌيِبْ ٚاٌّىبْ فٟ غوفخ اٌظف، ٚمٌه ِٓ فالي ػوع ثؼغ اٌٍٛبئً ػٓ ظٛا٘و ثؼ١لح ؽلصذ أ
.ؽ١ٛأبد أموػذ أٚ أؽلاس ٚلؼذ فٟ اٌّبػٟ أٚ ٍزمغ فٟ اٌَّزمجً ثامْ هللا ٍٚفٍظذ كها
بد ػلح
ئٌٝ ٚعٛك فوٚق ٌظبٌؼ االرغب٘بد اإل٠غبث١خٌ
فبػٍ١خ اٍزقلاَ ٍٚ١ٍخ اٌؼوع اٌزمل٠ّٟ فٟ ى٠بكح
ٛاٌزؾظ١ً ٚفٟ ى٠بكح اٌفُٙ ٌٍّموه، ٚونٌه فٟ شل االٔزجبٖ أصٕبء اٌّؾبػوح ٚى٠بكح اٌزفبػً كافً اٌمبػخ ٚاىك٠بك اٌلافؼ١خ ٔؾ
ٍُاٌزؼ
،ْ(إٌم١ضب2440
). ئم ِىٕذ
رمٕ١ ُبد اٌزؼٍ١ِٓ
ا ؽل ئٗس رغ١١واد ٍٍِّٛخ ٚعنه٠خ فٟ فٍَفخ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚػٍّ١بر،
ئٌٝ عبٔت
رغ١١و
إٌّٙظ
ٌاٌزٍم١ٕٟ ا
ن ٞ
ٗوبْ ٠ؼطٍغ ثٌػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠، ٚا
ٌزؾٛي
ٟئٌٝ ٚعٙخ إٌظو اٌجٕبئ١خ االعزّبػ١خ اٌزفبػٍ١خ اٌز
ٍُّٙ٠شبهن ف١ٙب اٌّزؼٍّْٛ فٟ ثٕبء رؼ. ٚ٠زؾٛي كٚه أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزٍُله٠ٌ ئٌٝ ِل٠و٠ٓ ٌٍّؼٍِٛبد ِٚلهث١ٓ ِ١َو٠ٓ ٌٍزؼ
،ٌ(فّ١43:2441
)
ٚ . Abstract This quantitative study discussed the role of e-training in the improvement of the professional
development of faculty members at Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University. The problem is that
there is a lack of lecturers' willingness to participate in e-learning courses because of the
resistance to change into e-learning because they prefer traditional education. Along with the
existence of some obstacles to the professional development of the faculty member. The researcher
chose the descriptive analytical method and designed a questionnaire consisting of (40) paragraphs
covering four axes of professional development. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of (50)
lecturers and professors at the university. The results show that e-training plays a significant role in
enhancement of professional, technical, educational and academic developments. However, the
results show medium. This finding underscores the importance of electronic training for faculty
academic members. Keywords: e-training, professional development, technology, academics http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 887 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 انمهخص
ٔبلشذ ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ اٌىّ١خ كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛهٌا زّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ ٓاإلِبَ دمحم ث
ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ . ٚرىّٓ اٌّشىٍخ ثٛعٛك لٍخ هغجخ ٌلٜ اٌزله٠َ١١ٓ فٟ اٌّشبهوخ ثزٍه اٌلٚهاد ثَجت ػٕظو ِمبِٚخ اٌزغ١١و
ئٌٝ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ٚرفؼ١ً اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌزمٍ١لٞ. ئٌٝ عبٔت ٚعٛك ثؼغ
١ ِؼٌمبد اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ . افزبه
اٌجبؽش إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفٟ اٌزؾٍ١ٍٟ، ٚطُّ اٍزجبٔخ ِى( ِٓ ٛٔخ04
ٌ ) فموح غطذ أهثؼخ ِؾبٚهٍ
زّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ. ٚىػذ االٍزجبٔخ
( ػٍٝ ػ١ٕخ لله٘ب04
) ِٓ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼخ، ٚرُ اٍزقواط اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌىً ِؾٛه ِٓ اٌّؾبٚه. ٚلل
كٌٍذ إٌزبئظ أْ ٌٍزله٠ت كٚه وج١و فٟ رطٛ٠و ٌاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ؛ فمل عبء رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ ا زمٕ١خ، ٚرطٛ٠وٞٛإٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوث ،
ٚرطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ األوبك٠ّ١خ ثلهعخ وج١وح. فٟ ؽ١ٓ وبْ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ثلهعخ ِزٍٛطخ. ٚ٘نٖ إٌز١غخ رإول أّ٘١خ اٌزله٠ت
.ٌاإلٌىزؤٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
،ٟٔٚاٌىٍّبد اٌّفزبؽ١خ: اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٌاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ، اٌزمٕ١خ، ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ :انمقذمت رجؼب ٌ
ٟ٘ نٌه أطجؾذ ٚظ١فخ ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ٌ١َذ ٚظ١فخ رمل٠ُ اٌّؼٍِٛبد ٚاٌؾمبئك ٚئّٔب
ٍاٌزٛع١ٗ، وّب أطجؼ كٚهٖ ِٕظُ ٌٍقجواد اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ِٚ١َو ٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍُ، ٚ٘ٛ اٌوائل اٌنٞ ٠أفن ث١ل اٌطبٌت ٚاٌّزؼ ُ ٚ٠لػّٗ ثّب
،ً٠ٕفؼٗ ِٓ فجواد رزٕبٍت ٚللهرٗ ٚاٍزؼلاكارٗ ٚث١ئزٗ ِٚطبٌت ِغزّؼٗ. (أؽّل ٚشج01:2440
.) ٚ
ثنٌه ،ٌرزؼلك األكٚاه اٌزٟ ٠مَٛ ثٙب ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٓؽ١
٠ىْٛ ِل٠وا ٌٍّٛلف اٌزؼٍ١ّٟ، ِٚظّّب ٌٍؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ِٕٚزغب
ٌٍّٛاك اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ِٚوشلا ٌٍّزؼٍُ ِٚمِٛب ٌٍٕظبَ اٌزؼٍ١ّٟ رمٛ٠ّب َِزّوا
،ٌُ(ٍب200:2440
). ٌٌنٌه ٠ؾزبط ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
إلػلاك فبص، ٚمٌه ثارمبٔٗ ٌّغّٛػخ ِٓ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؼٍّ١خ فٟ ئٔزبط اٌٍٛبئً اٌز ؼٍ١ّ١خ اٌجَ١طخ، ٚرشغ١ً ٚاٍزقلاَ ا٢الد
ٟٚاألعٙيح اٌَّؼ١خ اٌجظو٠خ فٟ رؼٍ١ُ ؽالثٗ، ونٌه ئرمبٔٗ ألثغل٠خ اٌؼظو اٌؾل٠ش اٌّزّضٍخ فٟ رشغ١ً اٌؾبٍٛة ٚرٛظ١فٗ ف
.اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزوثٛ٠خ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 888 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 ٠ؼوف اٌجبؽش اٌزله٠ت اإلٌٟٔٚىزو ئ عوائ١ب: أثٌّٔٗ ػٍّ١خ ِٕظّخ ٠زُ ف١ٙب اٌفظً ث١ٓ اٌّلهة ٚاْزلهة فٟ اٌّىبْ ٚاٌيِب،
ِٓ
فالي ث١ئخ رٛظف ف١ٙب رمٕ١خ االرظبالد ٚاٌّؼٍِٛبد ٚاٌٍٛبئؾ اٌّزؼلكح،
ٗاٌزٟ ٠ّىٓ آْ ٠زفبػً ِؼٙب اٌّزلهة ِٓ آعً ثٍٛغ
أ
٘لاف ب
.ِؾلكح اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٟ٘: "رّٕ١خ اٌّٛا٘ت ٚرٍٛ١غ اال٘زّبِبد ٚهفغ اٌىفبءح،
ئػبفخ ئٌٝ ر١َ١و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌشقظٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ
"ٓاٌزله٠ٌ ٚفبطخ فٟ كٚهُ٘ وّؼٍّ١ (ٌض ا،ٟج١ز100:300ٕ
)
. ًّرش ،اٌؼٍّ١بد ٚاألٔشطخ اٌّظؾؾخ ٌي٠بكح اٌّؼوفخ إٌّٙ١خ
ٚ ،ٚاٌّٙبهاد ٚاالرغب٘بد اٌقبطخ ثبألفواك؛ ؽزٝ ٠َزط١ؼٛا اٌؼًّ ػٍٝ ى٠بكح رؼٍُ اٌطالة
رزِؾلك اٌَّبد اٌؼب خ ٌٍزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ
ثىٛٔٙب: ػٍّ١خ ِمظٛكحٚ
َِزّوحِٕٚظّخ (
2444:34
. Thomas R. Gusky
)
. ( ،ػوفٙب ػٛع ٚٔقٍخ33:2441
ٟ) ثأٔٙب: "اٌَ١بٍبد ٚاٌّّبهٍبد ٚاٌٍٛبئً ٚاألٍبٌ١ت اٌزٟ رَزقلَ ٌَّبػلح اٌّؼٍُ ف
ٗاٌؾظٛي ػٍٝ اٌّٙبهاد ٚاٌقجواد اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚإٌفَ١خ اٌالىِخ ٌَل اؽز١بعبر ٚاالؽز١بعبد اٌّإٍَ١خ اٌزٟ رورجؾ فٟ أؽل عٛأجٙب
ٟثبٌزؼٍُ اٌنارٟ، ٚاٌوغجخ فٟ هفغ َِزٜٛ اٌىفبءح ٚاٌٛلٛف ػٍٝ اٌّزطٍجبد إٌّٙ١خ اٌالىَ رٛافو٘ب ٌٍّؼٍّ١ٓ ". ٚٔظو اٌظ١وف
(
2440) ٌٍزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ أٔٙب: رّٕ١خ ٌّٙبهارٗ ٚللهارٗ ٚى٠بكح فبػٍ١زٗ فٟ اٌزله٠ ٌ ٚاٌجؾش اٌؼٍّٟ ٚفلِخ
ٗاٌّغزّغ ثّب ٠ؾمك ٌٗ اٌزٛافك إٌفَٟ ٚاالعزّبػٟ ِٓ عٙخ ٚثّب ٠ؼّٓ رطٛ٠و اٌّغزّغ ٚرؾم١ك هؤاٖ اٌَّزمجٍ١خ ثّب ٠ؼطٍغ ث
.ٜأٍزبم اٌغبِؼخ ِٓ أكٚاه ِٓ عٙخ أفو ( ،ًٌٛفٟ ؽ١ٓ ػوفزٙب اٌَب322:2440
) ثأٔٙب: "ػٍّ١بد ِإٍَ١خ رٙلف رؾَ١ٓ ِٙبهاد أػؼبء ٘١ئخ ٟاٌزله٠ٌ ٍٍٚٛوُٙ ف
ِغبي ئػلاك اٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ ٚرٕظ١ّٙب ٚؽوائك رله٠َٙب، ٚاٍزقلاَ رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ، ٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚاٌزله٠ت ػٍٝ ِٙبهاد اٌجؾش
."ٌاٌؼٍّٟ ٚاالٍزشبهاد، ٚاٌزله٠ت ػٍٝ ثؼغ اٌّٙبهاد اإلكاه٠خ اٌّزٛلغ ئٍٕبك٘ب ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ ،أِب ٍج١ه ٚ وب٠ت(
2440
. :انمقذمت Speck & Kipe
)
ٌٝف١ؼوفبْ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثأٔٙب: " ػٍّ١بد رٙلف ئ
رطٛ٠و ِٙبهاد أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ٍٍٚٛوُٙ، ٌزىٛ٠ٓ أوضو وفبءح ٚفؼبٌ١خ ٌَل ؽبعبد اٌغبِؼخ ٚاٌّغزّغ، ٚؽبعبد أػؼبء
."َُٙ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ أٔف ،ٚ٠ؼوف فً ٌٛف١له (
2440:0
,
Phil Loveder
)اٌزّٕ١خ ا ٌُّٕٙٙ١خ ثأٔٙب: "اٌفوص اٌّملِخ ئٌٝ اٌزوثٛ٠١ٓ ٌزّٕ١خ ِٙبهار
ٗاٌّؼوف١خ ِٚ١ٌُٛٙ، ٘لف رؾَ١ٓ فبػٍ١زُٙ كافً فظٌُٛٙ ِٕٚظّبرُٙ، أٚ ٟ٘ أٞ ٔشبؽ ِٓ شأٔٗ أْ ٠ّٕٟ ِٙبهاد اٌفوك ِٚؼبهف
."ٍُٚفجوارٗ ٚغ١و٘ب ِٓ اٌَّبد اٌٟ ٠ّزٍىٙب اٌّؼ ( ،ٟأِب اٌؾوث2444
:
130) فنوود أْ اٌزّٕ١خ
،ُ٘إٌّٙ١خ ٟ٘: "ػٍّ١بد ِإٍَ١خ ِٕظّخ ٌزله٠ت أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ٚئػلاك
ٟٚرَزٙلف رؾل٠ل أكائُٙ إٌّٟٙ ٚهفغ عٛكرٗ فٟ ِغبالد اٌزله٠ٌ ٚاٌجؾش اٌؼٍّٟ ٚفلِخ اٌّغزّغ، ئػبفخ ئٌٝ َِبػلرُٙ ف
ّإٌّٛ ٚاالهرمبء ثملهارُٙ ِٚٙبهارُٙ اٌنار١خ ثبٍزقلاَ أٍبٌ١ت ِزٕٛػخ ٌٙب طفخ اٌش ٛي ٚاٌزىبًِ ٚاالٍزّواه٠خ ٚاٌّوٚٔخ ٚاٌزى١ف
."ِٗغ ِزغ١واد اٌؼظو ٚرؾل٠بر ٌمل أولد اٌٍّّىخ اٌؼوث١خ اٌَؼٛك٠خ أّ٘١خ اٌزله٠ت أصٕبء اٌقلِخ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ؽ١ٓ
( ٔظذ اٌّبكح304
) ػٍٝ أْ: "رؼطٟ اٌغٙبد
."اٌّقزظخ ػٕب٠خ وبف١خ ٌٍلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ ٚاٌزغل٠ل٠خ ٚكٚهاد اٌزٛػ١خ؛ ٌزوٍ١ـ اٌقجواد ٚوَت اٌّؼٍِٛبد ٚاٌّٙبهاد اٌغل٠لح
( وّب ٔظذ اٌّبكح300
ٌ ) "٠زٕبٚي اٌزله٠ت وبفخ عٛأت اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٚاألعٙيح اٌؼبٍِخ ف١ٙب، ٚرٛػغ ثواِظ ٍلٚهاد ٠ؾلك
،ف١ٙب غوع اٌلٚهح ِٕٚب٘غٙب ٚؽوق رٕف١ن٘ب، ٚرمٛ٠ّٙب، ٚاٌشوٚؽ اٌزٟ ٠ٕجغٟ أْ رزٛفو ٌٍمبئّ١ٓ ػٍ١ٙب" (ٚىاهح اٌّؼبهف
3104
ٖ
:
14
.) :هذف انذراست ٌاٌٙلف اٌوئ١
ِٕبلشخ
ٌكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠، ثغبِؼخ اإل ِبَ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك
اإل
ٍالِ١خ. ٚػٓ ٘نا اٌٙلف رزفوع األ٘لاف اٌفوػ١خ ا٢ر١خ
ٌّٕبلشخٟكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ف: 3. ٌرطٛ٠و اٌناد ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ 2. ٌرطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ 2. ٌرطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ 1. رطٛ٠و
ٌإٌّٛ األوبك٠ّٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ 1. رطٛ٠و
ٌإٌّٛ األوبك٠ّٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ 0. رطٛ٠و
ٟإٌّٛ اٌزىٌٕٛٛع
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
انذراسبث:انسببقت أشبه د
كهاٍبد
،ػلح أْ أّٟكٚاه اٌّؼٍُ ٚاٌطبٌت ٍززؾٛي فٟ اٌؼظو اٌول
ًثشى
٠ؼىٌ ؽج١ؼخ ث١ئبد اٌزؼٍُ اٌغل٠لح، ٚو١ف١خ
ٟاٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب، ٚثٕبء ػٍٝ ّٔٛمط اٌزؼٍ١ُ االفزواػ (
،ٍٍْطب2440؛
،ٚاٌغو٠ت2440
؛
،ٞٚٚاٌؾٍفب2433؛Newby, et
al.2000
ٚ )
ْٛ٠زٛلغ اٌزوثٛ٠
رؾٛي
ٍُاٌّؼ : 3. ٍُِٓ ِملَ ٌٍّؼٍِٛبد ئٌٝ ِٛعّٗ ِٚلهة ِٚ١َو ٌٍزؼ. 3. ٍُِٓ ِملَ ٌٍّؼٍِٛبد ئٌٝ ِٛعّٗ ِٚلهة ِٚ١َو ٌٍزؼ. 2. ِٓ
ٓاٌٍّم
ٌٝئ اٌّوشل
ّٟاألوبك٠
ٌٗطالث 1. ِٓ
ًّاٌؼ
ٞاٌفوك
ٌٝئ
ٛػؼ
ٟف فو٠ك
ٟٔٚرؼب ٟ
ِٓٚ
األكٚاه اٌّزغلكح
ٌٍٍُّؼ
ٟف اٌؼظو
:ّٟاٌول
،كٚهاٌشبهػ ٚ كٚه اٌّشغغ
ٍٝػ
،ًاٌزفبػ ٚكٚه اٌّؾفي
ٍٝػ رٌٛ١ل اٌّؼوفخ
،ٚاإلثلاع ٚكٚه اٌّشغغ ٚاٌّطٛه
ٌٍٍُزؼ
ٟاٌنار
ً(لٕل٠،
2444
:
300
). ٚف١ّب
ٍٟث ثؼغ
:اٌلهاٍبد
٘لفذ
( ،ْكهاٍخ اٌّٛىا2430
)
رشق١ض ِلح ِٟٕٔٚبٍجخ ٍزوار١غ١بد اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌّزجؼخ فٟ ٔظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزو
"اٌجالن ثٛهك"
Blackboard
ٚأكٚارٗ اٌّقزٍفخ،
،ِّٓٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظو أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ األِ١وح ٔٛهٖ ثٕذ ػجل اٌوؽ
ٚ
ٌا
ّٙبهاد اٌّىزَجخ ٚ
ٌا ٓ٘مٕبػبد ثؼل اعز١بى
اٌٟجؤبِظ اٌزله٠ج. ئػبفخ ئٌٝ رم١١ُ أٔفَٙٓ مار١ب ف١ّب ٠زؼٍك
ث زظّ١ُ ٚرطٛ٠و
ٓ٘اٌّموهاد اإلٌىزوٚٔ١خ ثؼل اعز١بى
اٌٟجؤبِظ اٌزله٠ج. ر( ِٓ ىٛٔذ ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ14
َ) رله٠
١خ
ثغبِؼخ األِ١وح ٔٛهٖ ثٕذ ػجل
ّٓاٌوؽ. ،ٍٟاٍزقلَ إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفٟ اٌزؾٍ١ٚاالٍزجبٔخ
ماد.األٍئٍخ اٌّغٍمخ ٚاٌّفزٛؽخ ،ٚاإلث اع ٚ ٚه غغ
ا ٛه
ٚا
ُ
ٟا ا
ً٠
(،
2444
:
300
). ٚ ١
ٟث ث غ
:ا ها
٘لفذ
( ،ْكهاٍخ اٌّٛىا2430
)
رشق١ض ِلح ِٟٕٔٚبٍجخ ٍزوار١غ١بد اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌّزجؼخ فٟ ٔظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزو
"اٌجالن ثٛهك"
Blackboard
ٚأكٚارٗ اٌّقزٍفخ،
،ِّٓٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظو أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ األِ١وح ٔٛهٖ ثٕذ ػجل اٌوؽ
ٚ
ٌا
ّٙبهاد اٌّىزَجخ ٚ
ٌا ٓ٘مٕبػبد ثؼل اعز١بى
اٌٟجؤبِظ اٌزله٠ج. ئػبفخ ئٌٝ رم١١ُ أٔفَٙٓ مار١ب ف١ّب ٠زؼٍك
ث زظّ١ُ ٚرطٛ٠و
ٓ٘اٌّموهاد اإلٌىزوٚٔ١خ ثؼل اعز١بى
اٌٟجؤبِظ اٌزله٠ج. ر( ِٓ ىٛٔذ ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ14
َ) رله٠
١خ
ثغبِؼخ األِ١وح ٔٛهٖ ثٕذ ػجل
ّٓاٌوؽ. :مشكهت انذراست ئٌٝ عبٔت ٚعٛك ثؼغ
١ ِؼ مبد اٌزّٕ١خ
إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد اٌَؼٛك٠خ، ِ
ٕٙب ئٌٝ عبٔت
َٟاٌؼتء اٌزله٠ :وضوح اٌٍغبْ ٚاالعزّبػبد ،
َاٌشؼٛه ثؼل
رىبفإ اٌفوص ٌشغً إٌّبطت اإلكاه٠خ ،االفزمبه ئٌٝ رمل٠و االُكاء اٌزله٠َی ٚاٌجؾضٟ، طؼٛثخ
ٟؽؼٛه إٌلٚاد ٚاٌّإرّواد ف
( ِغبي اٌزقظض ،آي ِن٘ت20:3000
؛ اٌقط١ت13:2440
)، ٚ رقٍف ٔظُ اٌزول١خ ،ٞ(اٌجٕله03:2440
) ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت االٌىزو
ٌِّٗب ٠مل ِٓ ٘نا إٌٛع ًاٌزله٠ت ِٓ أصو ًٍِّٛ فٟ هفغ َِزٜٛ رؾظ١ ٟاٌّزلهث١ٓ ُّٚٔٛ٘ اٌّؼوف
.ٟٔٚاٌّٙبهٞ، ٚرغبٚى ٌؼمجبد اٌجؼل٠ٓ اٌيِبٟٔ ٚاٌّىب
ٚرىّٓ اٌّشىٍخ ثٛعٛك
لٍخ هغجخ ٌلٜ اٌزله٠َ١١ٓ فٟ اٌّشبهوخ ثزٍه
اٌلٚهاد
ٟٔٚثَجت ػٕظو ِمبِٚخ اٌزغ١١و ئٌٝ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزو ٚرفؼ١ً اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌزمٍ١لٞ. ئٌٝ عبٔت ٚعٛك ثؼغ
١ ِؼ مبد اٌزّٕ١خ
إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد اٌَؼٛك٠خ، ِ
ٕٙب ئٌٝ عبٔت
َٟاٌؼتء اٌزله٠ :وضوح اٌٍغبْ ٚاالعزّبػبد ،
َاٌشؼٛه ثؼل
رىبفإ اٌفوص ٌشغً إٌّبطت اإلكاه٠خ ،االفزمبه ئٌٝ رمل٠و االُكاء اٌزله٠َی ٚاٌجؾضٟ، طؼٛثخ
ٟؽؼٛه إٌلٚاد ٚاٌّإرّواد ف
( ِغبي اٌزقظض ،آي ِن٘ت20:3000
؛ اٌقط١ت13:2440
)، ٚ رقٍف ٔظُ اٌزول١خ ،ٞ(اٌجٕله03:2440
)
ٚرجؼب أل
ّ٘١خ اٌزله٠ت أصٕبء اٌقلِخ،
٠وٜ اٌجبؽش
ٚعٛك ؽبعخ ٍِؾخ ٌّٛاوجخ
ُاٌزغ١واد ٚاٌزؾٛالد اٌزٟ ػّذ ِغبالد اٌزؼٍ١. ٌنٌه رأرٟ ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ ٌزىشفٌٚالغ ا
زله٠ت االٌىزوٟٚٔ ٚكٚهٖ رغبٖ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ اإل ِبَ دمحم
.ثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ ٚرجؼب أل
ّ٘١خ اٌزله٠ت أصٕبء اٌقلِخ،
٠وٜ اٌجبؽش
ٚعٛك ؽبعخ ٍِؾخ ٌّٛاوجخ
ُاٌزغ١واد ٚاٌزؾٛالد اٌزٟ ػّذ ِغبالد اٌزؼٍ١. ٌنٌه رأرٟ ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ ٌزىشفٌٚالغ ا
زله٠ت االٌىزوٟٚٔ ٚكٚهٖ رغبٖ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ اإل ِبَ دمحم
.ثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :مشكهت انذراست http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
889
أولد كهاٍبد ػلح أّ٘١خ رٛظ١ف اٌزمٕ١
خ
ُفٟ اٌزؼٍ١ٚ
ٍاٌزله٠ت، ٔظوا ألْ اٌغبِؼبد أطجؾذ رزٕبفٌ فٟ رٛظ١ف اٌزؼ
١ُ
ٗاإلٌىزوٟٚٔ، ٚاٍزقلاَ رطج١مبرٌ
،ٍُزؾَ١ٓ ػٍّ١زٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزؼِٓ ْفىب ٌا
ؼوٚهٞ
ٟرّٕ١خ ِٙبهاد أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ، ف
ٟٔٚرٛظ١ف اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزو. ٚ٘نا ِب ر
إولٖ
:كهاٍبد
( إٌغبه2440
( ْ)، هػٛا2440
( )، ػبشٛه2440
،)
(
2440
)
Gasaymeh
( ،
0202
)
and Latchem
Jung
،
( ْاٌلث١ب2433
)اٌزٟ أٚطذْ ث ٟؼوٚهح اٌزله٠ت اٌَّزّو ٌٍىبكه اٌغبِؼ
ؽٛاي ؽ١برُٙ إٌّٙ١خ، ٚؽبعزُٙ ئٌٝ ثواِظٌا زله٠ت ٟاالٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌز َرَُٙ فٟ هفغ للهارُٙ اٌؼٍّ١خ ِٚٙبهارُٙ فٟ ِغبي اٍزقلا
ثؼغ األعٙيح اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚمٌه ثبٍزقلاَ االِىبٔبد ٚاٌقلِبد اٌزٟ ٠ٛفو٘ب اٌزله٠ت
.ٟٔٚاالٌىزو
ئ ْأ غٍت اٌجواِظ اٌزله٠ج١خ اٌزٟ ٠ملِٙب
اٌّووي اٌٛؽٕٟ ٌٍزؼٍُ اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ٚاٌزؼٍ١ُ ػٓ ثؼل، ٚ
ُػّبكح رطٛ٠و اٌزؼٍ١
ٟاٌغبِؼ
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ثغبِؼخ االِبَ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك االٍالِ١خ
ٟف
ِٟٔٚغبي اٌزؼٍ١ُ االٌىزو
؛
ٍٟٝ٘ ثواِظ لبئّخ ػ أولد كهاٍبد ػلح أّ٘١خ رٛظ١ف اٌزمٕ١
خ
ُفٟ اٌزؼٍ١ٚ
ٍاٌزله٠ت، ٔظوا ألْ اٌغبِؼبد أطجؾذ رزٕبفٌ فٟ رٛظ١ف اٌزؼ
١ُ
ٗاإلٌىزوٟٚٔ، ٚاٍزقلاَ رطج١مبرٌ
،ٍُزؾَ١ٓ ػٍّ١زٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزؼِٓ ْفىب ٌا
ؼوٚهٞ
ٟرّٕ١خ ِٙبهاد أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ، ف
ٟٔٚرٛظ١ف اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزو. ٚ٘نا ِب ر
إولٖ
:كهاٍبد
( إٌغبه2440
( ْ)، هػٛا2440
( )، ػبشٛه2440
،)
(
2440
)
Gasaymeh
( ،
0202
)
and Latchem
Jung
،
( ْاٌلث١ب2433
)اٌزٟ أٚطذْ ث ٟؼوٚهح اٌزله٠ت اٌَّزّو ٌٍىبكه اٌغبِؼ
ؽٛاي ؽ١برُٙ إٌّٙ١خ، ٚؽبعزُٙ ئٌٝ ثواِظٌا زله٠ت ٟاالٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌز َرَُٙ فٟ هفغ للهارُٙ اٌؼٍّ١خ ِٚٙبهارُٙ فٟ ِغبي اٍزقلا
ثؼغ األعٙيح اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚمٌه ثبٍزقلاَ االِىبٔبد ٚاٌقلِبد اٌزٟ ٠ٛفو٘ب اٌزله٠ت
.ٟٔٚاالٌىزو http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org OS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 201 ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت االٌىزو
ٌِّٗب ٠مل ِٓ ٘نا إٌٛع ًاٌزله٠ت ِٓ أصو ًٍِّٛ فٟ هفغ َِزٜٛ رؾظ١ ٟاٌّزلهث١ٓ ُّٚٔٛ٘ اٌّؼوف
.ٟٔٚاٌّٙبهٞ، ٚرغبٚى ٌؼمجبد اٌجؼل٠ٓ اٌيِبٟٔ ٚاٌّىب
ٚرىّٓ اٌّشىٍخ ثٛعٛك
لٍخ هغجخ ٌلٜ اٌزله٠َ١١ٓ فٟ اٌّشبهوخ ثزٍه
اٌلٚهاد
ٟٔٚثَجت ػٕظو ِمبِٚخ اٌزغ١١و ئٌٝ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزو ٚرفؼ١ً اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌزمٍ١لٞ. :هذف انذراست ،ٍٟاٍزقلَ إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفٟ اٌزؾٍ١ٚ
االٍزجبٔخ
ماد
.األٍئٍخ اٌّغٍمخ ٚاٌّفزٛؽخ ٟرٛطٍذ اٌلهاٍخ ئٌٝ ٔزبئظ أّ٘ٙب: ػلَ ِٕبٍجخ اٍزوار١غ١بد اٌزله٠ت غ١و اٌزيإِ١خ اٌّزجؼخ فٟ اٌجؤبِظ اٌزله٠ج، ِٓ ٚعٙخ
ٔظو أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ، ٚأْ غبٌج١خ ِفوكاد ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ٠و٠ٓ أٔٙٓ ِبىٌٓ ثؾبعخ ٌّي٠ل
ِٓ
ُاٌّٙبهاد ٌزٛظ١ف اٌزؼٍ١
ٟٔٚاإلٌىزو، ٚػلَ رّىٕٙٓ ِٓ رٛظ١ف اٌّٙبهاد اٌّىزَجخ ِٓ اٌجؤبِظ فٟ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ،
ْؽزٝ ثؼل اعز١بى٘ٓ اٌزله٠ت، ٚأ
(
%
01,1
ٓ) ِٓ ػ١ٕ١خ اٌلهاٍخ ٠و٠ ٓ٘أْ ِؼٍِٛبرٙٓ ٚفجوارٙٓ ؽٛي رظّ١ُ ٚرطٛ٠و اٌّموهاد اإلٌىزوٚٔ١خ ثؼل اعز١بى
.ٌٍجؤبِظ اٌزله٠جٟ ع١لح ( ،ٞ٘لفذ كهاٍخ اٌّط١و2430
)
ئٌٝ اٌزؼوف ػٍٝ فبػٍ١خ ثؤبِظ ٌٍزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ثبٍزقلاَ أٍٍٛة رَغ١ً اٌشبشخٟف
ٟٔٚئوَبة ِٙبهاد ٔظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزوBlackboard
ٌٍُلٜ إِٔبء ِواوي ِظبكه اٌزؼ. رىٛٔذٌا( ِٓ ؼ١ٕخ14
) أِ١ٕب
ثٍُّواوي ِظبكه اٌزؼ، رُ رمَ١ُّٙ ثطو٠مخ ػشٛائ١خ ئٌٝ ِغّٛػز١ٓ: رغو٠ج١خ ٚػبثطخ. ٚرّضٍذ أكٚاد اٌجؾش فٟ اٍزجبٔخ International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 ٌٍٔٚزؼوف ػٍٝ اٌّٙبهاد اٌالىِخ الٍزقلاَ إِٔبء ِواوي ِظبكه اٌزؼٍُ ٌٕظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزو ٟ
Blackboard، ثبإلػبفخ
ئٌٝ افزجبه رؾظ١ٍٟ ٌم١بً رؾظ١ً إِٔبءٌا ٍُّواوي ٌٍغٛأت اٌّؼوف١خ اٌّورجطخ ثٕظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼٟٔٚاإلٌىزو، ٚثطبلخ ِالؽظخ
ًٌم١ب
ا ٌٍُغٛأت اٌّٙبه٠خ اٌّورجطخ ثٕظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼBlackboard
. ٚثؼل عّغ اٌج١بٔبد ٚرؾٍ١ٍٙب ثبٍزقلاَ االٍبٌ١ت اٌٛطف١خٚ
ِؼبٌغزٙب ئؽظبئ١ب ٌزؾل٠ل اٌفوٚق ث١ٓ اٌّغّٛػز١ٓ اٌزغو٠ج١خ
ٚاٌؼبثطخ ،
أٍفودٌا ٕزبئظ ٚعٛك فوٚق ماد كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ ث١ٓ ِزٍٛطٟ هرت كهعبد اٌّغّٛػز١ٓ اٌزغو٠ج١خ ٚاٌؼبثطخٟف
اٌم١بً اٌجؼلٞ ٌظبٌؼ اٌّغّٛػخ اٌزغو٠ج١خ، ٚٚعٛك فوٚق ماد كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ ث١ٓ ِزٍٛطٟ هرت كهعبد اٌّغ ّٓٛػز١
اٌزغو٠ج١خ ٚاٌؼبثطخ فٟ اٌم١بً اٌجؼلٞ ٌجطبلخ اٌّالؽظخ ٌظبٌؼ اٌّغّٛػخ اٌزغو٠ج١خ،
ٓٚٚعٛك فوٚق ماد كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ ث١
ًهرت كهعبد اٌم١بٍ١ٓ اٌمجٍٟ ٚاٌجؼلٞ ٌالفزجبه اٌزؾظ١ٍٟ ألفواك اٌّغّٛػخ اٌزغو٠ج١خ ارغٙذ رٍه اٌفوٚق ٌظبٌؼ اٌم١ب
.ٞاٌجؼل ٚ
ٓأْ اٌجؤبِظ اٌزله٠جٟ ٍبػل اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ اٌزؼٍُ ٚاوزَبة اٌّؼبهف ؽَت للهارُٙ ٍٚوػبرُٙ فٟ اٌزؼٍُ، ؽ١ش ِى
ٜٛ٘نا األٍٍٛة ِٓ ػوع اٌّؾزّٟاٌزؼٍ١
.أوضو ِٓ ِوح، ِمبهٔخ ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌزمٍ١ل٠خ ( ،ٞاٌؼٕي2430
)
ٌٝ٘لفذ اٌلهاٍخ ئٌا
زؼوّ ف
ٍٝػ
اٌّّبهٍبد إٌّٙ١خ إلػلاك ٚرّٕ١خ ٌأػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ث غبِؼخ اإلِبَ دمحم
ٟثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ، ثبٍزقلاَ إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفِٚٓ فالي أٍٍٛة اٌَّؼ اٌشبًِ ٚاٍزقلاَ االٍزجبٔخ . :هذف انذراست رٛطً اٌجؾش ئٌٝ ٔزبئظ
ِٕٙب: ئْ كهعخ ِٛافمخ أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ػٍٝ ثؼل اٌّّبهٍبد اٌَبئلح ثبٌغبِؼخ اإلػلاك ٚرّٕ١خ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌء
ٚثؼل
اٌّّبهٍبد اٌَبئلح اٌالؽمخ
ٌزّٕ١خ
أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ وبٔذ ػبٌ١خ، ٚكهعخ ِٛافمخ ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ػٍٝ ثؼل اٌّّبهٍبد اٌَبئلح
ٌإلػلاك ٚاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلهعزٟ اٌّبعَز١و ٚاٌلوزٛهاٖ وبٔذ ػبٌ١خ علا ، ٚٚعلد فوٚق ماد كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ ث١ٓ اٍزغبثخ ػ١ٕخ
ٌّّاٌلهاٍخ ٔؾٛ ا ٌبهٍبد إٌّٙ١خ إلػلاك ٚرّٕ١خ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ث ٌٕغبِؼخ اإلِبَ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ ؽَت ِزغ١و اٌغ
.ٌظبٌؼ اٌنوٛه ( ،ؽَٛٔخ2434
)
٘لفذ اٌىشف ػٓ أصو اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ثبٍزقلاَ ئِىبٔبد اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ فٟ رّٕ١خ ِٙبهارٙب ٚلبثٍ١خ
ُاٍزقلاِٙب، ؽ١ش رُ اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ِٓ فالي ِلٚٔخ لبئّخ ػٍٝ ئِىبٔبد اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ ثٕ١ذ ٚفك فطٛاد رظّ١
اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ٟٚ٘: اٌزؾٍ١ً، ٚاٌزظّ١ُ، ٚاإلٔزبطُ، ٚاٌزمٛ٠. ( ٍٝرّذ اٌزغوثخ ػ20
ٍ) ؽبٌجب ٚؽبٌجخ ِض
ٛا
ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ
ث ،مَُ اٌزىٌٕٛٛع١ب ٚاٌؼٍَٛ اٌزطج١م١خٚ
.ٖؽجمذ اكٚاد اٌجؾش لجً اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ٚثؼل أظٙو
د
إٌزبئظ: ئْ ؽغُ رأص١و
اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌمبئُ ػٍٝ ئِىبٔبد اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ ٟف
ئوَبة ِٙبهاد اٍزقلا( ِٞٚٙب ٠َب4.04
) ٚ٘ٛ أػٍٝ ِٓ اٌم١ّخ
( اٌّؾى١خ4.30
ٓ) فٟ ئوَبة اٍزقلاَ ئِىبٔبد اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ ٌلٜ اٌطٍجخ اٌّزلهث١. ُٚؽغُ رأص١و اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌمبئ
( ٞٚػٍٝ ئِىبٔبد اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ ٌي٠بكح اٌمبثٍ١خ ٔؾٛ اٍزقلاِٙب ٠َب4.00
( ) ٚ٘ٛ أػٍٝ ِٓ اٌم١ّخ اٌّؾى١خ4.30
)، فٟ رّٕ١خ
.ٓاٌمبثٍ١خ ٔؾٛ اٍزقلاِٙب ٌلٜ ؽٍجخ اٌّزلهث١ أ:ٚطذ اٌلهاٍخ
ٟػوٚهح اٌزله٠ت االٌىزوٟٚٔ ػٍٝ اٌقلِبد ٚاالِىبٔبد اٌز
رملِٙب اٌؾٍٛجخ
اٌَؾبث١خ. ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ:
ُ٘
ٟأػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ اإلِبَ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ، ٌٍؼبَ اٌغبِؼٕٓٔ٢-
ٕٓٔ٢ َُ٘ اٌجبٌغ ػلك
(
٘ٗ٢.)، ِٓ اٌن٠ٓ رٍمٛا كٚهاد رله٠ج١خ فٟ ػّبكح رطٛ٠و اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغبِؼٟ ثبٌغبِؼخ ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ:
ثؼل رٛى٠غ االٍزجبٔخ ئٌىزوٚٔ١ب ػٍٝ ػ١ٕخ( لٛاِٙب00
)ػجو اٌجو٠ل االٌىز ِٓ وٟٚٔ، رُ رٍمٟ االٍزغبثخ(
43
)
َِزغ١ج
ب
.ٚلل رُ افز١به (
04
)َِزغ١ج
ب
ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌؼشٛائ١خ، رٕٛػذ ف١ُٙ اٌقجواد اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٚاٌورت االوبك٠ّ١خ ث١ٓ أٍزبم ٚاٍزبم
.ٌِٟشبهن ٚاٍزبم َِبػل، ٚاالٌّبَ ثّٙبهاد اٌؾبٍت ا٢
أ اة ان ا ت اػزّل اٌجبؽش االٍزجبٔخ أكاح ٌغّغ اٌج١بٔبد، فمل عوٜ رظّ١ّٙب ٚفك ِم١بً ٌ١ى١ود اٌقّبٍٟ، ٚمٌه ثبالٍزفبكح ِٓ األكة
إٌظوٞ، ٚرؼل٠ً اٌفمواد ٚئػبكح رجٛ٠جٙب ثّب ٠ٕبٍت ؽج١ؼخ ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ ٚأ٘لافٙب. رىٛٔذ االٍزجبٔخ ِٓ؛ اٌج١بٔبد اٌشقظ١خ
ىائلا ِؾٛه
كٚه اٌزله٠ت فٟ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ
، رجٕذ اٌشىً اٌّغٍك (
Closed Questionnaire
)
اٌنٞ ٠ؾلك االٍزغبثبد
:اٌّؾزٍّخ ٌىً ٍإاي. ٚف١ّب ٠أرٟ رفبط١ً مٌه http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :هذف انذراست ٚفٟ ػٛء آهاء اٌّؾىّ١ٓ لبَ اٌجبؽش ثاػلاك أكاح اٌلهاٍخ
ثظٛهرٙب ا.ٌٕٙبئ١خ :صذق األداة
ٌٍزؼوف ػٍٝ ِلٜ طلق أكاح اٌلهاٍخ فٟ ل١بً ِب ٚػؼذ ٌم١بٍٗ ٚرُ ػوػٙب ػٍٝ ػلك من
ِٓ ٓاٌّؾىّ١
( ٓأػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد ٚثٍغ ػلك اٌّؾىّ١ٖٔ
)ِؾىّب. ٚفٟ ػٛء آهاء اٌّؾىّ١ٓ لبَ اٌجبؽش ثاػلاك أكاح اٌلهاٍخ
ثظٛهرٙب ا.ٌٕٙبئ١خ :ثببث أداة انذراست( ثؼل اٌزؾمك ِٓ اٌظلق اٌظب٘وٞ لبَ اٌجبؽش ثزطج١ك ػ١ٕخ اٍزطالػ١خ لٛاِٙب24
ِٓ ً) رله٠َ١ب ٌؾَبة و
ٌاٌضجبد ٚاٌزأول ِٓ طالؽ١خ األكاح ٌٍزطج١ك اٌّ١لأٟ. ٚاٌزؾمك ِٓ اٌضجبد ٌّفوكاد ِؾٛه اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ثبٍزقلاَ ِؼبًِ أٌف( ب کوٚٔجبؿ، ارؼؼ أْ صجبد اٌّؾٛه ِورفغ ؽ١ش ثٍغ013
. )
ِّب ٠لي ػٍٝ صجبد اٌّؾٛه ٚطالؽ١زٗ ٌٍزطج١ك
.ٟٔاٌّ١لا http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :هذف انذراست IV, Issue 12, December 2018 َُاٌم
،اٌضبٟٔ: رؼّٓ اٌج١بٔبد اٌّزّضٍخ فٟ (اإلٌّبَ ثبٌؾبٍت ا٢ٌٟ، اٌّشبهوخ فٟ اٌزله٠ت ػٍٝ عٙبى اٌؾبٍت
.اٌّشبهوخ فٟ اٌزله٠ت ػجو اإلٔزؤذ، ػلك اٌلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ اإلٌىزوٚٔ١خ اٌزٟ ؽظً ػٍ١ٙب
صبٔ١ب : ِؾٛه
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ: ٠غ١ت ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٓ اٌَإاي
( ِٓ اٌوئ١ٌ ٌٍلهاٍخ. ٠زىْٛ اٌّؾٛه04
:ٟ٘ َ) ػجبهح ِٛىػخ ػٍٝ أهثؼخ ألَب
(
3
)
( ِٓ ْٛاٌمَُ األٚي: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ٌٍزله٠َ١١ٓ، ٠زى34
.) ػجبهاد
(
2
)
َُاٌم
( ِٓ ،ٓاٌضبٟٔ: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله٠َ١١34
.) ػجبهاد
(
1
)
( ِٓ ْٛاٌمَُ اٌضبٌش: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ األوبك٠ّٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ٠زى34
)
.ػجبهاد
اٌ ا
اٌ
اٌ ى ٌ
اٌ
ط
ا إٌى
اٌ
ى
ٌٍ
ب ا َُاٌم
،اٌضبٟٔ: رؼّٓ اٌج١بٔبد اٌّزّضٍخ فٟ (اإلٌّبَ ثبٌؾبٍت ا٢ٌٟ، اٌّشبهوخ فٟ اٌزله٠ت ػٍٝ عٙبى اٌؾبٍت
.اٌّشبهوخ فٟ اٌزله٠ت ػجو اإلٔزؤذ، ػلك اٌلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ اإلٌىزوٚٔ١خ اٌزٟ ؽظً ػٍ١ٙب
صبٔ١ب : ِؾٛه
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ: ٠غ١ت ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٓ اٌَإاي
( ِٓ اٌوئ١ٌ ٌٍلهاٍخ. ٠زىْٛ اٌّؾٛه04
:ٟ٘ َ) ػجبهح ِٛىػخ ػٍٝ أهثؼخ ألَب
(
3
)
( ِٓ ْٛاٌمَُ األٚي: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ٌٍزله٠َ١١ٓ، ٠زى34
.) ػجبهاد
(
2
)
َُاٌم
( ِٓ ،ٓاٌضبٟٔ: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله٠َ١١34
.) ػجبهاد
(
1
)
( ِٓ ْٛاٌمَُ اٌضبٌش: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ األوبك٠ّٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ٠زى34
)
.ػجبهاد ( ِٓ اٌوئ١ٌ ٌٍلهاٍخ. ٠زىْٛ اٌّؾٛه04
:ٟ٘ َ) ػجبهح ِٛىػخ ػٍٝ أهثؼخ ألَب
(
3
)
( ِٓ ْٛاٌمَُ األٚي: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ٌٍزله٠َ١١ٓ، ٠زى34
.) ػجبهاد
(
2
)
َُاٌم
( ِٓ ،ٓاٌضبٟٔ: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله٠َ١١34
.) ػجبهاد
(
1
)
( ِٓ ْٛاٌمَُ اٌضبٌش: كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ األوبك٠ّٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ٠زى34
)
.ػجبهاد (
0
)
:اٌمَُ اٌواثغ كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ اٌزىٌٕٛٛع( ِٓ ْٟٛ ٌٍزله٠َ١١ٓ ٠زى34
.) ػجبهاد
:صذق األداة
ٌٍزؼوف ػٍٝ ِلٜ طلق أكاح اٌلهاٍخ فٟ ل١بً ِب ٚػؼذ ٌم١بٍٗ ٚرُ ػوػٙب ػٍٝ ػلك من
ِٓ ٓاٌّؾىّ١
( ٓأػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد ٚثٍغ ػلك اٌّؾىّ١ٖٔ
)ِؾىّب. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
892 انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : 1 – 0
:كٚهاد24
%
د . 4
:كٚهاد فأوضو0
%
انسؤال ان
ئيس ز
: مب د
ور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز انتنميت انمهنيت ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس
؟
ٓ٠ّى
ٍٝاإلعبثخ ػٓ اٌَإاي اٌوئ١ٌ ِٓ فالي ػوع إٌزبئظ اٌزٟ رّقؼذ ػٓ ئعبثبد األٍئٍخ اٌفوػ١خ، ٚؽظٌٕٛب ػ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورج
خ الٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ:ٟ، وّب ٠أر
( علٚي0.3
)كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و
ٌاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
0
4.000
1.10
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ٌٍزلهٓ٠َ١١
3
2
3.30
1.40
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
2
1
3.343
1.400
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ األّوبك٠
ٟ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
1
3
3.200
0.304
ٌّٕٛكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
0
101.1
10.1
انمعذل نجميع
انمحبور
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.3
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾ
ب
ٚه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.03
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
( ِٖٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.340). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالدٌٚه ب ّؾ ا
األهثغ
ؽٛي
ٟٔٚكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٌفٟ رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ِٓبث١(
0.304
ٚ
1.10
)
ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ
( ٓث١3.200
ٚ
4.000
)
. فمل" :عبء ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ ِؾٛه ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
" ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث :نتبئج انذراست
أٚال:
:إٌزبئظ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثٛطف فظبئض أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ
أ . :اٌلهعخ اٌؼٍّ١خ30
، أٍزبم%
14
ٚ ، أٍزبم ِشبهن%
02
. أٍزبم َِبػل%
ة . ِزغ١و
:ٌٕاٌغ02
، موٛه%
30
. ئٔبس%
د . ػلك ٍٕٛاد اٌقجوح: ألً ِٓ فٌّ ٍٕٛاد24
.%
0
-
34
:ٍٕٛاد24
ِٓ . أوضو%
34
:ٍٕٛاد00
.%
:ٌٟصبٔ١ب : اإلٌّبَ ثبٌؾبٍت ا٢
أ . ٍُِ غ١و0
%
ة . ٍُِ ٔٛػب ِب04
% أ . كٚهح–
:ْكٚهرب02
.%
ة . 1 – 0
:كٚهاد24
%
د . 4
:كٚهاد فأوضو0
% http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
893
ة . 1 – 0
:كٚهاد24
%
د . انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ،رُ رؾٍ١ً اٌج١بٔبد ِٓ فالي صالصخ أٔٛاع أٍبٍ١خ ِٓ اٌزؾٍ١ً اإلؽظبئٟ، ٟٚ٘ اإلؽظبء اٌٛطفٟ اٌجَ١ؾ، رؾٍ١ً االهرجبؽ
ٓٚرؾٍ١ً اٌزجب٠.األؽبكٞ. رُ افز١به اٌزؾٍ١الد اٌضالصخ ثٕبءا ػٍٝ ِؼبٌغخ أ٘لاف اٌجؾش ٚاٍئٍزخ
ف١ّب ٠ٍٟ شوػ ٌىً ِٓ رٍه
:اٌزؾٍ١الد االؽظبئ١خ 0
. :االؽظبء اٌٛطفٟ اٌجَ١ؾ
ٌؾَبة
ِٓ رىواهاد اٌزوكك ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌٍٕزبئظ
أ:ًع
ٍٝاٌزؼوف ػ
اٌقظبئض اٌشقظ١خ ٚاٌٛظ١ف١خ ٌؼ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخٚ
.ػوع إٌزبئظ فٟ رىواهاد َٚٔت ِئٛ٠خ
ِؼوفخ ِلٜ اهرفبع أٚ أقفبع
.اٍزغبثبد ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ٌٍّؾبٚه اٌوئ١َخ ِٓ فالي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٚ٘ٛ ِم١بً ِٓ ِمب٠١ٌ إٌيػخ اٌّووي٠خ
ونٌه
ٌاالٔؾواف اٌّؼ١بهٞ ٚ٘ٛ ِم١بً ِٓ ِمب٠١.اٌزشزذ 0
. رؾٍ١ً اهرجبؽ ث١وٍْٛ: رُ اٍزقلاَ رؾٍ١ً االهرجبؽ ٌلهاٍخ اٌؼاللبد ماد اٌلالٌخ اإلؽظبئ١خ ث١ٓ اٌّزغ١واد اٌوئ١َخ
ٌٍلهاٍخ ػٕل َِزٜٛ كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ(
4.440
)
ً، ٚكهاٍخ ئرغبٖ ٚلٛح وً ػاللخ. رُ ؽَبة اٌٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌى
ِٓ فموح
فمواد ٌا
ّؾٛه. 0
. رؾٍ١ً اهرجبؽ ث١وٍْٛ: رُ اٍزقلاَ رؾٍ١ً االهرجبؽ ٌلهاٍخ اٌؼاللبد ماد اٌلالٌخ اإلؽظبئ١خ ث١ٓ اٌّزغ١واد اٌوئ١َخ
ٌٍلهاٍخ ػٕل َِزٜٛ كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ(
4.440
)
ً، ٚكهاٍخ ئرغبٖ ٚلٛح وً ػاللخ. رُ ؽَبة اٌٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌى
ِٓ فموح
فمواد ٌا
ّؾٛه. 3
. ٟرؾٍ١ً اٌزجب٠ٓ األؽبكٞ: رُ اٍزقلاَ رؾٍ١ً اٌزجب٠ٓ األؽبكٞ ٌلهاٍخ ِب ئما وبْ ٕ٘بن اٞ فوٚق ماد كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ ف
اٌّؾبٚه اٌوئئَخ ٌٍلهاٍخ ثٕبءا ػٍٝ اٌج١بٔبد اٌشقظ١خ ٌالكاه٠١ٓ ػٕل َِزٜٛ كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ(
4.440
). 3
. ٟرؾٍ١ً اٌزجب٠ٓ األؽبكٞ: رُ اٍزقلاَ رؾٍ١ً اٌزجب٠ٓ األؽبكٞ ٌلهاٍخ ِب ئما وبْ ٕ٘بن اٞ فوٚق ماد كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ ف
اٌّؾبٚه اٌوئئَخ ٌٍلهاٍخ ثٕبءا ػٍٝ اٌج١بٔبد اٌشقظ١خ ٌالكاه٠١ٓ ػٕل َِزٜٛ كالٌخ ئؽظبئ١خ(
4.440
). اٌغلٚي (
1.3) اٌّؼ١به اٌّؼزّل فٟ رفَ١و ٔزبئظ
مذيبث
انمتىسط انحسببي انذرجت
0.24
–
0.4
وج١وح علا
1.0
–
0.30
وج١وح
2.4
–
1.10
ِزٍٛطخ
3.0
-
2.00
لٍ١ٍخ اٌغلٚي (
1.3) اٌّؼ١به اٌّؼزّل فٟ رفَ١و ٔزبئظ
مذيبث
انمتىسط انحسببي انذرجت
0.24
–
0.4
وج١وح علا
1.0
–
0.30
وج١وح
2.4
–
1.10
ِزٍٛطخ
3.0
-
2.00
لٍ١ٍخ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
893
:نتبئج انذراست
أٚال:
:إٌزبئظ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثٛطف فظبئض أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ
أ . :اٌلهعخ اٌؼٍّ١خ30
، أٍزبم%
14
ٚ ، أٍزبم ِشبهن%
02
. أٍزبم َِبػل%
ة . ِزغ١و
:ٌٕاٌغ02
، موٛه%
30
. ئٔبس%
د . ػلك ٍٕٛاد اٌقجوح: ألً ِٓ فٌّ ٍٕٛاد24
.%
0
-
34
:ٍٕٛاد24
ِٓ . أوضو%
34
:ٍٕٛاد00
.%
:ٌٟصبٔ١ب : اإلٌّبَ ثبٌؾبٍت ا٢
أ . ٍُِ غ١و0
%
ة . ٍُِ ٔٛػب ِب04
%
د . ع١ل04
%
:صبٌضب : اٌلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ
أ . كٚهح–
:ْكٚهرب02
.%
ة . انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : 4
:كٚهاد فأوضو0
%
انسؤال ان
ئيس ز
: مب د
ور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز انتنميت انمهنيت ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس
؟
ٓ٠ّى
ٍٝاإلعبثخ ػٓ اٌَإاي اٌوئ١ٌ ِٓ فالي ػوع إٌزبئظ اٌزٟ رّقؼذ ػٓ ئعبثبد األٍئٍخ اٌفوػ١خ، ٚؽظٌٕٛب ػ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورج
خ الٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ:ٟ، وّب ٠أر
( علٚي0.3
)كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و
ٌاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
0
4.000
1.10
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ٌٍزلهٓ٠َ١١
3
2
3.30
1.40
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
2
1
3.343
1.400
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ األّوبك٠
ٟ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
1
3
3.200
0.304
ٌّٕٛكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
0
101.1
10.1
انمعذل نجميع
انمحبور
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.3
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾ
ب
ٚه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.03
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
( ِٖٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.340). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالدٌٚه ب ّؾ ا
األهثغ
ؽٛي
ٟٔٚكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٌفٟ رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ِٓبث١(
0.304
ٚ
1.10
)
ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ
( ٓث١3.200
ٚ
4.000
)
. فمل" :عبء ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ ِؾٛه ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
" ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث . 4
:و
ٚه0
%
انسؤال ان
ئيس ز
: مب د
ور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز انتنميت انمهنيت ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس
؟
ٓ٠ّى
ٍٝاإلعبثخ ػٓ اٌَإاي اٌوئ١ٌ ِٓ فالي ػوع إٌزبئظ اٌزٟ رّقؼذ ػٓ ئعبثبد األٍئٍخ اٌفوػ١خ، ٚؽظٌٕٛب ػ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورج
خ الٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ:ٟ، وّب ٠أر
( علٚي0.3
)كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و
ٌاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
0
4.000
1.10
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد ٌٍزلهٓ٠َ١١
3
2
3.30
1.40
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
2
1
3.343
1.400
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ األّوبك٠
ٟ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
1
3
3.200
0.304
ٌّٕٛكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
0
101.1
10.1
انمعذل نجميع
انمحبور http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
893
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.3
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾ
ب
ٚه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.03
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
( ِٖٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.340). انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالدٌٚه ب ّؾ ا
األهثغ
ؽٛي
ٟٔٚكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٌفٟ رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
ِٓبث١(
0.304
ٚ
1.10
)
ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ
( ٓث١3.200
ٚ
4.000
)
. فمل" :عبء ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ ِؾٛه ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
" ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 ASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2 (
0.304
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.200
ٚ .)
عبء ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خِٛؾ" :هٛرط
٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ" ث ّزٍٛؾ
( ٟؽَبث1.40
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.30
)
ٟ. ٚف اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ
ِؾٛه" :
ٌٕرطٛ٠و اّّٛ األوبك٠
ٟ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
"ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
(
1.400
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.343
.)
ٚ٘نا ٠ؼٕٟ أّْ رأص١و اٌزله٠ت فٟ ٘نٖ اٌّؾبٚه صالس وبْ ثلهعخ وج١وح. أِب
كٚه اٌزله٠ت
اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
( ٟفمل وبْ ثلهعخ ِزٍٛؾ ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبث1.10
) ٚاالٔؾواف
( ٞاٌّؼ١به4.000
). ٚف١ّب ٠أرٟ ػوعٌٕز
بئظ اإلعبثخ ػٓ األٍئٍخ اٌفوػ١خ ٚرفبط١ً اٌّؾبٚه. انسؤال انفزعي
:األول مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز انذاث نهتذريسيين
؟
رُ ؽَبة اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورت،
االٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ػٍٝ ػجبهاد
ٌ٘نا اّٛؾ،ه
ؽ١ش:ٌٟعبءد إٌزبئظ وّب ٠ٛػؾٙب اٌغلٚي اٌزب
( علٚي0.2
)
كٚه اٌزله٠ت
اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و اٌناد
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
2
4.02
0.14
.ُٙ٠غٕت اٌّزلهث١ٓ اإلؽواط ٚاٌقغً ػٕل اٌزؼج١و ػٓ آهائ
3
0
4.00
0.40
٠ٛفو اٌشؼٛه ثبالهر١بػ أصٕبءٌا
ّشبهوزُٙ فٟ إٌّزل٠بد
2
0
3.20
2.00
.٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٌؼًّ ثوٚػ اٌفو٠ك
1
3
4.10
0.42
.٠شغغ ػٍٝ اٌزغو٠ت ٚاالوزشبف ٚرطج١ك اٌّٙبهاد اٌؼٍّ١خ
0
1
4.30
0.34
٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٌزؼٍُ اٌ
ٟنار
0
0
4.02
1.04
ً٠َبػل ػٍٝ اٌزم١١ُ اٌنارٟ ٚل١بٌاَزمل فٟ رؾم١ك األ
٘لاف
4
0
3.04
2.0
٠ىَتٗاٌّزلهث١ٓ اٌّؼوفخ الٍزشواف اٌزغ١و ٚاالٍزؼلاك ٌّؼط١بر
0
4
4.02
1.12
.ٓ٠ي٠ل ِٓ اٌلافؼ١خ اٌنار١خ اٌّزلهث١
0
34
3.02
2.00
ّٟ٠ّىٓ ِٓ اٌؼجؾ األفاللٟ ٚاٌم١ّٟ ٌّؼط١بد اٌؼظو اٌول
0
0
3.00
2.00
٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ اٌّشبهوخ اإل٠غبث١خ فٟ األٔشطخ اٌج١ئ١خ
34
4.000
1.10
انمعذل ٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.2
) ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.10
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و
ٍٚؾ ، ِٚؼلي
( ٖأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله4.000
). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه اٌزله٠ت
اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و
اٌناد
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
( ِٓبث١0.420
ٚ
2.00
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.04
ٚ
4.30
)
. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : عبءد
" :ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠شغغ ػٍٝ اٌزغو٠ت ٚاالوزشبف ٚرطج١ك اٌّٙبهاد اٌؼٍّ١خ
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.42
ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به
(
4.10
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ٓ٠غٕت اٌّزلهث١ُٙاإلؽواط ٚاٌقغً ػٕل اٌزؼج١و ػٓ آهائ
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.14
)
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.02
)
ٟ. ٚف" :اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ فموح
٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٌزؼٍُ اٌ
ٟنار "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.34
)
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.30
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموحّٟ٠ّىٓ ِٓ اٌؼجؾ األفاللٟ ٚاٌم١ّٟ ٌّؼط١بد اٌؼظو اٌول " ثبٌّورجخ
األف١وح ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.00
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.02
). ٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٍٝ رأص١و
ٍِٝزٍٛؾ؛ ٌىٛٔٗ ٠زؼٍك ثزطٛ٠و اٌناد، ٚأّْ اٌغبٌج١خ اٌجَ١طخ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ري٠ل فلِزُٙ ػ34
ٍٕٛاد، ٚأْ َٔجخ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 OS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 201 ػٍٝ ػجبهاد
ٌ٘نا اّٛؾ،ه
ؽ١ش
عبءد إٌزبئظ وّب ٠ٛػؾٙب اٌغلٚي ا٢:ٟر
( علٚي0.1
)كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و إٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ ٌٍزله
٠َ١١ٓ
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
4
4.42
1.4
ٟ٠ي٠ل ِٓ للهح اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ اٌزفى١و اإلثلاػ
3
0
4.30
1.40
ً٠ي٠ل ِٓ لبثٍ١خ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ افز١به األٍبٌ١ت اٌزوثٛ٠خ األِض
2
0
3.02
2.02
ٍٟ٠ٛفو ٌٍّزلهث١ٓ أؽلس إٌّبمط اٌؼبٌّ١خ فٟ ثٕبء إٌّٙظ اٌّله
1
0
4.04
1.02
ُ٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ ِٙبهاد اٌزقط١ؾ ٚاٌزم١١
ٚارقبم اٌمواه
0
0
3.00
2.40
ً٠ٛفو أٍبٌ١ت ٌٍزفبػً اٌّزيآِ ٚغ١و اٌّزيآِ وأكٚاد ٌٍزفبػ
0
1
4.00
1.03
.ًّ٠ي٠ل ِٓ للهح اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ ئرمبْ ٚرطٛ٠و اٌؼ
4
2
3.32
1.00
ِٓ ٓ٠ّى
رٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
0
0
3.00
1.24
ِٓ ٠ي٠لٌا ٛػٟ ثّشىالد اٌزؼٍ١ُ إٌّٙ١خ اٌّؼبطوح
0
3
3.02
0.02
ِٓ ٓ٠ّى
رٛظ١ف
.ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
0
34
3.00
2.00
ٌا ملهح
ػ ِٓ ٍٝ رؾل٠ل اؽز١بعبد اٌّغزّغٌا
زمٕ١بد
34
3.30
1.40
انمعذل http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
895
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.1
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.40
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و
وج١و ، ِٚؼلي
( ٖأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.30). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه
ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ
اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.02
ٚ
2.00
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّى ِٓ ٓرٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.02
)
ٞأ ثزأص١و
وج١و علا
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.02
ٚ .)
عبءد
" :ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ِٓ ٓ٠ّى
رٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.00
) ٚأؾواف
( ِٞؼ١به3.32
ٟ). انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ٚف اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ" :فموح
٠ي٠ل ِٓ للهح اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ ئرمبْ ٚرطٛ٠و اٌؼًّ
"ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.03
)
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٌا ملهح
ػ ِٓ ٍٝ رؾل٠ل اؽز١بعبد اٌّغزّغٌا
زمٕ١بد
" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح
ٞأ
ًثزأص١و لٍ١
ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.40
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
.)
ٍٝٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػ
رأص١و
وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
ٌوبٔذ أوضو فبئلح فٟ اٌغبٔت إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ أوضو ِٓ ا
غ بٔت اٌنارٟ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو
.ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِلٜ فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
انسؤال انفزعي انثبنث: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى
األكبديمي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
895
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.1
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.40
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و
وج١و ، ِٚؼلي
( ٖأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.30). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه
ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ
اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.02
ٚ
2.00
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّى ِٓ ٓرٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.02
)
ٞأ ثزأص١و
وج١و علا
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.02
ٚ .)
عبءد
" :ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ِٓ ٓ٠ّى
رٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.00
) ٚأؾواف
( ِٞؼ١به3.32
ٟ). ٚف اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ" :فموح
٠ي٠ل ِٓ للهح اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ ئرمبْ ٚرطٛ٠و اٌؼًّ
"ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.03
)
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٌا ملهح
ػ ِٓ ٍٝ رؾل٠ل اؽز١بعبد اٌّغزّغٌا
زمٕ١بد
" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح
ٞأ
ًثزأص١و لٍ١
ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.40
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
.)
ٍٝٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػ
رأص١و
وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
ٌوبٔذ أوضو فبئلح فٟ اٌغبٔت إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ أوضو ِٓ ا
غ بٔت اٌنارٟ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو
.ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِلٜ فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
انسؤال انفزعي انثبنث: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى
األكبديمي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟ http://ijasos ocerintjournals org
895
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.1
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.40
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و
وج١و ، ِٚؼلي
( ٖأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.30). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه
ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ
اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.02
ٚ
2.00
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّى ِٓ ٓرٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.02
)
ٞأ ثزأص١و
وج١و علا
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.02
ٚ .)
عبءد
" :ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ِٓ ٓ٠ّى
رٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.00
) ٚأؾواف
( ِٞؼ١به3.32
ٟ). ٚف اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ" :فموح
٠ي٠ل ِٓ للهح اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ ئرمبْ ٚرطٛ٠و اٌؼًّ
"ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.03
)
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٌا ملهح
ػ ِٓ ٍٝ رؾل٠ل اؽز١بعبد اٌّغزّغٌا
زمٕ١بد
" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح
ٞأ
ًثزأص١و لٍ١
ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.40
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
.)
ٍٝٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػ
رأص١و
وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
ٌوبٔذ أوضو فبئلح فٟ اٌغبٔت إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ أوضو ِٓ ا
غ بٔت اٌنارٟ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو
.ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِلٜ فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
انسؤال انفزعي انثبنث: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى
األكبديمي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
895
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.1
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.40
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و
وج١و ، ِٚؼلي
( ٖأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.30). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه
ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ
اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.02
ٚ
2.00
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّى ِٓ ٓرٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.02
)
ٞأ ثزأص١و
وج١و علا
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.02
ٚ .)
عبءد
" :ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ِٓ ٓ٠ّى
رٛظ١ف
ٍّٟزوار١غ١بد رله٠ٌ رٕبٍت اٌؼظو اٌول
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.00
) ٚأؾواف
( ِٞؼ١به3.32
ٟ). ٚف اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ" :فموح
٠ي٠ل ِٓ للهح اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ ئرمبْ ٚرطٛ٠و اٌؼًّ
"ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث1.03
)
( ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٌا ملهح
ػ ِٓ ٍٝ رؾل٠ل اؽز١بعبد اٌّغزّغٌا
زمٕ١بد
" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح
ٞأ
ًثزأص١و لٍ١
ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.40
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
.)
ٍٝٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػ
رأص١و
وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
ٌوبٔذ أوضو فبئلح فٟ اٌغبٔت إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوثٛٞ أوضو ِٓ ا
غ بٔت اٌنارٟ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو
.ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِلٜ فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
انسؤال انفزعي انثبنث: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى
األكبديمي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟ 895 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : IV, Issue 12, December 2018 f
رُ ؽَبة اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورت،
االٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ػٍٝ ػجبهاد
ٌ٘نا اّٛؾ،ه
ؽ١ش
عبءد إٌزبئظ وّب ٠ٛػؾٙب اٌغلٚي ا٢:ٟر
( علٚي0.0
)
كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ فٟ رطٛ٠و
إٌّٛ األوبك٠ّٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
0
3.04
1.01
٠.َُٙ فٟ ى٠بكح ِؼوفخ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ثّظبكه اٌّؼوفخ اٌّٛصٛلخ
3
0
3.10
1.14
.٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٌزفى١و اٌؼٍّٟ فٟ ؽً اٌّشىالد
2
4
4.00
1.00
.٠شغغ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ػٍٝ ئعواء اٌلهاٍبد فٟ ِغبي اٌزقظض
1
3
4.40
0.42
٠ّٕٟ ا
ٌّؼوفخ
.ثبٌّإرّواد اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌؼبٌّ١خ فٟ ِغبي اٌزقظض
0
2
4.04
0.10
ً٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٍزقلاَ اٌمٛائُ اٌجو٠ل٠خ فٟ اٌزٛاط
0
1
3.00
0.24
٠ي٠ل ِٓ اٌّؼوفخ اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ.ٚاٌزىٌٕٛٛع١خ
4
34
3.00
2.02
٠ي٠ل ِٓ ٚػٟ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ثبٌضمبفبد اٌٛافلح ٚو١ف١خ اٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب
0
0
3.42
1.10
.٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ٚػ١ب ثزٕٛع اٌضمبفبد ٚاؽزواَ اٌزٕٛع
0
0
3.30
1.04
.٠َبػل فٟ اوزَبة اٌٍغبد األعٕج١خ
0
0
4.00
2.00
٠ي٠ل ِٓ اِزالن صمبفخ اٌج١ئ١خ
ٚرٛظ١فٙب فٟ فلِخ اٌّغزّغ
34
3.343
1.400
انمعذل ٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.0
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.400
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
( ِٖٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.343). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه
ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزو ٟف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اّاألوبك٠
ٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.42
ٚ
2.02
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.40
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّٕٟ ا
ٌّؼوفخ ثبٌّإرّواد اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌؼبٌّ١خ فٟ ِغبي اٌزقظض
" ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
(
0.42
( ٞ) أٞ ثزأص١و وج١و علا ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.40
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ُ٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٍزقلاَ اٌمٛائ
ًاٌجو٠ل٠خ فٟ اٌزٛاط
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.10
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.04
ٟ). ٚفٌاٌّورجخ اٌضب" :ضخ فموح ٠ي٠ل ِٓ اٌّؼوفخ
اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚاٌزىٌٕٛٛع١خ "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.24
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٟ٠ي٠ل ِٓ ٚػ
اٌّزلهث١ٓ ثبٌضمبفبد اٌٛافلح ٚو١ف١خ اٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب ً" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح أٞ ثزأص١و لٍ١ ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.02
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
). ٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
وبٔذ أوضو
ٟفبئلح ف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اّاألوبك٠ٟ، ؽ١ش ؽظٍذ صالس فمواد
:ٟ٘
0
،
0
،
4
ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و علا ٜ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِل
فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠. انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : انسؤال انفزعي انزابع: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى انتكنىنىجي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟
رُ ؽَبة اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورت،
االٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ػٍٝ ػجبهاد
ٌ٘نا اّٛؾ،ه
ؽ١ش عبءد إٌزبئظ
وّب ٠ٛػؾٙب اٌغلٚي ا٢:ٟر ٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.0
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.400
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
( ِٖٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.343). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه
ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزو ٟف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اّاألوبك٠
ٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.42
ٚ
2.02
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.40
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّٕٟ ا
ٌّؼوفخ ثبٌّإرّواد اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌؼبٌّ١خ فٟ ِغبي اٌزقظض
" ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
(
0.42
( ٞ) أٞ ثزأص١و وج١و علا ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.40
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ُ٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٍزقلاَ اٌمٛائ
ًاٌجو٠ل٠خ فٟ اٌزٛاط
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.10
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.04
ٟ). ٚفٌاٌّورجخ اٌضب" :ضخ فموح ٠ي٠ل ِٓ اٌّؼوفخ
اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚاٌزىٌٕٛٛع١خ "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.24
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٟ٠ي٠ل ِٓ ٚػ
اٌّزلهث١ٓ ثبٌضمبفبد اٌٛافلح ٚو١ف١خ اٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب ً" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح أٞ ثزأص١و لٍ١ ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.02
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
). ٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
وبٔذ أوضو
ٟفبئلح ف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اّاألوبك٠ٟ، ؽ١ش ؽظٍذ صالس فمواد
:ٟ٘
0
،
0
،
4
ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و علا ٜ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِل
فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠. انسؤال انفزعي انزابع: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى انتكنىنىجي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟
رُ ؽَبة اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورت،
االٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ػٍٝ ػجبهاد
ٌ٘نا اّٛؾ،ه
ؽ١ش عبءد إٌزبئظ
وّب ٠ٛػؾٙب اٌغلٚي ا٢:ٟر ٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.0
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
1.400
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
( ِٖٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ لله3.343). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه
ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزو ٟف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اّاألوبك٠
ٟ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.42
ٚ
2.02
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.00
ٚ
4.40
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ّٕٟ ا
ٌّؼوفخ ثبٌّإرّواد اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌؼبٌّ١خ فٟ ِغبي اٌزقظض
" ث ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
(
0.42
( ٞ) أٞ ثزأص١و وج١و علا ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.40
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح ُ٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٙبهح اٍزقلاَ اٌمٛائ
ًاٌجو٠ل٠خ فٟ اٌزٛاط
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.10
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.04
ٟ). انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ٚفٌاٌّورجخ اٌضب" :ضخ فموح ٠ي٠ل ِٓ اٌّؼوفخ
اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚاٌزىٌٕٛٛع١خ "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.24
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.00
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٟ٠ي٠ل ِٓ ٚػ
اٌّزلهث١ٓ ثبٌضمبفبد اٌٛافلح ٚو١ف١خ اٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب ً" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح أٞ ثزأص١و لٍ١ ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله2.02
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.00
). ٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
وبٔذ أوضو
ٟفبئلح ف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اّاألوبك٠ٟ، ؽ١ش ؽظٍذ صالس فمواد
:ٟ٘
0
،
0
،
4
ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و علا ٜ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو ُِٙ ػٍٝ ِل
فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت
ٌألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠. انسؤال انفزعي انزابع: مب دور انتذريب اإلنكتزوني في تطىيز اننمى انتكنىنىجي ألعضبء هيئت انتذريس؟
رُ ؽَبة اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ٚاٌورت،
االٍزغبثبد أفواك ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ػٍٝ ػجبهاد
ٌ٘نا اّٛؾ،ه
ؽ١ش عبءد إٌزبئظ
وّب ٠ٛػؾٙب اٌغلٚي ا٢:ٟر 896 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. IV, Issue 12, December 2018 ( علٚي0.0
)
ٟكٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ف
ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟاٌزىٌٕٛٛع ٌٍزلهٓ٠َ١١
انزتبت
االنحزاف
انمعيبري
انمتىسط
انحسببي
انعببراث انتسهسم
1
3.20
0.44
اٌملهح ػٍٝ أزمبء اٌج١بٔبد ِٓ ث١ٓ اٌجلائً اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌّزبؽخ
3
0
3.10
1.44
.٠َبػل فٟ اٍزقلاَ األٍبٌ١ت اإلؽظبئ١خ ٌٍج١بٔبد
2
0
3.40
0.00
. ٠ز١ؼ ٌٍّزلهث١ٓ فوطخ اٌّشبهوخ اٌفؼٍ١خ ٚرجبكي اٌقجواد
1
4
3.00
0.32
٠َبػل. فٟ اٌزٛاطً ِغ لٛاػل اٌج١بٔبد ٚاٌّؼٍِٛبد اٌلٌٚ١خ
0
3
4.10
0.00
٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ اٌملهح ػٍٝ اٍزقلاَ اٌزمٕ١خ فٟ ث١ئخ
اٌظف
0
0
3.20
0.40
.٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ اٌم١بَ ثبٌزؼٍ١ُ ػٓ ثؼل ٚاٌزٛاطً ِغ اٌطٍجخ
4
2
4.30
0.04
. ٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ ػوع اٌّؾبػواد ػٍٝ شجىخ اإلٔزؤذ
0
0
3.04
0.34
٠ّٓى
ِٓ
اٍزقلاَ أٍبٌ١ت ؽل٠ضخ ٌٍم١بً ٚرمٛ٠ُ أكاء اٌطٍجخ
0
0
3.00
1.00
.ٖ٠ي٠ل ِٓ ئكهان أّ٘١خ اٌٛلذ ٚاٍزضّبه
0
34
3.02
1.12
.٠َبػل ػٍٝ رٛظ١ف اٌزمٕ١بد الثزىبه ؽٍٛي ٌٍّشىالد
34
3.200
0.304
انمعذل http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
897
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.0
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
0.304
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
ِٞٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١به( ٖلله3.200). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه
ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزو ٟف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.00
ٚ
1.12
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.04
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ اٌملهح ػ
ٍٝ اٍزقلاَ اٌزمٕ١خ فٟ ث١ئخ اٌظف
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.00
)
( ٞأٞ ثزأص١و وج١و علا ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.10
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح
ٍٝ٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ ػوع اٌّؾبػواد ػ
شجىخ اإلٔزؤذ
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.04
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.30
ٟ). ٚف" :اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ فموح
اٌملهح ػ ِٓ ٍٝ أزمبء اٌج١بٔبد
ث١ٓ اٌجلائً اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌّزبؽخ "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.44
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.20
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٍٝ٠َبػل ػ
رٛظ١ف اٌزمٕ١بد الثزىبه ؽٍٛي ٌٍّشىالد ً" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح أٞ ثزأص١و لٍ١ ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله1.12
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.02
). ٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
وبٔذ
األ ٟوضو فبئلح ف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٌإزمٟ
، ؽ١ش ؽظٍذ
أهثغ
:ٟ٘ فمواد0
،
0
،
3
،
1
ٍٝػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و علا ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو ُِٙ ػ
.ٌِلٜ فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
:انخبتمت
ٔبلشذ اٌلهاٍخ كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزؤٟ فٟ رطٛهٌا ْزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼخ، ٚلل كٌٍذ إٌزبئظ أ
ٌٍزله٠ت كٚه وج١و فٟ اٌزطٛ٠و؛ فمل عبء رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ اٌزمٕ١خ، ٚرطٛ٠و ٞٛإٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوث ، ٚرطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ األوبك٠ّ١خ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
897
٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.0
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
0.304
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
ِٞٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١به( ٖلله3.200). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه
ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزو ٟف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.00
ٚ
1.12
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.04
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ اٌملهح ػ
ٍٝ اٍزقلاَ اٌزمٕ١خ فٟ ث١ئخ اٌظف
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.00
)
( ٞأٞ ثزأص١و وج١و علا ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.10
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح
ٍٝ٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ ػوع اٌّؾبػواد ػ
شجىخ اإلٔزؤذ
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.04
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.30
ٟ). ٚف" :اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ فموح
اٌملهح ػ ِٓ ٍٝ أزمبء اٌج١بٔبد
ث١ٓ اٌجلائً اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌّزبؽخ "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.44
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.20
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٍٝ٠َبػل ػ
رٛظ١ف اٌزمٕ١بد الثزىبه ؽٍٛي ٌٍّشىالد ً" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح أٞ ثزأص١و لٍ١ ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله1.12
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.02
). انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ِإرّو اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ ٚلؼب٠ب اٌزّٕ١خ اٌؼوث١خ هؤب ٚاٍزوار١غ١بد ، فٟ اٌفزوح22
-
20
ًِبه2440
،
.اٌمب٘وح
( .ٍبٌُ, أؽّل2440
.)َ
ٕٛرى.ٌٟٔٚٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزو
. ْٚاٌو٠بع: ِىزجخ اٌوشل ٔبشو
( .ِٓ ،ًٌٛاٌَب2004
.)
.اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ اٌغبِؼٟ فٟ ِظو: كهاٍخ ِ١لأ١خ ِغٍخ اٌضمبفخ
ٚاٌزّٕ١خ، ِظو،
( اٌؼلك11
.)
119
-
132
.
( .ٍٍطبْ، ػبكي2440
.)رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزله٠ت .اٌىٛ٠ذ: ِىزجخ اٌفالػ.
( . اٌظ١وفٟ, دمحم2440
). ٚالغ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼـبء ٘١ئـخ اٌزـله٠ٌ اٌّظـو٠١ٓ اٌّؼبه٠ٓ ٌجؼغ كٚي اٌقٍ١ظ
.اٌؼوثٟ: كهاٍخ ِ١لأ١خِٟغٍخ كهاٍبد فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغـبِؼ( , ػلك14
ً), أثو٠2440, ص10
.
( .ػبشٛه، دمحم ئٍّبػ١ً ٔبفغ2440). فبػٍ١خ ثؤبِظ
Moodle
فٟ اوزَبة ِٙبهاد اٌزظّ١ُ صالصٟ األثؼبك ٌلٜ ؽٍجخ
.رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ثبٌغبِؼخ اإلٍالِ١خ. هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و، وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ، اٌغبِؼخ اإلٍالِ١خ ثغيح
( .ْاٌؼٕيٞ، ِشؼً ثٓ ٍٍ١ّب2430
ٓ). اٌّّبهٍبد إٌّٙ١خ إلػلاك ٚرّٕ١خ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ اإلِبَ دمحم ث
ٍؼٛك
اإلٍالِ١خ. ثؾش ِٕشٛه فٟ ِغٍخ عبِؼخ ؽ١جخ ٌٍؼٍَٛ اٌزوثٛ٠خ، اٌّغٍل0
، اٌؼلك2
( ،
240
-
204
.)
( .ػٛع، رٛف١ك ٚ ٔبعٟ، شٕٛكح ٔقٍخ2003
.)
َاٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌمبْٔٛ اٌؼب
. اٌمب٘وح: اٌّووي
ِٟٛاٌم
.ٌٍجؾٛس اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚاٌزّٕ١خ
( .ًاٌغو٠ت، ىا٘و ئٍّبػ١2440
.)
ٕرىٌُٛٛع١ب اٌّؼٍِٛبد ٚرؾل٠ش اٌزؼٍ١
. اٌمب٘وح: ػبٌُ اٌىزت.
( .لٕل٠ً، أؽّل2444
.)اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌزىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌؾل٠ضخ
. اٌمب٘وح: ػبٌُ اٌىزت.
( .ٞاٌّط١وٞ، ٍٍطبْ ثٓ ٘ٛ٠ل2430
ٍٝ). فبػٍ١خ ثؤبِظ ٌٍزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ ثبٍزقلاَ أٍٍٛة رَغ١ً اٌشبشخ ػ
ٟٔٚئوَبة ثؼغ ِٙبهاد ٔظبَ ئكاهح اٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزوBlackboard
ٌٟلٜ إِٔبء ِواوي ِظبكه اٌزؼٍُ. ثؾش ِٕشٛه ف
ِٟغٍخ هٍبٌخ اٌقٍ١ظ اٌؼوث ، اٌؼلك314
( ،
13
-
04
.) ( .ٍبٌُ, أؽّل2440
.)َ
ٕٛرى.ٌٟٔٚٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزو
. ْٚاٌو٠بع: ِىزجخ اٌوشل ٔبشو
( .ٍبٌُ, أؽّل2440
.)َ
ٕٛرى.ٌٟٔٚٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزؼٍُ اإلٌىزو
. ْٚاٌو٠بع: ِىزجخ اٌوشل ٔبشو
( .ِٓ ،ًٌٛاٌَب2004
.)
.اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ اٌغبِؼٟ فٟ ِظو: كهاٍخ ِ١لأ١خ ِغٍخ اٌضمبفخ
ٚاٌزّٕ١خ، ِظو،
( اٌؼلك11
.)
119
-
132
. ا
( .ِٓ ،ًٌٛاٌَب2004
.)
.اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ٌؼؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ اٌغبِؼٟ فٟ ِظو: كهاٍخ ِ١لأ١خ ِغٍخ اٌضمبفخ
ٚاٌزّٕ١خ، ِظو،
( اٌؼلك11
.)
119
-
132
. ا (
)
( .ٍٍطبْ، ػبكي2440
.)رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٚاٌزله٠ت .اٌىٛ٠ذ: ِىزجخ اٌفالػ. أدمح
( . اٌظ١وفٟ, دمحم2440
). ٚالغ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼـبء ٘١ئـخ اٌزـله٠ٌ اٌّظـو٠١ٓ اٌّؼبه٠ٓ ٌجؼغ كٚي اٌقٍ١ظ
.اٌؼوثٟ: كهاٍخ ِ١لأ١خِٟغٍخ كهاٍبد فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغـبِؼ( , ػلك14
ً), أثو٠2440, ص10
. حمدأا
( .ػبشٛه، دمحم ئٍّبػ١ً ٔبفغ2440). فبػٍ١خ ثؤبِظ
Moodle
فٟ اوزَبة ِٙبهاد اٌزظّ١ُ صالصٟ األثؼبك ٌلٜ ؽٍجخ
.رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ثبٌغبِؼخ اإلٍالِ١خ. انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ٚ٘نٖ إٌز١غخ رإول أّ٘١خ اٌزله٠ت
ٟٔاإلٌىزو
ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ
.ٌاٌزله٠
:قبئمت انمزاجع
انمزاجع انعزبيت
( ٞآي ِن٘ت، ِؼل1998
.)
رَوة أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ِٓ ِإٍَبد اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼبٌٟ: كهاٍخ اٍزطالػ١خ ػٍٝ عبِؼخ
.اٌٍّه ٍؼٛك
ِغٍخ اإلكاهح اٌؼبِخ .: اٌو٠بع( اٌّغٍل38
.)
( اٌؼلك3
.)
1
-
10
. حمد
( ٞآي ِن٘ت، ِؼل1998
.)رَوة أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ِٓ ِإٍَبد اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼبٌٟ: كهاٍخ اٍزطالػ١خ ػٍٝ عبِؼخ
.اٌٍّه ٍؼٛك
ِغٍخ اإلكاهح اٌؼبِخ .: اٌو٠بع( اٌّغٍل38
.)
( اٌؼلك3
.)
1
-
10
. حمد إ(
)
(
)
( ٟأؽّل , دمحم ى٠لاْ ٚشجً , ػظبَ شٛل2440
)َ
ْٛرىٌٕٛٛع١ب ئٔزبط ثواِظ اٌف١ل٠ٛ ٚاٌزٍفي٠ َ. علح: كاه فٛاهى
. اٌؼٍّ١خ ٌٍٕشو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ
( ٟأؽّل , دمحم ى٠لاْ ٚشجً , ػظبَ شٛل2440
)َ
ْٛرىٌٕٛٛع١ب ئٔزبط ثواِظ اٌف١ل٠ٛ ٚاٌزٍفي٠ َ. علح: كاه فٛاهى
. اٌؼٍّ١خ ٌٍٕشو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ دمح
( اٌجٕلهٞ، دمحم2004
.)اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغبِؼٟ ث١ٓ هطل اٌٛالغ ٚهؤٜ اٌزطٛ٠و .ٟ. اٌمب٘وح: كاه اٌفىو اٌؼوث
( اٌضج١زٟ، ػٛع1992
.)
.ثؤبِظ ِمزوػ ٌزطٛ٠و وفبءح ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌغبِؼبد اٌَؼٛك٠خِٜغٍخ أَ اٌمو :
( ِىخ اٌّىوِخ. إٌَخ0
( ). اٌؼلك0
.)
3113
-
140
. أ
( اٌجٕلهٞ، دمحم2004
.)اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغبِؼٟ ث١ٓ هطل اٌٛالغ ٚهؤٜ اٌزطٛ٠و .ٟ. اٌمب٘وح: كاه اٌفىو اٌؼوث
( اٌضج١زٟ، ػٛع1992
.)
.ثؤبِظ ِمزوػ ٌزطٛ٠و وفبءح ػؼٛ ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌغبِؼبد اٌَؼٛك٠خِٜغٍخ أَ اٌمو :
( ِىخ اٌّىوِخ. إٌَخ0
( ). اٌؼلك0
.)
3113
-
140
. أ (
())
( اٌؾوثٟ، ؽ١بح2006
.). ئكاهاد اٌزطٛ٠و ٚكٚه٘ب فٟ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد اٌَؼٛك٠خ
ِغٍخ
ٟكهاٍبد فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغبِؼ( : اٌمب٘وح. اٌؼلك31
.)
131
-
120
. إ (
())
( اٌؾوثٟ، ؽ١بح2006
.). ئكاهاد اٌزطٛ٠و ٚكٚه٘ب فٟ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد اٌَؼٛك٠خ
ِغٍخ
ٟكهاٍبد فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌغبِؼ( : اٌمب٘وح. اٌؼلك31
.)
131
-
120
. إ
( .ٍٝؽَٛٔخ، ئٍّبػ١ً ػّو ػ2434
). أصو اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌمبئُ ػٍٝ اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ فٟ اوزَبة ِٙبهارٙب
ٟٚلبثٍ١خ اٍزقلاِٙب ٌلٜ ؽٍجخ وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ ثغبِؼخ االلظٝ. ثؾش ِٕشٛه ف ُاٌّغٍخ اٌفٍَط١ٕ١خ ٌٍزؼٍ١
اٌّفزٛػ ، اٌّغٍل
.ٟٔاٌقبٌِ، اٌؼلك اٌؼبشو، وبْٔٛ اٌضب
( .ٍٝؽَٛٔخ، ئٍّبػ١ً ػّو ػ2434
). أصو اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ اٌمبئُ ػٍٝ اٌؾٍٛجخ اٌَؾبث١خ فٟ اوزَبة ِٙبهارٙب
ٟٚلبثٍ١خ اٍزقلاِٙب ٌلٜ ؽٍجخ وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ ثغبِؼخ االلظٝ. ثؾش ِٕشٛه ف ُاٌّغٍخ اٌفٍَط١ٕ١خ ٌٍزؼٍ١
اٌّفزٛػ ، اٌّغٍل
.ٟٔاٌقبٌِ، اٌؼلك اٌؼبشو، وبْٔٛ اٌضب ادمح
( .اٌؾٍفبٚٞ، ٌٚ١ل ٍبٌُ دمحم2433
)اٌزؼٍ١ُ االٌىزوٟٚٔ: رطج١مبد َِزؾلصخٟ. اٌمب٘وح: كاه اٌفىو اٌؼوث
( اٌؾ١ٍخ, دمحم ِؾّٛك2440
)َرىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ث١ٓ إٌظو٠خ ٚاٌزطج١ك
. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ؽ0
.، ػّبْ: كاه اٌَّ١وح ٌٍٕشو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ
( .اٌؾٍفبٚٞ، ٌٚ١ل ٍبٌُ دمحم2433
)اٌزؼٍ١ُ االٌىزوٟٚٔ: رطج١مبد َِزؾلصخٟ. اٌمب٘وح: كاه اٌفىو اٌؼوث
( اٌؾ١ٍخ, دمحم ِؾّٛك2440
)َرىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ث١ٓ إٌظو٠خ ٚاٌزطج١ك
. ؽ0
.، ػّبْ: كاه اٌَّ١وح ٌٍٕشو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ
( .اٌقط١ت، دمحم2440
.)
.ٌٟاالػزّبك األوبك٠ّٟ ٚػاللزٗ ثبٌزّٕ١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب
ٌٟٔلٚح رّٕ١خ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب-
اٌزؾل٠بد ٚاٌزطٛ٠و فٟ اٌفزوح30
-
30
ك٠َّجو. وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ
عبِؼخ اٌٍّه ٍؼٛك: اٌو٠بع. فّ١ٌ، دمحم
( .ػط١خ2442
.)َ
ُِٕزٛعبد رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١.. اٌمب٘وح: ِىزجخ كاه اٌىٍّخ
( .ُاٌلث١بْ، ِٛػٟ ئثوا٘١2433). رّٕ١خ ارغب٘بد اٌٛػٟ اٌّؼٍِٛبرٟ اٌولّٟ ٌلٜ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ
.ٍّٟاإلِبَ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ ٚرأص١و٘ب ػٍٝ رطٛ٠و اٌجؾش اٌؼ
ِغٍخ كهاٍبد اٌّؼٍِٛبد
، ع
34، ص304
-
343
.
( .اٌؾٍفبٚٞ، ٌٚ١ل ٍبٌُ دمحم2433
)اٌزؼٍ١ُ االٌىزوٟٚٔ: رطج١مبد َِزؾلصخٟ. اٌمب٘وح: كاه اٌفىو اٌؼوث
( اٌؾ١ٍخ, دمحم ِؾّٛك2440
)َرىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١ُ ث١ٓ إٌظو٠خ ٚاٌزطج١ك
. ؽ0
.، ػّبْ: كاه اٌَّ١وح ٌٍٕشو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ
( .اٌقط١ت، دمحم2440
.)
.ٌٟاالػزّبك األوبك٠ّٟ ٚػاللزٗ ثبٌزّٕ١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب
ٌٟٔلٚح رّٕ١خ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب-
اٌزؾل٠بد ٚاٌزطٛ٠و فٟ اٌفزوح30
-
30
ك٠َّجو. وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ
عبِؼخ اٌٍّه ٍؼٛك: اٌو٠بع. فّ١ٌ، دمحم
( .ػط١خ2442
.)َ
ُِٕزٛعبد رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١.. اٌمب٘وح: ِىزجخ كاه اٌىٍّخ
(ئ ا٘
ػ
اٌل بْ2433ب خ
أ ؼب ٘ ئخ اٌزل
ٌل
اٌ ل
بر
اٌ ٍ
) رٕ خ ار ب٘بد اٌ (حمد)
( .اٌقط١ت، دمحم2440
.)
.ٌٟاالػزّبك األوبك٠ّٟ ٚػاللزٗ ثبٌزّٕ١خ اٌؼٍّ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب
ٌٟٔلٚح رّٕ١خ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب-
اٌزؾل٠بد ٚاٌزطٛ٠و فٟ اٌفزوح30
-
30
ك٠َّجو. وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ
عبِؼخ اٌٍّه ٍؼٛك: اٌو٠بع. فّ١ٌ، دمحم
( .ػط١خ2442
.)َ
ُِٕزٛعبد رىٌٕٛٛع١ب اٌزؼٍ١.. اٌمب٘وح: ِىزجخ كاه اٌىٍّخ حمد(
)َ
ُ
( .ُاٌلث١بْ، ِٛػٟ ئثوا٘١2433). رّٕ١خ ارغب٘بد اٌٛػٟ اٌّؼٍِٛبرٟ اٌولّٟ ٌلٜ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثغبِؼخ
.ٍّٟاإلِبَ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك اإلٍالِ١خ ٚرأص١و٘ب ػٍٝ رطٛ٠و اٌجؾش اٌؼ
ِغٍخ كهاٍبد اٌّؼٍِٛبد
، ع
34، ص304
-
343
. إأ
( .هػٛاْ، ؽٕبْ أؽّل2440
). اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ ػٛء ِزطٍجبد اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ: كهاٍخ
:ِٓ رمٛ٠ّ١خ. ِإرّو اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ ٚلؼب٠ب اٌزّٕ١خ اٌؼوث١خ "هؤب ٚاٍزوار١غ١بد"، فٟ اٌفزوح22
-
20
ًِبه2440
،
.اٌمب٘وح إ
( .هػٛاْ، ؽٕبْ أؽّل2440
). اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ فٟ ػٛء ِزطٍجبد اٌزؼٍ١ُ اإلٌىزوٟٚٔ: كهاٍخ
:ِٓ رمٛ٠ّ١خ. ِإرّو اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ ٚلؼب٠ب اٌزّٕ١خ اٌؼوث١خ "هؤب ٚاٍزوار١غ١بد"، فٟ اٌفزوح22
-
20
ًِبه2440
،
.اٌمب٘وح إ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
898
:ِٓ رمٛ٠ّ١خ. انمعبنجبث اإلحصبئيت : ٚ٠فَو اٌجبؽش ؽظٛي ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و فٟ أّْ كٚهاد اٌزله٠تٟٔٚاإلٌىزو
وبٔذ
األ ٟوضو فبئلح ف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٌإزمٟ
، ؽ١ش ؽظٍذ
أهثغ
:ٟ٘ فمواد0
،
0
،
3
،
1
ٍٝػٍٝ رأص١و وج١و علا ، ٚ٘ٛ ِإشو ُِٙ ػ
.ٌِلٜ فبئلح ٘نا إٌٛع ِٓ اٌزله٠ت ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠
:انخبتمت
ٔبلشذ اٌلهاٍخ كٚه اٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزؤٟ فٟ رطٛهٌا ْزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼخ، ٚلل كٌٍذ إٌزبئظ أ
ٌٍزله٠ت كٚه وج١و فٟ اٌزطٛ٠و؛ فمل عبء رطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ اٌزمٕ١خ، ٚرطٛ٠و ٞٛإٌّٛ إٌّٟٙ ٚاٌزوث ، ٚرطٛ٠و اٌزّٕ١خ األوبك٠ّ١خ ٠زؼؼ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي(
0.0
)
ّْأ
ِؼلي اٌّزٍٛؾ اٌؾَبثٟ ٌفمواد اٌّؾٛه وبفخ ثٍغ (
0.304
) ؽ١ش ٠ش١و ئٌٝ رأص١و ،وج١و
ِٞٚؼلي أؾواف ِؼ١به( ٖلله3.200). فمل رواٚؽذ
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٌزمل٠واد أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ فٟ ِغبالد ِؾٛه كٚه
ٟٔٚاٌزله٠ت اإلٌىزو ٟف ٌّٕٛرطٛ٠و اٟٕاٌزم ألػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزلهٌ٠
( ِٓبث١0.00
ٚ
1.12
( ٓ) ٚأؾوافبرٙب اٌّؼ١به٠خ ث١3.04
ٚ
4.30
)
" :. عبءد ثبٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ فموح
٠ىَت اٌّزلهث١ٓ اٌملهح ػ
ٍٝ اٍزقلاَ اٌزمٕ١خ فٟ ث١ئخ اٌظف
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.00
)
( ٞأٞ ثزأص١و وج١و علا ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.10
ٚ .)
" :عبءد ثبٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ فموح
ٍٝ٠ّىٓ اٌّزلهث١ٓ ِٓ ػوع اٌّؾبػواد ػ
شجىخ اإلٔزؤذ
" ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.04
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به4.30
ٟ). ٚف" :اٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ فموح
اٌملهح ػ ِٓ ٍٝ أزمبء اٌج١بٔبد
ث١ٓ اٌجلائً اٌّؼٍِٛبر١خ اٌّزبؽخ "ث( ّٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث0.44
( ٞ) ٚأؾواف ِؼ١به3.20
" ). فٟ ؽ١ٓ عبءد فموح ٍٝ٠َبػل ػ
رٛظ١ف اٌزمٕ١بد الثزىبه ؽٍٛي ٌٍّشىالد ً" ثبٌّورجخ األف١وح أٞ ثزأص١و لٍ١ ٍٝثؾظٌٛٙب ػِٟزٍٛؾ ؽَبث
( ٖلله1.12
)
ٞٚأؾواف ِؼ١به(
3.02
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ِغٍخ اٌغبِؼخ اإلٍالِ١خ ، ٍٍٍَخ اٌلهاٍبد اإلَٔبٔ١خ، اٌّغٍل30
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. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org Speck, M. & Knipe, C (2005).Why can’t we get it right? Designing High Quality Professional Development
for Standards – based Schools. (2nd Ed). Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press انمزاجع االجنبيت: Gasaymeh, A. M. (2009). A Study of faculty attitudes toward internet-based distance education: A Survey
of two Jordanian public universities, doctoral dissertation, Education College, Ohio University Gasaymeh, A. M. (2009). A Study of faculty attitudes toward internet-based distance education: A Survey
of two Jordanian public universities, doctoral dissertation, Education College, Ohio University Gusky, Thomas R
ٍ (2000).Evaluating Professional Development. California: Corwin press Inc. Gusky, Thomas R
ٍ (2000).Evaluating Professional Development. California: Corwin press Inc. Latchem, C. and Jung, I. (2010). Distance and blended learning in Asia Routledge. New York; Taylor &
Francis Group. Latchem, C. and Jung, I. (2010). Distance and blended learning in Asia Routledge. New York; Taylor &
Francis Group. Loveder, Phil (2005). World Trends in Staff Development: Implications on the Performance of Technical
Education Institutions. Paper Presented to National Seminar: The Development of Technology and
Technical Vocational Education and Training in an era of Globalization, 23-24 August, p4. Loveder, Phil (2005). World Trends in Staff Development: Implications on the Performance of Technical
Education Institutions. Paper Presented to National Seminar: The Development of Technology and
Technical Vocational Education and Training in an era of Globalization, 23-24 August, p4. Newby, j., et al. (2000). Educational Technology for Teaching and Learning (2nd Ed.) New Jersey
Prentice-Hall. Inc. Newby, j., et al. (2000). Educational Technology for Teaching and Learning (2nd Ed.) New Jersey
Prentice-Hall. Inc. Speck, M. & Knipe, C (2005).Why can’t we get it right? Designing High Quality Professional Development
for Standards – based Schools. (2nd Ed). Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press Speck, M. & Knipe, C (2005).Why can’t we get it right? Designing High Quality Professional Development
for Standards – based Schools. (2nd Ed). Thousand Oaks: Corwin Press http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 899 | 9,794 | http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org/tr/download/article-file/619784 | null |
Arabic | DA’WAH STRATEGY THROUGH GOOGLE
SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION
Rahmat Saputra1, Ummi Habibatul Islamiyah2
1 Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal
Abidin, Malaysia
2 STAIN Teungku Dirundeng Meulaboh Rahmat Saputra1, Ummi Habibatul Islamiyah2
1 Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies, Universiti Sultan Zainal
Abidin, Malaysia
2 STAIN Teungku Dirundeng Meulaboh Keywords: Da’wah Strategy, Google, Search Engine Optimization Keywords: Da’wah Strategy, Google, Search Engine Optimization Abstract There is a lot of 'junk' on the internet today that spreads
radicalism, terrorism, and pornography. Da'wah in this era of
internet has a big challenge in society. Everyone can access the
Internet quickly, and Google search engines play a significant
role in providing information. Any information will appear in the
search engine, whether it is positive or negative information,
that's why the preachers need to use search engine optimization
for da'wah purposes. Without the right strategies, da’wah through
Google search engine optimization will not succeed. The
objective of this study was to explain the da’wah strategy through
Google search engine optimization. This research applied library
research. The results showed that the da’wah strategy through
Google search engine optimization are: focus on target audience,
learn what audience needs, categorized keyword for SEO, SEO
analysis on website, create mobile-friendly website, use targeted
keywords in page titles, use infographics, use related keywords in
content, link content to external sites with high domain authority,
update old content periodically, increase site speed & improving
user experience. The results of this study can be used as a
guideline by the preachers, Islamic practitioners both individual
and institutional, as well as the entire Muslim community who
want to make da’wah through Google search engine optimization
successfully. Keywords: Da’wah Strategy, Google, Search Engine Optimization Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
21 21 1 Ali Mahfudz, Hidayatu Al-Mustarsyidin Ila Al-Thuruq Al-Wa’dhli Wa Al-
Khatabah, Dar Al-I’thisham (Kairo: Dar al-I’thisham, 1979).
2 Syaikh Mustafa Masyhur, Fiqh Dakwah (Jakarta: Al-I’tishom Cahaya Umat,
2000).
3 Abdullah bin Ahmad Al-’Alaf Al-Ghamidi, Kiprah Dakwah Muslimah
Melejitkan Semangat Muslimah Dalam Berdakwah (Kuni Da’iyatan,
Nashaih, Taujihat, Tajarib, Iqtirahat Fi Ad-Da’wati Ilallah), ed. Amar
Syarifuddin, Al-Marfu’i, and Dhiyaulhaq (Solo: Pustaka Arafah, 2008). 1 Ali Mahfudz, Hidayatu Al-Mustarsyidin Ila Al-Thuruq Al-Wa’dhli Wa Al-
Khatabah, Dar Al-I’thisham (Kairo: Dar al-I’thisham, 1979). (
,
)
2 Syaikh Mustafa Masyhur, Fiqh Dakwah (Jakarta: Al-I’tishom Cahaya Umat,
2000).
3 4 Fuad Jaya Miharja, Mengembalikan Kejayaan Media Islam Sebagai Upaya
Mempertahankan Kualitas Kehidupan Islam Di Era Global (Malang, 2016).
5 Rahmat Saputra, Azzyati Mohd Nazim, and Ummi Habibatul Islamiyah,
“Dakwah Strategy ‘Persaudaraan Professional Muslim (PPM) Aswaja’
through the Internet,” International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences 7, no. 6 (2017): 797–803, doi:10.6007/IJARBSS.
6 Muhamad Fariza Hanan, Hussain Kalthom, and Abdul Wahab Puziah,
“Uslub Dakwah Menurut Perspektif Islam,” in Seminar Antarabangsa Akidah,
Dakwah Dan Syariah 2016 (Irsyad 2016), 2016, 869–84.
7 Ibn Zaid, “Uslub,Manhaj Dan Wasilah Dakwah,” Blogspot.My, 2017,
http://ibnzahid.blogspot.my/2007/03/uslubmanhaj-dan-wasilah-dakwah.html.
8 Indra Cahya, “5 Alasan Dominasi Google Di Dunia Adalah Hal Yang
Mengerikan!,” Merdeka.Com, 2017. Introduction The strategy is an essential element in running a vision. Especially for communities or organizations that want to take a
role to invite people to the path that blessed God. It has become
common knowledge, that it is not easy to encourage people to do
a good thing and follow the direction of their God (Allah SWT),
let alone to invite them to do amar ma’ruf nahi mungkar.1
Without the right strategies, da’wah will not give a positive
impression to the audience.2 Da'wah is a duty for every Muslim. Da'wah is not just to
invite people to do a good thing, but da'wah is needed to change
people to live with Islamic values.3 The command to do da’wah
has been described in many of Allah's words. Allah SWT said: َََ ۡ وَمَنۡ
ۡ َح سَ نُ ۡقَو ٗلا ۡم ِّمَّنۡدََعَ ٓۡإَِّل
َ
أِّۡ َّٱّللۡ
ِّوَعَمِّلَ ۡصَ َٰلِّحا اۡوَقَالَ ۡإِّنَِّن
ۡ َمِّنَۡٱل مُس لِّمِّيۡ٣٣ۡ ِِِ٣
And who speaks better than he who calls to Allah while he himself
does good, and says: I am surely of those who submit? (Surah
Fussilat 41:33) The current da’wah strategy has a big problem. It’s 22 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 22 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 22 limited space and time.4 Something we do not find now in the
presence of new media. Through the new media, space and time
are no longer limited. Therefore, da'wah in the era of new media
has a considerable challenge in modern society, because of new
media has become the basic necessity of modern society.5 Da'wah is not only obliged to an Ustaz, hadith expert,
tafsir expert, fuqaha’, or another Islamic expert, but da'wah is
required for all Muslims around the world6, Therefore in
conveying the message of da'wah, da'i need to see uslub da'wah
or manhaj da’wah or also known as da'wah method or da’wah
strategy.7 Especially in this era of information technology where
all of the peoples have depended on it. Google search engines
play a significant role in providing information. y
(
y
),
,
7 Ibn Zaid, “Uslub,Manhaj Dan Wasilah Dakwah,” Blogspot.My, 2017,
http://ibnzahid.blogspot.my/2007/03/uslubmanhaj-dan-wasilah-dakwah.html. ,
(
)
,
6 Muhamad Fariza Hanan, Hussain Kalthom, and Abdul Wahab Puziah,
“Uslub Dakwah Menurut Perspektif Islam,” in Seminar Antarabangsa Akidah,
Dakwah Dan Syariah 2016 (Irsyad 2016), 2016, 869–84. p
g p
y
j
8 Indra Cahya, “5 Alasan Dominasi Google Di Dunia Adalah Hal Yang
Mengerikan!,” Merdeka.Com, 2017. y
(
y
)
7 Ibn Zaid, “Uslub,Manhaj Dan Wasilah Dakwah,” Blogspot.My, 2017,
http://ibnzahid.blogspot.my/2007/03/uslubmanhaj-dan-wasilah-dakwah.html.
8 Indra Cahya, “5 Alasan Dominasi Google Di Dunia Adalah Hal Yang
Mengerikan!,” Merdeka.Com, 2017. 4 Fuad Jaya Miharja, Mengembalikan Kejayaan Media Islam Sebagai Upaya
Mempertahankan Kualitas Kehidupan Islam Di Era Global (Malang, 2016). p
p
g
5 Rahmat Saputra, Azzyati Mohd Nazim, and Ummi Habibatul Islamiyah,
“Dakwah Strategy ‘Persaudaraan Professional Muslim (PPM) Aswaja’
through the Internet,” International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences 7, no. 6 (2017): 797–803, doi:10.6007/IJARBSS. 4 Fuad Jaya Miharja, Mengembalikan Kejayaan Media Islam Sebagai Upaya
Mempertahankan Kualitas Kehidupan Islam Di Era Global (Malang, 2016).
5 Rahmat Saputra, Azzyati Mohd Nazim, and Ummi Habibatul Islamiyah,
“Dakwah Strategy ‘Persaudaraan Professional Muslim (PPM) Aswaja’
through the Internet,” International Journal of Academic Research in Business
and Social Sciences 7, no. 6 (2017): 797–803, doi:10.6007/IJARBSS.
6 M h
d F i
H
H
i
K l h
d Abd l W h b P
i h 9 Muhammad Taufiqqurrahman, “JK: Banyak Sampah Di Internet, Picu
Radikalisme
Dan
Pornografi,”
Detik.Com,
2017,
https://inet.detik.com/cyberlife/d-3547685/jk-banyak-sampah-di-internet-
picu-radikalisme-dan-pornografi.
10 Saputra, Nazim, and Islamiyah, “Dakwah Strategy ‘Persaudaraan
Professional Muslim (PPM) Aswaja’ through the Internet.”
11 Zaid, “Uslub,Manhaj Dan Wasilah Dakwah.” p
p
g
10 Saputra, Nazim, and Islamiyah, “Dakwah Strategy ‘Persaudaraan
Professional Muslim (PPM) Aswaja’ through the Internet.” Introduction Any information
will appear in Google search engine, whether it is positive or
negative information, that's why the preachers need to use Search
Engine Optimization (SEO) for da'wah purposes to optimize the
Islamic content in Google.8 That does not include a lot of junk information on the Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
23 23 Internet that disseminates radical information, terrorists, and
pornography.9 When we see this phenomenon, it’s not enough
running da’wah as usual. We need new ways according to the
times. So that, the benefits of da'wah can be felt more broadly.10 The da'wah strategy referred here is a systematic design
that has been approved in the form of activities or programs to
invite people back to the path of Allah SWT. There is a collective
meaning between strategy, method, manhaj, or uslub da'wah.11
Allah SWT said: ِّۡك مَةِّۡوَٱل مَو عِّظَ ةِّۡٱۡل َسَ نَةِِّۖۡوَجَ َٰدِّل هُم
ٱد عُ ۡإَِّلَ َٰ ۡسَبِّيلِّ ۡرَب ِّكَ ۡبِّٱۡل
ۡع لَمُۡبِّمَنۡضَ لَّ ۡعَنۡسَبِّيلِّهِّۦ
َ
ح سَ نُ ُۚۡإِّنَّ ۡرَبَّكَ ۡهُوَۡأ
َ
بِّٱلَِّتِّ ِۡهِّ َ ۡأ
ۡ َع لَمُۡبِّٱل مُه تَدِّين
َ
وَهُوَۡأ
١٢٥ۡ ِِ٢٥
Call to the way of your Lord with wisdom and goodly
exhortation, and have disputations with them in the best manner;
surely your Lord best knows those who go astray from His path,
and He knows best those who follow the right way. (Surah al-
Nahl 16:125) The presence of new digital media has an essential
function in the midst of a fast global rate. This is inseparable from
the character of the media that is universal, not limited by time
and places. The Vital function is what makes the media able to 24 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 24 influence or lead people's mindset and have a share in
determining the movement of civilization, either moving toward
the right or vice versa. Information technology that we will make
as da'wah media has a much more prominent position in
maintaining the order of Muslims in mastering the global era.12 Therefore, conveying the truth of Islamic teachings to
peoples through the Internet should be a priority for the preachers
both individually and institutionally. Introduction Every Muslim must
communicate the truth of Islam with the language of his people,
and today the language is described as information technology,
and now the information technology that we will discuss is about
Search Engine Optimization through Google. Why Google? Google has become a worldwide favorite search engine that can
index up to 40 billion data. And Android as one of Google
products, controls 80% of global market share.13 There are 11
strategies needed to do da'wah through SEO. 12 Miharja, Mengembalikan Kejayaan Media Islam Sebagai Upaya
Mempertahankan Kualitas Kehidupan Islam Di Era Global. p
p
13 Rina Nurjanah, “Menggoyang Dominasi Google,” Liputan6.Com, 2015. 14 Randy Littik, “Sekilas Tentang WordPress Dan Penggunaanya Sebagai
CMS
Yang
Paling
Banyak
Digunakan.,”
R4ndiel.Com,
2017,
http://r4ndiel.com/sekilas-tentang-wordpress-dan-penggunaanya-sebagai-
cms-yang-paling-banyak-digunakan/. 11 Da’wah Strategy through Google SEO I also need to explain that usually, SEO can be done if we
have a website with our hosting (self-hosting). We may use an
instant web or a blog, but often, the results will not be as optimal
as using a self-hosting website. The most commonly used Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
25 25 platform for creating websites is WordPress.14 Although some
users also use Blogspot with a custom domain. The strategy are: focus on target audience, learn what
audience needs, categorized keyword for SEO, SEO analysis on
website, create mobile-friendly website, use targeted keywords
in page titles, use infographics, use related keywords in content,
link content to external sites with high domain authority, update
old content periodically, increase site speed & improving user
experience. 15 John Rampton, “12 Most Effective SEO Strategies For 2017,” Forbes, 2017,
https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnrampton/2017/03/30/12-most-effective-
seo-strategies-for-2017/5/#11bc30ec6b17. 1. Focus on Target Audience Before we build a website as a medium of da'wah in
cyberspace, we need to know the target audience. Who is the
audience we want to be? This determination is critical to focus
on the keywords we will optimize on Google. When we are
talking about SEO, it will not be separated from the specific
keyword. Setting a target audience does not mean focusing on a
particular keyword only, but also on the meaning and motivation
behind those words and phrases. What exactly are searched for
when they use these keywords? Will it use keywords with short 26 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 26 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 26 or long phrases? And what keywords should we use to attract
visitors who are relevant to our website content?15 If our target audience is a young generation, we will use
a different keyword and content than if we target mothers or adult
audience. This is the importance of focusing on the target
audience. Allah SWT said: ََُ Allah SWT said: Allah SWT said: ۡٓوَمَاۡ
ِّۡر سَل نَاۡمِّنۡرَّسُولٍ ۡإِّٗلَّ ۡبِّلِّسَ انِّ ۡقَو مِّه
َ
أ
ۦۡ
ۡ ُِّلِّ ُبَي ِّ َ ۡلَهُم ۖۡۡفَيُضِّ ل
ُۡ َّٱّللۡ
َۡمَنۡيَشَ آءُۡوَيَه دِّيۡمَنۡيَشَ آءُُۚۡوَهُوُۡٱل عَزِّيزۡ
ِّۡٱۡل َكُۡيمۡ٤ۡ لِِِّۚۡ
And We did not send any messenger but with the language of his
people, so that he might explain to them clearly; then Allah
makes whom He pleases err and He guides whom He pleases,
and He is the Mighty, the Wise. (Surah Ibrahim 14:4) لِِِّۚۡ
And We did not send any messenger but with the language of his
people, so that he might explain to them clearly; then Allah
makes whom He pleases err and He guides whom He pleases,
and He is the Mighty, the Wise. (Surah Ibrahim 14:4) According to that verse, in the Tafsir of Ibnu Katsir
explained that the purpose of using the language of the people
that the Prophet approached was to make it easier for them to
understand what the Prophets are saying. This verse provides a
valuable lesson to us in created da'wah strategy through Google
SEO that focuses on the target audience is an essential thing. Because of that, we can adjust the right contents of da'wah by the
audience and relevant keywords to be easy to find on Google
search. Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
27 27 ِٰۡ
Say: Are those who know and those who do not know alike? Only
the men of understanding are mindful. (Surah Az-Zumar 39:9) 18 Laura Lippay, “The 8-Step SEO Strategy , Step 1 : Define Your Target
Audience and Their Needs,” Moz.Com, 2017, https://moz.com/blog/the-8step-
seo-strategy-step-1-define-your-target-audience-and-their-needs. 2. Learn What Audience Needs Google SEO is about how we can optimize relevant
keywords on Google search engine.16 Patel says “Google isn’t an
advertising company. They’re a big data company. Every tool,
platform, and a device that they design has one purpose: to get
data from users and use it to build a stronger search engine”. So,
if we think like a data company, we need to focus on what our
target audience needs. When we understand what they need and
what they want, we can develop good content related to them. The question is, how do we learn? And how do we get
relevant data about our audience needs? There are three ways to
find out. First: see the most popular pages in our web analytics
platform such as Google Analytics, or if we want to use the
simple way, go to Google trend website and type the keywords
we want. Second: see what posts get the most shares on your
social media such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc. Third:
Listen to visitor comments on your website posts or your social
media17 And the next question, why do we need to learn? Allah
SWT said: ََََ ۡقُل ۡهَل ۡيَس تَوِّيَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َۡيَع لَمُونَۡوَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َّۡٗلَ ۡيَع لَمُونََۗۡإِّنَّمَاۡيَتَذَكُۡر
ْۡوْلُوا
ُ
أِّۡل بَ َٰب
ٱۡل َۡ٩ۡ
Say: Are those who know and those who do not know alike? Only
the men of understanding are mindful. (Surah Az-Zumar 39:9) ۡقُل ۡهَل ۡيَس تَوِّيَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َۡيَع لَمُونَۡوَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َّۡٗلَ ۡيَع لَمُونََۗۡإِّنَّمَاۡيَتَذَكُر
ْۡوْلُوا
ُ
أِّۡل بَ َٰب
ٱۡل َۡ٩ۡ ۡقُل ۡهَل ۡيَس تَوِّيَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َۡيَع لَمُونَۡوَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َّۡٗلَ ۡيَع لَمُونََۗۡإِّنَّمَاۡيَتَذَكُۡر
ْۡوْلُوا
ُ
أِّۡل بَ َٰب
ٱۡل َۡ٩ۡ ۡقُل ۡهَل ۡيَس تَوِّيَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َۡيَع لَمُونَۡوَۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
َّۡٗلَ ۡيَع لَمُونََۗۡإِّنَّمَاۡيَتَذَكُۡر
ْۡوْلُوا
ُ
أِّۡل بَ َٰب
ٱۡل َۡ٩ۡ ِٰۡ
Say: Are those who know and those who do not know alike? Only
the men of understanding are mindful. (Surah Az-Zumar 39:9) ِٰۡ
Say: Are those who know and those who do not know alike? Only
the men of understanding are mindful. (Surah Az-Zumar 39:9) 16 Patel (2017)
17 Ibid. 28 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 28 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 28 Figure 1. The view of Google suggest The important thing is, make sure the keywords is not a keyword
that includes false news, which is known as a hoax. Allah SWT
said: ََُۢ يُّهَا
َ
يَ َٰٓأۡ
َۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
ۡن
َ
ءَامَنُوٓاْۡإِّن ۡجَآءَكُم ۡفَاسِّقُ ُۢ ۡبِّنَبَإٖ ۡفَتَبَيَّنُوٓاْۡأ
ۡ َتُصِّ يبُواْۡقَو مَُۢاِۡبِّ َهَ َٰلَةٖۡفَتُص بِّحُواْۡلَعَ َ َٰۡمَاۡفَعَل تُم ۡنَ َٰدِّمِّي
٦ۡ
O you who believe! if an evil-doer comes to you with a report,
look carefully into it, lest you harm a people in ignorance, then
be sorry for what you have done. (Surah Al-Hujurat 49:6) يُّهَا
َ
يَ َٰٓأۡ
َۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
ۡن
َ
ءَامَنُوٓاْۡإِّن ۡجَآءَكُم ۡفَاسِّقُ ُۢ ۡبِّنَبَإٖ ۡفَتَبَيَّنُوٓاْۡأ
ۡ َتُصِّ يبُواْۡقَو مَُۢاِۡبِّ َهَ َٰلَةٖۡفَتُص بِّحُواْۡلَعَ َ َٰۡمَاۡفَعَل تُم ۡنَ َٰدِّمِّي
٦ۡ يُّهَا
َ
يَ َٰٓأۡ
َۡٱَّلَّ ِّينۡ
ۡن
َ
ءَامَنُوٓاْۡإِّن ۡجَآءَكُم ۡفَاسِّقُ ُۢ ۡبِّنَبَإٖ ۡفَتَبَيَّنُوٓاْۡأ
ۡ َتُصِّ يبُواْۡقَو مَُۢاِۡبِّ َهَ َٰلَةٖۡفَتُص بِّحُواْۡلَعَ َ َٰۡمَاۡفَعَل تُم ۡنَ َٰدِّمِّي
٦ۡ O you who believe! if an evil-doer comes to you with a report,
look carefully into it, lest you harm a people in ignorance, then
be sorry for what you have done. (Surah Al-Hujurat 49:6) 3. Categorized Keyword for SEO The third point we need to do is categorize the keywords
that we will optimize in Google. Which one will we prioritize and
which are not. The easiest way to categorize keywords is to create
a template.18 Templates can be tables or others. For example, if I
build a da'wah website to young generations, the general
keywords category I will use are about: love, motivation,
education, relationship, consultation, etc. We can look for more
specific keywords using the Google AdWords Keyword Tool. But, if we want to use the simple ways, we can use Google
Instant’s Autocomplete Suggestions (Google suggest). Google
suggest will advise you several keywords related to the primary
keyword you entered on Google. Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization | 29 Figure 1. The view of Google suggest Figure 1. The view of Google suggest q
20 Rahmat Saputra, Revolusi Bisnis Internet: 3 Langkah & 7 Strategi Sukses
Dari Internet (Situbondo: Cyber Media Publishing, 2014). 19 Patel, “19 Advanced SEO Techniques That’ll Double Your Search Traffic.” (
y
g,
)
21 Rampton, “12 Most Effective SEO Strategies For 2017.” 4. SEO Analysis on Website Analyzing your web helps you discover why you’re not
getting enough search traffic from Google. In the SEO world,
analyzing is a growth hacking technique that will help you attract 30 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 30 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 30 more audience. It means you’re closely examining your overall
website performance, setting new goals based on what you find,
and implementing tactics to reach those goals.19 Here’s what you need to do for analyzing your website:
1. Is your web has been registered in the Google search engine? 2. Do all the titles and descriptions of your web page have SEO
friendly? 3. Is your URL permalink optimized for Google and
SEO friendly? 4. Have you optimized image on your web with
the titles and descriptions by your target keywords? 5. Have you
provided a hyperlink to the content of your web? 6. Are you using
backlink services to optimize your post? 7. The last but not least,
are the 11 strategies we are discussing here already implemented
on your da’wah website?20 p
,
g
22 Rampton, (n.d.) p
,
22 Rampton, (n.d.) 5. Create a Mobile Friendly Website The mobile-friendly website is a must. However, in
October 2016, mobile overtook desktop with mobile and tablet
accounting for 51.3 percent of all web browsing.21 Optimizing
da’wah website using mobile optimization has been important for
years.22 Rampton says, “around this same time (November
2016); Google launched its mobile-first index. Previously,
Google crawled the desktop version of a site, using that as their
primary search engine index. However, with this update, Google Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
31 31 has now started to use the mobile version of a site as its primary
index. This means prioritizing your mobile site and mobile
content is a must”. It's essential to create a website. But more important to
make sure your website mobile friendly and performs well on
mobile devices. Over 60% of daily searches are now completed
on a mobile device.23 Today, we need to use Google Accelerated
Mobile Pages (AMP) too for the maximum result on search
engine results page (SERP). Figure 2. Example of mobile view nu.or.id Figure 2. Example of mobile view nu.or.id 23 Ibid. 23 Ibid. 24 Lippay, “The 8-Step SEO Strategy , Step 1 : Define Your Target Audience
and Their Needs.” 6. Use Targeted Keywords in Page Titles Why is this important? Because of Google firstly will
index the titles, then the descriptions and contents of your page. 32 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 32 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 Ensuring that there is a title in the keywords we are targeting is a
must. If you want, you also can target multiple keywords in a title
with a few tricks. But make sure the title you created does not use
excessive or spammy keywords, so google doesn't detect your
title as spam. Spammy it’s mean just cramming keywords in there
for the sake of it, even if they sound a little off. Or, by using spam
trigger words that instantly make Google think your content is
less than legit.24 For example, we want to target this keyword: Hukum
Puasa Muharram. To be a perfect title, we add a few words into
Hukum Puasa 11 Muharram dalam Syariat Islam. Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization | Rahmat Saputra, Da wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
33
Figure 3. Targeted keywords about hukum puasa 11
Muharram dalam Syariat Islam 33 Figure 3. Targeted keywords about hukum puasa 11
Muharram dalam Syariat Islam Figure 3. Targeted keywords about hukum puasa 11
Muharram dalam Syariat Islam Muharram dalam Syariat Islam Muharram dalam Syariat Islam 25 Rouse, (n.d.) Patel, 19 Advanced SEO Techniques That ll Double Your Search Traffic.
27 Sarah Perez, “Backed By $3 Million In Funding, Canva Launches A
Graphic Design Platform Anyone Can Use,” TechCrunch, 2013,
https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/26/backed-by-3-million-in-funding-canva-
launches-a-graphic-design-platform-anyone-can-use/. 26 Patel, “19 Advanced SEO Techniques That’ll Double Your Search Traffic.” 7. Use Infographics Some people have said graphics represent 1000 words. 25
Rouse said, “An infographic (information graphic) is a
representation of information in a graphic format designed to
make the data easily understandable at a glance. People use
infographics to communicate a message quickly, to simplify the
presentation of large amounts of data, to see data patterns and
relationships, and to monitor changes in variables over time”. 65% of people are visual learners; that’s why a graphic goes a lot 25 Rouse, (n.d.) 34 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 34 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 further than just text content. Quality infographics can increase
your website traffic by 193%.26 “On average, websites who publish infographics grow
traffic 12% faster than those who don’t. Why do search users
prefer infographics? It’s because the human brain processes
visual data 60,000 times faster than plain text. Also, 65% of users
are visual learners. Also, 90% of information transmitted to the
human brain is visual”. The question is, how to create infographics? It’s easy. Even if you don’t have any ability to use image processing
software such as Photoshop, CorelDraw, etc. You need to open
canva.com on your favorite browser. Canva is a free graphic-
design tool website, founded in 2012. It has an easy to use drag-
and-drop interface and provides access to over a million
photographs, graphics, and fonts. It is used by non-designers as
well as professionals.27 Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization | 35 Figure 4. Infographic about Islamic Sharia law Figure 4. Infographic about Islamic Sharia law 9. Link Content to External Sites with High Domain
Authority It’s mean we need to use the hyperlink in our content. This is the part of internal SEO too.30 Rampton said: “Google has
confirmed they're one of the top three ranking factors, and
multiple ranking factor studies have confirmed this”. And how
about domain authority? Domain authority is a search engine
ranking score developed by Moz that predicts how well a website
will rank on search engine result pages.31 p
(
)
31 Administrator, “What Is Domain Authority? - Learn SEO,” Moz, 2017,
https://moz.com/learn/seo/domain-authority. p
y
32 Patel, “19 Advanced SEO Techniques That’ll Double Your Search Traffic.” 30 Rampton, (n.d.) 8. Use Related Keywords in Content This is the part of internal SEO or also termed as an on-
site SEO. On-site SEO is a critically important aspect of Google
SEO.28 Rampton said, “However, it shouldn't just be about
finding one or two words or phrases to use in our content. Ideally,
look for phrases that are semantically-connected to your main
topic”. Especially for Indonesian and Malaysian peoples who
have much of synonyms, many equations, and related terms. 28 Rampton, (n.d.) 36 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 36 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 For instance, if we are writing an article about hukum
puasa 11 Muharram, we need to use related keywords about
“hukum puasa hari asyura”, “puasa senin kamis”, “puasa
syawal”, and etc. Using these words will prove to Google search
enggine that we are comprehensively covering topic about puasa. And of course, it’s great for user experience too.29 29 Ibid. 29 Ibid. p
y
32 Patel, “19 Advanced SEO Techniques That’ll Double Your Search Traffic.” 29 Ibid. 10. Update Old Content Periodically This strategy will help us improve those posts and
leverage their authority for higher search rankings in Google
SERP.32 However, if our da’wah site already has hundreds of
contents, we can analyze our website using Google Analytics or
directly from our site dashboard. We need to know which posts
are fewer readers and which posts are the most read by the Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
37 Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization |
37 37 audience. We can edit & update our old post with the latest
information. Usually, this can be done for contents in the form of
free articles (not news), statistical data, infographic, etc. 33 Rampton, (n.d.)
34 Ibid.
35 Ibid. 33 Rampton, (n.d.)
34 34 Ibid. 11. Increase Site Speed & Improving User Experience Today, site speed is very important, especially for the
mobile site. That’s because mobile users have dominated Google
search engine. This forces Google to prioritize mobile users.33
Rampton said “Slow loading sites frustrate users and negatively
impact publishers. In our new study, “The Need for Mobile
Speed,” we found that 53 percent of mobile site visits are
abandoned if pages take longer than 3 seconds to load". We can
analyze our mobile site speed by using Google's Page Speed
Insights.34 And of course, we can use Gtmetrix.com to analyze
our site speed. GTmetrix is a free tool that analyzes our page's
speed performance. And how about user experience? SEO experts often say
that providing a good user experience is key to rankings. There
are many factors that affect user experience. Some of the
strategies we discuss here also directly impact user experience.35 38 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 38 | Islam Universalia - International Journal of Islamic Studies and Social
Sciences. Volume 1, Number 1, Mei 2019 Figure 5. Gtmetrix website Figure 5. Gtmetrix website Conclusion Da’wah is obliged for all Muslims around the world,
moreover in this globalization era. Every Muslims have to do
da’wah. Today, we live on “junk” information. Anyone can
spread unuseful, false, and hoax information. If more Moslems
know how to do da’wah through Google search engine
optimization, I believe we can produce and double the positive
impact of Islamic contents on the cyberspace. But, without the
right strategies da’wah through Google search engine
optimization will not succeed. That’s why I combine the business
SEO strategy into SEO into da'wah. By implementing this
strategy, we will increase the number of da’wah audience on our
website. I hope this paper can be an inspiration for the da’wah
practitioners to learn SEO. Rahmat Saputra, Da’wah Strategy through Google Search Engine Optimization | 39 Al-Quran Administrator. “What Is Domain Authority? - Learn SEO.” Moz,
2017. https://moz.com/learn/seo/domain-authority. Al-Ghamidi, Abdullah bin Ahmad Al-’Alaf. Kiprah Dakwah
Muslimah
Melejitkan
Semangat
Muslimah
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Berdakwah (Kuni Da’iyatan, Nashaih, Taujihat, Tajarib,
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Syarifuddin, Al-Marfu’i, and Dhiyaulhaq. Solo: Pustaka
Arafah, 2008. Cahya, Indra. “5 Alasan Dominasi Google Di Dunia Adalah Hal
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pornografi. 41 | 5,154 | https://zenodo.org/record/3236457/files/Da%E2%80%99wah%20Strategy%20through%20Google%20Search%20Engine%20Optimization.pdf | null |
Arabic | ÖZET Bu çalışma, Osmanlı döneminden, yazarlarından, bilginlerinden ve önde
gelen şahsiyetlerinden bahseden tarihî ve edebî kaynaklardan yararlanarak,
Mısır’da siyasî, iktisadî, sosyal yaşamı ve kendileriyle alakalı şüpheler öne sürülen
tarihî ve kültürel şahsiyetleri ele almaktadır. Bu konunun seçilme sebebi, birçok önemli şahsiyetin olmasına rağmen
araştırmacıların bu dönemi görmezlikten gelmeleridir. Oysaki birçok tarihçi Arap
edebiyat tarihine katkı sağlayan bu önemli figürlere övgüler yağdırmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı, Kural, Mısır, Kültür, Arap Edebiyatı Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı, Kural, Mısır, Kültür, Arap Edebiyatı Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 33, Erzurum 2010 Atatürk Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, Sayı: 33, Erzurum 2010 *دكتور
,أستاذ زائر فى كلية الإلهيات بجامعة أتاتورك –أرضروم –تركيا .
[email protected]. Key Words: Ottoman, Rule, Egypt, Cultural, Arabic literary 1نشير هنا إلى أنه هناك رسالة دكتوراه تم تقديمها سنة
2002
حول هذا الموضوع تحت عنوان
Mısır
Eyaletinde” “Edebi Çevre 1517-1798”من قبل
Nurettin Cevizفي جامعة أتاتورك بتركيا.
وهي بحث يتناول الحياة الاجتماعية والثقافية والأدبية في مصر في الفترة ما بين
1517-
1798.
() انظرأخطاء يجب أن تصحح فى التاريخ ( الدولة العثمانية ) للدكتور جمال عبد الهادى والدكتورة وفاء محمد رفعت
، والأستاذ على لبن
ص
10 () انظر : الدولة العثمانية دولة إسلامية مفترى عليها للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى : ص
14 () انظر الثورة العرابية للدكتور أحمد عبد الرحيم مصطفى : ص
20،
25() انظر : تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ، يلماز أوزتونا ،
2/
159 () انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور : مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
14 () انظر : الجبرتى والغرب للدكتور : مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
22 ()انظر : حضارة العرب لجوستاف لوبون : ص
587 ()انظر : العلم الإسلامى ، جورج سارتون ، بحث فى كتاب الشرق الأدنى: ص
133 () انظر : مصر والشام للدكتور شوقى ضيف : ص
56 () انظر : المرجع السابق : ص
87ـ
88 () انظر : الأزهر فى ألف عام للدكتور محمد عبد المنعم خفاجى :
1/
115ـ
116 ()انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور: مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
42، وانظر : الجبرتى والغرب لمصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
22ـ
23 ()انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور : مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
22،
24،
43 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
73()انظر: المصدر السابق : ص
74ـ
75 () انظر : مصر العثمانية لجرجى زيدان : ص
61 ()انظر: بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
364ـ
365()انظر : أخبار الأول فيمن ولى مصر من أرباب الدول للإسحاقى المنوفى : ص
144،انظر فى ذلك : قيام الدولة العثمانية لمحمد فؤاد كوبريلى : ص
29وما بعدها ، وانظر أيضًا : الدولة العثمانية والشرق العربى للدكتور محمد أنيس : ص
17وما بعدها ، والدولة العثمانية والغزو الفكرى حتى عام
1327هـ =
1909للدكتور خلف بن دبلان بن خضر : ص
17ـ
37. ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
73 ABSTRACT
The Life Style of Egyptians in the Ottoman Era
(Suspicions and Replies) This research deals with the Ottoman era and its cultural and historical
character which has a lot of ambiguity by using the review readings of the literary
and historical sources that deal with this era and its scholars, writers and eminent
figures in this research. This subject has been chosen because many of the contemporary
researchers ignore this era despite the existence of many biographies of the
prominent figures in this era. But many historians celebrate such figures of this era
that have contributions in Arabic literary culture. Key Words: Ottoman, Rule, Egypt, Cultural, Arabic literary *دكتور
,أستاذ زائر فى كلية الإلهيات بجامعة أتاتورك –أرضروم –تركيا . [email protected]. Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- --2 بالرسوم الكاريكاتورية ، وتمزيق القرآن الكريم ()-وما زالت أوربا حتى الآن تقوم بالأفعال نفسها بدون أى شعور من خجل أو مراعاة لشعور المسلمين -وتبعهم بعض المفكرين فى وصم الدولة العثمانية بكل نقيصة ، بداية من اتهامها بالوحشية فى معاملة العرب، وقتلها المماليك فى Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- --4 () انظر : الجبرتى والغرب للدكتور : مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
22 ()انظر : حضارة العرب لجوستاف لوبون : ص
587 ()انظر : العلم الإسلامى ، جورج سارتون ، بحث فى كتاب الشرق الأدنى: ص
133 () انظر : مصر والشام للدكتور شوقى ضيف : ص
56 () انظر : المرجع السابق : ص
87ـ
88 () انظر : الأزهر فى ألف عام للدكتور محمد عبد المنعم خفاجى : 1/
115ـ
116 ()انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور: مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
42، وانظر : الجبرتى والغرب لمصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
22ـ
23 -5 ()انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور : مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
22،
24،
43 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
73()انظر: المصدر السابق : ص
74ـ
75 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- --6 699هـ =
1298م) ، وكان موضوع قيامالدولة العثمانية من أكبر الموضوعات التى جذبت انتباه الكتاب ، وكان مثار جدل طويل بين المستشرقين ، نظرًا لسرعة بناء الدولة العثمانية التى قامت فى القرن الثالث عشر الميلادى على أنقاض دولة سلاجقة الروم، وكيف تحولت فى أقل من مائة سنة إلى دولة قوية تحكم البلقان وجزءًا كبيرًا من الأناضول().وكذلك كان الإسلام أحد أسباب اتجاه الدولة العثمانية إلى مصر وبلاد الشام ، وذلك أنها كانت تريد الوقوف أمام المد الشيعى بقيادة الدولة الصفوية بإيران ، ومحاولتها المستمرة مد النفوذ الشيعى على العراق ومصر والشام ، بالإضافة إلى أن التوسع العثمانى كان دائمًا على حساب دول أوربا ، فلما تيقن سلاطين آل عثمان من ضعف سلاطين المماليك عن الدفاع عن بلاد الإسلام أمام الأوربيين ، توجهوا إلى البلدان العربية ، وبالإضافة إلى ذلك رغبتهم فى تأمين طرق التجارة الإسلامية والدفاع عنها (). وإذا تذكرنا أن الدولة العثمانية دولة سنية متشددة ، وأنها قد خاضت من أجل ذلك كثيرًا من الحروب مع الدولة الصفوية ، لعلمنا صدق الاتجاه العثمانى الجديد ناحية الشرق ، وأنها كانت من أجل الإسلام والمسلمين ، ومحاولة جادة من السلطان سليم الأول توحيد الأمة الإسلامية تحت راية واحدة ، لمواجهة الصراع المحتدم بين أوربا والإسلام ، وإذا كان توحيده 922هـ =
1516م ) ـ ظنًّا منهم أن الجيش العثمانى قد هزم أمام المماليك ـ وقتلوا من كان به من النساء والأطفال والشيوخ والجرحى ، فلما جاء الجيش العثمانى إلى غزة منتصرًا ، جاءهم سنان باشا فقال لهم:" نحن لما دخلنا غزة هل شوشنا على أحد منكم أو نهبنا لكم شيئًا ؟ قالوا : لا . فقال لهم : فكيف فعلتم أنتم بعسكرنا ذلك ؟ فلم يأتوا بعذر ولا حجة . عند ذلك أمر عسكره بأن يلعبوا فيهم بالسيف ، فقتلوا ما لا يحصى عدده "(). وتعد غزة هى المدينة الوحيدة التى تعرض أهلها لمثل هذه الأعمال ، أما باقى المدن فى مصر وبلاد الشام ، فكانت قد رحبت بالفتح العثمانى لها، ففى حلب أقام السلطان سليم أيامًا، يجرى أحكام العدالة والسياسة والإحسان إلى الرعايا، ثم رحل إلى بلاد الشام ، فخرج إليه أهلها، وطلبوا منه الأمان ، فأجابهم ، وأعطاهم ما طلبوا ، وخلع على من يستحق منهم ، ونادى بحلب بالأمان والاطمئنان والبيع والشراء(). كما عمل فى مصر على عدم التعرض للأموال أو الأعراض ، فعند دخوله مدينة بلبيس أمر مناديًا ينادى بالأمان ، وأمر جنوده بعدم التشويش على أهلها ولا على من حولها من قرى وضياع (). ()انظر المصدر السابق :
5/
132()انظر : أخبار الأول للإسحاقى المنوفى : ص
148، وانظر أيضًا : بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
77()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
141()انظر : المصدر السابق :
5/
147،
148 ()انظر : المصدر السابق :
5/
164،
174 ()دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
55 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
366،
402، وانظر ما فعله سلاطين العثمانيين لحفظ الأمن والنظام فى الولايات الخاضعة لها ، وبخاصة الديار المصرية ، فى بحث " نظم إدارة الأمن فى مصر العثمانية " للدكتور عبد الحميد حامد سليمان : ص
70ـ
82 ()دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
131ـ
132 55 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
366،
402، وانظر ما فعله سلاطين العثمانيين لحفظ الأمن والنظام فى الولايات الخاضعة لها ، وبخاصة الديار المصرية ، فى بحث " نظم إدارة الأمن فى مصر العثمانية " للدكتور عبد الحميد حامد سليمان : ص
70ـ
82 ()دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص وعندما دخل القاهرة نادى فى الناس بالأمان والاطمئنان ، والبيع والشراء ، وأنه قد أغلق باب الظلم ، وفتح باب العدل ، وأوقف بعض الانكشارية على أبواب المدينة لمنع نهبالبيوت(). وعندما تزايد الأذى من جنوده الذين كانوا يتعرضون لأراضى الفلاحين ويأخذون ما بها من برسيم وفول ، ويسرقون أغنامهم وصاروا يعتدون على الناس ليلاً ، أمر بعمل دروب Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -8 927هـ =
1519م ) أصدرفرمانًا يأمر فيه بقتل كل من تسول له نفسه من الجند بالاعتداء على المصريين (). وكذلك سار خلفاء السلطان سليم الأول على دربه من رعاية حق الشعب ، وعدم المساس بكرامته ، والعمل على أمانه وأمنه ، فعندما تولى السلطان سليمان القانونى الحكم أخرج من سجنهم والده ، ونادى فى القاهرة بالاطمئنان ، وأمر جنوده بعدم مضايقة الرعية ، ومنعهم من حمل السلاح بين الناس (). كما أمر سنة ( 929هـ =
1523م ) بمسح الأراضى الزراعية وتوزيع الضرائب عليها ، وتجديد القوانين المصرية ، وإعادة تنظيمها مع مراعاة مصلحة الرعية ، وبما لا يضر الدولة ، وفوض للباشا عزل البكوات والمشايخ ومعاقبتهم فى حالة استغلالهم لنفوذهم فى سرقة أموال الرعية ، والاعتداء عليهم (). ولا يعنى هذا عدم وجود بعض التجاوزات والخرقات.وإذا كان السلطان سليم الأول قد أسرف فى قتل المماليك ، فإن ذلك يرجع إلى كراهيته لفسادهم فىالبلاد ، وابتزازهم للعباد ، ورغبته فى توحيد الأمة الإسلامية تحت راية واحدة ، ورفضهم ذلك ، وهذا يتضح من عرضه على السلطان طومان باى والمماليك الدخول فى طاعته ، ويكون لهم حكم مصر إلى غزة ، فوافقه بعضهم ، وخالفه آخرون ، وكان هذا سببًا فى قتل العثمانيين لمن حاربهم من المماليك ، وحتى من حارب من المماليك لم يكن مخلصًا فى الدفاع عن البلاد ، فها هو السلطان طومان باى الذى اضطر بعد هزيمته فى أكثر من موقعة أمام العثمانيين أن يوافق على العرض السابق للسلطان سليم ، وأرسل إليه يقول له :" إن كنت تروم أن أجعل الخطبة والسكة باسمك وأكون أنا نائبًا عنك بمصر، وأحمل لك خراج مصر 929هـ =
1523م ) بمسح الأراضى الزراعية وتوزيع الضرائب عليها ، وتجديد القوانين المصرية ، وإعادة تنظيمها مع مراعاة مصلحة الرعية ، وبما لا يضر الدولة ، وفوض للباشا عزل البكوات والمشايخ ومعاقبتهم فى حالة استغلالهم لنفوذهم فى سرقة أموال الرعية ، والاعتداء عليهم (). ولا يعنى هذا عدم وجود بعض التجاوزات والخرقات.وإذا كان السلطان سليم الأول قد أسرف فى قتل المماليك ، فإن ذلك يرجع إلى كراهيته لفسادهم فىالبلاد ، وابتزازهم للعباد ، ورغبته فى توحيد الأمة الإسلامية تحت راية واحدة ، ورفضهم ذلك ، وهذا يتضح من عرضه على السلطان طومان باى والمماليك الدخول فى طاعته ، ويكون لهم حكم مصر إلى غزة ، فوافقه بعضهم ، وخالفه آخرون ، وكان هذا سببًا فى قتل العثمانيين لمن حاربهم من المماليك ، وحتى من حارب من المماليك لم يكن مخلصًا فى الدفاع عن البلاد ، فها هو السلطان طومان باى الذى اضطر بعد هزيمته فى أكثر من موقعة أمام العثمانيين أن يوافق على العرض السابق للسلطان سليم ، وأرسل إليه يقول له :" إن كنت تروم أن أجعل الخطبة والسكة باسمك وأكون أنا نائبًا عنك بمصر، وأحمل لك خراج مصر 131ـ
132 --9 فى كربلاء، وتتبع العلويين فى كل مكان ، ولا مع تتبع العباسيين لبنى أمية عند قيام دولتهم وقتلهم شر قتلة ، ولا يقارن مع ما فعله هولاكو عند دخوله بغداد وبلاد الشام ، ولا مع ما فعله تيمور لنك فى دمشق، ولم يكن الادعاء بوحشية العثمانيين وحبهم لسفك الدماء إلا من أتباع الحضارة الأوربية، الذين ادعوا وجهًا حضاريًّا للحملة الفرنسية ، ونسوا ما استخدمته هذه الحملة من كل أنواع العنف ضد الشعب المصرى ، والأهالى الضعفاء ، سواء كان فى مصر أو فى بلاد الشام.وبدلاً من الشعارات البراقة التى يتشدق بها الفرنسيون والأوربيون ومن تابعهم من العرب وكتَّابهم ، يجب عليهم أن يقوموا " بحصر آلاف القتلى المصريين والفلسطينيين والأتراك الذين حصدهم رجال الحملة، وليحصوا عدد المدن والقرى والآثار الإسلامية التى هدموها وأحرقوها ، وليحصوا عدد الآثار المصرية والقبطية والإسلامية ، وكل المخطوطات والنفائس التى نهبوها وأثروا بها متاحفهم ومكتباتهم وليحسبوا المبالغ الطائلة التى جمعوها من وراء هذه الحملة . ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
178ـ
179،
182ـ
183 ()انظر : تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
803 ()انظر : ثورات العساكر فى الربع الأخير من القرن السادس عشر للدكتور عبد الكريم رافق :
2/
74 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
182،
232، وانظر أيضًا : أخبار الأول للمنوفى : ص
140 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
308،
403، وإلى هذا الرأى ذهب بعض الكتَّاب منهم : الدكتور حمد بن صادق الجمال فى كتابه إتجاهات الفكر الإسلامى المعاصرفى مصر : انظر : ص
109 ويجب عليهم أيضًا تتبع ما فعله الفرنسيون فى مصر ولبنان والجزائر والمغرب ، وما فعله الإنجليز فى مصر والسودان والعراق وفلسطين والجزيرة العربية ، وما فعله الإيطاليون فى ليبيا ، وما فعله الإسبان فى المغرب، و ما فعلته روسيا فى الشيشان ، وما فعلته الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وبريطانيا ومن سار على دربهم فى العراق ، وقتلهم مئات الآلاف بمختلف الأسلحة المحرمة دوليًّا ، وهدم البيوت ، وما فعلوه من نهب آثار العراق التى تعود إلى آلاف السنين ، وتجارتهم بها ، وسرقتهم لأموال الأهالى ، وما تفعله إسرائيل فى حق أهل فلسطين من اغتصاب الأراضى بالقوة وهدم المنازل وضرب المدنيين العزل بالفسفور الأبيض وغيره من الأسلحة المحرمة ، كل هذا ليس عنا ببعيد . 5/
166 5/
166 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -10 923هـ =
1517م ) بإخراجهم من الإسكندرية والتوجه بهم إلى الآستانة ؛ فاعتبر أهل مصر هذا الأمر من أبشع الأمور التى لم يقع لهم مثلها ، لأنهم ظنوا أنه أسر المسلمين ونفاهم (). والسبب فى هذا الاعتقاد ، هو كراهية العرب للخروج من بلادهم ، وكانوا قلما يفعلون ذلك ، ولهذا لم يكن لهم مشاركة فعالة فى الحكم العثمانى ، كما أنهم لا يبدون اهتمامًا واضحًا بالسلك العسكرى ، فى الوقت الذى لا يمنع فيه النظام العسكرى العثمانى أحدًا من الانتساب إليه ، ولهذا أيضًا نجد مشاركة واضحة من بلاد المغرب العربى فى الجيوش العثمانية وبخاصة فى الأسطول ، وكذلك مشاركة بلاد البلقان فى الجيوش العثمانية ().وعندما فكر العرب فى الانتساب إلى الطوائف العسكرية ؛ لحماية مصالحهم ، وقف المماليك فى مصر والشام حجر عثرة فى سبيلهم حتى نهاية القرن الحادى عشر الهجرى،السابع عشر الميلادى().وذهب ابن إياس إلى أن السلطان سليم الأول كان يهدف من أخذه للصناع والتجار وغيرهم إلى رغبته فى بناء مدرسة باستانبول مثل مدرسة السلطان الغورى فى مصر ، وكان قد أبدى إعجابه بها ().ومما يؤكد ما ذهب إليه ابن إياس ، أنه لم تمض فترة طويلة حتى عاد بعض من كان باستانبول ، وذكر البعض أن السلطان أنشأ جامعًا وحمامًا ، فلما انتهى العمل فيهما ، سمح لبعض من كان هناك من المصريين بالعودة إلى بلادهم، وكذلك أمرالسلطان سليمان القانوني سنة ( 927هـ =
1521م) بعودة من تبقى من المصريين باستانبول ، ورفض عودة أمراء المماليك الذين نفاهم والده ، ولم يقبل فيهم شفاعة (). ()انظر : تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
498ـ
499()انظر : العثمانيون فى التاريخ والحضارة للدكتور محمد حرب : ص
179ـ
186()انظر : اتجاهات الفكر الإسلامى المعاصر فى مصر لحمد بن صادق الجمال : انظر : ص
108ـ
109 ()المرجع السابق :
2/
509، وانظر أيضًا : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص
360 -11 923هـ = مارس
1517م ) ، فى فك الرخام الذى بالقعلة ، وفك العواميد التى كانت فى الإيوان الكبير، وأخذ الرخام السماقى والزرزورى والملون من عدة قاعات من عند الأمراء والمباشرين والتجار ، كما أخذ الكتب النفيسة من المدرسة المحمودية والمؤيدية وغير ذلك من المدارس (). ويبرر بعض الباحثين ذلك إلى ارتفاع أسعار نقل الحجر من مكانه ؛ لأنه كان يصل إلى عدة أضعاف ، فلو تم تشييد البناء فى مكان يتوفر فيه الحجر ، لأمكن تأمينه بنصف سعره، وإن كان المصدر بعيدًا تعذر تشييد أبنية ضخمة ، لأن الطرق كانت رديئة وملتوية ، وفى تلك الحالة كان يفضل طريق النهر أو البحر ، وهذا ما كانت تتمتع به مصر ، ولتوفير الوقت والجهد والمال كانيستفيد من الأبنية الأثرية القديمة المبنية من أحجار كثيرة العدد ، ولهذا جلب رخام جامع السليمانية الأبيض من جزيرة مرمرة ، ورخامها الأخضر من البلاد العربية ، وبعضها من مصر ، حيث اختير من أحد معابدها القديمة عمود كان قد بقى فيه ، ثم نقل إلى 5/
188 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
179 5/
188 ()بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
179 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -12 عربيًّا ؛ولنـزول القرآن الكريم باللغة العربية ؛ ولأن اللغة العربية وأدبها يكونان ثقافة غنية ، يكوِّن المجتمع العثمانى جزءًا منها ، حيث كان المتعلم الذى يتلقى علوم اللغة العربية يعاملمعاملة متميزة ، ويلقى الكثير من الاحترام (). كما كان يلاحظ أن قضاة العسكر فى مصر يتكلمون اللغة العربية بطلاقة ، وكان لبعضهم العديد من المؤلفات الأدبية فى الأدب العربى ، ومؤلفات أخرى فى الفقه الإسلامى والتفسير والنحو والصرف ، وكان هؤلاء يدرسون هذه العلوم باللغة العربية فى استانبول(). 108ـ
109 ()المرجع السابق : -13 2/
471ـ
477()انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
679 () وكان المسعودى (
346هـ) من أقدم المؤلفين الذين اختصرت كتبهم ، عندمااختصر كتابه " أخبار الزمان " وكان فى حوالى ثلاثين مجلدًا ، فى كتاب من أربع مجلدات وأسماه " مروج الذهب" ثم اختصرهفى مجلد واحد يسمى" التنبيه والإشراف " . وامتدت هذه الظاهرة إلى عصر المماليك حيث نرى ابن منظور يختصر الأغاني فى كتابه مختار الأغانى ، ويختصر تاريخ دمشق لابن عساكر ، ومختصر ذيل بغداد للسمعانى. Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -14 1213هـ =
1798م)، عدة سلاطين من آل عثمان ، منهم القوى ومنهم الضعيف،وقد بدأت هذه السيطرة عقب انتصارهم على جيوش المماليك فى مرج دابق سنة (
922هـ =
1517م) ، فأظهر السلطان سليم الأول قدرة عالية على التنظيم والإدارة ، إذ قام () كان تاريخ الطبرى ( تاريخ الأمم والملوك ) أقدم الكتب التى تسابق العلماء على تذييلها ، وكذلك كان تاريخ بغداد للبغدادى ، حيث قام السمعانى (
562هـ ) بوضع ذيل عليه فى
15مجلدًا ، ثم جاء ابن الدبيثى (
639هـ ) فوضع ذيلاً عليه ، من حيث انتهى السمعانى ، وذكر فيه ما لم يذكره البغدادى والسمعانى ، وكان الحافظ محمد بن على بن حمزة (
765هـ ) أول من ذيل على كتاب العبر بعد مؤلفه ووصل بالكتاب إلى سنة
764هـ . انظر فى ترجمته : الدرر الكامنة لابن حجر العسقلانى :
4/
61، والبدر الطالع للشوكانى :
2/
209، والدارس فى تاريخ المدارس للنعيمى :
1/
58، ثم ذيل عليه ابنه محمد بن محمد المتوفى سنة
791هـ ، ووصل بالكتاب إلى سنة
785هـ . -15 ()الأولى نيابة حلب وتشمل سوريا الشمالية ، والثانية نيابة طرابلس وتشمل أربعة صناجق أو ألوية هى : حمص ، وحماة ، وسلمية ، وجبلة ، والثالثة : نيابة دمشق وتشمل : بيروت ، ونابلس ، وبيت المقدس ، وغزة ، وصيدا ، التى خصت سنة (
1073هـ ) بنيابة مستقلة ، تشمل ساحل الشام ، ما عدا طرابلس فى لبنان . مصر والشام للدكتور شوقى ضيف : ص
519، وانظر دور العسكرية العثمانية فى مواجهة العسكرية المملوكية ، وترتيب الجيش العثمانى وترتيب الجيش المملوكى ، ومعارك فتح بلاد الشام ، ودخول سليم الأول الشام ومصر عقب انتصاره على طومان باى فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر دراسة مقارنة ، للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد ، ص
37ـ
70()حيث جعل مصر ولاية واحدة ، تنقسم إلى عدة ألوية ، هى : القاهرة ، والإسكندرية، ودمياط ، والقنال ( بورسعيد والسويس ) ، وسيناء ( العريش ) ، والغربية ( طنطا ) ، والدقهلية ( المنصورة ) ، والشرقية ( الزقازيق ) ، والمنوفية ( شبين الكوم ) ، والقليوبية (بنها) ، وأسيوط ، وسوهاج، وقنا ، والمنيا، والفيوم ، وبنى سويف ، والجيزة . ()انظر: تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
374()انظر : ثورات العساكر فى القاهرة للدكتور عبد الكريم رافق :
2/
758ـ
759 ، وانظر الحديث عن ولاة مصر والشام فى كتاب تاريخ طرابلس الشام لحكمت بك شريف : ص
102ـ
151، وانظر ثورات الجند وفتنهم فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
85ـ
135 انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر لعفاف مسعد : ص 37ـ
70()حيث جعل مصر ولاية واحدة ، تنقسم إلى عدة ألوية ، هى : القاهرة ، والإسكندرية، ودمياط ، والقنال ( بورسعيد والسويس ) ، وسيناء ( العريش ) ، والغربية ( طنطا ) ، والدقهلية ( المنصورة ) ، والشرقية ( الزقازيق ) ، والمنوفية ( شبين الكوم ) ، والقليوبية (بنها) ، وأسيوط ، وسوهاج، وقنا ، والمنيا، والفيوم ، وبنى سويف ، والجيزة . انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر لعفاف مسعد : ص
51، وانظر أيضًا : تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
623()ومن واجباته إبلاغ الأوامر السلطانية لرجال الحكومة والشعب ومراقبة تنفيذها والإشراف على الكشاف أو البكوات الذين يحكمون الأقاليم . وانظر وصول الباشا العثمانى إلى مصر، وفى الإدارة بالولاية، وعلاقة الباشا بالباب العالى ، ومسئوليته فى رعاية شئون الرعية فى كتاب : الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص 161ـ
171، وانظر أيضًا : الضبط الاجتماعى فى القاهرة العثمانية للدكتور عبد الوهاب بكر : ص
50ـ
52 ()وتقيم هذه الحامية بالقاهرة ، لحفظ النظام بها ، والدفاع عنها . انظر أهم الأوجاقات (قوات عسكرية) فى العصر العثمانى، والمماليك فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر ، والعلاقة بين المماليك أنفسهم فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر ، للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص 50ـ
52 ()وتقيم هذه الحامية بالقاهرة ، لحفظ النظام بها ، والدفاع عنها . انظر أهم الأوجاقات (قوات عسكرية) فى العصر العثمانى، والمماليك فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر ، والعلاقة بين المماليك أنفسهم فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر ، للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
17ـ
25()ودورهم حفظ التوازن بين قوة الباشا ، والحامية العثمانية ، ويتولى أمراء المماليك حكم الألوية من قبل مجلس شورى الباشا . انظر فى ذلك : مصر العثمانية لجرجى زيدان : ص
86ـ
87، وانظر أيضًا : المماليك فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر ، والعلاقة بين المماليك أنفسهم فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
33ـ
51، وانظر أيضًا : الضبط الاجتماعى فى القاهرة العثمانية للدكتور عبد الوهاب بكر : ص
52ـ
53 . Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -16 ()انظر : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص
233 ()انظر : بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
206()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث للدكتور أحمد عزت عبد الكريم وآخرين : ص
16 ()المرجع السابق : ص
82 16 ()المرجع السابق : ص 16 ()المرجع السابق : ص Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -18 ()انظر : المرجع السابق : ص
78، وانظر أيضًا : بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
408، ومع تعدد هذه الروابط الاجتماعية بين جنود العثمانيين وبين الشعب من ناحية ، ومع جنود المماليك من ناحية أخرى، فإن بعضهم عاش فى عزلة تامة عن الشعب ، طابعها الصلف والصرامة والاستعلاء ، ولهذا ظل عددهم يتناقص فى مصر ، وكانت ذرياتهم تنقرض بصورة سريعة . انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
667،
668، وانظر أيضًا : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
37، وانظر العسكر العثمانى والمجتمع المصرى والمصاهرات بين الأقاليم والثغور ، والوصايا بين العسكر والأهالى ، وعادات وتقاليد العسكر داخل المجتمع المصرى من أفراح زواج ومناسبات الأعياد والعادات والتقاليد وغير ذلك فى كتاب : الوجودالعثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
387ـ
428، وكتاب الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف : ص
295ـ
351 ()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
82، وانظر بداية اشتغال العسكر فى الحرف ، وأهم الحرف التى عمل بها العسكر فى مصر العثمانية فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف : ص
333ـ
346، وكتاب الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر : ص
251ـ
293()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
62، وقد استطاع المماليك فى نهاية القرن الحادى عشر الهجرى ، السابع عشر الميلادى من إقامة العديد من الأسر المملوكية الكبيرة التى استطاعت من السيطرة على موارد مصر الاقتصادية بوضع أيديهم على الضرائب الحكومية ، حتى استطاعوا فى القرن الثامن عشر التغلب على سلطة الحكم فى البلاد انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية ( ق
16م ـ ق
18م ) للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
80 ()انظر : المرجع السابق : ص
78، وانظر أيضًا : بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
408، ومع تعدد هذه الروابط الاجتماعية بين جنود العثمانيين وبين الشعب من ناحية ، ومع جنود المماليك من ناحية أخرى، فإن بعضهم عاش فى عزلة تامة عن الشعب ، طابعها الصلف والصرامة والاستعلاء ، ولهذا ظل عددهم يتناقص فى مصر ، وكانت ذرياتهم تنقرض بصورة سريعة . انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
667،
668، وانظر أيضًا : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
37، وانظر العسكر العثمانى والمجتمع المصرى والمصاهرات بين الأقاليم والثغور ، والوصايا بين العسكر والأهالى ، وعادات وتقاليد العسكر داخل المجتمع المصرى من أفراح زواج ومناسبات الأعياد والعادات والتقاليد وغير ذلك فى كتاب : الوجودالعثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
387ـ
428، وكتاب الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف : ص
295ـ
351 ()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص 82، وانظر بداية اشتغال العسكر فى الحرف ، وأهم الحرف التى عمل بها العسكر فى مصر العثمانية فى كتاب الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف : ص
333ـ
346، وكتاب الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر : ص
251ـ
293()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
62، وقد استطاع المماليك فى نهاية القرن الحادى عشر الهجرى ، السابع عشر الميلادى من إقامة العديد من الأسر المملوكية الكبيرة التى استطاعت من السيطرة على موارد مصر الاقتصادية بوضع أيديهم على الضرائب الحكومية ، حتى استطاعوا فى القرن الثامن عشر التغلب على سلطة الحكم فى البلاد انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية ( ق
16م ـ ق
18م ) للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
80 -19 ()انظر : إغاثة الأمة بكشف الغمة للمقريزى : ص
8، وانظر : بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
213، وموسوعة وصف مصر :
4/
32ـ
33، وتاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث للدكتور أحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
17ـ
18، ومصر العثمانية لجرجى زيدان : ص
121، ومصر والشام للدكتور شوقى ضيف : ص
42ـ
43، وانظر أيضًا : الوجود العثمانى فى مصر للدكتور عراقى يوسف : ص
251ـ
293()انظر : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص
147ـ
148 ()انظر : حضارة العرب لجوستاف لوبون : ص
82 ()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتور سحر على : ص
210 -20 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- ؛ ولذلك منحهم العثمانيون امتيازًا خاصًّا بهم ، مثل عدم تعرضهم للعقاب كغيرهم ، وجعلوا لهم عدة محاكم خاصة بهم ، وكان السلطان العثمانى ـ بنفسه ـ يعين لهم نقيبًا يرأس الهيئة القضائية الخاصة بهم ، وهو الذى ينظم العلاقات بين أفرادها (). العلماء :وكانت طائفة العلماء تتمتع بشىء من الثراء والجاه والمركز الاجتماعى المرموق، بالرغم من انهم أبناء الفلاحين الفقراء ، ولكن دراستهم فى الأزهر الشريف منحتهم وجاهة وهيبة عند الحكام والمحكومين ، وجمع كثير من هؤلاء ثروات ضخمة ؛ نتيجة لإشرافهم على الأوقاف الخيرية ؛ مما مكنهم من مشاركة المماليك فى امتلاك الأراضى الزراعية وبناء القصور واقتناء الجوارى والخدم ، كما كانوا فى أمان دائم من نهب المماليك الذين كانوا يخافون من مكانتهم العالية لدى السلاطين العثمانيين ، ولدى أفراد الشعب المصرى (). ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
37 ()قام الدكتور عراقى يوسف بتقسيم المجتمع المصرى إلى: طبقة المحكومين ، وهى تتكون من عدة فئات ، هى: فئة المصريين المسلمين ، والمصريين الأقباط ، والعربان واليهود ، والفئة الثانية : الأقليات الإسلامية وتنقسم إلى الأتراك والمغاربة والشوام . والفئة الثالثة : الأقليات الأجنبية من اليونانيين والأرمن ، والطبقة الثانية : هى طبقة الحكام من الصفوة المملوكية ، والطبقة الثالثة رجال الأوجاقات العسكرية . انظر : الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
373ـ
386، وانظر الحديث عن الأشراف ونقيبهم ، وأصل الأشراف المصريين ، وغير ذلك فى كتاب المجتمع المصرى تحت الحكم العثمانى لميكل وفنتر : ص
280ـ
295 ()انظر : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص
142ـ
143، ()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
20، وكان العلماء قد اكتسبوا مكانة عالية لدى السلاطين العثمانيين الذين حرصو على الاحتفاظ بمظاهر الدين الإسلامى ، والتى من أهمها إضفاء الاحترام والتبجيل على رجال الدين والعلماء ، كما حرصوا على اجتذاب قلوب المصريين نحوهم بإظهار الاحترام العميق للأزهر الذى كان يحتل المكانة الأولى بين مساجد مصر ومعاهدها العلمية . انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
681،
689،
700ـ ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
37 ()قام الدكتور عراقى يوسف بتقسيم المجتمع المصرى إلى: طبقة المحكومين ، وهى تتكون من عدة فئات ، هى: فئة المصريين المسلمين ، والمصريين الأقباط ، والعربان واليهود ، والفئة الثانية : الأقليات الإسلامية وتنقسم إلى الأتراك والمغاربة والشوام . والفئة الثالثة : الأقليات الأجنبية من اليونانيين والأرمن ، والطبقة الثانية : هى طبقة الحكام من الصفوة المملوكية ، والطبقة الثالثة رجال الأوجاقات العسكرية . انظر : الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور عراقى يوسف محمد : ص
373ـ
386، وانظر الحديث عن الأشراف ونقيبهم ، وأصل الأشراف المصريين ، وغير ذلك فى كتاب المجتمع المصرى تحت الحكم العثمانى لميكل وفنتر : ص 280ـ
295 ()انظر : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص
142ـ
143، ()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص 20، وكان العلماء قد اكتسبوا مكانة عالية لدى السلاطين العثمانيين الذين حرصو على الاحتفاظ بمظاهر الدين الإسلامى ، والتى من أهمها إضفاء الاحترام والتبجيل على رجال الدين والعلماء ، كما حرصوا على اجتذاب قلوب المصريين نحوهم بإظهار الاحترام العميق للأزهر الذى كان يحتل المكانة الأولى بين مساجد مصر ومعاهدها العلمية . انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
681،
689،
700ـ -21 701، وانظر تنظيم الدولة العثمانية للحكم القضائى ودور بيت القاضى فى الإشراف على القضاء فى مصر العثمانية ، فى موضوع : بيت القاضى دور القضاء العالى فى مصر العثمانية للدكتورة سوسن سليمان يحيى ، ضمن ندوة قسم التاريخ الإسلامى ، بكلية دار العلوم ، جامعة القاهرة ، قسم التاريخ والحضارة الإسلامية ، العدد العاشر ،
1414هـ =
1993، ص
289ـ
324، وانظر أيضًا : الدولة العثمانية تاريخ وحضارة لأكمل الدين إحسان أوغلى :
294ـ
297 ()انظر : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص 701، وانظر تنظيم الدولة العثمانية للحكم القضائى ودور بيت القاضى فى الإشراف على القضاء فى مصر العثمانية ، فى موضوع : بيت القاضى دور القضاء العالى فى مصر العثمانية للدكتورة سوسن سليمان يحيى ، ضمن ندوة قسم التاريخ الإسلامى ، بكلية دار العلوم ، جامعة القاهرة ، قسم التاريخ والحضارة الإسلامية ، العدد العاشر ،
1414هـ =
1993، ص
289ـ
324، وانظر أيضًا : الدولة العثمانية تاريخ وحضارة لأكمل الدين إحسان أوغلى :
294ـ
297 ()انظر : تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص
25ـ
26،
47ـ
49،
55،
83،
95،
126، وانظر أيضًا : القضاء الشرعى فى مصر فى العصر العثمانى لمحمد نور : ص
67ـ
71 ()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
20 ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
174 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -22 ()انظر : تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
500،
503، وكان لهـذه التكايا والخانقاوات دورها الكبير فى انتشار الطرق الصوفية الموالد وزيارة القبور والأضرحة والأولياء ، والموالد فى مصر المملوكية والعثمانية ، انظر المجتمع المصرى تحت الحكم العثمانى لميكل وفنتر : ص
205ـ
254، ص
257ـ
278()انظر : تاريخ مصر لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
21، وانظر وضع اليهود والمسيحيين تحت الحكم العثمانى ، ووضع اليهود كصرافين ، وسياسة البشوات تجاه اليهود ، والأحياء اليهودية والمسيحية ووضعها فى الإسكندرية ، والاتجاهات الدينية نحوهم . انظر :المجتمع المصرى لميكل وفنتر : ص
298ـ
328 ()انظر : تاريخالقضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم : ص 145 ()انظر : تاريخ مصر لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
20،
21، وكان هناك بعض الناس الذين ارتبطوا بطبقة التجار وإن لم يكونوا منهم ، مثل : طبقة الوزانين ، والسماسرة والدلالين والحرفيين الذين أنتجوا السلع العالمية كالنساجين . ()انظر المرجع السابق :
2/
209، وانظر أيضًا : الضبط الاجتماعى فى القاهرة العثمانية للدكتور عبد الوهاب بكر : ص
530ـ
54 ()انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
672 ()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
25ـ
26، وكانواأيضًا سببًا لما روجه الغربيون لفكرة حقوق الإنسان والظلم الواقع على الفلاحين وغيرهم من رعايا الدولة العثمانية ، وتركيزهم المستمر على حالة البؤس والفقر التى كانت تعيشها بعض الطبقات الشعبية، ووصف منازلهم الضيقة وأكواخهم المتواضعة، وتكدس العديد منهم فى مكان واحد . انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
63،
116 ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر : انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
76 ()انظر الأسرة الشامية والحياة الاجتماعية والزواج بين الشوام وبعضهم البعض ، والزواج المختلط ، وزواج الشاميين من المسيحيين ، والطلاق وأسبابه ومشكلاته ، وعلاقات الشوام الاجتماعية مع المماليك وعساكر العثمانيين ، فى كتاب الشوام فى مصر للدكتور السيد سمير عبد المقصود : ص
191ـ
231 --23 ()ومن أهم هذه الصناعات : استخراج الزيت ، وصناعة الخل ، والزجاج ، والآنية الفخارية ، وصناعة المنسوجات بأنواعها ، والتطريز ، وصناعة النحاس والفضة والذهب ، وصناعة السكر ، وصناعة المأكولات الجافة ، كما كان هناك الكثير من الحرف اليدوية كالحدادة والتبليط والنجارة وغيرها . ()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
22ـ
23 ()انظر : تاريخ مصر لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
230، وانظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
5/
14()وكان هذا التعبير قد ظهر فى كتابات كثير من المؤرخين المعاصرين ، وفى الأوامر السلطانية للدلالة على السكان العرب المحليين ، تمييزًا لهم عن العثمانيين الذين عرفوا أحيانًا بالتركمان وأحيانًا بالأروام ، وتمييزًا لهم عنالمماليك الذين عرفوا بالأتراك أو الشراكسة أو الغز ، ودرج كثير من المؤرخين على أن يشيروا إلى البدو باسم العرب أو العربان أو الأعراب . انظر : ثورات العساكر فى القاهرة للدكتور عبد الكريم رافق :
2/
748، وانظر: دور العرب فى أحداث مصر السياسية (
1516ـ
1524)ووظائف مشايخ العرب والكشاف فى الفرمانات العثمانية ، وعلاقتهم بأصحاب المناصب ، ودورهم فى الجيش ، فى كتاب المجتمع المصرى تحت الحكم العثمانى لميكل وفنتر : ص
141ـ
174()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
31،
2/
228 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -24 ()انظر المرجع السابق :
2/
209، وانظر أيضًا : الضبط الاجتماعى فى القاهرة العثمانية للدكتور عبد الوهاب بكر : ص
530ـ
54 ()انظر : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر للدكتور عبد العزيز الشناوى :
2/
672 ()انظر : تاريخ مصر فى العصر الحديث لأحمد عزت عبد الكريم : ص
25ـ
26، وكانواأيضًا سببًا لما روجه الغربيون لفكرة حقوق الإنسان والظلم الواقع على الفلاحين وغيرهم من رعايا الدولة العثمانية ، وتركيزهم المستمر على حالة البؤس والفقر التى كانت تعيشها بعض الطبقات الشعبية، ووصف منازلهم الضيقة وأكواخهم المتواضعة، وتكدس العديد منهم فى مكان واحد . انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
63،
116 ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر : -25 159،
165، ومصر العثمانية لجرجى زيدان : ص
99 ()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
15. ()ذكر المنوفى أن الأمير حسين البرمونى قد انكسر عليه مال للدولة يقدر بثلاثين ألف دينار ، فلما طلبه الأمير أويس باشا (
995هـ ) تعلل الأمير حسين بأن عنده قصبًا يفى بالمبلغ ، ويريد إمهاله حتى يبيعه ، فلما أمهله الباشا ، قام ببيع القصب ، فباعه كله فى شهر واحد ، وأعطى للباشا المبلغ كاملاً ، فتعجب الباشا وقال : مصر يباع فيها قصب برسم المصاصين كل يوم بألف دينار ؟!! فقالوا له : هذا من موجود شخص واحد ، وهناك ما يباع برًّا وبحرًا من القصب ما يقرب من ذلك . انظر : أخبار الأول للإسحاقى المنوفى : ص
161 ()انظر : أخبار الأول : ص
178()انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
87()يرى المقريزى أن من أسباب انهيار الاقتصاد : الآفات ؛ بسبب قصور جرى النيل ، وعدم نـزول المطر ، أو الآفات التى تصيب الغلال ، أو النار أو الريح أو الجراد ، أو شراء المناصب والمراكز الحكومية بالمال ،مثل ولاية الخطط السلطانية والمناصب الدينية والقضاء ونيابة الأقاليم وولاية الحسبة ، ومنها العامل النقدى أو رواج الفلوس، حيث إن له أكبر الأثر فى الحياة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ، ومن أشد الأسباب المؤدية إلى ارتفاع الأسعار . انظر : إغاثة الأمة بكشف الغمة للمقريزى : ص
71،
73،
77 ()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
22، وانظر أيضًا : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
155ـ
158 ()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
159،
169ـ
172،
209ـ
210 ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
5/
230،
246، وانظر أيضًا: تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
503()انظر : أخبار الأول للإسحاقى المنوفى : ص 5/
230،
246، وانظر أيضًا: تاريخ الدولة العثمانية ليلماز أوزتونا :
2/
503()انظر : أخبار الأول للإسحاقى المنوفى : ص 159،
165، ومصر العثمانية لجرجى زيدان : ص
99 ()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
15. ()ذكر المنوفى أن الأمير حسين البرمونى قد انكسر عليه مال للدولة يقدر بثلاثين ألف دينار ، فلما طلبه الأمير أويس باشا (
995هـ ) تعلل الأمير حسين بأن عنده قصبًا يفى بالمبلغ ، ويريد إمهاله حتى يبيعه ، فلما أمهله الباشا ، قام ببيع القصب ، فباعه كله فى شهر واحد ، وأعطى للباشا المبلغ كاملاً ، فتعجب الباشا وقال : مصر يباع فيها قصب برسم المصاصين كل يوم بألف دينار ؟!! فقالوا له : هذا من موجود شخص واحد ، وهناك ما يباع برًّا وبحرًا من القصب ما يقرب من ذلك . انظر : أخبار الأول للإسحاقى المنوفى : ص
161 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -26 ()انظر : أخبار الأول : ص
178()انظر : حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
87()يرى المقريزى أن من أسباب انهيار الاقتصاد : الآفات ؛ بسبب قصور جرى النيل ، وعدم نـزول المطر ، أو الآفات التى تصيب الغلال ، أو النار أو الريح أو الجراد ، أو شراء المناصب والمراكز الحكومية بالمال ،مثل ولاية الخطط السلطانية والمناصب الدينية والقضاء ونيابة الأقاليم وولاية الحسبة ، ومنها العامل النقدى أو رواج الفلوس، حيث إن له أكبر الأثر فى الحياة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ، ومن أشد الأسباب المؤدية إلى ارتفاع الأسعار . انظر : إغاثة الأمة بكشف الغمة للمقريزى : ص
71،
73،
77 ()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
22، وانظر أيضًا : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
155ـ
158 ()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
159،
169ـ
172،
209ـ
210 87()يرى المقريزى أن من أسباب انهيار الاقتصاد : الآفات ؛ بسبب قصور جرى النيل ، وعدم نـزول المطر ، أو الآفات التى تصيب الغلال ، أو النار أو الريح أو الجراد ، أو شراء المناصب والمراكز الحكومية بالمال ،مثل ولاية الخطط السلطانية والمناصب الدينية والقضاء ونيابة الأقاليم وولاية الحسبة ، ومنها العامل النقدى أو رواج الفلوس، حيث إن له أكبر الأثر فى الحياة الاقتصادية والاجتماعية ، ومن أشد الأسباب المؤدية إلى ارتفاع الأسعار . ()انظر : المرجع السابق : ص
162،
164 ()انظر : بدائع الزهور لابن إياس :
5/
162،
179،
180،
267،
282،
283،
323، أخبار الأول للمنوفى: ص
158،
160،
169،
177()انظر:موسوعة وصف مصر:
1/
256ـ
257، أيضًا: تاريخ القضاة فى مصر لعبد الرازق إبراهيم: ص
271() انظر :موسوعة وصف مصر :
4/
160ـ
162 ()انظر :وصف مصر :
1/
252ـ
253،
4/
173ـ
187،
214ـ
216،
2/
205 ()واشتهرت بها كثير من المدن كدمياط والقاهرة والفيوم وجرجا والمحلة وسمنود وأسيوط وطنطا . انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
252ـ
253،
4/
173ـ
187،
214ـ
216،
2/
205 ()انظر :موسوعة وصف مصر :
4/
203ـ
206 ()انظر المرجع السابق :
4/
191 ()انظر :المرجع السابق :
1/
252ـ
253،
4/
166ـ
172،
214ـ
216،
10/
34 ()وكانت هذه الطريقة تجذب أنظار الرحالة الأجانب فى مصر ، ومن ذلك ما قاله جوزيف بتس فى رحلته :" وللمصريين طريقة طريفة فى تفقيس الكتاكيت ، وقد يظن بعض من يقرأ كلامى هذا أننى أروى خرافة ، لكننى أؤكد أننى رأيت ذلك بنفسى وأن ما أرويه حقيقى ، فلدى المصرى مكان محفور تحت الأرض لا يبعد فى شكله عن الفرن ، وقد فرش قاعه بالقش ويضع فيه بضعة آلاف من البيض متراكمة بعضها إلى جوار بعضها الآخر وفوق بعضها ، ويتركها لتفقس بفعل حرارة الشمس دون الاستعانة بدفء دجاجات أو انظر : إغاثة الأمة بكشف الغمة للمقريزى : ص
71،
73،
77 ()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص 22، وانظر أيضًا : دور الحامية العثمانية فى تاريخ مصر للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص
155ـ
158 ()انظر : دور الحامية العثمانية للدكتورة عفاف مسعد : ص 159،
169ـ
172،
209ـ
210 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -28 ()انظر :وصف مصر :
1/
252ـ
253،
4/
173ـ
187،
214ـ
216،
2/
205 ()واشتهرت بها كثير من المدن كدمياط والقاهرة والفيوم وجرجا والمحلة وسمنود وأسيوط وطنطا . انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
252ـ
253،
4/
173ـ
187،
214ـ
216،
2/
205 ()انظر :موسوعة وصف مصر :
4/
203ـ
206 ()انظر المرجع السابق : 1/
252ـ
253،
4/
166ـ
172،
214ـ
216،
10/
34 ()وكانت هذه الطريقة تجذب أنظار الرحالة الأجانب فى مصر ، ومن ذلك ما قاله جوزيف بتس فى رحلته :" وللمصريين طريقة طريفة فى تفقيس الكتاكيت ، وقد يظن بعض من يقرأ كلامى هذا أننى أروى خرافة ، لكننى أؤكد أننى رأيت ذلك بنفسى وأن ما أرويه حقيقى ، فلدى المصرى مكان محفور تحت الأرض لا يبعد فى شكله عن الفرن ، وقد فرش قاعه بالقش ويضع فيه بضعة آلاف من البيض متراكمة بعضها إلى جوار بعضها الآخر وفوق بعضها ، ويتركها لتفقس بفعل حرارة الشمس دون الاستعانة بدفء دجاجات أو 36()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
18()انظر :المرجع السابق : ص
16ـ
18، وزادت عائدات التجارة على الدولة العثمانية بازدياد اهتمام سلاطين آل عثمان بها ، وتخليهم عن سياسة التدخل فى التجارة الدولية والاحتكارات التجاريى التى كانت تمارسـها الـدولة المملوكية . انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية ( ق
16م ـ ق
18م ) للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
63 ()انظر :حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
44، وكان من أشهر هذه الدول الأوربية : البندقية وتوسكانيا وفرنساوالهند وكشمير ، وكانت بضائعها : البن ، والصمغ العربى ، والمر ، والزعفران، والتمر هندى ، وريش النعام ، وملح النوشادر ، والسكر ، وجلود الأبقار ، والجمال ، والجاموس ، والنطرون ، والأرز ، والقمح ، والقطن ، والمنسوجات بأنواعها والخضروات بأنواعها . 36()انظر : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
18()انظر :المرجع السابق : ص
16ـ
18، وزادت عائدات التجارة على الدولة العثمانية بازدياد اهتمام سلاطين آل عثمان بها ، وتخليهم عن سياسة التدخل فى التجارة الدولية والاحتكارات التجاريى التى كانت تمارسـها الـدولة المملوكية . انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية ( ق
16م ـ ق
18م ) للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
63 ()انظر :حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
44، وكان من أشهر هذه الدول الأوربية : البندقية وتوسكانيا وفرنساوالهند وكشمير ، وكانت بضائعها : البن ، والصمغ العربى ، والمر ، والزعفران، والتمر هندى ، وريش النعام ، وملح النوشادر ، والسكر ، وجلود الأبقار ، والجمال ، والجاموس ، والنطرون ، والأرز ، والقمح ، والقطن ، والمنسوجات بأنواعها والخضروات بأنواعها . انظر موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
235،
4/
253ـ
258،
268ـ
287،
294،
309()وكان من أهم هذه الإمارات : الجزيرة العربية ، وبلاد المغرب العربى ( تونس والجزائر وطرابلس ومراكش وفاس ) ، وبلاد السودان وجنوب إفريقيا والآستانة ، وكان من أهم البضائع بين هذه الأطراف : العاج ، والمسك، والأبنوس ، والعنبر، وريش النعام، والصمغ، وتراب الذهب، وسن الفيل ، وجلود النمور، والسيوف ، والمنسوجات بأنواعها ، ومعدات الخيول ، وملابس الفرسان، والبن، والسكر، والأرز، والخيول، انظر موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
235،
4/
253ـ
258،
268ـ
287،
294،
309()وكان من أهم هذه الإمارات : الجزيرة العربية ، وبلاد المغرب العربى ( تونس والجزائر وطرابلس ومراكش وفاس ) ، وبلاد السودان وجنوب إفريقيا والآستانة ، وكان من أهم البضائع بين هذه الأطراف : العاج ، والمسك، والأبنوس ، والعنبر، وريش النعام، والصمغ، وتراب الذهب، وسن الفيل ، وجلود النمور، والسيوف ، والمنسوجات بأنواعها ، ومعدات الخيول ، وملابس الفرسان، والبن، والسكر، والأرز، والخيول، 63 ()انظر :حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
44، وكان من أشهر هذه الدول الأوربية : البندقية وتوسكانيا وفرنساوالهند وكشمير ، وكانت بضائعها : البن ، والصمغ العربى ، والمر ، والزعفران، والتمر هندى ، وريش النعام ، وملح النوشادر ، والسكر ، وجلود الأبقار ، والجمال ، والجاموس ، والنطرون ، والأرز ، والقمح ، والقطن ، والمنسوجات بأنواعها والخضروات بأنواعها . انظر موسوعة وصف مصر :
1/
235،
4/
253ـ
258،
268ـ
287،
294،
309()وكان من أهم هذه الإمارات : الجزيرة العربية ، وبلاد المغرب العربى ( تونس والجزائر وطرابلس ومراكش وفاس ) ، وبلاد السودان وجنوب إفريقيا والآستانة ، وكان من أهم البضائع بين هذه الأطراف : العاج ، والمسك، والأبنوس ، والعنبر، وريش النعام، والصمغ، وتراب الذهب، وسن الفيل ، وجلود النمور، والسيوف ، والمنسوجات بأنواعها ، ومعدات الخيول ، وملابس الفرسان، والبن، والسكر، والأرز، والخيول، Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- -30 1/
235،
4/
236ـ
251 ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصـر :
4/
259ـ
268، وانظـر أيضًا : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
19،
207، وانظر الحديث عن التوزيع الجغرافى والتركيب الاجتماعى للشوام فى مصر ، حيث سكنوا القاهرة ودمياط والإسكندرية والغربية فى طنطا والمحلة الكبرى، والشرقية ، ورشيد والسويس والقليوبية والفيوم والفشن وجرجا فى كتاب : الشوام فى مصر منذ الفتح العثمانى حتى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور سمير عبد المقصود السيد ، ص
29ـ
65()انظر :حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
44، وانظر أيضًا : الوكالات والبيوت الإسلامية فى مصر العثمانية لرفعت موسى محمد : ص
105()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
10/
34()انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
73 ()انظـر التجارة الـداخلية والخارجيـة والاستثمار المادى فى العقارات بمختلف أنواعها من حوانيت 1/
235،
4/
236ـ
251 ()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصـر :
4/
259ـ
268، وانظـر أيضًا : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
19،
207، وانظر الحديث عن التوزيع الجغرافى والتركيب الاجتماعى للشوام فى مصر ، حيث سكنوا القاهرة ودمياط والإسكندرية والغربية فى طنطا والمحلة الكبرى، والشرقية ، ورشيد والسويس والقليوبية والفيوم والفشن وجرجا فى كتاب : الشوام فى مصر منذ الفتح العثمانى حتى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور سمير عبد المقصود السيد ، ص
29ـ
65()انظر :حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
44، وانظر أيضًا : الوكالات والبيوت الإسلامية فى مصر العثمانية لرفعت موسى محمد : ص
105()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
10/
34()انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص
73 ()انظـر التجارة الـداخلية والخارجيـة والاستثمار المادى فى العقارات بمختلف أنواعها من حوانيت 4/
259ـ
268، وانظـر أيضًا : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر والشام للدكتورة سحر على : ص
19،
207، وانظر الحديث عن التوزيع الجغرافى والتركيب الاجتماعى للشوام فى مصر ، حيث سكنوا القاهرة ودمياط والإسكندرية والغربية فى طنطا والمحلة الكبرى، والشرقية ، ورشيد والسويس والقليوبية والفيوم والفشن وجرجا فى كتاب : الشوام فى مصر منذ الفتح العثمانى حتى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر للدكتور سمير عبد المقصود السيد ، ص
29ـ
65()انظر :حقيقة الغرب للدكتور مصطفى عبد الغنى : ص
44، وانظر أيضًا : الوكالات والبيوت الإسلامية فى مصر العثمانية لرفعت موسى محمد : ص
105()انظر : موسوعة وصف مصر :
10/
34()انظر : ثقافة الطبفة الوسطى فى مصر العثمانية للدكتورة نللى حنا : ص 73 ()انظـر التجارة الـداخلية والخارجيـة والاستثمار المادى فى العقارات بمختلف أنواعها من حوانيت ابن إياس ( محمد بن أحمد ) : بدائع الزهور فى وقائع الدهور ، حققها وكتب لها المقدمة والفهارس : محمد مصطفى ، الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة ، القاهرة ، سلسلة الذخائر. أهم المراجع : 2. ابن إياس ( محمد بن أحمد ) : بدائع الزهور فى وقائع الدهور ، حققها وكتب لها المقدمة والفهارس : محمد مصطفى ، الهيئة العامة لقصور الثقافة ، القاهرة ، سلسلة الذخائر. أهم المراجع : 2. إبراهيم حليم : تاريخالدولة العثمانية العلية ، المعروف بالتحفة الحليمية فى تاريخ الدولة العلية ، مؤسسة المختار للنشر والتوزيع ، القاهرة ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1425هـ =
2004م . 3. أحمد عبد الرحيم مصطفى : الثورة العرابية ، وزارة الثقافة والإرشاد القومى ، المؤسسة المصرية العامة للتأليف والترجمة والطباعة والنشر، سلسلة المكتبة ، عدد
30، أول فبراير
1961م .4. أكمل الدين إحسان أوغلى : الدولة العثمانية تاريخ وحضارة ،ترجمة : صالح سعداوى ، مركز الأبحاث للتاريخ والفنون والثقافة الإسلامية ، استانبول ،
1999م . 97ـ
152 97ـ
152 Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- --32 جمال عبد الهادى ووفاء محمد رفعت وعلى لبن : أخطاء يجب أن تصحح فى التاريخ (الدولة العثمانية )، دار الوفاء للطباعة والنشر والتوزيع ، المنصورة ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1416هـ =
1995م . 6. جورج سارتون : العلم الإسلامى ، ضمن كتاب الشرق الأدنى ( مجتمعه وثقافته ) تحرير كويلرينج ، ترجمة : عبد الرحمن محمد أيوب ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ،
2002م .7. جوزيف بتس : رحلة الحاج يوسف ( جوزيف بتس ) ، ترجمة ودراسة : عبد الرحمن عبد الله الشيخ ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، الألف كتاب الثانى ، رقم
189،
1995م . 8. 2002م .7. جوزيف بتس : رحلة الحاج يوسف ( جوزيف بتس ) ، ترجمة ودراسة : عبد الرحمن عبد الله الشيخ ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، الألف كتاب الثانى ، رقم
189،
1995م . 8. رفعت موسى محمد: الوكالات والبيوت اللإسلامية فى مصر العثمانية، الدار المصرية اللبنانية، القاهرة ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1413هـ =
1993م . 9. زبيدة محمد عطا : مكتبات المدارس ( خزائن الكتب فى العصرين الأيوبى والمملوكى ) ، ضمن أبحاث ندوة المدارس فى مصر الإسلامية ، لجنة التاريخوالآثار بالمجلس الأعلى للثقافة، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ،
1992م . 10. سحر على حنفى : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر وبلاد الشام الكبرى فى القرن الثامن عشر ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، عدد
178، القاهرة ،
2000م . 11. سحر على حنفى : العلاقات التجارية بين مصر وبلاد الشام الكبرى فى القرن الثامن عشر ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، عدد
178، القاهرة ،
2000م . 11. سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور : العلم بين المسجد والمدرسة ، ضمن أبحاث ندوة المدارس فى مصر الإسلامية ، الهيئة المصرية للكتاب،
1992م. 12. سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور : العلم بين المسجد والمدرسة ، ضمن أبحاث ندوة المدارس فى مصر الإسلامية ، الهيئة المصرية للكتاب،
1992م. 12. سعيد عبد الفتاح عاشور : العلم بين المسجد والمدرسة ، ضمن أبحاث ندوة المدارس فى مصر الإسلامية ، الهيئة المصرية للكتاب،
1992م. 12. سوسن سليمان يحيى : بيت القاضى دور القضاء العالى فى مصر العثمانية ، ضمن ندوة قسم التاريخ الإسلامى ، بقسم التاريخ والحضارة الإسلامية ، كلية دار العلوم ، جامعة القاهرة ، العدد العاشر ،
1414هـ =
1993م . 13. سيدة إسماعيل كاشف : الجامع الأزهر ودوره فى نشر الثقافة العربية الإسلامية ، ضمن أبحاث ندوة المدارس فى مصر الإسلامية ، لجنة التاريخ والآثار بالمجلس الأعلى للثقافة ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ،
1992م .14. السيد سمير عبد المقصود: الشوام فى مصر منذالفتح العثمانى حتى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، العدد
231، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب،
2003م .15. شوقى ضيف : عصر الدولوالإمارات ( مصر والشام ) ، دارالمعارف ، القاهرة ، بدون تاريخ. السيد سمير عبد المقصود: الشوام فى مصر منذالفتح العثمانى حتى أوائل القرن التاسع عشر، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، العدد
231، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب،
2003م .15. عبد الحميدحامد سليمان : تاريخ الموانىء المصرية فى العصر العثمانى ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، عدد
89، القاهرة ،
1985م .17. عبد الحميدحامد سليمان : نظم إدارة الأمن فى مصر العثمانية ، ضمن ندوة تاريخ مصر الاقتصادى والاجتماعى فى العصر العثمانى (
1517ـ
1798م ) ، مجلة كلية الآداب ، جامعة القاهرة ، مركز النشر لجامعة القاهرة ،
1993م . 18. عبد الرازق إبراهيم عيسى : تاريخ القضاء فى مصر العثمانية(
1517ـ
1798) ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، عدد
117، القاهرة ،
1998م.19. عبد الرحيم عبد الرحمن عبد الرحيم : فصول من تاريخ مصر الاقتصادى والاجتماعى فى العصر العثمانى ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ،
1990م . 20. عبد العزيز الشناوى : الأزهر جامعًا وجامعة ،مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية ،القاهرة ،
1983م. 21. عبد العزيز الشناوى : دور الأزهر فى الحفاظ على الطابع العربى لمصر ، بحث ضمن أبحاث الندوة الدولية لتاريخ القاهرة ( مارس ـ أبريل
1969) ، وزارة الثقافة ، القاهرة ،
1971م 22. عبد العزيز الشناوى : الدولة العثمانية دولة مفترى عليها ، مكتبة الأنجلو المصرية ، القاهرة ، عبد الرحيم عبد الرحمن عبد الرحيم : فصول من تاريخ مصر الاقتصادى والاجتماعى فى العصر العثمانى ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ،
1990م . 20. عبد الله عزباوى : الشوام فى مصر فى القرنين الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر ، دار النهضة العربية ، القاهرة ، عبد الله عزباوى : الشوام فى مصر فى القرنين الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر ، دار النهضة العربية ، القاهرة ،
1986م . 24. عبد الله عزباوى : الشوام فى مصر فى القرنين الثامن عشر والتاسع عشر ، دار النهضة العربية ، القاهرة ،
1986م . 24. 1986م . 24. عبد الله عزباوى :المؤرخون والعلماء فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ،
1997م . 25. عبد الوهاب بكر : الضبط الاجتماعى فى القاهرة العثمانية خلال القرن الثامن عشر ، ضمن ندوة تاريخ مصر الاقتصادى والاجتماعى فى العصر العثمانى (
1517ـ
1798م ) ، مجلة كلية الآداب ، جامعة القاهرة ، مركز النشر لجامعة القاهرة ،
1993م . 26. عراقى يوسف محمد : الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر ، دراسة وثائقية ، بيت الحكمة لإعلام والنشر، القاهرة ، 1416هـ = 1996م . 27. عراقى يوسف محمد الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر ، دار المعارف ، القاهرة ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1985م . عراقى يوسف محمد : الوجود العثمانى فى مصر فى القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر ، دراسة وثائقية ، بيت الحكمة لإعلام والنشر، القاهرة ، 1416هـ = 1996م . 27. عراقى يوسف محمد الوجود العثمانى المملوكى فى مصر فى القرن الثامن عشر وأوائل القرن التاسع عشر ، دار المعارف ، القاهرة ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1985م . Iyd Fethî Abdullatîf-- --34 علماء الحملة الفرنسية : موسوعة وصف مصر : ترجمة وتحقيق : زهير الشايب ومنى زهير الشايب ، ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، مكتبة الأسرة ، القاهرة ،
2002م .29. غوستاف لوبون: حضارة العرب ، ترجمة : عادل زعيتر ، مكتبة الأسرة ، القاهرة ،
2000م.30. محمد حرب : العثمانيون فى التاريخ والحضارة ، المركز المصرى للدراسات العثمانية وبحوث العالم التركى ، القاهرة ،
1414هـ=
1994م.31. علماء الحملة الفرنسية : موسوعة وصف مصر : ترجمة وتحقيق : زهير الشايب ومنى زهير الشايب ، ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، مكتبة الأسرة ، القاهرة ،
2002م .29. غوستاف لوبون: حضارة العرب ، ترجمة : عادل زعيتر ، مكتبة الأسرة ، القاهرة ،
2000م.30. محمد حرب : العثمانيون فى التاريخ والحضارة ، المركز المصرى للدراسات العثمانية وبحوث العالم التركى ، القاهرة ،
1414هـ=
1994م.31. دمحمد عبد المنعم خفاجى: الآداب العربية فى العصر العباسى الأول ، بدون بيانات . 32. محمد عبد المنعم خفاجى : قصة الأدب فى مصر ، دار الجيل ، بيروت ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1412هـ = دمحمد عبد المنعم خفاجى: الآداب العربية فى العصر العباسى الأول ، بدون بيانات . 32. محمد عبد المنعم خفاجى : قصة الأدب فى مصر ، دار الجيل ، بيروت ، الطبعة الأولى ،
1412هـ =
1992م .33. 1992م .33. محمد عبد المنعم خفاجى : الأزهر فى ألف عام ، عالم الكتب ببيروت ، ومكتبة الكليات الأزهرية بالقاهرة ، الطبعة الثانية ،
1408هـ =
1988م .34. محمد فريد بك المحامى: تاريخ الدولة العلية العثمانية ، تحقيق : إحسان حقى ، دار النفائس، بيروت ، الطبعة الثانية ،
1403هـ =
1983م . 35. محمد فؤاد كوبريلى : قيام الدولة العثمانية ، ترجمة : أحمد السعيد سليمان ، سلسلة الألف كتاب الثانى ، عدد
119، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، الطبعة الثانية ،
1993م .36. محمد نور فرحات : القضاء الشرعى فى مصر فى العصر العثمانى ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، سلسلة تاريخ المصريين ، عدد
17،
1988م . 37. مصطفـى عبـد الغنى : الجبرتى والغرب ( رؤية حضارية مقارنة ) ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، المكتبة الثقافية ، القاهرة ،
1995م .38. مصطفـى عبـد الغنى : الجبرتى والغرب ( رؤية حضارية مقارنة ) ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، المكتبة الثقافية ، القاهرة ،
1995م .38. مصطفى عبد الغنى : حقيقة الغرب بين الحملة الفرنسية والحملة الأمريكية ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ، القاهرة ،
2001م .39. ميكيل ونتر : المجتمع المصرى تحت الحكم العثمانى ، ترجمة : إبراهيم محمد إبراهيم ، سلسلة الألف كتاب ، الهيئة المصرية العامة للكتاب ،
2001م.40. نيلى حنا : تجار القاهرة فى العصر العثمانى ، ترجمة : د . رؤوف عباس ، الدار المصرية اللبنانية ، القاهرة ،
1997م . 41. | 9,390 | https://zenodo.org/record/3384155/files/33.pdf | null |
Arabic | Keywords: leadership styles, organizational culture, organizational performance. IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONAL
PERFORMANCE IN THE OFFICE OF THE MINISTER OF STATE,
GOVERNOR OF DHOFAR IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN:
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE
األمناط القيادية وأثرها على األداء التنظيمي مب تكت وزير الدولة حمافظ ظفار
في
س
لطنة عمان: الثقافة التنظيمية كمتغري وسيط
خالد غامن حممد التكثريي1
،
أستاذ مشارك د. حممد حمضار عبد املطل2،
د. علي انصر لى ع
الطحيطاح 3 LEADERSHIP STYLES AND THEIR IMPACT ON ORGANIZATIONAL
PERFORMANCE IN THE OFFICE OF THE MINISTER OF STATE,
GOVERNOR OF DHOFAR IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN:
ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE
األمناط القيادية
وأثرها على األداء التنظيمي
مب تكت
وزير
الدولة
حمافظ
ظفار
في الطحيطاح 3 Khalid Ghanim Mohammed Alkathiri1*, Mohamed Mihlar Abdul Muthaliff2 & Ali
Nasser Ali Al-Tahitah3
1Ph. D. Candidate in Human Resource Management at Faculty of Leadership and Management,
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), [email protected]
2Associate Professor Dr. at Faculty of Leadership and Management, Universiti Sains Islam
Malaysia (USIM), [email protected]
3Senior Lecturer Dr. at Faculty of Leadership and Management, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
(USIM), [email protected]
*Corresponding Author Abstract This quantitative study aims to discuss the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance in the
office of the Minister of State, Governor of Dhofar in the Sultanate of Oman, and the role of organizational
culture as a mediating variable. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach and the
quantitative approach in data collection. The study population consisted of all workers in the office of the
Minister of State in Dhofar Governorate, whose number is (3316) employees. A random sample of (348)
employees was chosen, according to krejcie & morgans' (1970) table. A questionnaire was developed, by
taking advantage of some literatures. It consisted of (66) statements distributed into (3) domains; the first
was to measure leadership styles of (25) statements. Organizational culture of (15) statements. Organizational performance of (26) statements distributed in (4) areas. Analytical methods: descriptive
analysis to extract means and deviations, Cronbach alpha coefficient, preliminary data analysis,
differentiation validity, multiple linear correlation test, coefficient estimation Quadratic correlation or
coefficient of determinations, effect size f (2), structural modeling, direct effect test, and mediator effect test. The results showed that the most frequently used leadership style was the democratic style (3.78), followed
by transformational style (3.76), and the least used style was the autocratic style (2.86). Leadership styles
affected organizational performance with a high effect size (0.517). It also affected the organizational culture
with an effect size of (0.391). Finally, organizational culture acts as a mediating factor in the relationship
between leadership styles and organizational performance. With (0.261) = β, and the value of t is greater
than (1.69), which is (5.932). Keywords: leadership styles, organizational culture, organizational performance. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 785 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 امللخص امللخص
ته دف
هذه الفدراسة الكمية إىل مناقشة أتثري أمناط القيادة على األداء التنظيمي، مبكتب وزير الفدولة حمافظ ظفار
بسلطنة
عمان ، ودور الثقافة.التنظيمية كمتغري وسيط
اعتمفد
هذا البحث
على املنهج الوصفي التحليلي، واملنهج الكمي يف مجع
.البياانت تكون جمتمع الفدراسة
من مجيع العاملني يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار ،
( البالغ عفددهم3316
.) موظفا
وقفد مت اختيار عينة عشوائية
م( ن348
) موظفاً، حسب جفدول(
krejcie & morgan (1970
.مت تطوير استبانة
ابالستفادة من،األدب النظري تكون
ت
( من66
( ) عبارة موزعة يف3) جماالت ؛ األول( لقياس األمناط القيادية من25
)
عبارة. Abstract الثقافة التنظيمية
( من15
.) عبارة األداء التنظيمي
( من26) عبارة موزعة يف (4) أبعاد .األساليب التحليلية :
التحلي
ل الوصفي الستخراج املتوسطات واالحنرافات،
معامل کرونباخ
لفا أ ،
,التحليل األويل للبياانت, صفدق التمايز
اختبار االرتباط اخلطي املتعفدد, تقفدير معامل االرتباط الرتبيعي
أ و معامل التحفديفدات, حجم التأثريf 2)
,)
النمذجة
:اهليكلية, اختبار األثر املباشر, واختبار أثر العامل الوسيط. بينت النتائج
إ ن
أكثر األمناط القيادية استخفداما كان النمط
( الفدميقراطي3,78
( ) تاله التحويلي3,76
( )، وأقل األمناط القيادية النمط األوتوقراطي2,86
)
. أثر
ت األمناط القيادية
على األداء التنظيمي
( حبجم أثر عايل0,517
)
. كما أثر( ت الثقافة التنظيمية حبجم أثر بقيمة0,391
.)
وأخريا ف إن
الثقافة التنظيمية تعمل كعامل وسيط يف العالقة بني األمناط القيادية و األداء التنظيمي؛ مع(
0,261
= )
β
، وقيمةt
( أكرب من1,69
( )، وهي5,932
.) ر
ي
:كلمات مفتاحية األمناط القياد
ية ،الثقافة التنظيمية، األداء التنظيمي. :كلمات مفتاحية األمناط القياد
ية ،الثقافة التنظيمية، األداء التنظيمي. :املقدمة و رفع
التوصيات املتعلقة ابحلاجات التفدريبية ليتم توفريها للموظفني يف سبيل حتسني مستوايت األداء لفديهم. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :املقدمة أشار
( عسكر2012
) أن النمط التسلطي األوتوقراطي هو الذي يعتمفد على أسلوب املركزية يف
ا
ختاذ القرار وابلتايل ال
ميكن
ا .ختاذ القرار بفدون الرجوع إىل القيادة اإلدارية و
أشار إىل أن النمط الفدميقراطي الت شاوري هو الذي يعتمفد على مبفدأ
.الشورى كمبفدأ أساسي يف التعامل بني أفراد املؤسسة
ك ما أكفد أن النمط التسييب احلر هو الذي يرتك مساحة من احلرية
.للعاملني يف إجناز مهام العمل بسهولة ويسر
تلعب و الثقافة التنظيمية دوراً هاماً وحمورايً يف حتسني األداء التنظيمي يف امل
ؤسسات واملنظمات،
حيث
إ ن تلك املؤسسات
تسري وفق معايري وأولوايت معفده سلفاً ال ميكن جتاوزها بسهولة،
حني
يتم اال ًتفاق على تلك املعايري واللوائح سلفا،
ويسري
عليها العاملني من أجل حتسني األداء التنظيمي يف تلك املؤسسات (املازوغي،
2019
). أتيت هذه الفدراسة يف ضوء تو
صيات حضرة صاحب اجلاللة سلطان عُمان حفظه هللا ورعاه، بضرورة االهتمام ابلقادة،
ملا
هلم من دور ف
ا
عل يف حتسني أداء املؤسسات، من خالل اال
هتمام هبؤالء القادة الذين بفدورهم يهتمون مبوظفيهم،
يف تلبية
رغباهتم ومعاجلة مشاكلهم، والعمل على تنظيم الرقابة الفاعلية ونظم الرتقيات والتقييم الفدوري والتقييم العام. و رفع
التوصيات املتعلقة ابحلاجات التفدريبية ليتم توفريها للموظفني يف سبيل حتسني مستوايت األداء لفديهم. تظهر االمناط القيادية يف ثالثة أمناط هي:
النمط الفدميقراطي والنمط التسلطي والنمط( التسييب
عياصرة ،
2003
). أشار
( عسكر2012
) أن النمط التسلطي األوتوقراطي هو الذي يعتمفد على أسلوب املركزية يف
ا
ختاذ القرار وابلتايل ال
ميكن
ا .ختاذ القرار بفدون الرجوع إىل القيادة اإلدارية و
أشار إىل أن النمط الفدميقراطي الت شاوري هو الذي يعتمفد على مبفدأ
.الشورى كمبفدأ أساسي يف التعامل بني أفراد املؤسسة
ك ما أكفد أن النمط التسييب احلر هو الذي يرتك مساحة من احلرية
.للعاملني يف إجناز مهام العمل بسهولة ويسر تلعب و الثقافة التنظيمية دوراً هاماً وحمورايً يف حتسني األداء التنظيمي يف امل
ؤسسات واملنظمات،
حيث
إ ن تلك املؤسسات
تسري وفق معايري وأولوايت معفده سلفاً ال ميكن جتاوزها بسهولة،
حني
يتم اال ًتفاق على تلك املعايري واللوائح سلفا،
ويسري
عليها العاملني من أجل حتسني األداء التنظيمي يف تلك املؤسسات (املازوغي،
2019
). ميأنحنم
أتيت هذه الفدراسة يف ضوء تو
صيات حضرة صاحب اجلاللة سلطان عُمان حفظه هللا ورعاه، بضرورة االهتمام ابلقادة،
ملا
هلم من دور ف
ا
عل يف حتسني أداء املؤسسات، من خالل اال
هتمام هبؤالء القادة الذين بفدورهم يهتمون مبوظفيهم،
يف تلبية
رغباهتم ومعاجلة مشاكلهم، والعمل على تنظيم الرقابة الفاعلية ونظم الرتقيات والتقييم الفدوري والتقييم العام. :املقدمة ءاج اهتما
م الباحثني ابلقيادة نتيجة قناعاهتم النظرية ودراستهم التطبيقية
؛
أبن ما حيفدث الفرق يف جمال فاعلية املنظمات
هو قياداهتا. فاملنظمات هتتم مبوضوع القيادة حبيث تزيفد من األفراد الذين يتصفون بكوهنم مفديرين وقادة يف الوقت نفسه. ًمن هنا تعفد القيادة جزء
أساسياً من العملية اإلدارية، ويعفد النمط القيادي أحفد العوامل الرئيسية اليت تسهم يف تشكيل
طابع العالقات الوظيفية اإلدارية داخل املنظمة
،(اليعريب2018
). و
يرى العفديفد من علماء اإلدارة
؛ أن اإلدارة يف جوهرها هي عملية قيادة ابملقام األول،
وقفدرة على التأثري
يف األخرين،
من
أجل حتسني األداء التنظيمي وحتفيز العاملني إلجناز أهفدا املؤسسة التنظيمية وأولوايهتا، والسعي الفدائم لتطويرها (
2005
.(Grint, K. ف القيادة هي عملية تعاونية مشرتكة تسهم يف دفع املؤسسة إىل األمام، ومراعاة املتغريات احلالية وعصر
ثورة املعلومات وتكنولوجيا اال ًتصاالت والذي يتطلب هنفدسة العالقات، وكذلك هنفدسة العمليات، وهذا يفرض حتفداي
يتمثل بتطوير القيادة ضمن إطار فكري حفديث يراعي قابلية القيادة للتعلم والتطوير، وإعادة الصياغة مبا ينسجم مع
متطلبات العصر ومستجفداته وتقنياته انطالقاً من أن القيادة هي عملية صناعة ميكن إعادة تكوينها والتفكري فيها 786 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 ،وتشكيلها، مما ميكنها من إدارة مؤسسات املستقبل بكفاية وفاعلية (الفهيفدي2009
.)
والقيادة أبمناطها ومس اهتا هلا أتثريها املباشر على اداء العاملني سواء ابلسلب يف تختل جوانب العملية اإلدارية، حيث
تعترب القيادة إحفدى الوظائ املكملة للوظائ اإلدارية الناجحة يرجع سر جناحها إىل جناح قائفدها يف شيوع الثقافة
التنظيمية يف املؤسسة وترسيخ تلك القيم برغ
ب ا ة و
قتناع ورضا
بني العاملني من أجل حتسني مستوى األداء التنظيمي يف
،املؤسسات (العتييب وآخرون2007
). ف األمناط القيادية هلا أسلوهبا وأهفدافها يف سبيل اإلرتقاء ابملنظمة ويف سبيل حتقيق
،األداء التنظيمي (القحطاين2008
.) تظهر االمناط القيادية يف ثالثة أمناط هي:
النمط الفدميقراطي والنمط التسلطي والنمط( التسييب
عياصرة ،
2003
). :مشتكلة الدراسة يعاين األداء العام يف املؤسسات العمانية من غياب التشخيص الص
حيح للمشاكل اإلدارية،
القائمة على األسس العلمية
، اليت مبوجبها يتم اختيار األفراد وتعيينهم ابلوظائ القيادية (مسن2018
). و
أكفدت دراسة الغسا
ني (
2006
)؛
املعوقات والتحفدايت اليت تواجه الفدور القيادي للمفديرين يف املؤسسات العمانية، ف بالرغم من أن القائفد اإلداري يلجأ إىل
تطبيق النمط التسلطي
؛
إ إال ن
هذا النمط قفد أدى إىل
ا
ستقرار املؤسسات. ترى و
،دراسة العكاري (
2014
)
أن هناك
،ضع واضح يف أداء املؤسسات اخلفدمية والقطاع العام العماين و
ضع يف األداء العام اإلداري واملايل،
جرّاء ضع
أداء العناصر اإلدارية واملالية
؛ مما أد ى إىل تفشي البريوقراطية والرتهل اإلداري واملشاكل االقتصادية واالجتماعية وقصور يف
اخلفدمة العامة وقصور يف حتقيق املتطلبات. لقفد قام العفديفد من الباحثني بفدراسات حول جوانب
إ
دارية مت
نوع
ة يف مكتب وزير الفدولة وحمافظ ظفار
، إ إ ال ن
هذه http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 الفدراسة هي األوىل اليت تنظر يف أثر األمناط القيادية يف األداء ال
ت
نظيمي،
من خالل فهم الفدور الوسيط اليت تلعبه الثقافة
.التنظيمية على تلك العالقة الفدراسة هي األوىل اليت تنظر يف أثر األمناط القيادية يف األداء ال
ت
نظيمي،
من خالل فهم الفدور الوسيط اليت تلعبه الثقافة
.التنظيمية على تلك العالقة والتأكفد من وجود مشكلة حقيقية بني أفراد جمتمع الفدراسة،
فقط فقفد
أجرى الباحث م
باق لة
مع (
15
)
موظفا حول
،األداء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة يف حمافظة ظفار
حول معرفتهم ابألمناط القيادية، و أمهية تلك األمناط
يف ا لتأثري
على األداء الوظيفي، ف
قفد بينت النتائج:
أن
غالبية ءرا اآل (
97.8
) يعتقفدون أن األداء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة%
يف حمافظة ظفار حيتاج لت
حسني. ( كما أن نسبة47.8
) منهم يعتقفدون%أ ن املوظفني ال حيققون
أ هفدا املهام
الوظيفية. بينما عكست الفدراسة االستطالعية أن غالبية املوظفني يواجهون املسؤولني يف حال
ا خطؤوا. أما فيما يتعلق
ابلثقة ابآل
خرين،
فبينت
ال
نتائج
؛
أن
غالبي ة( املوظفني63.04) ال يثقون ابآل%رين خ،
وهذا
اجل انب يعكس الثقافة
التنظيمية يف مكتب وزير الفدولة وحمافظ ظفار. فكان ال بفد
من دراسة الثقافة التنظيمية، اليت مل تفدرس من قبل كمتغري
وسيط. كما بينت النتائج( أن غالبية املوظفني69.57) على دراية ومعرفة ابألمناط القيادية املختلفة%
،
وأن
معظم هم
(
95.65
%
) يؤمنون بضرورة تغيري املفدراء ألمناطهم ،القيادية . مما يعكس أمهية دراسة أثر األمناط القيادية يف األداء
التنظيمي، من خالل الثقافة التنظيمية كمتغري وسيط. :مشتكلة الدراسة وهذا ما تسعى
إلي ه هذه
الفدراسة ل
تشخيص
الفجوة و
ردم .ها أهداف الدراسة :
أ . قياس أمناط القيادة
اإلدارية املتبعة .يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عُمان
ب . التحقق من
أتثري األ مناط القيادية و الثقافة التنظيمية على
األداء التنظيمي،
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار
ُبسلطنة ع .مان أ . قياس أمناط القيادة
اإلدارية املتبعة .يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عُمان ب . التحقق من
أتثري األ مناط القيادية و الثقافة التنظيمية على
األداء التنظيمي،
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار
ُبسلطنة ع .مان :الدراسات السابقة http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :الدراسات السابقة ي هفد عرض الفدراسات السابقة إىل تقفدمي فكرة للقارئ عن تفاعالت متغريات الفدراسة فيما بينها ،
وكي عرضت
األدبيات تلك ال تفاعالت، ويف هذا اإلطار يعرض الباحث جمموعتني من الفدراسات السابقة: األوىل انقشت األمناط
القيادية وأثرها يف األداء التنظيمي، واجملموعة الثانية انقشت
أثر الثقافة التنظيمية
على األداء التنظيمي. وال شك أن
الفائفدة الكامنة يف عرض األدبيات السابقة إمنا يكمن يف أتكيفد وجود الفجوة يف تلك الفدراسات؛ بطريقة تبني احلاجة
.إلجراء الفدراسة احلالية http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
788
ةسا در
املازوغي(
2019
) أثر قيادة املوارد البشرية على حتسني االداء التنظيمي، وقفد تناول الثقافة التنظيمية كمتغري وسيط. وقفد
وجفد أن العفدالة التنظيمية كان هلا دور
إجيايب يف العالقة بني القيادات
التحويلية وحتسني مستو
ى
الوالء التنظيمي يف
اجلامعات الليبية، ولقفد أبرزت الفدراسة ضرورة التوسع يف التعر على أتثري القيادات التحويلية على العفدالة اإلجرائية IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 كأحفد أبرز املتغريات الوسيطة اليت ميكن من خالهلا التعر على مفدى أتثريها على حتسني مس
ت
وى الوالء التنظيمي يف
.اجلامعات الليبية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التفدريس كأحفد أبرز املتغريات الوسيطة اليت ميكن من خالهلا التعر على مفدى أتثريها على حتسني مس
ت
وى الوالء التنظيمي يف
.اجلامعات الليبية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التفدريس كأحفد أبرز املتغريات الوسيطة اليت ميكن من خالهلا التعر على مفدى أتثريها على حتسني مس
ت وى الوالء التنظيمي يف
.اجلامعات الليبية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التفدريس
دراسة
العوكلي(
2019
)فقفد درس أثر القيادات
التحويلية وعالقتها بتحسني مستو
ى
الوالء التنظيمي يف اجلامعات الليبية
من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التفدريس. وقفد توصل الباحث إىل العفديفد من النتائج من ب ينها أن العفدالة التنظيمية هلا دور
إجيايب
يف العالقة بني القيادات التحويلية وحتسني مستوي الوالء التنظيمي يف اجلامعات الليبية، ولقفد أبرزت الفدراسة ضرورة
التوسع يف التعر على أتثري القيادات التحويلية على العفدالة اإلجرائية كأحفد أبرز املتغريات الوسيطة اليت ميكن من خالهلا
التعر على مفدى أتثريها على حتسني مس
ت .وى الوالء التنظيمي يف اجلامعات الليبية من وجهة نظر أعضاء هيئة التفدريس
دراسة ي عل (
2019
)
فقفد
د رس العالقة بني القيادة التحويلية والتوجهات الثقافية التنظيمية، وكذلك التأثري املشرتك للقيادة
التحويلية والثقافة التن
ظيمية على أداء وحفدة األعمال. قام حوايل
300
موظ يف مؤسسة مالية كبرية يف اليوانن مبلء عفدد
من االستبياانت اليت تقيس توجهات الثقافة التنظيمية والقيادة التحويلية. مت احلصول على قياس أداء وحفدة األعمال من
قبل املؤسسة قيفد الفدراسة. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :الدراسات السابقة أظهر حتليل املسار أن اإلجناز وال .توجهات الثقافية التكيفية كان هلا أتثري مباشر على األداء
عالوة على ذلك، كان للقيادة التحويلية والتوجه اإلنساين أتثري إجيايب غري مباشر على األداء من خالل توجيه اإلجناز. يتمثل أحفد قيود البحث يف أن االجتاه السبيب للعالقات بني املتنبئني واملعايري مت حتفديفده جزئ يًا من خالل التحكم يف أتثري
األداء يف املاضي على تصورات الثقافة التنظيمية والقيادة. على املستوى العملي، تشري النتائج إىل أن العالقات
االجتماعية البناءة واإلجيابية يف العمل جيب أن تكون مصحوبة بتحفديفد األهفدا وإجناز املهمة إذا كان األداء التنظيمي
العايل هو امل
طلوب. اأ
دراسة
أبوسوار(
2019
)أثر التخطيط االسرتاتيجي على األداء املؤسسي،
ملعرفة أثر الثقافة التنظيمية يف توسط العالقة بني
التخطيط االسرتاتيجي واألداء املؤسسي وذلك ابلتطبيق على شركة(أوتوابش)
احملفدودة للسيارات اخلرطوم وقفد أظهرت
نتائج الفدراسة وجود عالقة إجيابية بني التخطيط االسرتاتيجي واألداء املؤسسي كما اتضح وجود عالقة اجيابية بني
التخطيط االسرتاتيجي والثقافة التنظيمية لشركة(أوتوابش)
احملفدودة للسيارات اخلرطوم وكذلك وجود عالقة إجيابية بني
الثق
افة التنظيمية واألداء املؤسسي،
فضالً عن وجود أتثري ألبعاد الثقافة التنظيمية القيم التنظيمية ، التوقعات التنظيمية
.تتوسط العالقة بني التخطيط االسرتاتيجي واألداء وقفد
انقش
فرج هللا(
2016
)الثقافة التنظيمية كمتغري معفدل على العالقة بني رأس املال الفكري واألداء .وقفد وجفد أبن
الثقافة التنظيمية هلا دور إجيايب يف العالقة بني رأس املال الفكر
ي
وتطوير األداء. ولقفد أوصت الفدراسة بضرورة التوسع يف
.التعر على أتثري الثقافة التنظيمية يف العالقة بني القيادة التحويلية واألداء التنظيمي
ومن خالل هذا االستعراض السريع لألدبيات ذ ات الصلة ابلفدراسة احلالية؛ جنفد أن الفدراسات قفد خلصت إىل وجود أتثري 789 ASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 202 القيادات
على،حتسني االداء التنظيمي و أن العفدالة التنظيمية كان هلا دور إجيايب يف العالقة بني القيادات التحويلية
وحتسني مستوى الوالء التنظيمي . كان ملمارسة القيادة دورا يف
بتحسني مستوى الوالء ا
لتنظيمي . و كان للقيادة التحويلية
والتوجه اإلنساين
؛ أتثري إجيايب غري مباشر على األداء من خالل توجيه اإلجناز
.كمتغري وسيط
:واستنادا ملا توصلت إليه هذه األدبيات، فإنه ميكن صياغة الفرضية اآلتية
فرضية الدراسة: ت وجفد عالقة وساطة للثقافة التنظيمية
يف ا لعالقة بني األمناط القيادية واألداء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير
.الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عمان http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org منهجية
:الدراسة يقوم املنهج
الوصفي التحليلي
ب
وص ظاهرة من الظواهر للوصول إىل أسباب الظاهرة،
والعوامل اليت تتحكم فيها
واستخالص النتائج منها لتعميمها. ف املنهج الوصفي ال يقوم حبصر الظواهر ووصفها مجيعها، وإمنا يقوم ابنتقاء الظواهر
اليت ختفدم الغرض من الفدراسة مث يصفها ليتوصل بذلك إىل إثبات احلقيقة العلمية(
العسا,
2006
.) جمتمع وعينة الدراسة: تكون جمتمع الفدراسة
من مجيع األفراد (العامل
ين
، الفني
ين
، واإلداري
) يف ني مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار ،لا بالغ
عفدد
هم
الكلي(
3316
)
.موظفا قفد و
تم
اختيار عينة عشوائية ل
تكون (
348
) موظف ًا حمافظة ظفار، حبسب جفدول جريسيت
وموغان(
krejcie & morgan (1970
. مقياس:الدراسة مقياس:الدراسة ،بعفد االطالع على األدب النظري
مت ت
طوير االستبانة ، وفق مقياس ليكرت،اخلماسي
جلمع البياانت من عينة موظفي
امل
كتب
. وقفد تكونت من أربعة أقسام: ،بعفد االطالع على األدب النظري
مت ت
طوير االستبانة ، وفق مقياس ليكرت،اخلماسي
جلمع البياانت من عينة موظفي
امل
كتب
. وقفد تكونت من أربعة أقسام: القسم األول: املتغريات الفدميوغرافية ألفراد عينة الفدراسة وهي:
(اجلنس، العمر، املؤهل الفدراسي، املسمى الوظيفي، ومفدة
)اخلربة يف العمل. القسم الثاين:
( يتكون من66
)
عبارة( موزعة يف3
)جماالت
اجملال
:األول يقل
اس األمناط القيادية
( تكون من25) عبارة موزعة يف (3) أمناط هي
؛
( النمط األوتوقراطي9
)عبارات ،
( النمط الفدميقراطي11
) عبار
ة( ، النمط التحويلي5) عبارا
ت ،
مجيي القسم الثاين:
( يتكون من66
)
عبارة( موزعة يف3
)جماالت
اجملال
:األول يقل
اس األمناط القيادية
( تكون من25) عبارة موزعة يف (3) أمناط هي
؛
( النمط األوتوقراطي9
)عبارات ،
( النمط الفدميقراطي11
) عبار
ة( ، النمط التحويلي5) عبارا
ت ،
اجملال ين الثا: يقل
اس الثقافة التنظيمية
( تكون من15) عبارة موزعة يف (3) أبعاد هي
؛
( الشجاعة5
( ) عبارات، الثقة
5
() عبارات، والقفدرة عل التغيري5)عبارات اجملال الثالث: يقل
اس متغري األداء التنظيمي
( تكون من26) عبارة موزعة يف (4) أبعاد هي
؛
القفدرة على التعامل مع http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 ( األمور الغامضة5
،) عبارات( حتقيق األدوار6) عبارات،
( أداء املهام7) عبارات،
( حتقيق األهفدا8) عبارات،. ويوضح اجلفدول رقم(
3،1
) ي مق اس الفدراسة حسب.املتغريات
جفدول(
3,1
): مقياس الفدراسة حسب امل
تغريات
م عنوان اجملال االبعاد عدد ال
عبا
رات مصدر االستبانة
1
األمناط القيادية
النمط األوتوقراطي
9
( اجلساسي2010
)
( بشاوي2008
)
العسا(
2005
)
النمط الفدميقراطي
11
النمط التحويلي
5
الثقافة التنظيمية
الشجاعة
5
( يوفرا2017
)
الثقة
5
القفدرة على التغيري
5
األداء التنظيمي
القفدرة على التعامل مع األمور الغامضة
5
( يوفرا2017
)
حتقيق األهفدا
8
( اجلعفدي2016
)
3
األداء
التنظيمي
حتقيق األدوار
6
( اجلعفدي2016
)
أداء املهام
7
( الكساسبة2010
) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
791
صدق وثبات امل
ا قي:س
:صدق احملتكمني
أي الصفدق الظاهري
لأ
جل ا
لتحقق من صفدق االستبانة، فقفد مت ارساهل
ا جملموعة من (7) أكادمييني من
صص خت امل ني يف إدارة
املوارد البشرية ،وذلك هب فد أخذ
تغذيتهم الراجعة،، وتقييم صالحيته ل لتأكفد من أن حمتوى
عبا رات
االستبانة صاحل لقياس
ما وضعت لقياسه. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org مقياس:الدراسة ؤكفد وت الفدراسات أنه جيب ال
كفد أت من الصفدق،
حبيث تكو
ن االستبانة شاملة،
( وتكون فقراهتا واضحة حبيث يفهمها كل من يقرأهاCreswell, 2014
). .وقفد مت األخذ جبميع التعفديالت اليت أقرها احملكمون، ومل يتم حذ أية عبارة تراوحت تقفديرات احملكمني للمقياس من
81
إىل%
88
، وبلغت نسبة االتفاق%
84
.%
،وهذا املعفدل أكرب مما أقره الين(
1986
)
Lynn
يف أن عفدد احملكمني
إذا كان( من6
إىل8
)
حمكمني؛ ينبغي أن تكون درجة( االتفاق83
)%
للتحقق من صفدق املقياس. صدق وثبات امل
ا قي:س
:صدق احملتكمني
أي الصفدق الظاهري
لأ
جل ا
لتحقق من صفدق االستبانة، فقفد مت ارساهل
ا جملموعة من (7) أكادمييني من
صص خت امل ني يف إدارة
املوارد البشرية ،وذلك هب فد أخذ
تغذيتهم الراجعة،، وتقييم صالحيته ل لتأكفد من أن حمتوى
عبا رات
االستبانة صاحل لقياس
ما وضعت لقياسه. ؤكفد وت الفدراسات أنه جيب ال
كفد أت من الصفدق،
حبيث تكو
ن االستبانة شاملة،
( وتكون فقراهتا واضحة حبيث يفهمها كل من يقرأهاCreswell, 2014
). .وقفد مت األخذ جبميع التعفديالت اليت أقرها احملكمون، ومل يتم حذ أية عبارة تراوحت تقفديرات احملكمني للمقياس من
81
إىل%
88
، وبلغت نسبة االتفاق%
84
.%
،وهذا املعفدل أكرب مما أقره الين(
1986
)
Lynn
يف أن عفدد احملكمني
إذا كان( من6
إىل8
)
حمكمني؛ ينبغي أن تكون درجة( االتفاق83
)%
للتحقق من صفدق املقياس. IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 ثبات
:املقياس
بعفد للتحقق من
ال
صفدق، مت التأكفد من ثبات االستبانة من خالل التطبيق املزدوج، الستخراج ق يم ألفا
كرونبا.خ حيث مت
توزيع(
55
) استبانة ، و مت،إعادة توزيعها على نفس العينة بعفد فرتة حوايل أسبوعني من التوزيع األول
مبعىن أنه لو مت إعادة
استخفدام االستبانة
؛ فإهنا ست
عطي دائما نفس النتائج يف حال مت استخفدام
ها
مرتني على اجملموعة
نفسها وحتت نفس الظرو
Creswell, & Guetterman, (2019)
. مث جرى
حتليل اإلجاابت ابستخفدام برانمج
احل زمة
االحصائية
للعلوم االجتماعية(
SPSS
). مقياس:الدراسة فدقو أشارت
نتائج
التحقق من ثبات االست بانة:إىل ما يلي
جفدول (2،3):
ثبات االستبانة
حسب قيمة ألفا ل كل جمال من
اجمل
االت
م اجملــــــــــــــــــاالت عدد الفقرات قيمة ألفا كرونباخ
1
النمط األوتوقراطي
9
0,720
2
النمط الفدميقراطي
11
0,703
3
النمط التحويلي
5
0,716
اجملال األول كتكل
25
0,824
4
الشجاعة
5
0,706
5
الثقة يف األخرين
5
0,711
6
القفدرة علي التغيري
5
0,730
اجملال الثا
ين كتكل
15
0,807
7
القفدرة عل
ى التعامل مع القضااي املعقفدة
5
0,730
8
أداء املهام
7
0.705
9
حتقيق األدوار
6
0,711
10
حتقيق األهفدا
8
0,706
اجملال الثالث كتكل
26
0,823 http://ijasos ocerintjournals or
مت إعادة
استخفدام االستبانة
؛ فإهنا ست
عطي دائما نفس النتائج يف حال مت استخفدام
ها مرتني ع
ت نفس الظرو
Creswell, & Guetterman, (2019)
. مث جرى
حتليل ااإلجاابت
ابستخفدام ب
لعلوم االجتماعية(
SPSS
). فدقو أشارت
نتائج
التحقق من ثبات االست بانة:إىل ما يلي
جفدول (2،3):
ثبات االستبانة
حسب قيمة ألفا ل كل جمال من
اجمل
االت
م اجملــــــــــــــــــاالت عدد الفقرات قيمة ألفا كرونباخ
1
النمط األوتوقراطي
9
0,720
2
النمط الفدميقراطي
11
0,703
3
النمط التحويلي
5
0,716
اجملال األول كتكل
25
0,824
4
الشجاعة
5
0,706
5
الثقة يف األخرين
5
0,711
6
القفدرة علي التغيري
5
0,730
اجملال الثا
ين كتكل
15
0,807
7
القفدرة عل
ى التعامل مع القضااي املعقفدة
5
0,730
8
أداء املهام
7
0.705
9
حتقيق األدوار
6
0,711
10
حتقيق األهفدا
8
0,706
اجملال الثالث كتكل
26
0,823
إ
مجايل املقياس كتكل
66
0.841
لت الثبات
( يف اجلفدول3,2
) أعاله إىل متتع عبارات وجماالت املقياس بفدرجة ثبات عالية تق http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
792
تشري معامالت الثبات
( يف اجلفدول3,2
) أعاله إىل متتع عبارات وجماالت املقياس بفدرجة ثبات عالية
تقع أعلى من تشري معامالت الثبات
( يف اجلفدول3,2
) أعاله إىل متتع عبارات وجماالت املقياس بفدرجة ثبات عالية
تقع أعلى من IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 (
0,7
)، حبيث
.تؤكفد صالحية املقياس لقياس ما وضع لقياسه
فبحسب(
Creswell, &Guetterman, 2019
) فإ ن
( قيمة معامل ألفا عنفدما تزيفد عن0,6
لغاية0,7
( ) يعترب املقياس مشكوك فيه، ومن0,7
إىل0,8
،) املقياس مقبول
( ومن0,8
إىل0,9
( ) املقياس جيفد، أعلى من0,9
.) املقياس ممتاز( أما دون0,5
.) فاملقياس مرفوض http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
793 ما
أ
أ . التكرارات والنسب املئوية.Frequencies and Percentages
ب . املتوسط (الوسط) احلسايبMean
. ت . االحنرا املعياريStandard Deviation
ث . مقياس:الدراسة معامل الثبات کرونباخ الفاCronbach's Alpha
. ج . التحليل األويل للبياانت :مل
عاجلة البياانت املفقودة والقيم املتطرفة
ح . التوزيع الطبيعي للبياانت
خ . االلتواء والتفلطحKurtosis & Skewness
د . االحنفدار اخلطي املتعفدد
، لقياس أثر املتغري املستقل والوسيط على املتغري التابع. :نتائج الدراسة
:إجابة السؤال األول ما
أمناط القيادة
اإلدارية املتبعة
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة حمافظ ظفار بسلطنة عُمان
؟
لإلجابة عن هذا السؤال، مت إجراء التحليل
الوصفي ل
لمجال األول من ا
ملقياس (األمناط القيادية)
، ألجل استخراج
:املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجاابت العينة. اجلفدول اآليت يبني التفاصيل
( اجلفدول4,1
) التحليل الوصفي للنمط األوتوقراطي
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار=(ن348
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى
1
يبفدو رئيسي صارما يف التعامل مع املوظفني
2.79
1.211 متوسط
2
يطلب رئيسي من مجيع العاملني التزام األنظمة والقوانني الرمسية بشكل صارم
3.62
1.130
مرتفع
3
يؤكفد رئيسي على االلتزام ابملواعيفد احملفددة إلجناز العمل
4.15
.980 مرتفع
4
حيتفظ رئيسي جبميع الصالحيات والسلطات لنفسه
2.86
1.337 متوسط أ . التكرارات والنسب املئوية.Frequencies and Percentages ب . املتوسط (الوسط) احلسايبMean
. ت . االحنرا املعياريStandard Deviation ث . معامل الثبات کرونباخ الفاCronbach's Alpha
. ث . معامل الثبات کرونباخ الفاCronbach's Alpha
. ج . التحليل األويل للبياانت :مل
عاجلة البياانت املفقودة والقيم املتطرفة
ح . التوزيع الطبيعي للبياانت ج . التحليل األويل للبياانت :مل
اعاجلة البياانت املفقودة والقيم املتطرفة
لل
لط
ل ح . التوزيع الطبيعي للبياانت خ . االلتواء والتفلطحKurtosis & Skewness :إجابة السؤال األول ما
أمناط القيادة
اإلدارية املتبعة
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة حمافظ ظفار بسلطنة عُمان
؟
لإلجابة عن هذا السؤال، مت إجراء التحليل
الوصفي ل
لمجال األول من ا
ملقياس (األمناط القيادية)
، ألجل استخراج
:املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجاابت العينة. اجلفدول اآليت يبني التفاصيل http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
793
:إجابة السؤال األول ما
أمناط القيادة
اإلدارية املتبعة
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة حمافظ ظفار بسلطنة عُمان
؟
لإلجابة عن هذا السؤال، مت إجراء التحليل
الوصفي ل
لمجال األول من ا
ملقياس (األمناط القيادية)، ألجل استخراج
:املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجاابت العينة. مقياس:الدراسة اجلفدول اآليت يبني التفاصيل
( اجلفدول4,1
) التحليل الوصفي للنمط األوتوقراطي
يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار=(ن348
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى
1
يبفدو رئيسي صارما يف التعامل مع املوظفني
2.79
1.211 متوسط
2
يطلب رئيسي من مجيع العاملني التزام األنظمة والقوانني الرمسية بشكل صارم
3.62
1.130
مرتفع
3
يؤكفد رئيسي على االلتزام ابملواعيفد احملفددة إلجناز العمل
4.15
.980 مرتفع
4
حيتفظ رئيسي جبميع الصالحيات والسلطات لنفسه
2.86
1.337 متوسط 793 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 5
يتعامل رئيسي مع املوظفني أبسلوب أمر النهي
2.40
1.285 قليل
6
يركز رئيسي على اللوم والعقاب وتصيفد األخطاء
2.03
1.291 قليل
7
يهتم رئيسي فقط
بم
ا جيب أن يؤديه املوظفون دون اال هتمام مبشاكلهم
2.39
1.297 قليل
8
يطلب رئيسي مين تقفدمي اقرتاحات حلل املشكلة لكنه ينفرد هو ابختاذ القرار
2.66
1.264 متوسط
9
يصفدر رئيسي األوامر اليت تتناول كافة التفاصيل ويصر على تنفيذها
2.96
1.231 متوسط
إمجايل
ا
لنمط األوتوقراطي
2.86
1.264 متوسط http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
794
5
يتعامل رئيسي مع املوظفني أبسلوب أمر النهي
2.40
1.285 قليل
6
يركز رئيسي على اللوم والعقاب وتصيفد األخطاء
2.03
1.291 قليل
7
يهتم رئيسي فقط
بم
ا جيب أن يؤديه املوظفون دون اال هتمام مبشاكلهم
2.39
1.297 قليل
8
يطلب رئيسي مين تقفدمي اقرتاحات حلل املشكلة لكنه ينفرد هو ابختاذ القرار
2.66
1.264 متوسط
9
يصفدر رئيسي األوامر اليت تتناول كافة التفاصيل ويصر على تنفيذها
2.96
1.231 متوسط
إمجايل
ا
لنمط األوتوقراطي
2.86
1.264 متوسط
يبني اجلفدول أعاله أن منط القيادة
األوتوقراطي كان مب
ستوى متوسط( ، حيث بلغ املتوسط احلسايب2,86
) واحنرا
( معياري قفدره1,264
.)
" :جاءت ابملرتبة األوىل عبارة
يؤكفد رئيسي على االلتزام ابملواعيفد احملفددة إلجناز العمل " بتقفدير
مرتفع
( مبتوسط حسايب4,15
،)
واحنرا (
0,98
). وحلت ابملرتبة الثانية بتقفدير مرتفع
" :أيضا عبارة يطلب رئيسي من
مجيع العاملني التزام األنظمة والقوانني الرمسية بشكل صارم
"؛
( مبتوسط3,62
)
( ، واحنرا1,13
:). مقياس:الدراسة واحتلت عبارة
"يركز رئيسي على اللوم والعقاب وتصيفد األخطاء " املركز األخري
بتقفدير قليل
( مبتوسط2,03
)، واحنرا معياري
(
1,291
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
794
( اجلفدول4,2
) التحليل الوصفي للنمط ال
فدمي=وقراطي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار (ن348
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى
1
حيفز رئيسي
املوظفني ويشجعهم على تطوير العمل
3.97
1.204
مرتفع
2
ينمي رئيسي روح االبتكار والتجفديفد واإلبفداع لفدى املوظفني
3.76
1.291
مرتفع
3
ُي
شرِكُ رئيسي العاملني برسم السياسات
3.53
1.279 مرتفع
4
.خيصص رئيسي الوقت للحوار معه واالستماع إليه
3.82
1.203 مرتفع
5
يقيم رئيسي عالقات جيفدة مع املوظفني
3.96
1.147 مرتفع
6
يفسح رئيسي اجملال أمام العاملني إلبفداء آرائهم يف جمال العمل
4.00
1.143 مرتفع ( اجلفدول4,2
) التحليل الوصفي للنمط ال
فدمي=وقراطي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار (ن348
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى
1
حيفز رئيسي
املوظفني ويشجعهم على تطوير العمل
3.97
1.204
مرتفع
2
ينمي رئيسي روح االبتكار والتجفديفد واإلبفداع لفدى املوظفني
3.76
1.291
مرتفع
3
ُي
شرِكُ رئيسي العاملني برسم السياسات
3.53
1.279 مرتفع
4
.خيصص رئيسي الوقت للحوار معه واالستماع إليه
3.82
1.203 مرتفع
5
يقيم رئيسي عالقات جيفدة مع املوظفني
3.96
1.147 مرتفع
6
يفسح رئيسي اجملال أمام العاملني إلبفداء آرائهم يف جمال العمل
4.00
1.143 مرتفع http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
794 794 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 ,
,
,
7
يعطي رئيسي اجملال أمام العاملني لطرح أفكارهم اجلفديفدة
3.88
1.160 مرتفع
8
يفوض رئيسي العاملني بسلطة اختاذ القرار
3.31
1.182 متوسط
9
يهتم رئيسي بنتائج األعمال أكثر من
اهتمامه بتفاصيل العمل
3.62
1.119 مرتفع
10
يتعاط رئيسي مع العاملني الذين يعانون صعوابت ومشاكل حقيقة
3.82
1.191 مرتفع
11
يشجع رئيسي العاملني يف مناقشة املشاكل اإلدارية اليت تواجههم للوصول إىل
أفضل احللول املمكنة هلا
3.92
1.140 مرتفع
إمجايل
النمط ال
دمي
وقراطي
3.78
1.187 مرتفع يبني اجلفدول أعاله أن منط القيادة ال
فدمي وقراطي كان مبستوى
مرتفع
، حيث بلغ معفدل املتوسط
ات احلسابي
ة (
3,78
)
( واحنرا معياري قفدره1,187
). جاءت ابملرتبة األوىل
ال
عبارة (6)
" :
يفسح رئيسي اجملال أمام العاملني إلبفداء آرائهم
يف جمال العمل"
( بتقفدير مرتفع مبتوسط حسايب4,00
( )، واحنرا1,143
). وحلت ابملرتبة الثانية بتقفدير مرتفع أيضا
ال
عبارة (1)
" :حيفز رئيسي املوظفني ويشجعهم على تطوير العمل( "؛ مبتوسط3,97
( )، واحنرا1,204
). مقياس:الدراسة واحتلت عبارة
"يركز رئيسي على اللوم والعقاب وتصيفد األخطاء " املركز األخري
بتقفدير قليل
( مبتوسط2,03
)، واحنرا معياري
(
1,291
.)
( اجلفدول4,2
) التحليل الوصفي للنمط ال
فدمي=وقراطي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار (ن348
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى
1
حيفز رئيسي
املوظفني ويشجعهم على تطوير العمل
3.97
1.204
مرتفع
2
ينمي رئيسي روح االبتكار والتجفديفد واإلبفداع لفدى املوظفني
3.76
1.291
مرتفع
3
ُي
شرِكُ رئيسي العاملني برسم السياسات
3.53
1.279 مرتفع
4
.خيصص رئيسي الوقت للحوار معه واالستماع إليه
3.82
1.203 مرتفع
5
يقيم رئيسي عالقات جيفدة مع املوظفني
3.96
1.147 مرتفع
6
يفسح رئيسي اجملال أمام العاملني إلبفداء آرائهم يف جمال العمل
4.00
1.143 مرتفع يبني اجلفدول أعاله أن منط القيادة
األوتوقراطي كان مب
ستوى متوسط( ، حيث بلغ املتوسط احلسايب2,86
) واحنرا
( معياري قفدره1,264
.)
" :جاءت ابملرتبة األوىل عبارة
يؤكفد رئيسي على االلتزام ابملواعيفد احملفددة إلجناز العمل " بتقفدير
مرتفع
( مبتوسط حسايب4,15
،)
واحنرا (
0,98
). وحلت ابملرتبة الثانية بتقفدير مرتفع
" :أيضا عبارة يطلب رئيسي من
مجيع العاملني التزام األنظمة والقوانني الرمسية بشكل صارم
"؛
( مبتوسط3,62
)
( ، واحنرا1,13
:). مقياس:الدراسة واحتلت
" :عبارة
يفوض رئيسي العاملني بسلطة اختاذ القرار
" املركز األخري بتق فدير
متوسط
( مبتوسط3,31
)، واحنرا معياري
(
1,182
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
795
( اجلفدول4,3
) التحليل الوصفي للنمط ال تحو
لي=ي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار (ن348
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى
1
حيرص رئيسي على حتقيق احتياجات ورغبات املوظفني
3.72
1.110
مرتفع
2
يراعى رئيسي الفروق الفردية بني املوظفني
3.56
1.127
مرتفع
3
يعمل رئيسي على أجناز املهام بروح الفريق
3.89
1.166 مرتفع
4
يفوض رئيسي السلطة للمس ؤ
ولني القادرين على حتمل املسئولية
3.86
1.135 مرتفع
5
ميتلك رئيسي رؤية واضحة للمستقبل
3.77
1.191 مرتفع
6
إمجايل
النمط التحويلي
3.76
1.146 مرتفع IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 يبني اجلفدول أعاله أن منط القيادة ال
تح ةي يلو كان مبستوى مرتفع، حيث
.جاءت مجيع عبارات اجملال مبستوى مرتفع
بلغ
( معفدل املتوسطات احلسابية3,76
( ) واحنرا معياري قفدره1,146
( ). جاءت ابملرتبة األوىل العبارة3
): "يعمل
رئيسي
( على أجناز املهام بروح الفريق" بتقفدير مرتفع مبتوسط حسايب3,89
( )، واحنرا1,166
). وحلت ابملرتبة
( الثانية بتقفدير مرتفع أيضا العبارة4
" :)يفوض رئيسي السلطة للمسؤولني القادرين على حتمل املس ولية ؤ "؛ مبتوسط
(
3,86
( )، واحنرا1,135
" :). واحتلت عبارة
يراعى رئيسي الف
روق الفردية بني املوظفني " املركز األخري بتقفدير مرتفع
( مبتوسط3,56
( )، واحنرا معياري1,127
.) يتبني أن
منط القيادة الفدميوقراطي كان أكثر األمناط،
،حني ظهر مبستوى مرتفع
مبتوسط( حسايب3,78
) واحنرا
(
1,187
.)
وحل اثنيا مبستوى مرتفع
ًأيضا منط القيادة التحويلي
بفارق ضئيل مع النمط
الفدميوقراطي
مبتوسط حسايب
(
3,76
( ) واحنرا1,146
.)
وجاء
منط القيادة األ و تو
قراطي
أقل األمناط مبستوى متوسط، حيث بلغ املتوسط احلسايب
(
2,86
( ) واحنرا معياري قفدره1,264
.) إجابة السؤال ال:ثاين
ما
أتثري األمناط القيادية والثقافة التنظيمية على األداء التنظيمي، يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة
ظفار
؟ إجابة السؤال ال:ثاين
ما
أتثري األمناط القيادية والثقافة التنظيمية
على األداء التنظيمي، يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة
ظفار
؟ لإلجابة عن هذا السؤال، مت إجراء
اختبار االرتباط اخلطي املتعفدد
.(Multi collinearity Test)
ْإذ
يعترب اختبار االرتباط اخلطي املتعفدد أحفد اختبارات االحنفدار املتعفددة، ويتم استخفدام هذا االختبار يف الفدراسة
للتأكفد
من أن مجيع عناصر املتغريات املستقلة املتغري املعتفدل ترتبط ببعضها بعضا. يستخفدم اختبار االرتباط اخلطي املتعفدد
عاملني رئيسيني مها
؛
( التسامح وعوامل تضخم التباينVIF
( ). http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org مقياس:الدراسة وفقًا لـكالنينس2018
)، جيب أن يكون قبول قيم
التسامح اذا كانت أقل من3، بينما أوصى شا( تفيلفد2018
) أبن يكونVIF
أقل من5
. وفقًا للجفدول التايل
(
4,4
)
، املتغريات (النمط االوتوقراطي، والنمط الفدميقراطي، والنمط التحويلي، والقفدرة على التغيري، والشجاعة، والثقة يف
األخرين، والقفدرة على التعامل مع القضااي الغامضة أو املعقفدة) حصلت على نتائج مقبولة، حيث
تراوحت قيم التسامح
بني (
0,221
و0,730
)
، بينما تراوحت قيمVIF
بني (
1,003
و2,513
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
796
اجلفدول(
4,4
): االرتباط الفداخلي بني املتغريات املستقلة
متغريات الدراسة املستقلة
تضخم التباين
VIF
التباين املسموح
Tolerance
النمط االوتوقراطي
1.921
0,221
النمط الفدميقراطي
1.309
0,576
النمط التحويلي
2.040
0,49 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
796
اجلفدول(
4,4
): االرتباط الفداخلي بني املتغريات املستقلة
متغريات الدراسة املستقلة
تضخم التباين
VIF
التباين املسموح
Tolerance
النمط االوتوقراطي
1.921
0,221
النمط الفدميقراطي
1.309
0,576
النمط التحويلي
2.040
0,49 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 القفدرة على التغيري
1,637
0.733
الشجاعة
2,513
0.346
الثقة يف األخرين
2,44
0.560
القفدرة على التعامل مع القضااي
الغامضة أو املعقفدة
1,003
0,53
تقدير مُعامِل االرتباط الرتبيعي أو مُعامِل التحديدات
Coefficient of Determination/ R2 تقدير مُعامِل االرتباط الرتبيعي أو مُعامِل التحديدات
Coefficient of Determination/ R2 ،معامل التحفديفد هو قياس إحصائي يفحص كي ميكن تفسري االختالفات يف متغري واحفد ابالختال يف متغري اثن
عنفد التنبؤ بنتيجة حفدث معني. بعبارة أخرى: هذا املعامل املعرو أكثر ابسم (R-squared) أو (R2)
، يقيم مفدى قوة
العالقة اخلطية بني متغريين، ويعتم ،فد عليه الباحثون كثرياً عنفد إجراء حتليل االجتاه (هاير وآخرون2017
.( يبني اجلفدول رقم(
4,5
) قيم معامل االرتباط الرتبيعي، اليت تشري إىل مفدى تفسري املتغري التابع للفدراسة من خالل
املتغريات املستقلة احملفددة يف النموذج. تظهر قيمة معامل االرتباط الرتبيعي عنفد قيمة73.8 وهي متثل قيمة تقفدير%
متوسطة للنموذج املقرتح يف الفدراسة للتنبؤ ابأل
داء التنظيمي من خال.ل العوامل املقرتحة العامل التابع
R Square
R Square Adjusted
األداء التنظيمي
0,738
0,391 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
797
( حجم التأثري :(f2
لقفد
مت اختيار كوهنيf 2
كمقياس مناسب حلجم التأثري احمللي للمتغريات داخل منوذج احنفدار متعفدد املتغريات، تختلط
.التأثريات و
حبسب
،شاليس وآخرون(2012)
Selys, et. al.,
فإ ن معادلة
،كوهني(
1988
)
؛f 2)
) مناسب
ة
حلساب
حجم التأثري ضمن منوذج االحنفدار املتعفدد
؛ حيث يكون املتغري املستقل حمل االهتمام واملتغري التابع مستمرين. مقياس:الدراسة يتم تقفدمي
Cohen's f2
بشكل شائع يف شكل مناسب حلجم التأثري العاملي:
f 2 = R 2 1 - R 2
( يظهر اجلفدول رقم4,6
) قياس حجم األثر ملتغريات الفدراسة على األداء التنظيمي، الذي يتضح من خالله أن
أ كثر لقفد
مت اختيار كوهنيf 2
كمقياس مناسب حلجم التأثري احمللي للمتغريات داخل منوذج احنفدار متعفدد املتغريات، تختلط
.التأثريات و
حبسب
،شاليس وآخرون(2012)
Selys, et. al.,
فإ ن معادلة
،كوهني(
1988
)
؛f 2)
) مناسب
ة
حلساب
حجم التأثري ضمن منوذج االحنفدار املتعفدد
؛ حيث يكون املتغري املستقل حمل االهتمام واملتغري التابع مستمرين. يتم تقفدمي
Cohen's f2
بشكل شائع يف شكل مناسب حلجم التأثري العاملي:
f 2 = R 2 1 - R 2 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 املتغ
ريات أثرا على األداء التنظيمي
؛ هو متغري األ
مناط القيادية،
وحبجم أثر(
0,517
)
متجاوزا احلفد(
0,15
)
الذي يشري
إىل حجم أثر عايل ذو معىن. كما وجفدت الثقافة التنظيمية حبجم
أ ثر عايل بقيمة(
0,391
)
. تؤكفد هذه النتائج الفدور
اهلام ملتغريات األ مناط القيادية والثقافة
التنظيمية حنو تعزيز األ داء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة
مب حافظة ظفار يف سلطنة
.عمان ( اجلفدول4,6
)
قياس
حجم التأثري حسب كوهني
f 2
متغريات الدراسة حجم التأثري
f 2
األ
مناط القيادية
0,517
الثقافة التنظيمية
0,391 اختبار أثر العامل الوسيط(
Mediation Effect Test
) اختبار أثر العامل الوسيط(
Mediation Effect Test
) كما أثر
ت الثقافة التنظي مية حبجم أثر بقيمة
(
0,391
.) ت . إن
الثقافة التنظيمية سامهت يف التقليل من أتثري األمناط القيادية على األداء. أي
إ ن أتثري التوسط يف هذه الفرضية
.قلل من التأثري املباشر ومل يؤثر على الفداللة اإلحصائية
وهكذا
ف إن الثقافة التنظيمية تعمل كعامل وسيط يف العالقة بني
األمناط القيادية واألداء التنظيمي؛ مع(
0,261
= )
β
، وقيمةt
( أكرب من1,69
( )، وهي5,932
.) اختبار أثر العامل الوسيط(
Mediation Effect Test
) فرضية الدراسة: ت وجفد عالقة وساطة للثقافة التنظيمية
يف ا لعالقة بني األمناط القيادية واألداء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير
.الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عمان http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
798 مف
مت استخفدام اختبار
أ
ثر العامل الوسيط يف الفدراسة،
للتحقق يف فرضية الفدراسة اليت تنص على وجود عالقة وساطة للثقافة
التنظيمية للعالقة بني األمناط القيادية واألداء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عمان. يعرض
اجلفدول التايل (
4,7
)
نتائج اختبار العامل الوسيط استنادا
إ
ىل منهجية برشر وهيس:
اجلفدول (
4,7
): اختبار أثر العامل الوسيط
العالقة
املسار
a
املسارb
أتثري غري
مباشر
اخلطأ
املعياري
قيمةT
املستوى
األدىن
95
٪
املستوى
األعلى
95
٪
القرار
األمناط القيادية<-
ا لثقافة التنظيمية–
<
األداء التنظيمي
0.345
0.485
0.261
0.048
5.932
0.057
0.984
وساطة
استنادا
هلذه النتائج
، ميكن أن تستنتج ما يلي:
إن الثقافة التنظيمية تعمل كعامل وسيط يف العالقة بني األمناط القيادية و
األداء التنظيمي، يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عمان
؛ ب تأثري
إ ّجيايب
وبشكل ملحوظ مع0,261
=
β
، مت استخفدام اختبار
أ
ثر العامل الوسيط يف الفدراسة،
للتحقق يف فرضية الفدراسة اليت تنص على وجود عالقة وساطة للثقافة
التنظيمية للعالقة بني األمناط القيادية واألداء التنظيمي يف مكتب وزير الفدولة مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عمان. يعرض
اجلفدول التايل (
4,7
)
نتائج اختبار العامل الوسيط استنادا
إ
ىل منهجية برشر وهيس:
اجلفدول (
4,7
): اختبار أثر العامل الوسيط http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
798 tional E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 24, December 2022 وقيمةt
أكرب من1,69
، وهي5,932
،
= واملستوى األدىن0,057
= ، واملستوى األعلى0,984
. :اخلامتة انقشت الفدراسة األمناط القيادية اليت يستخفدمها
امل فدراء
بم
كتب وزير الفدولة حمافظ ظفار، وأتثريها يف األداء التنظيمي،
كما هفدفت للتحقق من الفدور الوسيط اليت تلعبها الثقافة التنظيمية على هذه العالقة . وقفد خلصت الفدراسة إىل النتائج
:اآلتية أ . ( إن أكثر األمناط القيادية استخفداما كان النمط الفدميقراطي3,78
( ) تاله التحويلي3,76
)، وأقل األمناط القيادية
( النمط األوتوقراطي2,86
)
. ب . أثر
ت األمناط القيادية
( على األداء التنظيمي حبجم أثر عايل0,517
)
. كما أثر
ت الثقافة التنظي مية حبجم أثر بقيمة
(
0,391
.) أ . ( إن أكثر األمناط القيادية استخفداما كان النمط الفدميقراطي3,78
( ) تاله التحويلي3,76
)، وأقل األمناط القيادية
( النمط األوتوقراطي2,86
)
. ب . أثر
ت األمناط القيادية
( على األداء التنظيمي حبجم أثر عايل0,517
)
. :قائمة املراجع اليعريب، علي،بن سي بن سعود
2018
،
األمناط القيادية وعالقتها ابإلبفداع اإلداري لفدى مفديري مفدارس التعليم
.األساسي يف حمافظة مشال الشرقية بسلطنة عمان من وجهة نظر العاملني اليعريب، علي،بن سي بن سعود
2018
،
األمناط القيادية وعالقتها ابإلبفداع اإلداري لفدى مفديري مفدارس التعليم
.األساسي يف حمافظة مشال الشرقية بسلطنة عمان من وجهة نظر العاملني REFERENCE LIST Ali, M. (2019). The Influence of Motivation, Transactional Leadership, Organizational Culture on
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quantitative and qualitative research (6th ed.). Pearson. Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (4th ed.). Sage. Grint, K. 2005. The art of leadership. Oxford University Press. Oxford. rint, K. 2005. The art of leadership. Oxford University Press. Oxford. Lynn, M. (1986) Determination and Quantification of Content Validity Index. Nursing Research, 35, 382-386. Selys, A.S. Rose, J.S. Dieker, L.c. Hedeker, D. & Mermelstein, R.j. (2012). A Practical Guide to Calculating
Cohen’s f2, a Measure of Local Effect Size, from PROC MIXED. Front Psychol, (3), 111,
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00111, PMID: 22529829 :قائمة املراجع .أبوسوار، أبو القاسم علي(
2019
.)
أثر التخطيط
االسرتاتيجي
،على األداء املؤسسي الثقافة التنظيمية كمتغري وسيط
دراسة تطبيقية على شركة اوتوابش احملفدودة للسيارات، رسالة
دكتوراه
.منشورة، جامعة اخلرطوم، السودان
،أمحفد فرج هللا
2016
،
دور الثقافة التنظيمية كمتغري معفدل يف العالقة بني رأس املال الفكر
ي وتطوير األداء: دراسة م يفدانية
على اجلامعات الفلسطينية العاملة يف قطاع غزة، ورقة حبثية منشورة، جملة العلوم اإلدارية، العفدد1
. عسكر، عبفد العزيز حممفد. (
2012
)،
القيادة التشاركية وعالقتها ابلثقافة التنظيمية لفدى مفدير
ي
املفدارس احلكومية مبحافظة
غزة من وجهة نظر املعلمني، رسالة ماجستري .، كلية الرتبية، جامعة األزهر، فلسطني
،العوكلي شعيب. (
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Arabic | م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد
اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكترونيPalestinian Journal for Open Learning & e-learning
No. (14) January 2020
أثر حماكاة األعمال والتعليم االفرتاضي يف جودة تعليم
اجلامعي يف أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم
اإللكرتوني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكرتوني
The Effects of Business Simulation and Virtual Ed-
ucation on the University Education Quality in al-
Balqa Electronic Academy for E-Learning:
An Experimental Study
د. بالل هاشم النسور
أستاذ مساعد/ جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية/ األردن
Dr. Belal Hashem Al_Nsour
Assistant Professor/ Al-Balqa Applied University/Jordan
[email protected] Palestinian Journal for Open Learning & e-learning
No. (14) January 2020 اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد
اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني أثر حماكاة األعمال والتعليم االفرتاضي يف جودة تعليم
اجلامعي يف أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم
اإللكرتوني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكرتوني An Experimental Study .م2019 /4 /7 :، تاريخ القبول2018 /9 /19 :تاريخ االستالم
E- ISSN: 2520 - 5692
P- ISSN: 2074 - 5656
Received: 19/ 9/ 2018, Accepted: 7/ 4/ 2019
DOI:
http: https://journals.qou.edu/index.php/jropenres املقدمـة بات من الوا9ضح، �أن اجلامعات على اختالف بيئاتها
وتخصصاتها، البد �أن متتلك ا6سرتاتيجية تعليمية لبناء قدراتها،
وتطوير �آليات عملها، وتوفري �أدوات تكنولوجية ؛ لتحقيق قدرات
تنافس يف بيئة فر9ضت �أدواتها التكنولوجية، وثورة االتصاالت
فيها تغيريات متتابعة البد من مواكبتها، مبا يتوافق مع ظروف بيئة
العمل احلالية. ففي ظل ظروف البيئة املتغرية وعدم وجود حالة
الت�أكد البيئي، �أ8صبح ال بديل �أمام اجلامعات من جتديد خدماتها،
وتطوير منتجاتها؛ بحيث تتوافق خمرجاتها مع حاجات ومتطلبات
�أ6سواق العمل التي تتنافس فيها. ففي ظل تنوع اخلدمات التعليمية
التي يرغب طلبة اجلامعات يف اكتسابها، �أ8صبح من الصعب على
اجلامعات العربية وخا8صة الأردنية تلبية كافة هذه االحتياجات
بالقدرة نفسها ؛ بسبب التفاوت يف قدرات بيئات الأعمال ال6ستيعاب
التنوع بالثورة التكنولوجية يف التعليم . وهذا يفر9ض على اجلامعات
العربية وخا8صة الأردنية تطوير وتبني قدرات التعليم االفرتا9ضي
وحماكاة الأعمال التي 6ستستخدمها لال6ستجابة ملتطلبات 6سوق
Vivek,2016) العمل وحاجات بيئة الأعمال. و�أ7شارت درا6سة كل من
( �إىل مقاييس التعليم االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال Vivek,2017
والتي من �أهمها : جانب التصميم التكنولوجي ، واجلانب الرتبوي
الأخالقي ، ودعم املوارد وتقييمها . الكلمات الدالة: حماكاة الأعمال، التعليم االفرتا9ضي، جودة
التعليم اجلامعي امللخـص امللخـص هدفت الدرا6سة �إىل التعرف على �أثر حماكاة الأعمال والتعليم
االفرتا9ضي يف جودة تعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء
التطبيقية للتعليم الإلكرتوين. ولغايات حتقيق هدف الدرا6سة، مت
تصميم ا6ستبانة بناء على الدرا6سات ذات العالقة جلمع البيانات من
عينة الدرا6سة. وقد تكون جمتمع الدرا6سة من جميع مديري ومدر6سي
و�إداريي وفنيي الأكادميية، والطلبة الدار6سني من كلية الأعمال يف
�أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية. ونظرا لصغر حجم جمتمع الدرا6سة،
تقرر �إجراء مسح 7شامل جلميع �أفراد جمتمع الدرا6سة. ومتثلت عيّنة
) مت توزيعها.145( ) ا6ستبانة من �أ8صل132( الدرا6سة ب Based on the results, a set of recommendations
was presented, including the necessity for al-Balqa
Academy to activate the use of business simulation
more effectively, in addition to enhancing the impact
of virtual education and business simulations on the
quality of university education in line with the needs of
the Faculty of Business. Al-Balqa Electronic Academy
should work to integrate business simulations with
virtual education to ensure the quality of university
education. وتو8صلت الدرا6سة �إىل جملة من النتائج �أهمها: وجود �أثر ذي
داللة �إحصائية للتصميم التكنولوجي واجلانب الرتبوي و الأخالقي
على جودة التعليم، ومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية يف ا6ستخدام
حماكاة الأعمال، يف حني ليس لدعم املوارد وتقييمها دور وا9ضح
يف جودة التعليم، وتبني وجود �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية للجانب
الرتبوي الأخالقي ودعم املوارد وتقييمها يف التعليم االفرتا9ضي،
ولكن ليس للتصميم الإلكرتوين دور بارز، وتو8صلت الدرا6سة لوجود
�أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية ال6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال وتبني التعليم
االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي . وبناءً على النتائج مت تقدمي
جمموعة من التو8صيات ؛ منها 9رضورة قيام �أكادميية البلقاء
الإلكرتونية بتفعيل ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال بفاعلية �أكرث، لتعزيز
�أثر التعليم االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي
مبا يتوافق مع حاجات كلية الأعمال. وعلى �أكادميية البلقاء
االلكرتونية العمل على تكامل عمليات حماكاة الأعمال مع التعليم
االفرتا9ضي ل¬ضمان جودة التعليم اجلامعي. Keywords:
Business
Simulation,
Virtual
Education, Quality of University Education د. بالل هاشم النسور .م2019 /4 /7 :، تاريخ القبول2018 /9 /19 :تاريخ االستالم
E- ISSN: 2520 - 5692
P- ISSN: 2074 - 5656 http: https://journals.qou.edu/index.php/jropenres 46 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني education, and the flexibility of electronic services in
the use of business simulations. However, supporting
and evaluating resources does not have a clear role
on the quality of education. There is a statistically
significant effect regarding the moral aspect, support
and assessment resources in virtual education, but
e-design does not have a prominent role. There is a
statistically significant effect regarding the use of
business simulation and adoption of virtual education
on the quality of university education. education, and the flexibility of electronic services in
the use of business simulations. However, supporting
and evaluating resources does not have a clear role
on the quality of education. There is a statistically
significant effect regarding the moral aspect, support
and assessment resources in virtual education, but
e-design does not have a prominent role. There is a
statistically significant effect regarding the use of
business simulation and adoption of virtual education
on the quality of university education. مشكلة الدراسة وأسئلتها يف الوقت الذي ازدادت فيه حدة املنافسة عاملياً و�إقليميا
وحملياً يف خمتلف القطاعات االقتصادية من 8صناعية وخدمية،
نتيجة لثورة تكنولوجيا املعلومات واالتصاالت، والتغري غري
املسبوق يف 7شكل وحمتوى الوظائف وحاجات ورغبات �أ6سواق
العمل التي �أ8صبحت متعددة ومتغرية ومتجددة ، وبروز توجهات
لدى �أ6سواق العمل املحلية والإقليمية جديدة دفع اجلامعات �إىل
9رضورة تطوير وتغيري ا6سرتاتيجياتها التعليمية، لكي تتمكن من
البقاء واال6ستمرار يف حتسني مركزها التنافسي املحلي والعاملي
على املقاييس التي تقيم �أداءها وتعطيها ترتيبا يعكس قدراتها
. �إالَ �أن متخذي القرار يف اجلامعات ال زالوا يف غمو9ض بالنسبة
ملدى موائمة �أبعاد التعلم الإلكرتوين للبيئة العربية والأردنية،
و�أثرها احلقيقي على جودة التعليم اجلامعي. بالرغم من �أن بع¬ض
اجلامعات قد �أعطت �أولوية جلانب التصميم التكنولوجي . و �أخرى
اعتمدت على اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي بالرتكيز على فئة حمددة
من �أ8صحاب املصالح من طلبة ومتدربني وعاملني وغريهم، وفئة
ثالثة من اجلامعات ركزت على دعم املوارد وتقييمها. وجميعها
�أدت �إىل نتائج �إيجابية يف �أداء اجلامعة. �إال �أن الأ6سئلة الرئيسة
التي حتاول اجلامعات الإجابة عليها، هو كيف تقوم هذه اجلامعات
برتتيب «�أبعاد التعليم الإلكرتوين» حسب الأهمية تبعاً للظروف
التي تواجهها يف بيئة الأعمال املحيطة، وكيف يعاد ترتيب هذه
الأبعاد يف حال تغريت الظروف البيئية، وكيف ميكن �أن ت�ؤثر تلك
الأبعاد على ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي؟
�إنّ هذه جمموعة قليلة من التسا�ؤالت التي تدور يف �أذهان �إدارات
اجلامعات، ومنها بال 7شك �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء الإلكرتونية
حول �أثر وجدوى كل من التعليم االفرتا9ضي واملحاكاة يف بيئة
التعليم الأردنية . ولذلك، جاءت هذه الدرا6سة لإلقاء مزيد من
ال¬ضوء على مو9ضوع يف غاية الأهمية هذه الأيام �أكرث من �أي وقت
م¬ضى؛ هو: كيف ميكن للتعليم الإلكرتوين يف القطاع التعليمي �أن
ي�ؤثر على ا6ستخدام نظم تكنولوجيا املعلومات واالتصاالت؟ الذي
ينعكس بشكل نهائي على جودة التعليم اجلامعي. ويبدو �أن التعليم
االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة االعمال املتمثلة باجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
وجانب التصميم التكنولوجي ودعم املوارد وتقييمها وهل يصعب
تطبيقها يف الواقع ولذلك ف�إنّ مشكلة الدرا6سة تتمثل بس�ؤالها
الرئيس الذي ينص على (ما �أثر ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، وتبني
التعليم االفرتا9ضي ، يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية جامعة
البلقاء الإلكرتونية ؟). Abstract The study aimed to identify the effect of business
simulation and virtual education on the quality of
university education in al-Balqa Applied Academy
for e-Learning. To realize the objective of this study,
a questionnaire was designed based on the relevant
studies in order to collect information from the study
sample. The study population comprised all principals,
teachers, administrative and technical staff of the
academy, in addition to the students enrolled in the
Faculty of Business at al-Balqa Academy. Regarding
the small size of the study population, it was decided to
conduct a comprehensive survey of all members of the
study community. The sample of the study consisted of
132 questionnaires out of 145 distributed. �إن التعليم الإلكرتوين متطلب رئيس جلامعات املستقبل
الرقمية، فهو يحدد كيفية توزيع وا6ستخدام موارد وقدرات اجلامعة
وبنيتها االلكرتونية التحتية، لتلبية حاجات ورغبات الطلبة
وحتقيق التعليم التفاعلي التشاركي. كما جاءت منظومة حماكاة
الأعمال لتحل حمل النظم التقليدية للتعليم وجها لوجه، والتي
تعكس 8صورة جزئية عن كل نشاط الكرتوين من �أنشطة اجلامعة
املتعددة، وهي تشكل الثورة املعرفية احلديثة يف التعليم من حيث The study reached a set of results, the most
important entail the following: There is a statistically
significant effect of technological design, the
educational and moral aspect on the quality of 47 أثر محاكاة األعمال والتعليم االفتراضي في جودة تعليم اجلامعي في أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكتروني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم اإللكتروني د. بالل هاشم النسور الو6سائل والأدوات؛ ومثاله عر9ض املحا9رضات عرب الشبكات و9ضمن
مدى جغرايف وزمني متفاوت وا6سرتجاعها با6ستمرار وتطوير �أدوات
التفاعل خارج حدود الزمان واملكان ومواكبة حاجات ومتطلبات
املستقبل، وت¬ضمن تفاعال مع قيم وثقافات متعددة تشكل قيمة
ثقافية وتربوية ريادية؛ ت¬ضمن مواكبة قدراتها و�إمكاناتها بحيث
تعتمد على الأجهزة احلا6سوبية والشبكات والربجميات، مبا يعزز
مفهوم التعليم املمتد الذي يساعد على مواكبة عرص املعرفة ويطور
البيئة الفكرية واملعرفية مبا ميكن من حتقيق التعليم الإبداعي
واالبتكاري، ويحقق مبادئ جودة التعليم اجلامعي . مشكلة الدراسة وأسئلتها :) �إىل �أن Abrandt, 2016;Vanessa, 2017( �أ7شار الباحثون
ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، يساعد اجلامعات على حتقيق اندماج
كامل مع املوقف التعليمي التطبيقي بحيث يتشابه بالواقع
ويحاكيه، وهي امتداد للنماذج الإلكرتونية ونظريات الألعاب التي
متكن من بناء 8صورة متكاملة تربط بني اجلانب التطبيقي باملحتوى
النظري 9ضمن بيئة جتريبية، وهي �إدارة تعتمد املنهج التجريبي
9ضمن �أعلى مستويات الأمن املعلوماتي ب�أقل مستوى املخاطر،
كما ميكن �أن تكون املحاكاة مصممة بالكامل من احلا6سوب، ومن
تطبيقاتها: املحاكاة احلية والتخيلية، وهي تستخدم يف خمتلف
العلوم وخا8صة جانب الأعمال، وهي تنعكس على رفع مستوى
حتسني جودة التعليم اجلامعي . وعليه فالتعليم الإلكرتوين اجلامعي من خالله الكيفية التي
تستخدم فيها حماكاة الأعمال، ومبا �أن املهمة الأ6سا6سية للتعليم
دمج جمموعة من التطبيقات الإلكرتونية من خالل تصميم منوذج
تعليمي ميكن �أن يكون موجه للطالب �أو جمموعة من الطالب
كفريق عمل، ومن �أهم ما مييز التعليم االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال
افرتا9ض مواقف وفر9ضيات غري منطية من خالل التعليم االفرتا9ضي
تدعم التفكري الإبداعي، وتتطلب املواقف والتعليم الإلكرتوين
ا6ستخدام الشبكات واملكتبات الإلكرتونية من خالل عنا8رص 6سمعية
وبرصية، جتعل من العملية التعليمية عملية جاذبة من خالل الصور
والصوت واحلركة، وقد يكون املعلم بعيدا من حيث الزمان واملكان
مع 9رضورة توفري حمتوى �إلكرتوين وتطبيقات لإدارة التعلم ،
وكوادر تدريسية متخصصة، وبنية حتتية داعمة ت¬ضبطها خطة
عمل داعمة للأداء العملي، لتحقيق التكامل والتعاون بني املدر6س
و املنهاج والطلبة والبيئة الإلكرتونية االفرتا9ضية، و7رشكاء الأعمال
مما يعزز من نتائج عملية التعليم االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال. )Dominic&Neal,2016( �إن حتسني جودة التعليم اجلامعي، كمفهوم وا6سع وم�ؤ7رش
رئيس لأداء اجلامعة، ميكن �أن يت�أثر بعوامل عديدة مثل التعليم
الإلكرتوين، وحماكاة الأعمال، والتعليم االفرتا9ضي، وا6سرتاتيجيات
الأعمال املتبعة يف تطويرها، واملورد البرشي، و�إدارة املعرفة
الإلكرتونية واملعلومات املتاحة يف قواعد البيانات الإلكرتونية
داخل اجلامعة. ومن هنا جاءت هذه الدرا6سة لرتكز على �أثر التعليم
االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي، من خالل
ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، والتعليم االفرتا9ضي يف �أكادميية البلقاء
الإلكرتونية . ويتفرع عنه الأ6سئلة الآتية: ◄◄
ما مستوى التعليم االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال يف
�أكادميية جامعة البلقاء االلكرتونية، وجودة التعليم اجلامعي يف
�أكادميية جامعة البلقاء الإلكرتونية؟ ◄◄
ما �أثر ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم
اجلامعي ب�أكادميية جامعة البلقاء الإلكرتونية؟ ◄◄
ما �أثر تبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي
يف �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء الإلكرتونية؟ 48 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني بيئاتها، حتديد �أولوياتها وا6سرتاتيجياتها التعليمية التي تتوافق
ومتطلبات 6سوق العمل املستقبلية، وقدرتها على ا6ستثمار
التكنولوجيا يف التعليم والتدريب، مبا ميكنها من اال6ستجابة
للتغريات احلا8صلة يف بيئة العمل. ولذلك يصبح من ال¬رضورة بحث
�أثر التعليم الإلكرتوين يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي من خالل ا6ستخدام
حماكاة الأعمال، وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي على جودة التعليم. أهداف الدراسة يتبلور هدف الدرا6سة الرئيس بـ: التعرف �إىل دور ا6ستخدام
حماكاة الأعمال، وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي، كمتغريات يف �أثر جودة
التعليم الإلكرتوين يف �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء االلكرتونية، ويتفرع
عنه الأهداف الفرعية الآتية: أهمية الدراسة ميكن حتديد جوانب �أهمية الدرا6سة احلالية فيما ي�أتي: ●●
الأهمية العلمية ●●
الأهمية العلمية ●●
مالأهمية العملية
التعرف على التعليم االلكرتوين، وا6ستخدام حماكاة
الأعمال، وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي، وجودة التعليم اجلامعي يف
�أكادميية جامعة البلقاء االلكرتونية. 1
1 . من املتوقع �أن تفيد النتائج التي تسفر عنها هذه الدرا6سة
�أ8صحاب القرار يف �أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية يف تو9ضيح �أثر
التعليم الإلكرتوين ممثال يف ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، ومدى تبني
التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي مما يشكل خارطة
طريق مستقبلية للجامعة عند اال6ستثمار يف �أي نظم تكنولوجية
جديدة، بحيث تتوافق مع التعليم الإلكرتوين التي تتبعها جامعة
البلقاء التطبيقية وتدعمها.
درا6سة �أثر التعليم الإلكرتوين يف ا6ستخدام حماكاة
الأعمال، وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء
الإلكرتونية.
حتديد �أثر ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، وتبني التعليم
االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء
الإلكرتونية. 2
2 . ،كما ميكن لر�ؤ6ساء اجلامعات العاملة يف القطاع التعليمي
من الإفادة من نتائج هذه الدرا6سة يف التحقق من قوة العالقة بني
التعليم الإلكرتوين املستخدمة يف جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية، والنظم
التكنولوجية املستخدمة، ومدى توافقها مع تلك الأبعاد. اإلطار النظري و الدراسات السابقة 1
1 . ربطت هذه الدرا6سة بني جمموعة من املتغريات التي ربطت
جزئيا معا يف بع¬ض الدرا6سات الأجنبية السابقة، وال توجد درا6سات
عربية ر8صدت العالقة بني متغريات الدرا6سة يف حماولة لال6ستكشاف
دور هذه العالقات بصورة تبني الأثر املبا7رش �أو غري املبا7رش بينها،
�إذ �إنّ معظم الدرا6سات السابقة تناولت بالبحث: التعليم الإلكرتوين
وجودة التعليم اجلامعي وربطها مبفهوم اجلامعات الرقمية كمفهوم
)، Dominic,2016( حديث يف التعليم اجلامعي لكليات الأعمال
وانتهاء عرص املحا9رضة الصفية التقليدية؛ والتعليم الإلكرتوين
) والتوافق اال6سرتاتيجي بني ا6سرتاتيجيات Broadwater,2013(
)، ومتطلبات بناءNaser,2017( اجلامعة والتعليم الإلكرتوين
اجلامعة كمنظمة ذكية رقمية. لتعليم الريادة من خالل التعليم
)، العالقة بني التعليم االفرتا9ضي والتعليم Chris,2017(الإلكرتوين
)، و�أثر تكامل حماكاة الأعمال مع نظم Elizabeth,2009(الإلكرتوين
)، والعالقة بني التعليم االفرتا9ضي Mohammad,2016( دعم القرار
). ولكنها مل جتمع بني التعليم George,2017( والذكاء التنظيمي
الإلكرتوين وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي من جهة وجودة التعليم
اجلامعي من جهة �أخرى يف �أمنوذج درا6سة مقرتح . اإلطـار النظري والتعليم الإلكرتوين Dominic & Neal,2016( اجلامعة الرقمية
يدعم الطريقة والإجراءات التي تتبعها اجلامعات يف بناء منظومة
تكنولوجية للتعليم من خالل الشبكات والو6سائط املتعددة، و�أدوات
البحث واملكتبات الإلكرتونية وخلق بيئة الكرتونية تفاعلية تعتمد
)George,2017(. البيئة املنفتحة املتوفرة للجميع ورغبات �أ8صحاب املصالح؛ بحيث توفر حرية التعليم بالزمان
واملكان املنا6سبني وا6ستمراريته بو6سائل و�أدوات تعزز مفهوم
). والتعليم الإلكرتوين Dominic & Neal,2016( اجلامعة الرقمية
يدعم الطريقة والإجراءات التي تتبعها اجلامعات يف بناء منظومة
تكنولوجية للتعليم من خالل الشبكات والو6سائط املتعددة، و�أدوات
البحث واملكتبات الإلكرتونية وخلق بيئة الكرتونية تفاعلية تعتمد
)George,2017(. البيئة املنفتحة املتوفرة للجميع الدراسات السابقة 2002( اتفق عدد من الباحثني على �أبعاد التعليم الإلكرتوين
Barry,)(Morrison,2003)(Rosenberg,2001)(Mona,2017)
( فمن ناحية جانب التصميم التكنولوجي يشريChang,2016
�إىل قدرة اجلامعة على تقدمي خدمات اجلامعة من خالل الأجهزة
والأدوات واملعدات والربجميات، وا6ستثمار �أف¬ضل نظام لإدارة
التعليم وا6ستثمار �أدوات التعليم من 8صوت و8صورة، وهي حتتاج
�إىل دعم تقني و9ضمان �أمن املعلومات وحرية الو8صول ملصادر
البيانات وتطوير التعليم الذاتي وتطوير التوا8صل الإلكرتوين مع
الآخرين؛ من خالل 7شبكات التوا8صل االجتماعي وتطوير التعليم
املرن وتعزيز دور الطالب كمشارك رئيس يف العملية التعليمية
مع الطلبة واملدر6سني يف الزمان واملكان الأكرث منا6سبة، ويعزز
الإلقاء الإلكرتوين والتجريب والتدريب الإلكرتوين والتعليم التعاوين
) �أما اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي فيو9ضح Yunus & Salim,2008 (. قدرة اجلامعة على تقدمي خدمات تعليمية ذات قيمة تربوية تعتمد
على حتليل املحتوى العلمي بدقة، من خالل حتليل يقوم على
تقييم املحتوى وحتليل الأهداف وتصميم ا6سرتاتيجيات العمل،
9ضمن منهجية تعتمد قيم املجتمع وثقافته، وال ميكن حتقيق ذلك
�إىل من خالل منهجية عمل تستخدم يف تصميم املنهج، وتتفهم
احلاجات التعليمية و �آليات �إيصالها املنا6سبة وخا8صة من خالل
الإنرتنت وبصورة مبا7رشة وغري مبا7رشة ت¬ضمن عدم الت¬ضارب بني
املناهج وبيئة التعلم وتقييمها وتصحيحها بصورة مستمرة ،ومن
�أهم املنهجيات املستخدمة على 6سبيل املثال املنظور التجريبي
). �أما دعم املوارد Noawanit,2015( واملعريف واالجتماعي الرتبوي
وتقييمها فتشري �إىل جانب الدعم الفني وا6ستثمار قدرات املورد
البرشي؛ من مدر6سني و�إداريني وفنيني وطلبة، وتكوين بيئة تعليم
الكرتونية داعمة ذات قيمة وجاذبة للمتعلمني واملتدربني وتت¬ضمن
دعم املوارد جهود فرق الدعم الفني ومدى توفرها وفعاليتها
وقدرتها على �إدارة قواعد البيانات الإلكرتونية، واملكتبات الرقمية
والكفاءة يف تقدمي اال6ستشارات، والقدرة على التقييم املحايد لكل
Galamoyo& Co�( . الأبعاد وتصحيح �أية �أخطاء يف �أداء فرق العمل
)lin,2011 اإلطـار النظري يف ظل حمدودية املوارد املادية التي تعاين منها اجلامعات
و6سعيها ملواكبة التطورات والتغريات العاملية يف قطاع التعليم
الإلكرتوين، وانتشار مفهوم التعليم عن بعد، بهدف مواكبة التطور
التكنولوجي واال6ستجابة للتغريات احلا8صلة يف بيئة التعليم،
وتنوع حاجات 6سوق العمل، وتطور 7شكل وم¬ضمون العمليات
و�أدوات التصميم التكنولوجي للأغرا9ض التعليم و التي يرغب فيها
�أ8صحاب املصالح؛ من طلبة ومتدربني ومدر6سني و�إدارة للجامعة
) بحيث تتالءم خمرجات التعليم مع Chris et al ,2017( ،وغريهم
الأ6ساليب التكنولوجية مع احلاجات واملتطلبات املستقبلية، و�أن
التطور والتغري التكنولوجي فر9ض تنوع �أ6ساليب املنافسة يف هذا
القطاع وزيادة عدد املنافسني حمليا وعامليا، �إذ �أ8صبح التعليم
الإلكرتوين يخرتق احلدود وحاز اعرتافا عامليا خا8صة يف العامل
الأول؛ الذي 9ضبط عملياته بصورة ر8صينة مما �أعطاه اعتمادية
ال تقل عن التعليم النظامي، يف حني فر9ض التغري املستمر يف
القوانني احلكومية 9رضورة تطوير التعليم مبا ي¬ضمن تطوير
االعتماد على الذات، ومواكبة التقدم والتغيري العاملي املتالحق
من خالل التكنولوجيا والشبكات والتعليم، مبا يحقق نرش املعرفة
العلمية وتوفريها، وتوظيف التعليم االفرتا9ضي و املحاكاة وغريها
) ففي اجلامعات باتت مواكبة التطوير Morrison & Khan,2003(. والتحسني 9رضورة ا6سرتاتيجية؛ وقد �أ8صبح التصميم التكنولوجي
متطلبا رئيسا �إال �أنه غري كاف بسبب حدة املنافسة، مما فر9ض
على اجلامعات البحث عن �أبعاد تكنولوجيا التعليم الإلكرتوين بحيث
تدمج التكنولوجيا بالتعليم لتميز نفسها عن اجلامعات التقليدية،
من خالل تقدمي منتج تعليمي ميتاز باجلودة والكفاءة، ويطور قدرات
املتعلم بالتحليل والتفكري واال6سرتجاع؛ والرسعة يف تقدمي خدمات
التعليم، من خالل تقدمي منتجات وخدمات متنوعة حسب حاجات 2
2 . غالبية الدرا6سات السابقة تناولت متغريات خمتلفة عن
الدرا6سة مو9ضوع البحث يف بيئات عمل خمتلفة 6سيا6سياً واجتماعياً
وثقافياً، وليس بال¬رضورة �أن تكون نتائجها قابلة للتطبيق على
البيئة العربية والأردنية، ولذلك جاءت �أهمية هذه الدرا6سة من
تطبيقها على البيئة الأردنية املالئمة من الناحية التكنولوجية 49 أثر محاكاة األعمال والتعليم االفتراضي في جودة تعليم اجلامعي في أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكتروني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم اإللكتروني د. بالل هاشم النسور وا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يتوقف على
مستوى توافر �أبعاد التعليم الإلكرتوين، التي تستخدمها جامعة
البلقاء التطبيقية والتي مت اعتمادها يف هذه الدرا6سة. ولذلك جاءت
هذه الدرا6سة للتعرف �إىل كيف ميكن لأبعاد التعليم الإلكرتوين، �أن
ت�ؤثر على ا6ستخدام الأدوات التكنولوجية احلديثة، كمحاكاة الأعمال
وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف حتقيق جودة التعليم اجلامعي . ورغبات �أ8صحاب املصالح؛ بحيث توفر حرية التعليم بالزمان
واملكان املنا6سبني وا6ستمراريته بو6سائل و�أدوات تعزز مفهوم
). الدراسات العربية تناولت العديد من الدرا6سات العربية السابقة، جوانب خمتلفة
) 1( للعالقة املفرت9ضة الواردة، يف �أمنوذج الدرا6سة يف الشكل رقم
ريمن بينها: ) توظيف التعليم الإلكرتوين لتحقيق 2012( تناولت �أحمد
معايري اجلودة يف العملية التعليمية حيث هدفت الدرا6سة للتعريف
ب�أهمية التعليم الإلكرتوين يف دعم جودة التعليم، وبينت الباحثة
�أن العملية التعليمية الإلكرتونية تهدف لرفع مستوى كفاءة كل
من املدر6س والطالب من خالل الربجميات والتقنيات والأجهزة،
و�أن التعليم الإلكرتوين 7شكل رافعة لبيئة ومناخ التعليم وخا8صة
الربط بني مدخالت ونواجت العملية التعليمية، و�أن املحا9رضات
االفرتا9ضية من و6سائل رفع كفاءة الطلبة يف البيئة التجريبية من
خالل القدرة على توا8صل الطالب واملحا9رض مبواقع علمية خمتصة
تدعم املجال املعريف تربط بني الطالب وجماله املعريف. وحاول
) �إي¬ضاح دور خدمات االتصال يف االنرتنت يف 2002( الفهد
تطوير نظم التعليم يف م�ؤ6سسات التعليم العايل، وتبني �أن الطلبة
الذين لديهم و6سائل الكرتونية كان �أدا�ؤهم الأكادميي �أف¬ضل، و�أن
التعليم الإلكرتوين �أكرث تشويقا وجاذبية، وميكن من احلصول على
معلومات �أف¬ضل نوعيا وكميا ومواكبة �أف¬ضل للتطور، وعزز االعتماد
على الذات من خالل مناهج بسيطة ووا9ضحة وذات قيمة من حيث
) لدرا6سة دور �إدارة 2008( املحتوى والتطبيق . وهدف حماميد
اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻲﻓ ﺗﺣﻘﻳق 9ﺿﻣﺎن ﺟودة اﻟﺗﻌﻠﻳم اﻟﻌﺎﻲﻟ دار6ﺳﺔ ﺗطﺑﻳﻘﻳﺔ
ﻲﻓ اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ا�ﻷردﻧﻳﺔ اﻟﺧﺎ8ﺻﺔ حيث تو8صلت الدرا6سة �إىل وجود
�أثر وا9ضح للتعليم االفرتا9ضي كمكون من مكونات املعرفة من حيث
زيادة الكفاءة والتفاعل وحتسني مستوى جودة التعليم اجلامعي
من جودة املحتوى واعتماديته وبساطته وتنمية جودة التعليم
اجلامعي الدرا6سي . ) قيا6س ا6ستخدام تكنولوجيا التعليم 2010( تناولت علوي
كمدى االعتمادية لنظم التعليم الإلكرتونية مقارنة بالتقليدية يف
ر9ضا املستخدمني يف اجلامعات . وتو8صل �إىل وجود �أثر �إيجابي
ذي داللة �إحصائية للجانب الأخالقي، والبعد القانوين، وتو8صل
�إىل تو9ضيح جدواه من الناحية االقتصادية واالجتماعية والسيا6سة
واال6سرتاتيجية للجامعة و البد �أن تعتمد على نظريات تعليم جديدة
تعتمد عليها 6سيا6سات تقوم على �أ6سا6س مناذج تعليمية الكرتونية
وتطوير الترشيعات القانونية للبيئة االفرتا9ضية والقانونية
للمحاكاة والتعليم الإلكرتوين للتمكن من التطوير والتغيري للبيئة
اجلامعية ومبا ي¬ضمن تطوير وحتسني مستوى جودة التعليم
اجلامعي . ويعتمد تنفيذ الأبعاد الواردة �أعاله على توفر املوارد املالية
واملادية والبرشية، والتكنولوجية التي متتلكها اجلامعة. و6سوف
يتم الرتكيز على املوارد التكنولوجية، التي تت�ألف من �أحدث النظم
التكنولوجية، التي تستخدمها جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية يف تنفيذ
خطط التعليم الإلكرتوين. فهناك نظم تكنولوجية داخلية تربط كافة
وحدات وفروع جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية مع بع¬ضها البع¬ض تستخدم
حماكاة الأعمال والتعليم االفرتا9ضي. وهناك نظم تكنولوجية
خارجية، تربط جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية بالبيئة اخلارجية مع
اجلامعات من خالل قواعد البيانات و7رشكاء التعليم الإلكرتوين
و7رشكاء الأعمال الآخرين وامل�ؤ6سسات احلكومية. زيادة اخلربة والقدرة على اتخاذ القرار . ﺗﻌﻠﻢ �إلكرتونية قائمة على املحاكاة احلا6سوبية و �أثرها ﻲﻓ
ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻌ¬ﺾ ﻣﻬﺎرات ا�ﻷﻋﻤﺎل املكتبية وحتسني ﻣﻬﺎرات اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ
لدى ﻃﻼب املدار6س الثانوية التجارية، وتو8صلت �إىل وجود عالقة
�إحصائية بني فعالية حماكاة الأعمال حيث بينت نتائج املجموعة
اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ اﻋﺘﻤﺪت ﻲﻓ تدريبها املحاكاة اﺤﻟﺎ6ﺳـﻮﺑﻴﺔ ومالحظة
ﺤﺗﺴـﻦ ﻣﻠﺤـﻮظ ودالالت �إﺣﺼـﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻓـﻲ درجة عمق اﻟـﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟـﺪى
اﻤﻟﺠﻤﻮﻋـﺔ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻤﻟﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟ¬ﻀﺎﺑﻄﺔ. على 9ﺿﻮء هذه
اﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻗـﺪم اﻟﺒﺤـﺚ ﺠﻣﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣــﻦ اﻟﺘﻮ8ﺻــﻴﺎت ﻟﺘﻌﻤــﻴﻢ ا6ﺳــﺘﺨﺪام
اﻤﻟﺤﺎﻛــﺎة اﺤﻟﺎ6ﺳــﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓــﻲ التعليم والتدريب ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻤﻟﻬــﺎرات
التطبيقية والنظرية ﺑﺎﻤﻟﺪار6س اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ و اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ
) ﻫذﻩ من درا6ستها 2013( اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ وهدفت هادي
بعنوان درا6سة �إمكانية تطبيق ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴم افرتا9ضية ﻲﻓ اﻤﻟ�ؤﺴﺴﺎت
اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ، �إذ �إنه ﻴﻼﺤظ �أن اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ا�ﻹﻟﻛﺘروﻨﻲ ﻴرﺘﺒط ارﺘﺒﺎط
وثيقا ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻻﻓﺘرا¬ﻀﻲ حيث يشكل ثورة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ﻲﻓ
الأﺴﺎﻟﻴب، ﻓﺒدون اﺴﺘﺨدام اﻟوﺴﺎﺌط الإلكرتونية ﻻﻴﻤﻛن �أن ﻴﻛون
ﻫﻨﺎك ﺘﻌﻠﻴم افرتا9ضي ﺴﺨر �أحدث ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘوﺼﻝ �إﻟﻴﻪ اﻟﺘﻛﻨوﻟوﺠﻴﺎ
ﻤن �أﺠﻬزة وبرجميات واﻨﺘرﻨت ﻲﻓ ﺨدﻤﺔ ﺘﺤﻔﻴز عملية اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم
وﺘطوﻴرﻫﺎ .وتو8صلت �إىل �أن اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ االفرتا9ضية �إحدى �أهم اﻤﻟﻛوﻨﺎت
الأﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴم االفرتا9ضي ﻓﻬﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎة ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ �أو
ﺨﻴﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻴﺘم ﺘﺼورﻫﺎ و بنا�ؤها ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ ا�ﻹﻤﻛﺎﻨﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﺘوﻓرﻫﺎ
اﻟﺘﻛﻨوﻟوﺠﻴﺎ اﺤﻟدﻴﺜة. ﺘم ﻲﻓ ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث اﻟﺘطرق �إىل ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ
اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻤدﺨﻼﺘﻬﺎ وﻤﺨرﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ اﻤﻟﺘﻌددة، وﻛﻴف ﻴﺘم اﺨﻟروج
ﻤن �أزمة اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻲﻓ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻤ�ؤﺴﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝ اﻟﻠﺠوء �إىل اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم
اﻻﻓﺘرا¬ﻀﻲ وﺒﻨﺎء ﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻓﺘرا¬ﻀﻴﺔ وقاعات اﻓﺘرا¬ﻀﻴﺔ .ﻛﻤﺎ ﺘم ﻲﻓ
ﻫذا اﻟﺒﺤث دارﺴﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﺔ ﻤواﺼﻔﺎت ﺘﻠك اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ و�إمكانية ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻲﻓ
) �أثر اﻟﺘدرﻴ6س 2010( اﻤﻟ�ؤﺴﺴﺎت اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ. �أما درا6سة املبارك
ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام اﻟﻔﺼوﻝ االفرتا9ضية ﻋﺒر اﻟﺸﺒﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻤﻟﻴﺔ على حتصيل
طالب كلية الرتبية فتو8صلت الدرا6سة �إىل وجود�أثر �إيجابي للتعليم
يف الفصول االفرتا9ضية عرب 7شبكة االنرتنت، و�أن قدرة الطالب
تطورت من خالل زيادة مستويات تبادل املعلومات والتفاعل، و�أن
التعليم والتكنولوجيا �أ8صبحت عالقتها تكاملية، كما تو8صلت �أن
بساطة املحتوى وجودته 6ساهمت يف تطوير البدائل التعليمية ،
وزيادة القدرات و�إطالق الأفكار الإبداعية . وبينت درا6سة عبد العزيز
) �أثر تصميم بيئة تعليم �إلكرتونية قائمة على املحاكاة 2013(
احلا6سوبية و�أثرها يف تنمية املهارات املكتبية حيث تو8صلت الدرا6سة
�إىل �أن املجموعة التجريبية كانت �أكرث جناحا وقدرة على التعلم من
خالل الو6سائل الإلكرتونية واملحاكاة، وا6ستطاعت الدرا6سة اقرتاح
بيئة تعليم ميكن اال6ستفادة منها يف البيئة التعليمية، وتو8صلت
�إىل �أن التعليم الإلكرتوين يعطي وقتا �أكرث للمتعلم من حيث الرشح
والتو9ضيح واكتساب املعلومة وتو8صي الدرا6سة با6ستخدام النمذجة
الإلكرتونية واملحاكاة احلا6سوبية وخا8صة يف جمال تصميم
املواقف التعليمية وخا8صة يف جانب تعليم الطلبة وتدريب املعلمني
وزيادة القدرة على اتخاذ القرار والتفاعل مع املوقف مبا ي¬ضمن الدراسات العربية ولذلك ف�إنّ توفري ) تصميم ﺑﻴﺌﺔ 2013( ويف الوقت نفسه، حاول عبد العزيز 50 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني الدراسات األجنبية بالل هاشم النسور اتالنتا التي 6ساهمت يف حتقيق امليزة التنافسية للجامعات الغربية
التي حمورها انعكا6س التعليم على الإبداع، و�أن التعليم يف هذه
اجلامعة هو عبارة عن عملية مشرتكة بني تسعة جامعات، ركزت
على رفع مستويات اجلودة يف التعليم وتطبق هذه اجلامعات التعليم
وجها لوجه وتو8صلت لدور التعليم الإلكرتوين والتعليم االفرتا9ضي
يف تقدمي حلول للمشكالت للعامل الواقعي. بشكل مبا7رش و�إيجابي مع ر9ضا الطالب عن ا6ستخدام النظام، بينما
القلق من ا6ستخدام النظام من قبل املستخدمني متثل بعالقة 6سلبية،
وتقرتح الدرا6سة العمل على جمع منظومات العمل الإلكرتوين 9ضمن
منظومة واحدة. بشكل مبا7رش و�إيجابي مع ر9ضا الطالب عن ا6ستخدام النظام، بينما
القلق من ا6ستخدام النظام من قبل املستخدمني متثل بعالقة 6سلبية،
وتقرتح الدرا6سة العمل على جمع منظومات العمل الإلكرتوين 9ضمن
منظومة واحدة. ) �إىل �أبعد من �أثر تنفيذ التعليم االلكرتوين Stary,2016( وذهب
واملحاكاة يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي للتعرف �إىل دور �إدارة املعرفة
يف تلك العالقة. وتو8صل �إىل �أن عملية تطوير النظام يف املنظمات
با6ستمرار لها �أثر كبري ومبا7رش على �أداء عمليات الأعمال وحتليلها،
كما تو8صلت �إىل �أن جناح التعليم االلكرتوين والأعمال يتطلب حتليال
للأ6سواق والأعمال وتطوير ا6ستخدام النمذجة ودعم ا6ستخدام و6سائل
التوا8صل االجتماعي . ) �إىل وجود عالقة ذات داللة Deepak,2012( .وتو8صل
�إحصائية بني نوع االتصال املعتمد يف البيئة والذي يعكس
قدرات �أي بلد، و�أكدت الدرا6سة �أن هناك عالقة بني البنية التحتية
االفرتا9ضية و التعليم الإلكرتوين الذي يحتاج �أدوات داعمة مثل؛
املوقع االلكرتوين والكتب الإلكرتونية واالمتحانات الإلكرتونية
ونوافذ للمرا6سلة االلكرتونية، والأهم �إدارة الكرتونية للعملية
التعليمية �أو التدريبية تو8صلت لوجود عالقة بني التعليم االلكرتوين
واختالف الثقافات والتوجهات والقيم و�أهمية التكنولوجيا و�أثرها
على التفاعل بني الطلبة واملدر6س يف بيئة التعليم االلكرتوين . ) در6ست �أثر تطبيق قدرة الأعمال Mohammad,2017( درا6سة
الإلكرتونية الناجحة يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي وتو8صل �إىل �أن قدرة
اجلامعة على تطبيق الأعمال التجارية الإلكرتونية التي تنطوي على
تطوير النظم وا6ستخدام النظم بفاعلية ترتبط بشكل �إيجابي يف جناح
الأعمال الإلكرتونية، وتطبيقاتها حيث اقرتحت الدرا6سة منوذجا
لنجاح اجلامعة ت¬ضمن جودة التعليم مبا يت¬ضمن جودة املناهج
والتعليم والقدرات وجودة اخلدمات وخا8صة االلكرتونية مبا ميكن
) Yunus,2008(من �إيصال القيمة للمناحي الأكادميية. وتناول
التعليم الإلكرتوين يف 8صناعة اخلدمات التعليمية املاليزية، �إذ
قام بتصنيف التعليم الإلكرتوين �إىل �أربعة �أولويات متثلت: يف
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي ، وجانب التصميم التكنولوجي ، ومرونة
اخلدمات الإلكرتونية، ودعم املوارد وتقييمها. و وجد �أن �أولوية
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي حتتل املرتبة الأوىل يف 8صناعة التعليم
ذات اجلودة يف التعليم اجلامعي العايل واملنخف¬ض على حد 6سواء،
) Stefania,2016( تتبعها مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية. وا6ستكشف
�أثر تنفيذ حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي. الدراسات األجنبية تناولت الدرا6سات الأجنبية جوانب خمتلفة من متغريات
الدرا6سة احلالية منها: ) على ربط تنفيذ حماكاة الأعمال Trondsen,2001( ركز
بالتعليم الإلكرتوين. وخلص الباحث �إىل �أن هناك العديد من
الإخفاقات يف عملية تنفيذ حماكاة الأعمال. عادة ما تكون ناجمة
عن مشاكل تنفيذها و �إدارتها وليس 8صعوبات تقنية ناجتة عن
النظام نفسه. وهذه الإخفاقات ت�ؤثر على ا6سرتاتيحية التدريس
باجلامعة �إال �أن الدرا6سة تو8صلت �إىل �أن خماطر التعليم باملحاكاة
�أقل، �إال �أنه �أكرث تعقيدا ويحتاج لوقت �أطول للحصول على تغذية
راجعة، كما �أكدت الدرا6سة �أن كلفته �أقل ، ويطور قدرات الطلبة يف
) حتليل �أثر التعليم Noawanit,2015( عمليات اتخاذ القرار. وتناول
االلكرتوين يف بيئة التعليم االفرتا9ضي و�أثرة على التفكري الإبداعي
يف اجلامعات : حيث تو8صلت الدرا6سة �إىل �أن التعليم الإلكرتوين 6ساهم
يف تطوير قدرات الطلبة و �إدراكهم وتو8صلت الدرا6سة �إىل �أنّ تعزيز
دور التكنولوجيا ميكن من تطوير عملية التعليم الإلكرتوين ، وقد
اقرتحت الدرا6سة لنجاح التعليم االفرتا9ضي 9رضورة �إعداد الطالب
وحتديد الأهداف التعليمية بدقة و تعريف املشكالت، واقرتاح وبناء
احللول يف بيئة افرتا9ضية تعتمد على الإبداع . ) فهم تبني حماكاة الأعمال من وجهة Janis,2017( وحاول
نظر املستخدمني. وتو8صل �إىل �أنّ نظام التعليم من خالل املحاكاة
حقق جناحا يف كليات الأعمال؛ من خالل فهم مبادئ ومكونات
حماكاة الأعمال ، وخا8صة يف تطوير القدرات الديناميكية يف عملية
اتخاذ القرار، وخلق القيمة من خالل السيطرة على متغريات �أي
ظاهرة، والقدرة على تطوير وخلق املعرفة من خالل و9ضع الطالب
يف بيئة عمل واقعية للتمكن من تقييم اتخاذ القرار بدون �أي خماطر. ) عالقة التوافق بني خصائص Hye et al ,2012( وتناول
بيئة الأعمال، والتعليم االلكرتوين، وهياكل 6سلسلة التوريد، وجودة
التعليم اجلامعي. وتو8صال �إىل وجود �أثر للتوافق بني خصائص بيئة
العمل، والتعليم االلكرتوين على جودة التعليم اجلامعي، وتو8صلت
الدرا6سة �إىل �أن تصميم بيئة �أعمال متوافقة مع البيئة املحيطة من
الناحية العملية 6ستزيد مستوى الر9ضا والدافعية للتعليم لدى الطلبة. ) فيما �إذا كانت عمليات التعليم Julius ,2012( بينت درا6سة
الإلكرتوين تقود لتبني تطبيقات التجارة الإلكرتونية، وتو8صل
�إىل �أن هنالك دليل حول �أثر التعليم الإلكرتوين يف تبني تطبيقات
التجارة الإلكرتونية بحيث�إنّ ا6ستخدام التطبيقات 6ساهم يف جناح
الأعمال الإلكرتونية، كما ميكن للتعليم الإلكرتوين مساعدة الطلبة
ذوي االحتياجات اخلا8صة وتطوير قدراتهم يف فهم تطبيقاتها . 51 أثر محاكاة األعمال والتعليم االفتراضي في جودة تعليم اجلامعي في أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكتروني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم اإللكتروني د. بالل هاشم النسور د. الدراسات األجنبية و�أ7شار �إىل
�أن الكثري من الفوائد والأهداف املتعلقة بجودة التعليم اجلامعي
املرجوة من نظام التعليم. وخلصت �إىل وجود عالقة �إيجابية بني
�أداء عمليات الأعمال واملحاكاة والنمذجة مما عزز بصورة �إيجابية
)James,2013( من قدرات طلبة �إدارة الأعمال. وتناولت درا6سة
التعليم الإلكرتوين للرشكات الصناعية يف ايرلندا. و�أكدا �أن التعليم
الإلكرتوين قد عزز من الإبداع واالبتكار وتبادل املعرفة وعزز هذا
النجاح جانب التصميم التكنولوجي، واجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي،
ومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية، لكن هناك القليل من الأدلة التي بينت
�أولويات اقرتحت دور التعليم الإلكرتوين يف اختصار الوقت، و�أن
هناك حمدودية يف دافعية التعليم لدى الرشكات. وتو8صلت درا6سة
) �أن التعليم االلكرتوين ال يت�أثر ببيئة التعليم، يف Timothy,2011(
حني �أن املعلومة طورت قدرات العاملني .كما تو8صلت الدرا6سة �إىل
�أن التعليم االلكرتوين عزز قدرات التحليل لدى العاملني و�إدراكهم
من خالل 6سهولة الو8صول للمعلومة، وعزز القدرات التفاعلية بينهم،
) Udo, 2004( مما جعل عملية اتخاذ القرار �أكرث عقالنية. وبني
وجود �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية للتعليم االلكرتوين املتمثلة باجلانب
الرتبوي الأخالقي وجانب التصميم التكنولوجي ومرونة اخلدمات
الإلكرتونية ودورها يف حتقيق ميزات التعليم الإلكرتوين يف جامعة ) �إىل بحث الأهمية النسبيةلأبعاد Galamoyo.2011( وذهب
التعليم االلكرتوين، �إذ بني �أن للتعليم الإلكرتوين �أثر على ا6ستخدام
الهواتف النقالة ؛كو6سيلة للتوا8صل و�أن هناك �أثر للجانب االجتماعي
والرتبوي ، �إذ جاء اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي يف الرتتيب الأول، تاله
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي، ومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية، ووقت
وتنوع اخلدمة و�أثره الإيجابي على الإبداع يف بيئة التعليم ويتضح
من اال6ستعرا9ض السابق للدار6سات العربية والأجنبية ما ي�أتي:
1
1 . �أثبتت الدرا6سات السابقة وجود عالقة �إيجابية بني التعليم
ة الت ل اجلا
اللكرت ين 1
1 . �أثبتت الدرا6سات السابقة وجود عالقة �إيجابية بني التعليم
الإلكرتوين وجودة التعليم اجلامعي. 2
2 . �أثبتت الدرا6سات السابقة وجود عالقة �إيجابية بني تنفيذ
حماكاة الأعمال وجودة التعليم اجلامعي. 3
3 . �أثبتت الدرا6سات وجود عالقة �إيجابية بني التعليم
االفرتا9ضي وجودة التعليم اجلامعي . 4
4 . �أثبتت الدرا6سات وجود عالقة حمدودة بني التعليم
الإلكرتوين وتبني تطبيقات التجارة الإلكرتونية. 5
5 . �أثبتت الدرا6سات السابقة وجود عالقة ذات �أثر حمدود بني
التعليم الإلكرتوين وا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال والتعليم االفرتا9ضي. 6
6 . مت بناء منوذج الدرا6سة احلالية لسد الفجوة يف الدرا6سات
السابقة والناجمة عن النقطتني الأخريتني، من خالل بيان �أن تنفيذ
التعليم الإلكرتوين يحتاج �إىل مزيد من اال6ستثمار يف املوارد املالية
والبرشية والتكنولوجية. ويف هذه الدرا6سة �أبرزت دور املوارد
التكنولوجية املتمثلة ب�أحدث النظم التكنولوجية املستخدمة يف
تنفيذ العمليات التعليمية كمحاكاة الأعمال، ونظريات الألعاب من
9ضمنها، والأعمال الإلكرتونية. جمتمع الدراسة وعينتها تكون جمتمع هذه الدرا6سة من جميع املديرين، العاملني، و
املدر6سني والطلبة يف فروع �أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية. ونظرا
ال6ستهداف الدرا6سة لفروع �أكادميية اجلامعة االلكرتونية، تقرر �إجراء
مسح كافة �أع¬ضاء جمتمع الدرا6سة. وا6ستهدفت الدرا6سة املديرين، و
العاملني ،و املدر6سني و الطلبة؛ نظرا ملعرفتهم بكافة متغريات
الظاهرة حمور الدرا6سة ، ولقدرتهم على الإجابة عن ا6ستبانتها
مبو9ضوعية ودقة وحيادية . الدراسات األجنبية وبناء علية، يصبح �إجمايل عدد 5( ومل يتم ا6سرتجاع
) ا6ستبانه الأمر 132( الستبانات الصاحلة للتحليل الإحصائي
) نسبة ا6سرتجاع من �إجمايل عدد % 87( الذي ميثل ما مقداره
اال6ستبيانات املوزعة
أمنوذج الدراسة
).1( الشكل رقم أمنوذج الدراسة أمنوذج الدراسة
).1( الشكل رقم ).1( الشكل رقم موحدة املعاينة متثلت وحدة املعاينة يف الدرا6سة احلالية مو9ضوع الدرا6سة
من جميع املديرين والطلبة الدار6سني يف فروع �أكادميية البلقاء
) فرداً، حيث مت 145( االلكرتونية يف مركز اجلامعة والبالغ عددهم
)، % 100( ) بنسبة145( ) ا6ستبانه، وا6سرتجع منها145( توزيع
وبعد مراجعة وتدقيق اال6ستبانات لبيان مدى 8صالحيتها للتحليل
) ا6ستبانات لعدم 8صالحيتها للتحليل 8( الإحصائي، مت ا6ستبعاد
الإحصائي بسبب احتوائهاعلى كمية كبرية من البيانات املفقودة،
)ا6ستبانات. وبناء علية، يصبح �إجمايل عدد 5( ومل يتم ا6سرتجاع
) ا6ستبانه الأمر 132( الستبانات الصاحلة للتحليل الإحصائي
) نسبة ا6سرتجاع من �إجمايل عدد % 87( الذي ميثل ما مقداره
اال6ستبيانات املوزعة.
الفر9ضية الثانية : ال يوجد �أثر ذو داللة �إحصائية لتبني
التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية البلقاء
).α ≤ 0.05( االلكرتونية عند مستوى داللة فرضيات الدراسة مت 8صياغة الفر9ضيات الآتية بناءً على ما ورد يف الدرا6سات
) كما ي�أتي:1( السابقة، ومن �أمنوذج الدرا6سة الوارد يف الشكل
الفر9ضية االوىل : ال يوجد �أثر ذو داللة �إحصائية ال6ستخدام
حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف جامعة البلقاء
)α ≤ 0.05( التطبيقية عند مستوى داللة الدراسات األجنبية عالوة على ذلك، �أن الأثر املتوقع
للتعليمالإلكرتوين يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يشوبه نوع من عدم
الو9ضوح والثقة يف البيئة العربية. وبناء عليه، ميكن بناء �أمنوذج
).1( الدرا6سة كما يف الشكل رقم 52 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني أمنوذج الدراسة
تكون �أمنوذج الدرا6سة من ثالثة �أنواع من املتغريات:
املتغري املستقل: ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال والتعليم االفرتا9ضي. واملتغري التابع: جودة التعليم اجلامعي مقا6ساً بتفاعل ومشاركة
املتعلمني وجودة وبساطة املحتوى. و�أمنوذج الدرا6سة من �إعداد
الباحث: باالعتماد على الدرا6سات ذات العالقة وكما يلي: فيما
)، Vivek, 2017(يتعلق بالتعليم الإلكرتوين يتم االعتماد على درا6سة
Vanessa et al.,( وا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، باالعتماد على كل من
) وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي باالعتماد 2017; Doll&Abrandt, 2016
) وجودة التعليم اجلامعي باالعتماد علىNoawanit, 2015( على
).Vivek, 2017; Dominic et al., 2016(
فرضيات الدراسة
مت 8صياغة الفر9ضيات الآتية بناءً على ما ورد يف الدرا6سات
) كما ي�أتي:1( السابقة، ومن �أمنوذج الدرا6سة الوارد يف الشكل
الفر9ضية االوىل : ال يوجد �أثر ذو داللة �إحصائية ال6ستخدام
حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف جامعة البلقاء
)α ≤ 0.05( التطبيقية عند مستوى داللة
الفر9ضية الثانية : ال يوجد �أثر ذو داللة �إحصائية لتبني
التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية البلقاء
).α ≤ 0.05( االلكرتونية عند مستوى داللة
منهجية الدراسة
تعد هذه الدرا6سة من الدرا6سات الو8صفية التحليلية، �إذ �إنها
اعتمدت على �أ6سلوب املنهج الو8صفي التحليلي، ودرا6سات حال
حيحرالظاهرة ، وحتديد العالقات بني املتغريات و�أ6سبابها واجتاهاتها،
لبناء الإطار النظري للدرا6سة والو8صف املنظم للحقائق وخلصائص
الدرا6سة، والبحث امليداين من خالل القيام بجمع البيانات
واملعلومات للمنهج اال6ستقرائي واال6ستنباطي والتجريد والتعميم
من خالل عينة الدرا6سة لتحقيق �أهداف الدرا6سة. جمتمع الدراسة وعينتها
تكون جمتمع هذه الدرا6سة من جميع املديرين، العاملني، و
املدر6سني والطلبة يف فروع �أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية. ونظرا
ال6ستهداف الدرا6سة لفروع �أكادميية اجلامعة االلكرتونية، تقرر �إجراء
مسح كافة �أع¬ضاء جمتمع الدرا6سة. وا6ستهدفت الدرا6سة املديرين، و
العاملني ،و املدر6سني و الطلبة؛ نظرا ملعرفتهم بكافة متغريات
الظاهرة حمور الدرا6سة ، ولقدرتهم على الإجابة عن ا6ستبانتها
مبو9ضوعية ودقة وحيادية . وحدة املعاينة
متثلت وحدة املعاينة يف الدرا6سة احلالية مو9ضوع الدرا6سة
من جميع املديرين والطلبة الدار6سني يف فروع �أكادميية البلقاء
) فرداً، حيث مت 145( االلكرتونية يف مركز اجلامعة والبالغ عددهم
)، % 100( ) بنسبة145( ) ا6ستبانه، وا6سرتجع منها145( توزيع
وبعد مراجعة وتدقيق اال6ستبانات لبيان مدى 8صالحيتها للتحليل
) ا6ستبانات لعدم 8صالحيتها للتحليل 8( الإحصائي، مت ا6ستبعاد
الإحصائي بسبب احتوائهاعلى كمية كبرية من البيانات املفقودة،
)ا6ستبانات. أمنوذج الدراسة تكون �أمنوذج الدرا6سة من ثالثة �أنواع من املتغريات:
املتغري املستقل: ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال والتعليم االفرتا9ضي. واملتغري التابع: جودة التعليم اجلامعي مقا6ساً بتفاعل ومشاركة
املتعلمني وجودة وبساطة املحتوى. و�أمنوذج الدرا6سة من �إعداد
الباحث: باالعتماد على الدرا6سات ذات العالقة وكما يلي: فيما
)، Vivek, 2017(يتعلق بالتعليم الإلكرتوين يتم االعتماد على درا6سة
Vanessa et al.,( وا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، باالعتماد على كل من
) وتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي باالعتماد 2017; Doll&Abrandt, 2016
) وجودة التعليم اجلامعي باالعتماد علىNoawanit, 2015( على
).Vivek, 2017; Dominic et al., 2016( لبناء الإطار النظري للدرا6سة والو8صف املنظم للحقائق وخلصائص
الدرا6سة، والبحث امليداين من خالل القيام بجمع البيانات
واملعلومات للمنهج اال6ستقرائي واال6ستنباطي والتجريد والتعميم
من خالل عينة الدرا6سة لتحقيق �أهداف الدرا6سة. نت
ة
تج أداة الدراسة تكونت اال6ستبانة (�أداه الدرا6سة الرئيسة ) وبشكلها النهائي
كما Five Likert Scale ) فقرة مبقيا6س ليكرت اخلما6سي43( من
)، حيث تكونت اال6ستبانة من خمسة �أجزاء كما 1( وردت يف امللحق
ممرمي�أتي : ): Pedagogical and ethics( اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
قدرة جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية على �إدارة جمموعة العمليات التي
يستطيع بها ومن خاللها جمتمع اجلامعة تكوين الطلبة تكويناً
اجتماعياً كفرد 8صالح للمجتمع، 9ضمن القيم الدينية، والنزعة
الإنسانية، واملنظومة من القيم الوطنية، من خالل حتليل حمتوى
املناهج لالرتقاء بالأهداف الرتبوية والأخالقية، وحتليل الأهداف؛
لتحقيق ربط الأهداف الرتبوية والأخالقية و �إبرازها من خالل
التعليم االلكرتوين جلامعة البلقاء التطبيقية . اجلزء الأول: ارتبط مبجموعة من املتغريات الدميغرافية
كاجلنس، والعمر، وامل�ؤهل العلمي، واملسمى الوظيفي، والتي تساعد
يف و8صف خصائص عينة الدرا6سة. اجلزء الثاين: التعليم بشكل عام ومتثلت بالأبعاد التالية:
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي، اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي، دعم
املوارد وتقييمها، ومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية، حيث مت قيا6سها
Vivek et al,2017) (Vivek,2016) (Dominic and( بناء على درا6سة
)، و قد مت قيا6س جانب التصميم التكنولوجي بستة Neal,2016
�أ6سئلة، واجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي بخمسة �أ6سئلة، ودعم املوارد
وتقييمها بخمسة �أ6سئلة، ومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية بخمسة
�أ6سئلة. ) Technological Design(:جانب التصميم التكنولوجي
:وهي تشمل البنية التحتية التكنولوجية التي متتلكها الأكادميية
و القدرة على تطويرها وتصميمها مبا يتنا6سب ومتطلبات التعليم
الإلكرتوين وبيئة التعليم االفرتا9ضي وتطوير نظام لإدارة التعليم
االلكرتوين وحتسني �أدوات االتصال و9ضمان نظم �أمن للمعلومات
وو6سائل للمحادثة والتفاعل الكرتونية بصورة تتميز بها . ) Resource Support & Evaluatio(: دعم املوارد وتقييمها
: هي قدرة جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية على توفري املوارد البرشية
الكف�ؤة من مدر6سني وعاملني و فنيني ومرشفني ، الذين لديهم
القدرة على �إدارة عمليات التعليم االلكرتوين ومكوناته؛ من مكتبات
الكرتونية ودعم تقني ومناهج الكرتونية واختبارات الكرتونية
والقدرة على تقييمها بجميع مكوناتها من حلظة تصميميها �إىل
حلظة تقدميها لطلبة اجلامعة. اجلزء الثالث: ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال، وقد مت قيا6سه بسبعة
Mohammad&Sami,2016)( �أ6سئلة باالعتماد على درا6سة كل من
().Elizabeth,2009 واجلزء الرابع: تبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي ومت قيا6سه بسبعة �أ6سئلة
).Noawanit,2015) (,Morrison&Khan,2003( بناء على درا6سة
اجلزء اخلامس: جودة التعليم اجلامعي ، ومت قيا6سه بثماين
Vivek et al ,2017) (Galamo��أ6سئلة بناء على درا6سة كل م(ن
(
).yo,2015 واجلزء الرابع: تبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي ومت قيا6سه بسبعة �أ6سئلة
).Noawanit,2015) (,Morrison&Khan,2003( بناء على درا6سة ) E-Service Flexibility مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
):هي قدرة جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية على تعديل وتطوير اخلدمات
التعليمية االلكرتونية، التي تقدمها لكي تفي بحاجات ومتطلبات
ورغبات �أ8صحاب املصالح املختلفة، من خالل تعديل تصميم تلك
اخلدمات ومستويات تقدميها. اجلزء اخلامس: جودة التعليم اجلامعي ، ومت قيا6سه بثماين
Vivek et al ,2017) (Galamo��أ6سئلة بناء على درا6سة كل م(ن
(
).yo,2015 منهجية الدراسة تعد هذه الدرا6سة من الدرا6سات الو8صفية التحليلية، �إذ �إنها
اعتمدت على �أ6سلوب املنهج الو8صفي التحليلي، ودرا6سات حال
الظاهرة ، وحتديد العالقات بني املتغريات و�أ6سبابها واجتاهاتها،
والبحث عن احلقيقة على �أر9ض الواقع يف حماولة للتفسري والربط
بني جميع �أنواع املتغريات، الذي ت¬ضمن مسحاً 7شامالً للأدب
النظري بالرجوع �إىل كافة املراجع واملصادر والدوريات العلمية التعريفات اإلجرائية ملتغريات الدراسة
لتحقيق �أهداف الدرا6سة واختبار دقيق لفر9ضياتها البد من 53 أثر محاكاة األعمال والتعليم االفتراضي في جودة تعليم اجلامعي في أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكتروني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم اإللكتروني د. بالل هاشم النسور تسمح لكل من الطالب واملدر6س باالجتماع معا من خالل توفري
بيئة الكرتونية وبصورة مبا7رشة ملعلومات املحا9رضة، و�إعداد
الواجبات والتمارين والتي متكن الطالب من مشاهدة املحا9رضة
مبا7رشة والتوا8صل مع املدر6س والتفاعل الكرتونيا بني الطلبة
واملدر6س والطلبة فيما بينهم . تعريف متغريات الدرا6سة تعريفاً �إجرائياً للتمكن من قيا6سها بدقة،
ولغايات هذه الدرا6سة ميكن تعريف متغرياتها �إجرائياً كما ي�أتي : ): هي جمموعة من e-learning( التعليم الإلكرتوين
اال6سرتاتيجيات التي تتبعها جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية يف ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ
اﻟﺘﻌﻠمي، وﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻤﻟﻌﻠوﻤﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ من خالل اﺴﺘﺨدام ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت
متكن من اﻟﺘواﺼﻝ بني املتعلمني واملدر6سني من خالل اﻟوﺴﺎﺌط
االلكرتونية اﻤﻟﺘﻌددة بغ¬ض النظر عن املجال يف اﻟزﻤﺎن واﻤﻟﻛﺎن؛
مثل: الإنرتنت �أو اﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻲ واحلا6سوب والبيئة االفرتا9ضية
.وتتم ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴم با6ستخدام الإنرتنت وو6سائل عديدة وذاك وﻓق
مقاييس دولية تت¬ضمن معايري ﻛﻤﻴﺔ وﻨوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺨﺘﺎرﻫﺎ اﻤﻟﺘﻌﻠم،
وتت¬ضمن :اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي ، وجانب التصميم التكنولوجي
، ودعم املوارد وتقييمها، ومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية . ): Education Performance( جودة التعليم اجلامعي
هي قدرة جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية على حتقيق تفاعل الطلبة
ومشاركتهم، و جودة املحتوى وبساطته؛ من خالل تقدمي خدمات
تعليمية ذات جودة عالية وتكلفة منخف¬ضة متتاز ببساطة املحتوى
واجلودة العالية . صدق أداة الدراسة وثباتها الصدق الظاهري (8صدق املحتوى)
مت عر9ض اال6ستبانة على جمموعة من املحكمني من ذوي
املعرفة العلمية الأكادميية واملجال التطبيقي العملي مبجال
البحث، واملختصني بتصميم اال6ستبانة يف جمال الأعمال وعددهم
)، حيث مت الأخذ مبقرتحات املحكمني واملختصني، وتعديالتهم 10(
حول مدى و9ضوح فقرات اال6ستبانة ومستوى مواءمتها ملتغريات
الدرا6سة، وقام الباحث بتعديل بع¬ض فقراتها وفقاً لتوجيهاتهم ؛
وذلك لزيادة درجة مصداقيتها و6سهولة تفهم �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة. ): هي تعكس Business Simulation( حماكاة الأعمال
ا6ستخدام املحاكاة يف التدريب على �إدارة الأعمال، وحتليل بيئة
الأعمال من خالل تطوير قدرات التفكري اال6سرتاتيجي، و واكتساب
مهارات حل املشكالت للأعمال، والتحليل املايل وحتليل الأ6سواق
والفر8ص والعمليات؛ من خالل طالب �أو جمموعة من الطالب
يشكلون فريق عمل وتكون املخاطر معدومة . ) :مدى امتالك Virtual Learning( التعليم االفرتا9ضي
�أكادميية البلقاء االلكرتونية لبناء غرفة 8صفية 9ضمن بيئة افرتا9ضية 54 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني )3(جدول
توزيع أفراد عينة الدراسة حسب العمر
%النسبة املئوية
التكرار
الفئة
املتغري
15.9
21
19-18
العمر
28
37
21-20
28.7
38
23-22
27.3
36
أكثر- 24
100
132جاملجموع ثبات �أداة الدرا6سة
وملعرفة مدى ثبات �أداة الدرا6سة قام الباحث با6ستخدام طريقة
معادلة االتساق الداخلي لبيان حساب معامالت االرتباط بني كل
). α( فقرة من الفقرات يف اال6ستبانة، با6ستخدام اختبار كرونباخ �ألفا
) ب�أنّه معامل الثبات الداخلي بني α( كما ميكن تفسري معامل �ألفا
الإجابات. ويدل ارتفاع قيمتها على درجة ارتفاع معامل الثبات. ) يبني نتائج �أداة الثبات لهذه الدرا6سة. صدق أداة الدراسة وثباتها �إذ يو9ضح 1( واجلدول رقم
) قيم الثبات ملتغريات الدرا6سة الرئيسية، والتي 1( اجلدول رقم
) 0.89() للتصميم التكنولوجي ميم كحد �أدنى و0.71( ترتاوح بني
للتعليم االلكرتوين كحد �أعلى، حيث بلغت قيم كرونباخ �ألفا جلميع
)، وهي �أعلى % 93( متغريات الدرا6سة يف اال6ستبانة بشكل عام
) املقبول �إحصائيا يف البحوث والدرا6سات % 70( من النسبة
).Bland., 1997( االجتماعية ) �أن �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة توزعوا 2( يت¬ضح من اجلدول رقم
) �إناث، % 40() للذكور، و% 60( :حسب متغري اجلنس كالآتي
وملا كانت عينة الدرا6سة تركز على الكليات الإنسانية فهذه النتيجة
طبيعة وهذه نتيجة متوقعة يف اجلامعات التعليمية يف الأردن؛ �إذ
�إنّ الذكور مييلون للدرا6سة يف الكليات الإنسانية �أكرث من العلمية
) �أن النسبة الأكرب من عينة 3( يف حني يتبني من اجلدول رقم
- 22( ) من �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة كانت �أعمارهم% 28.7( الدرا6سة
) 6سنة وهم طلبة السنة الثالثة وهم الأكرث اعتمادا على التعليم 23
االلكرتوين من �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة، يف حني كانت النسبة الأقل بني
) 6سنة كانت 19 - 18( طلبة السنة الأوىل الذين تراوحت �أعمارهم
36( )، ونسبة �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة الذين تراوحت �أعمارهم% 15.9(
)، ونسبة �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة الذين تراوحت% 22.2( ) 6سنة41 -
). وهذا يدل على �أن �أكادميية% 27.3( و�أكرث ) 6سنة-24( �أعمارهم
البلقاء الإلكرتونية تركز على ما يعكس تقاربا يف الأعمار بني
فئة الشباب؛ مما يعكس طبيعة املجتمع الأردين الفتي ليس فقط
بني الطلبة و�إمنا�أي¬ضا بني املدر6سني والعاملني من فنيني ومرشيف
خمتربات وهذا يعكس الرتكيبة السكانية الأردنية بصورة طبيعية. )1(جدول
معامل ثبات االتساق الداخلي ألبعاد الدراسة االستبانة ( كرونباخ ألفا)
)α(كرونباخ �ألفا
عدد الفقرات
املتغري
0.89
21التعليم الإلكرتوين
0.71
6
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي
0.86
5
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
0.81
5دعم املوارد وتقييمها
0.83
5مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
0.88
8ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال
0.76
7
تبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي
0.79
7
جودة التعليم اجلامعي
0.93
43اال6ستبانة ككل )4( جدول
توزيع أفراد عينة الدراسة حسب المؤهل العلمي
%النسبة املئوية
التكرار
امل�ؤهل العلمي
املتغري
4.0
5دبلوم
امل�ؤهل العلمي
70
92
/طلبة بكالوريو6س
0.075
10حملة بكالوريو6س
18.9
25
ماجستري ودكتوراه
100
132املجموع التحليل الوصفي ملتغريات الدراسة التحليل الوصفي ملتغريات الدراسة Skew�( ) �أن معظم قيم6 (ويظهر من خالل اجلدول رقم
(
) وهي 9ضمن 1.01- و1.69( ) ترتاوح بنيKurtosis وقيمness
عند2.58 ± املدى املقبول للتوزيع الطبيعي الذي يرتاوح بني
). وهذا يدل على �أن بيانات متغريات الدرا6سة α≤0.05( مستوى داللة
). كما يت¬ضح من اجلدول Hair et al,2006( ًموزعة توزيعاً طبيعيا
. 0.05 ) �أكرب منKolmogorov-Smirnov( �أن مستوى الداللة لقيم
وهذا يشري �إىل �أنه يوجد فروقات ذات داللة �إحصائية، جلميع �أبعاد
املتغري املستقل واملتغري التابع املشمولة يف هذه الدرا6سة عند
). وهذا يدل �إحصائيا �أن بيانات متغريات α≤0.05( مستوى داللة
الدرا6سة (التابعة واملستقلة) بشكل عام موزعة طبيعياً. من خالل
) تشري �إىل �أن 6( قراءة النتائج الإحصائية الواردة يف اجلدول رقم
بيانات متغريات الدرا6سة ذات توزيع طبيعي و�أن بيانات جميع
�أبعاد ومتغريات الدرا6سة الأخرى موزعة توزيعاً طبيعياً. التحليل الوصفي ملتغريات الدراسة ) حتليال للمتغريات الدميغرافية للأفراد 5 - 2( تبني اجلداول
عينة الدرا6سة (حسب اجلنس، والعمر، وامل�ؤهل العلمي، واملسمى
الوظيفي) وفيما يلي عر9ضا للمتغريات الدميغرافية لأفراد عينة
الدرا6سة كما ي�أتي: ) �أن �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة توزعوا حسب 4( يبني اجلدول رقم
) لدبلوم كلية املجتمع، ونسبة % 4( امل�ؤهل العلمي كالآتي: بنسبة
)حلملة البكالوريو6س % 7.5( ) لطلبة البكالوريو6س ونسبة% 70(
) للماجستري والدكتوراه. وهذا يدل على �أن% 18.9( ونسبة
املسئولني يف الأكادميية الإلكرتونيةيركزون على حملة الشهادات
اجلامعية العليا ، يف تويل املراكز التعليمية والتدريبية وا6ستقطاب
الكفاءات العلمية امل�ؤهلة يف اجلامعة. وهذه الفئة قادرة على
تقدمي و�إدارة التعليم الإلكرتوين للجامعة؛ وفقاً لظروف بيئة العمل
يف الأكادميية، وحتديد النظم التكنولوجية القادرة على تنفيذ تلك )2(جدول
توزيع أفراد عينة الدراسة حسب الجنس
)%( النسبة املئوية
التكرار
الفئة
املتغري
0.598
79ذكر
اجلنس
0.392
53�أنثى
100
132املجموع 55 أثر محاكاة األعمال والتعليم االفتراضي في جودة تعليم اجلامعي في أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكتروني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم اإللكتروني د. بالل هاشم النسور رو ي
يم إل
بي ي
ء
ب
ميي ج
ي
ي
رو ي ر
يم إل
الأبعاد بكفاءة وفاعلية. )5(جدول
توزيع أفراد عينة الدراسة حسب المسميات الوظيفية
% النسبة املئوية
التكرار
الفئة
املتغري
0.012
2مدير �أكادميية
املسميات
الوظيفي
0.030
4نائب مدير �أكادميية
7.5
10مرشف خمترب
18.9
25مدر6س
70
92طالب
100
132املجموع )6(جدول
اختبارات التوزيع الطبيعي
)Sig KS(
مستوى الداللة
Skewness
االلتواء
Kurtosis
التفرطح
املتغري
0.06
-0.30
-0.83
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي
0.22
-0.63
1.10
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
0.15
-1.01
1.33دعم املوارد وتقييمها
0.11
-0.99
1.69
مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
0.49
-0.13
0.32حماكاة الأعمال
0.19
-0.86
0.99
التعليم االفرتا9ضي
0.13
-0.92
0.63
اججودة التعليم اجلامعي ) يتبني �أن �أفراد عينة الدرا6سة 5( بالنظر �إىل جدول رقم
) مدير �أكادميية % 012.0( :توزعوا حسب املسمى الوظيفي كالآتي
) مرشف خمتربمدير % 7.5() نائب مدير �أكادميية ، و% 03.0(، و
) طالب . وهذا % 70() مدر6س جامعي ، و%.18.9(�أكادميية ، و
يدل على �أن عينة الدرا6سة التي �أجابت اال6ستبانة تكونت من جميع
�أ8صحاب املصالح، ومن املستويات الإدارية املتنوعة من العاملني
واملرشفني واملدر6سني ومتخذي القرار يف الأكادميية . وهذا يشري
�إىل �أنهم على �إطالع وتفهم كاف ب�أبعاد ومكونات التعليم االفرتا9ضي
وحماكاة الأعمال التي تستخدمها اجلامعة ، وقادرون على احلكم
على حماور الدرا6سة وبالتايل لديهم الكفاءة على الإجابة على �أ6سئلة
ا6ستبانات الدرا6سة مبو9ضوعية ودقة وحيادية، ويعتقد الباحث �أن
عينة الدرا6سة تشمل جميع �أ8صحاب املصالح من العاملني يف جمال
التعليم االفرتا9ضي وحماكاة الأعمال بحيث تعكس العينة منظورا
7شامال ملجتمع الدرا6سة . اختبار الفرضيات )Bivariate Pearson Correlation(اختبار معامل االرتباط
Bivariate Pearson( مت ا6ستخدام اختبار معامل االرتباط
) للت�أكد من �أن درجة ارتباط كل متغري من املتغرياتCorrelation
الكمية من خالل حساب االنحرافات مع املتغريات الأخرى املستقلة
)Dunlap,1994( بحيث يتبني مستوى االرتباط% 80 ال يزيد عن
وذلك للتحقق من عدم وجود تداخل بني �أبعاد املتغريات املستقلة
وبالتايل الت�أثري السلبي على قدرتها التفسريية للمتغري التابع
وهذا االختبار يعزز من درجة الت�أكد من ا6ستقاللية املتغريات وعدم
تداخلها مع بع¬ضها بع¬ضاً وبالتايل ي�ؤكد 8صالحيتها وجازيته
).Regression Analyses( الختبارات االنحدار املختلفة
)8(جدول
)Bivariate Pearson Correlation( اختبار معامل االرتباط
جودة التعليم
اجلامعي
التعليم
االفرتا9ضي
حماكاة
الأعمال
مرونة اخلدمات
الإلكرتونية
6رسعة
التسليم
اجلانب الرتبوي
الأخالقي
جانب التصميم
التكنولوجي
املتغري
1.00
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي
1.00
**0.49
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
1.00
0.61**
**0.43دعم املوارد وتقييمها
1.00
**0.52
**0.43
**0.40
مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
1.00
0.48**
0.64**
0.48**
0.42**حماكاة الأعمال
1.00
**0.59
0.33**
0.53**
**0.54
**0.38
التعليم االفرتا9ضي
1.00
**0.62
**0.44
**0.38
**0.48
**0.39
**0.49
جودة التعليم اجلامعي
).α≤0.01( ** ذات داللة إحصائية عند مستوى داللة
) �أن درجة ارتباط كل متغري مع 9( يالحظ من اجلدول رقم
مرىاملتغريات الأخرى املشمولة يف الدرا6سة هي �أقل من مستويات احلد
اختبار فرضيات الدراسة
●
: ال يوجد�أثر ذو داللة�حصائيةH01الفر9ضية الأوىل Tolerance
VIFاملتغري
0.45
1.89
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
0.46
2.06دعم املوارد وتقييمها
0.36
1.69مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
0.58
2.00حماكاة الأعمال
0.49
1.84
التعليم االفرتا9ضي اختبار الفرضيات Smart PLS وSPSS17 M3 مت ا6ستخدام الرزمة الإحصائية
) Structural Equation Modeling SEM) والتي تعتمد منهج2.0
وهي النمذجة باملعادلة البنائية لتحديد العالقات بني املتغريات
). وللإجابة عن Maccallum&Austin,2000(واختبار الفر9ضيات
تسا�ؤالت الدرا6سة وفحص فر9ضياتها با6ستخدام حتليل االنحدار
)، هناك بعض الرشوط واملتطلبات الواجب Regression Analyses(
توافرها يف البيانات التي مت جمعها للت�أكد من 6سالمة و8صحة
�إجراء حتليل االنحدار وهي: الختبار ا6ستقاللية متغريات الدرا6سة املستقلة وعدم تداخلها
Tolerance مع بع¬ضها البع¬ض، مت االعتماد على القيم الإحصائية لـ
. وللت�أكد من ا6ستقاللية متغريات الدرا6سة Variance Inflation Rate و
) �أقل من VIF( وقيم0.20 �أكرب منTolerance يجب �أن تكون قيم
والتي تبني وجود ارتباط عال بني املتغريات املستقلة و منا6سبة 10
. التي تبني ا6ستقاللية املتغرياتTolerance فرتات السماح
Normal( ًوجوب �أن تكون البيانات موزعة توزيعاً طبيعيا
)Distributionرا Normal( ًوجوب �أن تكون البيانات موزعة توزيعاً طبيعيا
)Distributionرا
وجوب ا6ستقاللية متغريات الدرا6سة وعدم التداخل فيما
) .Multicollinearity(بينها
وجوب ا6ستقاللية متغريات الدرا6سة وعدم التداخل فيما
) .Multicollinearity(بينها
وجوب ا6ستقاللية متغريات الدرا6سة وعدم التداخل فيما
) .Multicollinearity(بينها
وجوب عدم وجود ارتباط عال بني املتغريات املستقلة
)Correlations(.رمرم
وجوب عدم وجود ارتباط عال بني املتغريات املستقلة
)Correlations(.رمرم )7(جدول
)Multicollinearity( اختبار استقاللية متغيرات الدراسة
Tolerance
VIFاملتغري
0.61
1.59
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي
يجب �أن تكون قيم املتغري التابع من املستوى الرتتيبي
)ordinary scale(. على الأقل 56 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني Tolerance
VIFاملتغري
0.45
1.89
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
0.46
2.06دعم املوارد وتقييمها
0.36
1.69مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
0.58
2.00حماكاة الأعمال
0.49
1.84
التعليم االفرتا9ضي
) VIF( ) وقيمTolerance( ) �أن قيم7( يالحظ من اجلدول رقم
9ضمن احلدود املسموح بها، مما ي�ؤكد ا6ستقاللية متغريات البحث
ومنا6سبة فرتات السماح . )Bivariate Pearson Correlation(اختبار معامل االرتباط Bivariate Pearson( مت ا6ستخدام اختبار معامل االرتباط
) للت�أكد من �أن درجة ارتباط كل متغري من املتغريات Correlation
الكمية من خالل حساب االنحرافات مع املتغريات الأخرى املستقلة
)، Dunlap,1994( بحيث يتبني مستوى االرتباط% 80 ال يزيد عن
وذلك للتحقق من عدم وجود تداخل بني �أبعاد املتغريات املستقلة
وبالتايل الت�أثري السلبي على قدرتها التفسريية للمتغري التابع. وهذا االختبار يعزز من درجة الت�أكد من ا6ستقاللية املتغريات وعدم
تداخلها مع بع¬ضها بع¬ضاً وبالتايل ي�ؤكد 8صالحيتها وجازيتها
).Regression Analyses( الختبارات االنحدار املختلفة )8(جدول
)Bivariate Pearson Correlation( اختبار معامل االرتباط
جودة التعليم
اجلامعي
التعليم
االفرتا9ضي
حماكاة
الأعمال
مرونة اخلدمات
الإلكرتونية
6رسعة
التسليم
اجلانب الرتبوي
الأخالقي
جانب التصميم
التكنولوجي
املتغري
1.00
جانب التصميم التكنولوجي
1.00
**0.49
اجلانب الرتبوي الأخالقي
1.00
0.61**
**0.43دعم املوارد وتقييمها
1.00
**0.52
**0.43
**0.40
مرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية
1.00
0.48**
0.64**
0.48**
0.42**حماكاة الأعمال
1.00
**0.59
0.33**
0.53**
**0.54
**0.38
التعليم االفرتا9ضي
1.00
**0.62
**0.44
**0.38
**0.48
**0.39
**0.49
جودة التعليم اجلامعي
).α≤0.01( ** ذات داللة إحصائية عند مستوى داللة )Bivariate Pearson Correlation( اختبار معامل االرتباط ) �أن درجة ارتباط كل متغري مع 9( يالحظ من اجلدول رقم
املتغريات الأخرى املشمولة يف الدرا6سة هي �أقل من مستويات احلد
). وهذا يشري �إىل عدم وجود ارتباط عال % 70( الأعلى املسموح به
بني متغريات الدرا6سة و8صالحيتها لإجراء اختبارات االنحدار. وهذا
يشري �إىل حتقق الرشط الثالث الوارد يف البند ت �أعاله. واعتماداً على
نتائج اختبارات جاهزية و8صالحية البيانات الثالث السابقة ف�إنّه
ميكن الآن ا6ستخدام اختبارات االنحدار املختلفة للإجابة عن �أ6سئلة
الدرا6سة وفحص فر9ضياتها. اختبار فرضيات الدراسة
●●
: ال يوجد �أثر ذو داللة �إحصائية H01 الفر9ضية الأوىل
ال6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف جامعة
). والختبار الفر9ضية α≤0.05( البلقاء التطبيقية عند مستوى داللة
Simple Regression الرابعة مت ا6ستخدام حتليل االنحدار البسيط
) يو9ضح ذلك.13( واجلدول رقم )13(جدول رقم
نتائج تحليل االنحدار البسيط ألثر استخدام محاكاة األعمال في جودة التعليم الجامعي
*مستوى الداللةSig) املحسوبةF(
Adjusted R2 معامل التحديدR2
*0.000
20.1
0.13
0.13
T مستوى داللة
املحسوبةT قيمةBetaاخلط�أ املعياريB
ا6ستخدام حماكاة
الأعمال0.000
4.34
0.33
0.03
0.13
. )، المتغير التابع: جودة التعليم الجامعيα≤0.05( *ذات داللة إحصائية عند مستوى داللة )13(جدول رقم 57 أثر محاكاة األعمال والتعليم االفتراضي في جودة تعليم اجلامعي في أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية
للتعليم اإللكتروني دراسة ميدانية: أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية للتعليم اإللكتروني د. بالل هاشم النسور د. بالل هاشم النسور ) �أن القدرة التفسريية و التنب�ؤية 13( يت¬ضح من اجلدول رقم
) اعتماداً % 13( ملحاكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي هي
) بلغت F( . )Bivariate Pearson Correlation(اختبار معامل االرتباط كما يت¬ضح �أن القيمة الإحصائيةAdjusted R2 على قيمة
). مما يشري �إىل 0.05( ) مبستوى داللة �إحصائية �أقل من20.1(
وجود عالقة �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية ال6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال
�إىل �أن �أثر ا6ستخدام Beta يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي. وتشري قيمة
حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي هو �إيجابي وتبلغ قوة
) وعليه، ترف¬ض الفر9ضية العدمية وتقبل البديلة % 33( هذه العالقة
التي تنص على وجود �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية ال6ستخدام حماكاة
الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية عند
).a≤0.05( مستوى داللة النتائج واال6ستنتاجات ذات الداللة، والتي من املتوقع �ن تتوافق
وتعزز النتائج التي ناقشتها الدرا6سات السابقة وتفتح جماال بحثيا
�إثرائيا للمتخصصني، ومساعدة متخذي القرار على التعاطي مع
البيئة املتطورة للتعليم اجلامعي الإلكرتوين يف كليات الأعمال. و�أو9ضحت نتائج الدرا6سة وجود �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية لتبني
التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي. وجاءت هذه النتيجة
) 2008،) (حماميدMohammad et al ,2015( متفقة مع درا6سة
التي �أ7شارت �إىل �أن الأعمال الإلكرتونية ومتكني تكنولوجيا
املعلومات لهما �أثر �إيجابي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي . والتي
Deepak and Himan�( )2013اتفقت كذلك مع درا6سة(عبد العزي،ز
،
) التي �أ7شارت �إىل �أن اجلامعات التي تستخدم االنرتنت shu,2012
،بشكل مكثف ميكنها تنفيذ جمموعة متعددة من الأنشطة الأكادميية
التي بدورها ت�ؤثر على جودة التعليم اجلامعي الإلكرتونية و9ضمان
جودة التعليم اجلامعي ككل، كما ويالحظ الأثر املحدود ملحاكاة
الأعمال يف جودة التعليم. هذه النتيجة غري متوقعة لكن رمبا يعود
السبب �إىل عدم توافق حماكاة الأعمال مع النظم املتعددة واملعتمدة
يف �أكادميية جامعة البلقاء التطبيقية من جهة. ومن جهة �أخرى
عدم توافقمنظومة النظم االلكرتونية مع قدرات الطلبة التي تتفق
). James,2006( مع طروحات ●●
: ال يوجد �أثر ذو داللة �إحصائية H02 الفر9ضية الثانية
لتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية
). والختبار الفر9ضية α≤0.05( البلقاء االلكرتونية عند مستوى داللة
Simple Regression اخلامسة مت ا6ستخدام حتليل االنحدار البسيط
) يو9ضح ذلك.14( واجلدول رقم )(
نتائج تحليل االنحدار البسيط ألثر تبني التعليم االفتراضي في جودة التعليم الجامعي
* مستوى الداللةSig) املحسوبةF(
Adjusted
R2 معامل التحديد2R
*0.000
49.55
0.27
0.32
مستوى
داللة
T
Tقيمة
املحسوبةBetaاخلط�أ
املعياريB
تبني التعليم
االفرتا9ضي
0.000
6.96
0.61
0.06
0.38
)، المتغير التابع: جودةα≤ 0.05( ذات داللة إحصائية عند مستوى داللة
التعليم الجامعي . كما بينت النتائج وجود �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية يف ا6ستخدام
حماكاة الأعمال يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف كليات الأعمال
) (عبد Vanessa et al,2017( . واتفقت هذه النتيجة مع نتائج
) التي �أ7شارت �إىل ت�أثر جودة Abrandt et al,2016( )2013،العزيز
التعليم اجلامعي مبمار6سات حماكاة الأعمال. التوصيات بناء على النتائج التي تو8صلت �إليها الدرا6سة ميكن تقدمي
التو8صيات الآتية : 1
1 . يف ظل التغريات التكنولوجية املستمرة التغري، على
�أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونيةا6ستخدام جميع الأبعاد املكونة للتعليم
يف الأكادميية (حماكاة الأعمال، التعليم االفرتا9ضي )لكي تتمكن
الأكادميية من تقدمي خدمات تعليمية نوعية و متطورة مقارنة
باجلامعات الأخرى بحيث تكون قادرة على منافستها واالرتقاء
بها نحو اجلامعة الرقمية مبا ي¬ضمن مواكبة املتطلبات العاملية )Bivariate Pearson Correlation(اختبار معامل االرتباط كما �أو9ضحت نتائج
الدرا6سة الدور الرئيس للموارد والبنية التحتية والتصميم التكنلوجي
يف جناح كل من حماكاة الأعمال والتعليم االفرتا9ضي. وجاءت
Vanessa et al()2013،هذه النتيجة متوافقة لنتائج درا6سة (هادي
,) والتي �أ7شارت �إىل �أن التعليم يف جانب التصميم التكنولوجي 2017
ًومرونة اخلدمات الإلكرتونية ودعم املوارد وتقييمها ت�ؤثر �إيجابا
يف تطوير قدرات الطلبة . ) �أن القدرة التفسريية لتبني التعليم 14( يت¬ضح من اجلدول رقم
اعتماداً على قيمة % 28 االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم اجلامعي هي
) 49.55( ) بلغتF( . كما يت¬ضح �أن القيمة الإحصائيةAdjustedR2
). مما يدل على وجود عالقة0.05( مبستوى داللة �إحصائية �أقل من
�أثر ذات داللة �إحصائية لتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف جودة التعليم
�إىل �أن �أثر تبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف Beta اجلامعي، وتشري قيمة
% 53 جودة التعليم اجلامعي هو �إيجابي ، وتبلغ قوة هذه العالقة
وعليه، ترف¬ض الفر9ضية العدمية وتقبل الفر9ضية البديلة التي تنص
على وجود �أثر ذي داللة �إحصائية لتبني التعليم االفرتا9ضي يف
جودة التعليم اجلامعي يف �أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية عند مستوى
).α≤0.05( داللة النتائج والتوصيات على الدرا6سات املستقبلية حماولة تطبيق منوذج الدرا6سة
يف قطاعات متعددة على مستوى التعليم املدر6سي والدرا6سات العليا
الختبار منوذج الدرا6سة و تطبيقه من خالل زيادة اعتماديته يف
اجلامعات والكليات اخلا8صة التي قد تكون �أكرث مرونة . النتائج والتوصيات �إنّ نظرة حتليلية يف نتائج املعلومات والبيانات التي
مت جمعها وحتليلها من خالل ا6ستبانة الدرا6سة �إىل جمموعة من 58 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني حلول ملشكالت تعليمية وتدريبية ملحة، كلية -التعليم واملعلومات
.12 - 11الرتبية، جامعة امللك 6سعود، 8ص 8ص
7
7 . ) �أثر التدريس با6ستخدام الفصول االفرتا9ضية2010 ( املبارك، �أحمد
عرب 7شبكة االنرتنت على طلبة كلية الرتبية يف تقنيات التعليم واالتصال
بجامعة امللك 6سعود ، ر6سالة ماجستري ، جامعة امللك 6سعود . 8
8 . ) دور �إدارة اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ يف حتقيق 9ﺿﻣﺎن جودة2008( ﻣﺣﺎﻣﻳد، رﺑﺎ
التعليم العايل درا6سة ﺗطﺑﻳﻘﻳﺔ يف اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ا�ﻷردﻧﻳﺔ اخلا8صة ، ر6سالة
ماجستري، كلية العلوم الإدارية واملالية، ﻋﻣﺎن : جامعة الرشق الأو6سط . 9
9 . ) درا6سة �إمكانية تطبيق بيئة افرتا9ضية يف2013 ( هادي، منى
امل�ؤ6سسات التعليمية ، جملة كلية بغداد للعلوم االقتصادية عدد خا8ص
م�ؤمتر الكلية . حلول ملشكالت تعليمية وتدريبية ملحة، كلية -التعليم واملعلومات
.12 - 11الرتبية، جامعة امللك 6سعود، 8ص 8ص
7
7 . ) �أثر التدريس با6ستخدام الفصول االفرتا9ضية2010 ( املبارك، �أحمد
عرب 7شبكة االنرتنت على طلبة كلية الرتبية يف تقنيات التعليم واالتصال
بجامعة امللك 6سعود ، ر6سالة ماجستري ، جامعة امللك 6سعود . 8
8 . ) دور �إدارة اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ يف حتقيق 9ﺿﻣﺎن جودة2008( ﻣﺣﺎﻣﻳد، رﺑﺎ
التعليم العايل درا6سة ﺗطﺑﻳﻘﻳﺔ يف اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ا�ﻷردﻧﻳﺔ اخلا8صة ، ر6سالة
ماجستري، كلية العلوم الإدارية واملالية، ﻋﻣﺎن : جامعة الرشق الأو6سط . 9
9 . ) درا6سة �إمكانية تطبيق بيئة افرتا9ضية يف2013 ( هادي، منى
امل�ؤ6سسات التعليمية ، جملة كلية بغداد للعلوم االقتصادية عدد خا8ص
م�ؤمتر الكلية . يف التعليم. 2
2 . 9رضورة التوافق بني منظومة كل من حماكاة الأعمال
والتعليم االفرتا9ضي املعتمدة من قبل �أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية
والنظم التكنولوجية الأخرى التي متتلكها اجلامعة واملستخدمة
يف دوائر �إدارية ومالية ل¬ضمان حتقيق مستوى �أف¬ضل يف جودة
التعليم اجلامعي . 7
7 . ) �أثر التدريس با6ستخدام الفصول االفرتا9ضية2010 ( املبارك، �أحمد
عرب 7شبكة االنرتنت على طلبة كلية الرتبية يف تقنيات التعليم واالتصال
بجامعة امللك 6سعود ، ر6سالة ماجستري ، جامعة امللك 6سعود . 8
. 3
3 . ميكن لأكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية حتسني مستوى
جودة التعليم اجلامعي من خالل تفعيل ا6ستخدام حماكاة الأعمال. كما ميكن �أن ت¬ضمن �أكادميية البلقاء الإلكرتونية مستوى تكامل
عال بني حماكاة الأعمال مع التعليم االفرتا9ضي ل¬ضمان مستوى
�أف¬ضل جلودة التعليم اجلامعي املرتفع . 9
. 4
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االفرتا9ضية عرب 7شبكة االنرتنت على حتصيل طلبة كلية الرتبية يف تقنيات
التعليم واالتصال بجامعة امللك 6سعود، ر6سالة ماجستري غري منشورة
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الدرا6سي لطلبة جامعة القد6س املفتوحة فرع الريا9ض يف مقرر احلا6سوب
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Arabic | Palestinian Journal for Open Learning & e-learning
No. (14) January 2020 Palestinian Journal for Open Learning & e-learning
No. (14) January 2020 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد
اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني مقدمة هدفت هذه الدرا6سة *إىل تصميم وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية
تفاعلية وقيا6س *أثرها يف التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة
الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة
العربية السعودية. ولتحقيق *أهداف الدرا6سة مت تصميم وحدة تعليمية
*إلكرتونية تفاعلية، كما مت *إعداد اختبار حتصيلي يف وحدة تاريخ
الأنبياء والر6سل عليهم السالم وتصميمها *إلكرتونياً. واعتمدت
) طالباً من 60( الدرا6سة املنهج التجريبي. تكونت عينة الدرا6سة من
طالب الصف الأول الثانوي، مت اختيارهم عشوائياً وتوزيعهم يف
جمموعتني؛ جتريبية و9ضابطة بالتساوي. *أظهرت نتائج الدرا6سة
وجود فروق دالة *إحصائياً يف مستوى التحصيل البعدي، وجاءت
الفروق لصالح طالب املجموعة التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل
الوحدة التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية، كما *أظهرت النتائج وجود
فروق دالة *إحصائياً يف مستوى دافعية التعلم لدى الطالب، وجاءت
الفروق لصالح طالب املجموعة التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل
الوحدة التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية. و*أو8صت الدرا6سة بتوظيف
الربجميات التعليمية الإلكرتونية يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية
لرفع مستوى حتصيل الطلبة وزيادة دافعيتهم نحو املادة التعليمية. الكلمات املفتاحية: وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية، التحصيل،
دافعية التعلم، املفاهيم التاريخية. Ab يف ظل تطوير املناهج التعليمية يف اململكة العربية
السعودية، ومن 9ضمنها مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية، والتي تتميز
عن املواد الدرا6سية الأخرى من حيث كرثة املفاهيم التاريخية من
*أحداث ومواقف ووقائع، وحاجتها للتطبيق التفاعلي من خالل
الربامج الإلكرتونية التفاعلية التي تخدم العملية التعليمية يف
الفصول الدرا6سية وقيا6س *أثرها على اكتساب الطالب للمعارف
واملفاهيم التاريخية، والإ6سهام يف زيادة حتصيلهم الدرا6سي. وبالتايل ف�إن تطبيق الربامج التفاعلية يف الفصول الدرا6سية لها
*أثر يف العملية التعليمية، مما يسهم يف حتويل الطالب من متلق *إىل
مستكشف وباحث عن املعلومة، كما *أنه يسهم يف حتويل *أداء املعلم
من ملقن *إىل موجه ومتابع، وزيادة مستوى حتصيله، وهذا ما
) والتي هدفت التعرف 2007( *أ7شارت *إليه درا6سة *أبو 7شقري وحسن
على فاعلية ا6ستخدام برامج الو6سائط املتعددة يف زيادة مستوى
التحصيل لدى الطلبة، و*أكدت من خالل نتائجها على وجود فروق
يف مستوى التحصيل لدى الطلبة الذين در6سوا من خالل برنامج
الو6سائط املتعددة مقارنة بالطلبة الذين در6سوا من خالل الطريقة
االعتيادية. وبالتايل ويف ظل التطورات التكنولوجية واملعرفية، فقد
*أ8صبح التعليم الإلكرتوين يف الفصول الدرا6سية 9رضورة ملحة ملواكبة
هذا التطور، والتوجه نحو التعليم الإلكرتوين وتطبيقاته، مما يشري
*إىل *أهمية دعم التعليم الإلكرتوين وتوظيفه يف العملية التعليمية
من خالل خمتلف الأدوات التي يوفرها ويف مقدمتها الربجميات
التعليمية وتصميم الوحدات التعليمية *إلكرتونياً. مقدمة وقد *أ7شار *إىل ذلك
Arenas-Márquez, Ma� (ارينا6س ماركوز ومتشو وميدنولوبز
(
) من خالل درا6ستهم التي هدفت chuca, & Medina-López, 2012
*إىل تطوير برجمية تعليمية تفاعلية وتقيم هذه الربجمية يف بيئة
جتريبية وحتليل *أ6سلوب التدريس على حتصيل الطلبة، وكذلك من
خالل التعلم مبساعدة هذه الربجمية واعتمد يف تصميمها على
مبادئ التطور التكنولوجي ودوره يف العملية التعليمية يف هذه
الفرتة، وتو8صل *إىل نتيجة مفادها *أن *أ6سلوب التدريس من خالل هذه
الربجمية له الأثر الكبري على تصورات الطلبة نحو املادة الدرا6سية،
مما *أ6سهم يف زيادة دافعيتهم نحو العملية التعليمية، كما *أكد يف
درا6سته *أن الربجميات التعليمية التفاعلية هي مبثابة مساعد للطرق
االعتيادية املستخدمة يف التعليم. م2020 كانون أول- )14( لعدد
ي
لإ
حممج
No. (14) January 2020
تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكرتونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها يف
التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة الدراسات االجتماعية
لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية
Designing an Interactive E-Learning Unit and Mea-
suring Its Impact on the Achievement and Enhanc-
ing the Motivation of Learning in Social Studies
Subject Among First Secondary Students in King-
dom of Saudi Arabia
أ. حاكم بشري العنزي
طالب دكتوراه/ جامعة اليرموك/ األردن
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أستاذ دكتور/ جامعة اليرموك/ األردن
أ. د. عايد محدان اهلرش
أستاذ دكتور/ جامعة اليرموك/ األردن
Mr. Hakem Bashir Al-Enzi
PHD Student\Yarmouk University\Jordan
[email protected]
Prof. Ibrahim Abd alqadeir Al-Qaoud
Professor\Yarmouk University\Jordan
[email protected]
Prof. Ayed Hamdan El Hersh
Professor\Yarmouk University\Jordan
[email protected]
.م2019 /11 /12 :، تاريخ القبول2019 /7 /8 :تاريخ االستالم
E- ISSN: 2520 - 5692
P- ISSN: 2074 - 5656
Received: 8/ 7/ 2019, Accepted: 12/ 11/ 2019
DOI:
http: https://journals.qou.edu/index.php/jropenres تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكرتونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها يف
التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة الدراسات االجتماعية
لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية Designing an Interactive E-Learning Unit and Mea-
suring Its Impact on the Achievement and Enhanc-
ing the Motivation of Learning in Social Studies
Subject Among First Secondary Students in King-
dom of Saudi Arabia Mr. Hakem Bashir Al-Enzi
PHD Student\Yarmouk University\Jordan
[email protected] أ. د. عايد محدان اهلرش
أستاذ دكتور/ جامعة اليرموك/ األردن .م2019 /11 /12 :، تاريخ القبول2019 /7 /8 :تاريخ االستالم
E- ISSN: 2520 - 5692
P- ISSN: 2074 - 5656 120 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني Abstract خاللها *إىل تقصي *أتر التعليم املدمج يف حتصيل الطلبة، ومدى
توظيف املعلمني للتعليم املدمج خالل العلمية التعليمية، وتو8صلت
*إىل *أن ا6ستخدام التعليم املدمج قد *أ6سهم يف زيادة تفاعل الطلبة
خالل احلصص الدرا6سية، بالإ9ضافة *إىل زيادة مستوى حتصيلهم يف
املواد الدرا6سية، كما *أكدت على *أن ا6ستخدام هذا النوع من التعليم قد
*أخرج الطلبة من البيئة التعليمية االعتيادية *إىل بيئة تعليمية مليئة
باملثريات التي 6ساهمت يف زيادة دافعيتهم نحو العملية التعليمة،
كما بينت *أن ا6ستخدام املعلمني لهذا النوع من التعليم كان مبستوى
متو6سط، و*أكدت على 9رضورة توظيفه يف العملية التعليمية ا6ستناداً
*إىل الآثار الإيجابية التي يحدثها التعليم املدمج كما عملت وزارة التعليم يف اململكة العربية السعودية على
*إدخال تكنولوجيا املعلومات واالتصاالت يف العملية التعليمية من
خالل العديد من اجلوانب، ومن *أبرزها تصميم برنامج خا8ص يخدم
مدار6س اململكة يف خمتلف املجاالت، حيث مت عمل درا6سة حتليلية
لنظام الإدارة املدر6سية يشتمل على املعلومات والعمليات الالزمة
للتشغيل والإ7رشاف والإدارة واتخاذ القرارات، ويهدف هذا النظام
*إىل ربط املدار6س بالإدارة التعليمية التابعة لها، ومن ثم ربط الإدارة
التعليمية بالوزارة عن طريق 7شبكة الوزارة، وقد مت العمل بهذا
هـ، 1418 الربنامج يف بع¬ض مدار6س البنني كتجربة *أولية يف عام
*إذ مت اعتماد برنامج «معارف» يف ذلك العام وتعميمه على جميع
).2010 ،مدار6س البنني يف اململكة العربية السعودية (حذيفة ويف 9ضوء التو8صيات والدعوات الرتبوية بتطوير طرق
و*أ6ساليب التعليم اهتمت وزارة التعليم يف اململكة العربية السعودية
بالتعليم الإلكرتوين من خالل ا6ستخدام *أدوات التكنولوجيا احلديثة
لتطوير العملية التعليمية، وما يرتبط بطرق التعليم و*أ6ساليبه،
وذلك من خالل *إنشاء العديد من املشاريع 9ضمن هذا املجال،
و*أهمها “مرشوع عبد اهلل بن عبد العزيز و*أبنائه الطلبة للحا6سب”،
حيث وجه هذا املرشوع *إىل قطاع التعليم العام مبراحله الدرا6سية
املختلفة، ويهدف هذا املرشوع *إىل تنمية مهارات الطلبة و*إعدادهم
بشكل يتنا6سب مع املتطلبات املستقبلية، ورفع مستوى قدراتهم
يف توظيف املعلومات يف كافة املجاالت والأنشطة التعليمية،
بالإ9ضافة *إىل توفري البيئة املعلوماتية مبحتواها العلمي املنا6سب
الحتياجات الطلبة، و*إتاحة مصادر التعلم والتعليم املبا7رشة وغري
املبا7رشة لهم، والعمل على نرش املعرفة بتقنية املعلومات بني *أفراد
).2011 ،املجتمع (وزارة الرتبية والتعليم السعودية وبالنظر *إىل التعليم الإلكرتوين فهو طريقة للتعليم تهدف *إىل
*إيصال املعلومة للمتعلم با6ستخدام التقنيات الإلكرتونية احلديثة من
حا6سب و7شبكات وو6سائطه املتعددة من 8صوت، و8صورة، ور6سومات،
6سواءً كان يف الفصل الدرا6سي *أو خارج بيئة املدر6سة، *أ9ضف *إىل ذلك
*أنه يسهم يف زيادة دافعية الطلبة نحو العملية التعليمية ملا توفره
هذه الطريقة من *إيجابيات تعزز من عملية التعلم والتعليم مبا يزيد
).2009 ،من دافعية الطالب نحو العملية التعليمية (املو6سى ) *أن ا6ستخدام الأدوات Patricia,2010( وقد بينت باتريشا
التكنولوجية، كاحلا6سوب والربجميات التعليمية *إن مت ا6ستخدامها
بشكل تكاملي بني الطريقة االعتيادية يف التدريس والطريقة
املعتمدة على الأدوات التكنولوجية 6سوف تسهم يف زيادة تفاعل
الطلبة، وبالتايل زيادة مستوى حتصيلهم الدرا6سي، وهذا اال6ستخدام
يجب *أن يكون 9ضمن عملية تفاعليه للأدوات التكنولوجية والطريقة
االعتيادية لتعزيز هذه الطريقة يف التعلم. Abstract This study aimed to design an interactive
e-learning unit and measuring its impact on the
achievement, in addition to enhancing the motivation
of learning among first secondary students in the
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To achieve the objectives of
the study, an interactive e-learning unit was designed,
and an achievement test, designed electronically, was
prepared in the study unit on the history of the prophets
and messengers peace be upon them. The sample of the
study consisted of 60 first grade secondary students,
and were randomly selected and distributed into
two groups; an experimental and a control groups,
equally. The results of the study showed that there
are statistically significant differences in the level of
post-achievement, in favor of the experimental group
students taught through the interactive e-learning
unit. The results also showed statistically significant
differences in student motivation level, in favor of
the experimental group students taught through the
interactive e-learning unit. The study recommended
the use of e-learning software in the social studies
subject to raise the level of student achievement and
increase their motivation towards the educational
materials. ونتيجة لتطور *أ6ساليب وتقنيات التعليم، فقد ظهرت العديد
من *أ7شكال التعلم والتعليم املختلفة، فمنها ما يعتمد على ا6ستخدام
الو6سائط الإلكرتونية املتعددة، ومنها ما يوفر *أدوات وو6سائل تساعد
يف تبادل املعلومات واخلربات، ومنها ما ي¬ضفي 8صفة املزج بني
هذه الو6سائل والو6سائط، ويف 9ضوء ذلك ظهر ما يسمى بالتعليم
املدمج الذي يجمع بني توظيف التقنية احلديثة والطرق االعتيادية
يف عملية التعليم، انطالقاً من مبد*أ التكامل بني خمتلف عنا8رص
العملية التعليمية، والعمل مببد*أ مواكبة التطور العلمي والتكنولوجي
).2004 ،يف خمتلف جماالت العملية التعليمية (التودري
) يف جتربة لها هدفت من Maguire,2010( وقد بينت ماجور 121 أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية *أثراً *إيجابياً يف تنمية التحصيل وزيادة الدافعية لدى الطلبة نحو
العملية التعليمية. Abstract وا6ستناداً *إىل التو8صيات والدعوات الرتبوية، فقد قام العبديل
) بدرا6سة يف اململكة العربية السعودية بهدف الكشف عن 2012(
فاعلية ا6ستخدام السبورة الذكية يف حتصيل الطلبة، وتو8صل *إىل *أن
ا6ستخدام هذه السبورة يف العملية التعليمية *أثبت فاعلية ذات *أثر
*إيجابي يف مستوى حتصيل الطلبة، بالإ9ضافة *إىل *أنها *أ6سهمت يف
تكوين اجتاهات *إيجابية نحو العملية التعليمية لدى الطلبة، كما
*أنها *أ6سهمت يف زيادة دافعية الطلبة نحو التعلم. Abstract والس�ؤال الذي
يربز يف هذا السياق هو: هل هذه هي الطريقة املنا6سبة والفعالة يف
*إثارة الطالب نحو ممار6سة التفكري بعمق وتفسري وفهم تلك املفاهيم
وحتقيق الأهداف التعليمية التي تركز على تعزيز واكساب املعرفة؟
*أم *إنّ التعلم با6ستخدام احلا6سب له دور فعال على جتسيد املفاهيم
التاريخية مثل تصور الأبعاد الثالثية والصور املتحركة وامل�ؤثرات
).2009 ،الصوتية، وبالتايل يقود *إىل *إكسابها للطالب (املو6سى وتعمل الربجميات التعليمية على جذب انتباه الطلبة
وا6ستثارة دافعيتهم ومتكينهم من التعلم الصحيح من خالل عر9ض
الدرو6س بشكل جميل ومشوق يبقي الطلبة يقظني لكل ما يدور خالل
احلصة الصفية؛ مما ي�ؤدي *إىل تر6سيخ املعلومات لديهم، ومن ثم
تطوير حتصيلهم الدرا6سي. ف¬ضالً عن ذلك تراعي هذه التقنية احلديثة
تطلعات الطلبة التكنولوجية من خالل *إثراء املناهج الرتبوية بكل
ما هو جديد ومطور يف العملية الرتبوية، الأمر الذي ي�ؤدي *إىل زيادة
دافعيتهم وحبهم نحو العملية التعليمة بكافة *أ7شكالها (املفرج،
).2008 ) على *أن تصميم املواقع 2014( وقد *أكد الرشقاوي
الإلكرتونية القائم على تقنيات الويب التفاعلية تسهم يف تنمية
مهارات املشاركة الإلكرتونية لدى الطلبة، كما *أنها تزود الطلبة
باملزيد من املعارف واملعلومات، بالإ9ضافة *إىل *إكسابهم مهارة
االعتماد على الذات يف البحث عن املعلومات واكتسابها. لقد *أ8صبح التعليم الإلكرتوين واقعاً ملمو6ساً وم�ؤثراً يف العملية
التعليمية ال ميكن اال6ستغناء عنه، ولكنه ال ميكن *أن يكون بديالً عن
التعليم االعتيادي، و*إمنا مطوراً لفلسفة طرق و*أ6ساليب التعلم من
خالل توظيف التكنولوجيا احلديثة التي جاء بها. وبالتايل ال بد
من وجود 8صيغة تكاملية جتمع ما بني التعليم االعتيادي والتعليم
الإلكرتوين. لذا تُعّد عملية التكامل بني التعليم االعتيادي والتعليم
الإلكرتوين من *أف¬ضل الصيغ املستخدمة يف تكنولوجيا املعلومات
واالتصاالت من خالل االعتماد على التكنولوجيا احلديثة وتوظيفها
يف خدمة املناهج الدرا6سية، وطرق و*أ6ساليب التعليم (خميس،
). 2003 وبالنظر *إىل *أهمية التحصيل الدرا6سي يف العملية التعليمية
بو8صفه م�ؤ7رشاً على حتقيق الأهداف التعليمية، فقيا6س التحصيل
الدرا6سي ليس مس�ألة عار9ضة وليست غاية يف حد ذاتها، بل هي
عملية مستمرة متكن املعلم من تعديل الأهداف التعليمية الراهنة،
وو9ضع *أهدافاً جديدة والتخطيط ملحاوالت تعليمية *أكرث فاعلية يف
).2003،جمال حتقيق الأهداف التعليمية (نشواتي ويُعد التحصيل الدرا6سي *أحد املوا9ضيع التي *أثارت جدالً
بني الباحثني منذ بداية القرن املا9ضي، وتركز اخلالف حول *أكرث
العوامل ت�أثرياً يف التحصيل الدرا6سي، فمنهم من عزاه *إىل عوامل
فردية لها عالقة بذكاء الفرد وقدراته، وهي من وجهة نظرهم عوامل
وراثية، ومنهم من ردّه *إىل العوامل البيئية مبا حتتويه من عنا8رص
متباينة، وهناك من يرى *أن التحصيل الدرا6سي حصيلة لتفاعل
العوامل الوراثية والبيئية. Abstract ومنذ نهاية التسعينات بد*أ ظهور ما يسمى بالتعليم
الإلكرتوين، وكان الرتكيز منصباً على *إدخال التكنولوجيا يف
العملية التعليمية عن طريق ا6ستخدام الشبكات املختلفة وتكنولوجيا
املعلومات، وبالنظر *إىل التطور التكنولوجي وبروز ا6ستخدام طرق
و*أ6ساليب حديثة يف التعليم، ف�إن ذلك ال يشري *إىل اال6ستغناء عن
الطرق االعتيادية يف عملية التعلم والتعليم، و*إمنا العمل على تطوير
).2007 ،هذه الطرق (الغامدي و*أولت اململكة العربية السعودية اهتماماً مبتابعة حتقيق
هدفها العام من التعليم الإلكرتوين وتعميمه على كافة مدار6س
اململكة، ولتحقيق ذلك *أجنزت مرشوع 6سيمانور للتعليم الإلكرتوين،
وذلك من خالل اتفاقية تعاون بني وزارة التعليم السعودية و7رشكة
6سيمانور، ويُعّد هذا املرشوع رائداً يف جمال التعلم الإلكرتوين،
*إذ *إنّه *أول متصفح تعليمي يعمل من خالل الإنرتنت، ويحتوي
) كتاباً 350( على جميع الكتب الدرا6سية التي تشكل ما يزيد على
) *ألف 8صفحة كما احتوت 35( مدر6سياً، وبعدد 8صفحات تزيد عن
على 7شخصيات كرتونية جتاوزت اخلمسني 7شخصية، بالإ9ضافة *إىل
العديد من اخلرائط والقواميس والربامج الرتبوية والتعليمية (العبد
).2010 ،الكرمي لقد تطورت *أ6ساليب التعليم والتعلم يف الآونة الأخرية تطوراً
مثرياً خصو8صاً بعد ظهور التقنيات احلديثة املعتمدة على التعليم
والتعلم الإلكرتوين، فهناك العديد من الدرا6سات التي تناولت *أهمية
ا6ستخدام التعلم الإلكرتوين، و*أثر ا6ستخدام الربجميات التعليمية يف
التعليم 9ضمن طرق و*أ6ساليب التعليم، حيث *أو8صت ندوة احلا6سوب يف
دول اخلليج العربي ب¬رضورة الت�أكيد على *أهمية و9ضع كل دولة من
دول اخلليج العربي لنفسها خطة وطنية تربوية تعليمية معلوماتية
وا9ضحة حتدد *أهدافها التنموية، وما ينبغي *أن تقوم به من *أجل
مواجهة حتديات العرص املعلوماتي، وخا8صةً ما يرتبط بطرق
).1993 ،و*أ6ساليب التعليم (ر6سالة اخلليج العربي
وبالنظر *إىل خصائص وميزات التعليم الإلكرتوين، فهناك
*إمكانية لتوظيفه يف تدريس خمتلف املواد الدرا6سية، ملا له من و9ضمن هذا االهتمام والتوجه نحو التعليم الإلكرتوين، فقد
) من خالل درا6سة *أجراها يف اململكة العربية 2017( *أ7شار *أكرم
السعودية تناولت ا6ستخدام الكتاب الإلكرتوين التفاعلي والكشف عن
*أثره يف تنمية حتصيل الطلبة ودافعيتهم نحو التعلم، حيث *أكدت
نتائج درا6سته على *أن ا6ستخدام الكتاب الإلكرتوين التفاعلي *أظهر وبالنظر *إىل خصائص وميزات التعليم الإلكرتوين، فهناك
*إمكانية لتوظيفه يف تدريس خمتلف املواد الدرا6سية، ملا له من 122 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني امليزات التي ميكن اال6ستفادة منها جراء ا6ستخدامه ك�أ6سلوب حديث
يف التعليم، فهو يساهم يف دمج مصادر خمتلفة لو6سائل التعلم،
كاملادة العلمية والصوت والصورة بشكل متكامل، و*إيجاد الرتابط
بني النصو8ص املكتوبة والصور والر6سوم بشكل تفاعلي، وبالتايل
ف�إن برامج التعلم الإلكرتوين تعمل على تهيئة وتوفري العديد من
مواقف التعلم التي ميكن من خاللها للمتعلم *أن يتفاعل مع املادة
التعليمية من خالل اجلوانب اللفظية التي تنش�أ نتيجة اال6ستجابة
للمادة التعليمية التي تعر9ض على 7شا7شة احلا6سوب، بالإ9ضافة *إىل
التغذية الراجعة التي يتلقاها الطالب خالل عملية التعلم، والتي
تزوده مبدى تقدمه يف املادة التعليمية، وحتقيق *أهدافه بشكل يسهم
).2003 ،يف زيادة دافعيته نحو عملية التعلم (حلواين احلقائق *أو املفاهيم التاريخية وتفسريها على السبورة وتلقينها
للطالب، *أو يطلب منهم قراءتها يف الكتاب وحفظها. Abstract *أما يف معجم املصطلحات الرتبوية والنفسية فعرف التحصيل
الدرا6سي ب�أنه: “مقدار ما يحصل عليه الطالب من معلومات، *أو
معارف، *أو مهارات معرباً عنها بدرجات االختبار املعدّ بشكل ميكن
).89 :2003 ،معه قيا6س املستويات املحددة” (النجار و7شحاته
) ب�أنه: “مقدار ما تعلمه الطالب 32 :2004( ويعرفه السدحان
يف املدر6سة معرباً عنه بالتقدير الذي يناله يف امتحان نهاية العام
الدرا6سي، وهو يعكس مستويات حتصيلية متباينة”. لقد فر9ض التطور التكنولوجي حتديات متوا8صلة على خمتلف
جوانب احلياة، فقد طال هذا التطور جميع جوانب النشاطات
الإنسانية، لذا انصبت اجلهود على *إيجاد *أف¬ضل الطرق للحصول
على املعرفة واملعلومات وحتليلها، وفهمها، والعمل على ا6ستغاللها
واال6ستفادة منها يف خمتلف نواحي حياة الإنسان، ومنها اجلانب
التعليمي التعلمي. *إن ما حصل من تطور يف جماالت احلياة كافة،
واملجالني املعريف، واملهاري خا8صة حفّز الكثري من الرتبويني
و7شجعهم على البحث عن كل ما من 7ش�أنه االرتقاء بالطالب ملواكبة
).2008 ،التطور (عطية والتحصيل الدرا6سي هو ما يكتسبه الطالب نتيجة عمليات
التعلّم والتعليم، بالإ9ضافة *إىل التدريب واخلربات السابقة، ويرتبط
بالأهداف الرتبوية التي تسعى امل�ؤ6سسة الرتبوية، *أو نظام التعليم
*إىل حتقيقها، كما *أنه ميكّن الطالب من التعرّف *إىل حقيقة قدراته
و*إمكانياته، فحصوله على مستوى منا6سب من التحصيل يبعث
الثقة يف نفسه، *أما تدين التحصيل في�ؤدي *إىل فقدان الثقة بالنفس،
ويقا6س التحصيل الدرا6سي من خالل اختبارات التحصيل *أو غريها
).2004 ،من الطرق (العورتاين ومن هذا املنطلق ت�أتي الدرا6سة احلالية للكشف عن *أثر وحدة
تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية يف التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم لدى
طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية، والتعرف
على حجم تلبية تصميم تلك الوحدة التعليمية التفاعلية لتوقعات
الطالب والأطراف املعنية. ويرتبط حتصيل الطالب بدافعيته نحو التعلم، وتعترب الدافعية
للتعلم من العنا8رص املهمة التي ال ميكن احلديث عن التعلم يف
غيابها، فهي ت�ؤدي دورا *أ6سا6سيا يف حتقيق النجاح املدر6سي
وزيادة التحصيل الدرا6سي للطالب، لذا اهتمت كل املنظومات
الرتبوية العاملية بالدافعية يف جمال التعليم، فهي ت�ؤدي دوراً
*إيجابياً يف حتقيق الغايات الرتبوية للمجتمع وحتقيق الأهداف
الرتبوية املخطط لها، وبذلك تربز العالقة الوطيدة ما بني الدافع
).2008 ،لدى الطلبة ومستوى حتصيلهم الدرا6سي (غباري Abstract عايد حمدان الهرش تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية والتغلب على العقبات بكفاءة وب�أقل قدر ممكن من اجلهد والوقت
).2003 ،مرىموب�أف¬ضل مستوى من التعلم (نشواتي والتغلب على العقبات بكفاءة وب�أقل قدر ممكن من اجلهد والوقت
).2003 ،وب�أف¬ضل مستوى من التعلم (نشواتي
ف�إكساب املفاهيم يسري جنباً *إىل جنب مع تنمية املعارف
لدى الطالب، فالتفسري واملقارنة والتصنيف ثالثة مكونات جوهرية
لتنمية املفاهيم، *إ9ضافة اىل *أنه على املعلم تبسيط وتنويع عملية
اكتساب الطلبة للمفاهيم ومراقبة *أ7شكالها ودرجة 8صعوبتها التي
ينبغي اكتسابها مبا ي¬ضمن فهم الطالب لها، وتعميقها لديه و*إدراك
).2000 ،م¬ضمون املفهوم وخصائصه (املخاليف والساملي
وينبغي على املعلم تهيئة البيئة التعليمية بصورة حتفز
الطالب *إىل *إدراك العالقات بني الأ7شيا واحلوادث املرتابطة ؛لأن
عملية تكوين املفهوم عملية معقدة، ولكي يستطيع تكوين معنى
منها من خالل اكتسابه املعرفة والعالقات فيما بينها وتعزيز
دافعية التعلم التي تُعد مكونا هاما لشخصية الطالب (املو6سى،
).2009 والتغلب على العقبات بكفاءة وب�أقل قدر ممكن من اجلهد والوقت
).2003 ،وب�أف¬ضل مستوى من التعلم (نشواتي
ف�إكساب املفاهيم يسري جنباً *إىل جنب مع تنمية املعارف
لدى الطالب، فالتفسري واملقارنة والتصنيف ثالثة مكونات جوهرية
لتنمية املفاهيم، *إ9ضافة اىل *أنه على املعلم تبسيط وتنويع عملية
اكتساب الطلبة للمفاهيم ومراقبة *أ7شكالها ودرجة 8صعوبتها التي
ينبغي اكتسابها مبا ي¬ضمن فهم الطالب لها، وتعميقها لديه و*إدراك
).2000 ،م¬ضمون املفهوم وخصائصه (املخاليف والساملي
وينبغي على املعلم تهيئة البيئة التعليمية بصورة حتفز
الطالب *إىل *إدراك العالقات بني الأ7شيا واحلوادث املرتابطة ؛لأن
عملية تكوين املفهوم عملية معقدة، ولكي يستطيع تكوين معنى
منها من خالل اكتسابه املعرفة والعالقات فيما بينها وتعزيز
دافعية التعلم التي تُعد مكونا هاما لشخصية الطالب (املو6سى،
).2009حخ ذلك ف�إن امل�ؤ6سسات الرتبوية حتر8ص على بلوغ طلبتها مستوى عالٍ
من التحصيل؛ لأن مستوى التحصيل يدل على كفاية تلك امل�ؤ6سسات
).1997 ،وقدرتها على بلوغ *أهدافها (*أبو الهيجاء ) التحصيل يف مادة 143 :2005( وقد عرف ابن منظور
(حَ صَ لَ) التحصيل “ما بقي وثبت وذهب ما 6سواه”. ويعرف (علاّ م،
) التحصيل الدرا6سي ب�أنه: “درجة االكتساب التي 305 :2000
يحققها الفرد، *أو مستوى النجاح الذي يحرزه *أو يصل *إليه يف مادة
درا6سية، *أو جمال تعليمي”. Abstract ويهدف التحصيل الدرا6سي *إىل احلصول
على معلومات تبينّ مدى اكتساب الطلبة ملا تعلموه من خربات يف
املواد الدرا6سية املقررة، وكذلك مدى اكتساب الطلبة ملحتويات هذه
املواد، كما يهدف *أي¬ضاً *إىل التو8صل *إىل معلومات كمية ونوعية عن
مستوى الطالب الدرا6سي، وقد يهدف *إىل *أبعد من ذلك وهو حماولة
).2004 ،لر6سم 8صورة نفسية للطالب بالنسبة لأدائه (*أبو عالم ) *إىل *أن التعليم الإلكرتوين تقنية تعمل2006( و*أ7شار 6سالمة
على توفري الوقت واجلهد للمعلم واملتعلم، ويسهم يف تعزيز الثقة
) *أن التعليم الإلكرتوين 1996( الذاتية لدى املتعلم. ويرى االنصاري
يوفر بيئة تعليمية حمفزة ومشوقة للتعلم مبا يسهم يف زيادة دافعية
الطلبة نحو التعلم. وتسهم الدرو6س الإلكرتونية التفاعلية يف حتسني القدرة
للتغلب على الفروق الفردية بني الطالب، كما *أنها تعترب طريقة
حديثة وجيدة تساهم يف الق¬ضاء على ت¬ضخم املناهج الدرا6سية،
بالإ9ضافة *إىل قدرتها على ا6سرتجاع املعلومات بكفاءة وفاعلية
وبالرسعة عند احلاجة، بالإ9ضافة *إىل *إمكانية ا6ستخدام الكتاب
التفاعلي كو6سيلة داعمة لتبني ا6سرتاتيجيات تدريسية تسهم بزيادة
).2015 ،تفاعل الطلبة مع املادة التعليمية (*إ6سماعيل لقد *أوىل املعنيون بالعملية التعليمية اهتماماً بالتحصيل
الدرا6سي ملا له من *أهمية يف حياة الطالب، وملا يرتتب على نتائجه
من قرارات تربوية حا6سمة، *إذ يعدُّ التحصيل معياراً *أ6سا6سياً ملعظم
القرارات املتعلقة بالطالب واملنهاج والعملية التعليمية، كما يتم
مبوجبه التعرّف *إىل مقدار تقدم الطلبة يف الدرا6سة وتوزيعهم على
*أنواع التعليم املختلفة، وكذلك يف اختيار الربامج التعليمية التي
تنا6سبهم، بالإ9ضافة *إىل ذلك ف�إن التحصيل الدرا6سي بجوانبه
املعرفية والوجدانية ي�ؤثر يف تشكيل 7شخصية الطالب، ويحدد درجة
).1993 ،املكانة الدرا6سية واالجتماعية له (ارتاحي ) *أن التعليم الإلكرتوين يكمن Bedrul, 2005( ويرى بدرل
يف *إكساب الطالب املعرفة واحلقائق واملهارات والقدرات ليكونوا
قادرين على التفاعل مع التقنيات احلديثة، فالتقنيات احلديثة
والنماذج التقنية التي يستخدمها املعلم لها دور معزز وهام يف
*إكساب الطالب املفاهيم واملعارف. وبالرغم من توجه وزارة التعليم يف اململكة العربية السعودية
والرتبويني *إىل التعليم الإلكرتوين *إال *أن بع¬ض املعلمني يكتفي مبا هو
متاح لديه يف املدار6س، وما هو متبع يف النظام االعتيادي بكتابة لقد اهتمت امل�ؤ6سسات التعليمية بالتحصيل الدرا6سي كونه
م�ؤ7رشاً على مدى تقدمها نحو الأهداف الرتبوية، فالتحصيل يقيس
نتاجات التعليم التي تسعى امل�ؤ6سسات *إىل حتقيقها، وعالوةً *إىل 123 أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. حمددات الدراسة تتمثل حمددات الدرا6سة بالآتي:
املحدد البرشي: اقترصت هذه الدرا6سة على طالب الصف
الأول الثانوي باملدار6س احلكومية التابعة ملحافظة القريات يف
اململكة العربية السعودية.
املحدد الزماين: مت تطبيق هذه الدرا6سة يف الفصل الدرا6سي
.2019/ 2018 الثاين من العام الدرا6سي تربز �أهمية هذه الدرا6سة 9ضمن جمالني، وهما:
أوالً: األهمية النظرية ميكن *أن تسهم هذه الدرا6سة يف توفري معلومات حول ا6ستخدام
الوحدات التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية يف التعليم ودورها القيمي،
والتي قد يستفيد منها الطالب واملعلم على حدٍ 6سواء، بالإ9ضافة اىل
الباحثني يف هذا املجال والقائمني على تصميم وبرجمة الوحدات
التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية، *أ9ضف *إىل ذلك ما 6ستوفره الدرا6سة
من معلومات حول الدافعية للتعلم و*أهمية هذه الدافعية يف العملية
التعليمية التعلمية. مشكلة الدراسة ◄◄
ما �أثر ا6ستخدام وحدة تعليمية �إلكرتونية تفاعلية يف
تعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب
الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية؟
فرضيات الدراسة تشتمل الدرا6سة على املصطلحات الآتية:
وحدة تعليمية �إلكرتونية تفاعلية: هي جمموعة من املعارف
لتنظيم جمال درا6سي معني يركز حول مو9ضوع *أو فكرة معينة
متاحة للطالب *إلكرتونيا عن طريق *أحد التطبيقات احلا6سوبية
). ويقصد بها يف هذه 2006 ،التي تسهم يف تفاعل الطالب (6سالمة
الدرا6سة وحدة تعليمية (وحدة تاريخ الر6سل والأنبياء عليهم السالم)
من كتاب الدرا6سات االجتماعية التي ت¬ضمنت 6ستة درو6س تشتمل
على بع¬ض املفاهيم التاريخية والتي مت تصميمها *إلكرتونياً وبشكل
ميتفاعلي. أهداف الدراسة تهدف الدرا6سة �إىل حتقيق الأهداف الآتية:
التعرف *إىل *أثر ا6ستخدام وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية
يف التحصيل يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف
الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية. املفاهيم التاريخية: جمموعة من املعلومات املجردة ميكن
اكتسابها وتخزينها يف الذاكرة والتي متثل *أحداثا و7شخصيات
). Eman, Dogar, Khalid & Haider, 2012( ومواقف تاريخية
ويقصد بها يف هذه الدرا6سة جمموعة املعلومات املت¬ضمنة يف
وحدة “تاريخ الر6سل والأنبياء عليهم السالم” من كتاب الدرا6سات
االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي.
التعرف *إىل *أثر ا6ستخدام وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية
يف تعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب
الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية. الدافعية: هي حالة نفسية داخلية *أو خارجية حترك 6سلوك
الفرد وتوجهه نحو حتقيق هدف معني وحتافظ على ا6ستمراريته
). ويقصد بها يف هذه الدرا6سة ما 2003 ،حتى يتحقق الهدف (زايد
يبذله الطالب من جهد 6سواءً داخلي *أم خارجي بهدف حتقيق هدف
ما. وتقا6س يف هذه الدرا6سة بالدرجة التي يحصل عليها املستجيب
على مقيا6س الدافعية املستخدم يف هذه الدرا6سة. فرضيات الدراسة
α≤(ال يوجد فرق ذو داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
) بني متو6سط حتصيل املجموعة التجريبية واملجموعة 0.05
ال¬ضابطة يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول
الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية.
α≤(ال يوجد فرق ذو داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
) بني متو6سط دافعية التعلم لدى املجموعة التجريبية 0.05
واملجموعة ال¬ضابطة نحو مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب
الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية. التحصيل: هو الكم املعريف الذي ا6ستطاع الطالب *أن يحصله
خالل درا6سته ومروره باخلربة خالل عملية التعليم واملقدر كمياً
). ويقا6س يف هذه 1996 ،بالدرجة الكلية للمادة الدرا6سية (احلامد
الدرا6سة بالدرجة الكلية التي يحصل عليها الطالب على اختبار
التحصيل املستخدم يف هذه الدرا6سة. مشكلة الدراسة تربز مشكلة الدرا6سة من خالل الفجوة احلا8صلة ما بني
التطور العلمي والتكنولوجي املتسارع وتوظيف العديد من
الو6سائل والأدوات التكنولوجية يف العديد من املجاالت، وعدم
ا6ستغالل هذه الأدوات يف جمال العملية التعليمية بالشكل الفعلي
والعملي يف الواقع امليداين. ويظهر ذلك من خالل *إحسا6س الباحث
بوجود فجوة وا9ضحة بني طرق وو6سائل تعليم مقررات الدرا6سات
االجتماعية املوجود حالياً، وبني ما يجب *أن تكون عليه يف ظل
التطور التقني. فقد الحظ الباحث من خالل عمله يف جمال التعليم
*أن اجلانب التفاعلي ملادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى الطالب يف
الفصول الدرا6سية غري مفعّل يف الكثري من املدار6س، وبخا8صة
عملية التدريس االعتيادية، *أ9ضف *إىل ذلك 9ضعف دافعية الطالب
نحو تعلم املفاهيم التاريخية و*إقبالهم عليها، وهذا يظهر جلياً من
خالل متابعة احلصص الدرا6سية خالل تدريس مبحث الدرا6سات
االجتماعية، وبالتايل يرى الباحث *أن ا6ستخدام التعليم الإلكرتوين
قد يسهم يف تعزيز فهم الطالب للمفاهيم، وزيادة دافعيتهم نحو
التعلم. وبالتحديد ف�إن مشكلة الدرا6سة تكمن بالإجابة عن الأ6سئلة
الآتية : لقد ا6ستقطبت الدافعية للتعلم الكثري من العلماء للبحث
يف مفهومها وذلك لأهميتها الكبـرى فـي جمـال الـتعلم، وتعددت
التعاريف حسب التوجهات الفكرية والنظرية للباحثني فيها، نذكر
منهم: تعريف برويف حيث يعرفها على *أنها: “ميل الطالب التخاذ
نشاطات *أكادميية ذات معنى تستحق اجلهد، ودافعية التعلم ميكن
*أن تكون 6سـمة كما ميكن *أن تكون حالة؛ فهي 6سمة عندما تكون
مرتبطة بوجود دافع لتعلم املحتوى؛ لأن الطالب يعرف *أهميـة ذلـك
املحتوى ويدركه ويشعر مبتعة يف تعلمه، كما *أن الدافعية عندما
تكون 6سمة فهي *أقدر على التنب�ؤ بالتحصـيل *أو الأداء املدر6سي،
وعندما تكون الدافعية جمرد حالة مرتبطة مبوقف معني فهي تدفع
). 2006 ،الطالب للتعلم من خالل ذلك املوقف (*أبـو جادو كما *أن الدافعية للتعلم تُعد هدفاً تربوياً من بني *أهم املعايري
التي ت�ؤدي دوراً هاماً يف النجاح *أو الفشل، والتحصيل يعتمد على
التعلم والتعليم والتوجيه والدافعية، وبالتايل ف�إن الدافعية للتعلم
هي الرغبة املستمرة للسعي *إىل النجاح و*إجناز الأعمال الصعبة 124 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني ◄◄
ما �أثر ا6ستخدام وحدة تعليمية �إلكرتونية تفاعلية يف
التحصيل يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول
الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية؟ قدرة الطالب على اكتساب املفاهيم التاريخية وتعزيز دافعيتهم
للتعلم، وتوظيف الو6سائل التقنية مبناهج الدرا6سات االجتماعية،
وميكن *أن يستفيد منها املعلمون واملرشفون والطالب. أهمية الدراسة تربز �أهمية هذه الدرا6سة 9ضمن جمالني، وهما:
أوالً: األهمية النظرية ثانياً: األهمية العملية
املحدد الزماين: مت تطبيق هذه الدرا6سة يف الفصل الدرا6سي
.2019/ 2018 الثاين من العام الدرا6سي
املحدد القيا6سي: تقترص نتائج هذه الدرا6سة على الأدوات
التي مت ا6ستخدامهما يف هذه الدرا6سة. تربز *أهمية الدرا6سة العملية من خالل *إبراز بع¬ض املعلومات
بشكل جاذب يزيـد مـن دافعيـة الطالب ويسهم يف بقاء *أثر التعلم
لديهم، كما ميكن *أن تسهم يف توجيـه املعلـمني *إىل دور الوحدات
التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية يف *إكساب وتنميـة املفـاهيم
املختلفة لدى الطالب وتعزيز دافعيتهم للتعلم، بالإ9ضافة *إىل لفت
انتباه القائمني عـلى تطـوير *أنشـطة الدرا6سات االجتماعية ب¬رضورة
تـوفري *أنشـطة الوحدات التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية يف تنمية
املحدد القيا6سي: تقترص نتائج هذه الدرا6سة على الأدوات
التي مت ا6ستخدامهما يف هذه الدرا6سة.
املحدد املو9ضوعي: اقترصت الدرا6سة على وحدة تاريخ
الأنبياء والر6سل عليهم السالم من مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية
للصف الأول الثانوي. كما اقترصت الدرا6سة على تناول دافعية
التعلم لدى طلبة املرحلة الثانوية نحو مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية. 125 أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية العشوائية من 7شعب الصف الأول الثانوي، ومت توزيعهم عشوائياً
يف جمموعتني جتريبية و9ضابطة، بلغ عدد الطالب يف كل جمموعة
) طالباً، ومت تطبيق االختبارات القبلية عليهم لتحديد تكاف�ؤ 30(
. جمموعتي الدرا6سة يف مستوى التحصيل جمتمع الدراسة تكون جمتمع الدرا6سة من جميع طالب الصف الأول الثانوي
يف جميع املدار6س الثانوية احلكومية التابعة لوزارة الرتبية والتعليم
يف حمافظة القريات يف اململكة العربية السعودية، والبالغ عددهم
) مدر6سة ثانوية، ومت احلصول 12( ) طالباً، موزعني على1153(
على عدد الطالب من قسم التعليم العام يف مديرية تعليم حمافظة
القريات. 4
4 . 7شكل الربجمية التعليمية وخدماتها، ومت ذلك من خالل
اختيار الشكل الهرمي املتفرع *إذ *إنّه *أنسب *أ7شكال التفاعل مع
الربجمية، *إذ *إنّه يعطي قائمة من االختيارات والتي ت�ؤدي *إىل قوائم
*أكرث واختيارات *أكرث، كما مت حتديد الأزرار والقوائم كل على حدة
، حيث يقوم املستخدم بالعمل مع الشا7شة الرئيسية للربجمية، ثم
االنتقال *إىل *أي جزء من الربجمية عن طريق قائمة رئيسية توجهه
*إىل *أي مرحلة من مراحل الربجمية، ومت و9ضع زر اخلروج يف كل
7شا7شات الربجمية. منهجية الدراسة مت يف هذه الدرا6سة ا6ستخدام املنهج التجريبي للكشف عن
*أثر املتغري املستقل (تصميم وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية)
يف املتغريين التابعني (التحصيل، وتعزيز الدافعية للتعلم) لدى
طالب الصف الأول الثانوي، وذلك من خالل جمموعتني جتريبية
و9ضابطة، مت تدريس املجموعة التجريبية من خالل الوحدة
التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية، وحدة (تاريخ الر6سل والأنبياء)،
يف حني مت تدريس املجموعة ال¬ضابطة الوحدة الدرا6سية نفسها من
خالل الطريقة االعتيادية. 3
3 . حتديد االحتياجات واملوارد املتاحة: لإعداد هذه
الربجمية مت ا6ستخدام جهاز احلا6سوب، وجهاز املا6سح ال¬ضوئي،
وطابعة، بالإ9ضافة *إىل كامريا فيديو لتصوير بع¬ض املقاطع،
بالإ9ضافة *إىل ا6ستخدام الأقرا8ص املرنة لنسخ الربجمة، كما مت
ا6ستخدام نظام” فال7ش” لإعداد الربجمية و*إدخال املقاطع التي
) Swich Max( مت طباعتها و*إخراجها، كما مت ا6ستخدام برجمية
) لعمل االختبارات، Quiz( لتصميم الدرو6س، بالإ9ضافة *إىل برجمية
) لتسجيل الصوت، كما Record Audio( كما مت ا6ستخدام برنامج
) لعمل الر6سومات Adobe photo shop CS3( مت ا6ستخدام برنامج
وكتابة النصو8ص وحتويلها *إىل 8صور، بالإ9ضافة *إىل ا6ستخدام
) لعمل جميع *أنواع Adobe flash CS3 Professional( برنامج
احلركات التي تت¬ضمنها الربجمية و*إعداد الصفحة الرئيسية التي
تقوم بتشغيل جميع *أجزاء الربجمية من 8صور وحركات، *أ9ضف *إىل
ذك ا6ستخدام الكتاب املدر6سي، ودليل املعلم لال6ستعانة يف حتليل
حمتوى الوحدة الدرا6سية، وحتديد الأهداف. عينة الدراسة مت اختيار عينة من جمتمع الدرا6سة من طالب الصف الأول
) طالباً 60( الثانوي، بالطريقة العشوائية، وبلغت عينة الدرا6سة
ميثلون 7شعبتني درا6سيتني، يف مدر6سة غرناطة الثانوية للبنني، ومت
) 30( توزيع الشعبتني عشوائياً *إىل جمموعتني جتريبية، و9ضمت
) طالباً.30( طالباً، و9ضابطة، و9ضمت أدوات الدراسة ومتثلت خدمات الربجمية من خالل ا6ستخدام *أ6سلوب التعلم
بوا6سطة الكمبيوتر كونه يعترب رائدا للمتعلم حيث يقدم ويرشح
مو9ضوع التعلم يف 8صورة وحدات 8صغرية متتالية وبطريقة بسيطة
وجذابة متكن املتعلم من التنقل داخل الربجمية بسهولة للأمام *أو
الوراء. لتحقيق �أهداف الدرا6سة، مت ا6ستخدام الأدوات الآتية:
أوالً: برجمية وحدة تعليمية إلكرتونية تفاعلية املنهجية واإلجراءات يت¬ضمن هذا اجلزء عر9ضاً ملنهجية الدرا6سة وجمتمعها،
وعينتها، و*أدواتها، وطرق ا6ستخراج م�ؤ7رشات 8صدقها وثباتها،
و*إجراءات تنفيذ الدرا6سة، ومتغرياتها، واملعاجلات الإحصائية
التي مت ا6ستخدامها يف حتليل البيانات للإجابة عن *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة،
والو8صول *إىل النتائج، وفيما يلي عر9ض لذلك: 2
2 . حتديد احلاجات التعليمية ملو9ضوع الربجمية الإلكرتونية
التفاعلية: مت حتديد وحدة «تاريخ الر6سل والأنبياء عليهم السالم»
من كتاب الدرا6سات االجتماعية للصف الأول الثانوي، ومت مراجعة
الأدبيات والدرا6سات السابقة، ووجد *أنه مل يتم عمل برجمية
*إلكرتونية تفاعلية لتدريس هذه الوحدة الدرا6سة، وبالتايل وجد
الباحث *أن هناك حاجة *إىل *إنتاج هذه الربجمية، *إذ *إنّ مادة
الدرا6سات االجتماعية بحاجة ملثل هذه الربجميات. لتحقيق �أهداف الدرا6سة، مت ا6ستخدام الأدوات الآتية:
أوالً: برجمية وحدة تعليمية إلكرتونية تفاعلية بعـد االطـالع عـلى عـدد مـن النماذج والبحوث والدرا6سات
الرتبوية املتعلقة مبعايري تصميم الوحدات التعليمية التفاعلية
اتبع الباحث يف *إعداد الربجمية التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية،
) الإ8صدار الثالث املطور للتصميم التعليمي 2013( منوذج اجلزار
ملستحدثات التعلم الإلكرتوين، والذي ي¬ضم خمس خطوات، وهي
):2013،على النحو الآتي (اجلزار *أ9ضف *إىل ذلك *أن الربجمية تقدم خدمة التعلم خطوة بخطوة،
وتقدم التعزيز لكل ا6ستجابة يقوم بها املتعلم يف اختيار الإجابة
الصحيحة، وكذلك توفر هذه الربجمية التعلم لكل طالب حسب
6رسعته الذاتية وقدراته. )Design( املرحلة الثانية: مرحلة التصميم
1
1 . ًمت يف هذه املرحلة 8صياغة الأهداف التعليمية وفقا
لالحتياجات . ): Analysis( حمنم�أوالً: مرحلة التحليل 3
3 . حتويل عنا8رص الدرو6س واملتمثلة بستة درو6س والأنشطة
وتخزينها بشكل رقمي *إلكرتونياً. در6س. 4
4 . انتاج معلومات بيئة التعلم و*إنشاء 7شكل املكونات
املت¬ضمنة يف الربجمية. 4
4 . انتاج معلومات بيئة التعلم و*إنشاء 7شكل املكونات
املت¬ضمنة يف الربجمية. محثانيا: اختبار التحصيل مت حتديد الهدف العام من االختبار التحصيلي واملتمثل يف
الكشف عن مستوى حتصيل الطالب يف الوحدة الدرا6سية (تاريخ
الأنبياء والر6سل عليهم السالم)، والتي مت تصميمها *إلكرتونياً من
خالل برجمية تعليمية، ومت بناء االختبار التحصيلي من خالل
الرجوع *إىل دليل املعلم يف مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية، والعمل
على 8صياغة *أهداف الوحدة الدرا6سية واال6ستعانة ب�أ6سئلة الدرو6س
املت¬ضمنة يف هذه الوحدة، ومن ثم القيام بصياغة *أ6سئلة االختبار
) 6س�ؤاال بصياغة اختيار 21( مبا يحقق *أهداف الدرا6سة، ومت 8صياغة
من متعدد، ولكل 6س�ؤال *أربعة بدائل. 5
5 . انتاج الشكل املبدئي لبيئة التعلم من خالل جتميع
معنا8رص هذه البيئة من *أهداف و*أنشطة ودرو6س. 6
6 . ربط بيئة التعلم التي مت *إنشا�ؤها بروابط خارجية ليتمكن
الطالب من متابعتها. 7
7 . *إنشاء دليل ا6ستخدام الربجمية والإر7شادات لال6ستخدام
وطريقته، وكيفية التعامل مع الربجمية والدخول *إليها واخلروج
منها. 7
7 . *إنشاء دليل ا6ستخدام الربجمية والإر7شادات لال6ستخدام
وطريقته، وكيفية التعامل مع الربجمية والدخول *إليها واخلروج
منها. 8
8 . التجميع النهائي لبيئة التعلم مبختلف عنا8رصها
و*إعدادها للتقييم النهائي والتي تت¬ضمن تصميم الشا7شات واختيار
الألوان والأحجام والصور والإر7شادات العامة والأهداف وحمتوى
الدرو6س واالختبار القبلي والبعدي. ): Analysis( حمنم�أوالً: مرحلة التحليل 1
1 . حتديد خصائص املتعلمني: مت يف هذه املرحلة حتليل
خصائص املتعلمني ذات الأهمية يف تصميم الربجمية الإلكرتونية
التفاعلية، ومت حتديد عينة الدرا6سة من خالل اختيار مدر6سة
غرناطة الثانوية للبينني، واختيار 7شعبتني درا6سيتني بالطريقة 126 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني 4
4 . .جتميع درو6س الوحدة التعليمية
5
5 . .تصميم التقييم واالختبار التحصيلي القبلي والبعدي
6
6 . .حتديد الو6سائط والأنشطة املختارة
7
7 . .تصميم الأنشطة، وتفاعل املتعلمني، ودور املعلم وفقاً للربنامج الذي مت *إعداده لهذه الغاية، و9ضمن الزمن املحدد لكل
در6س من الدرو6س، ومن خالل اال6ستخدام كان هناك ر8صد مستمر
جلميع املراحل واخلطوات، وتقدمي الدعم والتطوير لبيئة التعليم،
ومن ثم تطبيق االختبار البعدي الذي مت *إعداده 9ضمن الربجمية
الإلكرتونية التفاعلية. 8
8 . حتديد الفقرات للدرو6س والنوافذ و7شا7شات العر9ض التي
6سيعر9ض من خاللها املادة التعليمية مدعمة بالصور واملقاطع
القصصية (فيديو، م�ؤثرات 8صوتية). 8
8 . حتديد الفقرات للدرو6س والنوافذ و7شا7شات العر9ض التي
6سيعر9ض من خاللها املادة التعليمية مدعمة بالصور واملقاطع
القصصية (فيديو، م�ؤثرات 8صوتية). بعد االنتهاء من تصميم الربجمية، مت تقومي الربجمية من
جرجماخالل ما ي�أتي:
جتريب الربجمية لعدة مرات ملالحظة ما *إذا كان هناك
*أخطاء لغوية *أو برجمية، وذلك من خالل تطبيقها على جمموعة من
الطالب ومتابعتها. 9
9 . تصميم 7شكل املكونات وو6سائل الإبحار، والإر7شادات
وفتح و*إغالق بيئة التعلم. 9
9 . تصميم 7شكل املكونات وو6سائل الإبحار، والإر7شادات
وفتح و*إغالق بيئة التعلم. 10
10
تصميم املعلومات الأ6سا6سية وواجهة العر9ض والإطارات
والشعارات. 10
10
تصميم املعلومات الأ6سا6سية وواجهة العر9ض والإطارات
والشعارات.
عر9ض الربجمية على جمموعة من املحكمني من ذوي
جرجرااخلربة واالختصا8ص. Production and( ثالثاً: مرحلة الإنشاء والإنتاج
)constructionرجرم Production and( ثالثاً: مرحلة الإنشاء والإنتاج
)constructionرجرم
جتريب الربجمية على عينة 8صغرية مكونة من ثالثة
طالب من خارج عينة الدرا6سة. 1
1 . مت *إنتاج مكونات الربجمة الإلكرتونية التفاعلية من
درو6س و*أنشطة وحتديدها وجتهيزها. 1
1 . مت *إنتاج مكونات الربجمة الإلكرتونية التفاعلية من
درو6س و*أنشطة وحتديدها وجتهيزها.
التعديل والتحسني بناءً على املالحظات و*آراء املحكمني.
*إعداد دليل التشغيل للمعلم الذي يقوم بتطبيق التجربة
باملدر6سة املختارة، وذلك من حيث الوقت الالزم لتنفيذ الربجمية،
والدرو6س املت¬ضمنة والأنشطة التي حتتويها الربجمية، وطريقة
تنفيذ كل در6س من الدرو6س من بداية التمهيد *إىل نهاية التقومي لكل
در6س. 2
2 . توفري و6سائط التعلم و*إنتاج الأنشطة و*إعدادها وجتهيزها
لعملية الإنشاء. 2
2 . توفري و6سائط التعلم و*إنتاج الأنشطة و*إعدادها وجتهيزها
لعملية الإنشاء. 3
3 . حتويل عنا8رص الدرو6س واملتمثلة بستة درو6س والأنشطة
وتخزينها بشكل رقمي *إلكرتونياً. مصدق حمتوى االختبار ) 21( مت بناء فقرات االختبار بصورته الأولية، واملكون من
) 10( 6س�ؤاال بصياغة اختيار من متعدد، ومت عر9ض االختبـار عـلى
مـن الأ6سـاتذة املتخصصني يف طرق تدريس الدرا6سات االجتماعية،
وطلب منهم الت�أكـد مـن مـدى 6سـالمة الصياغة للأ6سئلة، ومنا6سبتها
لطالب املرحلة الثانوية، ومدى منا6سبة البدائل لكل 6س�ؤال و*أي
مالحظات وتعديالت يرونها منا6سبة، وبناءً على مالحظات
املحكمني، مت حذف 6س�ؤال من *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة، كما مت *إعادة 8صياغة
) *أ6سئلة، بالإ9ضافة *إىل *إعادة 8صياغة بع¬ض البدائل، وبناءً على 6(
. ) 6س�ؤاال20( تلك التعديالت تكوّن االختبار بصورته النهائية من
كما مت التحقق من 8صدق البناء لالختبار من خالل ا6ستخراج
قيم معامالت االرتباط بني املتو6سط احلسابي للأ6سئلة واالختبار
).0.88( ككل بعد تطبيقه على عينة ا6ستطالعية، حيث بلغ )Evalution( رابعاً: مرحلة التقومي )Evalution( رابعاً: مرحلة التقومي )Evalution( يممرابعاً: مرحلة التقومي يف هذه املرحلة مت الت�أكد من كفاءة وفاعلية الربجمية
الإلكرتونية التفاعلية من خالل تطبيقها بشكل فردي على جمموعة
) طالب، وذلك بهدف التقومي 3( 8صغرية من الطلبة مكونة من
املبدئي للربجمية، ومت تعديل بع¬ض الأنشطة، وطريقة الدخول
لالختبار القبلي، وبعد *إجراء التعديالت مت تطبيقها على جمموعة
) طالب بشكل جماعي، ومن ثم عر9ضها على 10( مكونة من
جمموعة من املختصني يف تقنيات التعليم ومت الأخذ مبالحظاتهم
و*إجراء التعديالت وفقاً لهذه املالحظات. صدق مقياس دافعية التعلم للتحقق من 8صدق مقيا6س دافعية التعلم، مت �إيجاد م�ؤ7رشات
الصدق الآتية: ●●
مح�أوالً: 8صدق املحتوى ثبات مقياس دافعية التعلم مت التحقق من م�ؤ7رشات ثبات مقيا6س دافعية التعلم من خالل
) 20( تطبيقه على عينة ا6ستطالعية من خارج عينة الدرا6سة، بلغت
طالباً، ومت ا6ستخدام طريقة االختبار و*إعادة االختبار على العينة
نفسها بعد فا8صل زمني مدته *أ6سبوعان من التطبيق الأول، ومت
ا6ستخراج قيم معامالت الثبات با6ستخدام معامل ارتباط بري6سون
)، وكانت للمقيا6س 0.88 – 0.83( للمجاالت، حيث تراوحت
)، وا6ستخرجت قيم ثبات االتساق الداخلي با6ستخدام 0.86( ككل
)، 0.86 – 0.81( معادلة كرونباخ *ألفا، *إذ تراوحت للمجاالت بني
).0.84( وللمقيا6س ككل كما مت ا6ستخراج كل من قيم معامالت الصعوبة والتمييز
0.47( لأ6سئلة االختبار، *إذ تراوحت قيم معامالت الصعوبة بني
- 0.49( )، يف حني تراوحت قيم معامالت التمييز بني0.83 -
)، بالإ9ضافة *إىل حتديد مدة االختبار يف 9ضوء تطبيقه على0.78
.) دقيقة35( العينة اال6ستطالعية بـ تصحيح املقياس لتحقيق *أهداف الدرا6سة، وبعد االطالع على عدد من مقاييس
دافعية التعلم يف الدرا6سات والبحوث السابقة، كدرا6سة زيدان
)، ودرا6سة الزعبي وبني دومي 1988( )، ودرا6سة حسني1993(
)، مت بناء مقيا6س للكشف عن2017( )، ودرا6سة *أكرم2012(
الدافعية للتعلم لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي، وتكون املقيا6س
) فقرة موزعة على ثالثة جماالت، وهي: 27( بصورته الأولية من
) فقرات، واال6ستجابة ملوقف 9(حترير الطاقة االنفعالية، وتقا6س بــ
) فقرة، 11() فقرات، وتوجيه النشاط، ويقا6س بــ7(معني، وتقا6س بــ
)، وتتم الإجابة على فقرات املقيا6س 1( كما هو مبني يف امللحق
وفق 6سلم خما6سي. ) فقرة، 24( تكوّن مقيا6س دافعية التعلم بصورته النهائية من
ي¬ضع املستجيب *إ7شارة (×) *أمام كل فقرة لبيان مدى تطابق ما
) Likert( يرد يف الفقرة مع قناعته الشخصية، وفقاً لتدرج ليكرت
) 4( ) درجات، بدرجة كبرية5( ًااخلما6سي وهي: بدرجة كبرية جد
) درجتان، 2( ) درجات، بدرجة قليلة3( درجات، بدرجة متو6سطة
) درجة، وبناءً على ذلك فقد تراوحت الدرجة 1( ًابدرجة قليلة جد
على كل فقرة من فقرات املقيا6س بني درجة واحدة وخمس درجات،
) فقرة، ف�إن *أعلى درجة ميكن 24( ومبا *أن املقيا6س يتكون من
) درجة، و*أدنى درجة هي 120( *أن يحصل عليها املستجيب هي
) درجة ، وقد مت تصنيف املتو6سطات احلسابية لتحديد مستوى 24(
2.66 الدافعية لدى *أفراد عينة الدرا6سة على النحو الآتي: (*أقل من
مستوى متو6سط)، (*أعلى من 3.67 - 2.66 مستوى منخف¬ض)، (من
مستوى مرتفع). 3.67 ثبات االختبار ) Use( خامساً: مرحلة اال6ستخدام
يف هذه املرحلة مت ا6ستخدام الربجمية الإلكرتونية وتنفيذها مت ا6ستخراج ثبات االختبار من خالل تطبيقه على عينة 127 أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. عايد حمدان الهرش تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية ) طالباً، و*إعادة 20( ا6ستطالعية من خارج عينة الدرا6سة، بلغت
التطبيق على العينة نفسها بفارق زمني مدته *أ6سبوعان بني
التطبيقني، ومت حساب معامل ارتباط بري6سون بني التطبيق الأول
).0.89( والثاين، وا6ستخراج قيمة ثبات االختبار، وبلغت ) طالباً، و*إعادة 20( ا6ستطالعية من خارج عينة الدرا6سة، بلغت
التطبيق على العينة نفسها بفارق زمني مدته *أ6سبوعان بني
التطبيقني، ومت حساب معامل ارتباط بري6سون بني التطبيق الأول
).0.89( والثاين، وا6ستخراج قيمة ثبات االختبار، وبلغت إجراءات الدراسة الطالب يف القيا6س القبلي لالختبار التحصيلي تبعاً ملتغري
).1( املجموعة، كما هو مبني يف اجلدول
)1( جدول
مت ر8صد الدرجات ومعاجلتها *إحصائياً للإجابة عن *أ6سئلة
الدرا6سة، واخلروج بالتو8صيات املنا6سبة يف 9ضوء ما مت التو8صل *إليه
من نتائج. متغريات الدراسة
ا7شتملت الدرا6سة على املتغريات الآتية:
●●
�أوالً: املتغري املستقل
طريقة التدريس ولها طريقتان: (وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية
تفاعلية، الطريقة االعتيادية). ) على درجات الطالب في Independent Samples T-Test( نتائج تطبيق اختبار
القياس القبلي لالختبار التحصيلي تبعاً لمتغير المجموعة
املجموعة
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياريT
درجات
احلرية
الداللة
الإحصائية
املجموعة التجريبية10.47
1.83
1.57
58
0.122
املجموعة ال¬ضابطة9.77
1.61 ) على درجات الطالب في Independent Samples T-Test( نتائج تطبيق اختبار
القياس القبلي لالختبار التحصيلي تبعاً لمتغير المجموعة
املجموعة
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياريT
درجات
احلرية
الداللة
الإحصائية
املجموعة التجريبية10.47
1.83
1.57
58
0.122
املجموعة ال¬ضابطة9.77
1.61 ا7شتملت الدرا6سة على املتغريات الآتية: ●●
�أوالً: املتغري املستقل طريقة التدريس ولها طريقتان: (وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية
تفاعلية، الطريقة االعتيادية). ●●
ثانياً: املتغريات التابعة ) عدم وجود فروق1( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
) بني املتو6سطات α = 0.05( ذات داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
احلسابية لدرجات *أفراد عينة الدرا6سة يف القيا6س القبلي لالختبار
) وهي T) (1.57( التحصيلي تبعاً ملتغري املجموعة؛ *إذ بلغت قيمة
قيمة غري دالة *إحصائيًّا، مما يشري *إىل تكاف�ؤ جمموعتي الدرا6سة
ال¬ضابطة والتجريبية، فيما يتعلق باالختبار التحصيلي القبلي. تكاف�ؤ املجموعات فيما يتعلق مبقيا6س الدافعية:
للتحقق من تكاف�ؤ جمموعتي الدرا6سة يف القيا6س القبلي،
) على درجات Independent Samples T-Test( مت تطبيق اختبار
الطالب يف القيا6س القبلي ملجاالت مقيا6س الدافعية واملقيا6س ككل
).2( تبعاً ملتغري املجموعة، كما هو مبني يف اجلدول
التحصيل. املعاجلات اإلحصائية للإجابة عن *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية، كما مت ا6ستخدام حتليل التباين املصاحب
) للكشف عن *أثر الوحدة التعليمية يف اكتساب املفاهيم ANCOVA(
.التاريخية وزيادة دافعية التعلم لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي للإجابة عن *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية، كما مت ا6ستخدام حتليل التباين املصاحب
) للكشف عن *أثر الوحدة التعليمية يف اكتساب املفاهيم ANCOVA(
.التاريخية وزيادة دافعية التعلم لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي
تكاف�ؤ املجموعات فيما يتعلق باالختبار التحصيلي:
للتحقق من تكاف�ؤ جمموعتي الدرا6سة يف القيا6س القبلي،
) على درجات Independent Samples T-Test( مت تطبيق اختبار )2( جدول 129
) على درجات الطالب في القياس القبلي لمجاالت مقياس الدافعية والمقياس ككل تبعاً لمتغير المجموعةIndependent Samples T-Test( تطبيق اختبار
املجال
املجموعة
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياريT
درجات
احلرية
الداللة
الإحصائية
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية يف الفرد و*إثارة نشاط معني من السلوك. التجريبية2.51
0.77
0.61
58
0.55
ال¬ضابطة2.40
0.60
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى
التجريبية1.23
0.63
1.63
58
0.11
ال¬ضابطة1.59
1.02
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة النا7شئة عنده و*إزالة حالة التوتر مع حتقيق الهدف
التجريبية1.69
0.60
1.71
58
0.09
ال¬ضابطة2.07
1.05
.املقيا6س ككل
التجريبية1.78
0.37
1.59
58
0.12
ال¬ضابطة1.97
0.56
) عدم وجود فروق2( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
) بني املتو6سطات α = 0.05( ذات داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
احلسابية لدرجات *أفراد عينة الدرا6سة يف القيا6س القبلي ملجاالت
مقيا6س الدافعية، واملقيا6س ككل تبعاً ملتغري املجموعة؛ *إذ كانت
) غري دالة *إحصائيًّا، مما يشري *إىل تكاف�ؤ جمموعتي الدرا6سة T( قيم
ال¬ضابطة والتجريبية، فيما يتعلق مبستوى الدافعية للتعلم. نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها
هدفت هذه الدرا6سة *إىل تصميم وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية
تفاعلية وقيا6س *أثرها يف التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة
الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة
العربية السعودية، وذلك من خالل الإجابة عن *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة التي
مت طرحها، وفيما يلي عر9ضاً للنتائج التي مت التو8صل *إليها. ◄◄
�أوالً: النتائج املتعلقة بالفر9ضية الأوىل: "ال يوجد فرق ذو
) بني متو6سط حتصيل α≤ 0.05(داللة �إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
املجموعة التجريبية واملجموعة الضابطة يف مادة الدرا6سات
االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية
السعودية". ) على درجات الطالب في القياس القبلي لمجاالت مقياس الدافعية والمقياس ككل تبعاً لمتغير المجموعةIndependent Samples T-Test( تطبيق اختبار
املجال
املجموعة
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياريT
درجات
احلرية
الداللة
الإحصائية
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية يف الفرد و*إثارة نشاط معني من السلوك. إجراءات الدراسة مت التحقق من 8صدق حمتوى مقيا6س دافعية التعلم من
خالل عر9ضه على جمموعة من املحكمني املتخصصني يف مناهج
الدرا6سات االجتماعية والقيا6س والتقومي يف جامعة الريموك، ومت
الطلب *إليهم حتكيم املقيا6س من حيث 6سالمة الصياغة للفقرات
ومدى منا6سبتها للمجاالت التي *أُدرجت فيها، و*أية مالحظات
وتعديالت يرونها منا6سبة، ومت الأخذ مبالحظات املحكمني، مبا
) 9( ) فقرات، كما مت تعديل3( يحقق *أهداف الدرا6سة، *إذ مت حذف
فقرات، بالإ9ضافة *إىل ا6ستبدال بع¬ض املفردات لتعطي معنى *أدق
و*أو9ضح، وبناء على ما مت *إجرا�ؤه من تعديالت تكوّن املقيا6س
) فقرة موزعة على ثالثة جماالت.24( بصورته النهائية من لتحقيق �أهداف الدرا6سة مت اتباع الإجراءات واخلطوات الآتية:
*إعداد *أدوات الدرا6سة بعد االطالع على الأدب الرتبوي
والدرا6سات السابقة ذات العالقة مبو9ضوع الدرا6سة واملتمثلة
بالربجمية التعليمية واختبار التحصيل ومقيا6س الدافعية، ومت
التحقق من م�ؤ7رشات الصدق والثبات لهذه الأدوات.
مت اختيار 7شعبتني بالطريقة العشوائية، كل 7شعبة مكونة
) طالباً من طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف مدر6سة غرناطة 30( من
الثانوية للبنني، وزعوا يف جمموعتني 9ضابطة مت تدر6سيها الوحدة
الدرا6سية بالطريقة االعتيادية، واملجموعة التجريبية مكونة من
) طالباً من طالب الصف الأول الثانوي مت تدريسها الوحدة 30(
.الدرا6سية من خالل الربجمية التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية ●●
ثانياً: 8صدق البناء ●●
ثانياً: 8صدق البناء مت التحقق من 8صدق البناء مقيا6س دافعية التعلم من خالل
تطبيقها على عينة ا6ستطالعية من خارج عينة الدرا6سة مكونة من
) طالباً، ومت حساب قيم معامالت ارتباط الفقرة باملجال الذي 30(
)، وقيم معامالت ارتباط0.90 - 0.41(تنتمي *إليه، وتراوحت بني
). كما مت 0.89 - 0.38( الفقرة باملقيا6س ككل، و تراوحت بني
حساب قيم معامالت االرتباط البينية ملجاالت مقيا6س دافعية
)، وقيم معامالت ارتباط 0.88 - 0.79( التعلم، وتراوحت بني
). 0.87 - 0.80( املجاالت باملقيا6س ككل، وتراوحت بيــــن
مت التطبيق القبلي لكل من اختبار التحصيل ومقيا6س
الدافعية على جمموعتي الدرا6سة ال¬ضابطة والتجريبية.
مت ا6ستخدام الربجمية التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية يف
تدريس طالب املجموعة التجريبية، والتي قام بتنفيذها معلم املادة
الدرا6سية، بالإ9ضافة *إىل تدريس املجموعة ال¬ضابطة من قِبَلِ معلم
املادة *أي¬ضاً وبالطريقة االعتيادية.
مت التطبيق البعدي الختبار التحصيل والدافعية على
جمموعتي الدرا6سة ال¬ضابطة والتجريبية. 128 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني
مت ر8صد الدرجات ومعاجلتها *إحصائياً للإجابة عن *أ6سئلة
الدرا6سة، واخلروج بالتو8صيات املنا6سبة يف 9ضوء ما مت التو8صل *إليه
من نتائج. املعاجلات اإلحصائية التجريبية2.51
0.77
0.61
58
0.55
ال¬ضابطة2.40
0.60
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى
التجريبية1.23
0.63
1.63
58
0.11
ال¬ضابطة1.59
1.02
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة النا7شئة عنده و*إزالة حالة التوتر مع حتقيق الهدف
التجريبية1.69
0.60
1.71
58
0.09
ال¬ضابطة2.07
1.05
.املقيا6س ككل
التجريبية1.78
0.37
1.59
58
0.12
ال¬ضابطة1.97
0.56 ) عدم وجود فروق2( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
) بني املتو6سطات α = 0.05( ذات داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
احلسابية لدرجات *أفراد عينة الدرا6سة يف القيا6س القبلي ملجاالت
مقيا6س الدافعية، واملقيا6س ككل تبعاً ملتغري املجموعة؛ *إذ كانت
) غري دالة *إحصائيًّا، مما يشري *إىل تكاف�ؤ جمموعتي الدرا6سة T( قيم
ال¬ضابطة والتجريبية، فيما يتعلق مبستوى الدافعية للتعلم. نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها
هدفت هذه الدرا6سة *إىل تصميم وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية
تفاعلية وقيا6س *أثرها يف التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة
الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة
العربية السعودية، وذلك من خالل الإجابة عن *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة التي
مت طرحها، وفيما يلي عر9ضاً للنتائج التي مت التو8صل *إليها. ◄◄
�أوالً: النتائج املتعلقة بالفر9ضية الأوىل: "ال يوجد فرق ذو
) بني متو6سط حتصيل α≤ 0.05(داللة �إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
املجموعة التجريبية واملجموعة الضابطة يف مادة الدرا6سات
االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية
السعودية". تفاعلية وقيا6س *أثرها يف التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم يف مادة
الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة
العربية السعودية، وذلك من خالل الإجابة عن *أ6سئلة الدرا6سة التي
مت طرحها، وفيما يلي عر9ضاً للنتائج التي مت التو8صل *إليها. ◄◄
�أوالً: النتائج املتعلقة بالفر9ضية الأوىل: "ال يوجد فرق ذو
) بني متو6سط حتصيل α≤ 0.05(داللة �إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
املجموعة التجريبية واملجموعة الضابطة يف مادة الدرا6سات
االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية
السعودية". نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها عايد حمدان الهرش تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية للإجابة عن هذه الفر9ضية، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية لدرجات طالب جمموعتي الدرا6سة (ال¬ضابطة
والتجريبية) على االختبار التحصيلي القبلي والبعدي، وفقاً ملتغري
).3( طريقة التدريس، كما هو مبني يف اجلدول
)3( جدول
المتوسطات الحسابية واالنحرافات المعيارية القبلية والبعدية ألداء طالب مجموعتي التجريبية
الضابطة وفقاً لطريقة التدريس (االعتيادية، وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية)
املجموعة
طريقة التدريس
االختبار القبلي
االختبار البعدي
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياري
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياري
التجريبية
وحدة تعليمية
*إلكرتونية تفاعلية10.47
1.83
17.27
1.89
ال¬ضابطة
االعتيادية 9.77
1.61
12.17
2.18
) وجود فروق3( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
ظاهرية بني متو6سطات درجات طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف
املجموعتني التجريبية وال¬ضابطة، على االختبار التحصيلي القبلي،
*إذ تشري النتائج *إىل *أن املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة
)، 9.77( ال¬ضابطة (الطريقة االعتيادية) على االختبار بلغ
)، *أما املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات 1.61( وانحرافها املعياري
طالب املجموعة التجريبية (وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية) بلغ
)، مما يشري *إىل *أن هناك 1.83( )، وانحرافها املعياري10.47(
) درجة، وقد مت 9ضبط0.7( فرقاً ظاهرياً بني املتو6سطني مقداره
هذا الفرق *إحصائياً با6ستخدام حتليل التباين الأحادي املصاحب
) *أن هناك فروقاً 4( )، كما يت¬ضح من اجلدولOne–Way ANCOVA(
بني متو6سطات درجات طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف املجموعتني
التجريبية وال¬ضابطة على االختبار التحصيلي البعدي، حيث تشري
النتائج *إىل *أن املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة ال¬ضابطة
)، 2.18( )، وبانحراف معياري12.17( على االختبار البعدي بلغ
*أما املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة التجريبية (وحدة
) وبانحراف معياري 17.27( تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية)، فبلغ
)؛ *أي *أن هناك فرقاً ظاهرياً بني متو6سطي احلسابني بني 1.89(
.) درجة5.1( املجموعتني على االختبار البعدي مقداره
وللكشف عن داللة الفروق بني هذه املتو6سطات، مت ا6ستخدام
) على One–Way ANCOVA( حتليل التباين الأحادي املصاحب
درجات الطالب البعدية يف االختبار التحصيلي، بو8صف درجات
).4( الطالب القبلية متغرياً مشرتكاً، كما هو مبني يف اجلدول
)4( جدول
تحليل التباين األحادي المصاحب لدرجات الطالب في المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في االختبار التحصيلي عند المستوى الكلي للإجابة عن هذه الفر9ضية، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية لدرجات طالب جمموعتي الدرا6سة (ال¬ضابطة
والتجريبية) على االختبار التحصيلي القبلي والبعدي، وفقاً ملتغري
).3( طريقة التدريس، كما هو مبني يف اجلدول
)3( جدول )، *أما املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات 1.61( وانحرافها املعياري
طالب املجموعة التجريبية (وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية) بلغ
)، مما يشري *إىل *أن هناك 1.83( )، وانحرافها املعياري10.47(
) درجة، وقد مت 9ضبط0.7( فرقاً ظاهرياً بني املتو6سطني مقداره
هذا الفرق *إحصائياً با6ستخدام حتليل التباين الأحادي املصاحب
) *أن هناك فروقاً 4( )، كما يت¬ضح من اجلدولOne–Way ANCOVA(
بني متو6سطات درجات طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف املجموعتني
التجريبية وال¬ضابطة على االختبار التحصيلي البعدي، حيث تشري
النتائج *إىل *أن املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة ال¬ضابطة
)، 2.18( )، وبانحراف معياري12.17( على االختبار البعدي بلغ
*أما املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة التجريبية (وحدة
) وبانحراف معياري 17.27( تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية)، فبلغ
)؛ *أي *أن هناك فرقاً ظاهرياً بني متو6سطي احلسابني بني 1.89(
.) درجة5.1( املجموعتني على االختبار البعدي مقداره )، *أما املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات 1.61( وانحرافها املعياري
طالب املجموعة التجريبية (وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية) بلغ
)، مما يشري *إىل *أن هناك 1.83( )، وانحرافها املعياري10.47(
) درجة، وقد مت 9ضبط0.7( فرقاً ظاهرياً بني املتو6سطني مقداره
هذا الفرق *إحصائياً با6ستخدام حتليل التباين الأحادي املصاحب
) *أن هناك فروقاً 4( )، كما يت¬ضح من اجلدولOne–Way ANCOVA(
بني متو6سطات درجات طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف املجموعتني
التجريبية وال¬ضابطة على االختبار التحصيلي البعدي، حيث تشري
النتائج *إىل *أن املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة ال¬ضابطة
)، 2.18( )، وبانحراف معياري12.17( على االختبار البعدي بلغ
*أما املتو6سط احلسابي لدرجات طالب املجموعة التجريبية (وحدة
) وبانحراف معياري 17.27( تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية)، فبلغ
)؛ *أي *أن هناك فرقاً ظاهرياً بني متو6سطي احلسابني بني 1.89(
.) درجة5.1( املجموعتني على االختبار البعدي مقداره تحليل التباين األحادي المصاحب لدرجات الطالب في المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في االختبار التحصيلي عند المستوى الكلي
مصدر التباين
جمموع
املربعات
درجة
احلرية
متو6سط
املربعات
قيمة الإحصائي
)F(
الداللة
الإحصائية
Eta
square
طريقة التدريس387.16
1
387.16
92.20
0.00
0.62
)االختبار القبلي (مصاحب2.69
1
2.69
0.64
0.43
0.01
اخلط�أ239.34
57
4.20
املجموع13627.00
60
املجموع مصحح632.18
59 تحليل التباين األحادي المصاحب لدرجات الطالب في المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في االختبار التحصيلي عند المستوى الكلي ) وجود داللة4( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
) F) (92.20( ) لقيمةα = 0.05( *إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
املتعلقة ب�أثر طريقة التدريس يف تباين درجات االختبار البعدي،
مما يشري *إىل وجود فروق ذات داللة *إحصائية يف التحصيل البعدي
لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي، تعزى لطريقة التدريس، وجاءت
الفروق لصالح طالب املجموعة التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل
الوحدة التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية. نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها 129 أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
أ. د. إبراهيم القادر القاعود
أ. د. نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها للإجابة عن هذه الفر9ضية، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية لدرجات جمموعتي الطالب (ال¬ضابطة
والتجريبية) على جماالت مقيا6س دافعية التعليم واملقيا6س ككل
القبلي والبعدي، وفقاً ملتغري طريقة التدريس، كما هو مبني يف
).5( اجلدول
)5( جدول
المتوسطات الحسابية واالنحرافات المعيارية القبلية والبعدية ألداء الطالب في المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة على مجاالت مقياس دافعية التعلم والمقياس ككل واتفقت نتيجة الدرا6سة احلالية مع درا6سة *أبو 7شقري وحسن
)، التي *أ7شارت *إىل وجود *أثر لربامج الو6سائط املتعددة يف 2007(
زيادة مستوى التحصيل لدى الطلبة، كما اتفقت مع درا6سة ماجور
)، حيث *أكدت نتائج 2012( )، ودرا6سة العبديلMaguire, 2010(
هذه الدرا6سات على وجود *أثر للربجميات التعليمية يف حتسني ورفع
مستوى التحصيل. ◄◄
ثانياً: النتائج املتعلقة بالفر9ضية الثانية: "ال يوجد
) بني متو6سط α≤ 0.05(فرق ذو داللة �إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
دافعية التعلم لدى املجموعة التجريبية واملجموعة الضابطة نحو
مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف
اململكة العربية السعودية". للإجابة عن هذه الفر9ضية، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية لدرجات جمموعتي الطالب (ال¬ضابطة
والتجريبية) على جماالت مقيا6س دافعية التعليم واملقيا6س ككل
القبلي والبعدي، وفقاً ملتغري طريقة التدريس، كما هو مبني يف
).5( اجلدول يل. وى
)، 2017( كما اتفقت نتيجة الدرا6سة احلالية مع درا6سة *أكرم
والتي *أكدت نتائجها وجود فروق مبستوى حتصيل الطالب لصالح
املجموعات التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل الربجميات التعليمية
الإلكرتونية التفاعلية. للإجابة عن هذه الفر9ضية، مت ا6ستخراج املتو6سطات احلسابية
واالنحرافات املعيارية لدرجات جمموعتي الطالب (ال¬ضابطة
والتجريبية) على جماالت مقيا6س دافعية التعليم واملقيا6س ككل
القبلي والبعدي، وفقاً ملتغري طريقة التدريس، كما هو مبني يف
).5( اجلدول
)5( جدول
ككل
ال ق ا
داف ة الت ل
االت ق ا
ة الضا طة عل
عت ن الت
ال
ف
ا ة الق ل ة ال د ة ألدا الطال
افات ال
ا ة االن
طات ال
ال ت )، 2017( كما اتفقت نتيجة الدرا6سة احلالية مع درا6سة *أكرم
والتي *أكدت نتائجها وجود فروق مبستوى حتصيل الطالب لصالح
املجموعات التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل الربجميات التعليمية
الإلكرتونية التفاعلية. المتوسطات الحسابية واالنحرافات المعيارية القبلية والبعدية ألداء الطالب في المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة على مجاالت مقياس دافعية التعلم والمقياس ككل املجال
املجموعة
القيا6س القبلي
القيا6س البعدي
املتو6سط
املعدل
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياري
املتو6سط
احلسابي
االنحراف
املعياري
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية يف الفرد
و*إثارة نشاط معني من السلوك. التجريبية2.51
0.77
3.54
0.41
3.555
ال¬ضابطة2.40
0.60
2.60
0.88
2.591
اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال
املواقف الأخرى. التجريبية1.23
0.63
3.74
0.72
3.763
ال¬ضابطة1.59
1.02
2.46
1.10
2.442
توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة
النا7شئة عنده و*إزالة حالة التوتر مع
حتقيق الهدف. نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها الربجميات التعليمية الإلكرتونية، وبخا8صة يف ظل التطور
التكنولوجي واملعريف، وبالتايل ف�إن هذا الشكل من *أ7شكال التعلم
والتعليم يوفر العديد من الطرق والأ6ساليب التي تساعد على تبادل
املعلومات واخلربات واكتسابها، الأمر الذي يسهم يف زيادة
املخزون املعريف لدى الطالب الذي له الأثر الكبري يف زيادة مستوى
التحصيل الدرا6سي لديهم. كما وميكن عزو هذه النتيجة للأثر الذي يحدثه ا6ستخدام
الوحدات التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية 9ضمن البيئة الصفية
الدرا6سية *إذ *إنّها تخرج الطالب من اجلو الروتيني االعتيادي للعملية
التعليمية *إىل جو يسوده التفاعل والتعزيز والأ6ساليب املختلفة
واملتنوعة لإيصال املعلومة. وبالتايل ف�إن توظيف تكنولوجيا
املعلومات يف خدمة املناهج الدرا6سية 6سوف يسهم يف *إكساب
الطلبة املزيد من املعلومات، بالإ9ضافة *إىل املزيد من توفري الوقت
واجلهد، *أ9ضف *إىل ذلك تنمية القدرة على ا6سرتجاع املعلومات
بكفاءة وفاعلية عند احلاجة، الأمر الذي يسهم يف زيادة مستوى
التحصيل الدرا6سي لدى الطالب. ولإيجاد حجم الأثر ملتغري طريقة التدريس، مت حساب مربع
) من % 62( )؛ *أي *أن ما مقداره0.62( )، وبلغEta square( *إيتا
التباين يف *أداء طالب عينة الدرا6سة على التحصيل البعدي يعود *إىل
)، فيعود لعوامل غري مفرسة.% 38( طريقة التدريس، *أما الباقي
مما يشري *إىل وجود *أثر ذي داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى
) ال6ستخدام وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية α = 0.05( الداللة
يف التحصيل لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية
السعودية. مما يشري *إىل وجود *أثر ذي داللة *إحصائية عند مستوى
) ال6ستخدام وحدة تعليمية *إلكرتونية تفاعلية α = 0.05( الداللة
يف التحصيل لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية
السعودية. وميكن تفسري هذه النتيجة يف 9ضوء الأثر الذي حتدثه 130 واتفقت نتيجة الدرا6سة احلالية مع درا6سة *أبو 7شقري وحسن
)، التي *أ7شارت *إىل وجود *أثر لربامج الو6سائط املتعددة يف 2007(
زيادة مستوى التحصيل لدى الطلبة، كما اتفقت مع درا6سة ماجور
)، حيث *أكدت نتائج 2012( )، ودرا6سة العبديلMaguire, 2010(
هذه الدرا6سات على وجود *أثر للربجميات التعليمية يف حتسني ورفع
مستوى التحصيل. )، 2017( كما اتفقت نتيجة الدرا6سة احلالية مع درا6سة *أكرم
والتي *أكدت نتائجها وجود فروق مبستوى حتصيل الطالب لصالح
املجموعات التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل الربجميات التعليمية
الإلكرتونية التفاعلية. ◄◄
ثانياً: النتائج املتعلقة بالفر9ضية الثانية: "ال يوجد
) بني متو6سط α≤ 0.05(فرق ذو داللة �إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة
دافعية التعلم لدى املجموعة التجريبية واملجموعة الضابطة نحو
مادة الدرا6سات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف
اململكة العربية السعودية". نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها التجريبية1.69
0.60
3.94
1.02
3.917
ال¬ضابطة2.07
1.05
2.53
1.19
2.554
.املقيا6س ككل
التجريبية1.78
0.37
3.59
0.62
3.60
ال¬ضابطة1.97
0.56
2.36
0.87
2.35 ) وجود فروق5( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
ظاهرية بني متو6سطات درجات الطالب على جماالت مقيا6س
دافعية التعلم يف املجموعتني التجريبية وال¬ضابطة، وللكشف عن
داللة الفروق بني هذه املتو6سطات، مت ا6ستخدام حتليل التباين
) على املتو6سطات احلسابية البعدية MNCOVA( املصاحب
لدرجات الطالب على جماالت مقيا6س دافعية التعلم البعدية،
باعتبار درجات الطلبة القبلية متغرياً مشرتكاً، كما هو مبني يف
).6( اجلدول
)6( جدول ) على المتوسطات الحسابية البعدية لدرجات الطالب على مجاالت مقياس دافعية التعلمMNCOVA( تحليل التباين المصاحب
املصدر
املجال
جمموع
املربعات
درجات
احلرية
متو6سط
املربعاتF
الداللة
الإحصائية
Eta
square
املجموعة
Hotelling's
Trace= 0.68
.حترير الطاقة االنفعالية13.34
1
13.34
*28.37
0.00
0.33
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى25.08
1
25.08
*28.70
0.00
0.33
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة26.70
1
26.70
*21.70
0.00
0.28
القلبي املصاحب
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية.0.23
1
0.23
0.50
0.48
0.01
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى0.49
1
0.49
0.56
0.46
0.01
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة0.79
1
0.79
0.64
0.43
0.01
اخلط�أ
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية.26.81
57
0.47
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى49.81
57
0.87
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة70.16
57
1.23 131 تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية تصميم وحدة تعليمية إلكترونية تفاعلية وقياس أثرها في التحصيل وتعزيز دافعية التعلم
في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية املصدر
املجال
جمموع
املربعات
درجات
احلرية
متو6سط
املربعاتF
الداللة
الإحصائية
Eta
square
املجموع
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية.606.80
60
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى652.64
60
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة728.80
60
املجموع مصحح
حترير الطاقة االنفعالية.40.23
59
.اال6ستجابة ملوقف معني و*إهمال املواقف الأخرى75.01
59
.توجيه النشاط بغر9ض *إ7شباع احلاجة100.82
59
)α≤ 0.05( *دالة إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة ) F( ) *أن جميع قيم6( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
املتعلقة بدافعية التعلم لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي كانت دالة
)؛ مما يشري *إىل وجود فروق α = 0.05( *إحصائياً عند مستوى الداللة
دالة *إحصائياً بني الدرجات البعدية للمجموعتني، وعند مراجعة
املتو6سطات احلسابية تبني *أن الفروق كانت، لصالح املجموعة
التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل الوحدة التعليمية الإلكرتونية
التفاعلية؛ *إذ *إنّ املتو6سطات احلسابية البعدية للمجموعة التجريبية
كانت *أعلى منها للمجموعة ال¬ضابطة. نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها ) على ANCOVA( كما مت ا6ستخدام حتليل التباين املصاحب
املتو6سط احلسابي البعدي لدرجات الطالب على مقيا6س دافعية
التعلم ككل، بو8صف درجات الطالب القبلية متغرياً مشرتكاً، كما هو
).7( مبني يف اجلدول
)7( جدول ) F( ) *أن جميع قيم6( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
املتعلقة بدافعية التعلم لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي كانت دالة
)؛ مما يشري *إىل وجود فروق α = 0.05( *إحصائياً عند مستوى الداللة
دالة *إحصائياً بني الدرجات البعدية للمجموعتني، وعند مراجعة
املتو6سطات احلسابية تبني *أن الفروق كانت، لصالح املجموعة
التجريبية التي در6ست من خالل الوحدة التعليمية الإلكرتونية
التفاعلية؛ *إذ *إنّ املتو6سطات احلسابية البعدية للمجموعة التجريبية
كانت *أعلى منها للمجموعة ال¬ضابطة. ) على ANCOVA( كما مت ا6ستخدام حتليل التباين املصاحب
املتو6سط احلسابي البعدي لدرجات الطالب على مقيا6س دافعية
التعلم ككل، بو8صف درجات الطالب القبلية متغرياً مشرتكاً، كما هو
).7( مبني يف اجلدول
)7( جدول ) لدرجات الطالب على مقياس دافعية التعلم البعديANCOVA( تحليل التباين المصاحب
مصدر التباين
جمموع
املربعات
درجة
احلرية
متو6سط
املربعات
قيمة
)F( الإحصائي
الداللة
الإحصائية
Eta
square
.)طريقة التدريس (املعدل22.32
1
22.32
38.62
0.00
0.40
.)القيا6س القبلي (مصاحب0.03
1
0.03
0.04
0.83
0.00
:اخلط�أ32.94
57
0.58
:املجموع587.22
60
:املجموع مصحح55.93
59
)α≤ 0.05( *دالة إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة )α≤ 0.05( *دالة إحصائية عند مستوى الداللة ) F( ) *أن قيمة7( يت¬ضح من البيانات الواردة يف اجلدول
)، وهي قيمة 38.62( املتعلقة مبقيا6س دافعية التعلم ككل بلغت
)؛ مما يشري *إىل وجود α= 0.05( دالة *إحصائياً عند مستوى الداللة
فروق دالة *إحصائياً بني الدرجات البعدية للمجموعتني، وعند
مراجعة املتو6سط احلسابي تبني *أن الفروق كانت، لصالح املجموعة
التجريبية؛ *إذ *إنّ املتو6سطات احلسابية البعدية للمجموعة التجريبية
كانت *أعلى منها للمجموعة ال¬ضابطة، *إذ بلغ املتو6سط احلسابي
)، بينما بلغ املتو6سط احلسابي 3.59( للمجموعة التجريبية
) ولإيجاد حجم *أثر ا6ستخدام الوحدة 2.36( للمجموعة ال¬ضابطة
التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية يف تعزيز دافعية التعلم لدى طالب
الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة العربية السعودية، مت حساب مربع
) من % 83( )؛ *أي *أن ما مقداره0.83( )، وبلغEta square( *إيتا
التباين يعود *إىل ا6ستخدام الوحدة التعليمية الإلكرتونية التفاعلية
يف تعزيز دافعية التعلم لدى طالب الصف الأول الثانوي يف اململكة
)، فيعود لعوامل غري مفرسة.% 17( العربية السعودية، *أما الباقي وميكن تفسري هذه النتيجة ا6ستناداً *إىل خصائص الربجميات
التعليمية وما توفره من مزايا تسهم يف *إيصال املعلومة للطالب
ب�أكرث من *أ6سلوب وطريقة، الأمر الذي يساعد يف 6رسعة الفهم
واال6ستيعاب لدى الطلبة، مما يعزز من دافعيتهم نحو عملية التعلم،
وبالتايل ف�إن هذا الأمر يزيد من حافز الطلبة يف الإقبال على
العملية التعليمية. أوالً: املراجع العربية 1
1 . .). لسان العرب. بريوت: دار الصادر2005( .ابن منظور، *أبو الف¬ضل 19
1 9
). تصميم موقع تعليمي *إلكرتوين قائم على2014( .الرشقاوي، 8صالح
تقنيات الويب التفاعلية لتنمية مهارات املشاركة الإلكرتونية لدى طالب
49 ،الدرا6سات العليا بكلية الرتبية. درا6سات عربية يف الرتبية وعلم النفس
.115 - 71 ،)2( 2
2 . ). مستوى حتصيل طلبة الصف التا6سع1997( .*أبو الهيجاء، خالد
الأ6سا6سي يف مبحث الأحياء يف 9ضوء بع¬ض املتغريات. ر6سالة ماجستري
غري منشورة. جامعة الريموك، الأردن. 3
3 . ). علم النفس الرتبوي. عمان: دار املسرية للنرش2006( .*أبو جادو، 8صالح
والتوزيع. 3
3 . ). علم النفس الرتبوي. عمان: دار املسرية للنرش2006( .*أبو جادو، 8صالح
والتوزيع. 20
2 0
:). واقع التعليم يف اململكة العربية السعودية2010( .العبد الكرمي، حسني
ر�ؤية خا8صة. ورقة مقدمة لور7شة عمل "*إ8صالح التعليم يف الدول العربية:
، 2019/ 3/ 10 اململكة العربية السعودية *أمنوذجاً". ا6سرتجعت بتاريخ
.http://www.hailsa.net/vb/showthread.php :من املصدر 4
4 . ). فاعلية برنامج بالو6سائط2007( .*أبو 7شقري، حممد وحسن، منري
املتعددة على مستوى التحصيل يف مادة التكنولوجيا لدى طلبة الصف
التا6سع الأ6سا6سي. جملة اجلامعة الإ6سالمية (6سلسلة الدرا6سات الإنسانية)،
.471 - 445 ،)1( 16 21
2 1
). فاعلية ا6ستخدام السبورة الذكية يف2012( .العبديل، عبد الرحمن
حتصيل طلبة الصف اخلامس يف مادة الريا9ضيات واجتاهاتهم نحوها يف
حمافظة القريات. ر6سالة ماجستري، جامعة الريموك، الأردن. 5
5 . ). التعلم *أ6سسه وتطبيقاته. عمان: دار املسرية2004( .*أبو عالم، رجاء
للنرش والتوزيع. 5
5 . ). التعلم *أ6سسه وتطبيقاته. عمان: دار املسرية2004( .*أبو عالم، رجاء
للنرش والتوزيع. 22
2 2
.). اال6سرتاتيجيات احلديثة يف التدريس الفعال2008( .عطية، حمسن
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2 3
:). القيا6س والتقومي الرتبوي والنفسي2000( .علاّ م، 8صالح الدين
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للنرش والتوزيع. 7
7 . ). فاعلية ا6ستخدام التعلم املعكو6س يف2015( .*إ6سماعيل، مروي حسني
اجلغرافيا لتنمية مهارات البحث اجلغرايف لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية. 218 - 173 ،)1( 75 ،جملة اجلمعية الرتبوية للدرا6سات االجتماعية 7
7 . ). فاعلية ا6ستخدام التعلم املعكو6س يف2015( .*إ6سماعيل، مروي حسني
اجلغرافيا لتنمية مهارات البحث اجلغرايف لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية. 218 - 173 ،)1( 75 ،جملة اجلمعية الرتبوية للدرا6سات االجتماعية 24
2 4
). نتائج الدراسة ومناقشتها كما وميكن عزو هذه النتيجة يف 9ضوء *إقبال الطلبة على
ا6ستخدام الأدوات التكنولوجية احلديثة ورغبتهم يف ا6ستخدامها،
الأمر الذي يجعل من هذه الأدوات و6سيلة تعليمية تسهم يف *إثراء
املناهج الدرا6سي، و تعمل على تبسيط املعرفة العلمية لدى الطلبة،
مما يساعد يف زيادة وعيهم يف هذه املعلومات و6رسعة اكتسابها،
وبالتايل ف�إن هذا اجلانب يعزز ثقة الطالب بنفسه ويسهم يف زيادة
حالدافعية لديه نحو عملية التعلم واكتساب املعرفة العلمية. 132 م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني م2020 كانون أول- )14( العدد- اجمللة الفلسطينية للتعليم املفتوح والتعلم اإللكتروني 11
1 1
). التحصيل الدرا6سي: درا6سته، واقعه، والعوامل1996( .احلامد، حممد
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1 1
). التحصيل الدرا6سي: درا6سته، واقعه، والعوامل1996( .احلامد، حممد
امل�ؤثرة فيه. الريا9ض: الدار الصولتية للنرش والتوزيع. املراجع 18
1 8
.). التعلم اخلليط التطور الطبيعي للتعليم الإلكرتوين2006( .6سالمة، حسن
.182 - 154 ،). كلية الرتبية بسوهاج22( 1 ،املجلة الرتبوية التوصيات 12
1 2
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. page/ar/109087 12
1 2
.). احلا6سب والتعليم يف اململكة العربية السعودية2010( .حذيفة، حممد
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. page/ar/109087 ا6ستناداً �إىل ما تو8صلت �إليه الدرا6سة من نتائج ميكن �أن
رجريتو8صي مبا ي�أتي : 13
1 3
). التعلم عن بعد والرتبية االفرتا9ضية خمرج وا6سع2003( .حلواين، *أحمد
)، 1( 20 ،للخال8ص من النمطية ولفتح *آفاق التعلم وتطويره. جملة *آفاق
.-106 89 13
1 3
). التعلم عن بعد والرتبية االفرتا9ضية خمرج وا6سع2003( .حلواين، *أحمد
)، 1( 20 ،للخال8ص من النمطية ولفتح *آفاق التعلم وتطويره. جملة *آفاق
.-106 89 1
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التعليمية لتعزيز طرق و*أ6ساليب التدريس، وزيادة فاعلية التعلم لدى
رمنالطلبة ا6ستناداً *إىل فاعلية هذه الربجميات من خالل نتائج الدرا6سة. 2
2 . توفري الور7ش التدريبية املنا6سبة للمعلمني لتدريبهم على
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). عمليات تكنولوجيا التعليم. القاهرة: دار الكلمة2003( .خميس، حممد
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.138 – 122 ،)1(3 ،العربي لدول اخلليج 16
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). الدافعية للتعلم. القاهرة: مكتبة النه¬ضة للنرش2003( .زايد، نبيل
والتوزيع. 4
4 . *إجراء املزيد من الدرا6سات حول تصميم الوحدات
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مواد درا6سية *أخرى. 4
4 . *إجراء املزيد من الدرا6سات حول تصميم الوحدات
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1 7
). الرتويح والتحصيل الدرا6سي: درا6سة ميدانية2004( ..لسدحان، عبد اهلل
على طالب الصف الثالث الثانوي يف مدينة الريا9ض. مكتب الرتبية العربي
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2 8
،). الدافعية والتحصيل الدرا6سي. جملة الباحثة2008( .املفرج، بدرية
.157 - 132 ،8)7( 29
2 9
). ا6ستخدام احلا6سب الآيل يف التعليم. الريا9ض: دار2009( .املو6سى، عبداهلل
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). معجم املصطلحات الرتبوية2003( .النجار، زينب و7شحاته، حسن
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3 1
). علم النفس الرتبوي. *إربد: دار الفرقان2003( .نشواتي، عبد احلميد
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3 2
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الريا9ض، اململكة العربية السعودية. أوالً: املراجع العربية *إ6ساءة تعامل املدر6سني وعالقته بالتحصيل2004( .العورتاين، وفاء
الدرا6سي وتقدير الذات لدى طلبة الصف التا6سع الأ6سا6سي يف عمان. ر6سالة
ماجستري غري منشورة، اجلامعة الأردنية، عمان، الأردن. 8
8 . ). *أثر ا6ستخدام الكتاب الإلكرتوين التفاعلي يف تدريس2017( .*أكرم، حممد
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.183 - 167 ،)8( 4 ،املتو6سط. درا6سات عربية يف الرتبية وعلم النفس 25
2 5
). التعلم امل�ؤلف. ورقة عمل مقدمة يف جامعة2007( .الغامدي، خديجة
امللك 6سعود، كلية الرتبية، اململكة العربية السعودية. 26
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). الدافعية، النظرية والتطبيق، عمان: دار املسرية2008( .غباري، ثائر
للنرش والتوزيع. 9
9 . ). ا6ستخدام احلا6سوب كو6سيلة تعليمية. جملة1996( .الأنصاري، حممد
.139 - 125 ،)1( 2 .الرتبية 9
9 . ). ا6ستخدام احلا6سوب كو6سيلة تعليمية. جملة1996( .الأنصاري، حممد
.139 - 125 ،)1( 2 .الرتبية 27
2 7
). مدى اكتساب طلبة الصف2000( .املخاليف، حممد والساملي، حمد
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). مدى اكتساب طلبة الصف2000( .املخاليف، حممد والساملي، حمد
الثالث الإعدادي للمفاهيم املت¬ضمنة يف كتاب التاريخ املقرر عليهم 10
1 0
.). املدر6سة الإلكرتونية و*أدوار حديثة للمعلم2004( .التودري، عو9ض
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.). املدر6سة الإلكرتونية و*أدوار حديثة للمعلم2004( .التودري، عو9ض
الريا9ض: مكتبة الر7شد للطباعة والنرش والتوزيع. 133 أ. حاكم بشير العنزي
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في مادة الدراسات االجتماعية لدى طالب الصف األول الثانوي في اململكة العربية السعودية ثانياً: املراجع األجنبية 1. Arenas - Márquez, J., Machuca, J. & Medina-López, C. (2012). Interactive learning in operations management
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on Growth in Mathematics Achievement of Gifted Learners. Phd Dissertation, liberty University, USA. 134 134 | 11,431 | https://zenodo.org/record/3673121/files/9.pdf | null |
Arabic | أمحد بن سامل بن أسلم املشيخي Ahmed Salim Aslam Mashikhi1*, Mohamad Johdi Salleh2, and Arifin B. Mamat3
1 Ph.D.. Candidate at the Faculty of Education International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM):
[email protected] 2 Seniior lecturer Dr. at the Faculty of Education International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM):
[email protected]
2 2 Seniior lecturer Dr. at the Faculty of Education International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM):
[email protected]
2 2 Seniior lecturer Dr. at the Faculty of Education International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM):
*Corresponding Author 2 Seniior lecturer Dr. at the Faculty of Education International Islamic University of Malaysia (IIUM):
*Corresponding Author THE LEVEL OF THE CITIZENSHIP VALUES AND PERSONALITY AMONG
THE SECOND CYCLE STUDENTS AT THE GOVERNORATE OF DHOFAR
IN THE SULTANATE OF OMAN: PRINCIPALS AND ASSISTANTS
PERSPECTIVES ومساعديهم IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 eywords: citizenship, belonging values, personality formation. Keywords: citizenship, belonging values, personality formation. Abstract This quantitative study discussed the level of belonging, citizenship values, and the level of leadership
personality among the second cycle students in the Governorate of Dhofar schools. As the globalization
challenges were reflected on the students’ value system, especially the citizenship values, were students
affected to varying degrees, by the imported culture manifestations. Therefore, the school administration
should play the role in consolidating the values of belonging and citizenship emerges. The study objectives
are; Disclose the level of citizenship values among students, and measure the level of their personality
forms. The descriptive analytical method was adopted. A questionnaire was prepared according to Likert
five-point scale, which consisted of (50) statements distributed in two domains: the values of belonging and
citizenship, and the personal leadership level. The study population consisted of (180) principals and
assistants. A stratified random sample of (122) was selected according to the Johnson and Christensen
equation. Statistical treatments: descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach's alpha
coefficient of reliability. The study findings revealed that: the values of belonging and citizenship came at a
high level, with the exception of the collective and voluntary work domain that was underrated. As for the
personality; the social interaction and responsibility domains were at a high level. While Decision making and
problem solving came with a medium rating. The researcher recommended school administrations to pay
attention to the voluntary work for students. And also developing: decision-making and problem-solving skills
Keywords: citizenship, belonging values, personality formation. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 226 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 امللخص
انقشت هذه الدراسة الكمية مستوى قيم االنتماء واملواطنة، ومستوى تكوين الشخصية القيادية لدى طلبة احللقة الثانية
ْمبدارس حمافظة ظفار. إذ
انعكست حتدايت العوملة على منظومة القيم لدى الطلبة وخباصة قيم املواطنة ، فتأثروا بدرجات
متفاوتة مب
ظاهر الثقافة امل
ست
وردة ،
هو نا يربز دور
اإلدارة املدرسـية
خي رس ت يف
قيم االنتماء و
املواطنة . هتدف الدراسة؛
الكشف عن مستوى قيم املواطنة لدى
ال
طلبة ، و
قياس مستوى تكوين الشخصية لد .يهم اعتمد
املنهج الوصفي التحليلي . و
مت اعداد استبيان حسب مقياس ليكرت اخلم
يسا ،تكون ْت
( من50) عبارة موزعة يف حمورين :قيم االنتماء واملواطنة ،
و
تكوين الشخصية القيادية . تكون( جمتمع الدراسة من180
) مديرا و
مساعدا . ومت اختيار عينة عشوائية طبقية قدرها
(
122
)
حسب معادلة
جونسون وكريستنسن .املعاجل
ات اإلحصائية :التحليل الوصفي ،معامل ارتباط بريسون ،معامل
ألفا كرونباخ
:للثبات. Abstract بينت نتائج الدراسة إ ن قيم االنتماء واملواطنة جاءت
مبستوى
مرتفع ، عدا جمال العمل اجلماعي
والتطوعي
؛
كان.بتقدير قليل
أما يف حمور تكوين الشخصية، فقد حل جماال التفاعل االجتماعي، وحتمل املسؤولية
مستوى مرتفع. يف حني جاء جماال؛ صناعة القرار وحلّ املشكالت على التوايل بتقدير.وسط
أوصى الباحث إدارات
مدارس بضرورة االهتمام
.جمال العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي للطلبة و ّالعمل على تنمية وتطوير مهاريت: اختاذ القرار وحل
.املشكالت
:كلمات مفتاحية
املواطنة ،قيم االنتماء، تكوين الشخصية. امللخص http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :املقدمة ،تشهد اجملتمعات اليوم تغريات يف جماالت احلياة ويف منظوماهتا القيمية جعلها تواجه حتدايت كبرية؛ نتيجة لظاهرة العوملة
والتدفق اهلائل وال.سريع لألفكار والقيم واملعتقدات واجملتمع العماين واحد من اجملتمعات اليت
،أتثر هبذه املوجه اليت أفرزت
ظواهر وبعض السلوكيات اليت أوجدت خلال
يف بنية القيم
،بني الطلبة، فضالً عن املواطنة
ف أصبحت احلاجة ملحة لتعزيز
.قيم املواطنة لدى الطلبة، والعمل على تنميتها، وأخذ السبل الكفيلة مبواجهة هذه التحدايت إن تربية املواطنة من أهم وظائف التعليم األساسية، فرتبية املواطنة وتعزيزها لدى الطالب جتعله يدرك أنه جزء من وطنه
وجمتمعـه غري منفصل أبداً، يشاركه يف ذكرايت املاضي ويف أحداث احلاضر ويف أماين املـستقبل، وتكتـسب حياتـه معنـى
جديـداً ومتعـة خمتلفـة، إذ يـشعر أنـه حييـا خلدمـة دينـه ووطنـه، وليس جملرد حتقيق مصاحله اخلاصة وأهد افه
الذاتية (ا
لسع دو،
2012
)ـ . إذ هتدف املو
اطنة
،إىل توفري االستقرار والرفاهية ألفراد اجملتمع و ،حتقيق األمن الوطين واالجتماعي
مب ا يوفر هلم
الطمأنينة، ويتطلب ذلك أن يكون هناك متاسك بني أفراد اجملتمع، وتوافق
على سلوك أخالقي إجيايب ، وتعاطف فيما
بينهم، وحتقيق األ.من املعيشي واالقتصاد واحليايت http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 وتقوم املؤسسات التعليمية جبهود كبرية يف جمال الرتبية من أجل املواطنة، وتعمل بشكل دائم على تكوين املواطن، وتنمية
وعيه حبقوقه وواجباته، وتطوير مستوى مشاركته يف.اجملتمع الذ ينتمي إليه ف
دور القيادات الرتبوية جيب أن ي
عرب عن
ال قدوة
احل ،سنة لطلبته
وال
قيام بدور املريب الفاضل ل تعزيز قيم التسامح والتعاون، وتعزيز قيم والوالء واالنتماء للوطن، وتعزيز
.مبدأ نبذ العنف والتمييز بكل أشكاله
.وكل ذلك ضاعف من مسؤوليات املعلمني داخل املدرسة وخارجها وال تقف تربية مواطنة الطالب عند غرس وتنمية
االنتماء للوطن
؛ بل تسعى كذلك
لتكوين مواطن واع ممارس حلقوقه
ًوواجباته بكل وعي ومسؤولية يف إطار اجلماعة اليت ينتمي إليها والعمل على تنمية قدراته وطاقاته اليت تؤهله مستقبال
حلماية خصوصياته وهويته وممارسه حقوقه وأداء واجباته وترسيخ قيم التآخي والتكافل واالحرتا م واإلسهام يف نشر قيم
التسامح والسلم االجتماعي
،(الرباشدية2011
). ك ما يتطلب صقل املواهب الطالبية لتكوين ما يسمى ابلشخصية
.القيادية لكي يصبح هذا الطالب متسلح ابلعديد من املهارات يف جمتمعه ويرى الباحث أبن دور مدراء املدارس مهم يف ترسيخ
القيم واالنتماء، ويعد االنتماء للوطن من أهم القيم اليت جيب على
املؤسسات الرتبوية أن حترص على تنميتها لدى الطالب، نظراً ملا يرتتب عليها من سلوكيات اجيابية
. :املقدمة ف االنتماء للوطن
ليس شعاراً براقاً بل ممارسة وتطبيقاً ملبادئ وقيم
تمثل ت يف حب الوطن
واالهتمام خبريه ورفاهيته، والوالء
واإلخال،ص له
واحملافظة
.على أسراره والدفاع عنه ف
االنتماء للوطن ضرورة لذلك ال
بد
أن تو
جه املؤسسات
،الرتبوية كاملدارس واجلامعات
و املساجد وأجهزة اإلعالم
جهودها ل
تنمي لدى املواطن
ني االجتاه حنو االنتماء الوطين،
الذ
يتجسد يف صورة سلوك يدعم
بناء الوطن والتقدم لألمام. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :أهداف الدراسة 1. الكشف عن
مستوى قيم املواطنة لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة ا
لثانية مبدارس التعليم األساسي يف سلطنة مان ع. 2. قياس مستوى تكوين الشخصية
لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة الثانية مبدارس التعليم األساسي
في
سلطنة ع مان. :الدراسات السابقة :مشكلة الدراسة لقد فرضت العوملة حتدايت عدة انعكست على منظومة القيم لدى الطلبة وخباصة قيم املواطنة ،
من ذلك التقليد األعمى
ملظاهر الثقافة الواردة، وتغليب املصلحة الشخصية على املصلحة العامة، ابإلضافة إىل العنف والتعصب ،
وغياب لغة
احلوار، واألمور املتعلقة ابالنتماء والتسامح، واحرتام الرأ اآلخر، والوعي السياسي والعمل اجلماعي. وبدأان نسمع من
يقول: إن مثل هذه املمارسات يف املدارس يعود إىل قصور املدارس يف أداء دورها، وخاصة يف جمال تنمية قيم املواطنة
لدى الطلبة
( األمري2016
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
228
ف للمدرسة أتثري مباشـر فـي حتقيـق مـا هتـدف إليه الرتبية الوطنية، حيث أن تركيبة ونوعية احلياة داخل املدرسة تؤثر يف
الطالب أكثر من عمل املنهج الرسـمي مبـواده وحمتوايتـه املقـررة، كما يعتقـد بعـض الرتبـويني أن إمكانيــة حتــسني أ وتطــوير
الرتبيــة الوطنيــة
مــن خــالل املــنهج اخلفــي، أ الــنظم والقواعد السائدة داخل املدرسة، فممارسة الطالب ملـسؤولية تعلـيم
أنفـسهم، وحـل اخلالفـات واملـشكالت التـي تـواجههم فـي املدرسة ستجعلهـم يتعلمـون كيـف يعملـون مبسؤولية فـي
جمتمعـاهتم. و
اإلدارة املدرسـية املمثلة يف امل دراء، هي املهيمنـة علـى شؤون املدرسـة وأعماهلـا من ختطــيط وتنظــيم وتوجيــه ورقابة وصنع ف للمدرسة أتثري مباشـر فـي حتقيـق مـا هتـدف إليه الرتبية الوطنية، حيث أن تركيبة ونوعية احلياة داخل املدرسة تؤثر يف
الطالب أكثر من عمل املنهج الرسـمي مبـواده وحمتوايتـه املقـررة، كما يعتقـد بعـض الرتبـويني أن إمكانيــة حتــسني أ وتطــوير
الرتبيــة الوطنيــة
مــن خــالل املــنهج اخلفــي، أ الــنظم والقواعد السائدة داخل املدرسة، فممارسة الطالب ملـسؤولية تعلـيم
أنفـسهم، وحـل اخلالفـات واملـشكالت التـي تـواجههم فـي املدرسة ستجعلهـم يتعلمـون كيـف يعملـون مبسؤولية فـي
جمت اهت ASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 القرارات وغريهـا مـن العمليـات اليوميـة، فهي ذات تـأثري ابلغ فــي حتقيـق األهـداف التعليمية
، (جرب2015
)
ـ وعلى
رأسها حتقيق قيم املواطنة لدى الطالب، لذا جاءت هذه الدراسة لتالمس هذه املشكلة يف املدارس العمانية، من خالل
.الوقوف على حقيقة الدور الذ يؤديه املدراء يف املدارس يف تنمية قيم املواطنة :الدراسات السابقة VIII, Issue 22, April 2022
( دراسة فور هيس وشيلدونVoorhies & Sheldon, (2010
:
وقد هدفت إىل الكشف عن دور مدير املدارس يف
تطوير الشراكة بني املدرسة واجملتمع احمللي لتعزيز الصحة للفرد واجملتمع, وتكونت األداة من استبانة مكونة من30
,فقرة
وتكونت ال عينة من320
مدير ومديرة, وأظهرت النتائج وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً بني خصائص املدير وكفاايته
الشخصية وبني قدرته علي تطوير العالقة مع اجملتمع, كما أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً بني حصول
املدير علي الدعم املاد والدعم االجتماعي وبني قدرته علي التخ .طيط لتفعيل العالقة مع اجملتمع
,دراسة (اجلهين2019
:)
هدفت الدراسة التعرف على دور القيادة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن الفكر وتنمية قيم املواطنة
.لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية، وتقدمي جمموعة من املقرتحات اليت قد تسهم يف تفعيل دور القيادة املدرسية يف ذلك
استخدمت الباحثات املنهج الوصفي املسحي، كما استخدمت االستبانة كأداة جلمع البياانت حيث طبقت على عينة
( مكونة من171
) فردا من منسوابت املدارس الثانوية. وتوصلت الدراسة جملموعة من النتائج أبرزها: إن ممارسة قائدات
املدارس الثانوية لدورهن يف تعزيز األمن الفكر لدى طالبات .املرحلة الثانوية جاء بدرجة عالية–
أن ممارسة قائدات
.املدارس الثانوية لدورهن يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية جاء بدرجة عالية–
أن أفراد عينة الدراسة
موافقون بدرجة متوسطة على املقرتحات اليت قد تسهم يف تفعيل دور القيادة املدرسية يف تعزيز ا ألمن الفكر وتنمية قيم
،املواطنة لدى الطالبات. وأوصت الدراسة بعدد من التوصيات من أبرزها: تبصري الطالبات بتحدايت العوملة واالنفتاح
،وإقامة ندوات تربوية توعوية مشرتكة بني املدرسة واجلهات األمنية، وتعميق مفهوم األمن الفكر يف أنشطة املدرسة
وتفعيل دور األسرة و.مؤسسات اجملتمع احمللى
,دراسة (األمري2016
:)
هدفت إىل الكشف عن دور املدرسة يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية يف
اململكة العربية السعودية من وجهة نظر املعلمات, ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة مت بناء أداة تكونت من30
فقرة يف صورة
,هنائية تقيس مد مسامهة املدرسة يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى الطالبات وقد مت تطبيق أداة الدراسة علي عينة مكونة من
190
معلمة من معلمات املواد االجتماعية من منطقة مكة املكرمة التعليمية, مت اختيارها بطريقة عشوائية, وقد دلت
النتائج علي أن املدرسة تقوم بتنمية قيم املواطنة لدى الطالبات بدور متوسط, كما تبني عدم وجود فروق ذات داللة
,إحصائية تعز للخربة التعليمية للمعلمات, وأوصت الدراسة بتعزيز دور املدرسة يف تنمية القيم الوطنية لدى الطالبات
واليت أظهرت النتائج ضعفاً يف دورها لدى الطالبات من وجهة نظر املعلمات للعينة املفحوصة, وإجراء دراسات مماثلة يف
مناطق تعليمية أخرى يف السعودية لتقيي.م دور املدرسة يف غرس قيم املواطنة IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :الدراسات السابقة VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 ( دراسة فور هيس وشيلدونVoorhies & Sheldon, (2010
:
وقد هدفت إىل الكشف عن دور مدير املدارس يف
تطوير الشراكة بني املدرسة واجملتمع احمللي لتعزيز الصحة للفرد واجملتمع, وتكونت األداة من استبانة مكونة من30
,فقرة
وتكونت ال عينة من320
مدير ومديرة, وأظهرت النتائج وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً بني خصائص املدير وكفاايته
الشخصية وبني قدرته علي تطوير العالقة مع اجملتمع, كما أظهرت نتائج الدراسة وجود فروق دالة إحصائياً بني حصول
املدير علي الدعم املاد والدعم االجتماعي وبني قدرته علي التخ .طيط لتفعيل العالقة مع اجملتمع
,دراسة (اجلهين2019
:)
هدفت الدراسة التعرف على دور القيادة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن الفكر وتنمية قيم املواطنة
.لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية، وتقدمي جمموعة من املقرتحات اليت قد تسهم يف تفعيل دور القيادة املدرسية يف ذلك
استخدمت الباحثات املنهج الوصفي املسحي، كما استخدمت االستبانة كأداة جلمع البياانت حيث طبقت على عينة
( مكونة من171
) فردا من منسوابت املدارس الثانوية. وتوصلت الدراسة جملموعة من النتائج أبرزها: إن ممارسة قائدات
املدارس الثانوية لدورهن يف تعزيز األمن الفكر لدى طالبات .املرحلة الثانوية جاء بدرجة عالية–
أن ممارسة قائدات
.املدارس الثانوية لدورهن يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية جاء بدرجة عالية–
أن أفراد عينة الدراسة
موافقون بدرجة متوسطة على املقرتحات اليت قد تسهم يف تفعيل دور القيادة املدرسية يف تعزيز ا ألمن الفكر وتنمية قيم
،املواطنة لدى الطالبات. وأوصت الدراسة بعدد من التوصيات من أبرزها: تبصري الطالبات بتحدايت العوملة واالنفتاح
،وإقامة ندوات تربوية توعوية مشرتكة بني املدرسة واجلهات األمنية، وتعميق مفهوم األمن الفكر يف أنشطة املدرسة
وتفعيل دور األسرة و.مؤسسات اجملتمع احمللى ,دراسة (األمري2016
:)
هدفت إىل الكشف عن دور املدرسة يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية يف
اململكة العربية السعودية من وجهة نظر املعلمات, ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة مت بناء أداة تكونت من30
فقرة يف صورة
,هنائية تقيس مد مسامهة املدرسة يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى الطالبات وقد مت تطبيق أداة الدراسة علي عينة مكونة من
190
معلمة من معلمات املواد االجتماعية من منطقة مكة املكرمة التعليمية, مت اختيارها بطريقة عشوائية, وقد دلت
النتائج علي أن املدرسة تقوم بتنمية قيم املواطنة لدى الطالبات بدور متوسط, كما تبني عدم وجود فروق ذات داللة
,إحصائية تعز للخربة التعليمية للمعلمات, وأوصت الدراسة بتعزيز دور املدرسة يف تنمية القيم الوطنية لدى الطالبات
واليت أظهرت النتائج ضعفاً يف دورها لدى الطالبات من وجهة نظر املعلمات للعينة املفحوصة, وإجراء دراسات مماثلة يف
مناطق تعليمية أخرى يف السعودية لتقيي.م دور املدرسة يف غرس قيم املواطنة :الدراسات السابقة ,دراسة الباسل, وآخرون(
2018
:)
وقد هدفت إيل التعرف علي متطلبات تفعيل دور اإلدارة املدرسية لتنمية قيم
املواطنة ابملدارس اخلاصة, واستخدمت الدراسة املنهج الوصفي, ولتحقيق اهلدف الرئيسي من البحث, عمد الباحثني إيل
وضع تصور مقرتح يتناسب وواقعنا التعليمي, وميكن من خالله توفري املناخ املناسب لتعليم املواطنة, واحملفز علي إعداد
املواطنني الفاعلني والقادرين علي ا ملشاركة يف شئون جمتمعه, قد تضمن التصور عدد من اإلجراءات التطبيقية, ومن أهم
النتائج اليت توصلت إليها هذه الدراسة: التأكيد علي أمهية االنتماء للعمل الرتبو عند اختيار القيادات, فيجب التزام كل
املنظمات الرتبوية عند اختيار وتعيني القادة اإلداريني هبا أن يكونوا
من املنتسبني إليها واملنتمني هلا, وضرورة اإلعداد
:األخالقي للقادة اإلداريني, وذلك أن األخالق تلعب دوراً هاماً علي كل املستوايت اإلدارية, ومن أهم توصيات الدراسة
حتقيق املواطنة احلقيقية من خالل متتع الفرد حبقوقه السياسية واالجتماعية واالقتصادية والثقافية ال يت يفرضها انتماؤه إيل
جمتمعه, يف مقابل أدائه لواجباته جتاه جمتمعه, وتعليم املواطنة يتعلق ابلدرجة األويل بكيفية التفكري يف الشئون والقضااي
العامة, وضرورة توفري مؤسسات تربوية تعلي من قيم املواطنة وحقوق املواطن؛ ويكون هدفها نشر الوعي والقيم
واملمارسات املدنية
بني أفراد اجملتمع, ونقل قيم املواطنة إيل اجملتمع بكل مؤسساته املربية, وحتسني مناخ هذه املؤسسات
.وثقافتها h
//ij
i
j
l
229
,دراسة الوهييب(
2015
:)
هدفت إىل التعرف علي درجة إسهام اإلدارة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن الفكر , من خالل
تفاعلها مع األسرة واجملتمع, وتفعيل األنشطة املدرسية, ودور املرشد الطاليب, والتعرف علي الصعوابت اليت تواجه اإلدارة
املدرسية, وحتول دون تعزيز األمن الفكر , وهذا من وجهة نظر املشرف ني ومعلمي املرحلة الثانوية ابلطائف, واتبعت
الدراسة املنهج الوصفي املسحي, واستخدمت الدراسة االستبانة ومكونة من جزئيني, وتكونت العينة من218
معلما
و60
مشرفا يف الثانوية ابلطائف, واستخدمت الدراسة معامل ارتباط بريسون, ومعامل ألفا كرونباخ حلساب صدق
وثبات األداة , ومن أهم نتائج الدراسة: جاء تقدير املشرفني لدرجة إسهام اإلدارة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن الفكر
متوسطاً يف معظم احملاور, وكانت درجة املوافقة مرتفعة علي وجود صعوابت حتد من دور اإلدارة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن
الفكر لطالب املرحلة الثانوية من وجهة نظر املشرفني ., ومرتفعة جداً من وجهة نظر املعلمني IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :جمتمع وعينة الدراسة ج
( يتكـــون جمتمـــع الدراســـة مـــن180
،) فـــردا
بضـــ( منهم85
() مـــديرا، و95
،) مســـاعدا مبـــدارس التعلـــيم مـــا بعـــد األساســـي
(احللقة الثانية) احلكومية يف حمافظة ظفار التعليمية . ومت اختيـار عينـة
شـ ع ة ئي او طبقيـة
( قـدرها122
،) مـديرا ومسـاعد مـدير
لتمثيل جمتمع الدراسة متثيال دقيقا بسح لدا مع ة
جونسون وكريستنسن
(2020)
Johnson & Christensen
. مت اعداد استبيان حسب مقياس ليكرت اخلم
سا ي ابالستفادة من
األدبيات والدراسات السابقة م:نها
عيسي, روز
(
2016
) ،
( العجمي, سلطان حممد2014
.)حيث مشل االستبيان على قسم
ني رئيسي
ين هما:
القســـم األول: وقـــد مشـــل
البيـــاانت الشخصـــية و املتغـــريات،اآلتيـــة: (النـــوع االجتمـــاعي، املســـمى الـــوظيفي، املؤهـــل العلمـــي
.) سنوات اخلربة العمل اإلدار :القسم الثاين
تي كون
من (
50) عبارة موزعة يف حمورين، مها
احملــــ
ور
:األول
ال
عبــــارات املتعلقــــة ب
قيــــا( س قــــيم االنتمــــاء واملواطنــــة لــــدى الطلبــــة، تكــــون مــــن26
) عبــــارة، توزعــــت يف أربعــــة
.جماالت احملــ
ور ين الثــا :را عبــا ال ت املتعلقــة
قيــا ب س( تكــوين الشخصــية القياديــة لــدى الطلبــة، تكــون مــن24
) عبــارة، توزعــت يف أربعــة
جماالت
ًأيضا. جماالت
ًأيضا. :صدق االستبانة منهجية الدراسة: ت
ستخدم الدراسة املنهج الوصفي التحليلي
؛
ًالذ يعمل على دراسة الظاهرة ووصفها وصفاً دقيقاً، ويعرب عن ذلك تعبريا
ًكيفياً وكميا دقيقا . http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 230 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 :صدق االستبانة ( للتحقـــق مـــن صـــدق االســـتبانة الظـــاهر ، مت عـــر االســـتبانة علـــى8
) حمكمـــني مـــن
ذو اخلـــربة واالختصـــاص، ابإل دارة
الرتبويــة، واملنــاهج وطــرق التــدريس، يف جامعــة الســلطان قــابوس، جامعــة نــزوى، جامعــة عــني مشــس، جامعــة بنهــا، جامعــة
صحار، ووزارة الرتبيـة والتعلـيم؛
ل دراسـة فقـرات االسـتبانة، و
بـداء ا مالحظـاهتم عليهـا ؛ واحلكـم علـى مـدى مناسـبة كـل عبـارة
من حيث صياغت
ها ومناسبتها للمحور الذ تندرج حتته. ويف ضوء اقرتاحات احملكمني مت تعديل عبارات ا
الستبانة. صدق
:االتساق الداخلي جرى قياس صدق االتساق الداخلي من خالل التطبيق على عينة صغ ري ة
بلغت (
30) م ديرا
و مساعد
مدير ،هبدف
،استخراج معامل ارتباط بريسون، لكل عبارة مع احملور الذ تنتمي إليه. وكانت نتائج احملور األول
:على النحو اآليت :معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات احملور األول
قيم االنتماء واملواطنة لدى
ال
طلبة ،
بلغت الدرجة الكلية للمحور
(
0,817
.) :اجملال األول: االنتماء والوالء
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,511
إىل0,782
)، و
لد ا ر
جة الكلية ل لمجال ASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 (
0,736
.)
اجملال الثاين: التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,567
إىل0,832)، و
والدرجة الكلية
للمجال (
0,782
.)
اجملال الثالث: العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي ،
تراوح معامل( ارتباط بريسون بني0,495
إىل0,729)، و
والدرجة الكلية
للمجال (
0,697
.)
اجملال الرابع: الوعي القانوين ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,405
إىل0,698
،)والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,613
.)
احملور ين الثا : الفقرات املتعلقة بتكوين الشخصية القيادية لدى
ال
طلبة ،
بلغت( الدرجة الكلية للمحور0,846
.)
اجملال األول: صناعة القرار ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,519
إىل0,832
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,811
). اجملال الثاين: حتمل املس ولية ؤ( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,498
إىل0,776
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,762
). اجملال
الثالث: حل املشكالت( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,503
إىل0,799
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,771
). اجملال الرابع: التفاعل االجتماعي( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,524
إىل0,744
) والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,726
). http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :صدق االستبانة م
أر
طا
ل
ل
ل
لمح
ط
ل اجملال الثاين: التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,567
إىل0,832)، و
والدرجة الكلية
للمجال (
0,782
.) اجملال الثالث: العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي ،
تراوح معامل( ارتباط بريسون بني0,495
إىل0,729)، و
والدرجة الكلية
للمجال (
0,697
.) اجملال الرابع: الوعي القانوين ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,405
إىل0,698
،)والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,613
.) اجملال الرابع: الوعي القانوين ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,405
إىل0,698
،)والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,613
.) احملور ين الثا : الفقرات املتعلقة بتكوين الشخصية القيادية لدى
ال
طلبة ،
بلغت( الدرجة الكلية للمحور0,846
.) اجملال األول: صناعة القرار ،
( تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,519
إىل0,832
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,811
). اجملال الثاين: حتمل املس ولية ؤ( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,498
إىل0,776
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,762
). اجملال الثاين: حتمل املس ولية ؤ( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,498
إىل0,776
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,762
). اجملال
الثالث: حل املشكالت( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,503
إىل0,799
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,771
). اجملال
الثالث: حل املشكالت( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,503
إىل0,799
)
،والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,771
). اجملال الرابع: التفاعل االجتماعي( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,524
إىل0,744
) والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,726
). اجملال الرابع: التفاعل االجتماعي( ، تراوح معامل ارتباط بريسون بني0,524
إىل0,744
) والدرجة الكلية للمجال
(
0,726
). وقد بينت معامالت ارتباط بريسون؛ أن مجيع العبارات قد ارتبطت مع احملور الذ تنتمي إليه بدرجة عالية عند مستوى
( داللة0.01). مما يدل على صدق اال
تساق الداخلي لعبارات االستبيان لل
م ني حور األول والثاين. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
232
صدق
االتساق ال
ئا بن:ي جرى قياس
الصدق البنائي، من خالل قياس معامل ارتباط بريسون بني درجة كل جمال
مع
،احملور الذ تنتمي إليه مث يلي ذلك
قياس درجة كل حمور مع الدرجة الكلية للمقياس( ، اليت بلغت0,879
). :صدق االستبانة :احملور األول قيم االنتماء واملواطنة:
( بلغت الدرجة الكلية للمحور0,839
.)
كان مع
ل ام ارتباط بريسون ل
عبارات جمال االنتماء والوالء مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول (
0,736
.)
كان مع
ل ام ارتباط بريسون ل
عبارات جمال
التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول (
0,782
.)
كان مع
ل ام ارتباط بريسون ل
عبارات جمال العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول (
0,697
.)
كان مع
ل ام ارتباط بريسون ل
عبارات جمال
الوعي
القانوين مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول (
0,613
.) صدق
االتساق ال
ئا بن:ي جرى قياس
الصدق البنائي، من خالل قياس معامل ارتباط بريسون بني درجة كل جمال مع
،احملور الذ تنتمي إليه مث يلي ذلك
قياس درجة كل حمور مع الدرجة الكلية للمقياس( ، اليت بلغت0,879
). IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 احملور الثاين: الفقرات املتعلقة بتكوين الشخصية القيادية لدى الطلبة ؛( بلغت الدرجة الكلية للمحور0,794
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
صناعة القرار
( مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول0,736
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
حتمل املسؤولية
( مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول0,782
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
حل املشكالت
( مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول0,697
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
التفاعل االجتماعي
مع الدرجة الكلية للمحو( ر األول0,613
.)
وقد بينت معامالت ارتباط بريسون؛ أن مجيع عبارات
اجملاالت
قد ارتبطت مع احملور الذ تنتمي إليه ، وكذلك ارتبط
احملوران مع الدرجة الكلية لالستبيان
؛ بدرجة اتساق
( عالية عند مستوى داللة0.01
). :صدق االستبانة مما يدل على صدق االتساق
ا بن ال .ئي للمقياس
ثبات االستبان :ة احملور الثاين: الفقرات املتعلقة بتكوين الشخصية القيادية لدى الطلبة ؛( بلغت الدرجة الكلية للمحور0,794
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
صناعة القرار
( مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول0,736
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
حتمل املسؤولية
( مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول0,782
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
حل املشكالت
( مع الدرجة الكلية للمحور األول0,697
.)
كان معامل ارتباط بريسون لعبارات جمال
التفاعل االجتماعي
مع الدرجة الكلية للمحو( ر األول0,613
.) ثبات االستبان :ة بعد التأكد من
ال صدق الظاهر
،وصدق االتساق الداخلي اب
لتحقق من ثبات االستبانة، و
قام بت
ها قي طب مرتني
على عينة
( مكونة من30
،) فردا
لح
ساب معامل ثبات ألفا
،بطريقة (ألفا كرونباخ) جلميع جماالت االستبانة
اجلدول اآليت يبني
:النتائج ( جدول1) معامل ثبات ألفا حمل)اور الدراسة حسب معامل (ألفا كرونباخ
م اجملاالت عدد الفقرات
معامل
ألفا كرونباخ
1
االنتماء والوالء
7
0,8
2
التسامح واحرتام االخر
6
0,67
3
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
6
0,83
4
الوعي القانوين
7
0,85
جمموع جماالت دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
26
0,91
1
صناعة القرار
6
0,91
2
حتمل املسئولية
6
0,86
3
حل املشكالت
6
0,91
4
التفاعل االجتماعي
6
0,76
جمموع جماالت دور مدير املدرسة يف تكوين الشخصية القيادية
24
0,95
الثبات الكلي
50
0,96
(ل1
أ
) أ ال
ا ل ث ا
أل ا
با
امل ل
اال
لل
األ ل
لمح
اال
غي
امل ( جدول1) معامل ثبات ألفا حمل)اور الدراسة حسب معامل (ألفا كرونباخ
م اجملاالت عدد الفقرات
معامل
ألفا كرونباخ
1
االنتماء والوالء
7
0,8
2
التسامح واحرتام االخر
6
0,67
3
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
6
0,83
4
الوعي القانوين
7
0,85
جمموع جماالت دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
26
0,91
1
صناعة القرار
6
0,91
2
حتمل املسئولية
6
0,86
3
حل املشكالت
6
0,91
4
التفاعل االجتماعي
6
0,76
جمموع جماالت دور مدير املدرسة يف تكوين الشخصية القيادية
24
0,95
الثبات الكلي
50
0,96
( ل1
) أعاله، أن معامل ثبات
ألفا للمجاالت املتعلقة اب حملور األول؛
دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم اال ( جدول1) معامل ثبات ألفا حمل)اور الدراسة حسب معامل (ألفا كرونباخ
م اجملاالت عدد الفقرات
معامل
ألفا كرونباخ
1
االنتماء والوالء
7
0,8
2
التسامح واحرتام االخر
6
0,67
3
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
6
0,83
4
الوعي القانوين
7
0,85
جمموع جماالت دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
26
0,91
1
صناعة القرار
6
0,91
2
حتمل املسئولية
6
0,86
3
حل املشكالت
6
0,91
4
التفاعل االجتماعي
6
0,76
جمموع جماالت دور مدير املدرسة يف تكوين الشخصية القيادية
24
0,95
الثبات الكلي
50
0,96
(
1
) أعاله، أن معامل ثبات
ألفا للمجاالت املتعلقة اب احملور األول؛
دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم ( يبني اجلدول1
) أعاله، أن معامل ثبات
ألفا للمجاالت املتعلقة اب حملور األول؛ دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم االنتماء ( يبني اجلدول1
) أعاله، أن معامل ثبات
ألفا للمجاالت املتعلقة اب حملور األول؛
دور مدير املدرسة يف غرس قيم االنتماء http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :صدق االستبانة VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 ( واملواطنة قد تراوح بني0,67
() و0,85
( )، وبلغ معامل الثبات الكلي هلذه اجملاالت0,91
)، يف حني تراوح معامل
ثبات االستبانة للمجاالت املتعلقة بدور مدير املدرسة يف تكوين الشخصية القيادية لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة الثانية
( مبحافظة ظفار بسلطنة عمان بني0,76
() و0,91
( )، وبلغ معامل الثبات الكلي هلذه اجملاالت0,95
)، أما جمموع
( الثبات الكلي لالستبانة فقد بلغ0,96
)، وهو معامل ثبات مرتفع وكاف العتبار األداة تتمتع
تا ثب ابل
وتصلح لقياس
ما وضعت لقياسه.، مما جيعلها صاحلة ألغرا الدراسة املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت أ . :التحليل الوصفي
حساب املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية والرتب،ة
لكل
عبارة من جماالت
احملورين، والدرجة
،الكلية للمجال
والدرجة الكلية
.للمحور، وللمقياس ككل ب . حتليل التباين األحاد
؛ إلجياد الفروق
.ودالالهتا اإلحصائية ت . اختبار(
T
)
.لقياس الفروق بني متغريين ث . .معامل ارتباط بريسون، لقياس صدق االتساق ث . .معامل ارتباط بريسون، لقياس صدق االتساق ج . معامل ألفا كرونباخ. :كان السؤال األول
ما مستوى قيم االنتماء و املواطنة لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة الثانية مبدارس التعليم األساسي يف سلطنة
ع مان
؟ :كان السؤال األول
ما مستوى قيم االنتماء و املواطنة لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة الثانية مبدارس التعليم األساسي يف سلطنة
ع مان
؟ لإلجابة عن هذا السؤال، ي ستعر الباحث يف اد اجل
ول اآلتية (2
إىل5)
نتائج التحليل الوصفي
ل
لمحور األول
؛ قيم
االنتماء و
املواطنة يف مقياس الدراسة( ، الذ يتكون من4) جماالت، مث يلقي نظرة على احملور ككل
( يف اجلدول6
) مجيع
أبعاد احملور . http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
234
نتائج احملور:األول قيم االنتماء واملواطنة ،ي
تكون من (
26) عبارة موزعة يف (4) جماالت
، كما أييت:
حتليل بياانت
اجملال األول :االنتماء والوالء( ، يتكون من7
:) عبارات
( جدول2
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة
العينة ال جمل قيم االنتماء والوالء
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
درك ي ا
لطلبة أمهية السالم السلطاين كرمز وطين
4,48
0,95
مرتفع
جدا
2
2
رك دي الطلبة أمهية مبدأ الوالء للسلطان
4,51
1,02
مرتفع1 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت VIII, Issue 22, April 202 جدا
3
عرف ي لب ا لط ا أمهية العلم كهوية ورمز لسيادة السلطنة
4,08
1,11
مرتفع
4
4
يعي الطلبة أجماد السلطنة واترخيها العريق
3,87
1,14
مرتفع
5
5
م غتن ي الطلبة فرص املشاركة يف املناسبات الوطنية
2,55
1,23
قليل
7
6
حيافظ الطلبة على العادات والتقاليد العمانية
4,16
0,98
مرتفع
3
7
يستثمر االنشطة الطالبية لتنمية االنتماء
والوالء للوطن
لدى الطلبة
3,34
1,01
وسط
6
املعدل الكلي
جملال قيم االنتماء والوالء
4,17
1,03
مرتفع جدا
3
عرف ي لب ا لط ا أمهية العلم كهوية ورمز لسيادة السلطنة
4,08
1,11
مرتفع
4
4
يعي الطلبة أجماد السلطنة واترخيها العريق
3,87
1,14
مرتفع
5
5
م غتن ي الطلبة فرص املشاركة يف املناسبات الوطنية
2,55
1,23
قليل
7
6
حيافظ الطلبة على العادات والتقاليد العمانية
4,16
0,98
مرتفع
3
7
يستثمر االنشطة الطالبية لتنمية االنتماء
والوالء للوطن
لدى الطلبة
3,34
1,01
وسط
6
املعدل الكلي
جملال قيم االنتماء والوالء
4,17
1,03
مرتفع
( يبني اجلدول2
) أن
مج
ال قيم االنتماء والوالء
جاء مبستوى مرتفع، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي جملال قيم
االنتماء والوالء
(
4,17
( )، واحنرف معيار قدره1,03
). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني
.مرتفع جدا و قليل http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
235
6
حيافظ الطلبة على العادات والتقاليد العمانية
4,16
0,98
مرتفع
3
7
يستثمر االنشطة الطالبية لتنمية االنتماء
والوالء للوطن
لدى الطلبة
3,34
1,01
وسط
6
املعدل الكلي
جملال قيم االنتماء والوالء
4,17
1,03
مرتفع
( يبني اجلدول2
) أن
مج
ال قيم االنتماء والوالء
جاء مبستوى مرتفع، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي جملال قيم
االنتماء والوالء
(
4,17
( )، واحنرف معيار قدره1,03
). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني
.مرتفع جدا و قليل
" :حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة
درك ي الطلبة أمهية مبدأ الوالء للسلطان"
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,51
)
( واحنراف معيار1,02
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا أيضا عبارة
يدرك الطلبة أمهية السالم السلطاين كرمز وطين "
( مبتوسط حسايب4,48
) واحنراف معيار
( قدره0,95
). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع" :عبارة حيافظ الطلبة على العادات والتقاليد
الع
مانية "
( مبتوسط4,16
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,98
.)
:مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل عبارة"
يغتنم الطلبة
فرص املشاركة يف املناسبات الوطنية"
( مبتوسط حسايب2,55
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,23
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال الثاين :
التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين،
( يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول3
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة جملال التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يستعمل الطالب أسلوب احلوار والنقاش فيما بينهم داخل املدرسة
4,05
1,25
مرتفع
3
2
يدرك الطلبة احلق يف التعبري عن اآلراء
3,28
1,31
وسط
6
3
يتقبل الطلبة التنوع فيما بينهم
3,97
1,12
مرتفع
4
4
يبتعد الطلبة عن االنغالق والتطرف يف الفكر
4,33
1,01
مرتفع
جدا
1
5
ي بتعد
الطلبة نع مم
ارسة أ من أشكال التعصب
3,82
1,22
مرتفع
5
6
حيرتم الطلبة خصوصيات اآلخرين
4,16
0,93
مرتفع
2
املعدل الكلي
جملال
قيم التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين
4,15
1,02
مرتفع
( يبني اجلدول3
) أن جمال قيم التسامح واحرتام االخر
ين
جاء مبستوى مرتفع، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي جملال قيم االنتماء " :حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة
درك ي الطلبة أمهية مبدأ الوالء للسلطان"
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,51
)
( واحنراف معيار1,02
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا أيضا عبارة
يدرك الطلبة أمهية السالم السلطاين كرمز وطين "
( مبتوسط حسايب4,48
) واحنراف معيار
( قدره0,95
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع" :عبارة حيافظ الطلبة على العادات والتقاليد
الع
مانية "
( مبتوسط4,16
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,98
.)
:مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل عبارة"
يغتنم الطلبة
فرص املشاركة يف املناسبات الوطنية"
( مبتوسط حسايب2,55
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,23
.) IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 والوالء (
4,15
( )، واحنرف معيار قدره1,02
). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما
بني مرتفع جدا
إىل ال سط و. " :حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة
يبتعد الطلبة عن االنغالق والتطرف يف الفكر " مبتوسط حسايب قدره
(
4,33
( ) واحنراف معيار1,01). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع
" :جدا أيضا عبارة
حيرتم الطلبة خصوصيات اآلخرين "
( مبتوسط حسايب4,16
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). تلتها اثلثا
بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيافظ الطلبة على العادات
( والتقاليد العمانية" مبتوسط4,05
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,25
). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير
وسط
:عبارة
"يدرك الطلبة احلق يف التعبري عن اآلراء( " مبتوسط حسايب3,28
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,31
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال لث الثا:
جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي ،
( يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول4
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية
جملال العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يرغب
الطلبة يف امل
ة شارك ألاب
عمال التطوعية
3,46
1,02
مرتفع
2
2
حيرتم طلبة املدرسة قيم التعاون والعمل
بروح الفريق
3,58
0,94
مرتفع
1
3
يشارك الطلبة مبشاريع تعاونية طالبية ذات قيمة للمجتمع احمللي
1,77
0,86
ًقليل جدا
6
4
يشجع الطلبة زمالءهم للقيام حبمالت تطوعية ختدم البيئة احمللية
2,35
1,06
قليل
4
5
يطور الطلبة قدراهتم لالنضمام لألعمال التطوعية
2,53
1,13
قليل
3
6
يشارك الطلبة ابملسابقات واألنشطة الطالبية يف العمل التطوعي
2,11
1,08
قليل
5
املعدل الكلي جملال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
2,52
1,14
قليل
( يبني اجلدول4
) أن جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
جاء مبستوى
قليل
، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي
ل( لمجال2,52
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره1,14). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبا رات اجملال
األول ما بني مرتفع ،
0,94
قليل و جدا. حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيرتم طلبة املدرسة قيم التعاون والعمل بروح الفريق" مبتوسط حسايب قدره
(
3,58
( ) واحنراف معيار0,94
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
يرغب الطلبة يف املشاركة ابأل
عمال
التطوعية( " مبتوسط حسايب3,46
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,02
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير
قليل
" :عبارة
يطور الطلبة قدراهتم http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
236 ح
عاآ
مرح
( مبتوسط حسايب4,16
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). تلتها اثلثا
بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيافظ الطلبة على العادات
( والتقاليد العمانية" مبتوسط4,05
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,25
). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير
وسط
:عبارة
"يدرك الطلبة احلق يف التعبري عن اآلراء( " مبتوسط حسايب3,28
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,31
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال لث الثا:
جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي ،
( يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول4
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية
جملال العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يرغب
الطلبة يف امل
ة شارك ألاب
عمال التطوعية
3,46
1,02
مرتفع
2
2
حيرتم طلبة املدرسة قيم التعاون والعمل
بروح الفريق
3,58
0,94
مرتفع
1
3
يشارك الطلبة مبشاريع تعاونية طالبية ذات قيمة للمجتمع احمللي
1,77
0,86
ًقليل جدا
6
4
يشجع الطلبة زمالءهم للقيام حبمالت تطوعية ختدم البيئة احمللية
2,35
1,06
قليل
4
5
يطور الطلبة قدراهتم لالنضمام لألعمال التطوعية
2,53
1,13
قليل
3
6
يشارك الطلبة ابملسابقات واألنشطة الطالبية يف العمل التطوعي
2,11
1,08
قليل
5
املعدل الكلي جملال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
2,52
1,14
قليل
( يبني اجلدول4
) أن جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
جاء مبستوى
قليل
، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي
ل( لمجال2,52
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره1,14). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبا رات اجملال
األول ما بني مرتفع ،
0,94
قل ل
جدا والوالء (
4,15
( )، واحنرف معيار قدره1,02
). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما
بني مرتفع جدا
إىل ال سط و. " :حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة
يبتعد الطلبة عن االنغالق والتطرف يف الفكر " مبتوسط حسايب قدره
(
4,33
( ) واحنراف معيار1,01). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع
" :جدا أيضا عبارة
حيرتم الطلبة خصوصيات اآلخرين "
( مبتوسط حسايب4,16
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). تلتها اثلثا
بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيافظ الطلبة على العادات
( والتقاليد العمانية" مبتوسط4,05
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,25
). مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير
وسط
:عبارة
"يدرك الطلبة احلق يف التعبري عن اآلراء( " مبتوسط حسايب3,28
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,31
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
236
(
4,33
( ) واحنراف معيار1,01). وجاءت اثنيا بتقدير مرتفع
" :جدا أيضا عبارة
حيرتم الطلبة خصوصيات اآلخرين"
( مبتوسط حسايب4,16
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيافظ الطلبة على العادات
( والتقاليد العمانية" مبتوسط4,05
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,25
). http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير
وسط
:عبارة
"يدرك الطلبة احلق يف التعبري عن اآلراء( " مبتوسط حسايب3,28
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,31
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال لث الثا:
جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي ،
( يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول4
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية
جملال العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يرغب
الطلبة يف امل
ة شارك ألاب
عمال التطوعية
3,46
1,02
مرتفع
2
2
حيرتم طلبة املدرسة قيم التعاون والعمل
بروح الفريق
3,58
0,94
مرتفع
1
3
يشارك الطلبة مبشاريع تعاونية طالبية ذات قيمة للمجتمع احمللي
1,77
0,86
ًقليل جدا
6
4
يشجع الطلبة زمالءهم للقيام حبمالت تطوعية ختدم البيئة احمللية
2,35
1,06
قليل
4
5
يطور الطلبة قدراهتم لالنضمام لألعمال التطوعية
2,53
1,13
قليل
3
6
يشارك الطلبة ابملسابقات واألنشطة الطالبية يف العمل التطوعي
2,11
1,08
قليل
5
املعدل الكلي جملال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
2,52
1,14
قليل
( يبني اجلدول4
) أن جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
جاء مبستوى
قليل
، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي
ل( لمجال2,52
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره1,14). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبا رات اجملال
األول ما بني مرتفع ،
0,94
قليل و جدا. حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيرتم طلبة املدرسة قيم التعاون والعمل بروح الفريق" مبتوسط حسايب قدره
(
3,58
( ) واحنراف معيار0,94
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
يرغب الطلبة يف املشاركة ابأل عمال
التطوعية( " مبتوسط حسايب3,46
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,02
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير
قليل
" :عبارة يطور الطلبة قدراهتم ( يبني اجلدول4
) أن جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
جاء مبستوى
قليل
، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي
ل( لمجال2,52
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره1,14). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبا رات اجملال
األول ما بني مرتفع ،
0,94
قليل و جدا. h
//ij
i
j
l
236
حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "حيرتم طلبة املدرسة قيم التعاون والعمل بروح الفريق" مبتوسط حسايب قدره
(
3,58
( ) واحنراف معيار0,94
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
يرغب الطلبة يف املشاركة ابأل عمال
التطوعية( " مبتوسط حسايب3,46
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,02
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير
قليل
" :عبارة يطور الطلبة قدراهتم ASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 لالنضمام لألعمال التطوعية( " مبتوسط3,53
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,13
). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل
جدا
" :عبارة
يشارك الطلبة مبشاريع تعاونية طالبي
ة ذات قيمة للمجتمع احمللي( " مبتوسط حسايب1,77
) واحنراف
( معيار قدره0,86
.) ( ي ر ر,
)
تليل بياانت اجملال ال بع ار:
جمال
الوعي القانوين ،
( يتكون من7
:) عبارات
( جدول5)
املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة جملال
الوعي القانوين
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
فهم ي الطلبة أن القوانني وضعت من أجل محاية حقوق الناس
4,36
0,99
مرتفع
ًجدا
1
2
يدرك للطلبة املخاطر األمنية نتيجة اخلروج عن القوانني
4,08
1,18
مرتفع
3
3
يعرف الطلبة أن سيادة القانون مبدأ أساس يف اجملتمع والدولة
3,89
1,09
مرتفع
6
4
يعرف الطلبة أن اجلميع متساوون أمام القانون
4,01
1,11
مرتفع
4
5
حيرتم الطالب القانون من خالل القيام بواجباته كمواطن
3,92
1,05
مرتفع
5
6
حيرتم الطلبة القوانني وحيرصون على عدم خمالفتها
4,17
1,04
مرتفع
2
7
يعرف الطلبة دور املؤسسات األمنية يف حفظ األمن
3,75
1,02
مرتفع
7
املعدل الكلي
جملال الوعي القانوين
4,04
1,08
مرتفع حتليل بياانت اجملال ال بع ار:
جمال
الوعي القانوين ،
( يتكون من7
:) عبارات
( جدول5)
املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة جملال
الوعي القانوين
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
فهم ي الطلبة أن القوانني وضعت من أجل محاية حقوق الناس
4,36
0,99
مرتفع
ًجدا
1
2
يدرك للطلبة املخاطر األمنية نتيجة اخلروج عن القوانني
4,08
1,18
مرتفع
3
3
يعرف الطلبة أن سيادة القانون مبدأ أساس يف اجملتمع والدولة
3,89
1,09
مرتفع
6
4
يعرف الطلبة أن اجلميع متساوون أمام القانون
4,01
1,11
مرتفع
4
5
حيرتم الطالب القانون من خالل القيام بواجباته كمواطن
3,92
1,05
مرتفع
5
6
حيرتم الطلبة القوانني وحيرصون على عدم خمالفتها
4,17
1,04
مرتفع
2
7
يعرف الطلبة دور املؤسسات األمنية يف حفظ األمن
3,75
1,02
مرتفع
7
املعدل الكلي
جملال الوعي القانوين
4,04
1,08
مرتفع
( يبني اجلدول5
) أن جمال الوعي القانوين جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال4,04
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره1,08
). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف
إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا ،ومرتفع. حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا
" :عبارة
ي فهم
الطلبة أن القوانني وضعت من أجل محاية حقوق الناس " مبتوسط
( حسايب قدره4,36
( ) واحنراف معيار0,99
" :). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
حيرتم الطلبة
القوانني
وحيرصون على عدم خمالفتها( " مبتوسط حسايب4,17
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,04
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع :عبارة
"يدرك للطلبة املخاطر األمنية نتيجة اخلروج عن القوانني( " مبتوسط4,08
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,18
). مث جاءت
ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير مرتفع أيضا" :جدا عبارة
يعرف الطلبة دور املؤسسات األمنية يف حفظ األمن " مبتوسط حسايب
(
3,75
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,02
.) ( يبني اجلدول5
) أن جمال الوعي القانوين جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال4,04
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره1,08
). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف
إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا ،ومرتفع. حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا
" :عبارة
ي فهم
الطلبة أن القوانني وضعت من أجل محاية حقوق الناس " مبتوسط
( حسايب قدره4,36
( ) واحنراف معيار0,99
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
حيرتم الطلبة
القوانني
وحيرصون على عدم خمالفتها( " مبتوسط حسايب4,17
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,04
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع :عبارة
"يدرك للطلبة املخاطر األمنية نتيجة اخلروج عن القوانني( " مبتوسط4,08
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,18
). مث جاءت
ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير مرتفع أيضا" :جدا عبارة
يعرف الطلبة دور املؤسسات األمنية يف حفظ األمن " مبتوسط حسايب
(
3,75
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,02
.) 237 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 نتائج حتليل بياانت احملور األول: قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
بعد استعرا نتائج حتليل اجملاالت األربعة اخلاصة ابحملور األول من املقياس، يبني اجلدول(6
)اآليت نتائج مجيع جماالت
:احملور األول
( جدول6)
نتائج
حتليل بياانت جماالت احملور األول
=(ن122
)
ت لا اجمل
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
قيم االنتماء والوالء
4,17
1,03
مرتفع
1
2
قيم التسامح واحرتام اآل ين خر
4,15
1,02
مرتفع
2
3
جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
2,52
1,14
قليل
4
4
جمال الوعي القانوين
4,04
1,08
مرتفع
3
املعدل الكلي
ت جملاال حمور قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
4,18
0,96
مرتفع
يشري نتائج
( اجلدول6
) أن
ت جماال احمل رو األ لو ت جاء
مبستوى
مرتفع
، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للم
حور (
4,18
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره0,96
.)حيث بلغ
ت تقديرات العينة ل( لمجاالت1
،
2، و4
) مستوايت مرتفعة. احتل جمال
قيم
االنتماء والوالء
( املرتبة األوىل مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,17) واحنراف
( معيار1,03). http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت VIII, Issue 22, April 2022
حتليل بياانت اجملال األول :صناعة القرار ،
( يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول7
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال صناعة القرار
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يشارك الطلبة يف صنع بعض القرارات املدرسية
1,67
1,08
قليل ًجدا
6
2
يتطلع
الطلبة
إىل منهج تش اور
يف صنع قرارات املدرسة
3,81
1,14
مرتفع
2
3
يتمكن الطلبة من اختاذ القرار املناسب يف الوقت املناسب
2,54
1,13
قليل
5
4
يعرف الطلبة مهارة
حل املشكالت
3,92
1,19
مرتفع
1
5
يعمل الطلبة على دراسة بدائل قبل اختاذ القرار
3,74
1,23
مرتفع
3
6
يعمل الطلبة على مقارنة وتقييم البدائل املعطاة واختيار أنسبها
3,66
1,27
مرتفع
4
املعدل الكلي
جملال صناعة القرار
3,35
0,91
وسط
يوضح( اجلدول7
) أن
جمال صناعة القرار
جاء مبستوى
وسط( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,35
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره0,91
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع و
قليل جدا. ( حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "يعرف الطلبة مهارة حل املشكالت" مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,92
) واحنراف
( معيار1,19
). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة: "يتطلع "الطلبة إىل منهج تشاور يف صنع قرارات املدرسة
( مبتوسط حسايب3,81
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,14
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "يعمل الطلبة على دراسة
( بدائل قبل اختاذ القرار" مبتوسط3,74
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,23
). مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير
قليل جد ا
( عبارة: "يشارك الطلبة يف صنع بعض القرارات املدرسي" مبتوسط حسايب1,67
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,08
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال ال
ثاين: حتمل املسؤولية( ، يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول8
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال حتمل املسؤولية
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يتحلى الطلبة مببدأ الشعور ابملس ولية ؤ
4,06
1,12
مرتفع
2
2
يتقبل الطلبة النقد
البناء
3,88
0.97
مرتفع
3 ASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت تاله ابملرتبة الثانية جمال قيم التسامح نتائج حتليل بياانت احملور األول: قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
بعد استعرا نتائج حتليل اجملاالت األربعة اخلاصة ابحملور األول من املقياس، يبني اجلدول(6
)
اآليت نتائج مجيع جماالت
:احملور األول ( جدول6)
نتائج
حتليل بياانت جماالت احملور األول
=(ن122
)
ت لا اجمل
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
قيم االنتماء والوالء
4,17
1,03
مرتفع
1
2
قيم التسامح واحرتام اآل ين خر
4,15
1,02
مرتفع
2
3
جمال
العمل اجلماعي والتطوعي
2,52
1,14
قليل
4
4
جمال الوعي القانوين
4,04
1,08
مرتفع
3
املعدل الكلي
ت جملاال حمور قيم االنتماء واملواطنة
4,18
0,96
مرتفع يشري نتائج
( اجلدول6
) أن
ت جماال احمل رو األ لو ت جاء
مبستوى
مرتفع
، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للم
حور (
4,18
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره0,96
.)حيث بلغ
ت تقديرات العينة ل( لمجاالت1
،
2، و4
) مستوايت مرتفعة. احتل جمال قيم
االنتماء والوالء
( املرتبة األوىل مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,17) واحنراف
( معيار1,03). تاله ابملرتبة الثانية جمال قيم
التسامح
واحرتام اآلخر
ين
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,15
( ) واحنراف معيار1,02). تاله ابملرتبة الثا
لث
ة جمال الوعي القانوين
مبتوسط
( حسايب قدره4,04
( ) واحنراف معيار1,08
.)وجاء ابملرتبة األ
خ ري ة بتقدير قليل
جمال
العمل
اجلماعي والتطوعي
مبتوسط
( حسايب قدره2,52
( ) واحنراف معيار1,14
.) نتائج
ا
إلجابة عن السؤال الثاين:
:كان السؤال الثاين ما
مستوى تكوين الشخصية لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة الثانية مبدارس التعليم األساسي يف سلطنة
ع مان
؟ نتائج
ا
إلجابة عن السؤال الثاين: :كان السؤال الثاين ما
مستوى تكوين الشخصية لدى طلبة مدارس احللقة الثانية مبدارس التعليم األساسي يف سلطنة
ع مان
؟ لإلجابة عن السؤال الثاين ، يستعر الباحث يف
اجلداول اآلتية (7
إىل10
) نتائج التحليل الوصفي للمحور ثاين ال يف
مقياس الدراسة :مستوى تكوين الشخصية، الذ يتكون من (
24) عبارة موزعة يف (4
) جماالت، مث يلقي نظرة على
احملور ككل
( يف اجلدول11
)
.الذ يستعر مجيع اجملاالت IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت VIII, Issue 22, April 202 3
ينجز الطلبة الواجبات املوكلة إليهم
4,14
1,22
مرتفع
1
4
يفضل الطلبة
االستقاللية يف اجناز أعماهلم
2,28
1
قليل
6
5
يتحمل الطلبة مسؤولية القرارات اليت يتخذوهنا
3,75
1,14
مرتفع
4
6
يتحمل الطلبة املواقف الصعبة إلجياد حلول هلا
3,54
0.91
مرتفع
5
املعدل الكلي
جملال حتمل املسؤولية
3,67
1.04
مرتفع 4
يفضل الطلبة
االستقاللية يف اجناز أعماهلم
2,28
1
قليل
6
5
يتحمل الطلبة مسؤولية القرارات اليت يتخذوهنا
3,75
1,14
مرتفع
4
6
يتحمل الطلبة املواقف الصعبة إلجياد حلول هلا
3,54
0.91
مرتفع
5
املعدل الكلي
جملال حتمل املسؤولية
3,67
1.04
مرتفع
( يوضح اجلدول8
) أن جمال
حتمل املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,67
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره1,04
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع قليل و. :حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة"ينجز الطلبة الواجبات املوكلة إليهم"
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,14
) واحنراف
( معيار1,22
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
يتحلى الطلبة مببدأ الشعور ابملسؤولية " مبتوسط حسايب
(
4,06
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,12
" :). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع عبارة
يتقبل الطلبة النقد البناء( " مبتوسط3,8
)
واحنراف( معيار قدره0,97
" :). مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل عبارة يفضل الطلبة االستقاللية يف اجناز
أعماهلم( " مبتوسط حسايب2,28
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,0
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال ال
ثل ثا :
ّحل املشكالت( ، يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول9
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال
ّحل املشكالت
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يوظف الطالب التجارب السابقة يف
ّحل املشكالت
2,18
1,02
قليل
4
2
يبحث الطلبة عن احللول اإلبداعية للمشكالت
4,51
1,14
مرتفع
ًجدا
1
3
يتدرب الطلبة على إسرتاتيجيات إدارة املشكالت اليت تواجههم
1,26
1,21
ًقليل جدا
6
4
يتعلم الطلبة من أخطائهم السابقة يف
ّحل املشكالت
2,48
1,05
مرتفع
ًجدا
2
5
يطور الطلبة قدراهتم على التكيف مع املواقف اليت تواجههم
4,32
1,29
مرتفع
ًجدا
3
6
ينمي الطالب مهارات
ّذ حل املشكالت لديهم
1,95
1,07
قليل
5
املعدل الكلي
جملال
حل املشكالت
3,18
0,91
وسط
( يوضح اجلدول9
) أن ّجمال حل املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
وسط( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,18
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره0,91
). وقد تراوحت
تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا ،
قليل و
جدا. املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 يل بياانت اجملال األول :صناعة القرار ،
( يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول7
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال صناعة القرار
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يشارك الطلبة يف صنع بعض القرارات املدرسية
1,67
1,08
قليل ًجدا
6
2
يتطلع
الطلبة
إىل منهج تش اور
يف صنع قرارات املدرسة
3,81
1,14
مرتفع
2
3
يتمكن الطلبة من اختاذ القرار املناسب يف الوقت املناسب
2,54
1,13
قليل
5
4
يعرف الطلبة مهارة
حل املشكالت
3,92
1,19
مرتفع
1
5
يعمل الطلبة على دراسة بدائل قبل اختاذ القرار
3,74
1,23
مرتفع
3
6
يعمل الطلبة على مقارنة وتقييم البدائل املعطاة واختيار أنسبها
3,66
1,27
مرتفع
4
املعدل الكلي
جملال صناعة القرار
3,35
0,91
وسط يوضح( اجلدول7
) أن
جمال صناعة القرار
جاء مبستوى
وسط( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,35
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره0,91
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع و
قليل جدا. ( حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "يعرف الطلبة مهارة حل املشكالت" مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,92
) واحنراف
( معيار1,19
). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة: "يتطلع "الطلبة إىل منهج تشاور يف صنع قرارات املدرسة
( مبتوسط حسايب3,81
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,14
). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع عبارة: "يعمل الطلبة على دراسة
( بدائل قبل اختاذ القرار" مبتوسط3,74
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,23
). مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير
قليل جد ا
( عبارة: "يشارك الطلبة يف صنع بعض القرارات املدرسي" مبتوسط حسايب1,67
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,08
.) ( جدول8
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال حتمل املسؤولية
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يتحلى الطلبة مببدأ الشعور ابملس ولية ؤ
4,06
1,12
مرتفع
2
2
يتقبل الطلبة النقد
البناء
3,88
0.97
مرتفع
3 239 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت ( يوضح اجلدول8
) أن جمال
حتمل املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,67
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره1,04
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع قليل و. :حلت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع عبارة"ينجز الطلبة الواجبات املوكلة إليهم"
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,14
) واحنراف
( معيار1,22
" :). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع أيضا عبارة
يتحلى الطلبة مببدأ الشعور ابملسؤولية " مبتوسط حسايب
(
4,06
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,12
" :). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع عبارة
يتقبل الطلبة النقد البناء( " مبتوسط3,8
)
واحنراف( معيار قدره0,97
" :). مث جاءت ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل عبارة يفضل الطلبة االستقاللية يف اجناز
أعماهلم( " مبتوسط حسايب2,28
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,0
.) ( يوضح اجلدول8
) أن جمال
حتمل املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,67
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره1,04
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع قليل و. مجاحام
( جدول9
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال
ّحل املشكالت
=(ن122
)
الرتبة العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يوظف الطالب التجارب السابقة يف
ّحل املشكالت
2,18
1,02
قليل
4
2
يبحث الطلبة عن احللول اإلبداعية للمشكالت
4,51
1,14
مرتفع
ًجدا
1
3
يتدرب الطلبة على إسرتاتيجيات إدارة املشكالت اليت تواجههم
1,26
1,21
ًقليل جدا
6
4
يتعلم الطلبة من أخطائهم السابقة يف
ّحل املشكالت
2,48
1,05
مرتفع
ًجدا
2
5
يطور الطلبة قدراهتم على التكيف مع املواقف اليت تواجههم
4,32
1,29
مرتفع
ًجدا
3
6
ينمي الطالب مهارات
ّذ حل املشكالت لديهم
1,95
1,07
قليل
5
املعدل الكلي
جملال
حل املشكالت
3,18
0,91
وسط
(يوضح اجلدول9
) أنّجمال حل
املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
وسط(، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,18)، واحنرف ( يوضح اجلدول9
) أن ّجمال حل املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
وسط( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,18
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره0,91
). وقد تراوحت
تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا ،
قليل و
جدا. ( يوضح اجلدول9
) أن ّجمال حل املسؤولية
جاء مبستوى
وسط( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال3,18
)، واحنرف
( معيار قدره0,91
). وقد تراوحت
تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا ،
قليل و
جدا. IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع جدا أيضا عبارة للطلبة
عالقات اجتماعية داخل وخارج املدرسة( " مبتوسط حسايب4.22
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). مث جاء ت ابملرتبة
األخرية وبتقدير مرتفع" :عبارة
يفضل الطلبة املشاركة االجتماعية بشكل إجيايب( " مبتوسط حسايب3,78
) واحنراف
( معيار قدره1,01
.) (
4,51
( ) واحنراف معيار1,14). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا
:عبارة ّ"يتعلم الطلبة من أخطائهم السابقة يف حل
( املشكالت" مبتوسط حسايب2,48
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,05). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع جدا
أيضا عبارة: "يطور
الطلبة قدراهتم على التكيف مع املواقف اليت تواجههم" مبتوسط حسايب (
4,32
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,29
). مث
جاءت
ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل جدا
" :عبارة
يتدرب الطلبة على إسرتاتيجيات إدارة املشكالت اليت تواجههم "
( مبتوسط حسايب1,26
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,21
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال ال ابع ر :التفاعل االجتماعي( ، يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول10
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال التفاعل االجتماعي
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يتواصل الطلبة يف حوارات مع بعضهم البعض
3,92
0.88
مرتفع
5
2
للطلبة عالقات اجتماعية داخل وخارج املدرسة
4.22
0,93
مرتفع
ًجدا
3
3
يسود بني الطلبة مناخ احملبة واأللفة
4,38
0,81
مرتفع
ًجدا
1
4
يناقش الطلبة األمور املتعلقة مبجتمع املدرسة واجملتمع احمللي
4,39
1,00
مرتفع
ًجدا
2
5
لدى الطلبة القدرة على إقناع اآلخرين
4,07
1,11
مرتفع
4
6
يفضل الطلبة املشاركة االجتماعية بشكل إجيايب
3,78
1.01
مرتفع
6
املعدل الكلي
جملال التفاعل االجتماعي
4,14
0,88
مرتفع
( يوضح اجلدول10
) أن
جمال التفاعل االجتماعي
جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال4,14
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره0,88
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا
و
مرتفع. ( حل ت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة: "يسود بني الطلبة مناخ احملبة واأللفة" مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,38
)
( واحنراف معيار0,81
). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة: "يناقش الطلبة األمور املتعلقة مبجتمع املدرسة واجملتمع
( احمللي" مبتوسط حسايب4,39
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,00
" :). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع جدا أيضا عبارة للطلبة
عالقات اجتماعية داخل وخارج املدرسة( " مبتوسط حسايب4.22
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). مث جاء ت ابملرتبة
األخرية وبتقدير مرتفع" :عبارة
يفضل الطلبة املشاركة االجتماعية بشكل إجيايب( " مبتوسط حسايب3,78
) واحنراف
( معيار قدره1,01
.) ( حل ت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة: "يسود بني الطلبة مناخ احملبة واأللفة" مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,38
)
( واحنراف معيار0,81
). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 حل
ت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا
عبارة: "يبحث الطلبة عن احللول اإلبداعية للمشكالت" مبتوسط حسايب قدره
(
4,51
( ) واحنراف معيار1,14). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا
:عبارة ّ"يتعلم الطلبة من أخطائهم السابقة يف حل
( املشكالت" مبتوسط حسايب2,48
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,05). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع جدا
أيضا عبارة: "يطور
الطلبة قدراهتم على التكيف مع املواقف اليت تواجههم" مبتوسط حسايب (
4,32
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,29
). مث
جاءت
ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل جدا
" :عبارة
يتدرب الطلبة على إسرتاتيجيات إدارة املشكالت اليت تواجههم "
( مبتوسط حسايب1,26
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,21
.) (
4,51
( ) واحنراف معيار1,14). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا
:عبارة ّ"يتعلم الطلبة من أخطائهم السابقة يف حل
( املشكالت" مبتوسط حسايب2,48
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,05). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع جدا
أيضا عبارة: "يطور
الطلبة قدراهتم على التكيف مع املواقف اليت تواجههم" مبتوسط حسايب (
4,32
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,29
). مث
جاءت
ابملرتبة األخرية وبتقدير قليل جدا
" :عبارة
يتدرب الطلبة على إسرتاتيجيات إدارة املشكالت اليت تواجههم "
( مبتوسط حسايب1,26
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,21
.)
حتليل بياانت اجملال ال ابع ر :التفاعل االجتماعي( ، يتكون من6
:) عبارات
( جدول10
) املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية الستجابة العينة
جملال التفاعل االجتماعي
=(ن122
)
ت العبارة
املتوسط
احلسايب
االحنراف
املعياري
املستوى الرتبة
1
يتواصل الطلبة يف حوارات مع بعضهم البعض
3,92
0.88
مرتفع
5
2
للطلبة عالقات اجتماعية داخل وخارج املدرسة
4.22
0,93
مرتفع
ًجدا
3
3
يسود بني الطلبة مناخ احملبة واأللفة
4,38
0,81
مرتفع
ًجدا
1
4
يناقش الطلبة األمور املتعلقة مبجتمع املدرسة واجملتمع احمللي
4,39
1,00
مرتفع
ًجدا
2
5
لدى الطلبة القدرة على إقناع اآلخرين
4,07
1,11
مرتفع
4
6
يفضل الطلبة املشاركة االجتماعية بشكل إجيايب
3,78
1.01
مرتفع
6
املعدل الكلي
جملال التفاعل االجتماعي
4,14
0,88
مرتفع
( يوضح اجلدول10
) أن
جمال التفاعل االجتماعي
جاء مبستوى
مرتفع( ، حيث بلغ املعدل الكلي للمجال4,14
،)
( واحنرف معيار قدره0,88
،). وقد تراوحت تقديرات العينة يف إجابتها على عبارات اجملال األول ما بني مرتفع جدا
و
مرتفع. ( حل ت ابملرتبة األوىل بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة: "يسود بني الطلبة مناخ احملبة واأللفة" مبتوسط حسايب قدره4,38
)
( واحنراف معيار0,81
). وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة: "يناقش الطلبة األمور املتعلقة مبجتمع املدرسة واجملتمع
( احمللي" مبتوسط حسايب4,39
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,00
" :). املعاجلة اإلحصائية
:وحتليل البياانت وجاءت اثنياً بتقدير مرتفع جدا عبارة: "يناقش الطلبة األمور املتعلقة مبجتمع املدرسة واجملتمع
( احمللي" مبتوسط حسايب4,39
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره1,00
" :). تلتها اثلثا بتقدير مرتفع جدا أيضا عبارة للطلبة
عالقات اجتماعية داخل وخارج املدرسة( " مبتوسط حسايب4.22
( ) واحنراف معيار قدره0,93). مث جاء ت ابملرتبة
األخرية وبتقدير مرتفع" :عبارة
يفضل الطلبة املشاركة االجتماعية بشكل إجيايب( " مبتوسط حسايب3,78
) واحنراف
( معيار قدره1,01
.) 241 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 نتائج حتليل بياانت
احملور ال
ثاين: مستوى تكوين الشخصية
بعد استعرا نتائج حتليل اجملاالت األربعة اخلاصة ابحملور ال
ثاين
،من املقياس مستوى تكوين الشخصية
؛ يبني اجلدول
(
11) اآليت نتائج مجيع جماالت احملور ال
ثاين:
( جدول11
)
نتائج حتليل بياانت جماالت
احملور ال ثاين=(ن122
)
ت اجملال املتوسط احلسايب االحنراف املعياري املستوى الرتبة
1
صناعة القرار
3,35
0,91
وسط
3
2
حتمل املسؤولية
3,67
1.04
مرتفع
2
3
حلّ املشكالت
3,18
0,81
وسط
4
4
التفاعل االجتماعي
4,14
0,88
مرتفع
1
معدل ت اال جم حمور مستوى تكوين الشخصية
3,78
0,96
مرتفع يشري نتائج
( اجلدول11
) أن جماالت
احملور ال
ثاين مستوى تكوين الشخصية
جاءت مبستوى
مرتفع ، حيث بلغ املعدل
الكلي( للمحور3,78
( )، واحنرف معيار قدره0,96). حيث بلغت تقديرات العينة
( للمجاالت2، و4
) مستوايت
مرتفعة( ، يف حني اختل اجملاالن1
و3) مستوى وسط
. احتل جمال التفاعل االجتماعي
املرتبة األوىل مبتوسط حسايب
( قدره4,14
( ) واحنراف معيار0,88). تاله ابملرتبة الثانية جمال حتمل املسؤولية
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,67
)
( واحنراف معيار1,04). تاله ابملرتبة الثالثة جمال صناعة القرار
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,35
) واحنراف معيار
(
0,91
). وجاء ابملرتبة األخرية بتقدير قليل جمال
حلّ املشكالت
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,18
) واحنراف معيار
(
0,81
.) :اخلامتة http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :اخلامتة http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
242
:ظهر من نتائج التحليل ما يلي
أ . جاءت
نتائج
اإلجابة عن
السؤال األول
اخلاصة مبحور قيم االنتماء واملواطنة ؛ مبستوى
مرتفع .فقد جاءت
قيم االنتماء
والوالء ،قيم
التسامح واحرتام اآلخر
ين، جمال الوعي القانوين جاءت على التوايل
مبستوى
مرتفع . يف حني ظهر
جمال العمل
اجلماعي والتطوعي بتقدير قليل. ب . كانت
نتائج اإلجابة عن السؤال
،الثاين مستوى تكوين الشخصية مبستوى
مرتفع،
فقد حل جماال التفاعل IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
243
:قائمة املراجع
( .األمري، إميان بنت حسني بن احلسن2016
). دور املدرسة يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية من
وجهة نظر املعلمات يف اململكة العربية السعودية. اجمللة الدولية الرتبوية املتخصصة، مج5، ع2
،، كلية الرتبية
.جامعة أم القر ، السعودية
( .الباسل، ميادة حممد، ورضوان، وائل وفيق، وعيسي، عمرو حممد حامد2018
). متطلبات تفعيل دور اإلدارة املدرسية
.لتنمية قيم املواطنة ابملدارس اخلاصة. املؤمتر العلمي العريب الثاين عشر،كلية الرتبية، جامعة دمياط، مصر
( .الرباشديةـ، ثراي بنت أمحد بن سليمان2011
.)
دور اإلدارة املدرسية يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طلبة التعليم ما بعد
األ.ساسي بسلطنة عمان. ماجستري، كلية العلوم واآلداب، جامعة نزوى، عمان
( .جرب ، إميان2015
). مدى تطبيق مدراء املتوسطات لوظائف اإلدارة املدرسية من وجهة نظر األساتذة. رسالة
.ماجستري، كلية العلوم اإلنسانية واالجتماعية، جامعة العريب بن مهيد ، أم البواقي
اجلهين، رمس( .ية عياد2019
). دور القيادة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن الفكر وتنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة
الثانوية ابملدينة املنورة. اجمللة العربية للعلوم الرتبوية والنفسية، ع12، أكتوبر، ص121
-
158
. ( .السعود، راتب سالمة2012). القيادة الرتبوية مفاهيم وآفاق. عمان: د.ار صفاء للنشر والتوزيع
( .الوهييب، سليمان بن إبراهيم2015
). درجة إسهام اإلدارة املدرسية يف تعزيز األمن الفكر لدى طالب املرحلة
.الثانوية يف مدارس التعليم العام مبدينة الطائف. رسالة ماجستري، كلية الرتبية، جامعة أم القر ، السعودية
REFERENCE LIST
Johnson, B.urke & Christensen, Larry (2020). Educational research : quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
approaches. Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE Publications, Inc
Vorhis, F. and Sheldoon, S. (2010). Principals Roles in the Development of US Programs of :قائمة املراجع ( .األمري، إميان بنت حسني بن احلسن2016
). دور املدرسة يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طالبات املرحلة الثانوية من
وجهة نظر املعلمات يف اململكة العربية السعودية. اجمللة الدولية الرتبوية املتخصصة، مج5، ع2
،، كلية الرتبية
.جامعة أم القر ، السعودية ( .الباسل، ميادة حممد، ورضوان، وائل وفيق، وعيسي، عمرو حممد حامد2018
). متطلبات تفعيل دور اإلدارة املدرسية
.لتنمية قيم املواطنة ابملدارس اخلاصة. املؤمتر العلمي العريب الثاين عشر،كلية الرتبية، جامعة دمياط، مصر
( .الرباشديةـ، ثراي بنت أمحد بن سليمان2011
.)
دور اإلدارة املدرسية يف تنمية قيم املواطنة لدى طلبة التعليم ما بعد
األ.ساسي بسلطنة عمان. ماجستري، كلية العلوم واآلداب، جامعة نزوى، عمان Johnson, B.urke & Christensen, Larry (2020). Educational research : quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
approaches. Thousand Oaks, California : SAGE Publications, Inc Vorhis, F. and Sheldoon, S. (2010). Principals Roles in the Development of US Programs of IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VIII, Issue 22, April 2022 School, Family, and Community Partnerships. International Journal of Educational
Research, 44 (4), 65-90. ARABIC REFERENCES IN ROMAN ALPHABET Al'amir, E. (2016). Dawr Almadrasat Fi Tanmiat Qiam Almuatanat Ladaa Talibat Almarhalat Althaanawiat
Min Wijhat Nazar Almuealimat Fi Almamlakat Alearabiat Alsaeudiati. Almajalat Alduwaliat
Altarbawiat Almutakhasisati, Mij5, Ea2, Kuliyat Altarbiati, Jamieat 'Um Alqari, Alsaeudiati. Albasil, M. Raridwan, W. Eaisi, A. (2018). Mutatalibat Tafeil Dawr Al'iidarat Almadrasiat Litanmiat Qiam
Almuatanat Bialmadaris Alkhasati. Almutamar Aleilmiu Alearabiu Althaani Eashara,Kaliatan
Altarbiati, Jamieat Dimyati, Masr. Albarashdiatu, T. (2011). Dawr Al'iidarat Almadrasiat Fi Tanmiat Qiam Almuatanat Ladaa Talabat Altaelim
Ma Baed Al'asasii Bisaltanat Eaman. Majistir, Kuliyat Aleulum Waladab, Jamieat Nazwaa, Eaman. Jibri, I. (2015). Madaa Tatbiq Mudara' Almutawasitat Liwazayif Al'iidarat Almadrasiat Min Wijhat Nazar
Al'asatidhati. Risalat Majistir, Kuliyat Aleulum Al'iinsaniat Walaijtimaeiati, Jamieat Alearabii Bin
Mahidi, 'Am Albawaqi. Aljihni, R. (2019). Dawr Alqiadat Almadrasiat Fi Taeziz Al'amn Alfikrii Watanmiat Qiam Almuatanat Ladaa
Talibat Almarhalat Althaanawiat Bialmadinat Almunawarati. Almajalat Alearabiat Lileulum Altarbawiat
Walnafsiati, Ea12, 'Uktubar, Sa121-158. Alsueuda, R. (2012). Alqiadat Altarbawiat Mafahim Wafaq. Eaman: Dar Safa' Lilnashr Waltawziei. Alwhibi, S. (2015). Darajat 'Iisham Al'iidarat Almadrasiat Fi Taeziz Al'amn Alfikrii Ladaa Tulaab Almarhalat
Althaanawiat Fi Madaris Altaelim Aleami Bimadinat Altaayif. Risalat Majistir, Kuliyat Altarbiati,
Jamieat 'Um Alqari, Alsaeudia http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 244 | 10,519 | http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org/tr/download/article-file/2410914 | null |
Arabic | مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري
امل
صلحة املالئمة كشرط
لقبول
دعوى إلالغاء
بالقضاء إلاداري
املصري
ملخص الدراسة:
لعل مبدأ املشروعية من أهم املبادئ القانونية املتعارف عليها ، وتعد دعوى ممإلغاء القرار إلاداري
الباحثة فاطمة أحمد الدويني
جامعة القاهرة، القاهرة، جمهورية مصر العربية مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري
امل
صلحة املالئمة كشرط
لقبول
دعوى إلالغاء
بالقضاء إلاداري
املصري
ملخص الدراسة:
لعل مبدأ املشروعية من أهم املبادئ القانونية املتعارف عليها ، وتعد دعوى ممإلغاء القرار إلاداري
الباحثة فاطمة أحمد الدويني
جامعة القاهرة، القاهرة، جمهورية مصر العربية مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 امل
صلحة املالئمة كشرط
لقبول
دعوى إلالغاء
بالقضاء إلاداري
املصري امل
صلحة املالئمة كشرط
لقبول
دعوى إلالغاء
بالقضاء إلاداري
املصري 254
املصري
ملخص الدراسة:
لعل مبدأ املشروعية من أهم املبادئ القانونية املتعارف عليها ، وتعد دعوى إلغاء القرار إلاداري
الدعوى التي تقوم بشكل أساس ي على حفظ
هذا املبدأ وضمان تطبيقه
. وملا كانت هذه الدعوى تم لك
من ألاهمية بمكان، ونظرا لقلة ألابحاث والدراسات في هذا املجال، جاء سؤال هذا البحث الرئيس: هل
تُعد املصلحة املالئمة شرطًا من شروط قبول دعوى إلالغاء في القانون املصري؟ وباالعتماد على
استقراء عددٍ من الدعاوى القضائية وألاحكام، يخلص البحث إلى أن القانون املص ري يأخذ باملصلحة
الباحثة فاطمة أحمد الدويني
جامعة القاهرة، القاهرة، جمهورية مصر العربية ملخص الدراسة:
الباحثة فاطمة أحمد الدويني
جامعة القاهرة، القاهرة، جمهورية مصر العربية ملخص الدراسة: لعل مبدأ املشروعية من أهم املبادئ القانونية املتعارف عليها ، وتعد دعوى إلغاء القرار إلاداري
الدعوى التي تقوم بشكل أساس ي على حفظ
هذا املبدأ وضمان تطبيقه
. وملا كانت هذه الدعوى تم لك
من ألاهمية بمكان، ونظرا لقلة ألابحاث والدراسات في هذا املجال، جاء سؤال هذا البحث الرئيس: هل
تُعد املصلحة املالئمة شرطًا من شروط قبول دعوى إلالغاء في القانون املصري؟ وباالعتماد على
استقراء عددٍ من الدعاوى القضائية وألاحكام، يخلص البحث إلى أن القانون املص ري يأخذ باملصلحة 254 املالئمة كشرطٍ من شروط قبول دعوى إلالغاء، لكن في حدود قيود معينة، ويُرجع البحث ذلك
.لطبيعة القانون إلاداري نفسه مقدمة مقدمة 255
مقدمة
يتطرق هذا البحث لدراسة شرط حيوي من شروط قب ول دعوى إلالغاء وهو "شرط
"املصلحة"، وأكثر تحديدً ا، فكرة "املصلحة املالئمة-
ملعرفة متى تثور مثل هذه الفكرة، وكيف يمكن
تحديد املصلحة ألاكثر مالئمةً حتى يتوافر شرط املصلحة. وتكمن أهمية هذا البحث في كونه يُقدم على
التطرق ألكثر شروط دعوى إلالغاء تعقيدً ا، ولوضع
منهج واضح يفرق بين ما يعتد به كمصلحة من
ًناحية قانونية وما ال يعتد به. ومن ناحية أخرى تتمثل أهميته أيض ا في حقيقة أنه تفرد بهذا املوضوع
املحدد؛ إذ ناقشت عدة دراسات شرط املصلحة وكيفية تحققها، حتى أن بعض الدراسات ناقشت
فكرة املصلحة الشخصية املباشرة، التي هي قريبة للغاية من فكرة املصلحة املالئمة، إال أن تلك
الدراسات جاءت مفتقرة للتركيز على التمييز بين املراكز والصفات القانونية املختلفة وتحديد
ما
يمكن
الاعتداد به كالصفة ألاكثر مالئمةً. فجاء هذا البحث، كمحاولة مللئ الفراغ البحثي القائم في محاوالت
توضيح املصلحة ا ملالئمة توضيحاً مستنداً على ألاحكام القضائية ليكون الحكم مبنياً على أسس عملية
دقيقة-
.وليس مجرد توضيحً ا نظريًا
ويعتمد هذا البحث على املنهج الاستقرائي بحيث ينظر في نشأة شرط "املصلحة املالئمة" من
داخل شرط رئيس ي من شروط رفع دعوى إلالغاء وهو شرط املصلحة، من خالل استقراء أحكام
قضائية ورفض بعض الدعاوى وأسباب رفضها. وتطبيقاً للخطوط العريضة لهذا املنهج بهدف
الوصول إلى فكرة املصلحة املالئمة واختالفها عن شرط املصلحة الذي يلزم توافره في مجال الدعوى يتطرق هذا البحث لدراسة شرط حيوي من شروط قب ول دعوى إلالغاء وهو "شرط
"املصلحة"، وأكثر تحديدً ا، فكرة "املصلحة املالئمة-
ملعرفة متى تثور مثل هذه الفكرة، وكيف يمكن
تحديد املصلحة ألاكثر مالئمةً حتى يتوافر شرط املصلحة. وتكمن أهمية هذا البحث في كونه يُقدم على
التطرق ألكثر شروط دعوى إلالغاء تعقيدً ا، ولوضع
منهج واضح يفرق بين ما يعتد به كمصلحة من
ًناحية قانونية وما ال يعتد به. ومن ناحية أخرى تتمثل أهميته أيض ا في حقيقة أنه تفرد بهذا املوضوع
املحدد؛ إذ ناقشت عدة دراسات شرط املصلحة وكيفية تحققها، حتى أن بعض الدراسات ناقشت
فكرة املصلحة الشخصية املباشرة، التي هي قريبة للغاية من فكرة املصلحة املالئمة، إال أن تلك
الدراسات جاءت مفتقرة للتركيز على التمييز بين املراكز والصفات القانونية املختلفة وتحديد
ما
يمكن
الاعتداد به كالصفة ألاكثر مالئمةً. مقدمة فجاء هذا البحث، كمحاولة مللئ الفراغ البحثي القائم في محاوالت
توضيح املصلحة ا ملالئمة توضيحاً مستنداً على ألاحكام القضائية ليكون الحكم مبنياً على أسس عملية
دقيقة-
.وليس مجرد توضيحً ا نظريًا دقيقة-
.وليس مجرد توضيحً ا نظريًا 255
ويعتمد هذا البحث على املنهج الاستقرائي بحيث ينظر في نشأة شرط "املصلحة املالئمة" من
داخل شرط رئيس ي من شروط رفع دعوى إلالغاء وهو شرط املصلحة، من خالل استقراء أحكام
قضائية ورفض بعض الدعاوى وأسباب رفضها. وتطبيقاً للخطوط العريضة لهذا املنهج بهدف
الوصول إلى فكرة املصلحة املالئمة واختالفها عن شرط املصلحة الذي يلزم توافره في مجال الدعوى 255 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 العادية باإلضافة إلى الدعاوى إلادارية املختلفة، ولإلجابة عن مدى اشتر "اط توافر "املصلحة املالئمة
حتى تُقبل دعوى إلالغاء، تم تقسيم البحث إلى أربع
ة
:مطالب أساسية .املطلب ألاول: ماهية دعوى إلالغاء
.املطلب الثاني: "املصلحة" كشرط من شروط رفع دعوى إلالغاء
املطلب الثالث: أمثلة من القضاء إلاداري على قبول أو عدم قبول الدعوى تنتج شرط
"املصلحة
."املالئمة .املطلب الثاني: "املصلحة" كشرط من شروط رفع دعوى إلالغاء املطلب الثالث: أمثلة من القضاء إلاداري على قبول أو عدم قبول الدعوى تنتج شرط
"املصلحة
."املالئمة ."املالئمة .املطلب الرابع: طبيعة املصلحة املالئمة 256 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري املطلب ألاول ماهية دعوى إلالغاء ،دعوى إلالغاء هي دعوى قضائية، موضوعية، تنتمي إلى القضاء العيني (فودة8383
،
21
.)
ويقوم أساسها على الحفاظ على مبدأ املشروعية، والتأكد من عدم انحراف إلادارة عن الوا جبات
وألاعمال املنوطة بها، بحيث إذا صدر قرار إداري ما غير مشروع يستطيع الفرد املتأثر بمثل هذا القرار
أن يحتج عليه بدون أن يثبت وقوع ضررعليه. فالغاية من دعوى إلالغاء ال تتمثل في محاوالت رفع
.ضرر ما، بل هي غاية أسمى تمتد للحفاظ على النظام العام والصالح العام
فنرى أن بتواجد مثل هذه
الدعوى في فلك القضاء إلاداري تترتب آثار عديدة، منها الفصل بين السلطات والحفاظ على الرقابة
املتبادلة بين السلطة، وهو املفهوم الذي بدوره يقوم بترسيخ حقوق وحريات املواطني
ن
وإزاحة ألانظمة
.التسلطية والتعسفية .التسلطية والتعسفية ويمكن تعريف دعوى إلالغاء عل ى أنها "الدعوى التي يقيمها أحد ألافراد أو إحدى الهيئات أمام
،القضاء إلاداري يطلب إعدام قرار إداري مخالف للقانون" (سالمة وأحمد8332
،
824
). مقدمة ويفهم من
هذا التعريف ما تم إيضاحه سابقً ا من كون الدعوى تكون ضد قرار إداري يتسم بغير املشروعية، كما
أنه ال يشترط فيها أ ن يتواجد ضرر أو اعتداء على حق، بل يكتفي أن تكون ذا مصلحة؛ وأخيرًا، وكما
هو واضح، ترفع الدعوى أمام أحد هيئات القضاء إلاداري، ويستثنى من هذا املحكمة إلادارية العليا
ألنها تنظر في الطعون وليس
الدعاوي ألاساسية، كما تستثنى بعض الهيئات ألاخرى والتي يكون لها
اختص.اصات وأهداف مختلفة عن النظر في الدعاوى مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري كمثيلتها من الدعاوى القانونية، تتطلب دعوى إلالغاء بعض الشروط،
وتنقسم تلك الشروط إلى
ما يلي: إلى
ما يلي: -
.شروط تتعلق بالقرارموضوع الطعن -
شروط تتعلق.بميعاد دعوى إلالغاء 258 لإ
،ونكتفي في هذا البحث بالتحدث عن الشروط املتعلقة برافع الدعوى، أو املدعي، وتحديدً ا
شرط املصلحة كشرط من شروط رفع الدعوى. ويرجع هذا الاختيار إلى ندرة ألابحاث التي تناقش هذا
الشرط على الرغم من أهميته وحساسيته، بحيث أنه يتشابه مع عدة مفاهيم
أخرى مثل مفهوم
"الصفة"، وهو ما له تأثير هام من حيث رفض وقبول الدعوى. فيتعين إلقاء الضوء على موضوع كهذا
الذي من ِشأنه إعالء الوعي والثقافة القانونية، وتصحيح مسار العديد من الدعاوى التي قد يتم
رفضها ألسباب إجرائية وشكلية كان من ألاحرى تصحيحها قبل التقدم بعر.يضة الدعوى
وال بد من توضيح ماهية املصلحة قبل الحديث عن هذا الشرط، ويمكن الالتفات لألحكام
،القضائية حتى نتمكن من تحديد ما تعنيه املصلحة وشرط املصلحة في نظر القانون. فإذا نُظر في ذلك
وُجد أن املصلحة هي شرط يلزم توافره في رافع الدعوى حتى يتم الاعتداد بها، وت توافر متى كان رافع
الدعوى في حالة قانونية خاصة تتأثر تأثرًا مباشرًا بالقرار املطعون فيه (حكم املحكمة إلادارية العليا في ،ونكتفي في هذا البحث بالتحدث عن الشروط املتعلقة برافع الدعوى، أو املدعي، وتحديدً ا
شرط املصلحة كشرط من شروط رفع الدعوى. ويرجع هذا الاختيار إلى ندرة ألابحاث التي تناقش هذا
الشرط على الرغم من أهميته وحساسيته، بحيث أنه يتشابه مع عدة مفاهيم
أخرى مثل مفهوم
"الصفة"، وهو ما له تأثير هام من حيث رفض وقبول الدعوى. مقدمة فيتعين إلقاء الضوء على موضوع كهذا
الذي من ِشأنه إعالء الوعي والثقافة القانونية، وتصحيح مسار العديد من الدعاوى التي قد يتم
رفضها ألسباب إجرائية وشكلية كان من ألاحرى تصحيحها قبل التقدم بعر.يضة الدعوى 258 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 الطعن رقم6820
لسنة41
ق جلسة18
شباط/فبراير8335
.)أ ُما ل ًغويا،
ُفهي ت شتق من الصالح
."ويكون من مرادفاتها "املنفعة ."ويكون من مرادفاتها "املنفعة وطبقا للقاعدة القانوني ة ""ال دعوى حيث ال مصلحة يفهم منها أن هذه القاعدة القانونية ال
تقتصر فقط على الدعاوى في مجال القضاء إلادارى ودعاوى إلالغاء،
وإنما تمتد ليصبح شرط
ًاملصلحة شرط
ا
ًأساسي
ا
.للدعاوى القضائية و لعل الفارق ألاساس ي بين دعاوى القضاء الكامل وقضاء
إلالغاء يكمن في شرط ا ملصلحة بحيث يمكن لكل صاحب حق
أ ن يرفع دعوى التعويض التي تنتمي
للقضاء الكامل،
"بينما يشترط في دعوى إلالغاء أو "دعوى تجاوز السلطة
أ
ن يكون هناك مصلحة،
باإلضافة إلى
أ
ن ألاحكام الصادرة في دعوى إلالغاء تكون حجة على الكافة
؛
ُويرجع ذلك ملا ذ
كر مسبقً ا
من طبيعة الدعو ى ومن حيث كونها دعوى تهدف للحفاظ على الصالح العام وتضمن نفاذ مبدأ
املشروعية وحسن تطبيقه
؛ أ ما القضاء الكامل املتمثل في دعوى التعويض فهو شخص ي يقوم أساسه
.على وقوع ضرر وتكون الدعوى وسيلة لجب هذا الضرر و
بعد إيضاح مدى أهمية شرط املصلحة،
وكيف
أ
نه يعد من أهم الش روط وأكثر الشروط
تميي
زًا لدعوى إلالغاء،
يتعين
آلان
توضيح مفهوم املصلحة وتمييزه عن املفاهيم ألا خرى املتشابهة حتى
تتسنى الفرصة ل
ل تعرف
على مفهوم املصلحة عن كثب. وفي هذا الشأن يتعين القول بأن املصلحة
كمصطلح قانوني تختلف عن املصلحة كإصطالح لغوي. مقدمة حيث تم إدراج شر ط املصلحة في قانون
مجلس الدولة الصادر بالقانون رقم41
لسنة1118
والذي
أ ًقر بأنه يتعين توافر شرط املصلحة ابتداء
من وقت إقامة الدعوى ويستمر قيامه لحين صدور حكم نهائي فيها
، وهوما
أكدت عليه املحكمة
ث قضت أن
إلا ا ة ال ل ا: مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 "املصلحة هي مناط الدعوى ويتعين تو ًافرها ابتداء
وكذا استمرار قيامها حتى صدور حكم نهائي فيها
أو ن للقاض ي إلاداري بما له من هيمنة ايجابية كاملة على اجراءات الخصومة ان يوجهها ويتقص ى
شروط قبولها واستمرارها دون
أ ن يترك ذلك إلرادة الخصوم في الدعوى و
أ ن يتحقق من توافر شرط
املصلحة وصفة الخصوم وألاسب اب التي بنيت عليها الطلبات ومدى جدوى الاستمرار في الخصومة في
ضوء تغير املراكز القانونية ألطرافها حتى ال
ينشغل القضاء إلاداري بخصومات ال جدوى من ورائها. إال
انه يتعين التقيد باألصل العام وهو توافر املصلحة الشخصية واملباشرة والقائمة بحيث تؤثر مباشرة في
مصلحة املدعي" (حكم املحكمة إلادارية العليا،
جلسة81
أيلول/سبتمبر8330
،
الطعن رقم138
لسنة
41
ق،
.)الدائرة الخامسة 41
ق،
.)الدائرة الخامسة ًقانون
ا،
ال يكتفي القاض ي
بوجود منفعة وفائدة تعود على رافع الدعوى جراء الحكم له بطلباته،
بل
ينبغي أن تكون مصلحة مباشرة لو تم وصفها بوصف
أ
كثر دقة يمك ن اعتبارها مصلحة من الدرجة
ألاولى. وللتفرقة بينهما يمكن طرح مثال لتوضيح ألامر، ف
على سبيل املثال:
إذا تم طرد أحد املوظفين
بغير وجه حق أو بشكل تعسفي،
يكون لهذا املوظف مصلحة في رفع الدعوى بسبب تأثره جراء هذا
القرار وفقدانه لوظيفته
؛
ًأيض
ا،
ًيكون ألطفاله مثال م صلحة ألن والدهم هو العائل الوحيد لهم
وبفقدانه وظيفته تتأثر حالتهم املادية. ولكن قانونا ال يمكن اعتبار
أ ن هناك مصلحة ألي شخص غير
املوظف فقط ال غير،
ويرجع ذلك لكونها مصلحة مباشرة تعود
آ
ثارها مباشرة على املدعي،
تطبيقا
.لحكم املحكمة إلادارية العليا السابق ذكره 260 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 امل
صلحة بحيث تكون ألاخيرة للموكل، أ ما الصفة فتكون للوكيل (أي املحامي الذي يشترط تواجده
)لرفع الدعوى
،(فودة010
)
. كما يفرق البعض بين الصفة واملصلحة بحيث يتم اعتبار الصفة ذات
طبيعة
إ
جرائية أو شكلية، في حين تتخذ املصلحة الطبيعة املوضوعية،
ًفتكون الصفة شرط
ا
للمثو ل
ًأمام القضاء واملصلحة شرط ا لقبول الدعوى
،(وصفي1112
،
158
). املطلب الثالث املطلب الثالث أمثلة من ا لقضاء إلاداري على قبول أو عدم قبول دعوى إلالغاء مقدمة أما عن العالقة بين الحق واملصلحة،
فقد انقسم الفقهاء ،بصدد ذلك حيث رأي
فريق منهم
أ
ن الحق واملصلحة يمكن اعتبارهما وجه
ي
ن لعملة واحدة ،فالحق يتيح لصاحبه رفع دعوى إلالغاء،
وإذا لم يكن صاحب حق فيكفي تو .اجد املصلحة
في حين رأى جمهور الفقهاء، أ ن الحق يختلف عن
املصلحة،
فيستطيع أحدهم
أ ًن يرفع دعوى إلغاء لقرار إداري بناء
على مصلحة بدون أن يكون له حق
شخص ي تم الا.عتداء عليه 261
وبصفة عامة يمكن القول
إ ن من شروط املصلحة
أ
ن تكون شخصية ،مشروعة،
ومتوافرة من
ناحية التوقي ت وعند رفع الدعوى،
وفي هذا الشأن تختلف دعوى إلالغاء عن غيرها من الدعاوى ألن
املصلحة املحتملة تعد مصلحة موجودة فيتم الا كتفاء ملجرد توقع حدوث ضرر في املستقبل حتى ولو
لم يحدث بعد
،(مخلص1121
،
23
)
ُ. وفي رأينا الشخص ي ن رجع هذا لطبيعة الدعوى وألاسباب املتعلقة
بكو نها دعوى تهدف للمصلحة العامة وإعدام القرارات غير
امل .شروعة و ًجدير بالذكر أيض أ ا نه إذا تم
تطهير القرار إلاداري من العيب
امل
وجود به،
فال مجال لوجود دعوى إلالغاء بحيث إذا تم سحب القرار
ُت رفض دعوى إلالغاء لعدم توافر الشروط املتعلقة بالقرار إلاداري نفسه وبوجود
قرار إداري من عدمه
؛
أ
ما إذا تم تطهير القرار بحيث كان يشوبه عيب ما أو خطأ وتم تصحيح هذا العيب أو الخطأ،
ترفض
دعوى إلالغاء ولكن لسبب
خر آ،
أال وهو عدم توافر شرط من الشروط املتعلقة برافع الدعوى التي هي
موضوع البحث،
.وتحديدا شرط املصلحة 261 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري أمثلة من ا لقضاء إلاداري على قبول أو عدم قبول دعوى إلالغاء أمثلة من ا لقضاء إلاداري على قبول أو عدم قبول دعوى إلالغاء إن
القاعدة العامة املجردة تمس مراكز موضوعية ال شخصية، ولكي
تنفذ
يجب أ ن تتخذ هيئة
قرار إداري، فالقرارات الفردية ما هي إال تطبيق لقاعدة عامة مجردة،
وبوجود مثل هذا القرار الفردي
ًالذي يمس مركز
ا
ًشخصي،ا
يتم
سا تيفاء الشرط ألاول من شروط دعوى إلالغاء املتعلقة بالقرار
إلاداري
؛ كذلك شرط املصلحة يتعين في:ه ما يلي ـ أ ًن يكون محدد اـ أ ًن تُرفع الدعوى بناء
على صفة
مميزة، فال يكتفى بصفة املواطن،
بل يلزم
أ ًن تتوفر صفة ومصلحة ذات صلة بالقرار. وبناء عليه،
فقد
قرر القضاء أنو ًا اع للمصالح والصفات املميزة املستقلة عن فكرة املصلحة العامة أو صفة املواطن،
والتي يمكن على أساسها التقدم برفع دعوى إلالغاء. إن ُهذه الصفات ال ي
مكن حصرها ولكن نذكرمنها
على سبيل املثال: - صفة املالك التي يجب التمسك بها حين رفع دعوى تعيق مالك عقار ما من الت
متع بحق ملكيته. فال
يجوز ملالك عقار ما
أ ًن يرفع دعوى على قرار نزع ملكيته بصفته مواطن،ا
ألن الصفة ألاقرب وألاكثر
ًمالئمة هنا هي صفة املالك. ومن هذا املنطلق، إذا صدر قرار بنزع ملكية أرض،
وكان لهذه ألارض
مستأجر، فال يحق له التذرع بصفته كمستأجر ليتقدم بطعن على
القرار أو دعوى إللغاء القرار ألن
صفة املستأجر ال عالقة لها بقرار نزع امللكية. بل وكان من املمكن التقدم بطعن على القرار إذا كان
القرار
ًمثال بمنع الا
ستغالل وتبوير ألارض ،
فهذا له تأثير مباشر على مصلحة املستأجر ومدي انتفاعه
باألرض ؛ فيجب
أ
ن تتوافق املصلحة مع
.طبيعة القرار الصادر 262 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 في قضية "كوك" حيث صدر قرار من عمدة مدينة"نيس" يت
علق بتنظيم حركات املرور،
والذي كان
من ِشأنه
أ ًن يؤثر تأثير
ا
ًمباشر
ا على نشاط التجار في املدينة،
ومنهم شركة"كوك"
التي باشرت الطعن
على قرار العمدة، وحينها أقر مجلس الدولة الفرنس ي باال كتفاء بصفة التاجر للتقدم بطلب إلغاء لقرار
إداري
،(حافظ1110
،
562
). إداري
،(حافظ1110
،
562
). املطلب
الرابع طبيعة املصلحة املالئمة تكمن
املالئمة في وجوب وقوع القرار على مركز فردي،
وإذا تحقق ذلك فعندها يجب النظر في
الصفة ألاقوى وألاكثر مالئمة التي يجب الا ستناد عليها عند القيام برفع دعوى إلالغاء. وجدير بالذكر
أ
ن املصلحة املالئمة قد تتداخل مع املصلحة املحتمل ة بحيث تكون املصلحة غير محققة ولكن وارد
تحققها،
.وفي حالة تحققها تتوافر املصلحة املالئمة 263
يتبين مما سبق
أ
ن املصلحة املالئمة تختلف عن املصلحة. فاملصلحة املالئمة أقرب ،
بل
ويمكن اعتبارها كشرط من شروط، املصلحة. وأكدت عدة أحكام قضائية على ضرورة توافر املصلحة
ال شخصية املباشرة في الدعوى وعدم إلاكتفاء بصفة عامة مثل صفة املواطن (حكم محكمة القضاء
دعوى رقم2إلاداري088
سنة1 ق،
جلسة13
نيسان/أبريل1142
)
. وعلى الجانب ألا
خر،
كانت هناك
عدة أحكام قضائية أقرت فيه ا
املحكمة بالقبول والا
كتفاء بصفة املواطن للطعن على قرار ما، و منها
ألاحكام املتعلقة بالطعن على قرارات رئاسية
أ حدها يتعلق برفض إصدار ترخيص لقيام جزب"الوفد،"
وألا
خر يتعلق بقرار إداري يسمح بدفن النفايات الذرية في صحراء مصر. وفي كلتا الدعوت
ي ن لم تتوفر
مصلحة مالئمة للمدعي، بل ولم تتوفر أي صفة سوى صفة املواطن، وفي كلتا ال حالتين تم القبول
بصفة املواطن كأساس لرفع الدعوى
،(الهاللي8312
،
125
-
126
) . 263 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري وهنا يثور التساؤل:
ًهل املصلحة الشخصية املالئمة تكون شرط
ا دائما لقبول دعوى إلالغاء
؟
أ أم
ن القضاء املصري يأخذ باال تجاه الواسع لفكرة املصلحة ويقبل بوجود أي مصلحة قريبة كانت أو
( بعيدة حتى لو لم تكن ذات صفة مباشرة للقرار إلاداري،
ُوحتى لو لم ي حدث القرار
أ ًا ثر
له عالقة
مباشرة بالصفة أو املركز القانوني املميز لرافع الدعوى)؟ لإلجابة عن هذا التساؤل يتعين الرجوع لبعض ألاحكام القضائية. حيث نرى أن املحكمة
إلادارية العليا قد أجازت التوسع في شرط املصلحة والقبول بالدعاوى التي يرفعها أشخاص تكون لهم
مصلحة قانونية خاصة، ويكون هذا في حالة اتصال الدعوى بقواعد املشروعية والنظام العام (حكم
املحكمة إلادارية العليا طعن رقم14806
،
سنة68
ق ). املطلب
الرابع وفي حكم
أ
خر لها،
أقرت املحكمة إلادارية
ًالعليا أيض
ا بالتوسع في شرط املصلحة،
ًولكن وضعت حد
ا
ملثل هذا التوسع
حتى ال ت
صبح
دعوى
إلالغاء مثل دعوى الحسبة (حكم املحكمة إلادارية العليا،
طعن رقم611
سنة81
ق جلسة86
تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر1120
.) وتفسيرنا لهذه ألاحكام وغيرها من ألاحكام التي سبق ذكرها - و التي استندت على صفة املواطن
ف ي رفع الدعوى -
أن القضاء والقانون إلاداري قانون حديث النشأة-
وباألخص في جمهورية مصر
العربية،
وهو قانون استمدت الكثير من مبادئه من القانون الفرنس ي ويتم
ا
ستحداث مباد
ئه
ًا حالي
من
ألاحكام والسوابق القضائية
؛ و
بالتالي،
يكثُر الا
جتهاد في مثل هذه ألاحكام،
ويتغير
الحكم ويتسع أو
يضيق معيار القبول باملصلحة بحسب الوقائع املختلفة لكل قضية (يراجع حكم املحكمة إلادارية
العليا طعن رقم03158
سنة56
ق جلسة14
أيلول/سبتمبر8313
.) 264
كما نرى أيضاً أن ذلك ال يعني انتفاء شرط املصلحة املالئمة كشرط من شروط دعوى
إلالغاء
؛
ففي واقع ألا
مر،
املصلحة املالئمة على الرغم من كونها مرتبطة بفكرة املصلحة الشخصية 264 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 املميزة إال
أ ن ذلك ال يعني
أ ن صفة املواطن ال
ت
تحقق فيها املصلحة املالئمة،
ففي حالة وجود قرارات
ًتمس باملركز القانوني للمواطن ومن شأنها التأثير سلب
ا على مثل هذه املصلحة،
من املنطقي
أ ن تكو ن
ًصفة أو مصلحة املواطن هي املصلحة املالئمة دون
ا عن باقي املصالح. فلو افترضنا
أ ن هذا املواطن هو
موظف عام، أو تاجر، أو منتفع بخدمة عامة،
ًكل هذه املصالح ال تتصل اتصاال
ًمباشر
ا
مع قرار يؤثر
على ألافراد بصفتهم مواطنين. وفي حالة رفع دعوى إلغاء على قرار إداري م ن شأنه إلاضرار بمصالح
املواطنين ال يصح اعتبار
أ ن هناك أي مصلحة
أ
كثر مالئمة من مصلحة املواطن
؛ وبهذا،
يظل شرط
ًاملصلحة املالئمة شرط
ا
.من شروط قبول دعوى إلالغاء 265 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري الخاتمة الخاتمة نخلص من خالل هذا البحث املتواضع، أن دعوى إلالغاء هي دعوى بالغة ألاهمية تنتمي
للد عاوى العينية املوضوعية (أي ال تتعلق بالحقوق الشخصية أو الذاتية) يكون الخصم فيها قرار
إداري والتي تختلف عن دعاوي القضاء الكامل في عدة أشياء من ضمنها شرط املصلحة الذي اختير
بشكل أساس ي ليكون موضوع حديثنا ألنه أكثر الشروط تقنية وحساسية بحيث يصعب تقييمه والنظر
ًإليه بناء
ًعلى شروط محددة مسبق،ا
بل يجب تحديد مدة توافر الشرط بحسب تفاصيل كل قضية .على حدى و عند الحديث عن شرط املصلحة نجد
أ ن هذا الشرط بذاته
ت تخلله شروط
أ خرى: أ ن تكون
املصلحة شخصية ومباشرة. وقد يتواجد للفرد الواحد عدة مصالح بحسب صفاته املتعددة،
فالفرد
له
صفة كمواطن، كمستخدم لهيئة ما، كموظف، كطالب، كمؤجر، ك
مستأجر
،كتاجر، أو كمالك
وغيرها من الصفات
الكثيرة و ًالتي تنش ئ بناء على عالقة قانونية معينة. ًومن هنا تحديد،ا تنش
أ
شروط
املصلحة التي أفضت إلى ظهور فكرة املصلحة املالئمة بحيث يتم استبعاد كل الصفات التي ال صلة
لها
ًبالقرار إلاداري والتشبث بتلك التي تكون أكثر مالئمة بحيث ترفع الدعوى بناء
.عليها 266
،وكاستنتاج يمكننا أن نطرح السؤال التالي هل املصلحة املالئمة ما هي إال فكرة نظرية ال يأخذ
بها القضاء (تحديدا القضاء املصري)؟ إلاجابة قد تكون معقدة بعض الشيئ، ولكن يمكن إلا كتفاء
ًبالقول بأن هناك اتجاه
ا
ًا ضيق
ًيتمسك باملصلحة املالئمة واتجاه
ا أ ًخر واسع
ا
يكتفي بوجود مصلحة
وال ينظر لكونها املصلحة ألاكثر مالئمة
؛
وبالنظر في ألاحكام املختلفة نجد
أ ن القضاء املصري
أ خذ
باالتجاه الواسع مع وضع قيود له بحيث ال تصير دعوى إلالغاء مثل دعوى
الحسبة. ولكن تفسيرنا
الشخص ي هو
أ نه حتى في ألامور التي توسع فيها القضاء املصري و
أ
خذ بأكثر الصفات عمومية -
صفة 266 مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202
المصلحة المالئمة كشرط لقبول دعوى اإللغاء بالقضاء اإلداري المصري مجلة القانون و المجتمع- العدد األول دجنبر0202 املواطن - كانت هذه هي املصلحة ألاكثر مالئمة لطبيعة القضايا املذكورة. وعلى الرغم من
أ ن ألامر
يظل مستغلقً ا
ًومبهم
ا في
ما يتعلق ب
مدى ثبوت فكرة املصلح ة املالئمة كشرط أساس ي ال تقبل الدعوى
بدونه إال
أ ًن هذا متوقع نظر ا لطبيعة القانون إلاداري الذي يقوم على اجتهادات وسوابق قضائية وال
.يستند على قانون مكتوب .يستند على قانون مكتوب املالحظات جرى القضاء إلاداري على تفسير النصوص التي تشترط املصلحة لقبول الدعاوي تفسيرا ينأي
باملنازعا ت إلادارية
على
أن تكون من دعاوي الحسبة ، ويتوافق في ذات الوقت مع طبيعة املنازعات
إلادارية والدور الذي يقوم به القضاء إلاداري في حراسة الشرعية وسيادة القانون بغير إفراط وال
. الدعوى
في
له
تظهر
التي
واملالبسات
الظروف
حسب
وذلك
تفريط، 267 267 | 3,812 | https://zenodo.org/record/4304440/files/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%20%D9%88%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9%20%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%202020-254-267.pdf | null |
Arabic | ملخّص البحث ص ب
ل
قد أوجب الشارع المحافظة على العقل
،
وعدم تعريضه للتلف
،
وذلك
ب
وسائل عدة. إالّ أنّ تجاهل هذه الوسائل
؛
توجب اخ
تالل
العقل، وإذا اختل العقل اإلنساني
؛
اختل نظام األمة بوجه ما، وعلى هذا يجب على اإلنسان أن يعلم أن عقله ليس خالص
ا
له،
بل هلل فيه الحق، و
للمجتمع فيه حق، ومن هنا وجب األخذ بوسائل المحافظة عليه وعدم تعريضه للتلف
؛
صيانة لحق
هللا فيه
،
ثم لحق المجتمع، لذا سع
ى
البحث
إلى إحصاء كلمة "العقل" في القرآن الكريم بتصريفاتها المختلفة،
ثم
تحليل
، ها
ى سع كما
إلى
استكشاف
وسائل الحفاظ على العقل اإلنساني في الشر
يعة اإلسالمية. موظّف ا
المنهج االستقرائي التحليلي
ثم ،
االستنباطي. وقد
توصّل البحث إلى أنّ "العقل" ذكر في القرآن باشتقاقاته المختلفة تسع وأربعين مرة،
كما
توصل
إلى
وجود عدة
و
سائل
للحفاظ
على مقصد
العقل
، ومن أهمها
: حفظ العقل بالتفكير الصحيح،
و
بتدبر القرآن والع
مل به،
بال و
دراسة عبر اإلنترنت، وب
تنمية
مهاراته عن طريق الذكاء االصطناعي،
و
بحرية التعبير عن الرأي والتشاور مع اآلخرين،
و
بتنمية مناهج التفكير النقدي
واإلبداعي
، وبنهيه عن الحرام
،
وعن
التلقيد األعمى،
وعن
التفكير خارج حدوده
،
وعن
االنشغال باألمور الخالفية الت
ال ي
ينبني
عليها
عمل
،
وعن
نشر الشائعات
، ومن مخاطر
تعطيل وسائل
الحفاظ على مقصد
العقل
:
التخلف الحضاري،
ال
تقويم
الخاطئ لألشخاص، عدم تنوع اآلراء واالجتهادات،
اإل
دمان
على
األلعاب
اإللكترونية،
تصديق األوهام والخرافات،
الغض و
ب
عند الحوار. الكلمات المفتاحية:
حفظ
ا
لعقل، القرآن
الكريم
، وسائل،
مقاصد
الشريعة
، مخاطر
. ل
قد أوجب الشارع المحافظة على العقل
،
وعدم تعريضه للتلف
،
وذلك
ب
وسائل عدة. إالّ أنّ تجاهل هذه الوسائل
؛
توجب اخ
تالل
العقل، وإذا اختل العقل اإلنساني
؛
اختل نظام األمة بوجه ما، وعلى هذا يجب على اإلنسان أن يعلم أن عقله ليس خالص
ا
له،
بل هلل فيه الحق، و
للمجتمع فيه حق، ومن هنا وجب األخذ بوسائل المحافظة عليه وعدم تعريضه للتلف
؛
صيانة لحق
هللا فيه
،
ثم لحق المجتمع، لذا سع
ى
البحث
إلى إحصاء كلمة "العقل" في القرآن الكريم بتصريفاتها المختلفة،
ثم
تحليل
، ها
ى سع كما
إلى
استكشاف
وسائل الحفاظ على العقل اإلنساني في الشر
يعة اإلسالمية. موظّف ا
المنهج االستقرائي التحليلي
ثم ،
االستنباطي. The Concept of Intellect in the Noble Quran and the Ways of Preserve It:
A Quranic Study The Concept of Intellect in the Noble Quran and the Ways of Preserve It:
A Quranic Study Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bey Zekkoub Abdelali (Corresponding author) 1 & Assoc. Prof. Dr Yasser Mohamed
Tarshany2 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bey Zekkoub Abdelali (Corresponding author) 1 & Assoc. Prof. Dr Yasser Mohamed
Tarshany2 Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bey Zekkoub Abdelali (Corresponding author) 1 & Assoc. Prof. Dr Yasser Mohamed
Tarshany2 Email: [email protected] & 2 [email protected]
1Lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Sciences, al-Madinah International University Malaysia (MEDIU)
2 Email: [email protected] & 2 [email protected]
1Lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Sciences, al-Madinah International University Malaysia (MEDIU)
2 Lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Sciences, al-Madinah International University Malaysia (MEDIU) 1Lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Sciences, al-Madinah International University Malaysia (MEDIU)
2 Lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Sciences, al-Madinah International University Malaysia (MEDIU) 2 Lecturer at Faculty of Islamic Sciences, al-Madinah International University Malaysia (MEDIU) Jurnal al-Turath; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath; Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 e-ISSN 0128-0899 Received: 01 October 2020; Accepted: 05 December 2020 Received: 01 October 2020; Accepted: 05 December 2020 مصطلح العقل في القر
آ
ن الكريم ووسائل الحفاظ عليه: دراسة قرآنية مقاصدية Keywords: Preserving the intellect, The Noble Quran, method, Maqāṣid Sharīʿah, dangers. ملخّص البحث وقد
توصّل البحث إلى أنّ "العقل" ذكر في القرآن باشتقاقاته المختلفة تسع وأربعين مرة،
كما
توصل
إلى
وجود عدة
و
سائل
للحفاظ
على مقصد
العقل
، ومن أهمها
: حفظ العقل بالتفكير الصحيح،
و
بتدبر القرآن والع
مل به،
بال و
دراسة عبر اإلنترنت، وب
تنمية
مهاراته عن طريق الذكاء االصطناعي،
و
بحرية التعبير عن الرأي والتشاور مع اآلخرين،
و
بتنمية مناهج التفكير النقدي
واإلبداعي
، وبنهيه عن الحرام
،
وعن
التلقيد األعمى،
وعن
التفكير خارج حدوده
،
وعن
االنشغال باألمور الخالفية الت
ال ي
ينبني
عليها
عمل
،
وعن
نشر الشائعات
، ومن مخاطر
تعطيل وسائل
الحفاظ على مقصد
العقل
:
التخلف الحضاري،
ال
تقويم
الخاطئ لألشخاص، عدم تنوع اآلراء واالجتهادات،
اإل
دمان
على
األلعاب
اإللكترونية،
تصديق األوهام والخرافات،
الغض و
ب
عند الحوار. الكلمات المفتاحية:
حفظ
ا
لعقل، القرآن
الكريم
، وسائل،
مقاصد
الشريعة
، مخاطر
. 1. المقدمة فإنّ أجلّ نعمة أنعمنا هللا بها هي نعمة اإلسالم، قال
ﷻ:
﴿الْيَوْ مَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ وَ أَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِي وَ رَ ضِ يتُ لَكُمُ
اإلْ ِسْالَ مَ دِين ا﴾
(المائدة
: 3
،)
وال يعرف قيمتها من لم يتذوّ ق حالوتها بقلبه، ويؤيّد هذا قوله
ﷺ:
"ثالث من كن فيه وجد حالوة
اإليمان: من كان هللا ورسوله أحب إليه مما سواهما، ومن أحب عبدا ال يحبه إال هلل، ومن يكره أن يعود في الكفر بعد إذ أنقذه
هللا كما يكره أن يلقى في النار" (البخاري، 2002
)، ويعقب نعمة اإلسالم نعمة العقل التي بها نميّز الخير من الشّرّ، والهدى
من الضّالل، والحقّ من الباطل، والحسن من القبيح، والسنة من البدعة، واإلخالص من الرّياء، والتي بها فضلنا هللا على كثير
ممن خلق تفضيال، قال
ﷻ:
﴿ وَ لَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي آدَمَ وَ حَمَ
لْنَاهُمْ فِي الْبَرِّ وَ الْبَحْرِ وَ رَزَ قْنَاهُم مِّنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَ فَضَّلْنَاهُمْ عَلَىٰ كَثِيرٍ مِّمَّنْ
خَلَقْنَا تَفْضِ يال ﴾ (اإلسراء: 70
)، لقد جاء وصف العقل في القرآن الكريم بأوصاف كثيرة منها: أنّه المتأمّل في ملكوت السموات
واألرض وما بينهما، وأنّ
ه المتفكر في اإلنسان نفسه في أصله ومراحل إيجاده إلى وفاته، وأنّه المتدبر في القصص القرآني،
وأنّه المتعجب من أولئك الذين عطلوا عقولهم لمعرفة الحقيقة، وأنّه المتأمل في التشريع الربّاني، وقد ذكر القرآن الكريم
مشتقات العقل تسعا وأربعين مرّ ة، وذكره مرتين مع ال
قلب في سورة الحج وسورة الحشر بتقديم القلب على العقل، كما ورد
أيضا تقديم القلب على مرادفات العقل كالفقه والعلم حوالي سبع مرّ ات وهذا من باب التشريف والعناية واالهتمام، والمتأمل
أيضا في آيات القرآن يجد أن هللا تعالى يربط بين القلب والعقل، أو القلب والفقه أو
القلب والعلم في أكثر من آية لي
دلّنا أن العقل
يستمدّ روح التعقّل والتفهّم واإلدراك من القلب، ففي معرض وعيده للعصاة بسبب إعراضهم عن الهدى والمنهج القويم يقول
سبحانه: ﴿وَ لَقَدْ ذَرَ أْنَا لِجَهَنَّمَ كَثِيرا مِّنَ الْجِ نِّ وَ اإلِنسِ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ الَّ يَفْقَ
هُونَ بِهَا وَ لَهُمْ أَعْيُنٌ الَّ يُبْصِ رُونَ بِهَا وَ لَهُمْ آذَانٌ الَّ يَسْمَعُونَ
بِهَا أُوْ لَـئِكَ كَاألَنْعَامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ أُوْ لَـئِكَ هُمُ الْغَافِلُونَ﴾ (األعراف: 179
)، ويستشف من اآلية أن سبب إعراضهم عن هللا هو
عدم استخدام قلوبهم للتفكر وال
تدبر والتفقه. 2. العقل في القرآن الكريم
مفهوم العقل لغة واصطالحا
العقل عند العرب هو الحِ جر والنُّهى ضِ دُّ الحُمق، والجمع عُقُول. وعقَلَ، فهو عَاقل وعَقُول من قوم عُقَالء. قال ابن األنباري:
رجل عاقل وهو الجامع ألمره ورأيه، وقيل: العاقل الذي يحبس نفسه ويردّ
ها عن هواها. Abstract The religion has urged to preserve the intellect ('aql) and not to damage it; this can be achieved in various
ways. One of the consequences that happened when not preserving the intellect is it will lead to the state
of imbalanced. Furthermore, the imbalance of the human’s intellect can affect the entire nation’s system. Therefore, the man must remember that his intellect is a blessing from Allah and must abide by the rules
of Allah. All the actions and decision must also according to these rules. Moreover, this intellect has to
be preserved by the legal means from anything that might cause harm to it. In doing so, the
commandments of Allah and the rights of people are preserved and intact. This study aims to count the
repetition of the word ‘intellect’ in the Quran with its diverse linguistic syntax and then analyse it. Besides, it also aims to shed light on the ways on preserving the intellect from the Islamic perspective by
implementing an analytical inductive and deductive approach. This study has concluded that the word
‘intellect’ has been mentioned in the Quran forty-nine times. It also concludes that there are a lot of ways
to preserve the intellect such as: preserving the intellect through the right thinking, by pondering upon
the Quran and act according to the right teaching, by using the internet as a way of study, by developing
skills through the artificial intelligence, by the freedom of expression and consulting others by
developing the methodologies of critical and innovative thinking, by prohibiting all kinds of illicit, by
urging the intellect to not follow blindly, and by urging the intellect not to think beyond its limits. In
addition, the dangers that comes from hindering the ways to preserve the intellect are: the inability to
keep pace with the contemporary civilization, evaluating people in a wrong way, the lack of diverse
opinions and endeavours, addiction of playing video games, believing in myths and arguing angrily. Keywords: Preserving the intellect, The Noble Quran, method, Maqāṣid Sharīʿah, dangers. 85 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 1. المقدمة
الحمد هلل على نعمائه، وأشهد أن ال إله إال هللا وحده ال شريك له في أرضه وال في
سمائه، والصالة والسالم على خير أنبيائه،
وعلى آله وأزواجه وأصحابه وأبنائه، وبعد! Abstract فإنّ أجلّ نعمة أنعمنا هللا بها هي نعمة اإلسالم، قال
ﷻ:
﴿الْيَوْ مَ أَكْمَلْتُ لَكُمْ دِينَكُمْ وَ أَتْمَمْتُ عَلَيْكُمْ نِعْمَتِي وَ رَ ضِ يتُ لَكُمُ
اإلْ ِسْالَ مَ دِين ا﴾
(المائدة
: 3
،)
وال يعرف قيمتها من لم يتذوّ ق حالوتها بقلبه، ويؤيّد هذا قوله
ﷺ:
"ثالث من كن فيه وجد حالوة
اإليمان: من كان هللا ورسوله أحب إليه مما سواهما، ومن أحب عبدا ال يحبه إال هلل، ومن يكره أن يعود في الكفر بعد إذ أنقذه
هللا كما يكره أن يلقى في النار" (البخاري، 2002
)، ويعقب نعمة اإلسالم نعمة العقل التي بها نميّز الخير من الشّرّ، والهدى
من الضّالل، والحقّ من الباطل، والحسن من القبيح، والسنة من البدعة، واإلخالص من الرّياء، والتي بها فضلنا هللا على كثير
ممن خلق تفضيال، قال
ﷻ:
﴿ وَ لَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي آدَمَ وَ حَمَ
لْنَاهُمْ فِي الْبَرِّ وَ الْبَحْرِ وَ رَزَ قْنَاهُم مِّنَ الطَّيِّبَاتِ وَ فَضَّلْنَاهُمْ عَلَىٰ كَثِيرٍ مِّمَّنْ
خَلَقْنَا تَفْضِ يال ﴾ (اإلسراء: 70
)، لقد جاء وصف العقل في القرآن الكريم بأوصاف كثيرة منها: أنّه المتأمّل في ملكوت السموات
واألرض وما بينهما، وأنّ
ه المتفكر في اإلنسان نفسه في أصله ومراحل إيجاده إلى وفاته، وأنّه المتدبر في القصص القرآني،
وأنّه المتعجب من أولئك الذين عطلوا عقولهم لمعرفة الحقيقة، وأنّه المتأمل في التشريع الربّاني، وقد ذكر القرآن الكريم
مشتقات العقل تسعا وأربعين مرّ ة، وذكره مرتين مع ال
قلب في سورة الحج وسورة الحشر بتقديم القلب على العقل، كما ورد
أيضا تقديم القلب على مرادفات العقل كالفقه والعلم حوالي سبع مرّ ات وهذا من باب التشريف والعناية واالهتمام، والمتأمل
أيضا في آيات القرآن يجد أن هللا تعالى يربط بين القلب والعقل، أو القلب والفقه أو
القلب والعلم في أكثر من آية لي
دلّنا أن العقل
يستمدّ روح التعقّل والتفهّم واإلدراك من القلب، ففي معرض وعيده للعصاة بسبب إعراضهم عن الهدى والمنهج القويم يقول
سبحانه: ﴿وَ لَقَدْ ذَرَ أْنَا لِجَهَنَّمَ كَثِيرا مِّنَ الْجِ نِّ وَ اإلِنسِ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ الَّ يَفْقَ
هُونَ بِهَا وَ لَهُمْ أَعْيُنٌ الَّ يُبْصِ رُونَ بِهَا وَ لَهُمْ آذَانٌ الَّ يَسْمَعُونَ
بِهَا أُوْ لَـئِكَ كَاألَنْعَامِ بَلْ هُمْ أَضَلُّ أُوْ لَـئِكَ هُمُ الْغَافِلُونَ﴾ (األعراف: 179
)، ويستشف من اآلية أن سبب إعراضهم عن هللا هو
عدم استخدام قلوبهم للتفكر وال
تدبر والتفقه. 1. المقدمة وقال ابن الجوزي: "إن أعظم النعم على اإلنسان
العقل، ألنه اآللة في معرفة اإلله سبحانه
والسّبب الذي يتوصل به إلى تصديق الرسل" (ابن الجوزي، 2001
)، وقال اإلمام
أبو عبد هللا المازري رحمه هللا: "اختلف الناس في العقل ما هو فقيل هو العلم وقيل بعض العلوم الضرورية وقيل قوة يميز
بها بين حقائق المعلومات" (النووي، 2004
)، وقال ابن تيمية: "العقل في لغة
العرب يتناول العلم والعمل بالعلم جميعا ومن
أهل الكالم من يجعله اسما لنوع من العلم فقط فيقول هو نوع من العلوم الضرورية ومن الناس من يريد به العمل بالعلم كما
ذكره أبو البركات، وقد يراد بالعقل القوة التي في اإلنسان وهي الغريزة التي بها يحصل له ذلك العلم وال
عمل به ول
هذا كان في
كالم السلف كأحمد والحارث المحاسبي وغيرهما اسم العقل يتناول هذه الغريزة (ابن تيمية، 1406
)، وقال أنور الجندي: "هو
جوهر مضيء، خلقه هللا في الدّماغ، وجعل نوره في القلب، أو كما عبّر عنه البعض بأن العقل مصباح، وزيته الذي يضيء
به هو القلب (الج
ندي، 1980
.) :وقد تحدّث أيضا الحارث المحاسبي عن معنى العقل في كتابه
(مائية العقل)
فقال: "غريزة وضعها هللا سبحانه ف
ي
أكثر خلقه، لم يطلع عليها العباد بعضهم من بعض، وال اطلعوا عليها من أنفسهم برؤية وال بحسّ ، وال ذوق وال طعم، وإنّما
عرّ فهم هللا إياها بالعقل م
نه" (المحاسبي، 1398
.)
من خالل استعراض النصوص اللّغوية والنصوص االصطالحية الواردة في المعنى الحقيقي للعقل؛ يفهم أن العقل
طلق ل
ق قت :وقد تحدّث أيضا الحارث المحاسبي عن معنى العقل في كتابه
(مائية العقل)
فقال: "غريزة وضعها هللا سبحانه ف
ي
أكثر خلقه، لم يطلع عليها العباد بعضهم من بعض، وال اطلعوا عليها من أنفسهم برؤية وال بحسّ ، وال ذوق وال طعم، وإنّما
عرّ فهم هللا إياها بالعقل م
نه" (المحاسبي، 1398
.)
ااا :وقد تحدّث أيضا الحارث المحاسبي عن معنى العقل في كتابه
(مائية العقل)
فقال: "غريزة وضعها هللا سبحانه ف
ي
أكثر خلقه، لم يطلع عليها العباد بعضهم من بعض، وال اطلعوا عليها من أنفسهم برؤية وال بحسّ ، وال ذوق وال طعم، وإنّما
عرّ فهم هللا إياها بالعقل م
نه" (المحاسبي، 1398
.)
من خالل استعراض النصوص اللّغوية والنصوص االصطالحية الواردة في المعنى الحقيقي للعقل؛ يفهم أن العقل
يطلق على
حقيقتين:
األولى
: يطلق العقل ليدلّ على الغريزة التي خلقها هللا ووضعها في أكثر خلقه، لم يطلع عليها العباد بعضهم
من
بعض، وال
اطلعوا عليها من أنفسهم برؤية وال بحسّ ، وال ذوق وال طعم، وإنّما عرّفهم هللا إياها بالعقل منه. 1. المقدمة والعقل: التثبت في األمور. وسمّي
العقل عقال ألنه يعقِل صاحبه عن التورّ ط في المهالك أي يحبسه، وقيل: العقل هو التمييز الذي به يتميز اإلنسان عن سائر
الحيوان (ابن منظور، 1930)، وقد يعبّر بالقَلْبِ عن العَقْل، قال الفرّاء في قوله تعالى: ﴿إِنَّ فِي
ذَٰلِكَ لَذِكْرَىٰ لِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ﴾
(ق: 37)، أَي: عَقْلٌ، قال الفرّ اء: وجائزٌ في العربية أَن تقول ما لَك قَلْب وما قَلْبُك معك، تقول ما عَقْلُك معك وأَين ذَهَب قَلْبُك
؟ أَي: أَين ذهب عَقْلُكَ؟ وقال غيره لمن كان له قَلْبٌ أَي: تَفَهُّمٌ وتَدَبُّرٌ
(ابن منظور، 1930
)، قال الراغب: "العقل يقال للقوة
المتهيئة لقبول العلم، ويقال للعلم الذي يستفيده اإلنسان بتلك القوة عقل، ولهذا قال أمير المؤمنين رضي هللا عنه:
رأيت العقل عقلين ** فمطبوع ومسموع
وال ينفع مسموع ** إذا لم يك مطبوع
كما ال ينفع الشمس ** وضوء ال
عين ممنوع" (الراغب، 1930
.) قال اإلمام أبو القاسم األصبهاني:"وقال بعضهم العقل على ثالثة أوجه عقل مولود مطبوع وهو عقل ابن آدم الذي به فضل
على أهل األرض وهو محل التكليف واألمر والنهي وبه يكون التدبير والتمييز، والعقل الثاني: عقل التأييد الذي يكون مع
اإليمان
معا . وهو عقل األنبياء والصديقين وذلك تفضل من هللا تعالى، والعقل الثالث: هو عقل التجارب والعبر وذلك ما يأخذه
الناس بعضهم من بعض"
(األصبهاني، 1999
،)
والشاهد هنا الوجه األول. 1. المقدمة مشتقات العقل في القرآن الكريم
إذا كان القرآن الكريم لم يستعمل العقل كمصدر، ولكن كفعل، فقد عبّر عنه بمعانٍ وألفاظ مختلفة؛ كالحجر، والنّهى، والحلم،
والتفكير، وسنركّز هنا على فعل "عقل" الذي تكرّر في القرآن الكريم بتص
ريفاته المختلفة أربعا وعشرين مرة بصيغ
ة
المضارع الجمع المذكّر المخاطب (تَعْقِلُونَ)، واثنين وعشرين مرة بصيغة المضارع الجمع المذكّر الغائب (يَعْقِلُونَ)، ومرة
واحدة بصيغة المضارع المفرد المذكّر الغائب (يَعْقِلُهَا)، ومرة واحدة بصيغة المضارع الجمع المذكّر ال
متكلّم (نَعْقِلُ)، ومرة
واحدة بصيغة الماضي الجمع المذكّر الغائب (عَقَلُوهُ) بمجموع تسع وأربعين مرة خالل تسع وأربعين آية، وصيغها الفعلية
هي: (تَعْقِلُونَ)، و(يَعْقِلُونَ)، و(يَعْقِلُهَا)، و(نَعْقِلُ)، و(عَقَلُوهُ). مشتقات العقل في القرآن الكريم
إذا كان القرآن الكريم لم يستعمل العقل كمصدر، ولكن كفعل، فقد عبّر عنه بمعانٍ وألفاظ مختلفة؛ كالحجر، والنّهى، والحلم،
والتفكير، وسنركّز هنا على فعل "عقل" الذي تكرّر في القرآن الكريم بتص
ريفاته المختلفة أربعا وعشرين مرة بصيغ
ة
المضارع الجمع المذكّر المخاطب (تَعْقِلُونَ)، واثنين وعشرين مرة بصيغة المضارع الجمع المذكّر الغائب (يَعْقِلُونَ)، ومرة
واحدة بصيغة المضارع المفرد المذكّر الغائب (يَعْقِلُهَا)، ومرة واحدة بصيغة المضارع الجمع المذكّر ال
متكلّم (نَعْقِلُ)، ومرة
واحدة بصيغة الماضي الجمع المذكّر الغائب (عَقَلُوهُ) بمجموع تسع وأربعين مرة خالل تسع وأربعين آية، وصيغها الفعلية
هي: (تَعْقِلُونَ)، و(يَعْقِلُونَ)، و(يَعْقِلُهَا)، و(نَعْقِلُ)، و(عَقَلُوهُ). آيات العقل في القرآن الكريم
وباستقراء آي
الذّكر الحكيم تبيّن اآلتي:
قال تعالى: ﴿أَتَأْمُرُونَ النَّاسَ بِالْبِرِّ وَ تَنْسَوْ نَ أَنْفُسَكُمْ وَ أَنْتُمْ تَتْلُونَ الْكِتَابَ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾،
[البقرة:44
.]
ُقال تعالى: ﴿كَذَٰلِكَ يُحْيِي َّللاَّ ُ الْمَوْ تَىٰ وَ يُرِ يكُمْ آيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِل
ونَ﴾، [البقرة:73
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿يَسْمَعُونَ كَالَ مَ َّللاَّ ِ ثُمَّ يُحَرِّ فُونَهُ مِنْ بَعْدِ مَا عَقَلُوهُ﴾، [البقرة75
.]
قال تعالى: ﴿أَتُحَدِّثُونَهُمْ بِمَا فَتَحَ َّللاَّ ُ عَلَيْكُمْ لِيُحَاجُّوكُمْ بِهِ عِنْدَ رَبِّكُمْ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [ال
بقرة:76
]. 1. المقدمة والثانية
: يطلق العقل ليدلّ على أنه يستمدّ نور الفهم والتعقل والتدبر والتأمل واإلدراك والتمييز وما يشمل ذلك من القلب لقوله األولى
: يطلق العقل ليدلّ على الغريزة التي خلقها هللا ووضعها في أكثر خلقه، لم يطلع عليها العباد بعضهم
ا من
بعض،
اطلعوا عليها من أنفسهم برؤية وال بحسّ ، وال ذوق وال طعم، وإنّما عرّفهم هللا إياها بالعقل منه. إ األولى
: يطلق العقل ليدلّ على الغريزة التي خلقها هللا ووضعها في أكثر خلقه، لم يطلع عليها العباد بعضهم
من
بعض، وال
اطلعوا عليها من أنفسهم برؤية وال بحسّ ، وال ذوق وال طعم، وإنّما عرّفهم هللا إياها بالعقل منه. والثانية
: يطلق العقل ليدلّ على أنه يستمدّ نور الفهم والتعقل والتدبر والتأمل واإلدراك والتمييز وما يشمل ذلك من القلب لقوله 86 Jurnal al-Turath http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 ِتعالى: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَذ
كْرَ ى لِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ﴾ (ق: 37
.)
والتعريف الذي
ن
ختاره جمعا بين التعريفات اللّغوية واالصطالحيّة السّابقة: "العقل هو القوّ ة التي في اإلنسان، وهو
الغريزة التي خلقها هللا في القلب ابتداء، وله تعلّق بالدّماغ، والتي بها يحصل له العلم والعمل به
، وهو منبع المفاهي
م واإلدراك
والمقايسات". ِتعالى: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَذ
كْرَ ى لِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ﴾ (ق: 37
.)
والتعريف الذي
ن
ختاره جمعا بين التعريفات اللّغوية واالصطالحيّة السّابقة: "العقل هو القوّ ة التي في اإلنسان، وهو
الغريزة التي خلقها هللا في القلب ابتداء، وله تعلّق بالدّماغ، والتي بها يحصل له العلم والعمل به
، وهو منبع المفاهي
م واإلدراك
والمقايسات". مشتقات العقل في القرآن الكريم
إذا كان القرآن الكريم لم يستعمل العقل كمصدر، ولكن كفعل، فقد عبّر عنه بمعانٍ وألفاظ مختلفة؛ كالحجر، والنّهى، والحلم،
والتفكير، وسنركّز هنا على فعل "عقل" الذي تكرّر في القرآن الكريم بتص
ريفاته المختلفة أربعا وعشرين مرة بصيغ
ة
المضارع الجمع المذكّر المخاطب (تَعْقِلُونَ)، واثنين وعشرين مرة بصيغة المضارع الجمع المذكّر الغائب (يَعْقِلُونَ)، ومرة
واحدة بصيغة المضارع المفرد المذكّر الغائب (يَعْقِلُهَا)، ومرة واحدة بصيغة المضارع الجمع المذكّر ال
متكلّم (نَعْقِلُ)، ومرة
واحدة بصيغة الماضي الجمع المذكّر الغائب (عَقَلُوهُ) بمجموع تسع وأربعين مرة خالل تسع وأربعين آية، وصيغها الفعلية
هي: (تَعْقِلُونَ)، و(يَعْقِلُونَ)، و(يَعْقِلُهَا)، و(نَعْقِلُ)، و(عَقَلُوهُ). 1. المقدمة :قال تعالى: ﴿وَ السَّحَابِ الْمُسَخَّرِ بَيْنَ السَّمَاءِ وَ األْ َرْ ضِ آلَ يَاتٍ لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [البقرة164
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿أَوَ لَوْ كَانَ آبَاؤُهُمْ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ شَيْئ ا وَ الَ يَهْتَدُونَ﴾، [البقرة170
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿صُمٌّ بُكْمٌ عُمْيٌ فَهُمْ الَ ي
عْقِلُونَ﴾، [البقرة:171
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ َّللاَّ ُ لَكُمْ آيَاتِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [البقرة242
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا أُنْزِ لَتِ التَّوْ رَ اةُ وَ اإلْ ِنْجِ يلُ إِالَّ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [آل عمران65
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿قَدْ ب
يَّنَّا لَكُمُ اآلْ يَاتِ إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [آل عمران:118
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿اتَّخَذُوهَا هُزُو ا وَ لَعِب ا ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْ مٌ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [المائدة58
.]
قال تعالى: ﴿يَفْتَرُونَ عَلَى َّللاَّ ِ الْكَذِبَ وَ أَكْثَرُهُمْ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [ال
مائدة:103
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ لَلدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [األنعام32
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿ذَٰلِكُمْ وَ صَّاكُمْ بِهِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [األنعام151
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿وَ الدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أ
فَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [األعراف:169
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّ شَرَّ الدَّوَ ابِّ عِنْدَ َّللاَّ ِ الصُّمُّ الْبُكْمُ الَّذِينَ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [األنفال22
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿فَقَدْ لَبِثْتُ فِيكُمْ عُمُر ا مِنْ قَبْلِهِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يونس16
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿أَفَأ
نْتَ تُسْمِعُ الصُّمَّ وَ لَوْ كَانُوا الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يونس:42
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ يَجْعَلُ الرِّ جْسَ عَلَى الَّذِينَ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يونس100
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿إِنْ أَجْرِ يَ إِالَّ عَلَى الَّذِي فَطَرَنِي أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [هود51
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّا أ
نْزَ لْنَاهُ قُرْ آن ا عَرَبِيًّا لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يوسف:2
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ لَدَارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةِ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْ ا أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يوسف109
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ آلَ يَاتٍ لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الرعد4
.]
ُقال تعالى: ﴿وَ النُّج
ومُ مُسَخَّرَ اتٌ بِأَمْرِ هِ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ آلَ يَاتٍ لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [النحل:12
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ آلَ يَة لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [النحل67
.]
قال تعالى: ﴿لَقَدْ أَنْزَ لْنَا إِلَيْكُمْ كِتَاب ا فِيهِ ذِكْرُكُمْ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [ا
ألنبياء:10
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿أُفٍّ لَكُمْ وَ لِمَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ َّللاَّ ِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [األنبياء67
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي األْ َرْ ضِ فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾، [الحج46
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿وَ لَهُ اخْتِالَ فُ اللَّيْلِ و
النَّهَارِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [المؤمنون:80
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿كَذَٰلِكَ يُبَيِّنُ َّللاَّ ُ لَكُمُ اآلْ يَاتِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [النور61
.] 87 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Vol. 5, No. 1. المقدمة 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath :قال تعالى: ﴿أَمْ تَحْسَبُ أَنَّ أَكْثَرَهُمْ يَسْمَعُونَ أَوْ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الفرقان44
.]
ُّقال تعالى: ﴿قَالَ رَب
الْمَشْرِ قِ وَ الْمَغْرِ بِ وَ مَا بَيْنَهُمَا إِنْ كُنْتُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الشعراء:28
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا عِنْدَ َّللاَّ ِ خَيْرٌ وَ أَبْقَىٰ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [القصص60
.]
قال تعالى: ﴿وَ لَقَدْ تَرَكْنَا مِنْهَا آيَة بَيِّنَة لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [العن
كبوت:35
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ تِلْكَ األْ َمْثَالُ نَضْرِ بُهَا لِلنَّاسِ وَ مَا يَعْقِلُهَا إِالَّ الْعَالِمُونَ﴾، [العنكبوت43
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿قُلِ الْحَمْدُ ّلِلِ َّ ِ بَلْ أَكْثَرُهُمْ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [العنكبوت63
.]
ْقال تعالى: ﴿فَيُحْيِي بِهِ األْ َرْ ضَ بَعْدَ مَو
تِهَا إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ آلَ يَاتٍ لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الروم:24
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿كَذَٰلِكَ نُفَصّ ِ لُ اآلْ يَاتِ لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الروم28
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ لَقَدْ أَضَلَّ مِنْكُمْ جِ بِالًّ كَثِير ا أَفَلَمْ تَكُونُوا تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يس62
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿و
مَنْ نُعَمِّرْ هُ نُنَكِّسْهُ فِي الْخَلْقِ أَفَالَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [يس:68
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ بِاللَّيْلِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الصافات138
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿قُلْ أَوَ لَوْ كَانُوا الَ يَمْلِكُونَ شَيْئ ا وَ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الزمر43
.]
َقال تعالى: ﴿وَ لِتَبْلُغُوا أ
جَال مُسَمًّى وَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [غافر:67
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّا جَعَلْنَاهُ قُرْ آن ا عَرَبِيًّا لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الزخرف3
.]
قال تعالى: ﴿فَأَحْيَا بِهِ األْ َرْ ضَ بَعْدَ مَوْ تِهَا وَ تَصْرِ يفِ الرِّ يَاحِ آيَاتٌ لِقَوْ مٍ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الجا
ثية:5
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يُنَادُونَكَ مِنْ وَ رَ اءِ الْحُجُرَ اتِ أَكْثَرُهُمْ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الحجرات4
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿قَدْ بَيَّنَّا لَكُمُ اآلْ يَاتِ لَعَلَّكُمْ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الحديد17
.]
ٰقال تعالى: ﴿تَحْسَبُهُمْ جَمِيع ا وَ قُلُوبُهُمْ شَتَّى
ذَٰلِكَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْ مٌ الَ يَعْقِلُونَ﴾، [الحشر:14
.]
:قال تعالى: ﴿وَ قَالُوا لَوْ كُنَّا نَسْمَعُ أَوْ نَعْقِلُ مَا كُنَّا فِي أَصْحَابِ السَّعِيرِ﴾، [الملك10
.] :هذا ويفهم من مجموع آيات العقل في القرآن الكريم اآلتي
منها ما يتعلّق بنكير هللا على من يأ
مرون الناس بالبّرّ وأعمال الخير وهم بعيدون كل البعد عن تلك المأمورات. 1. المقدمة
.ومنها ما يتعلّق بمن يعطّلون عقولهم في التفكّر في خلق هللا
ومنها ما يتعلّق بمن يحرّفون أحكام هللا عزّ وجلّ ويفسّرونها بما يتوافق وشهواتهم وشهوات غيرهم بعد أن عقلوها :هذا ويفهم من مجموع آيات العقل في القرآن الكريم اآلتي
منها ما يتعلّق بنكير هللا على من يأ
مرون الناس بالبّرّ وأعمال الخير وهم بعيدون كل البعد عن تلك المأمورات
.ومنها ما يتعلّق بمن يعطّلون عقولهم في التفكّر في خلق هللا
ومنها ما يتعلّق بمن يحرّفون أحكام هللا عزّ وجلّ ويفسّرونها بما يتوافق وشهواتهم وشهوات غيرهم بعد أن عقلوها
وفهموها.
ومنها ما يتعلّق بمن يحرّفون أحكام هللا عزّ وجلّ ويفسّرونها بما يتوافق وشهواتهم وشهوات غيرهم بعد أن عقلوها
وفهموها.
ومنها يتع
لّق برذيلة التحريف ورذيلة النفاق والتدليس التي يتخلّق بها اليهود ويسلكونها في حياتهم عند التعامل مع
غير اليهود، حيث إذا ما تالقى المنافقون من اليهود مع محمد صلى هللا عليه وسلم وصحبه، قالوا لهم نفاقا وخداعا:
صدّقنا أنّ ما أنتم عليه هو الحقّ، وأنّ محمدا صلّ
ى هللا عليه وسلّم رسول من عند هللا، وإذا ما انفرد بعض اليهود
ببعض قال الذين لم ينافقوا إلخوانهم الذين نافقوا معاتبين: أتخبرون المؤمنين بما بيّنه هللا لكم في كتابكم مما يشهد
بحقيّة ما هم عليه، لتكون لهم الحجّة عليكم يوم القيامة، أفال تعقلون أنّ هذا التحديث
يقيم الحجة لهم عليكم. للهلله
ومنها ما يتعلّق بمن إذا نصحتهم في هللا وطلبت منهم اتباع ما أنزل هللا من قرآن، أقفلوا عقولهم معرضين عن ذلك
بحجّة اتباع ما وجدوا عليه اآلباء من عبادة األصنام والخضوع للرّؤساء.
ومنها ما يتعلّق بتقريع هللا للذين عطّلوا عقولهم في استماع ا
لحق والدعوة إليه بأنهم إلعراضهم عن الهادي لهم إلى
ما ينفعهم وينجيهم من العذاب صاروا بمنزلة من فقد حواسه، فأصبح ال يسمع وال ينطق وال يبصر.
ومنها يتعلٌّق بالغرض الذي من أجله بيّن هللا أحكامه في القرآن الكريم لكي يفهم الخلق ما فيها ويعقلوها ويعملوا بها
فينالو
ا السعادة في الدنيا واآلخرة.
ومنها ما يتعلّق بتجهيل أهل الكتاب في دعواهم الباطلة أنّ إبراهيم كان يهوديا أو نصرانيا مع أنّ التوراة واإلنجيل
ما نزال إالّ من بعده بأزمان طويلة.
ومنها ما يتعلّق بحضّ هللا عباده المؤمنين على استعمال عقولهم بتأمّل وتدبّر في آيات
األحكام التي بينها هللا
لهم
فضال منه وكرما .
ومنها ما يتعلّق ببعض مظاهر استهزاء أولئك الضالين بالدّين وشعائره بسبب أنهم قوم سفهاء جهالء، ال يدركون
األمور على وجهها الصّحيح، وال يستجيبون للحقّ الذي ظهر لهم بسبب عنادهم وأحقادهم. 1. المقدمة
ومنها ما يتعلّق بقول الخاسرين الذين خسروا أنفسهم يوم القيامة على سبيل الحسرة والنّدامة لو كانت لنا عقول
ننتفع بها أو نسمع ما أنزله هللا من الحق، لما كنا على ما كنا
عليه من الكفر باهلل واالغترار به، ولكن لم يكن لنا فهم
نعي به ما جاءت به الرسل، وال كان لنا عقل يرشدنا إلى اتباعهم. هذا وإنّ العقل أداة المعرفة، ووظيفته التعقّل والتفهم والتأمّل والنّظر واإلدراك، وتاليا فهو مدعوٌّ إلى:
1
- التأمّل والنّظر في أسرار الكون وا
لقوانين التي تقف وراء نظام الطبيعة المدهش، والنواميس التي تحكم حياة اإلنسان
ووجوده، وما يدور حوله من المخلوقات العلوية والسفلية وما فيها من عوالم
. 2
- التأمّل والتفكر في أصل خلق اإلنسان، ومراحل تطوّ ره من النطفة حتى الموت، وأن الذي أوجد الطبيعة برمتها قادر ع
ى ل
أن يحيي الموتى. 3عجز اإلنسان أما نواميس الطبيعة وقوانينها، وأنه مهما بلغت قدرته، ومهما جادل وناقش، فإنه ال
التأمّل والنظر إل هذا وإنّ العقل أداة المعرفة، ووظيفته التعقّل والتفهم والتأمّل والنّظر واإلدراك، وتاليا فهو مدعوٌّ إلى:
1
- التأمّل والنّظر في أسرار الكون وا
لقوانين التي تقف وراء نظام الطبيعة المدهش، والنواميس التي تحكم حياة اإلنسان
ووجوده، وما يدور حوله من المخلوقات العلوية والسفلية وما فيها من عوالم
. 2
- التأمّل والتفكر في أصل خلق اإلنسان، ومراحل تطوّ ره من النطفة حتى الموت، وأن الذي أوجد الطبيعة برمتها قادر ع
ى ل
أن يحيي الموتى. 3
-
التأمّل والنظر إلى عجز اإلنسان أمام نواميس الطبيعة وقوانينها، وأنه مهما بلغت قدرته، ومهما جادل وناقش، فإنه ال
يستطيع تبديل هذا القانون الطبيعي وال إبطاله. 4
- التأمّل والتدبر في آي القرآن الكريم، وأنه مهما برع العربي وغير العربي في الل
غة العربية وأتقنها وجوّ دها، فإنه ال يس
تطيع
أن يأتي بمثل هذا القرآن في هدايته وأحكامه وإعجازه وبالغته ونظامه وأسلوبه، قال
ﷻ:
﴿ قُل لَّئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ اإلْ ِنسُ وَ الْجِ نُّ عَلَىٰ
أَن يَأْتُوا بِمِثْلِ هَٰذَا الْقُرْ آنِ الَ يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَ لَوْ كَانَ بَ
عْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِير ا﴾ (اإلسراء: 88
.)
5
- التأمّل والتفكر في أخبار األمم السابقة من خالل القصص القرآني، وما فيها
من حجج وأدلّة وبراهين وضعت معتبرا لذوي
العقول والتمييز دون غيرهم من الخلق، ومن األمثلة على ذلك الحوارات التي دارت بين األنبياء والرسل من
ناحية وبي
ن
المنكرين لوجود هللا من ناحية أخرى، وكيف أن المنكرين لوجود هللا عطلوا عقولهم وفكروا بعقول غيرهم حتى ولو كان
غيرهم على جهل فيما يعتقدون ونحو ذلك مما يحويه كتاب هللا عز وجل من تفاصيل األمم الغابرة. 1. المقدمة
ومنها أنّ الناظر إلى الكفار باختالف مشاربهم في عداوتهم ومقاتلتهم للمؤمنين يحسبهم مؤتلفين والحال أن قلوبهم
متفرقة بسبب أنهم قوم ال يعقلون الحق والهدى والرشاد، وإنما هم ينساقون
وراء أهوائهم بدافع من األحقاد والمطامع
والشهوات، بدون إدراك لعواقب األمور، أو للفهم الصحيح.
ومنها ما يتعلّق بقول الخاسرين الذين خسروا أنفسهم يوم القيامة على سبيل الحسرة والنّدامة لو كانت لنا عقول
ننتفع بها أو نسمع ما أنزله هللا من الحق، لما كنا على ما كنا
عليه من الكفر باهلل واالغترار به، ولكن لم يكن لنا فهم
نعي به ما جاءت به الرسل، وال كان لنا عقل يرشدنا إلى اتباعهم.
.ومنها ما يتعلّق باستحالة إيصال الحقّ لمن جعل إلهه هواه فجعل هللا على على قلبه وسمعه وبصره غشاوة
ّومنها ما يتعلّق بجعل الكفر وما يترتب عليه من عذاب على القوم الذين لم يستعملوا عقولهم فيما يهدى إلى الحق
والخير، بل استعملوها فيما يوصل إلى األباطيل والشرور.
ومنها ما يتعلّق أنّ األنبياء والمرسلين ال يريدون على ما يدعون غليه أجرا وال ثناء، ولكنّ بعض المدعوّ ين ال
يعقلون أنّ أجر النّاصحين المخلصين، إنما هو من هللا- تعالى-
.ربّ العالمين ورازقهم
ومنها أنّ الغرض من إنزال القرآن لكريم على نبينا محمد صلى هللا عليه وسل
م بلسان عربي مبين، ألجل أن تعقل
معانيه، وتفهم ألفاظه، وينتفع بهداياته.
ومنها أنّ من مظاهر كون القرآن الكريم فيه ذكر العرب وشرفهم، أنه نزل بلغتهم، ولكنّ بعضهم ال يدركون هذا
األمر الجليّ.
ومنها أنّ الغرض من إنزال القرآن لكريم على نبينا محمد صلى هللا عليه وسل
م بلسان عربي مبين، ألجل أن تعقل
معانيه، وتفهم ألفاظه، وينتفع بهداياته.
ومنها ما يتعلق بتوبيخ و
تقريع
المشركين الذين ال يعتبرون وال يتعظون بسب
ب عدم فقه قلوبهم.
.ومنها أنّه ال يفهم أمثال القرآن الكريم إال الراسخون في العلم، المتدبرون في خلق هللا، الفاقهون لما يتلى عليهم
ومنها ما يتعلّق بما فعله بعض األعراب من رفع أصواتهم عند ندائهم للنبي صلّى هللا عليه وسلّم أكثرهم ال يفقهون
ما تقتضيه اآلداب القو
يمة من مراعاة االحترام والتوقير لمن يخاطبونه من الناس، فضال عن أفضلهم، وأشرفهم.
ومنها أنّ الناظر إلى الكفار باختالف مشاربهم في عداوتهم ومقاتلتهم للمؤمنين يحسبهم مؤتلفين والحال أن قلوبهم
متفرقة بسبب أنهم قوم ال يعقلون الحق والهدى والرشاد، وإنما هم ينساقون
وراء أهوائهم بدافع من األحقاد والمطامع
والشهوات، بدون إدراك لعواقب األمور، أو للفهم الصحيح. 1. المقدمة
ومنها أنّ أولئك الذين يحرّم
ون ما أحلّ هللا إنما يفترون على هللا الكذب بسبب أنّهم ال يفقهون الحقّ وال يستجيبون
ائ
ائ
ل ا ق ا ا أل
ومنها ما يتعلّق ببعض مظاهر استهزاء أولئك الضالين بالدّين وشعائره بسبب أنهم قوم سفهاء جهالء، ال يدركون
األمور على وجهها الصّحيح، وال يستجيبون للحقّ الذي ظهر لهم بسبب عنادهم وأحقادهم.
ومنها أنّ أولئك الذين يحرّم
ون ما أحلّ هللا إنما يفترون على هللا الكذب بسبب أنّهم ال يفقهون الحقّ وال يستجيبون
له انقيادا ألهوائهم ورؤسائهم.
.ومنها أن الحياة اآلخرة أفضل من الحياة الدنيا لمن كان له عقل يفكّر به
.ومنها أنّ شر الناس هم الذين عطّلوا عقولهم في استماع الحق والدعوة إليه
ومنها أنّ أولئك الذين يحرّم
ون ما أحلّ هللا إنما يفترون على هللا الكذب بسبب أنّهم ال يفقهون الحقّ وال يستجيبون
له انقيادا ألهوائهم ورؤسائهم.
.ومنها أن الحياة اآلخرة أفضل من الحياة الدنيا لمن كان له عقل يفكّر به
.ومنها أنّ شر الناس هم الذين عطّلوا عقولهم في استماع الحق والدعوة إليه 88 Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath
.ومنها ما يتعلّق باستحالة إيصال الحقّ لمن جعل إلهه هواه فجعل هللا على على قلبه وسمعه وبصره غشاوة
ّومنها ما يتعلّق بجعل الكفر وما يترتب عليه من عذاب على القوم الذين لم يستعملوا عقولهم فيما يهدى إلى الحق
والخير، بل استعملوها فيما يوصل إلى األباطيل والشرور.
ومنها ما يتعلّق أنّ األنبياء والمرسلين ال يريدون على ما يدعون غليه أجرا وال ثناء، ولكنّ بعض المدعوّ ين ال
يعقلون أنّ أجر النّاصحين المخلصين، إنما هو من هللا- تعالى-
.ربّ العالمين ورازقهم
ومنها أنّ الغرض من إنزال القرآن لكريم على نبينا محمد صلى هللا عليه وسل
م بلسان عربي مبين، ألجل أن تعقل
معانيه، وتفهم ألفاظه، وينتفع بهداياته.
ومنها أنّ من مظاهر كون القرآن الكريم فيه ذكر العرب وشرفهم، أنه نزل بلغتهم، ولكنّ بعضهم ال يدركون هذا
األمر الجليّ.
ومنها ما يتعلّق بتوبيخ و
تقريع
المشركين الذين ال يعتبرون وال يتعظون بسب
ب عدم فقه قلوبهم.
.ومنها أنّه ال يفهم أمثال القرآن الكريم إال الراسخون في العلم، المتدبرون في خلق هللا، الفاقهون لما يتلى عليهم
ومنها ما يتعلّق بما فعله بعض األعراب من رفع أصواتهم عند ندائهم للنبي صلّى هللا عليه وسلّم أكثرهم ال يفقهون
ما تقتضيه اآلداب القو
يمة من مراعاة االحترام والتوقير لمن يخاطبونه من الناس، فضال عن أفضلهم، وأشرفهم. 1. المقدمة 6
- من صفات العقل في القرآن ما يأتي: التعقّل، التع
لّم، التجهّل، التذكّر، التدبّر، التفهّم. قال الجوزو: "القرآن وهو يربط فعل العقل بهذه الظواهر، إنما يريد من اإلنسان أن يمارس دوره الحقيقي عن طريق الفعل
(يعقل) أي ان يسلط أضواء ذلك المصباح الكاشف في داخل نفسه على أشياء الطبيعة، وعلى أشياء اإلنسان، وأن يكون ذ
ك ل
بكل ما يملكه من أدوات الكشف
والمعرفة بحسه ببصره بسمعه، بل ببصيرته النفاذة لكي يدرك أسرار الكون والقوانين العلوية التي تقف وراء
ن
ظام الطبيعة
المدهش،
والنواميس التي تحكم حياة اإلنسان ووجوده... العقل في القرآن إذن هو أسمى ما في اإلنسان، ألنّه هو الذي يميّ
ه ز
عن الحيوان، وهو الذي يصله بالكون وخالق الكون، فهو حقيقة النور الذي يكشف له أسرار المعرفة، ليؤمن إيمانا يقينيّا مدركا
واعيا
" (الجوزو، 1980
.) 4
- التأمّل والتدبر في آي القرآن الكريم، وأنه مهما برع العربي وغير العربي في الل
غة العربية وأتقنها وجوّ دها، فإنه ال يس
تطيع
أن يأتي بمثل هذا القرآن في هدايته وأحكامه وإعجازه وبالغته ونظامه وأسلوبه، قال
ﷻ:
﴿ قُل لَّئِنِ اجْتَمَعَتِ اإلْ ِنسُ وَ الْجِ نُّ عَلَىٰ
أَن يَأْتُوا بِمِثْلِ هَٰذَا الْقُرْ آنِ الَ يَأْتُونَ بِمِثْلِهِ وَ لَوْ كَانَ بَ
عْضُهُمْ لِبَعْضٍ ظَهِير ا﴾ (اإلسراء: 88
.) 5
- التأمّل والتفكر في أخبار األمم السابقة من خالل القصص القرآني، وما فيها
من حجج وأدلّة وبراهين وضعت معتبرا لذوي
العقول والتمييز دون غيرهم من الخلق، ومن األمثلة على ذلك الحوارات التي دارت بين األنبياء والرسل من
ناحية وبي
ن
المنكرين لوجود هللا من ناحية أخرى، وكيف أن المنكرين لوجود هللا عطلوا عقولهم وفكروا بعقول غيرهم حتى ولو كان
غيرهم على جهل فيما يعتقدون ونحو ذلك مما يحويه كتاب هللا عز وجل من تفاصيل األمم الغابرة. 89 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 رسومات بيانية تبين تكرار مادّة "عقل" في القرآن الكريم
الرسم البياني األول
يبين نسبة تكرار صيغ التصري
ف للفظ "العقل" في القرآن الكريم
الرّ سم البياني
الثاني
يوضّح نسب الصيغ التصريفية التي ذكر بها لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم
الرّ سم البياني
الثالث
يوضّح نسبة ذكر لفظ "العقل" في السّور المكيّة والمدنيّة والمختل
ف فيها
صيغ التصريف
عدد الصيغ
التّكرار
السورة
النسبة المئوية
1
الجمع المخاطب
َتَعْقِلُون
24
، األنعام
عمران،
آل
البقرة،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف،
النور،
المؤمنون،
األنبياء،
الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات،
غافر، الزخرف، الحديد. 1. المقدمة %
49
2
الجمع الغائب
َيَعْقِلُون
22
،البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان،
العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر،
الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر
%
47
ُعَقَلُوه
1
البقرة
3
المفرد الغائب
يَعْقِلُهَا
1
العنكبوت
%
2
4
الجمع المتكلّم
ُنَعْقِل
1
الملك
%2
المجموع
5 صيغ
49
مرّة
35
سورة
100
%
السور المدنية
27
%
السور
لف ف
ل
السور المكي
ة
70
%
الدائرة النسبية2للجدول أ رسومات بيانية تبين تكرار مادّة "عقل" في القرآن الكريم
الرسم البياني األول
يبين نسبة تكرار صيغ التصري
ف للفظ "العقل" في القرآن الكريم
صيغ التصريف
عدد الصيغ
التّكرار
السورة
النسبة المئوية
1
الجمع المخاطب
َتَعْقِلُون
24
، األنعام
عمران،
آل
البقرة،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف،
النور،
المؤمنون،
األنبياء،
الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات،
غافر، الزخرف، الحديد. %
49
2
الجمع الغائب
َيَعْقِلُون
22
،البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان،
العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر،
الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر
%
47
ُعَقَلُوه
1
البقرة
3
المفرد الغائب
يَعْقِلُهَا
1
العنكبوت
%
2
4
الجمع المتكلّم
ُنَعْقِل
1
الملك
%2
المجموع
5 صيغ
49
مرّة
35
سورة
100
% رسومات بيانية تبين تكرار مادّة "عقل" في القرآن الكريم
الرسم البياني األول
يبين نسبة تكرار صيغ التصري
ف للفظ "العقل" في القرآن الكريم
صيغ التصريف
عدد الصيغ
التّكرار
السورة
النسبة المئوية
1
الجمع المخاطب
َتَعْقِلُون
24
، األنعام
عمران،
آل
البقرة،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف،
النور،
المؤمنون،
األنبياء،
الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات،
غافر، الزخرف، الحديد. %
49
2
الجمع الغائب
َيَعْقِلُون
22
،البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان،
العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر،
الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر
%
47
ُعَقَلُوه
1
البقرة
3
المفرد الغائب
يَعْقِلُهَا
1
العنكبوت
%
2
4
الجمع المتكلّم
ُنَعْقِل
1
الملك
%2
المجموع
5 صيغ
49
مرّة
35
سورة
100
% 90
الرّ سم البياني
الثاني
يوضّح نسب الصيغ التصريفية التي ذكر بها لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم
الرّ سم البياني
الثالث
يوضّح نسبة ذكر لفظ "العقل" في السّور المكيّة والمدنيّة والمختل
ف فيها
1
الجمع المخاطب
َتَعْقِلُون
24
، األنعام
عمران،
آل
البقرة،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف،
النور،
المؤمنون،
األنبياء،
الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات،
غافر، الزخرف، الحديد. 1. المقدمة نستنتج تكرار لفظ العقل بصيغه المختل
فة في مختلف السور على النّحو اآلتي:
:صيغة الجمع المخاطب
تكرّ ر ذكره أربع وعشرون مرّ ة في سبع عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، آل عمران، األنعام،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف، األنبياء، المؤمنون، النور، الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات، غافر، الزخرف، الحديد،
وهذا بنسبة مئ
وية قدّرت بـ: 49
%
. 4. نستنتج تكرار لفظ العقل بصيغه المختل
فة في مختلف السور على النّحو اآلتي:
:صيغة الجمع المخاطب
تكرّ ر ذكره أربع وعشرون مرّ ة في سبع عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، آل عمران، األنعام،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف، األنبياء، المؤمنون، النور، الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات، غافر، الزخرف، الحديد،
وهذا بنسبة مئ
وية قدّرت بـ: 49
%
.
:صيغة الجمع المخاطب
تكرّ ر ذكره أربع وعشرون مرّ ة في سبع عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، آل عمران، األنعام،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف، األنبياء، المؤمنون، النور، الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات، غافر، الزخرف، الحديد،
وهذا بنسبة مئ
وية قدّرت بـ: 49
%
.
:صيغة الجمع الغائب
تكرّ ر ذكره ثالث وعشرون مرة في خمس عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس،
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان، العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر، الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ:
47
%
.
:صيغة الجمع الغائب
تكرّ ر ذكره ثالث وعشرون مرة في خمس عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس،
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان، العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر، الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ:
47
%
.
صيغة المفرد الغا
ئب:
تكرّ ر ذكره مرة واحدة في سورة العنكبوت، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ: 2
%
.
:صيغة الجمع المتكلّم
تكرّ ر ذكره مرّ ة واحدة في سورة الملك، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ: 2
%
. َ 5. 1. المقدمة %
49
2
الجمع الغائب
َيَعْقِلُون
22
،البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان،
العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر،
الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر
%
47
ُعَقَلُوه
1
البقرة
3
المفرد الغائب
يَعْقِلُهَا
1
العنكبوت
%
2
4
الجمع المتكلّم
ُنَعْقِل
1
الملك
%2
المجموع
5 صيغ
49
مرّة
35
سورة
100
%
السور المدنية
27
%
السور
المختلف في
ها
3
%
السور المكي
ة
70
%
الدائرة النسبية2للجدول أ البياني
الثاني
يوضّح نسب الصيغ التصريفية التي ذكر بها لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم الرّ سم البياني
الثاني
يوضّح نسب الصيغ التصريفية التي ذكر بها لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم الرّ سم البياني
الثالث
يوضّح نسبة ذكر لفظ "العقل" في السّور المكيّة والمدنيّة والمختل
ف فيها الرّ سم البياني
الثالث
يوضّح نسبة ذكر لفظ "العقل" في السّور المكيّة والمدنيّة والمختل
ف فيها
السور المدنية
27
%
السور
المختلف في
ها
3
%
السور المكي
ة
70
%
الدائرة النسبية2للجدول أ الرّ سم البياني
الثالث
يوضّح نسبة ذكر لفظ "العقل" في السّور المكيّة والمدنيّة والمختل
ف فيها لرّ سم البياني
الثالث
يوضّح نسبة ذكر لفظ "العقل" في السّور المكيّة والمدنيّة والمختل
ف فيها
السور المدنية
27
%
السور
المختلف في
ها
3
%
السور المكي
ة
70
%
الدائرة النسبية2للجدول أ 90 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath السّورة
التّكرار
النّسبة المئوية
البقرة
8
16.32
آل عمران
2
4.08
المائدة
2
4.08
األنعام
2
4.08
األعراف
1
2.04
األنفال
1
2.04
يونس
3
6.12
هود
1
2.04
يوسف
2
4.08
الرعد
1
2.04
النحل
2
4.08
األنبياء
2
4.08
الحج
1
2.04
المؤمنون
1
2.04
النور
1
2.04
الفرقان
1
2.04
الشعراء
1
2.04
القصص
1
2.04
العنكبوت
3
6.12
الروم
2
4.08
يس
2
4.08
الصافات
1
2.04
الزمر
1
2.04
غافر
1
2.04
الزخرف
1
2.04
الجاثية
1
2.04
الحجرات
1
2.04
الحديد
1
2.04
الحشر
1
2.04
الملك
1
2.04
مجموع السور
مجموع
التكرار
مجموع النسبة
المئوية
30
49
100 91 91 Vol. 5, No. 1. المقدمة
:صيغة الجمع المتكلّم
تكرّ ر ذكره مرّ ة واحدة في سورة الملك، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ: 2
%
. 5. ّويالحظ إذا نظرنا في مضمون تلك اآليات أن هذا التَّكرار قد ورد في سياقات مختلفة، فمنها ما يتعل
ق بكون العقل أداة
وظيفتها التعقّل، ومنها ما يتعلّق بكون العقل مركز للتعقّل واإلدراك من فهم وكسب وتدبر ونظر وغيرها، ومنها ما يتعلّق
بكون العقل له دور واحد يتمثّل في المنع من الوقوع في المهالك، ومنها ما يتعلق بذكر صفات العقل في القرآن على ما
يأتي: التعقّل، ا
لتعلّم، التجهّل، التذكّر، التدبّر، التفهّم، ومنها ما يتعلّق بالعقل المتأمّل الذي ينظر في ملكوت السموات واألرض
وما بينهما
من المخلوقات السمائية واألرضية والبحرية التي سخرها هللا لإلنسان
، ومنها ما يتعلّق بالعقل المتفكر في اإل
نسان
نفسه، في أصله ومراحل إيجاده
إلى وفاته في هذه الحياة الدنيا، ومنها ما يتعلق بالعقل المتدبر في القصص القرآني، ومنها
ما يتعلق بالعقل المتأمل والمتعجب من أولئك الذين عطلوا حواسهم وألغوا عقولهم لمعرفة الحقيقة بادعاء التقليد األعمى،
ومنها ما يتعلق بالعقل المتدبر في التشريع الربّاني، ومنها
ما يتعلق باالحتجاج على الكافرين والمترددين بالعقل، ومنها م
ا
يتعلّق بعدم مناقضة اإلنسان نفسه والحقائق العلمية، ومنها ما يتعلق بتعزيز القول بالعمل، ومنها ما يتعلق باألخالق الفاضلة
والذوق والتهذيب، ومنها ما يتعلق باإليمان والصدق واليقين، ومنها ما يتعلق بتحريف
أهل الكتاب لكالم هللا من بعد ما
عقلوه، ومنها ما يتعلق بآيات هللا الكبرى، ومنها ما يتعلق بأفضلية اآلخرة على الدنيا، ومنها ما يتعلق باتخاذ الكفار والمنافقين
آيات هللا هزؤا، ومنها ما يتعلق بافتراء الكذب على هللا، ومنها ما يتعلق بعبادة غير هللا، ومنها ما يتعل
ق بالثواب،
ومنها ما
يتعلق بضرب األمثال، ومنها ما يتعلق بشتات قلوب الكافرين، ومنها ما يتعلق بالعذاب في اآلخرة، وغير ذلك مما حكاه
القرآن. 6. ،نالحظ أنّ عدد السور التي ورد فيها مفردة "العقل" باشتقاقاتها المختلفة ثالثون سورة، وهي: البقرة، آل عمران، المائدة
األنعا
م، األعراف، األنفال، يونس، هود، يوسف، الرعد، النحل، األنبياء، الحج، المؤمنون، النور، الفرقان الشعراء،
القصص، العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الصافات، الزمر، غافر، الزخرف، الجاثية، الحجرات، الحديد، الحشر، الملك. تحليل نتائج الرّسومات البيانية: بي ي :
ج ر و
ي
1. نستنتج
أنّ فعل كلمة "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ذُكر في القرآن الكريم تسع وأربعين مرة، منها أربع وعشرون مرة في
النصف األول، وخمس وعشرون مرة في النصف الثاني. 2. ( َنستنتج أن مادة "العقل" تكرّرت باشتقاقاتها المختلفة على هذا النحو: تَعْقِلُون24
( َ)، يَعْقِلُون22
َ)، عَق
لُوهُ 1
( ، يَعْقِلُهَا1
،)
( ُنَعْقل1
) بي ي
ج ر و
ي
1. 1. المقدمة نستنتج
أنّ فعل كلمة "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ذُكر في القرآن الكريم تسع وأربعين مرة، منها أربع وعشرون مرة في
النصف األول، وخمس وعشرون مرة في النصف الثاني. 2. ( َنستنتج أن مادة "العقل" تكرّرت باشتقاقاتها المختلفة على هذا النحو: تَعْقِلُون24
( َ)، يَعْقِلُون22
َ)، عَق
لُوهُ 1
( ، يَعْقِلُهَا1
،)
( ُنَعْقِل1
.)
3. ( نستنتج أنّ لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم ذكر تسع وأربعين مرّ ة من خالل أربع صيغ، وهي: صيغة الجمع المخاطب24
،)
ّ ج
1. نستنتج
أنّ فعل كلمة "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ذُكر في القرآن الكريم تسع وأربعين مرة، منها أربع وعش
النصف األول، وخمس وعشرون مرة في النصف الثاني. ج
1. نستنتج
أنّ فعل كلمة "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ذُكر في القرآن الكريم تسع وأربعين مرة، منها أربع وعشرون مرة في
النصف األول، وخمس وعشرون مرة في النصف الثاني. 1. نستنتج
أنّ فعل كلمة "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ذكر في القرآن الكريم تسع وأربعين مرة، منها أربع وعشرون مرة في
النصف األول، وخمس وعشرون مرة في النصف الثاني. 2. ( َنستنتج أن مادة "العقل" تكرّرت باشتقاقاتها المختلفة على هذا النحو: تَعْقِلُون24
( َ)، يَعْقِلُون22
َ)، عَق
لُوهُ 1
( ، يَعْقِلُهَا1
،)
( ُنَعْقِل1
.)
3. ( نستنتج أنّ لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم ذكر تسع وأربعين مرّ ة من خالل أربع صيغ، وهي: صيغة الجمع المخاطب24
،)
( صيغة الجمع الغائب22
( )، صيغة المفرد الغائب1
( )، صيغة الجمع المتكلّم1
.)
4. نستنتج تكرار لفظ العقل بصيغه المختل
فة في مختلف السور على النّحو اآلتي:
:صيغة الجمع المخاطب
تكرّ ر ذكره أربع وعشرون مرّ ة في سبع عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، آل عمران، األنعام،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف، األنبياء، المؤمنون، النور، الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات، غافر، الزخرف، الحديد،
وهذا بنسبة مئ
وية قدّرت بـ: 49
%
. ي
يأ
2. ( َنستنتج أن مادة "العقل" تكرّرت باشتقاقاتها المختلفة على هذا النحو: تَعْقِلُون24
( َ)، يَعْقِلُون22
َ)، عَق
لُوهُ 1، يَع
( ُنَعْقِل1
.) (ِ.)
3. ( نستنتج أنّ لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم ذكر تسع وأربعين مرّ ة من خالل أربع صيغ، وهي: صيغة الجمع المخاطب24
،)
( صيغة الجمع الغائب22
( )، صيغة المفرد الغائب1
( )، صيغة الجمع المتكلّم1
.)
4. 1. المقدمة 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath الرّ سم البياني
الخامس
يبيّن عدد تكرار "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة في سور القرآن الكريم عن حدة
8
2 2 2
1 1
3
1
2
1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
البقرة
آل عمران
المائدة
األنعام
األعراف
األنفال
يونس
هود
يوسف
الرعد
النحل
األنبياء
الحج
المؤمنون
النور
الفرقان
الشعراء
القصص
العنكبوت
الروم
يس
الصافات
الزمر
غافر
الزخرف
الجاثية
الحجرات
الحديد
الحشر
الملك
المدر ج التكراري للجدول ب الرّ سم البياني
الخامس
يبيّن عدد تكرار "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة في سور القرآن الكريم عن حدة
8
2 2 2
1 1
3
1
2
1
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0
2
4
6
8
10
البقرة
آل عمران
المائدة
األنعام
األعراف
األنفال
يونس
هود
يوسف
الرعد
النحل
األنبياء
الحج
المؤمنون
النور
الفرقان
الشعراء
القصص
العنكبوت
الروم
يس
الصافات
الزمر
غافر
الزخرف
الجاثية
الحجرات
الحديد
الحشر
الملك
المدر ج التكراري للجدول ب تحليل نتائج الرّسومات البيانية:
1. نستنتج
أنّ فعل كلمة "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ذُكر في القرآن الكريم تسع وأربعين مرة، منها أربع وعشرون مرة في
النصف األول، وخمس وعشرون مرة في النصف الثاني. 2. ( َنستنتج أن مادة "العقل" تكرّرت باشتقاقاتها المختلفة على هذا النحو: تَعْقِلُون24
( َ)، يَعْقِلُون22
َ)، عَق
لُوهُ 1
( ، يَعْقِلُهَا1
،)
( ُنَعْقِل1
.)
3. ( نستنتج أنّ لفظ العقل في القرآن الكريم ذكر تسع وأربعين مرّ ة من خالل أربع صيغ، وهي: صيغة الجمع المخاطب24
،)
( صيغة الجمع الغائب22
( )، صيغة المفرد الغائب1
( )، صيغة الجمع المتكلّم1
.)
4. نستنتج تكرار لفظ العقل بصيغه المختل
فة في مختلف السور على النّحو اآلتي:
:صيغة الجمع المخاطب
تكرّ ر ذكره أربع وعشرون مرّ ة في سبع عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، آل عمران، األنعام،
األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف، األنبياء، المؤمنون، النور، الشعراء، القصص، يس، الصافات، غافر، الزخرف، الحديد،
وهذا بنسبة مئ
وية قدّرت بـ: 49
%
.
:صيغة الجمع الغائب
تكرّ ر ذكره ثالث وعشرون مرة في خمس عشرة سورة قرآنية هي: البقرة، المائدة، األنفال، يونس،
الرعد، النحل، الحج، الفرقان، العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الزمر، الجاثية، الحجرات، الحشر، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ:
47
%
.
صيغة المفرد الغا
ئب:
تكرّ ر ذكره مرة واحدة في سورة العنكبوت، وهذا بنسبة مئوية قدّرت بـ: 2
%
. 1. المقدمة يالحظ تكرار لفظ "العقل" في القرآن المكي أكثر منه في القرآن المدني، وهذا يؤيّد قاعدة أنّ القرآن المكي اهتمّ اهتماما
بارزا بإصالح العقول والعقائد واألخالق، ومن تلك اإلصالحا
ت العظيمة: دعوة القرآن الكريم العقول السليمة إلى التفكر
في خلق هللا المنظور، والتدبّر في كالم هللا المسطور، والتحرّر من األوهام والخرافات العالقة ومن رواسب الجاهلية، وكل
ما من شأنه احتقار العقل وتعطيله عن وظيفة التفكر والتفهم والتعقل، لذا نجد القرآن الكريم
يصف أولئك الذين ال
يستخدمون
عقولهم للتمييز بين الحسن والقبيح بأنهم أسوأ من الحيوانات وغير ذلك مما عابه القرآن على
معطّلي العقول،
وي
ؤيّد أيضا
قاعدة أنّ القرآن المكّيّ اهتمّ اهتماما بارزا بتربية العقول التي في القلوب على إثبات التوحيد هلل عز وجل وما يتعلّ
به ق
كإثبات نبوة محمد صلى هللا عليه وسلم، واإليمان بالبعث والنّشور وأهوال يوم القيامة، والتذكير بنعم هللا على خلقه، والنظر
في ملكوت السموات واألرض، والتفكّر في خلق هللا، وقال ابن الجوزي: "إن أعظم النعم على اإلنسان العقل، ألنه اآللة في
معرفة اإلله سبحانه و
السّبب الذي يتوصل به إلى تصديق الرسل"ii. 11
. يالحظ تكرار لفظ "العقل" في القرآن المكي أكثر منه في القرآن المدني، وهذا يؤيّد قاعدة أنّ القرآن المكي اهتمّ اهتماما
بارزا بإصالح العقول والعقائد واألخالق، ومن تلك اإلصالحا
ت العظيمة: دعوة القرآن الكريم العقول السليمة إلى التفكر
في خلق هللا المنظور، والتدبّر في كالم هللا المسطور، والتحرّر من األوهام والخرافات العالقة ومن رواسب الجاهلية، وكل
ما من شأنه احتقار العقل وتعطيله عن وظيفة التفكر والتفهم والتعقل، لذا نجد القرآن الكريم
يصف أولئك الذين ال
يستخدمون
عقولهم للتمييز بين الحسن والقبيح بأنهم أسوأ من الحيوانات وغير ذلك مما عابه القرآن على
معطّلي العقول،
وي
ؤيّد أيضا
قاعدة أنّ القرآن المكّيّ اهتمّ اهتماما بارزا بتربية العقول التي في القلوب على إثبات التوحيد هلل عز وجل وما يتعلّ
به ق
كإثبات نبوة محمد صلى هللا عليه وسلم، واإليمان بالبعث والنّشور وأهوال يوم القيامة، والتذكير بنعم هللا على خلقه، والنظر
في ملكوت السموات واألرض، والتفكّر في خلق هللا، وقال ابن الجوزي: "إن أعظم النعم على اإلنسان العقل، ألنه اآللة في
معرفة اإلله سبحانه و
السّبب الذي يتوصل به إلى تصديق الرسل"ii. 12
. يستفاد من خالل ورود كلمة "العقل" في القرآن المكي والمدني على ضرورة استعمال الطاقة العقلية الستخالص حكم
التشريع وأسراره، واستخالص الطاقات المادية في الكون واالستفادة منها في بناء الحضارة، وفتح له باب االجتهاد في
التشر
يع فيما ال نصّ فيه. 13
. 1. المقدمة 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath ،اإلسراء،الكهف، مريم، طـه، النمل، لقمان، السجدة، األحزاب، سبأ، فاطر، ص، فصلت، الشورى، الدخان، األحقاف
محمد، الفتح، ق، الذاريات، الطور، النجم، القمر، الرحمن، الواقعة، المجادلة، الممتحنة، الصف، الجمعة، ال
منافقون،
التغابن، الطالق، التحريم،القلم، الحاقة، المعارج، نوح، الجن، المزمل، المدثر، القيامة، اإلنسان، المرسالت، النبأ،
النازعات، عبس، التكوير، اإلنفطار، المطففين، اإلنشقاق، البرج، الطارق، األعلى، الغاشية، الفجر، البلد، الشمس، الليل،
الضحى، الشرح، التين، ا
لعلق، القدر، البيِّنة، الزلزلة، العاديات، القارعة، التكاثر، العصر، الهمزة، الفيل، قريش، الماعون،
الكوثر، الكافرون، النصر، المسد، اإلخالص، الفلق، الناس. اإ
8. يالحظ في مجموع السور التي ورد فيها لفظ "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة، ثماني سور مدنية، وسورة مختلف فيها، ا
ث
نان
وعشرون سورة مكية، فالمكية هي: األنعام، األعراف، يونس، هود، يوسف، النحل، األنبياء، الحج، المؤمنون، الفرقان
الشعراء، القصص، العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الصافات، الزمر، غافر، الزخرف، الجاثية، الملك؛ والمختلف فيها هي: الرّعد؛
هي:
والمدنية
البقرة، آل عمران، الما
ئدة، األنفال، النّور، الحجرات، الحديد، الحشرi. 9. يالحظ أنّ السّور المدنيّة التي ورد فيها لفظ "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة بلغت نسبتها27
بالمائة، والمختلف فيها3
،بالمائة
بينما المكيّة بلغت نسبتها 70
.بالمائة 9. يالحظ أنّ السّور المدنيّة التي ورد فيها لفظ "العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة بلغت نسبتها27
بالمائة، والمختلف فيها3
،بالمائة
بينما المكيّة بلغت نسبتها 70
.بالمائة 10
. يالحظ أنّ اآليات المدنيّة التي ورد فيها لفظ "العقل
" باشتقاقاته المختلفة بلغت نسبتها 45
بالمائة، بينما المكيّة بلغت نسبتها
55
.بالمائة 10
. يالحظ أنّ اآليات المدنيّة التي ورد فيها لفظ "العقل
" باشتقاقاته المختلفة بلغت نسبتها 45
بالمائة، بينما المكيّة بلغت نسبتها
55
.بالمائة 11
. 1. المقدمة ّويالحظ إذا نظرنا في مضمون تلك اآليات أن هذا التَّكرار قد ورد في سياقات مختلفة، فمنها ما يتعل
ق بكون العقل أداة
وظيفتها التعقّل، ومنها ما يتعلّق بكون العقل مركز للتعقّل واإلدراك من فهم وكسب وتدبر ونظر وغيرها، ومنها ما يتعلّق
بكون العقل له دور واحد يتمثّل في المنع من الوقوع في المهالك، ومنها ما يتعلق بذكر صفات العقل في القرآن على ما
يأتي: التعقّل، ا
لتعلّم، التجهّل، التذكّر، التدبّر، التفهّم، ومنها ما يتعلّق بالعقل المتأمّل الذي ينظر في ملكوت السموات واألرض
وما بينهما
من المخلوقات السمائية واألرضية والبحرية التي سخرها هللا لإلنسان
، ومنها ما يتعلّق بالعقل المتفكر في اإل
نسان
نفسه، في أصله ومراحل إيجاده
إلى وفاته في هذه الحياة الدنيا، ومنها ما يتعلق بالعقل المتدبر في القصص القرآني، ومنها
ما يتعلق بالعقل المتأمل والمتعجب من أولئك الذين عطلوا حواسهم وألغوا عقولهم لمعرفة الحقيقة بادعاء التقليد األعمى،
ومنها ما يتعلق بالعقل المتدبر في التشريع الربّاني، ومنها
ما يتعلق باالحتجاج على الكافرين والمترددين بالعقل، ومنها م
ا
يتعلّق بعدم مناقضة اإلنسان نفسه والحقائق العلمية، ومنها ما يتعلق بتعزيز القول بالعمل، ومنها ما يتعلق باألخالق الفاضلة
والذوق والتهذيب، ومنها ما يتعلق باإليمان والصدق واليقين، ومنها ما يتعلق بتحريف
أهل الكتاب لكالم هللا من بعد ما
عقلوه، ومنها ما يتعلق بآيات هللا الكبرى، ومنها ما يتعلق بأفضلية اآلخرة على الدنيا، ومنها ما يتعلق باتخاذ الكفار والمنافقين
آيات هللا هزؤا، ومنها ما يتعلق بافتراء الكذب على هللا، ومنها ما يتعلق بعبادة غير هللا، ومنها ما يتعل
ق بالثواب،
ومنها ما
يتعلق بضرب األمثال، ومنها ما يتعلق بشتات قلوب الكافرين، ومنها ما يتعلق بالعذاب في اآلخرة، وغير ذلك مما حكاه
القرآن. 6. ،نالحظ أنّ عدد السور التي ورد فيها مفردة "العقل" باشتقاقاتها المختلفة ثالثون سورة، وهي: البقرة، آل عمران، المائدة
األنعا
م، األعراف، األنفال، يونس، هود، يوسف، الرعد، النحل، األنبياء، الحج، المؤمنون، النور، الفرقان الشعراء،
القصص، العنكبوت، الروم، يس، الصافات، الزمر، غافر، الزخرف، الجاثية، الحجرات، الحديد، الحشر، الملك. 7. يالحظ أنّ عدد السور التي خلت عن لفظ "العقل" أربع وثمانون
سورة، وهي: الفاتحة، النساء، التوبة، إبراهيم، الحجر، 92 Vol. 5, No. 1. المقدمة لله ويتأيّد ثانياً
بأحاديث رسول هللا
ﷺ
التي ورد القلب فيها بمعنى العقل أو بمعنى الملك، وهذا يؤكّد الصلة الوثيقة بينهما،
ومن ذلك ما أخرجه البخاري عن عائشة قالت: قل
ت: يا رسول هللا، أتنام قبل أن توتر ؟ فقال:" يا عائشة إن عيني تنامان وال ينام
قلبي"، وما أخرجه مسلم (مسلم، 1998
) عن حذيفة رضي هللا عنه قال: سمعت رسول هللا
ﷺ
يقول: " تعرض الفتن على القلوب
كالحصير عودا عودا ، فأيما قلب أشربها نكتت فيه نكتة سوداء، وأيما قلب ر
فضها نكتت فيه نكتة بيضاء، حتى تصبح القلوب ع
لى
قلبين: قلب أبيض خالصا ، وقلب أسود مربادا كالكوز مجخيا ، ال يعرف معروفا وال ينكر منكرا "، وما أخرجه الترمذي (الترمذي،
1980
) عن أبي هريرة رضي هللا عنه عن رسول هللا
ﷺ
قال: "إن العبد إذا أخطأ خطيئة نكتت في قلبه ن
كتة سوداء فإذا هو نزع
واستغفر وتاب سقل قلبه وإن عاد زيد فيها حتى تعلو قلبه وهو الران الذي ذكر هللا: ﴿كَالَّ بَلْ رَ انَ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِم مَّا كَانُ
وا يَكْ
سِبُونَ﴾
(المطففين: 14
،")، قال الترمذي: هذا حديث حسن صحيح
وهذا ألن القلب محلّ اإلدراك والوعي واإلرادة
والتوبة؛ أيضا ما أخرجه
البخاري (البخاري، 2002
،) و (مسلم1998
) عن النعمان بن بشير رضي هللا عنهما قال: سمعت رسول هللا
ﷺ
يقول: "إن
الحالل
بيّن وإن الحرام بيّن.." إلى قوله
ﷺ : "
أال وإن في الجسد مضغة إذا صلحت صلح الجسد كله وإذا فسدت فسد الجسد كله أال وهي
الق
لب". وهذا ألنّ القلب هو محلّ اإلرادة، فيكون صالح الجسد وفساده تابعا له، وقد علّق اإلمام النووي على هذا الحديث بقوله:
"وبهذا الحديث، فإنه
ﷺ
جعل صالح الجسد وفساده تابعا للقلب، مع أن الدّماغ من جملة الجسد، فيكون صالحه وفساده تابعا للقلب،
فعلم أنه ليس محالًّ
للعقل، واحتج القائلون بأنه في الدماغ، بأنه إذا فسد الدماغ فسد العقل، ويكون من فساد الدماغ الصرع في زعمهم،
وال حجة لهم في ذلك، ألن هللا سبحانه وتعالى أجرى العادة بفساد العقل عند فساد الدماغ، مع أن العقل ليس فيه، وال امتناع من ذلك"
(النووي، 2004
) ويتأيّد
ثالثاً
بترجيح مشاهير العلماء المسلمين على أن العقل محلّه القلب، وقد استدلّ ابن حجر بحديث "المضغة" على أن
العقل في القلب، فقال: "ويستدل به على أنّ العقل في القلب، ومنه قوله
ﷻ:
﴿فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾ (الحج: 46
)، وقوله
ﷻ:
﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِ
كَ لَذِكْرَ ىٰ لِمَن كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ أَوْ أَلْقَى السَّمْعَ وَ هُوَ شَهِيدٌ﴾ (ق: 37
)، قال المفسرون: أي العقل. 1. المقدمة والذي تطمئن إليه النفس ويطمئن إليه القلب الثاني، حيث يظهر قرآنيا أنّ العقل ف
يتأيّد ذلك أوّ الً
بتظافر ا
ألدلة القرآنية عليه مع تنوّ عها، فمنها ما يدلّ على أنّ القلب
أو الشّعور، والطمأنينة، والثبات، والفهم، والتدبر، والوعي، والوجل، والطبع، والختم، والع
ذلك من األمور الوجدانية واإلدراكية،
ومنها ما يدلّ على أنّ محلّ العقل هو القلب وليس الد
قال
ﷻ:
﴿خَتَمَ َّللاَّ ُ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ ﴾ (البقرة: 7
.)، ولم يقل: ختم هللا على أدمغتهم
قال
ﷻ:
﴿فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ مَرَ ضٌ﴾ (البقرة: 10
.) ولم يقل: في أدمغتهم مرض
قال
ﷻ:
﴿ثُمَّ قَسَتْ
قُلُوبُكُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ﴾ (البقرة: 74
.)، ولم يقل: ثم قست أدمغتكم
قال
ﷻ:
﴿قَالَ بَلَىٰ وَ لَٰكِنْ لِيَطْمَئِنَّ قَلْبِي ﴾ (البقرة: 260
،)
.ولم يقل: ليطمئن دماغي
قال
ﷻ:
﴿وَ مَنْ يَكْتُمْهَا فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ ﴾ (البقرة: 283
،)
.ولم يقل: آثم دماغه
قوله
ﷻ:
﴿وَ طُبِعَ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ فَهُمْ الَ يَفْقَهُونَ ﴾ (التوبة: 87
.)، ولم يقل: وطبع على أدمغتهم
قوله
ﷻ:
﴿فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾ (الحج: 46
.)، ولم يقل: أدمغة يعقلون بها
قوله
ﷻ:
﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَذِكْرَ ىٰ لِمَن كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ
﴾ (ق: 37
.)، ولم يقل: لمن كان له دماغ
إلى غير ذلك مما يدلّ على أن محلّ العقل القلب وليس الدّماغ. 1. المقدمة 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath ،وال جوهر، وإنما هو نور، فهو كالعلم" (القاضي1990
.)
:لقد اختلفت وتنوّ عت عبارات السلف في تحديد مكان العقل إلى رأيين
الرّأي األوّل:
يرى أن العقل محلّه الدّماغ وهو قو
ل اإلمام أبي حنيفة وأصحابه ورواية عن اإلمام أحمد، وقول جميع الفالسفة وعامة
األطباء، وهو األمر الشائع عند عموم الناس. والثاني:
يرى أن محلّ العقل القلب وهو قول جمهور العلماء المسلمين، وزاد آخرون أن العقل له تعلّق بالدّماغ، وهو قول القاضي
أبي يعلى وأبي الحسن
التميمي، وطائفة من أصحاب أحمد، وابن تيمية، وابن القيم، والشوكاني، وابن عطيّة وغيرهم، ومالت إليه
بعض الدراسات العلمية الحديثة. ،وال جوهر، وإنما هو نور، فهو كالعلم" (القاضي1990
.)
:لقد اختلفت وتنوّ عت عبارات السلف في تحديد مكان العقل إلى رأيين
الرّأي األوّل:
يرى أن العقل محلّه الدّماغ وهو قو
ل اإلمام أبي حنيفة وأصحابه ورواية عن اإلمام أحمد، وقول جميع الفالسفة وعامة
األطباء، وهو األمر الشائع عند عموم الناس. والثاني:
يرى أن محلّ العقل القلب وهو قول جمهور العلماء المسلمين، وزاد آخرون أن العقل له تعلّق بالدّماغ، وهو قول القاضي
أبي يعلى وأبي الحسن
التميمي، وطائفة من أصحاب أحمد، وابن تيمية، وابن القيم، والشوكاني، وابن عطيّة وغيرهم، ومالت إليه
بعض الدراسات العلمية الحديثة. وأ
ر ي
غ و و و
ن
ر
وا
ع
و و
ن إل م
ورو
و
إل م ي
األطباء، وهو األمر الشائع عند عموم الناس. والثاني:
يرى أن محلّ العقل القلب وهو قول جمهور العلماء المسلمين، وزاد آخرون أن العقل له تعلّق بالدّماغ، وهو قول القاضي
أبي يعلى وأبي الحسن
التميمي، وطائفة من أصحاب أحمد، وابن تيمية، وابن القيم، والشوكاني، وابن عطيّة وغيرهم، ومالت إليه
بعض الدراسات العلمية الحديثة. والثاني:
يرى أن محلّ العقل القلب وهو قول جمهور العلماء المسلمين، وزاد آخرون أن العقل له تعلّق بالدّماغ، وهو قول القاضي
أبي يعلى وأبي الحسن
التميمي، وطائفة من أصحاب أحمد، وابن تيمية، وابن القيم، والشوكاني، وابن عطيّة وغيرهم، ومالت إليه
بعض الدراسات العلمية الحديثة. 1. المقدمة والذي تطمئن إليه النفس ويطمئن إليه القلب الثاني، حيث يظهر قرآنيا أنّ العقل في القلب وليس في الدّماغ،
يتأيّد ذلك أوّ الً
بتظافر ا
ألدلة القرآنية عليه مع تنوّ عها، فمنها ما يدلّ على أنّ القلب هو مركز القسوة، أو اللّين، والذّكرى،
أو الشّعور، والطمأنينة، والثبات، والفهم، والتدبر، والوعي، والوجل، والطبع، والختم، والعمى، والضيق، وعدم الفهم والتدبّر ونحو
ذلك من األمور الوجدانية واإلدراكية،
ومنها ما يدلّ على أنّ محلّ العقل هو القلب وليس الدّماغ كما سيأتي في اآليات:
قال
ﷻ:
﴿خَتَمَ َّللاَّ ُ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ ﴾ (البقرة: 7
.)، ولم يقل: ختم هللا على أدمغتهم
قال
ﷻ:
﴿فِي قُلُوبِهِمْ مَرَ ضٌ﴾ (البقرة: 10
.) ولم يقل: في أدمغتهم مرض
قال
ﷻ:
﴿ثُمَّ قَسَتْ
قُلُوبُكُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ ذَٰلِكَ﴾ (البقرة: 74
.)، ولم يقل: ثم قست أدمغتكم
قال
ﷻ:
﴿قَالَ بَلَىٰ وَ لَٰكِنْ لِيَطْمَئِنَّ قَلْبِي ﴾ (البقرة: 260
،)
.ولم يقل: ليطمئن دماغي
قال
ﷻ:
﴿وَ مَنْ يَكْتُمْهَا فَإِنَّهُ آثِمٌ قَلْبُهُ ﴾ (البقرة: 283
،)
.ولم يقل: آثم دماغه
قوله
ﷻ:
﴿وَ طُبِعَ عَلَىٰ قُلُوبِهِمْ فَهُمْ الَ يَفْقَهُونَ ﴾ (التوبة: 87
.)، ولم يقل: وطبع على أدمغتهم
قوله
ﷻ:
﴿فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾ (الحج: 46
.)، ولم يقل: أدمغة يعقلون بها
قوله
ﷻ:
﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَذِكْرَ ىٰ لِمَن كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ
﴾ (ق: 37
.)، ولم يقل: لمن كان له دماغ
إلى غير ذلك مما يدلّ على أن محلّ العقل القلب وليس الدّماغ. 1. المقدمة يالحظ ذكر العقل مسبوقا بالقلب مرتين في سورة الحج اآلية46
، وسورة الحشر اآلية14
، وهذا من باب التشريف والعناية
واالهتمام، أي أن هللا سبحانه وتعالى قدّم القلب على العقل لشرفه ودوره المركزي الذي يؤدّيه في جسم اإلنسان. 14
. " ونالحظ أيضا أن لفظ
العقل" باشتقاقاته المختلفة ضُمّن في ثمانية محاور رئيسة في القرآن، هي:
.عند الحديث عن قصص األنبياء مع أممهم السابقة
.إعند الحديث عن ملكوت السموات واألرض وما بينهما
.عند الحديث عن ملكوت السموات واألرض وما بينهما
.عند الحديث عن أصل اإلنسان ومراحل تطوره
.عند الحديث عن أصل اإلنسان ومراحل تطوره
.عند الحديث عن مخالفة العمل للمقال
عند الحديث عن تحري
ف أهل الكتاب لكتبهم. اأإ
عند الحديث عن تحري
ف أهل الكتاب لكتبهم.
.عند الحديث عن اإليمان والتوحيد والصدق واليقين واألخالق الفاضلة
.عند الحديث عن اإليمان والتوحيد والصدق واليقين واألخالق الفاضلة
.عند الحديث عن الذين عطلوا وسائل المعرفة
.عند الحديث عن التشريع الربّاني
.عند الحديث عن التشريع الربّاني
.عند الحديث عن التشريع الربّاني هذا ويبدو "العقل في القرآن فذّا فريدا في نوعه، عندما يستخدم التعبير بالقلب إلى جانب فعل العقل، ليؤ
ك
د أن اإلنسان ليس
عقال جامدا فقط، بل هو عقل وقلب أو هو قلب يعقل، يحس، يشعر، يتأثر ويدرك. إن هذا المزج بين التعبيرين يشكل ظاهره فريدة
تختلف عن غيرها كل االختالف، وتعطي للعقل في القرآن بعدا جديدا يجمع بين العقل الظاهر والعقل الباطن وبين التفكير والشعور
الو
جداني، إنّ هذا المزج بين التعبيرين يشكّل ظاهرة فريدة تختلف عن غيرها كل االختالف، وتعطي للعقل في القرآن بعدا جديدا ،
يجمع بين العقل الظاهر والعقل الباطن، وبين التفكير والشعور الوجداني" (الجوزو، 1980
.) 3. موضع العقل في الجسد
توصّلنا سالفا أن: "
العقل هو
القوّ ة التي في اإلنسان، وهو الغريزة التي خلقها هللا في القلب ابتداء، وله تعلّق بالدّماغ، والتي بها يحصل
له العلم والعمل به، وهو منبع المفاهيم واإلدراك والمقايسات". إذن فالعقل هو عبارة عن لطيفة معنوية أو روحية وليس جسما ماديا
مرئيا . ويؤيد هذا ما ذكره ال
قاضي أبو يعلى نقال عن أبي الحسن التميمي عبد العزيز بن الحارث قوله: "العقل ليس بجسم وال صورة 93 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Vol. 5, No. 1. المقدمة 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath ،باهلل" (ابن تيمية1406
،)
وقال األمين الشنقيطي: "واآلية تدل على أن محل العقل: في القلب، ومحل السمع: في األذن، فما يزعمه
الفالسفة من أن محل العقل الدماغ باطل، و
كذلك قول من زعم أن العقل ال مركز له أصال في اإلنسان ألنه زماني فقط ال مكاني فهو
في غاية السّقوط والبطالن" (الشنقيطي، 1995
.) ،باهلل" (ابن تيمية1406
،)
وقال األمين الشنقيطي: "واآلية تدل على أن محل العقل: في القلب، ومحل السمع: في األذن، فما يزعمه
الفالسفة من أن محل العقل الدماغ باطل، و
كذلك قول من زعم أن العقل ال مركز له أصال في اإلنسان ألنه زماني فقط ال مكاني فهو
في غاية السّقوط والبطالن" (الشنقيطي، 1995
.) ًويتأيد رابعا
بدليل تعلّق القلب بالدّماغ، فقد قال القاضي أبو يعلى وأبو الحسن التميمي: " إنّ العقل في القل
ب
يعلو
نوره إلى
الدّماغ، فيفيض منه إلى الحواس ما جرى في العقل" (القاضي، 1990
)، وقال ابن تيمية: "يقول طائفة من أصحاب أحمد: إن أصل
العقل في القلب فإذا كمل انتهى إلى الدماغ، والتحقيق أن الروح التي هي النفس لها تعلق بهذا وهذا، وما يتصف من العقل به يتعلق
بهذا وهذا، ل
كن مبدأ الفكر والنظر في الدماغ ومبدأ اإلرادة في القلب، والعقل يراد به العلم ويراد به العمل، فالعلم والعمل االختياري
أصله اإلرادة، وأصل اإلرادة في القلب، والمريد ال يكون مريدا إال بعد تصور المراد، فال بد أن يكون القلب متصورا فيكون منه هذا
وهذا، ويبتدئ ذلك م
ن الدماغ وآثاره صاعدة إلى الدماغ فمنه المبتدأ وإليه االنتهاء" (ابن تيمية، 2005
:)، وقد نقل عن ابن القيم قوله
"فالصواب إنّ مبدأه ومنشأه من القلب، وفروعه وثمرته في الرأس، والقرآن دل على هذا بقوله: ﴿أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي األْ َرْ ضِ فَتَكُ
ونَ لَهُمْ
قُلُوبٌ يَعْ
قِلُونَ بِهَا﴾ (الحج: 46
:)، وقال: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَذِكْرَ ى لِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ﴾ (ق37
)، ولم يرد بالقلب هنا مضغة
ّ
ّ
ّ
أ ج
﴾ (
﴾ (
يَ
﴿ ِ
)
م
)
اللّحم المشتركة بين الحيوانات، بل المراد ما فيه من العقل واللّبّ" (ابن القيم، 1994
)، قال الشوكاني: "وأسند التعقّل
إلى القلوب؛
ألنّها محلّ العقل، كما أنّ اآلذان محلّ السّمع، وقيل: إنّ العقل محلّه الدّماغ وال مانع من ذلك، فإنّ القلب هو الذي يبعث على إد
راك
العقل وإن كان محلّه خارجا عنه" (الشوكاني، 1414
ّ)، قال ابن عطيّة: "وهذه اآلية تقتضي أن العقل في القلب، وذلك هو الحق
، وال
ينكر أن للدّماغ اتّصاال بالقلب يوجب فساد العقل متى اختلّ الدّماغ" (ابن عطية، 1422
.) ًويتأيّد خامسا
بدليل اإلجماع وذلك باتفاق علماء األمّة على أن اإليمان عمل بالجوارح وقول باللسان واعتقاد بالجنان
والقلب، فكل أمور الشرع يعقلها القلب ويعتقد بها. 1. المقدمة وكما
قال أبو حامد: "وحيث ورد في القرآن والسنّة لفظ القلب فالمراد به المعنى
الذي يفقه من اإلنسان ويعرف حقيقة األشياء" (الغزالي، 2002
.) ً سادسا
ويتأيّد
حيث
الحديث،
العصر
في
القلب
علماء
إليه
وصل
بما
يقول أندرو أرمور
(J. Andrew Armour)
:في كتابهatomical and Functional Principles)
(Neurocardiology An
:
أن
هناك
دماغا شديد
التعقيد موجود داخل القلب، داخل كل خلية من خاليا القلب،
ففي القلب أكثر من أربعين ألف خلية عصبية تعمل
بدقة فائقة على تنظيم معدل ضربات
القلب وإفراز الهرمونات
وتخزين المعلومات ثم يتم
إرسال المعلومات إلى
الدماغ، هذه المعلومات
تلعب دورا مهما في الفهم
واإلدراك (كاهل، 2002)، ويعلّق الباحث عبد الدائم الكحيل
على كالم أندرو قائال :
إذن المعلومات تتدفق
من القلب إلى ساق الدماغ ثم تدخل إلى الدماغ عبر ممرات خاصة، وتقوم بتوجيه خاليا الدماغ لتتمكن من الفهم واالستيعا
ب
. ولذلك
فإن بعض العلماء اليوم يقومون بإنشاء مراكز تهتم بدراسة العالقة بين القلب والدماغ وعالقة القلب بالعمليات النفسية واإلدراكية،
بعدما أدركوا الدور الكبير للقلب في التفكير واإلبداع
(كاهل، 2002
.) هذا وإنّ إعطاء القرآن الكريم قدرة التعقّل والتفهّم للقلب م
نذ أربعة عشر قرنٍ خلت يلغي وينهي فكرة انفراد العقل بسلطة
التعقّل والتفهّم الكاملة التي ال يشاركه فيها معه أي عضو آخر من أعضاء اإلنسان. فالمنظور القرآني ال يعترف بانفراد العقل وحده
دون سائر األعضاء بالسّلطة التعقليّة في جسم اإلنسان، وإنما يقوم بإشراك القلبِ
العقلَ للطاقة التعقليّة واإلدراكية، بله يجعل ا
لقلب
المشرف الرئيس على القدرة التعقليّة، ويميل القرآن الكريم في نهاية المطاف لصالح القلب وذلك النفراده بالناحية الوجدانية بما في
ذلك األحاسيس والعواطف والمشاعر من جهة، واشتراكه وتعاونه مع العقل في الناحية الفك
رية بما في ذلك المفاهيم واإلدراك
والمقايسات من جهة أخرى
(باي زكوب، 2016
). 4. وسائل عصرية لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل وخطورة إهماله
المقاصد تنقسم باعتبار محل صدورها لنوعين: مقاصد الشارع ومقاصد المكلف. عرف ابن عاشور المقاصد بأنها:
"هي األعمال والتصرفات المقصودة
لذاتها، والتي تسعي النفس إلي تحصيلها بمساع شتي أو تحمل علي السعي إليها امتثاال "(ابن
عاشور، 1996
)، أو هي: " الغايات التي تهدف إليها النصوص من األوامر والنواهي واإلباحات، وتسعي األحكام الجزئية إلي
تحقيقها في حياة المكلفين، أفرادا ، وأسرا ، وجماعات وأمة" (
القرضاوي، 2006
)، ومن مقاصد الشريعة اإلسالمية مقصد حفظ
العقل وجعله اإلسالم له وسائل من حيث الوجود ومن حيث العدم
. 1. المقدمة وعبّر عنه بالقلب ألنه محل
استقراره" (ابن حجر، 2003
،)، قال الرّ ازي: "وعند قوم أنّ محلّ التفكّر هو الدّماغ، فاهلل تعالى بيّن أنّ محلّ ذلك هو الصّدر
المقصو
د
من قوله : ﴿قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا ﴾، العلم، وقوله: ﴿يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾، كالدّاللة على أنّ القلب آلة لهذا التعقّل، فوجب جعل
القلب محالّ
للتعقّل"
(الرازي، 2000
،)
" :وأيّد اإلمام النووي أيضا أدلة من احتج بالحديث السابق على أن العقل في القلب فقال
واحتج بهذا الحديث، ع
لى
أن العقل في القلب ال في الرأس، وفيه خالف مشهور. مذهب أصحابنا وجماهير المتكلمين، أنّه في القلب. وقال أبو حنيفة: هو في
الدماغ، وقد يقال في الرأس. وحكوا األول أيضا عن الفالسفة، والثاني عن األطباء. قال المازري: واحتج القائلون بأنه في ال
ق
لب بقوله
ﷻ:
﴿أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي األْ َرْ ضِ فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾ وقوله
ﷻ:
﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَذِكْرَ ىٰ لِمَن كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ أَوْ أَلْقَى السَّمْعَ وَ هُوَ شَهِيدٌ﴾"
(النووي، 2004
،)
واحتجّ القاضي على أنّ محلّ العقل القلب بقوله ت
عالى: ﴿إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَذِكْرَى لِمَنْ كَانَ لَهُ قَلْبٌ﴾ ثم قال: وأراد به
العقل، فدلّ على أن القلب محلّه؛ ألنّ العرب تسمّي الشيء باسم الشيء إذا كان مجاور ا له، أو كان بسبب منه، بينما احتج أبو الحسن
التميمي على أنّ محلّ العقل القلب بقوله تعالى: ﴿أَفَلَمْ
يَسِيرُوا فِي األْ َرْ ضِ فَتَكُونَ لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ يَعْقِلُونَ بِهَا﴾ وقوله تعالى: ﴿لَهُمْ قُلُوبٌ ال
يَفْقَهُونَ بِهَا﴾ (القاضي، 1990
،)
وقال ابن تيمية: "فإن العقل في القلب مثل البصر في العين يراد به اإلدراك تارة ويراد به القوة التي
جعلها هللا في العين يحص
ل بها اإلدراك. فإن كل واحد من علم العبد وإدراكه، ومن علمه وحركته حول. ولكل منهما قوة وال قوة إال 94 Vol. 5, No. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بالتفكر في الكون
كما حثنا هللا على التفكر في الكون للحفاظ على العقل فقال: ﴿وَ هُوَ الَّذِي يُحْيِي وَ
يُمِيتُ وَ لَهُ اخْتِالَ فُ اللَّيْلِ وَ النَّهَارِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (ال
مؤمنون:
80
َ)، وقال: ﴿ أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ َّللاَّ َ أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاء فَسَلَكَهُ يَنَابِيعَ فِي األْ َرْ ضِ ثُمَّ يُخْرِ جُ بِهِ ز
رْ ع ا مُخْتَلِف ا أَلْوَ انُهُ ثُمَّ يَهِيجُ فَ
تَرَ اهُ مُ
صْفَرًّا ثُمَّ
يَجْعَلُهُ حُطَام ا إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَذِكْرَى ألِ ُولِي األْ َلْبَابِ﴾ (الزمر: 21
ٍ)، ودعا إلى التفكر أن الحياة زائلة فقال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا أُوتِيتُمْ مِنْ شَيْء
فَمَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَ زِ ينَتُهَا وَ مَا عِنْدَ َّللاَّ ِ خَيْرٌ وَ
أَبْقَى أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (القصص: 60
.) كما حثنا هللا على التفكر في الكون للحفاظ على العقل فقال: ﴿وَ هُوَ الَّذِي يُحْيِي وَ
يُمِيتُ وَ لَهُ اخْتِالَ فُ اللَّيْلِ وَ النَّهَارِ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (ال
مؤمنون:
80
َ)، وقال: ﴿ أَلَمْ تَرَ أَنَّ َّللاَّ َ أَنْزَلَ مِنَ السَّمَاءِ مَاء فَسَلَكَهُ يَنَابِيعَ فِي األْ َرْ ضِ ثُمَّ يُخْرِ جُ بِهِ ز
رْ ع ا مُخْتَلِف ا أَلْوَ انُهُ ثُمَّ يَهِيجُ فَ
تَرَ اهُ مُ
صْفَرًّا ثُمَّ
يَجْعَلُهُ حُطَام ا إِنَّ فِي ذَلِكَ لَذِكْرَى ألِ ُولِي األْ َلْبَابِ﴾ (الزمر: 21
ٍ)، ودعا إلى التفكر أن الحياة زائلة فقال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا أُوتِيتُمْ مِنْ شَيْء
فَمَتَاعُ الْحَيَاةِ الدُّنْيَا وَ زِ ينَتُهَا وَ مَا عِنْدَ َّللاَّ ِ خَيْرٌ وَ
أَبْقَى أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (القصص: 60
.) فنحتاج في واقعنا المعاصر لالهتمام بدراسة اإلعجاز العلمي التشريعي والطبي واالستفادة من آيات اإلعجاز في القرآن
الكريم والسنة النبوبة بربطها بقراءة الكون بصورة جديدة تأملية وذهن منفتح. 5. 1. المقدمة 95
وسائل عصرية لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
من جانب الوجود
حث اإلسالم علي حفظ العقل، ويؤكد القرافي على أن حفظ العقل من الضروريات الخمس التي "اجتمعت األ
مة المحمدية على حف
ظها
ووافقها في ذلك جميع الملل التي شرعها هللا تعالى" (القرافي، 2001
.)
1. حفظ العقل بالتفكير العلمي الصحيح
من وسائل حفظ العقل استعماله بالتفكير، والتفكير من الفكر، أي إعمال العقل في مشكلة للتوصل إلى حلها. ولقد دعا اإلسالم إلي التفكير، قال
تعالى :﴿وَ مِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَتَّخِ ذُ مِنْ دُونِ َّللاَّ ِ أَنْدَاد ا يُحِ بُّونَهُمْ كَحُبِّ َّللاَّ ِ وَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَشَدُّ
حُبًّا
ّلِلِ َّ ِ وَ لَوْ يَرَى الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا إِذْ يَرَ وْ نَ الْعَذَابَ أَنَّ الْقُوَّ ةَ ّلِلِ َّ ِ جَمِيع ا وَ أَنَّ َّللاَّ َ شَدِي
دُ الْعَذَابِ﴾ (آل عمران: 165
ّ)، يقول القرطبي:"لما أخبر َّللا
سبحانه وتعالى في اآلية قبل ما دل على وحدانيته وقدرته وعظم سلطانه أخبر أن مع هذه اآليات القاهرة لذوي العقول من يتخذ معه
أندادا" (القرطبي، 2003
)، وال شك أن التفكير الموضوعي
هو التفكير المطلوب للم
حافظة على العقل بخالف التعصب والتهور،
فقد قال تعالى: ﴿ فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي األْ َبْصَارِ﴾ (الحشر: 2
،)، أي: "تنبهوا يا أصحاب العقول" (القرطبي2003
.) وسائل عصرية لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
من جانب الوجود
حث اإلسالم علي حفظ العقل، ويؤكد القرافي على أن حفظ العقل من الضروريات الخمس التي "اجتمعت األ
مة المحمدية على حف
ظها
ووافقها في ذلك جميع الملل التي شرعها هللا تعالى" (القرافي، 2001
.) 95
1. حفظ العقل بالتفكير العلمي الصحيح
من وسائل حفظ العقل استعماله بالتفكير، والتفكير من الفكر، أي إعمال العقل في مشكلة للتوصل إلى حلها. ولقد دعا اإلسالم إلي التفكير، قال
تعالى :﴿وَ مِنَ النَّاسِ مَنْ يَتَّخِ ذُ مِنْ دُونِ َّللاَّ ِ أَنْدَاد ا يُحِ بُّونَهُمْ كَحُبِّ َّللاَّ ِ وَ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَشَدُّ
حُبًّا
ّلِلِ َّ ِ وَ لَوْ يَرَى الَّذِينَ ظَلَمُوا إِذْ يَرَ وْ نَ الْعَذَابَ أَنَّ الْقُوَّ ةَ ّلِلِ َّ ِ جَمِيع ا وَ أَنَّ َّللاَّ َ شَدِي
دُ الْعَذَابِ﴾ (آل عمران: 165
ّ)، يقول القرطبي:"لما أخبر َّللا
سبحانه وتعالى في اآلية قبل ما دل على وحدانيته وقدرته وعظم سلطانه أخبر أن مع هذه اآليات القاهرة لذوي العقول من يتخذ معه
أندادا" (القرطبي، 2003
)، وال شك أن التفكير الموضوعي
هو التفكير المطلوب للم
حافظة على العقل بخالف التعصب والتهور،
فقد قال تعالى: ﴿ فَاعْتَبِرُوا يَا أُولِي األْ َبْصَارِ﴾ (الحشر: 2
،)، أي: "تنبهوا يا أصحاب العقول" (القرطبي2003
.) 95 95 Vol. 5, No. 1. المقدمة ح
فظ العقل باالستفادة من حال األمم السابقة والمعاصرة 3. ح
فظ العقل باالستفادة من حال األمم السابقة والمعاصرة
كما حثنا هللا على تدبر عاقبة األمم السابقة قائال: ﴿ أَفَلَمْ يَسِيرُوا فِي األْ َرْ ضِ فَيَنْظُرُوا كَيْفَ كَانَ عَاقِبَةُ الَّ
ذِينَ مِنْ قَبْلِهِمْ وَ لَدَ
ارُ اآلْ خِ رَةِ
خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ اتَّقَوْ ا أَفَالَ تَ
عْقِلُونَ ﴾ (يوسف: 109
)، لقد حث اإلسالم على التفكير في قصص السابقين وأخذ العبرة والعظة منهم، قال
تعالى: ﴿لقَدْ كَانَ فِي قَصَصِ هِمْ عِبْرَ ةٌ ألِ ُولِي األْ َلْبَابِ مَا كَانَ حَدِيث ا يُفْتَرَ ى وَ لَكِنْ تَصْدِيقَ الَّذِي بَيْ
نَ يَدَيْهِ وَ تَفْصِ يلَ كُلِّ شَ
يْ
ءٍ وَ هُد ى وَ رَحْمَة
لِقَوْ مٍ يُؤْمِنُونَ﴾ (يوسف: 111
َ)، كما حث سيدنا إبراهيم قومه على إعمال عقولهم قائال لهم: ﴿أُفٍّ لَكُمْ وَ لِمَا تَعْبُدُونَ مِنْ دُونِ َّللاَّ ِ أَفَال
تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (األنبياء: 67
.) لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل نحتاج إلعمال عقولنا بالتدبر ف
ي أحوال األمم في القرون السابقة ودراسة التاريخ وكذلك بدرسة
أحوال األمم والدول المعاصرة في عوامل نهضتها وسقوطها واالستفادة منها للتطوير المستمر. 4. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بتدبر القرآن الكريم والعمل به
كما حث على تدبر القرآن الكريم، قال تعالى:"أَفَالَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْ آنَ وَ لَ
وْ كَانَ مِنْ عِنْدِ غَيْرِ َّللاَّ ِ لَوَ جَدُوا فِيهِ اخْتِالَ ف ا كَثِير ا﴾ (النساء: 82
،)
:وقال أيضا: ﴿أَفَالَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْ آنَ أَمْ عَلَى قُلُوبٍ أَقْفَالُهَا﴾ (محمد24
)، وحث هللا على التأمل في أن اآلخرة أفضل من الدنيا؛ ألنها
فانية واآلخرة باقية،
قال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا الْحَيَاةُ الدُّنْيَا إِالَّ لَعِبٌ وَ لَهْوٌ وَ لَلدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَ
عْقِلُونَ ﴾ (األنعام: 32
)، وقال
أيضا: ﴿ وَ الدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (األعراف: 169)، كم
ا وضح هللا على لسان رسوله أنه لبث في قريش زمنا ال
يكذب، فهل يعقل أن يكذب بعد األربعين؟ قال تعالى: ﴿قُلْ لَوْ شَاءَ َّللاَّ ُ مَا تَلَوْ تُهُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَ الَ أَدْرَ اكُمْ بِهِ فَقَ
دْ لَبِثْتُ فِيكُمْ عُمُر ا مِ
نْ قَبْلِهِ أَفَالَ
تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (يونس: 16
.) م
كما حث على تدبر القرآن الكريم، قال تعالى:"أَفَالَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْ آنَ وَ لَ
وْ كَانَ مِنْ عِنْدِ غَيْرِ َّللاَّ ِ لَوَ جَدُوا فِيهِ اخْتِالَ ف ا كَثِير ا﴾ (النساء: 82
،)
:وقال أيضا: ﴿أَفَالَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْ آنَ أَمْ عَلَى قُلُوبٍ أَقْفَالُهَا﴾ (محمد24
)، وحث هللا على التأمل في أن اآلخرة أفضل من الدنيا؛ ألنها
فانية واآلخرة باقية،
قال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا الْحَيَاةُ الدُّنْيَا إِالَّ لَعِبٌ وَ لَهْوٌ وَ لَلدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَ
عْقِلُونَ ﴾ (األنعام: 32
)، وقال
أيضا: ﴿ وَ الدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (األعراف: 169)، كم
ا وضح هللا على لسان رسوله أنه لبث في قريش زمنا ال
يكذب، فهل يعقل أن يكذب بعد األربعين؟ قال تعالى: ﴿قُلْ لَوْ شَاءَ َّللاَّ ُ مَا تَلَوْ تُهُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَ الَ أَدْرَ اكُمْ بِهِ فَقَ
دْ لَبِثْتُ فِيكُمْ عُمُر ا مِ
نْ قَبْلِهِ أَفَالَ
تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (يونس: 16
.) كما حث على تدبر القرآن الكريم، قال تعالى:"أَفَالَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْ آنَ وَ لَ
وْ كَانَ مِنْ عِنْدِ غَيْرِ َّللاَّ ِ لَوَ جَدُوا فِيهِ اخْتِالَ ف ا كَثِير ا﴾ (النساء: 82
،)
:وقال أيضا: ﴿أَفَالَ يَتَدَبَّرُونَ الْقُرْ آنَ أَمْ عَلَى قُلُوبٍ أَقْفَالُهَا﴾ (محمد24
)، وحث هللا على التأمل في أن اآلخرة أفضل من الدنيا؛ ألنها
فانية واآلخرة باقية،
قال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا الْحَيَاةُ الدُّنْيَا إِالَّ لَعِبٌ وَ لَهْوٌ وَ لَلدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَ
عْقِلُونَ ﴾ (األنعام: 32
)، وقال
أيضا: ﴿ وَ الدَّارُ اآلْ خِ رَ ةُ خَيْرٌ لِلَّذِينَ يَتَّقُونَ أَفَالَ تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (األعراف: 169)، كم
ا وضح هللا على لسان رسوله أنه لبث في قريش زمنا ال
يكذب، فهل يعقل أن يكذب بعد األربعين؟ قال تعالى: ﴿قُلْ لَوْ شَاءَ َّللاَّ ُ مَا تَلَوْ تُهُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَ الَ أَدْرَ اكُمْ بِهِ فَقَ
دْ لَبِثْتُ فِيكُمْ عُمُر ا مِ
نْ قَبْلِهِ أَفَالَ
تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (يونس:16
.) 3. 1. المقدمة 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath ولقد وضح العز ابن عبد السالم أن اإلسالم حث علي"التفكير في ملكوت السموات واألرض وجميع مخلوقات هللا؛ ليست
د
ل بذلك على
قدرته وحكمته ونفوذ إرادته. وكذلك التفكر في آيات كتابه وفي فهم شرائعه وأحكامه، وكذلك تدبر آيات كتابه وكذلك التفكر في الحشر
والنشر والثواب والعقاب، ليكون المتفكر بين الخوف والرجاء، ليعمل بطاعته رجاء لثوابه، وبتجنب معصيته" ((ابن عبد السالم،
2007
،)
،وتكمن أهمية التفكير في التمييز بين األدلة السليمة وغير السليمة، والتحرر من األهواء الشخصية، وتنمية االتجاه العلمي
واالعتماد علي الحجة والدليل، واالجتهاد للوصول لنتائج سليمة، قال تعالى: ﴿فَاقْصُصِ الْقَصَصَ لَعَلَّهُمْ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ﴾ (األع
ر
اف: 176
،)
وقال
تعالى: ﴿كَذَلِكَ نُفَصّ ِ لُ اآلْ يَاتِ لِقَوْ مٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ﴾ (يونس: 24
ْ)، ولقد حث هللا على التفكير في كثير من آياته، فقال تعالى: ﴿قُلْ هَل
يَسْتَوِي األْ َعْمَى وَ الْبَصِ يرُ أَفَالَ تَتَفَكَّرُونَ﴾ (األنعام: 50)، كما حث هللا تعالى علي التأمل في الكون فقال
: ﴿أَوَ لَمْ يَنْظُرُوا فِي مَلَكُوتِ
السَّمَاوَ اتِ وَ األَرْ ضِ﴾ (األعراف: 185
:)، وقال: ﴿وَ فِي أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَفَال تُبْصِ رُونَ﴾ (الذاريات21
)، يقول القرطبي:" أو لم ينظروا في ذلك
نظر تفكر وتدبر حتى يستدلوا بكونها محال للحوادث والتغييرات على أنها محدثات، وأن ا
لمحدث ال يستغني عن صانع يصنعه
"
(القرطبي، 2003
.) .ي ي و ربوي
اب ي ؤ
ي ى
ير
ي ه ر
ج
و
2. 1. المقدمة المخدرا
ت لها مفاسد كبيرة على العقول البشرية مما يتنافي مع تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل، فقد ذكرت فتاوى فقهاء المذاهب اإلسالمية
تحريم المخدرات سواء كان بإنتاجها وزراعتها وتجارتها وترويجها وتعاطيها طبيعية أو مخلقة وعلى تجريم من يقدم على ذلك
. ( فتاوى دار اإلفتاء المصرية ،
1997
) اإ 1. حفظ العقل
بتحريم الخمر والمخدرات
من وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل من جانب العدم تحريم الخمر، قال تعالى: ﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَ الْ
مَيْسِرُ وَ األْ َنْصَ
ابُ
وَ األْ َزْ الَ مُ رِ جْسٌ مِنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُو
نَ إِنَّمَا يُرِ يدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَ ةَ وَ الْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَ الْمَيْسِرِ
وَ يَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ َّللاَّ ِ وَ عَنِ الصَّالَ ةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ﴾ (المائدة: 91
﴿ :)، وقال تعالى
يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْخَمْرِ وَ الْ
مَيْسِرِ قُلْ فِيهِمَا إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ
وَ مَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ وَ إِثْمُهُمَا أَكْبَرُ مِنْ نَفْعِهِمَا﴾ (البقرة: 219
،)، ووجه الداللة:" كل ما كان كالخمر فهو بمنزلتها"(القرطبي2003
)، وقوله
تعالى: ﴿قُلْ فِيهِمَا﴾ يعني الخمر والميسر "إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ" إثم الخمر ما
يصدر عن الشارب من المخاصمة والمشاتمة وقول الفحش والزور،
وزوال العقل الذي يعرف به ما يجب لخالقه، وتعطيل الصلوات والتعوق عن ذكر هللا، إلى غير ذلك" (القرطبي، 2003
)، ووضح
العز حرمة الخمر وأن الخمر والزنا وقطع الطريق تترتب عليها حدودها، ولقد منع هللا قليل الخم
ر وكثيره حفاظا علي العقل، وشرب
القليل منه وسيلة لشرب الكثير، والخمر لها مفاسد كثيرة، ومنها إزالتها للعقول (ابن عبد السالم، 2007
)، وقد ظهر أن للخمر أضرارا
كثيرة على اإلنسان ومنها: تأثيرها على الجهاز الهضمي الدموي والعصبي وتأثيرها على الكبد وإضعافه. اإ المخدرا
ت لها مفاسد كبيرة على العقول البشرية مما يتنافي مع تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل، فقد ذكرت فتاوى فقهاء المذاهب اإلسالمية
تحريم المخدرات سواء كان بإنتاجها وزراعتها وتجارتها وترويجها وتعاطيها طبيعية أو مخلقة وعلى تجريم من يقدم على ذلك
. ( فتاوى دار اإلفتاء المصرية ،
1997
) 97
وكما قال اإلمام أبو حامد الغزالى (إن جلب المنفعة ودفع المضرة مقاصد الحق وصالح الخلق فى تحصيل مقاصدهم لكنا
نعنى بالمصحلة المحافظة على مقصود الشرع، ومقصود الشرع من الخلق خمسة وهو أن يحفظ على مقصود الشرع، ومقصود
الشرع من الخلق خمسة وهو أن يحفظ عليهم د
ينهم وأنفسهم وعقلهم ونسلهم ومالهم، فكل ما يتضمن حفظ هذه األصول الخمسة فهو
مصلحة، وكل ما يفوت هذه األصول الخمسة فهو مفسدة ودفعها مصلحة)
. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بالتعلّيم المب
اشر واالليكتروني
في ظل أزمة كورونا انتشر التعليم االليكتروني ومن وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل حث اإلسالم على التعليم قال تعالى: ﴿ قُلْ هَلْ
يَسْتَوِي الَّذِينَ يَعْلَمُونَ وَ الَّذِينَ الَ يَعْلَمُونَ إِنَّمَا يَتَذَكَّرُ أُولُو األْ َلْبَابِ﴾ (الزمر: 9)، وقال
تعالى: ﴿ يَرْ فَعِ َّللاَّ ُ الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا مِنْكُمْ وَ الَّذِينَ أُوتُوا
الْعِلْمَ دَرَ جَاتٍ وَ َّللاَّ ُ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيرٌ﴾ (المجادلة: 11
)، ولذا قال القرطبي: "العالم له من الفضيلة ما ليس للجاهل؛ ألن الكلب إذا علم
يكون له فضيلة على سائر الكالب، فاإلن
سان إذا كان له علم أولى أن يكون له فضل على سائر الناس، ال سيما إذا عمل بما علم"
(القرطبي، 2003
،)
وأكد قائال: "الشرائع مصالح العباد ال مفاسدهم، وأصل المصالح العقل، كما أن أصل المفاسد ذهابه، فيجب المنع
من كل ما يذهبه أو يشوشه"(القرطبي، 2003)، والتعليم المطلو
ب ليس مقصورا على العلم الشرعي فقط بل العلم الدنيوي أيضا
فاإلسالم دين شامل يهتم بأحوال الدنيا واآلخرة. 96 آاإ
وفي زمن األوبئة كفيروس كورونا اتجه العالم من التعليم المباشر إلى التعليم االليكتروني تجنبا النتشار العدوى بين
المتعلمين وكذلك تنفيذا إلجراءات تقييد الحركة
، ولذا كان ال بد من العمل على تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل ومقاصد التعليم من خالل
طرق التدريس في التعليم االليكتروني بما يحقق معايير الجودة الشاملة
6. حفظ
العقل بتنمية
مهاراته عن
طريق تقنيات
الذكاء االصطناعي
الذكاء االصطناعي له عدة تعريفات عند العلماء ومنها: هي أ
لعاب رقمية تعمل بالتكنولوجيا الحديثة ولها عدة أنواع منهاك ألعاب
المحاكاة، وألعاب بناء المدون ، محاكاة التجارة، محاكاة اإلدارة، محاكاة الحوكمة، محاكاة تربية الحويانات األليفة ، لعبة الشطرنج
،
لعبة الطاولة ، تمثيل األدوار، وغيرها الكثير والكثير(آندي محمد
حجازي، 2010
). وهي األلعاب التي تمارس على األجهزة
االليكترونية بهدف تحقيق المتعة والتسلية من خالل النشاط التفاعلي بين المستخدم واللعبة (ياسر بن إبراهيم الخضيري، 1440
.)
ويمكن تعريف تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي بأنها برامج يمكنها تقليد قدرات اإلنسان الذهنية للقي
ام ببعض المهام، وهذه الت
طبيقات 96 Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath مهمة خاصة في وباء كورونا ، وانشغال الناس بالتعليم عن بعد، والعمل االليكتروني، والحجر الصحي في البيوت ، فكانت الحاجة
مهمة لالستفادة من هذه التطبيقات العصرية في حياتنا. ففي ظل بقاء الطالب في بيوتهم بسبب انتشار فيروس كورونا أ
و في زمن األوبئة بصفة عامة لجأ الطالب التسخدام
تقنيات الذكاء االصطناعي واألجهزة االليكترونية وولذا نحتاج الستفادة من هذه الوسال العصرية للعمل على تحقيق مقصد حفظ
العقل وتنمية أفكار الطالب في شتى بقاع األرض. 7. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بتنمية مناهج التف
كير النقدي و اإلبداعي
هناك عدة أنواع للتفكير ومن األنواع المهمة لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل هو تنمية مهارات التفكير النقدي عن طريق االستماع الفعال،
وجمع البيانات والتأكد من صحتها وتحليلها تحليال موضوعيا والنظر للمصالح والمفاسد والتواصل العلمي الفعال، وكذلك تن
ية م
مهارات التفكير اإلبداعي بالعضف الذهني والخروج بأكبر قدر من األفكار والمقترحات، ثم العمل على تصفيتها واختيار األفكار
المناسبة للواقع المعاصر وما يمكن تأجيله، والتفكير اإلبداعي له عدة فوائد على الفر والمجتمع ، ومنها: زيادة الثقة بالنفس، وحل
المشكالت، وا
لتحسين المستمر والتطوير الدائم، ولذا علينا بتنمية هذه المهارات لدى المتعلمين من خالل مناه وطرق تدريس العلوم
المختلفة. 10
. حفظ العقل بم
م
ارسة الرياضة اليومية
اإلنسان عقل وجسم فالتأثير السلبي على الجسم يؤثر سلبا على التفكير العقلي، واإلضرار بالجسم هو إضرار ب
ا
لعقل، ولذا هناك
اربتاط وثيق بين مقصدي حفظ العنفس والعقل، فالعقل السليم في الجسم السليم ، فإذا كان اإلنسان نشيطا بدينا ونفسيا ساعده ذلك على
التفكير الساليم والخروج بقرارات صحيحة مناسبة للواقع. وسائل عصرية لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
من جانب العدم
1. حفظ العقل
بتحريم الخمر والمخدرات
من وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل من جانب العدم تحريم الخمر، قال تعالى: ﴿ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنَّمَا الْخَمْرُ وَ الْ
مَيْسِرُ وَ األْ َنْصَ
ابُ
وَ األْ َزْ الَ مُ رِ جْسٌ مِنْ عَمَلِ الشَّيْطَانِ فَاجْتَنِبُوهُ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُو
نَ إِنَّمَا يُرِ يدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَ ةَ وَ الْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَ الْمَيْسِرِ
وَ يَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ َّللاَّ ِ وَ عَنِ الصَّالَ ةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ﴾ (المائدة: 91
﴿ :)، وقال تعالى
يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ الْخَمْرِ وَ الْ
مَيْسِرِ قُلْ فِيهِمَا إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ
وَ مَنَافِعُ لِلنَّاسِ وَ إِثْمُهُمَا أَكْبَرُ مِنْ نَفْعِهِمَا﴾ (البقرة: 219
،)، ووجه الداللة:" كل ما كان كالخمر فهو بمنزلتها"(القرطبي2003
)، وقوله
تعالى: ﴿قُلْ فِيهِمَا﴾ يعني الخمر والميسر "إِثْمٌ كَبِيرٌ" إثم الخمر ما
يصدر عن الشارب من المخاصمة والمشاتمة وقول الفحش والزور،
وزوال العقل الذي يعرف به ما يجب لخالقه، وتعطيل الصلوات والتعوق عن ذكر هللا، إلى غير ذلك" (القرطبي، 2003
)، ووضح
العز حرمة الخمر وأن الخمر والزنا وقطع الطريق تترتب عليها حدودها، ولقد منع هللا قليل الخم
ر وكثيره حفاظا علي العقل، وشرب
القليل منه وسيلة لشرب الكثير، والخمر لها مفاسد كثيرة، ومنها إزالتها للعقول (ابن عبد السالم، 2007
)، وقد ظهر أن للخمر أضرارا
كثيرة على اإلنسان ومنها: تأثيرها على الجهاز الهضمي الدموي والعصبي وتأثيرها على الكبد وإضعافه. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل باالستفادة من فوائد األلعاب اإللكتر
ونية
من الوسائل العصرية التي تعمل على تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل بعض األلعاب االليكترونية والتي تنمي مهارات التفكير الناقد وهذه
األلعاب تشجع األطفال على إعمال تفكيرهم الناقد والتحليل وتنمية القدرات المعرفية لديهم ، وتنمية القدرات المعرفية والذاكرة ولها
دور إيجا
بي في عملية حل المشكالت واتخاذ القرار ففيها تطوير التفكير من خالل العملية التربوية التعليمية وفرص لالكتشاف
وزيادة فرص التعلم (أميرة مشري، 2017
) كما أنها وسيلة للتسلية والترفية، وهذه األلعاب االليكترونية تعمل على اكتشاف الطفل
لنفسه وتعلم أشياء جديدة ، وح
ل مشكالته الخاصة عن طريق التفكير، وتعمل عى تجديد حيوية الطفل في حب العلم والمعرفة
وزيادة التركيز بعيدا عن التكرار الممل للعلوم في بعض األحيان ( طرشاني،2020
.)
ولذا نحرص على االستفادة من هذه األلعاب االليكترونية في تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل بدون إدمانها مما ي
ؤثر سلبا على المت
علمين. 8. حفظ العقل بحرية التعبير عن الرأي والتشاور مع اآلخرين
حثت الشريعة اإلسالمية على حرية التعبير وإبداء الرأي، فقد كان النبي يتشاور مع أصحابه في األمور التي لم يرد فيها نص شرعي
، فكان يقول لهم: أشيروا علي أيها الناس، وجاءت صورة باسم
سورة الشورى، ولذا نحتاج لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل أن نفتح دائما
باب التعبير عن اآلراء ومناقشتها طبقا لألدلة ومعرفة سبب اختالف وجهات النظر وكيفية الترجيح بين اآلراء
على أن ي
كون ذلك
بحرية وموضوعية تساعد على تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
9. حفظ العقل بتنمية مناهج التف
كير النقدي و اإلبداعي
هناك عدة أنواع للتفكير ومن األنواع المهمة لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل هو تنمية مهارات التفكير النقدي عن طريق االستماع الفعال،
وجمع البيانات والتأكد من صحتها وتحليلها تحليال موضوعيا والنظر للمصالح والمفاسد والتواصل العلمي الفعال، وكذلك تن
ية م
مهارات التفكير اإلبداعي بالعضف الذهني والخروج بأكبر قدر من األفكار والمقترحات، ثم العمل على تصفيتها واختيار األفكار
المناسبة للواقع المعاصر وما يمكن تأجيله، والتفكير اإلبداعي له عدة فوائد على الفر والمجتمع ، ومنها: زيادة الثقة بالنفس، وحل
المشكالت، وا
لتحسين المستمر والتطوير الدائم، ولذا علينا بتنمية هذه المهارات لدى المتعلمين من خالل مناه وطرق تدريس العلوم
المختلفة. ففي ظل بقاء الطالب في بيوتهم بسبب انتشار فيروس كورونا أ
و في زمن األوبئة بصفة عامة لجأ الطالب التسخدام
تقنيات الذكاء االصطناعي واألجهزة االليكترونية وولذا نحتاج الستفادة من هذه الوسال العصرية للعمل على تحقيق مقصد حفظ
العقل وتنمية أفكار الطالب في شتى بقاع األرض. 9. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بعدم التحدث بغير علم التحدث والفتوى بغير علم تعمل على تضليل عقل اإلنسان وتضليل عقول اآلخرين ، ولذا على المسلم أن يسأل عن الشيء الذي ال
يعلمه، ولذا قال تعالى:
﴿
فَاسْأَلُوا أَهْلَ الذِّكْرِ إِن كُنتُمْ الَ تَعْلَمُونَ
﴾
(النحل: 43
) ؛ ألن التحدث أو الفتوى بغير علم تتنافى تماما مع حفظ
عقل المتحدث نفسه بتصيق ما لم يتأكد منه بل وكذلك عقول اآلخرين بتضليلها ، فلو سكت من يعلم لسقط الخالف، فكثير من
الخالفات تزيد ومشاكل تتزايد بسبب الكالم بدون علم أو نشر معلومات لم يتم التأكد منها بعد. شبكة االنترنت لها مصالح كثيرة فقد ساعدت على الوصول للمعلومات بسهولة ويسر والتعرف على الجديد، والتعليم االيلكتروني
وال
عمل عن بعد وغير ذلك من المصالح الكثيرة ، ولكن البعض يستخدم االنترنت استخداما سيئا يضر بعقله وعقول اآلخرين كتصديقه
لكل المعلومات الواردة وبناء األحكام عليها واتخاذ القرارات باإلضرار بنفسه أو بغيره مع عدم تأكدهمن صحة المعلومات مجهولة
المصدر ، أو باتباع بعض
اإلعالنات لمنتجات ضارة أو إثارة الغرائز والفواحش المؤثرة على التفكير السليم للعقل أو تصفح المواقع
غير المفيدة للعقول بل ضررها أكثر من نفعها واليت تؤدي للتروج ألفكار هدامة أو عقائد خاطئة أو معلومات مضللة مما يساعد
على الغزو الفكري للعقول. 6. حفظ
العقل بعدم
االقتصار في
التركيز
على التقييم العلمي
في مستويات التفكير
الدنيا 6. حفظ
العقل بعدم
االقتصار في
التركيز
على التقييم العلمي
في مستويات التفكير
الدنيا
من الخطورة في العملية التعليمية في المدارس والجامعات التركيز على مهارتي الحفظ والتذكير أكثر من التركيز على المستويات
العليا للتفكير كمهارات التحليل والتركيب والتقويم، فتخرج أجياال ال يتقنون
إال الحفظ بل وبعد االمتحانات ينسون ما حف
ظوه نظرا
لعدم ارتباطه بالواقع وسوق العمل ، وهذا له تأثير سلبي كبير على حفظ العقول وتنميتها، ولذا ال بد من تطوير المناهج وطرق
التدريس مما يساعد على تنمية عقول األبناء من الصغر
ع
ن طريق التجربة واالستشكاف والطرق الحديث
ة. 7حفظ العقل بالنهي عن
التقليد
األعمى نهى اإلسالم عن التقليد األعمى، فلقد ذم هللا أهل الكتاب لعدم استخدامهم لعقولهم قائال: ﴿يَا أَهْلَ الْكِتَابِ لِمَ تُحَاجُّونَ
فِي إِبْرَ
اهِيمَ وَ مَا
أُنْزِ لَتِ التَّوْ رَ اةُ وَ اإلْ ِنْجِ يلُ إِالَّ مِنْ بَعْدِهِ أَفَالَ
تَعْقِلُونَ﴾ (آل عمران: 65
)، فالتقليد األعمى يؤدي إلى وقف عمل العقل، ويكون من معوقات
التطوير واإلبداع والتحسين، وقد أخبر هللا عنهم في القرآن الكريم﴿ بَلْ قَالُوا إِنَّا وَ جَدْنَا آبَاءَنَا عَلَى أُمَّةٍ وَ إِنَّ
ا عَلَى آثَارِ هِمْ مُهْتَدُونَ
. 1. المقدمة (الغزالي، 2002
)
ومع هذا فقد أخرج عن أم سلمة رضى هللا عنها قالت: "نهى رسول هللا صلى هللا عليه وسلم عن كل مسكر ومفتر" (سن
ن 97 Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath .أبى داود) والمفتر هو كل ما يورث الفتور والخور فى أعضاء الجسم
ولذا فتناول المخدرات يتنافى تماما مع تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل في الشريعة اإلسالمية، وبغض النظر عن مسمياتها فكل
ما كانت فيه علة التخدير ينطبق عليه نفس الحكم الشرعي
2
. حفظ العقل بنهيه عن التفكير
خارج حدوده
العقل البشري له حدود للتفمير فيه حفاظا عليه فإذا خرج عن هذه الحدود يؤثر عليه سلبا يتنافى مع حفظه فقد نهى النبي عن التفكير
في ذات هللا فعن أبي هريرة -
رضي هللا عنه-
أن رسول هللا-
صلى هللا عليه وسلم-
قال: "يأتي الشيطان أحدكم فيقول: من خلق
ك
ذا؟ من خلق كذا؟ حتى يقول: من خلق ربك؟فإذا بلغه فليستعذ باهلل ولينته" (متفق عليه)، ولذا منع اإلسالم العقل من التفكير خارج
نطاق تفكيره ، ومن الوسائل العصرية الخطيرة التي لها أثر سلبي على عقولنا هو التفكير أمور خارج نطاق العقل من خالل وسائل
التواصل االجتماعي
أو شبهات األعداء كالتفكير في عذاب القبر و بعض الغيبيبات
وإعمال العقل فيها مما يؤدي لإللحاد وتشتي
ت
العقول المسلمة وإنكار األمور الغيبية. قال تعالى:
﴿
وَ الَ يُحِ يطُونَ بِشَيْءٍ مِّنْ عِلْمِهِ إِالَّ بِمَا شَاءَ
﴾
(البقرة: 255
)
3حفظ العقل بعدم االنشغال باأل
مور الخالفية التي ال ينبني عليها عمل هناك بعض القضايا الخالف فيها لفظي وليس معنويا و ال يترتب عليه عمل وال فائدة فقد نهت الشريعة عن االنشغال بها بذاتها بل
الخروج بالفوائد العملية المرتبة بالواقع قال تعالى:
﴿
يَسْأَلُونَكَ عَنِ األْ َهِلَّةِ ۖ قُلْ هِيَ مَ
وَ اقِيتُ لِلنَّاسِ وَ الْحَجِّ ۗ وَ لَيْسَ الْبِرُّ بِأَن تَأْتُوا الْبُ
يُوتَ
مِن ظُهُورِ هَا وَ لَٰكِنَّ الْبِرَّ مَنِ اتَّقَىٰ ۗ وَ أْتُوا الْبُيُوتَ مِنْ أَبْوَ ابِهَا ۚ وَ اتَّقُوا َّللاَّ َ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْ
لِحُونَ
﴾
(البقرة: 189
) فمن الخطورة على العقل البشري
أ
ن ينشغل باألمور الثانوية على أساس األمور الضرورية األساسية أو تضييع األوقات فيما ال ينبني عليه عمل صحيح. 4. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بمنع نشر الشائعات
نهى اإلسالم عن نشر الشائعات وحث على التبين من صحتها، فلقد ذم هللا من ينشر ا
لشائعات ويقول بال علم قال تعالى: ﴿ يَا أَيُّ
هَا
الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ جَاءَكُمْ فَاسِقٌ بِنَبَإٍ فَتَبَيَّنُوا أَنْ تُصِ يبُوا قَوْ م ا بِجَهَالَةٍ فَتُصْبِحُوا عَلَى مَا فَعَ
لْتُمْ نَادِمِينَ﴾ (الحجرات: 6)، فقد نهى
اإلسالم أن
يتقول اإلنسان كالما لم يتاكد
من صحته مما يؤدي إلى حدوث خالفات ومشاكل عديدة وقد وضح هللا ذلك في كتابه الكريم قائال: ﴿إِذْ
تَلَقَّوْ نَهُ بِأَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَ تَقُولُونَ بِأَفْوَ اهِكُمْ مَا لَيْسَ لَكُمْ بِهِ عِلْمٌ وَ تَحْسَبُونَهُ هَيِّن ا وَ هُوَ عِنْ
دَ َّللاَّ ِ عَظِيمٌ﴾ (الشورى: 15)، فيح
سب البعض أن الكلمة
سهلة ميسورة، ولكن في الحقيقة مخاطرها وعواقبها كثيرة. 9. حفظ العقل من الجهل
من األمراض الخطيرة التي تصيب العقول هو الجهل، قال تعالى: ﴿ فَالَ تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِينَ﴾ ( األنعام: 35
) ، والجهل هو من
األمراض الخطيرة المدمرة للمجتمعات المعاصرة، ولذا انتشار الجهل في بلد من
البالد يؤثر تأثيرا سلبيا على العملية التعليمية
والتربوية وباقي مناحي الحياة ولذا ال بد من إتاحة التعليم لألجيال للعمل على النهضة العلمية الصحيحة. 10
. حفظ العقل بمنع نشر الشائعات
نهى اإلسالم عن نشر الشائعات وحث على التبين من صحتها، فلقد ذم هللا من ينشر ا
لشائعات ويقول بال علم قال تعالى: ﴿ يَا أَيُّ
هَا
َ
ُ
َ
َ
ُ
أَ
َُ
ٌ
ُ
ُ
َّ
ْ ُ
أاإ 9. حفظ العقل من الجهل
من األمراض الخطيرة التي تصيب العقول هو الجهل، قال تعالى: ﴿ فَالَ تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِينَ﴾ ( األنعام: 35
) ، والجهل هو من
األمراض الخطيرة المدمرة للمجتمعات المعاصرة، ولذا انتشار الجهل في بلد من
البالد يؤثر تأثيرا سلبيا على العملية التعليمية
والتربوية وباقي مناحي الحياة ولذا ال بد من إتاحة التعليم لألجيال للعمل على النهضة العلمية الصحيحة. 10
. 1. المقدمة حفظ العقل بمنع نشر الشائعات نهى اإلسالم عن نشر الشائعات وحث على التبين من صحتها، فلقد ذم هللا من ينشر ا
لشائعات ويقول بال علم قال تعالى: ﴿ يَا أَيُّ
هَا
الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا إِنْ جَاءَكُمْ فَاسِقٌ بِنَبَإٍ فَتَبَيَّنُوا أَنْ تُصِ يبُوا قَوْ م ا بِجَهَالَةٍ فَتُصْبِحُوا عَلَى مَا فَعَ
لْتُمْ نَادِمِينَ﴾ (الحجرات: 6)، فقد نهى
اإلسالم أن
يتقول اإلنسان كالما لم يتاكد
من صحته مما يؤدي إلى حدوث خالفات ومشاكل عديدة وقد وضح هللا ذلك في كتابه الكريم قائال: ﴿إِذْ
تَلَقَّوْ نَهُ بِأَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَ تَقُولُونَ بِأَفْوَ اهِكُمْ مَا لَيْسَ لَكُمْ بِهِ عِلْمٌ وَ تَحْسَبُونَهُ هَيِّن ا وَ هُوَ عِنْ
دَ َّللاَّ ِ عَظِيمٌ﴾ (الشورى: 15)، فيح
سب البعض أن الكلمة
سهلة ميسورة، ولكن في الحقيقة مخاطرها وعواقبها كثيرة. 5. مخاطر
تعطيل وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
حذرتنا الشريعة اإلسالمية من خطورة تعطيل العقل ، قال تعالى: (يََٰٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوَٰٓ اْ أَطِيعُواْ ٱّلِلَّ َ وَ رَ سُولَهُ
ۥ وَ الَ تَوَ لَّ
وۡ اْ عَنۡهُ وَ أَنتُ
مۡ تَسۡمَعُونَ
وَ الَ تَكُونُواْ كَٱلَّذِينَ قَالُواْ سَمِعۡنَا وَ هُمۡ الَ يَسۡمَعُونَ إِنَّ شَرَّ ٱلدَّوَ آَٰبِّ عِندَ ٱّلِلَّ ِ ٱلصُّمُّ ٱلۡبُكۡ
مُ ٱلَّذِينَ الَ يَعۡقِلُونَ﴾ (األنفال :20
-
22
). فقد شبهت
اآلية من يقوم بتعطيل عقله بشر الدواب وا
لعياذ باهلل. ولذا تظهر خطورة تعطيل إعمال العقل في عدة أمور ومنها:
1
.عدم الحكم على األمور
بطريقة صحيحة
من خطورة عيطل العقل هو عدم الحكم على األشياء بصورة صحيحة بل االنحيازية لرأي دون آخر مما يؤدي لزيادة التفرق بين
الناس، وتكمن الخطورة في عدم االلتزام بآد
اب الحوار والمناقشة بين الناس ما يؤدي للتعصب والتقليد األعمى التي نهتنا عنه الشريعة
اإلسالمية
2.التخلف الحضاري
العالم حاليا يتقدم تقدما سريعا وخاصة في عصر الثور الصناعية الرابعة واالنطالقة للثورة الصناعية الخامسة، وما تتبعه من تقدم
تكنولوجي هائل يعمل على
تغيير مسار الحياة والمستقبل، ولذا الدول المتقدمة هي التي تسعى لتطوير نفسها أوال بأول واالستفادة من
امكانيات المتاحة لديها. 3. تراجع األجيال تربويا وتعليميا
تحرص الدول المتقدمة على تطبيق معايير الجودة الشاملة واستخدام التكنولوجيا الحديثة في العملية التعليم
ية أو في
حالة تعطيل
وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل سيؤدي إلى تراجع كبير للمؤسسات التعليمية والتربوية وخاصة التي تستخدم وسائل تقليدية مع
المتعلمين مما يؤثر تأثير سلبيا عليهم عند خروجهم لسوق العمل. 4. التقليد بال تفكير
من خطورة عدم إعمال العقل هم التقليد الذي ي
ؤدي للضياع في النهاية فاالستمرار على طريقة تدريس تقليدية في ظل تطور المتعلمين
والدول المتقدمة يؤدي إلى توقف عقولهم عن التفكير الصحيح بسبب دراسة نظريات قديمة قد ثبت فشلها. 5. 1. المقدمة التقويم الخاطئ لألشخاص
من خطورة تعطيل العقل البشري استخدام وسائل تقويم تقليدية تق
يس مستويات دنيا للتفكير كالحفظ والتذكر وإهمال المستوي
ات العليا
من التركيب والتقويم واإلبداع ، وهذا له خطورة كبيرة على المتعلمين في حفظ عقولهم. 6
.عدم تنوع اآلراء واالجتهادات
من خطورة تعطيل العقل البشري التوقف عن التفكير مما يؤدي لعدم تنوع اآلراء أو االجته
ادات فيسير الجميع في ظل ريأ واحد أ
و
اجتهاد واحد وق يكون خاطئا وذلك بسبب تعطيل العقل عن التفكير في الصواب واألصوب أو في المصالح والمفاسد . 7. بناء األحكام على الظنون السيئة
اتباع الظنون السية لها تأثير سلبي على العقول مما يؤدي ألحكام غير صحيحة على اآلخرين،
قال تعالى: ﴿وَ إِن تُطِعْ أَكْثَرَ مَن فِ
ي
األْ َرْ ضِ يُضِ لُّوكَ عَن سَبِيلِ َّللاَّ ِ ۚ إِن يَتَّبِعُونَ إِالَّ الظَّنَّ وَ إِنْ هُمْ إِالَّ يَخْرُصُونَ﴾ (
األنعام: 116
ۚ ) ، وقال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا يَتَّبِعُ أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِالَّ ظَنًّا
إِنَّ الظَّنَّ الَ يُغْنِي مِ
نَ الْحَقِّ شَيْئ ا ۚ إِنَّ َّللاَّ َ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا يَفْعَلُونَ﴾ ( النجم: 36
) ، ولذا من الخطور على العقل بناء األحكام المهمة على
مجرد ظنون لم يتم التأكد منها ، فالقاعدة تقول: اليقين ال يزول بالشك. 8. إدمان األلعاب
اإللكترونية
والعزلة عن المجتمع
كما أن بع
ض األلعاب االليكترونية لها مصالح ، ولكن إدمانها يؤدي لمفاسد خاصة لألطفال في وقت وباء كورونا وقد منعوا من
الحركة أو الخروج أو الذهاب للمدارس والتعليم فأصبحت أوقاتهم في البيوت ، فأدمنوا بعض األلعاب االليكترونية التي ال فائدة منها
بل تؤثر سلبا على تحقيق مقصد
حفظ العقل بعدم التفكير الواقعي فكثرة األلعاب االليكترونية مع وجود أوقات فراغ كثيرة لدى
البعيد عن الواقع مما يفقدهم كثير من
التفكير االفتراض
األطفال وانشغال الوالدين يؤدي ذلك لزيادة عزلة األبناء والعيش ف ق
حذرتنا الشريعة اإلسالمية من خطورة تعطيل العقل ، قال تعالى: (يََٰٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوَٰٓ اْ أَطِيعُواْ ٱّلِلَّ َ وَ رَ سُولَهُ
ۥ وَ الَ تَوَ لَّ
وۡ اْ عَنۡهُ وَ أَنتُ
مۡ تَسۡمَعُونَ
وَ الَ تَكُونُواْ كَٱلَّذِينَ قَالُواْ سَمِعۡنَا وَ هُمۡ الَ يَسۡمَعُونَ إِنَّ شَرَّ ٱلدَّوَ آَٰبِّ عِندَ ٱّلِلَّ ِ ٱلصُّمُّ ٱلۡبُكۡ
مُ ٱلَّذِينَ الَ يَعۡقِلُونَ﴾ (األنفال :20
-
22
). فقد شبهت
اآلية من يقوم بتعطيل عقله بشر الدواب وا
لعياذ باهلل. العالم حاليا يتقدم تقدما سريعا وخاصة في عصر الثور الصناعية الرابعة واالنطالقة للثورة الصناعية الخامسة، وما تتبعه من تقدم
تكنولوجي هائل يعمل على
تغيير مسار الحياة والمستقبل، ولذا الدول المتقدمة هي التي تسعى لتطوير نفسها أوال بأول واالستفادة من
امكانيات المتاحة لديها. 1. المقدمة وَ كَذَلِكَ
مَ
ا أَرْ سَلْنَا مِنْ قَبْلِكَ فِي قَرْ يَةٍ مِنْ نَذِيرٍ إِالَّ قَالَ مُتْرَ فُوهَا إِنَّا وَ جَدْنَا آبَاءَنَا عَلَى أُمَّةٍ وَ إِ
نَّا عَلَى آثَارِ هِمْ مُقْتَدُونَ﴾ (الزخرف: 22
-
23
)، فال
يصح اتباع اآلخرين بال دليل وال بينة، وإنما االتباع مع النظر والتأمل حفاظا
على عقولنا من الضالل والتيه. 8. حفظ العقل
بالنهي عن
اتباع الهوى وعدم الموضوعية حذرت الشريعة اإلٍسالمية من اتباع الهوى قال تعالى: ﴿يَا دَاوُ ودُ إِنَّا جَعَلْنَاكَ خَلِيفَة فِي األْ َرْ ضِ فَاحْكُم بَيْنَ ا
لنَّاسِ بِالْحَقِّ وَ الَ تَ
تَّبِعِ
الْهَوَ ىٰ فَيُضِ
لَّكَ عَن سَبِيلِ َّللاَّ ِ ۚ إِنَّ الَّذِينَ يَضِ لُّونَ عَن سَبِيلِ َّللاَّ ِ لَهُمْ عَذَابٌ شَدِيدٌ بِمَا نَسُوا يَوْ مَ الْحِ سَ
ابِ﴾ (ص:26
)
وقال تعالى: ﴿فَإِن لَّمْ يَسْتَجِ يبُوا لَكَ فَاعْلَمْ أَنَّمَا يَتَّبِعُونَ أَهْوَ اءَهُمْ ۚ وَ مَنْ أَضَلُّ مِمَّنِ ا
تَّبَعَ هَوَ اهُ بِغَيْرِ هُد ى مِّنَ َّللاَّ ِ ۚ إِنَّ َّللاَّ َ الَ يَهْدِي الْقَوْ مَ
الظَّالِمِينَ﴾ (القصص: 50
)
َ ُقال تعالى: ﴿وَ قَالُوا لَن يَدْخُلَ الْجَنَّةَ إِالَّ مَن كَانَ هُود ا أَوْ نَصَارَ ىٰ ۗ تِلْكَ أَمَانِيُّهُمْ ۗ قُلْ هَاتُوا ب
رْ هَانَكُمْ إِن كُ
نتُمْ صَادِقِينَ﴾
( البقرة:111
) فمن الوسائل العصرية الخطيرة على نتائج بعض األبحاث العلمية هو تعصب الباحثين وعدمموضوعيتهم من بداية
المقدمة إلى الخاتمة للدفاع عن رأي واحد فقط وإنكار باقي اآلراء األخرى وعدم مناقشتها ولذا علينا الحذر من اتباع الهوى عند
البح
ث عن المصالح قال تعالي : ﴿وَ مَا يَذَّكَّرُ إِالَّ أُولُو األْ َلْبَابِ﴾ (البقرة: من اآلية269
)
ِ َّولذا جاءت سورة في القرآن الكريم باسم الشورى وقال تعالى: ﴿وَ شَاوِرْ هُمْ فِي األْ َمْرِ ۖ فَإِذَا عَزَمْتَ فَتَوَ كَّلْ عَلَى َّللا
ۚ إِنَّ َّللاَّ َ
يُحِ بُّ الْمُ
تَوَ كِّلِينَ﴾ (آل عمران: 159
) 98 Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Jurnal al-Turath 9. حفظ العقل من الجهل
من األمراض الخطيرة التي تصيب العقول هو الجهل، قال تعالى: ﴿ فَالَ تَكُونَنَّ مِنَ الْجَاهِلِينَ﴾ ( األنعام: 35
) ، والجهل هو من
األمراض الخطيرة المدمرة للمجتمعات المعاصرة، ولذا انتشار الجهل في بلد من
البالد يؤثر تأثيرا سلبيا على العملية التعليمية
والتربوية وباقي مناحي الحياة ولذا ال بد من إتاحة التعليم لألجيال للعمل على النهضة العلمية الصحيحة. 10
. 6. الخاتمة 1. النتائج 1. النتائج وقد توصل الباحث إلى االس
تنتاجات اآلتية: 1. العقل هو القوّ ة التي في اإلنسان، وهو الغريزة التي خلقها هللا في القلب ابتداء، وله تعلّق بالدّماغ، والتي بها يحصل له العلم
والعمل به، وهو منبع المفاهيم واإلدراك والمقايسات. أ 2. إن محل العقل القلب وليس الدّماغ، لكن له تعلّق بالدّماغ، أي أنّ العقل
هو عبارة عن عملية وصف لألنشطة والوظائف
العليا التي تتدفق من القلب إلى الدّماغ مما ال يتعلّق بالوجدان
واألحساسيس والمشاعر والعواطف التي هي من خصائص
القلب وحده
. 2. إن محل العقل القلب وليس الدّماغ، لكن له تعلّق بالدّماغ، أي أنّ العقل
هو عبارة عن عملية وصف لألنشطة والوظائف
العليا التي تتدفق من القلب إلى الدّماغ مما ال يتعلّق بالوجدان
واألحساسيس والمشاعر والعواطف التي هي من خصائص
القلب وحده
. 3. تكرّ ر ذكر مفردة "العقل" في القرآن الكريم بتصريفاته المختلفة تسع وأربعين مرة، منها سبع وعشرون آي
ة م
كّية، واثنان
وعشرون آية مدنيّة في مجموع ثالثين سورة، فمنها ثماني سور مدنية بنسبة سبع وعشرين بالمائة، وسورة مختلف فيها
بنسبة ثالثة بالمائة، وأحد وعشرون سورة مكية بنسبة سبعين بالمائة. 3. تكرّ ر ذكر مفردة "العقل" في القرآن الكريم بتصريفاته المختلفة تسع وأربعين مرة، منها سبع وعشرون آي
ة م
كّية، واثنان
وعشرون آية مدنيّة في مجموع ثالثين سورة، فمنها ثماني سور مدنية بنسبة سبع وعشرين بالمائة، وسورة مختلف فيها
بنسبة ثالثة بالمائة، وأحد وعشرون سورة مكية بنسبة سبعين بالمائة. 4. لقد جاء وصف العقل في القرآن الكريم بأوصاف كثيرة منها: أنّه المتأمّل في
ملكوت السموات واألرض وما بينهما، وأنّه
المتفكر في اإلنسان نفسه في أصله ومراحل إيجاده إلى وفاته، وأنّه المتدبر في القصص القرآني، وأنّه المتعجب من أولئك
الذين عطلوا عقولهم لمعرفة الحقيقة، وأنّه المتدبر في التشريع الربّاني، وغير ذلك من أوصاف القرآن الكريم للع
ق
ل الذي
أكرم هللا به اإلنسان، وبه فضّله على كثير ممن خلق تفضيال. 4. لقد جاء وصف العقل في القرآن الكريم بأوصاف كثيرة منها: أنّه المتأمّل في
ملكوت السموات واألرض وما بينهما، وأنّه
المتفكر في اإلنسان نفسه في أصله ومراحل إيجاده إلى وفاته، وأنّه المتدبر في القصص القرآني، وأنّه المتعجب من أولئك
الذين عطلوا عقولهم لمعرفة الحقيقة، وأنّه المتدبر في التشريع الربّاني، وغير ذلك من أوصاف القرآن الكريم للع
ق
ل الذي
أكرم هللا به اإلنسان، وبه فضّله على كثير ممن خلق تفضيال. 5. 1. المقدمة اتباع الظنون السية لها تأثير سلبي على العقول مما يؤدي ألحكام غير صحيحة على اآلخرين،
قال تعالى: ﴿وَ إِن تُطِعْ أَكْثَرَ مَن فِ
ي
األْ َرْ ضِ يُضِ لُّوكَ عَن سَبِيلِ َّللاَّ ِ ۚ إِن يَتَّبِعُونَ إِالَّ الظَّنَّ وَ إِنْ هُمْ إِالَّ يَخْرُصُونَ﴾ (
األنعام: 116
ۚ ) ، وقال تعالى: ﴿وَ مَا يَتَّبِعُ أَكْثَرُهُمْ إِالَّ ظَنًّا
إِنَّ الظَّنَّ الَ يُغْنِي مِ
نَ الْحَقِّ شَيْئ ا ۚ إِنَّ َّللاَّ َ عَلِيمٌ بِمَا يَفْعَلُونَ﴾ ( النجم: 36
) ، ولذا من الخطور على العقل بناء األحكام المهمة على
مجرد ظنون لم يتم التأكد منها ، فالقاعدة تقول: اليقين ال يزول بالشك. 99 ا
8. إدمان األلعاب
اإللكترونية
والعزلة عن المجتمع
كما أن بع
ض األلعاب االليكترونية لها مصالح ، ولكن إدمانها يؤدي لمفاسد خاصة لألطفال في وقت وباء كورونا وقد منعوا من
الحركة أو الخروج أو الذهاب للمدارس والتعليم فأصبحت أوقاتهم في البيوت ، فأدمنوا بعض األلعاب االليكترونية التي ال فائدة منها
بل تؤثر سلبا على تحقيق مقصد
حفظ العقل بعدم التفكير الواقعي فكثرة األلعاب االليكترونية مع وجود أوقات فراغ كثيرة لدى
األطفال وانشغال الوالدين يؤدي ذلك لزيادة عزلة األبناء والعيش في التفكير االفتراضي البعيد عن الواقع مما يفقدهم كثير من 99 99 Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath المهارات االجتماعية العقلية، ولذا مشكلة إدمان األ
لعاب االليكترونية لها تأثير سلبي على عقول األطفال، فقد ظهرت مشكلة عصرية
خطيرة في إدمان األطفال لهذه األلعاب مما يحتاج لعالج عاجل ( طرشاني، 2020
،)، ولذا تسعى الدول لعالج مشكلة اإلدمان
فبعض هذه األلعاب تخاطب العقل الباطن بدون وعي وتسيطر على تفكير األطفا
ل ويعيش في عالم افتراضي دائما بعيدا عن الو
اقع،
ولها تأثير سلبي على التحصيل الدراسي ( أميرة مشري ، 2017
) وعقلية األطفال فقد ظهر هناك ضعف في التحصيل الدراسي
لمن يطيل اللعب بهذه األلعاب زيادة عن الحد المعقول. 9
.تصديق األوهام والخرافات
مدارك إدارك العقل
تنقسم إلى: اليقين، غالب الظن، الظن، الشك، الوهم، ومن الخطورة المؤثرة على العقل تصديق األوهام وترجيحها
على الحقائق و غلبة الظن مما يؤدي للحكم بطريقة غير منهجية تؤثر على النتائج النهائية. 1. المقدمة 10
.شدة الغضب
عند الحوار
اإلنسان في لحظة العغضب الشديد ال يتمكن من
إعمال عقله بطريقة صحيحة مما يضطره للتلفظ بألفاظ يندم عليها بعد ذلك ، أو
يتصرف تصرفات تؤدي لإلضررار بنفسه أوبغيره، ولذا جاء في الحديث عن أبي هريرة رضي هللا تعالى عنه أن رسول هللا صلى
هللا عليه وسلم قال:"ليس الشديد بالصُّرَعة، إنما الشديد الذي يملك نفسه عند
الغضب"( متفق عليه) وقد ذكر هللا من صفات المتق
ين :
﴿ الَّذِينَ يُنفِقُونَ فِي السَّرَّ اءِ وَ الضَّرَّ اءِ وَ الْكَاظِمِينَ الْغَيْظَ وَ الْعَافِينَ عَنِ النَّاسِ ۗ وَ َّللاَّ ُ يُحِ بُّ
الْمُحْسِنِينَ﴾ (آل عمران: 134
) المهارات االجتماعية العقلية، ولذا مشكلة إدمان األ
لعاب االليكترونية لها تأثير سلبي على عقول األطفال، فقد ظهرت مشكلة عصرية
خطيرة في إدمان األطفال لهذه األلعاب مما يحتاج لعالج عاجل ( طرشاني، 2020
،)، ولذا تسعى الدول لعالج مشكلة اإلدمان
فبعض هذه األلعاب تخاطب العقل الباطن بدون وعي وتسيطر على تفكير األطفا
ل ويعيش في عالم افتراضي دائما بعيدا عن الو
اقع،
ولها تأثير سلبي على التحصيل الدراسي ( أميرة مشري ، 2017
) وعقلية األطفال فقد ظهر هناك ضعف في التحصيل الدراسي
لمن يطيل اللعب بهذه األلعاب زيادة عن الحد المعقول. اإلنسان في لحظة العغضب الشديد ال يتمكن من
إعمال عقله بطريقة صحيحة مما يضطره للتلفظ بألفاظ يندم عليها بعد ذلك ، أو
يتصرف تصرفات تؤدي لإلضررار بنفسه أوبغيره، ولذا جاء في الحديث عن أبي هريرة رضي هللا تعالى عنه أن رسول هللا صلى
هللا عليه وسلم قال:"ليس الشديد بالصُّرَعة، إنما الشديد الذي يملك نفسه عند
الغضب"( متفق عليه) وقد ذكر هللا من صفات المتق
ين :
﴿ الَّذِينَ يُنفِقُونَ فِي السَّرَّ اءِ وَ الضَّرَّ اءِ وَ الْكَاظِمِينَ الْغَيْظَ وَ الْعَافِينَ عَنِ النَّاسِ ۗ وَ َّللاَّ ُ يُحِ بُّ
الْمُحْسِنِينَ﴾ (آل عمران: 134
) 6. الخاتمة هناك وسائل عصرية كثيرة لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل سواء من جانب الوجود والعدم، ومنها على سبيل المثال على جانب
الوجود: حفظ العقل بالتفكير العلمي الصحيح، حفظ العقل بتدبر القرآن الكريم والعمل به،حف
ظ العقل باالست
فادة من حال
األمم السابقة والمعاصرة، حفظ العقل بالتفكر في الكون، حفظ العقل بالتعلّيم المباشر واالليكتروني، حفظ العقل وتنمية
مهاراته عن طريق تقنيات الذكاء االصطناعي،حفظ العقل باالستفادة من فوائد األلعاب االليكترونية، حفظ العقل بحرية
التعبير
عن الرأي والتشاور مع اآلخرين، حفظ العقل بتنمية مناهج التفكير النقدي و اإلبداعي، حفظ العقل بمارسة الرياضة
اليومية. 5. هناك وسائل عصرية كثيرة لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل سواء من جانب الوجود والعدم، ومنها على سبيل المثال على جانب
الوجود: حفظ العقل بالتفكير العلمي الصحيح، حفظ العقل بتدبر القرآن الكريم والعمل به،حف
ظ العقل باالست
فادة من حال
األمم السابقة والمعاصرة، حفظ العقل بالتفكر في الكون، حفظ العقل بالتعلّيم المباشر واالليكتروني، حفظ العقل وتنمية
مهاراته عن طريق تقنيات الذكاء االصطناعي،حفظ العقل باالستفادة من فوائد األلعاب االليكترونية، حفظ العقل بحرية
التعبير
عن الرأي والتشاور مع اآلخرين، حفظ العقل بتنمية مناهج التفكير النقدي و اإلبداعي، حفظ العقل بمارسة الرياضة
اليومية. 6. من الوسائل العصرية لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل من جانب العدم: حفظ العقل بتحريم الخمر
والمخدرات، حفظ العقل بنهيه
عن التفكير خارج حدوده، حفظ العق
ل بعدم االنشغال باألمور الخالفية التي ال ينبني عليها عمل، حفظ العقل بعدم التحدث
بغير علم، حفظ العقل بتجنب الغزو الفكري وآثاره السلبية، حفظ العقل بعدم التركيز على التقييم العلمي في مستويات
التفكير الدنيا فقط، حفظ العقل بالنهي عن التلقيد األعمى،حفظ العقل
من الجهل، حفظ العقل بمنع نشر الشائعات. 6. من الوسائل العصرية لتحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل من جانب العدم: حفظ العقل بتحريم الخمر
والمخدرات، حفظ العقل بنهيه
عن التفكير خارج حدوده، حفظ العق
ل بعدم االنشغال باألمور الخالفية التي ال ينبني عليها عمل، حفظ العقل بعدم التحدث
بغير علم، حفظ العقل بتجنب الغزو الفكري وآثاره السلبية، حفظ العقل بعدم التركيز على التقييم العلمي في مستويات
التفكير الدنيا فقط، حفظ العقل بالنهي عن التلقيد األعمى،حفظ العقل
من الجهل، حفظ العقل بمنع نشر الشائعات. 7. تكمن خطورة تعطيل وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
فيما يلي: عدم الحكم على األمور بطريقة صحيحة،
التخلف
الحضاري، تراجع األجيال تربويا وتعليميا،التقليد بال تفكير،
التقويم الخاطئ لألشخاص، عدم تنوع اآلراء واالجتهادات،
بناء
األحكام على الظنون السيئة، إدمان األلعاب االليكترونية والعزلة عن المجتمع، تصديق األوهام والخرافات،شدة الغضب
عند الحوار. 7. References
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Andy Mohamed Hegazy (2010) The Role of Electronic Games in Child Development and Learning, Arab
Childhood Journal, Volume 11, Issue 43. Arrazi, Fakhruddin. (2000). Mafatihul Ghaib. Beirut: Darul Kutub Al- ‘Ilmiyyah. Arrazi, Fakhruddin. (2000). Mafatihul Ghaib. Beirut: Darul Kutub Al- ‘Ilmiyyah. Bey Zekkoub, Abdelali. (2016). The Heart between the Qur'an and the Modern Science. Issue 18, Majma’
Journal published by Al-Madinah International University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 6. الخاتمة تكمن خطورة تعطيل وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
فيما يلي: عدم الحكم على األمور بطريقة صحيحة،
التخلف
الحضاري، تراجع األجيال تربويا وتعليميا،التقليد بال تفكير،
التقويم الخاطئ لألشخاص، عدم تنوع اآلراء واالجتهادات،
بناء
األحكام على الظنون السيئة، إدمان األلعاب االليكترونية والعزلة عن المجتمع، تصديق األوهام والخرافات،شدة الغضب
عند الحوار. 7. تكمن خطورة تعطيل وسائل تحقيق مقصد حفظ العقل
فيما يلي: عدم الحكم على األمور بطريقة صحيحة،
التخلف
الحضاري، تراجع األجيال تربويا وتعليميا،التقليد بال تفكير،
التقويم الخاطئ لألشخاص، عدم تنوع اآلراء واالجتهادات،
بناء
األحكام على الظنون السيئة، إدمان األلعاب االليكترونية والعزلة عن المجتمع، تصديق األوهام والخرافات،شدة الغضب
عند الحوار. .ي
و
1. .أهمية توعية المؤسسات التعليمية بحفظ عقول األبناء عن طريق تطوير المناهج الدراسية
2. إقامة المؤتمرات العلمية حول مقاصد الشريعة
اإلسالمية من خالل القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية. 3. .منع الشائعات والشبهات في وسائل اإلعالم حول الدين اإلسالمي لحفظ عقول الناس 100 Jurnal al-Turath Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath وأخيرا نسأل هللا أن يثبت قلوبنا على اإليمان، وأن يفقهنا في الدين، ويعلمنا التأويل، وأن يزيدنا علما وفقها، وأن يوفقنا للتفكير
لسّل ا
يم،
إنه ولي ذلك والقادر عليه، وصلى هللا وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه ومن تبع هداه ودعا بدعوته إلى يوم الدين،
وآخر دعوانا أن الحمد هلل رب العالمين
. وأخيرا نسأل هللا أن يثبت قلوبنا على اإليمان، وأن يفقهنا في الدين، ويعلمنا التأويل، وأن يزيدنا علما وفقها، وأن يوفقنا للتفكير
لسّل ا
يم،
إنه ولي ذلك والقادر عليه، وصلى هللا وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه ومن تبع هداه ودعا بدعوته إلى يوم الدين،
وآخر دعوانا أن الحمد هلل رب العالمين
. وصلى هللا وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه ومن تبع هداه ودعا بدعوته إلى يوم الدين، وآخر د
عوانا أن
الحمد هلل رب العالمين
. وصلى هللا وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه ومن تبع هداه ودعا بدعوته إلى يوم الدين، وآخر د
عوانا أن
الحمد هلل رب العالمين وصلى هللا وسلم وبارك على سيدنا محمد وعلى آله وصحبه ومن تبع هداه ودعا بدعوته إلى يوم الدين، وآخر د
عوانا أن
الحمد هلل رب العالمين
. The Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs, (1997), Islamic Fatwas from the Egyptian. Egypt: Dar al-Iftaa.
Yasser bin Ibrahim Al-Khudairi (2018), Netting in Electronic Games, Jurisprudence Study, a research paper
presented to the Center for Research Excellence in the Jurisprudence of Contemporary Issues, Imam
Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University, College of Sharia, Riyadh artificial intelligence E Games as a model in covid-19 time, journal of mechanics of continua and
mathematical sciences, Vol.-15, No.-8, August (2020) pp: 647-659 ISSN (Print) 0973-8975, ISSN
(Online) : 2454 -71 preme Council for Islamic Affairs, (1997), Islamic Fatwas from the Egyptian. Egypt: Dar al-Iftaa. References
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Al- ‘Ilmiyyah. Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad Abdulhalim. (1985). Asafadiyyah. Egypt: Ibn Taymiyyah Library. Ibn Taymiyyah, Ahmad Abdulhalim. (2005). Majmu’ul Fatawa. Beirut: Darul Wafa. Ibnu Manzor, Jamaluddin Muhammed Bin Mukrim Al- mesri. (1930). Lisan Al- Arab. Cairo: Darul al-Maárif. Izzuddin, Abu Muhammad. (2007). Qawa’idul Ahkami Fi Masalihi Anami. Cairo: Maktabatul kuliyyatil
Azhariyyah. Muslim Bin Hajaj. (1998). Sahih Muslim. Beirut: Darul Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah. Muslim Bin Hajaj. (1998). Sahih Muslim. Beirut: Darul Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah. Qaradai, Youssef. (2006). Study in the jurisprudence of the purposes of the Islamic law. Egypt: darul shorog. Raghib Al- Asfahani Abul Qasim (1991) Mufradatu Alfazil Qur’an Lebanon: Darul Qalam Muslim Bin Hajaj. (1998). Sahih Muslim. Beirut: Darul Kutub Al-‘Ilmiyyah. j j (
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i, Youssef. (2006). Study in the jurisprudence of the purposes of the Islamic law. Egypt: darul shorog. Qaradai, Youssef. (2006). Study in the jurisprudence of the purposes of the Islamic law. Egy Raghib Al- Asfahani, Abul Qasim. (1991). Mufradatu Alfazil Qur’an. Lebanon: Darul Qalam. Shanqiti, Muhammad Al- Amin. (1995). Azwaul Bayan Fi Izahil Qur’an Bilqur’an. Beiru Shanqiti, Muhammad Al- Amin. (1995). Azwaul Bayan Fi Izahil Qur’an Bilqur’an. Beirut: Darul Fikr. Shawkani, Muhammad Bin Ali. (1993). Fathul Qadir. Beirut: Darul Kalimi Tayyibi. Tarshany, Yasser, Mohd Hafiz Yusoff, Rizalafande Che Ismail , Samer Bamansoor , Syarilla Iryani A. Saany &
Yousef A. Baker El-Ebiary (2020) The objectives for keeping the intellect and its applications in 101 http://spaj.ukm.my/jalturath Vol. 5, No. 2; 2020 Jurnal al-Turath artificial intelligence E Games as a model in covid-19 time, journal of mechanics of continua and
mathematical sciences, Vol.-15, No.-8, August (2020) pp: 647-659 ISSN (Print) 0973-8975, ISSN
(Online) : 2454 -71 102 | 19,075 | https://zenodo.org/record/4392757/files/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%20%D9%81%D9%8A%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%20%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B8%20%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%20%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A9%20%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%281%29.pdf | null |
Arabic | A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received:
Accepted:
Online:
Keywords:
Health Services
ContinuousImprovement
Federal Budget
Iraqi Ministry
Health indicators
Code jel: i10, i18,e62 It is not hidden from everyone that the federal budget in Iraq has become an explosive
budget, it consumes oil revenues as well as revenues of other sectors, and this increase in
rising deficit introduced the country into the cycle of internal and external borrowing and
the various debt risks and the best witness on that is what happened in the Global market
after pandemicity of corona virus (covid 19) in oil prices fluctuations and the government
entry in the crises to being face to financing that budget. y
g f
f
g
g
The fact that the explosive budget is a consumptive operational budget, it takes the largest
part of it in the operational expenses of salaries, wages, services, etc., and the Ministry of
Health and the Environment have a share of that budget, it suffers like the mother
budget to allocate most of its money to the operational expenses only.. Health services are a package of services provided by health institutions associated with
the Ministry of Health and the Environment, which have many characteristics, including
that the patient is determined to be good or not good after benefiting from them, and the
community can judge on any health services based on indicators developed by specialists,
somewhat measures the country’s health status. y
After studying the indicators and ensuring its high rates in the country, everyone has to
adopt modern approach that handle these high rates, which in turn reduces the burden
on the federal budget and for the modern methods is continuous improvement The philosophy of continuous improvement is based on all initiatives that increase
successes and reduce failures. This method has to be adopted to improve the various
health services. *
تخفيف العبء عن السهازنة العامة االتحادية عن طريق التحدين السدتسر للخدمات الرحية
دراسة حا
لة-وزارة الرحة والبيئة العراقية)
د.ىذام عسخ حسػدي
1
،
د.زياد مخعي حدغ
2
, م. اوراس محسػد جاسع)
1تجريدي كمية الحجباء الجامعة , نيشػى , العخاق،
Heshamomer35 @ yahoo.com
2شبيب في دائخة صحة نيشػى . Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship JEGE
Spatial and entrepreneurial development studies laboratory Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship JEGE
Spatial and entrepreneurial development studies laboratory Year : 2020 Vol.5 No.1 pp:129-144. Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health
Services
Case Study - Iraqi Ministry Of Health And Environment
Hesham Omar Hammoodi 1, Zeyad merie hasan 2, Eng. Oras Mahmoud Jasim 3
1 lecturer, Accounting Department / Al - Hadba University College ,Iraq , Heshamomer35 @ yahoo.com
2 Doctor, Specialized dentist,Iraq , Ziad_dent74 @ yahoo.com
3 Eng., Chief Engineer at the General Company for Communications and Informatics/Telecommunications and
informatics Iraq , orasmahmood@ gmail.com A B S T R A C T العخاق ،
Ziad_dent74 @ yahoo.com
3
رئيذ ميشجسيغ
في الذخكة العامة لالتراالت والسعمػماتية / وزارة االتراالت , العخاق ،
orasmahmood@ gmail.com
معهومبت انمقبل انمهخص
:ربسٚخ االعزقجبل
:ربسٚخ انقجٕل
:ربسٚخ انُشش
ال ٚخفٗ عٍ انجًٛع ثبٌ انًٕاصَخ انعبيخ االرذبدٚخ فٙ انعشاق اصجذذ يٕاصَخ اَفجبسٚخ فٓٙ رغزٓهك
ٖاٚشاداد انُفػ فعالً عٍ اٚشاداد انقطبعبد االخش ,
ٔيٍ صى فبٌ انعجض انًزصبعذ ادخم انجهذ فٙ دٔايخ
االقزشاض انذاخهٙ ٔانخبسجٙ ٔيخبغش انذٌٕٚ انًخزهفخ
ٔخٛش شبْذ عهٗ رنك يب دذس ثبنغٕق انعبنًٛخ ثعذ تخفيف العبء عن السهازنة العامة االتحادية عن طريق التحدين السدتسر للخدمات الرحية
دراسة حا
لة-وزارة الرحة والبيئة العراقية)
د.ىذام عسخ حسػدي
1
،
د.زياد مخعي حدغ
2
, م. اوراس محسػد جاسع)
كم ة ال ج ا ال ا ة
ال اق
ن ش ىH
h
35 @
h ر للخدمات الرحية *Corresponding Author Hesham Omar Hammoodi, Email: Heshamomer35 @ yahoo.com
رئيذ ميشجسيغ
في الذخكة العامة لالتراالت والسعمػماتية / وزارة االتراالت , العخاق ،
orasmahmood@ gmail.com
معهومبت انمقبل انمهخص
:ربسٚخ االعزقجبل
:ربسٚخ انقجٕل
:ربسٚخ انُشش
ال ٚخفٗ عٍ انجًٛع ثبٌ انًٕاصَخ انعبيخ االرذبدٚخ فٙ انعشاق اصجذذ يٕاصَخ اَفجبسٚخ فٓٙ رغزٓهك
ٖاٚشاداد انُفػ فعالً عٍ اٚشاداد انقطبعبد االخش ,
ٔيٍ صى فبٌ انعجض انًزصبعذ ادخم انجهذ فٙ دٔايخ
االقزشاض انذاخهٙ ٔانخبسجٙ ٔيخبغش انذٌٕٚ انًخزهفخ
ٔخٛش شبْذ عهٗ رنك يب دذس ثبنغٕق انعبنًٛخ ثعذ معهومبت انمقبل
:ربسٚخ االعزقجبل
:ربسٚخ انقجٕل
:ربسٚخ انُشش انكهمبت انمفتبحية
انخذيبد انصذٛخ
انزذغٍٛ انًغزًش
انًٕاصَخ انعبيخ االرذبدٚخ
ٔصاسح انصذخ
انًؤششاد انصذٛخ
Code jel: i10, i18,e62
. اجزٛبح فٛشٔط كٕسَٔب يٍ رقهجبد ثأععبس انُفػ ٔدخٕل انذكٕيخ فٙ اصيبد نًٕاجٓخ رًٕٚم رهك انًٕاصَخ
ٙدقٛقخ انًٕاصَخ االَفجبسٚخ ْٙ يٕاصَخ رشغٛهٛخ اعزٓالكٛخ فٓٙ رغزغشق انجضء االكجش يُٓب ف
يصشٔفبد رشغٛهٛخ يٍ سٔارت ٔاجٕس ٔخذيبد .... انخ , ٔنٕصاسح انصذخ ٔانجٛئخ َصٛجبً يٍ رهك انًٕاصَخ
ٛفٓٙ رعبَٙ يب رعبَّٛ انًٕاصَخ االو يٍ رخصٛص غبنت ايٕانٓب عهٗ انُفقبد انزشغٛه . خ فقػ
انخذيبد انصذٛخ ْٙ ثبقخ يٍ انخذيبد رقذيٓب انًؤعغبد انصذٛخ انًشرجطخ ثٕصاسح انصذخ
,ٔانجٛئخ ٔانزٙ نٓب خصبئص عذٚذح يُٓب اٌ انًشٚط ْٕ يٍ ٚذذد آَب جٛذح او غٛش جٛذح ثعذ االعزفبدح يُٓب
ٔانًجزًع ٚغزطٛع انذكى عهٗ ا٘ خذيبد صذٛخ ثُبءاً عهٗ يؤششاد ٔظعذ يٍ قجم
ٍٛيخزص ٗرقٛظ ان
ٙدذ يب ٔظع انجهذ انصذ . ثعذ دساعخ انًؤششاد ٔانزأكذ يٍ اسرفبع يعذالرٓب فٙ انجالد رٕجت عهٗ انجًٛع ثبٌ ٚزجُٕا اعهٕة
ٍدذٚش ٚعبنج ْزِ انًعذالد انًشرفعخ ٔانزٙ ثبنذصٛهخ رخفف انعتء عٍ انًٕاصَخ انعبيخ االرذبدٚخ ٔي
االعبنٛت انذذٚضخ اعهٕة انزذغٍٛ ان. ًغزًش
فهغفخ انزذغٍٛ انًغزًش قبئًخ عهٗ جًٛع انًجبدساد انزٙ رضٚذ انُجبدبد ٔرخفط دبالد انفشم
. A B S T R A C T فكبٌ الثذ يٍ رجُٙ ْزا االعهٕة نالسرقبء ثبسكبٌ انخذيبد انصذٛخ انًخزهفخ Code jel: i10, i18,e62 -
:مقدمة - ما يسيد ىحا البحث عغ البحػث الكثيخة التي كتبت في التحديغ السدتسخ لمخجمات الرحية ىػ الخبط مع السػازنة
العامة االتحادية وىػ جػىخ البحث وىجفو في تحقيق مػاشغ تخفيف العبء عغ تمظ
. السػازنة
-
عشجما تقتخن الخجمات الرحية بالتخريرات السالية قج تكػن
أ لية تحجيجىا صعبة ججاً فالقائسيغ عمى اعجاد
السػازنة وتحجيج نفقاتيا قج ال تكػن الخؤية لجييع متكاممة عغ مالية الخجمات الرحية وتكػن الشفقات تقميجية لسا
ىػ عميو في العام الدابق تحكيقاً لسبجا التالزمية بيغ م قجم الخجمة والسدتفيج مشيا وىػ جػىخ تحجيج الشفقات
. الخاصة بالخجمات الرحية - مغ السذاكل التي تػاجو القائسيغ عمى اعجاد السػازنة والخاصة بالخجمات الرحية ىي تحجيج العائج مشيا مغ خالل
. ما سيجفعو السدتفيج لمسؤسدة الرحية وكع سيغصي مغ نفقات تقجيسيا
- ان حجع الشفقا ت السخرز لػزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ السػازنة ليذ بالزخورة ان يكػن مػازياً لحجع الخجمات
الرحية في البمج والذاىج يؤكج تخدي الخجمات الرحية , فالعالقة مغ السفتخض ان تكػن شخدية كسا في كل دول
العالع الستقجم فكمسا كان ىشاك انفاق بالسؤسدات الرحية كمسا كان ىشاك رقي بس دتػى ونػع الخجمات الرحية
. السقجمة مغ قبميا - مغ السذاكل التي تػاجو القائسيغ عمى اعجاد السػازنة والخاصة بالخجمات الرحية ىي تحجيج العائج مشيا مغ خالل
. ما سيجفعو السدتفيج لمسؤسدة الرحية وكع سيغصي مغ نفقات تقجيسيا Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020)
117
- التحديغ السدتسخ لمخجمات الرحية قج يمفت االنطار نحػ مػاشغ الخمل فيحاول وضع بعس العالجات التي
: تحاول ان تخفف العبء عغ السػازنة السالية االتحادية مغ جانبيغ
-
: االول
الشفقات وتخشيجىا شخيصة ان تكػن مختبصة بتحقيق االىجاف
-
الثاني. : االيخادات وتشسيتيا شخيصة ان يمسذ ذلظ الفخد العخاقي مغ واقع الخجمات السقجمة لو
مشهجية ال
دراسة
مذكلة ال
دراسة : تكسن مذكلة ال
دراسة
في االتي: - التحديغ السدتسخ لمخجمات الرحية قج يمفت االنطار نحػ مػاشغ الخمل فيحاول وضع بعس العالجات التي
: تحاول ان تخفف العبء عغ السػازنة السالية االتحادية مغ جانبيغ التحديغ السدتسخ لمخجمات الرحية قج يمفت االنطار نحػ مػاشغ الخمل فيحاول وضع بعس العالجات التي
: تحاول ان تخفف العبء عغ السػازنة السالية االتحادية مغ جانبيغ
-
: االول
الشفقات وتخشيجىا شخيصة ان تكػن مختبصة بتحقيق االىجاف
-
الثاني. : االيخادات وتشسيتيا شخيصة ان يمسذ ذلظ الفخد العخاقي مغ واقع الخجمات السقجمة لو
مشهجية ال
دراسة مذكلة ال
دراسة : تكسن مذكلة ال
دراسة
في االتي: Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. -
:مقدمة 1, 129-144(2020) 117 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. (ان عجم تبشي اسمػب التحديغ السدتسخ ألركان الخجمة ا لرحية لػزارة الرحة والبيئة سيؤدي الى ارتفاع
) مؤشخات تخدي الخجمة وسيخىق السػازنة العامة االتحادية
هدف ال
دراسة
:تهدف الدراسة الى تدميط الزػء عمى الخجمات الرحية وكع تدتشدف مغ السػازنة العامة االتحادية
. وما ىي اوجو التحديغ السدتسخ ليا . وما ىي اوجو التحديغ السدتسخ ليا
اهسية ا
لدراسة
:تكسن ا
هسية ال
دراسة
من محهرين
أساسيين
: وهسا
1
. تدميط الزػء عمى السػازنة العامة االتحادية وحجع االنفاق الرحي لعام2019
2
. دراسة. مؤشخات خاصة بالخجمات الرحية ومعجالتيا في العخاق
فرضية ال
دراسة
:
تبشى الدراسة: على الفرضية التالية
( ان تخشيج نفقات السػازنة وتشسية ايخاداتيا فيسا يخز القصاع الرحي يجب ان ت بشى عمى التدام الجسيع
) بتصبيق اسمػب التحديغ السدتسخ ألركان الخجمة الرحية
مشهج ال : دراسة تع االعتساد عمى السشيج الػ
صفي في تحجيج االشار الشطخي لم
جراسة
وذلظ مغ خالل االستعانة
باالشاريح والخسائل الجامعية العخبية والجوريات وشبكات االنتخنت وتع كحلظ االعتساد عمى مشيج دراسة الحالة مغ
خالل تدميط الزػء عمى السػازنة
العامة
االتحادية لعامي2018
-
2019
والتقخيخ االحرائي
لػزارة
الرحة والبيئة
لعام2018
وتقخيخ وزيخ الر حة والبيئة العخاقي لعام2019
. حػل الػاقع الرحي والبيئي في العخاق
السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية مشهج ال : دراسة تع االعتساد عمى السشيج الػ
صفي في تحجيج االشار الشطخي لم
جراسة
وذلظ مغ خالل االستعانة
باالشاريح والخسائل الجامعية العخبية والجوريات وشبكات االنتخنت وتع كحلظ االعتساد عمى مشيج دراسة الحالة مغ
خالل تدميط الزػء عمى السػازنة
العامة
االتحادية لعامي2018
-
2019
والتقخيخ االحرائي
لػزارة
الرحة والبيئة
لعام2018
وتقخيخ وزيخ الر حة والبيئة العخاقي لعام2019
. حػل الػاقع الرحي والبيئي في العخاق
ال بحث االول : الخد ات الرحية السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية حكػمي والتي مغ السفتخض ان تكػن تحت اشخاف الجولة
: ثانياً : خرائص الخدمات الرحية مغ السسكغ تشاول خرائز الخجمات الرحية مغ وجو الشطخ العامة ومغ ثع
تشاول خرائز الخجمات الرحية مغ وجو الشطخ االقترادية لمػقػف عمى الجػانب التي تتعمق بالسػازنة السالية
االتحادية , , فالخرائز العامة لمخجمات الرحية ىي كاالتي : ( رشيج واخخون2016
, ص
71
-
72
)
1
. الخجمة غيخ ممسػسة : اي ان ليذ ليا وجػد مادي وال يسكغ لسديا مثل الدمع. 2
. . عجم التجانذ : اي يرعب الحكع عمى ان الخجمة جيجة ام ال قبل ان يدتفاد مشيا
3
. التالزم (تدامغ االنتاج واالستيالك ): يعشي ارتباط الخجمة الرحية بعسمية االستيالك مباشخة اذ تتصمب الدخعة في
. تقجيسيا ويخى الباحثيغ ان وزارة الرحة ىي السعشية اوالً واخيخاً بتقجيع ىحه الخجمات بحدب الجستػر العخاقي الحي اشار
الى ان الخعاية الرحية حق العخاقييغ جسيعاً تكفمو الجولة
بإنذاء
مختمف السؤسدات الرحية
باإلضافة
الى
السدتذفيات والعيادات الصبية االىمية التي تكػن مخادفة لم . حكػمي والتي مغ السفتخض ان تكػن تحت اشخاف الجولة
: ثانياً : خرائص الخدمات الرحية مغ السسكغ تشاول خرائز الخجمات الرحية مغ وجو الشطخ العامة ومغ ثع
تشاول خرائز الخجمات الرحية مغ وجو الشطخ االقترادية لمػقػف عمى الجػانب التي تتعمق بالسػازنة السالية
االتحادية , , فالخرائز العامة لمخجمات الرحية ىي كاالتي : ( رشيج واخخون2016
, ص
71
-
72
)
1
. الخجمة غيخ ممسػسة : اي ان ليذ ليا وجػد مادي وال يسكغ لسديا مثل الدمع. ا
3
. التالزم (تدامغ االنتاج واالستيالك ): يعشي ارتباط الخجمة الرحية بعسمية االستيالك مباشخة اذ تتصمب الدخعة في
. تقجيسيا 4
. قمة التشسيط والتػحيج : الخجمات الرحية تػجو نحػ تػاجج الجسيػر السدتفيج ونطخاً الختالف شبيعة امخاضيع
وحالتيع الرحية فان الخجمة تختمف مغ فخد الخخ وحتى لجى الفخد نفدو فال يسكغ اال حتفا بسدتػى واحج مغ
. مخخجات الخجمة 4
. قمة التشسيط والتػحيج : الخجمات الرحية تػجو نحػ تػاجج الجسيػر السدتفيج ونطخاً الختالف شبيعة امخاضيع
وحالتيع الرحية فان الخجمة تختمف مغ فخد الخخ وحتى لجى الفخد نفدو فال يسكغ اال حتفا بسدتػى واحج مغ
. مخخجات الخجمة 5
. عجم القابمية لمتخديغ : ترسع السؤسدات الرحية خجماتيا لتقجميا بقجرة وامكانية معيشة في فتخة زمشية محجدة واذا
. لع تدتخجم ىحه الصاقة في فتخة محجدة ستيجر ىحه الخجمة 5
. عجم القابمية لمتخديغ : ترسع السؤسدات الرحية خجماتيا لتقجميا بقجرة وامكانية معيشة في فتخة زمشية محجدة واذا
. لع تدتخجم ىحه الصاقة في فتخة محجدة ستيجر ىحه الخجمة 6
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية تقجم السؤسدات الرحية عمى اختالف انػاعيا باقة معيشة مغ الخجمات الرحية التي تسثل مشتجات لو سػق
اشبو بالسشتجات االخخى ولو كمفة ويدعخ بحدب وضع البمج فقج يكػن الدعخ
مغصي لمكمفة ومحققاً ليامر ربح معيغ
كسا في نطخية راس السال وىي اشبو بالسؤسدات الرحية االىمية وقج يكػن الدعخ مػازي لمكمفة فال ربح وال خدارة كسا
في نطخيات التسػيل الحاتي وىي اشبو ببعس السؤسدات الرحية الحكػمية او السشطسات الرحية السؤسدة مغ قبل
وحجات السجتسع ا لسجني والحالة الخائجة في بمجنا ىي انو الدعخ ال يػازي الكمفة فالشفقات عالية في تقجيع تمظ الخجمة
كسا في نطخية االمػال السخررة لكثيخ مغ السؤسدات الرحية الحكػمية ولكغ ال تتحقق خدارة بالسفيػم التجاري
نتيجة عجم التغصية وانسا الخدارة الحكيقة عشجما يدتذعخ السػاشغ ان السؤسدات الرحية مقرخة في تقجيع ىحه الخجمة
. بالخغع مغ حجع الشفقات السخصجة ليا : ولغخض تدميط الزػء عمى ىحا السبحث فقج تشاولشا االتي
: اوال : مفههم الخدمات الرحية قبل الجخػل الى مالية ىحا السفيػم يجب تفكيظ السرصمح لتكػن الخؤية دقيقة
(الخجمة , الرحة ) ومغ " ثع اعصاء مفيػم واحج لمسرصمح برػرة مخكبة (الخجمة الرحية ) فالخجمة تعخف عمى انيا
. " نذاط او عسل يقجمو احجى االشخاف لصخف اخخ ويكػن اساساً غيخ ممسػس وال يشتج عشو اي نقل لمسمكية
, ( الجشابي , ىادي2019
, ص
101) اما الرحة فتعشي " حالة الدالمة , الكفاية البجني ة , العقمية واالجتساعية
, وليذ مجخد الخمػ مغ السخض والعجد " . ( عمي , فخيجة2016
, ص
10
. ) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 130 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. اما مفيػم الخجمات الرحية فيعشي " جسيع السؤسدات في القصاع الرحي التي تقجم العالج والػقاية
لمسػاششيغ سػاء كانت مؤسدات رئيدة او فخعية او مخاكد صحية او عيادات شعبية او مدتذفيات حكػمية او اىمية
, " . ( خزيخ , حدغ2017
, ص
292
) . ويخى الباحثيغ ان وزارة الرحة ىي السعشية اوالً واخيخاً بتقجيع ىحه الخجمات بحدب الجستػر العخاقي الحي اشار
الى ان الخعاية الرحية حق العخاقييغ جسيعاً تكفمو الجولة
بإنذاء
مختمف السؤسدات الرحية
باإلضافة
الى
السدتذفيات والعيادات الصبية االىمية التي تكػن مخادفة لم . السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية انخفاض مخونة عخض الخجمات الرحية في االجل القريخ : والدبب في ان بشاء السدتذفيات وتجييدىا
باإلضافة الى تجريب االشباء والسيشييغ يحتاج ال
ى سشػات عجيجة1
ومغ ثع فان العخض غيخ مخن لبعس مجخالت
ان. تاج الخجمات الرحية في االجل القريخ يجعل مغ ىحه الخجمات كسشتج نيائي غيخ مخن في االجل القريخ : السجسػعة الثانية : الخرائز الخاصة بجانب العخض : وتقدع الى االتي
1
. الخزػع لمحكػمة : تخزع اسػاق الخجمات الرحية الى جانب كبيخ
مغ التجخل والتشطيع الحكػمي كسا يتدع ىحا
التجخل لتقػم
باإلنتاج
السباشخ ليحه الخجمات مغ خالل ممكيتيا
ألغمب
. السؤسدات الرحية : السجسػعة الثانية : الخرائز الخاصة بجانب العخض : وتقدع الى االتي
1
. الخزػع لمحكػمة : تخزع اسػاق الخجمات الرحية الى جانب كبيخ
مغ التجخل والتشطيع الحكػمي كسا يتدع ىحا
التجخل لتقػم
باإلنتاج
السباشخ ليحه الخجمات مغ خالل ممكيتيا
ألغمب
. السؤسدات الرحية
2
. انخفاض مخونة عخض الخجمات الرحية في االجل القريخ : والدبب في ان بشاء السدتذفيات وتجييدىا
باإلضافة الى تجريب االشباء والسيشييغ يحتاج ال
ى سشػات عجيجة1 ومغ ثع فان العخض غيخ مخن لبعس مجخالت
ان. تاج الخجمات الرحية في االجل القريخ يجعل مغ ىحه الخجمات كسشتج نيائي غيخ مخن في االجل القريخ
3
. كثافة استخجام عشرخ العسل : مغ الخرائز اليامة التي تسيد الخجمة الرحية ىي
كثافة عشرخ العسل في
صشاعتيا حيث تعتسج عمى العجيج مغ السػارد البذخية ذات التخرز الستفاوت مغ شبيب الى مسخض واداري
. وىكحا 2
. انخفاض مخونة عخض الخجمات الرحية في االجل القريخ : والدبب في ان بشاء السدتذفيات وتجييدىا
باإلضافة الى تجريب االشباء والسيشييغ يحتاج ال
ى سشػات عجيجة1
ومغ ثع فان العخض غيخ مخن لبعس مجخالت
ان. تاج الخجمات الرحية في االجل القريخ يجعل مغ ىحه الخجمات كسشتج نيائي غيخ مخن في االجل القريخ
3
. كثافة استخجام عشرخ العسل : مغ الخرائز اليامة التي تسيد الخجمة الرحية ىي
كثافة عشرخ العسل في
صشاعتيا حيث تعتسج عمى العجيج مغ السػارد البذخية ذات التخرز الستفاوت مغ شبيب الى مسخض واداري
. وىكحا ويخى الباحثيغ ان ىحه الفقخات الخاصة بجانب العخض ىي مغ يدتشدف الشفقات في القصاع الرحي
وخرػصاً في ضل التخبط في التخصيط وعجم الخؤية االستخ اتيجية وتشامي الفداد يجعل الشفقات عالية مقابل خجمات
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية مذاركة السخيس في اجخاءات الخجمة : يعج السخيس او الحاالت ال سخضية اي الحيغ يتمقػن الخعاية مجخالت
الخجمة اما حاالتيع بعج التذخيز او العالج فيي السخخجات ومغ ثع يتفاعل السخيس والسؤسدة الرحية بتقجيع
. اجخاءات الخجمة 6
. مذاركة السخيس في اجخاءات الخجمة : يعج السخيس او الحاالت ال سخضية اي الحيغ يتمقػن الخعاية مجخالت
الخجمة اما حاالتيع بعج التذخيز او العالج فيي السخخجات ومغ ثع يتفاعل السخيس والسؤسدة الرحية بتقجيع
. اجخاءات الخجمة , اما الخرائز االقترادية لمخجمات الرحية فتشقدع الى مجسػعتيغ وىي كاالتي:( عبجالقادر2012
, ص
217
)
اا , اما الخرائز االقترادية لمخجمات الرحية فتشقدع الى مجسػعتيغ وىي كاالتي:( عبجالقادر2012
, ص
217
) السجس: ػعة االولى : الخرائز الخاصة بجانب الصمب : وتقدع الى االتي لسجس: ػعة االولى : الخرائز الخاصة بجانب الصمب : وتقدع الى االتي اا
1
. الخجمات الرحية تعج سمعاً جساعية : فالدمع الجساعية ىي تمظ التي يخى السجتسع انيا تقجم مشافع لكل افخاده
. وليذ فقط لمفخد الػاحج 1
. الخجمات الرحية تعج سمعاً جساعية : فالدمع الجساعية ىي تمظ التي يخى السجتسع انيا تقجم مشافع لكل افخاده
. وليذ فقط لمفخد الػاحج Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020)
131
2
. الصمب عمى الخجمات الرحية يعج شمباً مذتقاً : كل الخجمات الرحية يسكغ اعتب ارىا كسجخالت
إلنتاج
الرحة
. وبالتالي يكػن الصمب عمى الخجمات الرحية شمباً مذتقاً مغ الصمب عمى الرحة ككل
3
. الخجمات الرحية تعج انفاقاً استيالكيا : تعتبخ الدمع االستيالكية تمظ الدمع التي يذتخييا
السدتيمظ عادة مغ اجل
السشفعة التي تقجميا اما برفة مباشخة او في صػر ة تجفق خجمات اذ ان شخاء السدتيمظ
لألدوية
واستيالكيا يعصي
. اشباعاً مباشخاً بيشسا شخاء جياز لمزغط يقجم خجمات عمى مجى فتخة زمشية مستجة 2
. الصمب عمى الخجمات الرحية يعج شمباً مذتقاً : كل الخجمات الرحية يسكغ اعتب ارىا كسجخالت
إلنتاج
الرحة
. وبالتالي يكػن الصمب عمى الخجمات الرحية شمباً مذتقاً مغ الصمب عمى الرحة ككل Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 131 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. : السجسػعة الثانية : الخرائز الخاصة بجانب العخض : وتقدع الى االتي
1
. الخزػع لمحكػمة : تخزع اسػاق الخجمات الرحية الى جانب كبيخ
مغ التجخل والتشطيع الحكػمي كسا يتدع ىحا
التجخل لتقػم
باإلنتاج
السباشخ ليحه الخجمات مغ خالل ممكيتيا
ألغمب
. السؤسدات الرحية
2
. 1
دليل ذلك ما حدث مع فيروس كورونا وكيف ان هناك ارتباك واضح فالدول العظمى انهارت امام هذه الجائحة فضال ان تكون دولة من مصاف الدول
.النامية وال تمتلك البنى التحتية الكافية لمواجهة تلك الجائحة السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية صحية خجػلة : ثالثاً : انهاع الخدمات الرحية يسكغ ان نرشف الخجمات الرحية الى االنػاع الخئيدة التالية التي مسكغ ان تختبط
بحجع الشفقات ,
اي بعبارة اخخى كل نػع كع مغ السػازنة قج استشفح ؟
واالنػاع الخئيدة
, ىي : ( عمي , فخيجة2016
,
ص
12
)
اا 1
. الخجمات العالجية : وىي الخجمات
السػجية
لمفخد وتختبط بجسيع الخجمات الصبية في مختمف االختراصات التي
تقجم بالسدتذفيات او السخاكد الرحية باالضافة الى الخجمات السداعجة الستسثمة في االشعة والتحاليل وكحلظ
خجمات التغحية واالدا. رة والشطافة وغيخىا 2
. الخجمات الػقائية : تعسل ىحه الخجمات عمى تدييل اداء الخجمات العالجية فيي مجعسة ليا ويتسثل دورىا في
. حساية السجتسع والبيئة مغ االمخاض السعجية واالوبئة كامثال الخقابة الرحية ي
ور
وي
يا
ي
ى
ػ
. حساية السجتسع والبيئة مغ االمخاض السعجية واالوبئة كامثال الخقابة الرحية
3
. الخجمات االنتاجية : وتتزسغ انتاج االمرال والمقاحات والجم كسا تت. زسغ انتاج االدوية واالجيدة الصبية
4
. خجمات االرتقاء بالرحة : تخكد ىحه الخجمات عمى االرتقاء برحة الفخد مغ خالل العػامل غيخ الصبيعية
. كالتخكيد عمى اىسية الخياضة البجنية والشطافة الذخرية وىكحا اا
3
. الخجمات االنتاجية : وتتزسغ انتاج االمرال والمقاحات والجم كسا تت. زسغ انتاج االدوية واالجيدة الصبية
4
. خجمات االرتقاء بالرحة : تخكد ىحه الخجمات عمى االرتقاء برحة الفخد مغ خالل العػامل غيخ الصبيعية
. كالتخكيد عمى اىسية الخياضة البجنية والشطافة الذخرية وىكحا : رابعاً : مؤشرات تقييم الخدمات الرحية ىشاك بعس السؤشخات السفيجة لتقييع الخجمات الرحية السقجمة مغ قبل اي
دولة , كػن الخجمة الرحية مختبصة
باإلندان
وىػ اغمى شيء واالىتسام بالخجمات الرحية زاد بذكل كبيخ وذلظ
, لالسباب التالية : (مختار2013
, ص
125
) 2
. الخجمات الرحية تدتيمظ
ندبة كبيخة مغ السػارد والصاقات الستػفخة لجى الجولة . 1
دليل ذلك ما حدث مع فيروس كورونا وكيف ان هناك ارتباك واضح فالدول العظمى انهارت امام هذه الجائحة فضال ان تكون دولة من مصاف الدول
.النامية وال تمتلك البنى التحتية الكافية لمواجهة تلك الجائحة Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 132 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. 3
. الخجمات الرحية مغ اكبخ واعقج الرشاعات حالياً بدبب ارتفاع تكاليفيا وكثخة العامميغ فييا وتشػع السيغ
. والػضائف العاممة لتقجيع الخجمات الرحية 3
. الخجمات الرحية مغ اكبخ واعقج الرشاعات حالياً بدبب ارتفاع تكاليفيا وكثخة العامميغ فييا وتشػع السيغ
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية والػضائف العاممة لتقجيع الخجمات الرحية عا
ج
ولأل
سباب
اعاله تيتع الجول بانذاء السدتذفيات والسخاكد الرحية السختمفة وتييئة الكػادر السخترة وربط
التكشمػجيا الحجيثة بالخجمات الرحية , ولكغ ىشاك بعس السؤشخات التي لػ رايتيا لعمست ان ىشاك خمل في مشطػمة
تقجيع الخجمات الرحية فالجول الفقيخة لجييا السدػغ فاالىتسام مغ قبميا سيشرب حػل التغحية وتاميغ السياه الرالحة
لمذخب فقج يكػن ىشاك خمل في مشطػمة تقجيع الخجمات الرحية او تقريخ في تغصية جسيع افخاد السجتسع ومجىع
: بانػاع الخجمات الرحية السختمفة ومغ السؤشخات الخاصة بتقييع الخجمات الرحية ىي(
, السػسػي2013
, ص
103
-
104
) و
, ( خزيخ , حدغ2017
, ص
293
)
1
. . معجل وفيات االشفال الخضع الحيغ تقل اعسارىع عغ الدشة الػاحجة ا 3
. . مؤشخ العسخ الستػقع عشج الػالدة 4
. . ندبة وفيات االميات 5
. ندبة االنفاق الرحي وىي االنفاق عمى السدتذفيات والسخاكد الرحية وتبعياتي
ع
6
. . الحرػل عمى الخجمات مغ قبل السجتسع وسيػلة الػصػل لمخجمات الرحية
7
. . ندبة االنفاق عمى تعميع السخاة ويخى الباحثيغ ان السؤشخات اعاله دالة عمى تقييع الخجمات الرحية في دولة ما وقج تكػن ىحه السؤشخات متخابصة فيسا
بيشيا فتػزيع الجخل عشجما يكػن اقل عجالة بدبب الفداد يؤدي الى ازدياد ندبة الػفاة عشج االشفال الخضع وارتفاع
مؤشخ وفيات االميات وكحلظ عشجما تكػن الخجمات الرحية بعيجة وغيخ سيمة التشاول فيحا مؤشخ سمبي و ىكحا لبكية
. السؤشخات Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020)
133
السبحث الثاني : التحدين السدتسر
ًالتحديغ السدتسخ فمدفة الجسيع يذتخك في تصبيقيا فيي ليدت حكخاً عمى جساعة دون اخخى بل ليدت حكخا
عمى مدتػى دون االخخ ضسغ الييكل التشطيسي الػاحج وليدت مغ اختراص السؤسدات االنتاجية فحدب بل تتبمػر
فكختيا وفمدفتيا في السؤسدات الخجمية كحلظ فسجار التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ العشرخ البذخي فالحي يتحقق اوالً واخيخاً ىػ
ليذ بيج الة او جياز متصػر بل عمى يج البذخ حتى ان احج الباحثيغ ذكخ ان التحديغ السدتسخ يؤمغ بجػدة العشرخ
.البذخي الحي لػ تحقق فان جػدة السؤسدات وما تقجم مغ مشتجات او خجمات يتحققان بالحريمة
ولغخض تدميط الزػء عمى ىح ا السبحث فقج تشاولشا االتي :
: اوال : مفههم التحدين السدتسر التحديغ السدتسخ فمدفة تذسل وتدتيجف التخمز مغ كل مػاشغ الزعف سػاء
, كان في االنطسة او العسميات او االنذصة وبسداىسة العامميغ في جسيع السدتػيات التشطيسية ويخى (يػسف , صالح Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 133 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية 3
. نذخ ثقافة التحديغ السدتسخ : تاثيخىا في التصبيق يكػن محجوداً اذا لع يذارك الجسيع في انذصتيا لحل ظ يشبغي
. عمى االدارة وضع اىجاف واضحة لمعامميغ وقيادتيع 3
. نذخ ثقافة التحديغ السدتسخ : تاثيخىا في التصبيق يكػن محجوداً اذا لع يذارك الجسيع في انذصتيا لحل ظ يشبغي
. عمى االدارة وضع اىجاف واضحة لمعامميغ وقيادتيع
4
. تعديد ثقافة العسل الجساعي : التحديغ السدتسخ ال يشجح بجون عسل جساعي وىشاك فخق عسل عجيجة في ضل
تحقيق اجخاءات التحديغ السدتسخ مشيا مجسػعات العسل ومجسػعات حل السذكالت ومجسػعات التػضيف وفخق
العسل السخترة ب
التشفيح وفخق العسل الرغيخة وىحا يعشي ان تكػن ىشاك اىجاف مذتخكة والسذاركة مغ قبل الجسيع
. وتػجيو الشقج لمعسميات وليذ لالفخاد 4
. تعديد ثقافة العسل الجساعي : التحديغ السدتسخ ال يشجح بجون عسل جساعي وىشاك فخق عسل عجيجة في ضل
تحقيق اجخاءات التحديغ السدتسخ مشيا مجسػعات العسل ومجسػعات حل السذكالت ومجسػعات التػضيف وفخق
العسل السخترة ب التشفيح وفخق العسل الرغيخة وىحا يعشي ان تكػن ىشاك اىجاف مذتخكة والسذاركة مغ قبل الجسيع
. وتػجيو الشقج لمعسميات وليذ لالفخاد 5
. تذجيع االفكار والسبادرات االبجاعية لمعامميغ : يعج نطام السقتخحات واالفكار جدء ال يتجدء مغ مشيجية التحديغ
السدتسخ كػنو يعدز السذاركة
االيجابية لمعامميغ مغ خالل تذجيعيع ومكافاتيع لتقجيع االقتخاحات ميسا كانت
. صغيخة كسا تداعج السبادرات االبجاعية عمى االنزباط الحاتي لمعامميغ وتعدز التداميع بالسؤسدة
6
. القزاء عمى اليجر : تيجف مشيجية التحديغ السدتسخ الى القزاء عمى اليجر وتحقيق السخونة الكافية الستيعاب
. التقمبات في شمبات السدتفيجيغ فيي تقزي عمى جسيع مشاشق اليجر مسا يعدز الى حج كبيخ ارباح السؤسدة
: رابعاً : التحدين السدتسر والقزاء على الهدر في تقديم الخدمات الرحية كسا جاء اعاله فان مغ بيغ اجخاءات
تصبيق فمدفة التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ القزاء عمى اليجر بكافة انػاعو ولكغ قبل القزاء يجب تذخيز مشاشق اليجر
وىحا يكػن ميساً في السؤسدات االنتاجية النيا تيجف الى الخبحية ولكشيا اىع بخاي الباحثيغ في السؤسدات الخجمية
النيا التيجف الى تحقيق الخبح وانسا تيجف الى تقجيع خجمات وىحه السؤسدات كحلظ متبايشة بيغ مؤسدة تقجم خ جمة
االترال مثالً ومؤسدة اخخى تقجم الخجمات الرحية فاالخيخة تكسغ فييا االىسية النيا تتعمق بجانبيغ االول انداني
وىػ االرتقاء بخجمة السخيس والثاني مالي النيا تدتشدف امػال الجولة مغ خالل حرة السؤسدات الرحية مغ
السػازنة , ولقج اشار احج الباحثيغ الى مشاشق اليجر
في السؤسدات التي تقجم الخجمات الرحية والتي بحدب راي
, الباحثيغ تختمف مغ مؤسدة صحية الخخى ولكغ االغمب ىي : ( عبجهللا بترخف2013
, ص
116
-
117
)
1
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية 2016
, ص
28
) ان ىشاك تسيد بيغ مرصمح التحديغ السدتسخ والتحديغ الستدارع فاالول يحجث بسخور الػقت اي
برػرة تجريجية والثاني يخترخ الػقت وبرػرة سخيعة والحي يالئع فكخة البحث ضسغ الخجمات الرحية ىػ التحديغ
السدتسخ ، كسا يختبط التحديغ السدتسخ بسفيػم الجػدة والتي تدعى مغ خالليا السؤسدة التي ت قجم الخجمات الرحية
الى تمبية رغبات واحتياجات الدبائغ الحالية والسدتقبمية ،(خجيجة2019
). , ويخى (الحيالي , الجخجخي2012
, ص
226
) بان التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ" تحديغ تجريجي غيخ متػقف
لمكيام بانجاز االعسال بذكل افزل ووضع معاييخ اعمئ دائسا فيػ مجسػعة مغ التحديشات في كافة العػامل السختبصة
بعسميات تحػيل السجخالت الى مخخجات ويذسل التحديغ السدتسخ السباني والتجييدات والسػاد وشخائق العسل وك حلظ
التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ بحث مدتسخ عغ الصخائق واالساليب التي تحدغ العسميات مع تشسية الذعػر لجى االفخاد
العامميغ
"بسمكيتيع لالنذصة والعسميات. :ثانياً : مبادئ التحدين السدتسر , عسمية التحديغ السدتسخ ليدت بالعسمية العذػائية بحدب (الدكارنو2014
, ص
135
) بل ليا مبادئ تقػم عمييا وتدتشج عمييا كحلظ فالتحديغ السدتسخ احيانا ال يعشي التخميع بسعشى انو اذا حجث
كدخ في شيء ما النقػم باصالحو بل ندتبجلو بذيء ججيج متصػر وكل ذلظ ال يحجث بجون تشطيع وتختيب لمػقت وال
استغالل لقجرات ومػاىب العامميغ ومذاركتيع في عسمية
التحديغ ويقػم التحديغ السدتسخ عمى مجسػعة مغ السبادى
, وىي ميسة في فيع فمدفتو وديسػمة تصبيقو والسبادئ ىي كاالتي : ( الكدب2004
, ص
12
) 3
. تحتاج عسميات ال . تحديغ إلى جيػد جسيع مغ يعسل في السؤسدة
4
. . ال يعشي عجم وجػد أخصاء عجم وجػد حاجة لمتحديغ ا أ
يا
7
. فمدفة التحديغ تقػم عمى أساس تحديشات ذات خصى صغيخة تجريجية
عمى السعجات الحالية او األنطسة مغ قبل
.األفخاد الحيغ يعسمػن فعالً في ذلظ السجال
8
. . فمدفة التحديغ مبشية عمى الػسائل الحالية والتكشػلػجية الستػفخة
:ثالثاً : اجراءات تطبيق التحدين السدتسر ىشاك مجسػعة مغ االجخاءات يجب ان تتبع مغ اي مؤسدة ارادت تبشي
فمدفة التح , ديغ السدتسخ ولكي يكػن التصبيق سيالً فان االجخاءات يجب ان تتبع وىي كاالتي : ( الحخبي2017
,
ص
245
-
246
) 1
. تبشي االدارة العميا لمتحديغ السدتسخ وااللتدام بو : ال يسكغ تصبيق التحديغ السدتسخ ما لع تتبشو االدارة العميا وعمى
. السجى الصػيل 2
. اختيار الكيادات
السؤىمة لتصبيق التحديغ السدتسخ : تمعب االدارة دوراً قيادياً في تحقيق جػدة عسميات التغييخ التي
. تذسل بشاء االنطسة وتجريب السػضفيغ واعجاد الدياسات والمػائح ونذخىا Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 134 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية ادرس : يحمل الفخيق بسػجب ىحه الخصػة
البيانات
التي جسعت في الخصػة الثانية مغ اجل التػصل الى مجى
تصابق الشتائج مع االىجاف التي اعجت بالخصػة االولى فاذا وججت نقصة ضعف يتع اعادة تقػيع الخصط او التػقف
. عغ السذخوع
4
. نفح : في ىحه الخصػة اذا كانت الشتائج ايجابية يقػم الفخيق بتػثيقيا وتعج في ىحه الحالة معاييخ يتع الخجػع الييا
لتحديغ االداء والقزاء عمى مش.اشق اليجر ا 5
. اليجر في الشقل : ىشاك ىجر في ال شقل داخل السؤسدات الرحية بذكل ممفت لمشطخ فقج ياخح صػرة نقل مخيس
مغ قدع الخخ او ياخح صػرة نقل سجل مخيس مغ قدع الخخ او ياخح صػرة نقل االدوية مغ السخازن الى االقدام
. او السػاد او االجيدة وغيخىا مغ صػر اليجر
مسا سبق فان تحجيج مشاشق اليجر ميع في كل مؤسدة صحية ومغ ثع تبجا خصػات التحديغ السدتسخ في
: القزاء عمى صػر اليجر جسيعا او التخفيف مغ حجتو مغ قبل فخيق العسل الجساعي والخصػات ىي كاالتي
, (يػسف , صالح2016
, ص
30
) 5
. اليجر في الشقل : ىشاك ىجر في ال شقل داخل السؤسدات الرحية بذكل ممفت لمشطخ فقج ياخح صػرة نقل مخيس
مغ قدع الخخ او ياخح صػرة نقل سجل مخيس مغ قدع الخخ او ياخح صػرة نقل االدوية مغ السخازن الى االقدام
. او السػاد او االجيدة وغيخىا مغ صػر اليجر مسا سبق فان تحجيج مشاشق اليجر ميع في كل مؤسدة صحية ومغ ثع تبجا خصػات التحديغ السدتسخ في
: القزاء عمى صػر اليجر جسيعا او التخفيف مغ حجتو مغ قبل فخيق العسل الجساعي والخصػات ىي كاالتي
, (يػسف , صالح2016
, ص
30
) 1
. خصط : يختار الفخيق بسػجب ىحه الخصػة نػع العسمية (نذاط , شخيقة , سياسة ...الخ) التي تحتاج الى التحديغ
وفييا ىجر ثع تػثق عسمية االختيار وعادة تتع عغ شخيق تحميل البيانات وتحجيج نػعية االىجاف لتحديغ ومشاقذة
شخق انجاز تمظ االىجاف وبعجىا يتع تقػيع مشافع وتكاليف . البجائل 3
. ادرس : يحمل الفخيق بسػجب ىحه الخصػة
البيانات
التي جسعت في الخصػة الثانية مغ اجل التػصل الى مجى
تصابق الشتائج مع االىجاف التي اعجت بالخصػة االولى فاذا وججت نقصة ضعف يتع اعادة تقػيع الخصط او التػقف
. عغ السذخوع 4
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية اليجر في التخديغ : كثيخ ما تستمى مخازن السؤسدات الرحية بكسيات كبيخة مغ االشياء والسعجات التي ال تشتسي
الى الشذاط ا لخئيذ لمسؤسدة فتذسل مداحات كان مغ السسكغ االستفادة مشيا بصخيقة افزل يعشي في زيادة عجد
. السختبخات او صاالت العسميات او في الغخف السخررة لمسخضى وىكحا 2
. اليجر في كثخة االخصاء : يعشي ان ىشاك زيادة في االعسال الستكخرة مسا قج تؤدي الى الػقػع باالخصاء فكثيخ مغ
الس ؤسدات الرحية تقجم خجمة السختبخات لمسخضى التي تتبايغ نتائجيا مع السختبخات االىمية مثالً او تقجميا
صباحاً فقط في حيغ السخضى ليالً قج يزصخون لمفحز خارج السؤسدة او كثخة االخصاء في العسميات الجخاحية
. نتيجة االىسال او التقريخ 3
. اليجر في الحخكة : في اثشاء العسل تعج كل حخكة زائجة يقػم بيا مقجم الخجمة الرحية لمبحث عغ ادواتو او لجمب
. احج االجيدة نػعاً مغ اليجر 4
. اليجر في االنتطار : يشتطخ الصبيب والسخيس في بعس االحيان فتخات شػيمة لػصػل الجواء او انتطار شبيب
. اخخ حتى يشتيي مغ عسمو وىكحا Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020 135 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. 5
. اليجر في الشقل : ىشاك ىجر في ال شقل داخل السؤسدات الرحية بذكل ممفت لمشطخ فقج ياخح صػرة نقل مخيس
مغ قدع الخخ او ياخح صػرة نقل سجل مخيس مغ قدع الخخ او ياخح صػرة نقل االدوية مغ السخازن الى االقدام
. او السػاد او االجيدة وغيخىا مغ صػر اليجر
مسا سبق فان تحجيج مشاشق اليجر ميع في كل مؤسدة صحية ومغ ثع تبجا خصػات التحديغ السدتسخ في
: القزاء عمى صػر اليجر جسيعا او التخفيف مغ حجتو مغ قبل فخيق العسل الجساعي والخصػات ىي كاالتي
, (يػسف , صالح2016
, ص
30
)
1
. خصط : يختار الفخيق بسػجب ىحه الخصػة نػع العسمية (نذاط , شخيقة , سياسة ...الخ) التي تحتاج الى التحديغ
وفييا ىجر ثع تػثق عسمية االختيار وعادة تتع عغ شخيق تحميل البيانات وتحجيج نػعية االىجاف لتحديغ ومشاقذة
شخق انجاز تمظ االىجاف وبعجىا يتع تقػيع مشافع وتكاليف . البجائل
2
. اعسل : يصبق الفخيق بسػجب ىحه الخصػة الخصة ويتابع تقجميا اذ يتع تجسيع البيانات بذكل مدتسخ لكياس
. التحديغ في العسمية وان اي تغييخ في العسمية يػثق ويعجل
3
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية نفح : في ىحه الخصػة اذا كانت الشتائج ايجابية يقػم الفخيق بتػثيقيا وتعج في ىحه الحالة معاييخ يتع الخجػع الييا
لتحديغ االداء والقزاء عمى مش.اشق اليجر السبحث الث
الث : السهازنة العامة االتحادية
رفالية الجول تقاس مغ خالل مػازناتيا والجول الستقجمة تتبجح بانيا تقجم باقة مغ الخجمات لسػاششييا ولعل
ابخزىا الخجمات الرحية او ما يدسى بالتاميغ الرحي او الخعاية الرحية والحي يعج ىجفاً او مكدباً لكل مغ يدكغ
. بيغ ضيخانييع السػازنة العامة االتحادية العخاقية خ ررت مبالغ لػزارة الرحة والبيئة ضسغ نفقات عام2019
والتي مغ
السفتخض تتخجع بذكل خجمات صحية تقجم لمفخد العخاقي والحريمة ان ىشاك مؤشخات لتجني الخجمة الرحية السقجمة
مسا يؤكج عجم وجػد عالقة بيغ حجع االنفاق وبيغ الخجمات الرحية السقجمة فقج تكػن تمظ الشفقات تذغيمي ة بحتة وىشا
فان الخجمة الرحية لكي تتحقق فان ليا اركان عجيجة مشيا مكان تقجيسيا وتصػر االجيدة السدتعسمة وتػاجج كادر
. متكامل كفػء مع االدوية والسدتمدمات الصبية الحجيثة : ولغخض تدميط الزػء عمى ىحا السبحث فقج تشاولشا االتي
اوال : مفههم السهازنة العامة االتحاد : ية ال يختمف مفيػم السػازنة ميسا تعجد عشج السؤلفيغ والباحثيغ فالسفيػم
التقميجي ليا بانيا ججاول تخسيشية لمػاردات والشفقات لدشة مالية واحجة ترجر بقانػن والسفيػم الحجيث ليا بحدب
, (الجباغ , الصائي2019, ص
40) بانيا" اداة سياسية حيػية تدتخجميا الحكػمات لتعديد
اىجافيا بجءا مغ ضسان
استقخار االقتراد الكمي وتخريز السػارد
" وانتياءاً بالخجمات السختمفة السقجمة مغ قبميا . Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 136 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. ويخى الباحثيغ ان الخجمات الرحية ضسغ السػازنة العامة ىي نفقات تخسيشية لدشة قادمة ترجر بقانػن
السػازنة وتحقق اىجاف الجولة وبالسقابل فان كثيخ مغ الحك
ػمات العالسية انيارت بدبب عجم رضا الذعب عغ الخجمات
.الرحية السقجمة مغ قبل تمظ الحكػمات : ثانيا : تبهيب السهازنة العامة االتحادية لسعخفة مػقع الخجمات الرحية في السػازنة العامة االتحادية
العخاقية يجب تشاول االفكار برػرة متدمدمة ومعخفة كيف تبػب السػازنة ا لعامة االتحادية , فالتقديسات عجيجة ومشيا
, تشصمق التبػيبات وفيسا يخز جانب الشفقات في العخاق فان تقديسيا يكػن كاالتي : ( السيايشي , سمػم2008
, ص
7
-
8
) 1
وفقا
لألساس االقترادي : تقدم الى :
.ا الشفقات التثذغيمية وتتزسغ نفقات السعامالت الجارية لمػزارات. والػحجات
ب-
. الشفقات االستثسارية وتتزسغ نفقات االستخجمات االستثسارية لمسذاريع واعادة االعسار
2
-
: وفقاً لالساس االداري لقج تزسشت ججاول الشفقات ترشيفيا الى مجسػعات رئيدة تسثل كل مجسػعة
نفقات وزارة معيشة مثل وزارة الشفط , الخارجية , الرحة ...الخ او اد ارة
رئيدة غيخ مختبصة بػزارة مثل مجمذ الشػاب
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية 3
-
: التقدير على االساس الرفري
وفقاً ليحه الصخيقة فان عمى كل مجيخ وحجة حكػمية اعادة الشطخ في
انذصة ا
اد تر و ومالئسة تكمفتو ودراسة الصخ
ائ ق البجيمة
إلنجازه
وىحه الصخيقة تعامل البخامج القجيسة عمى قجم السداواة مع
. البخامج الحجيثة 3
-
: التقدير على االساس الرفري
وفقاً ليحه الصخيقة فان عمى كل مجيخ وحجة حكػمية اعادة الشطخ في
انذصة ا
اد تر و ومالئسة تكمفتو ودراسة الصخ
ائ ق البجيمة
إلنجازه
وىحه الصخيقة تعامل البخامج القجيسة عمى قجم السداواة مع
. البخامج الحجيثة فسا يخز الخجمات الرحية ف يي . نفقة حاليا حال نفقات السػازنة االخخى فتعتسج االسمػب االول وىػ التقجيخ السباشخ
رابعاً : الخدمات الرحية كشفقات ضسن مهازنة عام2112
:
االنفاق الحكػمي مجسػعة مبالغ ترخفيا الجولة لتقجيع
خجمات لمسػاششيغ ،(سكخان2019
)
، والخجمات الرحية مخ
فسا يخز الخجمات الرحية ليذ ىشاك
تبػيب خاص
لسرصمح الخجمة الرحية ولكغ مسكغ التعخف عمى حجع االنفاق الستػقع الخاص مغ قبل الجولة لقصاع الرحة الحي
يسثل بالسجسل اركان الخجمات الرحية ففي مػازنة العخاق لعام2019
السشذػرة في جخيجة
الػقائع
العخاقية كان حجع
االنفاق العام الستػقع ىػ اكثخ مغ133
تخلي ػن ديشار ونريب وزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ ذلظ االنفاق ىػ3,291
تخليػن
اي ما يسثل ندبة قخيبة مغ2,5 مغ مجسل االنفاق العام%
2
وبالسقارنة مع مػازنة عام2018
التي كانت بسبمغ يديج
عغ104
تخليػن ونريب وزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ ذلظ االنفاق ىػ1,919
تخليػن اي ما يسثل ند بة1,8
اي%
ىشاك زيادة بحجع االنفاق بيغ عامي2018
-
2019
وىي زيادة مشصكية في ضل زيادة السػازنة بيغ العاميغ وليذ
, الديادة في عجد الخجمات الرحية ويخى (البيخماني , عبجهللا2019
, ص
281
) ان االنفاق عمى قصاع الرحة ال
يديخ بػتيخة ثابتة اذ كانت الشدب متفاوتة مغ
فتخة الى اخخى وكسا انو ال
تػجج اثار ايجابية ليحه الشفقات عمى ارض
. الػاقع حيث نالحظ تجني مدتػى الخجمات الرحية في السدتذفيات الحكػمية ي
يا
ع
ولػ تشاولشا جانب
اإليخادا
ت
عمى اعتبار ان ىشاك ايخادات متحققة لمجولة مغ جخاء تقجيع الخجمة الرحية ففي
نفذ السػازنة فان حرتيا مغ ايخادات القصاع العام ىػ قخيب ال3
تخليػن مغ مختمف القصاعات ومشيا وزارة الرحة
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية 3
-
: التقدير على االساس الرفري
وفقاً ليحه الصخيقة فان عمى كل مجيخ وحجة حكػمية اعادة الشطخ في
انذصة ا
اد تر و ومالئسة تكمفتو ودراسة الصخ
ائ ق البجيمة
إلنجازه
وىحه الصخيقة تعامل البخامج القجيسة عمى قجم السداواة مع
. البخامج الحجيثة
فسا يخز الخجمات الرحية ف يي. نفقة حاليا حال نفقات السػازنة االخخى فتعتسج االسمػب االول وىػ التقجيخ السباشخ
رابعاً : الخدمات الرحية كشفقات ضسن مهازنة عام2112
:
االنفاق الحكػمي مجسػعة مبالغ ترخفيا الجولة لتقجيع
خجمات لمسػاششيغ ،(سكخان2019
)
، والخجمات الرحية مخ
فسا يخز الخجمات الرحية ليذ ىشاك
تبػيب خاص
لسرصمح الخجمة الرحية ولكغ مسكغ التعخف عمى حجع االنفاق الستػقع الخاص مغ قبل الجولة لقصاع الرحة الحي
يسثل بالسجسل اركان الخجمات الرحية ففي مػازنة العخاق لعام2019
السشذػرة في جخيجة
الػقائع
العخاقية كان حجع
االنفاق العام الستػقع ىػ اكثخ مغ133
تخلي ػن ديشار ونريب وزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ ذلظ االنفاق ىػ3,291
تخليػن
اي ما يسثل ندبة قخيبة مغ2,5 مغ مجسل االنفاق العام%
2
وبالسقارنة مع مػازنة عام2018
التي كانت بسبمغ يديج
عغ104
تخليػن ونريب وزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ ذلظ االنفاق ىػ1,919
تخليػن اي ما يسثل ند بة1,8
اي%
ىشاك زيادة بحجع االنفاق بيغ عامي2018
-
2019
وىي زيادة مشصكية في ضل زيادة السػازنة بيغ العاميغ وليذ
, الديادة في عجد الخجمات الرحية ويخى (البيخماني , عبجهللا2019
, ص
281
) ان االنفاق عمى قصاع الرحة ال
يديخ بػتيخة ثابتة اذ كانت الشدب متفاوتة مغ
فتخة الى اخخى وكسا انو ال
تػجج اثار ايجابية ليحه الشفقات عمى ارض
. الػاقع حيث نالحظ تجني مدتػى الخجمات الرحية في السدتذفيات الحكػمية
ولػ تشاولشا جانب
اإليخادا
ت
عمى اعتبار ان ىشاك ايخادات متحققة لمجولة مغ جخاء تقجيع الخجمة الرحية ففي
نفذ السػازنة فان حرتيا مغ ايخادات القصاع العام ىػ قخيب ال3
تخليػن مغ مختمف القصاعات ومشيا وزارة الرحة
. والبيئة التي قج تسثل جدء مغ ذلظ الخقع
مسا سبق يخى الباحثيغ ان ما خرز ىي مبالغ خجػلة قج تخصج بشدبة عالية لمخواتب واالجػر فزالً عغ
تشامي الفداد باشكالو في العخاق مسا يعشي ان السػاشغ قج ال يتحرل عمى خجمة صحية جيجة او قج ما يجبى مغ
السػاشغ يفػق ما يتحرل عميو السػاشغ مغ خجمات مسا جعل كثيخ مغ السػاششيغ يمتجئػن لمسخاكد الرحية االىمية
البجي. مة الن الفخق بيغ االسعار ليذ كبيخ وفخق الجػدة اكبخ Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية ومجمذ الػزراء .... الخ
3
-
:وفقاً لشهع الشفقة
الية ت ان ة ت ثل
ابات ا
زعت نفقات ال زا ة ال ا جة ال
ب ىحا التق ي
ب 3
-
: وفقاً لشهع الشفقة
بسػجب ىحا التقديع وزعت نفقات الػزارة الػاحجة الى حدابات اجسالية متجاندة تسثل
. نػع معيغ مغ الشفقات الستخررة 4
-
: السهجهدات غير السالية
تسثل شخاء السػاد
الخأسسالية السعتادة والزخورية لديخ عسل وزارات وادارات
. الجولة 4
-
: السهجهدات غير السالية
تسثل شخاء السػاد
الخأسسالية
السعتادة والزخورية لديخ عسل وزارات وادارات
. الجولة مسا سبق يتزح ان الخجمات الرحية تخزع لمتبػيب االقترادي واالداري(الػضيفي) والشػعي فيي نفقة
. تذغيمية ضسغ االساس االداري لػزارة الرحة وتقدع الى انػاع عجيجة
: ثالثا : طرق تقدير الشفقات العامة لمخػض في مالية الخجمات الرحية يجب معخفة كيفية تقجيخ الشفقة في
العخاق فالخجمات الرحية ىي نفقات مغ وجو نطخ الجولة وىحه الشفقات يحكسيا التقجيخ في كثيخ مغ جػانبيا فخواتب
واجػر الكادر الصبي واالداري والفشي يسكغ تحجيجىا برػرة قخيبة مغ الجقة ولكغ كمفة الخجمة الرحية ال تتكػن مغ
. الخواتب واالجػر فحدب بل ىشاك جػانب اخخى يحكسيا التقجيخ قج تحدب برػرة دقيقة ام ال
, ويتع تقجيخ الشفقات برػرة عامة وفق االتي : ( عبج الحميع , محسػد2018
, ص
108
)
1
-
: طرق التقدير السباشر وفق ىحه الصخيقة يقػم السػضفيغ السختريغ في مختمف الػحجات الحكػمية
بتق جيخ الشفقات شبقاً الحتياجات كل وحجة حكػمية مع مخاعاة الجقة بسعشى ان يكػن التقجيخ دقيقاً وواقعياً دون مغاالة مع
االخح بشصخ االعتبار الشتائج الفعمية لمدشػات الدابقة مع الجراسات واالبحاث االقترادية التي تؤدي الى تحقيق االىجاف
السخصصة مع التقجيخ في ضػء السشافع
. الستػقعة
2
-
التقدير على اساس البرامج : بسػجب ىحه الصخيقة يتع تقجيخ تشفيح بخنامج مالي شػيل االمج ويتع تخجسة
. االىجاف الى بخامج ولكل بخنامج نفقة خاصة بو مسا سبق يتزح ان الخجمات الرحية تخزع لمتبػيب االقترادي واالداري(الػضيفي) والشػعي فيي نفقة
. تذغيمية ضسغ االساس االداري لػزارة الرحة وتقدع الى انػاع عجيجة 2
-
التقدير على اساس البرامج : بسػجب ىحه الصخيقة يتع تقجيخ تشفيح بخنامج مالي شػيل االمج ويتع تخجسة
. االىجاف الى بخامج ولكل بخنامج نفقة خاصة بو Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020 137 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية والبيئة التي قج تسثل جدء مغ ذلظ الخقع
مسا سبق يخى الباحثيغ ان ما خرز ىي مبالغ خجػلة قج تخصج بشدبة عالية لمخواتب واالجػر فزالً عغ
اتشامي الفداد باشكالو في العخاق مسا يعشي ان السػاشغ قج ال يتحرل عمى خجمة صحية جيجة او قج ما يجبى مغ ي
يا
ع
ولػ تشاولشا جانب
اإليخادا
ت
عمى اعتبار ان ىشاك ايخادات متحققة لمجولة مغ جخاء تقجيع الخجمة الرحية ففي
نفذ السػازنة فان حرتيا مغ ايخادات القصاع العام ىػ قخيب ال3
تخليػن مغ مختمف القصاعات ومشيا وزارة الرحة
. والبيئة التي قج تسثل جدء مغ ذلظ الخقع اا مسا سبق يخى الباحثيغ ان ما خرز ىي مبالغ خجػلة قج تخصج بشدبة عالية لمخواتب واالجػر فزالً عغ
تشامي الفداد باشكالو في العخاق مسا يعشي ان السػاشغ قج ال يتحرل عمى خجمة صحية جيجة او قج ما يجبى مغ
السػاشغ يفػق ما يتحرل عميو السػاشغ مغ خجمات مسا جعل كثيخ مغ السػاششيغ يمتجئػن لمسخاكد الرحية االىمية
البجي. مة الن الفخق بيغ االسعار ليذ كبيخ وفخق الجػدة اكبخ السبحث الرابع : دراسة الحال ة–وزارة الرحة والبيئة العراقية
بعج استعخاض مكانة الخجمات الرحية ضسغ السػازنة العامة االتحادية لمعخاق2019
ولكي تدتخد الخجمات
الرحية الحكػمية مكانتيا بيغ مجسػع الخجمات السقجمة في البالد ككل يجب ان يكػن ىشاك تحديغ مدتسخ لمخجمة
الرحية يذسل اركان الخجمة جسيعيا والتي بالحريمة ستشسي االيخاد ا لسحقق لمجولة مسا يعشي تخفيف العبء عغ 2
بحسب تصريح الوزير فان النسبة قد تصل في افضل حاالتها الى5,4
% Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 138 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. ان تخفيف العبء عغ السػازنة يذسل جانبيغ االول جانب الشفقات بالتخشيج والثاني جانب
اإليخادا
ت
بالتحريل
وىحا ال يتحقق بتخكيد الجولة فقط عمى الشفقات التذغيمية فالسدتفيج ىشا فقط الكادر العامل في تمظ السؤسدات ولكغ
عش . جما يكػن التحديغ بخنامجاً تشتيجو وزارة الرحة فالسدتفيج الذعب ككل مغ ضسشيع الكادر العامل
: ولغخض تدميط الزػء عمى ىحا السبحث فقج تشاولشا االتي اوال : السهازنة العامة االتحادية وضرورية التحدين السدتسر
تعاني السػازنة العامة االتحادية في شكميا الحالي الكثيخ مغ العيػب النيا تخكد عمى االنفاق وال تخكد عمى
االىجاف الستحققة مغ االنفاق وتخاقب اليات االنفاق وال تخاقب ما بعج االنفاق ىل تحقق اليجف السشذػد ام ال ويخى
, (السعيشي , عبجالخزاق2013
, ص
481)ان السػازنة ا لعامة االتحادية تعج عمى اساس مػازنات سشػات سابقة مع
: زيادة في التقجيخات بشدب عذػائية دون ربط السجخالت بسخخجاتيا وىحا سبب العجيج مغ العيػب مشيا
1
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية تيتع ببشػد الرخف وعشاصخ االنفاق ومسارسة الخقابة السالية دون االىتسام بشتائج االنفاق السرخوفة لبخامج وانذصة
وسياس.ات الػحجة الحكػمية ا
1
. تيتع ببشػد الرخف وعشاصخ االنفاق ومسارسة الخقابة السالية دون االىتسام بشتائج االنفاق السرخوفة لبخامج وانذصة
وسياس. ات الػحجة الحكػمية 2
. ان ىحا االسمػب يتشاقس مع السجاخل الحجيثة الحي يخبط عالقة السجخالت بالسخخجات ونػعية االعسال السشجدة
. وقياس الشتائج وتاثيخىا عمى االىجاف السػضػعة
ىحه العيػب جعمت االنفاق عمى الخجمات الرحية غيخ مختبط باليجف السشذػد مغ الخجمة فبسجخد تحقي ق
الرخف تحققت الخجمة مغ وجو نطخ الجولة ولكشيا في الحكيقة لع تتحقق مغ وجو نطخ السدتفيج مشيا ولػجػد العيػب
, العجيجة كان البج مغ ضخورية التحديغ السدتسخ اذ يخى (العبػدي , السػسػي2019
, ص
785
) ان التحديغ
السدتسخ يخكد عمى تحديغ االداء وتحقيق الػفػرات بالتكالي ف فتبشي التحديغ السدتسخ مغ قبل الػحجات الحكػمية
يكيذ الشجاح مغ خالل خفس االنفاق وتحديغ مدتػى االداء لحلظ ال يسكغ لمسجيخيغ ببداشة مقارنة الفعمي بالسخصط
عمى اساس شيخي واجخاء التعجيالت اذ يجب عمييع السخاقبة والزبط السدتسخ مسا يداعج عمى تحديغ الكفاءة
التذغيمية
. لمػحجة الحكػمية الذاممة لتقجيع الخجمة والخبحية في نفذ الػقت
ويخى الباحثيغ ان التحديغ السدتسخ لمسػازنة العامة االتحادية سيحقق وفػرات باالنفاق مع تحديغ باالداء مع
وفػرات بااليخادات عمى اساس ان الجولة تقجم الخجمة الرحية مقابل استيفاء اجػر مغ السػاششيغ فعشج ما يخى السػاشغ
خجمة صحية ممسػسة سيكػن اكثخ تعامالً وتعاوناً مع السؤسدات الرحية الحكػمية وبحدب السؤسدات الرحية
الجولية الى ان ندبة تديج عمى70
مغ تكاليف الخعاية الرحية االن يتحسميا السخيس العخاقي او ذووه في ضل%
. تجني الجعع الحكػمي لمقصاع الرحي
ثانياً : م
ؤشرات تدني الخدمات الرحية :
ىشاك مجسػعة مغ السؤشخات تحققت وال تدال تتحقق تخشجنا بان الخجمات الرحية متجنية في البالد وبحاجة
, الى معالجات ويخى (السدتػفي2018
, ص
166
) انو عمى الخغع في الديادة في تسػيل وزارة الرحة مغ
تخريراتيا ضسغ السػازنة فال تدال ندبة ال تسػيل الرحي لمفخد العخاقي مشخفزة ببعس الجول العخبية ومشخفزة ججا
.مقارنة بجول الخميج العخبي 2
. ان ىحا االسمػب يتشاقس مع السجاخل الحجيثة الحي يخبط عالقة السجخالت بالسخخجات ونػعية االعسال السشجدة
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية وقياس الشتائج وتاثيخىا عمى االىجاف السػضػعة ىحه العيػب جعمت االنفاق عمى الخجمات الرحية غيخ مختبط باليجف السشذػد مغ الخجمة فبسجخد تحقي ق
الرخف تحققت الخجمة مغ وجو نطخ الجولة ولكشيا في الحكيقة لع تتحقق مغ وجو نطخ السدتفيج مشيا ولػجػد العيػب
, العجيجة كان البج مغ ضخورية التحديغ السدتسخ اذ يخى (العبػدي , السػسػي2019
, ص
785
) ان التحديغ
السدتسخ يخكد عمى تحديغ االداء وتحقيق الػفػرات بالتكالي ف فتبشي التحديغ السدتسخ مغ قبل الػحجات الحكػمية
يكيذ الشجاح مغ خالل خفس االنفاق وتحديغ مدتػى االداء لحلظ ال يسكغ لمسجيخيغ ببداشة مقارنة الفعمي بالسخصط
عمى اساس شيخي واجخاء التعجيالت اذ يجب عمييع السخاقبة والزبط السدتسخ مسا يداعج عمى تحديغ الكفاءة
التذغيمية
. لمػحجة الحكػمية الذاممة لتقجيع الخجمة والخبحية في نفذ الػقت ي
ع
ويخى الباحثيغ ان التحديغ السدتسخ لمسػازنة العامة االتحادية سيحقق وفػرات باالنفاق مع تحديغ باالداء مع
وفػرات بااليخادات عمى اساس ان الجولة تقجم الخجمة الرحية مقابل استيفاء اجػر مغ السػاششيغ فعشج ما يخى السػاشغ
خجمة صحية ممسػسة سيكػن اكثخ تعامالً وتعاوناً مع السؤسدات الرحية الحكػمية وبحدب السؤسدات الرحية
الجولية الى ان ندبة تديج عمى70
مغ تكاليف الخعاية الرحية االن يتحسميا السخيس العخاقي او ذووه في ضل%
. تجني الجعع الحكػمي لمقصاع الرحي ىشاك مجسػعة مغ السؤشخات تحققت وال تدال تتحقق تخشجنا بان الخجمات الرحية متجنية في البالد وبحاجة
, الى معالجات ويخى (السدتػفي2018
, ص
166
) انو عمى الخغع في الديادة في تسػيل وزارة الرحة مغ
تخريراتيا ضسغ السػازنة فال تدال ندبة ال تسػيل الرحي لمفخد العخاقي مشخفزة ببعس الجول العخبية ومشخفزة ججا
.مقارنة بجول الخميج العخبي Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020 139 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. وفي التقخيخ االحرائي السشذػر عمى مػقع وزارة الرحة والبيئة العخاقي السشذػر عام2018
يسكغ ان
: ندتخمز بعس مؤشخات تجني الخجمات الرحية مغ التقخيخ وكاالتي
1
. مؤشر وفيات اال مهات لك111111
: مهلهد حي
بحدب التقخيخ ضسغ صفحة38
فان ىشاك عجد مغ السجن
. العخاقية لجييا حاالت مختفعة كسا في كخبالء وذي قار والسثشى وديالى وميدان والجيػانية وصالح الجيغ
2
. مؤشر وفيات االطفال الرضع الذين تق اعسارهم عن الدشة الهاحدة لك1111
والدة حية
: و كسا في التقخيخ
ضسغ صفحة42
فان ىشاك عجد مغ السجن العخاقية لجييا حاالت مختفعة كسا في بابل والجيػانية والبرخة والشجف
. وذي قار وديالى 3
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية 1, 129-144(2020)
141
2
-
: التحدين السدتسر للكادر السقدم للخدمة الرحية مغ اولػيات التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ االىتسام بسقجم
الخجمة فعميو يتػقف نجاح الخجمة برػرة كبيخة وىشا يدتػشغ الفداد ان وجج فعميو يجب ان يذسل التحديغ السدتسخ
بخنامج الخقابة وتفعيل االدارة الشديية والتحديغ السدتسخ يتصمب تكػيغ عالقة متكاممة بيغ مخخجات التعميع الصبي
الجامعي والسيشي وبيغ ادارة السدتذفيات وبحدب التقخيخ فان ىشاك خمل بيحه الفقخة م غ جػانب االول فيسا يخز
الشقز في الكػادر وخرػصاً الكادر الصبي مغ اشباء ومسخضيغ مقاسة باعجاد السػاششيغ والثاني سػء تػزيع ىحه
الكػادر وتجريبيا وضخوف عسل شاردة لمكفاءات والثالث ادارة تمظ الكػادر بصخق بعيجة عغ االساليب الحجيثة لمسػارد
البذخية فزالً عغ الزغػشات . الدياسية والسسارسات الالمشيجية
3
-
: التحدين السدتسر النهاع االدوية السدتخدمة في مجال تقديم الخدمة التحديغ السدتسخ يجب ان
يذسل تػفخ االدوية االساسية بيج الجولة وان تكػن ىشاك رقابة لمسشافح الحجودية وان تعدز الػضائف التشطيسية الدارة
الجواء , فالعخاق يعان
ي نقراً مدمشاً كبيخاً في االدوية االساسية غيخ ان ىحا الشقز بحدب التقخيخ بمغ اشجة وذروتو عام
2018
واتزح ان االدو
ية
االساسية تػفخت خالل عام2018
بشدبة12
مغ الحاجة الكمية مسا يعشي ان السػاشغ%
يذتخي العالج عمى حددابو الخاص وىحا مؤشخ خصيخ فكثيخ مغ االدوية دخمت البالد بجون رقابة فازدادت حاالت 2
-
: التحدين السدتسر للكادر السقدم للخدمة الرحية مغ اولػيات التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ االىتسام بسقجم
الخجمة فعميو يتػقف نجاح الخجمة برػرة كبيخة وىشا يدتػشغ الفداد ان وجج فعميو يجب ان يذسل التحديغ السدتسخ
بخنامج الخقابة وتفعيل االدارة الشديية والتحديغ السدتسخ يتصمب تكػيغ عالقة متكاممة بيغ مخخجات التعميع الصبي
الجامعي والسيشي وبيغ ادارة السدتذفيات وبحدب التقخيخ فان ىشاك خمل بيحه الفقخة م غ جػانب االول فيسا يخز
الشقز في الكػادر وخرػصاً الكادر الصبي مغ اشباء ومسخضيغ مقاسة باعجاد السػاششيغ والثاني سػء تػزيع ىحه
الكػادر وتجريبيا وضخوف عسل شاردة لمكفاءات والثالث ادارة تمظ الكػادر بصخق بعيجة عغ االساليب الحجيثة لمسػارد
البذخية فزالً عغ الزغػشات . الدياسية والسسارسات الالمشيجية Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية مؤشر وفيات االطفال تق اعسارهم عن الخسس سشهات لك1111
: والدة حية
وكسا في التقخيخ ضسغ صفحة
41
فان ىشاك عجد مغ السجن العخاق ية لجييا حاالت مختفعة كسا في العاصسة وبابل والجيػانية والشجف والبرخة
. وديالى وذي قار كسا في اعاله فان محافطة نيشػى في الدشػات التي تع مدحيا قج تكػن اعمى الشدب بيغ السحافطات االخخى
النيا كانت ساحة صخاع وانخفزت لجييا الخجمات الرحية الى ادنى مدتػياتيا ولعل ع جم وجػد بيانات دقيقة جعل
القائسيغ عمى ىحا التقخيخ يزعػن لسحافطة نيشػى اقل الشدب في حيغ ان الفخد السػصمي لكي يتحرل عمى الخجمات
الرحية عام2017
وعام2018
اي عامي كتابة التقخيخ االحرائي يجب عميو ان يقصع عذخات الكيمػمتخات ليرل
اقخب مخكد صحي خارج مجيشتو وفي محا فطات االقميع وقج يتحسل الكمفة السػاشغ كاممة او تجفع عشو احجى السشطسات
االندانية 4
. : مؤشر االنفاق الرحي
ًكسا اشخنا سابقاً بان الجستػر العخاقي يكفل الخعاية الرحية لمفخد بػصفيا حقاً اساسيا
لجسيع العخاقييغ , وان االنفاق الرحي يسثل ما تخررو الحكػمة لمخجمات الرحية والتي يسكغ الحرػل عمييا
بالتداوي مغ قبل الجسيع وان ندبة االنفاق الرحي تتشاسب مع احتياجات السؤسدة ال رحية اال ان واقع الحال
, مختمفاً تساماً بحدب ( السػسػي2013
, ص
107
ً) اذ يخى ان االنفاق الرحي الحكػمي مشخفزاً قياسا
. باحتياجات اعادة بشاء القصاع الرحي وفي التقخيخ االحرائي الخاص بسؤشخات السػارد السالية يتزح كسا ذكخنا سابقاً ان ما يخرز لالنفاق
الرحي ىػ ىد يل ججاً والشدبة العالية مشو تحىب كخواتب واجػر , فزسغ السػازنة التذغيمية فان ىشاك ثسانية فرػل
( لمرخف تبجاء بتعػيزات السػضفيغ وتشتيي بالبخامج الرحية وكسا في الججول رقع1
: ) االتي ( الجدول رقم1) السهازنة التذغيلية لهزارة الرحة والبيئة
انفصم
اننسبة انمئوية من
انموازنة
ٍٛرعٕٚعبد انًٕظف
27
%
انًغزهضيبد انخذيٛخ
7.7
%
انًغزهضيبد انغهعٛخ
77
%
صٛبَخ انًٕجٕداد
6.1
%
انُفقبد انشاعًبنٛخ
4.9
%
انًُخ ٔاالعبَبد
4.68
%
انًغبًْخ انذٔنٛخ
4.8
% ( الجدول رقم1) السهازنة التذغيلية لهزارة الرحة والبيئة
انفصم
اننسبة انمئوية من
انموازنة
ٍٛرعٕٚعبد انًٕظف
27
%
انًغزهضيبد انخذيٛخ
7.7
%
انًغزهضيبد انغهعٛخ
77
%
صٛبَخ انًٕجٕداد
6.1
%
انُفقبد انشاعًبنٛخ
4.9
%
انًُخ ٔاالعبَبد
4.68
%
انًغبًْخ انذٔنٛخ
4.8
% 140 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية العجيجة التي ندسع بيا في كل يػم مغ صفقات مذبػىة الدوية فاسجة او اجيدة شبية غيخ جيجة
:ال كان الخد ة الرح ة
ت
ن ال
ثالثاً التح ا
مسا
الشظ فيو ان
التدام الجولة والسؤسدات الحكػمية والكادر العامل بخصػات التحديغ السدتسخ يشيس
بػاقع
الخجمات الرحية ,فاالنفاق الرحي يدداد سشػياً في السػازنة كسبالغ ولكشو ال يحقق الغاية السخجػة مشو , والتحديغ
السدتسخ يجب ان يذسل اركان الخجمة الرحية ومغ ثع اذا كان ىشاك مشيج يمتدم بو مغ قبل الجسيع لتحقيق اىجاف
وغايات التحديغ السدتسخ فان جسيع السؤ شخات سػف تتحدغ وتدداد ندبة االقبال عمى تمقي الخجمات الرحية
الحكػمية ويخفف العبء عمى السػازنة العامة االتحادية وكاالتي : (سيتع تشاول الفقخات التالية في ضل تقخيخ الديج
وزيخ الرحة والبيئة لغاية نيدان2019
)
1
-
: التحدين السدتسر لسكان تقديم الخدمة الرحية يجب ان يكػن ىشاك اىتسام بالسباني واماكغ تقجيع
الخجمة الرحية لمفخد العخاقي وان يكػن اعجادىا مشاسبة لمتػاجج الدكاني وقخيبة مغ الحاالت السخضية وان يكػن ىشاك
زيادة في االنفاق الرحي وان ىحه الديادة تحقق الغاية السخجػة مشيا, وبحدب تقخيخ الديج الػزيخ فان اىسال القصاع
الرحي مغ قبل الحكػمات الستعاقبة ادى الى بشية تحتية غيخ كافية مغ مدتذفيات ومخاكد الخعاية الرحية االولية
. والتي تفتقخ الى االدامة مسا
الشظ فيو ان
التدام الجولة والسؤسدات الحكػمية والكادر العامل بخصػات التحديغ السدتسخ يشيس
بػاقع
الخجمات الرحية ,فاالنفاق الرحي يدداد سشػياً في السػازنة كسبالغ ولكشو ال يحقق الغاية السخجػة مشو , والتحديغ
السدتسخ يجب ان يذسل اركان الخجمة الرحية ومغ ثع اذا كان ىشاك مشيج يمتدم بو مغ قبل الجسيع لتحقيق اىجاف
وغايات التحديغ السدتسخ فان جسيع السؤ شخات سػف تتحدغ وتدداد ندبة االقبال عمى تمقي الخجمات الرحية
الحكػمية ويخفف العبء عمى السػازنة العامة االتحادية وكاالتي : (سيتع تشاول الفقخات التالية في ضل تقخيخ الديج
وزيخ الرحة والبيئة لغاية نيدان2019
) 1
-
: التحدين السدتسر لسكان تقديم الخدمة الرحية يجب ان يكػن ىشاك اىتسام بالسباني واماكغ تقجيع
الخجمة الرحية لمفخد العخاقي وان يكػن اعجادىا مشاسبة لمتػاجج الدكاني وقخيبة مغ الحاالت السخضية وان يكػن ىشاك
زيادة في االنفاق الرحي وان ىحه الديادة تحقق الغاية السخجػة مشيا, وبحدب تقخيخ الديج الػزيخ فان اىسال القصاع
الرحي مغ قبل الحكػمات الستعاقبة ادى الى بشية تحتية غيخ كافية مغ مدتذفيات ومخاكد الخعاية الرحية االولية
. والتي تفتقخ الى االدامة Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية , السردر : التقرير االحرائي لهزارة الرحة والبيئة2112
ص221 كسا في الججول اعاله يتزح ضعف االنفاق الرحي فالسػازنة السخررة لالنفاق الرحي تحىب الكثخ مغ
70
لمخواتب واالجػر وما يخز بكية اركان الخجمة الرحية يكاد ال يحكخ فال عجب عشجما تحىب الى السدتذفيات%
الحكػمية وال تخى تػاجج لالدوية والعالجات السيسة فالسخرز لالنفاق يحى ب الى الخواتب فزالً عغ حاالت الفداد
. العجيجة التي ندسع بيا في كل يػم مغ صفقات مذبػىة الدوية فاسجة او اجيدة شبية غيخ جيجة
: ثالثاً التحدين السدتسر الركان الخدمة الرحية
مسا
الشظ فيو ان
التدام الجولة والسؤسدات الحكػمية والكادر العامل بخصػات التحديغ السدتسخ يشيس
بػاقع
الخجمات الرحية ,فاالنفاق الرحي يدداد سشػياً في السػازنة كسبالغ ولكشو ال يحقق الغاية السخجػة مشو , والتحديغ
السدتسخ يجب ان يذسل اركان الخجمة الرحية ومغ ثع اذا كان ىشاك مشيج يمتدم بو مغ قبل الجسيع لتحقيق اىجاف
وغايات التحديغ السدتسخ فان جسيع السؤ شخات سػف تتحدغ وتدداد ندبة االقبال عمى تمقي الخجمات الرحية
الحكػمية ويخفف العبء عمى السػازنة العامة االتحادية وكاالتي : (سيتع تشاول الفقخات التالية في ضل تقخيخ الديج
وزيخ الرحة والبيئة لغاية نيدان2019
)
1
-
: التحدين السدتسر لسكان تقديم الخدمة الرحية يجب ان يكػن ىشاك اىتسام بالسباني واماكغ تقجيع
الخجمة الرحية لمفخد العخاقي وان يكػن اعجادىا مشاسبة لمتػاجج الدكاني وقخيبة مغ الحاالت السخضية وان يكػن ىشاك
زيادة في االنفاق الرحي وان ىحه الديادة تحقق الغاية السخجػة مشيا, وبحدب تقخيخ الديج الػزيخ فان اىسال القصاع
الرحي مغ قبل الحكػمات الستعاقبة ادى الى بشية تحتية غيخ كافية مغ مدتذفيات ومخاكد الخعاية الرحية االولية
. والتي تفتقخ الى االدامة
2
-
: التحدين السدتسر للكادر السقدم للخدمة الرحية مغ اولػيات التحديغ السدتسخ ىػ االىتسام بسقجم
الخجمة فعميو يتػقف نجاح الخجمة اابرػرة كبيخة وىشا يدتػشغ الفداد ان وجج فعميو يجب ان يذسل التحديغ السدتسخ كسا في الججول اعاله يتزح ضعف االنفاق الرحي فالسػازنة السخررة لالنفاق الرحي تحىب الكثخ مغ
70
لمخواتب واالجػر وما يخز بكية اركان الخجمة الرحية يكاد ال يحكخ فال عجب عشجما تحىب الى السدتذفيات%
الحكػمية وال تخى تػاجج لالدوية والعالجات السيسة فالسخرز لالنفاق يحى ب الى الخواتب فزالً عغ حاالت الفداد
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية 1, 129-144(2020)
141
3
-
: التحدين السدتسر النهاع االدوية السدتخدمة في مجال تقديم الخدمة التحديغ السدتسخ يجب ان
يذسل تػفخ االدوية االساسية بيج الجولة وان تكػن ىشاك رقابة لمسشافح الحجودية وان تعدز الػضائف التشطيسية الدارة
الجواء , فالعخاق يعان
ي نقراً مدمشاً كبيخاً في االدوية االساسية غيخ ان ىحا الشقز بحدب التقخيخ بمغ اشجة وذروتو عام
2018
واتزح ان االدو
ية
االساسية تػفخت خالل عام2018
بشدبة12
مغ الحاجة الكمية مسا يعشي ان السػاشغ%
يذتخي العالج عمى حددابو الخاص وىحا مؤشخ خصيخ فكثيخ مغ االدوية دخمت البالد بجون رقابة فازدادت حاالت Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 141 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. الػفاة مغ جخاء االدوية السغذػشة حتى ذكخ الػزيخ بان ىشاك ندبة70 مغ االدوية في ا%
لسحاخخ والريجاليات
. التدتػفي متصمبات التجاول
4
-
: التحدين السدتسر لالجهزة والسعدات الطبية السدتخدمة في مجال تقديم الخدمة التحديغ السدتسخ
يجب ان يذسل عسميات انتقاء االجيدة والسعجات
أل نيا ضخورية وميسة وتجريب الستخرريغ عمييا بيغ الفتخة واالخخى
وكثيخ مغ حا الت الفداد انتابت ىحه الفقخة بجء مغ اختيار السشذئ وانتياء باستالم االجيدة وبحدب تقخيخ الػزيخ فان
وزارة الرحة ال
تستمظ امكانيات وخبخات كافية في مجال اقتراديات الرحة وىحا انعكذ سمباً عمى كفاءة الػزارة
. وادائيا في مجال انتقاء االجيدة والسعجات واستخجاميا كحلظ
واخيخاً فان نجاح تصبيق التحديغ السدتسخ يعتسج عمى العسل الجساعي وليذ الفخدي وان يكػن ىشاك تكامل
بيغ اركان الخجمة الرحية وان القزاء عمى مؤشخات تجني الخجمة او التقميل مغ حجتيا يتصمب نجاح االركان االربعة
وليذ اثشان او ثالثة مشيا وىحا التحديغ سيخفف مغ السػازنة
العامة االتحادية فاالستخجام الخشيج وشخد الفداد يحقق
. االىجاف السخجػة الي مػازنة تزع في البالد
خاتسة: نتائج الدّراسة والتهصيات
:نتائج الدراسة الػفاة مغ جخاء االدوية السغذػشة حتى ذكخ الػزيخ بان ىشاك ندبة70 مغ االدوية في ا%
لسحاخخ والريجاليات
. التدتػفي متصمبات التجاول 4
-
: التحدين السدتسر لالجهزة والسعدات الطبية السدتخدمة في مجال تقديم الخدمة التحديغ السدتسخ
جب ان يذسل عسميات انتقاء االجيدة والسعجات
أل نيا
ضخورية وميسة وتجريب الستخرريغ عمييا بيغ الفتخة واالخخى
وكثيخ مغ حا الت الفداد انتابت ىحه الفقخة بجء مغ اختيار السشذئ وانتياء باستالم االجيدة وبحدب تقخيخ الػزيخ فان
وزارة الرحة ال
تستمظ امكانيات وخبخات كافية في مجال اقتراديات الرحة وىحا انعكذ سمباً عمى كفاءة الػزارة
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية وادائيا في مجال انتقاء االجيدة والسعجات واستخجاميا كحلظ واخيخاً فان نجاح تصبيق التحديغ السدتسخ يعتسج عمى العسل الجساعي وليذ الفخدي وان يكػن ىشاك تكامل
بيغ اركان الخجمة الرحية وان القزاء عمى مؤشخات تجني الخجمة او التقميل مغ حجتيا يتصمب نجاح االركان االربعة
وليذ اثشان او ثالثة مشيا وىحا التحديغ سيخفف مغ السػازنة
العامة االتحادية فاالستخجام الخشيج وشخد الفداد يحقق
. االىجاف السخجػة الي مػازنة تزع في البالد 1
. السػازنة العامة االتحادية ىي اداة بيج الحكػمة مغ خالليا يتعخف الجسيػر عمى حجع الخجمات الرحية السقجمو 1
. السػازنة العامة االتحادية ىي اداة بيج الحكػمة مغ خالليا يتعخف الجسيػر عمى حجع الخجمات الرحية السقجمو
. لو 1
. السػازنة العامة االتحادية ىي اداة بيج الحكػمة مغ خالليا يتعخف الجسيػر عمى حجع الخجمات الرحية السقجمو
. لو اا
. لو اا 2
. الخجمات الرحية ىي باقة مغ االنػاع تقجميا وزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ خالل مؤسداتيا الحكػمية وكحلظ ىشاك
. مؤسدات اىمية تقجم تمظ الخجمات والتي مغ السفتخض ان تكػن تحت اشخاف الجولة
3
. الخجمات الرحية متحققة بالرخف مغ وجيو نطخ الجولة ولكشيا لع تتحقق مغ وجيو نطخ السدتفي. ج مشيا 2
. الخجمات الرحية ىي باقة مغ االنػاع تقجميا وزارة الرحة والبيئة مغ خالل مؤسداتيا الحكػمية وكحلظ ىشاك
. مؤسدات اىمية تقجم تمظ الخجمات والتي مغ السفتخض ان تكػن تحت اشخاف الجولة . مؤسدات اىمية تقجم تمظ الخجمات والتي مغ السفتخض ان تكػن تحت اشخاف الجولة
3
. الخجمات الرحية متحققة بالرخف مغ وجيو نطخ الجولة ولكشيا لع تتحقق مغ وجيو نطخ السدتفي. ج مشيا
4
. . ضيػر مؤشخات عجيجة تشحر بتخدي الخجمات الرحية في البالد 3
. الخجمات الرحية متحققة بالرخف مغ وجيو نطخ الجولة ولكشيا لع تتحقق مغ وجيو نطخ السدتفي. ج مشيا
4
. . ضيػر مؤشخات عجيجة تشحر بتخدي الخجمات الرحية في البالد 5
. . التحديغ السدتسخ تحديغ تجريجي يعسل في كافة السؤسدات شخيصة تبشي فمدفتو مغ قبل الجسيع
التهصيات: 5
. . التحديغ السدتسخ تحديغ تجريجي يعسل في كافة السؤسدات شخيصة تبشي فمدفتو مغ قبل الجسيع
التهصيات: 1
. ندبة التسػيل الرحي لمفخد العخاقي مشخفزة ججاً قياساً لبعس الجول العخبية لحا يجب ان يعاد الشطخ في االنفاق
. الرحي والقزاء عمى حمقات الفداد االداري والسالي
2
. نذخ ثقافة التحديغ السدتسخ لكافة مدتػيات الييكل التشطيسي والعسل عمى تذخيز جػانب اليجر بكافة صػرة
. والقزاء عميو مسا يداىع برػرة مباشخة وغيخ مباشخة في تخفيف العبء عغ السػازنة العامة االتحادية
3
. . التحديغ السدتسخ يجب ان يذسل كافة اركان الخجمات الرحية 4
. السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية التحديغ السدتسخ لسكان تقجيع الخجمة الرحية مغ خالل استحجاث ابشية ججيجة تشاسب اعجاد
السخضى
والعسل عمى
. تقػيع االبشية القجيسة بيغ فتخة واخخى 4
. التحديغ السدتسخ لسكان تقجيع الخجمة الرحية مغ خالل استحجاث ابشية ججيجة تشاسب اعجاد
السخضى
والعسل عمى
. تقػيع االبشية القجيسة بيغ فتخة واخخى Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 142 Hammoodi, hasan , Mahmoud Jasim. 5
. التحديغ السدتسخ لمكادر السقجم لمخجمة عمى اختالف تخرراتيع والع سل عمى زيادة كفاءة الكادر الرحي
(الصبي , التسخيزي , االداري , الفشي ....الخ ) مغ خالل السذاركة بالسؤتسخات العالسية وارساليع لمجخػل في
. دورات تجريبية وحدب التخرز لكل فخد ااا 5
. التحديغ السدتسخ لمكادر السقجم لمخجمة عمى اختالف تخرراتيع والع سل عمى زيادة كفاءة الكادر الرحي
(الصبي , التسخيزي , االداري , الفشي ....الخ ) مغ خالل السذاركة بالسؤتسخات العالسية وارساليع لمجخػل في
. دورات تجريبية وحدب التخرز لكل فخد 6
. التحديغ السدتسخ لشػعية االدوية وكسيتيا السدتخجمة ومحاولة تغصية االحتياجات االساسية لكل
مخكد صحي بسا
. يتشاسب مع حجع السجتسع السحيط بو 6
. التحديغ السدتسخ لشػعية االدوية وكسيتيا السدتخجمة ومحاولة تغصية االحتياجات االساسية لكل
مخكد صحي بسا
. يتشاسب مع حجع السجتسع السحيط بو 7
. التحديغ السدتسخ
لألجيدة
اوالسعجات االساسية وان يكػن اختيارىا وفق حاجتيا وان يتع تجريب العامميغ عمييا مغ 7
. التحديغ السدتسخ
لألجيدة
والسعجات االساسية وان يكػن اختيارىا وفق حاجتيا وان يتع تجريب العامميغ عمييا مغ
ات
ا
ختمف االخت 7
. التحديغ السدتسخ
لألجيدة
والسعجات االساسية وان يكػن اختيارىا وفق حاجتيا وان يتع تجريب العامميغ عمييا مغ
. مختمف االختراصات 7
. التحديغ السدتسخ
لألجيدة
والسعجات االساسية وان يكػن اختيارىا وفق حاجتيا وان يتع تجريب العامميغ عمييا مغ
. مختمف االختراصات . مختمف االختراصات :قائسة السرادر والسراجع
ة
ث
ًا :قائسة السرادر والسراجع
: اوالً : الهثائق الرسسية : اوالً : الهثائق الرسسية ا
1
-
السػازنة العامة االتحادية لجسيػرية
العخاق لمشدة السالية2018
, جخيجة الػقائع الخسسية , العجد4485
, العخاق
2
-
السػازنة العامة االتحادية لجسيػرية العخاق لمشدة السالية2019
, جخيجة الػقائع الخسسية , العجد4529
, العخاق
3
-
تقخيخ , الػضع الرحي في العخاق2019
, بقمع الديج الػزيخ , وزارة الرحة والبيئة
,
. العخاق
4
-
, التقخيخ االحرائي الدشػي2018
, وزارة الرحة والبيئة العخاقية
, العخاق . السبحث االول : الخدمات الرحية : ثانياً : الرسائ واالطاريح الجامعية ا
5
-
الكدب,عمي إبخاليع حديغ2004
,
السعلهمات السحاسبية الالزمة العتساد أسلهب التحدين السدتسر–
الكايزن-
في السشذات
الرشاعية بالتطبيق على مرشع الغزل والشديج في السهص
,, رسالة ماجدتيخ غيخ مشذػرة في السحاسبة, كمية اإلدارة واالقتراد
جامعة السػصل ا
5
-
الكدب,عمي إبخاليع حديغ2004
,
السعلهمات السحاسبية الالزمة العتساد أسلهب التحدين السدتسر–
الكايزن-
في السشذات
الرشاعية بالتطبيق على مرشع الغزل والشديج في السهص
,, رسالة ماجدتيخ غيخ مشذػرة في السحاسبة, كمية اإلدارة واالقتراد
جامعة السػصل : ثالثاً : الدوريات والسجالت العلسية , الدعػدية
18
-
, الجباغ , لقسان دمحم ايػب , الصائي , زىخاء محسػد حامج2019
,
دور الحهكسة الجامعية في تعزيز العسلية الرقابية على
السهازنة في الجامعات , مجمة تكخيت لمعمػم ا الدارية واالقترادية , السجمج15
العجد45
, تكخيت العخاق
19
-
, عبج الحميع , صفػان قري , محسػد , حديغ شاكخ2018
,العالقة بين تقديرات السهازنة العامة االتحادية والتشفيذ الفعلي
,
مجمة دراسات محاسبية ومالية , السجمج13
العجد43
, العخاق
20
-
, السيايشي , دمحم خالج , سمػم , حدغ عبجالكخيع2008
,
السهازنة الفيدرالية العراقية االتجاهات ومعدالت الشسه لالنفاق
وااليرادات
, مجمة االدارة واالقتراد , العجد68
, العخاق
21
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, السعيشي , سعج سميسان عػاد , عبجالخزاق , اسساء دمحم2013
,مجاالت استعسال محاسبة السد هؤلية في ظ السهازنة العامة
التقليدية
, مجمة العمػم االقترادية واالدارية ,السجمج19
العجد71
, العخاق
22
-
, السدتػفي , صباح صاحب2018
,تسهي الخدمات الرحية العامة في العراق
, , مجمة السدتشرخية لمجراسات العخبية والجولية
العجد63
العخاق
23
-
العبػدي,زيشب ياسيغ كيمػن
, , السػسػي , عبجاالميخ حدغ عمي2019
,
تقشيات اعداد السهازنة ومدى استجابتها لسشهج
التحدين السدتسر
, مجمة جامعة واسط , السجمج15
العخاق
24
-
( .خخاز لخزخ، شاوش قشجوسي، عالمي خجيجة2019
."). دور ادوات ضبط الجػدة في تحديغ أداء السؤسدات "دراسة حالة
،مجمة الشسػ االقترادي والسقاوالتية2
(
1
)، صفحة43
:، متاح عمى السػقع
https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/122727
. 25
-
( .دمحم جمػلي، دمحم أميغ بػمجيغ، البػدالي بغ سكخان2019
.). الحػكسة الجيجة واالنفاق الحكػمي: دراسة قياسية عمى الجول االفخيكية
مجمة الشسػ االق ،ترادي والسقاوالتية3
(
1
)، صفحة42
:متاح عمىhttps://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/122741
. 15
-
, الدكارنو , بالل خمف2014
,التعلم ا
لت
عيسي ودوره في تحقيق التحدين السدتسر في مشعسات االعسال , مجمة كمية بغ جاد
لمعمػم االقترادية الجامعة , العجد40
, العخاق
16
-
, يػسف , يػسف دوالب, صالح , حسيج عمي2016
,د ور السقارنة السرجعية الداخلية في تذخيص فجهة االداء والتحدين
السدتس
ر , مجمة السثشى لمعمػم االدارية واالقترادية , العخاق
17
-
, الحخبي , دمحم بغ دمحم احسج2017
,متطلبا
ت تحدين اساليب الكيادة الجامعية في ضهء الكايزين
, , مجمة العمػم التخبػية
العجد1
الجدء2
. , الدعػدية دمح 17
-
, الحخبي , دمحم بغ دمحم احسج2017
,متطلبا
ت تحدين اساليب الكيادة الجامعية في ضهء الكايزين
, , مجمة العمػم التخبػية
العجد1
الجدء2
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) : ثالثاً : الدوريات والسجالت العلسية : ثالثاً : الدوريات والسجالت العلسية ا
6
-
, الجشابي , ثامخ ىادي , ىادي , زمغ صالح2019
,تاثير الدعر على تقديم الخدمة الرحية , مجمة كمية االدارة واالقتراد
لمجراسات االقترادية واالدارية والسالية , السجمج11
العجد2
, جامعة بابل , العخاق
7
-
, خزيخ , مشعع احسج , حدغ , بخىان شياع مخعي2017
,
قياس وتحلي اثر مؤشرات الخدمات الرحية في مؤشر التشسية
البذرية في العراق
, مجمة تكخيت لمعمػم االدارية واالقترادية , السجمج2
العجد38
, جامعة تكخيت , العخاق
8
-
, عبج القادر , دبػن2012
,دور التحدين السدتسر في تفعي جهدة الخدمات الرحية
, مجمة الباحث , العجد12
. ,الجدائخ
9
-
, رشيج , سالسي , فالق , عمي , زيتػني , سارة2016
,
الرفع من جهدة الخدمات الرحية من خالل تبشي اسلهب التحدين
السدتس
ر
, مجمة السعارف ,العجد20
, الدشة العاشخة , الجدائخ 10
-
, عمي , مكيجة , فخيجة , بغ عياد2016
,واقع اعتساد نعام جهدة الخدمات الرحية في السدتذفيات العسهمية
, السجمة
الجدائخية لالقتراد والسالية , العجد6
, ال
جدائخ 11
-
, مختار , الفاتح دمحم عثسان2013
,اقتراديات خدمات الرعاية الرحية في الدول الشامية واثرها على التشسية
, مجمة
اماراباك , السجمج4
, العجد10
. , االكاديسية االمخيكية العخبية لمعمػم والتكشمػجيا 12
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,التشسية البذرية السدتدام
ة في العراق واالنفاق الرحي
, مجمة الكػت لمعمػم
االقترادية واالدارية , العخاق 13
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, الحيالي , احسج عصية , الجخجخي , احسج حديغ حدغ2012
,مدى اسهامات نعام دعم القرارات في تشفيذ التحدين السدتسر
للسشعسات
, تشسية الخافجيغ العجد110
السجمج34
, كمية االدارة واالقترا د , جامعة السػصل
14
-
, عبج هللا , عادل دمحم2013
,تبشي نعام التحدين السدتسر في جهدة الخدمات الرحية
, بحػث مدتقبمية , العجد42
, كمية
الحجباء , السػصل Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 143 Reducing the burden on the federal public budget by continuously improving health.. 15
-
, الدكارنو , بالل خمف2014
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لت
عيسي ودوره في تحقيق التحدين السدتسر في مشعسات االعسال , مجمة كمية بغ جاد
لمعمػم االقترادية الجامعة , العجد40
, العخاق
16
-
, يػسف , يػسف دوالب, صالح , حسيج عمي2016
,د ور السقارنة السرجعية الداخلية في تذخيص فجهة االداء والتحدين
السدتس
ر , مجمة السثشى لمعمػم االدارية واالقترادية , العخاق
17
-
, الحخبي , دمحم بغ دمحم احسج2017
,متطلبا
ت تحدين اساليب الكيادة الجامعية في ضهء الكايزين
, , مجمة العمػم التخبػية
العجد1
الجدء2
. : ثالثاً : الدوريات والسجالت العلسية , الدعػدية 18
-
, الجباغ , لقسان دمحم ايػب , الصائي , زىخاء محسػد حامج2019
,
دور الحهكسة الجامعية في تعزيز العسلية الرقابية على
السهازنة في الجامعات , مجمة تكخيت لمعمػم ا الدارية واالقترادية , السجمج15
العجد45
, تكخيت العخاق
19
-
, عبج الحميع , صفػان قري , محسػد , حديغ شاكخ2018
,العالقة بين تقديرات السهازنة العامة االتحادية والتشفيذ الفعلي ,
مجمة دراسات محاسبية ومالية , السجمج13
العجد43
, العخاق 20
-
, السيايشي , دمحم خالج , سمػم , حدغ عبجالكخيع2008
,
السهازنة الفيدرالية العراقية االتجاهات ومعدالت الشسه لالنفاق
وااليرادات
, مجمة االدارة واالقتراد , العجد68
, العخاق ااا
21
-
, السعيشي , سعج سميسان عػاد , عبجالخزاق , اسساء دمحم2013
,مجاالت استعسال محاسبة السد هؤلية في ظ السهازنة العامة
التقليدية
, مجمة العمػم االقترادية واالدارية ,السجمج19
العجد71
, العخاق 22
-
, السدتػفي , صباح صاحب2018
,تسهي الخدمات الرحية العامة في العراق
, , مجمة السدتشرخية لمجراسات العخبية والجولية
العجد63
العخاق 23
-
العبػدي,زيشب ياسيغ كيمػن
, , السػسػي , عبجاالميخ حدغ عمي2019
,
تقشيات اعداد السهازنة ومدى استجابتها لسشهج
التحدين السدتسر
, مجمة جامعة واسط , السجمج15
العخاق
24
-
( .خخاز لخزخ، شاوش قشجوسي، عالمي خجيجة2019
."). دور ادوات ضبط الجػدة في تحديغ أداء السؤسدات "دراسة حالة
،مجمة الشسػ االقترادي والسقاوالتية2
(
1
)، صفحة43
:، متاح عمى السػقع
https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/122727
. حمدحمداا التحدين السدتسر
, مجمة جامعة واسط , السجمج15
العخاق
24
-
( .خخاز لخزخ، شاوش قشجوسي، عالمي خجيجة2019
."). دور ادوات ضبط الجػدة في تحديغ أداء السؤسدات "دراسة حالة
،مجمة الشسػ االقترادي والسقاوالتية2
(
1
)، صفحة43
:، متاح عمى السػقع
https://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/122727
. 25
-
( .دمحم جمػلي، دمحم أميغ بػمجيغ، البػدالي بغ سكخان2019
.). الحػكسة الجيجة واالنفاق الحكػمي: دراسة قياسية عمى الجول االفخيكية
مجمة الشسػ االق ،ترادي والسقاوالتية3
(
1
)، صفحة42
:متاح عمىhttps://www.asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/122741
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 5, No. 1, 129-144(2020) 144 | 11,859 | https://zenodo.org/record/4469777/files/document%20%281%29.pdf | null |
Arabic | Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship
Spatial and entrepreneurial development studies laboratory Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship
Spatial and entrepreneurial development studies laboratory Year : 2019 Vol.1 No.2 A B S T R A C T In this paper we will attempt to highlight the lean management style as a modern
method of managing institutions from two different but complementary aspects: from a
conceptual point of view, where we will highlight the most important concepts of the
lean management, on the one hand, and on the other hand we will address the
important practices of the lean management, when we will focus on the case study of
the Toyota Company as a pioneer in the invention of this method at the level of concepts
or at the level of practices while trying to draw some lessons from the management of
one of the world's most important companies as Toyota . p
p
f
g
g
p
p
f
lean management, on the one hand, and on the other hand we will address the
important practices of the lean management, when we will focus on the case study of
the Toyota Company as a pioneer in the invention of this method at the level of concepts
or at the level of practices while trying to draw some lessons from the management of
one of the world's most important companies as Toyota . Lean Management Concepts And Practices:
Lessons learned from the Japanese Toyota experience. MEHDI Omar1, HACHEMI Tayeb2. sor “B”, Economic Department, Faculty of Economics, Business and Management Sciences,
r Moulay-Saida, Algeria. 1 Associate Professor “B”, Economic Department, Faculty of Economics, Business and Manage
University of Tahar Moulay-Saida, Algeria. 2 Associate Professor “A”, Department of Management, Faculty of Economics, Business and Management Sciences,
University of Tahar Moulay-Saida, Algeria. A R T I C L E I N F O
A B S T R A C T A R T I C L E I N F O
Article history:
Received: 11/01/2019
Accepted:01/02/2019
Online:28/02/2019:
Keywords:
Lean management
Toyota Company
JEL Code: :مقدمة اإلدارة الرشيقة كفلسفة وطريقة تفكير ي رجع
تاريخها
إلى سنوات الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي عندما بدأت أفكار
اإلدارة اليابانية
في اإلنتشار عبر العالم
خصوصا
في الفترة الممتدة من السبعينات إلى ية بدا التسعينات
من القرن
العشرين
ال و
فضل في ذلك كله يرجع إلى شركة ت
ويوتا
Toyota
اليابانية لصناعة السيارات و التي أ ظهرت
نتائج باهرة
من حيث ارتفاع نسبة المبيعات و الطرق و األساليب ال
مستعملة في
التصنيع
معتمدة في ذلك على عدة
مناهج
ونظريات و ممارسات إدارية طورته
ا هذه المؤسسة عبر عقود من الزمن ا بدء من حلقات الجودة وأسلوب اإل
نتاج في
الوقت المحدد(Just In Time : JIT)
وصوال إلى نظام تصنيع شامل سمي على اسم هذه الشركة و الذي بات يعرف
بنظام تويوتا ل
إلنتاج
« Toyota Production System :TPS »
ليتطور فيما بعد و
تشمل مبادؤه
نواحي عدة في
إدارة المؤسسات
رف ع و ي بعد ذلك
إصطالحا
ب
أسلوب اإلدا
رة الرشيقة
Lean Management
. إا
إ
لإ
تعتبر
اإلدارة الرشيقة
نظاما
متكامال تبحث باألساس عن كيفية
االستخدام األمثل للموارد داخل المؤسسة بكافة
أشكالها
،المادية البشرية والمالية باإلضافة إلى عنصر الوق
ت الذي يعتبر من العناصر األساسية في وظيفة اإلنتاج. فهي ترتكز على مرونة األداء والعمل في تقليل التكاليف وتخفيض
،الهدر وبناء مجتمع
معياري قياسي يحقق الموائمة
بين رغبة اإلنسان بالعمل ورغبته في تحقيق هدف خر آ يجسد له التحكم
،والسيطرة كما في هدف استقطاب الطاقات
البشرية وتوظيفها وتدريبها. لقد دسج مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة اليوم حد أ أبرز أدوات الجودة في تقديم الخدمة والتفرد بها
،ًأيضا من خالل : أولا:
الجمع بين
تعاليم المكان الجامد وتطوير العمل المتسم
،بالمرونة
ثم من خالل اعتماد المعيار القياسي للعمل بما
يُعرف عنه من صرامة
،وجمود ومعيار مرونة العامل
ين في شغل أو اكتساب
مهارة أكثر نم عمل في آن واحد. ثانياا:
من خالل الولوج في قطاعات كانت تعتبر
ًخطوطا حم
راء على مفاهيم التنافس
،التجاري أال وهي التعليم بمكوناته
المتنوعة ومحدداته الخطرة. إن انتهاج أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة من قبل شركة تويوتا وبعدها من قبل دع ة مؤسسات رائدة في اإلنتاج مكن ذه ه
األخيرة من تحقيق نتائج مبهرة فيما يخص
التحكم في التكاليف والقضاء على مختلف أشكال الهدر. اإلدارة الرشيقة مفاهيم و م:مارسات
الدروس المستفادة من تجرب
ة شركة تويوتا اليابانية مهدي عمر1، هاشمي طيب2. 1
" أستاذ محاضر
ب"
.، قسم العلوم االقتصادية، كلية العلوم االقتصادية و التجارية و علوم التسيير، جامعة سعيدة، الجزائر
2
أستاذ محاضر
أ
"، قسم علوم التسيير، كلية العلوم االقتصادية و ال
تجارية و علوم التسيير، جامعة سعي.دة، الجزائر معلومات المقال
تاريخ االستقبال :
1
1
/
01
/
2019
:تاريخ القبول
01
/
02
/
2019
:تاريخ النشر28
/
02
/
2019
الكلمات ا
لمفتاحية
اإلدارة الرشيقة
شركة تو
يوتا
JEL Code: معلومات المقال الملخص
تاريخ االستقبال :
1
1
/
01
/
2019
:تاريخ القبول
01
/
02
/
2019
:تاريخ النشر28
/
02
/
2019
سنحاول في هذه الورقة البحثية أن نسلط الضوء على أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة كأسلوب حديث في إدارة المؤسسات
من وجهتي :ن مختلفتين و لكنهما متكاملتين من وجهة نظر مفاهيمية أين سنبرز أ هم المفاهيم المشكلة لمفهوم
اإلدارة الرشيقة، هذا من جهة، و من جهة ثانية سنتناول اإلدارة الرشيقة من وجهة نظر تطبيقية بمعنى من وجهة
نظر ممارساتها من قبل المؤسسات حيث سنركز بالخصوص على دراسة حالة شركة تويوتا اليابانية لصناعة
الس
يارات باعتبارها صاحبة الفضل و ال ريادة في ابتكار هذا األسلوب إن على مستوى المفاهيم أو على مستوى
الممارسات محاولين في نفس الوقت إستخالص بعض الدروس و العبر المستفادة من إدارة إحدى أهم الشركات
.العالمية كشركة تويوتا
الكلمات ا
لمفتاحية
اإلدارة الرشيقة
شركة تو
يوتا
JEL Code: Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) :مقدمة إال أن ه ذا األسلوب
إعترضته بعض الصعوبات
و العراقيل التي ذهبت ببعض الباحثين إلى حد التشكيك في إمكانية تحقيق أسلوب اإلدارة
الرشيقة ألهد افه مستشهدين بذلك لما حدث لشركة تويوتا في األزمة التي واجهتها في
أواخر سنة
2009
كأكبر شركة
منتجة للسيارات في العالم آنذاك
و التي أدت في نهاية األمر إلى أنخفاض مفاجئ
في مبيعات هذه الشركة و إنخفاض
حاد في رقم أعمالها مشكلة بذلك
أزمة مازالت تبعاتها معروفة حتى.اليوم لذلك سنحاول في هذه الورقة
البحثية أن نسلط
الضوء على أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة كأسلوب حديث في إدارة المؤسسات من وجهتين مختلفتين
و لكنهما متكاملتين: من
وجهة نظر مفاهيمية
أين سنبرز أهم المفاهيم المشكلة لمفهوم اإلدارة الرشيق
ة، هذا من جهة، و من جهة ثانية سن تناول
اإلدارة الرشيقة من وجهة نظ
ر تطبيقية بمعنى من وجهة نظر ممارسات
ها
من قبل المؤسسات حيث سنركز بالخصوص
على دراسة حالة شركة تويوتا اليابانية لصناعة السيارات باعتبارها صاحبة الفضل و الريادة في ابتكار هذا األسلوب إن
على مست وى
الم
فاهيم أو على مستوى الم
م
ارسات محاولين في نفس الوقت إستخالص بعض
الدروس و العبر المستفادة
من إدارة إحدى
أهم
الشركات العالمية.كشركة تويوتا
ة
ة 22 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. :مقدمة 1, 21-41(2019) بشكل عام تتمحور إشكالية البحث حول مظاهر تطبيق اإلدارة الرشيقة في شركة تويوتا
اليابانية لصن
اعة ا لسيار ات، و
عليه فإنه يمكن ص ياغة
إشكال
ية البحث وفق السؤال الرئيسي
:التالي
ما هي أهم مظاهر ممارسة و تطبيق مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة من منظور تجربة شركة تويوتا لصناعة السيارات؟
:يتفرع عن هذا السؤال مجموعة من األسئلة الفرعية التي يمكن طرحها كما يلي
1
)
-
ما المقصود
باإلدارة ال
رشيقة؟ و كيف تطورت تا ريخيا؟ إ
3
)
-
كيف
مارست شركة تويوتا مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة و جعله ممارسة فعلية ناجحة ؟
4
)
-
هل هناك حدود لتطبيق هذا المفهوم على المستوى العالمي بالنظر إلى نتائج أزمة شركة تويوتا أواخر سنة2009
إلى غاية اليوم؟ سنحاول اإلج ابة عن هذه األسئلة من خالل تنظيم
:هذه المداخلة وفق محورين
-
المحور األول و يحمل عنوان "مفاهيم، و أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة؛
-
أما المحور الثاني" فيحمل عنوان.ممارسات اإلدارة الرشيقة من منظور تجربة شركة تويوتا لصناعة السيارات
1
.مف
اهيم و أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة إ
م
1.1
التطور التاريخي و
اإلطار المفا:هيمي لإلدارة الرشيقة إإ
1.1.1
التطور التاريخي:لإلدارة الرشيقة إ
هناك إجماع كلي بين الباحثين على أن مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة قد تم تطويره في اليابان في مصانع شركة تويوتا
لصناعة السيارات
مباشرة
بعد
نهاية
.الحرب العالمية الثانية
ة ال فح اليابان بعد الحرب العالمية ا
لثانية كشفت عن ندرة
حادة في الموارد اإلقتصادية، وبما أن الدولة كانت في أزمة
،حينها أجبر ذلك
اليابانيون
على االبتكار وخلق القيمة من
العدم؛ لذلك اضطروا لتطوير هذا النظام بسبب معاناة االقتصاد الي
ين ابا
الذي خرج بسمعة متدنية في أ عقاب الحرب
العالمية الثانية. 1 خ الل تلك الفترة و بالضبط في فترة الخمسينات(
1950
) إنصب إهتمام اليابانيين بالجودة الشاملة و
تنافسية المنتجات اليابانية في األسواق المحلية و العالمية. و مع مرور الوقت
أصبحت نتائج هذا
االهتمام تظه
ر في
تنافسية السلع باألسواق العا
لمية
بصورة
،عامة وعلى اإلنتاجية منها على وجه الخصوص. خالل
فترة السبعينات
(
1970
)
تم الكشف عن سر
)التصنيع (اإلنتاج الرشيق و الذي تم مشاركته مع شركات
أخرى. :مقدمة شهدت هذه الفترة ظهور
( نظام تويوتا لإلنتاج(Toyota Production System : TPS
حيث اعترف
العالم الغربي بنجا
حه نهاية الثمانينات،
وكان
John Krafcik
أول من ابتكر مصطلح الرشيق
في مقال له صدر سنة1988
" بعنوان
انتصار نظام اإلنتاج
الرشيق
،"
حيث ركز فيه على
نظام إنتاج تويوتا
،وأدائها
وقام بالمقارنة بين أكبر شركات صناعة السيا رات في عا ال،لم
وبيّن أن نظام إنتاج تويوتا كان متفوقا جدا على باقي أنظمة ا،إلنتاج لدى باقي الشركات وكان
معظم
منافسي شركة
تويوتا مهتمين
.بفهم كيفية تسييرها1 خالل( فترة التسعينات1990
)
، كان االهتمام بهذا النظام متعاظما لدى الكتاب و الباحثين و أدى ذلك في نهاية
األم" ر إلى ظهور مصطلح
اإلدارة الرشيق"ة خصوصا بعد ظهور كتاب
"اآللة الت"ي غيرت العالم
لمؤلفيه جيمس
ووماكJames Woomak
و دانيال جونزDaniel Jones
و دانيال روس Daniel Roos
عام1991
.كان رأي 23 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) ترتبط اإلدارة الرشيقة إرتباطا وثيقا بتحسين أداء المنظمات
لذلك فهي فلسفة تعتمد على التحسين المستمر األمر الذي يتطلب التزام
و مشاركة جميع العاملين، وتوفير ف رص مناسبة
لتحسين الجودة و خفض التكاليف و تقليص الوقت، وزيادة حصة المنظمة في السوق، وتطوير منتجات و خدمات
جديدة، و أوضح نيكوالسNicholas
أن مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة هو فلسفة تهدف المنظمة من خاللها
إلى تحقيق أقصى
قدر ممكن من القي
مة لزبائنها من خالل التقليل من ا لضياعات أو الهدر، و أن هذه الفلسفة هي أوال و قبل شيء، وسيلة
مرتكزة جدا على تفكير الزبائن و من الممكن النظر إليها على أنها أداة لخلق المزيد من القيمة، و ليست مجردة أداة
ت تخد ها ال نظ ة للتخل
ن الض اعات أ الهد6 اإلدارة الرشيقة هي مفهوم متعدد األوجه يقوم على بذل المؤسسة لجهود متنوعة في مستويات عدة في آن
،واحد سواء
أكان ذلك في تحقيق التنفيذ الناجح للعناصر الا
ستراتيجية الرئيسية
لإلدارة
الر
شيق،ة
أم في تنفيذ ممارسات
اإلدار ة الرشيقة
لدعم الجوانب التشغيلية
،للمنظمة
أم من خالل التحسينات
.المستدامة على المدى الطويل4 أما
فلسفة
اإلدارة الرشيقة فهي فلسفة تهدف إلى التحسين
،المستمر وإلى القضاء على التبذير بهدف اإلبق
اء على
األنشطة ذات القيمة المضاف
ة فقط، حيث تسعى إلى تخفيض تكاليف اإلنتاج و
مواعيد التسليم
؛ بهدف تحقيق التميز
في األداء بشكل
دائم فيما يتعلق بالتكلفة
والجودة والوقت5
،. ترتبط اإلدارة الرشيقة إرتباطا وثيقا بتحسين أداء المنظمات
لذلك فهي فلسفة تعتمد على التحسين المستمر األمر الذي يتطلب التزام
و مشاركة جميع العاملين، وتوفير ف رص مناسبة
لتحسين الجودة و خفض التكاليف و تقليص الوقت، وزيادة حصة المنظمة في السوق، وتطوير منتجات و خدمات
جديدة، و أوضح نيكوالسNicholas
أن مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة هو فلسفة تهدف المنظمة من خاللها
إلى تحقيق أقصى
قدر ممكن من القي
مة لزبائنها من خالل التقليل من ا لضياعات أو الهدر، و أن هذه الفلسفة هي أوال و قبل شيء، وسيلة
مرتكزة جدا على تفكير الزبائن و من الممكن النظر إليها على أنها أداة لخلق المزيد من القيمة، و ليست مجردة أداة
تستخدمها المنظمة للتخلص
من الضياعات أو الهدر6. لكي ت
كون فلسفة
مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة ناجحة، يجب أن تكون مقبولة تماما و تعمل بها المنظمة ككل. لذلك فإن
هذه الفلسفة ينظر إليها على أنها مشروع غير منتهي حيث يحتاج كل فرد في المنظمة أن يشارك بشكل كامل في
مبادئها، و أنها فلسفة بسيطة ن
سبيا للتعلم و الفهم، إال أن التح
ديات تكمن في تنفيذها. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) -تعريف اإل :دارة الرشيقة أما
فلسفة
اإلدارة الرشيقة فهي فلسفة تهدف إلى التحسين
،المستمر وإلى القضاء على التبذير بهدف اإلبق
اء على
األنشطة ذات القيمة المضاف
ة فقط، حيث تسعى إلى تخفيض تكاليف اإلنتاج و
مواعيد التسليم
؛ بهدف تحقيق التميز
في األداء بشكل
دائم فيما يتعلق بالتكلفة
والجودة والوقت5
،. ترتبط اإلدارة الرشيقة إرتباطا وثيقا بتحسين أداء المنظمات
لذلك فهي فلسفة تعتمد على التحسين المستمر األمر الذي يتطلب التزام
و مشاركة جميع العاملين، وتوفير ف رص مناسبة
لتحسين الجودة و خفض التكاليف و تقليص الوقت، وزيادة حصة المنظمة في السوق، وتطوير منتجات و خدمات
جديدة، و أوضح نيكوالسNicholas
أن مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة هو فلسفة تهدف المنظمة من خاللها
إلى تحقيق أقصى
قدر ممكن من القي
مة لزبائنها من خالل التقليل من ا لضياعات أو الهدر، و أن هذه الفلسفة هي أوال و قبل شيء، وسيلة
مرتكزة جدا على تفكير الزبائن و من الممكن النظر إليها على أنها أداة لخلق المزيد من القيمة، و ليست مجردة أداة
تستخدمها المنظمة للتخلص
من الضياعات أو الهدر6. لكي ت
كون فلسفة
مفهوم اإلدارة الرشيقة ناجحة، يجب أن تكون مقبولة تماما و تعمل بها المنظمة ككل. لذلك فإن
هذه الفلسفة ينظر إليها على أنها مشروع غير منتهي حيث يحتاج كل فرد في المنظمة أن يشارك بشكل كامل في
مبادئها، و أنها فلسفة بسيطة ن
سبيا للتعلم و الفهم، إال أن التح
ديات تكمن في تنفيذها. -تعريف اإل :دارة الرشيقة 24 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) المؤلفين بأن
التبذير و الخسارة هما كل ما ال يضيف أي قيمة لعملية اإلنتاج؛
لع و
ل أبرز مثال على نجاح هذا النظا م
هو ما حصل في منتصف الثمانينيات في مصنع فيرمونت كاليفورنيا
،للسيارات فقد كان المصنع في
البداية ملكا لشركة
جنرال
موتورز GMCولكنه أفلس كنتيجة النخفاض اإلنتاج وكثرة التغيب بين الموظفين؛ وبعد
عدة سنوات
تم
إعادة فتح
هذا المصنع في إطار شراكة ما بين General Motors و Toyota ،واطلقوا عليه اسم شركة صناعة المركبات
المتحددة(NUMMI)
وقاموا بإعادة حوالي %80 من
،العمال
وتم تحويل
اإلدارة من المركزية إلى الالمركزية إضافة
إلى
دعم
،العاملين وقاموا بتشكيل
فرق صغيرة
وتم تدريبها لقياس وتحسين ألا
داء؛ وكانت النتيجة أنه بحلول ةنس 1985
ازداد اإلنتاج وتحسنت الن
وعية بشكل فاق كل معدالت اإلنتاج لمصانع (GMC)
األخرى وانخفض معدل الغيابات بشكل
الفت جدا؛ حيث قامت باقي الشركات في شمال امريكا بتبني هذا المنهج باإلنتاج وأدركوا انه لكي يصبحوا ناجحين
فانهم يحتاج ون إلجراء تغييرات ثقافية وتنظيمي
ة
كبيرة مع التركيز على كفاءة الع
مليات
.اإلنتاجية2
في حين يرى بعض الباحثين ان
كتاب )اآللة التي غيرت العالم(
هو الذي أيقض المنتجين في الواليات
المتحدة من
سباتهم حيث
أكدت نتائج البحث النجاح
العظيم لتويوتا
فيNUMMI)
(
وإظهار الفجوة الضخمة
الموجو
دة بين صناعة
السيارات اليابانية والغربية األمر الذي أدى بالواليات
المتحدة إلى تبني
هذه األفكار كنتيجة للتطورات التي شهدتها
الشركات اليابانية في االنتاج والتوزيع للمنتجات بجهد
بشري واستثمارات مالية ومواد ووقت وأدوات ونفقات مة عا قليلة
األمر الذي سهل استمرار
.تطورها3 المؤلفين بأن
التبذير و الخسارة هما كل ما ال يضيف أي قيمة لعملية اإلنتاج؛
لع و
ل أبرز مثال على نجاح هذا النظا م
هو ما حصل في منتصف الثمانينيات في مصنع فيرمونت كاليفورنيا
،للسيارات فقد كان المصنع في
البداية ملكا لشركة
جنرال
موتورز GMCولكنه أفلس كنتيجة النخفاض اإلنتاج وكثرة التغيب بين الموظفين؛ وبعد
عدة سنوات
تم
إعادة فتح
هذا المصنع في إطار شراكة ما بين General Motors و Toyota ،واطلقوا عليه اسم شركة صناعة المركبات
المتحددة(NUMMI)
وقاموا بإعادة حوالي %80 من
،العمال
وتم تحويل
اإلدارة من المركزية إلى الالمركزية إضافة
إلى
دعم
،العاملين وقاموا بتشكيل
فرق صغيرة
وتم تدريبها لقياس وتحسين ألا
داء؛ وكانت النتيجة أنه بحلول ةنس 1985
ازداد اإلنتاج وتحسنت الن
وعية بشكل فاق كل معدالت اإلنتاج لمصانع (GMC)
األخرى وانخفض معدل الغيابات بشكل
الفت جدا؛ حيث قامت باقي الشركات في شمال امريكا بتبني هذا المنهج باإلنتاج وأدركوا انه لكي يصبحوا ناجحين
فانهم يحتاج ون إلجراء تغييرات ثقافية وتنظيمي
ة
كبيرة مع التركيز على كفاءة الع
مليات
.اإلنتاجية2 فانهم يحتاج ون إلجراء تغييرات ثقافية وتنظيمي
ة
كبيرة مع التركيز على كفاءة الع
مليات
.اإلنتاجية
في حين يرى بعض الباحثين ان
كتاب )اآللة التي غيرت العالم(
هو الذي أيقض المنتجين في الواليات
المتحدة من
سباتهم حيث
أكدت نتائج البحث النجاح
العظيم لتويوتا
فيNUMMI)
(
وإظهار الفجوة الضخمة
الموجو
دة بين صناعة
السيارات اليابانية والغربية األمر الذي أدى بالواليات
المتحدة إلى تبني
هذه األفكار كنتيجة للتطورات التي شهدتها
الشركات اليابانية في االنتاج والتوزيع للمنتجات بجهد
بشري واستثمارات مالية ومواد ووقت وأدوات ونفقات مة عا قليلة
األمر الذي سهل استمرار
.تطورها3 أ
2.1.1
اإلطار المفاهيم:ي لإلدارة الرشيقة أ
2.1.1
اإلطار المفاهيم:ي لإلدارة الرشيقة إ اإلدارة الرشيقة هي مفهوم متعدد األوجه يقوم على بذل المؤسسة لجهود متنوعة في مستويات عدة في آن
،واحد سواء
أكان ذلك في تحقيق التنفيذ الناجح للعناصر الا
ستراتيجية الرئيسية
لإلدارة
الر
شيق،ة
أم في تنفيذ ممارسات
اإلدار ة الرشيقة
لدعم الجوانب التشغيلية
،للمنظمة
أم من خالل التحسينات
.المستدامة على المدى الطويل4
أما
فلسفة
اإلدارة الرشيقة فهي فلسفة تهدف إلى التحسين
،المستمر وإلى القضاء على التبذير بهدف اإلبق
اء على
األنشطة ذات القيمة المضاف
ة فقط، حيث تسعى إلى تخفيض تكاليف اإلنتاج و
مواعيد التسليم
؛ بهدف تحقيق التميز
في األداء بشكل
دائم فيما يتعلق بالتكلفة
والجودة والوقت5
،. JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) ترتكز
فكرة
اإلدارة الرشيقة على مبدأ رفض قبول الهدر من كافة أنشطة المؤسسة .لذا تعرف اإلدارة الرشيقة على انها
"نظام
يهتم بإزالة كافة أشكال الهدر الموجودة في كافة عمليات اإلنتا
ج وذلك بممارسة سياسة للتطوير الد
ائم داخل
المؤسسة". يركز هذين الت:عريفين السابقين على نقطتين رئيسيتين هما -
إزالة كافة أشكال الهدر داخل المؤسسة. -
التطوير
الدائم والتحسين المستمر لكل األنشطة. وبدوره يعرف ووماكWoomak
اإلدارة الرشيقة على أنها: "مجموعة من األفعال التي يجب القيام بها كل شب صحيح
وفق تتابع صحيح في الوقت الصحيح لخلق قيمة من أجل عميل
معين. يركز تعريفWoomak
على إحترام
اإلجراءات والوقت في العمل لتقديمه وفق ما هو مطلوب وفي الوقت المناسب والحصول على اإلضافة
المرجوة
بالجودة
المطلوبة. و في تعريف
آخر يرىWoomak & Jones
أن اإلدا
رة الرشيق ة يمكن تعريفها إنطالقا من وجهة نظر الزبون بناء
على قيمة المنتج أو الخدمة حيث يرى المؤلفان في هذا الصدد "أن قيمة المنتج أو الخدمة يجب أن تعرف من وجهة
نظر الزبون الذي يقيمهما بناء على مستوى تلبية متطلباته أو إشباع رغ
باته، قيمة األنشطة التي تسمح بخل ق القيمة
المضافة، و ربط هذه األن شطة مع طلبات الزبائن مع التحسين المستمر قصد الرفع من الفعالية. يشير هذا التعريف على
:أن تعريف اإلدارة الرشيقة يرتكز على1
)
-
تعريف القيمة؛2
)
-
تحديد سلسلة القيمة؛3
)
-
إستهداف الفعالية من خالل
ا.لتحسين المستمر كما أن هناك م ن يرى بأن اإلدار
ة الرشيقة هي مفه وم "يهدف إلى إنتاج منتجات و خدمات بأقل تكلفة ممكنة و بأسرع
وقت ممكن، ويركز على الكفاءة و تحقيق الحد األدنى من الضياعات و القضاء على األنشطة ذات القيمة غير
المضافة لتحسين سرعة و زيادة االنتاجية . 2.1
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة حتى تحقق فلسفة
اإلدارة الرشي
قة أهدافها المتعلقة بإزالة الهدر في اإلنتاج ال بد أن ترافق
باستخدام مجموعة من
اآلليات والتقنيات
األخرى والتي تعتبر في اغلبها أنظمة فرعية بالنسبة لنظام كلي هو اإلدارة
،الرشيقة كما أن جزء آخر
من
)هذه اآلليات (األدوات تعبر عن جم
موعة من السياسات واألفكار التي تجعل من تخفيض الهدر في المؤسسة هدفا
رئيسيا لها. 7 تنطوي اإلدارة الرشيقة على مجموعة من األدوات التي تستعملها بغية الوصول إلى أهدافها، حيث قام الكثير من
الباحثين و المتخصصين بحصر هذه األدوات و بينوا كيفية إستخدامها و قاموا
بتصنيفها من خالل منحها نقاطا تر تيبية
بناء على الدور الذي تلعبه في تنفيذ نظام اإلدارة الرشيقة من جهة، و تكرار إستعمالها من طرف الباحثين من جهة
ثانية. JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 8
( في الجدول1
-
1
:) التالي يمكن توضيح أهم هذه األدوات إ مجال التطبيق إسم األداة/ األس لوب/ أو الطريقة
الهدف من األداة
تمثيل مسار اإلنتاج
في الزمان و المكان
مخطط Spaghetti )
)
يسمح بتحديد المسار األمثل لحركة المنتجات أو األشخاص
منخالل التدفقات المادية لهم بالشكل الذي يمنع من تداخل
.األنشطة
خرائط سلسلة الق
يمة
VSM
تعمل على القضاء على األ
نشطة التي ال تخلق القيمة في المنتج
القيمة
المضافةVA )
)
حساب القيمة المضافة المحققة في مسار اإلنتاج 25 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019)
الالقيمة مضافة
( NVA )
حساب الوقت الضائع في مسار اإلنتاج
وقت
التسليم (Lead time)
سب حي من بداية استالم الطلبية إل ليم ست المنتجات التامة
الوقت الن
سبي لإلنتاج
(Tact time)
يعطي معدل طلب الزبون الذي يطابق معدل إنتاج المنتج
التدفق
تنظيم
واستقرار المسارات
تنظيم موقع العمل: طريقة السينات
( الخمسS
5
)
26
تهدف إلى تهيئة مكان العمل لتفادي التأخر وتحسين الجودة
التدفق المستمر القضاء على المخزون ووقت انتظار ا
لمتعاملين. خاليا العمل
Work Cells )
)
تعمل على إحداث تعديالت وتصحيحات من خالل ضمان
مراقبة جودة ذاتية. الصيانة اإلنتاجية
الشاملة(TPM)
تعمل على إدماج العمليين في
،التصميم اختيار وتصحيح
يانة صو المعدات من أجل
ضمان عمل تال اآل. معدل العائد
الشاملTRS )
)
حساب معدل استخدام اآلالت
تغيير القالب في أقل من10
دقائق
طريقة (SMED)
تسمح بتخفيض الزمن المرتبط بتغيير اإلنتاج واألنشطة
المتكررة
طريقة كانبان (Kanban)
تضمن
ارسال مركبات وموارد تاج ن اإل فقط حسب
،الطلب ما
من شأنه أن يمنع المخزون االحتياطي والتكا
ليف المنجرة عنه
اإلنتاج في
الوقت المحدد JIT)
)
تهدف إلى تحسين العائد
على االستثمار من خالل تخفيض
المخزون الجاري والتكاليف المرتبطة به
طريقة (Poka Yoka)
تعمل على منع أي استعمال خاطئ للمعد
ات في اإلنتاج من
خالل حذف الخيار
ات التي من شأنها أن تسبب ضرر لآل
الت أو
المنتجات
على
المحافظة
التحسينات و تطوير
القدرات البشرية
األتمتة (Jidoka)
نقل الذكاء البشري إلى اآلالت لتصبح قادرة على بدء وتوقيف
،اإلنتاج اكتشاف وإخراج الوحدات
،المعيبة وحتى طلب
المس
اعدة. بطاقة توحيد العمل تسهيل ومراقبة العمل من خالل إضفاء الطا
بع الرسمي
العمل في
المسارات WIP)
)
احترام الحد األدنى من المخزون الذي يضمن تنفيذ منتظم
للعمليات(بدون وقف تدفق المواد(
التدريب المستمر تبادل المعرفة داخل فريق العمل
التحسين المستمر
Kaizen
كلمة يابانية تهدف إلى متابع
ة التحسين المستمر
الستة
سيجما(
Six Sigma
)
إزالة االختالفات وتقليل أخطاء األعمال باستخدام أدوات
وتقنيات إحصائية
Source: E.L. JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Zajkowska, « Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les Petites et
M
E t
i
l’
éli
ti
d
Thè
d D
t
t U i
ité d Lill
2012 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) Source: E.L. Zajkowska, « Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les Petites et
Moyennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus », Thèse du Doctorat, Université de Lille, 2012, pp
26-27. rce: E.L. Zajkowska, « Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les Petites et
yennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus », Thèse du Doctorat, Université de Lille, 2012, pp فيما يلي شرح ألهم األدوات التي يتم إعتمادها من قبل الباحثين في دراسة اإلدارة الرشيقة كنتيجة لتحقيقها ألعلى النقاط
كما تم اإلشارة إليه سابقا، و هذه
:األدوات هي
طريقة ال ينات الخمس
لتنظي م قع العمل(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)؛ فيما يلي شرح ألهم األدوات التي يتم إعتمادها من قبل الباحثين في دراسة اإلدارة الرشيقة كنتيجة لتحقيقها ألعلى النقاط
كما تم اإلشارة إليه سابقا، و هذه
:األدوات هي
طريقة السينات الخمس
لتنظيم موقع العمل(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)؛
اإلنتاج
في
الوقت المحددJust In Time : JIT))؛ فيما يلي شرح ألهم األدوات التي يتم إعتمادها من قبل الباحثين في دراسة اإلدارة الرشيقة كنتيجة لتحقيقها ألعلى النقاط
كما تم اإلشارة إليه سابقا، و هذه
:األدوات هي
طريقة السينات الخمس
لتنظيم موقع العمل(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)؛
اإلنتاج في
الوقت المحددJust In Time : JIT) )؛
األتمتة(Jidoka) ؛
التحسين المستمر
Kaizen؛
الستة
( سيجماSix Sigma)؛
.العاملين المتعددي الوظائف
تغيير القالب في أقل من
10
دقائق يعرف بــــ ط ريقة (Single Minute Exchange of Die :SMED)
1.2.1
تنظيم موقع العمل، طريقة السينات الخمس(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)
:
يعتبر إدخال
التنظيم على موقع العمل والذي يطلق عليه طريقة السينات الخمس (5S) أحد
طرق تحسين
اإلنتاجية
فتاح مو التغيير الناجح الذي يعبر نع نظافة المكان والخلو من الفوضى
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) المكان نظيفا و خالي من الفوضى و منظم جيدا بشكل يسمح بتنظيم و تحسين مكان العمل و البيئة المحيطة بالعاملين
مما يرفع إنتاجيتهم و بالتالي ضمان إدخال العم
ل القياسي الذي يمكن من العثور عل ى األشياء بسهولة و الوصول إليها
بالسرعة القصوى و بدون تأخير. 9
كما يمكن تعريف هذه األداة على أنها منهج أساسي منظم يسمح بزيادة اإلنتاجية و
تحسين النوعية و ضمان السالمة و األمن و النوعية في جميع جوانب العمل أي يمكن ببساطة إعتبا رها كنوع من
التدبير المنزليHouse Keeping. سميت هذه الطريقة بالس" ينات الخمس ألنها كلمات يابانية تبدأ كلها بحرفS
"
ويمكن ذكرها كما يلي:
10 الترتيبSeiri: وتعني التخلص من كل ما هو غير
ضروري في مكان العمل. األناقةSeiton: وتعني تنظيم مكان العمل من أجل إيجاد األدوات في أقرب وقت وضمان سالمة العاملين. النظافةSeiso: وتعني ت
نظيف الورشة من أجل إضفاء جو يبعث على االرتياح. الجديةSeiketu: وتعني جعل المعايير السابقة جزءا من
إدارة مكان العمل. التدريبShituke: وتعني التدريب وغرس االنضباط في عقول وسلوك كل العاملين المحي
طين. 2 2 1اإلنتاج
ف
ال قت ال
ددJust In Time : JIT)
:) يقوم ا هذ
النظام على جعل
نظام اإلنتاج يعمل وفق ما هو مطلوب من
دون
زيادة أو
،نقصان وبالتالي فهو يهدف إلى
إزالة كافة أشكال الهدر والتلف التي من الممكن أن تصادف أثناء
القيام بعملية اإلنتاج
وحتى يتم إزالة الهدر يجب إنتاج
فقط ما يطلبه مس ال
تهلك ومن
دون زيادة. هذه الفلسف
ة
تقوم على مبدأ يقول أن الطلب الفعلي هو الذي يخلق اإلنتاج ومن
ثم المبيعات.(ع. بن وارث و أ. جابة، ص147
،
2016
)
11
. 3.2.1
جعل المشاكل مرئية من خالل األتمتة(Jidoka)
:
وتمثل المبدأ الفعلي الذي وم قت عليه اإلدارة الرشيقة وتعني بناء لا على أساس الجودة أو
الجودة من المصدر حيث أن
عامل
الجودة يجب أن يدمج في كل العمليات الصناعية من اجل اكتشاف العيوب في وقتها وبصفة مبكرة . و تتمثل هذه
الطريقة في نقل الذكاء
البشري إلى اآلالت لتصبح
قادرة على بدء وتوقيف اإلن،تاج اكتشاف وإخراج الوحدات المعي،بة
وحتى طلب
المساعدة. يقوم منه "ج "المشاكل المرئيةJidoka
:على مجموعة من المبادئ يمكن ذكرها كما يلي12
- التفتيش المباشر: عملية مراقبة
الجودة يجب أن
تكون من العمال أنفسهم وال حاجة إلى استعمال مراقبين خاصين
،بالجودة ألنه وحسب مبادئ
اإلدارة الرشيقة فان سا
تعمال مثل هذا النوع من المراقبي
ن يعتبر هدر في الطاقة البشرية. JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 تعتبر هذه الطريقة بسيطة للغاية تسمح بجعل النقاط فيما يلي شرح ألهم األدوات التي يتم إعتمادها من قبل الباحثين في دراسة اإلدارة الرشيقة كنتيجة لتحقيقها ألعلى النقاط
كما تم اإلشارة إليه سابقا، و هذه
:األدوات هي
طريقة السينات الخمس
لتنظيم موقع العمل(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)؛
اإلنتاج في
الوقت المحددJust In Time : JIT) )؛
األتمتة(Jidoka) ؛
التحسين المستمر
Kaizen؛
الستة
( سيجماSix Sigma)؛
.العاملين المتعددي الوظائف
تغيير القالب في أقل من
10
دقائق يعرف بــــ ط ريقة (Single Minute Exchange of Die :SMED)
1.2.1
تنظيم موقع العمل، طريقة السينات الخمس(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)
:
يعتبر إدخال
التنظيم على موقع العمل والذي يطلق عليه طريقة السينات الخمس (5S) أحد
طرق تحسين
اإلنتاجية
فتاح مو التغيير الناجح الذي يعبر نع نظافة المكان والخلو من الفوضى
. تعتبر هذه الطريقة بسيطة للغاية تسمح بجعل إ
يأ
طريقة السينات الخمس
لتنظيم موقع العمل(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)؛ اإلنتاج في
الوقت المحددJust In Time : JIT) )؛ أ ي
تغيير القالب في أقل من
10
دقائق يعرف بــــ ط ريقة (Single Minute Exchange of Die :SMED)
1.2.1
تنظيم موقع العمل، طريقة السينات الخمس(Five « S » Workplace Organizing : 5S)
:
يعتبر إدخال
التنظيم على موقع العمل والذي يطلق عليه طريقة السينات الخمس (5S) أحد
طرق تحسين
اإلنتاجية
فتاح مو التغيير الناجح الذي يعبر نع نظافة المكان والخلو من الفوضى
. تعتبر هذه الطريقة بسيطة للغاية تسمح بجعل 26 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) ليس فقط على مستوى عمليات االنتاج الساسية، حيث ينخرط جميع العاملين في المنظمة في عملية التحسين و على
جميع المستويات اإلدارية بغض النظر عن مراكزهم الوظيفية من اإلدارة
العليا إلى العاملين في المستويات
.الدنيا
5.2.1
الستة سيجما الرش يقة أو اإلنحرافات الستةó6
: 5.2.1
الستة سيجما الرش يقة أو اإلنحرافات الستةó6
:
يوجد
عدة
مفاهيم لمصطلح سنة سيجما تتراوح بين اعتبار
المفهوم مجرد مقياس إحصائي لقياس
،الجودة أو
اعتباره
إستراتيجية أو مدخل أو فلسفة جديدة للتحسين
،المستمر مما يؤدي ىلإ بناء سمعة عالية لمنتجات المنظ
مة
،وخدماتها
تعود
بالفائدة على ا
لمستخدمين والعمالء
،والمساهمين
وتقوم
األداة 6 sigma على عدد من
،المقومات نذكر منها:
،التدريب التحسين
،المستمر الثقافة
،التنظيمية
دعم
اإلدارة العليا. هذا و يشير مصطلح ستة سيجما إلى اإلنحرافات أ و
التغييرات الكامنة في أية عملية
داخل النظام تسمح للمنظمة بحساب عدد العيوب (في المتوسط) التي تحدث في
العملية. هذه العيوب تعتبر إنحرافا عن حدود ملزمة محددة مسبقا، أي تضع المنظمة حدودا عليا و دنيا ملزمة و المنتج
الذي يقع خارج هذه الحدود أي يكون أعلى من الحد
ود العليا أو أقل من الحدود الدني .ا يعد منتجا معيبا
6.2.1
العامل :ين متعددي الوظائف
ويشير
مفهوم العاملين متعددي الوظائف إلى
ذوي المهارات
المتعددة والمتعلمة والمتخصصة والمتدربة القادرة على دراسة
وفهم الواقع الحالي في كل نشاط والقادرة على حل
،مشكالته بل
وتطو
يره إلى
،األفضل وذلك بخالف اإلدا رة التقليدية
التي تعتمد على أصحا
ب الخبرة. وعلى خالف السائد في بحوث العمل والتشغيل من تخصيص العمل وتجزئته أو
،تقسيمه فإن البحوث والدراسات التي أجريت بعد ظهور
مفهوم
اإلدارة الرشيقة أبدت نظرة
مغايرة للعمل من وجهة نظر
العاملين ب و صفهم الشريك الرئيسي في أعمال تط ال
وير والتحسين
،المستمر
ًفضال عن
االهتمام بتحسن المناخ النفسي
لديهم. 13 يوجد
عدة
مفاهيم لمصطلح سنة سيجما تتراوح بين اعتبار
المفهوم مجرد مقياس إحصائي لقياس
،الجودة أو
اعتباره
إستراتيجية أو مدخل أو فلسفة جديدة للتحسين
،المستمر مما يؤدي ىلإ بناء سمعة عالية لمنتجات المنظ
مة
،وخدماتها
تعود
بالفائدة على ا
لمستخدمين والعمالء
،والمساهمين
وتقوم
األداة 6 sigma على عدد من
،المقومات نذكر منها:
،التدريب التحسين
،المستمر الثقافة
،التنظيمية
دعم
اإلدارة العليا. هذا و يشير مصطلح ستة سيجما إلى اإلنحرافات أ و
التغييرات الكامنة في أية عملية
داخل النظام تسمح للمنظمة بحساب عدد العيوب (في المتوسط) التي تحدث في
العملية. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) هذه العيوب تعتبر إنحرافا عن حدود ملزمة محددة مسبقا، أي تضع المنظمة حدودا عليا و دنيا ملزمة و المنتج
الذي يقع خارج هذه الحدود أي يكون أعلى من الحد
ود العليا أو أقل من الحدود الدني .ا يعد منتجا معيبا
6 2 1ال ا ل
ال ظا ف ويشير
مفهوم العاملين متعددي الوظائف إلى
ذوي المهارات
المتعددة والمتعلمة والمتخصصة والمتدربة القادرة على دراسة
وفهم الواقع الحالي في كل نشاط والقادرة على حل
،مشكالته بل
وتطو
يره إلى
،األفضل وذلك بخالف اإلدا رة التقليدية
التي تعتمد على أصحا
ب الخبرة. وعلى خالف السائد في بحوث العمل والتشغيل من تخصيص العمل وتجزئته أو
،تقسيمه فإن البحوث والدراسات التي أجريت بعد ظهور
مفهوم
اإلدارة الرشيقة أبدت نظرة
مغايرة للعمل من وجهة نظر
العاملين ب و صفهم الشريك الرئيسي في أعمال تط ال
وير والتحسين
،المستمر
ًفضال عن
االهتمام بتحسن المناخ النفسي
لديهم13 7.2.1
تغيير القالب في أقل من10
دقائق يعرف بــــ
طريقة(Single Minute Exchange of Die :SMED)
:
أي تغيير
القالب في اقل من عشرة دقائق. هذه التقنية تسمح بتخفي
ض قدر اإلمكان وقت التهيئة واإلعد
اد للعملية
اإلنتاجية من خالل الت
وصيف الدقيق لمختلف مراحل وخطوات هذه العملية واستعمال تقنيات بسيطة من اجل خفض
وقت العمليات الداخلية لإلعداد وهي العمليات التي ال يمكن القيام بها إال عند توقف عملية
. اإلنتاج14
في األخير يمكننا ا لقول أن
األدوات السابقة وغيرها ست اهم بقسط كبير في المحافظة على م
وارد المؤسسة وخاصة
النادرة
،منها ولعل أن النجاحات المحققة في شركات كثيرة خصوصا شركة تويوتا بفضل هذا األسلوب وما حققته من نتائج في
إزالة الهدر خير دليل على نجاعة
هذه الفلسفة
.اإلدارية
2
-
ممارسة
اإلدارة
الرشيقة على ضوء تجربة شر
كة تويوتا(Toyota)
اليابانية لصن
اعة السيارات
في24
أفريل2007
، أعلنت أكبر ثالث وكاالت أنباء دولية أن تويوتا أصبحت أكبر شركة لصناعة السيارات في
العالم من حيث مبيعات السيارات ، وهو موقع كانت تشغله شركة جنرال موتورز منذ76
عامًا. وتتعلق هذه النتيجة
بالمبي عات في الربع األول من عام2007
. من يناير إلى مارس2007
، باعت تويوتا2.348
مليون سيارة مقابل
2.260
مليون سيارة لجنرال موتورز األمريكية. لم يبد هذا اإلعالن مفاجأ للمحللين والصحفيين. لعدة سنوات ، أعطت
وكالة التصنيف ستاندرد آند
" بورز وموديز تويوتا تصنيفAAA
"ورتبت جنرال موتورز في فئة ما يسم ى بإستثمارات
.المضاربة15
معيار وضع تويوتا أوالً في التسلسل الهرمي لصناعة السيارات العالمية فتح المجال واسعا للنقاشات الدائرة حول سبب
تبوء تويوتا لهذه المرتبة. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) - التفتيش من المصدر: عملية مراقبة الجودة ال تعني فحص المنتوج إن كان به عيوب أو
،ال وإنما تعني البحث عن
كيف ولماذا حدثت العيوب وذلك من اجل معالجة مصدرها وسببها. يقوم منه "ج "المشاكل المرئيةJidoka
:على مجموعة من المبادئ يمكن ذكرها كما يلي12
- التفتيش المباشر: عملية مراقبة
الجودة يجب أن
تكون من العمال أنفسهم وال حاجة إلى استعمال مراقبين خاصين
،بالجودة ألنه وحسب مبادئ
اإلدارة الرشيقة فان سا
تعمال مثل هذا النوع من المراقبي
ن يعتبر هدر في الطاقة البشرية. - التفتيش من المصدر: عملية مراقبة الجودة ال تعني فحص المنتوج إن كان به عيوب أو
،ال وإنما تعني البحث عن
كيف ولماذا حدثت العيوب وذلك من اجل معالجة مصدرها وسببها. - المسؤولية الواضحة: في مؤسسة اإل دار ة الرشيقة خطوات عملية التصنيع يجب أن
تكون واضحة ومتى حدث العيب
يتم التعرف بسهولة عن مصدر القطعة المعيبة والمسؤول عن إنتاجها. - التوقف
الضروري عن العمل حين اكتشاف العيوب وعدم استئنافه إال بمعالجة المشكل واستئصاله من
النظام ككل. 4.2.1
التحسين المستمر
Kaizen
: ي
و
يوب
و
ن ج
ج
ر
و ببه
- المسؤولية الواضحة: في مؤسسة اإل دار ة الرشيقة خطوات عملية التصنيع يجب أن
تكون واضحة ومتى حدث العيب
يتم التعرف بسهولة عن مصدر القطعة المعيبة والمسؤول عن إنتاجها. - التوقف
الضروري عن العمل حين اكتشاف العيوب وعدم استئنافه إال بمعالجة المشكل واستئصاله من
النظام ككل. 4.2.1
التحسين المستمر
Kaizen
: التحسين المستمر هو أسلوب يا باني إلدخال تحسينات تدريجية صغيرة و بسيطة و مستمرة على المنتجات و الخدمات و
العمليات، يسعى هذا السلوب إلى تخفيض التكاليف و تقليل الفاقد و الهدر في الموارد و يزيد من معدل االنتاجية. كما
أن المع
نى الشائع للمفهوم هو التحسين الت
دريجي المستمرContinual Improvement
في جميع نواحي المنظمة و 27 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) واإلدا رة الخاص بها. ومع ذلك ، فإن التعليقات التي تلت إعالن24
أبريل2007
ركزت بشكل أساسي على نظام إنتاج
تويوتا (
TPS
)
.. وبذلك يكون هذا النظام في األصل ميزة تويوتا التنافسية على منافسيها16
قبل البدء
في تناول
تجربة شركة تويوتا في م مارسة اإلدارة الرشيقة، سنحاول أو ال التطرق إلى نشأة هذه الشركة العريقة
لنعرج فيما بعد إلى تجربتها في ممارسة هذا األسلوب اإلداري الحديث و التي سمح لها بأن تكون كأول شركة مصنعة
للسيارات في العالم سنة2007
متخطية بذلك شركة جنرال موتورز األمريكية العتيدة التي ت ربعت على عرش صناعة
السيارات في ا( لعالم لما يقرب من القرن من الزمن76
سنة). سنحاول في األخير أن ننهي هذا المقال بالصعوبات التي
واجهت أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة محاولين إستخالص بعض الدروس من أزمة تويوتا أواخر سنة2009
إلى غاية اليو.م
1.2
نشأة شركة تويوتا، و
منهجها في ال:دارة الرشيقة بدأت قصة تويوتا مع ساكيشي تويودا الذي إخترع النول األوتوماتيكي17
و أسس سنة1926
"تويودا أوتماتيك" و
التي تعتبر النواة األولى لمجموعة تويوتا. تأسست شركة تويوتا لصناعة السيارات عندما طلب
ساكيشي تويودا من إب نه
كيشيرو تويودا تأسيس شركة س.يارات أسس كيشيرو تويودا الشر
كة و كانت المركبات تُباع تحت اسمه" تويودا"
، لكن
ريسابورو تويودا ، الذي تزوج من
،العائلة ولم يكن يحمل االسم
فضّ ل استخدام تسمية" تويوتا" ألنه
ا أس
هل كتابةً في اللغة اليابانية ، ومظهرها أبسط وتُسمع
ّأفضل بحرفي" تاء". ظ لف" تويودا"
يعني حرفياً "حقل األر ز الخصيب"، لذا كان تغيير االسم أفضل حتى تُنسى العالقة
بين االسم والزراعة القديمة. و في عام1937
م
، تم تسجيل االسم الجديد"
شركة تويوتا للسيارات: تو يوتا أوتوموتيف
كومبا
ني"
بشكل رسمي،و أنتجت الشركة في هذه الفترة حوالي4013
،سيارة وبحلول سبتمب
ر من سنة1947م ، كانت
سيارات تويو تا المتوسطة الحجم تُباع تحت اسم" تويوبت"
وكانت أول سيارة تُباع تحت هذا االسم
تو بت يو
SA
إلى أن
اقتحمت الشركة ال
سوق األمريكية بالسيارتين
تويوبت كراون وتويوبت كورونا ، ولكن لم يلق االسم استحسان الناس ألنه
قريب منToy الذي يرمز إلى لعبة و
pet
الذي ير
مز ل
حيوان منزلي
، واستمر هذا االسم حتى منتصف عقد الست ينات
من
القرن العشرين. (موسوعة و يكيبيديا2018). استمر اسم "شركة تويوتا للسيارات" حتى يوم8
يناير
عام2008
م،
حيث أزالت الشركة كلمة "للسيارات
" من االسم لتصبح" شركة تويوتا" باإلنجليزية )
(Toyota Corporation
، وكذلك
قامت بنقل كلمة شركة من
آخر االسم باللغة اليابانية لتضع
ه
في أوله. (نفس المرجع). Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) يعد عدد مبيعات الشركة نجاحًا ت
جاريًا ولكنه ال يعطي بالضرورة إش ارة إلى أداء نظام اإلنتاج 7.2.1
تغيير القالب في أقل من10
دقائق يعرف بــــ
طريقة(Single Minute Exchange of Die :SMED)
:
أي تغيير
القالب في اقل من عشرة دقائق. هذه التقنية تسمح بتخفي
ض قدر اإلمكان وقت التهيئة واإلعد
اد للعملية
اإلنتاجية من خالل الت
وصيف الدقيق لمختلف مراحل وخطوات هذه العملية واستعمال تقنيات بسيطة من اجل خفض
وقت العمليات الداخلية لإلعداد وهي العمليات التي ال يمكن القيام بها إال عند توقف عملية
. اإلنتاج14
في األخير يمكننا ا لقول أن
األدوات السابقة وغيرها ست اهم بقسط كبير في المحافظة على م
وارد المؤسسة وخاصة
النادرة
،منها ولعل أن النجاحات المحققة في شركات كثيرة خصوصا شركة تويوتا بفضل هذا األسلوب وما حققته من نتائج في
إزالة الهدر خير دليل على نجاعة
هذه الفلسفة
.اإلدارية 2
-
ممارسة
اإلدارة
الرشيقة على ضوء تجربة شر
كة تويوتا(Toyota)
اليابانية لصن
اعة السيارات
في24
أفريل2007
، أعلنت أكبر ثالث وكاالت أنباء دولية أن تويوتا أصبحت أكبر شركة لصناعة السيارات في
العالم من حيث مبيعات السيارات ، وهو موقع كانت تشغله شركة جنرال موتورز منذ76
عامًا. وتتعلق هذه النتيجة
بالمبي عات في الربع األول من عام2007
. من يناير إلى مارس2007
، باعت تويوتا2.348
مليون سيارة مقابل
2.260
مليون سيارة لجنرال موتورز األمريكية. لم يبد هذا اإلعالن مفاجأ للمحللين والصحفيين. لعدة سنوات ، أعطت
وكالة التصنيف ستاندرد آند
" بورز وموديز تويوتا تصنيفAAA
"ورتبت جنرال موتورز في فئة ما يسم ى بإستثمارات
المضاربة15 معيار وضع تويوتا أوالً في التسلسل الهرمي لصناعة السيارات العالمية فتح المجال واسعا للنقاشات الدائرة حول سبب
تبوء تويوتا لهذه المرتبة. يعد عدد مبيعات الشركة نجاحًا ت
جاريًا ولكنه ال يعطي بالضرورة إش ارة إلى أداء نظام اإلنتاج 28 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) ،أما حاليا
و بالرغم من أن المنظمة الدولية لمصنعي السيارات و التي يقع مقرها في باريس بفرنسا، لم تصدر بعد
تصنيفها السنوي الخاص بسنة2017
، إال أن تقديرات بعض الهيئات المهتمة بهذا الشأن تصنف تويوتا في المرتبة
الثالثة من حيث المبيعات مثلما
هو الشأن بالنسبة لهيئة اإلذاعة البريطانيةBBC، فقد أصدرت هذه ال مؤسسة تصنيفا
في األشهر األخيرة تضع فيه مؤسسة تويوتا في المرتبة الثالثة بعد كل من التحالف الياباني الفرنسي الذي يجمع كل من
شركات نيسان-ميتسوبيشي من الجانب الياباني و شركة رونو من الجانب الفرنسي
،و الذي يأتي في المرتبة األولى ثم
تليه شركة فولسفاغن األلمانية في المرتبة الثانية ثم في المرتبة الثالثة تأتي شركة تويوتا، حيث كانت مبيعات هذه
:الشركات كاآلتي20
1
)
-
تحالف نيسان-ميتسوبيشي-
:رونو10.62
مليون سيارة؛
2
)
-
:شركة فولسفاغن10.31
مليون سيارة؛
3
)
-
شر
كة توي :وتا10.175
.مليون سيارة
حصلت شركة تويوتا على أكثر من00
7
جائزة عالمية في مجال الجودة خالل العشرين سنة الماضية، و قد أعطاها
ذلك دعما مكنها من التوسع عالميا بزيادة عدد مصانعها لتصل إلى42
مصنع منتشرة في25
دولة، و زيادة عدد
فروعها لتصل إلى529
فرع منتشرة في أكثر من170
دولة و توظ ف أكثر من316
ألف عامل يعملون به ذه الفروع
.داخل اليابان و خارجها21
2.1.2
:منهج تويوتا في اإلدارة الرشيقة
أممال ال شك فيه أن ظهور أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة يعود فيه الفضل إلى شركة تويوتا اليابانية لصناعة السيارات، حيث أما على صعيد األسواق الدولية فقد إستطاعت تويوتا تنمية صادراتها إلى السوق األمريكية، ففي1957
كانت سيارة
تويوتا كراون أول سيارة يابانية يتم تصديرها إلى الواليات المتحدة األمريكية. و نظرا إلغراءات هذه السوق، قامت تو يوتا
بتوجيه جزء كبير من إستثمارا .تها إلى هذه السوق أتت الطرازات األولى لتويوتا معتمدة على الطرازات األمريكية إذ أن
.ًبعضها أظهر تشابهاً كبيرا بدأت تويوتا بتصدير السيارات للواليات المتحدة وازدهر سوقها بشكل كبير ولديها حاليا13
مصنع في الواليات المتحدة األمر يكية، كما تقدر حصتها السوقية بحو الي16
%
من السوق األمريكية .تقوم
تويوتا ببيع
طرازات لكزس باإلضافة إلى طرازات تويوتا كما أنها أنشأت فرع
سايون
عام2002
م
المخصص لفئة الشباب. كما أن
لتويوتا طرازات مخصصة لسوق الواليات المتحدة تلبيةً لمتطلباته مثل طرازات تاكوما، تندرا، وسيكويا. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) في سنة2007
توجت تويوتا مسيرتها كرائدة لسوق السيارات العالمي بمبيعات قدرت بحوالي8.547
،مليون سيارة
رقم ساعدها للبقاء ف
ي صدارة السيارات األكثر مبيعا في
العالم لمدة4
سنوات متتالية إلى
غاية أواخر سنة2009
و
بداية2010
أين إنخفض هذا الرقم على حوالي7.051
:مليون سبارة؛ و ذلك بسبب تداعيات ثالثة أزمات متزامنة هي
أزمة الين الياباني، األزمة المالية العالمية و أزمة تويوتا نفسها في
نهاية سنة2009
. أما على صعيد األسواق الدولية فقد إستطاعت تويوتا تنمية صادراتها إلى السوق األمريكية، ففي1957
كانت سيارة
تويوتا كراون أول سيارة يابانية يتم تصديرها إلى الواليات المتحدة األمريكية. و نظرا إلغراءات هذه السوق، قامت تو يوتا
بتوجيه جزء كبير من إستثمارا .تها إلى هذه السوق أتت الطرازات األولى لتويوتا معتمدة على الطرازات األمريكية إذ أن
.ًبعضها أظهر تشابهاً كبيرا بدأت تويوتا بتصدير السيارات للواليات المتحدة وازدهر سوقها بشكل كبير ولديها حاليا13
مصنع في الواليات المتحدة األمر يكية، كما تقدر حصتها السوقية بحو الي16
%
من السوق األمريكية .تقوم
تويوتا ببيع
طرازات لكزس باإلضافة إلى طرازات تويوتا كما أنها أنشأت فرع
سايون
عام2002
م
المخصص لفئة الشباب. كما أن
لتويوتا طرازات مخصصة لسوق الواليات المتحدة تلبيةً لمتطلباته مثل طرازات تاكوما، تندرا، وسيكويا. ل رز
ب
بي
وق والي
ويو رز و ر و ي وي
في سنة2007
توجت تويوتا مسيرتها كرائدة لسوق السيارات العالمي بمبيعات قدرت بحوالي8.547
،مليون سيارة
رقم ساعدها للبقاء ف
ي صدارة السيارات األكثر مبيعا في
العالم لمدة4
سنوات متتالية إلى
غاية أواخر سنة2009
و
بداية2010
أين إنخفض هذا الرقم على حوالي7.051
:مليون سبارة؛ و ذلك بسبب تداعيات ثالثة أزمات متزامنة هي
أزمة الين الياباني، األزمة المالية العالمية و أزمة تويوتا نفسها في
نهاية سنة2009
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) إستمرت الشركة في التطور و
النمو على مدى سبعة عقود من الزمن (أكثر من70
سنة) تمكنت من خاللها من بناء صورة راسخة لها في أذهان
الناس عبر مختلف دول العالم معتمدة في ذلك على فلسفة خاصة بها تجد جذورها في أص ول الشركة يمكن تخليصها
في أربعة:عناصر أساسية نذكرها كاآلتي18
التفكير بنظرة بعيدة المدى في إتخاذ القرارات؛2
-
العملية في حل المشاكل؛3
-
اإلرتقاء بالمنظمة بتأهيل و تطوير
أناسها؛4
-
إدراك أن حل المشاكل من جذورها يدفع المنظمة ل.لتعلم
1.1.2
الوضع التنافسي لشرك:ة تويوتا كانت بداية تويوت ا داخل اليابان وكانت سياراتها مخصصة لالستهالك المحلي حتى منتصف الخمسينات من القرن
العشرين عندما بدأ تصدير السيارات إلى جميع أنحاء العالم. تستحوذ تويوتا حاليا على حوالي40
من سوق السيارات%
اليا،بانية إذ أنها تقوم ببيع طرازاته ا الشهيرة باإلضافة إلى طر
ازات خا صة بسوق السيارات الياباني
مثل ألتيزا، سيلسيور، وويندم. يقع المقر الرئيسي لتويوتا في كل من ناغويا، تويوتا كالهما بمحافظة آيتشي وطوكيو. 19 29 29 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) توسعت شركة تويوتا في خطوط منتجاتها عبر
تاريخها الطويل الذي يمتد ألكثر( من سبعين سنة70
سنة)، لتشمل
مود يالت تفي بحاجات و رغبات مختلف المستهلكين و تملك في الوقت الحاضر لكسز و سايون و هينوو لها النصيب
األكبر من دايهاتسو كما تملك جزءا صغيرا من سوبارو و أيسيزو و ياماها. و زيادة على إنتاج السيارات ت قوم تويوتا
بإنتاج الحافالت و الش .احنات أ
مود يالت تفي بحاجات و رغبات مختلف المستهلكين و تملك في الوقت الحاضر لكسز و سايون و هينوو لها النصيب
األكبر من دايهاتسو كما تملك جزءا صغيرا من سوبارو و أيسيزو و ياماها. و زيادة على إنتاج السيارات ت قوم تويوتا
بإنتاج الحافالت و الش .احنات
أما على صعيد األسواق الدولية فقد إستطاعت تويوتا تنمية صادراتها إلى السوق األمريكية، ففي1957
كانت سيارة
تويوتا كراون أول سيارة يابانية يتم تصديرها إلى الواليات المتحدة األمريكية. و نظرا إلغراءات هذه السوق، قامت تو يوتا
بتوجيه جزء كبير من إستثمارا .تها إلى هذه السوق أتت الطرازات األولى لتويوتا معتمدة على الطرازات األمريكية إذ أن
.ًبعضها أظهر تشابهاً كبيرا بدأت تويوتا بتصدير السيارات للواليات المتحدة وازدهر سوقها بشكل كبير ولديها حاليا13
مصنع في الواليات المتحدة األمر يكية، كما تقدر حصتها السوقية بحو الي16
%
من السوق األمريكية .تقوم
تويوتا ببيع
طرازات لكزس باإلضافة إلى طرازات تويوتا كما أنها أنشأت فرع
سايون
عام2002
م
المخصص لفئة الشباب. كما أن
لتويوتا طرازات مخصصة لسوق الواليات المتحدة تلبيةً لمتطلباته مثل طرازات تاكوما، تندرا، وسيكويا. في سنة2007
توجت تويوتا مسيرتها كرائدة لسوق السيارات العالمي بمبيعات قدرت بحوالي8.547
،مليون سيارة
رقم ساعدها للبقاء ف
ي صدارة السيارات األكثر مبيعا في
العالم لمدة4
سنوات متتالية إلى
غاية أواخر سنة2009
و
بداية2010
أين إنخفض هذا الرقم على حوالي7.051
:مليون سبارة؛ و ذلك بسبب تداعيات ثالثة أزمات متزامنة هي
أزمة الين الياباني، األزمة المالية العالمية و أزمة تويوتا نفسها في
نهاية سنة2009
. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) يأ
ي
،أما حاليا
و بالرغم من أن المنظمة الدولية لمصنعي السيارات و التي يقع مقرها في باريس بفرنسا، لم تصدر بعد
تصنيفها السنوي الخاص بسنة2017
، إال أن تقديرات بعض الهيئات المهتمة بهذا الشأن تصنف تويوتا في المرتبة
الثالثة من حيث المبيعات مثلما
هو الشأن بالنسبة لهيئة اإلذاعة البريطانيةBBC، فقد أصدرت هذه ال مؤسسة تصنيفا
في األشهر األخيرة تضع فيه مؤسسة تويوتا في المرتبة الثالثة بعد كل من التحالف الياباني الفرنسي الذي يجمع كل من
شركات نيسان-ميتسوبيشي من الجانب الياباني و شركة رونو من الجانب الفرنسي
،و الذي يأتي في المرتبة األولى ثم
تليه شركة فولسفاغن األلمانية في المرتبة الثانية ثم في المرتبة الثالثة تأتي شركة تويوتا، حيث كانت مبيعات هذه
الش كات كاآلت20 حصلت شركة تويوتا على أكثر من00
7
جائزة عالمية في مجال الجودة خالل العشرين سنة الماضية، و قد أعطاها
ذلك دعما مكنها من التوسع عالميا بزيادة عدد مصانعها لتصل إلى42
مصنع منتشرة في25
دولة، و زيادة عدد
فروعها لتصل إلى529
فرع منتشرة في أكثر من170
دولة و توظ ف أكثر من316
ألف عامل يعملون به ذه الفروع
.داخل اليابان و خارجها21 2.1.2
:منهج تويوتا في اإلدارة الرشيقة
ممال ال شك فيه أن ظهور أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة يعود فيه الفضل إلى شركة تويوتا اليابانية لصناعة السيارات، حيث
يرى الباحثا ن
أيمي أوسونو و نوريهيكو شيميزو و هما باحثان في أحدى أهم كليات إ دارة األعمال في اليابان، في
"كتابهما المعنون بــــ"أسطورة تويوتا
أن بدايات تويوتا مع اإلدارة الرشيقة و نجاحها الباهر في عالم السيارات و الذي 30 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 2.2
نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجي: TPS)
(Toyota Production System
: يإ
ي)
(
لقد ظهر
نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجيTPS
في نهاية األربعينات و بداية الخمسينات من
القرن
،الماضي إذ واجهت
الشركات الصناعية اليابانية عجزا في الموارد بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية مما د
فعها للبحث عن
نظم إنتاج لمواجهة هذا
،العجز فجاء هذا
المفهوم كأحد السبل ل
مواجهة حالة الندرة في الموارد. ويعد كل من Eji Toyoda و Taiich ohno
من األفراد الذين لهم الدور الكبير في تطوير هذا المفهوم حين قاموا بزيارة شركة
فورد Fordمن أجل تعلم صناعة
،السيارات إال أن تركيزهم كان
ًمنصبا على كيفية نجاح
نظام فورد اإلنتاجي في مواجهة وتحفيز الطلب الكبير على
،منتجاتهم وكيف سيتمكن
نظام تويوتا من مواجهة الطلب المنخفض والذي
يتسم بالتنوع العالي الذي امتازت به
السوق
اليابانية في تلك الحقبة. إلى جانب ذلك تمكن مؤسسو شركة تويوت
ا من دراسة وتحديد نقاط القوة والضعف لدى نظام
اإلنتاج الكبير الذي تبنته الشركات األمريكية
،آنذاك وبالتالي ظهرت
النواة األولى لنظام جديد كبديل لنظام اإلنتاج
،التقليدي وعرف هذا
النظام
بنظام تويوتا
اإلنتاجي: TPS)
(Toyota Production System
وكانت البدايات األول
ى
لتصميمه على يد المهندس
Ohno
الذي كان هدفه تقليل الفاقد على جميع مستويات و مراحل العمليات
.أو إلنتاج22 إ
لقد ظهر
نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجيTPS
في نهاية األربعينات و بداية الخمسينات من
القرن
،الماضي إذ واجهت
الشركات الصناعية اليابانية عجزا في الموارد بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية مما د
فعها للبحث عن
نظم إنتاج لمواجهة هذا
،العجز فجاء هذا
المفهوم كأحد السبل ل
مواجهة حالة الندرة في الموارد. ويعد كل من Eji Toyoda و Taiich ohno
من األفراد الذين لهم الدور الكبير في تطوير هذا المفهوم حين قاموا بزيارة شركة
فورد Fordمن أجل تعلم صناعة
،السيارات إال أن تركيزهم كان
ًمنصبا على كيفية نجاح
نظام فورد اإلنتاجي في مواجهة وتحفيز الطلب الكبير على
،منتجاتهم وكيف سيتمكن
نظام تويوتا من مواجهة الطلب المنخفض والذي
يتسم بالتنوع العالي الذي امتازت به
السوق
اليابانية في تلك الحقبة. إلى جانب ذلك تمكن مؤسسو شركة تويوت
ا من دراسة وتحديد نقاط القوة والضعف لدى نظام
اإلنتاج الكبير الذي تبنته الشركات األمريكية
،آنذاك وبالتالي ظهرت
النواة األولى لنظام جديد كبديل لنظام اإلنتاج
،التقليدي وعرف هذا
النظام
بنظام تويوتا
اإلنتاجي: TPS)
(Toyota Production System
وكانت البدايات األول
ى
لتصميمه على يد المهندس
Ohno
الذي كان هدفه تقليل الفاقد على جميع مستويات و مراحل العمليات
.أو إلنتاج22
يعّد نظام إنتاج تويوتا(TPS )
أفضل األمثلة على ما يمكن أن تفعله مبادئ
أسلوب تويوتا
Toyota Way
ويتألف هذا األسلوب من المبادئ التأسيسية لثقافة تويوتا
التي تسمح للنظامTPS
أن يعمل بفاعلية . Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) جعل منها أسطورة، ال يرجع إلى نظام اإلنتاج الذي تنتهجه بقدر ما يعتمد على ما تنتهجه من أساليب فريدة في كل من
( التسويق و المبيعات و إدارة الموارد البشرية أيمي أوسونو و نوريهيكو شيمي ،زو، أسطورة تويوتا2009
). بناء على
ذلك سنحاول تقديم نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجيTPS
،، ثم سنتطرق بعد ذلك إلى أهم مبادئ اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا
لنعرج في األخير إلى أهم الصعوبات التي واجهت شركة تويوتا في تطبيق هذا المنهج خارج اليابان ممثلة في تداعيات
أزمة توي وتا أواخر سنة2009
. 2.2
نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجي: TPS)
(Toyota Production System
: Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) إن أوضح نتيجة لسعي تويوتا المتواصل للتفوق هي فلسفتها في التصنيع ، التي تُسمى
"نظام إنتاج تويوتا" (TPS)
ويمثل هذا النظام ُ التطورَ الرئيسيَّ الثاني بين إجرائيات العمل الفعالة بعد نظام اإلنتاج
على نطاق واسع (نظام اإلنتاج بالجملة
ction
produ
mass) الذي ابتكره هنري فورد. م إل ج ب ج
ق و ع (
ى
ري ور
ي ب ر
)
في األخير يمكن القول أنه كنتيجة لزيادة اإلهتمام بهذا النظام الفريد من نوعه–نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجي-
فقد أدى ذلك
إلى ظهور و ابتكار مصطلح
التصنيع الرشيق الذي ظهر خصوصا بعد ظهور كتاب "اآللة التي غيرت العالمThe
at Changed The World
Machine Tah
لجيمس ووماك و دانيال جونز و دانيال روس سنة1990
كوصف
"لنموذج التصنيع الناشئ لشركة تويوتا، و الذي تم تعريفه على أنه عبارة عن فلسفة أو منهجية تهدف إلى
تعظيم
قيمة
المنتج او الخدمة المقدمة للعميل وذلك عن طريق الحد المستمر من
،الهدر من خالل تحقيق تحسينات
كبيرة في
،الجودة التكلفة
،والوقت بالتركيز على تحسين العمليات25
. 3.2
:مبادئ اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا بغية مساعدة الشركات األخرى على المستوى العالمي على تعلّم القيام بتحسين متواصل ألدائها، قام أستاذ الهندسة
الصناعية وعملياتها بجامعة
ميتشيغان، الدكتور جيفري ليكر
"Liker Jeffrey "
،بتقديم نتائج بحثه الذي استمر سنة
كاملة في رحاب شركة تويوتا وبين مديريها ومزوّديها و نشره سنة2004
في كتاب يحمل عنوان
نهج تويوتا :
The
«
»
Toyota Way
. وخالل سرد
ليكر
للتفصيالت المتعلقة بثقافة الشركة وإجرائياته ا والعاملين فيها، فإنه يُطْلِعُ القراء
على نموذج
لإلدارة
يُمْكِنُ تطبيقه لتغيير نهج عمل المشاريع الصناعية، وعلى المبادىء الرئيسية التي تستند إليها تقنيات
نظام اإلنتاج الذي تسير عليه الشركة، المسمى" نظام إنتاج تويوتا(TPS)
Toyota Production System
، وعلى
أسل وب اإلدارة الرشيقة لتويوتا عموماً. وتجسد هذه المبادىء فلسفة تويوتا الطويلة األمد، وإجرائياتها، والمكاسب التي
جنتها ، والناس الذين يعملون فيها، و أسلوب حلها للمشكالت. و أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة الذي تطبقه تويوتا في
تصميمها وتصنيعها للسيارات، أدى إلى انسجام ال
يصدق بين اإلجرائيات المعتمدة في التصنيع والمنتجات
النهائية. كانت تويوتا تصمم سيارات تتميز بسرعة أعلى وموثوقية أقوى ،لكن أسعارها ظلت تنافسية برغم االرتفاع النسبي
ألجور عمالها . ومن المحيّر ، إضافة إلى ذلك، أنه في كل مرة كان يبدو فيها أن تويوتا تمر بمرحلة من
الضعف في
قدرتها التنافسية، كانت تحدّد األسباب بسرعة قياسية ثم تعود أقوى حتى مما كانت عليه. 2.2
نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجي: TPS)
(Toyota Production System
: ومع أن هذه
المبادئ متنوعة، فإن تطور نظامTPS
ونجاحه مرتبطان ارتباطاً وثيقاً بتطور أسلوب تويوتا نفسه. عند تطبيقTPS
،
تبدأ بفحص إجرائية التصنيع من منظور الزبون وأول سؤال فيTPS
هو
:" ما الذي يريده الزبون من هذه اإلجرائي"ة؟
فمن خالل عيني الزبون ، يمكننا رؤية اإلجرائية وفصل الخطوات ذات القيمة المضافة عن الخطوات األخرى. جعلت
تويوتا من تقليل الهدر أو إلغاؤه كهدف لهذا النظام، فإنها تمكنت من تحديد ثمانية أنواع من الهدر في العمل أو في
إجراءات التصنيع ه:
23 إجراءات التصنيع هي:
الهدر في
:اإلنتاج اإل
نتاج الزائد عن احتياجات العمالء. الهدر في العمليات: وجود عمليات انتاجية ال تضيف قيمة للمنتج او الخدمة. الهدر في
:التخزين تخزين مواد
،خام نصف مصنعة أو منتجات نهائية أكثر من الحاجة. الهدر في الحركة: الحركة الزائدة من العامل والتي ال تضيف قيمة للعملية اإلنتا
جية. الهدر في النقل: وهو التنقل المفرط في نقل المواد بين م ا رحل اإلنتاج مما يؤدي الى ضرر وتدهور في
جودة المنتج. الهدر في اوقات النتظار: الوقت الضائع في انتظار الخطوة القادمة
،لإلنتاج
،القطع، المعدات المعلومات او
التعليمات. ه ر
ي
زين
زين
و
م
و
ج
ه ي
ر ن
ج
الهدر في الحركة: الحركة الزائدة من العامل والتي ال تضيف قيمة للعملية اإلنتا
جية. الهدر في النقل: وهو التنقل المفرط في نقل المواد بين م ا رحل اإلنتاج مما يؤدي الى ضرر وتدهور في
جودة المنتج. الهدر في اوقات النتظار: الوقت الضائع في انتظار الخطوة القادمة
،لإلنتاج
،القطع، المعدات المعلومات او
التعليمات. الهدر الناتج عن المعيب: الجهد و
التكاليف المبذولة إل ا زلة او تصحيح االخطاء والعيوب االنتاجية. الهدر في المعرفة أو اإلبداع غير المستثمر للعاملين: وهو عدم االستغالل االمثل
لرأس المال الفكري في
.المنظمة
فقد
لخصت تويوتا مصادر الهدر بثالثة مصادر أطلق عليها(3M)
توافقا مع اللغة الياباني
ة
:وهي24 31 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) :Muda
يعني الهدر ويمثل الهدر في الفكر الياباني كل نشاط يمثل تكلفة وال يضيف أي قيمة؛
:Mura
تعني عدم االستقرار في اإلنتاج وأسلوب
،العمل وبشكل أوضح
عدم اعتماد أساليب منهجية في أداء العمل؛
:Muri
تعني ضعف الحكمة أو الالعقالنية من خالل التركيز ى عل المحاسبة على األخطاء والتوبيخ المستمر عليها
أكثر من اتخاذ الفعل
.الصحيح :Mura
تعني عدم االستقرار في اإلنتاج وأسلوب
،العمل وبشكل أوضح
عدم اعتماد أساليب منهجية في أداء العمل؛
:Muri
تعني ضعف الحكمة أو الالعقالنية من خالل التركيز ى عل المحاسبة على األخطاء والتوبيخ المستمر عليها
أكثر من اتخاذ الفعل
.الصحيح
ثمة إجماع على أن نظام إنتاج تويوتا(TSP)
.هو نظام فريد ابتدعته تويوتا وتطبقه في عمليات تصنيع منتجاتها
إنه األساس الذي بُنِيَ عليه قسم كبير من فلسفتها في اإلنتاج، والذي هيمن على ا تجاهاتها في التصنيع في السنوات
العشر األخيرة. التصنيع في نظام تويوتا هو إجرائية تتطلب من العاملين فيها الكفاح المتواصل للتفرد والتميز، والتفكير
بطريقةٍ تركّز على جعل المنتَج يتدفق عبر إجرائيات إضافة قيمة إليه دون توقف، وعلى ثقافةٍ يسعى كل شخص فيها
لتحسين أ
دائه وتطويره باستمرار. إن أوضح نتيجة لسعي تويوتا المتواصل للتفوق هي فلسفتها في التصنيع ، التي تُسمى
"نظام إنتاج تويوتا" (TPS)
ويمثل هذا النظام ُ التطورَ الرئيسيَّ الثاني بين إجرائيات العمل الفعالة بعد نظام اإلنتاج
على نطاق واسع (نظام اإلنتاج بالجملة
ction
produ
mass) الذي ابتكره هنري فورد. في األخير يمكن القول أنه كنتيجة لزيادة اإلهتمام بهذا النظام الفريد من نوعه–نظام تويوتا اإلنتاجي-
فقد أدى ذلك
إلى ظهور و ابتكار مصطلح
التصنيع الرشيق الذي ظهر خصوصا بعد ظهور كتاب "اآللة التي غيرت العالمThe
at Changed The World
Machine Tah
لجيمس ووماك و دانيال جونز و دانيال روس سنة1990
كوصف
"لنموذج التصنيع الناشئ لشركة تويوتا، و الذي تم تعريفه على أنه عبارة عن فلسفة أو منهجية تهدف إلى
تعظيم
قيمة
المنتج او الخدمة المقدمة للعميل وذلك عن طريق الحد المستمر من
،الهدر من خالل تحقيق تحسينات
كبيرة في
،الجودة التكلفة
،والوقت بالتركيز على تحسين العمليات25
. ثمة إجماع على أن نظام إنتاج تويوتا(TSP)
.هو نظام فريد ابتدعته تويوتا وتطبقه في عمليات تصنيع منتجاتها
إنه األساس الذي بُنِيَ عليه قسم كبير من فلسفتها في اإلنتاج، والذي هيمن على ا تجاهاتها في التصنيع في السنوات
العشر األخيرة. التصنيع في نظام تويوتا هو إجرائية تتطلب من العاملين فيها الكفاح المتواصل للتفرد والتميز، والتفكير
بطريقةٍ تركّز على جعل المنتَج يتدفق عبر إجرائيات إضافة قيمة إليه دون توقف، وعلى ثقافةٍ يسعى كل شخص فيها
لتحسين أ
دائه وتطويره باستمرار. JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) و عموما حدد ليكر المبادئ
األساسية لتويوتا بـــــــ14
مبدءا
:يمكن ذكرها كما يلي26
: المبدأ األول أسس قراراتك اإلدارية على فلسفة طويلة األمد، حتى لو كان ذلك على حساب
األهداف المادية القصيرة
األجل. 32 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) الهدف الذي تسعى إليه تويوتا ليس هو إنتاج سلعٍ عالية الجودة مبيعاتها جيدة وتحظى برضا من يقتنيها.فالهدف الذي
أعلنته تويوتا في أمريكا الشمالية مؤلف من ثالثة أقسام:
اإلسهام في النمو االقتصادي للبلد الموجودة فيه؛2
-
اإلسهام في
استقرار فريق عملها ورخائه؛3
-
اإلسهام في النمو
اإلجمالي لتويوتا. أسلوب تويوتا هو ، في جوهره، إضافةُ قيمةٍ إلى الزبائن والعاملين والمجتمع . إنه يمكّن تويوتا من
اتخاذ قرارات قصيرة األجل وطويلة األجل ، ثم إنه يستجمع قوى الموظفين إلنجاز هدف مشترك يتجاوز ما يم كن أن
يفعله أي منهم على حدته. :المبدأ الثاني يجب أن تتسم اإلجرائيات باالستمرار. يتطلب هذا المبدأ ربط العمليات بعضها ببعض ، ولواله لظلت
منفصلة إحداها عن األخرى . وعند ربط هذه العمليات معاً، يتولد ّ قدر أكبر من عمل الفريق، وضغط مباشر على
الناس لحل المشكالت
وحثهم على قدرٍ أكبر من التفكير. :المبدأ الثالث
ٍاستعمل أنظمة "سَ حْب"pull مالئمة لتفادي فرط اإلنتاج. ال يمكن وصف أسلوب تويوتا بأنه إدارة
البضاعة الموجودة ، إذ إنه يهدف إلى إلغاء تراكمها. وفي وقت مبكر من إنشاء تويوتا ، بدأت تفكر في سحب البضاعة
بناءً على الطل ،بات الفورية للزبائن.و"السحب" يعني، في أسلوب تويوتا
الوضع المثالي للتصنيع في الوقت المناسب :
إعطاء الزبون ما يريده، عندما يريده، وبالقدر الذي يريده. :المبدأ الرابع
يجب تحقيق االستقرار في اإلنتاج(heijunka)
: قال فوجيو شو أحد الؤساء السابقين لشركة تويوتا
"عم وماً، عندما تحاول تطبيق(TPS)
،فإن أول ما يجب عليك عمله هو تحقيق استقرار اإلنتاج، وهذه هي المهمة
الرئيسية للمسؤولين عن إدارة اإلنتاج ومراقبته. قد يتطلب الوصول إلى استقرار اإلنتاج تحميل البضاعة قبل أوانها أو
تأخيرها أحياناً، وقد يتعين عليك الطلب من بعض الزب ائن أن ينتظروا مدة قصيرة من الزمن . لكن ما إن يصبح اإلنتاج
مستقراً إلى حد ما طوال شهر، فإنك تصبح قادراً على تطبيق أنظمةِ سحبٍ مالئمةٍ وموازنةِ لخط التجميع. لكن إذا كانت
مستويات اإلنتاج تتغير من يوم إلى آخر ، فال معنى لمحاولة تطبيق نظامTPS
،ألنك، بكل بساطة
لن تستطيع في
هذه الظروف تحقيق عمل مُوحّد المعايير". :المبدأ الخامس ثقافةً إليقاف العمل بغية حل المشكالت للتوصل إلى الجودة العالية
رَسِّ خْ. يجب أن تكون الجودة
،جزءاً ال يتجزأ من أي نظام . Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) وهذا يعني أنك بحاجة إلى منهجٍ يكتشف العيوب حال حدوثها
ويوقف اإلنتاج
آلياً كي يقوم شخص بإصالح الخلل قبل استفحاله(jidoka ). تعني الكلمة اليابانيةJidoka
ًأيضا
األتمتة-
أي وجود تجهيزات تحظى بذكاءٍ إنساني يسمح لها بإيقاف نفسها عن العمل عند تعرضها لمشكلة. فالحيلولة
دون حودث مشكلة إجراءٌ أكثر فعاليّة وأقل تكلفة من معالجة المشك
لة بعد حدوثها. :المبدأ السادس
ٍالمهمات التي تُنَفَّذُ بنمط موحَّدstandardized
هي األساس للتحسين المستمر وتطوير العاملين. ًسواء
أكان العاملون يصممون تجهيزاتٍ دقيقةً أو يبدعون منتجاتٍ جذابةً أو يبتكرون برمجياتٍ جديدةً، أم كانوا يعملون
ممرضين، فإنهم سيعلّقون
على فكرة النمط الموحّد للعمل بقولهم : " إننا مهنيّون مبدعون، وننظر إلى كل ّ مهمة على
حدتها باعتبارها مشروعاً فريداً متميزاً عن غيره."
وجود مستوىً ما من وحدة النمط في تنفيذ العمل أمر ممكن، بل هو
العمود الفقري ألسلوب تويوتا. ما يمكن عدّه سلبياً أو غير فعال يصبح في أسلوب تويوتا إيجابياً وفعاالً ، ومؤهالً لبناء
فرق عمل تعاونية بدالً من إذكاء صراع بين الموظفين واإلدارة. لم تكن تقصد تويوتا قطّ من النمط الموحَّد للعمل أن
يكون أداةً إدارية مفروضة قسراً على العاملين. وبالعكس، فبدالً من فرض معايير صارمة تجعل المهمات
روتينيةً ومتدنّية
المستوى، فإن نظام النمط الموحَّد للعمل هو األساس الذي تستند إليه تويوتا لتطوير عامليها وإثارة روح اإلبداع فيهم. :المبدأ الخامس ثقافةً إليقاف العمل بغية حل المشكالت للتوصل إلى الجودة العالية
رَسِّ خْ. يجب أن تكون الجودة
،جزءاً ال يتجزأ من أي نظام . وهذا يعني أنك بحاجة إلى منهجٍ يكتشف العيوب حال حدوثها
ويوقف اإلنتاج
آلياً كي يقوم شخص بإصالح الخلل قبل استفحاله(jidoka ). تعني الكلمة اليابانيةJidoka
ًأيضا
األتمتة-
أي وجود تجهيزات تحظى بذكاءٍ إنساني يسمح لها بإيقاف نفسها عن العمل عند تعرضها لمشكلة. فالحيلولة
دون حودث مشكلة إجراءٌ أكثر فعاليّة وأقل تكلفة من معالجة المشك
لة بعد حدوثها. :المبدأ السادس
ٍالمهمات التي تُنَفَّذُ بنمط موحَّدstandardized
هي األساس للتحسين المستمر وتطوير العاملين. ًسواء
أكان العاملون يصممون تجهيزاتٍ دقيقةً أو يبدعون منتجاتٍ جذابةً أو يبتكرون برمجياتٍ جديدةً، أم كانوا يعملون
ممرضين، فإنهم سيعلّقون
على فكرة النمط الموحّد للعمل بقولهم : " إننا مهنيّون مبدعون، وننظر إلى كل ّ مهمة على
حدتها باعتبارها مشروعاً فريداً متميزاً عن غيره."
وجود مستوىً ما من وحدة النمط في تنفيذ العمل أمر ممكن، بل هو
العمود الفقري ألسلوب تويوتا. ما يمكن عدّه سلبياً أو غير فعال يصبح في أسلوب تويوتا إيجابياً وفعاالً ، ومؤهالً لبناء
فرق عمل تعاونية بدالً من إذكاء صراع بين الموظفين واإلدارة. لم تكن تقصد تويوتا قطّ من النمط الموحَّد للعمل أن
يكون أداةً إدارية مفروضة قسراً على العاملين. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) وبالعكس، فبدالً من فرض معايير صارمة تجعل المهمات
روتينيةً ومتدنّية
المستوى، فإن نظام النمط الموحَّد للعمل هو األساس الذي تستند إليه تويوتا لتطوير عامليها وإثارة روح اإلبداع فيهم. 33 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 JEGE Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) :المبدأ السابع استعمل المراقبة البصرية كي تضمن عدم وجود مشكالت مخفيّة. المراقبة البصرية هي أي أداة لالتصال
تُستعمل في بيئة ال عمل ، لتخبرنا بلمحة سريعة عن الطريقة التي يجب أن ينجز بها العمل، وعما إذا كان منحرفاً عن
،النمط المقرّر له. إنها تساعد العاملين، الذين يريدون إنجاز عمل جيد، على االطّالع فوراً على ما يعملونه. وبوجه عام
ًتوفر المراقبة البصرية المعلومات في الوقت المناسب تماما
لضمان تنفيذٍ سريعٍ وسليمٍ للعمليات واإلجرائيات. المراقبة
البصريّة تتجاوز تعرّف االنحرافات عن هدفٍ موضوعٍ لتسجيلها على مخططات ورسوم بيانية ثم تعميمها على
العاملين.إنها تعني في تويوتا أن تكون قادراً على النظر إلى اإلجرائية، أو إلى أداةٍ ما، ، أو إلى عامل يقوم بعمله، أو
إلى معلومةٍ ما، لتكتشف فوراً االنحرافات عن المعايير في حال حدوثها. :المبدأ الثامن ال تستعمل إال ّ تقانةً (تكنولوجيا) موثوقة، أثبتت االختبارات مالءمتها لخدمة عامليك وإجرائياتك. في
تويوتا، ال تطبَّق تقانةٌ جديدةٌ إالّ بعد أن تكون أثبتَتْ جدارت ها عن طريق التجريب المباشر من قبل قطاع ٍ عريضٍ من
الناس. ويعني هذا أن التقانة المختارة قُيِّمتْ وجُرِّبَتْ سلفاً بكِّل تأنٍّ ودقة للتوثق من أنها توفر قيمة مضافة. وقبل اعتماد
أي تقانة جديدة ، تَبْذُلُ تويوتا كل جهد مستطاع لتحليل آثارها المحتملة في اإلجرائيا
ت المطبقة في الشركة. لذا تبدأ
الشركة بدراسة طبيعة القيمة المضافة إلى العمل الذي يقوم به العاملون في إجرائية معينة. بعد ذلك تحاول تويوتا
تحسين اإلجرائية باستعمال التجهيزات والتقانات و الناس الموجودين. فإذا تقرر أن التقانة الجديدة يمكن أن تضيف قيمة
إلى اإلجر ائية ، فإن الشركة تحللها بِتَروٍّ لمعرفة ما إذا كانت تتعارض مع فلسفة تويوتا ومبادئها في العمل.فإذا حظيت
التقانة الجديدة بالقبول، فإنها تُستعمل لضمان تدفقٍ مستمرٍ لإلنتاج ومساعدة العاملين على رفع مستوى أدائهم ضمن
معايير أسلوب تويوتا. :المبدأ السابع استعمل المراقبة البصرية كي تضمن عدم وجود مشكالت مخفيّة. المراقبة البصرية هي أي أداة لالتصال
تُستعمل في بيئة ال عمل ، لتخبرنا بلمحة سريعة عن الطريقة التي يجب أن ينجز بها العمل، وعما إذا كان منحرفاً عن
،النمط المقرّر له. إنها تساعد العاملين، الذين يريدون إنجاز عمل جيد، على االطّالع فوراً على ما يعملونه. وبوجه عام
ًتوفر المراقبة البصرية المعلومات في الوقت المناسب تماما
لضمان تنفيذٍ سريعٍ وسليمٍ للعمليات واإلجرائيات. المراقبة
البصريّة تتجاوز تعرّف االنحرافات عن هدفٍ موضوعٍ لتسجيلها على مخططات ورسوم بيانية ثم تعميمها على
العاملين.إنها تعني في تويوتا أن تكون قادراً على النظر إلى اإلجرائية، أو إلى أداةٍ ما، ، أو إلى عامل يقوم بعمله، أو
إلى معلومةٍ ما، لتكتشف فوراً االنحرافات عن المعايير في حال حدوثها. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) ا
:المبدأ الثامن ال تستعمل إال ّ تقانةً (تكنولوجيا) موثوقة، أثبتت االختبارات مالءمتها لخدمة عامليك وإجرائياتك. في
تويوتا، ال تطبَّق تقانةٌ جديدةٌ إالّ بعد أن تكون أثبتَتْ جدارت ها عن طريق التجريب المباشر من قبل قطاع ٍ عريضٍ من
الناس. ويعني هذا أن التقانة المختارة قُيِّمتْ وجُرِّبَتْ سلفاً بكِّل تأنٍّ ودقة للتوثق من أنها توفر قيمة مضافة. وقبل اعتماد
أي تقانة جديدة ، تَبْذُلُ تويوتا كل جهد مستطاع لتحليل آثارها المحتملة في اإلجرائيا
ت المطبقة في الشركة. لذا تبدأ
الشركة بدراسة طبيعة القيمة المضافة إلى العمل الذي يقوم به العاملون في إجرائية معينة. بعد ذلك تحاول تويوتا
تحسين اإلجرائية باستعمال التجهيزات والتقانات و الناس الموجودين. فإذا تقرر أن التقانة الجديدة يمكن أن تضيف قيمة
إلى اإلجر ائية ، فإن الشركة تحللها بِتَروٍّ لمعرفة ما إذا كانت تتعارض مع فلسفة تويوتا ومبادئها في العمل.فإذا حظيت
التقانة الجديدة بالقبول، فإنها تُستعمل لضمان تدفقٍ مستمرٍ لإلنتاج ومساعدة العاملين على رفع مستوى أدائهم ضمن
معايير أسلوب تويوتا. :المبدأ التاسع يجب إعدا
د قياديين من الشركة يفهمون بدقة عملها ، وينتهجون فلسفتها ويعلّمونها اآلخرين. حتى عندما
كانت تويوتا تغير موقع أحد المسؤولين في أحد أقسامها الحساسة لتخليص الشركة من مشكلة وشيكة الوقوع، لم يكن
يحدث تغير مفاجئ في اتجاه العمل . وقد يكون هذا هو المفهوم الياباني إللغاء عدم االنتظام الذي تعبر عنه الكلمة
اليابانيةmura
في العمل على المستوى التنفيذي. وخالل تاريخ تويوتا ، كانت الشركة دوماً تجد قيادييها من بين
موظفيها ليقوموا ، في الوقت المناسب، بالخطوة التالية في عملية تطوير تويوتا. ثمة عقيدة قيادية هامة أخرى في أسلو ب
تويوتا ، وهي أن الجهود التي يبذلها القياديون لدعم ثقافة الشركة، سنة بعد أخرى ، تولّد بيئةَ مؤسسةٍ تعليميّةٍ. وفي هذا
السياق يقولDeming
ٍإن تويوتا تطبق نهج" ثبات المقصد" في جميع أقسام الشركة، وهذا يضع األساس لقيادةٍ إيجابية
متناسقةٍ، ويرسخ بيئةً للتعلم. :المبدأ العاشر استعن بأشخاص متميزين، وأنشئ فرق عمل استثنائية تنتهج فلسفة شركتك. انظر إلى ديناميات النظام
في شركتك.إن بناء أناس ممتازين يفهمون ثقافة شركتك ويدعمونها اليعني اعتماد حلول سهلة. فتدريب األشخاص
المتميزين وإنشاء مجموعات عمل يجب أن يكون بمنزلة العم ود الفقري ألسلوب إدارتك الذي يكامل أنظمتك االجتماعية
مع نظامك التقني. أنت بحاجة إلى نظام اجتماعي وثقافةٍ يتحسنان باستمرار لتدعم بهما األساليب اإليجابية في حل
المشكالت وتحرضَ الناس على التحسن. :المبدأ الحادي عشر سَ اعِدْ شبكة شركائك ومزوديك على التحسن. ِّيصر ح المزودون الصناعيون ، دوماً ، بأن تويوتا
هي أفضل زبون يتعاملون معه، وأنها، أيضاً،أكثر زبائنهم حزماً وصرامةً. Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) ويعني الحزم والصرامة في حالة تويوتا أن
الشركة تطبق معايير عالية جداً في التميز، وأنها تتوقع من جميع المتعاملين معها االرتقاء إلى مستوىهذه المعايي . ر
تويوتا ال تتوقع فقط من المتعاملين معها االرتقاء إلى تلك المعايير ، بل إنها تساعدهم على ذلك. ويتجلى أحد األساليب :المبدأ التاسع يجب إعدا
د قياديين من الشركة يفهمون بدقة عملها ، وينتهجون فلسفتها ويعلّمونها اآلخرين. حتى عندما
كانت تويوتا تغير موقع أحد المسؤولين في أحد أقسامها الحساسة لتخليص الشركة من مشكلة وشيكة الوقوع، لم يكن
يحدث تغير مفاجئ في اتجاه العمل . وقد يكون هذا هو المفهوم الياباني إللغاء عدم االنتظام الذي تعبر عنه الكلمة
اليابانيةmura
في العمل على المستوى التنفيذي. وخالل تاريخ تويوتا ، كانت الشركة دوماً تجد قيادييها من بين
موظفيها ليقوموا ، في الوقت المناسب، بالخطوة التالية في عملية تطوير تويوتا. ثمة عقيدة قيادية هامة أخرى في أسلو ب
تويوتا ، وهي أن الجهود التي يبذلها القياديون لدعم ثقافة الشركة، سنة بعد أخرى ، تولّد بيئةَ مؤسسةٍ تعليميّةٍ. وفي هذا
السياق يقولDeming
ٍإن تويوتا تطبق نهج" ثبات المقصد" في جميع أقسام الشركة، وهذا يضع األساس لقيادةٍ إيجابية
متناسقةٍ، ويرسخ بيئةً للتعلم. :المبدأ العاشر استعن بأشخاص متميزين، وأنشئ فرق عمل استثنائية تنتهج فلسفة شركتك. انظر إلى ديناميات النظام
في شركتك.إن بناء أناس ممتازين يفهمون ثقافة شركتك ويدعمونها اليعني اعتماد حلول سهلة. فتدريب األشخاص
المتميزين وإنشاء مجموعات عمل يجب أن يكون بمنزلة العم ود الفقري ألسلوب إدارتك الذي يكامل أنظمتك االجتماعية
مع نظامك التقني. أنت بحاجة إلى نظام اجتماعي وثقافةٍ يتحسنان باستمرار لتدعم بهما األساليب اإليجابية في حل
المشكالت وتحرضَ الناس على التحسن. :المبدأ الحادي عشر سَ اعِدْ شبكة شركائك ومزوديك على التحسن. ِّيصر ح المزودون الصناعيون ، دوماً ، بأن تويوتا
هي أفضل زبون يتعاملون معه، وأنها، أيضاً،أكثر زبائنهم حزماً وصرامةً. ويعني الحزم والصرامة في حالة تويوتا أن
الشركة تطبق معايير عالية جداً في التميز، وأنها تتوقع من جميع المتعاملين معها االرتقاء إلى مستوىهذه المعايي . ر
تويوتا ال تتوقع فقط من المتعاملين معها االرتقاء إلى تلك المعايير ، بل إنها تساعدهم على ذلك. ويتجلى أحد األساليب 34 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) التي تتبعها تويوتا في هذه المساعدة بالعمل في مشاريع مشتركة معهم. وبهذه الطريقة تجعل تويوتا مزوديها قادرين على
تقديم مواد وتجهيزات عالية الجو ، دة في الوقت المالئم تماماً. وثمة كثير من الطرائق التي تستعملها تويوتا مع مزوديها
وهذه الطرائق في أسلوب تويوتا هي " : التعلم عن طريق الفعل، " وهنا يكون التدريب داخل الصفوف الدراسية أقل بكثير
من التدريب في المعامل. تقديم مواد وتجهيزات عالية الجو ، دة في الوقت المالئم تماماً. وثمة كثير من الطرائق التي تستعملها تويوتا مع مزوديها
وهذه الطرائق في أسلوب تويوتا هي " : التعلم عن طريق الفعل، " وهنا يكون التدريب داخل الصفوف الدراسية أقل بكثير
من التدريب في المعامل. :المبدأ الثاني عشر اذهب وشاهد بنفسك كي تف هم الوضع فهماً دقيقاً باليابانية(Genchi Genbutsu)
الترجمة
الحرفّية لكلمةgenchi
هي " الموقع الفعلي" ، ولكلمةgenbutsu
هي " المواد أو المنتجات الفعلية". لكنgenchi
genbutsu
تترجم في تويوتا
بجملة
"" التوجه إلى الموقع لرؤية الوضع الحقيقي بغية فهمه . وقد صار مصطلح
Gemba
أوسع استعماالً، ويعني تقريباً ما يعنيه مصطلحgenchi genbutsu . إن أول خطوة في أي إجرائية لحل
المسائل ، أو ابتكار منتَج جديد، أو تقييم أداء العاملين، هي استيعاب الوضع الحقيقي الذي يتطلب"تطبيقgemba ". تقوم تويوتا بتطوير التفكير اإلبداعي وبالح ث عليه. التجديد فيها واجب، لكنه يجب أن يكون مبنياً على الفهم الدقيق
لجميع نواحي الوضع الحقيقي. وهذا واحد من أنماط السلوك التي تميز جميع من تدربوا على أسلوب تويوتا–
ذلك أنهم
ال يقبلون أي شيء باعتباره مسلماً به ، وأنهم يعرفون تماماً ما الذي يتحدثون عنه. الم:بدأ الثالث عشر
اتخذ القرارات ببطء وتروٍّ بعد النظر في كل الخيارات؛ لكن طبق قرارتك بسرعة(Nemawashi)
في تويوتا ، ال تقل أهمية طريقة التوصل إلى قرار عن أهمية جودة القرار نفسه. فتوفير الوقت والجهد بقدر كافٍ لجعل
القرار سليماً شيء إلزامي. يتضمن هذا المبدأ اإل جرائية المهمة التي يسميها اليابانيونnemawashi
:التي تعني ما يلي
اتخذ القرارات ببطء وتروٍّ ، بعد النظر في كل الخيارات، لكن طبق بسرعة. وغالباً ما تستعمل إجرائيةnemawashi
لشرح الطريقة التي يتوصل بها مجموعة من الشبان إلى إجماع عن طريق تقديم اقتراح ودراسته من جميع نواحيه دراسة
معمقة قبل تقديمه إلى اإلدارة للموافقة عليه. :المبدأ الثاني عشر اذهب وشاهد بنفسك كي تف هم الوضع فهماً دقيقاً باليابانية(Genchi Genbutsu)
الترجمة
الحرفّية لكلمةgenchi
هي " الموقع الفعلي" ، ولكلمةgenbutsu
هي " المواد أو المنتجات الفعلية". لكنgenchi
genbutsu
تترجم في تويوتا
بجملة
"" التوجه إلى الموقع لرؤية الوضع الحقيقي بغية فهمه . وقد صار مصطلح
Gemba
أوسع استعماالً، ويعني تقريباً ما يعنيه مصطلحgenchi genbutsu . Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) إن أول خطوة في أي إجرائية لحل
المسائل ، أو ابتكار منتَج جديد، أو تقييم أداء العاملين، هي استيعاب الوضع الحقيقي الذي يتطلب"تطبيقgemba ". تقوم تويوتا بتطوير التفكير اإلبداعي وبالح ث عليه. التجديد فيها واجب، لكنه يجب أن يكون مبنياً على الفهم الدقيق
لجميع نواحي الوضع الحقيقي. وهذا واحد من أنماط السلوك التي تميز جميع من تدربوا على أسلوب تويوتا–
ذلك أنهم
ال يقبلون أي شيء باعتباره مسلماً به ، وأنهم يعرفون تماماً ما الذي يتحدثون عنه. يا
الم:بدأ الثالث عشر
اتخذ القرارات ببطء وتروٍّ بعد النظر في كل الخيارات؛ لكن طبق قرارتك بسرعة(Nemawashi)
في تويوتا ، ال تقل أهمية طريقة التوصل إلى قرار عن أهمية جودة القرار نفسه. فتوفير الوقت والجهد بقدر كافٍ لجعل
القرار سليماً شيء إلزامي. يتضمن هذا المبدأ اإل جرائية المهمة التي يسميها اليابانيونnemawashi
:التي تعني ما يلي
اتخذ القرارات ببطء وتروٍّ ، بعد النظر في كل الخيارات، لكن طبق بسرعة. وغالباً ما تستعمل إجرائيةnemawashi
لشرح الطريقة التي يتوصل بها مجموعة من الشبان إلى إجماع عن طريق تقديم اقتراح ودراسته من جميع نواحيه دراسة
معمقة قبل تقديمه إلى اإلدارة للموافقة عليه. :المبدأ الرابع عشر
التحول إلى مؤسسة تعليمية عن طريق التأمل العميق والتفكير الطويل(hansei)
والتحسين
المستمرkaizen
. تويوتا مؤسسة تعليمية متميزة ترى أن نمط العمل الموحّد واالبتكار وجهان لعملة واح دة؛ وهي
تدمجهما معاً ليكوّنا قاطرة تندفع باستمرار الفت للنظر. وعلى سبيل المثال ، استعملت تويوتا بحكمةٍ نمط العمل الموحد
لتحويل ابتكارات األفراد وفرق العمل إلى عملية تعليمية مؤسساتية واسعة . إن فلسفة تويوتا وخبرتها تدعمان االعتقاد
السائد بأن تركيزها على اإل جرائية وعلى التحسين المستمر هما سبب جنيها للمكاسب المالية التي تسعى لها . وال يمكن
للتحسين المستمر(kaizen)
ِأن يحدث إالّ بعد أن تصل إجرائية إلى االستقرار ووحدة النمط. وعندما تَجْعَلُ اإلجرائيات
مستقرةً، وتتوفر لديك إجرائيّةٌ لجعل الهدر والعيوب مرئية للجم يع، فعندئذٍ تتاح لك الفرصة للتعلم المستمر من التحسينات
التي أجريتها. 4.2
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا 4.2
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا حسب رأيohno
المهندس الياباني الذي يقف وراء نظام إنتاج تويوتاTPS
فإن أهم أداتين يرتكز عليهما هذا النظام
ا27 حسب رأيohno
المهندس الياباني الذي يقف وراء نظام إنتاج تويوتاTPS
فإن أهم أداتين يرتكز عليهما هذا النظام
:هما27 حسب رأيohno
المهندس الياباني الذي يقف وراء نظام إنتاج تويوتاTPS
فإن أهم أداتين يرتكز عليهما هذا النظام
:هما27 اإلنتاج في الوقت المحدد: JIT
t In Time
Jus
؛ )نظام التمكين (أو األتمتة بلمسة بشريةJidoka
. )نظام التمكين (أو األتمتة بلمسة بشريةJidoka
. 35 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) نشير أن قد تم التعرض إلى هذين األداتين أثناء الحديث عن األدوات األكثر إستعماال من طرف المؤسسات على
المستوى العالمي، إال أنهما في حالة تويوتا يعتبران العمود الفقري لنظام اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى م ؤسسة تويوتا بالمقارنة مع
.باقي العناصر األخرى و هذا على حسب رأي كثير من المختصين28
( و في الجدول2
) سنحاول تقديم مقارنة بين شتركة تويوتا و أهم الشركات األمريكية فيما يتعلق بالدور الذي تلعبه هذين
األداتينJIT
وJidoka
: جدول رقم(
02
): دورJIT
وJidoka
في شرك
ة تويوتا
المؤسسات
الوقت الالزم لتركيب
)سيارة واحدة (ساعة
المقارنة بــــ تويوتا
Toyota
عدد العيوب في كل
1000
وحدة
المقارنة بــــ تويوتا
Toyota
Toyota
21,83
-
196
-
Daimler Chrysler
28,04
+ 28%
311
+ 58%
General Motors
24,44
+ 12%
264
+ 35%
Ford
26,14
6%
+
287
+ 46% .2016 ،143مرجع سبق ذكره، ص ،ع. بن وارث و أ. جابة :المصدر فمن خالل الجدول السابق يتبين
التفوق الواضح لشركة تويوتا على أكبر
منافسيها (Big Three)
حيث أن تركيب
سيارة واحدة فيها يحتاج إلى 21 ساعة عمل أي بثالث ساعات أقل
من شركة General Motorsو 5 ساعات أقل
مقارنة
بشركةFord
بينما تحتاج
هذه العملية إلى زمن أطول في شركة Daimer Chrysler يقدر بأكثر من 7
ساعات من ذلك المحقق في شركة تويوتا. كما أن نسبة المعيب في شركة تويوتا تقل
بـــــ35
%
مقارنة بشركة
General Motors
و%46
أقل من تلك المحققة في شرك في
Fordبينما تقدر نسبة العيوب في شركة Daimer
Chrysler
بأكثر من
℅
58
مقارنة بشركة
.تويوتا 3
. 4.2
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا :الصعوبات التي واجهت منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة في كنتيجة ألزمة شركة تويوتا
1.3
نبذة عن أزمة تويوتا أواخر سنة2009
:
تمثلت أولى بوادر األزمة التي تعرضت لها شركة تويوتا م نذ الربع األخير من عام2009
في اضطرارها إلى سحب
عدد كبير من السيارات التي تنتجها زاد عددها عن حوالي5.8
مليون سيارة بتكلفة تقدر بحوالي5.5
مليار دوالر
أمريكي أي ما يعادل500
،مليار ين ياباني حسب تقديرات (كوهي تاكاهاشي) المحلل المالي في بنك مورجن فريمان
وذل ك بسبب التكاليف المتعلقة بسحب السيارات المعيبة من األسواق و إصالحها و التسويات القضائية المقامة ضد
.الشركة، و هو ما كان له سلبيات خطيرة على ثقة عمالئها و مبيعاتها و مركزها التنافسي في السوق29
2.3
:أسباب أزمة تويوتا
ال شك أن سبب األزمة الرئيسي في شركة تويوتا
هو وجود أخطاء تصميمية و تصنيعية وقعت في بعض السيارات التي
:تنتجها شركة تويوتا يمكن إيجازها باختصار في النقاط التالية30
سوء تركيب الغطاء المبطن للسيارات، مما يجعل دواسة الوقود تعلق في ذلك الغطاء أحيانا. و هذه المشكلة كانت
السبب في أولى عمليات سحب السيارات م
ن األسواق؛
عيب تصنيعي في مكابح بعض السيارات الهجينة التي تعمل بالوقود و الكهرباء في الوقت نفسه؛
خلل في نظام المقود بسيارات كوروال، و هي أكثر موديالت تويوتا مبيعا، و كذلك سيارات كامري؛
تسرب في أنابيب الوقود تسبب في إسترجاع مليون سيارة بالواليات المتحدة و ال.يابان 3
. :الصعوبات التي واجهت منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة في كنتيجة ألزمة شركة تويوتا
1.3
نبذة عن أزمة تويوتا أواخر سنة2009
:
تمثلت أولى بوادر األزمة التي تعرضت لها شركة تويوتا م نذ الربع األخير من عام2009
في اضطرارها إلى سحب
عدد كبير من السيارات التي تنتجها زاد عددها عن حوالي5.8
مليون سيارة بتكلفة تقدر بحوالي5.5
مليار دوالر
أمريكي أي ما يعادل500
،مليار ين ياباني حسب تقديرات (كوهي تاكاهاشي) المحلل المالي في بنك مورجن فريمان
وذل ك بسبب التكاليف المتعلقة بسحب السيارات المعيبة من األسواق و إصالحها و التسويات القضائية المقامة ضد
.الشركة، و هو ما كان له سلبيات خطيرة على ثقة عمالئها و مبيعاتها و مركزها التنافسي في السوق29
2.3
:أسباب أزمة تويوتا ال شك أن سبب األزمة الرئيسي في شركة تويوتا
هو وجود أخطاء تصميمية و تصنيعية وقعت في بعض السيارات التي
:تنتجها شركة تويوتا يمكن إيجازها باختصار في النقاط التالية30
سوء تركيب الغطاء المبطن للسيارات، مما يجعل دواسة الوقود تعلق في ذلك الغطاء أحيانا. 4.2
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا و هذه المشكلة كانت
السبب في أولى عمليات سحب السيارات م
ن األسواق؛
عيب تصنيعي في مكابح بعض السيارات الهجينة التي تعمل بالوقود و الكهرباء في الوقت نفسه؛
خلل في نظام المقود بسيارات كوروال، و هي أكثر موديالت تويوتا مبيعا، و كذلك سيارات كامري؛
ل
لا
ل
ل
ل
أ 36 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) مشكلة السجاد األرضي حيث يلتصق السجاد األرضي القابل للنزع أحيانا بدواسة السرعة و يشد عليها متسببا في
استمرار سير السيارة رغم الفرملة مما تسبب في حوادث مميتة في الواليات المتحدة كان أهمها موت04
أشخاص من
عائلة واحدة في كاليفورنيا على متن سيارة كوروال سنة2010
. 3.3
:إنعكاسات األزمة على أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا
من المالحظ أن أغلب السيارات التي تم سحبها ووجد بها عيوب فنية هي سيارات مصنعة خارج اليابان. األمر الذي
يطرح عدة تساؤالت عن األسباب الخفية التي تقع وراء حدوث أزمة تويوتا أواخر2009
و ا لتي مازالت إنعكاساتها
مستمرة إلى اليوم. و من التداعيات الخطيرة التي باتت تواجه أسلوب اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا يمكن حصرها في
:النقاط التالية31 مشكلة السجاد األرضي حيث يلتصق السجاد األرضي القابل للنزع أحيانا بدواسة السرعة و يشد عليها متسببا في
استمرار سير السيارة رغم الفرملة مما تسبب في حوادث مميتة في الواليات المتحدة كان أهمها موت04
أشخاص من
عائلة واحدة في كاليفورنيا على متن سيارة كوروال سنة2010
. 1.3.3
عدم قابلية نقل ثقافة الكايزن
)(التحسين المستمر
:إلى خارج اليابان وفق منظور الثقافة اليابانية فقد يكون
السبب هو عدم قدرة شركة تويوتا على نقل ثقافة و مفهوم الكايزن الشهير "متراكمة التحسينات المستمرة" خارج بلدها
األم، فالكايزن هو الذي منح شركة تويوتا الريادة العالمية في الجودة، حيث توسعت نشاطات الشركة و افتتحت عدة
مصانع تابعة لها خارج اليابان بلغ عددها42
مصن ع، و تشغل فيها عمالة غير يابانية، و هي عمالة غير عارفة أو
ملمة بمفهوم الكايزن الذي تقوم عليه جودة منتجات تويوتا. خصوصا و أن لدى هذه العمالة ثقافات مختلفة عن الثقافة
اليابانية. إذ كان يلزم لشكرة تويوتا أن ترسخ ذلك المفهوم في عقول عمالها األجانب تالفيا للخلل
الذي حدث لجودة
.منتجاتها، خاصة و أن مفهوم الكايزن كان وراء الميزة التنافسية التي تحوز عليها تويوتا
2.3.3
األتمتة المبالغ فيها في مصانع و منتجات
:تويوتا
ففي منتجات تويوتا مثال توجد حوالي70
رقاقة إلكترونية
من رقائق الكمبيوتر في سيارات تويوتا األكثر مبيعا ت عالج المعلومات و ترسلها عبر شرائح أخرى إلى إدارة التحكم في
المحرك و بالتالي فهي على درجة كبيرة من التعقيد. 4.2
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا و قد طغى هذا التطور التكنولوجي الكبير على مفهوم الكايزن حيث
أن مفهوم الكايزن منذ المراحل األولى لتصنيع أجزاء السيارة وصوال إلى مرحلة تجميعها ال يعطي صورة كاملة لكيفية
عمل المحرك اإللكتروني و بالتالي معالجة مفهوم السالمة. و هنا يجب التنويه إلى أن الشركة تفتقر إلى العامل البشري
الذي لديه رؤية شاملة ألجزاء المحرك و كيفية تفاعلها بعضها مع بعض. و قد طرح وجود مشاكل فنية في سيارات
تويوتا تساؤالت أخرى عن مدى ف
عالية دوائر مراقبة الجودة في شركة تويوتا،
و هو ما يفرض بالتالي على تويوتا إيجاد
مفهوم آخر مكمل لمفهوم الكايزن. "لذا يجب على تويوتا أن تعمل على إيجاد نظام جديد "يجمع بين اإلنسان و اآللة
(
Jidoka
جديد) يتمم فلسفة الكايزن يتعامل مع الصورة الكاملة لنظام سالمة
المحركات بدال من النظر من منظور
.ضيق يقتصر على معالجة األجزاء الصغيرة
3.3.3
:إبتعاد تويوتا عن منهج القيمة التي تعتمده فلسفتها اإلدارية الرشيقة و يتضح ذلك من خالل ضعف إهتمام
الشركة بعمالئها و يتضح ذلك من خالل ما قاله ريوزو يوشيكاوا، أستاذ إدارة التصنيع في ":جامعة طوكيو حين قال
اصبحت تويوتا مفتخرة للغاية بأنظمتها الصناعية، و بمفاهيمها مث"ل "التطوير المستمر أو الكايزن و "اإلنتاج في الوقت
المناسب
just in time
مما أدى إلى شعورها بالكبر، لقد نسيت أهم شيء أال و هو العمالء . و يتضح ذلك من خالل
ضعف التوجه السوقي للش ركة الذي يركز على حاجات و رغبات العمالء و تبنيها بشكل أكبر للتوجه اإلنتاجي الذي
يركز على كم و جودة المنتجات. و في هذا الصدد علق بعض اإلقتصاديين بمناسبة أزمة شركة تويوتا بأنه يخشى أن
تصبح الشركة مولعة بالهندسة المتطورة لدرجة أنها تهمل نقاطا تروق للمستهلكين .مث ل التصميم و سهولة اإلستخدام 1.3.3
عدم قابلية نقل ثقافة الكايزن
)(التحسين المستمر
:إلى خارج اليابان وفق منظور الثقافة اليابانية فقد يكون
السبب هو عدم قدرة شركة تويوتا على نقل ثقافة و مفهوم الكايزن الشهير "متراكمة التحسينات المستمرة" خارج بلدها
األم، فالكايزن هو الذي منح شركة تويوتا الريادة العالمية في الجودة، حيث توسعت نشاطات الشركة و افتتحت عدة
مصانع تابعة لها خارج اليابان بلغ عددها42
مصن ع، و تشغل فيها عمالة غير يابانية، و هي عمالة غير عارفة أو
ملمة بمفهوم الكايزن الذي تقوم عليه جودة منتجات تويوتا. خصوصا و أن لدى هذه العمالة ثقافات مختلفة عن الثقافة
اليابانية. قـــــــــائـــــمة الـــــــــمراجـــــــــع:
:مراجع باللغة العربية 2
-
،جاسم رغد
،جمال (
2006
،)
انعكاس منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة
على م
مارسات ادرة
الموارد البشرية بحث ميداني في
شركات
التصالت
في العراق)
،زين اسيا
ل سي(
،دراسة مستلة من رسالة
،ماجستير مجلة العلوم االقتصادية
،واإلدارية المجلد :
22
.، ع94
. 3
-
الهشلمون ياسمين حاتم
( ،
2007
،)
أثر تطبيق مرتكزات التصنيع الرشيق في استراتيجيات الميزة التنافسية في شركات صناعة األدوية
األردنية، رسالة
،ماجستير جامعة
الشرق األوسط. 3
-
الهشلمون ياسمين حاتم
( ،
2007
،)
أثر تطبيق مرتكزات التصنيع الرشيق في استراتيجيات الميزة التنافسية في شركات صناعة األدوية
األردنية، رسالة
،ماجستير جامعة
الشرق األوسط. أأ
4
-
وارث،
عبد
،الرحمن
،وجابة
( ،أحمد2006
،)
دور
المؤسسات اإلنتاجية في تطبيق أسلوب الغدارة الرشيقة دراسة ميدانية
على
المؤسسات الصيدلنية بالج
زائر ، مجلة العلوم
،االقتصادية المجلد
17
ع. 2
. 5
(ال
ف ال ال
ا
ال2009
)إ ا ة أز
تا ف
ة ت
إ ت ات
ا ة ت ل ل ة
ك ة
ق األ
ال
ت ا ف
لة 4
-
وارث،
عبد
،الرحمن
،وجابة
( ،أحمد2006
،)
دور
المؤسسات اإلنتاجية في تطبيق أسلوب الغدارة الرشيقة دراسة ميدانية
على
المؤسسات الصيدلنية بالج
زائر ، مجلة العلوم
،االقتصادية المجلد
17
ع. 2
. 5
-
( ،عبد الرحمان يوسف العالي، محمود صالح2009
،)إستراتيجية تويوتا في إدارة أزم
تها في السوق األمريكية: دراسة تحليلية ،
مجلة
الملك سعود، مجلد22
.، العلوم اإلدارية1
.، الرياض
6
-
اصفاد مرتضى
،سعيد مستويات تطبيق انشطة نظام النتاج الرشيق في المنظمات: دراسة حاله في شركة الزوراء العامة، الكلية التقنية اا 4
وارث،
عبد
،الرحمن
،وجابة
( ،أحمد2006
،)
دور
المؤسسات اإلنتاجية في تطبيق أسلوب الغدارة الرشيقة دراسة ميدانية
على
المؤسسات الصيدلنية بالج
زائر ، مجلة العلوم
،االقتصادية المجلد
17
ع. 2
. 5
-
( ،عبد الرحمان يوسف العالي، محمود صالح2009
،)إستراتيجية تويوتا في إدارة أزم
تها في السوق األمريكية: دراسة تحليلية ،
مجلة
الملك سعود، مجلد22
.، العلوم اإلدارية1
.، الرياض إ
6
-
اصفاد مرتضى
،سعيد مستويات تطبيق انشطة نظام النتاج الرشيق في المنظمات: دراسة حاله في شركة الزوراء العامة، الكلية التقنية
،االدارية مجلة كلية بغداد للعلوم االقتصا،دية العدد 27
، جامعة
،بغداد
،العراق 2011 :خــاتمة و رأينا أيضا أنه بسبب األزمة التي وقعت فيها تويوتا أواخر سنة2009
تراجعت هذه الشركة إلى المركز
الثالث من حيث المبيعات لسبب أرجعه بعض المختصين إلى خصائص الثقافة اليابانية التي لم تستطع التأقلم مع
الخصائص الثقافية لعمالها ف ي الخارج و هو ما قوض نوعا ما نجاح أسلوب تويوتا اإلداري في النجاح على األقل خارج
.اليابان ين
ب
ر
ج يع
قر
به ه
ين
ي
جو
ج ه
ه
و
أما من ناحية الممارسات فقد تطرقنا إلى حالة شركة تويوتا أين تعرفنا على نظامها اإلنتاجي المعروف بـــ TPS
و
أهم األدوات التي تستعملها تويوتا في إدارتها الرشيقة و كذا أهم المبادئ التي تقوم عليها هذه اإلدارة و كيف جعلت من
شركة تويوتا إحدى أهم شركات تصنيع السارات في العالم سنة2007
محتلة بذلك المرتبة األولى لمدة فاقت03
سنوات. و رأينا أيضا أنه بسبب األزمة التي وقعت فيها تويوتا أواخر سنة2009
تراجعت هذه الشركة إلى المركز
الثالث من حيث المبيعات لسبب أرجعه بعض المختصين إلى خصائص الثقافة اليابانية التي لم تستطع التأقلم مع
الخصائص الثقافية لعمالها ف ي الخارج و هو ما قوض نوعا ما نجاح أسلوب تويوتا اإلداري في النجاح على األقل خارج
.اليابان 4.2
:أهم أدوات اإلدارة الرشيقة لدى شركة تويوتا إذ كان يلزم لشكرة تويوتا أن ترسخ ذلك المفهوم في عقول عمالها األجانب تالفيا للخلل
الذي حدث لجودة
.منتجاتها، خاصة و أن مفهوم الكايزن كان وراء الميزة التنافسية التي تحوز عليها تويوتا 3.3.3
:إبتعاد تويوتا عن منهج القيمة التي تعتمده فلسفتها اإلدارية الرشيقة و يتضح ذلك من خالل ضعف إهتمام
الشركة بعمالئها و يتضح ذلك من خالل ما قاله ريوزو يوشيكاوا، أستاذ إدارة التصنيع في ":جامعة طوكيو حين قال
اصبحت تويوتا مفتخرة للغاية بأنظمتها الصناعية، و بمفاهيمها مث"ل "التطوير المستمر أو الكايزن و "اإلنتاج في الوقت
المناسب
just in time
مما أدى إلى شعورها بالكبر، لقد نسيت أهم شيء أال و هو العمالء . و يتضح ذلك من خالل
ضعف التوجه السوقي للش ركة الذي يركز على حاجات و رغبات العمالء و تبنيها بشكل أكبر للتوجه اإلنتاجي الذي
يركز على كم و جودة المنتجات. و في هذا الصدد علق بعض اإلقتصاديين بمناسبة أزمة شركة تويوتا بأنه يخشى أن
تصبح الشركة مولعة بالهندسة المتطورة لدرجة أنها تهمل نقاطا تروق للمستهلكين .مث ل التصميم و سهولة اإلستخدام 37 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) :خــاتمة وأخيراً إذا كان ثمة ما نتعلمه من تويوتا ، فهو أهمية ابتكار نظامٍ، والتمسك به، وتحسينه. لقد بُنِي أسلوب تويوتا
عمداً من األسفل إلى األعلى، انطالقاً من فلسفةٍ، وهذه الفلسفة تبدأ بكبار مسؤوليها اإلداريين، الذين ي جب أن يكون
ًهدفهم بناء مشروع يوفر، على المدى الطويل، قيمة استثنائية للزبائن والمجتمع . ويتطلب هذا تفكيراً عميقاً واستمرارا
.للقيادة على المدى الطويل . وقد نستغرق عقوداً في وضع األساس للقيام بتغيير جذري لثقافة الشركة لقد حاولنا من
خالل
هذه الدراسة
اإللمام بمختلف
المفاهيم المتعلقة بفلسفة
اإلدارة الرشيقة كنظام حديث
إلدارة اإلنتاج
،والعمليات
والمبادئ التي يق
وم
،عليها
وتقديم األدوات والتقنيات المنهجية المتبعة في تطبيق هذا
،النظام حيث تسمح
هذه الطريقة
في مجملها بالقضاء على كل مصادر التبذير
وزيادة القيمة المنتظ
رة من الزبائن في المنتج
،النهائي وتقديم أفضل
المنتجات التي تتوافق تماما مع
متطلباتهم من حيث
،الجودة
،السعر وآجال
،التسليم لتحقيق هذا تقوم المؤسسات
بالتحسين المستمر لجميع
طرق عملها بهدف التحسين في
جودة منتجاتها وخدماتها. وأخيراً إذا كان ثمة ما نتعلمه من تويوتا ، فهو أهمية ابتكار نظامٍ، والتمسك به، وتحسينه. لقد بُنِي أسلوب تويوتا
عمداً من األسفل إلى األعلى، انطالقاً من فلسفةٍ، وهذه الفلسفة تبدأ بكبار مسؤوليها اإلداريين، الذين ي جب أن يكون
ًهدفهم بناء مشروع يوفر، على المدى الطويل، قيمة استثنائية للزبائن والمجتمع . ويتطلب هذا تفكيراً عميقاً واستمرارا
.للقيادة على المدى الطويل . وقد نستغرق عقوداً في وضع األساس للقيام بتغيير جذري لثقافة الشركة لقد حاولنا من
خالل
هذه الدراسة
اإللمام بمختلف
المفاهيم المتعلقة بفلسفة
اإلدارة الرشيقة كنظام حديث
إلدارة اإلنتاج
،والعمليات
والمبادئ التي يق
وم
،عليها
وتقديم األدوات والتقنيات المنهجية المتبعة في تطبيق هذا
،النظام حيث تسمح
هذه الطريقة
في مجملها بالقضاء على كل مصادر التبذير
وزيادة القيمة المنتظ
رة من الزبائن في المنتج
،النهائي وتقديم أفضل
المنتجات التي تتوافق تماما مع
متطلباتهم من حيث
،الجودة
،السعر وآجال
،التسليم لتحقيق هذا تقوم المؤسسات
بالتحسين المستمر لجميع
طرق عملها بهدف التحسين في
جودة منتجاتها وخدماتها. أما من ناحية الممارسات فقد تطرقنا إلى حالة شركة تويوتا أين تعرفنا على نظامها اإلنتاجي المعروف بـــ TPS
و
أهم األدوات التي تستعملها تويوتا في إدارتها الرشيقة و كذا أهم المبادئ التي تقوم عليها هذه اإلدارة و كيف جعلت من
شركة تويوتا إحدى أهم شركات تصنيع السارات في العالم سنة2007
محتلة بذلك المرتبة األولى لمدة فاقت03
سنوات. قـــــــــائـــــمة الـــــــــمراجـــــــــع:
:مراجع باللغة العربية :مراجع باللغة العربية
1
-
احمد المكي،
،محمد(
2009
)م ، هل يمكن لستة سيجما الرشيقة ان تساعد في تحسين أداء القطاع العام في ال
عالم العربي، المؤتمر
الدولي للتنمية التجارية: نحو أداء متميز في القطاع
،الحكومي معهد اإلدارة
،العامة السعودية . 2
-
،جاسم رغد
،جمال (
2006
،)
انعكاس منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة
على م
مارسات ادرة
الموارد البشرية بحث ميداني في
شركات
التصالت
في العراق)
،زين اسيا
ل سي(
،دراسة مستلة من رسالة
،ماجستير مجلة العلوم االقتصادية
،واإلدارية المجلد :
22
.، ع94
. 3
-
الهشلمون ياسمين حاتم
( ،
2007
،)
أثر تطبيق مرتكزات التصنيع الرشيق في استراتيجيات الميزة التنافسية في شركات صناعة األدوية
األردنية، رسالة
،ماجستير جامعة
الشرق األوسط. 4
-
وارث،
عبد
،الرحمن
،وجابة
( ،أحمد2006
،)
دور
المؤسسات اإلنتاجية في تطبيق أسلوب الغدارة الرشيقة دراسة ميدانية
على
المؤسسات الصيدلنية بالج
زائر ، مجلة العلوم
،االقتصادية المجلد
17
ع. 2
. 5
-
( ،عبد الرحمان يوسف العالي، محمود صالح2009
،)إستراتيجية تويوتا في إدارة أزم
تها في السوق األمريكية: دراسة تحليلية ،
مجلة
الملك سعود، مجلد22
.، العلوم اإلدارية1
.، الرياض
6
-
اصفاد مرتضى
،سعيد مستويات تطبيق انشطة نظام النتاج الرشيق في المنظمات: دراسة حاله في شركة الزوراء العامة، الكلية التقنية
،االدارية مجلة كلية بغداد للعلوم االقتصا،دية العدد 27
، جامعة
،بغداد
،العراق 2011 1
-
احمد المكي،
،محمد(
2009
)م ، هل يمكن لستة سيجما الرشيقة ان تساعد في تحسين أداء القطاع العام في ال
عالم العربي، المؤتمر
الدولي للتنمية التجارية: نحو أداء متميز في القطاع
،الحكومي معهد اإلدارة
،العامة السعودية . 1
-
احمد المكي،
،محمد(
2009
)م ، هل يمكن لستة سيجما الرشيقة ان تساعد في تحسين أداء القطاع العام في ال
عالم العربي، المؤتمر
الدولي للتنمية التجارية: نحو أداء متميز في القطاع
،الحكومي معهد اإلدارة
،العامة السعودية . 2
-
،جاسم رغد
،جمال (
2006
،)
انعكاس منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة
على م
مارسات ادرة
الموارد البشرية بحث ميداني في
شركات
التصالت
في العراق)
،زين اسيا
ل سي(
،دراسة مستلة من رسالة
،ماجستير مجلة العلوم االقتصادية
،واإلدارية المجلد :
22
.، ع94
. 3
-الهشلمون
ياسمين
حاتم( ،
2007
،)أثر
تطبيق
مرتكزات
التصنيع
الرشيق
ف
استراتيجيات
الميزة
التنافسية
ف
شركات
صناعة األدوية 1
ي
(
2009
)م
هل ي ن
يج ا ر ي ان
ي ين أ اء ع
ا م
ا ي ا
م ا ربي ؤ ر
الدولي للتنمية التجارية: نحو أداء متميز في القطاع
،الحكومي معهد اإلدارة
،العامة السعودية . :مراجع باللغة األجنبية 1- Beauvallet, Godefroy. Houy,Thomas :(2009). adoption des pratiques de gestionlean: casdes
entreprises industriellesfrancaises. revue francaise de gestion. 38 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) 2- Michalaska, J.,&Szewieczek, D. :(2007): Study of 6s Concept and its Effect on Industry,
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol. (24), No. (2), PP. (211-214). 3- Ewa Leseure, Zajkowska, Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les
Petites et Moyennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus, thèse présentée en vue d’obtenir
le grade de docteur, université Lille, 2012. 4- Mohamed Amine Benhaddad, Mohamed Amine Belkacem, Contribution à l’amélioration du temps de cycle du processus de service Surface Well Test, Mémoire Fin d’Etudes d’Ingénieur en Génie
Industriel, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d’Alger, 2013. 5- Patrick Badets, Veronique Pilniere, Christophe Merlo, Démarche Lean : vers une approche de la
performance qui intègre le fonctionnement de l'Homme au travail, PROJECTICs, HAL, Bidart, France,
2014. 6- Kingston.J, « A crisis made in Japan », Wall street Journal, Eastern Edition, New York, 6/2/2010. 7- Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to
Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press. 8- Sparrow, Paul &Otaye , Lilian, (2014), Lean management and HR function capability: the role of
HR architecture and the location of intellectual capital, The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, Vol.(25), No.(21). اق
انت ن 7- Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to
Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press. 8- Sparrow, Paul &Otaye , Lilian, (2014), Lean management and HR function capability: the role of Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press. 8- Sparrow, Paul &Otaye , Lilian, (2014), Lean management and HR function capability: the role of
HR architecture and the location of intellectual capital, The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, Vol.(25), No.(21). مواقع :انترنيت
www.toyota.com
bbc.com
www. www.Wikipedia.org مواقع :انترنيت
www.toyota.com
bbc.com
www. www.Wikipedia.org 3 Ewa Leseure, Zajkowska, Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les
Petites et Moyennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus, thèse présentée en vue d’obtenir
le grade de docteur, université Lille, 2012.
4 a eseu e, aj o s a, Co t but o à
p a tat o de a
ét ode ea S S g a da s es
Petites et Moyennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus, thèse présentée en vue d’obtenir
le grade de docteur, université Lille, 2012. 4 Ibid. 5 Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to 5 Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to
Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press, p.2. 5 Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to
Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press, p.2. 6 Patrick Badets, Veronique Pilniere, Christophe Merlo, Démarche Lean : vers une approche de la
performance qui intègre le fonctionnement de l'Homme au travail, PROJECTICs, HAL, Bidart,
France,p.11, 2014. Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity pr 6 Patrick Badets, Veronique Pilniere, Christophe Merlo, Démarche Lean : vers une approche de la
performance qui intègre le fonctionnement de l'Homme au travail, PROJECTICs, HAL, Bidart,
France,p.11, 2014. 39 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 اإلحالت و الهوامش: 1 Mohamed Amine Benhaddad, Mohamed Amine Belkacem, Contribution à l’amélioration du temps de
cycle du processus de service Surface Well Test, Mémoire Fin d’Etudes d’Ingénieur en Génie
Industriel, Ecole Nationale Polytechnique d’Alger, 2013, p.28. 2 Ibid. 3 Ewa Leseure, Zajkowska, Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) 7 Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to
Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press. 8
،وارث عبد
،الرحمن
،وجابة
( ،أحمد2006
،)
دور المؤسسات اإلنتاجية في تطبيق أسلوب الغدارة الرشيقة دراسة ميدانية
على المؤسسات
الصيدلنية بالجزائر ، مجلة العلوم
،االقتصادية المجلد17
ع. 2
:، ص147
. 7 Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehensive Guide to
Lean Methodologies and Management Practices, Taylor and Francis Group, productivity press. 8
،وارث عبد
،الرحمن
،وجابة
( ،أحمد2006
،)
دور المؤسسات اإلنتاجية في تطبيق أسلوب الغدارة الرشيقة دراسة ميدانية
على المؤسسات
الصيدلنية بالجزائر ، مجلة العلوم
،االقتصادية المجلد17
ع. 2
:، ص147
. 9 Ewa Leseure, Zajkowska, Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les
Petites et Moyennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus, thèse présentée en vue d’obtenir
le grade de docteur, université Lille, 2012. 21www.bbc.com
22www.toyota.com 23 Nicholas, John, (2010), Lean Production for Competitive Advantage: A Comprehens 5
2 اصفاد مرتضى
،سعيد مس تويات تطبيق انشطة نظام النتاج الرشيق في المنظمات: دراسة حاله في شركة الزوراء
،العامة الكلية التقنية
،االدارية مجلة كلية بغداد للعلوم
،االقتصادية الع
دد 27
، جامعة
،بغداد
،العراق 2011
.، ص184
6
2
الهشلمون ياسمين حاتم
( ،
2017
،)
أثر تطبيق مرتكزات
التصنيع الرشي
ق
في استراتيجيات الميزة التنافسية في
شركات
صناعة األدوية
،األردنية رسالة
،ماجستير جامعة
الشرق
:األوسط، ص14
. 7
2
.نفس المرجع السابق 28 Sparrow, Paul &Otaye , Lilian, (2014), Lean management and HR function capability: the role of HR
architecture and the location of intellectual capital, The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, Vol.(25), No.(21). architecture and the location of intellectual capital, The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, Vol.(25), No.(21). 29 Beauvallet, Godefroy. Houy,Thomas :(2009). adoption des pratiques de gestionl 29 Beauvallet, Godefroy. Houy,Thomas :(2009). adoption des pratiques de gestionlean: casdes
t
i
i d
t i ll
f
i
f
i
d
ti
84 9 Ewa Leseure, Zajkowska, Contribution à l’implantation de la méthode Lean Six Sigma dans les
Petites et Moyennes Entreprises pour l’amélioration des processus, thèse présentée en vue d’obtenir
le grade de docteur, université Lille, 2012. 10 Michalaska, J.,&Szewieczek, D. :(2007): Study of 6s Concept and its Effect on Industry,
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol. (24), No. (2), PP. (211-214). 1
1 بن وارث و أ. جابة
، مرجع سبق ذكره
،
2016
:ص148
. 10 Michalaska, J.,&Szewieczek, D. :(2007): Study of 6s Concept and its Effect on Industry,
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research, Vol. (24), No. (2), PP. (211-214). 1
1 بن وارث و أ. جابة
، مرجع سبق ذكره
،
2016
:ص148
. 2
1 نفس المرجع السابق ،
147
. 4
1
،جاسم رغد
،جمال (
2006
،)
انعكاس منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة
على ممارسات ادرة
الموارد البشرية بحث ميداني في
شركات
التصالت
في العراق) زي،ن اسيا سيل،
( دراسة مستلة من رسالة
،ماجستير مجلة العلوم االقتصادية
،واإلدارية المجلد :
22
.، ع94
:، ص7
. 5
1 ب ، ن وارث و أ. جابة، مرجع سبق ذكره2016
:ص148
. 4
1
،جاسم رغد
،جمال (
2006
،)
انعكاس منهج اإلدارة الرشيقة
على ممارسات ادرة
الموارد البشرية بحث ميداني في
شركات
التصالت
في العراق) زي،ن اسيا سيل،
( دراسة مستلة من رسالة
،ماجستير مجلة العلوم االقتصادية
،واإلدارية المجلد :
22
.، ع94
:، ص7
. 5
1 ب ، ن وارث و أ. جابة، مرجع سبق ذكره2016
:ص148
. 16 Beauvallet, Godefroy. Houy,Thomas :(2009). adoption des pratiques de gestionlean: cas des
entreprises industriellesfrancaises. revue francaise de gestion, p.84. 17 Ibid. يج
و
و
9
1 عبد الرحما( ،ن يوسف العالي، محمود صالح2011
،)إستراتيجية تويوتا في إدارة أزمتها في السوق األمريكية: دراسة تحليلية ، مجلة
الملك سعود، مجلد22
.، العلوم اإلدارية1
،الرياض:، ص72
. 0
2 موسوعة ويكيبيديا ،
2018
. 28 Sparrow, Paul &Otaye , Lilian, (2014), Lean management and HR function capability: the role of HR
hit
t
d th
l
ti
f i t ll
t
l
it l
Th
I t
ti
l J
l
f H
R Sparrow, Paul &Otaye , Lilian, (2014), Lean management and HR function capability: the role of HR
architecture and the location of intellectual capital, The International Journal of Human Resource
Management, Vol.(25), No.(21). Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) 32 Kingston.J, « A crisis made in Japan », Wall street Journal, Eastern Edition, New York, 6 1
3
.نفس المرجع السابق
32 Kingston.J, « A crisis made in Japan », Wall street Journal, Eastern Edition, New York, 6/2/2010. Godefroy. Houy,Thomas :(2009). adoption des pratiques de gestionlean: casdes entreprises industriellesfrancaises. revue francaise de gestion, p.84. أ 0
3
( ،عبد الرحمان يوسف العالي، محمود صالح2009
،)إستراتيجية تويوتا في إدارة أزمتها في السوق األمريكية: دراسة تحليلية ، مجلة
،الملك سعود مجلد22
.، العلوم اإلدارية1
،، الرياض
:ص.ص74
-
76
. 0
3
( ،عبد الرحمان يوسف العالي، محمود صالح2009
،)إستراتيجية تويوتا في إدارة أزمتها في السوق األمريكية: دراسة تحليلية ، مجلة
،الملك سعود مجلد22
.، العلوم اإلدارية1
،، الرياض
:ص.ص74
-
76
. 40 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 E ISSN: 2710-8511 1
3
.نفس المرجع السابق
32 Kingston.J, « A crisis made in Japan », Wall street Journal, Eastern Edition, New York, 6/2/2010. « A crisis made in Japan », Wall street Journal, Eastern Edition, New York, 6/2/2010. 41 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 Journal of Economic Growth and Entrepreneurship Vol. 2, No. 1, 21-41(2019) 42 JEGE ISSN: 2710-8511 | 16,562 | https://zenodo.org/record/4476708/files/document%20%281%29.pdf | null |
Arabic | Ahmed Khamis Sulaiman Al Kharusi1*, Prof. Dr. Rosni Bin Samah2, and Prof. Dr.
Azlan Shaiful Bahaum3
1Ph.D. Candidate in Educational Administration, (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM):
[email protected]
2Prof. Dr. at the Faculty of (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM): [email protected]
3Prof. Madya Dr. at the Faculty of (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM):
[email protected]
*Corresponding Author Ahmed Khamis Sulaiman Al Kharusi1*, Prof. Dr. Rosni Bin Samah2, and Prof. Dr. Azlan Shaiful Bahaum3
1Ph.D. Candidate in Educational Administration, (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM):
[email protected]
2Prof. Dr. at the Faculty of (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM): [email protected]
3Prof. Madya Dr. at the Faculty of (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM):
[email protected]
*Corresponding Author Ahmed Khamis Sulaiman Al Kharusi1*, Prof. Dr. Rosni Bin Samah2, and Prof. Dr. Azlan Shaiful Bahaum3
1Ph.D. Candidate in Educational Administration, (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM):
[email protected]
2Prof. Dr. at the Faculty of (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM): [email protected]
3Prof. Madya Dr. at the Faculty of (FPBU), Universti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM):
[email protected]
*Corresponding Author IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 Keywords: management commitment, strategic standards, job satisfaction. Abstract This study aims to measure the degree of school administration commitment to strategic management
standards and its relationship to job satisfaction in North Al Batinah schools in the Sultanate of Oman. The
researcher adopted the quantitative descriptive approach. The study population consisted of (1100) workers
in the governorate’s schools. The random sample of the study consisted of (327) individuals according to
Stephen Thompson’s equation (2017); The researcher designed a questionnaire by making use of (15)
previous studies, which consisted of (72) phrases, distributed into (5) variables for strategic management
and one variable for job satisfaction. The apparent validity, consistency, and structural validity of the
questionnaire were confirmed, then the questionnaire's stability was confirmed by the alpha coefficient. Then
it was distributed to a pilot sample. The researcher used the following statistical methods: Pearson
consistency coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, descriptive analysis. The study reached a number of
results, including: that all strategic management axes received a high rating from the sample's point of view;
where came first the axis of evaluation, follow-up, followed by the axis of formulation of objectives third, then
the axis of implementation, and finally the axis of planning. The results also indicated that all the terms of the
job satisfaction axis got a high rating. In light of these results, the researcher recommends; the need to
continue searching for the reasons and motives that lead to the school administration's commitment to the
strategic objectives. Keywords: management commitment, strategic standards, job satisfaction. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 612 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 الملخص الملخص الملخص
تستهدف هذه
الدراسة قياس درجة التزام اإلدارة املدرسية مبعايري اإلدارة اإلسرتاتيجية وعالقتها بالرضا الوظيفي يف مدارس
مشال الباطنة بسلطنة عمان. اعتمد الباحث
املنهج الوصفي الكمي، تكون جمتمع الدراسة من العاملني مبدارس احملافظة
( وعددهم1100)، تكونت عينة
الدراسة العشوائية( من327
) رد مف( ة حسب معادلة ستيفن ثامبسون2017
)؛
( صمم الباحث استبانة باالستفادة من15
( ) دراسة سابقة، تكونت من72
( ) عبارة، توزعت على5
) متغريات لإلدارة
السرتاتيجية ومتغري واحد
ل،لرضا الوظيفي. مت التأكد من الصدق الظاهري، وصدق االتساق، والصدق البنائي لالستبانة
مث التأكد من ثبات االستبيان بواسطة معامل ألفا
. بعدها مت التوزيع على عينة استطالعية. استخدم الباحث الط رق
اإلحصائية اآل
تية
: معامل اتساق بريسون، معا
مل كرونباخ ألفا، التحليل الوصفي . Abstract وقد توصلت الدراسة اىل عدد من
:النتائج منها
أن مجيع حماور اإلدارة االسرتاتيجي
ة قد حصلت على تقدير مرتفع من وجهة نظر العينة ؛ حيث ًجاء أوال
.حمور التقييم، فاملتابعة، تاله حمور صياغة األهداف ثالثا، مث حمور التنفيذ، وأخرياً حمور التخطيط
ًكما دللت النتائج أيضا
أن مجيع عبارات حمور الرضا الوظيفي حصلت على تقدير مرتفع . ويف ضوء هذه النتائج
ي صي و الباحث؛
ضرورة استمرار
البحث عن األ
سباب والدوافع اليت تؤدي إىل
.التزام اإلدارة املدرسية باألهداف اإلسرتاتيجية
:كلمات مفتاحية.التزام اإلدارة، املعايري اإلسرتاتيجية، الرضا الوظيفي http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 1،1
المقدمة إهنا تلك اجلهود املنسقة اليت يقوم هبا مدير املدرسة مع مجيع العاملني، من معلمني وإداريني وغريهم بغية حتقيق
األهداف الرتبوية داخل املدرسة حتقيقًا يتمشى مع ما هتدف إليه األمة من تربية أ بنائها تربية صحيحة، وعلى أساس سليم
كما أن اإلدارة املدرسية تتحمل العبء األكرب يف تنفيذ العملية التعليمية جبميع جوانبها فنيًا وإداريا وهي متثل امليدان
الفعلي لتضافر جهود العاملني فيها من معلمني
وإداريني يف تسيري دفة اإلدارة (
،الغفيلي2003
.)
لقد أصبح حمور العمل يف اإلدارة يدور حول التلميذ فقط بل تعداه إىل املعلمني وكيفية توفري كل الظروف واإلمكانيات
اليت تساعد على توجيه التلميذ حنو منوه العقلي والبدين والروحي أن اإلدارة املدرسية تعمل على حتسني العملية الرتبوية
لتحقيق هذا النمو ، كما أصبح يدور أيضا حول حتقيق
األهداف االجتماعية اليت يدين هبا اجملتمع
،(أمحد2003
). وتعترب اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية هي قمة اهلرم اإلداري يف الفكر والتطبيق، وهي تطور ملفهوم التخطيط االسرتاتيجي، حيث
هتتم باحلاضر واملستقبل يف آن واحد، أي نظرة داخلية إىل اخلارج هتدف إىل اإلبداع ورفع الكفاءة ا لتشغيلية، كما أهنا
تساعد على توقع أي تغري حم
تمل يف البيئة احمليطة باملدرسة (احلريب ،
2010
). فهي طريقة يف التفكري وأسلوب يف
اإلدارة متثل منظومة من العمليات املتكاملة (التصميم، والتطبيق، والتقييم) وهي ذات العالقة بتحليل البيئة الداخلية
واخلارجية وحتليل إثر ا .ملتغريات املهمة على املدرسة لقد أصبح حمور العمل يف اإلدارة يدور حول التلميذ فقط بل تعداه إىل املعلمني وكيفية توفري كل الظروف واإلمكانيات
اليت تساعد على توجيه التلميذ حنو منوه العقلي والبدين والروحي أن اإلدارة املدرسية تعمل على حتسني العملية الرتبوية
لتحقيق هذا النمو ، كما أصبح يدور أيضا حول حتقيق
األهداف االجتماعية اليت يدين هبا اجملتمع
،(أمحد2003
). وتعترب اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية هي قمة اهلرم اإلداري يف الفكر والتطبيق، وهي تطور ملفهوم التخطيط االسرتاتيجي، حيث
هتتم باحلاضر واملستقبل يف آن واحد، أي نظرة داخلية إىل اخلارج هتدف إىل اإلبداع ورفع الكفاءة ا لتشغيلية، كما أهنا
تساعد على توقع أي تغري حم
تمل يف البيئة احمليطة باملدرسة (احلريب ،
2010
). فهي طريقة يف التفكري وأسلوب يف
اإلدارة متثل منظومة من العمليات املتكاملة (التصميم، والتطبيق، والتقييم) وهي ذات العالقة بتحليل البيئة الداخلية
واخلارجية وحتليل إثر ا .ملتغريات املهمة على املدرسة من يتأمل املمارسة اإلدارية الرتبوية يف جمتمعنا يلمح قصور التزام ممارسة مثل هذا النوع من أمناط اإلدارة، أال وهو اإلدارة
االسرتاتيجية، بل يكاد بعض املديرين مل يسمع عنه بعد (
،الغفيلي2003
). 1،1
المقدمة تتسابق التطورات العلمية لتحل مشكالت العامل، وتوفر قدرات هائلة لتقدمي خدمات جديدة ومتطورة مل يكن اإلنسان
حيلم هبا. الدول ذاهتا تتحالف يف تكتالت إقليمية هتدف إىل زيادة القدرة التنافسية يف مواجهة تكتالت أخرى، فالكل
يف سباق خطري سالحه العلم والتكنولوجيا، واإلدارة اجليدة، فالقاسم املشرتك والعامل احلاسم يف التنافس ال شديد وغري
املسبوق بني املنظمات هو اإلدارة احلديثة واملبنية على العلم والبحث املوضوعي عن سبل استخدام املوارد لتحقيق
األهداف (
،حممد
2015
). إن السعي لتحقيق التنمية للمجتمع واالرتفاع بكفاءة األفراد، إمنا يتوقف على كفاءة اإلدارة للوصول إىل رضا العاملني
ومدى ،أخذها باألساليب العلمية املتطورة يف حل املشكالت وختطيط وتنظيم األداء. فاإلدارة تعترب أداة تطوير للمجتمع
تعمل على تقدمه ورفاهيته باستغالل الطاقات املتوافرة يف االجتاه املرغوب فيه إىل أقصى مدى ممكن. وهي العنصر احلاسم
اآلن يف تقدم األمم، واملدير هو العقل امل دبر والفكر املستنري لتوجيه األنشطة مبا يعود على مؤسسته واجملتمع ككل باخلري
والتقدم، ففي العصر احلايل تصبح وظيفة اإلدارة حيوية وهامة يف مواكبة التطورات، واملتغريات، واستثمارها بتوظيف
التطور العلمي وال
تكنولوجي يف حتقيق رغبات اجملتمع (
،فهد
2015
). والنظام الرت بوي التعليمي كغريه من األنظمة احلياتية املختلفة حيتاج إىل إدارة، ولكي حتقق الرتبية مثارها، فإهنا حتتاج إىل http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 إدارة فاعلة تنظم نشاطاهتا وتنسق جهود أفرادها من أجل حتقيق األهداف املرجوة. وعلى ذلك فإن اإلدارة التعليمية هي
جمموعة من العمليات املتشابكة اليت تتكامل فيما بينها سواء يف داخل املنظمة أو بينها وبني نفسها لتحقيق األغرا
الرتبوية (
،الكساسبة
2009
). أما اإلدارة املدرسية فهي ما يبذله مدير املدرسة من جهود بناءة، وتعاون مثمر لتهيئة املناخ املناسب لرفع كفاءة املعلمني
وحتقيق رضاهم الوظيفي وتوجيه نشاطهم مبا ميكنهم
من تربية الطالب ودفع العملية التعليمية إىل األمام، لتحقيق أهداف
املدرسة. إهنا تلك اجلهود املنسقة اليت يقوم هبا مدير املدرسة مع مجيع العاملني، من معلمني وإداريني وغريهم بغية حتقيق
األهداف الرتبوية داخل املدرسة حتقيقًا يتمشى مع ما هتدف إليه األمة من تربية أ بنائها تربية صحيحة، وعلى أساس سليم
كما أن اإلدارة املدرسية تتحمل العبء األكرب يف تنفيذ العملية التعليمية جبميع جوانبها فنيًا وإداريا وهي متثل امليدان
الفعلي لتضافر جهود العاملني فيها من معلمني
وإداريني يف تسيري دفة اإلدارة (
،الغفيلي2003
.) أما اإلدارة املدرسية فهي ما يبذله مدير املدرسة من جهود بناءة، وتعاون مثمر لتهيئة املناخ املناسب لرفع كفاءة املعلمني
وحتقيق رضاهم الوظيفي وتوجيه نشاطهم مبا ميكنهم
من تربية الطالب ودفع العملية التعليمية إىل األمام، لتحقيق أهداف
املدرسة. 1،1
المقدمة ومن يطلع على الدراسات
املتاحة حول
النظام اإلداري املدرسي جيد القليل من البحوث العربية اليت تناولت هذا املوضوع-
حسب علم الباحث-
وحىت إن
.تناولته فبدون تتبع ملسريته أو رصد لدوره أو تفسري اإلجنازات بسببه يف النظام اإلداري من يتأمل املمارسة اإلدارية الرتبوية يف جمتمعنا يلمح قصور التزام ممارسة مثل هذا النوع من أمناط اإلدارة، أال وهو اإلدارة
االسرتاتيجية، بل يكاد بعض املديرين مل يسمع عنه بعد (
،الغفيلي2003
). ومن يطلع على الدراسات
املتاحة حول
النظام اإلداري املدرسي جيد القليل من البحوث العربية اليت تناولت هذا املوضوع-
حسب علم الباحث-
وحىت إن
.تناولته فبدون تتبع ملسريته أو رصد لدوره أو تفسري اإلجنازات بسببه يف النظام اإلداري
إن منو وتطور اإلدارة يف كثري من املنظمات كان نتيجة لسلسلة من التطبيقات على هذا النمط وممارسته. مما أوضحت
النتائج أن هذا النمط يؤدي إىل الفعالية واجلودة يف اإلنتاج. فقد أظهرت الدراسات وأوهلا الدراسة اليت قام هبا كل من
ثيون وهاوس عام1970
واليت أجريت على قطاع صناعات األدوية والصناعات الكيميائية أن الشركات اليت أخذت
باإلدارة االسرتاتيجية والتخطيط االسرتاتيجي كانت ذات أداء أفضل من تلك املنظمات
اليت مل تأخذ هبذا النمط اإلداري
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية. كما أظهرت الدراسة اليت أجراها كارجر وماليك عام(
1975
)
أن املنظمات اليت تأخذ بالنمط إن منو وتطور اإلدارة يف كثري من املنظمات كان نتيجة لسلسلة من التطبيقات على هذا النمط وممارسته. مما أوضحت
النتائج أن هذا النمط يؤدي إىل الفعالية واجلودة يف اإلنتاج. فقد أظهرت الدراسات وأوهلا الدراسة اليت قام هبا كل من
ثيون وهاوس عام1970
واليت أجريت على قطاع صناعات األدوية والصناعات الكيميائية أن الشركات اليت أخذت
باإلدارة االسرتاتيجية والتخطيط االسرتاتيجي كانت ذات أداء أفضل من تلك املنظمات
اليت مل تأخذ هبذا النمط اإلداري
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية. كما أظهرت الدراسة اليت أجراها كارجر وماليك عام(
1975
)
أن املنظمات اليت تأخذ بالنمط http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 االسرتاتيجي يف اإلدارة قد فاقت غريها يف
ثالثة ع
شر مؤشرا من مؤشرات األداء العام (
،حنا
2012
)، األمر الذي جعل
الباحث حيرص على دراسة املمارسات اإلدارية املدرسية يف جمتمع العماين من خالل رصد ممارسات مديري املدارس
وعالقتهم باملعلمني يف حمافظة الباطنة مشال يف ضوء معايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية، وذلك إلبدا ء مقرتحات لتطوير العمل
.اإلداري املدرسي. 1،1
المقدمة وذلك باعتبار أن املعايري هي املبادئ والعناصر اليت تقوم عليها اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية يف هذ الدراسة
ميكن و
ة بلور:التايل
مشكلة الدراسة يف ال ؤال ال ئ االسرتاتيجي يف اإلدارة قد فاقت غريها يف
ثالثة ع
شر مؤشرا من مؤشرات األداء العام (
،حنا
2012
)، األمر الذي جعل
الباحث حيرص على دراسة املمارسات اإلدارية املدرسية يف جمتمع العماين من خالل رصد ممارسات مديري املدارس
وعالقتهم باملعلمني يف حمافظة الباطنة مشال يف ضوء معايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية، وذلك إلبدا ء مقرتحات لتطوير العمل
.اإلداري املدرسي. وذلك باعتبار أن املعايري هي املبادئ والعناصر اليت تقوم عليها اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية يف هذ الدراسة
و ميكن ة بلور
:مشكلة الدراسة يف السؤال الرئيس التايل
ما مدى درجة التزام اإلدارة املدرسية مبعايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية وعالقتها بالرضا الوظيفي يف مدارس مشال الباطنة بسلطنة
عمان
؟ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org أهداف الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021 راإخنا
جنر
دراسة النفيعي (
2017
)؛
بعنوان"
مدى ممارسة مديري مكاتب الرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة الطائف لعمليات اإلدارة
"االسرتاتيجية من وجهة نظر املشرفني الرتبويني ؛ هدفت إىل التعرف على مدي ممارسة مكاتب الرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة
الطائف لعمليات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية من
وجهة نظر املشرفني الرتبويني، و ،التعرف على أثر متغريات املؤهل العلمي
وسنوات اخلربة، واملوقع اجلغرايف ملكتب الرتبية والتعليم على استجابات املشرفني الرتبويني مبكاتب ال رتبية والتعليم حول
( واقع ممارسة مديري مكاتبهم لعمليات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية. تكونت عينة الدراسة من132
) من املشرفني الرتبويني
احمل ب .افظة توصلت الدراسة إىل جمموعة من النتائج
:منها أن ممارسة مديري مكاتب الرتبية والتعليم لعمليات ا إلدارة االسرتاتيجية
بدرجة عال
ية
، وأيضا ممارسة مديري مكاتب الرتبية والتعليم لعمليات بناء وتصم
يم االسرتاتيجية ككل بدرجة عالية ،
وممارسة مديري مكاتب الرتبية والتعليم لعملية صياغة الرؤية بدرجة عالية. وممارسة مديري مكاتب الرتبية والتعليم لعملية
صياغة الرسالة كان بدرجة عالية
ًأيضا . دراسة حن( ا2012
)؛ "
متطلبات تطبيق اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية من وجهة نظر أعضاء اهليئة التعليمية يف كلية الرتبية جبامعة
دمشق: دراسة ميدانية". هدفت إىل التعرف على آراء أعضاء اهليئة التعليمية يف أمهية متطلبات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية يف
.كلية الرتبية جبامعة دمشق، وإمكانية تطبيق هذه املتطلبات يف كليتهم وملعاجلة مشكلة البحث استخدم املنهج الوصف( ي ، اشتملت عينة البحث على132
) عضو هيئة تعليمية للعام الدراسي
(
2010
-
2011). است
خدمت استبانة وزعت على من عينة من أعضاء اهليئة التعليمية يف كلية الرتبية جبامعة دمش ، ق
( احتوت72
)رة ا عب
، وقد احتوت أربعة جماالت هي:
(متطلبات عامة لإلدارة االسرتاتيجية ، متطلبات صياغة
االسرتاتيجية ، متطلبات تطبيق االسرتاتيجية ، متطلبات تقومي اال سرتاتيجية) بينت نتائج البحث أن أمهية متطلبات
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية حصلت على تقدير عال لدى إجابات أعضاء اهليئة التعليمية يف كلية الرتبية جبامعة دمشق ، كما
بينت وجود فروق دالة تبعا للمتغريات اآلتية: ( نوع العمل ، و املؤهل العلمي ، و اخلربة ) . وقد كشفت النتا ئج أيضا أن
،إمكانية تطبيق متطلبات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية حصلت على تقدير متوسط، ووجود فروق دالة تبعا ملتغريي (نوع العمل
واخلربة)، وعدم وجود فروق دالة تبعا ملتغري املؤهل العلمي. أهداف الدراسة: مناقشة
مدى التزام اإلدارة املدرسية مبعايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية( :، اليت تتضمن
صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية،
،التخطيط
،التنفيذ املتابعة ،التقييم)
وعالقتها بالرضا الوظيفي يف مدارس مشال الباطنة بسلطنة ع
مان. :الدراسات السابقة دراسة
Hansen. (2008)
بعنوان:
"أمهية الوعي باإلدارة االسرتاتيجية ملمارسة اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية: من وجهة نظر اجلهات
:الفاعلة
هدفت إىل التعرف على أمهية الوعي باإلدارة االسرتاتيجية فيما يتعلق بالنماذج العقلية اليت يستخدمها كبار
.املديرين للتفكري يف اسرتاتيجية األعمال
تكونت عينة الدراسة من جمموعة من املدراء، واشتملت أدوات الدراسة على
استبيان مت إعداد من قِبل الباحث. متثل منهج الدراسة يف املنهج الوصفي. تشري النتائج إىل أن املعرفة اإلدا رية
االسرتاتيجية اليت أدخلت من خالل التفاعل اجلديل ميكن أن يكون هلا تأثري حتويلي كبري على النماذج الذهنية
.لالسرتاتيجية العليا للمدراء ( وهدفت دراسة عبد المنعم2011
)
بعنوان استخدام مهارات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية لرفع كفاءة العمليات اإلشرافية
داخل املدرسة"؛
،إىل معرفة مدى امتالك املشرفني الرتبويني من املديرين والوكالء ملهارات التخطيط واإلدارة االسرتاتيجية
.ومعرفة كيفية تفعيل تلك املهارات لرفع كفاءة العمليات اإلشرافية داخل املدرسة http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
615
( وهدفت دراسة عبد المنعم2011
)
بعنوان استخدام مهارات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية لرفع كفاءة العمليات اإلشرافية
داخل املدرسة"؛
،إىل معرفة مدى امتالك املشرفني الرتبويني من املديرين والوكالء ملهارات التخطيط واإلدارة االسرتاتيجية
.ومعرفة كيفية تفعيل تلك املهارات لرفع كفاءة العمليات اإلشرافية داخل املدرسة
ومت
إجراء دراسة ميدانية للتعرف على واقع امتالك املشرفني الرتبويني لتلك املهارا
ت من خالل استبانتني:
األوىل مت
توزيعها على املدرسني إلبداء الرأي يف مهارات مشرفيهم، والثانية:
مت توزيعها على املشرفني الرتبويني أنفسهم لتحديد
احتياجاهتم الرتبوية، ومت أخذ عينة من مجهورية مصر العربية تبلغ(
1620
)
( مدرس900
ذكور، و720
إناث،)
إضافة
( إىل335
) م( شرف تربوي120
ذكور
و
215
إناث)
.موزعني على مخس حمافظات من أصل تسع وعشرين حمافظة
وقد أسفرت
ال
نتائج عن وجود ارتفاع نسيب يف بعض مهارات اإلدارة العامة لدى املشرفني الرتبويني، مثل مهارات تق سيم
العمل، وتفويض السلطة وغريها. وجود اخنفا يف املهارات املتعلقة باإل دارة االسرتاتيجية والتخطيط االسرتاتيجي بشكل
عام لدى املشرفني الرتبويني مثل:
صياغة االسرتاتيجية والرؤية والرسالة، وتصميم مؤشرات ملتابعة العمل وقياسه. كما أن IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. أهداف الدراسة: كما وجدت فروق يف أمهية متطلبات اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية ويف
إ كان ة التط ق دراسة
.(العتيبي2017
) بعنوان:
"تطوير أداء القيادات اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات جامعة امللك عبد العزيز يف ضوء
.مدخل اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية هدفت إىل تقدمي جمموعة من التوصيات و املقرتحات اإلجرائية
؛
لتطوير أداء القيادات
اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات جبامعة امللك عبد العز
يز جبدة، يف ضوء اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية،
من خالل رصد واقع أداء http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 القيادات اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات باجلامعة يف ضوء مدخل اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية. صممت الباحثة أداة "استبانة" وجهت إىل اجملتمع الكلي بكليات فرع البنات والذي يتكون من وكيالت الكليات
ومشرفات األقسام و مشرفات الوحدات، تكونت االستبانة من أربعة حماور تتعلق بأمناط القيادات اإلدارية، وطرق
اختيارها، وتدريبها، واستخدام القيادات للتقنيات احلديثة، واتبعت الباحثة املنهج الوصفي .واستخدمت برنامج التحليل
( اإلحصائيSPSS
) ملتغريات الدراسة (الوظيفة اإلدارية-املرتبة ال علمية-
سنوات اخلربة) وحتليل التباين األحادي(
One-
Wey ANOVA
)
.للكشف عن الفروق بني استجابات أفراد العينة حول حماور االستبانة األربعة، ومتغريات الدراسة
اتضح من النتائج: أن القيادات اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات باجلامعة
؛ ال تعمل على مسايرة االجتاهات اإلدارية احل ،ديثة
،وال يتم اختيارها وفقا ألقدمية الدرجة العلمية باجلامعة، وال وفقا لقيام أعضاء هيئة التدريس باألحباث والدراسات العلمية
،وال تشجع التعلم النشط من خالل اإلبداع التكنولوجي بل
ما زالت حتافظ على الطرق التقلي
دية ألداء وظائفهم. حيث
تتزايد وتتنوع االحتياجات التدريبية لدى العاملني باجلامعة، كما أنه ال توجد فروق ذات داللة إحصائية حسب
استجابات أفراد العينة تعزى إىل متغريات (الوظيفة اإلدارية، املرتبة العلمية،
.)سنوات اخلربة اتضح من النتائج: أن القيادات اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات باجلامعة
؛ ال تعمل على مسايرة االجتاهات اإلدارية احل ،ديثة
،وال يتم اختيارها وفقا ألقدمية الدرجة العلمية باجلامعة، وال وفقا لقيام أعضاء هيئة التدريس باألحباث والدراسات العلمية
،وال تشجع التعلم النشط من خالل اإلبداع التكنولوجي بل
ما زالت حتافظ على الطرق التقلي
دية ألداء وظائفهم. حيث
تتزايد وتتنوع االحتياجات التدريبية لدى العاملني باجلامعة، كما أنه ال توجد فروق ذات داللة إحصائية حسب
استجابات أفراد العينة تعزى إىل متغريات (الوظيفة اإلدارية، املرتبة العلمية،
.)سنوات اخلربة منهجية الدراسة: تقوم هذه الدراسة على استخدام املنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يعتمد على تفسري الظواهر إحصائياً للوصول إىل حلول
منطقية ملشكلة الدراسة ،ف استخدام املنهج التحليلي يساهم يف
توظيف
الطرق اإلحصائية من أجل اثبات احلقائق العلمية
ملشكلة الدراسة
( امتثال2013
). مجتمع الدراسة
:وعينتها يتكون جمتمع الدراسة من العاملني،مبدارس حمافظة الباطنة بسلطنة عمان
( وعددهم1100
.)
أما
عينة الدراسة ؛ فقد
اختار الباحث
عينة عشوائية
( قدرها327
) موظف
ا وموظفة وفق معادلة
( ستيفن ثامبسون2017
). ة أدا الدراسة: http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
617 ة أدا الدراسة: صدق
االتساق ال
بنائ:ي كذلك مت قياس ارتباط معدل كل حمور من احمل
اور اخل
مسة د لإل ار ة االسرتاتيجية بالدرجة الكلية
( للمقياس، حيث تراوحت بني0.706
إىل0.943
،)
و( ارتبطت بالدرجة الكلية للمقياس عند مستوى داللة0,01
،)
مما يشري إىل متتع احملاور بدرجة عالية من صدق ال
بناء ا.لداخلي
ث ب:ات االس تبا ة يعنننننني ثبننننننات اال
سننننننتبانة
؛
قنننننندر
ة األداة علننننننى احلصننننننول علننننننى نفننننننس النتننننننائج إذا مننننننا تكننننننرر اال
ختبننننننار
للعيننننننننة ذاهتنننننننا منننننننرة أخنننننننرى، يف
،نفنننننننس الظنننننننروف (امتثنننننننال2013
.) و
ميكنننننننن ت
شنننننننخيص ثبنننننننات اال
ي سنننننننتب
ان منننننننن خنننننننالل
التجزئنننننننة النصنننننننفية، أو باسنننننننتخراج
معامنننننننل كروبننننننننا خ
ألفنننننننا ، بنننننننالتطبيق
املنننننننزدوج علنننننننى ذات العيننننننننة الصنننننننغرية
،أعننننننناله
منننننننن
جمتمننننع الدراسننننة
ومننننن خننننارج
ال
عينننننة النننن
يت سننننتعتمد. وقنننند اسننننتخرج الباحننننث
معامننننل ثبننننات ألفننننا لكننننل عبننننارة مننننن عبننننارات
االسنننننننتبيان، ولكنننننننل حمنننننننور، وللدرجنننننننة الكلينننننننة للمقيننننننناس. وقننننننند بيننننننننت نتنننننننائج حتلينننننننل الثبنننننننات؛ أن معنننننننامالت ألفنننننننا قننننننند
( احنصننننننرت مننننننا بننننننني0.663
إىل0.904
)ممنننننن ا يعنننننني
أن االسننننننتبانة تتمتننننننع بدرجننننننة عاليننننننة مننننننن الثبننننننات، وإهنننننننا ا قنننننن ة در
.على قياس ما وضعت ألجله :صدق المحتوى
وهو الصدق الظاهري، الذي
يعتمد على تقدير احملكمني،
ويفرت صدق احملتوى إمكانية حتقيق
التوازن بني صدق تقديرات احملكمني وبني نتائج
.الواقع املطلوب قياسه إذ
جيب ربط الفقرة باهلدف من احملور يف حد ذاته
ل تكون واضحة وحمددة وحتقق اهلدف املرجو ،منها (امتثال2013
.) وقد( مت عر املقياس على7
،) حمكمني من خمتصي اإلدارة واللغة العربية يف: جامعة السلطان قابوس، جامعة صحار
و
جامعة العلوم اإلسالمية املاليزية، هبدف استخراج الصدق ال ظاهر ي للمقياس، وإبداء الرأي يف سالمة بناء عبارات
املقياس، وعالقتها بأسئلة
الدراسة . وقد كانت تقديرات احملكمني ترتاوح بني83
إىل%
91
. وقد مت األخذ%
.مبالحظاهتم وتعديالهتم. وقد بقي االستبيان بنفس عدد العبارات دون تغيري :صدق االتساق الداخلي
تم
استخراج معامل ارتباط بريسون،
بني كل عبارة من عبارات املقياس واحملور الذي تنتمي
إليه،
من خالل( تطبيق األداة على عينة قدرها25ف ) م دة ر من خارج عينة الدراسة ، باستخدام برنامج احلزمة اإلحصائية
( للعلوم االجتماعيةSPSS
)
. وقد بينت نتائج التطبيق؛ أن معامل ارتباط بريسون جلميع العبارات قد ارتبطت باحملور الذي
تنتمي إليه بشكل جيد، حيث أشارت نتائج التحلي:ل إىل ما يلي بلغ معامل ارتباط بريسون
لكافة عبارات معايري اإلدارة
االسرتاتيجية
( اخلمس، قد تراوحت ما بني0.591
إىل0.927
). وبلغت
يف حمور
( الرضا الوظيفي بني0,618
إىل
0.897
)؛ مما يدل
إىل متتع عبارات احمل
ور ا كافة بدرجة عالية من صدق االتساق الداخلي. ة أدا الدراسة: باالستفادة من العديد من
الدراسات السابقة ، صمم الباحث االستبيان
الذي تكون من (
72
) عبا رة( توزعت يف6)
حماور،
:هي -
صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية
( وحيتوي على12) عبارة. -
التخطيط
( وحيتوي على11) عبارة. -
التنفيذ
( وحيتوي على10) عبار.ات -
املتابعة
( وحيتوي على12) عبارة. IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 -
التقييم
( وحيتوي على12) عبارة. -
التقييم
( وحيتوي على12) عبارة. -
الرضا
الوظيفي
( وحيتوي على15) عبارة. صدق وث
ب ات أداة
الدراسة: :صدق المحتوى
وهو الصدق الظاهري، الذي
يعتمد على تقدير احملكمني،
ويفرت صدق احملتوى إمكانية حتقيق
التوازن بني صدق تقديرات احملكمني وبني نتائج
.الواقع املطلوب قياسه إذ
جيب ربط الفقرة باهلدف من احملور يف حد ذاته
ل تكون واضحة وحمددة وحتقق اهلدف املرجو ،منها (امتثال2013
.)
وقد( مت عر املقياس على7
،) حمكمني من خمتصي اإلدارة واللغة العربية يف: جامعة السلطان قابوس، جامعة صحار
و
جامعة العلوم اإلسالمية املاليزية، هبدف استخراج الصدق ال ظاهر ي للمقياس، وإبداء الرأي يف سالمة بناء عبارات
املقياس، وعالقتها بأسئلة
الدراسة . وقد كانت تقديرات احملكمني ترتاوح بني83
إىل%
91
. وقد مت األخذ%
.مبالحظاهتم وتعديالهتم. وقد بقي االستبيان بنفس عدد العبارات دون تغيري
:صدق االتساق الداخلي
تم
استخراج معامل ارتباط بريسون،
بني كل عبارة من عبارات املقياس واحملور الذي تنتمي
إليه،
من خالل( تطبيق األداة على عينة قدرها25ف ) م دة ر من خارج عينة الدراسة ، باستخدام برنامج احلزمة اإلحصائية
( للعلوم االجتماعيةSPSS
)
. وقد بينت نتائج التطبيق؛ أن معامل ارتباط بريسون جلميع العبارات قد ارتبطت باحملور الذي
تنتمي إليه بشكل جيد، حيث أشارت نتائج التحلي:ل إىل ما يلي بلغ معامل ارتباط بريسون
لكافة عبارات معايري اإلدارة
االسرتاتيجية
( اخلمس، قد تراوحت ما بني0.591
إىل0.927
). وبلغت
يف حمور
( الرضا الوظيفي بني0,618
إىل
0.897
)؛ مما يدل
إىل متتع عبارات احمل
ور ا كافة بدرجة عالية من صدق االتساق الداخلي. ة أدا الدراسة: التحليل
الوصفي الستخراج
املتوسطات احلسابية واال
ات حنراف املعياري
ة و.األمهية النسبية حملاور الدراسة
: تائج الدراسة
اإلجابة عن
السؤال ال
رئيس :
ما مدى درجة التزام اإلدارة املدرسية مبعايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية وعالقتها بالرضا الوظيفي
يف مدارس مشال الباطنة بسلطنة عمان؟
لإلجابة على هذا التساؤل فإنه باستخراج املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية والرتتيب لفقرات حماور الدراسة
.صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية والتخطيط والتنفيذ واملتابعة والتقييم
أوالً: تائج
متغير صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
اجلدول(1): املتوسط احلسايب واالحنراف املعياري والرتتيب حملور صياغة األهدا
ف اال
سرتاتيجي
ة (ن327
)
ت العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
1
ت عِد املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة مشال الباطنة رؤية واضحة
ومعلنة
3.41
0.749
6
2 ت عِد املديرية رسالة حمددة ومعلنة
54
.3
0.929
3
3 تقوم املديرية بوضع أهداف حمددة ومعلنة
3.60
0.964
4
4
تعتمد املديرية على اآلراء االبتكارية عند صياغة األهداف
االسرتاتيجية
3.53
1.069
5
5
ت راعي املديرية الظروف واإلمكانات املتاحة عند صياغة أهداف
ا
سرتاتيجية
2.83
0.796
9
6
هت يئ األهداف االسرتاتيجية للوزارة قدراً من التوازن بني األهداف قريبة
.املدى وبعيدة املدى
3.87
0.834
1
7
.تعكس األهداف االسرتاتيجية قدرات الوزارة ألهنا تتسم باملوضوعية
3.34
0.939
7 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021
http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
619
المعال
ات ج اإلحصائية المستخدمة:
أ . برنامج احلزم اإلحصائية
( للعلوم االجتماعيةSPSS
.)
ب . معادلة ستيفن ثامبسون الستخراج عينة الدراسة
ت . معامل ارتباط بريسون
.لقياس االتساق الداخلي
ث . معامل كروبناخ ألفا
.لقياس ثبات االستبيان
ج . ة أدا الدراسة: التحليل
الوصفي الستخراج
املتوسطات احلسابية واال
ات حنراف املعياري
ة و.األمهية النسبية حملاور الدراسة
: تائج الدراسة
اإلجابة عن
السؤال ال
رئيس :
ما مدى درجة التزام اإلدارة املدرسية مبعايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية وعالقتها بالرضا الوظيفي
يف مدارس مشال الباطنة بسلطنة عمان؟
لإلجابة على هذا التساؤل فإنه باستخراج املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية والرتتيب لفقرات حماور الدراسة
.صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية والتخطيط والتنفيذ واملتابعة والتقييم
أوالً: تائج
متغير صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
اجلدول(1): املتوسط احلسايب واالحنراف املعياري والرتتيب حملور صياغة األهدا
ف اال
سرتاتيجي
ة (ن327
)
ت العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
1
ت عِد املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة مشال الباطنة رؤية واضحة
ومعلنة
3.41
0.749
6
2 ت عِد املديرية رسالة حمددة ومعلنة
54
.3
0.929
3
3 تقوم املديرية بوضع أهداف حمددة ومعلنة
3.60
0.964
4
4
تعتمد املديرية على اآلراء االبتكارية عند صياغة األهداف
االسرتاتيجية
3.53
1.069
5
5
ت راعي املديرية الظروف واإلمكانات املتاحة عند صياغة أهداف
ا
سرتاتيجية
2.83
0.796
9
6
هت يئ األهداف االسرتاتيجية للوزارة قدراً من التوازن بني األهداف قريبة
.املدى وبعيدة املدى
3.87
0.834
1
7
.تعكس األهداف االسرتاتيجية قدرات الوزارة ألهنا تتسم باملوضوعية
3.34
0.939
7 f
المعال
ات ج اإلحصائية المستخدمة:
أ . برنامج احلزم اإلحصائية
( للعلوم االجتماعيةSPSS
.)
ب . معادلة ستيفن ثامبسون الستخراج عينة الدراسة
ت . معامل ارتباط بريسون
.لقياس االتساق الداخلي
ث . معامل كروبناخ ألفا
.لقياس ثبات االستبيان
ج . ة أدا الدراسة: صدق
االتساق ال
بنائ:ي كذلك مت قياس ارتباط معدل كل حمور من احمل
اور اخل
مسة د لإل ار ة االسرتاتيجية بالدرجة الكلية
( للمقياس، حيث تراوحت بني0.706
إىل0.943
،)
و( ارتبطت بالدرجة الكلية للمقياس عند مستوى داللة0,01
،)
مما يشري إىل متتع احملاور بدرجة عالية من صدق ال
بناء ا.لداخلي
ث ب:ات االس تبا ة يعنننننني ثبننننننات اال
سننننننتبانة
؛
قنننننندر
ة األداة علننننننى احلصننننننول علننننننى نفننننننس النتننننننائج إذا مننننننا تكننننننرر اال
ختبننننننار
للعيننننننننة ذاهتنننننننا منننننننرة أخنننننننرى، يف
،نفنننننننس الظنننننننروف (امتثنننننننال2013
.) و
ميكنننننننن ت
شنننننننخيص ثبنننننننات اال
ي سنننننننتب
ان منننننننن خنننننننالل
التجزئنننننننة النصنننننننفية، أو باسنننننننتخراج
معامنننننننل كروبننننننننا خ
ألفنننننننا ، بنننننننالتطبيق
املنننننننزدوج علنننننننى ذات العيننننننننة الصنننننننغرية
،أعننننننناله
منننننننن
جمتمننننع الدراسننننة
ومننننن خننننارج
ال
عينننننة النننن
يت سننننتعتمد. وقنننند اسننننتخرج الباحننننث
معامننننل ثبننننات ألفننننا لكننننل عبننننارة مننننن عبننننارات
االسنننننننتبيان، ولكنننننننل حمنننننننور، وللدرجنننننننة الكلينننننننة للمقيننننننناس. وقننننننند بيننننننننت نتنننننننائج حتلينننننننل الثبنننننننات؛ أن معنننننننامالت ألفنننننننا قننننننند
( احنصننننننرت مننننننا بننننننني0.663
إىل0.904
)ممنننننن ا يعنننننني
أن االسننننننتبانة تتمتننننننع بدرجننننننة عاليننننننة مننننننن الثبننننننات، وإهنننننننا ا قنننننن ة در
.على قياس ما وضعت ألجله ث ب:ات االس تبا ة يعنننننني ثبننننننات اال
سننننننتبانة
؛
قنننننندر
ة األداة علننننننى احلصننننننول علننننننى نفننننننس النتننننننائج إذا مننننننا تكننننننرر اال
ختبننننننار
للعيننننننننة ذاهتنننننننا منننننننرة أخنننننننرى، يف
،نفنننننننس الظنننننننروف (امتثنننننننال2013
.) و
ميكنننننننن ت
شنننننننخيص ثبنننننننات اال
ي سنننننننتب
ان منننننننن خنننننننالل
التجزئنننننننة النصنننننننفية، أو باسنننننننتخراج
معامنننننننل كروبننننننننا خ
ألفنننننننا ، بنننننننالتطبيق
املنننننننزدوج علنننننننى ذات العيننننننننة الصنننننننغرية
،أعننننننناله
منننننننن
جمتمننننع الدراسننننة
ومننننن خننننارج
ال
عينننننة النننن
يت سننننتعتمد. وقنننند اسننننتخرج الباحننننث
معامننننل ثبننننات ألفننننا لكننننل عبننننارة مننننن عبننننارات
االسنننننننتبيان، ولكنننننننل حمنننننننور، وللدرجنننننننة الكلينننننننة للمقيننننننناس. وقننننننند بيننننننننت نتنننننننائج حتلينننننننل الثبنننننننات؛ أن معنننننننامالت ألفنننننننا قننننننند
( احنصننننننرت مننننننا بننننننني0.663
إىل0.904
)ممنننننن ا يعنننننني
أن االسننننننتبانة تتمتننننننع بدرجننننننة عاليننننننة مننننننن الثبننننننات، وإهنننننننا ا قنننننن ة در
.على قياس ما وضعت ألجله 618 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021
http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
619
المعال
ات ج اإلحصائية المستخدمة:
أ . برنامج احلزم اإلحصائية
( للعلوم االجتماعيةSPSS
.)
ب . معادلة ستيفن ثامبسون الستخراج عينة الدراسة
ت . معامل ارتباط بريسون
.لقياس االتساق الداخلي
ث . معامل كروبناخ ألفا
.لقياس ثبات االستبيان
ج . ة أدا الدراسة: التحليل
الوصفي الستخراج
املتوسطات احلسابية واال
ات حنراف املعياري
ة و.األمهية النسبية حملاور الدراسة
: تائج الدراسة
اإلجابة عن
السؤال ال
رئيس :
ما مدى درجة التزام اإلدارة املدرسية مبعايري اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية وعالقتها بالرضا الوظيفي
يف مدارس مشال الباطنة بسلطنة عمان؟
لإلجابة على هذا التساؤل فإنه باستخراج املتوسطات احلسابية واالحنرافات املعيارية والرتتيب لفقرات حماور الدراسة
.صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية والتخطيط والتنفيذ واملتابعة والتقييم
أوالً: تائج
متغير صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
اجلدول(1): املتوسط احلسايب واالحنراف املعياري والرتتيب حملور صياغة األهدا
ف اال
سرتاتيجي
ة (ن327
)
ت العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
1
ت عِد املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة مشال الباطنة رؤية واضحة
ومعلنة
3.41
0.749
6
2 ت عِد املديرية رسالة حمددة ومعلنة
54
.3
0.929
3
3 تقوم املديرية بوضع أهداف حمددة ومعلنة
3.60
0.964
4
4
تعتمد املديرية على اآلراء االبتكارية عند صياغة األهداف
االسرتاتيجية
3.53
1.069
5
5
ت راعي املديرية الظروف واإلمكانات املتاحة عند صياغة أهداف
ا
سرتاتيجية
2.83
0.796
9
6
هت يئ األهداف االسرتاتيجية للوزارة قدراً من التوازن بني األهداف قريبة
.املدى وبعيدة املدى
3.87
0.834
1 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
619 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021
8 مي كن تعديل األهداف االسرتاتيجية
مل واكبة أية متغريات
أل هنا تتسم
.باملرونة
3.68
0.939
2
9
ت راعي املديرية انسجام األهداف املوضوعة
مع طبيعة وثقاف
ة
اجملتمع
العماين. 3.29
0.772
8
1
0
هتتم املديرية باملتغريات اخلارجية والداخلية عند صياغة األهداف
.االسرتاتيجية
2.37
0.687
10
1
1 تشتق األهداف االسرتاتيجية للمديرية من اخلطة االسرتاتيجية للتعليم. 2.36
0.785
11
1
2
هتتم املديرية برؤية عمان االسرتاتيجية2040
.يف صياغة أهدافها
2.25
0.684
12
متوسط
صياغة األهداف اإلستراتيجية
3.58
0.902 ( يتضح من اجلدول1
،) حمور صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية أن ست
،فقرات حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع وكا ن متوسط
احمل ور مبستوى
وسط، حني حقق متوسط
ا حسابي
ا
قدرة(
3.58
.)
( :لقد حصلت الفقرة هت يئ األهداف االسرتاتيجية
للوزارة قدراً من التوازن بني األهداف قريبة املدى وبعيدة املدى) على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع
حيث
حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
3.87
)
. وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على: (ميكن تعديل األهداف
االسرتاتيجية ومواكبة متغري
ات العصر ألهنا تتسم باملرونة) ح
ين
حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره(
3.68
)
. ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021
4
.ختدم املديرية اجملتمع احمللي وتليب احتياجاته احلالية واملستقبلية
3.51
1.069
5
5
.تضع املديرية منهجية واضحة لتحليل املوارد املتاحة
2.83
1.096
9
6
تضع املديرية منهجية حت دد.نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها
3.87
0.834
1
7
.حت دد املديرية خطة لالحتياجات التدريبية للعاملني
3.28
0.939
7
8
.ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند وضع اخلطط
3.68
0.939
2
9
.تضع املديرية نظاماً الختيار العاملني األكثر كفاءة وفق معايري حمددة
3.21
0.972
8
10
تضع املديرية خطط وبرامج قابلة للتنفيذ ومنسجمة مع احتياجات السوق احمللي
.للمحافظة
2.37
0.687
10
11
.تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط
35
.2
589
.0
11
معدل محور
التخطيط
3.309
0.804
( يتضح من اجلدول2
) حمور
التخطيط ، أن
خمس
فقرات حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع، وكان معدل
متوسط
ات
احملور
( مبستوى مقبول، حني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة3.309
) قريب من املرتفع . :لقد حصلت الفقرة (
تضع املديرية
)منهجية حت دد نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على
متوسط حسا يب(
3.87
)
،
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على
(ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند
)وضع اخلطط
حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.68
)
. :وكذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص على
(تضع املديرية
)خططاً للتعامل مع الفجوة املتوقعة بني املعطيات احلالية واحتياجات املستقبل
على الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على
(
3.61
ً) ومبستوى مرتفع أيضا . :وأخرياً جاءت فقرة )(تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط يف املركز
األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حس ايب(
2.35
) وبتقدير قليل . لث ثا اً: تائج
م حو
ر التنفيذ
اجلدول(3) :
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور التنفيذ (ن327
)
ط
ال
اال اف IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. ة أدا الدراسة: وكذلك
حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص على: (ت عِد املديرية رسالة حمددة ومعلنة) على
الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على(
3.45
)
. وأخرياً جاءت فقرة: (هتتم املد
يرية باملتغريات اخلارجية والداخلية عند صياغة األهداف االسرتاتيجية) يف املركز األ خري حني
حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
2.25
) بتقدير قليل . ً http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
620
اجل دول(2) :نتائج استجابات العينة ملتغري التخطيط (ن327
)
م العبـــارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
االنحراف
المعياري الترتيب
المحور ال:ثاني التخطيط
1
ت عِد املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم
خطة مكتوبة طويلة األجل ت
غ طي
امل.ستقبل
3.32
1.049
6
2
.تضع املديرية خططاً للتعامل مع الفجوة املتوقعة بني املعطيات احلالية واحتياجات املستقبل
3.61
0.929
3
3
تتسم اخلطط.االسرتاتيجية للمديرية باملرونة وإمكانية تعديلها وفق املستجدات
3.57
0.964
4 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
620
اجل دول(2) :نتائج استجابات العينة ملتغري التخطيط (ن327
)
م العبـــارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
االنحراف
المعياري الترتيب
المحور ال:ثاني التخطيط
1
ت عِد املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم
خطة مكتوبة طويلة األجل ت
غ طي
امل.ستقبل
3.32
1.049
6
2
.تضع املديرية خططاً للتعامل مع الفجوة املتوقعة بني املعطيات احلالية واحتياجات املستقبل
3.61
0.929
3
3
تتسم اخلطط.االسرتاتيجية للمديرية باملرونة وإمكانية تعديلها وفق املستجدات
3.57
0.964
4 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
620
اجل دول(2) :نتائج استجابات العينة ملتغري التخطيط (ن327
)
م العبـــارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
االنحراف
المعياري الترتيب
المحور ال:ثاني التخطيط
1
ت عِد املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم
خطة مكتوبة طويلة األجل ت
غ طي
امل.ستقبل
3.32
1.049
6
2
.تضع املديرية خططاً للتعامل مع الفجوة املتوقعة بني املعطيات احلالية واحتياجات املستقبل
3.61
0.929
3
3
تتسم اخلطط.االسرتاتيجية للمديرية باملرونة وإمكانية تعديلها وفق املستجدات
3.57
0.964
4 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021 f
,
,
,
4
.ختدم املديرية اجملتمع احمللي وتليب احتياجاته احلالية واملستقبلية
3.51
1.069
5
5
.تضع املديرية منهجية واضحة لتحليل املوارد املتاحة
2.83
1.096
9
6
تضع املديرية منهجية حت دد.نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها
3.87
0.834
1
7
.حت دد املديرية خطة لالحتياجات التدريبية للعاملني
3.28
0.939
7
8
.ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند وضع اخلطط
3.68
0.939
2
9
.تضع املديرية نظاماً الختيار العاملني األكثر كفاءة وفق معايري حمددة
3.21
0.972
8
10
تضع املديرية خطط وبرامج قابلة للتنفيذ ومنسجمة مع احتياجات السوق احمللي
.للمحافظة
2.37
0.687
10
11
.تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط
35
.2
589
.0
11
معدل محور
التخطيط
3.309
0.804
جحممح 4
.ختدم املديرية اجملتمع احمللي وتليب احتياجاته احلالية واملستقبلية
3.51
1.069
5
5
.تضع املديرية منهجية واضحة لتحليل املوارد املتاحة
2.83
1.096
9
6
تضع املديرية منهجية حت دد.نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها
3.87
0.834
1
7
.حت دد املديرية خطة لالحتياجات التدريبية للعاملني
3.28
0.939
7
8
.ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند وضع اخلطط
3.68
0.939
2
9
.تضع املديرية نظاماً الختيار العاملني األكثر كفاءة وفق معايري حمددة
3.21
0.972
8
10
تضع املديرية خطط وبرامج قابلة للتنفيذ ومنسجمة مع احتياجات السوق احمللي
.للمحافظة
2.37
0.687
10
11
.تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط
35
.2
589
.0
11
معدل محور
التخطيط
3.309
0.804 ( يتضح من اجلدول2
) حمور
التخطيط ، أن
خمس
فقرات حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع، وكان معدل
متوسط
ات
احملور
( مبستوى مقبول، حني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة3.309
) قريب من املرتفع . :لقد حصلت الفقرة (
تضع املديرية
)منهجية حت دد نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على
متوسط حسا يب(
3.87
)
،
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على
(ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند
)وضع اخلطط
حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.68
)
. :وكذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص على
(تضع املديرية
)خططاً للتعامل مع الفجوة املتوقعة بني املعطيات احلالية واحتياجات املستقبل
على الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على
(
3.61
ً) ومبستوى مرتفع أيضا . :وأخرياً جاءت فقرة )(تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط يف املركز
األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حس ايب(
2.35
) وبتقدير قليل . ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021
4
.ختدم املديرية اجملتمع احمللي وتليب احتياجاته احلالية واملستقبلية
3.51
1.069
5
5
.تضع املديرية منهجية واضحة لتحليل املوارد املتاحة
2.83
1.096
9
6
تضع املديرية منهجية حت دد.نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها
3.87
0.834
1
7
.حت دد املديرية خطة لالحتياجات التدريبية للعاملني
3.28
0.939
7
8
.ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند وضع اخلطط
3.68
0.939
2
9
.تضع املديرية نظاماً الختيار العاملني األكثر كفاءة وفق معايري حمددة
3.21
0.972
8
10
تضع املديرية خطط وبرامج قابلة للتنفيذ ومنسجمة مع احتياجات السوق احمللي
.للمحافظة
2.37
0.687
10
11
.تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط
35
.2
589
.0
11
معدل محور
التخطيط
3.309
0.804
( يتضح من اجلدول2
) حمور
التخطيط ، أن
خمس
فقرات حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع، وكان معدل
متوسط
ات
احملور
( مبستوى مقبول، حني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة3.309
) قريب من املرتفع . :لقد حصلت الفقرة (
تضع املديرية
)منهجية حت دد نقاط القوة والضعف يف خططها على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على
متوسط حسا يب(
3.87
)
،
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على
(ت راعي املديرية أمهية عنصر الوقت عند
)وضع اخلطط
حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.68
)
. :وكذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص على
(تضع املديرية
)خططاً للتعامل مع الفجوة املتوقعة بني املعطيات احلالية واحتياجات املستقبل
على الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على
(
3.61
ً) ومبستوى مرتفع أيضا . :وأخرياً جاءت فقرة )(تراعي املديرية االحتياجات املالية عند وضع اخلطط يف املركز
األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حس ايب(
2.35
) وبتقدير قليل . لث ثا اً: تائج
م حو
ر التنفيذ
اجلدول(3) :
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور التنفيذ (ن327
)
ت العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. ة أدا الدراسة: http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
621
اجلدول(3) :
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور التنفيذ (ن327
)
ت العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:ثالثا محور
التنفيذ
1
تتبىن اإلدارة العليا تنفيذ اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية والسياسات.املتعلقة هبا
3.55
0.711
4 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
621 621 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021 2
.هت يئ املديرية الكوادر البشرية املؤهلة لعملية التنفيذ
31
.3
0.762
5
3
.ت راعي املديرية مالئمة منط اإلدارة احلالية ملتطلبات تنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
30
.3
0.683
6
4
ت غري املديرية اهليكل التنظيمي بطريقة تالءم متطلبات اختيار وتنفيذ.االسرتاتيجية
3.62
0.904
3
5
.ت عِد املديرية قاعدة معلومات لتزويد اإلدارات التعليمية باملعلومات املطلوبة
3.88
0.983
2
6
ت نمي املديرية املهارات املطلوبة لتنفيذ اسرتاتيجياهتا
عرب
.التدريب االسرتاتيجي
4.01
0.972
1
7 توفِر املديرية املخصصات املالية الالزمة
.لتنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
29
.3
0.815
7
8
.تتبِع املديرية منهجية واضحة يف التعامل ملقاومة التغيري
2.55
0.812
8
9
تأخذ املديرية مببدأ التعاون واملشاركة بني اإلدارات العامة وإدارات الرتبية والتعليم
.لتنفيذ الربامج وخطط العمل
54
.2
0.705
9
10
تضع املديرية توصيف
.وظيفي معتمد ملختلف املهام والوظائف فيها
2.51
0.662
10
معدل محور التنفيذ
3.44
0.922 2
.هت يئ املديرية الكوادر البشرية املؤهلة لعملية التنفيذ
31
.3
0.762
5
3
.ت راعي املديرية مالئمة منط اإلدارة احلالية ملتطلبات تنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
30
.3
0.683
6
4
ت غري املديرية اهليكل التنظيمي بطريقة تالءم متطلبات اختيار وتنفيذ.االسرتاتيجية
3.62
0.904
3
5
.ت عِد املديرية قاعدة معلومات لتزويد اإلدارات التعليمية باملعلومات املطلوبة
3.88
0.983
2
6
ت نمي املديرية املهارات املطلوبة لتنفيذ اسرتاتيجياهتا
عرب
.التدريب االسرتاتيجي
4.01
0.972
1
7 توفِر املديرية املخصصات املالية الالزمة
.لتنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
29
.3
0.815
7
8
.تتبِع املديرية منهجية واضحة يف التعامل ملقاومة التغيري
2.55
0.812
8
9
تأخذ املديرية مببدأ التعاون واملشاركة بني اإلدارات العامة وإدارات الرتبية والتعليم
.لتنفيذ الربامج وخطط العمل
54
.2
0.705
9
10
تضع املديرية توصيف
.وظيفي معتمد ملختلف املهام والوظائف فيها
2.51
0.662
10
معدل محور التنفيذ
3.44
0.922 2
.هت يئ املديرية الكوادر البشرية املؤهلة لعملية التنفيذ
31
.3
0.762
5
3
.ت راعي املديرية مالئمة منط اإلدارة احلالية ملتطلبات تنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
30
.3
0.683
6
4
ت غري املديرية اهليكل التنظيمي بطريقة تالءم متطلبات اختيار وتنفيذ.االسرتاتيجية
3.62
0.904
3
5
.ت عِد املديرية قاعدة معلومات لتزويد اإلدارات التعليمية باملعلومات املطلوبة
3.88
0.983
2
6
ت نمي املديرية املهارات املطلوبة لتنفيذ اسرتاتيجياهتا
عرب
.التدريب االسرتاتيجي
4.01
0.972
1
7 توفِر املديرية املخصصات املالية الالزمة
.لتنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
29
.3
0.815
7
8
.تتبِع املديرية منهجية واضحة يف التعامل ملقاومة التغيري
2.55
0.812
8
9
تأخذ املديرية مببدأ التعاون واملشاركة بني اإلدارات العامة وإدارات الرتبية والتعليم
.لتنفيذ الربامج وخطط العمل
54
.2
0.705
9
10
تضع املديرية توصيف
.وظيفي معتمد ملختلف املهام والوظائف فيها
2.51
0.662
10
معدل محور التنفيذ
3.44
0.922 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
622
معدل محور التنفيذ
3.44
0.922
( يتضح من اجلدول3) حمور الت
ذي نف ، أن
أ ر
بع فقرات حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع
، وكان متوسط احملور مبستوى م
رتفع ،
ح( ني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة3,44
.)
:لقد حصلت الفقرة
(ت نمي املديرية املهارات املطلوبة لتنفيذ اسرتاتيجياهتا من
)خالل التدريب االسرتاتيجي
على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على متوسط حسايب
قدره
(
4.01
،)
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على
(ت عِد املديرية قاعدة معلومات لتزويد اإلدارات التعليمية
)باملعلومات الضرورية واملطلوبة حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.88
،)
كذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص
:على
)(ت غري املديرية اهليكل التنظيمي بطريقة تالءم متطلبات اختيار وتنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
على الرتتيب الثالث حني
حصلت على متوسط مرتفع قدره (
3.62
.)
ًوأخريا:جاءت فقرة
(تضع املديرية توصيف وظيفي معتمد ملختلف املهام
)والوظائف فيها
يف املركز األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
2.51
) بتقدير قليل. ة أدا الدراسة: بع ار اً: تائج
متغير المتابعة
اجلدول(4) :
نتائج استجابات العينة
ملتغري املتابعة (ن327
)
م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:رابعا محور المتابعة
1
.ت راقب املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مستوى األداء بصفة دورية
4.103
0.771
1
2
تنتهج املديرية أسلوباً واضحاً ومنظماً يف عملية الرقابة
3.903
0.884
3 ( يتضح من اجلدول3) حمور الت
ذي نف ، أن
أ ر
بع فقرات حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع
، وكان متوسط احملور مبستوى م
رتفع ،
ح( ني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة3,44
.)
:لقد حصلت الفقرة
(ت نمي املديرية املهارات املطلوبة لتنفيذ اسرتاتيجياهتا من
)خالل التدريب االسرتاتيجي
على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على متوسط حسايب
قدره
(
4.01
،)
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على
(ت عِد املديرية قاعدة معلومات لتزويد اإلدارات التعليمية
)باملعلومات الضرورية واملطلوبة حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.88
،)
كذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص
:على
)(ت غري املديرية اهليكل التنظيمي بطريقة تالءم متطلبات اختيار وتنفيذ االسرتاتيجية
على الرتتيب الثالث حني
حصلت على متوسط مرتفع قدره (
3.62
.)
ًوأخريا:جاءت فقرة
(تضع املديرية توصيف وظيفي معتمد ملختلف املهام
)والوظائف فيها
يف املركز األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
2.51
) بتقدير قليل. بع ار اً: تائج
متغير المتابعة http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
622
اجلدول(4) :
نتائج استجابات العينة
ملتغري املتابعة (ن327
)
م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:رابعا محور المتابعة
1
.ت راقب املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مستوى األداء بصفة دورية
4.103
0.771
1
2
تنتهج املديرية أسلوباً واضحاً ومنظماً يف عملية الرقابة
3.903
0.884
3 اجلدول(4) :
نتائج استجابات العينة
ملتغري املتابعة (ن327
) IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021 3
تعتمد املديرية يف الرقابة املالية منهجية شاملة
.تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية واخلارجية
4.085
0.851
2
4
.تعتمد املديرية يف الرقابة اإلدارية منهجية شاملة تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية واخلارجية
3.617
0.918
6
5
توضِح املديرية للعاملني فيها بأن عملية الرقابة تعي التعاون املشرتك لتنفيذ اسرتاتيجياهتا
.وحتقيق أهدافها
3.76
0.957
5
6
.تتبع املديرية نظاماً إلكرتونياً يف متابعة تنفيذ أهداف العملية الرتبوية وأنشطتها
3.504
0.676
8
7
.تضع املديرية آلية تدرس من خالهلا أسباب عدم االلتزام بتنفيذ قراراهتا
3.602
0.930
7
8
تضع املديرية آلية تدرس من خالهلا أسباب
.عدم إمكانية تنفيذ قراراهتا
3.81
0.880
4
9
.تتبىن املديرية نظاماً للثواب والعقاب خيدم سياستها الرتبوية والتعليمية
352
.3
974
.0
10
10
.تتبىن املديرية نشر مفهوم الشفافية واحملاسبة يف إداراهتا
341
.3
973
.0
11
11
.جت ري املديرية حبوثا علمية لتقومي إدارهتا
299
.3
772
.0
12
12
.ت راقب املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة مشال الباطنة مستوى األداء بصفة دورية
438
.3
975
.0
9
معدل محور المتابعة. 736
.3
982
. ( يتضح من اجلدول4
) أن
تسع رات عبا من حمور امل تابعة،حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع
.وثالث عبارات مقبول
وكان
معدل
متوسط
ات احملور مبستوى م
رتفع( ، حني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة3.736
.)
لقد حصلت الفقرة :
(
ت راقب
)املديرية العامة للرتبية والتعليم مبحافظة مشال الباطنة مستوى األداء بصفة دورية
على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى
مرتفع حيث حصلت على متوسط حسايب (
4,103
،)
وحصلت:على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على
(تعتمد
)املديرية يف الرقابة املالية منهجية شاملة تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية واخلارجية
حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب
قدره (
4,085
،)
)كذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت تنص على: (تنتهج املديرية أسلوباً واضحاً ومنظماً يف عملية الرقابة
على
الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على
( متوسط3.903
.)
)وأخرياً جاءت فقرة: (جت ري املديرية حبوثا علمية لتقومي إدارهتا
يف املركز األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب (
3.299
) بتقدير مقبول. مس اخ اً: تائج محور
التقييم: مس اخ اً: تائج محور
التقييم: اجلدول(5) نتائج استجابات العينة حمل رو التقييم (ن327
) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 623 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021 م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:رابعا
محور
التقييم
1
ت راجع املديرية اخلطة االسرتاتيجية بصفة دورية وحتدد التغيريات املطلوبة
112
.4
0.771
1
2
تتبىن املديرية نظاماً مستمراً يف تقييم األداء االسرتاتيجي
872
.3
0.884
3
3
تضع املديرية نظاماً للحوافز واملكافآت ي شجِع على تطوير األداء وحتقيق األهداف
937
.3
0.851
2
4
تعتمد املديرية يف التقييم املايل على منهجية شاملة تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية
واخلارجية
776
.3
0.918
6
5
تعتمد املديرية يف التقييم اإلداري على منهجية شاملة
تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية
واخلارجية
791
.3
0.957
5
6
تضع املديرية معايري حمددة لقياس جودة املخرجات وإمكانية االستفادة منها
358
.3
0.676
8
7
تستثمر املديرية التغذية الراجعة من اجملتمع احمللي لتلبية احتياجاته احلالية واملستقبلية
691
.3
0.730
7
8
تقيس املديرية رضا العاملني فيها من خالل وضع منهجية شاملة وفق معايري حمددة
802
.3
0.880
4
9
ت ركِز املديرية على مبدأ الشفافية والنزاهة عند إجراء عملية التقييم
284
.3
975
.0
9
10
تتبىن املديرية نظاماً يتضمن أسس ومعايري حمددة ملعرفة األثر الذي حتدثه يف
اجملتمع
124
.3
973
.0
10
معدل محور
التقييم. 881
.3
0.897 العب ارات http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
624
ر
ور
ييم
1
ت راجع املديرية اخلطة االسرتاتيجية بصفة دورية وحتدد التغيريات املطلوبة
112
.4
0.771
1
2
تتبىن املديرية نظاماً مستمراً يف تقييم األداء االسرتاتيجي
872
.3
0.884
3
3
تضع املديرية نظاماً للحوافز واملكافآت ي شجِع على تطوير األداء وحتقيق األهداف
937
.3
0.851
2
4
تعتمد املديرية يف التقييم املايل على منهجية شاملة تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية
واخلارجية
776
.3
0.918
6
5
تعتمد املديرية يف التقييم اإلداري على منهجية شاملة
تتضمن حتليل التقارير الداخلية
واخلارجية
791
.3
0.957
5
6
تضع املديرية معايري حمددة لقياس جودة املخرجات وإمكانية االستفادة منها
358
.3
0.676
8
7
تستثمر املديرية التغذية الراجعة من اجملتمع احمللي لتلبية احتياجاته احلالية واملستقبلية
691
.3
0.730
7
8
تقيس املديرية رضا العاملني فيها من خالل وضع منهجية شاملة وفق معايري حمددة
802
.3
0.880
4
9
ت ركِز املديرية على مبدأ الشفافية والنزاهة عند إجراء عملية التقييم
284
.3
975
.0
9
10
تتبىن املديرية نظاماً يتضمن أسس ومعايري حمددة ملعرفة األثر الذي حتدثه يف
اجملتمع
124
.3
973
.0
10
معدل محور
التقييم. ة أدا الدراسة: 881
.3
0.897
( يتضح من اجلدول5
) أن
سب
ع فقرات يف حمور التقييم حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع، وكان متوسط احملور مبستوى م رتفع
ًأيضا ، حني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة(
3.881
.)
:لقد حصلت الفقرة(
ت راجع املديرية اخلطة االسرتاتيجية بصفة دورية
)وحتدد التغيريات املطلوبة
على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على متوسط حسايب
(
4.134
،)
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على على (تضع املديرية نظاماً للحوافز واملكافآت ي شجِع
على تطوير)األداء وحتقيق األهداف حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.937
)، كذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت
:تنص على )(تتبىن املديرية نظاماً مستمراً يف تقييم األداء االسرتاتيجي على الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على متوسط
(
3.872
( :). وأخرياً جاءت فقرة
تتبىن املديرية نظاماً يتضمن أسس ومعا
يري حمددة ملعرفة األثر الذي حتدثه يف اجملتمع)
في ( يتضح من اجلدول5
) أن
سب
ع فقرات يف حمور التقييم حصلت على ترتيب مرتفع، وكان متوسط احملور مبستوى م رتفع
ًأيضا ، حني حقق متوسطا حسابيا قدرة(
3.881
.)
:لقد حصلت الفقرة(
ت راجع املديرية اخلطة االسرتاتيجية بصفة دورية
)وحتدد التغيريات املطلوبة
على أعلى ترتيب بني الفقرات ومبستوى مرتفع حيث حصلت على متوسط حسايب
(
4.134
،)
:وحصلت على الرتتيب الثاين الفقرة اليت تنص على على (تضع املديرية نظاماً للحوافز واملكافآت ي شجِع
على تطوير)األداء وحتقيق األهداف حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب قدره (
3.937
)، كذلك حصلت الفقرة اليت
:تنص على )(تتبىن املديرية نظاماً مستمراً يف تقييم األداء االسرتاتيجي على الرتتيب الثالث حني حصلت على متوسط
(
3.872
( :). وأخرياً جاءت فقرة
تتبىن املديرية نظاماً يتضمن أسس ومعا
يري حمددة ملعرفة األثر الذي حتدثه يف اجملتمع)
في http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021
http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
625
املركز األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب (
3.124
.)
داس :ًسا
النتائج النهائية ل
درجة التزام اإلدارة المدرسية بمعايير اإلدارة االستراتيجية:
( اجلدول6
:)نتائج استجابات العينة
حملاور
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية (ن327
)
م ال
محور
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
1
صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية
3.58
0.902
3
2
التخطيط
3.309
0.804
5
3
التنفيذ
3.44
0.922
4
4
املتابعة
736
.3
982
. 0
2
5
التقييم
881
.3
0.897
1
ل معد
متوسطات
محاور اإلدارة االستراتيجية
3.963
0.912
يبني
( اجلدول6) أعاله
أن مجيع حماور
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية
قد حصلت على تقدير مرتفع من وجهة نظر العينة. وكان
( معدل مجيع احملاور مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,963
( ) واحنراف معياري قدره0,912
،). ة أدا الدراسة: جاء أوالً حمور التقييم، فاملتابعة
.تاله حمور صياغة األهداف ثالثا، مث حمور التنفيذ، وأخرياً حمور التخطيط
.ًسابعا
تائج محور
الرضا الو
ظيفي
( اجلدول7
:)
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور الرضا الوظيفي (ن327
)
م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:المجال الثا ي الرضا الوظيفي
1
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
031
.4
0.771
2
2
لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا
158
.4
0.884
1
3
شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
017
.4
0.851
3 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021
http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
625
املركز األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب (
3.124
.)
داس :ًسا
النتائج النهائية ل
درجة التزام اإلدارة المدرسية بمعايير اإلدارة االستراتيجية:
( اجلدول6
:)نتائج استجابات العينة
حملاور
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية (ن327
)
م ال
محور
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
1
صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية
3.58
0.902
3
2
التخطيط
3.309
0.804
5
3
التنفيذ
3.44
0.922
4
4
املتابعة
736
.3
982
. 0
2
5
التقييم
881
.3
0.897
1
ل معد
متوسطات
محاور اإلدارة االستراتيجية
3.963
0.912
يبني
( اجلدول6) أعاله
أن مجيع حماور
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية
قد حصلت على تقدير مرتفع من وجهة نظر العينة. وكان
( معدل مجيع احملاور مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,963
( ) واحنراف معياري قدره0,912
،). جاء أوالً حمور التقييم، فاملتابعة
.تاله حمور صياغة األهداف ثالثا، مث حمور التنفيذ، وأخرياً حمور التخطيط
.ًسابعا
تائج محور
الرضا الو
ظيفي
( اجلدول7
:)
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور الرضا الوظيفي (ن327
)
م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:المجال الثا ي الرضا الوظيفي
1
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
031
.4
0.771
2
2
لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا
158
.4
0.884
1
3
شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
017
.4
0.851
3 املركز األخري حني حصلت على متوسط حسايب (
3.124
.)
داس :ًسا
النتائج النهائية ل
درجة التزام اإلدارة المدرسية بمعايير اإلدارة االستراتيجية:
( اجلدول6
:)نتائج استجابات العينة
حملاور
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية (ن327
)
م ال
محور
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
1
صياغة األهداف اإلسرتاتيجية
3.58
0.902
3
2
التخطيط
3.309
0.804
5
3
التنفيذ
3.44
0.922
4
4
املتابعة
736
.3
982
. ة أدا الدراسة: ويتضح من نتائج
التحليل الوصفي أن
رة عبا: (
)يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
قد حصلت على الرتتيب األول و حصلت على
متوسط حسايب(
4.158
.)
و حصلت
عبارة :
)(لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا على
الرتتيب الثاين وحصلت على متوسط حسايب(
4.031
)
. أما
عبارة:
)(شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
ف حصلت على الرتتيب الثالث واليت حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
4.017
). وجاءت باملرتبة األخرية ة عبار( :
أجد
استمتاعا يف عملي)
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره2,43
) بتقدير قليل
( واحنراف0,799
.)
وتتفق( هذه النتيجة مع النتائج اليت توصلت الدراسات املماثلة؛ ،األغربي2002
؛ ،احليدر2005
؛،البننننننالدي
2011
)
َّيف أن
الرضا الوظيفي حصل على تقدير مرتفع
.ًيف تلك الدراسات أيضا 5
يتناسب راتيب مع الشهادة العلمية اليت أمحلها
669
.3
0.957
6
6
تشجعي.إدارة املؤسسة على االطالع على كل ما هو جديد يف ختصصي
198
.3
0.776
12
7
.أشعر بأن حمتوى الدورات والندوات باملؤسسة تسهم يف تنمية قدرايت املهنية
097
.3
0.930
13
8
أشعر باالستقرار الوظيفي يف عملي
952
.3
0.880
4
9
أشعر بعدالة يف نظام الرتقيات
552
.3
721
.0
7
10
تليب بيئة العمل املدرسية حاجايت النفسية واالجتماعية
217
.3
603
.0
11
11
.أشعر أن السياسات الرتبوية حددت يل حقوقي وواجبايت بشكل واضح
539
.3
609
.0
8
12
.أعتز بأني أنتمي إىل مهنة التعليم
87
.3
887
.0
5
13
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني إدارة املدرسة
454
.3
858
.0
9
14
نظام العالوات السنوية املتبع يف وزارة الرتبية والتعليم غري عادل
583
.2
725
.0
14
15
.أجد استمتاعا يف عملي
2.43
799
.0
15
متوسط الرضا الوظيفي
995
.3
0,814
يتضح من اجلدول(7) أن
مجيع
عبا
رات حمور ال
رضا الوظيفي حصلت على ت
ري قد مرتفع
، وكان عدل م
حمور الرضا
الوظيفي قد حقق(
3.995
)
وطبقاً ملعامل ليكرت اخلماسي فإن
هذا امل توسط
احل سايب ًيعترب مرتفعا . ويتضح من نتائج
التحليل الوصفي أن
رة عبا: (
)يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
قد حصلت على الرتتيب األول و حصلت على
متوسط حسايب(
4.158
.)
و حصلت
عبارة :
)(لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا على
الرتتيب الثاين وحصلت على متوسط حسايب(
4.031
)
. أما
عبارة:
)(شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
ف حصلت على الرتتيب الثالث واليت حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
4.017
). ة أدا الدراسة: 0
2
5
التقييم
881
.3
0.897
1
ل معد
متوسطات
محاور اإلدارة االستراتيجية
3.963
0.912 يبني
( اجلدول6) أعاله
أن مجيع حماور
اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية
قد حصلت على تقدير مرتفع من وجهة نظر العينة. وكان
( معدل مجيع احملاور مبتوسط حسايب قدره3,963
( ) واحنراف معياري قدره0,912
،). جاء أوالً حمور التقييم، فاملتابعة
.تاله حمور صياغة األهداف ثالثا، مث حمور التنفيذ، وأخرياً حمور التخطيط http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
625
( اجلدول7
:)
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور الرضا الوظيفي (ن327
)
م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:المجال الثا ي الرضا الوظيفي
1
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
031
.4
0.771
2
2
لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا
158
.4
0.884
1
3
شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
017
.4
0.851
3 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
625
( اجلدول7
:)
نتائج استجابات العينة
حملور الرضا الوظيفي (ن327
)
م العب ارات
المتوسط
الحسابي
اال حراف
المعياري الترتيب
:المجال الثا ي الرضا الوظيفي
1
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
031
.4
0.771
2
2
لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا
158
.4
0.884
1
3
شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
017
.4
0.851
3 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. ة أدا الدراسة: VII, Issue 21, December 2021 4
.تساهم وظيفيت يف خلق روح اإلبداع
306
.3
0.918
10
5
يتناسب راتيب مع الشهادة العلمية اليت أمحلها
669
.3
0.957
6
6
تشجعي.إدارة املؤسسة على االطالع على كل ما هو جديد يف ختصصي
198
.3
0.776
12
7
.أشعر بأن حمتوى الدورات والندوات باملؤسسة تسهم يف تنمية قدرايت املهنية
097
.3
0.930
13
8
أشعر باالستقرار الوظيفي يف عملي
952
.3
0.880
4
9
أشعر بعدالة يف نظام الرتقيات
552
.3
721
.0
7
10
تليب بيئة العمل املدرسية حاجايت النفسية واالجتماعية
217
.3
603
.0
11
11
.أشعر أن السياسات الرتبوية حددت يل حقوقي وواجبايت بشكل واضح
539
.3
609
.0
8
12
.أعتز بأني أنتمي إىل مهنة التعليم
87
.3
887
.0
5
13
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني إدارة املدرسة
454
.3
858
.0
9
14
نظام العالوات السنوية املتبع يف وزارة الرتبية والتعليم غري عادل
583
.2
725
.0
14
15
.أجد استمتاعا يف عملي
2.43
799
.0
15
متوسط الرضا الوظيفي
995
.3
0,814 ق روح إل ع
م و ي يت يف
5
يتناسب راتيب مع الشهادة العلمية اليت أمحلها
669
.3
0.957
6
6
تشجعي.إدارة املؤسسة على االطالع على كل ما هو جديد يف ختصصي
198
.3
0.776
12
7
.أشعر بأن حمتوى الدورات والندوات باملؤسسة تسهم يف تنمية قدرايت املهنية
097
.3
0.930
13
8
أشعر باالستقرار الوظيفي يف عملي
952
.3
0.880
4
9
أشعر بعدالة يف نظام الرتقيات
552
.3
721
.0
7
10
تليب بيئة العمل املدرسية حاجايت النفسية واالجتماعية
217
.3
603
.0
11
11
.أشعر أن السياسات الرتبوية حددت يل حقوقي وواجبايت بشكل واضح
539
.3
609
.0
8
12
.أعتز بأني أنتمي إىل مهنة التعليم
87
.3
887
.0
5
13
يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني إدارة املدرسة
454
.3
858
.0
9
14
نظام العالوات السنوية املتبع يف وزارة الرتبية والتعليم غري عادل
583
.2
725
.0
14
15
.أجد استمتاعا يف عملي
2.43
799
.0
15
متوسط الرضا الوظيفي
995
.3
0,814
يتضح من اجلدول(7) أن
مجيع
عبا
رات حمور ال
رضا الوظيفي حصلت على ت
ري قد مرتفع
، وكان عدل م
حمور الرضا
الوظيفي قد حقق(
3.995
)
وطبقاً ملعامل ليكرت اخلماسي فإن
هذا امل توسط
احل سايب ًيعترب مرتفعا . ة أدا الدراسة: استخدام مهارات اإلدارة االسرت اتيجية لرفع كفاءة العمليات اإلشراقية داخل
.املدرسة
مستقبل الرتبية العربية-
، مصر18
(
71
، )
73
-
134
. .العتييب، عالية حممد(
2017
)
. تطوير أداء القيادات اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات جامعة امللك عبد العزيز يف ضوء
مدخل اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية. جملة العلوم الرتبوية-
جامعة اإلمام حممد بن سعود اإلسالمية-
،السعودية11
،
.ص416
-
420
. .الغفيلي، أمحد بن عبد اهلل بن علي2003. املشكالت اإلدارية اليت
تواجهها املدارس اخلاصة يف سلطنة عمان من
وجهة نظر املديرين واملعلمني. (رسالة ماجستري غري منشورة). كلية الرتبية، ختصص إدارة تربوية، جامعة السلطان
.قابوس
.الكساسبة، حممد مفضي، وآخرون2009. "تأثري ثقافة التمكني والقيادة التحويلية على املنظمة املتعلمة". اجملل ة
.األردنية يف إدارة األعمال، األردن
.حممد، ناهد هبجت وأبو الوفا، مجال حممد ورمسي، حممد حسن2015
. تطوير اإلدارة املدرسية يف مصر يف ضوء
معايري اهليئة القومية لضمان جودة التعليم واالعتماد. جملة كلية الرتبية-
،جامعة بنها26
(
101
،)
285
-
334
. املناخلي، زينب ال.سيد حممود2015. أمهية اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية من حيث اإلطار واملفهوم واملكونات. اجمللة العلمية .أمحد، إبراهيم أمحنند2003
.. اإلدارة املنندرسية يف مطلع احلادي والعشرين. القاهرة: دار الفكر العريب
األغربي .، عبدالصمد2002
. "الرضا الوظيفي لدى عينة من مديري مدارس التعليم العام باملنطقة الشرقية". جملة
دراسات اخلليج واجلزيرة العربية. جامعة ال.كويت .أمحد، إبراهيم أمحنند2003
.. اإلدارة املنندرسية يف مطلع احلادي والعشرين. القاهرة: دار الفكر العريب
األغربي .، عبدالصمد2002
. "الرضا الوظيفي لدى عينة من مديري مدارس التعليم العام باملنطقة الشرقية". جملة
دراسات اخلليج واجلزيرة العربية. جامعة ال.كويت
.البننننننالدي، صاحل2011
. الرضا الوظيفي ملديري املدارس املتوسطة مبدينة مكة املكرمة من وجهة نظرهم. (رسالة
.ماجستري غري منشورة). جامعة أم القرى، اململكة العربية السعودية
.احلريب، هناء عبد اهلل محد2010
. اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية كمدخل لتطوير إدارات الرتب ية والتعليم يف اململكة العربية
السعودية. رسالة ماجستري غري منشورة، كلية الرتبية، جا
معة طيبة. جخ
.البننننننالدي، صاحل2011
. الرضا الوظيفي ملديري املدارس املتوسطة مبدينة مكة املكرمة من وجهة نظرهم. (رسالة
.ماجستري غري منشورة). جامعة أم القرى، اململكة العربية السعودية
.احلريب، هناء عبد اهلل محد2010. اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية كمدخل لتطوير إدارات الرتب
ية والتعليم يف اململكة العربية .البننننننالدي، صاحل2011
. الرضا الوظيفي ملديري املدارس املتوسطة مبدينة مكة املكرمة من وجهة نظرهم. (رسالة
.ماجستري غري منشورة). جامعة أم القرى، اململكة العربية السعودية .احلريب، هناء عبد اهلل محد2010
. اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية كمدخل لتطوير إدارات الرتب ية والتعليم يف اململكة العربية
السعودية. رسالة ماجستري غري منشورة، كلية الرتبية، جا
معة طيبة. .حنا، فاضل2012
. متطلبات تطبيق اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية من وجهة نظر أعضاء اهليئة التعليمية يف كلية الرتبية جبامعة
دمشق: دراسة ميدانية. ة أدا الدراسة: وجاءت باملرتبة األخرية ة عبار( :
أجد
استمتاعا يف عملي)
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره2,43
) بتقدير قليل
( واحنراف0,799
.)
وتتفق( هذه النتيجة مع النتائج اليت توصلت الدراسات املماثلة؛ ،األغربي2002
؛ ،احليدر2005
؛،البننننننالدي
2011
)
َّيف أن
الرضا الوظيفي حصل على تقدير مرتفع
.ًيف تلك الدراسات أيضا يتضح من اجلدول(7) أن
مجيع
عبا
رات حمور ال
رضا الوظيفي حصلت على ت
ري قد مرتفع
، وكان عدل م
حمور الرضا
الوظيفي قد حقق(
3.995
)
وطبقاً ملعامل ليكرت اخلماسي فإن
هذا امل توسط
احل سايب ًيعترب مرتفعا . ويتضح من نتائج
التحليل الوصفي أن
رة عبا: (
)يوجد تعاون جيد بيي وبني زمالء العمل
قد حصلت على الرتتيب األول و حصلت على
متوسط حسايب(
4.158
.)
و حصلت
عبارة :
)(لدي معرفة كافية بأسس العمل وقوانينه يف املدرسة اليت أعمل هبا على
الرتتيب الثاين وحصلت على متوسط حسايب(
4.031
)
. أما
عبارة:
)(شعوري باالستقرار يزيد من دافعييت يف العمل
ف حصلت على الرتتيب الثالث واليت حصلت على متوسط حسايب(
4.017
). وجاءت باملرتبة األخرية ة عبار( :
أجد
استمتاعا يف عملي)
( مبتوسط حسايب قدره2,43
) بتقدير قليل
( واحنراف0,799
.) وتتفق( هذه النتيجة مع النتائج اليت توصلت الدراسات املماثلة؛ ،األغربي2002
؛ ،احليدر2005
؛،البننننننالدي
2011
)
َّيف أن
الرضا الوظيفي حصل على تقدير مرتفع
.ًيف تلك الدراسات أيضا http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 626 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 :قائمة المراجع
.أمحد، إبراهيم أمحنند2003
.. اإلدارة املنندرسية يف مطلع احلادي والعشرين. القاهرة: دار الفكر العريب
األغربي .، عبدالصمد2002
. "الرضا الوظيفي لدى عينة من مديري مدارس التعليم العام باملنطقة الشرقية". جملة
دراسات اخلليج واجلزيرة العربية. جامعة ال.كويت
.البننننننالدي، صاحل2011
. الرضا الوظيفي ملديري املدارس املتوسطة مبدينة مكة املكرمة من وجهة نظرهم. (رسالة
.ماجستري غري منشورة). جامعة أم القرى، اململكة العربية السعودية
.احلريب، هناء عبد اهلل محد2010
. اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية كمدخل لتطوير إدارات الرتب ية والتعليم يف اململكة العربية
السعودية. رسالة ماجستري غري منشورة، كلية الرتبية، جا
معة طيبة. .حنا، فاضل2012
. متطلبات تطبيق اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية من وجهة نظر أعضاء اهليئة التعليمية يف كلية الرتبية جبامعة
دمشق: دراسة ميدانية. جملة جامعة دمشق للعلوم الرتبوية -
،سوريا28
(4
،)
59
-
112
. .احليدر، عبد احملسن وبن طالب، إبراهيم2005
. الرضا الوظيفي لدى العاملني يف القطاع الصحي يف مدينة الريا
(حبث ميداين). معهد اإلدارة العامة، مركز البحوث، ا لريا،
.السعودية
.عبد املنعم، فاتن حممد(
2011
)
. ة أدا الدراسة: جملة جامعة دمشق للعلوم الرتبوية -
،سوريا28
(4
،)
59
-
112
. .احليدر، عبد احملسن وبن طالب، إبراهيم2005
. الرضا الوظيفي لدى العاملني يف القطاع الصحي يف مدينة الريا
(حبث ميداين). معهد اإلدارة العامة، مركز البحوث، ا لريا،
.السعودية .عبد املنعم، فاتن حممد(
2011
)
. استخدام مهارات اإلدارة االسرت اتيجية لرفع كفاءة العمليات اإلشراقية داخل
.املدرسة
مستقبل الرتبية العربية-
، مصر18
(
71
، )
73
-
134
. .العتييب، عالية حممد(
2017
)
. تطوير أداء القيادات اإلدارية بكليات فرع البنات جامعة امللك عبد العزيز يف ضوء
مدخل اإلدارة االسرتاتيجية. جملة العلوم الرتبوية-
جامعة اإلمام حممد بن سعود اإلسالمية-
،السعودية11
،
.ص416
-
420
. .الغفيلي، أمحد بن عبد اهلل بن علي2003. املشكالت اإلدارية اليت
تواجهها املدارس اخلاصة يف سلطنة عمان من
وجهة نظر املديرين واملعلمني. (رسالة ماجستري غري منشورة). كلية الرتبية، ختصص إدارة تربوية، جامعة السلطان
.قابوس IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VII, Issue 21, December 2021 للدراسات التجارية والبيئية-
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اأ.د. نا8سر
د. حممد عبد العزيز
حريرمدير الت
العزيز
د. حممد 7سرف
اليمن
ا. د.حنان عبيد
االأردن
اأ. د. عال الزيات
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قطر جامعة ،والعلوم الآداب �أ6ستاذ الإعالم، كلية
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الطفيلة جامعة ،الرتبوية العلوم عميد 6سابق بكلية اال6سم
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1
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الzسودان
العاملية �إفريقيا جامعة ،الرتبية كلية عميد
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15د. نواف 8صنت الظفريي
الكويت
�أ6ستاذ الإعالم الرتبوي بهيئة التعليم التطبيقي/الكويت
16
د. 7شومة بنت حممد البلوي
الzسعودية
تبوك جامعة ،والنقد البالغة �أ6ستاذ
17
د. و6سن 8صالح حzسني احلياين
العراق
بغداد جامعة ،العربية اللغة مzساعد �أ6ستاذ
18د. 6سونا عمر العبادي
الأردن
�أ6ستاذ الق¦ضاء ال{شرعي، جامعة العلوم الإ6سالمية العاملية
19د. 6سمر م|صطفى ال{شرقاوي
م|صر
�أ6ستاذ م{شارك العلوم ال{شرعية، جامعة امللك في|صل
20
د. نهى بنت 6سعيد نقيطي
الzسعودية
�أ6ستاذ م{شارك ت|صميم وفنون، جامعة امللك عبد العزيز
21
Dr. Alexander c. UK
md PhD in theology at the University of Birmingham
22
Dr. Anita moors
London
research center, Uk/London اال6سم
الدولة
ال|صفة واجلامعة
1د. 6سعيد عمر �إبراهيم
العراق
عميد كلية الرتبية، جامعة 8صالح الدين/ �أربيل
2د. �أنzس حممد اخلاليلة
الأردن
عميد كلية ال{شريعة، جامعة الزرقاء
3د. هيئة التحرير حzسن م|صطفى
الzسودان
عميد كلية االت|صال، جامعة الفالح
4د. ن¦ضال حماد علي
الzسودان
عميد كلية االقت|صاد، جامعة الإمام املهدي
5
د. 8صالح الدين عامر
اليمن
رئيzس جملzس اخلرباء مبنظمة الزكاة العاملية
6
د. �إنعام يو6سف حممد
م|صر
عجمان جامعة ،مzساعد علم االجتماع �أ6ستاذ
7
د. مازن موفق اخلريو
العراق
املو8صل جامعة ،القر�آنية البالغة �أ6ستاذ
8
د. حممد 7شرف ها7شم
اليمن
الكويت جامعة ،ال{شريعة �أ6ستاذ الإعالم، كلية
9
د. مهرة حمري �آل مالك
الإمارات
عجمان جامعة ،نفzس علم ا6ست{شاري
10
د. مزنة بنت حزام ال{شمري
الzسعودية)kings college London( �أ6ستاذ هند6سة احلا6سب الآيل
11
د. حممد عبدالفتاح زهري
م|صر
مدير وحدة الأزمات كلية الzسياحة، جامعة املن|صورة
12
د. زهري حzسني 9ضيف
العراق
البحرين/الأهلية اجلامعة ،الإعالم قzسم رئيzس
13
د. عالء زهري الروا7شدة
الأردن
عجمان جامعة ،امل{شارك االجتماع علم �أ6ستاذ
14
د. 6سعاد موزير مطر
فرنzسا)Franche - Comté( فرن{ش كونتيه جامعة ،االت|صال �أ6ستاذ
15د. نواف 8صنت الظفريي
الكويت
�أ6ستاذ الإعالم الرتبوي بهيئة التعليم التطبيقي/الكويت
16
د. 7شومة بنت حممد البلوي
الzسعودية
تبوك جامعة ،والنقد البالغة �أ6ستاذ
17
د. و6سن 8صالح حzسني احلياين
العراق
بغداد جامعة ،العربية اللغة مzساعد �أ6ستاذ
18د. 6سونا عمر العبادي
الأردن
�أ6ستاذ الق¦ضاء ال{شرعي، جامعة العلوم الإ6سالمية العاملية
19د. 6سمر م|صطفى ال{شرقاوي
م|صر
�أ6ستاذ م{شارك العلوم ال{شرعية، جامعة امللك في|صل
20
د. نهى بنت 6سعيد نقيطي
الzسعودية
�أ6ستاذ م{شارك ت|صميم وفنون، جامعة امللك عبد العزيز
21
Dr. Alexander c. UK
md PhD in theology at the University of Birmingham
22
Dr. Anita moors
London
research center, Uk/London اال6سم
الدولة
ال|صفة واجلامعة
1د. 6سعيد عمر �إبراهيم
العراق
عميد كلية الرتبية، جامعة 8صالح الدين/ �أربيل
2د. �أنzس حممد اخلاليلة
الأردن
عميد كلية ال{شريعة، جامعة الزرقاء
3د. حzسن م|صطفى
الzسودان
عميد كلية االت|صال، جامعة الفالح
4د. ن¦ضال حماد علي
الzسودان
عميد كلية االقت|صاد، جامعة الإمام املهدي
5
د. 8صالح الدين عامر
اليمن
رئيzس جملzس اخلرباء مبنظمة الزكاة العاملية
6
د. �إنعام يو6سف حممد
م|صر
عجمان جامعة ،مzساعد علم االجتماع �أ6ستاذ
7
د. مازن موفق اخلريو
العراق
املو8صل جامعة ،القر�آنية البالغة �أ6ستاذ
8
د. حممد 7شرف ها7شم
اليمن
الكويت جامعة ،ال{شريعة �أ6ستاذ الإعالم، كلية
9
د. مهرة حمري �آل مالك
الإمارات
عجمان جامعة ،نفzس علم ا6ست{شاري
10
د. مزنة بنت حزام ال{شمري
الzسعودية)kings college London( �أ6ستاذ هند6سة احلا6سب الآيل
11
د. حممد عبدالفتاح زهري
م|صر
مدير وحدة الأزمات كلية الzسياحة، جامعة املن|صورة
12
د. زهري حzسني 9ضيف
العراق
البحرين/الأهلية اجلامعة ،الإعالم قzسم رئيzس
13
د. عالء زهري الروا7شدة
الأردن
عجمان جامعة ،امل{شارك االجتماع علم �أ6ستاذ
14
د. هيئة التحرير يراعى فـي كتابة البحث عدم �إيراد ا6سم الباحث، �أو الباحثني، فـي منت البحث 8صراحة، �أو ب�أي �إ7شارة11
تك{شف عن هويته، �أو هوياتهم، و�إمنا تzستخدم كلمة (الباحث، �أو الباحثني) بدالً من اال6سم، 6سواء فـي
.املنت، �أو التوثيق، �أو فـي قائمة املراجع
. يجب الأخذ بعني االعتبار الرتتيب للمراجع، ومراعاة وجود عالمات الرتقيم من فا8صلة ونقطة وغريها من12
.عالمات الرتقيم املختلفة، فبع¦ض املراجع تعتمد الفا8صلة يف التوثيق وبع¦ضها تعتمد النقطة
.. يجب �أن ي¦ضع الباحث عنوان بريده الإلكرتوين �أ6سفل ا6سمه مع لقبه العلمي. مدر6س. �أ6ستاذ مzساعد13
�لخ
�أ تاذ { ارك قواعد و:ضوابط النشر العلمي يف جملة بحوث .. يجب �أال تزيد مzساحة الن{شر عن 6ستة الآف كلمة للبحث 7شاملة املراجع1ج . يعد ملخ|صان للبحث: �أحدهما باللغة العربية، والآخر باللغة الإجنليزية، على �أن ال تتجاوز كلمات كل2
.) كلمة200( واحد منهما ال تــزيد على خمzس كلمــات )Key Words( . يلي امللخ|صني: العربيَّ، والإجنليــزيَّ، كلماتٌ مفتاحية3
.(غري موجودة فـي عنوان البحث)، تعرب عن املجاالت التي يتناولها البحث؛ لتzستخدم فـي التك{شيف
لتوثيق مراجع البحث العلمي لتعزيز الأمانة العلمية للباحث، كما يجب �أنAPA . ا6ستخدام طريقة4
حال وجودها، الدرا6سات الzسابقة، اخلامتة وت{شمل- تت¦ضمن املنهجية م{شكلة البحث، �أهدافه، حمدداته
.ميمالنتائج والتو8صيات .النتائج والتو8صيات
. يراعى عند تكرار امل|صدر يف 8صفحة ثانية من البحث يذكر فقط ا6سم امل|صدر ورقم ال|صفحة �أو رقم ال|صفحة5
.واجلزء �ذا كان الكتاب �أجزاء . يراعى عند تكرار امل|صدر يف 8صفحة ثانية من البحث يذكر فقط ا6سم امل|صدر ورقم ال|صفحة �أو رقم ال|صفحة5
.واجلزء �إذا كان الكتاب �أجزاء إج
يف حال نقل الكالم من امل|صدر ن|صاً، �أما �إذا ت|صرف البحث " " . اعتماد �أقوا6س التن|صي|ص ال|صغرية6
.قبل ا6سم امل|صدر "ينظر" جبالكالم املنقول فال ي¦ضع الكالم بني �أقوا6س ويكتب يف الهام{ش كلمةiخمن إج
يف حال نقل الكالم من امل|صدر ن|صاً، �أما �إذا ت|صرف البحث " " . اعتماد �أقوا6س التن|صي|ص ال|صغرية6
.قبل ا6سم امل|صدر "ينظر" جبالكالم املنقول فال ي¦ضع الكالم بني �أقوا6س ويكتب يف الهام{ش كلمةiخمن )، وللبحوث الإجنليزية14( بحجم ،)Simplified Arabic( . يكون نوع اخلط فـي املنت للبحوث العربية7
،)12( ) والهام{ش18( )، وتكون العناوين الرئيzسة حجم11( بحجم ،)Times New Roman(
. 6سم، واملzسافة بني الأ6سطر مفردة2.5 خجوهوام{ش ال|صفحة )، وللبحوث الإجنليزية14( بحجم ،)Simplified Arabic( . يكون نوع اخلط فـي املنت للبحوث العربية7
،)12( ) والهام{ش18( )، وتكون العناوين الرئيzسة حجم11( بحجم ،)Times New Roman(
. 6سم، واملzسافة بني الأ6سطر مفردة2.5 وهوام{ش ال|صفحةiخج )، وللبحوث10( بحجم ،)Simplified Arabic( . يكون نوع اخلط فـي اجلداول للبحوث العربية8
)، كما يراعى يف البحث املت¦ضمن جداول و�أ7شكال8( بحجم ،)Times New Roman( الإجنليزية
.كتابة رقم ال{شكل وعنوانه �أعاله ثم اجلدول م|صدره �أ6سفله )، وللبحوث10( بحجم ،)Simplified Arabic( . يكون نوع اخلط فـي اجلداول للبحوث العربية8
)، كما يراعى يف البحث املت¦ضمن جداول و�أ7شكال8( بحجم ،)Times New Roman( الإجنليزية
.كتابة رقم ال{شكل وعنوانه �أعاله ثم اجلدول م|صدره �أ6سفله ج
ما
م
) فـي جميع ثنايا البحث، على �أن يكون ترقيم 8صفحات البحثArabic...3-2-1( . تzستخدم الأرقام العربية9
.نمفـي منت|صف �أ6سفل ال|صفحة جا
) فـي جميع ثنايا البحث، على �أن يكون ترقيم 8صفحات البحثArabic...3-2-1( . تzستخدم الأرقام العربية9
.نمفـي منت|صف �أ6سفل ال|صفحة ،. هيئة التحرير 6سعاد موزير مطر
فرنzسا)Franche - Comté( فرن{ش كونتيه جامعة ،االت|صال �أ6ستاذ
15د. نواف 8صنت الظفريي
الكويت
�أ6ستاذ الإعالم الرتبوي بهيئة التعليم التطبيقي/الكويت
16
د. 7شومة بنت حممد البلوي
الzسعودية
تبوك جامعة ،والنقد البالغة �أ6ستاذ
17
د. و6سن 8صالح حzسني احلياين
العراق
بغداد جامعة ،العربية اللغة مzساعد �أ6ستاذ
18د. 6سونا عمر العبادي
الأردن
�أ6ستاذ الق¦ضاء ال{شرعي، جامعة العلوم الإ6سالمية العاملية
19د. 6سمر م|صطفى ال{شرقاوي
م|صر
�أ6ستاذ م{شارك العلوم ال{شرعية، جامعة امللك في|صل
20
د. نهى بنت 6سعيد نقيطي
الzسعودية
�أ6ستاذ م{شارك ت|صميم وفنون، جامعة امللك عبد العزيز
21
Dr. Alexander c. UK
md PhD in theology at the University of Birmingham
22
Dr. Anita moors
London
research center, Uk/London 22 قواعد و:ضوابط النشر العلمي يف جملة بحوث
.. يجب �أال تزيد مzساحة الن{شر عن 6ستة الآف كلمة للبحث 7شاملة املراجع1
. يعد ملخ|صان للبحث: �أحدهما باللغة العربية، والآخر باللغة الإجنليزية، على �أن ال تتجاوز كلمات كل2
.) كلمة200( واحد منهما
ال تــزيد على خمzس كلمــات )Key Words( . يلي امللخ|صني: العربيَّ، والإجنليــزيَّ، كلماتٌ مفتاحية3
.(غري موجودة فـي عنوان البحث)، تعرب عن املجاالت التي يتناولها البحث؛ لتzستخدم فـي التك{شيف
لتوثيق مراجع البحث العلمي لتعزيز الأمانة العلمية للباحث، كما يجب �أنAPA . ا6ستخدام طريقة4
حال وجودها، الدرا6سات الzسابقة، اخلامتة وت{شمل- تت¦ضمن املنهجية م{شكلة البحث، �أهدافه، حمدداته
.النتائج والتو8صيات
. يراعى عند تكرار امل|صدر يف 8صفحة ثانية من البحث يذكر فقط ا6سم امل|صدر ورقم ال|صفحة �أو رقم ال|صفحة5
.واجلزء �إذا كان الكتاب �أجزاء
يف حال نقل الكالم من امل|صدر ن|صاً، �أما �إذا ت|صرف البحث " " . اعتماد �أقوا6س التن|صي|ص ال|صغرية6
.قبل ا6سم امل|صدر "ينظر" بالكالم املنقول فال ي¦ضع الكالم بني �أقوا6س ويكتب يف الهام{ش كلمة
)، وللبحوث الإجنليزية14( بحجم ،)Simplified Arabic( . يكون نوع اخلط فـي املنت للبحوث العربية7
،)12( ) والهام{ش18( )، وتكون العناوين الرئيzسة حجم11( بحجم ،)Times New Roman(
. 6سم، واملzسافة بني الأ6سطر مفردة2.5 وهوام{ش ال|صفحة
)، وللبحوث10( بحجم ،)Simplified Arabic( . يكون نوع اخلط فـي اجلداول للبحوث العربية8
)، كما يراعى يف البحث املت¦ضمن جداول و�أ7شكال8( بحجم ،)Times New Roman( الإجنليزية
.كتابة رقم ال{شكل وعنوانه �أعاله ثم اجلدول م|صدره �أ6سفله
) فـي جميع ثنايا البحث، على �أن يكون ترقيم 8صفحات البحثArabic...3-2-1( . تzستخدم الأرقام العربية9
.فـي منت|صف �أ6سفل ال|صفحة
،. عنوان البحث، وا6سم الباحث، �أو الباحثني، وامل�ؤ6سzسة التي ينتمي �إليها، 6سبل التوا8صل ميل وواتzساب10
على 8صفحة مzستقلة قبل 8صفحات البحث، ثم تتبع ب|صفحات البحث، بدءاً بال|صفحة الأوىل حيث
.يكتب عنوان البحث فقط متبوعاً بكامل البحث
. قواعد و:ضوابط النشر العلمي يف جملة بحوث مzساندة الباحثني وطالب الدرا6سات العليا وتعزيز قدراتهم ومتكينهم من اتخاذ قراراتهم ب�أنفzسهم-
. عدم انتهاك حقوق الإنzسان وكرامته عند القيام ب�إجراء جتارب للأبحاث العلمية على الب{شر-
. تقدمي التقدير وال{شكر ملن 6ساهم يف �إعداد البحوث والر6سائل والأطاريح العلمية-
. ا6ستخدام املوارد املتاحة ب{شكل 6سليم لإجناز الأهداف والغايات املرجوة-
. للك{شف عن االنتحال الأكادمييTurnitin موافقة الباحث على ا6ستخدام املجلة للربنامج الإلكرتوين-
. دوالر �أمريكي قبل الن{شر وعقب موافقة جلنة التحكيم250 . يحوّل الباحث ر6سوم الن{شر وقيمتها21
.عناية مدير التحرير ،. يتم تقدمي البحوث �إلكرتونياً من خالل بريد املجلة الإلكرتوين22
:رابط جميع �أعداد جملة بحوث يف املوقع االلكرتوين ملركز لندن للبحوث .. لهيئة التحرير حق الفح|ص الأوّيل للبحث، وتقرير �أهليته للتحكيم �أو رف¦ضه16
ً. فـي حال قبول البحث للن{شر ت�ؤول كل حقوق الن{شر للمجلة، وال يجوز ن{شره فـي �أي منفذ ن{شر �آخر ورقيا17
.�أو �إلكرتونياً دون �إذن كتابي من رئيzس هيئة التحرير
.. الآراء الواردة فـي البحوث املن{شورة تعرب عن وجهة نظر الباحثني فقط وال تعرب بال¦ضرورة عن ر�أي املجلة18
.. لهيئة التحرير احلق فـي حتديد �أولويات ن{شر البحوث19
. 9ضرورة توافر معايري علمية و�أخالقية يف البحث املر6سل للن{شر يف جملة بحوث، وتعدّ مبادئ �أ6سا6سية20
- :يجب �أن يلتزم بها الباحث وحتدد عملية الن{شر منها
. حتري الدقة وامل|صداقية يف تدوين املعلومات والبيانات والنتائج وحتليلها ون{شرها يف الدرا6سة-
. تقبل النقد العلمي البناء املقدم من جهة املحكمني للبحث والعمل مبوجبه قبل عملية الن{شر-
.�أو التحيز يف ت|صميم وحتليل البيانات عند عر9ضها يف 8صفحات الدرا6سات العلمية التالعب جتنب-
. احرتام امللكية الفكرية لأ8صحاب العالقة من بحوث وبراءات اخرتاع وحقوق ن{شر وعدم انتحالها �أو 6سرقتها-
. توظيف البيانات واملعلومات ونتائج الدرا6سات العلمية الzسابقة ب{شكل علمي 6سليم ليمكن اال6ستفادة منها-
. االلتزام بتعليمات وقواعد الن{شر التي و9ضعتها املجلة واجلهات العاملية املنظمة للأبحاث العلمية-
. جتنب دعم �أي جهات ذات �أجندة خا8صة جتعل من البحث مادة لتحقيق م|صاحلهم غري امل{شروعة-
. عدم انتهاك حقوق الإنzسان وكرامته عند القيام ب�إجراء جتارب للأبحاث العلمية على الب{شر-
. يهدف الن{شر تطوير اجلهات ذات العالقة بالدرا6سة و�إفادة الب{شرية وليzس مل|صالح 7شخ|صية فقط-
. االلتزام بتعليمات وقواعد الن{شر التي و9ضعتها املجلة واجلهات العاملية املنظمة للأبحاث العلمية-
. جتنب دعم �أي جهات ذات �أجندة خا8صة يجعلوا من البحث مادة لتحقيق م|صالح غري م{شروعة-
. مzساندة الباحثني وطالب الدرا6سات العليا وتعزيز قدراتهم ومتكينهم من اتخاذ قراراتهم ب�أنفzسهم-
. عدم انتهاك حقوق الإنzسان وكرامته عند القيام ب�إجراء جتارب للأبحاث العلمية على الب{شر-
. تقدمي التقدير وال{شكر ملن 6ساهم يف �إعداد البحوث والر6سائل والأطاريح العلمية-
. قواعد و:ضوابط النشر العلمي يف جملة بحوث عنوان البحث، وا6سم الباحث، �أو الباحثني، وامل�ؤ6سzسة التي ينتمي �إليها، 6سبل التوا8صل ميل وواتzساب10
على 8صفحة مzستقلة قبل 8صفحات البحث، ثم تتبع ب|صفحات البحث، بدءاً بال|صفحة الأوىل حيث
.ننيكتب عنوان البحث فقط متبوعاً بكامل البحث ،. عنوان البحث، وا6سم الباحث، �أو الباحثني، وامل�ؤ6سzسة التي ينتمي �إليها، 6سبل التوا8صل ميل وواتzساب10
على 8صفحة مzستقلة قبل 8صفحات البحث، ثم تتبع ب|صفحات البحث، بدءاً بال|صفحة الأوىل حيث
.يكتب عنوان البحث فقط متبوعاً بكامل البحث . يراعى فـي كتابة البحث عدم �إيراد ا6سم الباحث، �أو الباحثني، فـي منت البحث 8صراحة، �أو ب�أي �إ7شارة11
تك{شف عن هويته، �أو هوياتهم، و�إمنا تzستخدم كلمة (الباحث، �أو الباحثني) بدالً من اال6سم، 6سواء فـي
.نرارراملنت، �أو التوثيق، �أو فـي قائمة املراجع http//www.scrlondon.com
http//www.scr-magazine.com
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[email protected] .. لهيئة التحرير حق الفح|ص الأوّيل للبحث، وتقرير �أهليته للتحكيم �أو رف¦ضه16
ً. فـي حال قبول البحث للن{شر ت�ؤول كل حقوق الن{شر للمجلة، وال يجوز ن{شره فـي �أي منفذ ن{شر �آخر ورقيا17
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. 9ضرورة توافر معايري علمية و�أخالقية يف البحث املر6سل للن{شر يف جملة بحوث، وتعدّ مبادئ �أ6سا6سية20
- :يجب �أن يلتزم بها الباحث وحتدد عملية الن{شر منها
. حتري الدقة وامل|صداقية يف تدوين املعلومات والبيانات والنتائج وحتليلها ون{شرها يف الدرا6سة-
. تقبل النقد العلمي البناء املقدم من جهة املحكمني للبحث والعمل مبوجبه قبل عملية الن{شر-
.�أو التحيز يف ت|صميم وحتليل البيانات عند عر9ضها يف 8صفحات الدرا6سات العلمية التالعب جتنب-
. احرتام امللكية الفكرية لأ8صحاب العالقة من بحوث وبراءات اخرتاع وحقوق ن{شر وعدم انتحالها �أو 6سرقتها-
. توظيف البيانات واملعلومات ونتائج الدرا6سات العلمية الzسابقة ب{شكل علمي 6سليم ليمكن اال6ستفادة منها-
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. جتنب دعم �أي جهات ذات �أجندة خا8صة جتعل من البحث مادة لتحقيق م|صاحلهم غري امل{شروعة-
. عدم انتهاك حقوق الإنzسان وكرامته عند القيام ب�إجراء جتارب للأبحاث العلمية على الب{شر-
. يهدف الن{شر تطوير اجلهات ذات العالقة بالدرا6سة و�إفادة الب{شرية وليzس مل|صالح 7شخ|صية فقط-
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. جتنب دعم �أي جهات ذات �أجندة خا8صة يجعلوا من البحث مادة لتحقيق م|صالح غري م{شروعة-
. الرؤية أن تكون المجلة رائدة في نشر البحوث العلمية الرصينة في مختلف
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.عالميًا أن تكون المجلة رائدة في نشر البحوث العلمية الرصينة في مختلف
تخصصات العلوم االجتماعية، وأن ترقَى إلى مصاف المجالت العلمية المصنَّفة
.عالميًا قواعد و:ضوابط النشر العلمي يف جملة بحوث ا6ستخدام املوارد املتاحة ب{شكل 6سليم لإجناز الأهداف والغايات املرجوة-
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. دوالر �أمريكي قبل الن{شر وعقب موافقة جلنة التحكيم250 . يحوّل الباحث ر6سوم الن{شر وقيمتها21
.عناية مدير التحرير ،. يتم تقدمي البحوث �إلكرتونياً من خالل بريد املجلة الإلكرتوين22
:رابط جميع �أعداد جملة بحوث يف املوقع االلكرتوين ملركز لندن للبحوث .. لهيئة التحرير حق الفح|ص الأوّيل للبحث، وتقرير �أهليته للتحكيم �أو رف¦ضه16
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. تقبل النقد العلمي البناء املقدم من جهة املحكمني للبحث والعمل مبوجبه قبل عملية الن{شر-
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. احرتام امللكية الفكرية لأ8صحاب العالقة من بحوث وبراءات اخرتاع وحقوق ن{شر وعدم انتحالها �أو 6سرقتها-
. توظيف البيانات واملعلومات ونتائج الدرا6سات العلمية الzسابقة ب{شكل علمي 6سليم ليمكن اال6ستفادة منها-
. االلتزام بتعليمات وقواعد الن{شر التي و9ضعتها املجلة واجلهات العاملية املنظمة للأبحاث العلمية-
. جتنب دعم �أي جهات ذات �أجندة خا8صة جتعل من البحث مادة لتحقيق م|صاحلهم غري امل{شروعة-
. عدم انتهاك حقوق الإنzسان وكرامته عند القيام ب�إجراء جتارب للأبحاث العلمية على الب{شر-
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. جتنب دعم �أي جهات ذات �أجندة خا8صة يجعلوا من البحث مادة لتحقيق م|صالح غري م{شروعة-
. مzساندة الباحثني وطالب الدرا6سات العليا وتعزيز قدراتهم ومتكينهم من اتخاذ قراراتهم ب�أنفzسهم-
. عدم انتهاك حقوق الإنzسان وكرامته عند القيام ب�إجراء جتارب للأبحاث العلمية على الب{شر-
. تقدمي التقدير وال{شكر ملن 6ساهم يف �إعداد البحوث والر6سائل والأطاريح العلمية- . ا6ستخدام املوارد املتاحة ب{شكل 6سليم لإجناز الأهداف والغايات املرجوة-
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. دوالر �أمريكي قبل الن{شر وعقب موافقة جلنة التحكيم250 . يحوّل الباحث ر6سوم الن{شر وقيمتها21
.عناية مدير التحرير ،. يتم تقدمي البحوث �إلكرتونياً من خالل بريد املجلة الإلكرتوين22
:رابط جميع �أعداد جملة بحوث يف املوقع االلكرتوين ملركز لندن للبحوث
http://scrlondon.com/ar/%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%a9- http://scrlondon.com/ar/%d9%85%d8%ac%d9%84%d8%a9-
/%d8%a8%d8%ad%d9%88%d8%ab :رابط املوقع الإلكرتوين ملجلة بحوث http://scr-magazine.com/index.php مدير عام جملة بحوث ورئيzس مركز لندن للبحوث
�أ.د. نا8صر الف¦ضلي معلومــــات جملـــة بحــــوث التعريف مجلة علمية متخصصة، محكمة ومفهرسة تصدر عن مركز لندن
للبحــوث واالســتشــارات بـدولة اإلمــارات العربيــة المتحــدة بشــكل دوري
منتظم، تعنى بنشر كافة أبحاث العلوم االجتماعية، استهلت- ربع سنوي-
عددًا دوريًا وخاصًا حتى38 ، وأصدرت2014 أول أعدادها في شهر يونيو عام
.، لها ترقيم دولي ومعامل تأثير عربي2020 نهاية عام أكاديمي رفيعي22 للمجلة هيئة علمية استشارية عليا مؤلفة من
المستوى برتبة أستاذ دكتور من عشرة دول عربية وأجنبية مختلفـة، كما
أكاديمي برتبة أستاذ مساعد، ولها أيضًا22 لها لجنة علمية تتألف من
هيئة تحرير مستقلة تتألف من ثمانية أساتذة متخصصين، تترأس سعادة
الشيخة ميسون بنت محمد القاسمي مجلس إدارة المجلة، وصاحبة السمو
الملكي األميرة منال بنت مساعد آل سعود الرئيس الفخري لها، في حين
– يتـولى منصب المدير العام ســـعادة األســتاذ الدكتور نــاصر الفضـلي
، ويترأس التحرير األستاذ الدكتور عبد–عضو معهد البحوث البريطاني
الملك الدناني والدكتورة إنعام يوسف نائب رئيس التحرير، ويتولى منصب
. مدير التحرير د. محمد عبد العزيز الرسالة نشر البحث العلمي القائم على المنهج العلمي القويم والموضوعية
.في الطرح، في إطار االلتزام بمقاييس الجودة العالمية رئيس التحرير
المدير العام
رئيس مجلس اإلدارة
أ. د. عبد الملك الدناني أ.د. ناصر الفضلي
الشيخة ميسون القاسمي المدير العام
أ.د. ناصر الفضلي رئيس مجلس اإلدارة
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12.......................................... اليمن- بقلم/ رئيzس التحرير: �أ.د. عبد الملك الدناني :كلمة العدد •
14.............................................................................................. ملخصات �أبحاث العدد •
ا7ستخدام طلبة كلية الإعالم بالجامعة العراقية لالنستغرام والإ8شباعات المتحققة •
21................................................................................. العراق- د. ب{شرى حzسين الحمداني
اتجاهــات الشبــاب الجامعي نحــو قيـم المواطنـة (درا7سة تطبيقية على عينة من طالب كلية الإمارات •
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55 .............................................................................................. الكويت- د. يو6سف معتق عبد هلل معتق
الربيع العربي والنزعة االنفصالية لإقليم كرد7ستان العراق •
69................................................. الأردن- الأردن الباحث عارف عادل مر7شد- د. عبدالكريم الzسويلمين
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هدف رئيس لمجلة بحوث
الدنانيبقلم رئيzص التحرير – اأ.د. عبد المل
ياأتي 8صدور العدد اجلديد من جملة بحوث ومركز
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يف املجتمع. حيث 7صارك املركز بالتعاون مع كلية الرتبية للبنات بجامعة ذي قار يف
تنظيم فعاليات املوؤمتر العلمي الدويل الفرتا9صي الذي حمل عنوان: «دور املوؤ6سzسة
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على خمzص درا6سات علمية والجتماعية املختلفة. Journal Information حيث يحتوي العدد احلا
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واإماراتية وكويتية، واأردنية، وتzصلط ال¦صوء على الإ7صكاليات التي توجه الفرد واملجتمع
يف جمالت احلياة الإنzصانية والجتماعية. هدفت الدرا6سة االأوىل اإلـى التعرف على ياأتي 8صدور العدد اجلديد من جملة بحوث ومركز
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واملجتمع العربي يف جمالت احلياة الجتماعية والثقافية
كافة، من منطلق اأهدافه العلمية الzصامية للمzصاهمة يف تقدمي
ر6صالة علمية واإنzصانية مواكبة للمتغريات والتطورات احلا8صلة
يف املجتمع. حيث 7صارك املركز بالتعاون مع كلية الرتبية للبنات بجامعة ذي قار يف
تنظيم فعاليات املوؤمتر العلمي الدويل الفرتا9صي الذي حمل عنوان: «دور املوؤ6سzسة
وذجاً»، وذلك االأكادميية يف معاجلة الظواهر الzسلبية يف املجتمع: ظاهر االنتحار اأ
الإلكرتونية عن بعد.Zoom من خالل من|صة ال|سادرة عن املركز فاإنها تتبنى فكرة وكذلك احلال بالنzسبة ملجلة بحو
املzساهمة يف ن{سر الدرا6سات العلمية الر8سينة التي ميكن اأن تعالج الظواهر الإنzصانية
على خمzص درا6سات علمية والجتماعية املختلفة. حيث يحتوي العدد احلا
تناولت ق¦صايا اإعالمية واإنzصانية واجتماعية متنوعة، لباحثني من جامعات، عراقية
واإماراتية وكويتية، واأردنية، وتzصلط ال¦صوء على الإ7صكاليات التي توجه الفرد واملجتمع
يف جمالت احلياة الإنzصانية والجتماعية. Journal Information هدفت الدرا6سة االأوىل اإلـى التعرف على
حجم ا6صتخدام طلبة اجلامعات العراقية ملوقع النzصتغرام والك{صف عن عادات واأمناط
ا6صتخدام طلبة اجلامعات العراقية ملوقع انzصتغرام والحتياجات املتحققة، بالعتماد هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس12 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس12 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس 12 .على املنهج املzسحي الذي يعد من �أهم املناهج املzستخدمة يف جمال الدرا6سات الإعالمية
وهدفت الدرا6سة الثانية �إىل التعرف على اجتاهات ال{شباب اجلامعي الإماراتي نحو املواطنة
:ومzستوى وعيهم بها، ومدى التزام لدى ال{شباب اجلامعي الإماراتي بقيم املواطنة من خالل
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الإيجابية؟ وهل هناك عالقة بني وعي ال{شباب مبفهوم املواطنة وترجمة هذا الواقع �إىل 8صور
و6سعت الدرا6سة الثالثة �إىل التو8صل �إىل تقدمي ت|صور فقهي مقرتح لدور اجلمعيات .عملية
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ت�أثري ثورات الربيع العربي على وتناولت الدرا6سة الرابعة .19واالجتماعية جلائحة كوفيد
تنامي النزعة االنف|صالية لإقليم كرد6ستان العراق عن الدولة الأم؛ وركزت على تو9ضيح كيفية
تنامي ال{شعور القومي للأكراد بعامة، و�أكراد العراق على وجه التحديد بعد اندالع ثورات
جتربة كيانات املجتمع املدين يف دولة الكويت وعر9ضت الدرا6سة اخلامzسة .الربيع العربي
، والأعمال التي قامت بها هذه الكيانات مثل الأعمال التي قامت بها19ملواجهة وباء كوفيد
.19املzساجد واجلمعيات اخلريية ك�أمثلة لكيانات املجتمع، ملواجهة كوفيد جتربة كيانات املجتمع املدين يف دولة الكويت وعر9ضت الدرا6سة اخلامzسة .الربيع العربي
، والأعمال التي قامت بها هذه الكيانات مثل الأعمال التي قامت بها19ملواجهة وباء كوفيد
.19املzساجد واجلمعيات اخلريية ك�أمثلة لكيانات املجتمع، ملواجهة كوفيد
على ن{شر النتاجات العلمية الر8صينة ونحن يف هيئة حترير املجلة 6سنظل حري|صني
،للباحثني واملفكرين العرب، و�أتاحت املجال للكفاءات البحثية لن{شر نتاجها البحثي يف املجلة
من خالل الدرا6سات العلمية الر8صينة التي ميكن �أن تzسهم يف تطوير املجال البحثي يف خمتلف
املجاالت االجتماعية والإنzسانية كافة، ف¦ضالً عن ن{شر املعرفة العلمية يف �أو6ساط الباحثني
.باجلامعات العربية. ونzس�أل من اهلل 6سبحانه وتعاىل التوفيق والzسدد على ن{شر النتاجات العلمية الر8صينة ونحن يف هيئة حترير املجلة 6سنظل حري|صني
،للباحثني واملفكرين العرب، و�أتاحت املجال للكفاءات البحثية لن{شر نتاجها البحثي يف املجلة
من خالل الدرا6سات العلمية الر8صينة التي ميكن �أن تzسهم يف تطوير املجال البحثي يف خمتلف
املجاالت االجتماعية والإنzسانية كافة، ف¦ضالً عن ن{شر املعرفة العلمية يف �أو6ساط الباحثني
.باجلامعات العربية. ونzس�أل من اهلل 6سبحانه وتعاىل التوفيق والzسدد 13 ملخصات �أبحاث العدد ملخصات �أبحاث العدد ملخصات �أبحاث العدد ملخصات �أبحاث العدد ملخشات اأبحاث العدد شاليةعة الن العربي والنالربي
العرالإقليم كرد6شتا
االأردن- د. Journal Information عبدالكريم الشويلمين
جامعة الزرقاء- محا9صر/اأ6صتاذ مzصاعد، كلية الآداب
ا الأردن- الباحث عارف عادل مر8شد
جامعة الزرقاء- مدر6س/ كلية الآداب شاليةعة الن العربي والنالربي
العرالإقليم كرد6شتا
االأردن- د. عبدالكريم الشويلمين
جامعة الزرقاء- محا9صر/اأ6صتاذ مzصاعد، كلية الآداب
ا الأردن- الباحث عارف عادل مر8شد
جامعة الزرقاء- مدر6س/ كلية الآداب الملخس الملخس تتناول هذه الدرا6صة تاأثير ثورات الربيع العربي على تنامي النزعة النف|صالية لإقليم كرد6صتان العراق
عن الدولة الأم؛ بحيث تركز على تو9صيح كيفية تنامي ال{صعور القومي لالأكراد بعامة، واأكراد العراق بخا8صة
بعد اندلع هذه الثورات. هذا التنامي الذي و8صل في العراق اإلى حد تنظيم ا6صتفتاء لنف|صال اإقليم كرد6صتان
العراق الذي يتمتع بالحكم الذاتي عن الدولة الأم. فقد اأحدثت هذه الثورات 9صعف في الzصلطة المركزية –بنzصب
للدول العربية وغير العربية في منطقة ال{صرق الأو6صط، مما 7صجع على تنامي النزعات النف|صالية -متفاوتة
الإثنية والطائفية في دول المنطقة، ومن اأهم هذه النزعات، هي النزعة النف|صالية الكردية في المنطقة بعامة
والعراق بخا8صة. والعراق بخا8صة. و6صياأتي التركيز في الدرا6صة على النزعة النف|صالية لأكراد العراق، بzصبب تاأثير الربيع العربي الوا9صح
في تنامي هذه النزعة، واأن لم توؤتى ثمارها في اآخر المطاف بzصبب محددات اإقليمية ودولية، مما اأ9صعف من وقع
الربيع العربي على انف|صال اإقليم كرد6صتان العراق عن دولته الأم. هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس 18 �أبحاث العدد �أبحاث العدد �أبحاث العدد �أبحاث العدد شاليةعة الن العربي والنالربي
العرالإقليم كرد6شتا
االأردن- د. عبدالكريم الشويلمين
جامعة الزرقاء- محا9صر/اأ6صتاذ مzصاعد، كلية الآداب
ا الأردن- الباحث عارف عادل مر8شد
جامعة الزرقاء- مدر6س / كلية الآداب
االأردن- د. عبدالكريم الشويلمين
ا الأردن- الباحث عارف عادل مر8شد االأردن- د. عبدالكريم الشويلمين
جامعة الزرقاء- محا9صر/اأ6صتاذ مzصاعد، كلية الآداب
ا الأردن- الباحث عارف عادل مر8شد
جامعة الزرقاء- مدر6س / كلية الآداب
االأردن- د. عبدالكريم الشويلمين
ا الأردن- الباحث عارف عادل مر8شد هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس هـ1442 رجب- م2021 مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون آذار/مارس جامعة الزرقاء- مدر6س / كلية الآداب الملخس تتناول هذه الدرا6صة تاأثير ثورات الربيع العربي على تنامي النزعة النف|صالية لإقليم كرد6صتان العراق
عن الدولة الأم؛ بحيث تركز على تو9صيح كيفية تنامي ال{صعور القومي لالأكراد بعامة، واأكراد العراق بخا8صة
بعد اندلع هذه الثورات. هذا التنامي الذي و8صل في العراق اإلى حد تنظيم ا6صتفتاء لنف|صال اإقليم كرد6صتان
بنzصب - العراق الذي يتمتع بالحكم الذاتي عن الدولة الأم. فقد اأحدثت هذه الثورات 9صعف في الzصلطة المركزية
للدول العربية وغير العربية في منطقة ال{صرق الأو6صط، مما 7صجع على تنامي النزعات النف|صالية -متفاوتة
الإثنية والطائفية في دول المنطقة، ومن اأهم هذه النزعات، هي النزعة النف|صالية الكردية في المنطقة بعامة
والعراق بخا8صة. و6صياأتي التركيز في الدرا6صة على النزعة النف|صالية لأكراد العراق، بzصبب تاأثير الربيع العربي الوا9صح
في تنامي هذه النزعة، واإن لم توؤتي ثمارها في اآخر المطاف بzصبب محددات اإقليمية ودولية، مما اأ9صعف من وقع
الربيع العربي على انف|صال اإقليم كرد6صتان العراق عن دولته الأم. و6صياأتي التركيز في الدرا6صة على النزعة النف|صالية لأكراد العراق، بzصبب تاأثير الربيع العربي الوا9صح
في تنامي هذه النزعة، واإن لم توؤتي ثمارها في اآخر المطاف بzصبب محددات اإقليمية ودولية، مما اأ9صعف من وقع
الربيع العربي على انف|صال اإقليم كرد6صتان العراق عن دولته الأم. كلمات مفتاحية: اأكراد العراق، النزاعات النف|صالية، الربيع العربي، كرد6صتان العراق. 69 Abstract This study deals with the impact of the
Arab Spring revolutions on the growing تzسعى هذه الدرا6سة �إلى تحقيق مجموعة من
:الأهداف لعل �أبرزها
-
معرفة ت�أثير الربيع العربي على حدوث ظاهرة
.االنف|صال الzسيا6سي في العالم العربي
-
معرفة العوامل الداخلية التي تzساعد على
.االنف|صال في داخل كل دولة
-
التعرف على م|صالح �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق في
.االنف|صال عن الدولة الأم تzسعى هذه الدرا6سة �إلى تحقيق مجموعة من
:الأهداف لعل �أبرزها separatism
tendency
in
the
Kurdistan region of Iraq from the
mother country. So that it focused on
clarifying how the national feeling of
the Kurds in general, and the Kurds
of Iraq, in particular, grew after the
outbreak of these revolutions. This
growth in Iraq reached the point of
organizing a referendum to separate
the autonomous Kurdistan region of
Iraq from the mother country, as these
revolutions caused weakness in the
central authority - to varying degrees
- for Arab and non-Arab countries
in the Middle East region, which
encouraged the growth of ethnic
separatism tendencies. Sectarianism
in the countries of the region, and
among the most important of these
trends, is the Kurdish separatism trend
in the region in general and Iraq in
particular. -
معرفة ت�أثير الربيع العربي على حدوث ظاهرة
.االنف|صال الzسيا6سي في العالم العربي -
معرفة العوامل الداخلية التي تzساعد على
.االنف|صال في داخل كل دولة -
التعرف على م|صالح �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق في
.االنف|صال عن الدولة الأم مشكلة الدرا7سة تت¦ضمن م{شكلة الدرا6سة الق¦ضايا والتzسا�ؤالت
:التالية تت¦ضمن م{شكلة الدرا6سة الق¦ضايا والتzسا�ؤالت
:التالية تت¦ضمن م{شكلة الدرا6سة الق¦ضايا والتzسا�ؤالت
:التالية -
ما ت�أثير العربي على محاولة �إقليم كرد6ستان
العراق االنف|صال عن الدولة الأم؟
-
ما ت�أثير ا6ستفتاء انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق
على الوجود الكردي في منطقة ال{شرق الأو6سط؟
-
هل محاولة انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق جاءت
كنتيجة طردية للربيع العربي؟ حدود الدرا7سة حدود الدرا7سة
:تت¦ضمن الدرا6سة محددين وهما
وتت¦ضمن الفترة الزمنية من عام:المحدد الزماني
، بمعنى منذ اندالع الربيع2017 �إلى عام2010
�إلى تاريخ �إجراء انف|صال2010 العربي في �أواخر عام
/6سبتمبر25 �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق والذي جرى في
.2017 �أيلول The focus of the study will be on
the separatist tendency of the Iraqi
Kurds, due to the apparent impact
of the Arab Spring in the growth of
this tendency, and that it did not bear
fruit in the end due to regional and
international
determinants,
which
weakened the impact of the Arab
Spring on the separation of the Iraqi
Kurdistan region from its mother
country. يتمثل التحديد المكاني لهذه:المحدد المكاني
.الدرا6سة ب�إقليم كرد6ستان العراق فر:ضية الدرا7سة
:تقوم هذه الدرا6سة على فر9ضية �أ6سا6سية هي
�أن الربيع العربي يٌعد عامل مzستقل للدرا6سة
كان له دور طردي(ايجابي) في الت�أثير على محاولة
.انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق عن الدولة الأم هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون70 70 اون
و
و70 �إن ما يميز هذه الدرا6سة عن الدرا6سات
الzسابقة �أنها 6ستعالج ت�أثير الربيع العربي على محاولة
انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق، فهي �أكثر تحديدا
من الدرا6سات الzسابقة في تناولها ت�أثير الربيع العربي
.على انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق عن الدولة الأم الدرا7سات السابقة ظفر عبد مطر التميمي، «المzس�ألة الكردية
و�آليات المعالجة الدولية»، مجلة المzستن|صرية
.2018 ،60 للدرا6سات العربية والدولية،عدد تناق{ش هذه الدرا6سة الحالة المفتر9ضة لقيام
دولة كردية في المنطقة ال{شمالية من العراق،مع
ت�أثير ذلك على دول الجوار، فرغبة �أفراد القومية
الكردية بقيام دولة لهم في 7شمال العراق يفتر9ض
وجود دور خارجي �أكثر قدرة في الت�أثير من الدور
.الداخلي وبناء على ما تقدم، يمكن تقzسيم الدرا6سة �إلى
:مجموعة من المباحث، هي
المبحث الأول: في مفهوم الربيع العربي و�أ6سبابه
المبحث الثاني: تطور المzس�ألة الكردية في العراق
المبحث الثالث: الربيع العربي وا6ستفتاء انف|صال
كرد6ستان العراق
النتائج والتو8صيات ثائر مطلق عيا8صرة, «العوامل الرئيzسية وراء
اندالع االحتجاجات والثورات التي 7شهدتها بلدان
», مجلة درا6سات: العلوم2011-2009 ,الربيع العربي
.2016 ,4, ملحق43 الإنzسانية واالجتماعية, مجلد المبحث الأول: في مفهوم الربيع العربي و�أ7سبابه المبحث الأول: في مفهوم الربيع العربي و�أ7سبابه يمكن تعريف الربيع العربي على �أنه موجة ثورية
من المظاهرات واالحتجاجات على حد 6سواء العنيفة
وغير العنيفة, و�أعمال ال{شغب, والحروب الأهلية في
في2010 العالم العربي التي بد�أت في �أواخر عام
تونzس احتجاجاً على 6سوء الأو9ضاع المعي{شية, ثم ما
لبثت �أن امتدت على �أثرها موجة من االحتجاجات
�إلى الأردن والجزائر والعراق والمغرب والzسودان
وفلzسطين, بالإ9ضافة �إلى احتجاجات ثانوية وقعت في
الكويت والبحرين والمملكة العربية الzسعودية وعُمان
وجيبوتي وموريتانيا وال|صحراء الغربية, كما اندلعت
االنتفا9ضات المدنية في 6سوريا, وبحلول 6سبتمبر
: تم الإطاحة ب�أربعة حكام دول عربية, هي2012
)2016 ،تونzس, وم|صر, وليبيا, واليمن. (عيا8صرة تتناول هذه الدرا6سة االنتفا9ضات ال{شعبية
العربية التي باتت تُعرف با6سم الربيع العربي،منذ
م في تونzس وامتدادها2010 انطالقتها في �أواخر عام
فيما بعد �إلى بع¦ض الدول العربية.وقد تناولت الدرا6سة
بداية مفهوم الربيع العربي، و�أ6سبابه،والمظاهر
.الم{شتركة في هذه االنتفا9ضات ال{شعبية :محمد محzسن �أبو النور، «االنف|صال المعلق
،معركة ا6ستفتاء كرد6ستان»، مجلة الzسيا6سة الدولية
.2018، يناير2011العدد تبحث هذه الدرا6سة في �أن ثورات الربيع
العربي �ألهمت الأكراد على توزعهم الجغرافي بعهد
جديد يحمل معه الآمال بتحقيق مطالبهم وحقوقهم
القومية، بعد عهود من الإنكار والإق|صاء، فهذه
الثورات فتحت الطريق �أمام الوعي بق¦ضية الحرية
كق¦ضية ال بد منها في بناء الدولة الحديثة بمعايير
.الديمقراطية واالعتراف بالآخر وحقوقه وكرامته وقد �أطلق على هذا الحراك ال{شعبي العربي
تzسميات عديدة فو8صفه البع¦ض باالحتجاجات من �أجل
,تحقيق �إ8صالحات اجتماعية واقت|صادية و6سيا6سية
والح|صول على �أبzسط الحقوق المدنية, واعتبرها
البع¦ض الآخر ثورات لتغيير الأنظمة الzسيا6سية القائمة 71 تغييراً جذرياً و�إ6سقاط النهج والzسيا6سات المتبعة من
,قبل الحكومات على المzستويين الداخلي والخارجي
.»و�أ9ضفى عليها �آخرون عبارات مثال «الربيع العربي
)2012،(ظافر �إال �أن البع¦ض ا6ستحzسن مفهوم الربيع العربي
الذي �أ8صبح متداوالً وي|صف واقعاً محzسو6ساً، يمثل
جوهر ظاهرة 6سيا6سية نتج عنها تغيير 7شامل �أدى
�إلى 6سقوط �أنظمة حكم، وبالتالي ف�أنه ال يوجد داعي
للإ6سهاب بنقا7ش المzسميات، لأن ذلك لن ي¦ضعف من
،8صالحية ا6ستعمال مُzسمى «الربيع العربي».(العمري
)2016 كما �إن م|صطلح «الربيع» تم نقله من تجارب
ثورية و�إ8صالحية عالمية مختلفة في مzساراتها
وحيثياتها عماً يحدث عالمياً في عموم الوطن
العربي, فقامو6س �أكzسفورد يذكر كالً من الربيع
, وربيع 6سيول الكوري1982 و1956 البولندي عام
, لكن م|صطلح «الربيع1968 وربيع براغ1979 عام
العربي» يوحي ب�أمور ايجابية �أبرزها انتهاء مرحلة
البيات والركود والzسكون وعودة الحياة والنه¦ضة
واليقظة واالزدهار. االجتماعية-�أوالً: الدوافع االقتصادية هذه الأنظمة في تحقيق تنمية اقت|صادية 8صحيحة
فانت{شرت معدالت البطالة بنzسب مخيفة وازدادت
الفجوة بين الفقراء والأغنياء، وارتفعت معدالت
الفقر ب{شكل متzسارع، وغابت الخدمات والمرافق
العامة،وا6ست{شرى الفzساد الإداري والمالي في �أو6ساط
)الzسلطات الثالث(الت{شريعية والتنفيذية والق¦ضائية
كل هذا في الوقت الذي نجحت فيه العديد من الدول
،غير العربية في تحقيق التنمية والتنمية المzستدامة
والنهو9ض بالمzستوى العلمي لم�ؤ6سzساتها التعليمية
)2018،والثقافية والتربوية.(الجبوري على الرغم من �أن الربيع العربي كان في
المقام الأول حركة 6سيا6سية للتخل|ص من الأنظمة
القمعية غير الديموقراطية، �إال �أن هذه الحركة
كانت لها �أي¦ضاً �أ6سzس اجتماعية واقت|صادية مهمة
تمثلت في 7شكل ت¦ضخم �أ6سعار الغذاء، ف¦ضالً عن
.ارتفاع مzستويات البطالة وزيادة �أوجه عدم المzساواة
فبالنظر �إلى �أن البلدان العربية من �أكثر المناطق
اعتماداً على الواردات الغذائية في العالم، فقد
ت¦ضررت ب{شدة بzسبب الزيادات في �أ6سعار الغذاء
)، وقد2011-2010و2008-2007( العالمية في
�أدى ذلك �إلى خلق 8صعوبات اقت|صادية واجتماعية
في العديد من هذه البلدان، ال6سيما البلدان فقيرة
الموارد. وعلى الرغم من محاوالت الحكومات العربية
التقليل من ارتفاع تكاليف الأغذية المzستوردة، �إال
�أنها لم تتمكن من منع ا6ستيراد ت¦ضخم الأ6سعار. فمع
ًارتفاع �أ6سعار الغذاء بدرجات متفاوتة، ارتفعت �أي¦ضا
نفقات الحكومات لت�أمين دعم الغذاء والتخفيف من
حدة هذه الآثار، مما �أدى �إلى ازدياد العجز التجاري
،والمالي، ف¦ضالً عن زيادة الت¦ضخم، وبروز الفقر
بحيث وجدت الأ6سر في كل من الطبقتين الفقيرة
.والمتو6سطة 8صعوبة متزايدة في الح|صول على الغذاء
)2018،(هاريغان المبحث الأول: في مفهوم الربيع العربي و�أ7سبابه وهناك كتاب مهم للدكتور عبد
الرحمن بدوي بعنوان «ربيع الفكر اليوناني» كناية عن
ازدهاره وتفتحه وانت{شاره, وكتاب �آخر بعنوان «خريف
الفكر اليوناني» كناية عن ذبول الح¦ضارة اليونانية
)2012،وتراجعها وا9ضمحاللها.(عبداهلل وال بد من الإ7شارة �إلى �أن الربيع العربي كان
،مفاج�أة �أذهلت الكثيرين و�أخذتهم على حين غرة
وهذا عائد �إلى القيود الكبيرة والظالمة التي كانت
تفر9ضها الأنظمة اال6ستبدادية على 7شعوبها. ولهذا
كان الرواج لهذه االحتجاجات وانت{شارها �إلى الدول
الأخرى ذا وجهين، ففي الوقت الذي كان يُرحب
المواطنون الzساخطون على �أنظمتهم بما يحدث
في البلدان المجاورة ويحاولون االقتداء بها، كان
الحكام في الأنظمة اال6ستبدادية يzسارعون �إلى ر8صد
هذه المخاطر ور8صد المبالغ الطائلة لدرئها واتقاء
)2018،�آثارها.(الجبوري وكان �أول من �أطلق م|صطلح الربيع العربي
على هذه الأحداث في البالد العربية الدكتور «مارك
»لنج» عندما ن{شر مقاالً في مجلة «الzسيا6سة الخارجية
الأمريكية بعنوان «ربيع �أوباما العربي»، حيث تم
اختيار الم|صطلح بدقة وعناية لأنه يتبنى 7شيئاً من
الحياد في تو8صيف الأحداث فال هي ثورة وال تمرد وال
مجرد حركة تطالب بالديموقراطية، بل تظل عبارة
«الربيع العربي» ف¦ضفا9ضة في معانيها لتن¦ضوي تحتها
المzسميات الم{شتركة جميعاً في رغبة �أكيدة لل{شعوب
)2018 نحو التغيير. (الجبوري وقبل �أن ن�ؤجز الأ6سباب والعوامل التي كانت
وراء ثورات الربيع العربي، البد من القول �أن الحقيقة
ًالتي ال يمكن �إنكارها �إن الواقع العربي كان مٌهيئا
تماماً لكل ما ح|صل، فالواقع الم�أ6ساوي الذي كانت
تعي{شه ال{شعوب العربية من تردي المzستوى المعي{شي
والفzساد المالي والإداري الذي بد�أ ينخر م�ؤ6سzسات
الحكم العربية �إ9ضافة �إلى الظلم واال6ستبداد وقمع
الحريات والتفرد بالzسلطة وغيرها، كلها عوامل
6ساعدت على جعل ال{شارع العربي بيئة خ|صبة
وجاهزة للتغيير، وعٌموماً يٌمكن �أن نٌ|صنف الأ6سباب
،التي �أدت �إلى الربيع العربي �إلى ثالثة �أ6سباب رئيzسة
الأولى منها اقت|صادية واجتماعية، �أما الثانية فهي
ً6سيا6سية، وتكمن الثالثة في عولمة االت|صال، ووفقا
:لهذا التقzسيم 6سيتم تناول هذه العوامل وكما ي�أتي
)2018،(الجبوري وهناك �أو8صاف �أخرى �أقل تداوالً لهذه الأحداث
,The Arab Uprising هي: االنتفا9ضة العربية
, والثورةThe Arab Awakening اليقظة العربية
, والتمرد العربيThe Arab Revolution العربية
The , واالحتجاجات العربيةThe Arab Revolt
The Arab 2011 , وتحوالتArab Unrest
)2012،. (عبداهللTransformation Of 2011 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون 72 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون72 االجتماعية-�أوالً: الدوافع االقتصادية ثانيا: الدوافع السيا7سية ت{شترك الدول العربية كافة في �أنها ال تعرف
تطوراً 6سيا6سياً حقيقياً, و�إنما تعرف ديمقراطية
،7شكلية حيث تجري انتخابات، وتتكون برلمانات
وتوجد قوى وتنظيمات 6سيا6سية ( تحمل ا6سم �أحزاب
في دول وجمعيات في دول �أخرى) وتوجد حرية تعبير
نzسبية في بع¦ض الدول. لكن كل هذا لم يحدث تطوراً 6سيا6سياً. و�أدى هذا الجمود الzسيا6سي
�إلى فقدان الأمل في �أي تحzسين �أو تغيير في ظل
)2011،النظم الموجودة.(را7شد فالتجربة الطويلة للأنظمة العربية الحاكمة
جعلتها عر9ضة للر8صد والتمحي|ص، فهي �أنظمة ال تكاد
تخرج عن التوجهات التقليدية، والمتمثلة بالقب¦ضة
الحديدية لهذه الأنظمة، ويرى �أهل الzسيا6سة �أن
ً6سلوكيات وثقافات وممار6سات الحاكم العربي عموما
تعاني من الركود والجمود. فالأنظمة العربية بقيت
محافظة على �أدواتها التzسلطية دون �أي تغيير، وذلك
للحيلولة دون �أي �إ8صالحات حقيقية تكون خطراً على
)2018،بقائها في الzسلطة.(الجبوري والجدير بالذكر في هذا المقام،�أنه وعلى
الرغم مما يتمتع به الوطن العربي من �إمكانيات
اقت|صادية هائلة وعوامل ازدهار ل{شعوبها، ف�إن
الأنظمة الحاكمة في البلدان العربية لم تٌفلح
في اال6ستفادة من تلك الإمكانيات،�إذ ف{شلت في
بناء بنى تحتية متطورة مثلما �أخفقت في انتهاج
6سيا6سة 8صناعية �أو زراعية ناجحة. كما �أخفقت 73 والم{شكلة �أن العzسكرة فتحت على (التطييف), و�أدت
»�إلى 8صعود الجماعات المzسلحة المتطرفة, كـ «داع{ش
و«جبهة الن|صرة» التي تتغطى بالإ6سالم, والتي ليzس
لها ارتباط ب�أجندة الثورة الzسورية المتعلقة بالتغيير
.الzسيا6سي والتحول الديمقراطي ثالثاً: عولمة االتصال كانت الثورة الهائلة في مجال المعلوماتية
نقطة تحول كبيرة في حياة الإنzسان عموماً والإنzسان
العربي على وجه الخ|صو8ص، �إذ �أ8صبح االنترنت وما
ًوفره من كم هائل من المعلومات عامالً مzساعدا
،وقوياً في اخت|صار المzسافات واختزال الزمن
و�أ8صبح ب�إمكان الإنzسان العربي عموماً وال{شباب بوجه
خا8ص �أن يتعرف على ما يجري في �أرجاء المعمورة
وفي لحظات دون عناء �أو تعب، الأمر الذي مكنه من
�أن يطلع ب{شكل 7شبه يومي على مظاهر الديموقراطية
و�أجوائها وم�ؤ6سzساتها التي تنعم بها الكثير من
ال{شعوب خا8صة الغربية منها، و�أ8صبح يحzس بعمق
المعاناة التي يعي{شها وهو يرزح تحت نير �أنظمة
ا6ستبدادية ودكتاتورية، ف�أخذ يتطلع �إلى الخال8ص
)2018 ،مهما كان الثمن.(الجبوري ا9ضطراب الو9ضع الليبي وانفتاحه:ًثانيا
على فو9ضى عارمة, وت{شكل نوع من حرب �أهلية �أو
جهوية, مع المخاوف النا7شئة من 8صعود الجماعات
.المتطرفة, التي باتت ت{شكل تهديداً لم|صر وتونzس , انهيار التzسوية الحا8صلة في اليمن:ًثالثا
ًو8صعود «الحوثيين», الذين باتوا ي{شكلون امتدادا
للنفوذ الإقليمي في �إيران (من 8صنعاء �إلى بيروت
مروراً ببغداد ودم{شق), مع ما ي{شكله ذلك من
مخاطر على اليمن, كما على الzسعودية وم|صر (من
,)باب المندب حيث المدخل �إلى قناة الzسويzس
ومع ما يحتمله ذلك من اندالع التقاتل الأهلي بين
.اليمنيين واحتماالت التقzسيم �أما مواقع التوا8صل االجتماعي وفي
مقدمتها(الفيzس بوك والتوتير) فقد �أدت هي الأخرى
دوراً كبيراً ومتميزاً في ثورات الربيع العربي،�إذ
�أ6سهمت و6سائل التوا8صل االجتماعي في تنzسيق جهود
المحتجين �أو المتظاهرين من خالل التوا8صل لحظة
بلحظة فيما بينهم، وبالتالي جعلت من هذه الثورات
منظمة بطريقة ي|صعب على الzسلطات الحاكمة
)2018 ،اختراقها.(الجبوري , 8صعود التيارات الإ6سالمية المتطرفة:ًرابعا
التي باتت تغطي على م{شهد الثورات ال{شعبية, التي
,يفتر9ض �أنها اندلعت من �أجل التغيير الديمقراطي
ل|صالح تحويلها �إلى 8صراع طائفي وديني, ما يzسهم
.في �إجها9ضها �أو �إثارة المخاوف منها اختتم هذا المبحث بالقول، �أن وعود «الربيع
العربي» باتت معر9ضة للت|صدع, بخا8صة مع ظهور
�أعرا9ض يخ{شى في حال ا6ستمرارها وتفاقمها �أن
تثير ال{شبهات حول الثورات, وربما �أخذها خارج
:مقا8صدها, وهذه الأعرا9ض يمكن �إجمالها بالآتي , 9ضعف �إدراك القوى الzسيا6سية:ًخامzسا
,الإ6سالمية والعلمانية والليبرالية والقومية واليzسارية
والمت|صدرة للثورات, لأهمية تحميل الفكرة
الديمقراطية بالفكرة الليبرالية, المتعلقة بالحريات
الفردية والzسيا6سية ومفهوم المواطنة والتمييز بين
)2013 ،نظام الحكم والدولة. ثالثاً: عولمة االتصال (داود تحول ثورة الzسوريين نحو العzسكرة, التي :ً�أوال
ن{ش�أت بداية كردة فعل ا9ضطرارية على انتهاج النظام
,للعنف المفرط, والتي طغت على الحراكات ال{شعبية
.بت{شجيع من المداخالت الخارجية المريبة والم¦ضرة هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون 74 ،والأطراف ال{شمالية من جبال زاكرو6س ،البرز
وه¦ضاب �أرمينيا، و7شرق ه¦ضبة الأنا9ضول، ف¦ضالً عن
7شمال العراق بمرتفعاته و6سهوله، وتبلغ مzساحة �أرا9ضي
) �ألف72( ،منها2) �ألف كم410( كرد6ستان حوالي
في 7شمال و7شمال غرب العراق،مٌ{شكلة ما يٌعرف2كم
ب�إقليم كرد6ستان العراق. وباقي المzساحة موزعة بين
،تركيا التي تحظى بالنzسبة الأكبر من �أرا9ضي الإقليم
و�إيران و6سوريا ومzساحات 8صغيرة �أخرى في الأجزاء
)2018،الجنوبية من �أذربيجان و�أرمينيا.(مطر المبحث الثاني: تطور المس�ألة الكردية في العراق المبحث الثاني: تطور المس�ألة الكردية في العراق البد بداية من �إعطاء لمحة م�ؤجزة عن �إقليم
كرد6ستان و6سكانه من الأكراد قبل الحديث عن
تطور المzس�ألة الكردية في العراق، فلفظة كرد6ستان
تعني بالد الكرد. وهي ليzست دولة مzستقلة لها
حدود 6سيا6سية معينة, و�إنما هي كناية عن تعبير
,جغرافي, يعي{ش 9ضمنها 7شعوب قد تكون متجانzسة
.ولكن �أكثريتها على الأقل تنتمي �إلى العرق الكردي
)2005،(جواد و�أغلب الدرا6سات المحايدة تقول ب�أن كرد6ستان
هي المنطقة, التي يقع الجزء ال{شرقي منها في 7شمال
غرب �إيران, والمنطقة ال{شمالية في 7شرق وجنوب
تركيا, والجنوبية في 7شمال 7شرق العراق, ومع بع¦ض
التعرجات, التي تقع في 6سوريا و�أرمينيا وجورجيا
و�أذربيجان. و�أن الم|صطلح التاريخي (كرد6ستان) لم
يُطلق �أبداً على دولة لها كيانها وحدودها الzسيا6سية
)2013 ،المعترف بها دولياً.(مخول وبناءً على ما تقدم يمكن القول، �أن �إقليم
كرد6ستان العراق يال8صق حدود ثالث دول هي
6سوريا في الغرب، وتركيا في ال{شمال، و�إيران في
-ال{شرق والجنوب. وي¦ضم الإقليم محافظات �أربيل
والzسليمانية ودهوك, وتُعتبر هذه-عا8صمة الإقليم
المحافظات ذات �أغلبية 6سكانية كردية. كما يتواجد
الأكراد في مناطق مُتنازع عليها بين �أربيل وبغداد
وكانت تخ¦ضع للzسيطرة العzسكرية الكردية, وهي
، ونينوى، وديالي- الغنية بالنفط-محافظات كركوك
)2016،و8صالح الدين.(محمود واالثنية الكردية كما هي حال جميع االثنيات
والقوميات في العالم تٌعد نتيجة لتركيب عنا8صر
مختلفة، والتي ت{شكلت خالل مzسار التطور التاريخي
) ويجمع الأكراد2018،بدءاً من �أزمنة بعيدة،(مطر
،الدين الإ6سالمي، فغالبيتهم من المzسلمين الzسنة
والقليل منهم من المzسلمين ال{شيعة الأثيني ع{شرية
الذين يتركزون في مناطق جنوب غرب �إيران، وفي
) ويقدر عددهم2015 ،�أق|صى 7شرق العراق(عطوان
) مليون نzسمة حول العالم، وهم يتوزعون30( بحوالي
:بال{شكل التالي ،�أما بالنzسبة لتطور المzس�ألة الكردية في العراق
فا6ستطيع القول بداية �أن 6سيا6سة الحكومات التي تولت
-1920( الzسلطة في العراق طوال الحكم الملكي
) اتzسمت بالوقوف من المzس�ألة الكردية موقف1958
التجاهل التام والتزام الحل العzسكري في �أكثر
1958 الأحوال، ومع �إعالن الحكم الجمهوري عام
تطلع �أكراد العراق �إلى تغيير 7شكل النظام والح|صول
على حكم ذاتي, وتخ|صي|ص جزء من عائد 7شركات
النفط العاملة في كركوك والمو8صل لكرد6ستان, مما
الكردي في-تzسبب في 8صراع بين الطرفين الحكومي
.1961 �أيلول من عام ،) وهي تمتلك الجزء الأكبر منهم%50( تركيا
)،�أذربيجان%4()، 6سوريا%16()، العراق%25( �إيران
)، �أوروبا%1( و�أرمينيا وجورجيا و�آ6سيا الو6سطى
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عندما تم الو8صول �إلى �إتفاق بين الطرفين يتمتع
بموجبه الأكراد بالحكم الذاتي, وكان من المقرر
. المبحث الثاني: تطور المس�ألة الكردية في العراق �إال �أن االختالف1974 �أن يتم تطبيق ذلك في عام
حول 8صالحية م�ؤ6سzسات الحكم الذاتي, واالختالف
,حول تحديد المناطق الكردية الخا9ضعة لهذا الحكم
.�أف{شل الحل ودفع �إلى المواجهة المzسلحة من جديد
وبعد االنت|صار الذي حققته القوات العراقية في
المعارك وانهيار الحركة المzسلحة الكردية, لم يجر
�أي عمل ر6سمي مُبرمج لإنهاء الم{شكلة و�أ6سبابها
.)2015،الكامنة(�أحمد المبحث الثالث: الربيع العربي وا7ستفتاء
انفصال كرد7ستان العراق المبحث الثالث: الربيع العربي وا7ستفتاء
انفصال كرد7ستان العراق انفصال كرد7ستان العراق
, نُظم ا6ستفتاء2017 �أيلول/ 6سبتمبر25 في يوم
ب�إقليم كرد6ستان العراق لالنف|صال عن الحكومة
المركزية في بغداد وتكوين دولة مzستقلة عن العراق
) بالمائة من الأكراد92( ) �أيد فيها �أكثر من25(
)4٫5( الم{شاركين في اال6ستفتاء والبالغ عددهم
) بالمائة72( مليون م{شارك وبنzسبة م{شاركة بلغت
,االنف|صال عن العراق, وت�أ6سيzس جمهورية مzستقلة
وذلك بحzسب النتائج الر6سمية الأولية التي �أعلنتها
اللجنة العليا لال6ستفتاء في المحافظات الثالث التي
ت{شكل الإقليم, ف¦ضالً عن المناطق المُتنازع عليها
التي تzسميها �إدارة الإقليم (المناطق الكرد6ستانية
)2017،خارج �إدارة الإقليم).(مر7شد -1990( وجاءت �أحداث حرب الخليج الثانية
,), بالفر8صة الذهبية لقوى المعار9ضة الكردية1991
لتفر9ض واقعاً جديداً في كرد6ستان العراق, كان من
�أبرز مظاهره التغيرات التي طر�أت على الخارطة
الzسيا6سية, ال6سيما بعد الحماية الأمريكية للأكراد
, �إذ فقدت الحكومة العراقية1991 في �أواخر عام
الzسيطرة على كرد6ستان فخ¦ضعت المنطقة لzسيطرة
القوى الzسيا6سية الكردية, وبحكم الأمر الواقع تقدمت
الجبهة الكرد6ستانية التي كانت قد ت{شكلت من �أحزاب
كردية عدة لإدارة المنطقة ومنحها نوعاً من ال{شرعية
تمثلت في ت{شكيل برلمان للمنطقة, واختيار قائد
)2015،للحركة الكردية. (�أحمد وكانت بغداد قد رف¦ضت التفاو9ض مع �أربيل
ب{ش�أن اال6ستفتاء وحاولت عبر التهديد والبيانات
والت|صريحات الحكومية �أن تثني الأكراد عن �إجراء
اال6ستفتاء لكن ل¦ضعف النظام واهترائه لم تلق تلك
التحذيرات �آذاناً مٌ|صغية لدى متنفذي الzسلطة
في �أربيل و6سعوا في �إجرائه في تحد 6سافر لzسلطة
الدولة المركزية. المبحث الثاني: تطور المس�ألة الكردية في العراق وفور �إعالن نتائج اال6ستفتاء
واجه معار9ضة وا6سعة من بغداد مٌعتبرة �إياه مخالف
للد6ستور، واتخذت عدة �إجراءات للzسيطرة على
منافذ الإقليم، وحظرت الطيران الدولي �إلى مطارات
�أربيل والzسليمانية، كما حظرت التعامل المالي مع
الم|صارف الكردية، في خطوات عقابية الهدف منها
�إر6سال �إ7شارات �إلى الأكراد �أن دولة كردية مzستقلة
6ستواجه عقبات 7شديدة في حال �أٌعلنت، قد تق¦ضي
)2017 ،على مقومات قيامها.(عمرو وبعد الدور الذي قام به الأكراد في الحرب
, �أعطى الد6ستور2003 الأمريكية 9ضد العراق عام
في ظل االحتالل2005 الذي جرى �إقراره عام
الأمريكي للعراق, 8صالحيات وا6سعة لإقليم كرد6ستان
العراق, بما فيها ت{شكيل حكومة خا8صة به وبرلمان
و�إن{شاء �أجهزتها الأمنية والعzسكرية, و�إقامة
قن|صليات, وا6ستقبال مzس�ؤولين �أجانب, و�إجراء
تعامالت خارجية من دون العودة �إلى الحكومة
المركزية في بغداد, وللإقليم �أي¦ضاً علمه ون{شيده
الوطني, وقد 6ساهمت مظاهر الzسيادة المحدودة هذه
في تغذية التطلعات االنف|صالية للإقليم عن حكومة
)2017،بغداد.(عقالن كما عار9ضت القوى الإقليمية والدولية انف|صال
,�إقليم كرد6ستان العراق, ومن بين كل هذه المواقف
,يzست�أثر الموقفان التركي والإيراني باهتمام خا8ص هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون 76 بzسبب وجود �أقليات كردية كبيرة في �أرا9ضيهما
وعددهما �أكبر من عدد الأكراد في العراق، فقيام
دولة كردية في �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق 6سيطلق
نزعات انف|صالية في 6سائر المنطقة, خا8صة في
)2017،تركيا و�إيران.(�أحمد �إلى هذا الظرف من منظوره الخا8ص، فال{شيعة
يرون �أن ربيع العراق تحقق بzسقوط نظام 8صدام
.حzسين، وبداية عهد جديد تكون لهم الغلبة فيه
�أو ما يzسمونه الربيع-والأكراد يرون �أن ربيع العراق
كان 6سابقاً على الربيع العربي، حيث ظهرت-الكردي
تبا7شيره مع اندالع انتفا9ضة الأكراد 9ضد النظام
، واكتمل بzسقوطه عام1991 العراقي الzسابق عام
،وتمكين الأكراد من �إقليمهم، و�إن كان بع¦ضهم2003
يرى �أن الطريق ال يزال مفتوحاً للح|صول على المزيد
،من المكا6سب، وربما تحقيق دولة الأكراد. �أما الzسنة
فالربيع العربي �أتاح لهم الثورة في الأنبار وغيرها
على 6سيا6سات رئيzس الوزراء العراقي الzسابق نوري
المالكي، التهمي{شية واالنتقائية في التعامل مع
)2018،البعثيين.(فواز والzس�ؤال الآن: كيف 6ساعد الربيع العربي على
تقوية النزعة االنف|صالية لإقليم كرد6ستان العراق؟ ، �أورد مقال في جريدة2013 في مطلع عام
الجارديان البريطانية �أن الأكراد قد يكونون الفائز
الأكبر من االنتفا9ضات العربية والحرب الدائرة
في 6سوريا. المبحث الثاني: تطور المس�ألة الكردية في العراق وفي �أبريل من العام نفzسه، ر�أى الرئيzس
الzسابق لإقليم كرد6ستان العراق مzسعود البارزاني،�أن
الظروف قد باتت مواتية لعقد م�ؤتمر قومي كردي
،ت{شارك فيه القوى الكردية بكل من العراق، و6سوريا
و�إيران، وتركيا، و�أكد «�أن القرن الحادي والع{شرين
)2018،هو قرن ال{شعب الكردي».(فواز وبناء على ذلك، 6ساد اعتقاد لدى �أكراد
العراق �أن الدولة العراقية ت{شهد حالة 9ضعف غير
مzسبوقة، و�أنها 6سيا6سياً واجتماعياً واقت|صادياً 7شبه
منهارة ومنهكة ب{شكل كبير جراء القتال مع تنظيم
الدولة الإ6سالمية «داع{ش»، كما تجوب الجماعات
والملي{شيات المzسلحة كافة محافظاتها 6سواء ما
كان منها موالياً للنظام كالح{شد ال{شعبي لكنه خارج
.6سيطرة الzسلطة، �أو مناوئاً لها مثل تنظيم الدولة
)2017،(عمرو فقد �ألهمت ثورات الربيع العربي الأكراد على
توزعهم الجغرافي بعهد جديد يحمل معه الآمال
بتحقيق مطالبهم وحقوقهم القومية، بعد عهود من
الإنكار والإق|صاء، فهذه الثورات فتحت الطريق �أمام
الوعي بق¦ضية الحرية كق¦ضية ال بد منها في بناء
الدولة الحديثة بمعايير الديمقراطية واالعتراف
بالآخر وحقوقه وكرامته. المبحث الثاني: تطور المس�ألة الكردية في العراق وعليه دخلت مzس�ألة الوعي
القومي لدى الأكراد في ظل هذه المناخات مرحلة
،جديدة ت�أخذ 7شكل تلمzس الحقوق واالعتراف بالهوية
انطالقا من حقائق الواقع التاريخي واالجتماعي
والثقافي، وعلى 7شكل ا6ستعادة للوعي بالقومية
)2017،الكردية.(خور7شيد ف|صعود تنظيم الدولة ك�أحد اال6ستحقاقات
التي خلفتها الفو9ضى التي عمت المنطقة العربية بعد
الربيع العربي، و6سيطرته على مzساحات وا6سعة من
، وتوجه الواليات2014 7شمال العراق وغربه 8صيف عام
المتحدة �إلى االعتماد على الإقليم، وخ|صو8صاً قوات
«البي{شمركة» الكردية في الت|صدي له، وكذلك في
مواجهة النفوذ الإيراني في العراق، مثلت جميع هذه
المعطيات فر8صة 6سانحة لتنامي النزعة االنف|صالية
)2017،لإقليم كرد6ستان العراق.(خور7شيد �أما بالنzسبة للعراق، فقد جاء الربيع العربي
لي|صنع ظرفاً تاريخياً وتحدياً مهماً له كغالبية الدول
العربية الأخرى، فقد نظر قادة كل مكون من مكوناته 77 وا9ضطرابات 6سيا6سية و�أمنية، اوجد قناعة عامة
لدى الأكراد ب�أن ما يجري في المنطقة 6سيغير من
خريطتها الجيو6سيا6سية واالقت|صادية على 7شكل �إقامة
،نظام جديد، مت{شابك في الم|صالح والأيديولوجيات
ومع هذا الت|صور يرى �أكراد العراق �أنهم �أمام فر8صة
تاريخية وفا8صلة لنيل حقوقهم القومية، وربما �إقامة
دولة مzستقلة بعد �أن حرمتهم منها االتفاقيات
،والم|صالح الدولية عقب الحرب العالمية الأولى
وذلك خالفاً لمعظم الدول العربية التي ولدت من
بيكو، وعليه يمكن فهم رفع-رحم اتفاقية 6سايكzس
�أكراد العراق من 6سقف مطالبهم القومية على وقع
الربيع العربي، ومطالبتهم بحق تقرير الم|صير
)2017،و�إقامة دولة مzستقلة.(خور7شيد ومثلما دفع الربيع العربي بالحلم الكردي في
�إقامة دولة �إلى تلمzس الواقع، �إال �أنه جعل من الأكراد
ورقة �أ6سا6سية في ال|صراعات الجارية،فهناك كما ال
تركي على 6ساحة-يخفى على المراقب، تنافzس �إيراني
�أكراد العراق في �إطار تنافzس الطرفين لال6ستحواذ
.على الم{شهد العراقي خا8صة، والم{شرق العربي عامة
ومع الإقرار ب�أن الأكراد مzستفيدون من هذا التنافzس
على قاعدة التعامل مع من يعترف بحقوقهم �أكثر
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في الوقت نفzسه المنافzسة بين الأكراد �أنفzسهم على
7شكل من يلعب الدور المركزي في الق¦ضية القومية
.الكردية على مzستوى المنطقة ومن المُعتقد �أن الدعوة �إلى اال6ستفتاء كانت
نابعة من ت|صور مzسعود البرزاني ب�أنه عمل بطولي
يجzسد الدولة التي داعبت م{شاعر الأكراد عبر
العقود الما9ضية, و�أن هذا يمكن �أن يذيب الخالفات
بين الفرقاء في �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق ( االتحاد
الوطني الكرد6ستاني، حركة التغيير، حزب الجماعة
الإ6سالمية، والتحالف من �أجل الديمقراطية
والعدالة) ويثبت من مكانته كزعيم للأكراد, غير
�أن الموقف جاء عكzس ما توقعه �إزاء ردود الفعل غير
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التي عبرت عن مخاوفها في �أن يكون عامالً في زعزعة
ا6ستقرار المنطقة وعرقلة جهود مواجهة تنظيم
)2018،الدولة الإ6سالمية «داع{ش».(عبدالغني النتائج والتو9صيات النتائج والتو9صيات
في نهاية هذه الدرا6سة البد من تzسجيل �أهم
:النتائج التي تم التو8صل �إليها في نهاية هذه الدرا6سة البد من تzسجيل �أهم
:النتائج التي تم التو8صل �إليها كان للثورة التي انطلقت من تونzس �أواخر عام
، ت�أثيراً كبيراً على الأو9ضاع الداخلية لبع¦ض2010
الدول العربية، �إذ انتقلت �إلى كل من م|صر وليبيا
واليمن و6سوريا، وقد �أٌ8صطلح على ما حدث في هذه
.البلدان بالربيع العربي لم ت�أت ثورات الربيع العربي من فراغ بل هناك
عوامل �أ6سهمت في حدوثها، منها الzسيا6سية، ومنها
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.و6سائل التوا8صل الحديثة في المجتمعات العربية �أدت هذه الثورات �إلى تقzسيم �أقاليم الدول �إلى
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ا6ستمرار هذه المzس�ألة من 7ش�أنه �أن ي�ؤدي �إلى تجزئة
.هذه البلدان �إلى كانتونات ودويالت في نهاية هذا المبحث، ا6ستطيع القول �أن
ما تعانيه المنطقة العربية من م{شكالت عميقة هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون 78 دفعت ثورات الربيع العربي الأكراد على توزعهم
الجغرافي على المطالبة بحقوقهم القومية بعد عهود
من الإنكار والإق|صاء. ففي ظل ما تعانيه المنطقة
العربية من م{شكالت عميقة وا9ضطرابات 6سيا6سية
و�أمنية، ت{شكل لدى الأكراد قناعة عامة ب�أنهم �أمام
فر8صة تاريخية وفا8صلة لنيل حقوقهم القومية، وربما
�إقامة دولة مzستقلة. وعليه يمكن فهم رفع الأكراد من
.6سقف مطالبهم القومية على وقع الربيع العربي
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لتنظيم ا6ستفتاء انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق عن
الدولة الأم، نتيجة لما �أدت �إليه �أحداث الربيع العربي
من 9ضعف للzسلطة المركزية في العراق، خا8صة بعد
6سيطرة تنظيم الدولة الإ6سالمية «داع{ش» في 8صيف
على مzساحات وا6سعة من 7شمال العراق2014 عام
وغربه، وت|صدي قوات «البي{شمركة» الكردية لقوات
،هذا التنظيم، مما قوى من 7شوكة الأكراد في العراق
ب�إحzسا6سهم بمدى �أهمية قوتهم العzسكرية والzسيا6سية دفعت ثورات الربيع العربي الأكراد على توزعهم
الجغرافي على المطالبة بحقوقهم القومية بعد عهود
من الإنكار والإق|صاء. ففي ظل ما تعانيه المنطقة
العربية من م{شكالت عميقة وا9ضطرابات 6سيا6سية
و�أمنية، ت{شكل لدى الأكراد قناعة عامة ب�أنهم �أمام
فر8صة تاريخية وفا8صلة لنيل حقوقهم القومية، وربما
�إقامة دولة مzستقلة. وعليه يمكن فهم رفع الأكراد من
.6سقف مطالبهم القومية على وقع الربيع العربي على الzساحة العراقية. النتائج والتو9صيات وقد ا6ستغل رئيzس الإقليم
الzسابق مzسعود البارزاني هذه الفر8صة، للإعالن عن
.نيته �إجراء ا6ستفتاء في اال6ستقالل عن العراق كما خل|صت الدرا6سة �إلى �أن الربيع العربي على
�أهميته في تحريك �أو �إيقاظ النزعات االنف|صالية
،في المنطقة العربية 6سواء الأثينية �أو الطائفية
�إال �أنه مع وجود مجموعة من العوامل المتداخلة
والمتقاطعة التي تمثل مزيجاً �أو مركباً من عدة
�أي-عوامل داخلية و�إقليمية ودولية، ف�إنه لم يحقق
�إلى الآن �أي نتيجة تتعلق بانف|صال-الربيع العربي
�إقليم عن دولته الأم في المنطقة، وهكذا ف�إنه في
حالة �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق، يمكن القول �إن الأدوار
الإقليمية هي التي رجحت �إرادة بغداد مقابل �إرادة
�أربيل في المعادلة. النتائج والتو9صيات فقد تطابقت مواقف معظم القوى
الإقليمية، واجتمعت ب{شكل نادر على رف¦ض ا6ستفتاء
انف|صال الإقليم دون الح|صول مzسبقاً على ت�أييد
.واعتراف دولي كان لثورات الربيع العربي دورا كبيرا في الدفع
لتنظيم ا6ستفتاء انف|صال �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق عن
الدولة الأم، نتيجة لما �أدت �إليه �أحداث الربيع العربي
من 9ضعف للzسلطة المركزية في العراق، خا8صة بعد
6سيطرة تنظيم الدولة الإ6سالمية «داع{ش» في 8صيف
على مzساحات وا6سعة من 7شمال العراق2014 عام
وغربه، وت|صدي قوات «البي{شمركة» الكردية لقوات
،هذا التنظيم، مما قوى من 7شوكة الأكراد في العراق
ب�إحzسا6سهم بمدى �أهمية قوتهم العzسكرية والzسيا6سية المراجع
», مجلة2011-2009 , ثائر مطلق عيا8صرة, «العوامل الرئيzسية وراء اندالع االحتجاجات والثورات التي 7شهدتها بلدان الربيع العربي-1
.2016 ,4, ملحق43 درا6سات: العلوم الإنzسانية واالجتماعية, مجلد
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.2012 عبد الخالق عبد اهلل, «انعكا6سات الربيع العربي على دول مجلzس التعاون الخليجي», قطر: المركز العربي للأبحاث ودرا6سة الzسيا6سات-3
.2018 ،20 ،الzسنة63 ،عدد18 خلف رم¦ضان الجبوري، «ثورات الربيع العربي و�أثرها في عنا8صر الدولة»، مجلة الرافدين للحقوق، مجلد-4
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.2013 ،47 العدد », مجلة2011-2009 , ثائر مطلق عيا8صرة, «العوامل الرئيzسية وراء اندالع االحتجاجات والثورات التي 7شهدتها بلدان الربيع العربي-1
.2016 ,4, ملحق43 درا6سات: العلوم الإنzسانية واالجتماعية, مجلد .,2012 , 8صيف142 حzسين علي ظافر, «الربيع العربي: الأ6سباب والتداعيات», مجلة 7ش�ؤون الأو6سط, عدد-2
.2012 عبد الخالق عبد اهلل, «انعكا6سات الربيع العربي على دول مجلzس التعاون الخليجي», قطر: المركز العربي للأبحاث ودرا6سة الzسيا6سات-3
.2018 ،20 ،الzسنة63 ،عدد18 خلف رم¦ضان الجبوري، «ثورات الربيع العربي و�أثرها في عنا8صر الدولة»، مجلة الرافدين للحقوق، مجلد-4
,2016 , �أيمن علي العمري, دور المنظمات الدولية في ثورات الربيع العربي, عمّان: وزارة الثقافة-5 جين هاريغان، االقت|صاد الzسيا6سي للzسيادة الغذائية في الدول العربية، ترجمة: �أ7شرف 6سليمان، الكويت: المجلzس الوطني للثقافة-6
.2018 ، �أكتوبر465 والفنون،6سلzسلة عالم المعرفة، العدد رقم .2011, 7شتاء148 6سامح را7شد, «ح|صاد الربيع العربي في عامه الأول», مجلة 7ش�ؤون عربية, عدد-7
�أحمد فا9ضل داود، «التحوالت الzسيا6سية في البلدان العربية: درا6سة تحليلية في الأ6سباب و�آفاق المzس-8
.2013 ،47 العدد .2011, 7شتاء148 6سامح را7شد, «ح|صاد الربيع العربي في عامه الأول», مجلة 7ش�ؤون عربية, عدد-7
�أحمد فا9ضل داود، «التحوالت الzسيا6سية في البلدان العربية: درا6سة تحليلية في الأ6سباب و�آفاق المzستق-8 .2011, 7شتاء148 6سامح را7شد, «ح|صاد الربيع العربي في عامه الول», مجلة 7ش�ؤون عربية, عدد-7
، �أحمد فا9ضل داود، «التحوالت الzسيا6سية في البلدان العربية: درا6سة تحليلية في الأ6سباب و�آفاق المzستقبل»، مجلة العلوم الzسيا6سية-8
.2013 ،47 العدد .2005 ، 6سعد ناجي جواد، درا6سة في المzس�ألة القومية الكردية، بيروت: الدار العربية للعلوم-9
.2013،، يبروت: بيzسان للن{شر1 مو6سى مخول، الأكراد من الع{شيرة �إلى الدولة، ط-10
، ظفر عبد مطر، التميمي، «المzس�ألة الكردية و�إ7شكالية و�آليات المعالجة الدولية»، مجلة المzستن|صرية للدرا6سات العربية والدولية-11
.2018 ،60 ، العدد6 مجلد 79 .2015 ،434 خ¦ضر عبا6س عطوان، «فر9ضيات 8صراع الهوية الzسيا6سية ومzستقبل الديموقراطية في كرد6ستان»، مجلة المzستقبل العربي، العدد-12
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الحلول، المجلة الzسيا6سية والدولية، الجامعة-النتائج- حzسين م|صطفى �أحمد، المzس�ألة الكردية في ال{شرق الأو6سط: الم{شكلة-14
.2015 ،29-28 المzستن|صرية، بغداد، العدد 4 خ¦ضر عبا6س عطوان، «فر9ضيات 8صراع الهوية الzسيا6سية ومzستقبل الديموقراطية في كرد6ستان»، مجلة المzستقبل العربي، العدد-12
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.2017 مايو http://aawsat.com :, على الرابط2017/9/26 ,)ال{شرق الأو6سط (لندن ميناء العريني, ما بعد ا6ستفتاء �إقليم كرد6ستان, جريدة-16
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.17107 , عدد2017/10/7 , عارف عادل مر7شد, ما بعد ا6ستفتاء كرد6ستان: محددات الموقف التركي, جريدة الر�أي الأردنية-17
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ا6ستفتاء �إقليم كرد6ستان العراق بين الإ8صرار الكردي والمعار9ضة الإقليمية,المركز العربي للأبحاث ودرا6سة الzسيا6سات, قطر, 6سبتمبر-22
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.2018 ، ربيع173 6سالمة، عبدالغني،الدولة الكردية حلم قومي م{شروع، �أم مخطط للتقzسيم، مجلة 7ش�ؤون عربية، القاهرة،العدد-23 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون80 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون80 هـ1442 رجب- م2021 آذار/مارس مجلة بحوث، العدد التاسع والثالثون 80 80 | 10,917 | https://zenodo.org/record/4558192/files/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9%20%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%AF%2039%20-%20%D8%AF.%20%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%20%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AB%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%20%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84%20%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF.pdf | null |
Arabic | IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 Abstract This quantitative study aimed at exploring the beliefs about the use of the inquiry-based learning strategy. Where the researcher found that there is a major deficiency in the classroom practice of the survey strategy,
and that the old thought is still in control of the modern science teacher, and there are teachers who do not
accept the results that students obtain through their investigative activities if they differ with the result that he
wants, or that recorded in Guide. The study adopted the descriptive method, the tool for data collection is; a
scale for measuring of beliefs based on the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) consists of (45) items,
distributed in (3) axes. The findings indicated that: the mean score of science teachers’ beliefs on the use of
inquiry-based learning strategy was (14.20), which reflects a positive belief and intention within teachers to
use the inquiry-based learning strategy. The study also pointed to a positive attitude towards the use of the
strategy as the mean score of the behavioral beliefs was (17.01) .In addition, the study revealed a social
impact as the mean score of the normative beliefs was (10.06) with a weakness in behavioral controlling as
the mean score of control beliefs was (-12.87). Keywords: beliefs, science teachers, learning strategy, inquiry. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
634
Keywords: beliefs, science teachers, learning strategy, inquiry. ان
ًهخض
٘ذفذ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ اٌىّ١خ
ٟٕإٌٝ رمظٟ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّج
ػٍٝ االعزمظبء. ؽ١ش
ٚعذ اٌجبؽش
؛ إ ًْ ٕ٘بن لظٛسا وج١شاً فٟ اٌّّبسعخ اٌظف١خ إلعزشار١غ١خ
االعزمظبء ،ٚإْ اٌفىش اٌمذ٠ُ ِب صاي ِغ١طشا ػٍٝ ِؼٍُ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌؾذ٠شٚ ،
ٍّٕ٘بن ِؼٛ
ٍْْٛ ال ٠مج
ٟإٌزبئظ اٌزٟ ٠ؾظً ػٍ١ٙب اٌطالة ِٓ خالي أٔشطزُٙ االعزمظبئ١خ إرا اخزٍفذ ِغ إٌز١غخ اٌز
ٛ٘ ٠ش٠ذ٘ب،
ًأٚ رٍه اٌّغغٍخ فٟ اٌذٌ١ .اػزّذد
ِٓ اٌذساعخ إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفٟ، رىٛٔذ ػ١ٕخ اٌذساعخ
(
101
.) ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ
اعزخذِذ اٌذساعخ: ِم١بط
ا ٌّؼزمذادٌا مبئُ ػٍٝ ٔظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن اٌّخطؾ
( ٓ٢عض٠Ajzen, 1991
)
( ِٓ ْٛ٠زى45) فمشح
( ِٟٛصػخ ف3) ِؾبٚس .أشبسد ٔزبئظ اٌذساعخ:
أْ ِزٛعؾ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ثٍغ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
634
Keywords: beliefs, science teachers, learning strategy, inquiry. ان
ًهخض
٘ذفذ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ اٌىّ١خ
ٟٕإٌٝ رمظٟ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّج
ػٍٝ االعزمظبء. ُٟ
ٟ
Harthy Ali Salim Saif 1*, and Fouad Mahmoud Mohammed Rawash2 1Ph.D. Candidate at the Faculty of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM)
[email protected]
2 Assoc. Prof. Dr. at the Faculty of Education, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM);
[email protected]
*Corresponding Author ٟػٍٟ ثٓ عبٌُ ثٓ ع١ف اٌؾبسص ُٟ
ٟ
Harthy Ali Salim Saif 1*, and Fouad Mahmoud Mohammed Rawash2 SCIENCE TEACHERS' BELIEFS ABOUT USING INQUIRY-BASE
LEARNING STRATEGY IN THEIR CLASSROOM PRACTICES ٟػٍٟ ثٓ عبٌُ ثٓ ع١ف اٌؾبسص http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org Abstract ؽ١ش
ٚعذ اٌجبؽش
؛ إ ًْ ٕ٘بن لظٛسا وج١شاً فٟ اٌّّبسعخ اٌظف١خ إلعزشار١غ١خ
االعزمظبء ،ٚإْ اٌفىش اٌمذ٠ُ ِب صاي ِغ١طشا ػٍٝ ِؼٍُ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌؾذ٠شٚ ،
ٍّٕ٘بن ِؼٛ
ٍْْٛ ال ٠مج
ٟإٌزبئظ اٌزٟ ٠ؾظً ػٍ١ٙب اٌطالة ِٓ خالي أٔشطزُٙ االعزمظبئ١خ إرا اخزٍفذ ِغ إٌز١غخ اٌز
ٛ٘ ٠ش٠ذ٘ب،
ًأٚ رٍه اٌّغغٍخ فٟ اٌذٌ١ .اػزّذد
ِٓ اٌذساعخ إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفٟ، رىٛٔذ ػ١ٕخ اٌذساعخ
(
101
.) ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ
اعزخذِذ اٌذساعخ: ِم١بط
ا ٌّؼزمذادٌا مبئُ ػٍٝ ٔظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن اٌّخطؾ
( ٓ٢عض٠Ajzen, 1991
)
( ِٓ ْٛ٠زى45) فمشح
( ِٟٛصػخ ف3) ِؾبٚس .أشبسد ٔزبئظ اٌذساعخ:
أْ ِزٛعؾ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ثٍغ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 (
14.20
ٟ) ٚ٘ٛ ٠ؼجش ػٓ اػزمبد إ٠غبث،
ٍٝٚٔ١خ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
ْاالعزمظبء. وّب وشفذ
ٌّػٓ ارغبٖ إ٠غبثٟ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ اإلعزشار١غ١خ، ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٛعؾ ا ؼزمذاد
( اٌغٍٛو١خ17.01)، ٚرأص١ش اعزّبػٟ ِزٛعؾ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاِٙب
؛
ثٍغ ِزٛعؾ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
(
10.06
( )، ِغ ػؼف فٟ اٌغ١طشح اٌغٍٛو١خ اٌّؾغٛعخ ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٛعؾ ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح-
12.87
.) :وٍّبد ِفزبؽ١خ
ِؼزمذاد،
ٍِّؼٛ
ٍَٛاٌؼ ،
ٍُإعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼ، االعزمظبء. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org انًمذيت: ٚػٍ١ٗ فئْ اٌزذس٠ظ االعزمظبئٟ ٠غزٕذٌٝإ
ٟإٌظش٠خ اٌجٕبئ١خ، اٌز
رفزشع أْ ٘ذف اٌزؼٍ١ُ ا٤عبعٟ ٘ٛ أْ ٠ٕشغً اٌطالة ثجٕبء ِؼبسفُٙ، ٚأْ رؾم١ك ٘زا اٌٙذف
٠جمٝ ِغئٌٛ١خ اٌّؼٍُ ِغزخذِب ِب ٌذ٠ٗ ِٓ ِظبدس (دأ١ ،ٍْٛغ2001
)، ٚأْ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ
ٚاٌزؼٍّ١خ رزّؾٛس ؽٛي اٌّزؼٍُ ٚرزشن ٌٗ اٌفشطخ فٟ ثٕبء اٌّؼشفخ ثٕفغٗ ػٓ ؽش٠ك خجشارٗ اٌغبثمخ
،ٞثّفِٙٛخ اٌخبص، ٌ١ىْٛ لبدسا ػٍٝ رؼٍُ اٌّفب٘١ُ اٌغذ٠ذح (اٌغبفش2004
ٗ)، ٚ٘زا ِب ٠مَٛ ػٍ١
.اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء إْ ػٍّ١خ رغ١١ش إٌّب٘ظ ٚؽذ٘ب ال رىفٟ ٌؾذٚس اإلطالػ
؛
فبٌىشف ػٓ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ أِش
ػشٚسٞ ٌٍٛلٛف ػٍٝ اٌٛالغ، رٌه ٌّب رّضٍٗ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌزٟ ٠ؾٍّٙب اٌفشد ِٓ أّ٘١خ وّٛعٙبد
ِٟٚؤششاد ٠ّىٓ اٌزٕجؤ ِٓ خالٌٙب ثبٌغٍٛن ٚرفغ١شٖ وّب ٠فزشػٗ اٌجبؽش ثٕبءً ػٍٝ ِب عبء ف
ا٤دث١بد
؛
فبٌّؼزمذ لذ ٠ىْٛ خٍف١خ طبٌؾخ ٌزىٛ٠ٓ ِغّٛػخ ِٓ االرغب٘بد إٌفغ١خ وّب أشبس
( ّٓػجذاٌشؽ1983
.)
( ٚرزوش دٚٔبطDonaghue, 2003
)
ٜأْ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ رؤصش ػٍٝ ِذ
رمجٍُٙ ثّب ٠غزغذ ِٓ ِذاخً أٚ رمٕ١بد أٚ أٔشطخ،
.ٍُٚثبٌزبٌٟ فٟٙ رمَٛ ثذٚس ُِٙ فٟ رطٛ٠ش اٌّؼ إْ ػٍّ١خ رغ١١ش إٌّب٘ظ ٚؽذ٘ب ال رىفٟ ٌؾذٚس اإلطالػ
؛
فبٌىشف ػٓ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ أِش
ػشٚسٞ ٌٍٛلٛف ػٍٝ اٌٛالغ، رٌه ٌّب رّضٍٗ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌزٟ ٠ؾٍّٙب اٌفشد ِٓ أّ٘١خ وّٛعٙبد
ِٟٚؤششاد ٠ّىٓ اٌزٕجؤ ِٓ خالٌٙب ثبٌغٍٛن ٚرفغ١شٖ وّب ٠فزشػٗ اٌجبؽش ثٕبءً ػٍٝ ِب عبء ف
ا٤دث١بد
؛
فبٌّؼزمذ لذ ٠ىْٛ خٍف١خ طبٌؾخ ٌزىٛ٠ٓ ِغّٛػخ ِٓ االرغب٘بد إٌفغ١خ وّب أشبس
( ّٓػجذاٌشؽ1983
.)
( ٚرزوش دٚٔبطDonaghue, 2003
)
ٜأْ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ رؤصش ػٍٝ ِذ
رمجٍُٙ ثّب ٠غزغذ ِٓ ِذاخً أٚ رمٕ١بد أٚ أٔشطخ،
.ٍُٚثبٌزبٌٟ فٟٙ رمَٛ ثذٚس ُِٙ فٟ رطٛ٠ش اٌّؼ
ٚطف( ثٛسطBorg, 2001
) اٌؼاللخ ث١ٓ اٌّؼزمذاد ٚاٌغٍٛن فٟ أْ اٌّؼزمذاد رشرت ٚرٛعٗ رفى١ش
ٌُٙإٌبط ٚأفؼب
؛
ْٚفبٌّؼٍُ اٌزٞ ٠ؼزمذ ثأْ رذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ٠غت أْ ٠شوض ػٍٝ اٌغبٔت اٌّؼشفٟ د
عبٔجٟ اٌؼٍّ١ب،د ٚا٤خالل١بد اٌؼٍّ١خ
ٓلذ ٠ٙزُ فٟ رذس٠غٗ ثئوغبة اٌّؼشفخ ٚإّ٘بي اٌغبٔج١
ٓا٢خش٠
؛
ْفٟ ؽ١ٓ أ اٌّؼٍُ اٌزٞ ٠ؤِٓ ثأْ رذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ٠غت أْ ٠ؼىظ رىبِال ث١ٓ ٘زٖ اٌغٛأت
اٌضالص ،خ
٠مذَ اٌّؼشفخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚفمب ٌٍؼٍّ١بد اٌزٟ ٠زجؼٙب اٌؼٍّبء ٚ٠ّٕٟ اٌم١ُ ا ٌٜؼٍّ١خ ٚا٤خالل١خ ٌذ
ٓاٌّزؼٍّ١
،ٞ(اٌّش2000
.) ٚطف( ثٛسطBorg, 2001
) اٌؼاللخ ث١ٓ اٌّؼزمذاد ٚاٌغٍٛن فٟ أْ اٌّؼزمذاد رشرت ٚرٛعٗ رفى١ش
ٌُٙإٌبط ٚأفؼب
؛
ْٚفبٌّؼٍُ اٌزٞ ٠ؼزمذ ثأْ رذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ٠غت أْ ٠شوض ػٍٝ اٌغبٔت اٌّؼشفٟ د
عبٔجٟ اٌؼٍّ١ب،د ٚا٤خالل١بد اٌؼٍّ١خ
ٓلذ ٠ٙزُ فٟ رذس٠غٗ ثئوغبة اٌّؼشفخ ٚإّ٘بي اٌغبٔج١
ٓا٢خش٠
؛
ْفٟ ؽ١ٓ أ اٌّؼٍُ اٌزٞ ٠ؤِٓ ثأْ رذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ٠غت أْ ٠ؼىظ رىبِال ث١ٓ ٘زٖ اٌغٛأت
اٌضالص ،خ
٠مذَ اٌّؼشفخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚفمب ٌٍؼٍّ١بد اٌزٟ ٠زجؼٙب اٌؼٍّبء ٚ٠ّٕٟ اٌم١ُ ا ٌٜؼٍّ١خ ٚا٤خالل١خ ٌذ
ٓاٌّزؼٍّ١
،ٞ(اٌّش2000
.) ٚ٠ زوش( صٛسا ٚوٌٛذThura & Collette
ٟاٌّشبس إٌ١ّٙب ف ،ِٗؽّب1995
ْ) أ ِٓؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١
،ٟرزؼذد ؽٛي اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٌزشًّ ِؼزمذاد خبطخ ثب٤٘ذاف اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚاٌّؾزٜٛ اٌذساع
ٓٚا٤ٔشطخ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚاالخزجبساد، ٚعٍطخ اٌّؼٍُ، ٚاٌزفبػً اٌظفٟ ٚن١ش٘ب. انًمذيت: فّٓ خالي ِالؽظخ أداء اٌطبٌت
ٚاٌزمش٠ش اٌزٞ ٠مذِٗ فٟ ٔٙب٠خ إٌشٟبؽ االعزمظبئ،
ٜ٠غزط١غ اٌّؼٍُ رؾذ٠ذ ٔمبؽ اٌؼؼف ٚاٌمٛح ٌذ
اٌطبٌت،
.ٗٚرٛع١ٙٗ ٚإطذاس أؽىبَ ؽٛي ِمذاس اٌزؼٍُ اٌّزؾمك ٌذ٠
ٚ
االعزمظبء أعٍٛة ٠ّىٓ اٌّزؼٍُ ِٓ اٌزفش٠ك ث١ٓ اٌّؼٍِٛبد ٚاٌّؼشفخ، ؽ١ش إٔٗ ػٍّ١بد إدساو١خ
ٚٚعذأ١خ ِزٛاطٍخ رغؼٝ ؽض١ضب ٔؾٛ ػُ اٌغض٠ئبد ثؼؼٙب إ ٌٍُٝ ثؼغ ؽزٝ رزؾٛي ث١ٓ ٠ذٞ اٌّزؼ
إٌٝ ِؼشفخ ،(اٌفٕ١ش1975
)
. ٚػٍ١ٗ فئْ اٌزذس٠ظ االعزمظبئٟ ٠غزٕذٌٝإ
ٟإٌظش٠خ اٌجٕبئ١خ، اٌز
رفزشع أْ ٘ذف اٌزؼٍ١ُ ا٤عبعٟ ٘ٛ أْ ٠ٕشغً اٌطالة ثجٕبء ِؼبسفُٙ، ٚأْ رؾم١ك ٘زا اٌٙذف
٠جمٝ ِغئٌٛ١خ اٌّؼٍُ ِغزخذِب ِب ٌذ٠ٗ ِٓ ِظبدس (دأ١ ،ٍْٛغ2001
)، ٚأْ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ
ٚاٌزؼٍّ١خ رزّؾٛس ؽٛي اٌّزؼٍُ ٚرزشن ٌٗ اٌفشطخ فٟ ثٕبء اٌّؼشفخ ثٕفغٗ ػٓ ؽش٠ك خجشارٗ اٌغبثمخ
،ٞثّفِٙٛخ اٌخبص، ٌ١ىْٛ لبدسا ػٍٝ رؼٍُ اٌّفب٘١ُ اٌغذ٠ذح (اٌغبفش2004
ٗ)، ٚ٘زا ِب ٠مَٛ ػٍ١
.اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ٚ٠ىزغت االعزمظبء أّ٘١زٗ وئعزشار١غ١خ ر َذس٠ظ فٟ إِىبٔ١خ رطج١مٗ ػٍٝ ِغزٛ٠بد ِخزٍفخ رزالء
ٚاٌّٛػٛع اٌّشاد رذس٠غٗ أٚ اٌّشؽٍخ اٌذساع١خ ٚأػّبس اٌّزؼٍّ١ٓ، ٚأ٠ؼب وطش٠مخ رم١١ُ فٟ ٔفظ
ُاٌٛلذ فٙٛ ِٓ أّٔبؽ ا٤ٔشطخ اٌّغزخذِخ فٟ اٌزذس٠ظ ٚاٌزمٛ٠ . فّٓ خالي ِالؽظخ أداء اٌطبٌت
ٚاٌزمش٠ش اٌزٞ ٠مذِٗ فٟ ٔٙب٠خ إٌشٟبؽ االعزمظبئ،
ٜ٠غزط١غ اٌّؼٍُ رؾذ٠ذ ٔمبؽ اٌؼؼف ٚاٌمٛح ٌذ
اٌطبٌت،
.ٗٚرٛع١ٙٗ ٚإطذاس أؽىبَ ؽٛي ِمذاس اٌزؼٍُ اٌّزؾمك ٌذ٠ ٚ
االعزمظبء أعٍٛة ٠ّىٓ اٌّزؼٍُ ِٓ اٌزفش٠ك ث١ٓ اٌّؼٍِٛبد ٚاٌّؼشفخ، ؽ١ش إٔٗ ػٍّ١بد إدساو١خ
ٚٚعذأ١خ ِزٛاطٍخ رغؼٝ ؽض١ضب ٔؾٛ ػُ اٌغض٠ئبد ثؼؼٙب إ ٌٍُٝ ثؼغ ؽزٝ رزؾٛي ث١ٓ ٠ذٞ اٌّزؼ
إٌٝ ِؼشفخ ،(اٌفٕ١ش1975
)
. انًمذيت: ٌٚى
أ ثشص اٌّؼزمذاد
اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌٍّؼٍّ١ٓ ٚاٌزٟ ؽظ١ذ ثب٘زّبَ وض١ش ِٓ ا ٌجبؽض١ٓ رٍه اٌزٟ رذٚس ؽٛي ؽشق أٚ أعبٌ١ت
.اٌزذس٠ظ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org انًمذيت: ٌمذ
رغ١ّش فُٙ اٌزشثٛ٠١ٓ فٟ اٌغٕٛاد ا٤خ١شح ػٓ اٌى١ف١خ اٌزٟ ٠زؼٍُ ثٙب اٌطٍجخ ر
غ١ّرش ًا
ْعرزس٠ب، فجؼرذ أ
ُورربْ ٠ظٕظررش إٌررٝ أدِغررخ اٌطٍجررخ ثأٔٙررب رشررجٗ ا٤ٚأررٟ اٌفبسنررخ اٌزررٟ ٠ظٕزظررش ِررٓ اٌّؼٍرر
ٍِؤ٘ررب
ثبٌّؼشفررخ
ٌاٌّغزّذح ِٓ إٌّٙظ اٌّؼذ خظ١ظب ٌزٌه، أطجؼ اٌؾذ٠ش ؽبٌ١ب ػٓ أّ٘١خ ا ٍُزغشثخ اٌشخظ١خ ٌٍّزؼ
ٍُٚلذسارررٗ اٌؼمٍ١ررخ ٚاٌ١ذٚ٠ررخ فررٟ سثررؾ اٌّؼٍِٛرربد اٌغذ٠ررذح ِررغ ِررب ورربْ ٠ؼشفررٗ ِررٓ لجررً ٌزؾم١ررك اٌررزؼ
.اإل٠غبثٟ اٌّطٍٛة ٚاعزٕبداٌٝإ اٌفُٙ اٌغذ٠ذ، أطجؼ ػٍٝ اٌطٍجخ اٌم١بَ شخظ١ب ثجٕبء ِؼشفزُٙ اٌزار١خ ِٓ خالي:
ؽشػ
ا٤عئٍخ، ٚػًّ ا٤ثؾبس، ٚإعشاء اٌزغبسة، ٚرؾٍ١ً ٔزبئغٙب ٚششؽٙب
؛
ثبإلػبفخ إٌٝ رمذ٠ُ أفىبس
ٍٝرغش٠ذ٠خ إلػبدح اٌزفى١ش فٟ فشػ١برُٙ، ٚثزٌه ٠ىْٛٔٛ ِزؾٍّ١ٓ ِغؤٌٚ١خ رؼٍُّٙ ػ ٔؾٛ فؼّبي
(
Jarrett, 1997
). وّب أوذد ػٍٝ االعزمظبء وطش٠مخ ِّٙخ فٟ إػذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ٚؽش٠مخ ِّٙخ أ٠ؼب فٟ رذس٠ظ
( ٍَٛاٌؼ(NRC), 1996
National Research Council
.)
ٚرؼذ اٌطش٠مخ االعزمظبئ١خ ِٓ اٌطشق اٌفؼّبٌخ
فٟ اٌزذس٠ظ
؛
،ؽ١ش رزبػ ِٓ خالٌٙب اٌفشطخ أِبَ اٌّزؼٍّ١ٓ ٌ١شبسوٛا فٟ اٌزٛطً إٌٝ اٌّؼٍِٛبد
ٍُٚ٘زا ٠غؼٍُٙ ٠شؼشْٚ ثّزؼخ فٟ اٌزؼ،
ُٙٚأْ اٌذسط ٌ١ظ ِغشد ِؼٍِٛبد ِفشٚػخ ػٍ١،
ٗٔثً أ
عٍغٍخ ِٓ ِؼٍِٛبد عبّ٘ٛا فٟ اعزٕجبؽٙب،
ٚاعزٙذٚا فٟ ثٕبئٙب ؽزٝ أطجؾذ عضءاً ُِٕٙ اشزشوٛا
ِِغ اٌّؼٍُ فٟ اوزشبفٙب. (فشط؛ عال
خ ،ٟٙ؛ ٚاٌّ١1999
.) ( ْ٠مٛي س٠زشبسد عٛخّبRichard Suchman
،اٌّشبس إٌ١ٗ فٟ خطب٠جخ2005
)
ِجزذع ثشٔبِظ
اٌزذس٠ظ ثبالعزمظبء ٚاٌّغزخذَ ػ ٍٝ ٔطبق ٚاعغ فٟ اٌٛال٠بد اٌّزؾذح ا٤ِش٠ى١خ، "إْ االعزمظبء
ٍُ٘ٛ اٌطش٠مخ اٌزٟ ٠زؼٍُ ثٙب إٌبط ػٕذِب ٠زشوْٛ ٚؽذُ٘. ٚ٘ٛ ؽش٠مخ ؽج١ؼ١خ ٠جذأ ثٙب اٌّزؼٍُ اٌزؼ
( ".ػٓ اٌج١ئخ
ص ،
395
.) ( ْٚٚ٠ؼشف ٘١شHerron
ٗاٌّشبس إٌ١ ٟفAl-Balushi, 1998) اٍُّالعزمظبء ثأٔٗ "ؽش٠مخ اٌزؼ
ٟاٌز
رى١ّف اٌطالة ٌٍزؼشف ػٍٝ اٌّشىالد ٚرؾذ٠ذ٘ب، ٚؽشػ ا٤عئٍخ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثزٍه اٌّشىالد ثأعٍٛة
٠غّؼ ٌُٙ ثززجغ ا٤عٛثخ ػٕٙب ثؾ١ش رىْٛ رٍه ا٤عٛثخ ٟ٘ إٌبرظ إٌٙبئٟ ٌٍذساعخ ٚٔمبؽ اٌجذا٠خ
."ٌٜذساعخ أخش ،(ص9
) ٌفبالعزمظبء إرْ ٘ٛ اٌغؼٟ ٚساء اٌؾم١مخ اٌزٟ ٠شعٝ ِٓ خال ٙب أْ رىشف اٌغّٛع اٌزٞ ٠ىزٕف
،اٌّشىٍخ أٚ اٌغؤاي اٌّطشٚػ ػّٓ ِٕٙغ١خ ػٍّ١خ لبئّخ ػٍٝ ػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ اٌّخزٍفخ وبٌّالؽظخ
ٍٝٚاٌزٕجؤ، ٚاالعزذالي، ٚعّغ اٌج١بٔبد، ٚفشع اٌفشٚع، صُ اخزجبس طؾزٙب، ٚرؾٍ١ٍٙب ٌٍؾظٛي ػ 635 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 .إٌزبئظ ٚرفغ١ش٘ب
ٚ٠ىزغت االعزمظبء أّ٘١زٗ وئعزشار١غ١خ ر َذس٠ظ فٟ إِىبٔ١خ رطج١مٗ ػٍٝ ِغزٛ٠بد ِخزٍفخ رزالء
ٚاٌّٛػٛع اٌّشاد رذس٠غٗ أٚ اٌّشؽٍخ اٌذساع١خ ٚأػّبس اٌّزؼٍّ١ٓ، ٚأ٠ؼب وطش٠مخ رم١١ُ فٟ ٔفظ
ُاٌٛلذ فٙٛ ِٓ أّٔبؽ ا٤ٔشطخ اٌّغزخذِخ فٟ اٌزذس٠ظ ٚاٌزمٛ٠ . يشكهت انذراصت: //
ٌُٟٕ رٛيِ اٌغّؼ١بد اٌذٌٚ١خ اٌّٙزّخ ثزذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ِذخالً ا٘زّبِب أوضش ِٓ ا٘زّبِٙب ثبٌزؼٍُ اٌّج
ُػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ؽ١ش رشىً ثشاِظ رطٛ٠ش ٘زا اٌّذخً اٌفىشح اٌّشوض٠خ ٌٍّؼب٠١ش اٌٛؽٕ١خ فٟ رؼٍ١
اٌؼٍَٛ ثبٌٛال٠بد اٌّزؾذح ا٤ِش٠ى١خ، ِٚششٚع2061
ٌٍضمبفخ( اٌؼٍّ١خColburn, 2000
). ٚإْ وبٔذ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ٟإٌظشح اٌؾذ٠ضخ ال رضوٟ ِذخالً ٚاؽذاً فٟ اٌزذس٠ظ ػٍٝ ن١شٖ، إال أْ االعزمظبء اٌؼٍّٟ ٠مغ ف
.ٕٝلّخ اٌٙشَ اٌّّضً ٌٍزؼٍُ رٞ اٌّؼ ُ ٞ
َ
ٗٚرش١ش اٌذساعبد اٌزشثٛ٠خ إٌٝ أّ٘١خ ِب ٌذٜ اٌّؼٍُ ِٓ ِشبػش أٚ ِؼزمذاد ػٍٝ ِّبسعز
اٌزذس٠غ١خ وزٍه اٌّزوٛسح فٟ (فؼً ٚ ا ،ٌٟٔ١ّب1997
) ؽ١ش ٚسد روش دساعبد فٟ ِغبي اٌزشث١خ
اٌؼٍّ١خ رش١ش إٌٝ أْ اٌّؼٍُ اٌزٞ ٠ؼزمذ–
ػٍٝ عج١ً اٌّضبي-
ٛ٘ ٍّٟأْ اٌٙذف ِٓ االعزمظبء اٌؼ
إربؽخ اٌفشطخ ٌٍزالِ١ز ٌالوزشبف ثأٔفغُٙ ٠ّىٓ أْ ٠زجٕٝ ِٛلف ػذَ اٌزذخً أٚ اٌغ١طشح ثظٛسح
ؽبدح أصٕبء اٌزذس٠ظ، ٚ٠ؼًّ فمؾ ػ( ٍٞٝ إِذاد اٌزالِ١ز ثبٌّظبدس. ٚٚسد فٟ اٌّش2000
ْ) أ
( ْٛث١شعPerson
ٟ) ٠ؤوذ ػٍٝ أْ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍُ ػٓ اٌزذس٠ظ ٚاٌزشث١خ ٚاٌّغزّغ ٚاٌطالة ٟ٘ اٌز
ٍُرؾذد اخز١بساد ٚرٛع١ٙبد اٌّؼ،
.ِّٟٚب ٠ش٠ذ إٔغبصٖ خالي اٌّٛلف اٌزؼٍ١ وّب
ٚعذ اٌجبؽش ا٘زّبِبً وج١شاً ثبٌّؼزمذاد فٟ ا٢ ٚٔخ ا٤خ١شحٟف
ٓاٌذساعبد اٌزٟ رؾذصذ ػ
اٌّؼزمذاد
ٟٚاٌز أٚطذ ثبعزّشاس اٌجؾش ف١ٙب، وذساعخ ؽّبِخ (
1995
)، ٚاٌزٟ رٕبٌٚذ أصش
ًِ٘ؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ؽٛي ؽشق اٌزذس٠ظ االعزمظبئ١خ ػٍٝ رؾظ١ً اٌزالِ١ز ٚػاللزٙب ثبٌّؤ
اٌذساعٟ ِٚؼٛلبد اعزخذاُِٙ ٌٙب
؛ ؽ١ش أٚطٝ اٌجبؽش ثزٕب ٚي ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ؽٛي اٌطش٠مخ
ٜاالعزمظبئ١خ ٚثؾش ػاللزٙب ثّزغ١شاد أخش. ٜٚلذ ث١ٕذ دساعبد أخش (
Lumpe, Haney &
Czerniak, 2000
؛
،ٌٟاٌضدعب2006
)
ٟػؼف اٌؼاللخ ث١ٓ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اٌزذس٠ظ ف
ػٛء إٌظش٠خ اٌجٕبئ١خ ِّٚبسعبرُٙ اٌظف١خ . ٚلذ أٚطذ ٌٟاٌضدعب(
2006
) ث ِٓ ئعشاء اٌّض٠ذ
اٌذساعبد ػٍٝ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ؽٛي لؼب٠ب ِزٕٛػخ فٟ اٌج١ئخ اٌؼ ّبٔ١خ ٚػاللزٙب ثبٌّّبسعخ
.اٌظف١خ
ثبإلػبفخ إٌٝ ِب عجك فئْ ٔذسح اٌذساعبد اٌؼشث١خ اٌزٟ رٕبٌٚذ اٌّؼزمذاد وبْ دافؼب ٌٍجبؽش
إٌٝ أخز اٌّؼزمذاد وّزغ١ش فٟ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org يشكهت انذراصت: ٚلذ لبَ اٌجبؽ ٟش ثبعزطالع ٢ساء صّبٔ١خ ِٓ اٌّششف١ٓ اٌزشثٛ٠١ٓ ٌّبدح اٌؼٍَٛ ف إٌّطمخ اٌششل١خ
عٕٛة
، رُ اخز١بسُ٘ ػٍٝ أعبط خجشرُٙ ٚلشثُٙ ِٓ ٚالغ رذس٠ظ اٚ ،ٌؼٍَٛ فٟ إٌّطمخ ّٓرؼ
االعزطالع
صالصخ أعئٍخ ِزؼٍمخ ثبٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ،
ٚلذ ٚعذ اٌجبؽش ِٓ خالي اإلعبثبد
أْ ٕ٘بن لظٛساً وج١شاً فٟ اٌّّبسعخ اٌظف١خ إلعزشار١غ١خ االعزمظبء
؛
ٟٙفٚإْ ٚعذد،
إال أٔٙب ال
رزغبٚص اٌؾظخ اٌٛاؽذح،
،ٚال رخشط ػٓ ؽذٚد اٌفظً اٌذساعٟ، ٚ٘زا ثبٌؼجؾ ِب ٌّغٗ اٌجبؽش
ٗؽ١ش ٚعذ رغ١١شا وج١شا فٟ إٌّب٘ظ ٌُ ٠زجؼ
رغ١١ش ِىبفئ ٌٗ فٟ اٌّّبسعخ ٚ٘زا ٠ زطٍت
ِض٠ذ ًا
ِٓ
ٌا.ذساعخ http://ijasos ocerintjournals org
637
فّٓ ث١ٓ اإلعبثبد روش أؽذ اٌّششف١ٓ ثأْ اٌغٙٛد اٌّجزٌٚخ فٟ رغ١١ش ؽشق اٌزذس٠ ٜظ اٌزمٍ١ذ٠خ ٌذ
ِٓاٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٌُ رغ صّبسا ٠ؼزذ ثٙب، ٚإْ اٌفىش اٌمذ٠ُ ِب صاي ِغ١طشا ػٍٝ ِؼٍُ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌؾذ٠ش . وّب
ِٓ روش آخش ثأْ ٕ٘بن ِؼٍّ١ٓ ال ٠مجٍْٛ إٌزبئظ اٌزٟ ٠ؾظً ػٍ١ٙب اٌطالة
ُٙخالي أٔشطز
االعزمظبئ١خ،
فٟ ِب إرا اخزٍفذ ِغ إٌز١غخ اٌزٟ ٠ش٠ذ٘ب ٘ٛ أٚ رٍه اٌّغغٍخ فٟ اٌذٌ١ً، ٚ٘زا ٠ظؼذ
ِشىٍخ ؽم١م١خ رؼ١ك رؾم١ك ا٤٘ذاف اٌؾم١م١خ ٌزذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ِٚغب٠شح ٌؾم١مخ اٌؼٍُ اٌّزغّخ ثبٌزغ١ش،
ٚػشٚسح إػبدح اٌجؾش ٚإلبِخ اٌؾغخ. ٚلذ ٚسد ػّٓ آساء اٌّششف١ ٓ أْ اٌّؼٍّبد أوضش ا٘زّبِب
ٓثب٤ٔشطخ االعزمظبئ١خ ِٓ اٌّؼٍّ١ . أِب ثبٌٕغجخ ٌٍخجشح،
فمذ روش اٌجؼغ أّ٘١خ اٌخجشح ا٤وبد٠ّ١خ
ٌٚ١ظ اٌضِٕ١خ، أٞ اٌخجشح اٌّغزغمبح ِٓ اٌذٚساد اٌزذس٠ج١خ، ٚاٌّشبنً اٌزشثٛ٠خ، ٌٚ١غذ
رٍه
.اٌمبئّخ ػٍٝ عٕٛاد اٌّّبسعخ
ُٚروش آخش ِٛلفب ؽذس فٟ إؽذٜ اٌذٚساد اٌزذس٠ج١خ ؽ١ش رُ رمذ٠
ٓٚسلخ ػًّ ؽٛي االعزمظبء، ظٙش ف١ٗ ػذد ِٓ اٌّؼٍّبد فٟ عٕٛاد خجشح ِزجب٠ٕخ ٚوأٔٙٓ ٠غّؼ 637 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ػٓ ا٤ِش ٌٍّشح ا٤ٌٚٝ. ٚلذ أوذ اٌّششفْٛ عّ١ؼب أّ٘١خ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ فٟ اٌىشف ػٓ ا٤عجبة
اٌىبِٕخ ٚساء ػذَ اال٘زّبَ ثبال ٜعزمظبء وطش٠مخ رذس٠ظ ِٓ لِجً اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ، ٚفٟ رمذ٠ّٙب سى
ٗٚاػؾخ ٌظبٔؼٟ اٌمشاس فٟ ِب ٠غت أْ ٠زخز ِٓ إعشاءاد، ٚػٍ١ ٟفئْ ِشىٍخ اٌذساعخ رزجٍٛس ف
ٌٟاٌزغبىي اٌزب: ِب ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١
غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء؟
ِٚب
ػاللزٙب ثّّبسعبرُٙ اٌظ
ف١خ؟ ٘ذفذ:ٌٝاٌذساعخ إ
ٍٝاٌىشف ػٓ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
.ٍَٛاالعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠ظ اٌؼ ٘ذفذ:ٌٝاٌذساعخ إ
ٍٝاٌىشف ػٓ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
.ٍَٛاالعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠ظ اٌؼ :ٌاإلطار اننظر ا :ٌاإلطار اننظر :ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح ٟ٘ ِؼزمذاد اٌفشد ػٓ ؽؼٛس اٌؼٛاًِ اٌزٟ لذ رغًٙ أ ٚ رؼشلً أداءٖ ٌٍغٍٛن
ل١ذ اٌذساعخ،
ًِٚاٌمٛح اٌّؾغٛعخ ٌٙزٖ اٌؼٛا،
.ٚ٠ٕزظ ػٕٙب اٌغ١طشح اٌغٍٛو١خ اٌّؾغٛعخ
ث١ّٕب
٠ؼشف فٛسد(
Ford, 1994
)
اٌّؼزمذاد ِٓ ثأٔٙب "ِغّٛػخ ا٢ساء ٚا٤ػشاف اٌّزشىٍخ ٌذٜ اٌفشد
خالي ِب ِش ثٗ ِٓ رغبسة ٚخجشاد ِٚب رذاخً ٌذ٠ٗ ِٓ أفىبس خالي(."ٍُػٍّ١بد اٌزؼP, 315
)
:ينهذ انذراصت ٍَٛارظجغ إٌّٙظ اٌٛطفٟ اٌزؾٍ١ٍٟ فٟ رٕف١ز ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ؛ ؽ١ش رُ اٌىشف ػٓ ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼ
اٌّزؼٍمخ ثبعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ِغ ٚطف أصش ِزغ١شاد اٌغٕظ
ٚاٌخجشح ػٍٝ ٘زٖ اٌّؼزمذاد، ثبإلػبفخ إٌٝ ل١بط ِذ ُٜٙ ِّبسعزُٙ اٌفؼٍ١خ ٌٙب ٚػاللزٙب ثّؼزمذار
.ٚرفغ١ش رٌه 638 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 غ
ُٙرىْٛ ِغزّغ اٌذساعخ ِٓ عّ١غ ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ثبٌّٕطمخ اٌششل١خ عٕٛة ثزخظظبر اٌؼٍّ١خ
اٌّخزٍفخ (و١ّ١بء، ٚف١ض٠بء،
ٚأؽ١بء) اٌز٠ٓ ٠ذسعْٛ ِٕٙظ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ا٤عبعٟ فٟ طفٛف اٌؾٍمخ اٌضبٔ١خ
( ِٟٓ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ا٤عبع5
-
9
ٟ) ٌٍؼبَ اٌذساع2006
/
2007
( ٌَٟ ٚاٌجبٌغ ػذدُ٘ اإلعّب150
) ِؼٍّب
*ِٚؼٍّخ . ٚلذ
ا َعزضٕٝ اٌجبؽش اٌظف اٌؼبشش ٔظشا ٌغذح رطج١ك ِٕٙظ اٌزؼٍ١ُ ا٤عبعٟ ف١ٗ ٘زا اٌؼب
فٟ اٌّذاسط . ٚ
( لذ رُ اخز١بس ػ١ٕخ ػشٛائ١خ ِٓ ِغزّغ اٌذساعخ ثٍغ ػذد٘ب101
) ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ
( ٌٍٝزطج١ك ِم١بط اٌّؼزمذاد ِٛصػ١ٓ ػ18
،) ِذسعخ ( ِٚٓ صُ رُ اخز١بس ػ١ٕخ ػشٛائ١خ ِٓ رٚٞ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌؼبٌ١خ ػذد٘ب12
) ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ ٚػ١ٕخ
ػشٛائ١خ ٜأخش( ِٓ رٚٞ اٌّؼزمذاد إٌّخفؼخ ػذد٘ب12
)
ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ ٌزطج١ك ثطبلخ اٌّالؽظخ
.ٌم١بط ِّبسعبرُٙ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء :أدواث انذراصت
ًيمُاس يؼتمذاث يؼهًٍ انؼهىو ػن اصتخذاو إصتراتُزُت انتؼهى انًبنٍ ػه
:االصتمظاء ا ػزّذ اٌجبؽش فٟ ثٕبء اٌّم١بط ػٍٝ ٔظش٠خ فٟ ػٍُ إٌفظ اٌغٍٛوٟ رذػٝ ٔظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن اٌّخطؾ
ٓ٢عض٠(
Ajzen, 1985 ; 1991
)
،
:ٚلذ رُ ثٕبء اٌّم١بط ؽغت اٌخطٛاد اٌزبٌ١خ أ . الا( ؽالع ػٍٝ ا٤دة اٌزشثٛٞ ٚاٌذساعبد اٌزٟ رٕبٌٚذ ٔظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن اٌّخطؾGrawley,
1990
؛Lumpe, Haney & Gzerniak, 1998
؛Ajzen, 1991; Ajzen, 2006
) ٚرٌه ٌٍزؼشف ػٍٝ أفىبس
.إٌظش٠خ ٚربس٠خٙب، ٚاالعزفبدح ِٕٙب فٟ اٌزؼشف ػٍٝ و١ف١خ ثٕبء ِم١بط ٌٍّؼزمذاد ٚفك ِزغ١شارٙب ة . إعشاء دساعخ ِغؾ١خ أٌٚ١خ ِظغش
ح
ػٍٝ ػ١ٕخ ػشٛائ١خ ِٓ ِؼٍّٟ ِغزّغ اٌذساعخ ٚرٌه
ٟوّب ٘ٛ ِٛطٝ ثٗ ف(
Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980
)
ثٍغذٛا ؽ ٌٟ
22
ِّؼٍّب ِٚؼٍّخ ث خزٍف
ْاٌزخظظبد (ِغبي صب ، و١ّ١بء، ف١ض٠بء، أؽ١بء) ٚثغٕٛاد خجشح ِزفبٚرخ، ٚرٌه ثٙذف اٌزؼشف
ػٍٝ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌجبسصح ٌذ٠ُٙ ػٓ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء. :ٌاإلطار اننظر ٠ؼشّ ف االعزمظبء اٌؼٍّٟ ٚفك ِب عبء فٟ ِؼب٠١ش رؼٍ١ُ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌٛؽٕ١خ ثأٔٗ اٌذِظ ث١ٓ ػٍّ١بد
اٌؼٍُ، ٚاٌّؼشفخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚاعزخذاَ اٌزفى١ش إٌبلذ ٚاالعزذالي اٌؼٍّٟ ثٙذف ثٕبء اٌفُٙ اٌؼٍّٟ، ٚرٌه
ِٟٓ خالي ؽشػ ا٤عئٍخ ؽٛي اٌؼٍُ اٌطج١ؼ، ٚرظّ١ُ ا٤ٔشطخ اٌّؼٍّ١خ ٌغّغ اٌج١بٔبد، ٚرٕظ١ّٙب،
ٚرؾٍ١ٍٙب ٌٍؾظٛي ػٍٝ ا٤دٌخ ٌجٕبء ٚرم١١ُ اٌزفغ١شاد اٌجذ٠ٍخ ؛ ِٚٓ صُ رٛط١ٍٙبٌٓ٣خش٠ (اٌجٍٛش ٟ
،ٌٟٚاٌّمجب2006
.)
أِب اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٙٛ ؽش٠مخ اٌزؼٍُ اٌزٟ رمَٛ ػٍٝ اٌّشبسوخ
شجٗ اٌىبٍِخ ٌٍطٍجخ ثبٌؼٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٟٚ٘ اٌطش٠مخ اٌزٟ رٛفش ٌُٙ اٌفشص ٌٍزٛطً إٌٝ اٌّؼشفخ
،اٌؼٍّ١خ ػٓ ؽش٠ك ػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ اٌّخزٍفخ (ػطب هللا2001
) أِب اٌّؼزمذادٙ٠ؼشف ٓب ف١شجب٠ٓ ٚآعض٠Fishbein, & Ajzen,1975: 131)
) "ثأٔٙب ا٤ؽىبَ اٌشخظ١خ
ُٙاٌّؾزٍّخ ٌٍشخض ؽٛي ا٤ِٛس اٌّزؼٍمخ ثجؼغ اٌغّبد اٌّّ١ضح ٌؼبٌّٗ، ٟٚ٘ رزؼبًِ ِغ ف
ٓاٌشخض ٌٕفغٗ ِٚؾ١طٗ ِٓ خالي اٌزغشثخ اٌّجبششح أٚ اٌّؼشفخ اٌّىزغجخ عبثمب"، ٚلذ لغّّٙب آعض٠
(
Ajzen, 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 2006) ٚفك ٔظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن اٌّخط
ؾ إٌٝ صالص
خ
:ٟ٘ أٔٛاع ٙ٠ ش ٓ ١ ج ٠ٓ ٚ عض٠Fishbein, & Ajzen,1975: 131)١
َ
) ث ٙ ٤
ُٙاٌّؾزٍّخ ٌٍشخض ؽٛي ا٤ِٛس اٌّزؼٍمخ ثجؼغ اٌغّبد اٌّّ١ضح ٌؼبٌّٗ، ٟٚ٘ رزؼبًِ ِغ ف
ٓاٌشخض ٌٕفغٗ ِٚؾ١طٗ ِٓ خالي اٌزغشثخ اٌّجبششح أٚ اٌّؼشفخ اٌّىزغجخ عبثمب"، ٚلذ لغّّٙب آعض٠
(
Ajzen, 1985 , 1988 , 1991 , 2006) ٚفك ٔظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن اٌّخط
ؾ إٌٝ صالص
خ
:ٟ٘ أٔٛاع
:اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ
ٟٓ٘ ِؼزمذاد اٌفشد ػٓ إٌزبئظ اٌّزشرجخ ػٗأدائ ٌٍغٍٛن ل١ذ اٌذساعخ,
ّٗٚرم١١
ٌزٍه إٌزبئظ، ٚ٠ٕزظ ػٕٙب االرغب٘بد اإل٠غبث١خ أٚ اٌغٍج١خ ٔؾٛ اٌغٍٛن. أ
أ :اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ
ٟٓ٘ ِؼزمذاد اٌفشد ػٓ إٌزبئظ اٌّزشرجخ ػٗأدائ ٌٍغٍٛن ل١ذ اٌذساعخ,
ّٗٚرم١١
ٌزٍه إٌزبئظ، ٚ٠ٕزظ ػٕٙب االرغب٘بد اإل٠غبث١خ أٚ اٌغٍج١خ ٔؾٛ اٌغٍٛن. :اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
ٟ٘
ِٚؼزمذاد اٌفشد ػٓ ٔظشح ٚرٛلؼبد ا٢خش٠ٓ رٚٞ اٌظٍخ (أفشاد أ
ِؤعغبد) ؽٛي رأ٠١ذ أٚ ػذَ رأ٠١ذ أداءٖ ٌٍغٍٛن ل١ذ اٌذساعخ ٚدافؼ١زٗ ٔؾٛ االِزضبي ٌٙب،
ٚ٠ٕزظ ػٕٙب
اٌزأص١ش االعزّبػٟ أٚ اٌّؼب٠١ش اٌشخظ١خ. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :ٌاإلطار اننظر :حباث األداة ٌٍزؾمك ِٓ صجبد ا٤داح ؛ رُ رطج١ك ؽش٠مخ
االخزجبس ٚإػبدح االخزجبس،
ٝوّب ٘ٛ ِٛط ٗث
ٟف(
Ajzen, 2006
)
( ٌؼ١ٕخ أٌٚ١خ ِٓ ِغزّغ اٌذساعخ خبسط اٌؼ١ٕخ ا٤طٍ١خ ػذد٘ب40
،) ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ
ٚوبٔذ
ٌاٌّذح اٌضِٕ١خ ا ٓفبطٍخ ث١ٓاٌزطج١م١ٓ أعجٛػ١ ٌ
،ٍزؾمك ِٓ اٌضجبد فٟ ؽش٠مخ إػبدح االخزجبس
( ٓٚلذ ثٍغ ِؼبًِ اسرجبؽ ث١شعْٛ ث١ٓ اٌزطج١م١81
,0
) ٚ٠ج١ٓ اٌغذٚي اٌزبٌٟ ل١ُ ِؼبًِ اسرجبؽ
:ث١شعْٛ ٌّؾبٚس ا٤داح اٌضالصخ ٌّٚغًّ ا٤داح
عذٚي (
2
)
ًّل١ُ ِؼبِالد اسرجبؽ ث١شعْٛ ٌّؾبٚس ا٤داح اٌضالصخ ٌّٚغ
ا٤داح ٌؾغبة اٌضجبد انًح
ور
نىع انًؼتمذاث
ػذد
انؼباراث
1
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ
ًأٚال: لٛح االػزمبد ثبٌٕز١غخ
11
ًصبٔ١ب: رم١١ُ إٌز١غخ
11
2
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
ًصبٌضب:
ٓلٛح االػزمبد ثزأ٠١ذ ا٢خش٠
6
ًساثؼب: اٌذافؼ١خ ٔؾٛ االِزضبي
6
3
ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح
ًخبِغب:
لٛح االػزمبد ثؾؼٛس
ًِاٌؼب
10
ًعبدعب:
ًِاٌمٛح اٌّؾغٛعخ ٌٍؼب
10
اٌّغّٛع
54 انًح
ور
نىع انًؼتمذاث
ػذد
انؼباراث
1
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ
ًأٚال: لٛح االػزمبد ثبٌٕز١غخ
11
ًصبٔ١ب: رم١١ُ إٌز١غخ
11
2
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
ًصبٌضب:
ٓلٛح االػزمبد ثزأ٠١ذ ا٢خش٠
6
ًساثؼب: اٌذافؼ١خ ٔؾٛ االِزضبي
6
3
ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح
ًخبِغب:
لٛح االػزمبد ثؾؼٛس
ًِاٌؼب
10
ًعبدعب:
ًِاٌمٛح اٌّؾغٛعخ ٌٍؼب
10
اٌّغّٛع
54 +( ػٍٝ أْ ٠مَٛ اٌّغزغ١ت ثبخز١بس إعبثبرٗ ػٓ عّ١غ اٌؼجبساد ِٓ رمذ٠ش لطجٟ خّبعٟ اٌزذس٠ظ2
،
+
1
،
0
،
-
1
،
-
2
) ثؾ١ش رّضً رشع١ؾٗ اٌشخظٟ اإل٠غبثٟ أٚ اٌغٍجٟ ٌٍؼجبساد ٚثذسعخ إعّبٌ١خ
( ٓرزشاٚػ ث١-
108
+ ٌٝإ
108
)
. ٚػٍ١ٗ فال رٛعذ ث١ٓ اٌؼجبساد ِب ٟ٘ ػجبسح ِٛعجخ أٚ ػجبسح
عبٌجخ، ٚرؾذد اٌم١ّخ اٌّغّٛػخ ٌىً ٔٛع ِٓ ا٤ٔٛاع اٌضالصخ ِٓ اٌّؼزمذ ٟاد لٛح االػزمبد ف
االرغب٘١ٓ اإل .ٟ٠غبثٟ أٚ اٌغٍج ا http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
640
+( ػٍٝ أْ ٠مَٛ اٌّغزغ١ت ثبخز١بس إعبثبرٗ ػٓ عّ١غ اٌؼجبساد ِٓ رمذ٠ش لطجٟ خّبعٟ اٌزذس٠ظ2
،
+
1
،
0
،
-
1
،
-
2
) ثؾ١ش رّضً رشع١ؾٗ اٌشخظٟ اإل٠غبثٟ أٚ اٌغٍجٟ ٌٍؼجبساد ٚثذسعخ إعّبٌ١خ
( ٓرزشاٚػ ث١-
108
+ ٌٝإ
108
)
. ٚػٍ١ٗ فال رٛعذ ث١ٓ اٌؼجبساد ِب ٟ٘ ػجبسح ِٛعجخ أٚ ػجبسح
عبٌجخ، ٚرؾذد اٌم١ّخ اٌّغّٛػخ ٌىً ٔٛع ِٓ ا٤ٔٛاع اٌضالصخ ِٓ اٌّؼزمذ ٟاد لٛح االػزمبد ف
االرغب٘١ٓ اإل .ٟ٠غبثٟ أٚ اٌغٍج
( ِٓ ٚلذ رىٛٔذ ا٤داح فٟ طٛسرٙب ا٤ٌٚ١خ3
(ٚ ،ٖ) ِؾبٚس ِٛػؾخ فٟ اٌغذٚي أػال55) ػجبسح. :ٌاإلطار اننظر ٚلذ اشزٍّذ اٌذساعخ
ا٤ٌٚ١خ ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ ِٓ ا٤عئٍخ اٌّفزٛؽ َخ ؽٛي ِب ٟ٘ إٌزبئظ اإل٠غبث١خ ٚاٌغٍج١خ العزخذا
ْٛإعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء؟ ِٚٓ ُ٘ ا٤شخبص اٌّؤ٠ذْٚ أٚ اٌّؼبسػ
العزخذاِٙب؟ ِٚب ٟ٘ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌزٟ ٠ّىٓ أْ رغًٙ أٚ رؼ١ك اعزخذ اِٙب فٟ اٌظف أٚ اٌّخزجش
اٌّذسعٟ؟ . :رُ ثٕبء اٌّم١بط ٚفمبً ٌٍخطٛاد ا٢ر١خ :رُ ثٕبء اٌّم١بط ٚفمبً ٌٍخطٛاد ا٢ر١خ
أ . رؾٍ١ً اعزغبثبد ػ١ٕخ اٌذساعخ ا٤ٌٚ١خ ٚأزضاع أوضش اٌّؼزمذاد اٌجبسصح رىشاسا ثّب ٠ؼبدي75
%
ِٕٙب رمش٠جب(
Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980
) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
639
:رُ ثٕبء اٌّم١بط ٚفمبً ٌٍخطٛاد ا٢ر١خ
أ . رؾٍ١ً اعزغبثبد ػ١ٕخ اٌذساعخ ا٤ٌٚ١خ ٚأزضاع أوضش اٌّؼزمذاد اٌجبسصح رىشاسا ثّب ٠ؼبدي75
%
ِٕٙب رمش٠جب(
Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980
)
ة . ٚػغ عؤاي اٌزمش٠ش اٌزارٟ فٟ ػجبسح ٚاؽذح ٌٍزؼشف
ػٍٝ اٌغٍٛن اٌّبػٟ ٌٍّغزغ١ج١ٓ ف١ ّب
٠زؼٍك ثبعزخذاُِٙ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٟ رذ.ٍَٛس٠غُٙ ٌّبدح اٌؼ
د . اٌم١بَ ثجٕبء ػجبساد اٌّم١بط
ٚاٌّزّضٍخ
فٟ ِشوجبد اٌّؼزمذ ٚاٌزٟ رفزشع إٌظش٠خ ثأٔٙب
ؽغش ا٤عبط اٌّؼشفٟ ٚاٌؼبؽفٟ ٌىً ِٓ االرغبٖ ٔؾٛ اٌغٍٛن ٚاٌّؼ١بس اٌشخظٟ ٚاٌغ١طشح
اٌغٍٛو١خ اٌّؾغٛعخ
؛ ٚػٍ١ٗ فمذ اؽزٜٛ اٌّم١بط ػٍٝ أسثغ
:ٌٟٚخّغ١ٓ ػجبسح عبءد وبٌزب
عذٚي (
1
) ث١بْ ثؼذد ػجبساد ِم١بط اٌّؼزمذاد ٚفك ِشوجبد إٌظش٠خ أ . رؾٍ١ً اعزغبثبد ػ١ٕخ اٌذساعخ ا٤ٌٚ١خ ٚأزضاع أوضش اٌّؼزمذاد اٌجبسصح رىشاسا ثّب ٠ؼبدي75
%
ِٕٙب رمش٠جب(
Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980
) ة . ٚػغ عؤاي اٌزمش٠ش اٌزارٟ فٟ ػجبسح ٚاؽذح ٌٍزؼشف
ػٍٝ اٌغٍٛن اٌّبػٟ ٌٍّغزغ١ج١ٓ ف١ ّب
٠زؼٍك ثبعزخذاُِٙ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٟ رذ.ٍَٛس٠غُٙ ٌّبدح اٌؼ د . اٌم١بَ ثجٕبء ػجبساد اٌّم١بط
ٚاٌّزّضٍخ
فٟ ِشوجبد اٌّؼزمذ ٚاٌزٟ رفزشع إٌظش٠خ ثأٔٙب
ؽغش ا٤عبط اٌّؼشفٟ ٚاٌؼبؽفٟ ٌىً ِٓ االرغبٖ ٔؾٛ اٌغٍٛن ٚاٌّؼ١بس اٌشخظٟ ٚاٌغ١طشح
اٌغٍٛو١خ اٌّؾغٛعخ
؛ ٚػٍ١ٗ فمذ اؽزٜٛ اٌّم١بط ػٍٝ أسثغ
:ٌٟٚخّغ١ٓ ػجبسح عبءد وبٌزب
عذٚي (
1
) ث١بْ ثؼذد ػجبساد ِم١بط اٌّؼزمذاد ٚفك ِشوجبد إٌظش٠خ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 IJASOS International E Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :ٌاإلطار اننظر VI, Issue 16, April 2020
انًح
ور
نىع انًؼتمذاث
ػذد
انؼباراث
1
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ
ًأٚال: لٛح االػزمبد ثبٌٕز١غخ
11
ًصبٔ١ب: رم١١ُ إٌز١غخ
11
2
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
ًصبٌضب:
ٓلٛح االػزمبد ثزأ٠١ذ ا٢خش٠
6
ًساثؼب: اٌذافؼ١خ ٔؾٛ االِزضبي
6
3
ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح
ًخبِغب:
لٛح االػزمبد ثؾؼٛس
ًِاٌؼب
10
ًعبدعب:
ًِاٌمٛح اٌّؾغٛعخ ٌٍؼب
10
اٌّغّٛع
54
+( ػٍٝ أْ ٠مَٛ اٌّغزغ١ت ثبخز١بس إعبثبرٗ ػٓ عّ١غ اٌؼجبساد ِٓ رمذ٠ش لطجٟ خّبعٟ اٌزذس٠ظ2
،
+
1
،
0
،
-
1
،
-
2
) ثؾ١ش رّضً رشع١ؾٗ اٌشخظٟ اإل٠غبثٟ أٚ اٌغٍجٟ ٌٍؼجبساد ٚثذسعخ إعّبٌ١خ
( ٓرزشاٚػ ث١-
108
+ ٌٝإ
108
)
. ٚػٍ١ٗ فال رٛعذ ث١ٓ اٌؼجبساد ِب ٟ٘ ػجبسح ِٛعجخ أٚ ػجبسح
عبٌجخ، ٚرؾذد اٌم١ّخ اٌّغّٛػخ ٌىً ٔٛع ِٓ ا٤ٔٛاع اٌضالصخ ِٓ اٌّؼزمذ ٟاد لٛح االػزمبد ف
االرغب٘١ٓ اإل .ٟ٠غبثٟ أٚ اٌغٍج
( ِٓ ٚلذ رىٛٔذ ا٤داح فٟ طٛسرٙب ا٤ٌٚ١خ3
(ٚ ،ٖ) ِؾبٚس ِٛػؾخ فٟ اٌغذٚي أػال55) ػجبسح. :طذق األداة
رُ اٌزؾمك ِٓ اٌظذقٟاٌجٕبئ
ِٓ ٌٙزٖ ا٤داح ِٓ خالي ػشػٙب ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ
اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ِٓ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزذس٠ظ فٟ لغُ ػٍُ إٌفظ، ٚإٌّب٘ظ ٚؽشق اٌزذس٠ظ فٟ وً ِٓ وٍ١خ
ٌٟاٌزشث١خ ثغبِؼخ اٌغٍطبْ لبثٛط ٚوٍ١بد اٌزشث١خ ثظٛس ٚاٌشعزبق اٌزبثؼخ ٌٛصاسح اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب
ثغٍط ٕخ ػّبْ ٚثؼغ اٌّششف١ٓ اٌزشثٛ٠١ٓ ثٛصاسح اٌزشث١خ ٚاٌزؼٍ١ُ، ٚرٌه ٌزؾى١ُ ا٤داح ِٓ ؽ١ش
ا
ٔزّبء اٌؼجبساد ٌزشو١جبد إٌظش٠خ ، ِٚٓ ؽ١ش طؾخ اٌظ١بنخ ٚدلخ ٚػٛؽٙب، ِغ إثذاء
اٌّالؽظبد ا٤خشٜ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثئػبفخ ػجبساد أخشٜ أٚ ؽزفٙب. ٚ
ٟف
ػٛء ِالؽظبد ِٚمزشؽبد
اٌّؾىّ١ٓ رُ إػبد
ح ط١بنخ ثؼغ اٌؼجبساد،
ٜٚؽزف ػجبساد أخش. :ٌاإلطار اننظر :طذق األداة
رُ اٌزؾمك ِٓ اٌظذقٟاٌجٕبئ
ِٓ ٌٙزٖ ا٤داح ِٓ خالي ػشػٙب ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ
اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ِٓ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزذس٠ظ فٟ لغُ ػٍُ إٌفظ، ٚإٌّب٘ظ ٚؽشق اٌزذس٠ظ فٟ وً ِٓ وٍ١خ
ٌٟاٌزشث١خ ثغبِؼخ اٌغٍطبْ لبثٛط ٚوٍ١بد اٌزشث١خ ثظٛس ٚاٌشعزبق اٌزبثؼخ ٌٛصاسح اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب
ثغٍط ٕخ ػّبْ ٚثؼغ اٌّششف١ٓ اٌزشثٛ٠١ٓ ثٛصاسح اٌزشث١خ ٚاٌزؼٍ١ُ، ٚرٌه ٌزؾى١ُ ا٤داح ِٓ ؽ١ش
ا
ٔزّبء اٌؼجبساد ٌزشو١جبد إٌظش٠خ ، ِٚٓ ؽ١ش طؾخ اٌظ١بنخ ٚدلخ ٚػٛؽٙب، ِغ إثذاء
اٌّالؽظبد ا٤خشٜ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثئػبفخ ػجبساد أخشٜ أٚ ؽزفٙب. ٚ
ٟف
ػٛء ِالؽظبد ِٚمزشؽبد
اٌّؾىّ١ٓ رُ إػبد
ح ط١بنخ ثؼغ اٌؼجبساد،
ٜٚؽزف ػجبساد أخش. :حباث األداة ٌٍزؾمك ِٓ صجبد ا٤داح ؛ رُ رطج١ك ؽش٠مخ
االخزجبس ٚإػبدح االخزجبس،
ٝوّب ٘ٛ ِٛط ٗث
ٟف(
Ajzen, 2006
)
( ٌؼ١ٕخ أٌٚ١خ ِٓ ِغزّغ اٌذساعخ خبسط اٌؼ١ٕخ ا٤طٍ١خ ػذد٘ب40
،) ِؼٍّبً ِٚؼٍّخ
ٚوبٔذ
ٌاٌّذح اٌضِٕ١خ ا ٓفبطٍخ ث١ٓاٌزطج١م١ٓ أعجٛػ١ ٌ
،ٍزؾمك ِٓ اٌضجبد فٟ ؽش٠مخ إػبدح االخزجبس
( ٓٚلذ ثٍغ ِؼبًِ اسرجبؽ ث١شعْٛ ث١ٓ اٌزطج١م١81
,0
) ٚ٠ج١ٓ اٌغذٚي اٌزبٌٟ ل١ُ ِؼبًِ اسرجبؽ
:ث١شعْٛ ٌّؾبٚس ا٤داح اٌضالصخ ٌّٚغًّ ا٤داح
عذٚي (
2
)
ًّل١ُ ِؼبِالد اسرجبؽ ث١شعْٛ ٌّؾبٚس ا٤داح اٌضالصخ ٌّٚغ
ا٤داح ٌؾغبة اٌضجبد
يحاور األداة
ػذد
انفمراث يذي انذررت
يتىصط
انتطبُك
يتىصط
انتطبُك
لًُت
يؼايم ( ِٓ ٚلذ رىٛٔذ ا٤داح فٟ طٛسرٙب ا٤ٌٚ١خ3
(ٚ ،ٖ) ِؾبٚس ِٛػؾخ فٟ اٌغذٚي أػال55) ػجبسح. :طذق األداة
رُ اٌزؾمك ِٓ اٌظذقٟاٌجٕبئ
ِٓ ٌٙزٖ ا٤داح ِٓ خالي ػشػٙب ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ
اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ِٓ أػؼبء ٘١ئخ اٌزذس٠ظ فٟ لغُ ػٍُ إٌفظ، ٚإٌّب٘ظ ٚؽشق اٌزذس٠ظ فٟ وً ِٓ وٍ١خ
ٌٟاٌزشث١خ ثغبِؼخ اٌغٍطبْ لبثٛط ٚوٍ١بد اٌزشث١خ ثظٛس ٚاٌشعزبق اٌزبثؼخ ٌٛصاسح اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼب
ثغٍط ٕخ ػّبْ ٚثؼغ اٌّششف١ٓ اٌزشثٛ٠١ٓ ثٛصاسح اٌزشث١خ ٚاٌزؼٍ١ُ، ٚرٌه ٌزؾى١ُ ا٤داح ِٓ ؽ١ش
ا
ٔزّبء اٌؼجبساد ٌزشو١جبد إٌظش٠خ ، ِٚٓ ؽ١ش طؾخ اٌظ١بنخ ٚدلخ ٚػٛؽٙب، ِغ إثذاء
اٌّالؽظبد ا٤خشٜ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثئػبفخ ػجبساد أخشٜ أٚ ؽزفٙب. ٚ
ٟف
ػٛء ِالؽظبد ِٚمزشؽبد
اٌّؾىّ١ٓ رُ إػبد
ح ط١بنخ ثؼغ اٌؼجبساد،
ٜٚؽزف ػجبساد أخش. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 640 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :ٌاإلطار اننظر VI, Issue 16, April 2020 األول
ٍانخان االرتباط
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ
22
-
44
-
44
6,
16
6,
14
72
,0
**
اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
12
-
24
-
24
10
5,
10
82
,0
**
ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح
20
-
40
-
40
-
6,
16
-
9,
15
74
,0
**
)يزًىع انًؼتمذاث (يزًم األداة
45
-
101
-
101
10
2,9
11
,0
** ًّ٠زؼؼ ِٓ اٌغذٚي أْ االسرجبؽبد ث١ٓ اٌزطج١م١ٓ ا٤ٚي ٚاٌضبٟٔ ثبٌٕغجخ ٌغّ١غ ِؾبٚس ا٤داح ِٚغ
ا٤داحٓرؼبدي أٚ رض٠ذ ػ
72
,0
ٚ٘ٛ ِمجٛي رشثٛ٠ب، ِّب ٠ذي ػٍٝ صجبد ا٤داح ٚإِىبٔ١خ االػزّبد
ْٛػٍ١ٙب فٟ عّغ اٌج١بٔبد اٌّطٍٛثخ ٌإلعبثخ ػٓ أعئٍخ اٌذساعخ، ٚثزٌه ٠ظجؼ اٌّم١بط ِى ِٓ
(
54
( ٍٝ) ػجبسح ِٛصػخ ػ3
.) ِؾبٚس :انًؼانزت اإلحظائُت اعزخذَ اٌجبؽشٟاٌزؾٍ١ً اٌٛطف: ؽ١ش
رُ ؽغبة اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ ٚاالٔؾشافبد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
العزغبثبد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ػٍٝ وً فمشح ِٓ فمشاد ِم١بط اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّزؼٍمخ ثّؾبٚسٖ اٌضالصخ
(اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ، ٚاٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ،
ِٓ ِٚؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح) ٌٍّٚزٛعؾ اٌؼبَ ٌىً ٔٛع
.أٔٛاع اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّزوٛسح نتائذ انذراص
ت:
أ نتائذ انذراص
ت: ًيا يؼتمذاث يؼهًٍ انؼهىو بًذارس انتؼهُى األصاصٍ ػن اصتخذاو إصتراتُزُت انتؼهى انًبنٍ ػه
االصتمظاء؟ ًيا يؼتمذاث يؼهًٍ انؼهىو بًذارس انتؼهُى األصاصٍ ػن اصتخذاو إصتراتُزُت انتؼهى انًبنٍ ػه
االصتمظاء؟ ٌإلعبثخ ػٓ ٘زا اٌغؤاي رُ ؽغبة اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ ٚاالٔؾشافبد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ العزغبثبد
اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ػٍٝ و ً فمشح ِٓ فمشاد ِم١بط اٌّؼزمذاد
(اٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ، ٚاٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ،
ِٚؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح) ٌٍّٚزٛعؾ اٌؼبَ ٌىً ٔٛع ِٓ أٔٛاع اٌّؼزمذاد . ٚاٌغذٚيٟاالر
٠ؼشع ًِّغ
٘زٖ إٌزبئظ
، ؽغت ِؾبٚس٘ب اٌضالس. ( عذٚي3
)) ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ اٌؼبِخ (اٌغٍٛو١خ ٚاٌّؼ١بس٠خ ِٚؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح
نىع انًؼتمذاث انفمراث يذي انذررت
انًتىصطاث
انحضابُت
االنحرافاث
انًؼُارَت
اٌغٍٛو١خ
11
(-
44
)
– (
44
)
17.01
7.472
اٌّؼ١بس٠خ
6
(-
24
)
– (
24
)
10.06
7.050
اٌغ١طشح
10
(-
40
)
– (
40
)
-
12.87
10.448
ِغّٛع
اٌّؼزمذاد
27
(-
108
)-(
108
)
14.20
13.127 641 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :ٌاإلطار اننظر VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ٠الؽعٟف
( اٌغذٚي3
)
ثأْ ِزٛعؾ اعزغبثبد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ف١ ّب ٠خض ِؼزمذارُٙ اٌغٍٛو١خ ثٍغ
(
17.01
ٛ) ٟٚ٘ رمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت ِٓ اٌذسعخ ٚ٘زا ٠ش١ش ؽجمب ٌٍٕظش٠خ إٌٝ ارغبٖ إ٠غبثٟ ٔؾ
اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ٚوزٌه ثبٌٕغجخ ٌٍّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ اٌزٟ ثٍغ
( ِزٛعطٙب10.06
ٍّ) ٚرمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت أٞ أْ اٌّؼ ١ٓ ٠شؼشْٚ ثؼغؾ اعزّبػٟ ٔؾٛ أداء
( اٌغٍٛن، إال أْ ِزٛعؾ ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح اٌجبٌغ-
12.87
ٌٝ) ػّٓ اٌّذٜ اٌغبٌت ٌٍذسعخ ٠ش١ش إ
َأْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠شؼشْٚ ثؼؼف اٌغ١طشح ػٍٝ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّؼ١مخ، أٞ أُٔٙ ٠شْٚ أْ اعزخذا
إعزشار١غ١خ
،اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ٠ؼذ أِشا طؼجب ٔغج١ب
ٌٚىٓ ٚفك ِب رفزشػٗ إٌظش٠خ،
فئْ ل١ّخ رٛلغ أداء اٌغٍٛن (إٌ١خ) رؼزّذ ػٍٝ اٌّغّٛع اإلعّبٌٟ ٌم١ُ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌضالصخ،
ٚلذ ثٍغ
( ِزٛعطٙب وّب ٠زؼؼ ِٓ اٌغذٚي14.20
) ٟٚ٘ ل١ّخ رمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت ٚرش١ش إٌٝ ٚعٛد
ٟٕإٌ١خ ٌذٜ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّج.ػٍٝ االعزمظبء
:انًحىر األول
ان
ًؼتمذاث انضهىكُت:
عبءد ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌغٍٛو١خ (ِؼزمذارُٙ ؽٛي
َإٌزبئظ اٌّزؾممخ ِٓ اعزخذا إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء) ِشرجخ ٚفكٌا ّزٛعطبد
( اٌؾغبث١خ وّب فٟ اٌغذٚي4
):
عذٚي (
4
)
ٟاٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاُِٙ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ٌالعزمظبء فٌا
زذس٠ظ
و
ٍانًؼتمذ انضهىك
انًتىصط
ٍانحضاب
االنحراف
ٌانًؼُار
1
.عؼً اٌزؼٍُ أوضش ِزؼٗ ٚإصبسح
2,71
1,40
2
.ٍُإوغبة اٌطالة ِض٠ذا ِٓ اٌضمخ ثبٌٕفظ ٚاٌذافؼ١خ ٔؾٛ اٌزؼ
2,70
1,27
3
إوغبة ،اٌطالة ػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ اٌّخزٍفخ (اٌّالؽظخ، ٚاٌم١بط
َٚاٌزٕجؤ،...) ِٚٙبساد اٌزؼبًِ ِغ ا٤عٙضح ٚا٤دٚاد ٚاعزخذا
.اٌزىٌٕٛٛع١ب
2,57
1,51
4
.رؾم١ك فُٙ أعشع ٚأػّك ٚأوضش صجبرب ٌذٜ اٌطالة
2,43
1,44
5
إوغبة اٌطالة اٌّٙبساد االعزّبػ١خ إٌّبعجخ وبٌزؼبْٚ ٚاالرظبي
.ٚاٌم١بدح ٚرؾًّ اٌّغؤٌٚ١خ
2,40
1,50
6
ِٓ اٌزأخش فٟ اٌخطخ اٌفظٍ١خ ٔز١غخ ٌّب رزطٍجٗ ا٤ٔشطخ االعزمظبئ١خ
.ٚلذ
0,84
1,45
7
.ػذَ اٌمذسح ػٍٝ اٌزم١١ُ اٌ١ِٟٛ ٌٍطالة ثبٌشىً اٌظؾ١ؼ
0,84
1,31
8
ٓاعزؾٛار ثؼغ اٌطالة ػٍٝ ا٤دٚاس اٌشئ١غ١خ ٚػذَ عذ٠خ ا٢خش٠
ُ٘ٚاوزفبى.ُ٘ثزغغ١ً ِب ٠زٛطً إٌ١ٗ صِالى
0,81
1,88
9
ػؼف إداسح اٌظف ثغجت اٌفٛػٝ إٌبرغخ ػٓ أعئٍخ اٌطالة اٌىض١شح
ًأصٕب اٌ
و
ر0,75
1,40 ٠الؽعٟف
( اٌغذٚي3
)
ثأْ ِزٛعؾ اعزغبثبد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ف١ ّب ٠خض ِؼزمذارُٙ اٌغٍٛو١خ ثٍغ
(
17.01
ٛ) ٟٚ٘ رمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت ِٓ اٌذسعخ ٚ٘زا ٠ش١ش ؽجمب ٌٍٕظش٠خ إٌٝ ارغبٖ إ٠غبثٟ ٔؾ
اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ٚوزٌه ثبٌٕغجخ ٌٍّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ اٌزٟ ثٍغ
( ِزٛعطٙب10.06
ٍّ) ٚرمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت أٞ أْ اٌّؼ ١ٓ ٠شؼشْٚ ثؼغؾ اعزّبػٟ ٔؾٛ أداء
( اٌغٍٛن، إال أْ ِزٛعؾ ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح اٌجبٌغ-
12.87
ٌٝ) ػّٓ اٌّذٜ اٌغبٌت ٌٍذسعخ ٠ش١ش إ
َأْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠شؼشْٚ ثؼؼف اٌغ١طشح ػٍٝ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّؼ١مخ، أٞ أُٔٙ ٠شْٚ أْ اعزخذا
إعزشار١غ١خ
،اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ٠ؼذ أِشا طؼجب ٔغج١ب
ٌٚىٓ ٚفك ِب رفزشػٗ إٌظش٠خ،
فئْ ل١ّخ رٛلغ أداء اٌغٍٛن (إٌ١خ) رؼزّذ ػٍٝ اٌّغّٛع اإلعّبٌٟ ٌم١ُ اٌّؼزمذاد اٌضالصخ،
ٚلذ ثٍغ
( ِزٛعطٙب وّب ٠زؼؼ ِٓ اٌغذٚي14.20
) ٟٚ٘ ل١ّخ رمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت ٚرش١ش إٌٝ ٚعٛد
ٟٕإٌ١خ ٌذٜ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّج.ػٍٝ االعزمظبء :انًحىر األول
ان
ًؼتمذاث انضهىكُت:
عبءد ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌغٍٛو١خ (ِؼزمذارُٙ ؽٛي
َإٌزبئظ اٌّزؾممخ ِٓ اعزخذا إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء) ِشرجخ ٚفكٌا ّزٛعطبد
( اٌؾغبث١خ وّب فٟ اٌغذٚي4
): http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
642
عذٚي (
4
)
ٟاٌّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاُِٙ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ٌالعزمظبء فٌا
زذس٠ظ
و
ٍانًؼتمذ انضهىك
انًتىصط
ٍانحضاب
االنحراف
ٌانًؼُار
1
.عؼً اٌزؼٍُ أوضش ِزؼٗ ٚإصبسح
2,71
1,40
2
.ٍُإوغبة اٌطالة ِض٠ذا ِٓ اٌضمخ ثبٌٕفظ ٚاٌذافؼ١خ ٔؾٛ اٌزؼ
2,70
1,27
3
إوغبة ،اٌطالة ػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ اٌّخزٍفخ (اٌّالؽظخ، ٚاٌم١بط
َٚاٌزٕجؤ،...) ِٚٙبساد اٌزؼبًِ ِغ ا٤عٙضح ٚا٤دٚاد ٚاعزخذا
.اٌزىٌٕٛٛع١ب
2,57
1,51
4
.رؾم١ك فُٙ أعشع ٚأػّك ٚأوضش صجبرب ٌذٜ اٌطالة
2,43
1,44
5
إوغبة اٌطالة اٌّٙبساد االعزّبػ١خ إٌّبعجخ وبٌزؼبْٚ ٚاالرظبي
.ٚاٌم١بدح ٚرؾًّ اٌّغؤٌٚ١خ
2,40
1,50
6
ِٓ اٌزأخش فٟ اٌخطخ اٌفظٍ١خ ٔز١غخ ٌّب رزطٍجٗ ا٤ٔشطخ االعزمظبئ١خ
.ٚلذ
0,84
1,45
7
.ػذَ اٌمذسح ػٍٝ اٌزم١١ُ اٌ١ِٟٛ ٌٍطالة ثبٌشىً اٌظؾ١ؼ
0,84
1,31
8
ٓاعزؾٛار ثؼغ اٌطالة ػٍٝ ا٤دٚاس اٌشئ١غ١خ ٚػذَ عذ٠خ ا٢خش٠
ُ٘ٚاوزفبى.ُ٘ثزغغ١ً ِب ٠زٛطً إٌ١ٗ صِالى
0,81
1,88
9
ػؼف إداسح اٌظف ثغجت اٌفٛػٝ إٌبرغخ ػٓ أعئٍخ اٌطالة اٌىض١شح
.ًّٚرؾشوُٙ أصٕبء اٌؼ
0,75
1,40 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :ٌاإلطار اننظر VI, Issue 16, April 2020 1
.وضشح ػذد اٌطالة فٟ اٌظف اٌٛاؽذ
-
2.21
1.50
2
ص٠بدح إٌظبة.ا٤عجٛػٟ ِٓ اٌؾظض اٌزذس٠غ١خ
-
2.10
1.62
3
.)رؼذد ا٤ػجبء اإلداس٠خ ( اٌغغالد، ٚا٤ٔشطخ
-
1.98
1.68
4
،إٌمض فٟ ِظبدس (ِٛاد اٌزؼٍُ، ٚا٤عٙضح اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚا٤دٚاد
.)ِٚشوض اٌّظبدس
-
1.63
1.60
5
ٔذسح ثشاِظ اٌزذس٠ت ػٍٝ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء
َٚػذ
.رٛافش ِشاعغ رغبػذ ػٍٝ اإلّٔبء اٌزارٟ ٌٍمذساد
-
1.26
1.47
6
.ػذَ ٚعٛد ِخزجش ِضٚد ثغّ١غ ِزطٍجبد اٌزؼٍُ ثبالعزمظبء
-
1.15
1.82
7
.ػذَ رٛافش اٌٛلذ اٌىبفٟ ٌٍزخط١ؾ ٚرٕف١ز ا٤ٔشطخ االعزمظبئ١خ
-
0.78
1.58
8
.رجب٠ٓ اٌطالة فٟ لذسارُٙ اٌؼمٍ١خ ِٚٙبسارُٙ اٌؼٍّ١خ
-
0.58
1.30
9
.ػذَ اإلٌّبَ ثبٌّٙبساد اٌالصِخ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء
-
0.45
1.60
10
.ػذَ ٚعٛد فٕٟ ِخزجش ٠غبػذ ػٍٝ اٌزغٙ١ض ٚاإلػذاد
-
0.44
1.90 ٠زؼّؼ ِٓ خالي اٌغذٚي (
6) ثأْ عّ١غ اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ رمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌغبٌت
؛
ْأٞ أ
ٍٝاٌّغزغ١ج١ٓ ٠ؼزمذْٚ ثأْ ع١طشرُٙ ػٍٝ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّؼ١مخ العزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
االعزمظبء ػؼ١فخ،
ثّؼٕٝ أْ ٘زٖ اٌؼٛاًِ ؽبػشح ٚثشذح،
ُِٙٚثزٌه رغؼً ِٓ اعزخذا
ٍُإلعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼ
اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء أِشا طؼجب. ٚ٠زؼؼ
أْ أوضش اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّؼ١مخ وّب
٠ؼزمذ
ثٙب اٌّغزغ١جْٛ ٟ٘ وضشح ػذد اٌطالة فٟ اٌظف اٌٛاؽذ
؛
ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٛعؾ اٌغ١طشح اٌّؾغٛعخ
( ٗػٍ١-
2.21
) ٚ٘ٛ ا٤لً ِٓ ث١ٓ اٌّزٛعطبد، صُ ٠أرٟ ص٠بدح إٌظبة ا٤عجٛػٟ ِٓ اٌؾظض
(اٌزذس٠غ١خ ثّزٛعؾ ٚلذسح-
2.10
)، ٠ٍ١ٗ رؼذد ا٤ػجبء اإلداس٠خ (اٌغغالد ٚا٤ٔشطخ) فٟ اٌزشر١ت
اٌضبٌش ِٓ ؽ١ش لٛح اإلػبلخ . ٚلذ
ُٙشىٍذ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثزجب٠ٓ لذساد اٌطالة اٌؼمٍ١خ ِٚٙبسار
اٌؼٍّ١خ، ٚػذَ اإلٌّبَ ثبٌّٙبساد اٌؼشٚس٠خ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء،
ٚػذَ ٚعٛد فٕٟ ِخزجش
٠غبػذ ػٍٝ اإلػذاد ٚاٌزغٙ١ض اٌؼٛاًِ ا٤لً ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلػبلخ
؛
ٌٍّ ْٚثبٌزبٌٟ فئ ؼٍُ إؽغبط أوجش
.ثئِىبٔ١خ اٌغ١طشح ػٍ١ٙب :ينالشت اننتائذ :ينالشت اننتائذ :ينالشت اننتائذ :ٌاإلطار اننظر VI, Issue 16, April 2020
1
.وضشح ػذد اٌطالة فٟ اٌظف اٌٛاؽذ
-
2.21
1.50
2
ص٠بدح إٌظبة.ا٤عجٛػٟ ِٓ اٌؾظض اٌزذس٠غ١خ
-
2.10
1.62
3
.)رؼذد ا٤ػجبء اإلداس٠خ ( اٌغغالد، ٚا٤ٔشطخ
-
1.98
1.68
4
،إٌمض فٟ ِظبدس (ِٛاد اٌزؼٍُ، ٚا٤عٙضح اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚا٤دٚاد
.)ِٚشوض اٌّظبدس
-
1.63
1.60
5
ٔذسح ثشاِظ اٌزذس٠ت ػٍٝ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء
َٚػذ
.رٛافش ِشاعغ رغبػذ ػٍٝ اإلّٔبء اٌزارٟ ٌٍمذساد
-
1.26
1.47
6
.ػذَ ٚعٛد ِخزجش ِضٚد ثغّ١غ ِزطٍجبد اٌزؼٍُ ثبالعزمظبء
-
1.15
1.82
7
.ػذَ رٛافش اٌٛلذ اٌىبفٟ ٌٍزخط١ؾ ٚرٕف١ز ا٤ٔشطخ االعزمظبئ١خ
-
0.78
1.58
8
.رجب٠ٓ اٌطالة فٟ لذسارُٙ اٌؼمٍ١خ ِٚٙبسارُٙ اٌؼٍّ١خ
-
0.58
1.30
9
.ػذَ اإلٌّبَ ثبٌّٙبساد اٌالصِخ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء
-
0.45
1.60
10
.ػذَ ٚعٛد فٕٟ ِخزجش ٠غبػذ ػٍٝ اٌزغٙ١ض ٚاإلػذاد
-
0.44
1.90
٠زؼّؼ ِٓ خالي اٌغذٚي (
6) ثأْ عّ١غ اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ رمغ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌغبٌت
؛
ْأٞ أ
ٍٝاٌّغزغ١ج١ٓ ٠ؼزمذْٚ ثأْ ع١طشرُٙ ػٍٝ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّؼ١مخ العزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
االعزمظبء ػؼ١فخ،
ثّؼٕٝ أْ ٘زٖ اٌؼٛاًِ ؽبػشح ٚثشذح،
ُِٙٚثزٌه رغؼً ِٓ اعزخذا
ٍُإلعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼ
اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء أِشا طؼجب. ٚ٠زؼؼ
أْ أوضش اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّؼ١مخ وّب
٠ؼزمذ
ثٙب اٌّغزغ١جْٛ ٟ٘ وضشح ػذد اٌطالة فٟ اٌظف اٌٛاؽذ
؛
ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٛعؾ اٌغ١طشح اٌّؾغٛعخ
( ٗػٍ١-
2.21
) ٚ٘ٛ ا٤لً ِٓ ث١ٓ اٌّزٛعطبد، صُ ٠أرٟ ص٠بدح إٌظبة ا٤عجٛػٟ ِٓ اٌؾظض
(اٌزذس٠غ١خ ثّزٛعؾ ٚلذسح-
2.10
)، ٠ٍ١ٗ رؼذد ا٤ػجبء اإلداس٠خ (اٌغغالد ٚا٤ٔشطخ) فٟ اٌزشر١ت
اٌضبٌش ِٓ ؽ١ش لٛح اإلػبلخ . ٚلذ
ُٙشىٍذ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّزؼٍمخ ثزجب٠ٓ لذساد اٌطالة اٌؼمٍ١خ ِٚٙبسار
اٌؼٍّ١خ، ٚػذَ اإلٌّبَ ثبٌّٙبساد اٌؼشٚس٠خ ٌٍزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء،
ٚػذَ ٚعٛد فٕٟ ِخزجش
٠غبػذ ػٍٝ اإلػذاد ٚاٌزغٙ١ض اٌؼٛاًِ ا٤لً ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلػبلخ
؛
ٌٍّ ْٚثبٌزبٌٟ فئ ؼٍُ إؽغبط أوجش
.ثئِىبٔ١خ اٌغ١طشح ػٍ١ٙب
:ينالشت اننتائذ
أوال. :انًؼتمذاث انضهىكُت IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :ٌاإلطار اننظر VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ( ٠ظالؽع ِٓ خالي اٌغذٚي4
( ) ثأْ اٌّغزغ١ج١ٓ اػزمذٚا ثزؾمك إٌزبئظ اإل٠غبث١خ اٌؼجبساد1
-
5
)
( العزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء أوضش ِٓ إٌزبئظ اٌغٍج١خ اٌؼجبساد6
-
11
) ٚرٌه
ِٓ خالي ؽظٌٛٙب ػٍٝ أػٍٝ اٌّزٛعطبد ِٓ ًاٌؾغبث١خ ث١ّٕب عبءد ِزٛعطبد إٌزبئظ اٌغٍج١خ أل
.اٌٛاؽذ اٌظؾ١ؼ :ٍانًحىر انخان
ان
ًؼتمذاث انًؼُارَت: أِب ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌّؼ١بس٠خ اٌزٟ شٍّذ
(اٌزٛلؼبد
اٌّؼ١بس٠خ ٌ٣خش٠ٓ) فم
ذ وبٔذ
(ِزٛعطبرٙب اٌؾغبث١خ وّب فٟ اٌغذٚي5
:ٌٟ) اٌزب
عذٚي (
5
)
ٍٝاٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ػٓ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
االعزمظبء و األشخاص روٌ انظهت
انًتىصط
ٍانحضاب
االنحراف
ٌانًؼُار
1
.ٞٛاٌّششف اٌزشث
2,37
1,43
2
.اٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي
2,31
1,53
3
.ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ
1,88
1,61
4
.ٓاٌضِالء ِٓ اٌّؼٍّ١
1,23
1,50
5
.اٌطالة
1,15
1,63
6
.فٕٟ اٌّخزجش
1,13
1,60 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
643
(ٚ٠زؼؼ ِٓ اٌغذٚي5
(ٞٛ) أْ اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ ا٤وجش وبٔذ ٌٍّششف اٌزشث2.37
ٍُ) صُ اٌّؼ
(ا٤ٚي2.31) فّذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ . أٞ أْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠ؼزمذْٚ ثأْ اٌّششف اٌزشثٛٞ ٚاٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي أوضش
ُٙا٤شخبص اٌّؤصش٠ٓ ػٍ١
ُ٘
ٍَٛٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠غُٙ ٌّبدح اٌؼ
.٠ٍ١ُٙ ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ صُ اٌضِالء ِٓ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ فبٌطالة ٚأخ١شا فٕٟ اٌّخزجش
انًحىر انخانج :يؼتمذاث انضُطرة:
(٠ج١ٓ اٌغذٚي6
ُٙ) ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ (ِؼزمذار
ؽٛي اٌؼٛاًِ اٌزٟ رؼ١ك اعزخذاَ إع:ٍٟزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء) ٟٚ٘ وّب ٠
عذٚي (
6
)
ٍِٝؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح ػٓ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
االعزمظبء
و انؼىايم
انًتىصط
ٍانحضاب
االنحراف
ٌانًؼُار http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
643
(ٚ٠زؼؼ ِٓ اٌغذٚي5
(ٞٛ) أْ اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ ا٤وجش وبٔذ ٌٍّششف اٌزشث2.37
ٍُ) صُ اٌّؼ
(ا٤ٚي2.31) فّذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ . أٞ أْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠ؼزمذْٚ ثأْ اٌّششف اٌزشثٛٞ ٚاٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي أوضش
ُٙا٤شخبص اٌّؤصش٠ٓ ػٍ١
ُ٘
ٍَٛٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠غُٙ ٌّبدح اٌؼ
.٠ٍ١ُٙ ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ صُ اٌضِالء ِٓ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ فبٌطالة ٚأخ١شا فٕٟ اٌّخزجش
انًحىر انخانج :يؼتمذاث انضُطرة:
(٠ج١ٓ اٌغذٚي6
ُٙ) ِؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ (ِؼزمذار
ؽٛي اٌؼٛاًِ اٌزٟ رؼ١ك اعزخذاَ إع:ٍٟزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء) ٟٚ٘ وّب ٠
عذٚي (
6
)
ٍِٝؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح ػٓ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
االعزمظبء
و انؼىايم
انًتىصط
ٍانحضاب
االنحراف
ٌانًؼُار (ٚ٠زؼؼ ِٓ اٌغذٚي5
(ٞٛ) أْ اٌّزٛعطبد اٌؾغبث١خ ا٤وجش وبٔذ ٌٍّششف اٌزشث2.37
ٍُ) صُ اٌّؼ
(ا٤ٚي2.31) فّذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ . أٞ أْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠ؼزمذْٚ ثأْ اٌّششف اٌزشثٛٞ ٚاٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي أوضش
ُٙا٤شخبص اٌّؤصش٠ٓ ػٍ١
ُ٘
ٍَٛٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠غُٙ ٌّبدح اٌؼ
.٠ٍ١ُٙ ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ صُ اٌضِالء ِٓ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ فبٌطالة ٚأخ١شا فٕٟ اٌّخزجش http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 643 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. أوال.
:انًؼتمذاث انضهىكُت ِٓ ً٠ؼزمذ اٌّؼٍّْٛ ثشىً إ٠غبثٟ ثأْ اعزخذاُِٙ إلعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ٠غؼ
( ػٍّ١خ اٌزؼٍُ أوضش ِزؼخ ٚإصبسح71
,2
( ٜ) ِٓ اٌّذ-
4 – 4
ِٓ )، وّب أٔٗ ٠ىغت اٌطالة ِض٠ذا اٌضمخ
( ٍُثبٌٕفظ ٚاٌذافؼ١خ ٔؾٛ اٌزؼ70
,2
،) ثبإلػبفخ إٌٝ إوغبثُٙ ػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ اٌّخزٍفخ (وبٌّالؽظخ
( ٚاٌم١بط، ٚاٌزٕجؤ،...)، ِٚٙبساد اٌزؼبًِ ِغ ا٤عٙضح ٚا٤دٚاد ٚاعزخذاَ اٌزىٌٕٛٛع١ب57
,2
،)
( ٚرؾم١ك فُٙ أعشع ٚأػّك ٚأوضش صجبرب ٌذٜ اٌطالة43
,2)، ِغ إوغبثُٙ ِٙبساد ا عزّبػ١خ ِٕبعجخ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ( وبٌزؼبْٚ ٚاالرظبي ٚاٌم١بدح ٚرؾًّ اٌّغؤٌٚ١خ40
,2
ْ)، ِغ اػزمبدُ٘ اٌمش٠ت ِٓ اٌؾ١بد فٟ أ
اعزخذاُِٙ إلعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء لذ رؤدٞ إٌٝ رأخش فٟ رؾم١ك اٌخطخ اٌفظٍ١خ
(
84
,0
( )، ٚإػبلخ ػٍّ١خ اٌزم١١ُ اٌ١ِٟٛ ٌٍطالة ثبٌشىً اٌظؾ١ؼ84
,0
،)
ٚاعزؾٛار ثؼغ اٌطالة
( ُ٘ػٍٝ ا٤دٚاس اٌشئ١غ١خ ٚػذَ عذ٠خ ا٢خش٠ٓ ٚاوزفبىُ٘ ثزغغ١ً ِب ٠زٛطً إٌ١ٗ صِالى81
,0
،)
ًّٚػؼف ِٓ إداسرُٙ ٌٍظف ثغجت اٌفٛػٝ إٌبرغخ ػٓ أعئٍخ اٌطالة اٌىض١شح ٚرؾشوُٙ أصٕبء اٌؼ
(
75
,0
ِ )، ٚإِىبٔ١خ رؼشع اٌطالة ٌجؼغ ا٤خطبس ٔز١غخ رؼبٍُِٙ اٌّجبشش غ ا٤عٙضح ٚا٤دٚاد
( اٌّخزٍفخ50
,0
) ِغ اؽزّبٌ١خ شؼٛس اٌطالة ثبإلؽجبؽ ٔز١غخ ػذَ رٛطٍُٙ ٌٍٕزبئظ اٌّشعٛح
(
46
,0
.) ( ٟٚلذ الزشثذ ِؼزمذاد اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ اٌغٍٛو١خ فٟ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ ِغ آسائُٙ فٟ دساعخ اٌجٍٛشAl-
Balushi, 1998
ٓ) ٚدساعخ ِبسٌٛ ٚاعز١فMarlow & Stevens, 1999)
،)
وّب عبءد ٔزبئظ ِغّٛػخ
( ًِٓ اٌذساعبد اٌزغش٠ج١خ العزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ِضMattheis &
Nakayama, 1988
؛Germann, 1989
،؛ ػجذاٌّغ١ذ ٚدمحم2001
؛Tuan et al, 2005؛
ٟاٌجٍٛش
،ٌٟٚاٌّمجب2006
) ِزٛافمخ ِغ ِب ٠ؼزمذٖ اٌّؼٍّْٛ فٟ إٌزبئظ اإل٠غبث١خ ُِٙاٌّزشرجخ ػٍٝ اعزخذا
.ٌٙب ٚلذ ٌّظ اٌجبؽش ِٓ خالي ػذد ِٓ اٌّمبثالد اٌشخظ١خ اٌزٟ أعشا٘ب ِغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٚعٛد ِٛ١ً ٔؾ
ًاعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ٚسنجخ فٟ رؼٍُ اٌّض٠ذ ػٕٙب، ٚ٘زا وبْ ِزفمب
ٜرّبِب ِغ ٔزبئظ اٌّم١بط اٌزٞ وشف ػٓ ارغبٖ إ٠غبثٟ ٌذ
اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ اإلعزشار١غ١خ ؽ١ش
( ٚلغ اٌّزٛعؾ اٌؾغبثٟ ٌٍّؼزمذاد اٌغٍٛو١خ فٟ اٌّذٜ اٌّٛعت ثم١ّخ ثٍغذ17.01
( ٜ) ِٓ اٌّذ-
44
ٌٝإ
44
)، وّب ؽظٍذ اٌؼجبساد اٌّّضٍخ ٌٍٕزبئظ اإل٠غبث١خ اٌّزشرجخ ػٍٝ اعزخذاَ اإلعزشار١غ١خ
ٌّػٍٝ أػٍٝ اٌّزٛعطبد ٚؽجمب ٌٕظش٠خ اٌغٍٛن ا ٛخطؾ فئْ ٘زا ٠ىشف ػٓ االرغبٖ اإل٠غبثٟ ٔؾ
أداء( اٌغٍٛنAjzen, 1991
)
ٟٚاٌزٞ ٘ٛ ٕ٘ب اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ف
ٍَٛرذس٠ظ اٌؼ . http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org أوال.
:انًؼتمذاث انضهىكُت ٚ٠فغش اٌجبؽش رٌه فٟ أْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ رأصشٚا فؼال ثبٌزٛعٗ اٌغذ٠ذ ٌٛصاسح اٌزشث١خ
اٌزؼٍ١ُ ٔؾٛ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّشرىض ػٍٝ اٌطبٌت،
ٍَٛٚاٌؾش ػٍٝ االعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠ظ اٌؼ،
ٚرغ١١ش
إٌّب٘ظ اٌذساع١خ
؛ إال أْ رٌه اٌزأصش ٌُ ٠ىٓ ثبٌشىً اٌىج١ش،
ٟٚ٘زا ٠فغش ػذَ لٛح االرغبٖ اإل٠غبث
ٌٚذ٠ُٙ ؽ١ش أْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِبصاٌٛا ٠شْ
أْ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء ِؾبؽ
ثىض١ش ِٓ اٌّزبػت ٚإٌزبئظ اٌزٟ ال ٠ؾجزٚٔٙب وبعزٙالن ِض٠ذ
ًِٓ اٌٛلذ ٚؽذٚس اٌفٛػٝ داخ
اٌظف،
ًّٚػذَ عذ٠خ ثؼغ اٌطالة فٟ اٌؼ، أٚ رؼشػُٙ ٌجؼغ ا٤خطبس . ٠فغش اٌجبؽش رٌه
خالي ػذد ِٓ إٌمبؽ،
:ٍٟ٠ّىٓ إ٠غبص٘ب فٟ ِب ٠ 1. ٓاٌفُٙ اٌزمٍ١ذٞ ٌذٜ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ػ
ا٤دٚاس
ْٚإٌّٛؽخ ثُٙ، فّب صاي ُِٕٙ ِٓ ٠ؼزجش
ُٙأٔفغ
اٌّظذس اٌٛؽ١ذ ٌٍّؼشفخ ثبٌٕغجخ ٌٍطالة،
ٟٚأْ رّ١ضُ٘ ٠ؼزّذ ػٍٝ اٌىُ اٌىج١ش ِٓ اٌّؼشفخ اٌز
.٠مذِٛٔٙب ٌٍطٍجخ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
645
2. ضك ال ٠
ثؼغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ثمذساد ؽالثُٙ اٌؼمٍ١خ ِٚٙبسارُٙ اٌ١ذٚ٠خ، ٚ٠ؼزجشْٚ أٔفغُٙ أٚط١بء
ػٍ١ُٙ داخً اٌّذسعخ، ِغ اٌشؼٛس ثأْ اٌطالة ٠غت أْ ٠ىٛٔٛا رؾذ ع ُٙ١طشح اٌّؼٍُ خش١خ رؼشػ
٤ٞ أرٜ لذ ٠ؼشػُٙ ٌٍّغب
ء.ٌخ اإلداس٠خ أٚ ِغبءٌخ أٌٚ١بء ا٤ِٛس
3. ًاٌؾغبع١خ اٌّفشؽخ ٌذٜ ثؼغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٓ اسرفبع أطٛاد اٌطالة أٚ رؾشوُٙ داخ
اٌظف ٤ٞ عجت ِٓ ا٤عجبة، ؽ١ش ٠ؼزجشْٚ رٌه ِغبعب ثغٍطزُٙ ٚؽؼٕب فٟ لذسرُٙ ػٍٝ اإلداسح . 2. ضك ال ٠
ثؼغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ثمذساد ؽالثُٙ اٌؼمٍ١خ ِٚٙبسارُٙ اٌ١ذٚ٠خ، ٚ٠ؼزجشْٚ أٔفغُٙ أٚط١بء
ػٍ١ُٙ داخً اٌّذسعخ، ِغ اٌشؼٛس ثأْ اٌطالة ٠غت أْ ٠ىٛٔٛا رؾذ ع ُٙ١طشح اٌّؼٍُ خش١خ رؼشػ
٤ٞ أرٜ لذ ٠ؼشػُٙ ٌٍّغب
ء.ٌخ اإلداس٠خ أٚ ِغبءٌخ أٌٚ١بء ا٤ِٛس 3. ًاٌؾغبع١خ اٌّفشؽخ ٌذٜ ثؼغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٓ اسرفبع أطٛاد اٌطالة أٚ رؾشوُٙ داخ
اٌظف ٤ٞ عجت ِٓ ا٤عجبة، ؽ١ش ٠ؼزجشْٚ رٌه ِغبعب ثغٍطزُٙ ٚؽؼٕب فٟ لذسرُٙ ػٍٝ اإلداسح . http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
645
3. ًاٌؾغبع١خ اٌّفشؽخ ٌذٜ ثؼغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٓ اسرفبع أطٛاد اٌطالة أٚ رؾشوُٙ داخ
اٌظف ٤ٞ عجت ِٓ ا٤عجبة، ؽ١ش ٠ؼزجشْٚ رٌه ِغبعب ثغٍطزُٙ ٚؽؼٕب فٟ لذسرُٙ ػٍٝ اإلداسح . IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 4. ػذَ اٌفُٙ اٌؾ م١مٟ إلعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ٚلٍخ اٌزذسة ػٍ١ٙب ٚػؼف
ٍّْٛاٌضمخ ثئِىبٔ١خ رطج١مٙب. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org أوال.
:انًؼتمذاث انضهىكُت ٚلذ ٚػؼ رٌه ِٓ خالي اٌض٠بساد اٌظف١خ اٌزٟ لبَ ثٙب اٌجبؽش، فبٌّؼ
ً٠ؾبٌْٚٛ رطج١ك إسشبداد ٚخطٛاد دٌ١ً اٌّؼٍُ ٚوزبة اٌطبٌت دْٚ إدسان ػّ١ك ٌٙب، فؼٍٝ عج١
ٍُاٌّضبي: ِؼ ٠جذأ اٌذسط ثغؤاي ثؾضٟ ٠ىزجٗ ػٍٝ اٌغجٛسح،
ًِٚٓ صُ ٠جذأ اٌؼًّ ِغ اٌطالة ِشغؼب
ًإ٠بُ٘ ػٍٝ اٌؼًّ اٌغّبػٟ ٚاٌزفى١ش فٟ إعبثخ ا٤عئٍخ اٌّشافمخ ِغ خطٛاد اٌؼًّ اٌزغش٠جٟ فٟ ظ
أؼذاَ اٌٙذف اٌؾم١مٟ ِٓ ٚساء ٘زا إٌشبؽ ٚاٌزٞ ٠فزشع ثأٔٗ إ٠غبد ؽً ٌٍغؤاي اٌجؾضٟ اٌّشبس
إٌ١ٗ؛
ِٓ ٚثزٌه رىْٛ اعزغبثخ اٌطالة ٌزٛع١ٙبد اٌّؼٍُ فٟ ٘زٖ اٌؾبٌخ اعزغبثخ آٌ١خ ن١ش ِذفٛػخ
اٌذاخً فال رؾمك ا٤٘ذاف إٌّشٛدح،
ًٌٍِّّب ٠ظشؼش اٌطالة ثب،
ٚ٠غؼٍُٙ ٠ٕخشؽْٛ فٟ أؽبد٠ش
عبٔج١خ رمٍك ٔظبَ اٌظف،
ٍُٚرضػظ اٌّؼ،
ٖٚرغؼٍٗ ٠أخز ِٛلفب عٍج١ب ِٓ عذٜٚ اعزخذاَ ٘ز
اإلع
زشار١غ١خ . ٚػٕذ ِٕبلشزٗ ف١ّب ؽذس داخً اٌظف ٚعذٜٚ اٌغؤاي اٌجؾضٟ ٠غ١ت ثأٔٗ وزت
ِٓ اٌغؤاي ٤ٔٗ ِزوٛس فٟ وزبة اٌطبٌت ٚ٠زٛعت اإلعبثخ ػٕٗ. ٚثبٌّمبثً، ٚعذ اٌجبؽش أْ ٕ٘بن
ٍَٛاٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٓ ٠ؼزمذ ثبٌطش٠مخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ٚثبالعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠ظ اٌؼ،
ٌٚىٕٗ ٠شىه فٟ اٌفٛائذ
اٌّشعٛح ِٕٙب، ٚ٠زُٙ اٌطش٠مخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ثأٔٙب ػٍّ١خ خط١خ راد خطٛاد ِىشسٖ ن١ش ػٍّ١خ . ٚ٘زا
ٍٝ٠ؤوذ ِب ٚطً إٌ١ٗ اٌجبؽش ِٓ فُٙ عطؾٟ عذا ٌذٜ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ؽٛي إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
.االعزمظبء فجبٌشنُ ِّب وشفذ ػٕٗ ٔزبئظ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ ػٓ ٚعٛد ارغ( ٟبٖ إ٠غبث17.01
ٛ) ٌذٜ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾ
اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء،
ِٓ إال أْ ٘زا االرغبٖ ٠مف ػٍٝ لبػذح ػؼ١فخ
اٌّؼزمذاد،
.ِّب لذ ٠ظؼؼف دفغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾٛ رطج١ك اإلعزشار١غ١خ داخً اٌظف
حانُا:انًؼتمذاث انًؼُارَت حانُا.
:انًؼتمذاث انًؼُارَت وشفذ ٔزبئظ اٌذساعخ ػٓ ٚعٛد دسعخ
ٍُِزٛعطخ ِٓ اٌزأصش اإل٠غبثٟ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼ
( اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٛعؾ اٌؾغبثٟ ٌّغّٛع اٌّؼزمذاد اٌّؼ١بس٠خ10.06
ّٓ) ػ
( ٜاٌّذ1
ٌٝإ24
)؛
ٞٛٚأْ والً ِٓ اٌّششف اٌزشث، ٚاٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي، ِٚذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ،
ِٓ ٚاٌضِالء
اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٚاٌطالة ٚفٕٟ اٌّخ زجش ٠ؤ٠ذْٚ اعزخذاُِٙ إلعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء
ٌٚىٓ ثٕغت ِخزٍفخ . ( ٚوبْ اٌّششف اٌزشثٛٞ طبؽت أػٍٝ ِزٛعؾ ؽغبثٟ ٚلذسح37
,2
ِٓ )
( ٜاٌّذ-
4
ٌٝإ 4
() ٠ٍ١ٗ ِجبششح اٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي31
,2
( )، فّذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ88
,1
)؛
ٚ٘زا ٠زٛافك
ِٕٚطم١خ اٌؼاللخ ث١ٓ اٌّؼٍُ ٚوً ِٓ اٌّٞٛششف اٌزشث، ٚاٌّؼٍُ ا٤ٚي،
ِْٚذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ ؽ١ش إ
ٞٛاٌّغئٛي اٌّجبشش ػٓ اٌغبٔت اٌفٕٟ ٌٍّؼٍُ داخً اٌظف اٌذساعٟ ٘ٛ اٌّششف اٌزشث،
ٍُصُ اٌّؼ
ا٤ٚي
؛
ٗث١ّٕب ٠ٙزُ ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ ثبٌشؤْٚ اإلداس٠خ ٚاٌزٟ ػبدح ِب ٠ؼزجش٘ب اٌّؼٍُ ػجئبً إػبف١بً ػٍ١،
ِّب ٠مًٍ ِٓ دافؼ١زٗ ٔؾٛ االِزضبي ٌّذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ. ( ٓ٠فغش اٌجبؽش رذٟٔ اٌّزٛعؾ اٌؾغبثٟ ٌىً ِٓ اٌضِالء ِٓ اٌّؼٍّ١23
,1
( ) ٚاٌطالة15
,1
،)
( ٚأِ١ٓ اٌّخزجش13
,1
ٓ) إٌٝ ػؼف رأص١شُ٘ ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍّ١،
ٚػؼف دسعخ االِزضبي ٌُٙ ٤ُٔٙ ال
ُٙ٠ٍّىْٛ عٍطبد إداس٠خ رّىُٕٙ ِٓ فشع آسائ ْأٚ رشؼش اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ثزأص١شُ٘، ثبإلػبفخ إٌٝ إ
ٍُِؼظُ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِب صاٌٛا ِزشدد٠ٓ فٟ لٕبػبرُٙ ػٓ ا٢صبس اإل٠غبث١خ اٌزٟ لذ ٠ؾذصٙب اٌزؼ
ٟاالعزمظبئ،
ٍٝٚثزٌه فئْ رأص١شُ٘ ػؼ١ف ػٍٝ صِالئُٙ ٔؾٛ أزٙبط إعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػ
ٌ االعزمظبء، فٟ ؽ١ٓ رجمٝ إٌظشح اٌزمٍ١ذ٠خ ٍّٞؼٍّ١ٓ ػٓ ؽالثُٙ لبطشح ػٓ دفؼُٙ ٔؾٛ ا٤خز ثشأ
ٟؽالثُٙ أٚ االِزضبي ٌُٙ، ث١ّٕب ٠جمٝ فٕٟ اٌّخزجش ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظش اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٛظف ِغبػذ ٌٗ ف 646 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 رغٙ١ض ا٤دٚاد، ٚاٌزؾؼ١ش ٌٍزغشثخ،
ِٚؼطش ٌٍزؼبًِ ِغ عّ١غ ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ فٟ اٌّذسعخ ِغ
ٛٚعٛد ِخزجش ٚاؽذ فمؾ فٟ ثؼغ اٌّذاسط أٚ ٚع
د صالصخ ِخزجشاد ثفٕٟ ِخزجش ٚاؽذ فمؾ،
ِٓ ْثبإلػبفخ إٌٝ اٌزىٍ١فبد اإلداس٠خ اٌزٟ ٠ٍم١ٙب ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ ػٍٝ فٕٟ اٌّخزجش. حانُا.
:انًؼتمذاث انًؼُارَت وً رٌه وب
شأٔٗ أْ ٠ؼؼف دٚس فٕٟ اٌّخزجش فٟ اٌؼغؾ ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٔؾٛ اعزخذاَ إعزشار١ ٟٕغ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّج
ٞػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ٚ٠شٜ اٌجبؽش ثأٔٗ ِٓ اٌؼشٚس
ٟٕسفغ ِؼزمذاد وً ِٓ ِذ٠ش اٌّذسعخ ٚف
اٌّخزجش ػٍٝ ا٤لً ػٓ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ ا العزمظبء ٌذفغ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ إٌٝ ِض٠ذ
.ٌٗ ِٓ اٌّّبسعخ
:حانخا/ يؼتمذاث انضُطرة ٝوشفذ ٔزبئظ اٌذساعخ ػٓ أْ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠ؼزمذْٚ فٟ طرؼٛثخ اعرزخذاَ إعرزشار١غ١خ اٌرزؼٍُ اٌّجٕرٟ ػٍر
االعزمظبء،
( فمذ دٌذ ل١ّخ اٌّزٛعؾ اٌؾغبثٟ ٌّؼزمذاد اٌغ١طشح-
87
,
12
( ) ِٓ ِذٜ اٌذسعرخ-
40
ٝإٌررر
40
)
ٓػررر
َعررر١طشح عرررٍٛو١خ ػرررؼ١فخ ٌرررذٜ اٌّؼٍّررر١ٓ فرررٟ اٌرررزؾىُ ثبٌؼٛاِرررً اٌّؼ١مرررخ العرررزخذا
ٟإعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء، ٚوبْ أوضش اٌؼٛاِرً اٌّؼ١مرخ ٘رٟ ص٠ربدح ػرذد اٌطرالة فر
اٌظرررف اٌٛاؽرررذ(-
2.21
( ٜ) ِرررٓ ِرررذ-
4
ٝإٌررر 4
)، ٚص٠ررربدح إٌظررربة ا٤عرررجٛػٟ ِرررٓ اٌؾظرررض
(اٌزذس٠غ١خ-
2.10
()، ٚرؼذد ا٤ػجبء اإلداس٠خ-
1.98
،ٍُ)، ٚاٌرٕمض فرٟ ٚعرٛد اٌّظربدس (ِرٛاد اٌرزؼ
( )ٚا٤عٙضح اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ، ٚا٤دٚاد، ِٚشوض اٌّظبدس-
1.63
َ)، ٚٔذسح ثشاِظ اٌزرذس٠ت ػٍرٝ اعرزخذا
ٌّإعزشار١غ١خ اٌزؼٍُ ا( جٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء-
1.26) ِغ ػذَ رٛافش اٌٛلذ، ٚرجرب٠ٓ لرذساد اٌطرالة،
ٚػررذَ إٌّرربُِٙ ثبٌّٙرربساد اٌالصِررخ ٌزطج١مٙررب . ٚلررذ ارفمررذ ثؼررغ ِؼزمررذاد اٌّؼٍّرر١ٓ ٘ررزٖ ِررغ آساء
( ٟاٌّؼٍّ١ٓ فٟ دساعرخ اٌجٍٛشرAl-Balushi, 1998
ٚ) ٚدساعرخ عربد(
Gado, 2005
)
. وّرب أٔٙرب ٌرُ رجزؼرذ
وض١شا ػ ّب
روشرٗ ا٤دث١بد ػٓ ِؼٛلبد اٌزؼٍُ االعزمظبئٟ وزٍه اٌزٟ عبءد فرٟ اٌشرٙشأٟ ٚاٌغرؼ١ذ
(
1997) ٚػطررب هللا (
2001
ٚ )
ْٔشررٛا (
2001
)، ٚاػزمرربد اٌّؼٍّرر١ٓ ثظررؼٛثخ رطج١ررك إعررزشار١غ١خ
ُٙاٌزؼٍُ اٌّجٕٟ ػٍٝ االعزمظبء لبئُ فٟ أعبعرٗ ػٍرٝ ػرؼف إِىبٔ١ربر،
ُ٘ٚػرذَ وفب٠رخ ثرشاِظ إػرذاد
ٌٙب . http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org حانُا.
:انًؼتمذاث انًؼُارَت ش٠ ع :
ٛ
( .اٌضدعبٌٟ، اؽالَ اؽّذ2006
)يؼتمذاث يؼهًٍ انؼهىو ػن انتذرَش فٍ ضىء انن ظرَت انبنائُت وػاللتها
بانًًارصت انظفُت.ْ، سعبٌخ ِبعغز١ش ن١ش ِٕشٛسح. عبِؼخ اٌغٍطبْ لبثٛط، ِغمؾ: عٍطٕخ ػّب ( . اٌشٙشأٟ، ػبِش ػجذهللا؛ ٚاٌغؼ١ذ، عؼ١ذ دمحم1997
)تذرَش انؼهىو فٍ انتؼهُى انؼاو . اٌٍّّىخ اٌؼشث١خ
.اٌغؼٛد٠خ: إٌشش اٌؼٍّٟ ٚاٌّطبثغ ( .ػجذاٌشؽّٓ، عؼذ1983
.)انضهىن اإلنضانٍ تحهُم ولُاس انًتغُراث..(اٌطجؼخ اٌضبٌضخ). اٌىٛ٠ذ: ِىزجخ اٌفالػ
( ًِػجذاٌّغ١ذ، ِّذٚػ دمحم. ٚ دمحم، آِبي سث١غ وب2001
) فؼبٌ١خ أٔشطخ ػٍّ١خ اعزمظبئ١خ ِمزشؽخ ِفزٛؽخ إٌٙب٠خ
فٟ رّٕ١خ اٌذافغ اٌّؼشفٟ ٚثؼغ ػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ ٌذٜ ؽالة اٌظف ا٤ٚي اإلػذا .ٞد يزهت انمراءة
وانًؼرفت ،ِٓ، وٍ١خ اٌزشث١خ، عبِؼخ ػ١ٓ شّظ، ٠ٌٛ١ٛ اٌؼذد اٌضب205
-
234 ( ًِػطب هللا، ِ١ش١ً وب2001
.)طرق وأصانُب تذرَش انؼهىو . اٌطجؼخ ا٤ٌٚٝ، ػّّبْ ا٤سدْ: داس اٌّغ١شح
.ٌٍٕشش ٚاٌزٛص٠غ ٚاٌطجبػخ ( .ٍٟاٌغبفشٞ، ػ2004
)
( ٍأحر اننًىرد انبنائCLM
)
ػهً انتحظُم فٍ انكًُُاء وانتفكُر االبذاػٍ نذي طهبت
انحادٌ ػشر ين انتؼهُى انؼاو ، سعبٌخ ِبعغز١ش ن١ش ِٕشٛسح. عبِؼخ اٌغٍطبْ لبثٛط، ِغمؾ: عٍطٕخ
.ْػّب ( .فشط، دمحم ؛ عالِخ، ػجذاٌشؽ١ُ ؛ اٌّ١ٟٙ، سعت1999
)إتزاهاث حذَخت فٍ تؼهُى وتؼهى انؼهىو . اٌطجؼخ
ٌاالٌٚٝ، ؽّٛ ٌٟ ا.ىٛ٠ذ: داس اٌفالػ ٌٍٕشش ٚاٌزٛص٠غ (. فؼً، ٔج١ً ؛ اٌ١ّبٟٔ، عؼ١ذ1997
. ٓ) ثشٚف١ً االػزمبداد اٌؼٍّ١خ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ثذٌٚخ اٌجؾش٠ انًزهت
انتربىَت ،
42
(
11
):
137
ـ183
. (. فؼً، ٔج١ً ؛ اٌ١ّبٟٔ، عؼ١ذ1997
. ٓ) ثشٚف١ً االػزمبداد اٌؼٍّ١خ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ثذٌٚخ اٌجؾش٠ انًزهت
انتربىَت ،
42
(
11
):
137
ـ183
. ( .ٍٟاٌفٕ١ش، اؽّذ ػ1975
)انتربُت االصتمظائُت .ٌ١ج١ب : اٌذاس اٌؼشث١خ ٌٍىزبة. .اٌّشٞ، ِجبسوخ ا٤وشف (
2000
ٍَٛ). ثشٚف١ً االػزمبداد اٌؼٍّ١خ ٌذٜ اٌطبٌجبد اٌّؼٍّبد فٟ رخظض اٌؼ
.ٚاٌزشث١خ ثغبِؼخ لطش
يزهت انبحج فٍ انتربُت وػهى اننفش(،
1
)
14
،
42
-
78
. ( .ٓٔشٛاْ، ٠ؼمٛة ؽغ١2001
)انزذَذ فٍ تؼهُى انؼهىو.ْ. اٌطجؼخ ا٤ٌٚٝ: داس اٌفشلب ( .ٓٔشٛاْ، ٠ؼمٛة ؽغ١2001
)انزذَذ فٍ تؼهُى انؼهىو.ْ. اٌطجؼخ ا٤ٌٚٝ: داس اٌفشلب حانُا.
:انًؼتمذاث انًؼُارَت فمذ صجذ ٌٍجبؽش رٌه ِٓ خالي اٌض٠بساد اٌظف١خ اٌزٟ وشفذ ػرٓ ػرذَ إدسان اٌّؼٍّر١ٓ ٌٍى١ف١رخ
اٌزررٟ ٠ررزُ ف١ٙررب ر
ٕف١ررز ا٤ٔشررطخ االعزمظرربئ١خ إال ف١
ّررب ٔررذس
؛
ْٛفجرربٌشنُ ِررٓ أْ ِؼظررُ اٌّؼٍّرر١ٓ ٠ؼشفرر
خطٛاد اٌطش٠مخ اٌؼٍّ١خ فٟ ؽً اٌّشىالد إال أٔٙرُ ٠غرذْٚ طرؼٛثخ فرٟ رطج١مٙرب،
ْٛٚ٠ؼٍرً اٌّؼٍّر
رٌه فٟ أُٔٙ ٌُ ٠زؼشػٛا ٌجشاِظ رذس٠ت ػٍّ١خ ٌزٕف١ز٘ب عٛاء وبْ فرٟ اٌىٍ١رخ،
ًأٚ ػٍرٝ سأط اٌؼّر
؛
ٚإْ وً ِب ٌذ٠ُٙ ؽٌٛٙب ِؼٍِٛبد ٔظش٠خ ثؾزٗ ٌُ ٠غزط١ؼٛا رشعّزٙرب ػٍّ١رب، ٚ٘رزا ٠زفرك ِرغ دساعرخ
ْٛثرشاْٚ ٚ ثٌٛزر( ٚ شربدٚٞ ِٚ١ٍرشBrown, Bolton, Chadwell, & Melear, 2002) وّرب ٠زفرك ِرغ
ِرب
( لبٌرٗ ثرشاْٚ ِٚ١ٍرشBrown & Melear, 2006
( ) ٚ ع١ٍّرش ٚ٘بٔرٗ ٚعرجب٠ذGilmer, Hanh, & Spaid,
2002
ٞ) فررٟ أْ اٌّؼٍررُ اٌررز ٠ؾّررً ِؼزمررذا إ٠غبث١ررب ػررٓ اٌررزؼٍُ االعزمظرربئٟ ِررٓ اٌّؾزّررً أْ ٠ّرربسط
ٍُاالعزمظبء ػٕذ رذس٠غٗ ٌطالثٗ ٌٚىٓ ِغشد ؽّرً ِؼزمرذاد ػرٓ ِٕربفغ ِّبسعرخ اٌرزؼ ٟاالعزمظربئ
ٟثؾذ رارٙرب ن١رش وبف١رخ ٌرذفغ اٌّؼٍرُ ٔؾرٛ رطج١مرٗ فرٟ اٌظرف اٌّذسعر
؛
فربٌّؼٍُ اٌرزٞ ٠رشاد ِٕرٗ رٕف١رز
.إعزشار١غ١خ االعزمظبء ػٍ١ٗ أْ ٠زذسة ػٍ١ٙب ِٓ خالي ثشاِظ إػذادٖ فٟ وٍ١خ اٌزشث١خ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
647
لائًت:انًرارغ
( .اٌجٍٛشٟ، عٍ١ّبْ ٚاٌّمجبٌٟ، فبؽّخ2006
ُ) أصش اٌزذس٠ت ػٍٝ رظّ١
ٍٝعذٚي االعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ػ
.ْػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ ٚاٌزؾظ١ً ٌذٜ رالِ١ز اٌظف اٌزبعغ ِٓ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼبَ ثغٍطٕخ ػّب يزهت انؼهىو انتربىَت
واننفضُت ،ٓ. عبِؼخ اٌجؾش٠7 (
1
:)
44
-
61
. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
647
لائًت:انًرارغ
( .اٌجٍٛشٟ، عٍ١ّبْ ٚاٌّمجبٌٟ، فبؽّخ2006
ُ) أصش اٌزذس٠ت ػٍٝ رظّ١
ٍٝعذٚي االعزمظبء فٟ رذس٠ظ اٌؼٍَٛ ػ
.ْػٍّ١بد اٌؼٍُ ٚاٌزؾظ١ً ٌذٜ رالِ١ز اٌظف اٌزبعغ ِٓ اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؼبَ ثغٍطٕخ ػّب يزهت انؼهىو انتربىَت
واننفضُت ،ٓ. عبِؼخ اٌجؾش٠7 (
1
:)
44
-
61
. IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ( .ْؽّبِخ، طالػ اٌذ٠ٓ دمحم عٍ١ّب1995
ً). أصش ِؼزمذاد ِؼٍّٟ اٌؼٍَٛ ؽٛي اٌطشق االعزمظبئ١خ ػٍٝ رؾظ١
،رالِ١زُ٘ ٚػاللزٙب ثبٌّؤً٘ اٌذساعٟ ِٚؼٛلبد اعزخذاُِٙ ٌٙب
يزهت انبحىث اننفضُت ،، عبِؼخ ؽٕطب
،ٟٔعّٙٛس٠خ ِظش اٌؼشث١خ، اٌؼذد اٌضب385
-
436
. (.2005
)تؼه
ُى انؼهىو نهزًُغ.. ػّّبْ: داس اٌّغ١شح ( .ٟدأ١ٍغْٛ، شبسٌٛر2001
)
)ٍيهنت انتذرَش يًارصتها وتؼزَزها (إطار نًىرر ٓ. (رشعّخ ػجذاٌؼض٠ض ث
.عؼٛد اٌؼّش). اٌش٠بع : ِىزت اٌزشث١خ اٌؼشثٟ ٌذٚي اٌخٍ١ظ
( .اٌضدعبٌٟ، اؽالَ اؽّذ2006
)يؼتمذاث يؼهًٍ انؼهىو ػن انتذرَش فٍ ضىء انن ظرَت انبنائُت وػاللتها
بانًًارصت انظفُت.ْ، سعبٌخ ِبعغز١ش ن١ش ِٕشٛسح. عبِؼخ اٌغٍطبْ لبثٛط، ِغمؾ: عٍطٕخ ػّب ( .ٟدأ١ٍغْٛ، شبسٌٛر2001
)
)ٍيهنت انتذرَش يًارصتها وتؼزَزها (إطار نًىرر ٓ. (رشعّخ ػجذاٌؼض٠ض ث
.عؼٛد اٌؼّش). اٌش٠بع : ِىزت اٌزشث١خ اٌؼشثٟ ٌذٚي اٌخٍ١ظ .١ظ
شثٟ ٚي
ت شث١
ش). ARABIC REFERENCES IN ROMAN ALPHABET Altibeat Al'uwlaa: Dar Alfurqan. ARABIC REFERENCES IN ROMAN ALPHABET Albilushiu, Sulayman Walmuqbaali, Fatmut. (2006). 'Athara Altadrib Ealaa Tasmim Jadwal Alaistiqsa' fi
Tadris Aleulum Ealaa Eamaliat Aleilm Waltahsil Ladaa Talamidh Alsafi Alttasie min Altaelim Aleami
Bisiltanat Eumaan. Majalat Aleulum Altarbawiat Walnafsiati. Jamieat Albahrayni, 7 (1): 44-61. Albilushiu, Sulayman Walmuqbaali, Fatmut. (2006). 'Athara Altadrib Ealaa Tasmim Jadwal Alaistiqsa' fi
Tadris Aleulum Ealaa Eamaliat Aleilm Waltahsil Ladaa Talamidh Alsafi Alttasie min Altaelim Aleami
Bisiltanat Eumaan. Majalat Aleulum Altarbawiat Walnafsiati. Jamieat Albahrayni, 7 (1): 44-61. Himamata, Salah Aldiyn Muhamad Saliman. (1995). 'Athar Muetaqadat Muelimi Aleulum Hawl Alturuq
Alaistiqsayiyat Ealaa Tahsil Talamidhihim Waealaqatiha Bialmuahil Aldirasii Wamueawiqat
Aistikhdamihim Liha, Majalat Albihwth Alnafsiati, Jamieat Tunta, Jumhuriat Misr Alearabiat, Aleadad
Althaani, 385-436. Khitayibat, Eibdalluh.(2005) Taelim Aleulum Liljamie. Emman: Dar Almasirat. Khitayibat, Eibdalluh.(2005) Taelim Aleulum Liljamie. Emman: Dar Almasirat. Danilisun, Sharluti. (2001). Mihnat Altadris Mumarasataha Wataeziziha ('Iitar Namudhjia). (Trajamat
Eibdaleziz Bin Sueud Aleamra). Alriyad : Maktab Altarbiat Alearabii Lidual Alkhalij. Alzadjalay, 'Ahlam Ahmud. (2006) Muetaqadat Muelimi Aleulum Ean Altadris fi Daw' Alnazariat Albinayiyat 648 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 Waealaqatiha Bialmumarasat Alsafiati, Risalat Majstayr Ghyr Manshurati. Jamieat Alsultan Qabus,
Masqt: Saltanat Eaman. Waealaqatiha Bialmumarasat Alsafiati, Risalat Majstayr Ghyr Manshurati. Jamieat Alsultan Qabus,
Masqt: Saltanat Eaman. Alshahraniu, Eamir Eabdalalh; Walsueid, Saeid Muhamad. (1997). Tadris Aleulum fi Altaelim Aleami. Almamlakat Alearabiat Alsaewdit: Alnashr Aleilmii Walmatabaea. Eabdalrhmn, Saeid. (1983). Alsuluk Al'iinsaniu Tahlil Waqias Almutaghiirat.(Altabeat Althalth). Alkuyt:
Maktabat Alfalah. Eabdalmjid, Mamduh Muhmd. w Muhamid, Amal Rbye Kamil (2001). Faealiatan 'Anshitatan Eamaliatan
Aistiqsayiyatan Muqtarahatan Maftuhat Alnihayat fi Tanmiat Alddafie Almaerifii Wabed Eamaliat Aleilm
Ladaa Tullab Alsafi Al'awal Al'iiedadii. Majalat Alqira'at Walmaerifati, Kuliyat Altarbiat, Jamieatan
Eayan Shms, Yuliu Aleadad Alththaminu, 205 - 234 Eata Allah, Mishil Kamil (2001). Turuq Wa'asalib Tadris Aleuluma. Altibeat Al'uwalaa, Emman Al'urduna: Dar
Almasirat Lilnashr Waltawzie Waltabaeat. Alghafri, Eali. (2004). 'Athar Alnamudhaj Albanayiy (Clm) Ealaa Altahsil i Alkimia' Waltafkir Alaibdaeii Ladaa
Tlbt Alhadi Eshr Min Altaelim Aleami, Risalat Majstayr Ghyrf Manshurati. Jamieat Alsultan Qabus,
Masqt: Saltanat Eaman. Faraj, Muhamad; Salamat, Ebdalrhim ; Almihi, Rajb. (1999). 'Iitjahat Hadithat fi Taelim Wataelam Aleuluma. Altibeat Alawlaa, Hwwly Alkuayta: Dar Alfalah Lilnashr Waltawzie. Fadl, Nabil; Alyamani, Saeid. (1997). Birufil Alaietiqadat Aleilmiat Limuelimi Aleulum Bidawlat Albahrayn . Almajalat Altarbawiat ,42(11):137 183. Alfanish, 'Ahmad Eali. (1975). Altarbiat Alaistiqsayiya .Lybia : Aldaar Alearabiat Lilkitab. Almariu, Mubarakat
Al'akrif. (2000). Birawfayl Alaietiqadat Aleilmiat Ladaa Altaalibat Almuealamat fi Tukhasas Aleulum
Waltarbiat Bijamieat Qatr. Majalat Albahth fi Altarbiat Waealam Alnafs,(1) 14, 42-78. Nashwan, Yaequb Husayn. (2001). Aljadid fi Taelim Aleulumi. REFERENCES Ajzen, I. (1985). From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior. In: J. Kuhl and J. Beckman (Eds.),
Action control: From cognition to behavior (pp.11-39). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. (Electronic version). Ajzen, I. (1988). Attitudes, personality, and behavior. Chicago: The Dorsey Press. (Electronic v Ajzen, I. (1991) The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 50, 179-211. Ajzen, I. (2006) Constructing a TpB Questionnaire: Conceptual and Methodological Considerations. (Electronic version) Retrieved February,5,2006, from Word wide: from,
http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/index.html. (Electronic version) Retrieved February,5,2006, from Word wide: from,
http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/index.html. Ajzen, I, & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding attitudes and predicting social behavior. Englewood-Cliffs, NJ:
Prentice-Hall. Al-Balushi, S.M. (1998). Science teachers’ perception regarding the integration of both inquiry and science
application approaches into their laboratory activities. Unpublished Masters Thesis, University of Iowa,
lowa city, USA. Borg, M. (2001). Teachers’ beliefs. English Language Teaching Journal (ELT Journal), 55 (2) ,186-187. Brown, S.L., Bolton, K., Chadwell, N., & Melear, C.T. (2002). Pre-service secondary science teacher
apprenticeship experience with scientists. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 465 610). Brown, S. L & Melear, C. T. (2006) Investigation of Secondary Science Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices after
Authentic Inquiry-Based Experiences, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 43 (9): 938-962. Colburn, A. (2000). An inquiry primer. Science Scope, 42-44. Retrieved March , 18,2005, from Word wide:
www.nsta.org/main/news/pdf/ss0003_42.pdf. Gado, I (2005). Determinant of k-2 school teachers orientation towards inquiry-based science activities: A
mixed method study, International Journal of science and Mathematics Education, (3), 511-539. Donaghue, H. (2003). An instrument to elicit teachers’ beliefs and assumptions. English Language Teaching
Journal (ELT Journal), 57/4 ,344-450. 649 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and
Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Ford. M (1994) Teachers beliefs about mathematical problem solving in the elementary school, School
Science and Mathematics, 94 (6), 314- 322. Germann, P. J (1989) Directed-inquiry approach to learning science process skills: treatment effects and
aptitude-treatment interactions. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 26, (3) ,237-250. Gilmer, P.J., Hahn, L.L., & Spaid, R.M. (2002). Experiential learning for pre-service science and mathematics
teachers: Applications to secondary classrooms. Tallahassee, FL: SERVE. Grawley, F. E. (1990). Intentions of science teachers to use investigative teaching methods: A test of the
theory of planned behavior. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 27(7), 685-697. Jarrett, D. (1997). Wenning, C.J. (2005). Levels of inquiry: Hierarchies of pedagogical practices and inquiry processes. Journal
of Physics TeacherEducationOnline,2(3),311. Retrieved: august, 2, 2006, from the world wide web:
http://phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/levels_of_inquiry.pdf. REFERENCES Inquiry Strategies for Science and Mathematics. Portland: Northwest Regional Educational
Laboratory. (Electronic version). Llewellyn, D. (2001). Inquiry within: Implementing inquiry-based science standards. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Corwin Press, Inc. Lumpe, A. T; Haney, J. J & Czerniak, C. M. (1998). Science teacher beliefs and intentions regarding the use
of cooperative learning, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 98 (3) ,123-135 Lumpe, A. T; Haney, J. J & Czerniak, C. M. (2000). Assessing teachers’ beliefs about their science teaching
context. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 37(3) ,275-292. Marlow, M P.; Stevens, E. (1999) Science teachers attitudes about inquiry-based science, (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED 466 350). Mattheis, F. E & Nakayama, G (1988) Effects of laboratory-centered inquiry program on laboratory skills,
science process skills and understanding of science knowledge in middle grades students. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED 307148). National Research Council. (NRC) (1996). National Science Education Standards. Washington, DC: National
Academies Press. National Research Council. (NRC) (2000). Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Staten, M. E. (1998) Action research study. A framework to help move teachers toward an inquiry – based
science teaching approach, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 429049). Tuan, H; Chin, C; Tsai, C & Cheng, S. (2005) Investigating the Effectiveness of Inquiry Instruction on the
Motivation of Different Learning Styles Students. International Journal of Science and Mathematics
Education, 3, (4), 541-566. Wenning, C.J. (2005). Levels of inquiry: Hierarchies of pedagogical practices and inquiry processes. Journal
of Physics TeacherEducationOnline,2(3),311. Retrieved: august, 2, 2006, from the world wide web:
http://phy.ilstu.edu/pte/publications/levels_of_inquiry.pdf. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 650 | 9,569 | http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org/tr/download/article-file/1264707 | null |
Arabic | IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 Keywords: teaching professions, pressures, teachers, life skills. Abstract This quantitative study discusses the teaching profession pressures of life skills subject at basic education
schools in the Sultanate of Oman. The problem lies in the large number of pressures, which is summarized
in the multiplicity of his curriculum, and the division of evaluation methods and methods of their application,
in addition to the numerical density taught by one teacher, which exceeds five hundred students often. The
study aimed to discuss the work pressures most affecting teachers professionally and in study. It also sought
to analyze the study sample's proposals in order to reduce the work pressures that teachers are exposed to
professionally. The study used the descriptive approach in order to reach its goals, as it is the appropriate
method for collecting quantitative and qualitative information and analyzing it accurately. The study was
applied to a sample of (306) teachers and teachers, according to a questionnaire consisting of (35)
paragraphs distributed over five axes that included: pressure Associated with students and the class
environment, the pressures associated with physical (physical) working conditions, the pressures associated
with the curriculum, the calendar, and the teaching methods, the pressures associated with the material
return and the work system, and the pressures associated with parents and society. The findings revealed
that; teachers suffer from pressures at work that ranged between high and medium, came at the forefront of
a high-level pressure related to parents and society, followed by a high level pressures of material return,
while the pressures of the curriculum, evaluation and teaching methods ranked last. The sample members
suggested: increasing the number of teachers in some subjects to reduce pressure on teachers, developing
curricula to keep pace with the requirements of modern and community life. Keywords: teaching professions, pressures, teachers, life skills. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
364
ان
ًهخص
رٕبلِ ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ اٌىّ١خ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّ١ٓ ِٚؼٍّبد ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ث ًّلاه
ْاٌزؼٍ١ُ األٍبٍٟ فٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب. ٍٝٚرىّٓ اٌّْىٍخ فٟ وضوح اٌٚغٛٛ ٚاألػجبء اٌٛظ١ف١خ اٌٍّمبح ػ
ػبرك
ِؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد ، اٌزٟ رزٍقٔ فٟ رؼلك إٌّب٘ظ اٌلهاٍ١خ ٌل٠ٗ، ٚرْؼت أٍبٌ١ت اٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوق IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 رطج١مٙب، ثبإلٙبفخ إٌٝ اٌىضبفخ اٌؼلك٠خ اٌزٟ ٠لهٍٙب اٌّؼٍُ اٌٛاؽل، ٚاٌزٟ ري٠ل ػٓ اٌقَّّبئ
خ
ٛبٌت
فٟ وض١و ِٓ األ .ْؽ١ب ٘لفذ اٌلهاٍخ إي ِٕبلْخًّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ األ
وضو
رؤص١وا ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٕٙ١ب
،ٚكهاٍ١بٚ
ًرؾٍ١ ِمزوؽبدٌا ؼ١ٕخ ٌٍؾل ِٓ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ اٌزٟ ٠زؼوٗ ٌٙب اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ. Abstract اٍزقلِذ
اٌلهاٍخ،إٌّٙظ إٌٛفٟ ِٓ أعً إٌٛٛي إٌٝ أ٘لافٙب
ٌىٛٔٗ إٌّٙظ إٌّبٍت ٌغّغ اٌّؼٍِٛبد
،اٌىّ١خ ٚإٌٛػ١خ ٚرؾٍ١ٍٙب رؾٍ١ال كل١مب
( ِٓ ٚلل رُ رطج١ك اٌلهاٍخ ػٍٝ ػ١ٕخ ِىٛٔخ604
) ِؼٍّب
( ِٓ ِٚؼٍّخ، ٚفك اٍزجبٔخ رىٛٔذ63
8) فموح ِٛىػخ ػٍٝ فَّخ ِؾبٚه ٍّّذ
اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ
،ثبٌطٍجخ ٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خٚ
اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثظوٚف ،)اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ (اٌف١ي٠بئ١خٚ
ٛٛاٌٚغ
،ٌاٌّورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ ٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوق اٌزله٠ٚ
،ًّاٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼ
ٚاٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثؤٌٚ١بء األِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغٌٕ. ث١ٕذ ا
زبئظ8
ْأ
ٟاٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٠ؼبْٔٛ ِٓ ٙغٛٛ ف
،اٌؼًّ رواٚؽذ ث١ٓ اٌّورفؼخ ٚاٌّزٍٛطخ عبء ٟف ِملِزٙب
ثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ
ٛٛٙغ
رزؼٍك ثؤٌٚ١بء
األ
ِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغٍٙب ز ، ر ثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ
ٞٙغٛٛ اٌؼبئل اٌّبك،
ٍث١ّٕب اؽز
ذ
ُٙغٛٛ إٌّٙظ ٚاٌزمٛ٠
ٌٚٛوائك اٌزله٠ اٌّورجخ األف١وح. الزوػ أفواك اٌؼ١ٕخ8
ى٠بكح ػلك اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ فٟ ثؼ٘ اٌّٛاك
ٓاٌلهاٍ١خ ٌزمٍ١ً اٌٚغٜ ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍّ١،
رطٛ٠و إٌّب٘ظ اٌلهاٍ١خ ٌزٛاوت ِزطٍجبد اٌؾ١بح اٌؼٖو٠خ
ٚاٌّغزّؼ١خ. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :انًقذيخ رؼزجو اٌٚغٛٛ ِٓ أوضو اٌّٛٙٛػبد اٌزٟ ا٘زُ ثٙب
ػٍّبء
إٌفٌ؛ ٌّب ٌٙب ِٓ ػاللخ ٚص١مخ اٌٍٖخ
ثؾ١بح األفواك فٟ ِقزٍف ٔٛاؽٟ ؽ١برُٙ اٌ١ِٛ١خٌ، ٚ٠ؼل ا ٞزطٛه اٌزىٌٕٛٛعٟ ٚاٌزملَ اٌؼٍّٟ اٌن
َٛ٠ْٙلٖ ػبٌُ اٌ١
،ٛٛأؽل أُ٘ اٌؼٛاًِ اٌَّججخ ٌٍٚغ ؽ١ش
ّىٍذ
٘نٖ األؽلاس
اٌّزَبهػخ
ٙغٛٛب
غ١و ػبك٠خ ٌألفواك
ٔظوا ٌ
ٟىضوح اٌزؾل٠بد اٌز
رٛ
ٙٙاعُ
ٟفٙعّ١غ عٛأت ؽ١برُ
،اٌّقزٍفخ (اٌّفٍؼ
7005
.) ٚرؼزجوًّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ أؽل أثوى
ٗاٌٚغٛٛ اٌزٟ رٛاع
األفواك ٚرؤصو ػ
ٍٝ ٍ١و
ٙؽ١برُ اٌ١ِٛ١خ ، فال
ٟ٠ىبك ٠قٍٛ أٞ ػًّ ِٓ اٌّزطٍجبد ٚاٌزؾل٠بد اٌٖؼجخ اٌز
ُِٙرٍي
ثجني اٌّي٠ل ِٓ اٌغٙل ٚاٌٛلذ
،ألكاء اٌؼًّ اٌّطٍٛة ُِٕٙ (اٌطؾب٠ٕخ ٚؽزبٍِخ7000
،)فٚ ىضوح اٌّزطٍجبد اٌٛظ١ف١خّػتء اٌؼً
،
،ٕٚواع اٌلٚه
ًِ... اٌـ وٍٙب ػٛا
لل ٠ؤكٞ إٌٝ اػزالي فٟ ٕؾخ اٌفوك ، ِّب ٠غؼٍٗ ػبعيا ٓػ
أكاء ًِزطٍجبد ؽ١برٗ اٌ١ِٛ١خ ثْى ٕؾ١ؼ ،ٟٔٚ(اٌَّل7002
)
.فج١ئخ
اٌؼًّ ِٚبٗرؾٛ٠
ِٓ
،ٙغٛٛبد ٚرؾل٠بد ِقزٍفخ
رؼل فٖجخ إلصبهح
اٌفوك ٔفَ١ب ٚفَ١ٌٛٛع١ب
ٟٖػٍٝ اٌٖؼ١ل اٌْق
ٟٚاالعزّبػ ،ُ(إثوا٘١7000
). http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
365
ِٓ ِّٚب ال ّه ف١ٗ أْ ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ أؽل اٌّٙٓ اٌّّٙخ فٟ اٌّغزّغ، أال أٔٙب ريفو ثبٌؼل٠ل
اٌّض١واد اٌٚبغطخ كافً اٌّلهٍخ
ٚفبهعٙب
،ٞ(ػَ١و7007
.)
ًّٚثؾَت رٖٕ١ف ِٕظّخ اٌؼ
ِٓ اٌلٌٚ١خ فئْ ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ رؼل ِٓ أوضو اٌّٙٓ اٌٚبغطخ؛ ٚمٌه ٌّب رؾٛ٠ٗ اٌج١ئخ اٌّلهٍ١خ
ِض١واد ٙبغطخ ػٍٝ ِقزٍف اٌّغبالد ٚاألٕؼلح، فمٛاػل اٌؼًّ، ٕٚواع اٌلٚه، ٚاٌّٛالف
اٌٚبغطخ، ٚوضوح اٌّزطٍجبد اٌٛظ١ف١خ، ٚٔظبَ اٌزو لٟ، ٚاٌزّ١١ي غ١و اٌّجوه ِٓ لجً اإلكاهح IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 اٌّلهٍ١خ ٌجؼ٘ اٌيِالء ،
لل ٗرْىً ػجؤ صم١ال ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍُ فزؾل ِٓ َِزٜٛ ّٛٛؽبرٗٚإٔغبىار
ِّب
ٞ٠ؤك ٌٝإ ،ّؼٛهٖ ثبٌؼغي ٚػلَ اٌم١بَ ثٗ ثْىً ِوٗ (أثٛ ِٖطفٝ ٚاألّمو7000
). :يشكهخ انذراسخ ر ْىّٓ ِْىٍخ اٌلهاٍخ فٟ أًٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ رْى
ٟٖرؾل٠ب ٕؼجب ٌٍّؼٍّ١ٓ ػٍٝ اٌٖؼ١ل اٌْق
ٚإٌّٟٙ، فزؤصو رٍه اٌٚغٛٛ رؤصوا ِجبّوا ػٍٝ وفبءرُٙ إٌّٙ١خ ِٚٙبهارُٙ اٌزله٠َ١خ، ٚمٌه ٠وعغ
،إٌٝ أْ كٚه اٌّؼٍُ ٌُ ٠ؼل ِؾٖٛها ػٍٝ ِغوك رٕٛ١ً اٌّؼٍِٛخ، ِٚزبثؼخ ؽفظٙب ِٓ لجً اٌطٍجخ
ثً رٍٛغ كٚهٖ ٌ١ًّْ رؾم١ك إٌّٛ اٌْبًِ ٌٍطٚ ٍجخ
إ وَبثُٙ االرغب٘بد ٚاٌم١ُ اإل٠غبث١خ (ػطب
،الله7004
.) ٚ٠زؼوٗ اٌّؼٍُ فٟ ِغزّؼبرٕب اٌؼوث١خ ٌٍؼل٠ل ِٓ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌزٟ رؾل ِٓ للهرٗ اإلثلاػ١خ ِٚٛإٍخ
َِ١ورٗ إٌّٙ١خ، فبٌج١ئخ اٌّلهٍ١خ ِٚب رؾٛ٠ٗ ِٓ رؾل٠بد ِٚزطٍجبد رْىً ػجئب صم١ال رضمً وب ً٘
ٌاٌّؼٍُ ٚرؾل ِٓ ٛبلزٗ ا ،ًّّٕٙ١خ، ٚػٍٝ اٌٖؼ١ل اإلكاهٞ ٔغل أْ ٔظبَ اٌزولٟ، ٚػتء اٌؼ
ًِٕٚواع اٌلٚه، ٚاألػجبء اإلكاه٠خ، ٚاٌزّ١١ي اٌغ١و اٌّجوه ِٓ لجً اإلكاهح اٌّلهٍ١خ، وٍٙب ػٛا
ٍٍُبّ٘ذ فٟ رؼي٠ي ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٌلٜ اٌّؼ ،(أثٛ ِٖطفٝ ٚاألّمو7000
). :انًقذيخ ٚ٠ؼل ِؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ِٓ أوضو اٌّؼٍّ١ ٟٓ رؼوٙب ٌزٍه اٌٚغٛٛ ٚاٌزؾل٠بد، ٚاٌزٟ رىّٓ ف
رؼلك
إٌّب٘ظ اٌلهاٍ١خ
اٌزٟ ٠لهٍٙب، ٚٛوقٚ
ِزطٍجبدُػٍّ١خ اٌزمٛ٠
،ٚرْؼجٙب ٚٛوق رطج١مٙب
ٚونٌه اٌىضبفخ اٌؼلك٠خ ٌٍطالة اٌزٟ لل رًٖ أؽ١بٔب إٌٝ اٌقَّّبئ
خ
ٌٝٚ٠ي٠ل، ثبإلٙبفخ إ أػلاك
،اٌطٍجخ فٟ اٌفٖٛي اٌلهاٍ١خ ٖفٙن وٍٙب أػجبء ٚظ١ف١خ
رزطٍت ثني اٌّي٠ل
ًِٓ اٌٛلذ ٚاٌغٙل ِٓ لج
.ٍُاٌّؼ ٗٚلل لبِذ اٌجبؽضخ ثئعواء ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ ٌززّىٓ ِٓ اٌزؼوف ػٍٝ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ اٌزٟ رٛاع
ِٓؼٍّ١ ِٚؼٍّبد اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ْفٟ ِلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ُ األٍبٍٟ فٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب ُٙٚرؤصو ػٍ١
ِٕٙ١ب.ٚرله٠َ١ب ٚػٍ١ٗ ف8ٌٟئْ ِْىٍخ اٌلهاٍخ رزٍقٔ فٟ اٌَؤاي اٌزب
"ِب أوضو ًّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ
رؤص١وا
ػٍٝ أكاء
اٌّؼٍُ ِٕٙ١ب ٚرله٠َ١ب
"؟ ٚػٍ١ٗ ف8ٌٟئْ ِْىٍخ اٌلهاٍخ رزٍقٔ فٟ اٌَؤاي اٌزب
"ِب أوضو ًّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ
رؤص١وا
ػٍٝ أكاء
اٌّؼٍُ ِٕٙ١ب ٚرله٠َ١ب
"؟
:أهذاف انذراسخ
0
.ِٕبلْخ
ّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ.ً ػٕل اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٕٙ١ب ٚكهاٍ١ب
7
.رؾٍ١ً ثؼ٘ ِمزوؽبد ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ًٌٍّؾل ِٓ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼ.ٌُٙل٠ 0
.ِٕبلْخ
ّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ.ً ػٕل اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ِٕٙ١ب ٚكهاٍ١ب 7
.رؾٍ١ً ثؼ٘ ِمزوؽبد ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ
ًٌٍّؾل ِٓ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼ.ٌُٙل٠ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
366
ٌراثؼب: اإلطبر انُظر
َِٛٙفًّٙغٛٛ اٌؼ
،رزٕٛع اٌٚغٛٛ ث١ٓ ٙغٛٛ ٔفَ١خ ٚاعزّبػ١خ ِٕٚٙ١خ ٛٛٚرؼل اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ِٓ أوضو اٌٚغ
اٌزٟ رْىً رؾل٠ب ٕؼجب ٌٍفوك ٞٔظوا الهرجبٛ اٌؼًّ ثغّ١غ عٛأت ؽ١برٗ اٌّقزٍفخ، فال ٠ىبك ٠قٍٛ أ
ػًّ ِٓ اٌٚغٛٛ، ٚرقزٍف ٛج١ؼخ اٌٚغٛٛ ِٓ ٚظ١فخ إٌٝ أفوٜ ِّب لل رَجت اٌم
ٍك ٚا ٌزٛرو
ٌٍفوك ثلهعبد ِزفبٚرخ
،ُ(إثوا٘١7000
.)
8ٚ٠ّىٓ رؼو٠ف ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ػٍٝ أٔٙب
رٍه اٌؾبالد
،اٌٖؼجخ اٌزٟ رٛاعٗ اٌفوك فٟ ِٛالف ؽ١برٗ اٌؼٍّ١خ َِججخ ،ٌٗ ٔٛػب ِٓ اإلهثبن ٚاٌمٍك ٚاٌزٛرو http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 فزغؼٍٗ ٠ٕؾوف ػٓ أكائٗ اٌّؼزبك فٟ ػٍّٗ ثبالرغبٖ اٌٍَجٟ، ِّب ٠ؤكٞ إٌٝ ػلَ اٌزٛاف ٗك ث١ٓ للهار
ِٕٗ ٚإِىبٔ١برٗ ألكاء اٌؼًّ اٌّطٍٛة (
،ًإٌؼب7006
). يفهىو ضغىط انؼًم فٍ يجبل انتذرَس8 فزغؼٍٗ ٠ٕؾوف ػٓ أكائٗ اٌّؼزبك فٟ ػٍّٗ ثبالرغبٖ اٌٍَجٟ، ِّب ٠ؤكٞ إٌٝ ػلَ اٌزٛاف ٗك ث١ٓ للهار
ِٕٗ ٚإِىبٔ١برٗ ألكاء اٌؼًّ اٌّطٍٛة (
،ًإٌؼب7006
). :انًقذيخ ٚرزؼلك ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌٝ ػلح،أٔٛاع
فٕٙبن
ِب ٠زؼٍك
ثبٌؼًّ ٔفَٗ وغّٛٗ اٌلٚه، ٚػتء اٌؼًّ، ٚٛج١ؼخ اٌٛظ١فخ ٚاٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ، ٕٚ٘بن ِب ٠ زؼٍك
ثبٌغّبػخ
ٌّوبٌؼاللبد اٌْقٖ١خ ث١ٓ اٌيِالء ٚا
َؤٌٚ١ٓ، ٕٚ٘بن ِب ٠زؼٍك ثبٌج١ئخ
اٌف١ي٠بئ١خ ٚاٌّبك٠خ
،ًٌّّىبْ اٌؼ
ِٚب ٠زؼٍك
ثبٌّٖبكه اٌزٕظ١ّ١خ
ٌٍٖؼًّ ٚاٌّّبهٍبد اإلكاه٠خ ِٓ لجً اٌَّؤٌٚ١ٓ ارغب
،اٌؼبٍِ١ٓ (اٌّفٍؼ7005
.)
ٚروٜ اٌجبؽضخ أٔٗ ٠غت ػٍٝ اٌفوك اٌؼبًِ أْ ٠لهن ٛج١ؼخ ِزطٍجبرٗ اٌٛظ١ف١خ؛
وٟ ٠زّىٓ ِٓ اٌزى١ف ٗٚثٕبء ػٍ١ فئْ اٌجبؽضخ ر
ِغّٛػخ8ؼوّ ف اٌٚغٛٛ فٟ ِغبي اٌزله٠ٌ ػٍٝ أٔٙب
ِٓ اٌّّٙبد
ٚاٌّزطٍجبد اٌٛظ١ف١خ ٚاإلكاه٠خ
فٟ اٌج١ئخ اٌّلهٍ١خ ٚفبهعٙب،
،ٗلل رمً وبً٘ اٌّؼٍُ ٚرفٛق للهر
ٌٗ َِججخ
لٍمب
،ٚرٛروا ٚرؼغيٖ ػٓ اٌملهح
ػٍٝ اٌزٛف١ك ث١ٓ ِزطٍجبد ػٍّ١خ اٌزله٠ٌ ٚاألػجبء
اٌٛظ١ف١خ األفوٜ فٟ ٚاٌج١ .ئخ اٌّلهٍ١خ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org :انًقذيخ ِٓ ٌرؼل ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠
أوضو ٟاٌّٙٓ اٌزًرؾف
،ثبٌٚغٛٛبد ٚاٌزؾل٠بد اٌٚبغطخ
ؽ١ش أّبهد
ٔزبئظ كهاٍخTraver))
ٌٝإ ٟأْ أوضو ِٓ ٖٔف اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ فٟ ِلاهً اٌٍّّىخ اٌّزؾلح ٌل٠ُٙ ٔ١خ ف
رون ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ فالي فٌّ ٍٕٛاد، ٚإما وبْ اٌّؼٍّْٛ ال ٠زٛلغ ُِٕٙ االٍزّواه فٟ ِٕٙخ
ٌاٌزله٠ْألوضو ِٓ فٌّ ٍٕٛاد فٙنا ٠ؼٕٟ أ
ٚاٌّؼٍُ ٠ٛاعٗ ٙغٛٛب ّل٠لح لل رؤصو ػٍ١خ ثْىً أ
ثؤفو(
،ٟٔٚاٌَّل7002
)
.ٚ٠ؼوف (اٌفوِبٚٞ) ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ فٟ ِغبي اٌزله٠ٌ ػٍٝ أٔٙب
ؽبٌخ
،ِٓ ػلَ اٌزٛاىْ إٌفَٟ ٔزظ ػٓ ػلَ اٌزىبفؤ ث١ٓ ِزطٍجبد ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ ِٚملهح اٌم١بَ ثٙب
َٚ٠زورت ػٍٝ مٌه ّؼٛه اٌّؼٍُ ثؼل
إ ِىبٔ١خ
إ"ّجبع ؽبعبرٗ إٌفَ١خ ٚاالعزّبػ١خ
،ٞ(ػَ١و
7007
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
367
ثؤفو(
،ٟٔٚاٌَّل7002
)
.ٚ٠ؼوف (اٌفوِبٚٞ) ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ فٟ ِغبي اٌزله٠ٌ ػٍٝ أٔٙب
ؽبٌخ
،ِٓ ػلَ اٌزٛاىْ إٌفَٟ ٔزظ ػٓ ػلَ اٌزىبفؤ ث١ٓ ِزطٍجبد ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ ِٚملهح اٌم١بَ ثٙب
َٚ٠زورت ػٍٝ مٌه ّؼٛه اٌّؼٍُ ثؼل
إ ِىبٔ١خ
إ"ّجبع ؽبعبرٗ إٌفَ١خ ٚاالعزّبػ١خ
،ٞ(ػَ١و
7007
.)
ٗٚثٕبء ػٍ١ فئْ اٌجبؽضخ ر
ِغّٛػخ8ؼوّ ف اٌٚغٛٛ فٟ ِغبي اٌزله٠ٌ ػٍٝ أٔٙب
ِٓ اٌّّٙبد
ٚاٌّزطٍجبد اٌٛظ١ف١خ ٚاإلكاه٠خ
فٟ اٌج١ئخ اٌّلهٍ١خ ٚفبهعٙب،
،ٗلل رمً وبً٘ اٌّؼٍُ ٚرفٛق للهر
ٌٗ َِججخ
لٍمب
،ٚرٛروا ٚرؼغيٖ ػٓ اٌملهح
ػٍٝ اٌزٛف١ك ث١ٓ ِزطٍجبد ػٍّ١خ اٌزله٠ٌ ٚاألػجبء
اٌٛظ١ف١خ األفوٜ فٟ ٚاٌج١ .ئخ اٌّلهٍ١خ
أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم
رزؼلك اٌؼٛاًِ اٌَّججخ ٌٛٛٚغ اٌؼًّ ٌؼلح أِٛه، فّٕٙب ِب ٠زؼٍك ثّغبي اٌؼًّ اإلكاهٞ ِٕٚٙب ِب
٠زؼٍك ثج١ئخ اٌؼًّ اٌف١ي٠بئ١
خ ،ف ٜ١و ،(اٌَفبٍفخ ٚأثٛ أٍؼل7000
) أْ ٕؼ ٛثخًّاٌؼ، ٚ
لٍخ اٌؾٛافي
اٌّبك٠خ، ٚاٌؼاللبد غ١و ا
إل ٠غبث١خ ِغًّاٌَّؤٌٚ١ٓ فٟ اٌؼ، ٚأ
ٍٍٛة اإلكاهح
ٟاٌّزّضً ف
اٌؼاللبد
اٌْقٖ١خ، ٚأٍبٌ١ت اإلّواف، ٚاٌالِجبالح فٟ اٌؼًّ ٔز١غخ وضوح اٌّزطٍجبد
اٌٛظ١ف١خ، ِٓ أوضو
ٛٛاٌؼٛاًِ اٌَّججخ ٌٚغ. ،ٞث١ّٕب ٠وٜ (ؽّل7007
ْ) إ ِزطٍجبد اٌؼًّ ٚكهعخ رفبٚرٙب ِٓ ِٕٙخ
ٜإٌٝ أفوٚ ،
اٌزؼبهٗ فٟ األكٚاه
اٌّطٍٛثخ ِٓ اٌفوكٚ ،ػلَ ٚٙٛػ اٌَّؤٌٚ١بد، ٚ
ُغ١بة اٌلػ
ًّاالعزّبػٟ ِٓ اٌيِالء ٚلٍخ اٌؾٛافي اٌّبك٠خ ِٓ عٙخ اٌؼٚ ،
ِٓ ث١ئخ اٌؼًّ ِٚب ٠زؼٍك ثٙب
ٜٛ(إٙبءح ٚرٙٛ٠خ، ٚكهعخ اٌؾواهح، َِٚز.اٌٚغ١ظ.. ٚ ،اٌـ ػٍّ١خ رمٛ٠ُ األكاء اٌزٟ لل رىْٛ غ١و
ٓػبكٌخ ث١ٓ اٌّٛظف١ٚ ،
ٌّْغ١بة اًّبهوخ فٟ اٌمواهاد اٌزٟ رزؼٍك ثبٌؼ ٞ، وٍٙب أٍجبثب لل رؤكٌٝإ
ى٠بكح اٌٚغٜ اٌٛالغ ػٍٝ اٌفوك ِٓ ِغبي
يـصــــبدر انـضغــــــىط:
ٚ٠مٖل ثّٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ رٍه اٌزٖوفبد أٚ اٌّٛالف أٚ األؽلاس اٌزٟ رْىً ػجئب صم١ال
،ػٍٝ اٌفوك
فزضمً وبٍ٘ٗ أٚلل رفٛق للهارٗ ٚإِىبٔ١برٗ، ٚال ٠َزط١غ ِٛاعٙزٙب، فزَت ٌٗ ٔٛػب ِٓ اٌزٛرو ٚاٌمٍك
ٚاإلؽجبٛ اٌَّزّو
،(اٌّفٍؼ7005
). أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم رزؼلك اٌؼٛاًِ اٌَّججخ ٌٛٛٚغ اٌؼًّ ٌؼلح أِٛه، فّٕٙب ِب ٠زؼٍك ثّغبي اٌؼًّ اإلكاهٞ ِٕٚٙب ِب
٠زؼٍك ثج١ئخ اٌؼًّ اٌف١ي٠بئ١
خ ،ف ٜ١و ،(اٌَفبٍفخ ٚأثٛ أٍؼل7000
) أْ ٕؼ ٛثخًّاٌؼ، ٚ
لٍخ اٌؾٛافي
اٌّبك٠خ، ٚاٌؼاللبد غ١و ا
إل ٠غبث١خ ِغًّاٌَّؤٌٚ١ٓ فٟ اٌؼ، ٚأ
ٍٍٛة اإلكاهح
ٟاٌّزّضً ف
اٌؼاللبد
اٌْقٖ١خ، ٚأٍبٌ١ت اإلّواف، ٚاٌالِجبالح فٟ اٌؼًّ ٔز١غخ وضوح اٌّزطٍجبد
اٌٛظ١ف١خ، ِٓ أوضو
ٛٛاٌؼٛاًِ اٌَّججخ ٌٚغ. ،ٞث١ّٕب ٠وٜ (ؽّل7007
ْ) إ ِزطٍجبد اٌؼًّ ٚكهعخ رفبٚرٙب ِٓ ِٕٙخ
ٜإٌٝ أفوٚ ،
اٌزؼبهٗ فٟ األكٚاه
اٌّطٍٛثخ ِٓ اٌفوكٚ ،ػلَ ٚٙٛػ اٌَّؤٌٚ١بد، ٚ
ُغ١بة اٌلػ
ًّاالعزّبػٟ ِٓ اٌيِالء ٚلٍخ اٌؾٛافي اٌّبك٠خ ِٓ عٙخ اٌؼٚ ،
ِٓ ث١ئخ اٌؼًّ ِٚب ٠زؼٍك ثٙب
ٜٛ(إٙبءح ٚرٙٛ٠خ، ٚكهعخ اٌؾواهح، َِٚز.اٌٚغ١ظ.. ٚ ،اٌـ ػٍّ١خ رمٛ٠ُ األكاء اٌزٟ لل رىْٛ غ١و
ٓػبكٌخ ث١ٓ اٌّٛظف١ٚ ،
ٌّْغ١بة اًّبهوخ فٟ اٌمواهاد اٌزٟ رزؼٍك ثبٌؼ ٞ، وٍٙب أٍجبثب لل رؤكٌٝإ
ى٠بكح اٌٚغٜ اٌٛالغ ػٍٝ اٌفوك ِٓ ِغبي
يـصــــبدر انـضغــــــىط: ٚ٠مٖل ثّٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ رٍه اٌزٖوفبد أٚ اٌّٛالف أٚ األؽلاس اٌزٟ رْىً ػجئب صم١ال
،ػٍٝ اٌفوك
فزضمً وبٍ٘ٗ أٚلل رفٛق للهارٗ ٚإِىبٔ١برٗ، ٚال ٠َزط١غ ِٛاعٙزٙب، فزَت ٌٗ ٔٛػب ِٓ اٌزٛرو ٚاٌمٍك
ٚاإلؽجبٛ اٌَّزّو
،(اٌّفٍؼ7005
). ٚرزؼلك ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌٝ ػلح،أٔٛاع
فٕٙبن
ِب ٠زؼٍك
ثبٌؼًّ ٔفَٗ وغّٛٗ اٌلٚه، ٚػتء اٌؼًّ، ٚٛج١ؼخ اٌٛظ١فخ ٚاٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ، ٕٚ٘بن ِب ٠ زؼٍك
ثبٌغّبػخ
ٌّوبٌؼاللبد اٌْقٖ١خ ث١ٓ اٌيِالء ٚا
َؤٌٚ١ٓ، ٕٚ٘بن ِب ٠زؼٍك ثبٌج١ئخ
اٌف١ي٠بئ١خ ٚاٌّبك٠خ
،ًٌّّىبْ اٌؼ
ِٚب ٠زؼٍك
ثبٌّٖبكه اٌزٕظ١ّ١خ
ٌٍٖؼًّ ٚاٌّّبهٍبد اإلكاه٠خ ِٓ لجً اٌَّؤٌٚ١ٓ ارغب
،اٌؼبٍِ١ٓ (اٌّفٍؼ7005
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ِؼٙب ثؼ١لا ػٓ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌزٟ لل رؼ١ك كافؼ١زٗ ٌإلٔغبى ٚاٌزملَ، وّب روٜ اٌجبؽضخ أٔٗ رمغ ػٍٝ ػبرك
اإلكاهح اٌَّؤٌٚ١خ اٌىجوٜ فٟ إكاهح اٌؼاللبد اإل٠غبث١خ ث١ٓ أفواك اٌّؤٍَخ ٚاٌلفغ ثُٙ ٔؾٛ اإلٔزبع١خ
.اٌّوعٛح ثؼ١لا ػٓ ٙغ١ظ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ
:انذراسبد انسبثقخ دراسخ
َسًُخ ػجبس (
5102
)
،
ثؼٕٛاْ "اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِلهٍٟ ِٚلهٍبد اٌزوث١خ
اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ اٌّوؽٍز١ٓ اٌّزٍٛطخ
ٚاإلػلاك٠ ."خ
ٚ٘لفذ اٌلهاٍخ
ٛٛإٌٝ اٌزؼوف ػٍٝ اٌٚغ
ٓإٌّٙ١خ ٚاٌفوٚق فٟ ٙغٛٛبد إٌّٙخ ٌلٜ ِلهٍٟ ِٚلهٍبد اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ اٌّوؽٍز١
اٌّزٍٛطخ ٚاإلػلاك٠خ فٟ ِؾبف ،ظخ ك٠بٌٟ ثبٌؼواقٚ
ٟاٍزقلِذ اٌجبؽضخ إٌّٙظ إٌٛف ، ؽ١ش
رىٛٔذِٓ ػ١ٕخ (
37
)
.رُ افز١بهُ٘ ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌؼّل٠خ ٚرٍٕٛذ ٔزبئظ اٌلهاٍخ إٌٝ أٔٗ رٛعل فوٚق
ِؼٕٛ٠خ فٟ ٙغٛٛ إٌّٙخ ث١ٓ وً ِٓ ِلهٍبد اٌّوؽٍز١ٓ اإلػلاك٠خ ٚاٌّزٍٛطخ ٌٖٚبٌؼ ِلهٍبد
اٌّوؽٍخ اٌّزٍٛطخ، وّب رٛعل فوٚق فٟ ٙغٛٛ إٌّٙخ ٌٖٚبٌؼ ِلهٍبد اٌّوؽٍخ اٌّزٍٛطخ ، ف١ّب
إٔٚذ اٌلهاٍخ ثٚوٚهح إػطبء اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ كٚهاد رله٠ج١خ ٚرٛف١و األعٙيح ٌُٙ ٚإػطبئُٙ اٌٛلذ
ٗاٌىبفٟ ٌزله٠ٌ ٛالثُٙ فٟ ؽُٖٖٙ اٌو٠بٙ١خ ِٚؾبٌٚخ رمٍ١ً اٌّض١واد اٌٚبغطخ اٌزٟ ٠زؼو
.ًٌٙب اٌّله ( دراسخ انًُبصُر5102
)
ٕ، ثؼ ٛاْ "ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌفَ١خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ
."اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ ِل٠و٠خ روث١خ ٌٛاء ٚاكٞ اٌَ١و
ٚ٘لفذ
اٌلهاٍخ ٌٝإ اٌزؼوف ٛٛػٍٝ ِٖبكه اٌٚغ
إٌّٙ١خ ٚإٌفَ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ ِل٠و٠خ روث١خ ٌٛاء ٚاكٞ اٌَ١و
،ْفٟ األهك
ٌٚزؾم١ك
٘لف اٌلهاٍخ اٍزقلَ اٌجب ؽشٟإٌّٙظ إٌٛف ، ٚرىٛٔذ ػ١ٕخ
اٌلهاٍخ
ِٓ
(
60
)
ِؼٍّب
ِٚؼٍّخ ٌٝ. ٚرٍٕٛذ ٔزبئظ اٌلهاٍخ إْأ
ٛاٌّؼٍّْٛ ٠ؼبْٔٛ ِٓ اٌٚغ ٛ إٌفَ١خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ ثلهعخ
ِزٍٛطخ، ٚأْ ٕ٘ب ن ٟفوٚق ماد كالٌخ إؽٖبئ١خ ف َِٛٛزٜٛ اٌٚغ ٟرجؼب ٌّزغ١و إٌٛع االعزّبػ
ٌٖٚبٌؼ اٌنوٛه ،
ٍٝ ٙوٚهح رله٠ت اٌّؼٍّْٛ ػ8ٚفٍٖذ اٌلهاٍخ ثؼلح رٕٛ١بد ِٓ أثوى٘ب
و١ف١خ وٛاعٙخ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٚإٌفَ١خ ٚمٌه ِٓ فالي
إ ػلاك اٌّؼٍُ ػٓ ٛو٠ك
إ ِٓ ػطبءٖ اٌّي٠ل
اٌجواِظ ٚاٌلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ . http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
368
( ٌدراسخ ػسُر5105
)
،
ٕثؼٕٛاْ "اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌّوؽٍخ االثزلائ١خ ثّل٠ خ رجٛن
."ثبٌٍّّىخ اٌؼوث١خ اٌَؼٛك٠خ فٟ ٙٛء ثؼ٘ اٌّزغ١واد ٚ
ٌٝ٘لفذ اٌلهاٍخ إ ٓاٌىْف ػٛٛاٌٚغ
إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ فٟ اٌّوؽٍخ االثزلائ١خ، وّب
ٌٝ٘لفذ إ
ٟاٌزؼوف ػٍٝ اٌفوٚق ف
اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ8ٞٚفمب ٌّزغ١و
،(ٔٛع اٌلهاٍخٚ
،)ٍّٟاٌزقٖٔ اٌؼ ٌٚزؾم١ك اٌٙلف
ِٓ اٌلهاٍخ
اٍزقلَ اٌجبؽشٟإٌّٙظ إٌٛفِٓ ، ؽ١ش رىٛٔذ ػ١ٕخ (
007
ِٓ ٍُ) ِؼ
ٍِّٟؼ
اٌّوؽٍخ االثزلائ١خ
ٌٍٍَّٛٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ (اٌؼ،
اٌو٠بٙ١بد،
اٌزوث١خ اٌجلٔ١خٚ ،
،)اٌزوث١خ اٌفٕ١خ ُر افز١بهُ٘ ثطو٠مخ
ػْٛائ١خ ٛجم١خ. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم ٚرٍٕٛذ اٌلهاٍخٌٝإ
ْأ ِؼٍّٟ اٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ فٟ اٌّوؽٍخ
ِٓ ْٛٔاالثزلائ١خ ٠ؼب
ٓٙغٛٛ ِٕٙ١خ رواٚؽذ ث١ٌاٚ ّزٍٛطخٌا ،ّورفؼخًؽ١ش اؽز
ِؾٛه اٌزولٟ اٌٛظ١فٟ اٌزور١ت
األٚي
فٟ اٌَّجت ٌٍٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ث١ّٕب اؽزٍذ اٌّىبٔخ االعزّبػ١خ اٌزور١ت ا ألف١و فٟ اٌَّجت
ٚ .ٌٍٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ
ٙوٚهح ِؼبٌغخ اٌَّججبد اٌزٟ رؤ8ٟ٘ٚ إٔٚذ ثؼلح رٕٛ١بد
كٞ إٌٝ ٚع ٛك
،ٓاٌٚغٛٛ ٌلٜ اٌّؼٍّ١ ٟٖٚٙوٚهح رٛف١و اٌوػب٠خ إٌفَ١خ ٌٍّؼٍّ١ٓ ػٍٝ اٌَّزٜٛ اٌْق
.ٍَٟٚاٌّؤ
د( راسخ انطحبَُخ وحتبيهخ5100
)
،
ثؼٕٛاْ "ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ."ٌاٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ ِؾبفظخ اٌيهلبء ٚهغجزُٙ ثزون اٌزله٠ٌٝ٘لفذ اٌلهاٍخ إ ِؼوفخ
ِٖبكه
اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ اٌزٟ رٛاعٗ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ ِؾبفظخ اٌيهلبء،
وّب ٘لفذ إٌٝ اٌزؼوف
ٍٝػ
ٛج١ؼخ
.ٌاٌؼاللخ ث١ٓ ٘نٖ اٌٚغٛٛ ٚهغجخ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ثزون اٌزله٠ ٚاٍزقلَ اٌجبؽش إٌّٙظ
ٟإٌٛف ،
ٚمٌه ٍٝثزطج١مٗ ػ
ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ اٌّىٛٔخ
( ِٓ
74
،) ِؼٍّب ِٚؼٍّخ( ُِٕٙ
22
)
ِؼٍّب
(ٚ
37
.) ِؼٍّخ، رُ افز١بهُ٘ ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌؼْٛائ١خ ِٓ ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ
ْٚرٍٕٛذ اٌلهاٍخ إٌٝ أ
ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ ٠ؼبْٔٛ ِٓ ٙغٛٛ ِٕٙ١خ
ِورفؼخ ،
ٛٛٚأْ أوضو اٌّٖبكه اٌَّججخ ٌٍٚغ
إٌّٙ١خ
ٟ٘ رٍه
اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌوارت اٌْٙوٞ ٚاٌّىبفآد ،
وّب
رٍٕٛذ اٌلهاٍخ
ٌٝإ أ
ٔٗ رٛعل
ػاللخ اهرجبٛ١ٗ كاٌخ
إ ؽٖبئ١ب
ث١ٓ هغجخ اٌّؼٍُ ثزون اٌزله٠ٌ ٚاٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ اٌزٟ ٠ٛاعٙٙب . ٓ اال٘زّبَ ثبٌّقٖٖبد ٚاٌّىبفآد اٌّبٌ١خ ٌٍّؼٍّ١8ٚفٍٖذ اٌلهاٍخ ثؼلح رٕٛ١بد ِٓ أثوى٘ب
وي٠بكح هٚارجُٙ ٚاٌؾٛافي اٌّبك٠خ، ٚاال٘زّبَ ثئػلاك اٌجواِظ ٚاٌلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ ا ٌٍُزٟ رّىٓ اٌّؼ
ِٓ ِٛاعٙخ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٚاٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب.ثئ٠غبث١خ
سبدسب: يُهج انذراسخ
ارجؼذ
ٟ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ إٌّٙظ إٌٛف ِٓ أعً رؾم١ك أ٘لافٙب ،
ٚمٌه ألٔٗ ٠زٕبٍت ِغ اٌلهاٍخ
اٌؾبٌ١خ، ٚ٠ؼجو ػٓ اٌٛٙغ اٌؾبٌٟ ٌٚغٛٛ اٌؼًّ اٌزٟ ٠زؼوٗ ٌٙب ِؼٍّْٛ ِٚؼٍّبد اٌّٙبهاد
ْاٌؾ١بر١خ فٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب
،ٚ٠ٖفٙب ٕٚفب كل١مب، ٚ٠ؼجو ػٕٙب رؼج١وا و١ف١ب ٚوّ١ب ٗٔوّب أ ّٓ٠ّى
اٌجبؽضخ ِٓ عّغ اٌّؼٍِٛبد اٌىّ١خ ٚإٌٛػ١خ اٌّطٍٛثخ ٌٍلهاٍخ. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم :سبثؼب
يجتًغ وػُُخ انذراسخ
٠زؤٌف ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ
اٌؾبٌ١خِٓ
ٍِّؼٓ١ ِٚؼٍّبد ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ
فٟ ِوؽٍخ ُاٌزؼٍ١
ِٟٛاألٍبٍٟ ثّلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؾى
ْفٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب ،
( ؽ١ش ثٍغ ػلك ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ0336
) ِؼٍّب
ٌِٚؼٍّخ، ؽَت اإلؽٖبئ١بد اٌوٍّ١خ ا،ٖبكهح ِٓ ٚىاهح اٌزوث١خ ٚاٌزؼٍ١ُ ثبٌٍَطٕخ
ث١ّٕب رىٛٔذ
ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ( ِٓ
604
ِ ) ِؼٍّب ِٚؼٍّخ، رُ افز١بهُ٘ ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌؼْٛائ١خ اٌطجم١خ ُٓ اٌؾغ
( ٓاألٍٕٟ ٌؼ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ٚمٌه ٚفمب ٌغلٚي رؾل٠ل اٌؼ١ٕخ ٌٍجبؽض١Krejcie & Morga ,1970
.) ."ٌاٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ ِؾبفظخ اٌيهلبء ٚهغجزُٙ ثزون اٌزله٠ٌٝ٘لفذ اٌلهاٍخ إ ِؼوفخ
ِٖبكه
اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ اٌزٟ رٛاعٗ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ ِؾبفظخ اٌيهلبء،
وّب ٘لفذ إٌٝ اٌزؼوف
ٍٝػ
ٛج١ؼخ
.ٌاٌؼاللخ ث١ٓ ٘نٖ اٌٚغٛٛ ٚهغجخ اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ثزون اٌزله٠ ٚاٍزقلَ اٌجبؽش إٌّٙظ
ٟإٌٛف ،
ٚمٌه ٍٝثزطج١مٗ ػ
ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ اٌّىٛٔخ
( ِٓ
74
،) ِؼٍّب ِٚؼٍّخ( ُِٕٙ
22
)
ِؼٍّب
(ٚ
37
.) ِؼٍّخ، رُ افز١بهُ٘ ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌؼْٛائ١خ ِٓ ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ
ْٚرٍٕٛذ اٌلهاٍخ إٌٝ أ
ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ ٠ؼبْٔٛ ِٓ ٙغٛٛ ِٕٙ١خ
ِورفؼخ ،
ٛٛٚأْ أوضو اٌّٖبكه اٌَّججخ ٌٍٚغ
إٌّٙ١خ
ٟ٘ رٍه
اٌؼٛاًِ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌوارت اٌْٙوٞ ٚاٌّىبفآد ،
وّب
رٍٕٛذ اٌلهاٍخ
ٌٝإ أ
ٔٗ رٛعل
ػاللخ اهرجبٛ١ٗ كاٌخ
إ ؽٖبئ١ب
ث١ٓ هغجخ اٌّؼٍُ ثزون اٌزله٠ٌ ٚاٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ اٌزٟ ٠ٛاعٙٙب . ٓ اال٘زّبَ ثبٌّقٖٖبد ٚاٌّىبفآد اٌّبٌ١خ ٌٍّؼٍّ١8ٚفٍٖذ اٌلهاٍخ ثؼلح رٕٛ١بد ِٓ أثوى٘ب
وي٠بكح هٚارجُٙ ٚاٌؾٛافي اٌّبك٠خ، ٚاال٘زّبَ ثئػلاك اٌجواِظ ٚاٌلٚهاد اٌزله٠ج١خ ا ٌٍُزٟ رّىٓ اٌّؼ
ِٓ ِٛاعٙخ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٚاٌزؼبًِ ِؼٙب.ثئ٠غبث١خ ارجؼذ
ٟ٘نٖ اٌلهاٍخ إٌّٙظ إٌٛف ِٓ أعً رؾم١ك أ٘لافٙب ،
ٚمٌه ألٔٗ ٠زٕبٍت ِغ اٌلهاٍخ
اٌؾبٌ١خ، ٚ٠ؼجو ػٓ اٌٛٙغ اٌؾبٌٟ ٌٚغٛٛ اٌؼًّ اٌزٟ ٠زؼوٗ ٌٙب ِؼٍّْٛ ِٚؼٍّبد اٌّٙبهاد
ْاٌؾ١بر١خ فٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب
،ٚ٠ٖفٙب ٕٚفب كل١مب، ٚ٠ؼجو ػٕٙب رؼج١وا و١ف١ب ٚوّ١ب ٗٔوّب أ ّٓ٠ّى
اٌجبؽضخ ِٓ عّغ اٌّؼٍِٛبد اٌىّ١خ ٚإٌٛػ١خ اٌّطٍٛثخ ٌٍلهاٍخ. أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم ٠زؤٌف ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ
اٌؾبٌ١خِٓ
ٍِّؼٓ١ ِٚؼٍّبد ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ
فٟ ِوؽٍخ ُاٌزؼٍ١
ِٟٛاألٍبٍٟ ثّلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ُ اٌؾى
ْفٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب ،
( ؽ١ش ثٍغ ػلك ِغزّغ اٌلهاٍخ0336
) ِؼٍّب
ٌِٚؼٍّخ، ؽَت اإلؽٖبئ١بد اٌوٍّ١خ ا،ٖبكهح ِٓ ٚىاهح اٌزوث١خ ٚاٌزؼٍ١ُ ثبٌٍَطٕخ
ث١ّٕب رىٛٔذ
ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ( ِٓ
604
ِ ) ِؼٍّب ِٚؼٍّخ، رُ افز١بهُ٘ ثبٌطو٠مخ اٌؼْٛائ١خ اٌطجم١خ ُٓ اٌؾغ
( ٓاألٍٕٟ ٌؼ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ٚمٌه ٚفمب ٌغلٚي رؾل٠ل اٌؼ١ٕخ ٌٍجبؽض١Krejcie & Morga ,1970
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
369
ثبيُب: أداح انذراسخ
:أداح انذراسخ فٍ صىرتهب األونُخ
لبِذ اٌجبؽضخ ثزّٖ١ُ ٚرطٛ٠و االٍزجبٔخ ِغ األفن فٟ االػزجبه اإلٛبه إٌظوٞ ٚاٌلهاٍبد اٌَبثمخ
ولهاٍخ اٌّؼّو٠خ (
7002
ٞ)، ٚكهاٍخ ػَ١و (
7007)، ٚكهاٍخ اٌزٛث١خ (
7000)، ٚكهاٍخ اٌنٍ٘١خ
(
7000)، ؽ١ش رىٛٔذ ا ٍزجبٔخ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ( ِٓ فٟ ٕٛهرٙب األٌٚ١خ63
)
ٍِٝٛىػخ ػ
صالصخ
،ِؾبٚه
ٟ٘ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ٌّورجطخ ثؼٍّ١خ اٌزله٠ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ًّّورجطخ ثٕظبَ اٌؼ
ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ث.ٞبٌّغزّغ ٚأٌٚ١بء األِٛه، ٌ١زُ ػوٙٙب ػٍٝ اٌزؾى١ُ اٌظب٘و
:أداح انذراسخ فٍ صىرتهب انُهبئُخ
ٜرُ ػوٗ اٌّم١بً فٟ ٕٛهرٗ األٌٚ١خ ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ ِٓ اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ٚمٌه ٌٍزؾمك ِٓ ِل
ِالءِزٙب
ٌّٛٙٛع اٌلهاٍخ، ٚرؾىّ١ٙب ِٓ ؽ١ش أزّبء اٌؼجبهح ٌٍّؾٛه، ِٚلٜ ِٕبٍجخ اٌّؾبٚه
ٌٌٍّٛٙٛع، ٚونٌه ِلٜ ٌّّٛ١خ اٌؼجبهاد ا،قبٕخ ثىً ِؾٛه ِٓ ِؾبٚه اٌلهاٍخ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
369
ثبيُب: أداح انذراسخ
:أداح انذراسخ فٍ صىرتهب األونُخ
لبِذ اٌجبؽضخ ثزّٖ١ُ ٚرطٛ٠و االٍزجبٔخ ِغ األفن فٟ االػزجبه اإلٛبه إٌظوٞ ٚاٌلهاٍبد اٌَبثمخ
ولهاٍخ اٌّؼّو٠خ (
7002
ٞ)، ٚكهاٍخ ػَ١و (
7007)، ٚكهاٍخ اٌزٛث١خ (
7000)، ٚكهاٍخ اٌنٍ٘١خ
(
7000)، ؽ١ش رىٛٔذ ا ٍزجبٔخ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ( ِٓ فٟ ٕٛهرٙب األٌٚ١خ63
)
ٍِٝٛىػخ ػ
صالصخ
،ِؾبٚه
ٟ٘ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ٌّورجطخ ثؼٍّ١خ اٌزله٠ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ًّّورجطخ ثٕظبَ اٌؼ
ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ث.ٞبٌّغزّغ ٚأٌٚ١بء األِٛه، ٌ١زُ ػوٙٙب ػٍٝ اٌزؾى١ُ اٌظب٘و
:أداح انذراسخ فٍ صىرتهب انُهبئُخ
ٜرُ ػوٗ اٌّم١بً فٟ ٕٛهرٗ األٌٚ١خ ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ ِٓ اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ٚمٌه ٌٍزؾمك ِٓ ِل
ِالءِزٙب
ٌّٛٙٛع اٌلهاٍخ، ٚرؾىّ١ٙب ِٓ ؽ١ش أزّبء اٌؼجبهح ٌٍّؾٛه، ِٚلٜ ِٕبٍجخ اٌّؾبٚه
ٌٌٍّٛٙٛع، ٚونٌه ِلٜ ٌّّٛ١خ اٌؼجبهاد ا،قبٕخ ثىً ِؾٛه ِٓ ِؾبٚه اٌلهاٍخ لبِذ اٌجبؽضخ ثزّٖ١ُ ٚرطٛ٠و االٍزجبٔخ ِغ األفن فٟ االػزجبه اإلٛبه إٌظوٞ ٚاٌلهاٍبد اٌَبثمخ
ولهاٍخ اٌّؼّو٠خ (
7002
ٞ)، ٚكهاٍخ ػَ١و (
7007)، ٚكهاٍخ اٌزٛث١خ (
7000)، ٚكهاٍخ اٌنٍ٘١خ
(
7000)، ؽ١ش رىٛٔذ ا ٍزجبٔخ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ( ِٓ فٟ ٕٛهرٙب األٌٚ١خ63
)
ٍِٝٛىػخ ػ
صالصخ
،ِؾبٚه
ٟ٘ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ٌّورجطخ ثؼٍّ١خ اٌزله٠ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ًّّورجطخ ثٕظبَ اٌؼ
ٚ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ث.ٞبٌّغزّغ ٚأٌٚ١بء األِٛه، ٌ١زُ ػوٙٙب ػٍٝ اٌزؾى١ُ اٌظب٘و
:أداح انذراسخ فٍ صىرتهب انُهبئُخ ٜرُ ػوٗ اٌّم١بً فٟ ٕٛهرٗ األٌٚ١خ ػٍٝ ِغّٛػخ ِٓ اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ٚمٌه ٌٍزؾمك ِٓ ِل
ِالءِزٙب
ٌّٛٙٛع اٌلهاٍخ، ٚرؾىّ١ٙب ِٓ ؽ١ش أزّبء اٌؼجبهح ٌٍّؾٛه، ِٚلٜ ِٕبٍجخ اٌّؾبٚه
ٌٌٍّٛٙٛع، ٚونٌه ِلٜ ٌّّٛ١خ اٌؼجبهاد ا،قبٕخ ثىً ِؾٛه ِٓ ِؾبٚه اٌلهاٍخ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. أســجـبة:ضغىط انؼًم VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ٚلل رُ رؼل٠ً االٍزجبٔخ ٌزٖجؼ( ِٓ ِىٛٔخ3
)
ِؾبٚه( ِٓ ثلال6
)ِؾبٚه
٘وّب أّبه ثؼ
،اٌّؾىّ١ٓ ثنٌه
ٟ٘ٚ
8 ِؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ّورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ ٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خ
ِٚؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغ
ٌا
ّورجطخ ثظ ،)وٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ (اٌف١ي٠بئ١خ
ِٚؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجط خ ثبٌّٕٙظ ٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوق
،ٌاٌزله٠ ِٚؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغٌا ،ًّّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼ
ِٚؾٛه ٌاٛٛٚغ ٌا ّورجطخ
،ثؤٌٚ١بء األِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغ
ٌزٖجؼ ػجبهاد اٌّم( ً١ب63
)
فموح ٌ١ز ُ رطج١مٗ ػٍٝ اٌؼ١ٕخ
اال
ٍزطالػ١خ الٍزقواط اٌٖلق ٚاٌضجبد، ٚآِ ٌزؤول
ِلٜ ٕالؽ١خ أكاح اٌلهاٍخ ٌزطج١مٙب ٍٝػ
.اٌؼ١ٕخ األٍبٍ١خ :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020
http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
371
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.68
.596
يرتفغ
( ُاٌغلٚي هل0
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ًٌَّزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌّؾبٚه اٌّم١ب
ٌٍٍّٟٚغّٛع اٌى ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبة
٠زٚؼ
نهجبحثخ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي اٌَبثك
( علٚي0
)
ْأ
َِزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ ِبكح
ُ٘اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثّلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ُ األٍبٍٟ ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظو
ٓثبٌَٕجخ ٌّؾبٚه اٌّم١بً وبْ ث١
ٍٜٛاٌَّزٜٛ اٌّورفغ ٚاٌّز ٟؽ١ش رواٚػ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبثٓث١ (
4.08
(ٚ )
3.51
)
ث١ّٕب رواٚػ
ٓاالٔؾواف اٌّؼ١بهٞ ث١.75)
(ٚ )
.86
)، ٚعبء
فٟ اٌّورجخ ا
لأٌٝٚ
ِؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغٌا ّورجطخ
ثؤٌٚ١بء األ
ِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغ
ٟثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث (
4.08
)، ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌاًّّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼ
ثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ أ٠ٚب ثّزٍٜٛ ؽَبثٟ ثٍغ
3.71)
ٌ)، ٚاؽزً ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ثظوٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ
ٟاٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ ٚثّزٍٜٛ ؽَبث
(
3.62
ٌ)، ٚعبء ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ ٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خ
ٍٜٛفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌواثؼخ ٚثّز
( ؽَبثٟ ثٍغ3.58)، ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌقبَِخ ٚاألف١وٌح عبء ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ّورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ
ٌٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوائك اٌزله٠
(ٟثَّزٜٛ ِزٍٜٛ ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٍٛطخ اٌؾَبث3.51
ْ)، فٟ ؽ١ٓ وب
( ٌٗ ٟاٌّغّٛع اٌىٍٟ ٌّم١بً اٌٚغٛٛ ِورفؼب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.68
.)
:ثبَُب: َتبئج انسؤال األول حست يحبور انذراسخ
1
. انًحىر األول: انضغىط
انًرتجطخ ثبنطهجخ وانجُئخ انصفُخ
( علٚي7
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ
ٟٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
٠جني ٟاٌّؼٍُ عٙلا ِٚبػفب فٟ اٌؾٖخ ثَجت وضبفخ اٌطالة اٌؼبٌ١خ ف
.ًٖاٌف
2.70
1.10
ِورفغ
7
.ًٖػلك اٌطٍجخ ال ٠زٕبٍت ِغ َِبؽخ اٌف
6.54
1.23
ِورفغ
6
.إّ٘بي اٌزؾٚ١و ٚػلَ اٌم١بَ ثبٌٛاعجبد ِٓ لجً اٌطٍجخ
6.46
.94
ِورفغ
2
.ٔمٔ كافؼ١خ اٌزؼٍُ ػٕل اٌطٍجخ
6.23
.82
ٍِٜٛز
3
.ًٕؼٛثخ اٌزؼبًِ ِغ ثؼ٘ اٌطٍجخ ٙؼ١فٟ اٌزؾٖ١
6.73
1.01
ٍِٜٛز
4
.ٟٕ٘لٍخ أزجبٖ اٌطٍجخ أصٕبء اٌلهً ّٚوٚكُ٘ اٌن
6.02
.85
ٍِٜٛز
ٍٟاٌّغّٛع اٌى
3.58
.65
ٍِٜٛز
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ ُر
ِٓ اٌزؤولٌا ٟٖلق اٌجٕبئ ألكاح اٌلهاٍخ ٚمٌهِٓٓ فالي ؽَبة ِؼبًِ االهرجبٛ ث١
وً ػجبهح
ٍٟٚاٌّغّٛع اٌى
ٌٍّؾٛه ، ٚؽَبة ِؼبِالد االهرجبٛ ث١ٓ اٌّغّٛع اٌىٍٟ ٌىً ِؾٛه ٚاٌّغّٛع
ٍٟاٌى ،
ؽ١ش أٚٙؼ اٌزؾٍ١ً اإلؽٖبئٟ ٌٍؼ١ٕخ االٍزطالػ١خ أْ اٌّم١بً ٠زّزغ ثبٌٖلق اٌجٕبئٟ، وّب
ٌ ٍٟكيّ اٌّم١بً ػٍٝ ٚعٛك اهرجبٛ كاالا إؽٖبئ١اب ث١ٓ أثؼبك األكاح ٚاٌّغّٛع اٌى .ألكاح
وّب
رُ اٌزؾمك
ًِٓ صجبد اٌّم١ب
ث ،ٓطو٠مز١ ٛو٠مخ اٌضجبد ثبالرَبق اٌلافٍٟ ثبٍزقلاَ ِؼبًِ أٌفب ووٚٔجبؿ، ٚلل
ٍٝرج١ٓ ِٓ فالي اٌزؾٍ١ً اإلؽٖبئٟ ثؤْ ِؼبًِ أٌفب ث١ٓ ِؾبٚه أكاح اٌلهاٍخ ِورفؼب، ِّب ٠لي ػ
االرَبق اٌلافٍٟ ٌٍؼجبهاد ٚصُ صجبرٙب، ِّب ٠غؼً اٌّم١بً ٕبٌؾاب ٌالٍزقلاَ فٟ اٌؼ١ٕخ األٍبٍ١خ
.ٌٍلهاٍخٚٛو٠مخ اٌزغي ٟئخ إٌٖف١خ ٌٍزؤول ِٓ اٌضجبد أ٠ٚب، ٚلل أٚٙؾذ ٔز١غخ اٌزؾٍ١ً اإلؽٖبئ
.أْ صجبد اٌّم١بً ِورفؼب ِّب ٠غؼٍٗ ٕبٌؾاب ٌٍزطج١ك فٟ اٌزغوثخ األٍبٍ١خ ٌؼ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ :َتبئج انذراسخ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
370
:َتبئج انذراسخ
أوال: انُتبئج انًتؼهقخ ثأكثر ضغىط انؼًم تأثُرا ػهً يؼهى انًهبراد انحُبتُخ
و
يحبور
يقُبس ضغىط انؼًم
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي ضغىط
انؼًم
0
ٙغٛٛ ِورجطخ
ثؤٌٚ١بء األِٛه
ٚاٌّغزّغ
4.08
.75
ِورفغ
7
َٙغٛٛ ِورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ ٚٔظب
ًّاٌؼ
3.71
.78
ِورفغ
6
ٙغٛٛ ِورجطخ ثظوٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ
3.62
.87
ٍِٜٛز
2
ٙغٛٛ ِورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ ٚاٌج١ئخ
اٌٖف١خ
3.58
.65
ٍِٜٛز
3
ُٙغٛٛ ِورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ ٚاٌزمٛ٠
ٌٚٛوائك اٌزله٠
3.51
.86
ٍِٜٛز http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 370 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020
http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
371
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.68
.596
يرتفغ
( ُاٌغلٚي هل0
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ ًٌَّزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌّؾبٚه اٌّم١ب
ٌٍٍّٟٚغّٛع اٌى ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبة
٠زٚؼ
نهجبحثخ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي اٌَبثك
( علٚي0
)
ْأ
َِزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ ِبكح
ُ٘اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثّلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ُ األٍبٍٟ ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظو
ٓثبٌَٕجخ ٌّؾبٚه اٌّم١بً وبْ ث١
ٍٜٛاٌَّزٜٛ اٌّورفغ ٚاٌّز ٟؽ١ش رواٚػ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبثٓث١ (
4.08
(ٚ )
3.51
)
ث١ّٕب رواٚػ
ٓاالٔؾواف اٌّؼ١بهٞ ث١.75)
(ٚ )
.86
)، ٚعبء
فٟ اٌّورجخ ا
لأٌٝٚ
ِؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغٌا ّورجطخ
ثؤٌٚ١بء األ
ِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغ
ٟثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث (
4.08
)، ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌاًّّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼ
ثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ أ٠ٚب ثّزٍٜٛ ؽَبثٟ ثٍغ
3.71)
ٌ)، ٚاؽزً ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ثظوٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ
ٟاٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ ٚثّزٍٜٛ ؽَبث
(
3.62
ٌ)، ٚعبء ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ ٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خ
ٍٜٛفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌواثؼخ ٚثّز
( ؽَبثٟ ثٍغ3.58)، ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌقبَِخ ٚاألف١وٌح عبء ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ّورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ
ٌٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوائك اٌزله٠
(ٟثَّزٜٛ ِزٍٜٛ ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٍٛطخ اٌؾَبث3.51
ْ)، فٟ ؽ١ٓ وب
( ٌٗ ٟاٌّغّٛع اٌىٍٟ ٌّم١بً اٌٚغٛٛ ِورفؼب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.68
.)
:ثبَُب: َتبئج انسؤال األول حست يحبور انذراسخ
1
. انًحىر األول: انضغىط
انًرتجطخ ثبنطهجخ وانجُئخ انصفُخ
( علٚي7
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ
ٟٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
٠جني ٟاٌّؼٍُ عٙلا ِٚبػفب فٟ اٌؾٖخ ثَجت وضبفخ اٌطالة اٌؼبٌ١خ ف
.ًٖاٌف
2.70
1.10
ِورفغ
7
.ًٖػلك اٌطٍجخ ال ٠زٕبٍت ِغ َِبؽخ اٌف
6.54
1.23
ِورفغ
6
.إّ٘بي اٌزؾٚ١و ٚػلَ اٌم١بَ ثبٌٛاعجبد ِٓ لجً اٌطٍجخ
6.46
.94
ِورفغ
2
.ٔمٔ كافؼ١خ اٌزؼٍُ ػٕل اٌطٍجخ
6.23
.82
ٍِٜٛز
3
.ًٕؼٛثخ اٌزؼبًِ ِغ ثؼ٘ اٌطٍجخ ٙؼ١فٟ اٌزؾٖ١
6.73
1.01
ٍِٜٛز
4
.ٟٕ٘لٍخ أزجبٖ اٌطٍجخ أصٕبء اٌلهً ّٚوٚكُ٘ اٌن
6.02
.85
ٍِٜٛز
ٍٟاٌّغّٛع اٌى
3.58
.65
ٍِٜٛز
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ ٌٍّغّحححححٛع اٌىٍححححح
ٌٍّْؾٛه وب( َِٟزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.58
.)
5
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثظروف انؼًم انًبدَخ
( علٚي6
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثظوٚف
ٟاٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
ِٓ ػلَ ٚعٛك لبػخ فبٕخ ٌّؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ رؾلٗإثلاػ
ٟف
.رطج١ك األْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌقبٕخ ثبألكاء اٌؼٍّٟ ٌٍّبكح
2.76
1.21
ِورفغ
7
.ٕؼٛثخ اٌؾٖٛي ػٍٝ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌمٍخ االػزّبكاد اٌّبٌ١خ
2.00
1.06
ِورفغ
6
ٍُرفزمو اٌّلهٍخ اٌزٟ أػًّ ثٙب إٌٝ اٌزمٕ١بد اٌؾل٠ضخ اٌزٟ رَبػل اٌّؼ
.ٌػٍٝ اٌم١بَ ثؼٍّ١خ اٌزله٠
6.04
1.30
ٍِٜٛز
2
.ؽغواد اٌلهاٍخ غ١و ِالئّخ ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلٙبءح ٚاٌزٙٛ٠خ
6.03
1.24
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.62
.87
يتىسظ اٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ُ األ ٍٛٛبٍحححٟ ثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ ٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغ
ٜٛاٌّورجطححححخ ثبٌطٍجححححخ ٚاٌج١ئححححخ اٌٖححححف١خ وححححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّححححز اٌّورفححححغ ٚ
اٌّزٍٛححححٜ ؽ١ححححش رححححواٚػ
( ٓاٌّزٍٛحححححٜ اٌؾَحححححبثٟ ثححححح١4.21
(ٚ )
3.14
( ٓ) ٚأؾحححححواف ِؼ١حححححبهٞ ثححححح١1.10
(ٚ )
.85
)
ٚ
عحححححبء
فحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" ٠جحححني اٌّؼٍحححُ عٙحححلا ِٚحححبػفب فحححٟ اٌؾٖحححخ ثَحححجت و ضبفحححخ اٌطحححالة
ِ ٜٛاٌؼبٌ١حححخ فحححٟ اٌفٖحححً. " ثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ػحححلك اٌطٍجحححخ ال ٠زٕبٍحححت
ِ ِٜٛححغ َِححبؽخ اٌفٖححً." ٚثَّححز
ورفححغ
ٖأ٠ٚححب ٚفححٟ اٌّورجححخ األف١ححوح عححبءد ػجححبهح" لٍححخ أزجححب
ٟاٌطٍجحححححخ أصٕحححححبء اٌحححححلهً ّٚحححححوٚكُ٘ اٌحححححنٕٟ٘. " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ ٌٍّغّحححححٛع اٌىٍححححح
ٌٍّْؾٛه وب( َِٟزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.58
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
372
(ٟ( )
(ٞ
)( )
)
فحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" ٠جحححني اٌّؼٍحححُ عٙحححلا ِٚحححبػفب فحححٟ اٌؾٖحححخ ثَحححجت و ضبفحححخ اٌطحححالة
ِ ٜٛاٌؼبٌ١حححخ فحححٟ اٌفٖحححً. " ثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ػحححلك اٌطٍجحححخ ال ٠زٕبٍحححت
ِ ِٜٛححغ َِححبؽخ اٌفٖححً." ٚثَّححز
ورفححغ
ٖأ٠ٚححب ٚفححٟ اٌّورجححخ األف١ححوح عححبءد ػجححبهح" لٍححخ أزجححب
ٟاٌطٍجحححححخ أصٕحححححبء اٌحححححلهً ّٚحححححوٚكُ٘ اٌحححححنٕٟ٘. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ ٌٍّغّحححححٛع اٌىٍححححح
ٌٍّْؾٛه وب( َِٟزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.58
.)
5
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثظروف انؼًم انًبدَخ
( علٚي6
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثظوٚف
ٟاٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
ِٓ ػلَ ٚعٛك لبػخ فبٕخ ٌّؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ رؾلٗإثلاػ
ٟف
.رطج١ك األْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌقبٕخ ثبألكاء اٌؼٍّٟ ٌٍّبكح
2.76
1.21
ِورفغ
7
.ٕؼٛثخ اٌؾٖٛي ػٍٝ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌمٍخ االػزّبكاد اٌّبٌ١خ
2.00
1.06
ِورفغ
6
ٍُرفزمو اٌّلهٍخ اٌزٟ أػًّ ثٙب إٌٝ اٌزمٕ١بد اٌؾل٠ضخ اٌزٟ رَبػل اٌّؼ
.ٌػٍٝ اٌم١بَ ثؼٍّ١خ اٌزله٠
6.04
1.30
ٍِٜٛز
2
.ؽغواد اٌلهاٍخ غ١و ِالئّخ ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلٙبءح ٚاٌزٙٛ٠خ
6.03
1.24
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.62
.87
يتىسظ
٠زٚؼ
ٌٍجبؽضخ
ِٓ فالي اٌغل ي اٌَبثكْأ
ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ف
َِز ٜ ٙغ ٛ ِؼٍّ اٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ُ األ ٍٛٛبٍحححٟ ثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ ٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغ
ٜٛاٌّورجطححححخ ثبٌطٍجححححخ ٚاٌج١ئححححخ اٌٖححححف١خ وححححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّححححز اٌّورفححححغ ٚ
اٌّزٍٛححححٜ ؽ١ححححش رححححواٚػ
( ٓاٌّزٍٛحححححٜ اٌؾَحححححبثٟ ثححححح١4.21
(ٚ )
3.14
( ٓ) ٚأؾحححححواف ِؼ١حححححبهٞ ثححححح١1.10
(ٚ )
.85
)
ٚ
عحححححبء
فحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" ٠جحححني اٌّؼٍحححُ عٙحححلا ِٚحححبػفب فحححٟ اٌؾٖحححخ ثَحححجت و ضبفحححخ اٌطحححالة
ِ ٜٛاٌؼبٌ١حححخ فحححٟ اٌفٖحححً. " ثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ػحححلك اٌطٍجحححخ ال ٠زٕبٍحححت
ِ ِٜٛححغ َِححبؽخ اٌفٖححً." ٚثَّححز
ورفححغ
ٖأ٠ٚححب ٚفححٟ اٌّورجححخ األف١ححوح عححبءد ػجححبهح" لٍححخ أزجححب
ٟاٌطٍجحححححخ أصٕحححححبء اٌحححححلهً ّٚحححححوٚكُ٘ اٌحححححنٕٟ٘. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ٠زٚؼ
نهجبحثخ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي اٌَبثك
( علٚي0
)
ْأ
َِزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ ِبكح
ُ٘اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثّلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ُ األٍبٍٟ ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظو
ٓثبٌَٕجخ ٌّؾبٚه اٌّم١بً وبْ ث١
ٍٜٛاٌَّزٜٛ اٌّورفغ ٚاٌّز ٟؽ١ش رواٚػ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبثٓث١ (
4.08
(ٚ )
3.51
)
ث١ّٕب رواٚػ
ٓاالٔؾواف اٌّؼ١بهٞ ث١.75)
(ٚ )
.86
)، ٚعبء
فٟ اٌّورجخ ا
لأٌٝٚ
ِؾٛه ٌا ٛٛٚغٌا ّورجطخ
ثؤٌٚ١بء األ
ِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغ
ٟثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث (
4.08
)، ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ
ٌِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌاًّّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل اٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼ
ثَّزٜٛ ِورفغ أ٠ٚب ثّزٍٜٛ ؽَبثٟ ثٍغ
3.71)
ٌ)، ٚاؽزً ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ثظوٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ
ٟاٌّورجخ اٌضبٌضخ ٚثّزٍٜٛ ؽَبث
(
3.62
ٌ)، ٚعبء ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا
ّورجطخ ثبٌطٍجخ ٚاٌج١ئخ اٌٖف١خ
ٍٜٛفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌواثؼخ ٚثّز
( ؽَبثٟ ثٍغ3.58)، ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌقبَِخ ٚاألف١وٌح عبء ِؾٛه ا ٛٛٚغٌا ّورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ
ٌٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوائك اٌزله٠
(ٟثَّزٜٛ ِزٍٜٛ ؽ١ش ثٍغ ِزٍٛطخ اٌؾَبث3.51
ْ)، فٟ ؽ١ٓ وب
( ٌٗ ٟاٌّغّٛع اٌىٍٟ ٌّم١بً اٌٚغٛٛ ِورفؼب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.68
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
371
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 اٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ُ األ ٍٛٛبٍحححٟ ثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ ٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغ
ٜٛاٌّورجطححححخ ثبٌطٍجححححخ ٚاٌج١ئححححخ اٌٖححححف١خ وححححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّححححز اٌّورفححححغ ٚ
اٌّزٍٛححححٜ ؽ١ححححش رححححواٚػ
( ٓاٌّزٍٛحححححٜ اٌؾَحححححبثٟ ثححححح١4.21
(ٚ )
3.14
( ٓ) ٚأؾحححححواف ِؼ١حححححبهٞ ثححححح١1.10
(ٚ )
.85
)
ٚ
عحححححبء
فحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" ٠جحححني اٌّؼٍحححُ عٙحححلا ِٚحححبػفب فحححٟ اٌؾٖحححخ ثَحححجت و ضبفحححخ اٌطحححالة
ِ ٜٛاٌؼبٌ١حححخ فحححٟ اٌفٖحححً. " ثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ػحححلك اٌطٍجحححخ ال ٠زٕبٍحححت
ِ ِٜٛححغ َِححبؽخ اٌفٖححً." ٚثَّححز
ورفححغ
ٖأ٠ٚححب ٚفححٟ اٌّورجححخ األف١ححوح عححبءد ػجححبهح" لٍححخ أزجححب
ٟاٌطٍجحححححخ أصٕحححححبء اٌحححححلهً ّٚحححححوٚكُ٘ اٌحححححنٕٟ٘. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ ٌٍّغّحححححٛع اٌىٍححححح
ٌٍّْؾٛه وب( َِٟزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.58
.)
5
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثظروف انؼًم انًبدَخ
( علٚي6
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثظوٚف
ٟاٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
ِٓ ػلَ ٚعٛك لبػخ فبٕخ ٌّؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ رؾلٗإثلاػ
ٟف
.رطج١ك األْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌقبٕخ ثبألكاء اٌؼٍّٟ ٌٍّبكح
2.76
1.21
ِورفغ
7
.ٕؼٛثخ اٌؾٖٛي ػٍٝ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌمٍخ االػزّبكاد اٌّبٌ١خ
2.00
1.06
ِورفغ
6
ٍُرفزمو اٌّلهٍخ اٌزٟ أػًّ ثٙب إٌٝ اٌزمٕ١بد اٌؾل٠ضخ اٌزٟ رَبػل اٌّؼ
.ٌػٍٝ اٌم١بَ ثؼٍّ١خ اٌزله٠
6.04
1.30
ٍِٜٛز
2
.ؽغواد اٌلهاٍخ غ١و ِالئّخ ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلٙبءح ٚاٌزٙٛ٠خ
6.03
1.24
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.62
.87
يتىسظ
٠زٚؼ
ٌٍجبؽضخ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي اٌَبثكْأ
َِٟزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ ِؼٍّٟ ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ف
ُِلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ٍٟاألٍب
ثٍَطٕخ ػّبْ ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظوُ٘ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثظوٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ
ٜٛوبْ ّٙٓ اٌَّز اٌّورفغ ٚ
( ٓاٌّزٍٜٛ ؽ١ش رواٚػ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبثٟ ث١4.28
(ٚ )
3.05
)
( ٓٚأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ ث١1.21
(ٚ )
1.24
) ؽ١ش عبء فٟ اٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ ػجبهح" ػلَ ٚعٛك لبػخ
ِٓ فبٕخ ٌّؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ رؾلٗإثلاػ
ٍّٟفٟ رطج١ك األْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌقبٕخ ثبألكاء اٌؼ
ِ ٌٍّٜٛبكح. " ثَّز
ورفغ
ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ ػجبهح" ٕؼٛثخ اٌؾٖٛي ػٍٝ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌمٍخ
ٛاالػزّبكاد اٌّبٌ١خ." ٚثَّزِ ٜورفغ
أ٠ٚب ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ األف١وح عبءد ػجبهح" ؽغواد اٌلهاٍخ
ْغ١و ِالئّخ ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلٙبءح ٚاٌزٙٛ٠خ " ثَّزٜٛ ِزٍٜٛ ٚثبٌَٕجخ ٌٍّغّٛع اٌىٍٟ ٌٍّؾٛه وب
( َِٟزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.62
.)
2
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثبنًُهج وانتقىَى وطرق انتذرَس
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط ٠زٚؼ
ٌٍجبؽضخ ِٓ فالي اٌغلٚي اٌَبثكْأ
َِٟزٜٛ ٙغٛٛ ِؼٍّٟ ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ف
ُِلاهً اٌزؼٍ١ٍٟاألٍب
ثٍَطٕخ ػّبْ ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظوُ٘ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثظوٚف اٌؼًّ اٌّبك٠خ
ٜٛوبْ ّٙٓ اٌَّز اٌّورفغ ٚ
( ٓاٌّزٍٜٛ ؽ١ش رواٚػ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبثٟ ث١4.28
(ٚ )
3.05
)
( ٓٚأؾواف ِؼ١بهٞ ث١1.21
(ٚ )
1.24
) ؽ١ش عبء فٟ اٌّورجخ األٌٚٝ ػجبهح" ػلَ ٚعٛك لبػخ
ِٓ فبٕخ ٌّؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ رؾلٗإثلاػ
ٍّٟفٟ رطج١ك األْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ اٌقبٕخ ثبألكاء اٌؼ
ِ ٌٍّٜٛبكح. " ثَّز
ورفغ
ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ اٌضبٔ١خ ػجبهح" ٕؼٛثخ اٌؾٖٛي ػٍٝ اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٌمٍخ
ٛاالػزّبكاد اٌّبٌ١خ." ٚثَّزِ ٜورفغ
أ٠ٚب ٚفٟ اٌّورجخ األف١وح عبءد ػجبهح" ؽغواد اٌلهاٍخ
ْغ١و ِالئّخ ِٓ ؽ١ش اإلٙبءح ٚاٌزٙٛ٠خ " ثَّزٜٛ ِزٍٜٛ ٚثبٌَٕجخ ٌٍّغّٛع اٌىٍٟ ٌٍّؾٛه وب
( َِٟزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب ؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث3.62
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020
0
رؼلك إٌّب٘ظ ٌلٜ ِؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ِٓ أوجو اٌزؾل٠بد اٌزٟ رؾل
.ِٓ للهرٗ ػٍٝ رؾم١ك ِٙبِٗ اٌٛظ١ف١خ
2.67
.99
ِورفغ
7
اٍزّبهح اٌزمٛ٠ُ رؾزبط إٌٝ إػبكح ٔظو ثَجت رْؼجٙب ٚوضوح ثٕٛك٘ب
.ٕٚؼٛثخ رطج١مٙب
2.07
1.11
ِورفغ
6
ٍُوضوح ِزطٍجبد اٍزّبهح اٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚاألْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ف١ٙب رغؼً اٌّؼ
.ُ٠ؤفن ؽٖٔ رله٠َ١خ أفوٜ رالف١ب ٌزؤف١و ػٍّ١خ اٌزمٛ٠
6.72
1.16
ِورفغ
2
.ٌُِٕٙٛب٘ظ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ال رواػٟ ؽبعبد اٌطالة ِٚ١
6.70
1.25
ٍِٜٛز
3
ٍٝٛٛي إٌّٙظ اٌلهاٍٟ ال ٠َبػل اٌّؼٍُ ػ ٟاٍز١فبء ػٕبٕوٖ ف
.ٍٟاٌفًٖ اٌلها
6.05
1.26
ٍِٜٛز
4
.ِٕب٘ظ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ال ٠ٛعل ثٙب رًٍََ ٚال ِٕطم١خ
6.03
1.28
ٍِٜٛز
5
.ٌِٛٙٛػبد إٌّٙظ ال رَبػل اٌّؼٍُ ػٍٝ اإلثلاع فٟ ٛوق اٌزله٠
6.06
1.25
ٍِٜٛز
6
ِٓ اٌٖؼٛثخ اٍزقلاَ ٛولب عل٠لح فٟ اٌزله٠ٌ ثَجت ٕؼٛثخ
.اٍز١ؼبة اٌطبٌت ٌٙب
6.00
1.20
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.51
.86
يتىسظ
( علٚي2
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ
ٟٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوق اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠
زٚحححؼ ٌٍجبؽضحححخ
ِحححٓ فحححالي اٌغحححلٚي اٌَحححبثكْأ
َِٜٛحححزٌا ٛٛٚحححغ ٌٜحححل ِؼٍّحححٟ ِحححبكح اٌّٙحححبهاد
ٟاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فححح
ِحححلاهً اٌَحححٍطٕخ
ٌٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغٛٛ اٌّورجطحححخ ثحححبٌّٕٙظ ٚاٌزمحححٛ٠ُ ٚٛحححوق اٌزحححله٠
ٜٛوححححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّححححز اٌّورفححححغ ٚ
ٜاٌّزٍٛحححح ٓ، ٚرححححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛححححٜ اٌؾَححححبثٟ ٌححححٗ ثحححح١(
4.32
)
(ٚ
3.00
)
ٞٚاالٔؾححححواف اٌّؼ١ححححبه( ٓثحححح١.99
(ٚ )
1.20
)
ٚ
"عححححبء فححححٟ اٌّورجححححخ األٌٚححححٝ ػجححححبهح
ٝرؼحححلك إٌّحححب٘ظ ٌحححلٜ ِؼٍحححُ اٌّٙحححبهاد اٌؾ١بر١حححخ ِحححٓ أوجحححو اٌزؾحححل٠بد اٌزحححٟ رؾحححل ِحححٓ للهرحححٗ ػٍححح
ِ ٜٛرؾم١ححححك ِٙبِححححٗ اٌٛظ١ف١ححححخ. " ثَّححححز
ورفححححغ
ُٚفححححٟ اٌّورجححححخ اٌضبٔ١ححححخ ػجححححبهح" اٍححححزّبهح اٌزمححححٛ٠
ّرؾزحححبط إٌحححٝ إػحححبكح ٔظحححو ثَحححجت رْحححؼجٙب ٚوضحححوح ثٕٛك٘حححب ٕٚحححؼٛثخ رطج١مٙحححب." ٚثِ َٜٛحححز
ورفحححغ
ٌأ٠ٚححب ٚفححٟ اٌّورجححخ األف١ححوح عححبءد ػجححبهح" ِححٓ اٌٖححؼٛثخ اٍححزقلاَ ٛولححب عل٠ححلح فححٟ اٌزححله٠
ٌٍ ٟثَحححجت ٕحححؼٛثخ اٍحححز١ؼبة اٌطبٌحححت ٌٙحححب. " ثَّحححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححجخ ٌٍّغّحححٛع اٌىٍححح ّؾحححٛه
وبْ َِزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب
ٚثٍّٜٛز ؽ( َٟبث3.51
.)
4
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثبنؼبئذ انًبدٌ وَظبو انؼًم
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
.ٍُرٛعل لٍخ فٟ فوٓ االثزؼبس ٚاٌلهاٍبد اٌؼٍ١ب اٌّؼزّلح ٌٍّؼ
2.74
1.01
ِورفغ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020
0
رؼلك إٌّب٘ظ ٌلٜ ِؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ِٓ أوجو اٌزؾل٠بد اٌزٟ رؾل
.ِٓ للهرٗ ػٍٝ رؾم١ك ِٙبِٗ اٌٛظ١ف١خ
2.67
.99
ِورفغ
7
اٍزّبهح اٌزمٛ٠ُ رؾزبط إٌٝ إػبكح ٔظو ثَجت رْؼجٙب ٚوضوح ثٕٛك٘ب
.ٕٚؼٛثخ رطج١مٙب
2.07
1.11
ِورفغ
6
ٍُوضوح ِزطٍجبد اٍزّبهح اٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚاألْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ف١ٙب رغؼً اٌّؼ
.ُ٠ؤفن ؽٖٔ رله٠َ١خ أفوٜ رالف١ب ٌزؤف١و ػٍّ١خ اٌزمٛ٠
6.72
1.16
ِورفغ
2
.ٌُِٕٙٛب٘ظ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ال رواػٟ ؽبعبد اٌطالة ِٚ١
6.70
1.25
ٍِٜٛز
3
ٍٝٛٛي إٌّٙظ اٌلهاٍٟ ال ٠َبػل اٌّؼٍُ ػ ٟاٍز١فبء ػٕبٕوٖ ف
.ٍٟاٌفًٖ اٌلها
6.05
1.26
ٍِٜٛز
4
.ِٕب٘ظ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ال ٠ٛعل ثٙب رًٍََ ٚال ِٕطم١خ
6.03
1.28
ٍِٜٛز
5
.ٌِٛٙٛػبد إٌّٙظ ال رَبػل اٌّؼٍُ ػٍٝ اإلثلاع فٟ ٛوق اٌزله٠
6.06
1.25
ٍِٜٛز
6
ِٓ اٌٖؼٛثخ اٍزقلاَ ٛولب عل٠لح فٟ اٌزله٠ٌ ثَجت ٕؼٛثخ
.اٍز١ؼبة اٌطبٌت ٌٙب
6.00
1.20
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.51
.86
يتىسظ
( علٚي2
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌّٕٙظ
ٟٚاٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚٛوق اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠
زٚحححؼ ٌٍجبؽضحححخ
ِحححٓ فحححالي اٌغحححلٚي اٌَحححبثكْأ
َِٜٛحححزٌا ٛٛٚحححغ ٌٜحححل ِؼٍّحححٟ ِحححبكح اٌّٙحححبهاد
ٟاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فححح
ِحححلاهً اٌَحححٍطٕخ
ٌٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغٛٛ اٌّورجطحححخ ثحححبٌّٕٙظ ٚاٌزمحححٛ٠ُ ٚٛحححوق اٌزحححله٠
ٜٛوححححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّححححز اٌّورفححححغ ٚ
ٜاٌّزٍٛحححح ٓ، ٚرححححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛححححٜ اٌؾَححححبثٟ ٌححححٗ ثحححح١(
4.32
)
(ٚ
3.00
)
ٞٚاالٔؾححححواف اٌّؼ١ححححبه( ٓثحححح١.99
(ٚ )
1.20
)
ٚ
"عححححبء فححححٟ اٌّورجححححخ األٌٚححححٝ ػجححححبهح
ٝرؼحححلك إٌّحححب٘ظ ٌحححلٜ ِؼٍحححُ اٌّٙحححبهاد اٌؾ١بر١حححخ ِحححٓ أوجحححو اٌزؾحححل٠بد اٌزحححٟ رؾحححل ِحححٓ للهرحححٗ ػٍححح
ِ ٜٛرؾم١ححححك ِٙبِححححٗ اٌٛظ١ف١ححححخ. " ثَّححححز
ورفححححغ
ُٚفححححٟ اٌّورجححححخ اٌضبٔ١ححححخ ػجححححبهح" اٍححححزّبهح اٌزمححححٛ٠
ّرؾزحححبط إٌحححٝ إػحححبكح ٔظحححو ثَحححجت رْحححؼجٙب ٚوضحححوح ثٕٛك٘حححب ٕٚحححؼٛثخ رطج١مٙحححب." ٚثِ َٜٛحححز
ورفحححغ
ٌأ٠ٚححب ٚفححٟ اٌّورجححخ األف١ححوح عححبءد ػجححبهح" ِححٓ اٌٖححؼٛثخ اٍححزقلاَ ٛولححب عل٠ححلح فححٟ اٌزححله٠
ٌٍ ٟثَحححجت ٕحححؼٛثخ اٍحححز١ؼبة اٌطبٌحححت ٌٙحححب. " ثَّحححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححجخ ٌٍّغّحححٛع اٌىٍححح ّؾحححٛه
وبْ َِزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ ِزٍٛطب
ٚثٍّٜٛز ؽ( َٟبث3.51
.)
4
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثبنؼبئذ انًبدٌ وَظبو انؼًم
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
.ٍُرٛعل لٍخ فٟ فوٓ االثزؼبس ٚاٌلهاٍبد اٌؼٍ١ب اٌّؼزّلح ٌٍّؼ
2.74
1.01
ِورفغ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ
ِ ٌٍّٛٛغّححححٛع اٌىٍححححٟ ٌٍّؾححححٛه وححححبْ َِححححزٜٛ اٌٚححححغ
ورفؼححححب
ٟؽ١ححححش ثٍححححغ اٌّزٍٛححححٜ اٌؾَححححبث
(
3.71
.)
2
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثأونُبء األيىر وانًجت
ًغ
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
٠ٕظو ٌٟٚ األِو إٌٝ ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثؤٔٙب ِبكح غ١و ِّٙخ
.ِٜمبهٔخ ثبٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ األفو
2.25
.84
ِورفغ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020
7
ثٜء اٌزولٟ اٌٛظ١فٟ ٌٍّؼٍُ ٠ؼل ِٓ أوجو اٌزؾل٠بد أِبَ رؾم١ك
.األ٘لاف اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ
2.03
1.13
ِورفغ
6
اٌجواِظ ٌاٌزله٠ج١خ اٌّملِخ ٌٍّؼٍُ ٠غٍت ػٍ١ٙب اٌغبٔت إٌظوٞ ٌٚ١
.ٟاٌزطج١م
6.46
1.10
ِورفغ
2
.ٍُرٛعل لٍخ فٟ ثواِظ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ اٌّملِخ ٌٍّؼ
6.45
1.17
ِورفغ
3
ًِّٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ ال رز١ؼ ٌٍّؼٍُ فوٓ اٌّْبهوخ فٟ ٚهُ اٌؼ
.اٌّزقٖٖخ
6.43
1.10
ٍِٜٛز
4
ٌِّ١ياد ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠.ٜاٌّبك٠خ ألً ِٓ اٌّٙٓ األفو
6.47
1.28
ٍِٜٛز
5
.ٗاٌوارت اٌنٞ ٠زمبٙبٖ اٌّؼٍُ ال ٠زٕبٍت ِغ َِؤٌٚ١برٗ ٚٚاعجبر
6.27
1.47
ٍِٜٛز
6
اػزّبك ٔظبَ اٌزول١خ ػٍٝ األللِ١خ ثلال ِٓ اٌىفبءح ٚاٌّٙبهح اٌزوثٛ٠خ
ٟ٠ؾل ِٓ هغجخ اٌّؼٍُ ف
األثلاع
.ٚاالثزىبه
6.72
1.42
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.71
.78
يرتفغ
( علٚي3
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل
ٟاٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼًّ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد
ُاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ٟاألٍبٍححح
ثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ اٌٚحححغٛٛ اٌّورجطحححخ
ٜٛثبٌؼبئحححل اٌّحححبكٞ ٚٔظحححبَ اٌؼّحححً وحححبْ ٙحححّٓ اٌَّحححز اٌّورفحححغ ٚ
ٜاٌّزٍٛحححٜ ؽ١حححش رحححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛححح
( ٓاٌؾَححححبثٟ ثحححح١4.26
(ٚ )
3.24
( ٓ) ٚأؾححححواف ِؼ١ححححبهٞ ثحححح١1.01
(ٚ )
1.42
) ؽ١ححححش عححححبء ٟفحححح
" .ُاٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" رٛعحححل لٍحححخ فحححٟ فحححوٓ االثزؼحححبس ٚاٌلهاٍحححبد اٌؼٍ١حححب اٌّؼزّحححلح ٌٍّؼٍححح
ِ ٜٛثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ثحححٜء اٌزولحححٟ اٌحححٛظ١فٟ ٌٍّؼٍحححُ ٠ؼحححل ِحححٓ أوجحححو
ِ ٜٛاٌزؾحححل٠بد أِحححبَ رؾم١حححك األ٘حححلاف اٌزوثٛ٠حححخ ٚإٌّٙ١حححخ." ٚثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
أ٠ٚحححب ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ
األف١ححححوح عححححبءد ػجححححبهح" اػزّححححبك ٔظححححبَ اٌزول١ححححخ ػٍححححٝ األللِ١ححححخ ثححححلال ِححححٓ اٌىفححححبءح ٚاٌّٙححححبهح
ٟاٌزوثٛ٠حححححخ ٠ؾحححححل ِحححححٓ هغجحححححخ اٌّؼٍحححححُ فححححح
األثحححححلاع
ٚاالثزىحححححبه. " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ
ِ ٌٍّٛٛغّححححٛع اٌىٍححححٟ ٌٍّؾححححٛه وححححبْ َِححححزٜٛ اٌٚححححغ
ورفؼححححب
ٟؽ١ححححش ثٍححححغ اٌّزٍٛححححٜ اٌؾَححححبث
(
3.71
.)
2
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثأونُبء األيىر وانًجت
ًغ
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
٠ٕظو ٌٟٚ األِو إٌٝ ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثؤٔٙب ِبكح غ١و ِّٙخ
.ِٜمبهٔخ ثبٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ األفو
2.25
.84
ِورفغ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020 0
رؼلك إٌّب٘ظ ٌلٜ ِؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ِٓ أوجو اٌزؾل٠بد اٌزٟ رؾل
.ِٓ للهرٗ ػٍٝ رؾم١ك ِٙبِٗ اٌٛظ١ف١خ
2.67
.99
ِورفغ
7
اٍزّبهح اٌزمٛ٠ُ رؾزبط إٌٝ إػبكح ٔظو ثَجت رْؼجٙب ٚوضوح ثٕٛك٘ب
.ٕٚؼٛثخ رطج١مٙب
2.07
1.11
ِورفغ
6
ٍُوضوح ِزطٍجبد اٍزّبهح اٌزمٛ٠ُ ٚاألْٔطخ اٌؼٍّ١خ ف١ٙب رغؼً اٌّؼ
.ُ٠ؤفن ؽٖٔ رله٠َ١خ أفوٜ رالف١ب ٌزؤف١و ػٍّ١خ اٌزمٛ٠
6.72
1.16
ِورفغ
2
.ٌُِٕٙٛب٘ظ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ال رواػٟ ؽبعبد اٌطالة ِٚ١
6.70
1.25
ٍِٜٛز
3
ٍٝٛٛي إٌّٙظ اٌلهاٍٟ ال ٠َبػل اٌّؼٍُ ػ ٟاٍز١فبء ػٕبٕوٖ ف
.ٍٟاٌفًٖ اٌلها
6.05
1.26
ٍِٜٛز
4
.ِٕب٘ظ اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ال ٠ٛعل ثٙب رًٍََ ٚال ِٕطم١خ
6.03
1.28
ٍِٜٛز
5
.ٌِٛٙٛػبد إٌّٙظ ال رَبػل اٌّؼٍُ ػٍٝ اإلثلاع فٟ ٛوق اٌزله٠
6.06
1.25
ٍِٜٛز
6
ِٓ اٌٖؼٛثخ اٍزقلاَ ٛولب عل٠لح فٟ اٌزله٠ٌ ثَجت ٕؼٛثخ
.اٍز١ؼبة اٌطبٌت ٌٙب
6.00
1.20
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.51
.86
يتىسظ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020
7
ثٜء اٌزولٟ اٌٛظ١فٟ ٌٍّؼٍُ ٠ؼل ِٓ أوجو اٌزؾل٠بد أِبَ رؾم١ك
.األ٘لاف اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ
2.03
1.13
ِورفغ
6
اٌجواِظ ٌاٌزله٠ج١خ اٌّملِخ ٌٍّؼٍُ ٠غٍت ػٍ١ٙب اٌغبٔت إٌظوٞ ٌٚ١
.ٟاٌزطج١م
6.46
1.10
ِورفغ
2
.ٍُرٛعل لٍخ فٟ ثواِظ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ اٌّملِخ ٌٍّؼ
6.45
1.17
ِورفغ
3
ًِّٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ ال رز١ؼ ٌٍّؼٍُ فوٓ اٌّْبهوخ فٟ ٚهُ اٌؼ
.اٌّزقٖٖخ
6.43
1.10
ٍِٜٛز
4
ٌِّ١ياد ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠.ٜاٌّبك٠خ ألً ِٓ اٌّٙٓ األفو
6.47
1.28
ٍِٜٛز
5
.ٗاٌوارت اٌنٞ ٠زمبٙبٖ اٌّؼٍُ ال ٠زٕبٍت ِغ َِؤٌٚ١برٗ ٚٚاعجبر
6.27
1.47
ٍِٜٛز
6
اػزّبك ٔظبَ اٌزول١خ ػٍٝ األللِ١خ ثلال ِٓ اٌىفبءح ٚاٌّٙبهح اٌزوثٛ٠خ
ٟ٠ؾل ِٓ هغجخ اٌّؼٍُ ف
األثلاع
.ٚاالثزىبه
6.72
1.42
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.71
.78
يرتفغ
( علٚي3
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل
ٟاٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼًّ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد
ُاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ٟاألٍبٍححح
ثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ اٌٚحححغٛٛ اٌّورجطحححخ
ٜٛثبٌؼبئحححل اٌّحححبكٞ ٚٔظحححبَ اٌؼّحححً وحححبْ ٙحححّٓ اٌَّحححز اٌّورفحححغ ٚ
ٜاٌّزٍٛحححٜ ؽ١حححش رحححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛححح
( ٓاٌؾَححححبثٟ ثحححح١4.26
(ٚ )
3.24
( ٓ) ٚأؾححححواف ِؼ١ححححبهٞ ثحححح١1.01
(ٚ )
1.42
) ؽ١ححححش عححححبء ٟفحححح
" .ُاٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" رٛعحححل لٍحححخ فحححٟ فحححوٓ االثزؼحححبس ٚاٌلهاٍحححبد اٌؼٍ١حححب اٌّؼزّحححلح ٌٍّؼٍححح
ِ ٜٛثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ثحححٜء اٌزولحححٟ اٌحححٛظ١فٟ ٌٍّؼٍحححُ ٠ؼحححل ِحححٓ أوجحححو
ِ ٜٛاٌزؾحححل٠بد أِحححبَ رؾم١حححك األ٘حححلاف اٌزوثٛ٠حححخ ٚإٌّٙ١حححخ." ٚثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
أ٠ٚحححب ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ
األف١ححححوح عححححبءد ػجححححبهح" اػزّححححبك ٔظححححبَ اٌزول١ححححخ ػٍححححٝ األللِ١ححححخ ثححححلال ِححححٓ اٌىفححححبءح ٚاٌّٙححححبهح
ٟاٌزوثٛ٠حححححخ ٠ؾحححححل ِحححححٓ هغجحححححخ اٌّؼٍحححححُ فححححح
األثحححححلاع
ٚاالثزىحححححبه. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020 7
ثٜء اٌزولٟ اٌٛظ١فٟ ٌٍّؼٍُ ٠ؼل ِٓ أوجو اٌزؾل٠بد أِبَ رؾم١ك
.األ٘لاف اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ
2.03
1.13
ِورفغ
6
اٌجواِظ ٌاٌزله٠ج١خ اٌّملِخ ٌٍّؼٍُ ٠غٍت ػٍ١ٙب اٌغبٔت إٌظوٞ ٌٚ١
.ٟاٌزطج١م
6.46
1.10
ِورفغ
2
.ٍُرٛعل لٍخ فٟ ثواِظ اٌزّٕ١خ إٌّٙ١خ اٌّملِخ ٌٍّؼ
6.45
1.17
ِورفغ
3
ًِّٕٙخ اٌزله٠ٌ ال رز١ؼ ٌٍّؼٍُ فوٓ اٌّْبهوخ فٟ ٚهُ اٌؼ
.اٌّزقٖٖخ
6.43
1.10
ٍِٜٛز
4
ٌِّ١ياد ِٕٙخ اٌزله٠.ٜاٌّبك٠خ ألً ِٓ اٌّٙٓ األفو
6.47
1.28
ٍِٜٛز
5
.ٗاٌوارت اٌنٞ ٠زمبٙبٖ اٌّؼٍُ ال ٠زٕبٍت ِغ َِؤٌٚ١برٗ ٚٚاعجبر
6.27
1.47
ٍِٜٛز
6
اػزّبك ٔظبَ اٌزول١خ ػٍٝ األللِ١خ ثلال ِٓ اٌىفبءح ٚاٌّٙبهح اٌزوثٛ٠خ
ٟ٠ؾل ِٓ هغجخ اٌّؼٍُ ف
األثلاع
.ٚاالثزىبه
6.72
1.42
ٍِٜٛز
ٍانًجًىع انكه
3.71
.78
يرتفغ ( علٚي3
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثبٌؼبئل
ٟاٌّبكٞ ٚٔظبَ اٌؼًّ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد
ُاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ٟاألٍبٍححح
ثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ اٌٚحححغٛٛ اٌّورجطحححخ
ٜٛثبٌؼبئحححل اٌّحححبكٞ ٚٔظحححبَ اٌؼّحححً وحححبْ ٙحححّٓ اٌَّحححز اٌّورفحححغ ٚ
ٜاٌّزٍٛحححٜ ؽ١حححش رحححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛححح
( ٓاٌؾَححححبثٟ ثحححح١4.26
(ٚ )
3.24
( ٓ) ٚأؾححححواف ِؼ١ححححبهٞ ثحححح١1.01
(ٚ )
1.42
) ؽ١ححححش عححححبء ٟفحححح
" .ُاٌّورجحححخ األٌٚحححٝ ػجحححبهح" رٛعحححل لٍحححخ فحححٟ فحححوٓ االثزؼحححبس ٚاٌلهاٍحححبد اٌؼٍ١حححب اٌّؼزّحححلح ٌٍّؼٍححح
ِ ٜٛثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٔ١حححخ ػجحححبهح" ثحححٜء اٌزولحححٟ اٌحححٛظ١فٟ ٌٍّؼٍحححُ ٠ؼحححل ِحححٓ أوجحححو
ِ ٜٛاٌزؾحححل٠بد أِحححبَ رؾم١حححك األ٘حححلاف اٌزوثٛ٠حححخ ٚإٌّٙ١حححخ." ٚثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
أ٠ٚحححب ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ
األف١ححححوح عححححبءد ػجححححبهح" اػزّححححبك ٔظححححبَ اٌزول١ححححخ ػٍححححٝ األللِ١ححححخ ثححححلال ِححححٓ اٌىفححححبءح ٚاٌّٙححححبهح
ٟاٌزوثٛ٠حححححخ ٠ؾحححححل ِحححححٓ هغجحححححخ اٌّؼٍحححححُ فححححح
األثحححححلاع
ٚاالثزىحححححبه. " ثَّحححححزٜٛ ِزٍٛحححححٜ ٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ
ِ ٌٍّٛٛغّححححٛع اٌىٍححححٟ ٌٍّؾححححٛه وححححبْ َِححححزٜٛ اٌٚححححغ
ورفؼححححب
ٟؽ١ححححش ثٍححححغ اٌّزٍٛححححٜ اٌؾَححححبث
(
3.71
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
374
2
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثأونُبء األيىر وانًجت
ًغ
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
٠ٕظو ٌٟٚ األِو إٌٝ ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثؤٔٙب ِبكح غ١و ِّٙخ
.ِٜمبهٔخ ثبٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ األفو
2.25
.84
ِورفغ
7
.ُٙلٍخ ا٘زّبَ أٌٚ١بء األِٛه ثّزبثؼخ أثٕبئ
2.04
.95
ِورفغ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
374
2
.انضغىط انًرتجطخ ثأونُبء األيىر وانًجت
ًغ
و انؼجبرح
انًتىسظ
ٍانحسبث
االَحراف
ٌانًؼُبر
يستىي
ان
ضغىط
0
٠ٕظو ٌٟٚ األِو إٌٝ ِبكح اٌّٙبهاد اٌؾ١بر١خ ثؤٔٙب ِبكح غ١و ِّٙخ
.ِٜمبهٔخ ثبٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ األفو
2.25
.84
ِورفغ
7
.ُٙلٍخ ا٘زّبَ أٌٚ١بء األِٛه ثّزبثؼخ أثٕبئ
2.04
.95
ِورفغ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ VI, Issue 16, April 2020 6
ٙؼف ٚػٟ اٌّغزّغٍُثّىبٔخ اٌّؼ
2.02
.96
ِورفغ
2
ُ٠ٕمل اٌّغزّغ اٌّؼٍُ ٔملا ٍٍج١ب ٚ٠ؾٍّٗ َِؤٌٚ١خ رلٟٔ َِزٜٛ اٌزؼٍ١
.ٖٚلٖٛه
2.00
1.09
ِورفغ
3
ٜٛ٠ٍمٟ ٌٟٚ األِو اٌٍَٛ ػٍٝ ِؼٍُ اٌّٙبهاد فٟ ؽبي ٙؼف َِز
.ٍٟاثٕٗ اٌزؾٖ١ٍٟ أٚ فٍْٗ اٌلها
6.57
1.25
ِورفغ
ٍانًجًىع انكه
4.08
.75
ي
رتفغ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
375
( علٚي4
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثؤٌٚ١بء
ٟاألِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ
ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد
ُاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ٟاألٍبٍححح
ٛٛثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ ٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغ
ٌّاٌّورجطحححخ ثؤٌٚ١حححبء األِحححٛه ٚاٌّغزّحححغ وحححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّحححزٜٛ ا
ورفحححغ
ٜؽ١حححش رحححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛحححح
( ٓاٌؾَححححبثٟ ثحححح١4.47
(ٚ )
3.72
( ٓ) ٚأؾححححواف ِؼ١ححححبهٞ ثحححح١.84
(ٚ )
1.25
ٟ) ؽ١ححححش عححححبء فحححح
اٌّور
جححخ األٌٚححٝ ػجححبهح" ٠ٕظححو ٌٚححٟ األِححو إٌححٝ ِححبكح اٌّٙححبهاد اٌؾ١بر١ححخ ثؤٔٙححب ِححبكح غ١ححو ِّٙححخ
ِ ِٜٛمبهٔححححخ ثححححبٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍحححح١خ األفححححوٜ. " ثَّححححز
ورفححححغ ٚفححححٟ اٌّورجححححخ اٌضبٔ١ححححخ ػجححححبهح" لٍححححخ
ِ ٜٛا٘زّحححبَ أٌٚ١حححبء األِحححٛه ثّزبثؼحححخ أثٕحححبئُٙ." ٚثَّحححز
ورفحححغ أ٠ٚحححب ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ األف١حححوح عحححبءد
ٟػجححبهح" ٠ٍمححٟ ٌٚححٍٟاألِححو اٌٍححَٛ ػٍححٝ ِؼٍححُ اٌّٙححبهاد فححٟ ؽححبي ٙححؼف َِححزٜٛ اثٕححٗ اٌزؾٖحح١
ِ ٜٛأٚ فْحححححٍٗ اٌلهاٍحححححٟ. " ثَّحححححز
ورفحححححغ
ٜٛٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ ٌٍّغّحححححٛع اٌىٍحححححٟ ٌٍّؾحححححٛه وحححححبْ َِحححححز
ِ ٛٛاٌٚغ
ورفؼب
( ٟؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث4.08
.)
:ثبَُب: انُتبئج انًتؼهقخ ثًقترحبد ػُُخ انذراسخ نهحذ يٍ انضغىط انًهُُخ نذَهى
( علٚي5
ٓ) اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ إلعبثخ ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ػ ٓاٌؼٛاًِ اٌزٟ ٠ّىْأ
ٟرَبُ٘ ف
ًّاٌؾل ِٓ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼ
و
اإلجبثخ انتكرار
انُسجخ
%انًئىَخ
0
ٓى٠بكح ػلك ِؼٍّٟ اٌّبكح ٌزمٍ١ً اٌٚغٜ ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍّ١
ٚاٌّؼٍّبد
30
05,66
7
ِٟؼبٍِخ اٌّبكح وجبل اٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ ِٓ ؽ١ش إٌغبػ
ٚاٌوٍٛة
66
06,76
6
رطٛ٠و اٌّبكح ٌ١ىْٛ اٌغبٔت اٌؼٍّٟ ٌٍّبكح ِٛاى٠ب ٌٍغبٔت
ٞإٌظو
63
07,76
2
اٌزىو٠ُ اٌّبكٞ ٚاٌّؼٕٛٞ ٌّؼٍّٟ ِٚؼٍّبد اٌّبكح
62
00,66
3
َػل
إػطبء
ِٛؼٍّٟ اٌّبكح ؽٖٔ اؽز١ب
66
00,36 ( علٚي4
)
اٌّزٍٛطبد اٌؾَبث١خ ٚاالٔؾوافبد اٌّؼ١به٠خ َِٚزٜٛ اٌٚغٛٛ اٌّورجطخ ثؤٌٚ١بء
ٟاألِٛه ٚاٌّغزّغ ثبٌَٕجخ ٌفمواد ٘نا اٌّؾٛه ِورجخ رٕبىٌ١ب ؽَت اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث
٠زٚححححؼ ٌٍجبؽضححححخ
ِححححٓ فححححالي اٌغححححلٚي اٌَححححبثكْأ
َِححححزٜٛ ٙححححغٛٛ ِؼٍّححححٟ ِححححبكح اٌّٙححححبهاد
ُاٌؾ١بر١حححخ فحححٟ ِحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ٟاألٍبٍححح
ٛٛثَحححٍطٕخ ػّحححبْ ِحححٓ ٚعٙحححخ ٔظحححوُ٘ ٌّؾحححٛه اٌٚحححغ
ٌّاٌّورجطحححخ ثؤٌٚ١حححبء األِحححٛه ٚاٌّغزّحححغ وحححبْ ٙححححّٓ اٌَّحححزٜٛ ا
ورفحححغ
ٜؽ١حححش رحححواٚػ اٌّزٍٛحححح
( ٓاٌؾَححححبثٟ ثحححح١4.47
(ٚ )
3.72
( ٓ) ٚأؾححححواف ِؼ١ححححبهٞ ثحححح١.84
(ٚ )
1.25
ٟ) ؽ١ححححش عححححبء فحححح
اٌّور جححخ األٌٚححٝ ػجححبهح" ٠ٕظححو ٌٚححٟ األِححو إٌححٝ ِححبكح اٌّٙححبهاد اٌؾ١بر١ححخ ثؤٔٙححب ِححبكح غ١ححو ِّٙححخ
ِ ِٜٛمبهٔححححخ ثححححبٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍحححح١خ األفححححوٜ. :انصذق وانثجبد ألداح انذراسخ " ثَّححححز
ورفححححغ
ٚفححححٟ اٌّورجححححخ اٌضبٔ١ححححخ ػجححححبهح" لٍححححخ
ِ ٜٛا٘زّحححبَ أٌٚ١حححبء األِحححٛه ثّزبثؼحححخ أثٕحححبئُٙ." ٚثَّحححز
ورفحححغ
أ٠ٚحححب ٚفحححٟ اٌّورجحححخ األف١حححوح عحححبءد
ٟػجححبهح" ٠ٍمححٟ ٌٚحح ٍٟاألِححو اٌٍححَٛ ػٍححٝ ِؼٍححُ اٌّٙححبهاد فححٟ ؽححبي ٙححؼف َِححزٜٛ اثٕححٗ اٌزؾٖحح١
ِ ٜٛأٚ فْحححححٍٗ اٌلهاٍحححححٟ. " ثَّحححححز
ورفحححححغ
ٜٛٚثبٌَٕحححححجخ ٌٍّغّحححححٛع اٌىٍحححححٟ ٌٍّؾحححححٛه وحححححبْ َِحححححز
ِ ٛٛاٌٚغ
ورفؼب
( ٟؽ١ش ثٍغ اٌّزٍٜٛ اٌؾَبث4.08
.) http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
375
( ٟغ)
:ثبَُب: انُتبئج انًتؼهقخ ثًقترحبد ػُُخ انذراسخ نهحذ يٍ انضغىط انًهُُخ نذَهى
( علٚي5
ٓ) اٌزىواهاد ٚإٌَت اٌّئٛ٠خ إلعبثخ ػ١ٕخ اٌلهاٍخ ػ ٓاٌؼٛاًِ اٌزٟ ٠ّىْأ
ٟرَبُ٘ ف
ًّاٌؾل ِٓ ٙغٛٛ اٌؼ
و
اإلجبثخ انتكرار
انُسجخ
%انًئىَخ
0
ٓى٠بكح ػلك ِؼٍّٟ اٌّبكح ٌزمٍ١ً اٌٚغٜ ػٍٝ اٌّؼٍّ١
ٚاٌّؼٍّبد
30
05,66
7
ِٟؼبٍِخ اٌّبكح وجبل اٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ ِٓ ؽ١ش إٌغبػ
ٚاٌوٍٛة
66
06,76
6
رطٛ٠و اٌّبكح ٌ١ىْٛ اٌغبٔت اٌؼٍّٟ ٌٍّبكح ِٛاى٠ب ٌٍغبٔت
ٞإٌظو
63
07,76
2
اٌزىو٠ُ اٌّبكٞ ٚاٌّؼٕٛٞ ٌّؼٍّٟ ِٚؼٍّبد اٌّبكح
62
00,66
3
َػل
إػطبء
ِٛؼٍّٟ اٌّبكح ؽٖٔ اؽز١ب
66
00,36 375 IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 4
رؼل٠ً ٚص١مخ رمٛ٠ُ اٌّبكح
60
00,26
5
رٛف١و اٌٍٛبئً اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ اٌؾل٠ضخ ٌٍّبكح
72
6,67
6
اال٘زّبَ ثبإلّٔبء إٌّٟٙ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌّبكح
77
5,47
7
ٙوٚهح األفن ثوأٞ ِؼٍّٟ اٌّبكح ػٕل رطٛ٠و اٌّبكح
07
4,42 ( ٠زٚحححؼ ِحححٓ فحححالي اٌغحححلٚي اٌَحححبثك عحححلٚي7
ٟ) أْ ػحححلك أفحححواك اٌؼ١ٕحححخ اٌزححح
أعبثحححذ
ػٍحححٝ ٘حححنا
ّٓاٌَحححؤاي ٚاٌحححنٞ ٠زٚححح ٓاٌؼٛاِحححً اٌزحححٟ ٠ّىحححْأ
ٜرَحححبُ٘ فحححٟ اٌؾحححل ِحححٓ ٙحححغٛٛ اٌؼّحححً ٌحححل
ِٟؼٍّحححٟ اٌّٙحححبهاد اٌؾ١بر١حححخ ثّحححلاهً اٌزؼٍححح١ُ األٍبٍححح( ُ٘ثٍحححغ ػحححلك764
) فحححوكاا، ؽ١حححش عحححبء
فحححٟ اٌّورجحححخٝاألٌٚححح " " ى٠حححبكح ػحححلك ِؼٍّحححٟ اٌّحححبكح ٌزمٍ١حححً اٌٚحححغٜ ػٍحححٝ اٌّؼٍّححح١ٓ ٚاٌّؼٍّحححبد
ثزىحححححواه (
51) ٚثَٕحححححج
خ (
05,66
ٟ ) ٚفحححححٟ اٌّورجحححححخ اٌضبٔ١حححححخ عحححححبءد" ِؼبٍِحححححخ اٌّحححححبكح وجحححححبل%
(اٌّححححٛاك اٌلهاٍحححح١خ ِححححٓ ؽ١ححححش إٌغححححبػ ٚاٌوٍححححٛة " ثزىححححواه38
) ٚثَٕححححجخ (
06,76
%
ٟ) ٚفحححح
ٞاٌّورجحححخ اٌضبٌضحححخ عحححبءد" رطحححٛ٠و اٌّحححبكح ٌ١ىحححْٛ اٌغبٔحححت اٌؼٍّحححٟ ٌٍّحححبكح ِٛاى٠حححب ٌٍغبٔحححت إٌظحححو
" ثزىحححححواه (
63) ٚثَٕحححححجخ (
07,76
) ٚفحححححٟ اٌّورجحححححخ%
اٌزبٍحححححؼخ
ٚاألف١حححححوح
عحححححبءد " ٙحححححوٚهح
(األفححححن ثححححوأٞ ِؼٍّححححٟ اٌّححححبكح ػٕححححل رطححححٛ٠و اٌّححححبكح " ثزىححححواه07
) ٚثَٕححححجخ (
4,42
ٟ ) ٚفحححح%
ًاٌّورجحححخ لجححح
األف١حححوح
(عحححبءد ػجحححبهح " اال٘زّحححبَ ثبإلّٔحححبء إٌّٙحححٟ ٌّؼٍّحححٟ اٌّحححبكح " ثزىحححواه77
) ٚثَٕجخ (
5,47
.)% http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org انتىصُبد: أ . ٚ
ٙغ أٌٚ١بء األِٛه ِٛٙغ اال٘زّبَ وغيء ُِٜٛٙ ِٓ إٌّظِٛخ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٚرؼو٠فُٙ ثَّز
.أثٕبئُٙ ِٓ أعً ِزبثؼزُٙ أوبك٠ّ١ب ٚكهاٍ١ب
ة . .رؼل٠ً ٔظبَ اٌزولٟ ٚرؼي٠ي اٌّؼٍُ ِبك٠ب
د . ٓرمٍ١ٔ أػلاك اٌطٍجخ فٟ اٌٖفٛف اٌلهاٍ١خ ثؾ١ش ٠زواٚػ اٌؼلك ث١70
ٌٝإ60
. س . ِ ٍُى٠بكح ػلك اٌّؼٍّ١ٓ ٌجؼ٘ اٌّٛاك اٌلهاٍ١خ اٌزٟ ٠لهً ف١ٙب اٌّؼ ٓ
2
.ِٕب٘ظ فّب فٛق أ . ٚ
ٙغ أٌٚ١بء األِٛه ِٛٙغ اال٘زّبَ وغيء ُِٜٛٙ ِٓ إٌّظِٛخ اٌزؼٍ١ّ١خ ٚرؼو٠فُٙ ثَّز
.أثٕبئُٙ ِٓ أعً ِزبثؼزُٙ أوبك٠ّ١ب ٚكهاٍ١ب :قبئًخ انًراجغ "لٍك اٌَّزمجً إٌّٟٙ ٚػاللزٗ ثبٌلافغ ٌإلٔغبى ٚاٌوٙب اٌٛظ١فٟ ٌلٜ اٌّؼٍّ١
، ِٖو8اٌَّبػل٠ٓ ثّوؽٍخ اٌزؼٍ١ُ األٍبٍٟ". ِغٍخ اٌضمبفخ ٚاٌزّٕ١خ05
(
005
8)
767
–
725
. :قبئًخ انًراجغ عبِؼخ ٔي ٍٍطٕخْػُّب
( اٌّفٍؼ، ِمجٌٛخ دمحم7005
ٛ .ٓ). ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٚأصو٘ب ػٍٝ أكاء اٌؼبٍِ١0
. كاه ى٘لٞ ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ8ْ. ػّّب
( .إٌّبٕ١و، ِْٙٛه ؽبِل ٠ٍٛف7006). ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌفَ١خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ
ٟاٌو٠بٙ١خ ف
.ِل٠و٠خ روث١خ ٌٛاء ٚاكٞ اٌَ١و(هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و غ١و ِْٕٛهح). ٗعبِؼخ ِؤر ،
.ْاألهك ( ٍٟإٌغلٞ، ػبكي هٍّٟ ؽّبك ػ7000
). "اٌوٙب إٌّٟٙ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌلهاٍبد االعزّبػ١خ ثبٌّوؽٍخ االثزلائ١خ
ٍفٟ ِٖو فٟ ٙٛء رطج١ك اٍزوار١غ١زٟ اٌزمٛ٠ُ اٌْبًِ ٚاٌزؼٍُ إٌْٜ". ِغ .ٓ اٌجؾو٠8خ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚإٌفَ١خ
00
(
6
8)
760
–
747
. ٝإٌؼبً، ػّو ِٖطف( دمحم7006
ٛ .). كهاٍبد فٟ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٚاٌٖؾخ إٌفَ١خ0
عبِؼخ8ٗ. ِٖوار5
.أوزٛثو اإلكاهح اٌؼبِخ ٌٍّىزجبد، إكاهح اٌّطجٛػبد ٚإٌْو ٝإٌؼبً، ػّو ِٖطف( دمحم7006
ٛ .). كهاٍبد فٟ اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٚاٌٖؾخ إٌفَ١خ0
عبِؼخ8ٗ. ِٖوار5
.أوزٛثو اإلكاهح اٌؼبِخ ٌٍّىزجبد، إكاهح اٌّطجٛػبد ٚإٌْو
ؽزبٍِخ، ِؾّٛك ػب٠ل، ٚاٌطؾب٠ٕخ، ى٠بك( ٌٟطف7000
.)
"ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ
،ْ األهك8فٟ ِؾبفظخ اٌيهلبء ٚهغجزُٙ ثزون اٌزله٠ٌ". ِغٍخ كهاٍبد اٌؼٍَٛ اٌزوثٛ٠خ
66
ٍِؾك (
6
8)
0003
_
0077
. ؽزبٍِخ، ِؾّٛك ػب٠ل، ٚاٌطؾب٠ٕخ، ى٠بك( ٌٟطف7000
.)
"ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ
،ْ األهك8فٟ ِؾبفظخ اٌيهلبء ٚهغجزُٙ ثزون اٌزله٠ٌ". ِغٍخ كهاٍبد اٌؼٍَٛ اٌزوثٛ٠خ
66
ٍِؾك (
6
8)
0003
_
0077
. ،ٞؽّل( ٍٝػ7007
. كاه اٌىزبة اٌؾل٠ش8). ٍ١ىٌٛٛع١خ االرٖبي ٚٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ. اٌمب٘وح
ٕبٌؼ، َٔ١ّخ( ًػجب7003). "اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِلهٍٟ ِٚلهٍبد اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ اٌّو
، وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ، عبِؼخ ثبثً، اٌؼواق8اٌّزٍٛطخ ٚاإلػلاك٠خ". ِغٍخ ػٍَٛ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ6 (
0
_
007
. ،ٞؽّل( ٍٝػ7007
. كاه اٌىزبة اٌؾل٠ش8). ٍ١ىٌٛٛع١خ االرٖبي ٚٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ. اٌمب٘وح
ٕبٌؼ، َٔ١ّخ( ًػجب7003
ٓ). "اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِلهٍٟ ِٚلهٍبد اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ فٟ اٌّوؽٍز١
، وٍ١خ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ، عبِؼخ ثبثً، اٌؼواق8اٌّزٍٛطخ ٚاإلػلاك٠خ". ِغٍخ ػٍَٛ اٌزوث١خ اٌو٠بٙ١خ6 (
0
8)
70
_
007
. ،ػَىوٍٝػ (
7006). ٙغٛٛ اٌؾ١بح ٚأٍبٌ١ت ِٛاعٙزٙب 8
ٟاٌٖؾخ إٌفَ١خ ٚاٌجلٔ١خ ف ٛ .ػٖو اٌزٛرو ٚاٌمٍك6
. . كاه اٌىزبة اٌؾل٠ش8اٌمب٘وح ،ػَىوٍٝػ (
7006). ٙغٛٛ اٌؾ١بح ٚأٍبٌ١ت ِٛاعٙزٙب 8
ٟاٌٖؾخ إٌفَ١خ ٚاٌجلٔ١خ ف ٛ .ػٖو اٌزٛرو ٚاٌمٍك6
. . كاه اٌىزبة اٌؾل٠ش8اٌمب٘وح ،ػَىوٍٝػ (
7006). ٙغٛٛ اٌؾ١بح ٚأٍبٌ١ت ِٛاعٙزٙب 8
ٟاٌٖؾخ إٌفَ١خ ٚاٌجلٔ١خ ف ٛ .ػٖو اٌزٛرو ٚاٌمٍك6
. . كاه اٌىزبة اٌؾل٠ش8اٌمب٘وح ػَ١وٞ، دمحم
ػجل هللا (
7007
)
. "اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌّوؽٍخ االثزلائ١خ ثّل٠ٕخ رجٛن ثبٌٍّّىخ اٌؼوث١خ
8اٌَؼٛك٠خ فٟ ٙٛء ثؼ٘ اٌّزغ١واد". ِغٍخ عبِؼخ اٌٍّه ٍؼٛك ٌٍؼٍَٛ اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚاٌلهاٍبد اإلٍالِ١خ
،اٌَؼٛك٠خ
72
(
6
8)
0000
–
0067
. ُػطب هللا، دمحم إثوا٘١ (
7004
ٓ). :قبئًخ انًراجغ http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org
376
:قبئًخ انًراجغ
إ( ثوا٘١ُ، ػجل اٌَزبه7000
ٛ .). اٌَؼبكح اٌْقٖ١خ فٟ ػبٌُ ِْؾْٛ ثبٌزٛرو ٚٙغٛٛ اٌؾ١بح7
كاه8. اٌمب٘وح
.اٌؼٍَٛ ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ
أثٛ أٍؼل، أؽّل
ػجل اٌٍط١
ف (
7000
ٛ .). ػٍُ ٔفٌ اٌْقٖ١خ0
. ػبٌُ اٌىزت اٌؾل٠ش ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ8. إهثل
ٛأث
أٍؼل، أؽّل ػجل
،اٌٍط١ف
ٚاٌَفبٍفخ، دمحم( ُإثوا٘١7000
ٛ .ٌّٟٕٙ). اإلهّبك ا0
ِىزجخ اٌفالػ8. اٌىٛ٠ذ
.ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ
أثٛ ِٖطفٝ، ٔظّٟ ػٛكح، ٚاألّمو، ٠بٍو( َٓؽ7000
.)
"
ٜاٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٚػاللزٙب ثبٌوٙب اٌٛظ١فٟ ٌل
ٌاٌّؼٍُ اٌفٍَط١ٕٟ". ِغٍخ اٌغبِؼخ اإلٍالِ١خ (ٍٍٍَخ ا 8)لهاٍبد اإلَٔبٔ١خ07
(
0
8)
707
-
766
( اٌزٛث١خ، رؾ١خ ثٕذ دمحم ثٓ ٍؼٛك7000
( ِٓ ). ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٚػاللزٙب ثبٌّٕٛ إٌّٟٙ ٌّؼٍّٟ اٌٖفٛف00
-
07
)
.ْثّؾبفظخ اٌلافٍ١خ ثٍَطٕخ ػّب(هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و غ١و ِْٕٛهح.)
٘عبِؼخ اٌلٚي اٌؼوث١خ، اٌمب.وح غ
إ( ثوا٘١ُ، ػجل اٌَزبه7000
ٛ .). اٌَؼبكح اٌْقٖ١خ فٟ ػبٌُ ِْؾْٛ ثبٌزٛرو ٚٙغٛٛ اٌؾ١بح7
كاه8. اٌمب٘وح
.اٌؼٍَٛ ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ أثٛ أٍؼل، أؽّل
ػجل اٌٍط١
ف (
7000
ٛ .). ػٍُ ٔفٌ اٌْقٖ١خ0
. ػبٌُ اٌىزت اٌؾل٠ش ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ8. إهثل
ٛأث
أٍؼل، أؽّل ػجل
،اٌٍط١ف
ٚاٌَفبٍفخ، دمحم( ُإثوا٘١7000
ٛ .ٌّٟٕٙ). اإلهّبك ا0
ِىزجخ اٌفالػ8. اٌىٛ٠ذ
.ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 ٓاٌنٍ٘١خ، ثْوٜ ثٕذ ػٍٟ ث
ػجل هللا (
7000
ُ). ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٚػاللزٙب ثبٌىفبءح إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزؼٍ١
.ْاألٍبٍٟ ِٓ ٚعٙخ ٔظوُ٘ فٟ ٍٍطٕخ ػّب(هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و غ١و ِْٕٛهح). ْعبِؼخ ِؤرٗ، األهك
،ٟٔٚاٌَّل
إٝثوا٘١ُ ثٓ ػجل اٌوافغ ِٖطف (
7002
). "اٌٚغٛٛ إٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ أػٚبء ٘١ئخ اٌزله٠ٌ ثبٌغبِؼبد
8)اٌَؼٛك٠خ ٚأٍبٌ١ت ِمزوؽخ ٌٍزؼبًِ ِؼٙب". ِغٍخ اٌزوث١خ (عبِؼخ األى٘و0 (
035
8)
747
–
667
. ٍٟاٌّؼّو٠خ، ِٛىح ثٕذ ؽّٛك ثٓ ػ (
7002
ً). ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٚػاللزٙب ثبالٌزياَ اٌزٕظ١ّٟ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ ِلاه
اٌزؼٍ١ُ ِب ثؼل األ .ٍٜبٍٟ ثّؾبفظخ َِم(هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و غ١و ِْٕٛهح)
،ٜٚ. عبِؼخ ٔي ٍٍطٕخْػُّب
( اٌّفٍؼ، ِمجٌٛخ دمحم7005
ٛ .ٓ). ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٚأصو٘ب ػٍٝ أكاء اٌؼبٍِ١0
. كاه ى٘لٞ ٌٍْٕو ٚاٌزٛى٠غ8ْ. ػّّب
( .إٌّبٕ١و، ِْٙٛه ؽبِل ٠ٍٛف7006). ِٖبكه اٌٚغٛٛ إٌفَ١خ ٚإٌّٙ١خ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌزوث١خ
ٟاٌو٠بٙ١خ ف
.ِل٠و٠خ روث١خ ٌٛاء ٚاكٞ اٌَ١و(هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و غ١و ِْٕٛهح). ٗعبِؼخ ِؤر ،
.ْاألهك
( ٍٟإٌغلٞ، ػبكي هٍّٟ ؽّبك ػ7000
). "اٌوٙب إٌّٟٙ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ اٌلهاٍبد االعزّبػ١خ ثبٌّوؽٍخ االثزلائ١خ
ٍفٟ ِٖو فٟ ٙٛء رطج١ك اٍزوار١غ١زٟ اٌزمٛ٠ُ اٌْبًِ ٚاٌزؼٍُ إٌْٜ". ِغ .ٓ اٌجؾو٠8خ اٌؼٍَٛ اٌزوثٛ٠خ ٚإٌفَ١خ
00
(
6
8)
760
–
747 ٍٟاٌّؼّو٠خ، ِٛىح ثٕذ ؽّٛك ثٓ ػ (
7002
ً). ٙغٛٛ اٌؼًّ ٚػاللزٙب ثبالٌزياَ اٌزٕظ١ّٟ ٌلٜ ِؼٍّٟ ِلاه
اٌزؼٍ١ُ ِب ثؼل األ .ٍٜبٍٟ ثّؾبفظخ َِم(هٍبٌخ ِبعَز١و غ١و ِْٕٛهح)
،ٜٚ. ARABIC REFERENCES IN ROMAN ALPHABET 'Iibrahim, Eabd Alsitar (2010). Alsaeadat Alshakhsiat fi Ealam Mashhun Bialtawatur Wadughut Alhayat. Ta2. Alqahrt: Dar Aleulum Lilnashr Waltawzie. 'Iibrahim, Eabd Alsitar (2010). Alsaeadat Alshakhsiat fi Ealam Mashhun Bialtawatur Wadughut Alhayat. Ta2. Alqahrt: Dar Aleulum Lilnashr Waltawzie. 'Abu 'Asead, 'Ahmad Eabd Allatif (2010). Eilm Nfs Alshakhsiat. Ta1. 'Iirbd: Ealam Alkutub Alhadith Lilnashr
Waltawzie. 'Abu 'Asead, 'Ahmad Eabd Allatif (2010). Eilm Nfs Alshakhsiat. Ta1. 'Iirbd: Ealam Alkutub Alhadith Lilnashr
Waltawzie. 'Abu 'Asead, 'Ahmad Eabd Allatif, Walsufasifat, Muhamad 'Iibrahim (2011). Al'iirshad Almahni. Ta1. Alkuayta:
Maktabat Alfalah Lilnashr Waltawzie. 'Abu 'Asead, 'Ahmad Eabd Allatif, Walsufasifat, Muhamad 'Iibrahim (2011). Al'iirshad Almahni. Ta1. Alkuayta:
Maktabat Alfalah Lilnashr Waltawzie. 'Abu Mustafaa, Nazmay Eawdat, Wal'ashqari, Yasir Hasan (2011). "Aldughut Almihniat Waealaqatuha
Bialrida Alwazifii Ladaa Almaelam Alfilastini". Majalat Aljamieat Al'iislamia (Slislat Aldirasat Al'iinsania):
19 (1): 209- 238 'Abu Mustafaa, Nazmay Eawdat, Wal'ashqari, Yasir Hasan (2011). "Aldughut Almihniat Waealaqatuha
Bialrida Alwazifii Ladaa Almaelam Alfilastini". Majalat Aljamieat Al'iislamia (Slislat Aldirasat Al'iinsania):
19 (1): 209- 238 377 http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org IJASOS- International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol. VI, Issue 16, April 2020 Altawbiatu, Tahiat Bnt Muhamad Bin Sueud (2010). Dughut Aleamal Waealaqatiha Bialnumui Almahnii
Limuelami Alsufuf Min (11-12) Bimuhafazat Alddakhiliat Bisiltanat Eumana. (Rsalat Majstayr Ghyr
Minshurta). Jamieat Alduwal Alearabiati, Alqahirat. Aldhahaliatu, Bushraa Bnt Eali Bin Eabd Allh (2010). Dughut Aleamal Waealaqatuha Bialkafa'at Almihniat
Ladaa Muelimi Altaelim Al'asasii Min Wijhat Nazarihim fi Saltanat Eaman. (Rsalt Majstyr Ghyr
Mnshur). Jamieatan Muth, Al'urdun Alsamduni, 'Iibrahim Bin Eabd Alrrafie Mustafaa (2014). "Aldughut Almihniat Ladaa 'Aeda' Hayyat Altadris
Bialjamieat Alsewdyt Wa'asalib Muqtarahat Liltaeamul Maeaha". Majalat Altarbia (Jamieat Al'azhir): 1
(157): 269 - 332. Almaeamariatu, Mawzat Bnt Hamuwd Bin Eali (2014). Dughut Aleamal Waealaqatuha Bialailtizam Altanzimii
Ladaa Muelimi Madaris Altaelim Ma Baed Al'asasii Bimuhafazat Masqat. (Rsalt Majstyr Ghyr Mnshur). Jamieat Nazwaa, Saltanat Euman Almaflih, Maqbulat Muhamad (2017). Dughut Aleamal Wa'athariha Ealaa 'Ada' Aleamilin. Ta1. Emman: Dar
Zahdi Lilnashr Waltawzie. Almanasiru, Mashhur Hamid Yusf. (2013). Masadir Aldughut Alnafsiat Walmahniat Ladaa Muelimi Altarbiat
Alriyadiat fi Mudiriat Tarbiat Liwa' Wadii Alsayr. (Rsalat Majstayr Ghyr Minshurta). Jamieat Mutahu,
Al'urdunn. Alnajdiu, Eadil Rasmi Hammad Eali (2010). "Aluruda Almahniu Ladaa Muelimi Aldirasat Alaijtimaeiat
Bialmarhalat Alaibtidayiyat fi Misr fi Daw' Tatbiq Aistiratijiti Altaqwim Alshshamil Waltaelim Alnashta". Majalat Aleulum Altarbawiat Walnafsiat: Albahrayn. 11(3): 231 - 262. Alnaeas, Eumar Mustafaa Muhamad (2008). Dirasat fi Aldughut Almihniat Walsihat Alnafsiat. T1. Masarath:
Jamieatan 7 'Uktubar Al'iidarat Aleamat Lilmuktabati, 'Iidarat Almatbueat Walnashr. Hatamilat, Mahmud Eayid, Waltahaynat, Ziad Ltfy (2011). ARABIC REFERENCES IN ROMAN ALPHABET "Masadir Aldughut Almihniat Ladaa Muelimi
Altarbiat Alriyadiat fi Muhafazat Alzurqa' Waraghbatihim Bitark Altadaris". Majalat Dirasat Aleulum
Altarbawit: Al'arduni, 38 Malhaq (3): 1105 _ 1029. di, Ealaa (2012). Saykulujiat Alaitisal Wadughut Aleumli. Alqahrt: Dar Alkitab Alhadith. Salih, Nasimat Eabbas (2015). "Aldughut Almihniat Ladaa Mudrasi Wamudarasat Altarbiat Alriyadiat fi
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Misr, 17(107): 289 - 247. http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org 378 | 9,567 | http://ijasos.ocerintjournals.org/tr/download/article-file/1260817 | null |
Arabic | السيد
محفوظ
جمال عبد المجيد
محجوب
حسام
عبد الحميد
ﺧالد
العناني
رأفت
النبراوي
عاطف منﺼور
رمضان
عبد الحليم
نور الدين
عزت حامد قادوس
عﻼ
العجيزي
ﷴ عبد الستار
عثمان
ﷴ
عبد الهادي
ﷴ ﷴ
الكحﻼوي
محمود
الحمراوي
Anne BOUD’HORS
Arianna D'OTTONE
Austin NEVIN
Jacques VAN DER VLIET
Matija STRIC
Philippe COLLOMBERT
Stefan HEIDEMANN
Stephen QUIRKE
-------------
--------
-------------------
اđﳏﺘوى اﻷﲝاث يعﱪ عن وجهات ﻧظر أصﺤا، وﻻ يع جامعة أسيوط– مﺼﺮ
جامعة الفيوم– مﺼﺮ
جامعة القاهﺮة– مﺼﺮ
جامعة حلوان– مﺼﺮ
جامعة القاهﺮة– مﺼﺮ
جامعة الفيوم– مﺼﺮ
جامعة القاهﺮة– مﺼﺮ
جامعة اﻹسكندرية – مﺼﺮ
جامعة القاهﺮة– مﺼﺮ
جامعة سوهاج– مﺼﺮ
جامعة القاهﺮة– مﺼﺮ
جامعة القاهﺮة– مﺼﺮ
جامعة سوهاج– مﺼﺮ
IRHT – CNRS (Paris), France
University of Rome, Italy
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Leiden University, the Netherlands
University College London, UK
Geneva University, Switzerland
Hamburg University, Germany. University College London, UK. السيد
محفوظ
جمال عبد المجيد
محجوب
حسام
عبد الحميد
ﺧالد
العناني
رأفت
النبراوي
عاطف منﺼور
رمضان
عبد الحليم
نور الدين
عزت حامد قادوس
عﻼ
العجيزي
ﷴ عبد الستار
عثمان
ﷴ
عبد الهادي
ﷴ ﷴ
الكحﻼوي
محمود
الحمراوي IRHT – CNRS (Paris), France ) تʗش3
(
2016
العدد ال
ثالث
–
2016م
كﱠمةُﳏ سنوية ﳎلة،
تصدر
ها
رʬكلية اﻵ -
جامعة
الفيوم -
الفيوم-
مصر
جامعة ال
فيوم
رʬكلية اﻵ
تصميم الغﻼف
.د
أﲪد أمﲔ
ة صور الغﻼف
حد بيوت مدينة غدامس الليبيةϥ طبق فخار مطلي ومزخرف، يزين عقود سقف درج)
ببيت رقم132
ﲝي جارسان(
)اﳌصدر: أ ،ﲪد أمﲔ2014
( ) تʗش3
( ) تʗش3
( - 1 - ) ت3
( عميد كلية رʬاﻵ– جامعة الفيوم وكيﻞ الكلية للدراسات العليا
والبﺤوث مديرا ال
ﺘﺤرير
.د
ماهر أﲪد عيﺴﻰ د. أﲪد ﳏمود أمﲔ
ر اﳌصريةʬأسﺘاذ مﺴاعد بقﺴم اﻵ ر اﻹسﻼميةʬأسﺘاذ مﺴاعد بقﺴم اﻵ
رʬكلية اﻵ– جامعة الفيوم ر اﻹسﻼميةʬقﺴم اﻵ–
رʬكلية اﻵ– جامعة الفيوم ) تʗش3
(
2016 2016 ) تʗش3
(
2 ) تʗش3
( اللﺠنة اﻻسﺘﺸارية Anne BOUD’HORS
Arianna D'OTTONE
Austin NEVIN
Jacques VAN DER VLIET
Matija STRIC
Philippe COLLOMBERT
Stefan HEIDEMANN
Stephen QUIRKE Anne BOUD’HORS
Arianna D'OTTONE
Austin NEVIN
Jacques VAN DER VLIET
Matija STRIC
Philippe COLLOMBERT
Stefan HEIDEMANN
Stephen QUIRKE Anne BOUD’HORS
Arianna D'OTTONE
Austin NEVIN
Jacques VAN DER VLIET
Matija STRIC
Philippe COLLOMBERT
Stefan HEIDEMANN
Stephen QUIRKE IRHT – CNRS (Paris), France
University of Rome, Italy
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
Leiden University, the Netherlands
University College London, UK
Geneva University, Switzerland
Hamburg University, Germany. University College London, UK. - 3 - ) تʗش3
( )
3
( ال العدد
ثالث –
2016
م جامعة
الفيوم – الفيوم - 4 - 1
- ر اʬاﻵ
اﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ –
تʮدور2
-
ر اﻟبيزنطيﺔʬاﻵ–
تʮدور3
-
ر اﻹسﻼميﺔʬاﻵ–
تʮدور4
-
رʬتﺮميم اﻵ– تʮدور ) تʗش3
(
2016
جامعة ال
فيوم –
ت الفهرسةʭبيا
ﺷدت
، ع3 )
2016
(م– ال
فيوم ،مصر
: جامعة ال
فيوم
©
2016
م
تصدر كﱠمةُﳏ سنوية ﳎلة
ها
رʬكلية اﻵ-
جامعة
الفيوم
1
- ر اʬاﻵ
اﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ –
تʮدور2
-
ر اﻟبيزنطيﺔʬاﻵ–
تʮدور3
-
ر اﻹسﻼميﺔʬاﻵ–
تʮدور4
-
رʬتﺮميم اﻵ–
تʮدور
الﱰقيم الدوﱄ :
ISSN 2356-8704
رقم اﻻيداع ب
دار الكﺘب
:اﳌصرية
18945
©
جامعة
الفيوم – الفيوم ،مصر
2016م
ﳛظر إعادة ﻧﺴﺦ
أو إ ﻧﺘاج
لة ، كلها أو جزء منها، بĐʪ أجزاء من اﳌواد الواردة غرض الﺘوزيﻊ أو
اﻻسﺘغﻼل الﺘﺠاري إﻻ ﲟوجب إذن كﺘاﰊ
من رʬكلية اﻵ–
جامعة الفيوم
:عنوان اﳌراسﻼت
ر، الرمز الﱪيديʬﲨهورية مصر العربية، ﳏافظة الفيوم، جامعة الفيوم، كلية اﻵ63514
الﱪيد اﻻلكﱰوﱐ:
[email protected] ) تʗش3
(
2016 ) تʗش3
( ) تʗش3
( جامعة ال
فيوم –
ت الفهرسةʭبيا
ﺷدت
، ع3 )
2016
(م– ال
فيوم ،مصر
: جامعة ال
فيوم
©
2016
م
تصدر كﱠمةُﳏ سنوية ﳎلة
ها
رʬكلية اﻵ-
جامعة
الفيوم
1
- ر اʬاﻵ
اﳌﺼﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﺪﳝﺔ –
تʮدور2
-
ر اﻟبيزنطيﺔʬاﻵ–
تʮدور3
-
ر اﻹسﻼميﺔʬاﻵ–
تʮدور4
-
رʬتﺮميم اﻵ–
تʮدور الﱰقيم الدوﱄ :
ISSN 2356-8704
رقم اﻻيداع ب
دار الكﺘب
:اﳌصرية
18945 ©
جامعة
الفيوم – الفيوم ،مصر
2016م
ﳛظر إعادة ﻧﺴﺦ
أو إ ﻧﺘاج
لة ، كلها أو جزء منها، بĐʪ أجزاء من اﳌواد الواردة غرض الﺘوزيﻊ أو
اﻻسﺘغﻼل الﺘﺠاري إﻻ ﲟوجب إذن كﺘاﰊ
من رʬكلية اﻵ–
جامعة الفيوم :عنوان اﳌراسﻼت
ر، الرمز الﱪيديʬﲨهورية مصر العربية، ﳏافظة الفيوم، جامعة الفيوم، كلية اﻵ63514
الﱪيد اﻻلكﱰوﱐ:
[email protected] - 5 - 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ʙȂʙʲʯة الʸكل ة اﻵثارʽلؗ دارةȂلة وʳʺ الʛȄʛʴة تʯʽ هʧة عǼاʽʻالǼ فʛʷن–د الʙ للعʦǽʙقʱالǼ مʨʽجامعة الفʘالʲ
ʧم
لةʳم
ʱت الʙش
ﻲ
رهاʙʸت
ة اﻵثارʽلؗ
–
مʨʽجامعة الف .مع د الʙار العʙإصʘالʲ
ت تʙلة شʳ مʧمʛʺʱʶ
لةʳʺ الʛȄʛʴة تʯʽه هاʳفﻲ نه ةʙيʙحلة جʛء مʙعلى ب
ة ؛Ȅʛاﻷث راساتʙ فﻲ الʛʸﻲ فﻲ مʺ العلʛʷʻلل
ʜʽʺʱة للʽولʙ الʛʽعايʺلل ًوفقا ةʺﱠȞʴُوم ةʸʸʵʱة مʽʺها مادة علʛʷ نʛʰ عʥوذل فʙهȃ، و
هاʱإتاح إلى
عʽʺ فﻲ جʧʽʺʱهʺ والʧʽʸʸʵʱʺكل ال
ʦاء العالʴأن. الغ سعǼ معʦǽʙقʱا بʻادت د الʙالعʘالʲ
ʧم
اʻ سعادتʧʺؔ. وتȑʙʴام وتʜʱا أمام الʻʶ أنفʙʳت نʙلة شʳم
ل فىؗ ʧʽʽ دولʧʽʸʸʵʱل مʰ قʧة مʺȞʴʺادة والʳات الʺاهʶʺ الʧد مʙ عʦǽʙا فى تقʻاحʳفى ن
رةʨʷʻʺادة الʺدة الʨ على جȍفاʴالǼ اʻʶا أنفʻمʜا ألʚاق. ولʽʶا الʚة فى هʽولʙ الʛʽعايʺه وفقا للʸʸʵت
ȑʙʴʱلة. أما الʳʺة للȄʛȄʛʴʱة الʽاسʽʶخل فى الʙʱم الʙ وعʛؗʚ سالفة الʛʽعايʺات الʚقائها وفقا لʱوان
.امʜʱا اﻻلʚء هʨة فﻲ ضʺʤʱʻرة مʨʸǼ لةʳʺار الʙة اصȄارʛʺʱ فﻲ اسʧʺȞʽف اتؗارʷات ومʺاهʶل مʲʺ تʥش ونʙب
اءʺالعل
ʧʽʲاحʰوال الʳفﻲ م م اﻵثارʨعل
ʦاء العالʴع أنʽʺفﻲ ج
ʙأح دةʨʷʻʺرتها الʨʸǼ لةʳʺة الȄارʛʺʱل على اسʺ، والعȑʙʴʱا الʚ على هʖغلʱامل للʨ العʦأه ؛ خاصة
ة فىȄʛاﻷث راساتʙال الʳة فى مʸʸʵʱʺة الʽʺﻼت العلʳʺ الʧل مʽ قلʧة مʙت واحʙلة شʳوأن م
.ʛʸم تʙلة شʳ مʦʱته
ة، واﻵثار اﻹʺǽʙة القȄʛʸʺة فى اﻵثار الʸʸʵʱʺة الʽʺال العلʺ اﻷعʛʷʻب ةʽسﻼم
ʦارة العالʹاث وحʛ، تʛفائʴ الʛȄاحف، وتقارʱʺانة اﻵثار، والʽ وصȎ وحفʦʽمʛت ودراسات ،ةʽʢʰوالق
ʛʷʻال لʺه اﻷعʚف هʙلة ... ʙȂʙʲʯة الʸكل وتهʸع ذات الʽاضʨʺانة واﻷدب والǽʙاﻻت اللغة والʳ خاصة مʦǽʙالق
.ةʙيʙات جʛʽʶء تفʨة فى ضʽʺعات العلʨضʨʺ الȘʽقʴفة وتʛعʺال ًامʱوخ ا دʨن أنʛȞʷن
نʨʲاحʰة، والʰʽʢرة الʨʸه الʚت بهʙلة شʳار مʙ فﻲ اصʦ وساهʦ دعʧكل م
نʨؗارʷʺال Ǽ
رةʨʸǼ اجهاʛخȂة وʽʺادة العلʺ للʦائهʛثȂ وʦاجعاتهʛم على نʨʺȞʴʺادة الʶة، والʽʲʴǼ أوراق
ʛȄʛʴʱة الʯʽ هʛȞʷا نʺؗ .ةʽولʙدة الʨʳ الʛʽ ومعايȘفʱت و ةȄارʷʱة اﻻسʯʽاله ʙ جهʧه مʨلʚعلى ما ب
.تʙلة شʳ مʦعʙ لʗووق ،مʦʻالف2016م
انʷر رمʦʶʹف مʟأ.د/ عا
/أ.دʤʯني رسʦ تʗʸأح - 6 - ) تʗش3
(
2016
اﶈﺘﻮى
كلمة الﺘﺤرير
6
اﶈﺘوى
7
النﺴيﺞ اﳌملوكي ذو الرﻧوك اﳌﻀافة أﲪد عبد الرازق أﲪد
8
-
42
ﲰات عمارة البيوت الﺘقليدية بواحة غدامس الليبية
ﰲ العصر العثماﱐ: بيت دا اًأﳕوذج ﱐʪʪ
أﲪد ﳏمود أمﲔ
43
-
77
ﺷواهد القبور اﻹيراﻧية اﳌصورة خﻼل العصر القاجاري
)
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م ﰲ ﺿوء ﳎموعة
بـ اﳌقدسة الروﺿة مﺘﺤف من ﺘارةُﳐ»
مﱡُق «رية فنيةʬدراسة آ
حﺴام عويس طنطاوي
78
-
121
ﲰات الﺘخطيﻂ العمراﱐ لقصر وارجﻼن
لصﺤراء اﳉزاﺋريةʪ
ﷴ الﺴيد ﷴ أبو رحاب
122
-
170
وﺛيقة كﺸف قبة قﻼوون اﳌﺆرخة سنة1167
/هـ1754
:م
رية معماريةʬدراسة آ ﷴ عبد الﺴﺘار عثمان
171
-
222
للغة اﻹﳒليزيةʪ اﻷﲝاث
CG 1305: AN OFFERING TABLE IN THE
EGYPTIAN MUSEUM WITH A SHORT
NOTATION ON FESTIVALS
Dalia HANAFY
1-11
DEIR ST. MACARIUS OF ALEXANDRIA
IN WADI EL-RAYAN, FAYOUM:
A FORGOTTEN MONASTERY
Maher A. EISSA &
Louay M. SAIED &
Abdelrazek ELNAGGAR
12-23
THE STELA OF WAH-HRT-NXT (J.E.57112)
Mostafa A. SHALABY
24-33
TWO HYMNS OF DORING RE
Zakareya R. ABDELMAGUID
34-44
CORINTH IN THE OTTOMAN PERIOD
(1458-1687 AND 1715-1821)
THE AFTERLIFE OF A GREAT ANCIENT
GREEK AND ROMAN METROPOLIS
Machiel KIEL
45 -71
اﳌلخصات للغة اﻹﳒليزيةʪل
ﻸﲝاث لعربيةʪ اﳌكﺘوبة
72-76
مراجعات للغة اﻹﳒليزيةʪ
REVIEW OF IBRAHIM SAWEROS, ANOTHER
ATHANASIUS: FOUR SAHIDIC HOMILIES
ATTRIBUTED TO ST. ATHANASIUS OF
ALEXANDRIA, INTRODUCTION, EDITIONS,
TRANSLATIONS. PH.D DISSERTATION,
LEIDEN UNIVERSITY, NETHERLANDS, 2016
[XIII + 321 PAGES]
Samuel MOAWAD
87-80 ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
دراسة ʙتع
رʨʰ القʙاهʨش1
ًاʽʵȄ تارȘثʨوت ًاȄل آثارʳʶ إنها تʘʽ اﻵثار؛ حʦة في علʺهʺال راساتʙ الʧم
عʽʺʳǼ ،هʽة علʰعاقʱʺر الʨʸ العʧ مʛʸل عؗ اﻹسﻼمي فيʦار العالʢ أقʧ مʛʢل قؗ ارةʹح
يʰهʚʺى والʻيʙ الʖانʳاﻹضافة إلى الǼ ،ةǽادʸʱة واﻻقʽاعʺʱة واﻻجʽاسʽʶه الʰانʨج2. ع عادةʻʸ تʙاهʨʷ الʗانؗو ʛف واﻵجʜʵ والʖʷʵالؗ Ȑʛاد أخʨ مʧخام ومʛ الʧاعه ومʨأنǼ ʛʳʴ الʧم
ʥ ذلʛʽن وغʙعʺوال هاʹعǼ دةʙعʱم ًاﻻȞت أشʚʵها، واتʽ فʙقʛ يʧر لﻺشارة إلى مʨʰالق قʨضع فʨ، وت
اناʽها أحʻلى مʙʱ تʖȄارʴل مȞ على شʙاهʨت شʛهʣع. وȃʛل أو مȞʷل الʽʢʱʶها مʛʲح، وأكʢʶم
ةʽانʨʢة أسʙʺة أعʯʽ على هʛها اﻵخʹعȃاديل، وʻق3
الȞ أشʧ مʥ ذلʛʽوغ
عاماتʙة والʙʺاﻷع
احفʸʺال الȞس والقارورة وأشʨ والفانȘمʛʰ والȋوʛʵʺة الʯʽ وهʨؗʨؗʛاروك والʰفات والʛʷﻼت والʶʺوال
اعʛʷب والʨوالقل
،لفةʱʵʺم الʨʳʻوال شاةʛالفǼ ʦسʛ الʧاتها مǼاʱؗ ʚʽفʻت قʛʡ ʗعʨʻا تʺؗ
لʽاﻷزامǼ ʛفʴوال
هʛʽوغ، زʨة ورمʽانʨʽة وحʽاتʰة ونʽسʙʻ زخارف هʧات مǼاʱؔ الʥ تلʖاحʸǽ مع ما... الﺦ4
. دراسة ʙتع
رʨʰ القʙاهʨش1
ًاʽʵȄ تارȘثʨوت ًاȄل آثارʳʶ إنها تʘʽ اﻵثار؛ حʦة في علʺهʺال راساتʙ الʧم
عʽʺʳǼ ،هʽة علʰعاقʱʺر الʨʸ العʧ مʛʸل عؗ اﻹسﻼمي فيʦار العالʢ أقʧ مʛʢل قؗ ارةʹح
يʰهʚʺى والʻيʙ الʖانʳاﻹضافة إلى الǼ ،ةǽادʸʱة واﻻقʽاعʺʱة واﻻجʽاسʽʶه الʰانʨج2. ع عادةʻʸ تʙاهʨʷ الʗانؗو ʛف واﻵجʜʵ والʖʷʵالؗ Ȑʛاد أخʨ مʧخام ومʛ الʧاعه ومʨأنǼ ʛʳʴ الʧم
ʥ ذلʛʽن وغʙعʺوال هاʹعǼ دةʙعʱم ًاﻻȞت أشʚʵها، واتʽ فʙقʛ يʧر لﻺشارة إلى مʨʰالق قʨضع فʨ، وت
اناʽها أحʻلى مʙʱ تʖȄارʴل مȞ على شʙاهʨت شʛهʣع. وȃʛل أو مȞʷل الʽʢʱʶها مʛʲح، وأكʢʶم
ةʽانʨʢة أسʙʺة أعʯʽ على هʛها اﻵخʹعȃاديل، وʻق3
الȞ أشʧ مʥ ذلʛʽوغ
عاماتʙة والʙʺاﻷع
احفʸʺال الȞس والقارورة وأشʨ والفانȘمʛʰ والȋوʛʵʺة الʯʽ وهʨؗʨؗʛاروك والʰفات والʛʷﻼت والʶʺوال
اعʛʷب والʨوالقل
،لفةʱʵʺم الʨʳʻوال شاةʛالفǼ ʦسʛ الʧاتها مǼاʱؗ ʚʽفʻت قʛʡ ʗعʨʻا تʺؗ
لʽاﻷزامǼ ʛفʴوال
هʛʽوغ، زʨة ورمʽانʨʽة وحʽاتʰة ونʽسʙʻ زخارف هʧات مǼاʱؔ الʥ تلʖاحʸǽ مع ما... الﺦ4
. 1-11 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
78
- ةʽر اﻹسﻼمʨʸر خﻼل العʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧدة مʙعʱم ًاﻻȞ أشʗفʛ عʙان قʛ أن إيʧ مʦغʛوعلى ال
حʢʶ مʛʽ غʛح واﻵخʢʶها مʹعǼ ،هاʽ علʗالʨى تʱلفة الʱʵʺال5
ةȄولة القاجارʙ الʛʸ، إﻻ أن ع
)
1209
-
134
4
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
ات العامةʺʽʺʸʱة في الʽعʨن ونقلة ًاʛʽʰؗ ًراʨʢ تʙشه
.ابهاʴة ﻷصʽʸʵش راʨل صʺʴى تʱ الʙاهʨʷ الʧ مʙيʙ جȌʺر نʨهʣخارف، وʜوال
رʙ الʧافي مؔه الʰʽʸʻ بȎʴǽ ʦ لȐʚع الʨضʨʺا الʚء على هʨʹال إلقاء إلى راسةʙه الʚف هʙوته ،اسة
عʰʱرة وتʨʸʺ الʙاهʨʷه الʚل هʽفاصʱى بʻعُت اﻵن ىʱة حʽʰʻة أو أجʽȃʛقلة عʱʶم دراسة له دʛفُت ʦول
عةȃأر ودراسة ʛʷ خﻼل نʧ مʥ دﻻﻻتها وذلʛʶرها وتفʨʢت6 رʨʰ قʙاهʨش7
عةʨʺʳ مʧʺة ضʣʨفʴم
سةʙقʺة الʽʺʡوضة الفاʛف الʴʱم8
ʦفي ق9 "
ʦسة قʙانه مقʱزه آسʨم
Qum Astanh Museum
". ةʽر اﻹسﻼمʨʸر خﻼل العʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧدة مʙعʱم ًاﻻȞ أشʗفʛ عʙان قʛ أن إيʧ مʦغʛوعلى ال
حʢʶ مʛʽ غʛح واﻵخʢʶها مʹعǼ ،هاʽ علʗالʨى تʱلفة الʱʵʺال5
ةȄولة القاجارʙ الʛʸ، إﻻ أن ع
)
1209
-
134
4
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
ات العامةʺʽʺʸʱة في الʽعʨن ونقلة ًاʛʽʰؗ ًراʨʢ تʙشه
.ابهاʴة ﻷصʽʸʵش راʨل صʺʴى تʱ الʙاهʨʷ الʧ مʙيʙ جȌʺر نʨهʣخارف، وʜوال رʙ الʧافي مؔه الʰʽʸʻ بȎʴǽ ʦ لȐʚع الʨضʨʺا الʚء على هʨʹال إلقاء إلى راسةʙه الʚف هʙوته ،اسة
عʰʱرة وتʨʸʺ الʙاهʨʷه الʚل هʽفاصʱى بʻعُت اﻵن ىʱة حʽʰʻة أو أجʽȃʛقلة عʱʶم دراسة له دʛفُت ʦول
عةȃأر ودراسة ʛʷ خﻼل نʧ مʥ دﻻﻻتها وذلʛʶرها وتفʨʢت6 رʨʰ قʙاهʨش7
عةʨʺʳ مʧʺة ضʣʨفʴم
سةʙقʺة الʽʺʡوضة الفاʛف الʴʱم8
ʦفي ق9 "
ʦسة قʙانه مقʱزه آسʨم
Qum Astanh Museum
". اʺة خاصة لʽʺأهǼ عʱʺʱه تʱعʨʺʳ إلى أن مȐʛاحف اﻷخʱʺ الʧه مʛʽغ دون فʴʱʺا الʚار هʽʱجع اخʛȄو
ʠعǼ رʨʰ قʙاهʨ شʧه مʻʺʹʱت
، وفيȑ القاجارʛʸوفة خﻼل العʛعʺة الʽʵȄارʱات الʽʸʵʷام والȞʴال
:الىʱ الʨʴʻلي على الʽلʴاني تʲ: اﻷول وصفي، والʧʽʺʶق إلي راسةʙ الʦʶقʻʱ سʥل ذلʽʰس :أوﻻ
ةʻصفʦال راسةʗال
ʤحة رقʦل )
1
(
امʵادة الʺال :
ʛمʛم10
. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢالق -
ʛحف11
. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢالق -
ʛحف11
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
-
79
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
5
."ستبيﻦ الدراسة ﻓيما بعد اﻷنماط المختلفة لشواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية المسطحة وغيﺮ المسطحة ﻋند ﺗناول "القبور ﻓي إيﺮان وشواهدها
6
ﺗم ﺗصويﺮ هﺬه المﺠموﻋة بمعﺮﻓة الباﺣث أثناء زيارة ﻹيﺮان ﺧﻼل الفتﺮة ﻣﻦ3/5/
2013
إلﻰ10
/5/
2013م، وﺗحدي دا يوم9/5/
2013
،م
.وبعد إذن شفهي ﻣﻦ القائميﻦ ﻋلﻰ إدارة المتحف
7
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هناك صورا نشﺮت لعدد ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور المحفوظة ﻓﻰ هﺬا المتحف- ﻣﻦ بينها اثنتان ستتناولهما هﺬه الدراسة -
ضمﻦ
ﻛتالوج أﻋده بﺮويﺰ ﺗناولﻰ ﻋﻦ شواهد القبور ﻓي إيﺮان، واقتصﺮت المعلوﻣ ات الواردة ﻋنها ﻋلﻰ البيانات المتعلقة بالتسﺠيل والحفظ ﻛالمادة
،الخام والتاريخ واسم صاﺣب الشاهد، ولم ﺗتﺠاوز ذلك إلﻰ الوصف التفصيلﻰ أو التحليل. راجع: ﺗناولی سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،
117
-
119
، ﺗصاويﺮ
119
،
119
،ألف120
،
120
.ألف
8
يحظﻰ هﺬا المتحف ﻓي إيﺮان بأهمية استثنائية؛ إذ إنه الوﺣيد ﻓي ﻣحاﻓظة قم، وهو أﺣد أقدم المتاﺣف الموجودة ﻓي إيﺮان التي يبلغ ﻋددها
125
ﻋام ﻣﻦ نوﻓمبﺮ شهﺮ ﻓي ﺲّﺗأس ﻓقد ،ًﻣتحفا1935
ﻓي الفناء الداﺧلي لحﺮم الﺮوضة المقدسة لصاﺣبتها ﻓاطمة المعصوﻣة بنت اﻹﻣام
ﻣوسي الكا ﻋام ﻣﻦ ينايﺮ شهﺮ ﻣﻦ تّاﻣتد لفتﺮة فّﺗوق ﺣتﻰ للﺠمهور ﺧدﻣاﺗه بتقديم ّواستمﺮ ،ﻣطهﺮي الشهيد لمسﺠد الحالي والمكان ،ظم1974
إلﻰ1982
ﻓي الواقع الحالي المبنﻰ اﻓتتاح ّوﺗم ،الحالي المبنﻰ وإنشاء للمتحف المﺠاورة المساﺣة ﺗوسيع ضﺮورات ﻣنها أسباب ةّلعد وذلك ،
ﻣيدان الﺮوضة
ﻓي ﻣارس ﻣﻦ ﻋام1982
، وبمساﺣة500
ﻋام وﻓي ،عّﻣﺮب ﻣتﺮ1992
ﻣساﺣة ﻣﺠموع لتﺰيد ،السﺮداب ﻣﻦ اﻻستفادة تّﺗم
اﻹﻣكانات بﺠميع ﺰّوﻣﺠه طوابق ةّﻋد ّيضم ﻛبيﺮ ﻣتحف بإنشاء ﻣقتﺮح مّدُق ولهﺬا ،ﻛاﻓية غيﺮ ﺗﺰال ﻻ هﺬا وﻣع ،ﻣتﺮ اﻷلف ﻋﻦ المتحف
والوسائل الﻼزﻣة ضمﻦ ﻣشﺮوع ﺗوسي ﻣﺠموﻋة وأصلها ،إيﺮان ﻓي النفيسة والفنية التاريخية الكنوز ﻣﻦ ﻣحتوياﺗه وﺗعد ،ﺮّالمطه الﺮوضة ع
ﺗكﺮار أن غيﺮ ،"الخﺰانة" اسم ﻋليه يطلق ﻛان ﻣا داﺧل بها يحتفظون الﺮوضة ﻋلﻰ القائمون ﻛان والتي ،الﺮوضة إلﻰ هدىُﺗ ﻛانت التﻰ التحف
،ﺗعﺮضها للسﺮقة ﻣنﺬ أواﺧﺮ العصﺮ الصفوي .دﻓع القائميﻦ ﻋلي الﺮوضة إلﻰ بناء ﻣتحف ﺧاص بها
http://museum.masoumeh.net/ ; http://arabic.tebyan.net/index.aspx?pid=186854 (accessed 29 Jan. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
2016)
9
بعد ﻋلﻰ ﺗقع الميم وﺗشديد بالضم مُق
٧٤١
ﻛم جنوب العاصمة طهﺮان، وﺗﺮﺗفع المدينة نحو
٠٣٩ م ﻓوق ﻣستوى سطح البحﺮ، يحدها ﻣﻦ
الشمال ﻣدينة طهﺮان، وﻣﻦ الﺠنوب ﻣدينة اصفهان، وﻣﻦ الغﺮب ﻣدينة اراك، وﻣﻦ الشﺮق ﻣحاﻓظة سمنان، وﺗﺮجع أهميتها إلﻰ ﻛونها بمثابة
العاصمة الدينية ﻹ يﺮان لتمﺮﻛﺰ الشيعة اﻹﻣاﻣية بها ﻣنﺬ القﺮن1
/هـ7
م، ووجود الحوزة العلمية الدينية بها، وساﻋد ﻋلﻰ ذلك ﻛثﺮة ﻣﺮاقد أبناء
أئمة آل البيت وأﺣفادهم بها، إذ يبلغ ﻋدد ﻣﺮاقدها المشهورة16
.ﻣﺮقدا، أبﺮزهم ﻣﺮقد السيدة ﻓاطمة المعصوﻣة بنت اﻹﻣام ﻣوسي الكاظم
راجع: ياقوت الحم ،وي
معجم البلدان
، ج4
،
397
-
398
؛
،القمي
مديﻨة ﻗم ،
8
-
303
،؛ السيد ﻗم دليل الزائر ،
7
-
79
. 10
استخدﻣت ﻋدة أنواع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﺠار ﻓي صناﻋة شواهد القبور ﻓي إيﺮان ﻋلﻰ ﻣدى ﺗاريخها، يأﺗﻰ ﻋلﻰ رأسها المﺮﻣﺮ الﺬي ﺗعددت ألوانه
وﻣنها الﺮﻣادي واﻷﺧضﺮ والقﺮﻣﺰي، ثم اﻷﺣﺠار الﺮسوب ية ذات اﻷلوان اﻷسود والﺮﻣادي والقﺮﻣﺰي وغيﺮها، وهناك الحﺠﺮ الﺠيﺮى
اﻷبيض، والحﺠﺮ الﺮﻣلي. کلخورانو
و" ،ﺧبيﺮى
بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد ،"
61
هﺬه أنواع بعض أن إلﻰ شارُوي . والمﺮﻣﺮ ،"ﻛﺮﻣان" ﻣﻦ اﻷبيض والمﺮﻣﺮ ،"آباد النﺠف" ﻣﻦ اﻷسود الﺮﺧام ﺠلبُي المثال سبيل ﻓعلﻰ ،بعينها أﻣاﻛﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺠلب اﻷﺣﺠار
،اﻷﺧضﺮ ﻣﻦ "يﺰد". ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،ﺧدادادی
"نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان"
،
69
. 5
."ستبيﻦ الدراسة ﻓيما بعد اﻷنماط المختلفة لشواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية المسطحة وغيﺮ المسطحة ﻋند ﺗناول "القبور ﻓي إيﺮان وشواهدها
6
ﺗم ﺗصويﺮ هﺬه المﺠموﻋة بمعﺮﻓة الباﺣث أثناء زيارة ﻹيﺮان ﺧﻼل الفتﺮة ﻣﻦ3/5/
2013
إلﻰ10
/5/
2013م، وﺗحدي دا يوم9/5/
2013
،م
.وبعد إذن شفهي ﻣﻦ القائميﻦ ﻋلﻰ إدارة المتحف
7
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هناك صورا نشﺮت لعدد ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور المحفوظة ﻓﻰ هﺬا المتحف- ﻣﻦ بينها اثنتان ستتناولهما هﺬه الدراسة -
ضمﻦ
ﻛتالوج أﻋده بﺮويﺰ ﺗناولﻰ ﻋﻦ شواهد القبور ﻓي إيﺮان، واقتصﺮت المعلوﻣ ات الواردة ﻋنها ﻋلﻰ البيانات المتعلقة بالتسﺠيل والحفظ ﻛالمادة
،الخام والتاريخ واسم صاﺣب الشاهد، ولم ﺗتﺠاوز ذلك إلﻰ الوصف التفصيلﻰ أو التحليل. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
78
-
أستاذ مساعد بقسم اﻵثار- كلية اﻵداب–
.(جامعة عين شمس )مصر
1
ﺗﺰﺧﺮ المصادر التاريخية بعديد ﻣﻦ المصطلحات التي أطلقت ﻋلﻰ شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼﻣية، وﻣنها:
،البﻼطة
،اللوح
،المسﻦ
،العمود
،الﺮﺧاﻣة
،القبﺮية
،المقبﺮية
،التاريخ ﺣﺠﺮ القبﺮ وغيﺮ ذلك ﻣﻦ المصطلحات
،اﻷﺧﺮى التي ﺗنوﻋت لتنوع ًﺗبعا اللهﺠات
،المختلفة ﻛﺬلك يطلق
ﻋليها ﻓي بﻼد المغﺮب بضعة
،ﻣصطلحات وﻣنها:
،الشاهد
،الﺮوسية
،الﺠنابية
،المقبﺮية
،التأريخ ﻛما ُي
عﺮف شاهد القبﺮ المستطيل الشكل ﻓي
بﻼد الﺠﺰائﺮ بالشاهد أو
،الﺮوسية وذلك ﻷنه يوضع ﻋند رأس
،القبﺮ
ًوأيضا يسمﻰ شاهد القبﺮ المنشوري الشكل "جنابية"، واللفظ يستمد أصله
ﻣﻦ جلوس الكتلة المنشورية الشكل ﻣﻦ الﺮﺧام أو الخشب بﺠانبها المتسع ﻓوق
،اﻷرض أﻣا نفﺲ الشكل المنشوري ﻓيسمﻰ ﻓي بﻼد
المغﺮب"ﻣقبﺮية أو ﻣقابﺮية"، وقد استمد اللفظ اسمه ﻣﻦ ﻛلمة
،ﻣقبﺮة أﻣا أهل اﻷندلﺲ ﻓيسمونه"التأريخ"، وﻓي ﻋمان يسمونه "التاريخ"
. :انظﺮ
ﻋبد الحميد ،شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية ،
6
-
7
،؛ نور الهيئة العامة لشواهد القبور ،
8
-
10
. وﻓي إيﺮان يحمل شاهد القبﺮ بالفارسية اسم "سنگ
قبﺮ" التﻰ ﺗعنﻰ ﺣﺠﺮ القبﺮ، وﺗﺮﺗبط بصناﻋته ثﻼثة ﻣصطلحات رئيسية هﻰ ﻋلﻰ التﺮﺗيب: "سنگ شكﻦ يا ﻛوه بﺮ" التﻰ ﺗعنﻰ الشخص الﺬى
يقوم بتكسيﺮ اﻷﺣﺠار ﻓي الﺠبل، وثانيها "سنگ ﺗﺮاش ها" التﻰ ﺗدل ﻋلﻰ الشخص المسئول ﻋﻦ ﺗقطيع اﻷﺣﺠار ونحتها، وثالثها "ﺣﺠار" التﻰ
ﺗشيﺮ إلﻰ الصانع الﺬى يتولﻰ ﻛل ﻋمليات إﻋداد الشاهد والكتابة ﻋليه وزﺧﺮ.ﻓته کلخورانو و ﺧبيﺮي ، "بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی
شهﺮستان يﺰد،"
61
-
62. وﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هناك قاﻋدة بيانات ﺗتبع ﻣﺠمع الﺬﺧائﺮ اﻹسﻼﻣية بقم ضمﻦ ﻣشﺮوع
المكتبة الﺮقمية
للمخطوطات والوثائق الشﺮقية "ﻛتابخانه ي د
يﺠيتالي نسخه هاي ﺧطي و اسناد شﺮقيOriental documents and manuscripts digital
library
" ﺗعﺮض ضمﻦ ﻣحتوياﺗها ﻣا يبلغ1031
قطعة ﺣﺠﺮية ﻣﻦ بينها ﻋدد ﻛبيﺮ جدا ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور، ﻣعظمها يﺮجع إلﻰ القﺮنيﻦ13
و
14
/هـ19
و20
.م
:انظﺮhttp://www.zakhair.net/Stone.php (accessed 2 Feb. 2016)
2
،أﺣمد شواهد القبور في مصر ،
10
. 3
،داود
الكتابات العربية،
79
-
80
،؛ ﻋبد الحميد
شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية ،
4. 4
،نور
الهيئة العامة لشواهد القبور،
21
-
103
؛
،نور دراسات في شواهد القبور ،
3
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
و الغالب
ﻋلﻰ الظﻦ.ان الثاني هو صانع شاهد قبﺮ ﷴ شاه بناء ﻋلﻰ ﺗاريخ اﻻنتهاء ﻣنه
وﻣﻦ الواضح أيضا أن ابنه قد ورث ﻋنه ﻣهنته، وهو ﻣا يتبيﻦ
ﻣﻦ شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﺣﺮم الﺮوضة الفاطمية بقم يحمل ﻛتابة نصها: "وﻓات ﻣﺮﺣوم ﻣغفور ﺣاجي ﻋباسقلي...ولد ﻣﺮﺣوم ﺣاج ﷴ ﻋلي
اصفهاني
14
شهﺮ ع1
سنه1367
)
14
ربيع اﻷول سنة1367
هـ المواﻓق26
ينايﺮ1948
."(م
http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=821&highlight=1367
ﻣؤرخ المؤرخ شاه الديﻦ ناصﺮ قبﺮ شاهد ﻋلﻰ ﻣسﺠﻼ اسمه ورد وقد ،شاه الديﻦ ناصﺮ ﻋهد ﻓي ًوﻣصورا ورساﻣا نحاﺗا ﻛان هﺬا وﻋباسقلي
بعام1321
/هـ1903م بصيغة "ﻋمل أستاذ ﻋباسقلي ﺣﺠار". وﺗﺮجح بعض الكتابات الفا رسية أنه اشتﺮك ﻓي العمل ﻣع إسماﻋيل جﻼيﺮ
اﻛبﺮ ﻋلي بواسطة نقوشها سمتُر والتي شاه ناصﺮالديﻦ قبﺮ شاهد ﻋلﻰ المنقوشة الورد أشﺠار آثاره ضمﻦ وﻣﻦ ،ﻣصور اﻛبﺮ ﻋلي واستاذ
.وقام ﻋباسقلﻰ بحفﺮها
:انظﺮ
،"سﺮﻣدي، "دانشناﻣه هنﺮﻣندان ايﺮان و جهان اسﻼم359
؛ ﺣاﻣدي، "سنگ ﻣﺰار
ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ويگ سند
ﺗازه،"
22
. ﻛما ورد اسمه ﻋلﻰ شاهد قبﺮ اﻓسار الدولة ابنة ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه المؤرخ بعام1319
/هـ1901
."م بصيغة "ﻋمل ﻋباسقلي
http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=923&highlight=(accessed 21 Feb. 2016) 11
ﻻ ﺗختلف طﺮيقة صناﻋة وزﺧﺮﻓة شواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية ﻋﻦ غيﺮها ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓي سائﺮ أنحاء العالم اﻹسﻼﻣﻰ، إذ ﺗعتمد
ﻋلﻰ اﺧتيار المادة الخام ثم ﺗحديد شكل الشاهد، يليها ﻋمليات القطع والنشﺮ و التهﺬيب والصقل، ثم نقل التصميم المعد ﻣسبقا ﻋلﻰ الورق إلﻰ
،السطح، ليحل الدور بعد ذلك ﻋلﻰ ﻋمليات الحفﺮ. لﻼستﺰادة راجع: ﻋبد الحميد
شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية ،
29
،.؛ نور الهيئة العامة لشواهد
القبور ،
154
-
157
،؛ أﺣمد
شواهد القبور في مصر اﻹسﻼمية ،
151
-
156
. وﻋﻦ هﺬه :المﺮاﺣل بالتفصيل ﻓﻰ إيﺮان راجع کلخورانو و
ﺧبيﺮ
ي" ،بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد ،"
62
. ي
12
هو ﷴ ﻣيﺮزا اﻻبﻦ اﻷﻛبﺮ لعباس ﻣيﺮزا ابﻦ ﻓتحعليشاه، ثالث ﺣكام الدولة القاجارية، ولد ﻋام1222
/هـ1807
م، وﻋهد إليه ﻓتحعليشاه
بوﻻية العهد ﻋقب وﻓاة أبيه ﻋباس ﻋام1249
/هـ1833
م وأرسله بمنصب قائم المقام إلﻰ ﺗبﺮيﺰ، جلﺲ ﻋلﻰ ﻋﺮش السلطنة ﻓي السادس ﻣﻦ
رجب1250
/هـ8
نوﻓمبﺮ1834
م ﻓﻰ ﺗبﺮيﺰ بعون ﻣيﺮزا أبو القاسم الفﺮاهانﻰ، وﺗوجه ﻓي الﺮابع ﻋشﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬا الشهﺮ بصحبة سفيﺮ إنﺠلتﺮا
وروسيا والمدﻓعية وجيش ﻛبيﺮ يتﺮأسه "لندساى" أﺣد القادة اﻹنﺠليﺰ ﻣﻦ أذربيﺠان إلﻰ طهﺮان، ﺗوﻓي بقصﺮ المحمدية الواقع غﺮب ﻣيدان
ﺗﺠﺮيش بطهﺮان وهو ﻓي
نحو الثانية واﻷربعيﻦ ليلة السادس ﻣﻦ شوال ﻋام1264
/هـ5
سبتمبﺮ1848
ًﻋاﻣا ﻋشﺮ أربعة ﺣكمه واستغﺮق ،م
،وثﻼثة شهور، وﻛان ﻣعﺮوﻓا بضعف النفﺲ والعﺠﺰ. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
راجع: ﺗناولی سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،
117
-
119
، ﺗصاويﺮ
119
،
119
،ألف120
،
120
.ألف
8أ
أ
أ م
م
م
م
.وبعد إذن شفهي ﻣﻦ القائميﻦ ﻋلﻰ إدارة المتحف
7
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هناك صورا نشﺮت لعدد ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور المحفوظة ﻓﻰ هﺬا المتحف- ﻣﻦ بينها اثنتان ستتناولهما هﺬه الدراسة -
ضمﻦ
ﻛتالوج أﻋده بﺮويﺰ ﺗناولﻰ ﻋﻦ شواهد القبور ﻓي إيﺮان، واقتصﺮت المعلوﻣ ات الواردة ﻋنها ﻋلﻰ البيانات المتعلقة بالتسﺠيل والحفظ ﻛالمادة
،الخام والتاريخ واسم صاﺣب الشاهد، ولم ﺗتﺠاوز ذلك إلﻰ الوصف التفصيلﻰ أو التحليل. راجع: ﺗناولی سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،
117
-
119
، ﺗصاويﺮ
119
،
119
،ألف120
،
120
.ألف 8
يحظﻰ هﺬا المتحف ﻓي إيﺮان بأهمية استثنائية؛ إذ إنه الوﺣيد ﻓي ﻣحاﻓظة قم، وهو أﺣد أقدم المتاﺣف الموجودة ﻓي إيﺮان التي يبلغ ﻋددها
125
ﻋام ﻣﻦ نوﻓمبﺮ شهﺮ ﻓي ﺲّﺗأس ﻓقد ،ًﻣتحفا1935
ﻓي الفناء الداﺧلي لحﺮم الﺮوضة المقدسة لصاﺣبتها ﻓاطمة المعصوﻣة بنت اﻹﻣام
ﻣوسي الكا ﻋام ﻣﻦ ينايﺮ شهﺮ ﻣﻦ تّاﻣتد لفتﺮة فّﺗوق ﺣتﻰ للﺠمهور ﺧدﻣاﺗه بتقديم ّواستمﺮ ،ﻣطهﺮي الشهيد لمسﺠد الحالي والمكان ،ظم1974
إلﻰ1982
ﻓي الواقع الحالي المبنﻰ اﻓتتاح ّوﺗم ،الحالي المبنﻰ وإنشاء للمتحف المﺠاورة المساﺣة ﺗوسيع ضﺮورات ﻣنها أسباب ةّلعد وذلك ،
ﻣيدان الﺮوضة
ﻓي ﻣارس ﻣﻦ ﻋام1982
، وبمساﺣة500
ﻋام وﻓي ،عّﻣﺮب ﻣتﺮ1992
ﻣساﺣة ﻣﺠموع لتﺰيد ،السﺮداب ﻣﻦ اﻻستفادة تّﺗم
اﻹﻣكانات بﺠميع ﺰّوﻣﺠه طوابق ةّﻋد ّيضم ﻛبيﺮ ﻣتحف بإنشاء ﻣقتﺮح مّدُق ولهﺬا ،ﻛاﻓية غيﺮ ﺗﺰال ﻻ هﺬا وﻣع ،ﻣتﺮ اﻷلف ﻋﻦ المتحف
والوسائل الﻼزﻣة ضمﻦ ﻣشﺮوع ﺗوسي ﻣﺠموﻋة وأصلها ،إيﺮان ﻓي النفيسة والفنية التاريخية الكنوز ﻣﻦ ﻣحتوياﺗه وﺗعد ،ﺮّالمطه الﺮوضة ع
ﺗكﺮار أن غيﺮ ،"الخﺰانة" اسم ﻋليه يطلق ﻛان ﻣا داﺧل بها يحتفظون الﺮوضة ﻋلﻰ القائمون ﻛان والتي ،الﺮوضة إلﻰ هدىُﺗ ﻛانت التﻰ التحف
،ﺗعﺮضها للسﺮقة ﻣنﺬ أواﺧﺮ العصﺮ الصفوي .دﻓع القائميﻦ ﻋلي الﺮوضة إلﻰ بناء ﻣتحف ﺧاص بها -
79
- 2016
) تʗش3
( :عادǼاﻷ13
×
137
×
270
.ʦس
:Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȏفʴ الʦرق2097
. : أولʛʷʻال.ةʛم
:ʙاهʷ الʖصاح
ﷴ شاه قاجار12
)
1250
-
1264
/هـ1834
-
1848
(م. ʧʽʶ حʙʽ: سȋاʢʵال13ارʳʴ. ال14: ﷴ علي أصفهانى15
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ﺦȄارʱال: )
1270
/هـ1853
-
1854
.(م.انʛع: ايʻʸان الȞم
:صفʦال
ʛمʛʺ رخام الʧة مʙعة واحʢ قʧ مʙاهʷا الʚع هʻص
لȞʷلة الʽʢʱʶم
ها إلىʴʢ سʦʶقʻي
رةʨات صȄʨʱʶة مʙ على عʛفʴالǼ ةȄʜؗʛʺاحة الʶʺ الʧȄʜار خارجى، يʡ بها إȌʽʴǽ ةȄʜؗʛاحة مʶم
) عيʽʰʢ الʦʳʴالǼ ةʽʸʵشFull Length Portrait شاه قاجارʙʺʴʺ( ل)
1250
-
1264
/هـ1834
-
1848
(م
ʺʽه الʙʽب ًاʙʻʱʶم ًواقفا ،ةʽة أمامʽاع ووجهه في وضعȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽفي وضع ى إلىʻ
وʙʰ يȑʚ الʗقʨه، في الʢه فى وسǼ Șʢʻʺʱاق يʢ على نȐʛʶʽه الʙع يʹǽ ʧʽ، في حʛʽʸان قʳلʨص
.هʙʺ وضع داخل غʙ وقʛʽʷʺʷع الʨ نʧف مʽه سʙام أسفل يʜʴ الʧم ًاʽلʙʱه مʽف :عادǼاﻷ13
×
137
×
270
.ʦس
:Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȏفʴ الʦرق2097
. : أولʛʷʻال.ةʛم
:ʙاهʷ الʖصاح
ﷴ شاه قاجار12
)
1250
-
1264
/هـ1834
-
1848
(م. ʧʽʶ حʙʽ: سȋاʢʵال13ارʳʴ. ال14: ﷴ علي أصفهانى15
. ﺦȄارʱال: )
1270
/هـ1853
-
1854
.(م.انʛع: ايʻʸان الȞم
:صفʦال
ʛمʛʺ رخام الʧة مʙعة واحʢ قʧ مʙاهʷا الʚع هʻص
لȞʷلة الʽʢʱʶم
ها إلىʴʢ سʦʶقʻي
رةʨات صȄʨʱʶة مʙ على عʛفʴالǼ ةȄʜؗʛʺاحة الʶʺ الʧȄʜار خارجى، يʡ بها إȌʽʴǽ ةȄʜؗʛاحة مʶم
) عيʽʰʢ الʦʳʴالǼ ةʽʸʵشFull Length Portrait شاه قاجارʙʺʴʺ( ل)
1250
-
1264
/هـ1834
-
1848
(م
ʺʽه الʙʽب ًاʙʻʱʶم ًواقفا ،ةʽة أمامʽاع ووجهه في وضعȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽفي وضع ى إلىʻ
وʙʰ يȑʚ الʗقʨه، في الʢه فى وسǼ Șʢʻʺʱاق يʢ على نȐʛʶʽه الʙع يʹǽ ʧʽ، في حʛʽʸان قʳلʨص
.هʙʺ وضع داخل غʙ وقʛʽʷʺʷع الʨ نʧف مʽه سʙام أسفل يʜʴ الʧم ًاʽلʙʱه مʽف :Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم. ʙʱʺǽ د وشاحʨة، مع وجʡʛها أشʽ فʧʽفʱؔ الʧȄʜة، يʛʽʸة قʛʱ سʧنة مʨȞة مȄʛȞʶة عʽʺرس ةّʜَب ʝʰلȄو
ʱؔ الʧم أعلىʛʶǽر اﻷʙʸ الʖ على جانʛهʤه، وتǼ Șʢʻʺʱام يʜ حʧ مʛʶǽ اﻷʖانʳ إلى الʧʺǽف اﻷ
رةʨل صʺʴǽ ȌȄʛ خﻼل شʧ مȘل معلȞʷ الȑاوʹʽان بʷʽها نʻلى مʙʱلة يʽʢʱʶ شارة مʖʽʳان الȞم ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
80
-
11
ﻻ ﺗختلف طﺮيقة صناﻋة وزﺧﺮﻓة شواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية ﻋﻦ غيﺮها ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور اﻷﺧﺮى ﻓي سائﺮ أنحاء العالم اﻹسﻼﻣﻰ، إذ ﺗعتمد
ﻋلﻰ اﺧتيار المادة الخام ثم ﺗحديد شكل الشاهد، يليها ﻋمليات القطع والنشﺮ و التهﺬيب والصقل، ثم نقل التصميم المعد ﻣسبقا ﻋلﻰ الورق إلﻰ
،السطح، ليحل الدور بعد ذلك ﻋلﻰ ﻋمليات الحفﺮ. لﻼستﺰادة راجع: ﻋبد الحميد
شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية ،
29
،.؛ نور الهيئة العامة لشواهد
القبور ،
154
-
157
،؛ أﺣمد
شواهد القبور في مصر اﻹسﻼمية ،
151
-
156
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
وﻋﻦ هﺬه :المﺮاﺣل بالتفصيل ﻓﻰ إيﺮان راجع کلخورانو و
ﺧبيﺮ
ي" ،بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد ،"
62
. 12
هو ﷴ ﻣيﺮزا اﻻبﻦ اﻷﻛبﺮ لعباس ﻣيﺮزا ابﻦ ﻓتحعليشاه، ثالث ﺣكام الدولة القاجارية، ولد ﻋام1222
/هـ1807
م، وﻋهد إليه ﻓتحعليشاه
بوﻻية العهد ﻋقب وﻓاة أبيه ﻋباس ﻋام1249
/هـ1833
م وأرسله بمنصب قائم المقام إلﻰ ﺗبﺮيﺰ، جلﺲ ﻋلﻰ ﻋﺮش السلطنة ﻓي السادس ﻣﻦ
رجب1250
/هـ8
نوﻓمبﺮ1834
م ﻓﻰ ﺗبﺮيﺰ بعون ﻣيﺮزا أبو القاسم الفﺮاهانﻰ، وﺗوجه ﻓي الﺮابع ﻋشﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬا الشهﺮ بصحبة سفيﺮ إنﺠلتﺮا
وروسيا والمدﻓعية وجيش ﻛبيﺮ يتﺮأسه "لندساى" أﺣد القادة اﻹنﺠليﺰ ﻣﻦ أذربيﺠان إلﻰ طهﺮان، ﺗوﻓي بقصﺮ المحمدية الواقع غﺮب ﻣيدان
ﺗﺠﺮيش بطهﺮان وهو ﻓي
نحو الثانية واﻷربعيﻦ ليلة السادس ﻣﻦ شوال ﻋام1264
/هـ5
سبتمبﺮ1848
ًﻋاﻣا ﻋشﺮ أربعة ﺣكمه واستغﺮق ،م
،وثﻼثة شهور، وﻛان ﻣعﺮوﻓا بضعف النفﺲ والعﺠﺰ. راجع: اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
797
-
806
؛ ،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران،
ج3
،
257
-
262
. 13
ﻣما يؤسف له ﻋدم التمكﻦ ﻣﻦ العثور ﻋلﻰ ﻣعلوﻣات ﺗفصيلية ﻓيما بيﻦ يدي الباﺣث ﻣﻦ ﻣصادر وﻣﺮاجع ﻋﻦ ﻋدد ﻣﻦ الخطاطيﻦ والصناع
.الواردة أسماؤهم ﻋلﻰ بعض شواهد القبور التي ﺗتناولها الدراسة
14
،"ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت وسازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
. 15
ورد ﻓي المﺮاجع الفا رسية اثنان يحمﻼن هﺬا اﻻسم؛ اﻷول "ﷴ ﻋلي ﺣﺠار" الﺬي ﻋاش ﻓي القﺮن12
/هـ18
م، وﻣﻦ ضمﻦ أﻋماله شاهد قبﺮ
السيد ﷴ بيدآبادي المتوﻓﻰ ﻋام1197
/هـ1783
م، وﻛان ابنه ﷴ رضا أيضا ﻣﻦ ضمﻦ النحاﺗيﻦ ﻓي القﺮن13
/هـ19
م، وﻣﻦ أﻋماله شاهد قبﺮ
الشيخ ﷴ ﺗقي ﻣؤلف صاﺣب الح اشية ﻓي ﺗكية ﻣادر بﺠبانة ﺗخت ﻓوﻻذ ﻓي أصفهان ويعود ﺗاريخه إلﻰ ﻋام1258
/هـ1842
م. والثانﻰ "ﺣاج
ﷴ ﻋلﻰ ﺣﺠار". وهو ﻣﻦ ﻛبار الحﺠاريﻦ ﻓي أصفهان، وﻣﻦ أﻋماله الفنية شاهد قبﺮ ﺣسينقلﻰ ﺧان بختيارى ﻓي ﺗكية ﻣيﺮ بأصفهان، وﻋاش
ﺧﻼل النصف الثانﻰ ﻣﻦ القﺮن13
/هـ19م، وأوائ ل القﺮن14
/هـ20
.م سﺮﻣدي، "دانشناﻣه هنﺮﻣندان ايﺮان و جهان اسﻼم ،"
753. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
راجع: اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
797
-
806
؛ ،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران،
ج3
،
257
-
262
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
80
-
ج
13
ﻣما يؤسف له ﻋدم التمكﻦ ﻣﻦ العثور ﻋلﻰ ﻣعلوﻣات ﺗفصيلية ﻓيما بيﻦ يدي الباﺣث ﻣﻦ ﻣصادر وﻣﺮاجع ﻋﻦ ﻋدد ﻣﻦ الخطاطيﻦ والصناع
.الواردة أسماؤهم ﻋلﻰ بعض شواهد القبور التي ﺗتناولها الدراسة
14
،"ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت وسازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
. 15
ورد ﻓي المﺮاجع الفا رسية اثنان يحمﻼن هﺬا اﻻسم؛ اﻷول "ﷴ ﻋلي ﺣﺠار" الﺬي ﻋاش ﻓي القﺮن12
/هـ18
م، وﻣﻦ ضمﻦ أﻋماله شاهد قبﺮ
السيد ﷴ بيدآبادي المتوﻓﻰ ﻋام1197
/هـ1783
م، وﻛان ابنه ﷴ رضا أيضا ﻣﻦ ضمﻦ النحاﺗيﻦ ﻓي القﺮن13
/هـ19
م، وﻣﻦ أﻋماله شاهد قبﺮ
الشيخ ﷴ ﺗقي ﻣؤلف صاﺣب الح اشية ﻓي ﺗكية ﻣادر بﺠبانة ﺗخت ﻓوﻻذ ﻓي أصفهان ويعود ﺗاريخه إلﻰ ﻋام1258
/هـ1842
م. والثانﻰ "ﺣاج
ﷴ ﻋلﻰ ﺣﺠار". وهو ﻣﻦ ﻛبار الحﺠاريﻦ ﻓي أصفهان، وﻣﻦ أﻋماله الفنية شاهد قبﺮ ﺣسينقلﻰ ﺧان بختيارى ﻓي ﺗكية ﻣيﺮ بأصفهان، وﻋاش
ﺧﻼل النصف الثانﻰ ﻣﻦ القﺮن13
/هـ19م، وأوائ ل القﺮن14
/هـ20
.م سﺮﻣدي، "دانشناﻣه هنﺮﻣندان ايﺮان و جهان اسﻼم ،"
753. و الغالب
ﻋلﻰ الظﻦ.ان الثاني هو صانع شاهد قبﺮ ﷴ شاه بناء ﻋلﻰ ﺗاريخ اﻻنتهاء ﻣنه
وﻣﻦ الواضح أيضا أن ابنه قد ورث ﻋنه ﻣهنته، وهو ﻣا يتبيﻦ
ﻣﻦ شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﺣﺮم الﺮوضة الفاطمية بقم يحمل ﻛتابة نصها: "وﻓات ﻣﺮﺣوم ﻣغفور ﺣاجي ﻋباسقلي...ولد ﻣﺮﺣوم ﺣاج ﷴ ﻋلي
اصفهاني
14
شهﺮ ع1
سنه1367
)
14
ربيع اﻷول سنة1367
هـ المواﻓق26
ينايﺮ1948
."(م
http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=821&highlight=1367
ﻣؤرخ المؤرخ شاه الديﻦ ناصﺮ قبﺮ شاهد ﻋلﻰ ﻣسﺠﻼ اسمه ورد وقد ،شاه الديﻦ ناصﺮ ﻋهد ﻓي ًوﻣصورا ورساﻣا نحاﺗا ﻛان هﺬا وﻋباسقلي
بعام1321
/هـ1903م بصيغة "ﻋمل أستاذ ﻋباسقلي ﺣﺠار". وﺗﺮجح بعض الكتابات الفا رسية أنه اشتﺮك ﻓي العمل ﻣع إسماﻋيل جﻼيﺮ
اﻛبﺮ ﻋلي بواسطة نقوشها سمتُر والتي شاه ناصﺮالديﻦ قبﺮ شاهد ﻋلﻰ المنقوشة الورد أشﺠار آثاره ضمﻦ وﻣﻦ ،ﻣصور اﻛبﺮ ﻋلي واستاذ
.وقام ﻋباسقلﻰ بحفﺮها
:انظﺮ
،"سﺮﻣدي، "دانشناﻣه هنﺮﻣندان ايﺮان و جهان اسﻼم359
؛ ﺣاﻣدي، "سنگ ﻣﺰار
ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ويگ سند
ﺗازه،"
22
. ﻛما ورد اسمه ﻋلﻰ شاهد قبﺮ اﻓسار الدولة ابنة ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه المؤرخ بعام1319
/هـ1901
."م بصيغة "ﻋمل ﻋباسقلي
http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=923&highlight=(accessed 21 Feb. 81ال
ال
ا
ﱡُآثا
ا
16
أديﻦ بالشكﺮ ﻓي قﺮاءة النصوص الفارسية وﺗﺮجمتها إلﻰ أ. ليلﻰ ﷴ المعيدة بقسم اللغات الشﺮقية بكلية اﻵداب جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ، ﻓلها ﻣ نﻰ
.ﻛل الشكﺮ وﻣﻦ ﷲ ﺧيﺮ الﺠﺰاء
17
المثنوي شعﺮ يبنﻰ ﻋلﻰ أبيات ﻣستقلة ﻣصﺮﻋة، يشتمل ﻛ
ل بيت ﻣنها ﻋلﻰ ﻣصﺮاﻋيﻦ ﻣتفقيﻦ ﻓي القاﻓية والﺮوي-
الحﺮف اﻷصلي اﻷﺧيﺮ
الﺬي يتكﺮر ﻓﻰ أواﺧﺮ القواﻓي-
.بالمﺰدوج العﺮبية ﻓي عﺮفُوي المثنوي الضﺮب هﺬا العﺠم شعﺮاء ويسمﻰ ،غيﺮهما ﻋﻦ ذلك ﻓي ﻣستقليﻦ ،
،قنديل
فﻨون الشعر الفارسي ،
119
.
18
ﻣﺠله وﺣيد، "سنگ قبﺮ ﷴ شاه و ﻣهد ﻋليا"
،
914
؛
http://kareymeh.valiasr-aj.net/include/VIEW.php?bankname=LIST&RADIF=666 ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
2016) 15
ورد ﻓي المﺮاجع الفا رسية اثنان يحمﻼن هﺬا اﻻسم؛ اﻷول "ﷴ ﻋلي ﺣﺠار" الﺬي ﻋاش ﻓي القﺮن12
/هـ18
م، وﻣﻦ ضمﻦ أﻋماله شاهد قبﺮ
السيد ﷴ بيدآبادي المتوﻓﻰ ﻋام1197
/هـ1783
م، وﻛان ابنه ﷴ رضا أيضا ﻣﻦ ضمﻦ النحاﺗيﻦ ﻓي القﺮن13
/هـ19
م، وﻣﻦ أﻋماله شاهد قبﺮ
الشيخ ﷴ ﺗقي ﻣؤلف صاﺣب الح اشية ﻓي ﺗكية ﻣادر بﺠبانة ﺗخت ﻓوﻻذ ﻓي أصفهان ويعود ﺗاريخه إلﻰ ﻋام1258
/هـ1842
م. والثانﻰ "ﺣاج
ﷴ ﻋلﻰ ﺣﺠار". وهو ﻣﻦ ﻛبار الحﺠاريﻦ ﻓي أصفهان، وﻣﻦ أﻋماله الفنية شاهد قبﺮ ﺣسينقلﻰ ﺧان بختيارى ﻓي ﺗكية ﻣيﺮ بأصفهان، وﻋاش
ﺧﻼل النصف الثانﻰ ﻣﻦ القﺮن13
/هـ19م، وأوائ ل القﺮن14
/هـ20
.م سﺮﻣدي، "دانشناﻣه هنﺮﻣندان ايﺮان و جهان اسﻼم ،"
753. و الغالب
ﻋلﻰ الظﻦ.ان الثاني هو صانع شاهد قبﺮ ﷴ شاه بناء ﻋلﻰ ﺗاريخ اﻻنتهاء ﻣنه
وﻣﻦ الواضح أيضا أن ابنه قد ورث ﻋنه ﻣهنته، وهو ﻣا يتبيﻦ
ﻣﻦ شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﺣﺮم الﺮوضة الفاطمية بقم يحمل ﻛتابة نصها: "وﻓات ﻣﺮﺣوم ﻣغفور ﺣاجي ﻋباسقلي...ولد ﻣﺮﺣوم ﺣاج ﷴ ﻋلي
اصفهاني
14
شهﺮ ع1
سنه1367
)
14
ربيع اﻷول سنة1367
هـ المواﻓق26
ينايﺮ1948
."(م .اهʷʽعلʴʱان فʢلʶه الʙʳة ل .اهʷʽعلʴʱان فʢلʶه الʙʳة لʽفʸن ǽ اًتفعʛم ًاءʢغ رأسه على عʹȄو ،ًواسعا ًواﻻʛة سʛʱʶ أسفل الʝʰلȄو،شʨȃʛʢه الʰʷ
ȌȄʛه شʻȄʜي لىʙʱت
هʻم اتǽدﻻ ةʛʽصغ مه ماسةʙقʱوت هاʨعلǽ
عةʨʺʳم
ʧم اتʷȄʛال الʨʢال -
نʨؔفي اﻷصل ت زرقاء
نʨالل هىʱʻت افʛʡأǼ
اءʹʽب -
ʛعʷ الʛهʤȄو
ʧم أسفل أسʛاء الʢغ على
ʧʽʰانʳال ه فيʽمʙع قʹȄ، و
.ةʰبʙمة مʙ مقȑاء ذʚح ةʽة أمامʽر وجهه في وضعʨوص–
ʗقʰا سʺك
اﻹشارة-
ʦة وأنف وفʲؗ ةʽʴ، ولʛʽʰؗ ه شاربʢسʨʱȄ، و
لقان علىʴان مؔف وجهه ملʻʱȞȄات. وʰʲة والǽʙʳه الʴو على مﻼمʙʰعان، وتʽان رفʰقان، وحاجʽدق
.ʧʽفʱؔال قʨا فʙيʙʴوت رأسه ىʰجان رقةʨة مʽاتʰا زخارف نʺغلهʷعان وتʽارجي رفʵاخلي والʙام: الʶ إلى ثﻼثة أقʦʶقʻارجى يʵار الʡواﻹ
ةʽة فارسǼاʱؗ ضʛ اﻷعȌ اﻷوسʦʶغل القʷ تʧʽدة، في حʙعʱر مʨللها زهʵʱت16
ة فيȄʛات شعʽ أبʧم
ȑʨʻʲʺ الʖ"قال17
لȞʷة الȄاوʹʽ أو جامات بʞʽʡاʛعها داخل خȄزʨ تʦ وتȘʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ تʚفُن "
:هاʸن 1
-
چ روز ʙʷǼ تʛʳ زهȐ دورʨ
ȡ
و ʗʸاشǼ سالʙرودوصʜار/ ه
چ.ار
2
-
سʦʳ آن شاه انʙﷴ شʾ
هؗ /اه و ʗʵ تʥدش فلʨبȅ
.ﻼهؗ ʧȄوʛ
3
-
Ǿ
ازʝچ.هىʷʻو شاهʛ وقȐارʙهى/ جهانʙمانʛارده سال ف
4
-
هʻال بʨ ماه شʦʷش
ڤ ʗچ
روان در سʙ شʧʽ اززمʞʻ/ تʛهʾ
ʛه18
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
:هاʱʺجʛوت 1
-
چ روز ʙʷǼ تʛʳ زهȐ دورʨ
ȡ
و ʗʸاشǼ سالʙرودوصʜار/ ه
چ.ار
2
-
سʦʳ آن شاه انʙﷴ شʾ
هؗ /اه و ʗʵ تʥدش فلʨبȅ
.ﻼهؗ ʧȄوʛ
3
-
Ǿ
ازʝچ.هىʷʻو شاهʛ وقȐارʙهى/ جهانʙمانʛارده سال ف
4
-
هʻال بʨ ماه شʦʷش
ڤ ʗچ
روان در سʙ شʧʽ اززمʞʻ/ تʛهʾ
ʛه18
. :هاʱʺجʛوت 1
-
ُǼ مان فيʜا بلغ الʺول و ʧʽʱʯة الف ومʛʳ الهʧه عʙع
أ نʨʱعة وسȃر. 2
-
اءؗʚ العقل والʙفعة قائʛﷴ ذو ال
ʛؗم وʨʳʻ تاجه الȑʚال هʽس
ال ٌاءʺʶ
. 3
-
ʙعǼإ تʙʱمارة ام
أ ʛʷعة عȃر
ة
ًعاما اʺحاك و
كʨلʺ الʥوة وملʙق. 4
-
اﻷʧه مʙʶج جʛاه وعʽʴال غاب مʨ شʛفي شه رض
إ
اءʺʶلى ال. 1
-
ُǼ مان فيʜا بلغ الʺول و ʧʽʱʯة الف ومʛʳ الهʧه عʙع
أ نʨʱعة وسȃر. 2
-
اءؗʚ العقل والʙفعة قائʛﷴ ذو ال
ʛؗم وʨʳʻ تاجه الȑʚال هʽس
ال ٌاءʺʶ
. 3
-
ʙعǼإ تʙʱمارة ام
أ ʛʷعة عȃر
ة
ًعاما اʺحاك و
كʨلʺ الʥوة وملʙق. 4
-
اﻷʧه مʙʶج جʛاه وعʽʴال غاب مʨ شʛفي شه رض
إ
اءʺʶلى ال. ت علىʛفُح رʨوزه وأوراق وعʛ فʧرقة مʨة مʽاتʰش نʨ نقʙاهʷلفة للʱʵʺام الʶة اﻷقʽل أرضؗ يʢوتغ
.دةʙعʱات مȄʨʱʶم ت علىʛفُح رʨوزه وأوراق وعʛ فʧرقة مʨة مʽاتʰش نʨ نقʙاهʷلفة للʱʵʺام الʶة اﻷقʽل أرضؗ يʢوتغ
.دةʙعʱات مȄʨʱʶم 16
أديﻦ بالشكﺮ ﻓي قﺮاءة النصوص الفارسية وﺗﺮجمتها إلﻰ أ. ليلﻰ ﷴ المعيدة بقسم اللغات الشﺮقية بكلية اﻵداب جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ، ﻓلها ﻣ نﻰ
.ﻛل الشكﺮ وﻣﻦ ﷲ ﺧيﺮ الﺠﺰاء
17
المثنوي شعﺮ يبنﻰ ﻋلﻰ أبيات ﻣستقلة ﻣصﺮﻋة، يشتمل ﻛ
ل بيت ﻣنها ﻋلﻰ ﻣصﺮاﻋيﻦ ﻣتفقيﻦ ﻓي القاﻓية والﺮوي-
الحﺮف اﻷصلي اﻷﺧيﺮ
الﺬي يتكﺮر ﻓﻰ أواﺧﺮ القواﻓي-
.بالمﺰدوج العﺮبية ﻓي عﺮفُوي المثنوي الضﺮب هﺬا العﺠم شعﺮاء ويسمﻰ ،غيﺮهما ﻋﻦ ذلك ﻓي ﻣستقليﻦ ،
،قنديل
فﻨون الشعر الفارسي ،
119
. 18
ﻣﺠله وﺣيد، "سنگ قبﺮ ﷴ شاه و ﻣهد ﻋليا"
،
914
؛
http://kareymeh valiasr aj net/include/VIEW php?bankname=LIST&RADIF=666 ي
و ه
بﺮﷴ
و ي
http://kareymeh.valiasr-aj.net/include/VIEW.php?bankname=LIST&RADIF=666 -
81
- 2016
) تʗش3
( )ʤحة رقʦل2
(
امʵادة الʺال :
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
ʛحف . :عادǼاﻷ20
×
94
×
190
.ʦس
:Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȏفʴ الʦرق2096
. اولیʻ: تʛʷʻال،
ʮگ قʹسʙ
،
117
. ادهʜشاه زاʛʽمان مʛهؗ :ʙاهʷ الʖصاح)زاʛʽاس مʰ عʧب1221
-
1255
/هـ1807
-
1839
(م19
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ﺦȄارʱال:
نʛ القʧانى مʲف الʸʻال13
/هـ19
.م
:عʻʸان الȞم
إ.انʛي
:صــفʦال
ʛمــʛʺ رخــام الʧة مــʙعــة واحــʢ قʧ مــʙــاهʷا الʚع هــʻصــ ها إلــىʴʢ ســʦــʶقʻل يȞــʷلة الʽʢʱــʶم
ʛفʴــالǼ ــةȄʜؗʛʺــاحة الʶʺ الʧȄʜــار خــارجى، يــʡ بهــا إȌʽــʴǽ ــةȄʜؗʛــاحة مʶم رةʨات صــȄʨʱــʶة مʙعلــى عــ
لʨــʡ ـاعȃة لهــا ثﻼثــة أرʽ اﻷرضــʧــارزة عــǼ ةʽــʸʵش(Three Quarter Length Portrait)
ʙــʶج
)قاجــار زاʛــʽــاس مʰ عʧبــ زاʛــʽمــان مʛقه1221
-
1255
/هـــ1807
-
1839
ّʦــَض ʙر واقفــا وقــʨ صــʙم( وقــ
ʙــʱʺ تʧʽة، فــي حــǼاʰــʶفى اﻹبهام والʛʢǼ ةʛʽة صغʛهʜا بȞʶʺه مʻʢǼ ى أعلىʻʺʽه الʙي إلــى أســفلȐʛــʶʽال
.هʙʶاذاة جʴʺǼ و وجـــهʙـــʰȄو"زاʛـــʽمـــان مʛ"قه
ـــل، مـــع أنـــفȄʨʡ ʘـــؗ ه شـــاربʜـــʽʺǽ ،ـــاعȃـــة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽ فـــى وضـــعȘـــʽحل
ــاءʰنــه قʙ علــى بȑʙتــʛȄــف، وʽʲؗ ʖــة وحاجــȄزʨ لʧʽ، وعــʦʽقʱــʶم لʨ وحــʧʽفــʱؔر والʙــʸال قʨشــى فــʨم
ʧيʙʹالع ارʳ واﻷحʛاهʨʳالǼ
ةʺȄʛؔال
ʛهʤȄا، وʻʽʺوال
ʟʽʺأسفله ق
ʨر مقـ
ʙــʻع ــةʴʱف
ȘــʢʻʺʱȄــة، وʰقʛال
ʠʰــفه مقــʸʱʻو فــي مʙــʰــاش، يʺ قʧــع مــʽ رفȌȄʛــة وشــʽــه حلǼ ــلʸʱفﺦ تʱــʻــال مʷǼ هʢل وســʨ حــʛـʽاﻷم
،ʠʰقــʺــه إﻻ الʻ مʛهــʤǽ ف ﻻʽــار ســʶʽــه جهــة الʻلى مʙــʱȄــا، وʻʽʺــة والʺȄʛؔــار الʳاﻷحǼ صــعʛ مʛــʳʻخ
.رقةʨه زخارف مʻȄʜُت لȞʷى الʡوʛʵتفع مʛاء مʢغ رأسه على عʹȄو و وجـــهʙـــʰȄو"زاʛـــʽمـــان مʛ"قه
ـــل، مـــع أنـــفȄʨʡ ʘـــؗ ه شـــاربʜـــʽʺǽ ،ـــاعȃـــة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽ فـــى وضـــعȘـــʽحل
ــاءʰنــه قʙ علــى بȑʙتــʛȄــف، وʽʲؗ ʖــة وحاجــȄزʨ لʧʽ، وعــʦʽقʱــʶم لʨ وحــʧʽفــʱؔر والʙــʸال قʨشــى فــʨم
ʧيʙʹالع ارʳ واﻷحʛاهʨʳالǼ
ةʺȄʛؔال
ʛهʤȄا، وʻʽʺوال
ʟʽʺأسفله ق
ʨر مقـ
ʙــʻع ــةʴʱف
ȘــʢʻʺʱȄــة، وʰقʛال
ʠʰــفه مقــʸʱʻو فــي مʙــʰــاش، يʺ قʧــع مــʽ رفȌȄʛــة وشــʽــه حلǼ ــلʸʱفﺦ تʱــʻــال مʷǼ هʢل وســʨ حــʛـʽاﻷم
،ʠʰقــʺــه إﻻ الʻ مʛهــʤǽ ف ﻻʽــار ســʶʽــه جهــة الʻلى مʙــʱȄــا، وʻʽʺــة والʺȄʛؔــار الʳاﻷحǼ صــعʛ مʛــʳʻخ
.رقةʨه زخارف مʻȄʜُت لȞʷى الʡوʛʵتفع مʛاء مʢغ رأسه على عʹȄو
ــʽوخلف ه زخــارفʽʱشــʨؗ ــغلʷــة، وتʽاتʰوع نʛ فــʧمــ نʨــȞ مʟــʸ مفʙه عقــʰــʷǽ مــاʧــارة عــʰرة عʨــʸة ال
هاʢســʨʱــي وتȃʛاز العʛــʢعة على الʨʻʱة مʽاتʰن وأوراق ولفائف وعʛ فʧدة مʙعʱم
ʧʽــʴʻʳ مʧʽــؔلʺفــة لʛزخ
ــــةʽʻ الفʙــــʽقالʱالǼ ةʛــــأثʱʺــــة الʺǽʙة القʽالفارســــ نʨــــʻــــة فــــي الفؔﻼئʺم الʨســــʛقــــة بʽــــة ذات صــــلة وثʯʽــــا هʺله
ʧــع مــʽــار رفʡــة إȄʜؗʛʺــاحة الʶʺالǼ ــلʸʱȄل، وȞʷة الȄʛلقة دائʴǼ هʙا في يʺهʻم لﱞؗ ʥʶʺȄة، وʽومانʛال
Șــابʶه الʰــʷǽ ــارجيʵدوج الʜــار مــʡــارج إʵ الʧــه مــǼ ȌʽــʴȄــي، وȃʛاز العʛــʢرقــة علــى الʨــة مʽاتʰفة نʛزخ
اخلهاʙــا بــʽابʱؗ اʛــʴǼ ʛــʷــي عʻ اثʧمــ نʨــȞ مʠȄʛاخلي عــʙوصــفه، والــ ةʽــة فارســǼاʱؗــلʲʺʱت فــي
ــاتʽأب
:هاʸ نȘʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ ةȄʛشع
اʻبȒ
امʽʙ
ʧم أن دش
ونʜح دʛک
ʙعر
نه
ʧȠʺم
ʗاس که یم بʽ
ʙʻ
اʛمʛم ار يدʙ
که ادʱاف
ʛʷʴǼ
ʧم ارʺوش او وʙع اʛم
ʻکʽʙ
ʙʺʴالǼ
وقل
ʨه ﷲ ǽاد رʨز رȄʜو ىʛعʛى ر
عȄو
ــʽوخلف ه زخــارفʽʱشــʨؗ ــغلʷــة، وتʽاتʰوع نʛ فــʧمــ نʨــȞ مʟــʸ مفʙه عقــʰــʷǽ مــاʧــارة عــʰرة عʨــʸة ال
هاʢســʨʱــي وتȃʛاز العʛــʢعة على الʨʻʱة مʽاتʰن وأوراق ولفائف وعʛ فʧدة مʙعʱم
ʧʽــʴʻʳ مʧʽــؔلʺفــة لʛزخ
ــــةʽʻ الفʙــــʽقالʱالǼ ةʛــــأثʱʺــــة الʺǽʙة القʽالفارســــ نʨــــʻــــة فــــي الفؔﻼئʺم الʨســــʛقــــة بʽــــة ذات صــــلة وثʯʽــــا هʺله
ʧــع مــʽــار رفʡــة إȄʜؗʛʺــاحة الʶʺالǼ ــلʸʱȄل، وȞʷة الȄʛلقة دائʴǼ هʙا في يʺهʻم لﱞؗ ʥʶʺȄة، وʽومانʛال
Șــابʶه الʰــʷǽ ــارجيʵدوج الʜــار مــʡــارج إʵ الʧــه مــǼ ȌʽــʴȄــي، وȃʛاز العʛــʢرقــة علــى الʨــة مʽاتʰفة نʛزخ
اخلهاʙــا بــʽابʱؗ اʛــʴǼ ʛــʷــي عʻ اثʧمــ نʨــȞ مʠȄʛاخلي عــʙوصــفه، والــ ةʽــة فارســǼاʱؗــلʲʺʱت فــي
ــاتʽأب
:هاʸ نȘʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ ةȄʛشع 19
قهﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا شاهﺰاده قاجار
هو
اﻻبﻦ الثاﻣﻦ لعباس ﻣيﺮزا وشقيق ﷴشاه قاجار، ولد ﻋام1221
/هـ1807
م، وﺗولﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻋام
1247
/هـ1831
م ﺣكم سبﺰوار، وبعدها بعام انتقل إلﻰ يﺰد، ثم ﺧﺮاسان ﻓي ﻋام1249
/هـ1832
م، وبعد ﺗولي شقيقه ﷴ شاه العﺮش ﺗولﻰ ﺣكم
أذربيﺠان نيابة ﻋنه، وﺗوﻓي ﻋام1255
/هـ1839
.م :انظﺮ
باﻣ ،داد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج3
،
131
؛
http://www.qajarpages.org/ghahremani.html (accessed 20 Feb. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ﺦȄارʱال:
نʛ القʧانى مʲف الʸʻال13
/هـ19
.م
:عʻʸان الȞم
إ.انʛي
:صــفʦال
ʛمــʛʺ رخــام الʧة مــʙعــة واحــʢ قʧ مــʙــاهʷا الʚع هــʻصــ ها إلــىʴʢ ســʦــʶقʻل يȞــʷلة الʽʢʱــʶم
ʛفʴــالǼ ــةȄʜؗʛʺــاحة الʶʺ الʧȄʜــار خــارجى، يــʡ بهــا إȌʽــʴǽ ــةȄʜؗʛــاحة مʶم رةʨات صــȄʨʱــʶة مʙعلــى عــ
لʨــʡ ـاعȃة لهــا ثﻼثــة أرʽ اﻷرضــʧــارزة عــǼ ةʽــʸʵش(Three Quarter Length Portrait)
ʙــʶج
)قاجــار زاʛــʽــاس مʰ عʧبــ زاʛــʽمــان مʛقه1221
-
1255
/هـــ1807
-
1839
ّʦــَض ʙر واقفــا وقــʨ صــʙم( وقــ
ʙــʱʺ تʧʽة، فــي حــǼاʰــʶفى اﻹبهام والʛʢǼ ةʛʽة صغʛهʜا بȞʶʺه مʻʢǼ ى أعلىʻʺʽه الʙي إلــى أســفلȐʛــʶʽال
.هʙʶاذاة جʴʺǼ )ʤحة رقʦل2
(
امʵادة الʺال :
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
ʛحف . :عادǼاﻷ20
×
94
×
190
.ʦس
:Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȏفʴ الʦرق2096
. اولیʻ: تʛʷʻال،
ʮگ قʹسʙ
،
117
. ادهʜشاه زاʛʽمان مʛهؗ :ʙاهʷ الʖصاح)زاʛʽاس مʰ عʧب1221
-
1255
/هـ1807
-
1839
(م19
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
82
-
19
قهﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا شاهﺰاده قاجار
هو
اﻻبﻦ الثاﻣﻦ لعباس ﻣيﺮزا وشقيق ﷴشاه قاجار، ولد ﻋام1221
/هـ1807
م، وﺗولﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻋام
1247
/هـ1831
م ﺣكم سبﺰوار، وبعدها بعام انتقل إلﻰ يﺰد، ثم ﺧﺮاسان ﻓي ﻋام1249
/هـ1832
م، وبعد ﺗولي شقيقه ﷴ شاه العﺮش ﺗولﻰ ﺣكم
أذربيﺠان نيابة ﻋنه، وﺗوﻓي ﻋام1255
/هـ1839
.م :انظﺮ
باﻣ ،داد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج3
،
131
؛
http://www.qajarpages.org/ghahremani.html (accessed 20 Feb. 2016) ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
2016)
23
هو اﻷﻣيﺮ الشاﻋﺮ "سام ﻣيﺮزا قاجار" اﻻبﻦ السادس ﻋشﺮ لمحمد قلﻰ ﻣيﺮزا ﻣلك آرا اﻻبﻦ الثالث لفتحعليشاه قاجار، الﺬي ﺗخلص
ب"رضوان"، والملقب بـ "شمﺲ الشعﺮاء" وذلك بعد وﻓاة سﺮوش اﻷصفهاني الملقب "بشمﺲ الشعﺮاء" ﻋام1285
/هـ1868
م، وﻛان ينظم
المدائح والقصائد الطوال ويلقيها ﻓي ﻣﺠالﺲ السﻼم الشاهية، وله ديوان يحمل اسم "ديوان رضوان قاجار"، ﺗوﻓي ﻓي طهﺮان ﻋام
1309
/هـ1891
،م. هدايت
مجمع الفصحا ،
117
-
120
،"؛ ﻣﺠله وﺣيد،"سنگ قبﺮ ﷴ شاه و ﻣهد ﻋليا914
،؛ باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران ،
ج2، ص58
،؛ الطهﺮاني
الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة، ج9
،
370
؛ ﷴ ،الحركة الشعرية في عصر ناصر الدين شاه القاجاري ،
74
-
75
. 24
ﺧطاط إيﺮاني ولد ﻋام1246
/هـ1830م وﺗوﻓﻰ ﻋام1304
/هـ1886
م، ويعد ﻣﻦ أبﺮز الخطاطيﻦ ﺧﻼل العصﺮ القاجاري ﺣيث ﻋمل ﻓي
شبابه لدى ﷴ شاه ثم انتقل إلﻰ بﻼط ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، اشتهﺮ بإجادة ﺧط النستع ليق والشكسته، وﻛان ﺗوقيعه يشتمل ﻋلﻰ ﻋبارة "يا ﻋلی
ﻣددست"، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة أﻋماله المعﺮوﻓة "رسالة ﺗحفة الوزرا1259
/هـ1843
م" ﻣحفوظة ﻓي ﻣتحف قصﺮ گلستان، و"ﻣناجات ناﻣه ﺣضﺮت
ﻋلﻰ ﻋليه السﻼم"، و298
"صفحة بيضاء ﻛتب ﻋليها أشعاره بخط الشكسته، "ورسالة ﻓﻰ المصطلحات الصوﻓية
،"و"گلستان سعدی
و"سفﺮناﻣه ﺣاج سياح" وﺗبلغ ﻋدد صفحاﺗه216
صفحة وﻣحفوظ ﻓي ﻣكتبة ﻛلية اﻵداب بمشهد، وکتاب" پاﺗولوژی" ﺗﺮجمه ﻣيﺮزا ﻋلﻰ ﺧان
ﻛبيﺮ اﻻطباء ﻓﻰ ﺣدود200
،صفحة وﻛتابات ﻣسﺠد "سپهساﻻر بطهﺮان. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
2016) ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
82
- ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح ʻکʽʙ
نʨچ
ʛʶǼ
خاک
ʧم رʚگ زȄʧ
ʙعǼ
هǼ
دوم دهه سʽʦ ز مه ذȒ
هʙالقع
که
ʗتاخ هǼ
کʛت اǽ
ʧʺ
الهʻʴǼ
ʧʶʴم نʙعʶل
ʨچ وʛʶخ شʛȃازʽ ʛȄ
،ʧ
ابȃر از وʙعʛبه
هاʱʺجʛوت: ارʜه ودو
ʙص اهʳʻپ
ʗوهف
ʦʱشʚȢǼ
ʦʻم هʱشʚگ انʨج مانʛقه
ʧاب اسʰع
ازنʻب
ʝǾ
ارʛتك
ʦʱرف از ارʻک جهان
اكاميʻب
ʧم دان شکʛس نʙران
ʛاب قام
ʙعʛال
ʖȄʛʵʱب لʜʻم أملي في
ʥتل اءʛʴʸال
ʝʽل
ʧȞʺم
ʙﻷح أن
Ȑʛي وجهي ةʽثان
ʙفق ضʛتع
ʛʽʲك
ʧم اءʙاﻷع ةʺȄʜلله امام يʷʽج ونيʛؗأذ
ʙʺʴالǼ
لʨوق
ʨه ﷲ
ʧʽح واʛʺت على
ȑʛʰق
ʙعǼ
ʥذل
ʗرحل عام
1257
20
ʗعǺ
ʥȂʙʵع ةʹس
ʥم يʸȜح في
ʖالʰال
ʥم
ʙشه
ȏذ ةʗالقع في اضيʸال
ʕʹك ابʵال مانʙقه
ʥاب اسʮع
ȑʚال أغار لةʨهʶǼ
على "الهʻح
ʧʶʴم نʙعʶل"
21
ʗرحل
ʧع هʚه اʽنʙال وءʙبه
اʸك فعﻞ وʙʴخ
ʥم أجﻞ
ʥȂʙʻش هاʘوأخ
ʥم
ʗي وʗالع ل
انىʗفق
ʕلʚن اتʙʠق معʗال
ʥم
ʔʲʴال.(اءʸʴ الʕȜǺ)
)ʤحة رقʦل3
( امʵادة الʺال:
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
.ʛحف
:عادǼاﻷ12
×
107
×
191
ʦس . :Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȍفʲ الʤرق2098
. :ʛʷʻال
،چ خانىʽقل"ضا اصفهاʛغﻼم زاʛʽ از مȒارȠشاه،"ني
9
-
14
. اʽ علʙ: "مهʙاهʷة الʰصاح)"
1220
-
1290
/هـ1805
-
1873
(م22
. "اءʛعʷ الʝʺش" زاʛʽاده سام مʜ: شاهʛاعʷال23
. ضا أصفهانىʛغﻼم زاʛʽ: مȋاʢʵال24
. امʵادة الʺال:
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
.ʛحف
:عادǼاﻷ12
×
107
×
191
ʦس . :Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȍفʲ الʤرق2098
. :ʛʷʻال
،چ خانىʽقل"ضا اصفهاʛغﻼم زاʛʽ از مȒارȠشاه،"ني
9
-
14
. اʽ علʙ: "مهʙاهʷة الʰصاح)"
1220
-
1290
/هـ1805
-
1873
(م22
. "اءʛعʷ الʝʺش" زاʛʽاده سام مʜ: شاهʛاعʷال23
. ضا أصفهانىʛغﻼم زاʛʽ: مȋاʢʵال24
. امʵادة الʺال:
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
.ʛحف
:عادǼاﻷ12
×
107
×
191
ʦس . :Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم . :Ȍفʲ الʤرق2098
. :ʛʷʻال
،چ خانىʽقل"ضا اصفهاʛغﻼم زاʛʽ از مȒارȠشاه،"ني
9
-
14
. اʽ علʙ: "مهʙاهʷة الʰصاح)"
1220
-
1290
/هـ1805
-
1873
(م22
. "اءʛعʷ الʝʺش" زاʛʽاده سام مʜ: شاهʛاعʷال23
. ضا أصفهانىʛغﻼم زاʛʽ: مȋاʢʵال24
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
-
83
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
20
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هﺬا التاريخ ﻻ يتواﻓق ﻣع ﺗاريخ وﻓاة قه ﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا الثابت أنه ﺣدث ﻋام1255
/هـ1839
.م
21
.ﺗﺮجح ﻣتﺮجمة النص الفارسي أن هﺬا اسم ﻣكان
22
هﻰ السيدة ﻣلك جهان ﺧانم ابنة اﻷﻣيﺮ قاسم قاجار قونلو، وأﻣها بيگم جان ﺧانم اﻻبنة الثانية لفتحعليشاه قاجار، ولدت ﻋام1220
/هـ1805
،م
وﻋندﻣا بلغت16
ﻋاﻣا ﺗﺰوجت ﻣﻦ ﷴ ش اه ولي العهد آنﺬاك، وﻋندﻣا ﺗولﻰ الحكم ﺣملت لقب "ﻣهد ﻋليا" و"نواب ﻋليه"، وأنﺠبت ﻣنه ثﻼثة
أوﻻد هم: سلطان ﻣلک ﻣيﺮزا، وسلطان ﻣحمود ﻣيﺮزا، وناصﺮالديﻦ ﻣيﺮزا، وابنتيﻦ هما کشور ﺧانم وﻋﺰت الدولة، وﺗميﺰت بالﺬﻛاء الشديد
وإجادﺗها للغتيﻦ الفارسية والعﺮبية، وﻣعﺮﻓتها ب فنون اﻷدب والموسيقﻰ والغناء، والخط والكتابة، واستخدﻣت ﻓي أﺣاديثها وﺧطاباﺗها ﻋديد ﻣﻦ
اﻷﻣثال والقصص، وساهمت ﻣعماريا ﻓﻰ بناء وﺗﺠديد ﻣدﻓﻦ"ﻣادر شاه" ﻓي ﻣﺮقد شاه ﻋبد العظيم، وﻣدرسة "ﺣكيم باشي"، وﻣسﺠد أﻣيﺮ قاسم
ﺧان...الخ، وﻛان لها الفضل ﻓي نقل السلطة إلﻰ ابنها ناصﺮ الديﻦ، وأﻋقب ذلك قياﻣها بدور ﻛبيﺮ ﻓي الحياة السياسية طوال ﻓتﺮة جلوسه ﻋلﻰ
العﺮش وﺣتﻰ وﻓاﺗها ﻋام1290
/هـ1873
.م :انظﺮ
،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
326
-
329
.؛ ،ﻋودة
سفر نامة ناصر الدين شاه ،
22
ىّﻣعﺰ ؛،
،""ﻣهد ﻋلياهای دوره قاجار168
-
171
. ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه السيدة راجع: بختياری اصل
، زنان نامدار تاريخ ايران: مهد عليا مادر ناصرالديﻨشاه .؛ نوايی، مهدعليا
به
اسﻨاد
روايت
.؛
http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.html;http://www.kalam.se/t-haramsara-11-
mahdeolya.htm;http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.htm (accessed 16 Feb. 2016)
23
هو اﻷﻣيﺮ الشاﻋﺮ "سام ﻣيﺮزا قاجار" اﻻبﻦ السادس ﻋشﺮ لمحمد قلﻰ ﻣيﺮزا ﻣلك آرا اﻻبﻦ الثالث لفتحعليشاه قاجار، الﺬي ﺗخلص
ب"رضوان"، والملقب بـ "شمﺲ الشعﺮاء" وذلك بعد وﻓاة سﺮوش اﻷصفهاني الملقب "بشمﺲ الشعﺮاء" ﻋام1285
/هـ1868
م، وﻛان ينظم
المدائح والقصائد الطوال ويلقيها ﻓي ﻣﺠالﺲ السﻼم الشاهية، وله ديوان يحمل اسم "ديوان رضوان قاجار"، ﺗوﻓي ﻓي طهﺮان ﻋام
1309
/هـ1891
،م. هدايت
مجمع الفصحا ،
117
-
120
،"؛ ﻣﺠله وﺣيد،"سنگ قبﺮ ﷴ شاه و ﻣهد ﻋليا914
،؛ باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران ،
ج2، ص58
،؛ الطهﺮاني
الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة، ج9
،
370
؛ ﷴ ،الحركة الشعرية في عصر ناصر الدين شاه القاجاري ،
74
-
75
. -
83
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
20
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هﺬا التاريخ ﻻ يتواﻓق ﻣع ﺗاريخ وﻓاة قه ﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا الثابت أنه ﺣدث ﻋام1255
/هـ1839
.م
21
.ﺗﺮجح ﻣتﺮجمة النص الفارسي أن هﺬا اسم ﻣكان
22
هﻰ السيدة ﻣلك جهان ﺧانم ابنة اﻷﻣيﺮ قاسم قاجار قونلو، وأﻣها بيگم جان ﺧانم اﻻبنة الثانية لفتحعليشاه قاجار، ولدت ﻋام1220
/هـ1805
،م
وﻋندﻣا بلغت16
ﻋاﻣا ﺗﺰوجت ﻣﻦ ﷴ ش اه ولي العهد آنﺬاك، وﻋندﻣا ﺗولﻰ الحكم ﺣملت لقب "ﻣهد ﻋليا" و"نواب ﻋليه"، وأنﺠبت ﻣنه ثﻼثة
أوﻻد هم: سلطان ﻣلک ﻣيﺮزا، وسلطان ﻣحمود ﻣيﺮزا، وناصﺮالديﻦ ﻣيﺮزا، وابنتيﻦ هما کشور ﺧانم وﻋﺰت الدولة، وﺗميﺰت بالﺬﻛاء الشديد
وإجادﺗها للغتيﻦ الفارسية والعﺮبية، وﻣعﺮﻓتها ب فنون اﻷدب والموسيقﻰ والغناء، والخط والكتابة، واستخدﻣت ﻓي أﺣاديثها وﺧطاباﺗها ﻋديد ﻣﻦ
اﻷﻣثال والقصص، وساهمت ﻣعماريا ﻓﻰ بناء وﺗﺠديد ﻣدﻓﻦ"ﻣادر شاه" ﻓي ﻣﺮقد شاه ﻋبد العظيم، وﻣدرسة "ﺣكيم باشي"، وﻣسﺠد أﻣيﺮ قاسم
ﺧان...الخ، وﻛان لها الفضل ﻓي نقل السلطة إلﻰ ابنها ناصﺮ الديﻦ، وأﻋقب ذلك قياﻣها بدور ﻛبيﺮ ﻓي الحياة السياسية طوال ﻓتﺮة جلوسه ﻋلﻰ
العﺮش وﺣتﻰ وﻓاﺗها ﻋام1290
/هـ1873
.م :انظﺮ
،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
326
-
329
.؛ ،ﻋودة
سفر نامة ناصر الدين شاه ،
22
ىّﻣعﺰ ؛،
،""ﻣهد ﻋلياهای دوره قاجار168
-
171
.
ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه السيدة راجع: بختياری اصل
، زنان نامدار تاريخ ايران: مهد عليا مادر ناصرالديﻨشاه .؛ نوايی، مهدعليا
به
اسﻨاد
روايت
.؛
http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.html;http://www.kalam.se/t-haramsara-11-
mahdeolya.htm;http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.htm (accessed 16 Feb. 2016)
23
هو اﻷﻣيﺮ الشاﻋﺮ "سام ﻣيﺮزا قاجار" اﻻبﻦ السادس ﻋشﺮ لمحمد قلﻰ ﻣيﺮزا ﻣلك آرا اﻻبﻦ الثالث لفتحعليشاه قاجار، الﺬي ﺗخلص
ب"رضوان"، والملقب بـ "شمﺲ الشعﺮاء" وذلك بعد وﻓاة سﺮوش اﻷصفهاني الملقب "بشمﺲ الشعﺮاء" ﻋام1285
/هـ1868
م، وﻛان ينظم
المدائح والقصائد الطوال ويلقيها ﻓي ﻣﺠالﺲ السﻼم الشاهية، وله ديوان يحمل اسم "ديوان رضوان قاجار"، ﺗوﻓي ﻓي طهﺮان ﻋام
1309
/هـ1891
،م. هدايت
مجمع الفصحا ،
117
-
120
،"؛ ﻣﺠله وﺣيد،"سنگ قبﺮ ﷴ شاه و ﻣهد ﻋليا914
،؛ باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران ،
ج2، ص58
،؛ الطهﺮاني
الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة، ج9
،
370
؛ ﷴ ،الحركة الشعرية في عصر ناصر الدين شاه القاجاري ،
74
-
75
.
24
ﺧطاط إيﺮاني ولد ﻋام1246
/هـ1830م وﺗوﻓﻰ ﻋام1304
/هـ1886
م، ويعد ﻣﻦ أبﺮز الخطاطيﻦ ﺧﻼل العصﺮ القاجاري ﺣيث ﻋمل ﻓي
شبابه لدى ﷴ شاه ثم انتقل إلﻰ بﻼط ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، اشتهﺮ بإجادة ﺧط النستع ليق والشكسته، وﻛان ﺗوقيعه يشتمل ﻋلﻰ ﻋبارة "يا ﻋلی
ﻣددست"، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة أﻋماله المعﺮوﻓة "رسالة ﺗحفة الوزرا1259
/هـ1843
م" ﻣحفوظة ﻓي ﻣتحف قصﺮ گلستان، و"ﻣناجات ناﻣه ﺣضﺮت
ﻋلﻰ ﻋليه السﻼم"، و298
"صفحة بيضاء ﻛتب ﻋليها أشعاره بخط الشكسته، "ورسالة ﻓﻰ المصطلحات الصوﻓية
،"و"گلستان سعدی
و"سفﺮناﻣه ﺣاج سياح" وﺗبلغ ﻋدد صفحاﺗه216
صفحة وﻣحفوظ ﻓي ﻣكتبة ﻛلية اﻵداب بمشهد، وکتاب" پاﺗولوژی" ﺗﺮجمه ﻣيﺮزا ﻋلﻰ ﺧان
ﻛبيﺮ اﻻطباء ﻓﻰ ﺣدود200
،صفحة وﻛتابات ﻣسﺠد "سپهساﻻر بطهﺮان.
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: قديمﻰ،"گﺬری بﺮ شيوه ی ﻣيﺮزا
غﻼﻣﺮضا
،"اصفهانی
35
-
50
؛ ﻣهﺮ، "پشت هيچستان-بﺮ ﻣﺰار غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهاني ،
46
-
48
،؛ اسﻼﻣي
"رقعه ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
24
ﺧطاط إيﺮاني ولد ﻋام1246
/هـ1830م وﺗوﻓﻰ ﻋام1304
/هـ1886
م، ويعد ﻣﻦ أبﺮز الخطاطيﻦ ﺧﻼل العصﺮ القاجاري ﺣيث ﻋمل ﻓي
شبابه لدى ﷴ شاه ثم انتقل إلﻰ بﻼط ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، اشتهﺮ بإجادة ﺧط النستع ليق والشكسته، وﻛان ﺗوقيعه يشتمل ﻋلﻰ ﻋبارة "يا ﻋلی
ﻣددست"، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة أﻋماله المعﺮوﻓة "رسالة ﺗحفة الوزرا1259
/هـ1843
م" ﻣحفوظة ﻓي ﻣتحف قصﺮ گلستان، و"ﻣناجات ناﻣه ﺣضﺮت
ﻋلﻰ ﻋليه السﻼم"، و298
"صفحة بيضاء ﻛتب ﻋليها أشعاره بخط الشكسته، "ورسالة ﻓﻰ المصطلحات الصوﻓية
،"و"گلستان سعدی
و"سفﺮناﻣه ﺣاج سياح" وﺗبلغ ﻋدد صفحاﺗه216
صفحة وﻣحفوظ ﻓي ﻣكتبة ﻛلية اﻵداب بمشهد، وکتاب" پاﺗولوژی" ﺗﺮجمه ﻣيﺮزا ﻋلﻰ ﺧان
ﻛبيﺮ اﻻطباء ﻓﻰ ﺣدود200
،صفحة وﻛتابات ﻣسﺠد "سپهساﻻر بطهﺮان. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: قديمﻰ،"گﺬری بﺮ شيوه ی ﻣيﺮزا
غﻼﻣﺮضا
،"اصفهانی
35
-
50
؛ ﻣهﺮ، "پشت هيچستان-بﺮ ﻣﺰار غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهاني ،
46
-
48
،؛ اسﻼﻣي
"رقعه ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا 20
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن هﺬا التاريخ ﻻ يتواﻓق ﻣع ﺗاريخ وﻓاة قه ﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا الثابت أنه ﺣدث ﻋام1255
/هـ1839
.م
21أ -
83
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
خ
ع
خ
م
م
21
.ﺗﺮجح ﻣتﺮجمة النص الفارسي أن هﺬا اسم ﻣكان
22
هﻰ السيدة ﻣلك جهان ﺧانم ابنة اﻷﻣيﺮ قاسم قاجار قونلو، وأﻣها بيگم جان ﺧانم اﻻبنة الثانية لفتحعليشاه قاجار، ولدت ﻋام1220
/هـ1805
،م
وﻋندﻣا بلغت16
ﻋاﻣا ﺗﺰوجت ﻣﻦ ﷴ ش اه ولي العهد آنﺬاك، وﻋندﻣا ﺗولﻰ الحكم ﺣملت لقب "ﻣهد ﻋليا" و"نواب ﻋليه"، وأنﺠبت ﻣنه ثﻼثة
أوﻻد هم: سلطان ﻣلک ﻣيﺮزا، وسلطان ﻣحمود ﻣيﺮزا، وناصﺮالديﻦ ﻣيﺮزا، وابنتيﻦ هما کشور ﺧانم وﻋﺰت الدولة، وﺗميﺰت بالﺬﻛاء الشديد
وإجادﺗها للغتيﻦ الفارسية والعﺮبية، وﻣعﺮﻓتها ب فنون اﻷدب والموسيقﻰ والغناء، والخط والكتابة، واستخدﻣت ﻓي أﺣاديثها وﺧطاباﺗها ﻋديد ﻣﻦ
اﻷﻣثال والقصص، وساهمت ﻣعماريا ﻓﻰ بناء وﺗﺠديد ﻣدﻓﻦ"ﻣادر شاه" ﻓي ﻣﺮقد شاه ﻋبد العظيم، وﻣدرسة "ﺣكيم باشي"، وﻣسﺠد أﻣيﺮ قاسم
ﺧان...الخ، وﻛان لها الفضل ﻓي نقل السلطة إلﻰ ابنها ناصﺮ الديﻦ، وأﻋقب ذلك قياﻣها بدور ﻛبيﺮ ﻓي الحياة السياسية طوال ﻓتﺮة جلوسه ﻋلﻰ
العﺮش وﺣتﻰ وﻓاﺗها ﻋام1290
/هـ1873
.م :انظﺮ
،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
326
-
329
.؛ ،ﻋودة
سفر نامة ناصر الدين شاه ،
22
ىّﻣعﺰ ؛،
،""ﻣهد ﻋلياهای دوره قاجار168
-
171
. ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه السيدة راجع: بختياری اصل
، زنان نامدار تاريخ ايران: مهد عليا مادر ناصرالديﻨشاه .؛ نوايی، مهدعليا
به
اسﻨاد
روايت
.؛
http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.html;http://www.kalam.se/t-haramsara-11-
mahdeolya.htm;http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.htm (accessed 16 Feb. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: قديمﻰ،"گﺬری بﺮ شيوه ی ﻣيﺮزا
غﻼﻣﺮضا
،"اصفهانی
35
-
50
؛ ﻣهﺮ، "پشت هيچستان-بﺮ ﻣﺰار غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهاني ،
46
-
48
،؛ اسﻼﻣي
"رقعه ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا .ن
م
ر ي ن
ﺮجح ﺮج ص
22
هﻰ السيدة ﻣلك جهان ﺧانم ابنة اﻷﻣيﺮ قاسم قاجار قونلو، وأﻣها بيگم جان ﺧانم اﻻبنة الثانية لفتحعليشاه قاجار، ولدت ﻋام1220
/هـ1805
،م
وﻋندﻣا بلغت16
ﻋاﻣا ﺗﺰوجت ﻣﻦ ﷴ ش اه ولي العهد آنﺬاك، وﻋندﻣا ﺗولﻰ الحكم ﺣملت لقب "ﻣهد ﻋليا" و"نواب ﻋليه"، وأنﺠبت ﻣنه ثﻼثة
أوﻻد هم: سلطان ﻣلک ﻣيﺮزا، وسلطان ﻣحمود ﻣيﺮزا، وناصﺮالديﻦ ﻣيﺮزا، وابنتيﻦ هما کشور ﺧانم وﻋﺰت الدولة، وﺗميﺰت بالﺬﻛاء الشديد
وإجادﺗها للغتيﻦ الفارسية والعﺮبية، وﻣعﺮﻓتها ب فنون اﻷدب والموسيقﻰ والغناء، والخط والكتابة، واستخدﻣت ﻓي أﺣاديثها وﺧطاباﺗها ﻋديد ﻣﻦ
اﻷﻣثال والقصص، وساهمت ﻣعماريا ﻓﻰ بناء وﺗﺠديد ﻣدﻓﻦ"ﻣادر شاه" ﻓي ﻣﺮقد شاه ﻋبد العظيم، وﻣدرسة "ﺣكيم باشي"، وﻣسﺠد أﻣيﺮ قاسم
ﺧان...الخ، وﻛان لها الفضل ﻓي نقل السلطة إلﻰ ابنها ناصﺮ الديﻦ، وأﻋقب ذلك قياﻣها بدور ﻛبيﺮ ﻓي الحياة السياسية طوال ﻓتﺮة جلوسه ﻋلﻰ
العﺮش وﺣتﻰ وﻓاﺗها ﻋام1290
/هـ1873
.م :انظﺮ
ا ا
ال إ ا
ال
ش
شا
ال
ف نا ة ناّقا ا
ل ا ا م
م
،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
326
-
329
.؛ ،ﻋودة
سفر نامة ناصر الدين شاه ،
22
ىّﻣعﺰ ؛،
،""ﻣهد ﻋلياهای دوره قاجار168
-
171
. ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه السيدة راجع: بختياری اصل
، زنان نامدار تاريخ ايران: مهد عليا مادر ناصرالديﻨشاه .؛ نوايی، مهدعليا
به
اسﻨاد
روايت
.؛
http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.html;http://www.kalam.se/t-haramsara-11-
mahdeolya htm;http://www qajarpages org/mahdeolia htm (accessed 16 Feb 2016) اسﻨاد
روايت
.؛
ges.org/mahdeolia.html;http://www.kalam.se/t-haramsara-11-
mahdeolya.htm;http://www.qajarpages.org/mahdeolia.htm (accessed 16 Feb. 2016) -
83
- 2016
) تʗش3
( ارʳʴال25
.انىʛهʡ ارʳ حʛʰأك على زاʛʽ: حاجى ﷴ علي وم
ʨنلʨ قاجار قʥلʺ الʙʹضا خان عʛʽ: علʛاني اﻷثǼ
26
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ﺦȄارʱال: )
1296
/هـ1878
-
1879
.(م .انʛع: ايʻʸان الȞم :صفʦال
عʻ صʛʰ قʙشاه ه إلىʴʢ سʦʶقʻل يʽʢʱʶل مȞ، له شʛمʛʺ رخام الʧة مʙعة واحʢ قʧم
Ȑʨ: العلʧʽʺʶورها إلى قʙة بȄʜؗʛʺاحة الʶʺ الʦʶقʻار خارجى؛ وتʡ بها إȌʽʴǽ ةȄʜؗʛاحة مʶم
فيʞة، نقʽاتʰات نʻȄʨؔعة تȃارزة أرʰافها الʛʡ أʧȄʜل تȞʷة الȄاوʹʽه جامة بʢسʨʱل وتȞʷل الʽʢʱʶم
ثﻼʧʽرة بʨʸʴʺافة الʶʺال ابʻ جʗʰاقʛ مʧʶʴǼ" :هاʸ نȘʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ قةʽة دقʽة فارسǼاʱؗ هاʻثة م
هʻهاء مʱ اﻻنʦها "تʱʺجʛ"، وتʗافǽ امʺه العالي اتʙʳضا خان قاجار دام مʛʽ/علʥلʺ الʙʹاب عʺʱجﻼل
عليʥلʺ الʙʹاب جﻼلة عʻة جǽ رعاʧʶʴǼ
."ه العالىʙʳرضا خان قاجار دام م
ةʽاتʰفة نʛامة زخʳة الʽ أرضʧȄʜوت Șʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ ةʽȃʛة عǼاʱؗ هاʨر، تعلʨوزه وأوراق وعʛرقة لفʨم
ارʡة واﻹȄاوʹʽʰامة الʳ الʧʽرة بʨʸʴʺاحة الʶʺغل الʷت"، وتʨʺǽ ﻻȑʚي الʴ الʨها: "هʸن
ʧ مʙʱʺǽ اتيʰع نʛفǼ اʺهʻ مʙل واحؗ ʙ يʗ تعلقʙ، وقʧʽلقʴ مʧʽؔلʺفة لʛل زخʽʢʱʶʺارجى للʵال
ʙʰȄة، وʽغل اﻷرضʷي تʱخارف الʜال لهʥ، ومع ذلʛʽ صغʦʳح وله ًاماʺت ًاȄا عارʺهʻ مʥل ملؗ و
.اءةʛʰه الʨʶؔاع وتȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽجه فى وضعʨو الʙʰȄ، وʛʽʸ قʛ شعȑ ذʛʽفل صغʡ مﻼمح
،فʸʱʻʺ في الʛʽʰؗ لʽʢʱʶ مȌء أوسʜ جʧم نʨؔʱʽة فȄʜؗʛʺاحة الʶʺ الʧفلي مʶاني الʲ الʦʶأما الق
ʙل واحȞǼ رʨʢعة سʰه سʽ فʜؗʛʺغل الʷوت
ل إلىʸǽ عʨʺʳʺǼ ȑاوʹʽل بȞا شʺشان لهʨʡʛها خʻم
"عةʢ القʖ الفارسي في "قالʛعʷ الʧات مʽاخلها أبʙ بʗلʳ ُس ،شاʨʡʛ خʛʷعة عȃأر27
ȌʵǼ تʚفُن
:هاʸ نȘʽعلʱʶʻال 1
-
قاجار ʦانه قاسȢȄʛʽ امʗدخ 1
-
قاجارʦانه قاسȢȄʛʽ امʗدخ 1
-
قاجارʦانه قاسȢȄʛʽ امʗدخ ʙ خاک نهان شʛȄʜی بʳʻȡ ʨه چȟ آن ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
84
-
اصفهانی"،
331
-
334
،؛ ﺗيمورى، "زيباشناسی در شيوه ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی36
-
45
؛ ﻛﺮيمﻰ، "نگاهی به زندگی وآثار استاد
،"ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی 1
-
15
(
؛
http://aqrlibjournal.ir/Old/index.php?module=TWArticles&file=index&func=view_pubarticles&did=1960&
pid=11;http://gholamrezasepehri.com/news.php?extend.26(accessed 16 Feb. 2016)
25
،"ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت وسازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
26
ﻋميد اﻷسﺮة القاجارية وواﺣد ﻣﻦ رجال إيﺮان ﻓي أواﺧﺮ العصﺮ القاجاري، ولد ﻋام1238
/هـ1822
أﻣﻼﻛه وسعة المالي باقتداره ﺮفُﻋ ،م
"وﺧلقه الﺮﻓيع، وبسبب انتمائه إلﻰ قبيلة قاجار ورئاسته لها ﺣظﻰ بثقة "ﻣهد ﻋليا
أم الملك ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، وﻋمل ﻓﻰ ﺧدﻣة ﻋدد ﻣﻦ شاهات
إيﺮان، ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال ﻋينه ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻋام1282
/هـ1865
م ﻣسئوﻻ ﻋﻦ إﻋمار ﻣﺮقد الكاظميﻦ وﺗﺬهيب قبتيهما، وﻋندﻣا أسﺲ ناصﺮ
الديﻦ شاه ﻋام1304
/هـ1887م صندوق العدالة"صندوق ﻋدالت" ﻋينه رئيسا له لكنه أصﺮ ﻋلﻰ ا ﻻستقالة ﻓيما بعد، وقد ﺗم اﺧتياره نائبا
)للسلطنة ووصيا ﻋلﻰ العﺮش ﻋقب ﺧلع ﷴ ﻋلي شاه وﺗولية ابنه أﺣمد شاه قاجار1327
-
1344
/هـ1909
-
1925
م(، وهو المنصب الﺬى ﺗوﻻه
ﺣتﻰ وﻓاﺗه ﻓي رﻣضان1328هـ/سبتمبﺮ1910
،م. دهخدا
لغتﻨامه دهخدا ،
1525
،؛ باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران ،ج2
،
435
-
442
؛
الﺮهيمي و السبتي، "ﻣوقف ﻣﺠلﺲ الشورى الوطني اﻹيﺮاني ﻣﻦ السلطة التنفيﺬية،"
92
؛
http://www.iichs.org/index.asp?id=184&doc_cat=7;http://zinati.eu/Azodalmalak_Alireza_Khan_Ghawanlo. htm;https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D
A%A9; http://www.iichs.org/index.asp?id=184&doc_cat=7(accessed 20 Feb. 2016)
27
القطعة ﻣﻦ الناﺣية ا ،لفنية ضﺮب ﻣﻦ ضﺮوب النظم الموﺣد القاﻓية ﻛالقصيدة والغﺰلية، وهﻰ ﻋبارة ﻋﻦ ﻣنظوﻣة قصيﺮة ﻻ ﺗقل ﻋﻦ بيتيﻦ
وﻻ ﺗبلغ ﻣبلغ القصيدة ﻣﻦ ﺣيث ﻋدد اﻷبيات، والقطعة ﻛالقصيدة ﻓي أنها ﻻ ﺗتقيد بوزن ﻣﻦ اﻷوزان أو بحﺮ ﻣﻦ البحور، ﻛما أنها ﻻ ﺗتق يد
بغﺮض ﻣﻦ اﻷغﺮاض، لﺬلك ﺗصلح لﻸغﺮاض التعليمية واﻻجتماﻋية والمدح والهﺠاء والﺮثاء، وﺗختلف القطعة ﻋﻦ القصيدة ﻓي أن ﻣطلعها ﻻ
يكون ﻣوﺣد القاﻓية بيﻦ ﻣصﺮاﻋيه. قنديل ،فﻨون الشعر الفارسي ،
229
،
230
؛
http://www.migna.ir/vdci3waz.t1ayy2bcct.html ی
ﺮ
يﺮز(
tp://aqrlibjournal.ir/Old/index.php?module=TWArticles&file=index&func=view_pubarticles&did=1960&
d=11;http://gholamrezasepehri.com/news.php?extend.26(accessed 16 Feb. 2016)
2 26
ﻋميد اﻷسﺮة القاجارية وواﺣد ﻣﻦ رجال إيﺮان ﻓي أواﺧﺮ العصﺮ القاجاري، ولد ﻋام1238
/هـ1822
أﻣﻼﻛه وسعة المالي باقتداره ﺮفُﻋ ،م
"وﺧلقه الﺮﻓيع، وبسبب انتمائه إلﻰ قبيلة قاجار ورئاسته لها ﺣظﻰ بثقة "ﻣهد ﻋليا
أم الملك ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، وﻋمل ﻓﻰ ﺧدﻣة ﻋدد ﻣﻦ شاهات
إيﺮان، ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال ﻋينه ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻋام1282
/هـ1865
م ﻣسئوﻻ ﻋﻦ إﻋمار ﻣﺮقد الكاظميﻦ وﺗﺬهيب قبتيهما، وﻋندﻣا أسﺲ ناصﺮ
الديﻦ شاه ﻋام1304
/هـ1887م صندوق العدالة"صندوق ﻋدالت" ﻋينه رئيسا له لكنه أصﺮ ﻋلﻰ ا ﻻستقالة ﻓيما بعد، وقد ﺗم اﺧتياره نائبا
)للسلطنة ووصيا ﻋلﻰ العﺮش ﻋقب ﺧلع ﷴ ﻋلي شاه وﺗولية ابنه أﺣمد شاه قاجار1327
-
1344
/هـ1909
-
1925
م(، وهو المنصب الﺬى ﺗوﻻه
ﺣتﻰ وﻓاﺗه ﻓي رﻣضان1328هـ/سبتمبﺮ1910
،م. دهخدا
لغتﻨامه دهخدا ،
1525
،؛ باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران ،ج2
،
435
-
442
؛
الﺮهيمي و السبتي، "ﻣوقف ﻣﺠلﺲ الشورى الوطني اﻹيﺮاني ﻣﻦ السلطة التنفيﺬية،"
92
؛ ي
ي
ي
ي
www.iichs.org/index.asp?id=184&doc_cat=7;http://zinati.eu/Azodalmalak_Alireza_Khan_Ghawanlo. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
ttps://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D
9; http://www.iichs.org/index.asp?id=184&doc_cat=7(accessed 20 Feb. 2016)
27 ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
84
- ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح 2
-
دʨعلی شه بʴʱ فʞʽايʽن راد
3
-
انʺʽ سلʨʿʺ ﷴ شه آنكه هʗجف
4
-
ʞه ملكȟ ʛʸان عʛ قʖمادر صاح
5
-
ʞ شاهʛهʨا وشʽ وشه نʛʶǾ شه
6
-
د ʛȟ ʖلʡ Ȓاʙ از خʗʺت ورحʛمغف
7
-
سال ʙار ودو صʜ هʝǾ د ازʨه نʱرف
:هاʱʺجʛوت ʙان شʽȟ ʗʵ تʖȄآنكه چهل سال ز
ʙ وزمان شʧʽرش زمʙ انʧʽنگʛȄز
ʙان شʛار قǼ ارʜش هʛاز ملک الع
ه شاه زنانȟ دʨی بʱفȢد نه شʨ خʙش
ʙان شʻ چʗاسʨ چه خʛ وهʗان رفʻ جȒʨ س
ʙ ز جهان شȒه اʳǽʙ خʙʺʴʺǼ رو 1
-
ʜʻؔل الʲ مȐʛʲي وارها الʱة الʙʽحʨ قاجار الʦ قاسʛʽة اﻷمʻاب
2
-
عليʴʱي فʵʶها الʙكان ج
ًعاما ʧʽعȃة أرʙʺ لʦش العالʛاله عʺى جʶؗ ȑʚشاه ال
3
-
انʺʽل سلʲعا له مʨʡ هʛأسǼ ʦ صار العالȑʚ شاه الʙʺʴʺ زوجة لʗكان
4
-
ف ﷲʢة بلʛعادة( ﻷلف مʶال )الʰاﻻقǼ يʤه حؔ ملȑʚش الʛ العʖاحʸأم ل
5
-
ʥ وزوجها ملʥها ملʙ وجʥها ملʻاب اءʶʻة الʛʽ أنها صارت أمʖʳ عʛ أمʧȞǽ ʦفل
6
-
Șقʴت أرادت ما لؗة وʻʳ للʗجهʨ ﷲ تʧة مʺحʛة والʛغفʺ الʗʰلʡ
7
-
ة في عامʳǽʙ وخʙʺʴʺ لʗجهʨ وتʦ العالʧ عʗرحل1290
ʰ الʧʽرة بʨʸʴʺاحة الʶʺل في الȞʷة الȄاوʹʽة بʛʽد جامة صغʨ وجȎﻼحȄو للهاʵʱع تǼاʛ والʘالʲ الʧʽʱʽ
ةʻضا سʛارة "غﻼمʰ بها عʞقُن ʝامʵع والǼاʛ الʧʽʱʽʰ الʧʽ بȐʛاك أخʻ"، وهʙʰه العʰʱها: "كʸة نǼاʱك
1296
." ةؔم مﻼئʨ رسʧة مʛʽʰؗ عةʨʺʳه مʻȄʜاخلى تʙال اران؛ʡل إʽʢʱʶʺا الʚ بهȌʽʴȄو28
عاتʨʺʳ ومȐادʛف
..لقىʱʶ ومʝ وجالʦ قائʧʽدة ما بʙعʱفي أوضاع م ةʽقʽسʨه أدوات مǽʙ في يʥʶʺǽ ʦهʹعȃ.الﺦ، و
ʧʽؔلʺه مع الǼاʷʱة تʙ مﻼمح واحʦعهʺʳلفة، وتʱʵات مؗʛʴǼ مʨقǽ ʧ مʦهʻوم ،ًاʛائʡ لʺʴǽ ʧ مʦهʻوم
ʧان مʻ بها اثʥʶʺُǽ فةʽʴل صȞʷفة لʛفلي زخʶار الʡ اﻹȌسʨʱ، وتȑʨ العلʦʶ في القʧȄرʨʸʺال
ل حاجيʺارة: "عʰ عʛفʴالǼ هاʽب علʨʱȞة مؔﻼئʺال
ارʳ حʛʰأك على زاʛʽاني ومʛهʡ ارʳﷴ على ح
"هʽار إلʷ مʙول29
. ʘلʲ الȌʵǼ ةȃʨʱȞم اراتʰارجي عʵار الʡف اﻹʛخʜوت30 دعʧارة عʰي عȃʛ عʧʱل على مʺʱʷ، ت -
85
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
28
رسوم المﻼئكة هﺬه لم يسبق لها ﻣثيل ﻓي أﻋمال النحت ﻋلﻰ اﻷﺣﺠار وأشغال الخﺰف ﻓي المﺰارات اﻹيﺮانية. قليچ ﺧانﻰ، "شاهکاری از
،"ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی11
. -
85
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
28
رسوم المﻼئكة هﺬه لم يسبق لها ﻣثيل ﻓي أﻋمال النحت ﻋلﻰ اﻷﺣﺠار وأشغال الخﺰف ﻓي المﺰارات اﻹيﺮانية. قليچ ﺧانﻰ، "شاهکاری از
،"ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی11
.
29
ﻋلﻰ الﺮغم ﻣﻦ ﻋدم ﺗواﻓﺮ ﻣعلوﻣات ﻓيما بيﻦ يدي الباﺣث ﻣﻦ ﻣصادر وﻣﺮاجع ﻓارسية ﻋﻦ هﺬا الصانع؛ إﻻ أن اﻹﺣتمال اﻷﻛبﺮ أن يكون هو
نفسه صانع شاهد قبﺮ ﷴ شا ه قاجار السابق ذﻛﺮه، وإذا صحت هﺬه الفﺮضية ﻓإن ﺗحليل ﻣضمون ﻛتابات هﺬا النص يمنحنا بعض المعلوﻣات
اﻹضاﻓية؛ إذ إن لقب الطهﺮانﻰ يشيﺮ إلﻰ انه قد انتقل ﻣﻦ أصفهان إلﻰ طهﺮان العاصمة، وهناك ﻣارس ﻋمله ﻓﻰ إﻋداد التحف الحﺠﺮية، وﻣما
ﻣ صناﻋته ﻓي ًﻣاهﺮا ﻛان أنه ﻓيه شك ﻻ ما رشحه ﻹﻋداد بعض الشواهد الملكية، ﻛما يتضح ﻣﻦ سياق النص أنه ﻛان له ابﻦ يدﻋﻰ "ﻋلي
.اﻷﻛبﺮ" شارﻛه ﻓﻰ العمل
30
ورد ﻓي المﺮاجع الفارسية بصدد هﺬه الكتابة أنها سﺠلت بخط "الﺮقاع"، وبالبحث ﻓﻰ المصادر التاريخية ﺗبيﻦ أن ﻣا ورد بصدد هﺬا
المصطلح يتمثل ﻓﻰ أن: "...صور ه ﻓﻰ اﻷصل ﻛصور ﺣﺮوف الثلث ﻓﻰ اﻹﻓﺮاد والتﺮﻛيب، إﻻ أنه يخالفه ﻓﻰ أﻣور ﻣنها: أن قلمه أقﺮب إلﻰ ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
القلقشندي
صبح اﻷعشى ،ج3
،
119
،.؛ ﻋمﺮان
الكتابة العربية ،
99
. 31 )ʤ
(
امʵادة الʺال :
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
ʛحف . :عادǼاﻷ7.5
×
66
×
130
.ʦس
:Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم. :Ȏفʴ الʦرق301
. :ʛʷʻال
اولیʻت،
ʮگ قʹسʙ
،
118
-
119
. شاه قاجارʧيʙ الʛفʤ مʧة ابʻʢلʶ: شعاع الʙاهʷ الʖصاح32
)
1297
-
1339
/هـ1880
-
1920
.(م
:ʛاعʷال ازʛʽ شʙّʺʴم ȑ
ائʶف"مانʜح الʽʸي "ف33
ʧʽʶاس وحʰل عʺار: عʳʴ. ال
.ىʺق ارانʳعلي ح
التدويﺮ، وأن ﺣﺮوﻓه ﺗكون أدق وألطف، وأنه يغلب ﻓيه الطمﺲ ﻓﻰ العيﻦ المتوسطة واﻷﺧيﺮة وﻛﺬلك الفاء، والقاف، والميم، والواو، وﻋقدة
الﻼم ألف المحققة، أﻣا الصاد والطاء و ،العيﻦ المفﺮدة والمبتدأة ﻓإنها ﻻ ﺗكون إﻻ ﻣفتوﺣة...". القلقشندي
صبح اﻷعشى ،ج3
،
119
،.؛ ﻋمﺮان
ة
الكتا ة ال99 التدويﺮ، وأن ﺣﺮوﻓه ﺗكون أدق وألطف، وأنه يغلب ﻓيه الطمﺲ ﻓﻰ العيﻦ المتوسطة واﻷﺧيﺮة وﻛﺬلك الفاء، والقاف، والميم، والواو، وﻋقدة
الﻼم ألف المحققة، أﻣا الصاد والطاء و ،العيﻦ المفﺮدة والمبتدأة ﻓإنها ﻻ ﺗكون إﻻ ﻣفتوﺣة...". القلقشندي
صبح اﻷعشى ،ج3
،
119
،.؛ ﻋمﺮان
الكتابة العربية ،
99
. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
29
ﻋلﻰ الﺮغم ﻣﻦ ﻋدم ﺗواﻓﺮ ﻣعلوﻣات ﻓيما بيﻦ يدي الباﺣث ﻣﻦ ﻣصادر وﻣﺮاجع ﻓارسية ﻋﻦ هﺬا الصانع؛ إﻻ أن اﻹﺣتمال اﻷﻛبﺮ أن يكون هو
نفسه صانع شاهد قبﺮ ﷴ شا ه قاجار السابق ذﻛﺮه، وإذا صحت هﺬه الفﺮضية ﻓإن ﺗحليل ﻣضمون ﻛتابات هﺬا النص يمنحنا بعض المعلوﻣات
اﻹضاﻓية؛ إذ إن لقب الطهﺮانﻰ يشيﺮ إلﻰ انه قد انتقل ﻣﻦ أصفهان إلﻰ طهﺮان العاصمة، وهناك ﻣارس ﻋمله ﻓﻰ إﻋداد التحف الحﺠﺮية، وﻣما
ﻣ صناﻋته ﻓي ًﻣاهﺮا ﻛان أنه ﻓيه شك ﻻ ما رشحه ﻹﻋداد بعض الشواهد الملكية، ﻛما يتضح ﻣﻦ سياق النص أنه ﻛان له ابﻦ يدﻋﻰ "ﻋلي
.اﻷﻛبﺮ" شارﻛه ﻓﻰ العمل
30
ورد ﻓي المﺮاجع الفارسية بصدد هﺬه الكتابة أنها سﺠلت بخط "الﺮقاع"، وبالبحث ﻓﻰ المصادر التاريخية ﺗبيﻦ أن ﻣا ورد بصدد هﺬا
المصطلح يتمثل ﻓﻰ أن: "...صور ه ﻓﻰ اﻷصل ﻛصور ﺣﺮوف الثلث ﻓﻰ اﻹﻓﺮاد والتﺮﻛيب، إﻻ أنه يخالفه ﻓﻰ أﻣور ﻣنها: أن قلمه أقﺮب إلﻰ 2016
) تʗش3
( ʛلله دوائʵʱ وتȑاوʹʽ( بʛʴǼ) شʨʡʛ خʛʷعة عȃل داخل أرʳʶ، مʛʷعة عȃ اﻷرʧʽمʨʸعʺم للʨʤʻم
اء ﷲʺ أسʠعǼ ل بهاʳʶة مʛʽصغ:ها ما يلىʻاءة مʛ قʧȞا"، أمǽ" اءʙʻف الʛقها حʰʶǽ ىʻʶʴال
(ا غفارǽ)نيʙل مʨي ورسȃʛي عʰʻب/
ﷲʙه أسʽوأخ
م
عليǼ ىʺʶ
/تهاʙأم ولȃل وʨʱاء بʛهʜȃو اǽ)/
/(ارʱسʽʢʰʶȃو
ه
ʽلʰوش
ه يؗﻼ زʳا نʺه /
و ادʳʶȃو
الȃ
و ʛاقʰ
ȃادق حقاʸال /(رʨʰا صǽ)/
سى وعليʨʺȃو
و وتقي /نقيȃو
الȐʚ
و ʛȞʶع
ذ ȑةʳʴال
ȘʴالǼ ʦالقائ /(...اǽ)/ ازليʦȞʴǼ فʽʶالǼ بʛʹǽ ȑʚال /
ʧʶل حʨʰقǼ لʰر( وتقʨȞا شǽ) ... / (ʦʽا مقǽ) يʷل وعʽوة ولʙهار وغʻاتى مائة ألف/ بʨ صلʦهʽوعل
...عليǼ عليǼ علي الهىȃ/ وʙʺʴʺǼ رب دعانا31
. وأو وعʛ فʧرقة مʨفة مʛه زخʻȄʜار تʡفلى إʶ والȑʨ العلʧʽʺʶل القʨور حʙȄو اخلهاʙ بʛʸʴفة تʱمل راق
.ةʛʽات صغʙȄور وأو وعʛ فʧرقة مʨفة مʛه زخʻȄʜار تʡفلى إʶ والȑʨ العلʧʽʺʶل القʨور حʙȄو اخلهاʙ بʛʸʴفة تʱمل راق
.ةʛʽات صغʙȄور )ʤحة رقʦل4
(
امʵادة الʺال :
ʛمʛم. :فةʛخʜاعة والʻʸال قʛʡ
عʢق -
ʛحف . :عادǼاﻷ7.5
×
66
×
130
.ʦس
:Ȏفʴان الȞم
ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱم. :Ȏفʴ الʦرق301
. :ʛʷʻال
اولیʻت،
ʮگ قʹسʙ
،
118
-
119
. شاه قاجارʧيʙ الʛفʤ مʧة ابʻʢلʶ: شعاع الʙاهʷ الʖصاح32
)
1297
-
1339
/هـ1880
-
1920
.(م
:ʛاعʷال ازʛʽ شʙّʺʴم ȑ
ائʶف"مانʜح الʽʸي "ف33
ʧʽʶاس وحʰل عʺار: عʳʴ. ال
.ىʺق ارانʳعلي ح
التدويﺮ، وأن ﺣﺮوﻓه ﺗكون أدق وألطف، وأنه يغلب ﻓيه الطمﺲ ﻓﻰ العيﻦ المتوسطة واﻷﺧيﺮة وﻛﺬلك الفاء، والقاف، والميم، والواو، وﻋقدة
الﻼم ألف المحققة، أﻣا الصاد والطاء و ،العيﻦ المفﺮدة والمبتدأة ﻓإنها ﻻ ﺗكون إﻻ ﻣفتوﺣة...". ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
31
النص الكاﻣل لهﺬا الدﻋاء ﻛما يلي: "بنبي ﻋﺮبي ورسول ﻣدني، وأﺧيه أسد ﷲ ﻣسمﻰ بعلي، وبﺰهﺮاء بتول وبأم ولدﺗها، وبسبطيﻦ وشبليﻦ
هما نﺠﻼ زﻛي، وبسﺠاد وبالباقﺮ وبالصادق ﺣقا، وبموسﻰ وﻋلي وﺗقي ونقي، وبﺬى العسكﺮي وذي الحﺠة القائم بالحق، الﺬي يضﺮب بالسيف
،بحكم ازلي وﻋليهم صلواﺗي وسﻼﻣي ﻣائة ألف بنهار وليل وغدوة وﻋشي، أجب اﻵن دﻋانا وﺗﺮﺣم ﺣضﺮانا وأقضي ﺣاجاﺗهم الكل إلهي
.بعلي، وﺗقبل بقبول ﺣسﻦ رب دﻋانا بمحمد وﻋلي وأوﻻد ﻋلي"، ﻣع اﻻﺧﺬ ﻓي اﻹﻋتبار إضاﻓة أو ﺣﺬف بعض الكلمات أو التبديل بينها أﺣيانا
32
هو ﻣلك ﻣنصور ﻣيﺮزا اﻻ بﻦ الثاني لمظفﺮ الديﻦ شاه، ويعد ﻣﻦ رجال آواﺧﺮ العصﺮ القاجاري ﻓقد ولد ﻓي ﻣدينة ﺗبﺮيﺰ يوم اﻻثنيﻦ10
ﻓﺮورديﻦ ﻋام1259
/هـ.ش18
ربيع الثاني1297
/هـ.ق1880
،م، لقب بشعاع السلطنة بينما ﻛان طفﻼ لم يبلغ اﻛثﺮ ﻣﻦ ست سنوات بعد
وﺣظي بنصيب واﻓﺮ ﻣﻦ الفنون والعلوم المخ تلفة ﺧاصة ﻓي ﻋلوم الطبيعة والﺮياضة والكيمياء، ﻛﺬلك الفنون الحﺮبية، ﺗولﻰ ﺣكم جيﻼن
وﺗوالش ﻓي ﻋام1314
/هـ1896
م، وﻓي نهاية ﻋام1318
/هـ1900
م ﺗولﻰ ﺣكم ﻓارس وﻓي21
.ذي الحﺠة ﻣﻦ نفﺲ العام دﺧل إلﻰ شيﺮاز
ﺣدث ﺧﻼف بيﻦ شعاع السلطنة ووزيﺮ
ه
ﻣعتمد السلطنة أدى إلﻰ ﺗدهور أوضاع المدينة، وﻛان ﻣﻦ ضمﻦ اﻷسباب التي أدت إلﻰ سخط الناس
ﻋلﻰ ﺣكمه أنه ﻛان يستولي ﻋلﻰ أﻣﻼﻛهم بالقوة، وقام باستﺮداد القﺮى التي اشتﺮاها ﻋدد ﻣنهم ﻓي ﻋهد ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، واستمﺮ الوضع ﻋلﻰ
هﺬا النحو وضاق الناس لدرجة أنهم أغلقوا ﻣحﻼﺗهم ودﻛاﻛينهم وﺧﺮجوا اﻋتﺮاضا ﻋلﻰ ﺣكمه، واستمﺮت هﺬه اﻻﺣتﺠاجات ليوﻣيﻦ ﺣتﻰ وصل
ﺧطاب لشعاع السلطنة ﻣﻦ ﺗهﺮان يحتوي ﻋلﻰ ضﺮورة ﺣضوره لطهﺮان بسبب سفﺮ ﻣظفﺮ الديﻦ شاه وﺗعييﻦ ﻣعتمد السلطنة نائب للحاﻛم ﺣتﻰ
.يتم ﺗعييﻦ ﺣاﻛم آﺧﺮ ويتولﻰ ﺣل المشكلة المتعلقة بغﻼء الخبﺰ وغيﺮها
بعد ﻋﺰل شعاع السلطنة ﻣﻦ ﺣكم شيﺮاز ﻋام1320
/هـ1902
م ﺗولﻰ
ﻣنصب رئيﺲ الديوان ﻓي طهﺮان وﻓي هﺬه السنوات بلغت الثورة الدستورية أوجها وﻛان يﺮغب ﻓي ﻣنصب السلطنة لكﻦ بعد ﺗتويج ﷴ ﻋلي
شاه، ﻋارض ﻛﻼهما الثورة الدستورية ﺣتﻰ أن ﷴ ﻋلي شاه سعﻰ بمساﻋدة شعاع السلطنة للحصول ﻋلﻰ ﺧطاب ﻣﻦ "اﻋلم الدولة" الطبيب
الخاص لمظفﺮ الديﻦ شاه يفيد ﻋدم ﺗمتع السلطان بالصحة أثناء ﻛتابة ﻓﺮﻣان الثورة الدستورية لكنهما لم ينﺠحا ﻓي هﺬا اﻷﻣﺮ بسبب اﻣتنا ع اﻋلم
الدولة، وﺗوﻓي ﻋام1339
/ه1920
،م. ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
156
-
158
،؛ دهخدا
لغتﻨامه دهخدا
، ج17
،
1411
،
1412
؛
،سليمانی
ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره رجال القاب،
89
،؛ أﺣﺮار
دو ﻗرن فراز ونشيب مطبوعات وسياست در ايران ،
151
؛
http://www qajarpages org/malekmansourmirza html;http://www qajarpages org/shoasaltaneh html;http://w ی
ﺮ ر
http://www.qajarpages.org/malekmansourmirza.html;http://www.qajarpages.org/shoasaltaneh.html;http://w
ww.philosociology.ir/daily-articles/2270-1392-02-02-03-55-03.html(accessed 6 Mar. 2016) ges.org/malekmansourmirza.html;http://www.qajarpages.org/shoasaltaneh.html;http://w
ciology.ir/daily-articles/2270-1392-02-02-03-55-03.html(accessed 6 Mar. 2016)
ّ ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح ﺦȄارʱال:
نʛالق13
/هـ19
.م
.انʛع: ايʻʸان الȞم
:صفʦال
ʛمʛʺ رخام الʧة مʙعة واحʢ قʧ مʙاهʷا الʚع هʻص ها إلىʴʢ سʦʶقʻل يȞʷلة الʽʢʱʶم
رةʨات صȄʨʱʶة مʙ على عʛفʴالǼ ةȄʜؗʛʺاحة الʶʺ الʧȄʜار خارجى، يʡ بها إȌʽʴǽ ةȄʜؗʛاحة مʶم
لʨʡ اعȃة لها ثﻼثة أرʽʸʵش(Three Quarter Length Portrait)
ʧة ابʻʢلʶ شعاع الʙʶج
شاه قاجار) تʧيʙ الʛفʤم1339
/هـ1920
وضعʙاع وقȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽر واقفا فى وضعʨ صʙم(" وق
ةʽا على وزرة رخامʺا بهʙʻʱʶى مʻʺʽ على الȐʛʶʽه الʙي اسʰل عʺها: "عʸشة نʨقʻة مǼاʱؗ تقع أسفلها
ىʺق ارانʳعلي حʻʽʶوح." ʰȄو و وجهʙ
"ةʻʢلʶ"شعاع ال
،لȄʨʡ ، مع أنفʘؗ لله شاربʵʱȄاع، وȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽ فى وضعȘʽحل
،فʽʲؗ ʖحة وحاجʨʱ مفʧʽوع لʲʺʱ يȐʚ الȐʨء العلʜʳها إﻻ الʻ مʛهʤǽ ة ﻻȄʛȞʶة عʽʺرس ةّʜَب ȑʙتʛȄو
ل لعﻼمȞʷلة الʽʢʱʶها حاملة مʽف فʱؗ لؗ ʨعلǽ ،ةȄʛف دائʸة نʛʽʸاقة قǽ ة لهاʛʽʸة قʛʱفي س ات
،هǼ Șʢʻʺʱام يʜ حʧ مʛʶǽ اﻷʖانʳ إلى الʧʺǽف اﻷʱؔ الʧ مʙʱʺǽ د وشاحʨة، مع وجȄʛȞʶ العʖتʛال
انؗ ه أنهʽش اﻷصل فʨȃʛʢه الʰʷǽ اًتفعʛم ًاءʢغ رأسه على عʹȄل، وȄʨʡ ȌȄʛش ازاتهʨʺǼ ʛʽʶȄو
،نʨد اللʨف أسʨ صʧع مʻʸǽ
ل تاجʨ حʧʽقابلʱ مʧيʙ أسʧم نʨȞʺعار الʷف الʸʱʻʺه فى الʻȄʜي
ʛهʤȄه، وʙف فى يʽʶǼ اʺهʻل مؗ ʥʶʺȄو
ʧم أسفل
.ʛعʷ سالف للȐʛʶʽهة الʳأس في الʛاء الʢغ اتʽالʙʽع مȃها أرʻلى مʙʱلة تʽʢʱʶ شارة مʖʽʳان الȞ أعلى مʛʶǽر اﻷʙʸ الʖ على جانʛهʤوت
انʻح الفʳي نʱ الʧʽاشʽʻة والʺ اﻷوسʧد مʙل بها عʸʱا يʺؗ ،ةʡʛ خﻼل أشʧل معلقة مȞʷة الʛيʙʱʶم
في إ الʲʺʱ "الʦاسǼ وفʛعʺع الʨʻ الʧان مʷʽلة على نʨهʶǼ فʛعʱ الʧȞʺǽ اʚها لʹعǼ لʽاز تفاصʛب
نىʨايʺالهtemssaal-e homayouni
ارةʷة الǽ شاه" معلقا في نهاʧيʙ الʛفʤرة "مʨل صʺʴǽ "
بهاȌʽʴǽ شاهʧيʙ الʛفʤʺة لʽفʸرة نʨه صʢسʨʱل تȞʷ الȑاوʹʽ بʨ، وهʧʽʺʽ جهة الʧلة مʽʢʱʶʺال
اʡثﻼثة إ هʙا في يȞʶʺ مʙرة أسʨل صʺʴǽ ȑʚ" الʙʽرشʨ وخʛʽان شʷʽف على "نʛعʱ الʧȞʺǽ اʺؗ ،رات
فىʛʰ اﻷكʨ هʘان ثالʷʽاك نʻ، وهʛʽاني صغʽؗ ه تاجʨعلȄه وʛهʣ علىʝʺʷل الʺʴȄف وʽʶǼ ىʻʺʽال
ʙش بها "شعار اﻷسʨقʻل مȞʷة الȄʛة دائȄʜؗʛ جامة مʧا مʺهʻل مؗ نʨؔʱȄاما. باللغة الفارس ية ﻓي ﺧمسة آﻻف بيت يحمل اسم "گلهاى ﻓصيح
" الﺰﻣان "رضواني""، أو طهﺮان ﻓي شﺮُن ""رضواني" الﺰﻣان ﻓصيح ديوان
ﻋام1363
/ش1404
/هـ1984
،م. الطهﺮاني
الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة
،ج9
،
370
-
371
؛http://bangsaman.blogfa.com/post-
149.aspx(accessed 15 Feb. 2016) ȏاوʠʹʟ ʛȂʦام عʴح
وʺ تȘابʶه الʰʷǽ ʦʳʴال
وا لؗ ʧʽافة بʶʺل الʱʴǽ شعاعاʛʷا عʻارجى اثʵار الʡاﻹǼ لʸʱȄو ،اراتʡه ثﻼثة إǼ Ȍʽʴǽ "ʝʺʷل
افةʶʺل الʱʴه، وتʻ مȘعلǽ ʛʽاني صغʽؗ ا تاجʺهʻ مʙل واحؗ ʨعلȄة، وʽاسʺة خʺʳا نʺهʻ مʧʽʻاث
ةʽاسʙة سʺʳة نʯʽ هʚ تأخʙاهʷʺ الʧʽʺǽ جهةʧال، فاﻷولى مȞلفة اﻷشʱʵات مʽالʙʽا ثﻼث مʺأسفله
.ةʻʺʲة مʛʽ أن اﻷخʧʽ، في حȑاوʹʽل بȞة لها شʽانʲوال باللغة الفارس ية ﻓي ﺧمسة آﻻف بيت يحمل اسم "گلهاى ﻓصيح
" الﺰﻣان "رضواني""، أو طهﺮان ﻓي شﺮُن ""رضواني" الﺰﻣان ﻓصيح ديوان
ﻋام1363
/ش1404
/هـ1984
،م. الطهﺮاني
الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة
،ج9
،
370
-
371
؛http://bangsaman.blogfa.com/post-
149.aspx(accessed 15 Feb. 2016) سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
87
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ʙا على شاهʺ وصفهȘابʶهان الʰʷǽ ʧʽʴʻʳ مʧʽؔلʺفة لʛة زخʻʢلʶال شعاع رأس أعلى افةʶʺغل الʷوت
حةʨا )لʽلُع ʙ مهʛʰق3
رأس على عانهʹǽ انيʽؔاز الʛʢ الʧاج مʱا بʺيهʙان في أيȞʶʺǽ اʺ أنهʛʽ( غ
.ʛʽاﻷم ʱة سʛȄʨʸʱة الʽغل خلفʷȄو ʖل جانؗ أسفلʧارة مʱʶ الʗʺ ُض ʙ، وقʖل جانؗ ات فيʽʢدة الʙعʱارة م
ةȄʛات شعʽ أبʧ مȘʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ ةǼاʱؗ ʙاهʷارجى للʵار الʡغل اﻹʷ تʧʽة، في حǽﻻʙهى بʱʻ يȌȄʛʷǼ
:ها ما يليʻاءته مʛ قʧȞها وما امʺʤاءة معʛر قʚا تعʽابʱؗ اʛʴǼ ʛʷا عʻزعة داخل اثʨم نʨȡ فلک واژʧ ايʜȟ فغان وʛه سǽان ساʶǼ /رʨʸʻ مʗراي ʗʷȟ نʨ خاک نگȒوʛر/ بʨوشʛ شʛپ
ʛ ماه صفʛ آخʛʷعǼ/.../... شاه/قاجارʧيʙ الʛفʤة مʻʢ/ .../شعاع سلʧʽ زمȒاد روʱافʗشʚȡ
../
ʛصف نهʨȢچ
ʛفʤم دʨب كه در
ʧاي ماه/. اغʛچ آل
ʛفʤم
ʗʶʷونʛف ʥمان/ ....ملʜح الʽʸ/....ف
.رʨʸʻم ʧت مʛهʣ يʱة الʛʶʴال
ر علىʨʸʻة مǽرا ʗʢ/ سقʧʱ والفʛʷالǼ ʦفعʺ الȎʴيء الʶ الʥا الفلʚه
/ شاهʧيʙ الʛفʤة مʻʢو على اﻷرض/.../ شعاع سلʛʶل الʣ Ȍا سقʺلʲاﻷرض/ م
/ʛ صفʛ شهʧ مʛ اﻷواخʛʷالعǼ فيʨقاجار.../.../ت
في
ارʸʱاﻻنǼ ىʤʴǽ فʽؗ اʚ هʛ صفʛشه /
ʨʸʻمان.../...مʜح الʽʸ/...فʛفʤاح آل مʰʸفئ مʢأن.ر ًʻثان :ا
ةʻلʻلʲʯراسة الʗال اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة -
لهاʗاهʦاذ شʳ واتʙقابʸاء الʹ بʥعي اﻹمامي مʻʵ الفقه الʃɾʦم. الفقه اﻹمامى معȘفʱي
ʛʰاء على القʻʰاهة الʛؗ ر فيʨهʺʳال34
،هʱمʛم حʙ، وع
اهةʛؗ فيȘȄʛفʱا الʺ: أولهʧȄʛأمǼ هʻاز عʱʺȄو
اءʻʰال ارتفاعǼ اʨʺȞ حʘʽاء حʴلʸاء والʺة والعلʺاء واﻷئʽʰ اﻷنʧʽȃاس وʻ عامة الʧʽ بʛʰعلى الق
اسʻ الʛسائ دون ʦة لهʰʶʻالǼ ʥاب ذلʰʴʱاسǼ ، بلʦرهʨʰاء على قʻʰ الʧاهة عʛؔال35
ʠا رفʺهʽ، وثان ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
88
-
34
وﻓي ذلك يﺮوى ﻋﻦ أﻣيﺮ
:المؤﻣنيﻦ ﻋلي بﻦ أبﻰ طالب أنه قال "بعثني رسول
ﷲ ﻓي هدم القبور وﻛسﺮ الصور"، وورد أن أبا ﻋبد
ﷲ قال: "نهﻰ رسول ﷲ أن صلﻰُي ﻋلﻰ
،قبﺮ أو قعدُي ﻋليه، أو بنﻰُي ﻋليه"، وﻋنه أيضا أنه قال: "ﻻ ﺗبنوا ﻋلﻰ القبور وﻻ ﺗصوروا
سقوف البيوت ﻓإن رسول ﷲ
ﻛﺮه ذلك"، وجاء أن اﻹﻣام البناء ﻋﻦ ئلُس ﻣوسﻰ ﻋلﻰ القبﺮ والﺠلوس ﻋليه هل يصلح؟ قال: "ﻻ يصلح
البناء ﻋليه وﻻ الﺠلوس وﻻ ﺗﺠصيصه وﻻ ﺗطيينه". البﺮقي ،المحاسن ،
614
،؛ الحﺮ العاﻣلي وسائل الشيعة إلى أحكام
الشريعة
، ج3
،
210
-
211
. 35
ا ﻋﻦ لهم ًوﻣنعا الناس ﻋلﻰ ًﺗضييقا ذلك ﻓي ﻷن ،قبة أو بيت ﻋليه تخﺬُي أن هو ﻋنه المنهي القبﺮ ﻋلﻰ بالبناء المﺮاد بأن الشيعة يقول ،لدﻓﻦ
وهﺬا ﻣختص بالمواضع المباﺣة المسبلة أﻣا اﻷﻣﻼك ﻓﻼ، ويستثنﻰ ﻣﻦ ذلك-
ﺣكم النهﻰ ﻋﻦ البناء وﻛﺬا الصﻼة
ﻓي بيت ﻓيه قبﺮ -
قبور اﻷنبياء ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح ʛʰ القʦʽʻʶت36
هʱاهʛȞǼ قالʧ مʦهʽعي لها وفȄʛʷعة ﻻ أصل تʙصفه بʨب37
،
ʛʽ أن أمȐوʛ يʥوفي ذل
ل ﷲʨي رسʻʲعǼ : قالʖالʡ أبيʧ علي بʧʽʻمʕʺال إلى ةʻيʙʺال فقال:
ﻻ عʙت رةʨص إﻻ
،تهاʨʴم
وﻻ اʙʮق إﻻ هʯȂʦس، وﻻ اʰكل إﻻ هʱلʱق38
ʘʽ، ح
يʻ تعʘيʙʴا الʚ في هʛʰة القȄʨʶأن تǼ ةʽل اﻹمامʨقǽ
اواتهʶمه ومʙه، ﻻ هʴʽʢʶ، وتʛʽعʰام الʻʶǼ لةʲʺʺس الʨقʱ حالة الʧاجه عʛإخ
اﻷرضǼ
39
الىʨʱ. وت
ل ﷲʨها أن رسʻر ومʨʰح القʽʢʶب تʨة أدلة وجʽ اﻹمامȐʙل
Ȑوʛا يʺؗ ،ʦʽاهʛه إبʻ إبʛʰح قʢس
يʰʻ الʛʰ قʗرأي" :قال ʛȞǼ أبيʧ ﷴ بʧ بʦأن القاس
) فةʛʷة ﻻ مʴʢʶه مʙʻ عʧȄʛʰوالق ٍةَعِفَتْʛُم (
) ةʯʡوﻻ ﻻ ٍةَȄِʨَʱ ْʶُم) حةʨʢʰ( م ٌﱠاةʨ َʶُم
اء العʴʢʰ( ب"اءʛʺʴصة الʛ
40
ارʸ واﻷنʧȄʛهاجʺر الʨʰ، وﻷن ق
ةʴʢʶة مʻيʙʺالǼ
41
"...أنȑʨضʛ، وورد في الفقه ال
أن ﻻ ًاʴّʢʶم نʨȞǽ ʛʰالق
ًاʺʻʶم نʨȞǽ
"
42
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة هاʻفات مʸǼ انʛة في إيȄʛʷى عʻعة اﻻثʽʷر الʨʰ قʜʽʺʱح تʽʢʶʱاﻹضافة إلى الȃو
أنها
فع تʙ
ʥم
اﻷ
رض رʗق عȁأر عǺأصا
ʙʰأو أك Ȑوʛ ما يʥ على ذلʦهʱ أدلʧ، ومʧع
ʛاقʰال)هʽعل ﻼمʶال( أنه قال :
عىʙي
ʗʽʺلل
ʧʽح خلʙي تهʛحف فعʙȂو
ʙʮالق
قʦف
اﻷ
رض عȁأر عǺأصا اʹǽ أȐ، وما روʧع أبي
ﷲʙʰع ادقʸال )هʽعل ﻼمʶال( أنه قال :
ʖʴʱʶǽ
أن خلʙي معه في هʛʰق ةʙȄʛج ةʰʡر فعʙȂو هʙʮق
ʥم
اﻷ
رض رʗق عȁأر عǺأصا مةʦʸʷم حʹʻȄو هʽعل اءʺال لʵȄو
ي هʻع43
. ʛʽʷǼ ʧة بʰوما رواه عق ʧع
ʛأبي جعف أنهʛاقʰال يʰʻقال: قال ال صلى ﷲ هʽعل وآله
ʦوسل لعلي هʽعل
ي فيʻا علي، ادفǽ :ﻼمʶال واﻷئمة ﻋليهم السﻼم ﻻطباق الناس ﻋلﻰ البناء ﻋلﻰ قبورهم ﻣﻦ غيﺮ نكيﺮ، واستفاضة الﺮوايات بالتﺮغيب ﻓي ذلك، ويستثنﻰ ﻣعها قبور الع لماء
والصلحاء أيضا استضعاﻓا لسند المنع والتفاﺗا إلﻰ ﻛون ذلك ﺗعظيما لشعائﺮ اﻻسﻼم وﺗحصيﻼ لكثيﺮ ﻣﻦ ال
مصالح الدينية ﻛما ﻻ يخفﻰ. البحﺮاني
)يوسف1186
/هـ1772
،(م
الحدائق الﻨاضرة في أحكام العترة الطاهرة ،
25
جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﷴ ﺗقي اﻹيﺮواني،)بيﺮوت: دار اﻷضواء، الطبعة
،الثانية1405
/هـ1985م(، ج4
،
132
،.؛ الطباطبائي
رياض المسائل ،
238. ويدلل ﻓقهاء اﻹﻣاﻣية ﻋلﻰ جواز ذل ك بكثيﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣاديث
المنسوبة إلﻰ بعض اﻷئمة، ﻣنها ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال ﻣا ورد ﻋﻦ أبان بﻦ ﺗغلب قال: سمعت أبا ﻋبدﷲ )ﻋليه السﻼم( يقول: جعل ﻋلي )ﻋليه
السﻼم( ﻋلﻰ قبﺮ النبي صلﻰ ﷲ ﻋليه وآله لبنا، ﻓقلت: أرأيت إن جعل الﺮجل ﻋليه آجﺮا هل يضﺮ الميت؟ قال: ﻻ. وروي ﻋ ،ﻦ سهل بﻦ زياد
ﻋﻦ ابﻦ ﻣحبوب، ﻋﻦ يونﺲ بﻦ يعقوب قال: لما رجع أبو الحسﻦ ﻣوسﻰ )ﻋليه السﻼم( ﻣﻦ بغداد وﻣضﻰ إلﻰ المدينة ﻣاﺗت له ابنة بفيد ﻓدﻓنها
،وأﻣﺮ بعض ﻣواليه أن يﺠصص قبﺮها ويكتب ﻋلﻰ لوح اسمها ويﺠعله ﻓي القبﺮ. الكليني
فروع الكافي،ج3
،
112
-
115. وورد أيضا أن ﻋل ي
بﻦ الحسيﻦ )ﻋليهما السﻼم( قال: ﻛأني بالقصور وقد شيدت ﺣول قبﺮ الحسيﻦ )ﻋليه السﻼم( وﻛأنﻰ باﻻسواق قد ﺣفت ﺣول قبﺮه ﻓﻼ ﺗﺬهب
اﻻيام والليالﻰ ﺣتﻰ يسار إليه ﻣﻦ اﻵﻓاق وذلك ﻋند انقطاع ﻣلك بني ﻣﺮوان. الصدوق ،عيون أخبار الرضا
، ج2
،
53
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 36ﻷ
ط
أ
أ
أ
ط ي
ع
م
ج
36
ﻻ ﺧﻼف بيﻦ ﻋلماء المﺬاهب اﻷربعة السنية ﻓي جواز ﺗسطيح القبﺮ وﺗسنيمه، وإنما اﺧتلفوا ﻓي أيهما أﻓضل؟ التسنيم أو التسطيح؟ ﻋلﻰ
قوليﻦ: القول اﻷول: أن ﺗسطيح القبﺮ أﻓضل ﻣﻦ
،ﺗسنيمه وهﺬا القول ذهب إليه بعض المالكية وهو الصحيح ﻋند الشاﻓعية وقطع به الﺠمهور -
89
-سة بʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱمʧارة مʱʵُعة مʨʺʳء مʨض
ف»ﱡʦُق«ةʽʻة فȄدراسة آثار
،ﻣنهم
وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول ﻣا رواه
القاسم بﻦ النبي قبﺮ ﻋﻦ لي اﻛشفي ،هّأﻣ يا :ﻓقلت ﻋائشة ﻋلﻰ دﺧلت" :قال بكﺮ أبي ﷴبﻦ
،وصاﺣبيه
ﻓكشفت لي ﻋﻦ ثﻼثة قبور ﻻ ﻣشﺮﻓة
،وﻻ ﻻطئة ﻣبطوﺣة ببطحاء العﺮصة
،"الحمﺮاء
:ﻓقوله"ﻻ ﻻطئة" يفيد أنها ﻣﺮﺗفعة ﻋﻦ وجه اﻷرض
ﻷن"الﻼطئ" ﻣعناه: الﻼصق
.باﻷرض قال البيهقي: "وﻣتﻰ ﻣا صحت رواية القاسم بﻦ ﷴ": ﻣبطوﺣة ببطحاء العﺮصة "ﻓﺬلك يدل ﻋلﻰ
التسطيح. القول الثاني: أن ﺗسنيم القبﺮ أﻓضل ﻣﻦ
،ﺗسطيحه وهﺬا هو قول جمهور العلماء ﻣﻦ الحنفية، واﺧتاره بعض
،المالكية وبعض
الشاﻓعية، وذهب إليه الحنابلة، وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول ﺣديث سفيان التمار
":قال رأيت قبﺮ النبي
ﻣسنما". والﺮاجح ﻣﻦ هﺬيﻦ القوليﻦ لدى
السنة هو: القول الثاني وهو أن التسنيم أﻓضل، وذلك لصﺮاﺣة وقوة اﻷدلة التي استدل بها أصحاب هﺬا القول، وﻷن أدلة القول اﻵﺧﺮ قد ﺗمت
حيّالس :راجع التفاصيل ﻣﻦ لمﺰيد .الكفاية ﻓيه بما ﻣناقشتها
باني ،أحكام المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية ،
140
-
146
. 37
البهبهاني ،في رحاب أهل البيت: حكم البﻨاء على القبور في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية ،
74
-
75
. 38
،الحﺮ العاﻣلي
وسائل الشيعة إلى أحكام الشريعة
، ج3
،
209
. 39
الخﺮم آبادي ،
البﻨاء على
القبور ،
31
. 40
داود أبو .ٍوﱠ اةَسُﻣ ٍةَوطُسْبَﻣ ِضْرَ ْاﻷِب ٍةَقِصَﻻ ٍةَضِفَخْنُﻣَﻻَو ٍةَعِفَﺗْﺮُﻣ َﻻ أنها والمعنﻰ ،سﻨن أبي داود
، ج5
،
126
؛ العظيم آبادي،
عون
المعبود على شرح سﻨن أبي داوود، ج9
،
31
-
32
،؛ السهار نفوري
بذل المجهود في حل أبي داوود، ج14
. 41
،البحﺮاني
الح
دائق الﻨاضرة
، ج4
،
123
-
124
. 42
،الﺮضا
الفقه المﻨسوب لﻺمام الرضا عليه السﻼم والمشتهر بـ "فقه الرضا"
،
175
. 43
،الكليني
فروع الكافي
، ج3
،
113
-
114
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة ،ﻣنهم
وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول ﻣا رواه
القاسم بﻦ النبي قبﺮ ﻋﻦ لي اﻛشفي ،هّأﻣ يا :ﻓقلت ﻋائشة ﻋلﻰ دﺧلت" :قال بكﺮ أبي ﷴبﻦ
،وصاﺣبيه
ﻓكشفت لي ﻋﻦ ثﻼثة قبور ﻻ ﻣشﺮﻓة
،وﻻ ﻻطئة ﻣبطوﺣة ببطحاء العﺮصة
،"الحمﺮاء
:ﻓقوله"ﻻ ﻻطئة" يفيد أنها ﻣﺮﺗفعة ﻋﻦ وجه اﻷرض
ﻷن"الﻼطئ" ﻣعناه: الﻼصق
.باﻷرض قال البيهقي: "وﻣتﻰ ﻣا صحت رواية القاسم بﻦ ﷴ": ﻣبطوﺣة ببطحاء العﺮصة "ﻓﺬلك يدل ﻋلﻰ
التسطيح. القول الثاني: أن ﺗسنيم القبﺮ أﻓضل ﻣﻦ
،ﺗسطيحه وهﺬا هو قول جمهور العلماء ﻣﻦ الحنفية، واﺧتاره بعض
،المالكية وبعض
الشاﻓعية، وذهب إليه الحنابلة، وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول ﺣديث سفيان التمار
":قال رأيت قبﺮ النبي
ﻣسنما". والﺮاجح ﻣﻦ هﺬيﻦ القوليﻦ لدى
السنة هو: القول الثاني وهو أن التسنيم أﻓضل، وذلك لصﺮاﺣة وقوة اﻷدلة التي استدل بها أصحاب هﺬا القول، وﻷن أدلة القول اﻵﺧﺮ قد ﺗمت
حيّالس :راجع التفاصيل ﻣﻦ لمﺰيد .الكفاية ﻓيه بما ﻣناقشتها
باني ،أحكام المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية ،
140
-
146
. 37البهبهان،الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية
القبور ف
رحاب أهل البيت: حكم البﻨاء عل
ف،
74
75 ي
ق
ج
42
،الﺮضا
الفقه المﻨسوب لﻺمام الرضا عليه السﻼم والمشتهر بـ "فقه الرضا"
،
175
. 43
،الكليني
فروع الكافي
، ج3
،
113
-
114
. سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
89
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ،انȞʺا الʚه
عǺع أصاȁ اﻷرض أرʥ مȏʙʮوارفع ق
اءʺ الʧه مʽ، ورش عل اǼ. وجاء أن أ سىʨ مʧʶʴال
ʛ جعفʧب هʽعل ﻼمʶال
،وني بهاʙʴ فالʞȄʛ قʛقابʺǼ وفةʛعʺة الʛʰقʺ إلى الʗلʺقال: إذا ح اʦفعʙوﻻ ت
جاتʙع مفǺع أصاȁ أرʥ مʙʰ أكȏʙʮق44
. عǼعة أصاȃفع أرʛ يʛʰة أن القʻʶ "الȑʨضʛا ورد في الفقه الʺؗ
"...أسǼ فﻼʛʲان أكؗ نȂ اﻷرض، وʧجة مʛمف45اؗ نȂله "وʨ قʧاد مʛʺ الʛاهʣ ائع أنʷ، وال "ʛʲن أك
ʛʰ إلى شȐأ46
. ألةʶ مʦيهʙ لʜائʳ الʧه، ومǼ ʦعلǽ حʨة أو لʻʰ لʗʽʺال رأس ʙʻضع عʨة أن يʽ اﻹمامȐʙ لʖʴʱʶȄو
ȑا روʺǼ ʥا على ذلʨلʙʱ واسʛʰة على القǼاʱؔال
ʧع
ʝنʨي
ʧب بʨعقǽ
قال :اʺل رجع
ʨأب
ʧʶʴال سىʨم
)هʽعل ﻼمʶال (
ʧم ادʙغǼ
ىʹوم إلى ةʻيʙʺال
ʗمات له ةʻاب
ʙʽفǼ
هاʻفʙف
ʛوأم
ʠعǼ
هʽالʨم أن
ʟʸʳǽ
هاʛʰق
ʖʱȞȄو على حʨل هاʺاس علهʳȄو في
ʛʰالق47
امʺ واتʧيʙال الʺه "إكǼاʱؗ في وقʙʸ الȐ، ورو
انيʛʽʵ أبي علي الʧاده عʻإسǼ "ةʺعʻالȑʙهʺﻼم( أن أم الʶه الʽة ﻷبي ﷴ )علȄ جارʧع )
هʽعل
ﻼم( وعلىʶه الʽاة أبي ﷴ )علʽ في حʗﻼم( ماتʶال
أم ﷴʛʰا قʚه: هʽب علʨʱȞح مʨها لʛʰق )
هʽعل
ﻼمʶال(
48
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
90
-
44
،الحﺮ العاﻣلي
وسائل الشيعة إلى أحكام الشريعة
، ج3
، ص192
-
195
.
45
الﺮضا
، الفقه المﻨسوب لﻺمام الرضا عليه السﻼم والمشتهر بـ"فقه الرضا ،
175
.
46
،البحﺮاني
الحدائق الﻨاضرة
، ج4
،
123
-
124
.
47
،الكليني
فروع الكافي
، ج3
،
115
.
48
،الصدوق
عيون أخبار الرضا
، ج2
،
396
،؛ الحﺮ العاﻣلي
وسائل الشيعة إلى أحكام الشريعة
، ج3
،
203
،؛ البحﺮاني
الحدائق الﻨاضرة ،
ج4
،
138
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة وإلﻰ جانب هﺬا النمط ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور غيﺮ المسطحة ﻋﺮﻓت إيﺮان نمطا
آﺧﺮ يتميﺰ بتشكيله ﻋلﻰ هيئة ﺗمثال ﻷسد أو ﻛبش، ويحظﻰ هﺬا النمط بشعبية ﻛبيﺮة ﻓي الﺮيف اﻹيﺮان ي، ﺧاصة بيﻦ أﻓﺮاد القبائل البدوية ﻓي
غﺮب وجنوب غﺮب وأجﺰاء ﻣﻦ جنوب إيﺮان وبعض المناطق اﻷﺧﺮى، وللسكان المحلييﻦ ﺗفسيﺮات ﻣتعددة لهﺬا الشكل، ﻓمنهم ﻣﻦ يقول بأن
الشواهد المشكلة ﻋلﻰ هيئة اﻷسود ﺗوضع ﻓوق ﻣقابﺮ الشﺠعان ﻣﻦ الﺮجال، وﺗساهم بدور ﻓي ﺣﺮاستها، ويقول البعض
اﻵﺧﺮ بأن الشواهد
المشكلة ﻋلﻰ هيئة ﻛبش ﺗﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ الكبش الﺬي اﻓتدى ﷲ به سيدنا إسماﻋيل، وﻓي أذربيﺠان يعتقد السكان هناك بأن الكباش ﺗﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ الفت ﺮة
التﻰ ﺣكم ﻓيها التﺮﻛمان ﻣﻦ قبائل القﺮاقونلو )الشاه السوداء( المنطقة:، انظﺮ
نﺠيبی، "هنﺮهای ﺗﺠسمی: ﻣﺠسمه سازی و
سمبلهای انسانی،"
91
-
157
؛ ﺗناولی، سﻨﮓ ﻗبر
، ﺗصويﺮ
56
-
57
-
57
الف. واﻻﻋتقاد اﻷﺧيﺮ غيﺮ ﻣﺮجح نظﺮا للعثور ﻋلﻰ أﻣثلة ﻛثيﺮة ﻣﻦ هﺬه الشواهد ﻓي 49
سيﺠد المتتبع لتطور
بيﻦ ﻣبكﺮة ﻓتﺮة ﻣنﺬ ﺮﻓتُﻋ لتمييﺰه التسطيح ﻣع قليﻼ اﻷرض ﻣستوى ﻋﻦ القبﺮ رﻓع ﻋادة أن إيﺮان ﻓي الدﻓﻦ ﺗقاليد
الشيعة، وهو ﻣا ﺗعارض ﻣع التقاليد السنية، لﺬا انتقد اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻣثل هﺬه الممارسات لدى الشيعة، ﻓقد جاء ﻓي ﻛتاب الوجيﺰ ﻓي ﻓقه
اﻹﻣام
الشاﻓعي للغﺰالي ﻣ القبﺮ رأس ﻋلﻰ ﺣﺠﺮ ووضع ،بالحصا بأس وﻻ ،طيﻦُي وﻻ ،ﺠصصُي وﻻ ،شبﺮ بقدر إﻻ القبﺮ نعش يﺮﻓع وﻻ...":يلي ا
،للعﻼﻣة، ثم التسنيم أﻓضل ﻣﻦ التسطيح؛ ﻣخالفة لشعار الﺮواﻓض)الشيعة(...".الغﺰالي
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي
، ج1
،
211
. ويكشف
هﺬا النص ﻋﻦ أن الشيعة ﺧﻼل ا.لفتﺮة التي ﻋاش ﻓيها اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻛانوا يﺮﻓعون قبور ﻣوﺗاهم أﻋلﻰ ﻣﻦ الشبﺮ، ويسطحونها
50
McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 126- 127. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة ﻛانت العادة قد جﺮت بيﻦ أهل ﺧﺮاسان ﻋلﻰ أن
ﺗصنع شواهد القبور ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار ناﻋمة سهل الحفﺮ ﻋليها نسبيا، ﺗﺠلب ﻣ ﻦ جبال طوس بشكل ﺧاص نظﺮا ﻷن اﻹﻣام الﺮضا قد بارﻛها، وﻓي
إ ينﺰل وقت ّﻛل ﻓفي ،للمﻼئكة ًﻣهبطا ﺗكون زﻣان ﻋليها يأﺗي اﻷرض ﻣﻦ ًبقعة ﺧﺮاسان أرض ﻓي ّإن :قال الﺮضا اﻹﻣام ّأن روى الشأن هﺬا ليها
ﻓقال ؟ هﺬه بقعة وأيﱡ :ﻼمّالس ﻋليه له ﻓقيل ،الصور خْفَن ِيوم إلﻰ ﻓوج ﻋﻦ ذﻛﺮ ﻛما ،الﺠنة رياض ﻣﻦ روضة ـ ِوﷲ ـ وهي ،طوس أرض هي :
الصد.ارّالن ﻣﻦ القياﻣة يوم ًآﻣنا ﻛان دﺧلها ﻦَﻣ ةّالﺠن ﻣﻦ قبضت قبضة طوس جبلي بيﻦ إن :قال أنه (السﻼم ﻋليه) قيّالت دّﻣحم اﻹﻣام ،وق كتاب
من ﻻ يحضره الفقيه، ج2
،
364
،
366
،؛ الطوسي
تهذيب اﻷحكام في شر
ح المقﻨعة للشيخ المفيد، ج6
،
86
،؛ القمي
مفاتيح الجﻨان،
625
-
626
. 51أ
ﻷ 49
سيﺠد المتتبع لتطور
بيﻦ ﻣبكﺮة ﻓتﺮة ﻣنﺬ ﺮﻓتُﻋ لتمييﺰه التسطيح ﻣع قليﻼ اﻷرض ﻣستوى ﻋﻦ القبﺮ رﻓع ﻋادة أن إيﺮان ﻓي الدﻓﻦ ﺗقاليد
الشيعة، وهو ﻣا ﺗعارض ﻣع التقاليد السنية، لﺬا انتقد اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻣثل هﺬه الممارسات لدى الشيعة، ﻓقد جاء ﻓي ﻛتاب الوجيﺰ ﻓي ﻓقه
اﻹﻣام
الشاﻓعي للغﺰالي ﻣ القبﺮ رأس ﻋلﻰ ﺣﺠﺮ ووضع ،بالحصا بأس وﻻ ،طيﻦُي وﻻ ،ﺠصصُي وﻻ ،شبﺮ بقدر إﻻ القبﺮ نعش يﺮﻓع وﻻ...":يلي ا
،للعﻼﻣة، ثم التسنيم أﻓضل ﻣﻦ التسطيح؛ ﻣخالفة لشعار الﺮواﻓض)الشيعة(...".الغﺰالي
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي
، ج1
،
211
. ويكشف
هﺬا النص ﻋﻦ أن الشيعة ﺧﻼل ا.لفتﺮة التي ﻋاش ﻓيها اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻛانوا يﺮﻓعون قبور ﻣوﺗاهم أﻋلﻰ ﻣﻦ الشبﺮ، ويسطحونها
50أ
ل
ا ا
أ ل
ق
ال ا
ﻛا ،للعﻼﻣة، ثم التسنيم أﻓضل ﻣﻦ التسطيح؛ ﻣخالفة لشعار الﺮواﻓض)الشيعة(...".الغﺰالي
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي
، ج1
،
211
. ويكشف
هﺬا النص ﻋﻦ أن الشيعة ﺧﻼل ا.لفتﺮة التي ﻋاش ﻓيها اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻛانوا يﺮﻓعون قبور ﻣوﺗاهم أﻋلﻰ ﻣﻦ الشبﺮ، ويسطحونها
50
McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 126- 127. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة ﻛانت العادة قد جﺮت بيﻦ أهل ﺧﺮاسان ﻋلﻰ أن
ﺗصنع شواهد القبور ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار ناﻋمة سهل الحفﺮ ﻋليها نسبيا، ﺗﺠلب ﻣ ﻦ جبال طوس بشكل ﺧاص نظﺮا ﻷن اﻹﻣام الﺮضا قد بارﻛها، وﻓي
إ ينﺰل وقت ّﻛل ﻓفي ،للمﻼئكة ًﻣهبطا ﺗكون زﻣان ﻋليها يأﺗي اﻷرض ﻣﻦ ًبقعة ﺧﺮاسان أرض ﻓي ّإن :قال الﺮضا اﻹﻣام ّأن روى الشأن هﺬا ليها
ﻓقال ؟ هﺬه بقعة وأيﱡ :ﻼمّالس ﻋليه له ﻓقيل ،الصور خْفَن ِيوم إلﻰ ﻓوج ﻋﻦ ذﻛﺮ ﻛما ،الﺠنة رياض ﻣﻦ روضة ـ ِوﷲ ـ وهي ،طوس أرض هي :
الصد.ارّالن ﻣﻦ القياﻣة يوم ًآﻣنا ﻛان دﺧلها ﻦَﻣ ةّالﺠن ﻣﻦ قبضت قبضة طوس جبلي بيﻦ إن :قال أنه (السﻼم ﻋليه) قيّالت دّﻣحم اﻹﻣام ،وق كتاب
من ﻻ يحضره الفقيه، ج2
،
364
،
366
،؛ الطوسي
تهذيب اﻷحكام في شر
ح المقﻨعة للشيخ المفيد، ج6
،
86
،؛ القمي
مفاتيح الجﻨان،
625
-
626
. 626
. 51
هناك دراسة ﻓارسية قسمت شواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية إلﻰ ﺧمﺲ ﻣﺠموﻋات هي: اﻷﻓقية، والﺮأسية، والتي ﻋلﻰ هيئة ﻋمود يخلو ﻣﻦ
الﺰﺧارف، والصندوقية، والمنحوﺗة. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: بﺰرگ نيا،
،""سنگ هاي ﻣﺰار در گورستان هاي ﻛهﻦ84
-
91
؛
http://www.zohreh-bozorgnia.com/fa/index.php/sangemazardargoorestanhayekohan
،
وهناك دراسة أﺧﺮى صنفت
شواهد القبور إلﻰ ،سبعة أنواع هي: شواهد ﻣصنوﻋة ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار طبيعية بدون نقوش"ناﻓﺮم"، وأﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار طبيعية ﻣصقولة وذات نقوش
وثالثها ﻣصنوﻋة ﻣﻦ نوع ﺣﺠﺮ يسمﻰ"ﻻشه"، ولوﺣية، وﻣسطحة ﻣﺰﺧﺮﻓة ﻣﻦ الوجه أو الظهﺮ، وصندوقية، و سابعها شواهد ذات
."إطارات"چارچوبه
:انظﺮ أﻓﺮوند)قديﺮ(، "سنگ قبور
،"دشت ﺗوس94
-
95
. 52أ
أ
أ (
)
52
جديﺮ بالﺬﻛﺮ أن إيﺮان ﻋﺮﻓت لمقابﺮها نمطا غيﺮ ﻣسطح ﻣﻦ الشواهد، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك ﻣﺠموﻋة ﻛبيﺮة ﺗصل إلﻰ أﻛثﺮ ﻣﻦ600
شاهد ﺗوجد
" ﻓي جبانة النبي ﺧالد
گورستان ﺧالد نبی
"Cemetery of the Prophet Khaled
التي ﺗقع ﻋلﻰ قمة جبل گوگﺠه داغ
إلﻰ الشمال الشﺮقي
ﻣﻦ ﻣحاﻓظة گلستان ﻓي شمال ايﺮان، وﺗبعد70
هﺬه ارﺗفاع ويتﺮاوح ،"قابوس گنبد" باسم المعﺮوف للمدﻓﻦ الشﺮقي الشمال ﻋﻦ ًﻛيلوﻣتﺮا
الشواهد بيﻦ نصف المتﺮ وﺧمسة أﻣتار ويﺰيد قطﺮها ﻋﻦ50
ثﻼثة إلﻰ ﺗقسيمها يمكﻦ ﻋاﻣة وبصفة ،طنيﻦ إلﻰ بعضها وزن ويصل ًسنتيمتﺮا
أنواع ه:ي
النوع اﻷول: أسطواني ﻣﺮﺗفع وقائم بصورة ﻋمودية ذو ﻣقطع دائﺮي، وهﺬه اﻷﺣﺠار ﺗشبه ﻓي بعض اﻷﺣيان شمعة صغيﺮة
يبلغ ﻓيما أﻣتار ﺧمسة ﻋﻦ يﺰيد وﻻ الواﺣد المتﺮ ﻋﻦ النوع هﺬا ارﺗفاع يقل وﻻ ،العماﻣة أو الخوذة يشبه ًرأسا لبعضها أن ﻛما ﻣتحﺠﺮة ارﺗفاﻋها
المﺮئي ﻋﻦ سطح اﻷرض ﻣا بيﻦ60
إلﻰ ًسنتيمتﺮا4
أﻣتار وﻣﻦ المحتمل أن ﺗكون ﻣخصصة لقبور الﺮجال. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة -
انʙها في إيʗاهʦ وشʙقابʸال. ًاسʽق
ا
العامةʟائʸʵع للʰʱʱʺ الʙʳʽ سȘʰا سʺʽعلى ما ورد ف
ا وردʺآة لʛʺرة في الʨا أو صʴاسا واضȞان انعʛة في إيʽʵȄارʱانات الʰʳ والʛقابʺة للȄارʺعʺات الʜʽʺʺوال
أنها تقعȎﻼحǽ في الفقه اﻹمامي؛ إذ
خارج ارʨأس الʙʺن هاʽتفع فʛ، وتʧيʙ رجال الʧافʙم لȞʷǼ
واضح أعʛقابʺلى ال الʶʺةʴʢ
زعʨʱي تʱ أقل شأنا الʦ هʧʺǼ اصةʵال
لهʨح ʧافʙʺه الʚع هʨʻʱا تʺؗ ،ا
اء والʻʰ والʦʳʴ الʘʽ حʧم
فةʛخʜ
ʦائهʻة وأبʺ اﻷئʧ مʧيʙجال الʛة لʸʸʵʺ الʥها وهي تلʹعȃ، و
، فيʦانة قʰه في جʙʳ نȑʚ الʨʴʻب على الʨʢ الʧة مʽʻʰ مʦʳʴة الʛʽة صغʢʽʶǼ ةʰها قʨ تعلʗكان
افʙʺ الʠعǼ نʨؔ تʧʽح.فةʛ زخʛʲ أكȐʛ اﻷخʧ أنȎﻼحǽ اʺكʙيʙع
ا
ʧم امȞʴال
فيʧ دفʦهʹعȃ، وʦل وفاتهʰ قʗʽʻ بʙاجʶʺǼ ʗقʴ ألʛا في مقابʨʻدف
اراتʜم
و ،ʦا لهʸʽʸت خʙʽش
هʚه
ʧافʙʺال اراتʜʺوال
ʙاجʶʺوال ُزʗʻȄ
ب الʨʢأشغال الǼ
ʺ
،اخلʙʱ
تʨʴʻʺ الʟʳوال،
،انʨاﻷلǼ ةʽʻة الغʽفʜʵات الʡﻼʰوال
خارفʜه الʚ هʗوتفاوت
وفقا
ةʰقʴة والʯʽʰلل
ة وثʽʵȄارʱال
وةʛ
ةʽʺوأه فىʨʱʺال اعهʰوأت. ʗانؗو لʺʴقات اﻷقل شأنا تʰʢ الʧتى مʨʺ الʧʽامʲج–
ﻼد فاǼ أقاصيʧقل مʻ تʙى أنها قʱح ى تؔلʧفʙ
انȞر اﻹمʙعلى ق في بʛأق
ʙاهʷا ما نʛʽʲؗ اʚسة، لʙقʺات الʽʸʵʷ الʠعǼ ʧان مȞم
ʶǼ ʛمقاب ةʢʽ
ʛʽصغ اءʻʰة ال
جʨم هةʨʴن ةȞم مةʛȞʺال
ةʛاثʻʱم
اʻه
،اكʻوه ةʴʢʶة مʽʻها أبʨعلȄو49
ذات
احʨ ألʧ مʖع في الغالʻʸر تʨʰ قʙاهʨل أفقى شȞʷǼ قهاʨضع فʨ، تʠفʵʻرتفاع مȂدة وʙعʱال مȞأش
ةʽرخام50
. ʛقابʺ الʜʽʽʺة في تʽʺ أهʛاصʻ العʛʲ أكʧ مʙه تعʚر هʨʰ القʙاهʨع أن شʰʱʱʺ الʙʳʽا سʺك ،ةʽانʛاﻹي
ةʽانʛ اﻹيʛقابʺ فإن الʛى آخʻعʺȃو
،هاʙاهʨʷǼ ها عادةʜʽʽʺ تʧȞʺǽ (ةʽ)الفارس
الهاȞدت أشʙى تعʱوال
دة بهاʨجʨʺ الȘʡاʻʺ والʦʽع اﻷقالʨʻʱ بʗعʨʻ، وتȐʛانة إلى أخʰ جʧ مʗلفʱخȂو51
حʢʶ مʨها ما هʻʺ؛ ف
حʢʶ مʛʽ غʛها اﻵخʹعȃو52
،ةʴʢʶʺ الʙاهʨʷة للʰ الغلʗانؗ نȂ، و
ةʛʽواﻷخ
اع؛ʨ إلى ثﻼثة أنʦʶقʻت -
91
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
حʢʶ مʛʽ غʛها اﻵخʹعȃو52
،ةʴʢʶʺ الʙاهʨʷة للʰ الغلʗانؗ نȂ، و
ةʛʽواﻷخ
اع؛ʨ إلى ثﻼثة أنʦʶقʻت
49
سيﺠد المتتبع لتطور
بيﻦ ﻣبكﺮة ﻓتﺮة ﻣنﺬ ﺮﻓتُﻋ لتمييﺰه التسطيح ﻣع قليﻼ اﻷرض ﻣستوى ﻋﻦ القبﺮ رﻓع ﻋادة أن إيﺮان ﻓي الدﻓﻦ ﺗقاليد
الشيعة، وهو ﻣا ﺗعارض ﻣع التقاليد السنية، لﺬا انتقد اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻣثل هﺬه الممارسات لدى الشيعة، ﻓقد جاء ﻓي ﻛتاب الوجيﺰ ﻓي ﻓقه
اﻹﻣام
الشاﻓعي للغﺰالي ﻣ القبﺮ رأس ﻋلﻰ ﺣﺠﺮ ووضع ،بالحصا بأس وﻻ ،طيﻦُي وﻻ ،ﺠصصُي وﻻ ،شبﺮ بقدر إﻻ القبﺮ نعش يﺮﻓع وﻻ...":يلي ا
،للعﻼﻣة، ثم التسنيم أﻓضل ﻣﻦ التسطيح؛ ﻣخالفة لشعار الﺮواﻓض)الشيعة(...".الغﺰالي
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي
، ج1
،
211
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة ويكشف
هﺬا النص ﻋﻦ أن الشيعة ﺧﻼل ا.لفتﺮة التي ﻋاش ﻓيها اﻹﻣام الغﺰالي ﻛانوا يﺮﻓعون قبور ﻣوﺗاهم أﻋلﻰ ﻣﻦ الشبﺮ، ويسطحونها
50
McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 126- 127. ﻛانت العادة قد جﺮت بيﻦ أهل ﺧﺮاسان ﻋلﻰ أن
ﺗصنع شواهد القبور ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار ناﻋمة سهل الحفﺮ ﻋليها نسبيا، ﺗﺠلب ﻣ ﻦ جبال طوس بشكل ﺧاص نظﺮا ﻷن اﻹﻣام الﺮضا قد بارﻛها، وﻓي
إ ينﺰل وقت ّﻛل ﻓفي ،للمﻼئكة ًﻣهبطا ﺗكون زﻣان ﻋليها يأﺗي اﻷرض ﻣﻦ ًبقعة ﺧﺮاسان أرض ﻓي ّإن :قال الﺮضا اﻹﻣام ّأن روى الشأن هﺬا ليها
ﻓقال ؟ هﺬه بقعة وأيﱡ :ﻼمّالس ﻋليه له ﻓقيل ،الصور خْفَن ِيوم إلﻰ ﻓوج ﻋﻦ ذﻛﺮ ﻛما ،الﺠنة رياض ﻣﻦ روضة ـ ِوﷲ ـ وهي ،طوس أرض هي :
الصد.ارّالن ﻣﻦ القياﻣة يوم ًآﻣنا ﻛان دﺧلها ﻦَﻣ ةّالﺠن ﻣﻦ قبضت قبضة طوس جبلي بيﻦ إن :قال أنه (السﻼم ﻋليه) قيّالت دّﻣحم اﻹﻣام ،وق كتاب
من ﻻ يحضره الفقيه، ج2
،
364
،
366
،؛ الطوسي
تهذيب اﻷحكام في شر
ح المقﻨعة للشيخ المفيد، ج6
،
86
،؛ القمي
مفاتيح الجﻨان،
625
-
626
. 51
هناك دراسة ﻓارسية قسمت شواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية إلﻰ ﺧمﺲ ﻣﺠموﻋات هي: اﻷﻓقية، والﺮأسية، والتي ﻋلﻰ هيئة ﻋمود يخلو ﻣﻦ
الﺰﺧارف، والصندوقية، والمنحوﺗة. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: بﺰرگ نيا،
،""سنگ هاي ﻣﺰار در گورستان هاي ﻛهﻦ84
-
91
؛
http://www.zohreh-bozorgnia.com/fa/index.php/sangemazardargoorestanhayekohan
،
وهناك دراسة أﺧﺮى صنفت
شواهد القبور إلﻰ ،سبعة أنواع هي: شواهد ﻣصنوﻋة ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار طبيعية بدون نقوش"ناﻓﺮم"، وأﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ أﺣﺠار طبيعية ﻣصقولة وذات نقوش
وثالثها ﻣصنوﻋة ﻣﻦ نوع ﺣﺠﺮ يسمﻰ"ﻻشه"، ولوﺣية، وﻣسطحة ﻣﺰﺧﺮﻓة ﻣﻦ الوجه أو الظهﺮ، وصندوقية، و سابعها شواهد ذات
."إطارات"چارچوبه
:انظﺮ أﻓﺮوند)قديﺮ(، "سنگ قبور
،"دشت ﺗوس94
-
95
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 52
جديﺮ بالﺬﻛﺮ أن إيﺮان ﻋﺮﻓت لمقابﺮها نمطا غيﺮ ﻣسطح ﻣﻦ الشواهد، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك ﻣﺠموﻋة ﻛبيﺮة ﺗصل إلﻰ أﻛثﺮ ﻣﻦ600
شاهد ﺗوجد
" ﻓي جبانة النبي ﺧالد
گورستان ﺧالد نبی
"Cemetery of the Prophet Khaled
التي ﺗقع ﻋلﻰ قمة جبل گوگﺠه داغ
إلﻰ الشمال الشﺮقي
ﻣﻦ ﻣحاﻓظة گلستان ﻓي شمال ايﺮان، وﺗبعد70
هﺬه ارﺗفاع ويتﺮاوح ،"قابوس گنبد" باسم المعﺮوف للمدﻓﻦ الشﺮقي الشمال ﻋﻦ ًﻛيلوﻣتﺮا
الشواهد بيﻦ نصف المتﺮ وﺧمسة أﻣتار ويﺰيد قطﺮها ﻋﻦ50
ثﻼثة إلﻰ ﺗقسيمها يمكﻦ ﻋاﻣة وبصفة ،طنيﻦ إلﻰ بعضها وزن ويصل ًسنتيمتﺮا
أنواع ه:ي
النوع اﻷول: أسطواني ﻣﺮﺗفع وقائم بصورة ﻋمودية ذو ﻣقطع دائﺮي، وهﺬه اﻷﺣﺠار ﺗشبه ﻓي بعض اﻷﺣيان شمعة صغيﺮة
يبلغ ﻓيما أﻣتار ﺧمسة ﻋﻦ يﺰيد وﻻ الواﺣد المتﺮ ﻋﻦ النوع هﺬا ارﺗفاع يقل وﻻ ،العماﻣة أو الخوذة يشبه ًرأسا لبعضها أن ﻛما ﻣتحﺠﺮة ارﺗفاﻋها
المﺮئي ﻋﻦ سطح اﻷرض ﻣا بيﻦ60
إلﻰ ًسنتيمتﺮا4
أﻣتار وﻣﻦ المحتمل أن ﺗكون ﻣخصصة لقبور الﺮجال. النوع الثاني: صليبي الشكل أو
ﻋلﻰ شكل نصف ﻛﺮة ارﺗفاﻋها أقل ﻣﻦ النوع اﻷول، وهﺬا النوع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﺠار ذو ﻣقطع ﻣستطيل الشكل، وهي ﻣعلقة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋلﻰ لﻸسفل ﻣﻦ
القسم العﺮيض والدائﺮي ﻓيها. وه النساء بقبور ﺧاصة هﺬه القبور أﺣﺠار ﺗكون أن ويحتمل ،ﺧصﺮهم ﻋلﻰ أيديهم واضعيﻦ واقفيﻦ ًبشﺮا ﺗشبه ي
)لوﺣة5
(، أﻣا النوع الثالث ﻓهي ﺗلك التي ﻋلﻰ شكل قﺮن التيﺲ، وﻋددها أقل ﻣﻦ النوﻋيﻦ السابق ذﻛﺮهما، وأغلب ﻛتابات هﺬه الشواهد ﻣمحية
وﻣندثﺮة اﻵن بفعل الﺰﻣﻦ، والقسم اﻷ .ﻋظم ﻣنها يخلو ﻣﻦ الكتابات ﺗماﻣاStronach and Royce, “Standing Stones”, 147-150. ;
http://www.alvefagh.com/News/36142.html ; http://www.historicaliran.blogspot.com.eg/2009/12/khaled-
nabi cemetery.html ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Nabi_Cemetery ;
http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/middle-east/101111/iran-tourism-penis-tombstones
وﻋلﻰ الﺮغم ﻣﻦ ﺗعدد التفسيﺮات المطﺮوﺣة بشأن أشكال شواهد القبور هﺬه؛ إﻻ أن ﻣﻦ الواضح- ﻣﻦ وجهة نظﺮ الباﺣث-
أنه شديدة التأثﺮ
بأشكال شواهد القبور التﺮﻛية التي ذاﻋت ﺧﻼل العصﺮ العثماني، وقد يﺮجع ذلك بشكل أساسي إلﻰ الموقع الﺠغﺮاﻓﻰ لهﺬه الﺠبانة ﻋلﻰ الحدود
ﻣع دولة التﺮﻛمانستان التي ﺗسكنها أغلبية سنية ذات أصول ﺗﺮﻛية. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 31.407
."
Aga-Oglu, “An Islamic Tombstone and Mihrāb of the
Twelfth Century”, 42. ﻛما يحتفظ" ﻣتحف المتﺮبوليتان ﺗحت رقم Acc. no. 33.118. Rogers Fund, 1933. " بشاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ
الﺮﺧام ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ المحﺮم ﻣﻦ ﻋام545
هـ/ﻣايو1150
.م Dimand, “A Dated Persian Tombstone”, 135-136. " ﻛما يحتفظ ﻣتحف المتﺮبوليتان أيضا بشاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع ﺗحت رقمAcc. no. 35.120. Rogers Fund
"، ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ
بعام753
/هـ1352
.مMcAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 127-128. :ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع 53
،لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه اﻷنواع وأسباب ﺗسميتها راجع: شكورزاده عقائد ورسوم مردم
خراسان ،
187
-
188
. 54
لعلماء السنة ﻓي ﺣكم الكتابة ﻋلﻰ القبور - القبﺮ ﻋند ﺣﺠﺮ أو لوح ﻋلﻰ أو الميت قبﺮ ﻋلﻰ كتبُي ﻣا ﻛل بالكتابة ويقصد-
:قوﻻن: القول اﻷول
جواز الكتابة ﻋلﻰ
،القبﺮ وذهب إلﻰ هﺬا القول بعض
،الحنفية وقال بعضهم: "ﻻ بأس بالكتابة إن اﺣتاج
،إليها أﻣا ا
لكتابة ﻣﻦ غيﺮ ﻋﺬر
،"ﻓﻼ
الظاهﺮية وجوﱠز الكتابة التعﺮيفية، قال ابﻦ ﺣﺰم: "ولو نقش اسمه ﻓي ﺣﺠﺮ لم نكﺮه ذلك"، وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول اﻹجماع العملي ﻋلﻰ جواز
،الكتابة وأن الحاجة داﻋية إلﻰ الكتابة، وذلك لئﻼ يﺬهب اﻷثﺮ وﻻ
،يمتهﻦ القبﺮ قياسا ﻋلﻰ ﻓعل النبي بقبﺮ ﻋثمان بﻦ ﻣظعون رضي ﷲ ﻋنه
ﻋندﻣا وضع الحﺠﺮ ﻋند رأسه. القول الثاني: ﻛﺮاهة الكتابة ﻋلﻰ
،القبﺮ وهﺬا قول جماهيﺮ العلماء ﻓﺬهب إليه أبو يوسف وﷴ بﻦ الحسﻦ ﻣﻦ
الحنفية وهو ﻣﺬهب
:المالكية والشاﻓعية والحنابلة، وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول ﺣديث جابﺮ بﻦ ﻋبد ﷲ رضي ﷲ ﻋنه قال: "نهﻰ النبﻰ أن ﺗﺠصص
،القبور وأن يكتب
،ﻋليها وأن ﺗوطأ"، وﻓي رواية:" نهﻰ رسول ﷲ
أن يكتب ﻋلﻰ القبﺮ شئ"، وأن الكتابة ﻋند القبﺮ لم ﺗكﻦ ﻣعهودة ﻋند
السلف الصالح ﻣﻦ الصحابة رضوان ﷲ ﻋليهم أجمعيﻦ وﻣﻦ بعدهم، وﻷن الكتابة ﻋلﻰ القبﺮ قد ﺗكون طﺮيقا للمباهاة والفخﺮ والخيﻼء. والﺮاجح
.ﻣﻦ هﺬيﻦ القوليﻦ لدى السنة هو: القول الثاني نظﺮا ﻷن هﺬا هو ظاهﺮ النهي الوارد ﻓي الحديث
،حيبانيّالس :راجع التفاصيل ﻣﻦ لمﺰيد أحكام
المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمي ،ة173
-
180
،؛ ﻋبد الحميد
شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية في العصرين اﻷيوبي والمملو
كي ،
7
-
10
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة النوع الثاني: صليبي الشكل أو
ﻋلﻰ شكل نصف ﻛﺮة ارﺗفاﻋها أقل ﻣﻦ النوع اﻷول، وهﺬا النوع ﻣﻦ اﻷﺣﺠار ذو ﻣقطع ﻣستطيل الشكل، وهي ﻣعلقة ﻣﻦ اﻷﻋلﻰ لﻸسفل ﻣﻦ
القسم العﺮيض والدائﺮي ﻓيها. وه النساء بقبور ﺧاصة هﺬه القبور أﺣﺠار ﺗكون أن ويحتمل ،ﺧصﺮهم ﻋلﻰ أيديهم واضعيﻦ واقفيﻦ ًبشﺮا ﺗشبه ي
)لوﺣة5
(، أﻣا النوع الثالث ﻓهي ﺗلك التي ﻋلﻰ شكل قﺮن التيﺲ، وﻋددها أقل ﻣﻦ النوﻋيﻦ السابق ذﻛﺮهما، وأغلب ﻛتابات هﺬه الشواهد ﻣمحية
وﻣندثﺮة اﻵن بفعل الﺰﻣﻦ، والقسم اﻷ .ﻋظم ﻣنها يخلو ﻣﻦ الكتابات ﺗماﻣاStronach and Royce, “Standing Stones”, 147-150. ; p
g
p
g
nabi cemetery.html ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Nabi_Cemetery ; 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ةʽابʱؔ الʙاهʨʷاﻷول ال "
ketābīةʽابʛʴʺانى الʲ"، وال "
meḥrābīةʽوقʙʻʸها الʲ"، وثال "
ṣandūqī
"
53
،
ةʽʻʶ الʖاهʚʺر وفقا للʨʰة على القǼاʱؔة الʽاهʛؗ ʧ مʦغʛوعلى ال54
إﻻ أنه ارساتʺ مʧʺ شاع ضʙق
لʽʳʶ اﻹمامي تʖهʚʺ الʦʽعالʱان وفقا لʛعة في إيʽʷال ةʽة أو الفارسʽȃʛات العǼاʱؔ الʧ مʛʲ أو أكʞنق
ʧʺʹʱر تʨʰ القʙاهʨعلى ش
،ةȄʛعʷات الʽ اﻷبʠعǼ معʖʻا إلى جʰʻفاة جʨﺦ الȄفي وتارʨʱʺ الʦإس
ة والʺحʛالǼ عاء لهʙفى والʨʱʺ الʦل اسʺʴ تʙاهʨʷه الʚ هȌʶǼوأ ʧʽه، في حʛʰر ﷲ له قʨʻة وأن يʛغفʺ
،ةȄʛات شعʽة وأبʽʻدي اراتʰة وعʽآنʛات قǽل آʺʴفة وتʛ زخʛʲاء أكʽʻ اﻷغʧجال مʛر الʨʰ قʙاهʨش نʨؔت
ةʽانʛر اﻹيʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧع اﻷول مʨʻل الʲʺǽ اʚوه
(ابيʱ)ك55
ةʯʽابي" هʛʴʺاني"الʲع الʨʻ الʚʵʱȄ، و
ʛفʴالǼ هʴʢ على سʞقʻ يʙاب أو قʛʴʺال
ابʛʴل مȞش56
ها، أماʛؗ ذȘابʶات الǼاʱؔ الʖإلى جان ﻣختلف أنحاء إيﺮان، ﻓضﻼ ﻋﻦ وجود إشارات إلﻰ استخدام الكباش ﻓي ﺗقاليد الدﻓﻦ اﻷرﻣينية قديما، ﻛما ورد ضمﻦ اﻷﺣاديث النبوية ﻣا يش يﺮ
إلﻰ أنه "
َةِﻣَاَيِلقْا مَوَي تِوْمَلْاِب ءُﺠاُي
َﻛأ
رِوالنﱠا َﺠنﱠةَلْا ﻦَيَب فَوقُيَﻓ ،حَﻣلَأ شٌبْﻛ ُنﱠه
َ٬ ﺠنﱠةَلْا لَهَأَي :لُاَقُيَﻓ
َ٬
َنَبوِﺮئَشَيَﻓ ﺬا؟َه َنَوُﺮﻓِعَﺗ لْه
نَﺮوُنظَوي
َ٬
تُوْمَلْا ﺬاَه َمْعَن :نَوُولُقَوي
٬ رِالنﱠا لَهَأَي :لُاَقُوي َ:لَاَق
َ٬
َنَبوِﺮئَشَيَﻓ:لَاَق ﺬا؟َه َنَوُﺮﻓِعَﺗ لْه
نَﺮوُنظَوي
َ٬
:الَق .تُوْمَلْا ﺬاَه َمْعَن :نَوُولُقَوي
حَﺬبُيَﻓ هِب ﺮُﻣَؤُيَﻓ
٬ تَوْﻣ َﻼَﻓ دٌوُﺧل ﺠنﱠةَلْا لَهَأَي :لُاَقُي مُث :لَاَق
َ٬ تَوْﻣَﻼَﻓ دٌوُﺧل ُرِالنﱠا لَهَأَوي")ﻣتفق ﻋليه(. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در
گ
ا ا
ا
ا ا
ا"ف ا
اé C ﻣختلف أنحاء إيﺮان، ﻓضﻼ ﻋﻦ وجود إشارات إلﻰ استخدام الكباش ﻓي ﺗقاليد الدﻓﻦ اﻷرﻣينية قديما، ﻛما ورد ضمﻦ اﻷﺣاديث النبوية ﻣا يش يﺮ
إلﻰ أنه "
َةِﻣَاَيِلقْا مَوَي تِوْمَلْاِب ءُﺠاُي
َﻛأ
رِوالنﱠا َﺠنﱠةَلْا ﻦَيَب فَوقُيَﻓ ،حَﻣلَأ شٌبْﻛ ُنﱠه
َ٬ ﺠنﱠةَلْا لَهَأَي :لُاَقُيَﻓ
َ٬
َنَبوِﺮئَشَيَﻓ ﺬا؟َه َنَوُﺮﻓِعَﺗ لْه
نَﺮوُنظَوي
َ٬
تُوْمَلْا ﺬاَه َمْعَن :نَوُولُقَوي
٬ رِالنﱠا لَهَأَي :لُاَقُوي َ:لَاَق
َ٬
َنَبوِﺮئَشَيَﻓ:لَاَق ﺬا؟َه َنَوُﺮﻓِعَﺗ لْه
نَﺮوُنظَوي
َ٬
:الَق .تُوْمَلْا ﺬاَه َمْعَن :نَوُولُقَوي
حَﺬبُيَﻓ هِب ﺮُﻣَؤُيَﻓ
٬ تَوْﻣ َﻼَﻓ دٌوُﺧل ﺠنﱠةَلْا لَهَأَي :لُاَقُي مُث :لَاَق
َ٬ تَوْﻣَﻼَﻓ دٌوُﺧل ُرِالنﱠا لَهَأَوي")ﻣتفق ﻋليه(. شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در
نگ
ﺰا ات
ا اﺰا
ا"ف ان
ا3؛M
é C
t
t
116 117 y
p
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cemeteries-qabrestan-gurestan-in-persian-folklore
،وﺗقسم شوا هد القبور
المشكلة ﻋلﻰ هيئة اﻻسود إلﻰ ﻣﺠموﻋتيﻦ رئيسيتيﻦ: ﺗتميﺰ اﻷولﻰ بأن اﻷجسام ﻓيها ﺗكون دائﺮية أو أسطوانية الشكل، والثانية لها هيئة
صندوق
ذات جوانب ﺣادة، ولكﻼ ﻣﻦ المﺠموﻋتيﻦ سمات ﻣشتﺮﻛة ﻓي التكويﻦ، ﺣيث ينقل الﺮأس اﻹﺣساس بالقوة، ويساﻋد ﻋلﻰ ذلك ﻋينان وا ،سعتان
وأسنان ﺣادة ﺗظهﺮ ﻓي الفم، وﻣخالب ﻓي القدم، ﻓضﻼ ﻋﻦ بعض الﺰﺧارف المحفورة ﻋلﻰ جانبي اﻷسد، وﻣعظمها ﺗصاويﺮ لعناصﺮ ﻣختلفة
،"ﻣﻦ الخيول والفﺮسان وبعض اﻷسلحة ﻛالبنادق والسيوف والخناجﺮ. نﺠيبی، "هنﺮهای ﺗﺠسمی: ﻣﺠسمه سازی و سمبلهای انسانی91
- https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C
;
وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة هﺬا النوع شاهد قبﺮ ﻋلﻰ هيئة أسد ﻓي جبانة إﻣام زاده أﺣمد بأصفهان ﺗبلغ أبعاده74
×
128
×
38
سم)لوﺣة6
(، وﻋليه ﻛتابة ﻓارسية
بخط النستعليق باسم "ﷴ بيک بﻦ ﺣسيﻦ ﺧان" وﺗاريخ ربيع اﻵﺧﺮ سنة1035
هـ/ينايﺮ1626
م، ﻛما ﺗتضمﻦ الكتابات اسم الكاﺗب "أﺣمد
ﺣسيني". شاهم ،ندی"بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد اصفهان"
،
3، ﺗصويﺮ3
. ولم ﺗقتصﺮ شواهد القبور اﻹيﺮانية
ﻋلﻰ أشكال اﻷسود والكباش ولكنها أﻣتدت ﻷشكال أﺧﺮى ﻣنها الخيول والبشﺮ. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: بﺰرگ نيا، "سنگ هاي ﻣﺰار در
،"گورستان هاي ﻛهﻦ84
-
91
؛ http://www.zohreh-bozorgnia.com/fa/index.php/sangemazardargoorestanhayekohan
53
،لمﺰيدﻣﻦ التفاصيلﻋﻦ هﺬه اﻷنواع وأسبابﺗسميتها راجع: شكورزاده
عقائد ورسوم مردم
خراسان،
187
-
188 53
،لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه اﻷنواع وأسباب ﺗسميتها راجع: شكورزاده عقائد ورسوم مردم
خراسان ،
187
-
188
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 54
لعلماء السنة ﻓي ﺣكم الكتابة ﻋلﻰ القبور - القبﺮ ﻋند ﺣﺠﺮ أو لوح ﻋلﻰ أو الميت قبﺮ ﻋلﻰ كتبُي ﻣا ﻛل بالكتابة ويقصد-
:قوﻻن: القول اﻷول
جواز الكتابة ﻋلﻰ
،القبﺮ وذهب إلﻰ هﺬا القول بعض
،الحنفية وقال بعضهم: "ﻻ بأس بالكتابة إن اﺣتاج
،إليها أﻣا ا
لكتابة ﻣﻦ غيﺮ ﻋﺬر
،"ﻓﻼ
الظاهﺮية وجوﱠز الكتابة التعﺮيفية، قال ابﻦ ﺣﺰم: "ولو نقش اسمه ﻓي ﺣﺠﺮ لم نكﺮه ذلك"، وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول اﻹجماع العملي ﻋلﻰ جواز
،الكتابة وأن الحاجة داﻋية إلﻰ الكتابة، وذلك لئﻼ يﺬهب اﻷثﺮ وﻻ
،يمتهﻦ القبﺮ قياسا ﻋلﻰ ﻓعل النبي بقبﺮ ﻋثمان بﻦ ﻣظعون رضي ﷲ ﻋنه
ﻋندﻣا وضع الحﺠﺮ ﻋند رأسه. القول الثاني: ﻛﺮاهة الكتابة ﻋلﻰ
،القبﺮ وهﺬا قول جماهيﺮ العلماء ﻓﺬهب إليه أبو يوسف وﷴ بﻦ الحسﻦ ﻣﻦ
الحنفية وهو ﻣﺬهب
:المالكية والشاﻓعية والحنابلة، وﻣﻦ أدلة هﺬا القول ﺣديث جابﺮ بﻦ ﻋبد ﷲ رضي ﷲ ﻋنه قال: "نهﻰ النبﻰ أن ﺗﺠصص
،القبور وأن يكتب
،ﻋليها وأن ﺗوطأ"، وﻓي رواية:" نهﻰ رسول ﷲ
أن يكتب ﻋلﻰ القبﺮ شئ"، وأن الكتابة ﻋند القبﺮ لم ﺗكﻦ ﻣعهودة ﻋند
السلف الصالح ﻣﻦ الصحابة رضوان ﷲ ﻋليهم أجمعيﻦ وﻣﻦ بعدهم، وﻷن الكتابة ﻋلﻰ القبﺮ قد ﺗكون طﺮيقا للمباهاة والفخﺮ والخيﻼء. والﺮاجح
.ﻣﻦ هﺬيﻦ القوليﻦ لدى السنة هو: القول الثاني نظﺮا ﻷن هﺬا هو ظاهﺮ النهي الوارد ﻓي الحديث
،حيبانيّالس :راجع التفاصيل ﻣﻦ لمﺰيد أحكام
المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمي ،ة173
-
180
،؛ ﻋبد الحميد
شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية في العصرين اﻷيوبي والمملو
كي ،
7
-
10
. 55
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة هﺬا النوع ﻋدد ﻣﻦ الشواهد
نشﺮها "ﻣايلﺰ" ﻋثﺮ ﻋليها ﺧارج الحد الشمالي لمدينة أصفهان ﻋام1935
م، ﻣﻦ بينها واﺣد ﻣؤرخ
بشهﺮ رجب سنة555
هـ/يوليو1160
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده40
×
47
سم، وآﺧﺮ ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ صفﺮ سنة789هـ/ﻣارس1387
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده
37
×
22
سم،، وثالث ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ ربيع اﻷول سنة978هـ/أغسطﺲ1570
.م Miles, “Epitaphs from an Isfahan Graveyard”,
151-157. وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣثلة اﻷﺧﺮى شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﻣﺰار إﻣاﻣﺰاده أﺣمد بأصفهان باسم "پﺮی ﺧانم" وﻋليه ﻛتابة ﻓارسية نصها "وﻓات ﻣﺮﺣوﻣه
ﻣغفوره پﺮی ﺧانم بنت ﷲ وردی به ﺗاريخ نيمه ربي ع اﻻول سنه1164
" وﺗﺮجمتها:" ﻛانت وﻓاة المﺮﺣوﻣه المغفور لها پﺮی ﺧانم بنت ﷲ
وردی بتاريخ نصف ربيع اﻷول سنة1164
/هـ23
ﻓبﺮايﺮ1751
."م شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان4
- 5، ﺗصويﺮ4
. 56
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ الﺮﺧام ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ رجب ﻣﻦ ﻋام529
هـ/ﻣارس1135
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده28
×
38
سم، ﻣحفوظ
" ﻓي ﻣتحف الفنون الﺠميلة ببوسطﻦ ﺗحت رقمReg. No. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 55أ
أ ي
ي
ي
ي
ي
55
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة هﺬا النوع ﻋدد ﻣﻦ الشواهد
نشﺮها "ﻣايلﺰ" ﻋثﺮ ﻋليها ﺧارج الحد الشمالي لمدينة أصفهان ﻋام1935
م، ﻣﻦ بينها واﺣد ﻣؤرخ
بشهﺮ رجب سنة555
هـ/يوليو1160
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده40
×
47
سم، وآﺧﺮ ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ صفﺮ سنة789هـ/ﻣارس1387
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده
37
×
22
سم،، وثالث ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ ربيع اﻷول سنة978هـ/أغسطﺲ1570
.م Miles, “Epitaphs from an Isfahan Graveyard”,
151-157. وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣثلة اﻷﺧﺮى شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﻣﺰار إﻣاﻣﺰاده أﺣمد بأصفهان باسم "پﺮی ﺧانم" وﻋليه ﻛتابة ﻓارسية نصها "وﻓات ﻣﺮﺣوﻣه
ﻣغفوره پﺮی ﺧانم بنت ﷲ وردی به ﺗاريخ نيمه ربي ع اﻻول سنه1164
" وﺗﺮجمتها:" ﻛانت وﻓاة المﺮﺣوﻣه المغفور لها پﺮی ﺧانم بنت ﷲ
وردی بتاريخ نصف ربيع اﻷول سنة1164
/هـ23
ﻓبﺮايﺮ1751
."م شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان4
- 5، ﺗصويﺮ4
. 56ل
ل
أ لة لك
ل أ
ظ 56
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ الﺮﺧام ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ رجب ﻣﻦ ﻋام529
هـ/ﻣارس1135
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده28
×
38
سم، ﻣحفوظ
" ﻓي ﻣتحف الفنون الﺠميلة ببوسطﻦ ﺗحت رقمReg. No. 31.407
."
Aga-Oglu, “An Islamic Tombstone and Mihrāb of the
Twelfth Century”, 42. ﻛما يحتفظ" ﻣتحف المتﺮبوليتان ﺗحت رقم Acc. no. 33.118. Rogers Fund, 1933. " بشاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ
الﺮﺧام ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ المحﺮم ﻣﻦ ﻋام545
هـ/ﻣايو1150
.م Dimand, “A Dated Persian Tombstone”, 135-136. " ﻛما يحتفظ ﻣتحف المتﺮبوليتان أيضا بشاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع ﺗحت رقمAcc. no. 35.120. Rogers Fund
"، ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ
بعام753
/هـ1352
.مMcAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 127-128. :ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع ȏالقا ا
ة خﻼل ال
اﻹ ان ة ال
القʗش اه)
1209
1344
/ه1794
1925
(
92
56
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ الﺮﺧام ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ رجب ﻣﻦ ﻋام529
هـ/ﻣارس1135
م، ﺗبلغ أبعاده28
×
38
سم، ﻣحفوظ
" ﻓي ﻣتحف الفنون الﺠميلة ببوسطﻦ ﺗحت رقمReg. No. 31.407
."
Aga-Oglu, “An Islamic Tombstone and Mihrāb of the
Twelfth Century”, 42. ﻛما يحتفظ" ﻣتحف المتﺮبوليتان ﺗحت رقم Acc. no. 33.118. Rogers Fund, 1933. " بشاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ
الﺮﺧام ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ بشهﺮ المحﺮم ﻣﻦ ﻋام545
هـ/ﻣايو1150
.م Dimand, “A Dated Persian Tombstone”, 135-136. " ﻛما يحتفظ ﻣتحف المتﺮبوليتان أيضا بشاهد قبﺮ ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع ﺗحت رقمAcc. no. 35.120. Rogers Fund
"، ينسب إلﻰ إيﺮان ﻣؤرخ
بعام753
/هـ1352
.مMcAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 127-128. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفا،صيل راجع: ﺗناولی
،""سنگ قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه94
،؛ ﺣاﻣدي
،""سنگ ﻣﺰار ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه22
-
23
؛http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=72060&Serv=0&SGr=0
وهناك ﻋدد ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور
ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع ﻓي جبانة اﻷرﻣﻦ بتبﺮيﺰ ﺗنسب إلﻰ الفتﺮة ﻣا بيﻦ القﺮنيﻦ7
و9
/هـ13و15
م، وﺗحمل ﻛتابات ﻋﺮبية
،ﺗتضمﻦ بيانات المتوﻓييﻦ وبعض اﻵيات القﺮآنية. صابﺮ، "آثار سنگﻰ ﺗمدن اسﻼﻣﻰ در گورستان اراﻣنه ﺗبﺮيﺰ79
-
80، ﺗصاويﺮ9
-
12
. 58
،شكورزاده
عقائد ورسوم مردم خراسان،
188
؛McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 126-127. ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك ﻋدد ﻛبيﺮ ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور ﻓي جبانة "ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد" بأصفهان ﺣفﺮ ﻋلي سطحها أدوات بعينها للدﻻلة ﻋلﻰ وظيفة صاﺣبها، ﻓنﺠد
ﻣقص إشارة للخياط، وأبﺮيق يدل ﻋلﻰ القهوجي، والفأس للمﺰارع، وﻛ ،باده وﻣيل للبهلوان، ﻣقﻼة ﻋميقة وﻣلعقة للطباخ، وﻣلقاط للخباز
وﻣيﺰان وشاﻛوش للبناء، وقفل لصانع اﻷقفال، وبعض أنواع ﻣﻦ الفاﻛهة لبائعها...الخ. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: صفی
،ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،"ﺧدادادی، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان78
-
79
،جدول
10
. 59
،شكورزاده
عقائد و رسوم مردم خراسان ،
188
-
190
. 60
ﻣﻦ بالقﺮب ﻣقبﺮة وجود ﻣﻦ "ديفالي بيتﺮو" الﺮﺣالة ذﻛﺮه ﻣا المثال سبيل ﻋلﻰ ﻣنها اﻷﻓﺮاد بعض ﻣقابﺮ لتمييﺰ أﺧﺮى ًطﺮقا إيﺮان ﻋﺮﻓت
اث جانبيها ﻋلﻰ رعُز وقد ،اﻷﺣمﺮ الدم بلون ﺗحتفظ الشهداء ﻷﺣد شيﺮاز ﻓي ﻣسكنه
نان ﻣﻦ أشﺠار السﺮو، ﻛما ﺗتميﺰ جبانة "بهيشت زهﺮا the
Behešt-e Zahrāʾ
" ﻓي طهﺮان بوجود ﻓوارة ذات ﻣياه لونها أﺣمﺮ، لتﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ دﻣاء شهداء الثورة اﻹسﻼﻣية ﻋام1979
م، وضحايا الحﺮب
.ﻣع العﺮاقfolklorre
-
persian
-
in
-
gurestan
-
qabrestan
-
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cemeteries
61
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﻣﺰار اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
باصفهان يحمل اسم "هﺮﻣﺰ ﺧان قشقايی" وﺗاريخ "ﻣحﺮم1294هـ/ينايﺮ1877
م"، وﻋليه
ﻛتابات ﻋﺮ بية وأبيات شعﺮ ﻓارسية، ﺗحكﻰ ﻣع المناظﺮ التصويﺮية المصاﺣبة لها اللحظات اﻷﺧيﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺣياة "هﺮﻣﺰ ﺧان" الﺬى ﻣات أثناء
.ﻣشارﻛته ﻓي رﺣلة صيد :انظﺮ
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان10
-
11، ﺗصويﺮ
12
. 62
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل وأﻣثلة الﺰﺧارف النباﺗية والهندسية ورسوم الطيور والحيوانات وﻣناظﺮ الصيد وغيﺮها راجع: صفی
،ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،"ﺧدادادی، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان67
-
80
؛ نژاد، "سفيد چاه ،"
49
-
56
. 63
McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 127. 64
:لﻼستﺰادة راجع کلخورانو و ،"ﺧبيﺮى، "بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد62
. Two Early Mihrabs outside Shiraz", 3-11 ; "Tombstone or Mihrab? A Speculation", 241-244.;
Afshar (Iraj), "Two 12th Century Gravestones of Yazd in Mashad and Washington", 204-207. -
93
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
Fehervari, "Two Early Mihrabs outside Shiraz", 3-11 ; "Tombstone or Mihrab? A Speculation", 241-244.;
Afshar (Iraj), "Two 12th Century Gravestones of Yazd in Mashad and Washington", 204-207.
57
لعل ﻣﻦ اﻓضل أﻣثلة هﺬا النوع شاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه )
1264
-
1313
/هـ1848
-
1896
(و م أبعاده50
×
131
×
249
سم، ﻣؤرخ بعام
1321
/هـ1903م، وﺗﺰينه صورة شخصية له ﻣﺮﺗديا زيا رسميا وﻣت
منطقا بسيف ﻣﻦ نوع الشمشيﺮ ،
،ويستند بيده اليمنﻰ إلﻰ ﻋمود قصيﺮ
ويحيط بﺠانبﻰ رأسه إثنان ﻣﻦ المﻼئكة، وهناك ﻛتابة أسفل القدم اليسﺮى له باسم الصانع نصها: "ﻋمل أستاذ ﻋباسقلﻰ ﺣﺠار"، ﻓي ﺣيﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ
المصادر التاريخية اسم "ﻋلي أﻛبﺮ ﺣﺠار" بإﻋتباره الصانع. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفا،صيل راجع: ﺗناولی
،""سنگ قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه94
،؛ ﺣاﻣدي
،""سنگ ﻣﺰار ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه22
-
23
؛http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=72060&Serv=0&SGr=0
وهناك ﻋدد ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور
ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع ﻓي جبانة اﻷرﻣﻦ بتبﺮيﺰ ﺗنسب إلﻰ الفتﺮة ﻣا بيﻦ القﺮنيﻦ7
و9
/هـ13و15
م، وﺗحمل ﻛتابات ﻋﺮبية
،ﺗتضمﻦ بيانات المتوﻓييﻦ وبعض اﻵيات القﺮآنية. صابﺮ، "آثار سنگﻰ ﺗمدن اسﻼﻣﻰ در گورستان اراﻣنه ﺗبﺮيﺰ79
-
80، ﺗصاويﺮ9
-
12
.
58
،شكورزاده
عقائد ورسوم مردم خراسان،
188
؛McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 126-127.
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك ﻋدد ﻛبيﺮ ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور ﻓي جبانة "ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد" بأصفهان ﺣفﺮ ﻋلي سطحها أدوات بعينها للدﻻلة ﻋلﻰ وظيفة صاﺣبها، ﻓنﺠد
ﻣقص إشارة للخياط، وأبﺮيق يدل ﻋلﻰ القهوجي، والفأس للمﺰارع، وﻛ ،باده وﻣيل للبهلوان، ﻣقﻼة ﻋميقة وﻣلعقة للطباخ، وﻣلقاط للخباز
وﻣيﺰان وشاﻛوش للبناء، وقفل لصانع اﻷقفال، وبعض أنواع ﻣﻦ الفاﻛهة لبائعها...الخ. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: صفی
،ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،"ﺧدادادی، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان78
-
79
،جدول
10
.
59
،شكورزاده
عقائد و رسوم مردم خراسان ،
188
-
190
.
60
ﻣﻦ بالقﺮب ﻣقبﺮة وجود ﻣﻦ "ديفالي بيتﺮو" الﺮﺣالة ذﻛﺮه ﻣا المثال سبيل ﻋلﻰ ﻣنها اﻷﻓﺮاد بعض ﻣقابﺮ لتمييﺰ أﺧﺮى ًطﺮقا إيﺮان ﻋﺮﻓت
اث جانبيها ﻋلﻰ رعُز وقد ،اﻷﺣمﺮ الدم بلون ﺗحتفظ الشهداء ﻷﺣد شيﺮاز ﻓي ﻣسكنه
نان ﻣﻦ أشﺠار السﺮو، ﻛما ﺗتميﺰ جبانة "بهيشت زهﺮا the
Behešt-e Zahrāʾ
" ﻓي طهﺮان بوجود ﻓوارة ذات ﻣياه لونها أﺣمﺮ، لتﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ دﻣاء شهداء الثورة اﻹسﻼﻣية ﻋام1979
م، وضحايا الحﺮب
.ﻣع العﺮاقfolklorre
-
persian
-
in
-
gurestan
-
qabrestan
-
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cemeteries
61
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﻣﺰار اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
باصفهان يحمل اسم "هﺮﻣﺰ ﺧان قشقايی" وﺗاريخ "ﻣحﺮم1294هـ/ينايﺮ1877
م"، وﻋليه
ﻛتابات ﻋﺮ بية وأبيات شعﺮ ﻓارسية، ﺗحكﻰ ﻣع المناظﺮ التصويﺮية المصاﺣبة لها اللحظات اﻷﺧيﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺣياة "هﺮﻣﺰ ﺧان" الﺬى ﻣات أثناء
.ﻣشارﻛته ﻓي رﺣلة صيد :انظﺮ
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان10
-
11، ﺗصويﺮ
12
.
62
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل وأﻣثلة الﺰﺧارف النباﺗية والهندسية ورسوم الطيور والحيوانات وﻣناظﺮ الصيد وغيﺮها راجع: صفی
،ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،"ﺧدادادی، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان67
-
80
؛ نژاد، "سفيد چاه ،"
49
-
56
.
63
McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 127.
64
:لﻼستﺰادة راجع کلخورانو و ،"ﺧبيﺮى، "بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد62
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 57أ
أ 57
لعل ﻣﻦ اﻓضل أﻣثلة هﺬا النوع شاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه )
1264
-
1313
/هـ1848
-
1896
(و م أبعاده50
×
131
×
249
سم، ﻣؤرخ بعام
1321
/هـ1903م، وﺗﺰينه صورة شخصية له ﻣﺮﺗديا زيا رسميا وﻣت
منطقا بسيف ﻣﻦ نوع الشمشيﺮ ،
،ويستند بيده اليمنﻰ إلﻰ ﻋمود قصيﺮ
ويحيط بﺠانبﻰ رأسه إثنان ﻣﻦ المﻼئكة، وهناك ﻛتابة أسفل القدم اليسﺮى له باسم الصانع نصها: "ﻋمل أستاذ ﻋباسقلﻰ ﺣﺠار"، ﻓي ﺣيﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ
المصادر التاريخية اسم "ﻋلي أﻛبﺮ ﺣﺠار" بإﻋتباره الصانع. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفا،صيل راجع: ﺗناولی
،""سنگ قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه94
،؛ ﺣاﻣدي
،""سنگ ﻣﺰار ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه22
-
23
؛http://www.chn.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Id=72060&Serv=0&SGr=0
وهناك ﻋدد ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور
ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع ﻓي جبانة اﻷرﻣﻦ بتبﺮيﺰ ﺗنسب إلﻰ الفتﺮة ﻣا بيﻦ القﺮنيﻦ7
و9
/هـ13و15
م، وﺗحمل ﻛتابات ﻋﺮبية
،ﺗتضمﻦ بيانات المتوﻓييﻦ وبعض اﻵيات القﺮآنية. صابﺮ، "آثار سنگﻰ ﺗمدن اسﻼﻣﻰ در گورستان اراﻣنه ﺗبﺮيﺰ79
-
80، ﺗصاويﺮ9
-
12
. 58
،شكورزاده
عقائد ورسوم مردم خراسان،
188
؛McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 126-127. ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك ﻋدد ﻛبيﺮ ﻣﻦ شواهد القبور ﻓي جبانة "ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد" بأصفهان ﺣفﺮ ﻋلي سطحها أدوات بعينها للدﻻلة ﻋلﻰ وظيفة صاﺣبها، ﻓنﺠد
ﻣقص إشارة للخياط، وأبﺮيق يدل ﻋلﻰ القهوجي، والفأس للمﺰارع، وﻛ ،باده وﻣيل للبهلوان، ﻣقﻼة ﻋميقة وﻣلعقة للطباخ، وﻣلقاط للخباز
وﻣيﺰان وشاﻛوش للبناء، وقفل لصانع اﻷقفال، وبعض أنواع ﻣﻦ الفاﻛهة لبائعها...الخ. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: صفی
،ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،"ﺧدادادی، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان78
-
79
،جدول
10
. 59
،شكورزاده
عقائد و رسوم مردم خراسان ،
188
-
190
. ورز
ن
ر
و ر وم ر م88
90
. 60
ﻣﻦ بالقﺮب ﻣقبﺮة وجود ﻣﻦ "ديفالي بيتﺮو" الﺮﺣالة ذﻛﺮه ﻣا المثال سبيل ﻋلﻰ ﻣنها اﻷﻓﺮاد بعض ﻣقابﺮ لتمييﺰ أﺧﺮى ًطﺮقا إيﺮان ﻋﺮﻓت
اث جانبيها ﻋلﻰ رعُز وقد ،اﻷﺣمﺮ الدم بلون ﺗحتفظ الشهداء ﻷﺣد شيﺮاز ﻓي ﻣسكنه
نان ﻣﻦ أشﺠار السﺮو، ﻛما ﺗتميﺰ جبانة "بهيشت زهﺮا the
Behešt-e Zahrāʾ
" ﻓي طهﺮان بوجود ﻓوارة ذات ﻣياه لونها أﺣمﺮ، لتﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ دﻣاء شهداء الثورة اﻹسﻼﻣية ﻋام1979
م، وضحايا الحﺮب
.ﻣع العﺮاقfolklorre
-
persian
-
in
-
gurestan
-
qabrestan
-
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cemeteries
61
ﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي ﻣﺰار اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
باصفهان يحمل اسم "هﺮﻣﺰ ﺧان قشقايی" وﺗاريخ "ﻣحﺮم1294هـ/ينايﺮ1877
م"، وﻋليه
ﻛتابات ﻋﺮ بية وأبيات شعﺮ ﻓارسية، ﺗحكﻰ ﻣع المناظﺮ التصويﺮية المصاﺣبة لها اللحظات اﻷﺧيﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺣياة "هﺮﻣﺰ ﺧان" الﺬى ﻣات أثناء
.ﻣشارﻛته ﻓي رﺣلة صيد :انظﺮ
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان10
-
11، ﺗصويﺮ
12
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة :ولمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح )
3
( ʘالʲع الʨʻال اءʢ وغʖانʨعة جȃ أرʧم نʨؔʱي إذ وقʙʻʸه الʰʷǽ ʨوقي( فهʙʻʸ)ال57
،
اف إلىʹ تʙوق
اناʽفى، وأحʨʱʺال رأس ضعʨ أعلى مʗʰʲدة تʙعʱال مȞخام ذات أشʛ الʧة مʛʽعة صغʢ قʦʽʺʸʱال
ʙضع القʨة أعلى مʽانʲ الʗʰʲ تʚئʙʻ وعʧʽʱعʢق.لȞʷمى الʛاء هʢالغ نʨȞǽ ةʛʽʲؗ اناʽ، وفى أحʧʽم لة علىʳʶʺة الʽʻات الفʙحʨ والʛاصʻة للعʽفʛخʜوة الʛʲ الʗʴʰ أصʙوق ʛʸر خﻼل العʨʰ القʙاهʨش
الʲʺل الʽʰ على سʥ ذلʧها، ومʽ إلʛʽʲؗ ضافةȂها وʲيʙʴ تȐʛ أن جʙعǼ اءاʛ ثʛʲ أكȐالقاجار ʠعǼ
ارسهʺǽ انؗ ىʱعة الʻʸفة أو الʛʴأدوات ال
فىʨʱʺا ال58
ȘȄارǼف واﻷʨʽʶ الʠعȃ، و59
، وأدوات اﻹضاءة
،اﻷعﻼمؗ ةʽʻيʙات الʰاسʻʺ الʠعǼ اءʻم أثʙʵʱʶ أدوات تʧﻼ عʹاديل، فʻانات والقʙعʺʷخاصة ال
جهةʧان مʻ له أسȌʷال مʲʺل الʽʰم على سʙʵʱفى؛ فأسʨʱʺ الʝʻ إلى جʛʽʷُǽ ها ماʽ علʛفُح اناʽوأح
ʛر، وآخʨؗʚر الʨʰ قʜʽʽʺʱة لʙواح
ʜʽʽʺʱآة لʛ أو مʧʽʱ جهʧان مʻله أس60
ʗʽʤا حʺؗ ،ر اﻹناثʨʰق
ʙʽ صʛʣاʻʺǼ ʙاهʨʷ الʠعǼ
61انات...الﺦʨʽر وحʨʽʢم لʨ، ورس62
. ةʽخامʛها الʙاهʨ شʗمʙʵʱها أسʵȄة في تارʛȞʰة مʛʱ فʚʻان مʛا اﻹشارة إلى أن إيʻان هȞʺǼ ةʽʺ اﻷهʧوم
ة فيʴʢʶʺة الȄʛʳʴوال
ةʛʽʲؗ انʽأح
لȞʷǼأ قʨفقى ف
رʨʰالق63
Ȑʚ الʨʴʻا على الʽرأس ʗʰʲ تʧؔ تʦ، ول
لʱʴǽ هʻؔوفا، ولʛ معʧȞǽ ʦاني لʲب الʨ أن اﻷسلʥى ذلʻعǽ اﻹسﻼمي، وﻻʦاء العالʴ أنʦʤشاع فى مع
قʨا فʽضع أفقʨان يؗ ان: اﻷولʙفى شاهʨʱʺم للʙʵʱلة أسʽان قلʽام، وفي أحʙʵʱة فى اﻹسʽانʲة الʰتʛʺال
اʽرأس انىʲ، والʛʰالق64، واﻷ رأس ʙʻه عʱʽʰʲ تʦʱ؛ اﻷولى إما أن يʛʰان القȞاء على مʻان بʱ له حالʛʽخ -
93
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
Fehervari, "Two Early Mihrabs outside Shiraz", 3-11 ; "Tombstone or Mihrab? A Speculation", 241-244.;
Afshar (Iraj), "Two 12th Century Gravestones of Yazd in Mashad and Washington", 204-207. 57
لعل ﻣﻦ اﻓضل أﻣثلة هﺬا النوع شاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه )
1264
-
1313
/هـ1848
-
1896
(و م أبعاده50
×
131
×
249
سم، ﻣؤرخ بعام
1321
/هـ1903م، وﺗﺰينه صورة شخصية له ﻣﺮﺗديا زيا رسميا وﻣت
منطقا بسيف ﻣﻦ نوع الشمشيﺮ ،
،ويستند بيده اليمنﻰ إلﻰ ﻋمود قصيﺮ
ويحيط بﺠانبﻰ رأسه إثنان ﻣﻦ المﻼئكة، وهناك ﻛتابة أسفل القدم اليسﺮى له باسم الصانع نصها: "ﻋمل أستاذ ﻋباسقلﻰ ﺣﺠار"، ﻓي ﺣيﻦ ﺗﺬﻛﺮ
المصادر التاريخية اسم "ﻋلي أﻛبﺮ ﺣﺠار" بإﻋتباره الصانع. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 62
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل وأﻣثلة الﺰﺧارف النباﺗية والهندسية ورسوم الطيور والحيوانات وﻣناظﺮ الصيد وغيﺮها راجع: صفی
،ﺧانی
،اﺣمدپناه
،"ﺧدادادی، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفهان67
-
80
؛ نژاد، "سفيد چاه ،"
49
-
56
. 63
McAllister, "A Fourteenth-Century Persian Tombstone", 127. 65
) اﻷول صفي الشاه ﻣﻦ لكل ﻣدﻓﻦ يدُش ﻓقد1038
-
1052
/هـ1629
-
1642
) م(، والشاه ﻋباس الثاني1052
-
1077
/هـ1642
-
1666
،(م
)والشاه سليمان1077
-
1105
/هـ1666
-
1694
)م(، والشاه ﺣسيﻦ1105
-
1135
/هـ1694
-
1722م(. ناصﺮ الشﺮيعه ،تاريخ ﻗم ،
60
-
68
.
66
ﻋلي ﷴ)المعلم :راجع وﻣداﻓﻦ ٍﻣبان ﻣﻦ ﺗحتويه وﻣا بقم المقدسة الفاطمية الﺮوضة لعمارة المختلفة المﺮاﺣل ﻋﻦ ،(
فاطمة المعصومة ﻗبس
من أشعة
الزهراء ،
151
-
161
،.؛ ﻛيانﻰ، "ﻣﺠموﻋه ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه41
-
49
،؛ ﻋباس زاده"
طنگاهی به ساﺧت و سازهای ﺣﺮم
،"ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه26
-
33
؛
ﺧشفة
، "ﻣناسبة شهﺮ الوﻻية: ﻋمارة الﺮوضة الفاطمية قم المقدسة"
،
22
-
25
؛ ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
94
-
65
) اﻷول صفي الشاه ﻣﻦ لكل ﻣدﻓﻦ يدُش ﻓقد1038
-
1052
/هـ1629
-
1642
) م(، والشاه ﻋباس الثاني1052
-
1077
/هـ1642
-
1666
،(م
)والشاه سليمان1077
-
1105
/هـ1666
-
1694
)م(، والشاه ﺣسيﻦ1105
-
1135
/هـ1694
-
1722م(. ناصﺮ الشﺮيعه ،تاريخ ﻗم ،
60
-
68
.
66
ﻋلي ﷴ)المعلم :راجع وﻣداﻓﻦ ٍﻣبان ﻣﻦ ﺗحتويه وﻣا بقم المقدسة الفاطمية الﺮوضة لعمارة المختلفة المﺮاﺣل ﻋﻦ ،(
فاطمة المعصومة ﻗبس
من أشعة
الزهراء ،
151
-
161
،.؛ ﻛيانﻰ، "ﻣﺠموﻋه ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه41
-
49
،؛ ﻋباس زاده"
طنگاهی به ساﺧت و سازهای ﺣﺮم
،"ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه26
-
33
؛
ﺧشفة
، "ﻣناسبة شهﺮ الوﻻية: ﻋمارة الﺮوضة الفاطمية قم المقدسة"
،
22
-
25
؛
http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/serat/fatimaalmasomah/ahlulbait/fatemah_masomah/book1/20.htm;ht
tp://momahidat.org/essaydetails.php?eid=783&cid=50;http://www.alalam.ir/news/1626040;http://www.alm
aaref.org/books/contentsimages/books/majaless_aletra/karimat_ahl_albayt/page/lesson5.htm
67
،اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
795
.
68
ﻛان ﻓتحعليشاه قد ﺗوﻓي يوم الخميﺲ التاسع ﻋشﺮ ﻣﻦ جمادى الثانية سنة1250
/هـ23
أﻛتوبﺮ1834
،م ثم نقل جثمانه ﻓدﻓﻦ ﻓي قم. الﺰﻓﺰاﻓي
فتحعليشاه ،
29
.
69 http://qomseir.blogfa.com/post-36.aspx
70
،المعلم ﻓاطمة المعصوﻣة
قبﺲ ﻣﻦ أشعة الﺰهﺮاء ،
156
،"؛ ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت و سازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
؛
http://alhawzaonline.com/almaktaba-almakroaa/book/510-al-%20seyrh/0031-fatima%20al-%20ma3suma/07.htm#1;
http://www.elibrary4arab.com/ebooks/misc/fatima-almasoma/21.htm ;
http://momahidat.org/essaydetails.php?eid=783&cid=50
71
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ المدﻓونيﻦ ﻓي ﺣﺮم روضة ﻓاطمه المعصوﻣه بقم ﻣنﺬ القﺮن13
/هـ19
م وﺣتﻰ اﻵن وﻣا ﺗحمله شواهد قبورهم ﻣﻦ
،ﻛتابات وزﺧارف راجع: اشکوری
"سنگ های گويا ﻣطالعه ای ﺗطبيقی بﺮ سنگ قبﺮهای ﻣعاصﺮ،"
915
-
968
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة 64لﻼ تﺰادة ا
ان
کلخ"تانﺰد
ش
ﺗا خ
نگ ن شته ها
"
ﺧ62 -
93
- سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة 6
) تʗش3
( )
3
( ʧفʙʺǼ فىʨʱʺاد الʛ إنفʙʻلة عʰاه القʳار في إتʙʳ، أو على الʙاحʨان الȞʺر في الʨʰد القʙ تعʙʻفى عʨʱʺال
.قلʱʶم ʧفʙʺǼ فىʨʱʺاد الʛ إنفʙʻلة عʰاه القʳار في إتʙʳ، أو على الʙاحʨان الȞʺر في الʨʰد القʙ تعʙʻفى عʨʱʺال
.قلʱʶم
ʱ الʙاهʨʷعة الʨʺʳ أن مʧʽʰʱ يȘابʶض الʛء العʨوفي ض
ي اهʨʷ الʧʺض ّفʻʸُت راسةʙاولها الʻʱت ʙ
أفق ا ف ق القʗ ʲتʱة الʢال ʱ الʙاهʨʷعة الʨʺʳ أن مʧʽʰʱ يȘابʶض الʛء العʨوفي ض
ي اهʨʷ الʧʺض ّفʻʸُت راسةʙاولها الʻʱت ʙ
.ʛʰالق قʨا فʽ أفقʗʰʲى تʱة الʴʢʶʺال ʱ الʙاهʨʷعة الʨʺʳ أن مʧʽʰʱ يȘابʶض الʛء العʨوفي ض
ي اهʨʷ الʧʺض ّفʻʸُت راسةʙاولها الʻʱت ʙ
.ʛʰالق قʨا فʽ أفقʗʰʲى تʱة الʴʢʶʺال ʦسة في قʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱلها إلى مʨة وصʽفʽؗ ʨ هʙاهʨʷه الʚد هʙʸǼ هʶح نفʛʢǽ Ȑʚال الʕʶوال
"
ʦسة قʙانه مقʱزه آسʨم
Qum Astanh Museum
ʧم ًداʙقة أن عʽ في حقʧʺؔاؤل تʶʱا الʚة هǼجاȂ"؟ و
اʙ مʦهʶوا ﻷنفʙʽ شȑʨفʸ الʛʸ العʚʻان مʛام إيȞحʧف65
ةʺʡم روضة فاʛ داخل حʦفي ق
مةʨʸعʺال66
ʧفʙ، فʦهʺȞة حʛʱولة خﻼل فʙار رجال الʰؗ وʧʽȄام القاجارȞ حʠعǼ ʦهʳ، وسار على نه
اهʷʽعلʴʱف)
1212
-
1250
/هـ1797
—
1834
(م
ʦة قʻيʙفي م67
إقامةǼ اتهʽ خﻼل حʛ أمʙان قؗ ʘʽح
ارته عامʺ عʗهʱوضة انʛ للȘʽʱ العʧʴʸال الʺه شʶفʻ لʧفʙم1245
/هـ1829
68
ﷴʧفʙقع مȄ، و
شاه قاجار)
1250
-
1264
/هـ1834
-
1848
(م في ال
لعʹ
الȃʛغ
الʧي مʧʴʸ
الȘʽʱع
ا، وعلىʹǽأ
اʽ علʙه "مهʱ زوجʧفʙه مʻة مȃʛمق)"
1220
-
1290
/هـ1805
-
1873
(م69
،
زراءʨ الʧ مʧ دفʧّʺوم
ʧيʙ الʛان في زمان ناصʛ ﻹيʦʤر اﻷعʙ ّʸان الؗ ȑʚ، الʥǼ أتاʛان: علي أصغʽواﻷع ʛفʤشاه، وم
يȞǼ اﻷتاʧʴʸالǼ وفʛعʺ الʧʴʸى الʻ بȑʚ الʨ شاه، وهʧيʙال ،
ʧيʙ الʛ ناصʧب زاʛʽان مʛامؗ :ʦهʻوم
انʛهʡ ʦة وحاكʻʢلّʶ الʖان نائؗ ȑʚشاه، ال ،
قالǽ ȑʚ ﷴ شاه قاجار الʛ، صهʥلʺ الʧʽ: عʦهʻوم
إ هّن
زارةʨ الʙّتقل ، شاهʧيʙ الʛ ناصʛȄولة، وزʙ الʧʽخ أمʛ: فʦهʻوم ،
ʻوم ﷴʧولة ابʙال ّʜ عʙʺ ّʸ الʙʰ: عʦه
انيʲشاه ال ،ازʛʽ شʦ شاه قاجار حاكʧيʙ الʛفʤ مʧة ابʻʢلʶر شعاع الʨʸʻʺ الʥلʺ: الʦهʻوم ،
ʦهʛʽغو
ʛʽʲك70
ا فىʨʻ دفʧʺم
اʚه
مʛʴال71
. و
ﺮ
م
ي
ﺮو
ر
هﺮ و ي
http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/serat/fatimaalmasomah/ahlulbait/fatemah_masomah/book1/20.htm;ht
tp://momahidat.org/essaydetails.php?eid=783&cid=50;http://www.alalam.ir/news/1626040;http://www.alm
aaref.org/books/contentsimages/books/majaless_aletra/karimat_ahl_albayt/page/lesson5.htm
67
،اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
795
. م
http://www.alseraj.net/maktaba/kotob/serat/fatimaalmasomah/ahlulbait/fatemah_masomah/book1/20.htm;ht
tp://momahidat.org/essaydetails.php?eid=783&cid=50;http://www.alalam.ir/news/1626040;http://www.alm
aaref.org/books/contentsimages/books/majaless_aletra/karimat_ahl_albayt/page/lesson5.htm
67
،اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
795
. اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
94
-
69 http://qomseir.blogfa.com/post-36.aspx
70
،المعلم ﻓاطمة المعصوﻣة
قبﺲ ﻣﻦ أشعة الﺰهﺮاء ،
156
،"؛ ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت و سازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
؛
http://alhawzaonline.com/almaktaba-almakroaa/book/510-al-%20seyrh/0031-fatima%20al-%20ma3suma/07.htm#1;
http://www.elibrary4arab.com/ebooks/misc/fatima-almasoma/21.htm ;
http://momahidat.org/essaydetails.php?eid=783&cid=50
71
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ المدﻓونيﻦ ﻓي ﺣﺮم روضة ﻓاطمه المعصوﻣه بقم ﻣنﺬ القﺮن13
/هـ19
م وﺣتﻰ اﻵن وﻣا ﺗحمله شواهد قبورهم ﻣﻦ
،ﻛتابات وزﺧارف راجع: اشکوری
"سنگ های گويا ﻣطالعه ای ﺗطبيقی بﺮ سنگ قبﺮهای ﻣعاصﺮ،"
915
-
968
. 69 http://qomseir.blogfa.com/post-36.aspx
،"ساﺧت و سازهایﺣﺮمﺣضﺮتﻣعصوﻣه29؛ اخلʙ بʗانؗ يʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧد مʙسة نقل عʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱارة مʺ عʖال أعقʴعة الʽʰʢȃو
Șابʶ الʧافʙʺال
هʽها إلʛؗذ72
ʦ تʙأنه قǼ اʺفي، علʴʱʺض الʛادها للعʙاته مع إعʽʻʱ مقʧʺح ضʰʸʱل
ةʽفʽؔاح لʹǽا إʚ، وفي هʧافʙʺة داخل الʽها اﻷصلʻها في أماكʻيلة عʙاثلة بʺ مȐʛاذج أخʺوضع ن
.سةʙقʺة الʽʺʡوضة الفاʛف الʴʱ إلى مʙاهʨʷه الʚل هʨوص -
ةʻʶʳʵر الʦʶال. 95ة بʙقʺضة الʛف الʴʱمʧارة مʱʵُعة مʺʳم
ض
ف»ﱡُق«ةʽʻة فȄدرا ة آثار
73
،ﻋكاشة
موسوعة التصوير اﻹسﻼمي،
15
.
74
،ﻣﺮزوق
الفﻨون
الزخرفية اﻹسﻼمية في العصر العثماني ،
194
.
لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ ﻣوقف الفقه الشيعﻰ اﻻثني ﻋشﺮي ﻣﻦ التصويﺮ
راجع: طنطاوي، "ﻣطﺮقة الباب الﺮئيسﻰ لمسﺠد اﻹﻣام )الشاه( ﻓي اصفهان،"
13
-
15
.
75 Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 25.
76
يﺮوى ﻓي شاهد ﻣنه شكلُلي أذربيﺠان ﻣحاجﺮ ﻣﻦ اللون أﺧضﺮ ﻣﺮﻣﺮ ﺣﺠﺮ بقطع أﻣﺮا أصدر أجله بدنو شعﺮ ﺣيﻦ ﻓتحعليشاه أن الشأن هﺬا
قبﺮ له، وﻋمل الصناع ﻓي إﻋداده داﺧل القصﺮ الملكي، وﻛان الشاه يأﺗي ﻛل يوم لمتابعة العمل ويحثهم ﻋلﻰ اﻹنتهاء ﻣنه ﻣتﺬﻛﺮا الموت، و طبقا
لوصية ﻓتحعليشاه ﺗم ﺗسﺠيل أبيات الشعﺮ التي أنشدها ﺧصيصا لهﺬا الشأن وﻣنها البيت التالي: انا الخاقان وقد أرﺗكبت ذنوب ﻛثيﺮة/ ولﺠأت إلﻰ
ﺣضﺮة المعصوﻣة، ويظهﺮ بصحبة ﻓتح ﻋلﻰ شاه ضمﻦ الﺰﺧارف المحفورة ﻋلﻰ سطح هﺬا الشاهد صورة اثنيﻦ ﻣﻦ أبنائه يﺮﺗدي ﻛل ﻣنهما
ﺗاجا ﻣلكيا، باﻹضاﻓة إلﻰ ا ثنيﻦ ﻣﻦ المﻼئكة يحيطان بﺮأسه، وﺗاريخ اﺗمام هﺬا الشاهد هو ﻋام1250
/هـ1834
م، وﺗبلغ أبعاده13
×
132
×
229
سم، وشارك ﻓي إﻋداده "ﻋبدﷲ ﺧان نقاش باشي أصفهاني"، و"آقا ﷴ ﻋلﻰ ﺧان ﺣﺠار"، و"ﷴ ﺗقي ﻋلﻰ آبادي" ناظم اﻷبيات الشعﺮية
المسﺠلة ﻋليه، والخطاط "ﻣيﺮزا زيﻦ ا لعابديﻦ گاشانﻰ"، وهكﺬا ﺗم نحت أول ﺣﺠﺮ قبﺮ ﻣصور لفتحعليشاه، وهو التقليد الﺬى استمﺮ ﺣتﻰ آﺧﺮ
.ﻣلكيﻦ ﻓي الدولة القاجارية :انظﺮ ،"ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت و سازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
؛ ﺗناولی، سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،
111
،
ﺗصويﺮ
136
-
136
.الف اولʻʱوت
:ا يليʺʽ فʛʸʴʻة تʽʶʽ رئȋة نقاʙع دراسة اʚه دراسة في وعʛʷل الʰق قف فقهاءʨقة أن مʽقʴǼ ارʛ اﻹقʖʳǽ عʨضʨʺال
ʧﻼق عʡلف على اﻹʱʵǽ ʦفة عامة لʸǼ ةʽʴات الʻائؔ الʛȄʨʸ تʧة مȄʛʷي عʻعة اﻻثʽʷ الʖهʚم
ة لهʻﱡʶ معارضة أهل الʛȄʨʸʱ عارض الʧ مʦهʻ مʙوج إذ ،ﱠةʻﱡʶقف فقهاء الʨم73
ةȄʨʰʻ الʘ، واﻷحادي
ؗ ةʻﱡʶ بها الʧمʕ يʛȄʨʸʱ الʧفǼ لʸʱي تʱال
عيʽʷ الʖهʚʺاع الʰأت ًاʹǽ بها أʧمʕا يʺ
74
ʛ اﻷمʨ، وه
راسةʙاولها الʻʱى تʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧة على ثﻼثة مʽʸʵر شʨل صʽʲʺ تʖʰ سʧع ًاؤﻻʶح تʛʢǽ Ȑʚال
حاتʨ)ل1
،
3
،
4
.؟ȑʛʷي عʻانا فى الفقه اﻻثʽه أحʺȄʛʴ وتʥة ذلʽاهʛؗ ʧ مʦ( على رغ جع إلىʛ تʥلʚات اﻷولى لǽاʙʰقة أن الʽقʴوال اهʷʽعلʴʱها فʽ فʦȞى حʱة الʛʱالف )
1212
-
1250
/هـ1797
-
1834
ةʽʻيʙال اراتʜʺله داخل الʲʺعي تʽʰʢ الʦʳʴالǼ حاتʨضع لʨ بʛ أمʘʽم( ح
ةʽؔلʺ الʧافʙʺوال75
انʛة في إيʽʻيʙات الʰاسʻʺة خﻼل الʽʸʵʷ الʛȄاوʸʱ الʗʽʤ حʧʽʴ الʥ ذلʚʻ، وم
اهʷʽعلʴʱل فʰ قʦرك حاكʙُي ʦة، فلʽمʨȞة حʽʺة رسǽعاʛب
،انيʛع اﻹيʺʱʳʺرة في الʨʸ الʛʽة تأثʨ قȐʙم
لة اللغةʨهʶǼ ىʻʰ تȑʚاه الʷʽعلʴʱي، ففʳهʻل مȞʷǼ ارهاʺʲʱام إلى اسȞʴﻻء الʕ هʧ مȑأ أʳ يلʦا لʺك
اراتʜʺ الʧʽȃة وʽʸʵʷرته الʨ صʧʽ بȌȃʛة الʙ فائʥلʚؗ ة، أدركȄʛʵʸتاته الʨʴʻʺة لʺǽʙة القʽالفارس
أه مʙ بȐʚاه الʳ اﻻتʨسة، وهʙقʺال اﻹمامʙهʷ إلى مȐʙما أهʙʻاز، عʛʽʷا لʺان حاكؗ أنʚʻا مʛȞʰ
عي عامʽʰʢ الʦʳʴالǼ هʶفʻاﻻ( لʲʺرة )تʨف صʳʻالǼ ʦʣاؔسي الʨم1210
/هـ5
-
1794
م، وخﻼل العام
على وفاتهȘابʶال1249
/هـ1833
ح رخاميʨعي على لʽʰʢها الʺʳʴǼ ةʽʸʵʷرته الʨ صʛفʴǼ ʛم أم
ʨ )لʦته في قʛʰ على مقʙاهʷؗ ضعʨʽل
حة8
(
76
رʨʸام الʙʵʱح اسʰ أصʧمʜ الʧة مʛʱور فʛ مʙعȃ، و
وفاة ﷴ شاه قاجار عامʖا أعقʚﻻ، لʨʰ قʛʲة أكʽʸʵʷال1264
/هـ1848م
ʦاثل تʺ مʛʰ قʙاد شاهʙإع 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 73
،ﻋكاشة
موسوعة التصوير اﻹسﻼمي،
15
. Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 25. 76
يﺮوى ﻓي شاهد ﻣنه شكلُلي أذربيﺠان ﻣحاجﺮ ﻣﻦ اللون أﺧضﺮ ﻣﺮﻣﺮ ﺣﺠﺮ بقطع أﻣﺮا أصدر أجله بدنو شعﺮ ﺣيﻦ ﻓتحعليشاه أن الشأن هﺬا
قبﺮ له، وﻋمل الصناع ﻓي إﻋداده داﺧل القصﺮ الملكي، وﻛان الشاه يأﺗي ﻛل يوم لمتابعة العمل ويحثهم ﻋلﻰ اﻹنتهاء ﻣنه ﻣتﺬﻛﺮا الموت، و طبقا
لوصية ﻓتحعليشاه ﺗم ﺗسﺠيل أبيات الشعﺮ التي أنشدها ﺧصيصا لهﺬا الشأن وﻣنها البيت التالي: انا الخاقان وقد أرﺗكبت ذنوب ﻛثيﺮة/ ولﺠأت إلﻰ
ﺣضﺮة المعصوﻣة، ويظهﺮ بصحبة ﻓتح ﻋلﻰ شاه ضمﻦ الﺰﺧارف المحفورة ﻋلﻰ سطح هﺬا الشاهد صورة اثنيﻦ ﻣﻦ أبنائه يﺮﺗدي ﻛل ﻣنهما
ﺗاجا ﻣلكيا، باﻹضاﻓة إلﻰ ا ثنيﻦ ﻣﻦ المﻼئكة يحيطان بﺮأسه، وﺗاريخ اﺗمام هﺬا الشاهد هو ﻋام1250
/هـ1834
م، وﺗبلغ أبعاده13
×
132
×
229
سم، وشارك ﻓي إﻋداده "ﻋبدﷲ ﺧان نقاش باشي أصفهاني"، و"آقا ﷴ ﻋلﻰ ﺧان ﺣﺠار"، و"ﷴ ﺗقي ﻋلﻰ آبادي" ناظم اﻷبيات الشعﺮية
المسﺠلة ﻋليه، والخطاط "ﻣيﺮزا زيﻦ ا لعابديﻦ گاشانﻰ"، وهكﺬا ﺗم نحت أول ﺣﺠﺮ قبﺮ ﻣصور لفتحعليشاه، وهو التقليد الﺬى استمﺮ ﺣتﻰ آﺧﺮ
.ﻣلكيﻦ ﻓي الدولة القاجارية :انظﺮ ،"ﻋباس زاده، "نگاهی به ساﺧت و سازهای ﺣﺮم ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه29
؛ ﺗناولی، سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،
111
،
ﺗصويﺮ
136
-
136
.الف سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
95
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ه عامʻهاء مʱاﻻن1270
/هـ1853
-
1854
ه عامǼاʷذج مʨʺاد نʙ إعȐʛا جʺؗ ،م1296
/هـ1878
-
1879
)"اʽ علʙة "مهʙʽʶة الʛʰقʺم ل1220
-
1290
/هـ1805
-
1873
يʱم( زوجة ﷴ شاه قاجار ال
اثل عامʺ مʛʰ قʙل في شاهʺأ العʙا بʺؗ ،اʹǽ أʦ في قʗʻدف1313
/هـ1896
ʧيʙ الʛة ناصʛʰقʺم ل
انʛهʡ ʧب مʛالقǼ Ȑʛ في الʦʽʤ العʙʰاه عʷ الʙقʛشاه داخل م
حةʨ)ل7
(
77
هʱʻ يʦه لǼ لʺ أن العʛʽ، غ
إﻻ عام1321
/هـ1903
هجʻا الʚم، وسار على ه
ارʰؗ ʧد مʙ عʦومعه ،نʨȄﻼء القاجارʰʻ الʙيʙʳال
ولةʙرجال ال و نʛف القʸʱʻ مʚʻار مʳʱال13
/هـ19
رʨʸ الʧʽʴ الʥ ذلʚʻت مʛʷʱا انʚا، لʙاعʸم ف
ʦʽن واﻷقالʙʺ الʧها مʛʽان وغʛهʡ ر فيʨʰ القʙاهʨة على شʽʸʵʷال. 78 Ekhtiar, "Infused with Shiʿism", 101-102. ,
,
79 Scarce," Ancestral Themes in the Art of Qajar Iran 1785-1925", 237. .ﺣاليا هناك يعﺮض ﺣيث بطهﺮان گلستان قصﺮ إلﻰ ﻼﻣية ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
96
-
77
.ﺣاليا هناك يعﺮض ﺣيث بطهﺮان گلستان قصﺮ إلﻰ اﻹسﻼﻣية الثورة بعد قلُن
78 Ekhtiar, "Infused with Shiʿism", 101-102.
79 Scarce," Ancestral Themes in the Art of Qajar Iran 1785-1925", 237.
80
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجعDiba,"Images of Power and the Power of Images", 42-45
81
،"ظاهﺮي، "ﺗاريخ المآﺗم الحسينية ﻓي العصﺮ القاجاري114
-
120
-
121
،". ؛ ﷴزاده، "نشانهای ﻣصور و ﺗقديﺲ قدرت63
.
82
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان8. 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 اʺʺالǼ رʨʰ القʙاهʨة على شʽʸʵʷر الʨʸل الʽʲʺال على تʰا اﻹقʚ هȌʰتʛȄو ى سادتʱرسات العامة ال
ةȄولة القاجارʙ الʦȞة حʛʱخﻼل ف78
ʧ مʦغʛار، فعلى الʡا اﻹʚه إﻻ في هʛʽʶه وتفʺ فهʧȞʺǽ ، وﻻ
ʛȄʨʸʱي على الʻيʙ الʛʤʴال -
اʻʽ أن بȘʰا سʺؗ
-
أʙب Ȑʙʺه لʺة لفهʳʽʱها نʻʽعǼ ارساتʺاه مʷʽعلʴʱف
ارهاʺʲʱل على اسʺاني، وعʛع اﻹيʺʱʳʺرة في الʨʸ الʛʽة تأثʨق أن أدرك أنʙعǼ ،ʦʤʻي ومʳهʻل مȞʷǼ
سʨ في نفʛʽأثʱت للʨʺ الʙعǼ ىʱاة وحʽʴرة مع الʨʸار الʺʲʱان اسʛام في إيȞʴة للʵاسʛ الʙʽقالʱ الʧم
سʛا للفʲȄه ورʱفʸǼ ةʱʢة سلȄرʨʢج ﻷسȄوʛʱة مع الʽؔفاﻻت ملʱه ﻹحʺȞة حʛʱاد خﻼل فʙاس، فاﻹعʻال
ʨل صʺ عʧʽمج بʙ الʖʰله سʨهʶǼ ʛʶفǽ امىʙالق هʱارسʺاء مʻعي أثʽʰʢ الʦʳʴالǼ ʦاكʴؗ ة لهʽʸʵر ش
اسʻع الʺʳ تʧأماكǼ ضهاʛ وعȋﻼʰالǼ علقةʱ مȌʷﻷن79
بهاʗʽʤي حʱة الʽʻيʙاسة الʙ القʥ ذلʛʶفȄ، و
لها علىʽʲʺت وراء ʧ مȐʜغʺ الʧʽʰȄة، وʽʻيʙال اراتʜʺائها إلى الʙ في إهʖʰʶي الʢعȄر، وʨʸه الʚه
ǽ ارساتʺʺه الʚل هؗر، وʨʰ القʙاهʨش ʛهʤʺǼ رʨهʤ في الʦاكʴة الʰء رغʨعابها في ضʽʱ اسʧȞʺ
ةʽʻيʙ الʛعائʷات والʙقʱعʺﻼح والʸ والȐʨقʱ على الʟȄʛʴال80
. يʱ الʗابʨʲ الʧارسات مʺʺه الʚل هʲ مʗʴʰا أصʚا، لʚه هʳهʻام على مȞʴ الʧم هَلفَخ ʧ مȎوحاف
،هاʶفʻة لʽاسʽʶة الǽعاʙها والʺȞʴ لʙʽʡʨʱة الʺاكʴقة الʰʢال بها أرادت
ʗلغȃ دورها وʦʣ تعاʦ ثʧوم
ʦهʻل مʨʸʴفة والʨʸʱʺ والʧيʙار رجال الʰؗ ʧاء مʺدد للعلʨʱأوا إلى الʳ لʥل ذلʽʰس وفي .ًاʛʽʰؗ شأنا
ارساتʺʺه الʚة لهʽعʛعلى ش81
ة علىʙاعʶʺامل الʨ العʧه ان مʽ فʥا ﻻ شʺ، وم هʚار هʛʺʱاس
ȑ القاجارʛʸرة في العʨʸ دور الʦʣارسات، وتعاʺʺال
إدخال أدو
ات
ʛȄʨʸʱة والȄʛʳʴاعة الʰʢال
) ئيʨʹال
افيʛغʨتʨالف(
إلى انʛإي82
لفʱʵ مʧاد مʛ على اﻷفʥ سهل ذلʙ، فقʛʸا العʚخﻼل ه
،ادهاʙﻼ ﻹعȄʨʡ اʱوق قʛغʱʶ ﻻ تʗقʨ الʝ وفى نفʦقة لهʽة دقʽʸʵر شʨل على صʨʸʴقات الʰʢال
77 ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
96
-
arce, Ancestral Themes in the Art of Qajar Iran 1785-1925 , 237. 80
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجعDiba,"Images of Power and the Power of Images", 42-45
81
،"ظاهﺮي، "ﺗاريخ المآﺗم الحسينية ﻓي العصﺮ القاجاري114
-
120
-
121
،". ؛ ﷴزاده، "نشانهای ﻣصور و ﺗقديﺲ قدرت63
. 82
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان8. -
97
-سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱمʧارة مʱʵُعة مʨʺʳء مʨفي ض»ﱡʦُق«ةʽʻة فȄدراسة آثار
83
،الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء،
34
-
35
- لوﺣة32
. وراجع أيضا
اللوﺣات26
،
28
،
29
،
30
-
35
.
84
راجع أيضا الصور الشخصية المنشورة له ﻓي ﻛتب ﺗﺮاجم القﺮن13
/هـ19
،م وﻣنها ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال: باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج3
،
258
.
85 http://rodvoid.org/9/9d/Qahreman%2BMirza.jpg
86
،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
157
؛ 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 85 http://rodvoid.org/9/9d/Qahreman%2BMirza.jpg
86
،باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج4
،
157
؛ -
97
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( لله شاربʵʱȄاع، وȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽ فى وضعȘʽل، وله وجه حلʨʢه للʻ مʛʸب إلى القʛه، وأقʛʽوصغ
،فʽʲؗ ʖحة وحاجʨʱ مفʧʽل، وعȄʨʡ ، مع أنفʘك Șة ومعلʡʛة ذات أشȄʛȞʶة عʽʺرس ةّʜَب ȑʙتʛȄو
ة لهʽʸʵʷرة الʨʸ مع الȘابʢʱ ما يʨات، وهʽالʙʽ ومʧʽاشʽة نʙبها ع
هʛʰ قʙعلى شاه حةʨ)ل4
.( -
.ةؒﻼئʸم الʦرس
ر على ثﻼثةʨʸʺ الʟʵʷأس الʛ بȌʽʴة تؔﻼئʺ الʧ مʧʽʻم ﻻثʨوردت رس
راسةʙاولها الʻʱي تʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧم87
)لوﺣات1
،
2
،
4
(
عǼاʛ الʙاهʷو على الʙʰ تʧʽ، في ح
حةʨ)ل3
لؗ فيʛهʤت"، ومع أنها تʨʺǽ ﻻȑʚي الʴ الʨارة "هʰعǼ Ȍʽʴ( ت ة ومﻼمحʯʽال بهʨاﻷح
ʧʽالها ففي حȞأش في ًعاʨʻاك تʻ، إﻻ أن هʛهʤ الʧج مʛʵة تʴʻ خﻼل أجʧاء مʨلقة في الهʴة مȄʛʷǼ
حةʨ )لʛʽʸ قʛ وشعʛʽ صغʦʳʴǼ ةȄ تارة عارʗʺرس3
،
4
نهاʨؗ إلىʛʽʷǽ ʙا قʺاما مʺها تʨ( مع خل
مﻼʠعǼ ة شاب معʯʽ على هʛʽʰؗ ʦʳʴǼ Ȑʛ تارة أخʗʺى، رسʲا أو أنʛؗذ Ȍء اﻷوسʜʳي الʢ تغʝǼ
حةʨه )لʙʶ جʧم1
،
2حةʨل )لȞʷ الȑʛر دائʨل زهʽأكلǼ هʙا في يȞʶʺ(، م2
.( وفʛ معʛʽة غʴʻلة، ولها أجʽʺر، جʨ نʧقة مʨلʵة مʽقافة اﻹسﻼمʲة في الؔﻼئʺوف أن الʛعʺ الʧوم
ʛȄاوʸ في تʛهʤǽ ةʽاﻹسﻼم نʨʻها في الفʻوف مʛ معʨ ما هʦʤلها، ومعȞها أو شʺʳح
ʡʨʢʵʺالȑʙʻلي الهʨغʺاني( والʛ الفارسي )اﻹيʛȄʨʸʱارس الʙات، خاصة في م88
ʛʽʰؗ ، ولها رواج
ةʽʻيʙعات الʨضʨʺ الʛȄاوʸفي ت89
ȑʨʰʻاج الʛعʺل الʲم90
سلʛ الʧه مʛʽنا ﷴ وغʙʽاة سʽة حʸوق
ل عامȞʷǼ هاʺب رسʨ. وأسلʦȄʛؔآن الʛها في القʽت فʛؗي ذʱات الʰاسʻʺ الʧﻼ عʹاء، فʽʰواﻷن
ʧحى مʨʱʶم
ʧع في الفʰʱʺب الʨ اﻷسلʧع ًاماʺ تʙʽعȃ، وȑذʨʰ الʧل اﻹسﻼم والفʰة قʽالفارس نʨʻالف
يʴʽʶʺال91
ةʴها أوشʙ في يʥʶʺائع أن تʷانها، والʨد ألʙة مع تعʴʻر ذات أجʨʸُت أن ʖ، والغال
ȑذʨʰ الʧل فى الفʰ قʧف مʛُع ȑʚ الʨʴʻة على الʛايʢʱم92
. p
g
:ور اﻹيﺮاني راجع 90 Ettinghausen, Persian Ascension Miniatures, 360-383 ; Gruber, The Ilkhanid Book of Ascension: A
Persian-Sunni, 4-155 ; Gruber and Colby, The Prophet's Ascension: Cross-cultural, 11-344.
91
ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال ﺗختلف أجنحة المﻼئكة ﻓي الفنون اﻹيﺮانية بعد اﻹسﻼم ﻋنها ﻓي الفﻦ المسيحي بكونه.ا أصغﺮ ﻓي الحﺠم وأقل ﻓي السمك
Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Angels, 181. 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 ʺ بها إلى الʙعهُǽ انؗ ىʱ الʥ تلʧلفة مؔت أقل نʨؔ تȐʛة أخʽ ناحʧوم رʨʸ الʗʴʰ أصʥلʚȃ، وʧȄرʨʸ
ال ةʽʻات الفʳʱʻʺ الʧ مʙيʙح عʢة إلى سʽʸʵʷر الʨʸال نقل في نʨقاشʻه الʽ علʙʺʱإع راʙʸة مʽئʨʹ
.رʨʰ القʙاهʨ شȌ فقʝʽول نʛف القʸʱʻ مʚʻان مʛر في إيʨʰ القʙاهʨة على شʽʸʵʷر الʨʸل الʽʳʶال على تʰﻼصة أن اﻹقʵوال
13
/هـ19
يʻيʙ الʛʤʴ الʧ مʦغʛم على ال ولةʙام الȞʴة لʽؔلʺارسات الʺʺ الʠعʰة لʳʽʱث نʙح
املʨ العʧد مʙ عʥع على ذلʺʱ، واجʦ لهȐʛة أخʽاعʺʱقات اجʰʡ ʧاد مʛ اﻷفʠعǼ ʙʽة وتقلȄالقاجار
ʥاف إلى ذلʹȄة، وȄʛʳʴاعة الʰʢدخال أدوات الȂان وʛافي في إيʛغʨتʨ الفʛȄʨʸʱار الʷʱها انʺلعل أه
ʱعʽʰʢǼ لʽʺي تʱة الʽة الفارسʽʸʵʷال ابيʱؔ الʟʻ الʧʽȃها وʻʽ بȌȃʛرة، والʨʸالǼ ʛʽʰعʱها إلى ال
.ʖاحʸʺال ىʱ الʙاهʨʷعة الʨʺʳاردة على مʨﻼث الʲة الʽʸʵʷر الʨʸ الȘابʢ تʧقارنة عʺال راسةʙف الʷؔوت
اʻال وصلʲʺل الʽʰر؛ فعلى سʨʸه الʚاب هʴ أصʧ مʙل واحؔوفة لʛعʺﻼتها الʽʲم مع راسةʙاولها الʻʱت
ان "ﷴ شاهʢلʶلل
ةʚفʻة مʙها واحʻلفة، مʱʵاد خام مʨة على مʚفʻة مʽʸʵ شʛȄاوʸة تʙقاجار" ع
عادهاǼلغ اʰلي، تʽ خلʛعة ناصʨʺʳة في مʣʨفʴان، مʨدة اﻷلʙعʱا مʻʽʺالǼ
8.7
×
6.7
عامǼ رخةʕ، مʦس
1262
/هـ1845
،"ان "ﷴ عليʻ الفʦإسǼ Șʽعلʱʶʻ الȌʵǼ ةʽة فارسǼاʱؗ هاʽم، وعل رʨ صʙوق ها وجهʽف
ﷴ شاه
قاجار
ʦفة وأنف وفʽʲؗ ةʽʴ، ولʛʽʰؗ ه شاربʢسʨʱȄاع، وȃة اﻷرʽة ثﻼثʽة أمامʽفي وضع
هاʽ فʧʽفʱؔ الʧȄʜة، يʛʽʸة قʛʱ سʧنة مʨȞة مȄʛȞʶة عʽʺرس ةّʜَب ȐʙتʛȄعان، وʽان رفʰقان، وحاجʽدق
ʛهʤه، وتǼ Șʢʻʺʱام يʜ حʧ مʛʶǽ اﻷʖانʳ إلى الʧʺǽف اﻷʱؔ الʧ مʙʱʺǽ د وشاحʨة، مع وجʡʛأش
على ج Șل معلȞʷ الȑاوʹʽان بʷʽها نʻلى مʙʱلة يʽʢʱʶ شارة مʖʽʳان الȞ أعلى مʛʶǽر اﻷʙʸ الʖان
اهʷʽعلʴʱان فʢلʶه الʙʳة لʽفʸرة نʨل صʺʴǽ ȌȄʛ خﻼل شʧم83
مع ما ورد فيȘابʢʱ ما يʨ، وه
ʝǼﻼʺى الʱﻼمح وحʺ والʙʶʳة العامة للʯʽ الهʘʽ حʧم راسةʙه الʚه84
. مانʛ مﻼمح وجه "كهȘابʢʱا تʺك
هʛʰ قʙلة على شاهʳʶʺال "زاʛʽم حةʨ)ل2
ة لهʽʸʵرة شʨ( مع ص
هاʽو فʙʰه، يʺإسǼ ةǼاʱؗ لʺʴت وجه
ه
Șʽحل فى ةʽوضع ةʽثﻼث
،اعȃاﻷر مع شارب
ʘك
،لȄʨʡ
مع أنف
،ʦʽقʱʶم
ʧʽوع ةȄزʨل
ʖوحاج فʽʲك حةʨ)ل9
(
85
. "ةʻʢلʶة ل"شعاع الʽئʨرة ضʨر مع صʛؔʱ ما يʨوه حةʨ)ل10
(
86
ʙʶʳف الʽʴها نʽو فʙʰى يʱال 83
،الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء،
34
-
35
- لوﺣة32
. وراجع أيضا
اللوﺣات26
،
28
،
29
،
30
-
35
. 84
راجع أيضا الصور الشخصية المنشورة له ﻓي ﻛتب ﺗﺮاجم القﺮن13
/هـ19
،م وﻣنها ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال: باﻣداد
شرح حال رجال إيران
، ج3
،
258
. 92 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_art#Islamic_art ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels
93
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ المﻼئكة ﻓي اﻷساطيﺮ اﻹيﺮانية القديمة والشاهناﻣه والثقاﻓة اﻹسﻼﻣية والفلكلور اﻹيﺮاني راجع 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 ةؔﻼئʺ الʛȄʨʸع تʨʽ أن شȎﻼحʺوال93
في ا ʛʸث خﻼل العʙة( حʽة )الفارسʽانʛات اﻹيʡʨʢʵʺل
أʙ بʛʸا العʚا خﻼل هȃان وأوروʛ إيʧʽة بʽʻة والفȄارʳʱة والʽاسʽʶسع العﻼقات الʨʱة لʳʽʱ، ونȑʨفʸال
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:Malek Mansur Mirza Shoa https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87:Malek_Mansur_Mirza_Shoa_
S l
h j jpg
87
لم يقتصﺮ ظهور رسوم المﻼئكة ﻋلﻰ شواهد القبور ﻣوضوع هﺬه الدراسة ﻓقد ظهﺮت ﻋلﻰ نماذج أﺧﺮى ﻣنها ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال شاهد قبﺮ
ﻓتحعليشاه المؤرخ بعام
1250
/هـ1834م )لوﺣة8(، وشاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه المؤرخ ﻣؤرخ بعام1321
/هـ1903م )لوﺣة7
(، وشاهد قبﺮ
ﻓي ﻣدﻓﻦ اﻣاﻣﺰاده أﺣمد بأصفهان لصاﺣبته "همدم السلطنه" ابنة "أﻣيﺮ ﻛبيﺮ" وزوجة "ظل السلطان"، الﺬي ﺗبلغ أبعاده196سم طوﻻ×
90
سم
ﻋﺮضا، وينسب إلﻰ القﺮن
13
/هـ19
.م شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان4
-
6، ﺗصويﺮ5. 88 Bunson, Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host, 30. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
98
-
لم يقتصﺮ ظهور رسوم المﻼئكة ﻋلﻰ شواهد القبور ﻣوضوع هﺬه الدراسة ﻓقد ظهﺮت ﻋلﻰ نماذج أﺧﺮى ﻣنها ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال شاهد قبﺮ
ﻓتحعليشاه المؤرخ بعام
1250
/هـ1834م )لوﺣة8(، وشاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه المؤرخ ﻣؤرخ بعام1321
/هـ1903م )لوﺣة7
(، وشاهد قبﺮ
ﻓي ﻣدﻓﻦ اﻣاﻣﺰاده أﺣمد بأصفهان لصاﺣبته "همدم السلطنه" ابنة "أﻣيﺮ ﻛبيﺮ" وزوجة "ظل السلطان"، الﺬي ﺗبلغ أبعاده196سم طوﻻ×
90
سم
ﻋﺮضا، وينسب إلﻰ القﺮن
13
/هـ19
.م شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان4
-
6، ﺗصويﺮ5. 88 Bunson, Angels A to Z: A Who's Who of the Heavenly Host, 30. 89
،الصعيدي
التحف اﻹيرانية المزخرفة ،
294
. 90 Ettinghausen, Persian Ascension Miniatures, 360-383 ; Gruber, The Ilkhanid Book of Ascension: A
Persian-Sunni, 4-155 ; Gruber and Colby, The Prophet's Ascension: Cross-cultural, 11-344. 91
ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال ﺗختلف أجنحة المﻼئكة ﻓي الفنون اﻹيﺮانية بعد اﻹسﻼم ﻋنها ﻓي الفﻦ المسيحي بكونه.ا أصغﺮ ﻓي الحﺠم وأقل ﻓي السمك
Guiley, The Encyclopedia of Angels, 181. 92 https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_art#Islamic_art ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels
93
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ المﻼئكة ﻓي اﻷساطيﺮ اﻹيﺮانية القديمة والشاهناﻣه والثقاﻓة اﻹسﻼﻣية والفلكلور اﻹيﺮاني راجع
Lari, ”The Images of Angels", 247-257 ; Farridnejad,"The Iconography of Zoroastrian", 15-25. ,
g
f
y
,
89
،الصعيدي
التحف اﻹيرانية المزخرفة ،
294
. ي
Ettinghausen, Persian Ascension Miniatures, 360-383 ; Gruber, The Ilkhanid Book of Ascension: A
ersian-Sunni, 4-155 ; Gruber and Colby, The Prophet's Ascension: Cross-cultural, 11-344. ع
ي
ي
Lari, ”The Images of Angels", 247-257 ; Farridnejad,"The Iconography of Zoroastrian", 15-25. -
99
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
94
،البهنسي
فن التصوير فى العصر اﻹسﻼمي
، ج3
،
70
-
71
-
79
.
95
،ﺣسﻦ
الفﻨون اﻹيرانية في العصر اﻹسﻼمي ،
90
. وﻛان ﻣﻦ بينهم "ﷴ زﻣان" الﺬي ساﻓﺮ إلﻰ إيطاليا وبعد ﻋودﺗه ﻣﺰج بيﻦ اﻷساليب
ا
ﻹيﺮانية القديمة وﺗلك اﻷوروبية الحديثة، وهو ﻣا يﻼﺣظ ﻓي ﺗصويﺮة له بالﺰيت ﺗمثل قصة الفداء، ﺣيث رسم ﻓيها المﻼك جبﺮيل بﺮؤية طب يعية
.ﺗلتﺰم بقواﻋد المنظور والضوء والظل، وأجنحة ﻣستوﺣاة ﻣﻦ أجنحة الطيور Lari, ”The Images of Angels”, 251- 252- fig.4.
96
،ﻋﻦ هﺬه التأثيﺮات بالتفاصيل راجع: ياسيﻦ
التأثيرات اﻷوروبية ،
52
-
154
.
97
راجع: الصعيدي ،التحف اﻹيرانية المزخرفة بالﻼكية ،
295
-
296
.
98
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع Lari, “The Images of Angels”, 252- 254, fig.4-13.
99
،أبو العفش
التبريزي جان وولي ليُﻗ شاه،
288
.
100
جديﺮ بالﺬﻛﺮ أن الملكيﻦ ﻋلﻰ شاهد قبﺮ ﻓتحعليشاه ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع وشكلهما وأسلوب رسمهما له صلة ﻛبيﺮة بﺮسوم المﻼئكة ﻓي الفنون
اﻹيﺮانية القديمة، وﻓي ﺗصاويﺮ المخطوطات ﺧﻼل العصﺮ اﻹسﻼﻣي، ﻓي ﺣيﻦ أن الملكيﻦ ﻋلﻰ شاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻣﻦ النوع اﻵﺧﺮ
الﺬي يتميﺰ بصغﺮ
.الحﺠم والتصويﺮ ﻋاريا
101
ﻛانت رسوم المﻼئكة قد استخدﻣت ﻓي الفنون المسيحية المبكﺮة، وظهﺮت بصحبة صور ﻵلهة النصﺮ والحبErotes
ﻋلﻰ الفنون
،الﺠنائﺰية، وﻛان يتم ﺗمييﺰها ﻋﻦ الﺮسوم اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋبﺮ ﺗصويﺮها ﻓي سﻦ البلوغ وإرﺗدائها لمﻼبﺲ وﻋدم التعبيﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻋضاء التناسلية
وﻋادة
ﻣا ﻛانت ﺗصور ﻓي أزواج ﻣمسكة ﻓي أيديها بأﻛاليل ﻣﻦ الﺰهور ﺗتوسطها ﻣيدالية بها صورة السيد المسيح أو الصليب، او غيﺮ ذلك ﻣﻦ الﺮﻣوز
اﻻﺣتفالية. وﻓي القﺮن14م وصل اﻻهتمام بﺮسوم المﻼئكة إلﻰ القمة ولﺬا بدأ ﻓي اﻻنحدار، وأنصب اﻻهتمام ﻋلﻰ ﺗصويﺮ الشياطيﻦ التي
ﺗحﺮض الناس ﻋلﻰ ارﺗكاب الﺬنوب وﻣمارسة السحﺮ، لﺬا ﺗم ﺗصويﺮها قبيحة الشكل وبأجنحة ﺧفاﻓيش، وﻣنﺬ القﺮن16
م ﺣظيت رسوم المﻼئكة
بعناية أﻛبﺮ ﻣما ﻛانت ﻋليه ﻣﻦ قبل، وﻣع بداية ﻋصﺮ النهضة بدأ الفنانون ﻓي ﺗصويﺮها ﻋلﻰ هيئة شباب ﻣﻦ الﺬﻛور واﻷﻛثﺮية ﻋلﻰ هيئة نسا ،ء
للدﻻل ة ﻋلﻰ أن المﻼئكة لم يعد لها الدور المﺮﻛﺰي ﻓي العقيدة، وللسخﺮية نتج ﻋﻦ هﺬا بعض أﻋظم وأﻛثﺮ المﻼئكة جماﻻ ﻓي الفﻦ، وﺗم
ﺗصويﺮها بأجنحة ﻣتعددة أنيقة ورائعة، وﻣﻼبﺲ ﻣتطايﺮة، وﺗحول الفنانون إلﻰ الطيور ﺧاصة النسور ليستوﺣوا ﻣنها أشكال اﻷجنحة، وﺗم
ﺗلوينها بألوان قوس قﺰح باﻋتباره الﺠسﺮ الﺬي يصل إلﻰ السماء، ﻋلﻰ النحو الﺬي يقوم ﻓيه النسﺮ بدور الوسيط بيﻦ اﻷرض والسماء، وقد
لمﻦ نموذجا صارت ﻣنها ًصورا وأنتﺠوا ،المﻼئكة لﺮسوم الغﺮبية الفنون ﻓي ذلك بعد استمﺮ الﺬي اﻷسلوب أساس النهضة ﻋصﺮ ﻓنانو وضع
جاء بعدهم، ﻓصورت ﻓي هيئة بشﺮية ﻣثالية، وﺗساوى ﻓي ذلك الﺮجال والنساء وﺣتﻰ اﻷطفال، وﻛان اﻻﺗﺠاه السائد آنﺬاك هو ﺗصويﺮ المﻼئكة
النو وهﺬا ،اليوﻣية الحياة ﻷﻋمال ﻣمارستها ﻣع ،ﻓيها نتﺠتُأ التي البلد بمﻼبﺲ ﻛسوﺗها ﻣع جﺬاب وبشكل ،اﻹﻣكان قدر ﻋلﻰ بشﺮية بهيئة ع ﻣﻦ
التمثيل أﺧﺮج المﻼئكة ﻣﻦ .المملكة الﺮوﺣية السماوية ووضعها ﻋلﻰ اﻷرضGuiley, The Encyclopedia of Angels, 181- 182. ،البهنسي
فن التصوير فى العصر اﻹسﻼمي
، ج3
،
70
-
71
-
79
.
95
،ﺣسﻦ
الفﻨون اﻹيرانية في العصر اﻹسﻼمي ،
90
. وﻛان ﻣﻦ بينهم "ﷴ زﻣان" الﺬي ساﻓﺮ إلﻰ إيطاليا وبعد ﻋودﺗه ﻣﺰج بيﻦ اﻷساليب
ا
ﻹيﺮانية القديمة وﺗلك اﻷوروبية الحديثة، وهو ﻣا يﻼﺣظ ﻓي ﺗصويﺮة له بالﺰيت ﺗمثل قصة الفداء، ﺣيث رسم ﻓيها المﻼك جبﺮيل بﺮؤية طب يعية
.ﺗلتﺰم بقواﻋد المنظور والضوء والظل، وأجنحة ﻣستوﺣاة ﻣﻦ أجنحة الطيور Lari, ”The Images of Angels”, 251- 252- fig.4.
96
،ﻋﻦ هﺬه التأثيﺮات بالتفاصيل راجع: ياسيﻦ
التأثيرات اﻷوروبية ،
52
-
154
.
97ة
ة
ة 9
،البهنسي
فن التصوير فى العصر اﻹسﻼمي
، ج3
،
70
-
71
-
79
.
9ة ف
ﻷ 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 9 ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال ﺗختلف أجنحة المﻼئكة ﻓي الفنون اﻹيﺮانية بعد اﻹسﻼم ﻋنها ﻓي الفﻦ المسيحي بكونه
ا أصغﺮ ﻓي الحﺠم وأقل ﻓي السمك
il
Th E
l
di
f A
l
181 en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_art#Islamic_art ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels
93
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ المﻼئكة ﻓي اﻷساطيﺮ اﻹيﺮانية القديمة والشاهناﻣه والثقاﻓة اﻹسﻼﻣية والفلكلور اﻹيﺮاني راجع رﻹﺮ ي ر ع
ﻹ
ﺮﻹﺮ
ي
The Images of Angels", 247-257 ; Farridnejad,"The Iconography of Zoroastrian", 15-25. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
98
- ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
98
- ʧȄرʨʸʺ والʧʽانʻ الفʧد مʙع نʨȄʨفʸك الʨلʺم الʙقʱ أن اسʙعǼ هاʺب رسʨل في أسلʨʴوث تʙح
ʧ مʛʽʲؗ ʦسʛا بʨ قامʧيʚ الʧʽʽȃاﻷورو فةʛا في زخʨلʺا عʺؗ ،ʦهʡﻼǼ جالʛ ولʦة لهʽʸʵʷر الʨʸال
ةʽؔلʺر الʨʸالق94
ʧها مʛʽا وغʽالʢǽ في إʧالف راسةʙة لʽʺات العلʲعʰ الʧد مʙا عʨ أن أرسلʙعȃ، و
Ȑʛة اﻷخʽȃان اﻷوروʙلʰال95
. ةʽȃات اﻷوروʛʽأثʱال زادت ȑ القاجارʛʸوخﻼل الع96
نʛل واضح خاصة في القȞʷǼ
13
/هـ19م
ʖʰʶǼ
ʥلʚة لʳʽʱا، ونʽʻوف ًاʽاعʺʱواج ًاʽاسʽا سȃامل على أوروؔاح الʱاﻻنف سائلʨاني بʛ اﻹيʧ الفʛهʨ جȌلʱاخ
ʧʽج بʜʺǽ ةʽانʛاﻹي نʨʻ للفʙيʙل جȞ شʥ على ذلʖتʛع، وتǼاʢة الʽȃة أوروʲيʙة حʽʻ فʖʽة وأسالǽماد
ةؔﻼئʺم الʨا في رسʻة، ولʲيʙʴ الȐʛة واﻷخʺǽʙ القʖʽ واﻷسالʛاصʻالع97
لȞʷ الʘʽ حʧت مʛʽي تغʱال
ادʨ إلى مʥاوزت ذلʳها تʻؔات ولʡʨʢʵʺها على الʛȄʨʸ تʛʸʱقǽ ʦ؛ فلʥ على ذلʙفة شاهʽʣʨوال
وأوراق وعʛ فʧʽ بʦʳʴة الʛʽ صغʦسʛ تʗʴʰة...الﺦ، وأصʽʰʷʵة والʽفʜʵف الʴʱات والʡﻼʰالؗ Ȑʛأخ
حةʨة بها)لȞʶʺم نʨؔانا تʽة وأحʽاتʰن3 على اȌʷʺ مʛʽʸ قʛ(، ولها شع ف علىʸʱʻʺ الʧ مʧʽʰانʳل
ههاʨاءة على وجʛʰات الʛʽʰهار تعʣ، مع إʛʸا العʚاء هʶ تفعله نʗانؗ ȑʚ الʨʴʻال98حةʨ)ل3
،
4
،(
ةʯʽ على هʛʽʰؗ ʦʳʴǼ ةؔﻼئʺها الʽ فʦسʛُت ʗانؗ ي عادة ماʱة الʽ الفارسʙʽقالʱالف الʵǽ ةʽ ناحʧا مʚوه
ةʙʽرجل أو س99
اع واﻷʨلفة اﻷنʱʵ مʝǼا مﻼʺهʻل مؗ ȑʙتʛي ﻼنȄʨʡ احانʻال، وله جȞش
حةʨعان)لʽورف1
،
2
(
100ي سادتʱ الʖʽاﻷسال مع ًاماʺ تȐʛة أخʽ ناحʧ مȘافʨʱȄ، و
ʙعǼ اȃفي أورو
ةʹهʻ الʛʸع101
. -
99
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
94
،البهنسي
فن التصوير فى العصر اﻹسﻼمي
، ج3
،
70
-
71
-
79
. 95
،ﺣسﻦ
الفﻨون اﻹيرانية في العصر اﻹسﻼمي ،
90
. 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 وﻛان ﻣﻦ بينهم "ﷴ زﻣان" الﺬي ساﻓﺮ إلﻰ إيطاليا وبعد ﻋودﺗه ﻣﺰج بيﻦ اﻷساليب
ا
ﻹيﺮانية القديمة وﺗلك اﻷوروبية الحديثة، وهو ﻣا يﻼﺣظ ﻓي ﺗصويﺮة له بالﺰيت ﺗمثل قصة الفداء، ﺣيث رسم ﻓيها المﻼك جبﺮيل بﺮؤية طب يعية
.ﺗلتﺰم بقواﻋد المنظور والضوء والظل، وأجنحة ﻣستوﺣاة ﻣﻦ أجنحة الطيور Lari, ”The Images of Angels”, 251- 252- fig.4. 96
،ﻋﻦ هﺬه التأثيﺮات بالتفاصيل راجع: ياسيﻦ
التأثيرات اﻷوروبية ،
52
-
154
. 97
راجع: الصعيدي ،التحف اﻹيرانية المزخرفة بالﻼكية ،
295
-
296
. 98
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع Lari, “The Images of Angels”, 252- 254, fig.4-13. 99
،أبو العفش
التبريزي جان وولي ليُﻗ شاه،
288
. 100
جديﺮ بالﺬﻛﺮ أن الملكيﻦ ﻋلﻰ شاهد قبﺮ ﻓتحعليشاه ﻣﻦ هﺬا النوع وشكلهما وأسلوب رسمهما له صلة ﻛبيﺮة بﺮسوم المﻼئكة ﻓي الفنون
اﻹيﺮانية القديمة، وﻓي ﺗصاويﺮ المخطوطات ﺧﻼل العصﺮ اﻹسﻼﻣي، ﻓي ﺣيﻦ أن الملكيﻦ ﻋلﻰ شاهد قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻣﻦ النوع اﻵﺧﺮ
الﺬي يتميﺰ بصغﺮ
.الحﺠم والتصويﺮ ﻋاريا
101
ﻛانت رسوم المﻼئكة قد استخدﻣت ﻓي الفنون المسيحية المبكﺮة، وظهﺮت بصحبة صور ﻵلهة النصﺮ والحبErotes
ﻋلﻰ الفنون
،الﺠنائﺰية، وﻛان يتم ﺗمييﺰها ﻋﻦ الﺮسوم اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋبﺮ ﺗصويﺮها ﻓي سﻦ البلوغ وإرﺗدائها لمﻼبﺲ وﻋدم التعبيﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻋضاء التناسلية
وﻋادة
ﻣا ﻛانت ﺗصور ﻓي أزواج ﻣمسكة ﻓي أيديها بأﻛاليل ﻣﻦ الﺰهور ﺗتوسطها ﻣيدالية بها صورة السيد المسيح أو الصليب، او غيﺮ ذلك ﻣﻦ الﺮﻣوز
اﻻﺣتفالية. 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 وﻓي القﺮن14م وصل اﻻهتمام بﺮسوم المﻼئكة إلﻰ القمة ولﺬا بدأ ﻓي اﻻنحدار، وأنصب اﻻهتمام ﻋلﻰ ﺗصويﺮ الشياطيﻦ التي
ﺗحﺮض الناس ﻋلﻰ ارﺗكاب الﺬنوب وﻣمارسة السحﺮ، لﺬا ﺗم ﺗصويﺮها قبيحة الشكل وبأجنحة ﺧفاﻓيش، وﻣنﺬ القﺮن16
م ﺣظيت رسوم المﻼئكة
بعناية أﻛبﺮ ﻣما ﻛانت ﻋليه ﻣﻦ قبل، وﻣع بداية ﻋصﺮ النهضة بدأ الفنانون ﻓي ﺗصويﺮها ﻋلﻰ هيئة شباب ﻣﻦ الﺬﻛور واﻷﻛثﺮية ﻋلﻰ هيئة نسا ،ء
للدﻻل ة ﻋلﻰ أن المﻼئكة لم يعد لها الدور المﺮﻛﺰي ﻓي العقيدة، وللسخﺮية نتج ﻋﻦ هﺬا بعض أﻋظم وأﻛثﺮ المﻼئكة جماﻻ ﻓي الفﻦ، وﺗم
ﺗصويﺮها بأجنحة ﻣتعددة أنيقة ورائعة، وﻣﻼبﺲ ﻣتطايﺮة، وﺗحول الفنانون إلﻰ الطيور ﺧاصة النسور ليستوﺣوا ﻣنها أشكال اﻷجنحة، وﺗم
ﺗلوينها بألوان قوس قﺰح باﻋتباره الﺠسﺮ الﺬي يصل إلﻰ السماء، ﻋلﻰ النحو الﺬي يقوم ﻓيه النسﺮ بدور الوسيط بيﻦ اﻷرض والسماء، وقد
لمﻦ نموذجا صارت ﻣنها ًصورا وأنتﺠوا ،المﻼئكة لﺮسوم الغﺮبية الفنون ﻓي ذلك بعد استمﺮ الﺬي اﻷسلوب أساس النهضة ﻋصﺮ ﻓنانو وضع
جاء بعدهم، ﻓصورت ﻓي هيئة بشﺮية ﻣثالية، وﺗساوى ﻓي ذلك الﺮجال والنساء وﺣتﻰ اﻷطفال، وﻛان اﻻﺗﺠاه السائد آنﺬاك هو ﺗصويﺮ المﻼئكة
النو وهﺬا ،اليوﻣية الحياة ﻷﻋمال ﻣمارستها ﻣع ،ﻓيها نتﺠتُأ التي البلد بمﻼبﺲ ﻛسوﺗها ﻣع جﺬاب وبشكل ،اﻹﻣكان قدر ﻋلﻰ بشﺮية بهيئة ع ﻣﻦ
التمثيل أﺧﺮج المﻼئكة ﻣﻦ .المملكة الﺮوﺣية السماوية ووضعها ﻋلﻰ اﻷرضGuiley, The Encyclopedia of Angels, 181- 182. ﺮ
ي ي يﺰ ب
.ويﺮ ري
ﺠم و
101
ﻛانت رسوم المﻼئكة قد استخدﻣت ﻓي الفنون المسيحية المبكﺮة، وظهﺮت بصحبة صور ﻵلهة النصﺮ والحبErotes
ﻋلﻰ الفنون
،الﺠنائﺰية، وﻛان يتم ﺗمييﺰها ﻋﻦ الﺮسوم اﻷﺧﺮى ﻋبﺮ ﺗصويﺮها ﻓي سﻦ البلوغ وإرﺗدائها لمﻼبﺲ وﻋدم التعبيﺮ ﻋﻦ اﻷﻋضاء التناسلية
وﻋادة
ﻣا ﻛانت ﺗصور ﻓي أزواج ﻣمسكة ﻓي أيديها بأﻛاليل ﻣﻦ الﺰهور ﺗتوسطها ﻣيدالية بها صورة السيد المسيح أو الصليب، او غيﺮ ذلك ﻣﻦ الﺮﻣوز
اﻻﺣتفالية. ع
9 راجع: الصعيدي ،التحف اﻹيرانية المزخرفة بالﻼكية ،
295
-
296
. 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 وﻓي القﺮن14م وصل اﻻهتمام بﺮسوم المﻼئكة إلﻰ القمة ولﺬا بدأ ﻓي اﻻنحدار، وأنصب اﻻهتمام ﻋلﻰ ﺗصويﺮ الشياطيﻦ التي
ﺗحﺮض الناس ﻋلﻰ ارﺗكاب الﺬنوب وﻣمارسة السحﺮ، لﺬا ﺗم ﺗصويﺮها قبيحة الشكل وبأجنحة ﺧفاﻓيش، وﻣنﺬ القﺮن16
م ﺣظيت رسوم المﻼئكة
بعناية أﻛبﺮ ﻣما ﻛانت ﻋليه ﻣﻦ قبل، وﻣع بداية ﻋصﺮ النهضة بدأ الفنانون ﻓي ﺗصويﺮها ﻋلﻰ هيئة شباب ﻣﻦ الﺬﻛور واﻷﻛثﺮية ﻋلﻰ هيئة نسا ،ء
للدﻻل ة ﻋلﻰ أن المﻼئكة لم يعد لها الدور المﺮﻛﺰي ﻓي العقيدة، وللسخﺮية نتج ﻋﻦ هﺬا بعض أﻋظم وأﻛثﺮ المﻼئكة جماﻻ ﻓي الفﻦ، وﺗم
ﺗصويﺮها بأجنحة ﻣتعددة أنيقة ورائعة، وﻣﻼبﺲ ﻣتطايﺮة، وﺗحول الفنانون إلﻰ الطيور ﺧاصة النسور ليستوﺣوا ﻣنها أشكال اﻷجنحة، وﺗم
ﺗلوينها بألوان قوس قﺰح باﻋتباره الﺠسﺮ الﺬي يصل إلﻰ السماء، ﻋلﻰ النحو الﺬي يقوم ﻓيه النسﺮ بدور الوسيط بيﻦ اﻷرض والسماء، وقد
لمﻦ نموذجا صارت ﻣنها ًصورا وأنتﺠوا ،المﻼئكة لﺮسوم الغﺮبية الفنون ﻓي ذلك بعد استمﺮ الﺬي اﻷسلوب أساس النهضة ﻋصﺮ ﻓنانو وضع
جاء بعدهم، ﻓصورت ﻓي هيئة بشﺮية ﻣثالية، وﺗساوى ﻓي ذلك الﺮجال والنساء وﺣتﻰ اﻷطفال، وﻛان اﻻﺗﺠاه السائد آنﺬاك هو ﺗصويﺮ المﻼئكة
النو وهﺬا ،اليوﻣية الحياة ﻷﻋمال ﻣمارستها ﻣع ،ﻓيها نتﺠتُأ التي البلد بمﻼبﺲ ﻛسوﺗها ﻣع جﺬاب وبشكل ،اﻹﻣكان قدر ﻋلﻰ بشﺮية بهيئة ع ﻣﻦ
التمثيل أﺧﺮج المﻼئكة ﻣﻦ .المملكة الﺮوﺣية السماوية ووضعها ﻋلﻰ اﻷرضGuiley, The Encyclopedia of Angels, 181- 182. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
100
-
102
شاهمندی،"بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان4، ﺗصويﺮ5.
103
،أبو العفش
التبريزي جان وولي ليُﻗ شاه ،
287
- هاﻣش2.
104
يﻼﺣظ ان الملكيﻦ المصوريﻦ ﻋلﻰ هيئة سيدة ﺗمسك ﻓي يدها ﺣلقة ﺗتصل بها ﻋصابة طائﺮة، وﺗحمل ﻓي الثانية إناء صغيﺮ. ﻓﺮيه
،()ر.دبليو
هﻨر هاي إيران،
74، لوﺣة23
.؛Farridnejad, "The Iconography of Zoroastrian", 31-35- fig.6-8.
105
:راجع Arnold, Survival of Sassaniann&Manichaean Art, 9-10- fig.1-2.
،"؛ البهنسي، "الموروث الفني474
-
لوﺣة13
-
14
.
106
ورد ﻓي الدراسة ﻣﻦ قبل أن رسوم المﻼئكة هﺬه ذات صلة ﻛبيﺮة جدا بالﺮسوم اﻷوروبية، ولﻺيضاح يﺠب اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن الموضوع
المصور ﻋلﻰ هﺬا الشاهد ﻣا هو إﻻ ﺗقليد لموضوع ورد ﻋلﻰ ﻋدد ﻣﻦ ﺗ" باسم عﺮفُﺗ الﺮوﻣاني العصﺮ ﻓي الدﻓﻦ وابيتErotes
Sarcophagi
" مثلُي وﻓيها "
Eros-Erotes
" ﻛيوبيد باسم الﺮوﻣان ﻋند ﺮفُﻋ والﺬي ،اليونان ﻋند "والﺠنﺲ الحب" إله "
Cupid"
" يمارس
.أﻋماﻻ ﻣختلفة
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع Lehmann, Olsen, Dionysiac Sarcophagi in Baltimore, 46-52 ; McCann,
Roman Sarcophagi in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 51-85 ; Huskinson, Roman Children's 102
شاهمندی،"بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان4، ﺗصويﺮ5.
103
ُ ة وماʻʳر الʨʸأنها تؗو
اث أوʙ أحʧ بها مȑʛʳǽ ʙق
.ةʽات روحʡاʷن -
.ʛǺﻼʸال
يʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨاب شʴيها أصʙتʛي يʱ الʝǼﻼʺ الʛʸʴʻت اءʰق في راسةʙاولها الʻʱت
زاʛʽمان مʛه قهǽʙتʛي حةʨ)ل2
(
107ة اﻷصلʽȃاز أوروʛʢة الȄʛȞʶة عʽʺرس ةّʜَȃ، و108
هʙʶعها على جʹǽ
حةʨ ﷴ شاه قاجار)لʧكل م1حةʨة )لʻʢلʶ( وشعاع ال4
ʧʺرها ضʨهʣ ة إذ إنʛʽا اﻷخʻا هʻʺ(، وما يه
اثʙار اﻷحʶʺاسا لȞ إﻻ انعʧȞǽ ʦ لȑ القاجارʛʸ العʝǼمﻼ ʖرها عقʨʢان وتʛة في إيʽʵȄارʱال
ةʽانʛوب اﻹيʛʴال -
املʷ الʛʽʽغʱة الʽʺاه أهʷʽعلʴʱ فʙعه ولي زاʛʽاس مʰها عʰʰʶǼ ي أدركʱة، الʽوسʛال
ةʲيʙʴ الʦʤʻه على الʻȄʨؔعادة تȂولة وʙ للȑʛȞʶاء العʻʰفي ال109
أتʙʰ، ف اتʨ القʘيʙʴال تʺأع
ةʽامʤات نʨ قʧȄʨؔة وتȄʛȞʶالع
ʚʻم عام1222
/هـ1807م ʧاء مʛʰʵǼ ʥعانة في ذلʱ اﻻسʗʺ، وت
اليʨʱا على الʹǽا أʽ روسʧ ومʛʳʺا والʶʺʻا والʛʱلʳا وانʶنʛ فʧ مʧʽȄʛȞʶ العȋاʰʹال110
. "ʗاكʳل "الʲʺǽ ʥد، وفي ذلʨʻʳ والȋاʰʹ للȑʛȞʶ العȑʜ الʙʽحʨ تʥ ذلʛاهʤ مʧʽ بʧان مؗو-
ا
ةʛʱʶل-
ʛ القʧع اﻷول مȃʛة خﻼل الʛم ﻷول نʨʽʶنʛ أدخله الفȑʚال ن13
/هـ19
يȃ اﻷوروʛʸʻم الع
ʝǼﻼʺف إلى الʽ أضȑʚ الʙʽحʨال111
اقةǽ ، ولهاʧداك أزرق أو ʛʹأخ نʨة ذات لʛʱد سʨʻʳ الȐʙ، فارت
ةʰقʛلة الȄʨʡ ةǽʚ، وأحʧʢ القʧل مȄʨʡ والʛاء، وأسفلها سʛصف وأزرار ،اءʛʺح ّʦُؗ وأساور
اʨʤفʱواح
ʧعة مʨʻʸʺد الʨاﻷس نʨة ذات اللǽʙʽقلʱ الʦة رؤوسهʽʢأغǼ
ʝǼلف مﻼʱʵ تʦاف، ولʛʵد الʨجل
ȋاʰʹال112
اʨمʙʵʱ اسȋاʰʹﻼف على أن الʱ اﻻخʛʸʱقǽ ادȞȄد، وʨʻʳالǼ اصةʵ الʥ تلʧا عʛʽʲؗ
لȞʷلة الʽʢʱʶحاملة م
–ةʹ أو الفʖهʚ الʧانا مʽ أحʗعʻ ُص -
ةȄʛȞʶ العʖتʛلعﻼمات ال113
Ȑʛج -
101
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
Sarcophagi, 7-122. وﻣﻦ المعﺮوف أن اﻷشكال المختلفة لهﺬا اﻹله لها نفﺲ الﺮﻣﺰية ﻓهﻰ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ الحب لمنح الخلود. ﻣحمود ، أشكال
الطيور والحيوانات ،
128
. 107
،"سبق للباﺣث ﺗناول القباء بالشﺮح والتفصيل ﻓي دراسة سابقة. طنطاوي، "ﻣطﺮقة الباب الﺮئيسﻰ لمسﺠد اﻹﻣام )الشاه( ﻓي اصفهان24
-
26
. 108
الشائع أن ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه لم يلتﺰم بارﺗداء القباء ﻣثلما ﻓعل ﻣﻦ سبقوه ﻣﻦ شاهات ﻓارس بل ارﺗدى بدلة رسمية ذات طابع أوروبي ﺗتكون
ﻣﻦ س تﺮة ﻣﺰينة بشﺮائط لها صفان ﻣﻦ اﻷزرار وأسفلها سﺮوال، ويغطي رأسه بطﺮبوش يحلي ﻣقدﻣته ريشة ﺗخﺮج ﻣنها ﻣاسة رائعة ودائما ﻣا
،وضع ﻋلﻰ صدره النياشيﻦ. الخطيب صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء ،
7.؛ Scarce, "Ancestral Themes in the Art of Qajar Iran",
239. 72 http://museum.masoumeh.net/index.php/2014-01-01-06-16-34 سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
99
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( اﻹشارةʨها هʽة علؔﻼئʺم الʨ رسʧ مȐʜغʺأن الǼ لʨها إلى القʱفʽʣر ووʨʰ القʙاهʨعة شʽʰʡ فعʙ تʙوق
ʧʽʻمʕʺغفار للʱة واﻻسʺائʙادة الʰإلى الع102
نʨȞǽ ʙة، وقʻʳاس إلى الʻها في إرشاد الʱفʽʣʨل لʽʲʺ، أو ت
ةʰʱؔة الؔﻼئʺ"، أو الʛʽؔ ونʛؔʻاب "مʶʴة الؔفي ازدواجها إشارة إلى مﻼئ103
قةʺعʱʺال راسةʙ، إﻻ أن ال
حاتʨل) راسةʙاولها الʻʱي تʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʧقعها في ثﻼثة مʨها ومʚʽفʻب تʨﻷسل1
،
2
،
4
حʛʢǽ ʙ( ق
ا؛ʛا مغايǽرأ
ا أنʻʺذا علȂه، وʱاسʛلى حʨʱأنها تؗ رʨʸʺ الʟʵʷأس الʛف بʴ تʗʷقُن أنها Ȏﻼحǽ إذ
ة عﻼمةǼاʲʺǼ اʻ هʧʽؔلʺام الʙʵʱا أن اسʻؗ ﻷدرʦائهʻان أو أبʛام إيȞ حʧ مʧȄرʨʸʺﻼثة الʲاص الʵاﻷش
ة أو اﻹمارةʽؔلʺ عﻼمات الʧم
اء لʴǽ اﻹʛʰس العامة عʨ في نفʛʽأثʱامها الʙʵʱ اسʧض مʛوالغ أنǼ ʦه
،ةʽة اﻹلهǽعاʛالǼ نʨʤʴǽ تهʛ وأسʦاكʴالʨوه
شاع فيʙة فقʺǽʙة القʽروثات الفارسʨʺ مع الʖاسʻʱما ي
ل حلقةʺʴي تʱة الʴʻʳʺة الؔﻼئʺم الʨاساني رسʶ الʛʸ العʚʻان مʛإي أو ًوشاحا ʥʶʺة أو تʽʻʽأو ص
اًتاج ة مʹ الفʧ مȘʰʡ علي له ًاﻻʲ مʙʳ ما نʨر، وهʨهʜ الʧم ًﻼʽأو أكل ،اجʱʽمʛف الهʴʱ في مȍʨفʴ
فيʥلʚؗح، وʻʳﻼك مʺ لʦه رسʽʰه الهﻼل وعلي جانʨعلǽ ،ارʻ الʙ معابʧم ًاʙʰل معʲʺǽ ʞه نقʽوعل
) ʜȄوʛو بʛʶ خʛʸ عʧاه، مʷمانʛؗ بʛان قʱʶǼ اقʡ فيʙشة عقʨك590
-
628
(م104
ʛʺʱ اسʙ، وق
هʣ لʽلʙ اﻹسﻼمي بʛʸة خﻼل العʽانʛفة اﻹيʛخʜل في الȞʷا الʚام هʙʵʱاس ʧ مʙيʙرها في عʨ
انʛإي في نʨʻ الفʧها مʛʽة وغʽ اﻹسﻼمʛȄاوʸʱال105
علىʧʽؔلʺ أن الȑأʛا الʚ اﻷدلة على هʧ، وم
"ةʻʢلʶ "شعاع الʛʰ قʙشاه حةʨ)ل4
اء علىʻȃ، وʛʽاﻷم رأس قʨعانه فʹǽ ا تاجاʺيهʙ أيʧʽﻼن بʺʴǽ (
هاʛʽ غʧها عʜʽʽʺان تʛام إيȞر حʨʰ قʙاهʨها على شʱفʽʣو نʨؔ تʥذل.ʦهʛʽغ دون ʦهʽﻻلة علʙوال "اʽ علʙ "مهʛʰ قʙ على شاهʧʽؔلʺفة للʽʣʨه الʚاﻹضافة إلى هȃو حةʨ)ل3
(
بʨأن أسلǼ لʨ القʧȞʺǽ
عʛفǼ اʺعهǼ أصاʗ تعلقʙ وقʧʽلقʴا مʺلهʽʲʺتʽ
ʽاتʰ نʧ
ʽفʱ ملʧ
ʽ
ةʙʱʺم اًرʨوزه اًأوراق اʺاخلهʙان بʛʸʴǽ ʧ
ʳʶʺة الȄʜؗʛʺامة الʳالǼ ةʢʽʴʺة الʽامل اﻷرضؗ يʢتغ ،"تʨʺǽ ﻻȐʚى الʴ الʨارة "هʰل بها ع
ةʻʳ إلى الʜمʛع يʨضʨʺي للʻ الفʧȄʨؔʱأن الǼ ʛʶفُǽ أنʧȞʺǽ ةʛʽ صغʅؗ اʺهʻع مʛل فȞǼ ʥʶʺُȄو
تʨʺǽ ﻻȑʚ الʙʽحʨاقي الʰ ﷲ الʙʽة بʻʳه الʚ إلى أن هʜمʛائها، والʺ في سʛʽʢي تʱة الؔﻼئʺوال ʧ، وم
خارʜ الʛ سائȑأʛا الʚ هʦعʙي تʱ الʧائʛالق ʛفʴالǼ غلهʷ تȑʚ الʙاهʷار الʡرة في إʨʸʺ الȐʛف اﻷخ
لفةʱʵة في أوضاع مؔﻼئʺدة لʙعʱال مȞأش106
،ʛها مع اﻵخʙه أحǼاʷʱة ﻻ يʢʷأن نʨارسʺǽ ʦوه ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح ة وماʻʳر الʨʸأنها تؗو
اث أوʙ أحʧ بها مȑʛʳǽ ʙق
.ةʽات روحʡاʷن ة وماʻʳر الʨʸأنها تؗو
اث أوʙ أحʧ بها مȑʛʳǽ ʙق
.ةʽات روحʡاʷن وهﺬا الﺮأي جانبه ال صواب ﺣيث إن اﻷدلة المادية ﺗسﺠل أن ﷴ شاه قاجار سبقه إلﻰ هﺬا السلوك، وليﺲ أدل ﻋلﻰ ذلك ﻣﻦ ﻋدد ﻛبيﺮ ﻣﻦ
الصور الشخصية له ﻣﺮﺗديا بدلة رسمية ﻋسكﺮية أوروبية الطﺮاز، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك صورة شخصية له ﻣﻦ ﻋمل الفنان ﷴ ﻋلي ﻣؤرﺧة بعام
1262
/هـ1845م ﻣحفوظة ﻓي ﻣﺠموﻋة ناص
ﺮ ﺧليلي ﺗحت رقم JLY2073
،. الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء
، لوﺣة32
. وراجع ﻛﺬلك
لوﺣات26
-
35
. 109
،اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
794
. 110
،ﻋﻦ هﺬه اﻹرساليات العسكﺮية بالتفصيل راجع: اشتيانﻰ
تاريخ إيران بعد اﻹسﻼم ،
759
-
764
.؛
Cronin, "Building a New Army", 47-87 ; Armies and State Building in the Modern Middle East, 39-82 ;
http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html ; http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-vii-qajar#pt1
111 Cronin, Armies and State Building in the Modern Middle East, 49. 112
لبعض أﻣثلة ﻣﻼبﺲ الضباط وألوانها راجع: بوذری، قشون، "رسالة ﻣصور در ﻣعﺮﻓﻰ البسه قشون دوره قاجار ،"
253
-
254
،
ﺗصاويﺮ9
-
11
. 113)
(
،"لبعض أﻣثلتها راجع: بوذری، قشون، "رسالة ﻣصور در ﻣعﺮﻓﻰ البسه قشون دوره قاجار252
-
253
-
256
-
257، ﺗصاويﺮ1
-8
،
24
-
30
. Sarcophagi, 7-122. وﻣﻦ المعﺮوف أن اﻷشكال المختلفة لهﺬا اﻹله لها نفﺲ الﺮﻣﺰية ﻓهﻰ ﺗﺮﻣﺰ إلﻰ الحب لمنح الخلود. ﻣحمود ، أشكال
الطيور والحيوانات ،
128
. 107
،"سبق للباﺣث ﺗناول القباء بالشﺮح والتفصيل ﻓي دراسة سابقة. طنطاوي، "ﻣطﺮقة الباب الﺮئيسﻰ لمسﺠد اﻹﻣام )الشاه( ﻓي اصفهان24
-
26
. 108
الشائع أن ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه لم يلتﺰم بارﺗداء القباء ﻣثلما ﻓعل ﻣﻦ سبقوه ﻣﻦ شاهات ﻓارس بل ارﺗدى بدلة رسمية ذات طابع أوروبي ﺗتكون
ﻣﻦ س تﺮة ﻣﺰينة بشﺮائط لها صفان ﻣﻦ اﻷزرار وأسفلها سﺮوال، ويغطي رأسه بطﺮبوش يحلي ﻣقدﻣته ريشة ﺗخﺮج ﻣنها ﻣاسة رائعة ودائما ﻣا
،وضع ﻋلﻰ صدره النياشيﻦ. الخطيب صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء ،
7.؛ Scarce, "Ancestral Themes in the Art of Qajar Iran",
239. وهﺬا الﺮأي جانبه ال صواب ﺣيث إن اﻷدلة المادية ﺗسﺠل أن ﷴ شاه قاجار سبقه إلﻰ هﺬا السلوك، وليﺲ أدل ﻋلﻰ ذلك ﻣﻦ ﻋدد ﻛبيﺮ ﻣﻦ
الصور الشخصية له ﻣﺮﺗديا بدلة رسمية ﻋسكﺮية أوروبية الطﺮاز، وﻣﻦ أﻣثلة ذلك صورة شخصية له ﻣﻦ ﻋمل الفنان ﷴ ﻋلي ﻣؤرﺧة بعام
1262
/هـ1845م ﻣحفوظة ﻓي ﻣﺠموﻋة ناص
ﺮ ﺧليلي ﺗحت رقم JLY2073
،. الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء
، لوﺣة32
. وراجع ﻛﺬلك
لوﺣات26
-
35
. ة وماʻʳر الʨʸأنها تؗو
اث أوʙ أحʧ بها مȑʛʳǽ ʙق
.ةʽات روحʡاʷن 109ا
ا
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خ -
101
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
يﻰ
يل ر جع:
ﺮي ب
ي
ﻹر
ﻦ
م
ريخ إير ن ب ﻹ
759
764
. Cronin, "Building a New Army", 47-87 ; Armies and State Building in the Modern Middle East, 39-82 ;
http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html ; http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-vii-qajar#pt1
111 Cronin, Armies and State Building in the Modern Middle East, 49. 112
لبعض أﻣثلة ﻣﻼبﺲ الضباط وألوانها راجع: بوذری، قشون، "رسالة ﻣصور در ﻣعﺮﻓﻰ البسه قشون دوره قاجار ،"
253
-
254
،
ﺗصاويﺮ9
-
11
. 113)
(
،"لبعض أﻣثلتها راجع: بوذری، قشون، "رسالة ﻣصور در ﻣعﺮﻓﻰ البسه قشون دوره قاجار252
-
253
-
256
-
257، ﺗصاويﺮ1
-8
،
24
-
30
. يﻰ
ي ر ع
ﺮي
ي
ﻹر
ﻦ
م
ﻹ
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ريخ إير
Cronin, "Building a New Army", 47-87 ; Armies and State Building in the Modern Middle East, 39-8
http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html ; http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-vii-qajar#pt1
111 Cronin, Armies and State Building in the Modern Middle East, 49. الب ه قش ن د ره قاجار
عﺮﻓ
ر در
أل انها راجع: ب ذری، قش ن، "ر الة
ﻼبﺲ الضباط
عض أ ثلة،"
253
254
، 2016
) تʗش3
( ةʴأوشǼ ʦهʹعǼ يʤف، وحʱؔها على الʱʽʰʲت114
ʧʽان، في حʨدة اﻷلʙعʱم ʧام مȞʴ الʝǼت مﻼʜʽʺت
.فةʛاء وزخʛ ثʛʲنها أكʨȞǼ آل قاجار ʧʽʶʺ خʧب مʛقǽ اʺ لʗلʣ ʙامي قʤʻ الʞʽʳ ورجال الȋاʰʹثة للʙʴʱʶʺ الʝǼﻼʺه الʚ هʗانؗ نȂو
ʧانى مʲف الʸʻة خﻼل الʛʽʰؗ ةǽاʻعǼ اتهاʺʽʺʸ تʗʽʤ حʗقʨور الʛ إﻻ أنها مع مʛʽʽتغ ونʙعاما ب
نʛالق13
/هـ19
انʨ ألʗʸʸُʵم؛ ف ىʱ الʙʽقالʱادا على الʺʱ اعȐ القاجارʞʽʳلفة للʱʵʺوع الʛها للفʻʽعǼ
ةǽل نهاʨلʴȃة، وʽ اﻷصلʦﻼدهǼ وع فيʛه الفʚ هʧ عʧʽولʕʶʺ الʧ مʖ اﻷجانȋاʰʹادها الʱاع
نʛالق13
/هـ19
نʨؔ، وتʛʹسان اﻷخʛالف وسﻼح ،اﻷزرق ةʽفعʙʺ، والʛʺاﻷح نʨاة اللʷʺ الȐʙم ارت
" عةʰ قʧ عامة مȑʜال
ﻼه گ اءʱʷها في الʽف إلʽانا أضʽاء وأحʚوال وحʛة، وسʛʱأس، وسʛاء للʢغؗ "
فاʢمع115
ىʻʰا تʚ، لʙيʙʷقه الʽ ضʖʰʶǼ ʖاسʻ مʛʽ غʝǼﻼʺي فى الȃ اﻷوروȌʺʻان الؗ اʺ، ول
اسعةʨام الʺ واﻷكȌسʨ الʙʻات عʽʢالǼ ʜʽʺʱي تʱة الʽؗʛʱة الʵʶʻال نʨʽانʛاﻹي116
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
102
-
114 Kibovskii and Yegorov, The Persian Regular Army ; http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html ;
Ahmadov, History of Azerbaijan’s military, 59- 60 ; http://www.ottoman-uniforms.com/persian-iran-qajar-
dynasty-army-navy/
115 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/army-vii-qajar#pt1 ; http://www.ottoman-uniforms.com/persian-
iran-qajar-dynasty-army-navy/
116 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-x
117
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه اﻹشارة التاريخية وغيﺮها راجع
http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html ; http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-x ة وماʻʳر الʨʸأنها تؗو
اث أوʙ أحʧ بها مȑʛʳǽ ʙق
.ةʽات روحʡاʷن ك اʛة تȄʛȞʶاء العȄ في اﻷزʘيʙʴʱا الʚوه ʙاهʨاني عامة وشʛ اﻹيʛȄʨʸʱعا على الȄʛا وسʴواض ًاʛث
ةʛʱ سȑʙتʛة يʻʢلʶ ﷴ شاه وشعاع الʧﻼ مؗ أنʙʳا نʚل خاص لȞʷǼ راسةʙاولها الʻʱي تʱر الʨʰالق
شʨȃʛʢه الʰʷǽ أسʛاء للʢا غʺهʻل مؗ عʹǽ اʺؗ ،اسعةʨام الʺ واﻷكʛʸʵ الʙʻات عʽʢالǼ ʜʽʺʱت
ʙل مقʱʴ تȑʚد الʨنه اﻷسʨ بلʜʽʺʱي ،ةȄʛȞʶ العʝǼﻼʺه فى الʽعارف علʱʺ الʨʴʻه شارة على الʱم
اك وشاحʻلة، وهȄʨʡ ةʰة ورقʰبʙمة مʙاء له مقʚا، وحʺʽقʱʶواﻻ واسعا مʛ ﷴ شاه سȑʙتʛȄو
ʧ مʙʱʺǽ
هǼ Șʢʻʺʱام يʜ حʧ مʛʶǽ اﻷʖانʳ إلى الʧʺǽف اﻷʱؔال ة حاملةʻʢلʶف شعاع الʱؗ علىʛهʤا تʺؗ ،
ʛل لعﻼمات الȞʷلة الʽʢʱʶم .ةȄʛȞʶ العʖت زاʛʽمان مʛ ان قهȎﻼحǽ اʺك
حةʨ)ل2
(
،هʛؗ ذȘابʶ الʧﻼ عʽلف قلʱʵǽ أسʛاء للʢع غʹǽ
Șافʨʱ يʥوذل
) ؤوسʛة الʽʢاع ﻷغʨة أنʙد عʨ وجʧم عʨ معلʨمع ما ه
ﻼه گ،ȑ القاجارʛʸ( خﻼل الع و ʗʻʽ بʙق
و ،هاʻʽب قʛات الفʙاهʷʺة والʽʵȄارʱات الǼاʱؔال ʧأن أن مʷا الʚورد في ه لةʺعʱʶʺؤوس الʛة الʽʢ أغʧʽب
جال فʛلل
ي اهʷʽعلʴʱ فʧزم )
1212
-
1250
/هـ1797
—
1834
(م
ا عامʙيʙʴوت1222
/هـ1807
م
ل ارتفاعها إلىʸǽ لةȄʨʡ نʨداء اللʨعة سʰ قʧارة عʰ عʙواح30
ها علىʽʢغȄة وʺ القʙʻة عȄوʜ، مʦس
عةʨʻʱانا زخارف مʽ وأحʦاش مقلʺة قȄاوʜل الʨʡ
117ه اﻷدلة الʙؗʕ ما تʨ، وه الʲʺل الʽʰة فعلى سʽʻف ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
102
-
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing x
117
:لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل ﻋﻦ هﺬه اﻹشارة التاريخية وغيﺮها راجع
http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html ; http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/clothing-x ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح اء فيʢا الغʚان" هʱزسʨ خʦان خان حاكʺʽان" و"سلʛهʡ ʦحاك زاʛʽاس مʰ عʧاب زاʛʽ مʛʽ "أردشȑʙتʛي
ةʛȄʨʸت118
ʨل ابʺ عʧم ،رقʨ على الʛʰʴة والʽائʺان الʨاﻷلǼ ةʚفʻات، مʨ القʠعǼ ضانʛعʱʶǽ اʺلهʲʺت
عامǼ رخةʕ مȑ الغفارʧʶʴال
1269
/هـ51
-
1852م119
هʚ في هȎﻼحȄ، و ةّʜَʰه الǼاʷة تʛȄʨʸʱال
ةّʜَʰه الǼاʷʱا تʺؗ ،عها ﷴ شاه قاجارʹǽ يʱ وصفها الȘابʶال مع زاʛʽ مʛʽيها أردشʙتʛي يʱة الȄʛȞʶالع
يʱ الʥة مع تلȄʛȞʶة العʽʴʱ الȑدʕ يȑʚ الȌǼاʹيها الʙتʛي يʱ الȐʛان خان واﻷخʺʽيها سلʙتʛي يʱال
ﻼʽة قلʛʽ اﻷخʗلفʱة، وان اخʻʢلʶيها شعاع الʙتʛي
.لʽفاصʱ الʠعǼ في -
ʥʻاشʻʹات والʻالʗʻʸال120
. 123 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
124 ة وماʻʳر الʨʸأنها تؗو
اث أوʙ أحʧ بها مȑʛʳǽ ʙق
.ةʽات روحʡاʷن ʧʽاشʽʻات والʽالʙʽʺة الȄان القاجارʛ إيʗفʛع121
ʛيʙقʱلة للʽسʨؗ
ةʽانʺʲة والعʽȃʛاذج الغʺʻالǼ هاʛ تأثʙعǼ هاʵȄ تارʧة مʛȞʰة مʛʱ في فʜʽفʴʱوال122
ʗʴʻُوم ،اʛيʙتق ﻷ ابʴص
لفʱʵم اعʨأن اتȄʨʱʶوم
ازʳاﻹن
ةʽنʙʺة أو الȄʛȞʶات الع ماتʙʵوال123
،
كما حرص ام فارسȞح أنفسهم
،على ارتدائها، وقدموها إلى الرعايا المخلصين الذين تميزوا في خدمة البﻼد والملك
ا فىʨʢʷون
.ʦداتهʨهʳ ومʦهʽاعʶʺا لʛيʙ تقʖ اﻷجانʧʽʽماسʨبلʙ والȋاʰʹها للʴʻم ʧيʚجهاء الʨﻼء والʰʻ الʧʽ بʖاجʨ الʧ مʧʽاشʽʻات والʽالʙʽʺاء الʙح ارتʰوأص لʨʸʴا في الʨʶافʻت
ʧحة مʨʻʺʺ اﻷلقاب الʗʴʰة، وأصȄة القاجارʛʱات الفʜʽʺ مʧم صارت ألقاب رافقها ما وعادة ،هاʽعل
ة فيʛʽʰؗ ة ذات دﻻلةʽʺسʛات الʰاسʻʺة في الʛʽاء اﻷخʙ، وارتʧʽاشʽات ونʽالʙʽ مʧم مʙقǽ اه وماʷال
هʶاه نفʷت على الʛى أنها أثʱجهاء حʨﻼء والʰʻ الʧʽ بʜʽʽʺʱال124
ʧʽاشʽʻات والʽالʙʽʺ صارت الʥلʚȃ، و
ʧʽʴ الʥ ذلʚʻ مʙʳا نʚاه، لʷʽعلʴʱ فʙ عهʚʻ مȑ القاجارȋﻼʰا للʺʺʱءا مʜج شعارات ʧله مʺʴوما ت
ʧʽاشʽʻات والʽالʙʽʺ الʧيʙتʛ مȋﻼʰ ورجال الʧʽفʣʨʺار الʰؔة لʽʸʵʷر الʨʸ الʧ مʛʽʲك125
. وفي
ة على اǽاʙʰات في الʽالʙʽʺه الʽت فʛʸʱ اقȑʚ الʗقʨال ʧʽʽنʙʺ للʧʽاشʽʻ الʗانؗ ʦهʛʽغ دون ʧʽȄʛȞʶلع
اءʨʶ الʙ على حʧʽȄʛȞʶوالع126
. لها إلىʘيʙʴم الʨفهʺالǼ ʧʽاشʽʻات والʽالʙʽʺاث الʙل في إحʹو الفʜعȄو
علʴʱفʽاهʷ
مّʛُؔǽ ان أراد ȑʚال 118
،ﻣﻦ التصاويﺮ اﻷﺧﺮى التﻰ يظهﺮ بها غطاء الﺮأس هﺬا صورة شخصية لـ "دوستعلي ﺧان" ﻣﺮسوﻣة باﻷلوان المائية ﻋلﻰ الورق
ﻣحفوظة ﻓي ﻣتحف اللوﻓﺮ بباريﺲ، ﺗبلغ أبعادها39.3
×
25.4سم، وﻋليها ﻋبارة "صورة شخصية لعالﻰ الشأن ﻣقﺮب الخاقان
دوستعلي ﺧان
أدام ﷲ ﻋمﺮه ودولته"، باﻹضاﻓة إلﻰ ﻋبارة أﺧﺮى نصها "ﻋمل المتواضع ﻣيﺮزا بابا الحسيني اﻹﻣاﻣي سنة1263
/هـ1846
م" ويظهﺮ ﻓيها
."دوستعلي ﺧان" واقفا بالقﺮب ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﺮى ﻣائي وبﺠواره ﻛلب صغيﺮ)جﺮو( ينظﺮ إليه Diba, Royal Persian Paintings, 226-
pl.68. ؛ ال ،خطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء ،
103
-
104
- لوﺣة118
. p
119 Diba, Royal Persian Paintings, 251, pl.XXVIII. 120آز
ن ا ا
ﻗا ا ه
ال ها
ها
نشا77
112 sian Paintings, 251, pl.XXVIII. 120
،ﻋنها راجع: آزﻣون نشان ها و مدال های ﻗاجاريه،
77
-
112
. 121
ﻋﻦ ﻣفهوم النيشان ﻓي إيﺮان والهدف ﻣنه راجع: ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های طﻼ629
-
630
. 122
،"ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان193
-
194. ﻋﻦ النياشيﻦ العثمانية راجع:
an Orders, 9-46, pl.1-
51. ،ﻋنها راجع: آزﻣون نشان ها و مدال های ﻗاجاريه،
77
-
112
. 121
ﻋﻦ ﻣفهوم النيشان ﻓي إيﺮان والهدف ﻣنه راجع: ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های طﻼ629
-
630
. 122 123 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
124 125 Soucek, “The Visual Language of Qajar Medals”, 317. 126 125 Soucek, “The Visual Language of Qajar Medals”, 317. 126 126 Kibovskii and Yegorov, The Persian Regular Army [http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html
http://www.warfare.altervista.org/Persia/19/The_Persian_Regular_Army.htm] 126 Kibovskii and Yegorov, The Persian Regular Army [http://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/PERSIA.html
http://www.warfare.altervista.org/Persia/19/The_Persian_Regular_Army.htm] سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ر في عامʙة، فأصǽʙقʻ الʖ إلى جانȐʛ أخʜائʨʳǼ دʨʻʳ والȋاʰʹال1221
/هـ1806
ةʽʹات فʽالʙʽم م
و
ةʽʰذه127انʷʽ نʧات درجة أقل مʽالʙʽʺه الʚ لهʗانؗ، و
ره في عامʙ أصȑʚ" الʝʺʷ والʙ)وسام( "اﻷس
1223
/هـ1808م128
ʜʽلʳ واﻹنʧʽʽʶنʛ الفȋاʰʹ والʧʽʽماسʨبلʙح للʻʺُʽل129
ʧʽʽانʛ اﻹيʦهʙعǼ ʧوم130
،
ʙوق
دʙح ماʨسʛم131
ه ﷴ شاه قاجارʱفʽره خلʙأص عام1252
/هـ1836قاتʰʡ م ودرجات
ائفʣوو
"انʷʽن
ʝʺʷ والʙاﻷس"
قّʛوف
ʧʽȄʛȞʶ للعʟʸʵʺان الʷʽʻل على الʳʶʺعار الʷ الʧʽل بȞʷفي ال
ʧʽʽنʙʺ والʖح لﻸجانʻʺǽ Ȑʚ الʛواﻵخ132
. شاه قاجارʧيʙ الʛث ناصʙوأح )
1264
-
1313هـ/
1848
-
1896م(
ةʽعʨة نʛفʡ هʺȞة حʛʱخﻼل ف
اتʽالʙʽʺفي ال133
ان اʷʽقات نʰʡ أن رفعʙعǼ ةʽانʛ اﻹيʧʽاشʽʻوال ع، وزودʶ إلى تʝʺʷ والʙﻷس
انʛة في إيʺح أرفع اﻷوسʰʸʽني" ورفعه لʨايʺال الهʲʺʱان "الʷʽل نʺʷʱها لʻة مʙيʙاع جʨأنǼ تهاʛʽذخ
عام1264
/هـ1848م134
ة، ولهʽʰʻات اﻷجʽʸʵʷولة والʙ فى الʧʽلʨʯʶʺار الʰؗ ه علىʴʻ مʛʸʱ، واق
ʧʽلها ما بʨʡ اوحʛʱة يȄاوʹʽة بʯʽه12
-
14هاʜؗʛل مʱʴȄ، وʦس
ارʡ بها إȌʽʴȄاه، وʷة للʽفʸرة نʨص
تʨاقʽاس والʺ الʧم135
. اة عامʛﻼء على هʽʱ اﻻسʙعǼ رʙ صȑʚ" الʧʽʻمʕʺ الʛʽان "أمʷʽا أضاف نʺك1273
/هـ1856م136
،
رةʨ وصʦل اسʺوح
ة لȃʨʶʻمȌاه فقʷا على الʛ، وجعله قاصʖالʡ أبيʧﻺمام علي ب137
تʛ، وج 127
للمﺰيد ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣثلة ﺧﻼل العصﺮ القاجاري راجع: رابينو،
،""نشانهای دوره قاجار318
-
323
؛ "نشان های
،"دوران قاجاريه343
-
347
. 128
،"ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان191
-
194
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
104
-
127
للمﺰيد ﻣﻦ اﻷﻣثلة ﺧﻼل العصﺮ القاجاري راجع: رابينو،
،""نشانهای دوره قاجار318
-
323
؛ "نشان های
،"دوران قاجاريه343
-
347
. 128
،"ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان191
-
194
. 129
أنظﺮ ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال النيشان المقدم إلﻰ السيﺮ جون ﻛينيﺮ ﻣاﻛدونالد ﻣبعوث شﺮﻛة الهند الشﺮقية إلﻰ إيﺮان، المؤرخ بعام
1242
/هـ1826
-
1827
،م. روجﺮز
فﻨون اﻹسﻼم، لوﺣة
459
. 130
،ﻛسﺮوى تاريخچه
شير وخورشيد ،
19
؛ انقطاع ، شير وخورشيد ،
72
-
74؛
Soucek, "The Visual Language of Qajar
Medals", 312-318. 123 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
124 131
ﻦّوﻋي ،درجات ثﻼث إلﻰ ﺗنقسم طبقة وﻛل ،العسكﺮية الﺮﺗب ﻣع ﺗتماشﻰ ،طبقات ثماني إلﻰ "وﺧورشيد شيﺮ" نيشان المﺮسوم هﺬا مّقس
ﺗصميم ﻛل واﺣد ﻣنها والمواد الخام واﻷﺣﺠار الثمينة التي ﺗستخدم ﻓي الصناﻋة، ﻛما نص المﺮسوم ﻋلﻰ ألوان اﻷوشحة المصاﺣبة لها، وﺣدد
ﻣ بلُوس شﺮوط
نح ﻛل نيشان ﻣنها. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار"
،
187
-
207
، شكل1
-
10
؛ ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی
اسنادی از نشان
،"های632
،"؛ ﻓﺮ، "نشان هاي نظاﻣي ايﺮان220
-
221
،؛ بوذرى، "رساله نشان های دولت ايﺮان70
-
75
. 132
Soucek, ”The Visual Language of Qajar Medals”, 319. وقد صور اﻷسد ﻣمسكا ﻓي يده بسيف يﺮﻓعه ﻋاليا ﻋلﻰ النياشيﻦ
بدون واﻻجانب للمدنييﻦ المخصصة النياشيﻦ ﻋلﻰ اﻷسد ظهﺮ ﺣيﻦ ﻓي ،زﺧﺮﻓتها ﻓي اﻷساسي العنصﺮ الماس لّوشك للعسكﺮييﻦ المخصصة
،السيف، واستبدل الماس بالياقوت. شهيدی"نشانهای دوره قاجار"
،
205
-
207
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
133
ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال بدأت دار الفنون ﻓي ﻣنح ﻣيداليات )ﻣدال اﻓتخار( ذهبية وﻓضية ونحاسية ﺗحمل صورة اﻷسد والشمﺲ للمتفوقيﻦ ﻣﻦ
طﻼبها بحسب ﻣﺮسوم أصدره ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻋام1269
/هـ1852
م، وهو النظام الﺬي استبدل ﻓيما بعد بميداليات ﻋلمية "نشان ﻋلمي" ذات
نحُﻣ طبقات ثﻼث ت للطﻼب والمدرسيﻦ وأساﺗﺬة الﺠاﻣعات والكتاب والعلماء، سواء ﻣﻦ الفﺮس أو اﻷجانب ﻣمﻦ أسهموا ﻓي نشﺮ وﺗطويﺮ
،"المعﺮﻓة. شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار226
-
235
- شكل20
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
134 http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
135)
،"يحيی شهيدی،" نشانهای دوره قاجار208
-
209
- شكل11
،"؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان194
. 136
أرﺗدى الشاه هﺬا النيشان ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓي اﺣتفال رسمي يوم28
ربيع اﻷول1273
/ هـ6
نوﻓمبﺮ ﻋام1856م :. انظﺮ
Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 22- 25- 27. 137
يظهﺮ هﺬا النيشان ﻓي ﻋدد ليﺲ بالقليل ﻣﻦ الصور الشخصية لناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، وﻣنها واﺣد ة ﻣﺮسوﻣة بالﺰيت ﻋلﻰ النحاس، ﻣحفوظة ﻓي
ﻣتحف اللوﻓﺮ ﺗحت رقمMAO776
، ﻣﻦ ﻋمل بهﺮام ﻛﺮﻣانشاهي، ﻣؤرﺧة بعام1274
/هـ1857
م، ﺗبلغ أبعادها36
×
25.5
سم، يظهﺮ ﻓيها
ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه جالسا ﻋلﻰ ﻛﺮسي أوروبي الطﺮاز، ﻣﺮﺗديا بدلة رسمية يﺰيﻦ الصدر ﻓيها نيشان "أﻣيﺮ المؤﻣنيﻦ" وبﺠوار ه نيشان "اﻷسد
."والشمﺲDiba, Royal Persian Paintings, 244- 245- pl.75 ; Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian, 22. وﻣثلها صورة أﺧﺮى ﻣﺮسوﻣة باﻷلوان المائية والحبﺮ والﺬهب ﻋلﻰ الورق، ﻣحفوظة ﻓي "ﻣتحف ﻣقاطعة لوس انﺠلوس للفﻦLos Angeles
County Museum of Art
" ﻣؤرﺧة بعام1288
/هـ1
-
1872
م، ﺗبلغ أبعادها60.96
×
40.64
سم. 123 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
124 وقد ذهبت التفسيﺮات إلﻰ القول بأن
ﺣﺮص ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻋلﻰ الظهور ﻓي ﻣعظم صوره الشخصية ﻣﺮﺗديا نيشانا يحمل صورة اﻹﻣام ﻋلي بﻦ أبي طالب وﺗﺮﻛه سائﺮ أﻋضاء 12
أنظﺮ ﻋلﻰ سبيل المثال النيشان المقدم إلﻰ السيﺮ جون ﻛينيﺮ ﻣاﻛدونالد ﻣبعوث شﺮﻛة الهند الشﺮقية إلﻰ إيﺮان، المؤرخ ب
1242
/هـ1826
-
1827
،م. روجﺮز
فﻨون اﻹسﻼم، لوﺣة
459
. 13 13
،ﻛسﺮوى تاريخچه
شير وخورشيد ،
19
؛ انقطاع ، شير وخورشيد ،
72
-
74؛
oucek, "The Visual Language of Qajar
Medals", 312-318
13 131
ﻦّوﻋي ،درجات ثﻼث إلﻰ ﺗنقسم طبقة وﻛل ،العسكﺮية الﺮﺗب ﻣع ﺗتماشﻰ ،طبقات ثماني إلﻰ "وﺧورشيد شيﺮ" نيشان المﺮسوم هﺬا مّقس
ﺗصميم ﻛل واﺣد ﻣنها والمواد الخام واﻷﺣﺠار الثمينة التي ﺗستخدم ﻓي الصناﻋة، ﻛما نص المﺮسوم ﻋلﻰ ألوان اﻷوشحة المصاﺣبة لها، وﺣدد
ﻣ بلُوس شﺮوط
نح ﻛل نيشان ﻣنها. لمﺰيد ﻣﻦ التفاصيل راجع: شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار"
،
187
-
207
، شكل1
-
10
؛ ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی
اسنادی از نشان
،"های632
،"؛ ﻓﺮ، "نشان هاي نظاﻣي ايﺮان220
-
221
،؛ بوذرى، "رساله نشان های دولت ايﺮان70
-
75
. 132
Soucek, ”The Visual Language of Qajar Medals”, 319. وقد صور اﻷسد ﻣمسكا ﻓي يده بسيف يﺮﻓعه ﻋاليا ﻋلﻰ النياشيﻦ
بدون واﻻجانب للمدنييﻦ المخصصة النياشيﻦ ﻋلﻰ اﻷسد ظهﺮ ﺣيﻦ ﻓي ،زﺧﺮﻓتها ﻓي اﻷساسي العنصﺮ الماس لّوشك للعسكﺮييﻦ المخصصة
،السيف، واستبدل الماس بالياقوت. شهيدی"نشانهای دوره قاجار"
،
205
-
207
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
133
ﻓعلﻰ سبيل المثال بدأت دار الفنون ﻓي ﻣنح ﻣيداليات )ﻣدال اﻓتخار( ذهبية وﻓضية ونحاسية ﺗحمل صورة اﻷسد والشمﺲ للمتفوقيﻦ ﻣﻦ
طﻼبها بحسب ﻣﺮسوم أصدره ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻋام1269
/هـ1852
م، وهو النظام الﺬي استبدل ﻓيما بعد بميداليات ﻋلمية "نشان ﻋلمي" ذات
نحُﻣ طبقات ثﻼث ت للطﻼب والمدرسيﻦ وأساﺗﺬة الﺠاﻣعات والكتاب والعلماء، سواء ﻣﻦ الفﺮس أو اﻷجانب ﻣمﻦ أسهموا ﻓي نشﺮ وﺗطويﺮ
،"المعﺮﻓة. شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار226
-
235
- شكل20
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
134 http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
104
-
ه ی وره ج ر
ي يی هي ی 208
209
ل11
ن ه و ا ه ی ايﺮان
يﺮی
194
. 136
أرﺗدى الشاه هﺬا النيشان ﻷول ﻣﺮة ﻓي اﺣتفال رسمي يوم28
ربيع اﻷول1273
/ هـ6
نوﻓمبﺮ ﻋام1856م :. انظﺮ
Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 22- 25- 27. البﻼط ﻣﻦ الوﻻة والحكام والنخبة الملكية إثبات ﻓي ﻣنه رغبة إﻻ ﺣدث ﻣا ،ﻛحاﻛم الشخصية صورﺗة ﺗحمل نياشيﻦ يضعون وهم صورونُي
.وﻻئه وإﺧﻼصه لﻺﻣام ﻋلي، ووسيلة لﺮبط نفسه باﻹﻣام ﻋلي ﻛنموذج للحاﻛم العادل
Ekhtiar, Infused with Shiʿism, 99-100- fig.1 ; Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian, 25, 26.
138
،"ﷴزاده، "نشانهای ﻣصور و ﺗقديﺲ قدرت در ﻋصﺮ قاجار64
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations ; http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
139
،"شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار215
-
224، شكل16
-
18
،".؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان202
،
203
.
وأسﺲ الوزيﺮ ﺣسيﻦ
ﻋام ﻓي الدولة شيﺮُﻣ ﺧان1289
/هـ1872
م ﺧمﺲ طبقات ﻣﻦ "نيشان اﻷسد والشمﺲ ﻣخصوص ﺧارجيانnešān-e šīr o ḵoršīd-e
ḵāreja
" لكﻰ ﺗمنح لﻸجانب والمدنييﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻹيﺮانييﻦ، وﻛان الفﺮق بينها ﻓي ﻋدد النﺠوم التﻰ ﺗبدأ بثمانﻰ ﻓي الطبقة اﻷولﻰ وﺗنتهﻰ بأربع ﻓي
،"الطبقة الخاﻣسة. شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار209
-
213، شكل13
-
15
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations;http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
140
،"شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار224
-
226
-
235
-
236
- شكل19
،"؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان206
-
207
- شكل16
؛
ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های633
.
141 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
142
يﻼﺣظ أن ﻣعظم صور ﷴ شاه الشخصية التﻰ ي
ﺮﺗدي ﻓيها بدلة رسمية ي
ظهﺮ
ﻋليها نيشان ﻣثبتا ﻋلﻰ الﺠانب اﻷيسﺮ ﻣﻦ صدره، ﺗحتل
،ﻣﺮﻛﺰه صورة نصفية لﺠده ﻓتحعليشاه قاجار. راجع: الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء
، لوﺣات26
-
28
-
29
-
31
-
35
.
143 Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 25.
144
"يبلغ نيشان "القدس17
سم طوﻻ ×
12
سم ﻋﺮضا، ﻓﻰ ﺣيﻦ أن أبعاد "المقدس" ﺗكون13
×
10
سم ﺗقﺮيبا. شهيدي، "نشانهای دوره
،"قاجار218
-
220
- شكل17
-
18
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. وفي عام1278
/هـ1861
أعلىʗʴʰي أصʱ" الʝʺʷ والʙان "اﻷسʷʽ نʧة مʙيʙات جʯر ثﻼث فʙم أص
رةʨها صʻȄʜة تȄʜؗʛة مʛ دائʧعها مʽʺ جʗنʨؔس"، وتʙقʺس والʙس والقʙه، وهي "اﻷقʙة في عهʺاﻷوس
،رأسا ʛʷي عʻة ذات اثʺʳ بها نȌʽʴȄا تاج، وʺهʨعلǽ ʝʺʷ والʙاﻷس أعﻼها رفعةʨس" هʙو"اﻷق
ات، وتلقىʽʸʵʷار الʰؗ ʧ مʦقارنهǽ ْʧَوم اءʛفʶس" للʙح "القʻُوم ،زراءʨك ورؤساء الʨلʺ للʟʸُوخ
ʦهʱ على شاكلʧﻻة ومʨوال زراءʨس" الʙقʺ"ال139
في عامʥع ذلʰ. وات1290
/هـ1873
"ابʱان "آفʷʽʻم ب
اتʛʽات واﻷمؔلʺ الʧ لﻺناث مʟʸʵʺال140
. هʽ فʥا ﻻ شʺوم اقʢها على نʴʻ مȐʛاه جʷʽعلʴʱل فʰ قʧا مʽʺها رسʽʻʰ تʚʻ مʧʽاشʽʻات والʽالʙʽʺأن ال
ȑ القاجارʛʸة العǽى نهاʱ شاه وحʧيʙ الʛ ناصʦȞة حʛʱ فʧانى مʲف الʸʻ الʚʻ انها مʛʽواسع، غ
عهاȄزʨ في تʛʽʰؗ ʦʵʹث تʙح-
"ʝʺʷ والʙان "اﻷسʷʽنى" ونʨايʺال الهʲʺʱان "الʷʽخاصة ن-
لȞʷǼ
ومʛʺʱʶم
رʛؔʱ
141
ʧȞʺǽ إذ راسةʙاولها الʻʱي تʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨه على شʛك أثʨلʶا الʚك هʛ تʙ، وق
ه ﷴ شاهǽʙتʛان يʷʽف على نʛعʱلة الʨهʶǼحةʨ)ل1
(
142
"نيʨايʺال الهʲʺʱ "الʦاسǼ وفʛعʺع الʨʻ الʧم
اهʷا الʚأه هʙ بȑʚ الʙʽقلʱ الʨاه، وهʷʽعلʴʱه فʙʳة لʽʸʵرة شʨل صʺʴǽ
143
ةʽʺ، وصارت له صفة رس
على ةʻʢلʶ أن شعاع الȎﻼحǽ اʺؗ ، شاهʧيʙ الʛ ناصʙي
حةʨ)ل4
(
عʨʻا الʚ هʧانا مʷʽوره نʙع بʹǽ
. شاه قاجارʧيʙ الʛفʤه مʽرة أبʨل صʺʴǽ ʧʽʱلفʱʵ مʧʽʱقʰʡ ʧ" مʝʺʷ والʙ "اﻷسʧʽاشʽ نʧان مʻا اثʹǽة أʻʢلʶر شعاع الʙ على صʙاهʷُǽ اʺؗ
ʙقʺ "الʛس" واﻷصغʙ "القʦاسǼ وفʛعʺا الʺهʽ فʛʰاﻷك"س144
اء شعاعʺʱا ﻻنʛʤال نʴعة الʽʰʢȃ، و
هʴʻا في مʰʰان سؗ اʺة مȄʛȞʶة والعʽنʙʺ الʖاصʻʺ الʧ مʙيʙه عʽ إلʙʻسُأ ʙة فقʺاكʴة الʛة لﻸسʻʢلʶال ُآ
البﻼط ﻣﻦ الوﻻة والحكام والنخبة الملكية إثبات ﻓي ﻣنه رغبة إﻻ ﺣدث ﻣا ،ﻛحاﻛم الشخصية صورﺗة ﺗحمل نياشيﻦ يضعون وهم صورونُي
.وﻻئه وإﺧﻼصه لﻺﻣام ﻋلي، ووسيلة لﺮبط نفسه باﻹﻣام ﻋلي ﻛنموذج للحاﻛم العادل
Ekhtiar, Infused with Shiʿism, 99-100- fig.1 ; Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian, 25, 26. 138
،"ﷴزاده، "نشانهای ﻣصور و ﺗقديﺲ قدرت در ﻋصﺮ قاجار64
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations ; http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
139
،"شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار215
-
224، شكل16
-
18
،".؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان202
،
203
. وأسﺲ الوزيﺮ ﺣسيﻦ
ﻋام ﻓي الدولة شيﺮُﻣ ﺧان1289
/هـ1872
م ﺧمﺲ طبقات ﻣﻦ "نيشان اﻷسد والشمﺲ ﻣخصوص ﺧارجيانnešān-e šīr o ḵoršīd-e
ḵāreja
" لكﻰ ﺗمنح لﻸجانب والمدنييﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻹيﺮانييﻦ، وﻛان الفﺮق بينها ﻓي ﻋدد النﺠوم التﻰ ﺗبدأ بثمانﻰ ﻓي الطبقة اﻷولﻰ وﺗنتهﻰ بأربع ﻓي
،"الطبقة الخاﻣسة. 123 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
124 137
يظهﺮ هﺬا النيشان ﻓي ﻋدد ليﺲ بالقليل ﻣﻦ الصور الشخصية لناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه، وﻣنها واﺣد ة ﻣﺮسوﻣة بالﺰيت ﻋلﻰ النحاس، ﻣحفوظة ﻓي
ﻣتحف اللوﻓﺮ ﺗحت رقمMAO776
، ﻣﻦ ﻋمل بهﺮام ﻛﺮﻣانشاهي، ﻣؤرﺧة بعام1274
/هـ1857
م، ﺗبلغ أبعادها36
×
25.5
سم، يظهﺮ ﻓيها
ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه جالسا ﻋلﻰ ﻛﺮسي أوروبي الطﺮاز، ﻣﺮﺗديا بدلة رسمية يﺰيﻦ الصدر ﻓيها نيشان "أﻣيﺮ المؤﻣنيﻦ" وبﺠوار ه نيشان "اﻷسد
."والشمﺲDiba, Royal Persian Paintings, 244- 245- pl.75 ; Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian, 22. وﻣثلها صورة أﺧﺮى ﻣﺮسوﻣة باﻷلوان المائية والحبﺮ والﺬهب ﻋلﻰ الورق، ﻣحفوظة ﻓي "ﻣتحف ﻣقاطعة لوس انﺠلوس للفﻦLos Angeles
County Museum of Art
" ﻣؤرﺧة بعام1288
/هـ1
-
1872
م، ﺗبلغ أبعادها60.96
×
40.64
سم. وقد ذهبت التفسيﺮات إلﻰ القول بأن
ﺣﺮص ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ﻋلﻰ الظهور ﻓي ﻣعظم صوره الشخصية ﻣﺮﺗديا نيشانا يحمل صورة اﻹﻣام ﻋلي بﻦ أبي طالب وﺗﺮﻛه سائﺮ أﻋضاء Diba, Royal Persian Paintings,
لل
ا ل
اط ة ل فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار209
-
213، شكل13
-
15
؛
http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations;http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
140
،"شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار224
-
226
-
235
-
236
- شكل19
،"؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان206
-
207
- شكل16
؛
ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های633
. 141 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
142
يﻼﺣظ أن ﻣعظم صور ﷴ شاه الشخصية التﻰ ي
ﺮﺗدي ﻓيها بدلة رسمية ي
ظهﺮ
ﻋليها نيشان ﻣثبتا ﻋلﻰ الﺠانب اﻷيسﺮ ﻣﻦ صدره، ﺗحتل
،ﻣﺮﻛﺰه صورة نصفية لﺠده ﻓتحعليشاه قاجار. راجع: الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء
، لوﺣات26
-
28
-
29
-
31
-
35
. 143 Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 25. 144
"يبلغ نيشان "القدس17
سم طوﻻ ×
12
سم ﻋﺮضا، ﻓﻰ ﺣيﻦ أن أبعاد "المقدس" ﺗكون13
×
10
سم ﺗقﺮيبا. شهيدي، "نشانهای دوره
،"قاجار218
-
220
- شكل17
-
18
. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations;http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
140
،"شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار224
-
226
-
235
-
236
- شكل19
،"؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان206
-
207
- شكل16
؛
ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان،"های633
. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations;http://www.qajarpages.org/qajorders.html
140
،"شهيدی، "نشانهای دوره قاجار224
-
226
-
235
-
236
- شكل19
،"؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها و ﻣدالهای ايﺮان206
-
207
- شكل16
؛
ﻓياضی، "بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های633
. 141 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
142
يﻼﺣظ أن ﻣعظم صور ﷴ شاه الشخصية التﻰ ي
ﺮﺗدي ﻓيها بدلة رسمية ي
ظهﺮ
ﻋليها نيشان ﻣثبتا ﻋلﻰ الﺠانب اﻷيسﺮ ﻣﻦ صدره، ﺗحتل
،ﻣﺮﻛﺰه صورة نصفية لﺠده ﻓتحعليشاه قاجار. راجع: الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء
، لوﺣات26
-
28
-
29
-
31
-
35
. //www.iranicaonline.org/articles/decorations
142
يﻼﺣظ أن ﻣعظم صور ﷴ شاه الشخصية التﻰ ي
ﺮﺗدي ﻓيها بدلة رسمية ي
ظهﺮ
ﻋليها
نيشان ﻣثبتا ﻋلﻰ الﺠانب اﻷيسﺮ ﻣﻦ صد
،ﻣﺮﻛﺰه صورة نصفية لﺠده ﻓتحعليشاه قاجار. راجع: الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء
، لوﺣات26
-
28
-
29
-
31
-
35
. kerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 25. ع
143 Flaskerud, Visualizing Belief and Piety in Iranian Shiism, 25. 144
"يبلغ نيشان "القدس17
سم طوﻻ ×
12
سم ﻋﺮضا، ﻓﻰ ﺣيﻦ أن أبعاد "المقدس" ﺗكون13
×
10
سم ﺗقﺮيبا. شهيدي، "نشانهای دوره
،"قاجار218
-
220
-شكل17
-
18
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
105
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( اتʽالʙʽʺ الʧدة مʙعʱاﻻ مȞأش145
ʧ مʦغʛها، وعلى الʛؗ ذȘابʶالǼ ةʢʽʴاها مʛي نʱ الȐʛ اﻷخʧʽاشʽʻوال
اȌسʨʱي تʱة الʽʶʽئʛفة الʛخʜاب الʽغ إﻻ أنʧȄʛʽʰؔ الʧʽانʷʽʻ أسفل الʛهʤي تʱﻼثة الʲ الʧʽاشʽʻل
ʝʺʷ والʙان اﻷسʷʽʻلفة لʱʵقات مʰʡ ʧل على أنها مʙ العام لها يʦʽʺʸʱال146
أن خﻼلʥ ذلʦعʙȄ، و
"ʝʺʷ والʙان "اﻷسʷʽان نؗ شاه قاجارʙʺ أحʦﷴ علي شاه ثऎ شاهʧيʙ الʛفʤ مʧل مؗ ʦȞة حʛʱف
ʺل الʱʴǽ لفةʱʵʺقاته الʰʢǼ
"نىʨايʺال الهʲʺʱان "الʷʽ نʙعǼ ةʽʺة في اﻷهʽانʲار، والʷʱة اﻷولى في اﻻنʰتʛ
"انʷʽه نʽلȄو ابʱآف"
147
. -
اتǺاʯؒال. دتʙتع
أتيȄو راسةʙاولها الʻʱي تʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨلة على شʳʶʺة الʽابʱؔص الʨʸʻال
حاتʨة )لȄʛعʷات الʽاﻷب رأسها على1
-
4
رʨʰ القʙاهʨة على شȄʛعʷات الʽل اﻷبʽʳʶ أن تʗابʲ(، وال
انʛة في إيʽهȄʨʰولة الʙاء الʛ أمʦȞة حʛʱجع إلى فʛي )
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إشارات اكʻ، وه
ل أبʽʳʶإلى ت)ȑفارʸ الʘʽ لʧب بʨعقǽ ʛʰ قʙ على شاهʛات شعʽ
265
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ʖم(، وصاح
نجʜال149
)
270
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(م150
ةʽʸʵʷ مع الȘفʱر يʨʰ القʙاهʨات على شʽه اﻷبʚل هʲل مʽʳʶ، وت
لʽʵʱل والʽʲʺʱاز والʳʺالǼ نʨفʨ شغʦتهʛʢفǼ (ʧʽʽانʛس )اﻹيʛف أن الفʨألʺعارف والʱʺ الʧʺة، فʽالفارس
ىʱ، بل حʖʶ وحʦهʛﻻ في شع
ʦهʙʻ عȑʛʳǽ ȑʚل الʽʺ الʦها، ولهʱʽʻل بʽȞʷل تʨ وأصʦهʱ لغʧʱفي م
ʛȄʨʸʱالǼ اءʽة على اﻷشʽʤﻻلة اللفʙاز، بل في جعل الʳʺالǼ قةʽقʴ الʛʽʶ العادة في تفȐʛʳم
ﻼʽʸتف151
. ها علىʻلة مȄʨʡ ةʽʵȄة تارʛʱ لفʙʱʺة تʽانʛر إيʨʰ قʙاهʨلة على شʳʶة مȄʛات شعʽة ﻷبʛʽʲؗ لةʲاك أمʻوه
ل الʽʰس" ʦاسǼ أصفهانǼ ﻻدʨ فʗʵانة تʰ في جʛʰ قʙ شاهʛʸʴال ﻻ الʲʺآقا ﷴ
ȑادǼآʙʽب عامǼ رخʕ" م
1197
/هـ1783م152
" ʦاسǼ أصفهانǼ ʙʺاده أحʜار إمامʜ فى مʙله شاهʲ، وم
و خان خلف صارمʛʶخ
ولهʙال عامʧة مʙ القعȑ ذʛهʷǼ رخʕ" م1316هـ/مارس1899
لʺʴȄ خان" وʖȄʛ "قʦاسǼ ʛم، وآخ 146
للمقارنة راجع: شهيدي، "نشانه ،"ای دوره قاجار237
-
240
،"؛ ﻣشيﺮی، "نشان ها وﻣدالهای ايﺮان203
-
205
-
شكل11
-
14
. 147
ه نشان ،ايﺮان ﺗاج نشان ،پهلوی نشان :هي أنواع ثﻼثة ﻓي ﺗتمثل البهلوي العصﺮ ﺧﻼل الﺮئيسية اﻹيﺮانية النياشيﻦ أن إلﻰ شارُي
ﻓياضي، "بﺮرسی اسنادي از نشان
،"هاي633
. ي
ي
ي
148
،ﻓقيهي آل بويه ،
814
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. ) ويﺮوى أن ﻋضد الدولة أبو شﺠاع ﻓنا ﺧسﺮو ابﻦ السلطان رﻛﻦ الدولة ﺣسﻦ بﻦ بويه367
-
372
/هـ978
-
983
،(م
صاﺣب العﺮاق وﻓارس، ﻣات ﻓي شوال سنة اثنتيﻦ وسبعيﻦ وثﻼثمائة/ﻣارس983م ببغداد، وﻋمل ﻓي ﺗابوت، ونقل ﻓدﻓﻦ
.بمشهد النﺠف
الﺬهبي )شمﺲ الديﻦ ﷴ بﻦ أﺣمد بﻦ ﻋثمان ت748
/هـ1347
،(م
سيﺮ أﻋﻼم النبﻼء ،
24
،الﺮسالة ﻣؤسسة :بيﺮوت) ،ًجﺰءا
1422
/هـ2001م(، ج16
،
251
. 149
هناك إشارة ﺗاريخية إلﻰ أنه
يعقوب يكﻦ لم ﻛأن/نعيمها وطيب نياّالد ﻋلﻰ ٌسﻼم :الطويل بحﺮ ﻣﻦ ارّالصف يثّالل بﻦ يعقوب قبﺮ ﻣﻦ قﺮئ قد
نجّالﺰ صاﺣب ّالعلوي البصﺮي قبﺮ ﻋلﻰ وقﺮئ ،كاُلْعُصُﻣ الﺮجال رام ﻣا وﻻرام /ًساﻋة هﺮّالد ﻣﻦ ًجيشا ْدُقُي لم ﻛأن /لﱠكاَمُﻣ ﻓيها
ﻣﻦ بحﺮ
الطويل: ﻋليك سﻼم ﷲ
أبو)التوﺣيدي .بسليم رﻣيها ﻣﻦ الﺬي ذا ﻓمﻦ / ًﻓﺮقة أﺣدثﻦ اﻷيام ﺗكﻦ ﻓإن /ذﻣيم غيﺮ فناكّوﺧل رﺣلنا /ٍﻣنﺰل ﺧيﺮ يا
ﺣيان ﻋلﻰ بﻦ ﷴ بﻦ العباس ت414
/هـ1023
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البصائر والذخائر،
10
،أجﺰاء، ﺗحقيق وداد القاضي، )بيﺮوت: دار صادر
1408
/هـ1988م(، ج8
،
141
. 150 http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cemeteries-qabrestan-gurestan-in-persian-folklore
ة ف
ط ﺦȄتار
ʛشه
انʲع الʽȃر
ي س ةʻ
1323
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" هʰاحʸ لʘم، وثال
انʵʽغﻼم عل ʛهʷǼ رخʕ" م
Ȓادʺج
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" هʰاحʸ لʘم، وثال
انʵʽغﻼم علʛهʷǼ رخʕ" م
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ان الʲ
عامʧي م1335لȄʛهـ/ أب1917م153
. " دعاء راسةʙاولها الʻʱي تʱر الʨʰ القʙاهʨي وردت على شʱات الǼاʱؔ الʧوم
نيʙل مʨي ورسȃʛي عʰʻب،
ﷲʙه أسʽوأخ
م
عليǼ ىʺʶ
،تهاʙأم ولȃل وʨʱاء بʛهʜȃو، يؗﻼ زʳا نʺ هʧʽلʰ وشʧʽʢʰʶȃو ،
ادʳʶȃو
ادق حقاʸ والʛاقȃو ،
ؗسى وعلي وتقي وزʨʺȃو يȘʴالǼ ʦة القائʳʴ والȑʛȞʶعȃو
فʽʶالǼ بʛʹǽ ȑʚال
ʦȞʴǼزلي أ"... 154حةʨ)ل3
وضةʛم الʛ في حʛʰ قʙها شاهʽ علʛهʣ يʱ الȐʛلة اﻷخʲ اﻷمʧ(، وم
إلىʖʶʻ ﷲ خان" يʙ "أسʦاسǼ ʦقǼ سةʙقʺة الʽʺʡالفا نʛ القʛأواخ13
/هـ19
نʛم أو أوائل الق
14
/هـ20م155
. 107سة بʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱمʧارة مʱʵُعة مʨʺʳء مʨض
ف»ﱡʦُق«ةʽʻة فȄدراسة آثار
153
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
اصفهان"، ﺗصويﺮ7
- 8
-
11
.
154
ﺗﺠدر اﻹشارة إلﻰ أن الصيغة الكاﻣلة لهﺬا الدﻋاء وجدت ﻣنقوشة ﻋلﻰ جدران القاﻋة الملحقة باﻹيوان الغﺮبي ﻓي ﻣسﺠد الﺠمعة بأصفهان
بخط الثلث اﻷبيض ﻋلﻰ أرضية زرقاء ﻣﻦ البﻼطات الخﺰﻓية المتعددة اﻷلوان. سويلم، اﻻتجاهات العقائدية ،
111
.؛ نصﺮﺗی، "کتيبه های
،"قﺮآنی ﻣسﺠد جاﻣع اصفهان
33
؛
http://artqazvin.ir/default.aspx?page=8107§ion=newlistItem&mid=43781&pid=18948
155
اشکوری، "سنگ های گويا ﻣطالعه
،"ای ﺗطبيقی بﺮ سنگ قبﺮهای ﻣعاصﺮ963
؛
http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=625
وﻣﻦ اﻷﻣثلة اﻷﺧﺮى التي سﺠل ﻋليها هﺬا الدﻋاء شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي قم يحمل ﻛتابات بإسم "ﻣﺮﺣوم ﺣاج ﷴﺧان اﻣيﺮاﻣنع ياراﺣمدي" الﺬى ﺗوﻓﻰ
يوم12
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-
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-
http://yaftenews.ir/notes/other/3824
yahoo1519.html
156
،(الكفعمي البلد اﻷمين والدرع الحصين ،
503
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،؛ القمي
مفاتيح الجﻨان ،
169
-
173
.
157
المقدم، خزانة اﻻسرار في الختوم واﻻذكار
، ج2
،
7
-
17
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. سل ماʨʱ الʧأن مǼ ʦيهʙعة، إذ ورد لʽʷ الȐʙوفة لʛعʺفاع الʷʱسل واﻻسʨʱة الʽ أدعʧعاء مʙا الʚوه
ʛʷعة عȃ اﻷرʧʽمʨʸعʺات على الʨلʸالǼ ʨه156
انه وتعالىʴʰ سĺ، فا"
انʶاتي أن اﻹنʚ الʦالعلǼ ʦعلǽ
ʽʢʵ والʖنʚ الʧنا مʨ مأمʝʽل ،ارئه شاء أم أبىǼ دة إلىʨ العʧ مʙ، وأنه ﻻبʧʽʡاʽʷ والʝʽور إبلʛʷة لʯ
Ǽه واﻻناȃʨʱعاء والʙاب الǼ حʱ فʥلʚول
ة
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ابǼ حʱوف
فاعʷال
ة
:فقال
َةَلʽ ِسَʨال ِهْʽَإل اʨُغَʱْواب َﱠɳ اʨُاتﱠق اʨُʻَآم َʧيِʚَال اَيﱡهَأ اَǽ﴿
﴾َنʨُʴِلْفُت ْʦُؔلﱠَعَل ِهِلʽِʰ َس يِف واُʙِاهَوج ،
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مانʜ الʖ صاحʛʤʱʻʺ الȑʙهʺى الʱ حʧʽʶʴال"
157
. شهاداتʧه مʻʺʹʱا يʺǼ رʨʰ القʙاهʨعاء على شʙا الʚل هʽʳʶل أن تʺʱʴʺ الʧوم ةʺاء لﻸئʺوأس
ʦʽعالʱه وفقا لʻʽض تلقʛغǼ ʗʽʺضع مع الʨى تʱفة الʽʴʸ الʧﻼ عǽʙ بʧʽمʨʸعʺ الʛʷعة عȃاﻷر
..." هاʽاب فʱؗ ةʵʶضع معه نʨ ورد أن يʙ، فقȑʛʷي عʻ اﻻثʖهʚʺال
ﷲ ّإﻻ َإله ﻻ ْأن ُʙَهْʷَǽ ُنﱠهَأ
ْʽَلَع ﷲ ىّلَص ًاʙﱠʺَʴُم نﱠَأَو ،ُهَل َʥȄʛ َش ﻻ ُهَʙْحَو ِلُﱡسʛالَو ِاءʽِʰْنَاﻷ ِعʽʺَʳِǼ ﱡʛِقُم ُنﱠهَأَو ،ُهُلʨ ُسَرَو ُهُʙْʰَع ِهِآلَو ِه
ُهَأوﱠل أنﱠَو ،ُهُʱﱠʺِئَأ ِهِʙْلِو ْʧِم ِﱠةʺِئَاﻷ أنﱠَو ،ُهُمامȂَو ﷲ يﱡِلَو ًﱠاʽِلَع نﱠَأَو ،ُﱠﻼمʶال ْʦِهْʽَلَع ، ُʧْʽ َʶُʴالَو ، ُʧ َʶَʴال ُʦ
ُʴال ُʧْب يﱡِلَعَو ُʙﱠʺَʴُمَऎ ،ىَسʨُم ُʧْب يﱡِلَعَو ٍ،ʛَفْعَج ُʧْب سىʨُمَو ،ٍʙﱠʺَʴُم ُʧْب ُʛَفْعَجَو ، ٍّيِلَع ُʧْب ُʙﱠʺَʴُمَऎ ، ِʧْʽ َʶ
َﱠةʻَʳال أنﱠَو .ُﱠﻼمʶال ُʦِهْʽَلَع ُﱠةʳُʴال ُʦِالقائَو ، ٍّيِلَع ُʧْب ُʧ َʶَʴالَو ،ٍʙﱠʺَʴُم ُʧْب يﱡِلَعَو ، ٍّيِلَع ُʧْب
الَو ،ﱡȘَح َﱠارʻ سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
107
- 2016
) تʗش3
( ِهْʽَلَع ﷲ ىّلَص ًاʙﱠʺَʴُم أنﱠَو . ِرʨُʰُالق يِف ْʧَم ُʘَعْʰَي ﷲ أنﱠَو ،هاʽِف َʖْȄَر َﻻ ٌةَʽِآت َةَﱠ اعʶالَو ُ،ّȘَح ُهُʙْʰَع ِهِآلَو
ﷲ ىّلَص ،ﷲ ِلʨ ُسَر ِʙْعَǼ ْʧِم ُةَفʽِلَʵالَو ،ﷲ يﱡِلَو ﱠاʽِلَع أنﱠَو ،ِّȘَʴالِǼ َجاء ،ُهُلʨ ُسَرَو ُهُفَلْʵَʱ ْʶُمَو ،ِهِآلَو ِهْʽَلَع
ْʽ َʶُʴالَو َʧ َʶَʴال هاْʽَʻْابَو ،ﷲ ِلʨ ُسَر ُʗْʻِب َةَʺ ِʡفا أنﱠَو ،عالىَتَو َكَارʰَت ِهِّȃَر ِʛِﻷم اǽِّدَʕُم ،ِهِʱأمﱠ يِف اʻْاب ،ʧ
ُمَऎ ًﱠاʽِلَع أنﱠَو ،ِةَʺْﱠحʛا الʙِقائَو ،Ȑʙُاله ماماȂَو ،ُاهʢْʰ ِسَو ﷲ ِلʨ ُسَر ًاʙﱠʺَʴُمَऎ ًﱠاʽِلَعَو ىَسʨُمَو ًاʛَفْعَجَو ًاʙﱠʺَʴ
،ُﱠﻼمʶال ُʦِهْʽَلَع َﱠةʳُʴالَو ًاʻ َʶَحَو ًﱠاʽِلَعَو
ِهِادʰِع ىَلَع ٌﱠةʳُحَو ﻼَعَو لﱠَج ﷲ لىِإ ٌعاةُدَو ،ٌةَقادَو ٌﱠةʺِأئ"
158
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
108
-
158
،الكفعمي
البلد اﻷمين والدرع الحصين ،
13
،
14
؛ المﺠلسي )ﷴ باقﺮ ت1111
/هـ1699
،(م
زاد المعاد
، ﺗعﺮيب وﺗعليق ﻋﻼء الديﻦ
،اﻷﻋلمﻰ، )بيﺮوت: ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1423
/هـ2003
،(م352
-
353
،(؛ الكاشاني)العباس الحسيني
مصابيح الجﻨان :، )الكويت
،دار الفقه للطباﻋة والنشﺮ، قم، الطبعة الستون، المكتبة المحمدية1422
/هـ2001
،(م783
-
784
.
159
ﺗبلغ أبعاد هﺬا الشاهد146
×
54
سم، ويحمل نصوص ﻛتابية ﻣتعددة ﻣﻦ بينها واﺣدة نصها: "ﺣﺮره ﷴ بﻦ اسمعيل المتخلص وصنعه
ﷴرضا بﻦ ﻣﺮﺣوم
،"ﷴﻋلي". قدسی، "بﺮﺧی از لوح ﻣﺰارهای رقم دار ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد8
-
9.
160
شاهمندی، "بﺮرسي ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان10
-
11
- ﺗصويﺮ12
.
161
اشکوری، "سنگ های گويا ﻣطالعه
،"ای ﺗطبيقی بﺮ سنگ قبﺮهای ﻣعاصﺮ623
-
937
.
162
،الفيض الكاشاني
الصافي في تفسير القرآن
، ج4
،
21
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. القاʛʸة خﻼل العʽانʛر اﻹيʨʰ القʙاهʨﻼ على شʽʳʶص تʨʸʻ الʛʲ أكʧوم" ارةʰ عȑجار هو ȑِʚَال ِّيَʴال
ُتʨُʺَǽ ﻻ" حةʨ)ل3
نʨؔʱ، لʙاهʷة الʺ قʧ مȑʨء العلʜʳال على ًاʱثاب ًاناȞ لها مʖاتؔار الʱ(، وعادة اخ
"مʨʽي القʴ الʨاقي" و"هʰ الʨارتي "هʰام عʙʵʱار اﻻسʛؔها في تʽلȄات، وǼاʱؔة للʽاحʱʱارة اﻻفʰة العǼاʲʺǼ
ارةʰة عʙاهʷ مʧȞʺȄ، وʖʽتʛʱعلى ال
ʨ"ه ُتʨُʺَǽ ﻻȑِʚَال ِّيَʴال ﻻدʨ فʗʵانة تʰʳǼ ʛʰ قʙ" على شاه
ʽا بʶ نȐرʨ "حʦاسǼ أصفهانǼ
Ȣ
ةʻ اﻷولى سȐادʺرخ في جʕ" مʦ
1249
ʛʰʺʱʰهـ/ س1833م159
، وعلى
ارʜ في مʛʰ قʙشاه ادهʜامام
ʙʺاح Ǽاصفهان
" ʦاسǼقايیʷ خان قʜمʛه م عامʛʴʺ "الʛهʷǼ رخʕ" م
1294
ʛايʻهـ/ي1877
"م160اǼ ʛ، وآخʦس "وʛʶخ خان خلف صارم ولهʙال ʧة مʙ القعȑ ذʛهʷǼ رخʕʺ" ال
عام1316هـ/مارس1899
سةʙقʺة الʽʺʡوضة الفاʛم الʛ في حȐʛلة اﻷخʲ اﻷمʧه، ومʛؗ ذȘابʶم ال
ةʳʴ الȑ ذʛهʷǼ رخʕ" مʦ خان خانȑʛاده مهʜ "شاهʦاسǼ ʙ شاهʦقǼ
1305
ʝʢʶهـ/أغ1888
م، وفي
"ىʽʴǽ ʙ "حاج أسʦاسǼ ʙم شاهʛʴ الʝنف ةʻʶǼ رخʕم1290
/.هـ.ش1329
/هـ1911م161
. ʦة رقʽآنʛة القǽ اﻵʧاس مʰʱارة إقʰه العʚوه58
:هاʸقان ونʛرة الفʨ سʧم ﻻȑِʚَال ِّيَʴال ىَلَع ْﱠلَؗʨَوت﴿
﴾ًاʛʽِʰَخ ِهِادَʰِع ِبʨُنُʚِب ِهِǼ ىَفَؗو ِهِʙْʺَʴِǼ ْحِّʰ َوس ُتʨُʺَǽ
،
ه إرسالʻض مʛر الغʨʰ القʙاهʨلها على شʽʳʶوت
رسال أن ﷲǼ رʨʰالق على ونʛʺǽ ʧʺاء مʽة إلى اﻷح ل حيؗ قاء، وأنʰرة والʙالقǼ زʜعʱت، مʨʺǽ حي ﻻ
اءʻت والفʨʺه الʱ، نهايʙʰع قʨلʵاه مʨسȘʽقʴ الʨا فهʚ، ل أنǼ
لّؗʨʱُي هʽعل
دون
ʧيّʚاء الʽاﻷح
نʨتʨʺǽ
ʦّفإنه إذا اʨمات ضاع
ʧم لّؗʨت
ʦهʽعل162
ال على ﷲʰ على اﻹقʘا حʚ، وفي ه ʚʰه، ونʛʽغ دون
علىʙقى أحʰأنه ﻻ يǼ اسʻع الʽʺفى وجʨʱʺة ﻷهل الȄʜا تعʹǽلها أʽʳʶاة، وفي تʽʴا والʽنʙات الʨشه
.تʨʺǽ ىʱوجه اﻷرض ح ال
ةʸاتʳ ف اʴʱة إلى الʙيʙج إضافة راسةʙه الʚل هʲʺت
ةʽخامʛل
،فة خاصةʸǼ ةȄفة عامة والقاجارʸǼ ةʽانʛاﻹي
ﻷن اًʛʤن
رʨʰ القʙاهʨش اʻى تʱال ʧ مʦغʛل على الʰ قʧقلة مʱʶم دراسة لها دʛ تفʦل راسةʙها الʱول
ها، إذʱʽʺأه
يʜʽʺʱ
هاʺʤمع
Ǽ ﻼتهاʽʲ مʧع
هاʽلة علʳʶʺة الʽʸʵʷر الʨʸال. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. -
ʷر الʨʸ والʛȄʨʸʱ الʧف دراسة ʙ روافʧا مʙراف صفهاʨر بʨʰ القʙاهʨة شʽʺأه ان خﻼلʛة في إيʽʸʵ
.ȑ القاجارʛʸالع -
ʷر الʨʸ والʛȄʨʸʱ الʧف دراسة ʙ روافʧا مʙراف صفهاʨر بʨʰ القʙاهʨة شʽʺأه ان خﻼلʛة في إيʽʸʵ
.ȑ القاجارʛʸالع -
ʧ، ومȑ القاجارʛʸة خﻼل العʽانʛر اﻹيʨʰ القʙاهʨش على ًﻼʽʳʶة هي اﻷقل تʽآنʛات القǽأن اﻵ
Ȍ أجازت فقȑʛʷي عʻعي اﻻثʽʷ الʖهʚʺة الʺ أئʧاردة عʨات الǽواʛجع إلى أن الʛ يʥجح أن ذلʛʺال
ʛʸʱال دون ،هʰ وصاحʛʰه على القǼ لʙʱʶǽ ة ماǼاʱك ʥة، وفي ذلʽآنʛص القʨʸʻل الʽʳʶاحة تǼإǼ حȄ
ضهʛعǽ اʺȃ رʛʰم على القʛʱʴ مʨا هʺه مʛʽآن أو غʛة القǼاʱؗ عة على أنʽʷة والʻʶ فقهاء الʠعǼ Șأتف
حʛا صʚلة، ولهʰʶʺة الʛʰقʺ في الʞʰʻار الʛؔ تʙʻتى عʨʺ الʙيʙʸǼ ʘȄʨلʱاسة والʳʻام، والʙ اﻷقʝهʙل
آن عʛة القǼاʱؗ ʦȄʛʴʱ الفقهاء بʠعǼ
ʥ ﻷجل ذلʛʰلى الق164
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
-
110
-
163
أﻣثلة وﻣﻦ ،ﻓنيا الصحيحة الشﺮوط ﻓيها ﺗتحقق لم ﻷصحابها شخصية صور ﻋليها ﺠلتُس القاجاري العصﺮ إلﻰ ﺗﺮجع قبور شواهد هناك
ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي جبانة إﻣاﻣﺰاده أﺣمد بأصفهان باسم "ﺣسيﻦ بک ﻣﻦ طايفه زرگﺮ" ﻣؤرخ بعام1326
/هـ1908
م، ﺗحتل ﻓيه الصورة
الشخصية ﻣساﺣة صغيﺮة ﻓي الﺠ
ﺰء السفلي ﻣﻦ الشاهد. شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان8
-
9، ﺗصويﺮ9.
164
حيبانيّالس ،أحكام المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية ،
179
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. ةʽʺل أهʲʺʱو ت
هʚه
عةʨʺʳʺال نهاʨؗ
ةʽانʛف اﻹيʴʱ الʧة مǽʙʽ تقلʛʽعة غʨʺʳم
ةʽʸʵʷر الʨʸالǼ فةʛخʜʺال
ʦʤل معʺʴت
،ȑ القاجارʧات الفʜʽʺم
هيʱʻوت راسةʙال إلى:ما يلي
-
انʛانات في إيʰʳ الʧ مʦʤ اﻷعʦأن القاس -هاʻة مʽʵȄارʱخاصة ال-
،رهاʨʰح قʨʢح سʽʢʶʱ بʜʽʺʱت
ل أفقيȞʷǼ ضعʨها تʙاهʨ شʦʤومع،
ʛʷʱʻʺ اﻹمامي الʖهʚʺار الؔ أفʛʽة تأثʨ قȐʙ مʝȞعǽ ماʨوه
.اكʻه ل أفقيȞʷǼ ضعʨها تʙاهʨ شʦʤومع،
ʛʷʱʻʺ اﻹمامي الʖهʚʺار الؔ أفʛʽة تأثʨ قȐʙ مʝȞعǽ ماʨوه
.اكʻه
-
ʛʸر في العʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʦʤعʺة لʽʻات الفʺʽʺʸʱان ال ،حʨلʛʽاء: سʜ إلى ثﻼثة أجʦʶقʻ تȐالقاجار
ʧ مȌء اﻷوسʜʳ الʦ، ثʙاهʷات الǼاʱؔة لʽاحʱʱة إفǼاʲʺǼ ابيʱؗ ʟ نʖʽتʛʱاشي؛ وهى على الʨ، حʧʱم
ل فىʲʺʱʱاشي فʨʴفى، أما الʨʱʺانات الʽ بʧʺʹʱة تʽلʽʳʶات تǼاʱؗ غله فى العادةʷ تȑʚ الʙاهʷح الʢس
عʺʳǽ ʙ وقʧʱʺل الʨور حʙ يʛʲار أو اكʡإ .اʺاهʙإحǼ فىʱُؔǽ لفة أوʱʵʺخارف الʜات والǼاʱؔ الʧʽب
-
صʛح رʨʰ القʙاهʨʷ لʛمʛʺاح الʨاده ألʙعȂعه وʢ قʙʻانع عʸال–
اذجʺʻلل اًوفق اولهاʻʱى تʱال
راسةʙال–
ʛʽʰؗ ʥʺ ُس ذات نʨؔأن ت
؛
اʚ بهȌʰتʛȄ، وʛʰا على القʽها أفقʱʽʰʲ تʙʻ عʛʶؔض للʛعʱى ﻻ تʱح
،ةǽدʛʡ عﻼقةʛفʴ الȘʺ والعʥʺُʶ الʧʽ بȌȃʛى تʱاته؛ إذ أن العﻼقة الȄʨʱʶد مʙ وتعʛفʴ الȘʺا عʹǽأ
"زاʛʽمان مʛ "قهʛʰ قʙ أن شاهʙʳا نʚاته، لȄʨʱʶدت مʙ وتعʛفʴ الȘʺُع زاد اʺلؗ ʥʺ ُʶال زاد اʺلؔف
حةʨ)ل2 أعʨ( هʙاهʨʷ الȘʺ
جع إلىʛ يʥل في ذلʹ أن الفʥات، وﻻ شȄʨʱʶʺد الʙ وتعʛفʴفي ال
لغʰى تʱ الʛمʛʺح الʨاكة لʺس20
.ʦس
-
ʧʽ بʧرج ثﻼثة مʙʻت
ʙاهʨʷال عةȃاﻷر
اولʻي تʱالʱحاتʨل) راسةʙها ال1
،
2
،
4
(،
، ʙؗʕل مȞʷǼ
ʧʺض
ًʽ أفقʗʰʲى تʱة الʴʢʶʺ الʙاهʨʷال
اʙاهʷ أن الʧʽ، في حʛʰالق قʨا ف عǼاʛل
و
ʨه اʽلُع ʙهʺǼ اصʵال
حةʨ)ل3
،ʥلʚؗ نʨȞǽ ʙ( ق ل أنهʺʱʴǽ اʺؗ
اʱʰʲان مؗاًʽرأس.لةʰاه القʳاتǼ ʧفʙʺار الʙعلى ج
-
ʦة لهʽعʽʰʢاملة الؔة الʯʽامل الهȞǼ انؗ انʛام إيȞ حʧاهات مʷ الʛȄʨʸأن ت "
Full Length
PortraitلȞʷǼ ʦهʛȄʨʸ تʦʱان يؗ ʧȄʛ اﻵخʛاء وسائʛ أن اﻷمʧʽ"، في ح
ة ثﻼثةʯʽ في هȌفي فقʸن
ʙʶʳل الʨʡ اعȃأر "
Three Quarter Length Portrait
رʨʸاع الʨ أنʧ مȌ فقʧʽʻل اثʲʺǽ ماʨ" وه
ةȄر القاجارʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʨلʵ تʥلʚȃة، وʽʸʵʷال -ى اﻵنʱح -
أسʛ الʛهʤُǽ ȑʚ الʘالʲع الʨʻ الʧم
) Ȍ فقʧʽفʱؔوالHead and Shoulder Portrait
ʽʸʸʵʱʺ الʧʽف بʛعُȄ( و رةʨʸ "الʦاسǼ ʧ
ة أʽجهʨة الʽʸʵʷال ."جهيʨه الȄʛرتʨʰو ال -
ʛʸر في العʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʦʤعʺة لʽʻات الفʺʽʺʸʱان ال ،حʨلʛʽاء: سʜ إلى ثﻼثة أجʦʶقʻ تȐالقاجار
ʧ مȌء اﻷوسʜʳ الʦ، ثʙاهʷات الǼاʱؔة لʽاحʱʱة إفǼاʲʺǼ ابيʱؗ ʟ نʖʽتʛʱاشي؛ وهى على الʨ، حʧʱم
ل فىʲʺʱʱاشي فʨʴفى، أما الʨʱʺانات الʽ بʧʺʹʱة تʽلʽʳʶات تǼاʱؗ غله فى العادةʷ تȑʚ الʙاهʷح الʢس
عʺʳǽ ʙ وقʧʱʺل الʨور حʙ يʛʲار أو اكʡإ .اʺاهʙإحǼ فىʱُؔǽ لفة أوʱʵʺخارف الʜات والǼاʱؔ الʧʽب -
صʛح رʨʰ القʙاهʨʷ لʛمʛʺاح الʨاده ألʙعȂعه وʢ قʙʻانع عʸال–
اذجʺʻلل اًوفق اولهاʻʱى تʱال
راسةʙال–
ʛʽʰؗ ʥʺ ُس ذات نʨؔأن ت
؛
اʚ بهȌʰتʛȄ، وʛʰا على القʽها أفقʱʽʰʲ تʙʻ عʛʶؔض للʛعʱى ﻻ تʱح
،ةǽدʛʡ عﻼقةʛفʴ الȘʺ والعʥʺُʶ الʧʽ بȌȃʛى تʱاته؛ إذ أن العﻼقة الȄʨʱʶد مʙ وتعʛفʴ الȘʺا عʹǽأ
"زاʛʽمان مʛ "قهʛʰ قʙ أن شاهʙʳا نʚاته، لȄʨʱʶدت مʙ وتعʛفʴ الȘʺُع زاد اʺلؗ ʥʺ ُʶال زاد اʺلؔف
حةʨ)ل2 أعʨ( هʙاهʨʷ الȘʺ
جع إلىʛ يʥل في ذلʹ أن الفʥات، وﻻ شȄʨʱʶʺد الʙ وتعʛفʴفي ال
لغʰى تʱ الʛمʛʺح الʨاكة لʺس20
.ʦس -
ʦة لهʽعʽʰʢاملة الؔة الʯʽامل الهȞǼ انؗ انʛام إيȞ حʧاهات مʷ الʛȄʨʸأن ت "
Full Length
PortraitلȞʷǼ ʦهʛȄʨʸ تʦʱان يؗ ʧȄʛ اﻵخʛاء وسائʛ أن اﻷمʧʽ"، في ح
ة ثﻼثةʯʽ في هȌفي فقʸن
ʙʶʳل الʨʡ اعȃأر "
Three Quarter Length Portrait
رʨʸاع الʨ أنʧ مȌ فقʧʽʻل اثʲʺǽ ماʨ" وه
ةȄر القاجارʨʰ القʙاهʨ شʨلʵ تʥلʚȃة، وʽʸʵʷال -ى اﻵنʱح -
أسʛ الʛهʤُǽ ȑʚ الʘالʲع الʨʻ الʧم
) Ȍ فقʧʽفʱؔوالHead and Shoulder Portrait
ʽʸʸʵʱʺ الʧʽف بʛعُȄ( و رةʨʸ "الʦاسǼ ʧ
ة أʽجهʨة الʽʸʵʷال ."جهيʨه الȄʛرتʨʰو ال سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( -
اولهاʻʱي تʱفة عامة الʸǼ ة قاجارʛاد أسʛام وأفȞر حʨʰ قʙاهʨاردة على شʨة الʽʸʵʷر الʨʸأن ال
ʜؗʛل مʱʴة؛ إذ إنها تʽʸʵʷر الʨʸة للʴʽʴʸة الʽʻ الفȋوʛʷفاة للʨʱʶفة خاصة مʸǼ راسةʙال
جʞهامؗ ةʢʽʶǼ افةʶد مʨ مع وجʙاهʷال ،ةʽابʱؗ صʨʸه نǼ ار أدرجʡإǼ اتʴʻي لها، شغلها الʰان
اعʽهها وضȄʨʷا في تʰʰس نʨȞǽ ʙا قʺلي مؔ الʙاهʷ الʦʳ حʧا مʛʽءا صغʜرة جʨʸل الʱʴ تʦ لʥلʚȃو
ةʺهʺل الʽفاصʱان الʙاب أو فقʽ غʖʰʶǼ حهاʨالها ووضʺج163
. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
110
- اتʺʽʺʸʱا أن الʺؗ ،اʹǽة أʻʢلʶال وشعاع ،زاʛʽمان مʛ ﷴ شاه وقهʛʰ قȑʙ شاهʧل مؗ على ةʽʻالف
.ʦقʛا الʚة لها عﻼقة بهȄ القاجارʧʽاشʽʻ الʧد مʙلع
-
راسةʙ الʙاهʨ عامة وشȑ القاجارʛʸر خﻼل العʨʰ القʙاهʨلة على شʳʶʺة الȄʛعʷات الʽإن اﻷب
ʧه مʱاغʽ صʧ مʛعʷ الʧع مʨʻا الʚه هǼ ʜʽʺʱا يʺا لʛʤعة" نʢ القʖل أساسي "قالȞʷǼ ʗʻʰخاصة ت
القاف نʨؔ وتʧʽاعʛʸ مʧم نʨȞ مʗʽب ʧ مʧʽد معʙعǼ مʜʱا انه ﻻ يلʺؗ ،انيʲاع الʛʸʺة الǽة في نهاʽ
ى علىʻʰُي Ȑʚ" الȑʨʻʲʺ الʖه "قالʽلȄر، وʨʰ القʙاهʨعة شʽʰʡ ا معʰاسʻ تʖالʨ القʛʲا جعله أكʺات مʽاﻷب
.ȑوʛة والʽ في القافʧʽفقʱ مʧʽاعʛʸها على مʻ مʗʽل بؗ لʺʱʷǽ ،عةʛʸقلة مʱʶات مʽأب
-
ة ﻷعﻼمʽʻال الفʺإن اﻷع ȑʚذج الʨʺʻان ورجالها هي الʛام إيȞʴة لʽʸʵʷر الʨʸ الʧ مʧȄرʨʸʺال
لʧȄفارʴ والʧʽقاشʻه الǼ عانʱاسʛفʴ
حةʨر)لʨʰ القʙاهʨ على شʦرهʨص1
ʗقʰي سʱات الʨʻʶ( خﻼل ال
ان عامʛئي إلى إيʨʹ الʛȄʨʸʱل الʨدخ1260
/هـ1844م165
،
الʰئي واﻹقʨʹ الʛȄʨʸʱار الʷʱومع ان
نʛف القʸʱʻ مʚʻه مʽعل13
/هـ19
ادʙه ﻹعʽ علʙʺʱعُأ ȑʚذج الʨʺʻة هي الʽئʨʹر الʨʸم صارت ال
حةʨة )لʻʢلʶ شعاع الʛʰ قʙه في شاهʙʳ نȑʚ الʨʴʻر على الʨʰ القʙاهʨش4
هʽرته علʨ صȘابʢʱ تȑʚ( ال
ةȄʛȞʶالع ةّʜَʰالǼ ة لهʽئʨرة ضʨمع ص حةʨ)ل10
.( اتʺʽʺʸʱا أن الʺؗ ،اʹǽة أʻʢلʶال وشعاع ،زاʛʽمان مʛ ﷴ شاه وقهʛʰ قȑʙ شاهʧل مؗ على ةʽʻالف
.ʦقʛا الʚة لها عﻼقة بهȄ القاجارʧʽاشʽʻ الʧد مʙلع اتʺʽʺʸʱا أن الʺؗ ،اʹǽة أʻʢلʶال وشعاع ،زاʛʽمان مʛ ﷴ شاه وقهʛʰ قȑʙ شاهʧل مؗ على ةʽʻالف
.ʦقʛا الʚة لها عﻼقة بهȄ القاجارʧʽاشʽʻ الʧد مʙلع -
راسةʙ الʙاهʨ عامة وشȑ القاجارʛʸر خﻼل العʨʰ القʙاهʨلة على شʳʶʺة الȄʛعʷات الʽإن اﻷب
ʧه مʱاغʽ صʧ مʛعʷ الʧع مʨʻا الʚه هǼ ʜʽʺʱا يʺا لʛʤعة" نʢ القʖل أساسي "قالȞʷǼ ʗʻʰخاصة ت
القاف نʨؔ وتʧʽاعʛʸ مʧم نʨȞ مʗʽب ʧ مʧʽد معʙعǼ مʜʱا انه ﻻ يلʺؗ ،انيʲاع الʛʸʺة الǽة في نهاʽ
ى علىʻʰُي Ȑʚ" الȑʨʻʲʺ الʖه "قالʽلȄر، وʨʰ القʙاهʨعة شʽʰʡ ا معʰاسʻ تʖالʨ القʛʲا جعله أكʺات مʽاﻷب
.ȑوʛة والʽ في القافʧʽفقʱ مʧʽاعʛʸها على مʻ مʗʽل بؗ لʺʱʷǽ ،عةʛʸقلة مʱʶات مʽأب -
ة ﻷعﻼمʽʻال الفʺإن اﻷع ȑʚذج الʨʺʻان ورجالها هي الʛام إيȞʴة لʽʸʵʷر الʨʸ الʧ مʧȄرʨʸʺال
لʧȄفارʴ والʧʽقاشʻه الǼ عانʱاسʛفʴ
حةʨر)لʨʰ القʙاهʨ على شʦرهʨص1
ʗقʰي سʱات الʨʻʶ( خﻼل ال
ان عامʛئي إلى إيʨʹ الʛȄʨʸʱل الʨدخ1260
/هـ1844م165
،
الʰئي واﻹقʨʹ الʛȄʨʸʱار الʷʱومع ان
نʛف القʸʱʻ مʚʻه مʽعل13
/هـ19
ادʙه ﻹعʽ علʙʺʱعُأ ȑʚذج الʨʺʻة هي الʽئʨʹر الʨʸم صارت ال
حةʨة )لʻʢلʶ شعاع الʛʰ قʙه في شاهʙʳ نȑʚ الʨʴʻر على الʨʰ القʙاهʨش4
هʽرته علʨ صȘابʢʱ تȑʚ( ال
ةȄʛȞʶالع ةّʜَʰالǼ ة لهʽئʨرة ضʨمع ص حةʨ)ل10
.( - اوﻻتʴة مʙت عʙاه شهʷʽعلʴʱها فʽ فʦȞي حʱة الʽʵȄارʱة الʛʱإن الف
امىʙس القʛك الفʨلʺǼ هʰʷʱه للʻم
ʧه مʽ فʚʵانا اتʷʽر نʙال أصʲʺل الʽʰ؛ فعلى سȐʛة أخʽ ناحʧة مȄʨفʸولة الʙام الȞة، وحʽ ناحʧم
اʺؗ ،ʦ اﻻسʝه نفʽ علȘلʡا وأʽʶʽنا رئʨȞ" مʝʺ وشʙ "أسʙʽرشʨ وخʛʽ شʦǽʙعار الفارسي القʷال
ʺǼ هʻها مʰʷ واضح تȑʨاز صفʛʡ ة ذاتʽʰاء أقʙص على ارتʛح هʽص علʛ ما حʨولة، وهʙه الʚك هʨل
ʚʻالفا مʵى مʴʻا مʨʴه نʽعǼع، إﻻ أن تاʨʻ الʝ نفʧاء مʰ قȐʙتʛي زاʛʽمان مʛ أن قهʙʳʻته فʛاد أسʛأف
لʙʰʱه، فاسʶǼ على مﻼʝȞ ما انعʨ وهʦعالʺة الʽȃة أوروʙيʙ جʙʽأ تقالʙ بȑʚ ﷴ شاه قاجار الʙعه
ة اﻷصل، وفي هʽȃة أوروȄʛȞʶع ةّʜَʰاء بʰالق اʚة ﷴ شاه إلى هʽقʰأس إلى راسةʙاق أشارت الʽʶا الʚ
.ةʽʺرس ةّʜَب Ȑʙ ارتʧ أول مʨ شاه هʧيʙ الʛ أن ناصʧائع مʷالف الʵǽ ماʨ، وهʙʽقلʱال - اوﻻتʴة مʙت عʙاه شهʷʽعلʴʱها فʽ فʦȞي حʱة الʽʵȄارʱة الʛʱإن الف
امىʙس القʛك الفʨلʺǼ هʰʷʱه للʻم
ʧه مʽ فʚʵانا اتʷʽر نʙال أصʲʺل الʽʰ؛ فعلى سȐʛة أخʽ ناحʧة مȄʨفʸولة الʙام الȞة، وحʽ ناحʧم
اʺؗ ،ʦ اﻻسʝه نفʽ علȘلʡا وأʽʶʽنا رئʨȞ" مʝʺ وشʙ "أسʙʽرشʨ وخʛʽ شʦǽʙعار الفارسي القʷال
ʺǼ هʻها مʰʷ واضح تȑʨاز صفʛʡ ة ذاتʽʰاء أقʙص على ارتʛح هʽص علʛ ما حʨولة، وهʙه الʚك هʨل
ʚʻالفا مʵى مʴʻا مʨʴه نʽعǼع، إﻻ أن تاʨʻ الʝ نفʧاء مʰ قȐʙتʛي زاʛʽمان مʛ أن قهʙʳʻته فʛاد أسʛأف
لʙʰʱه، فاسʶǼ على مﻼʝȞ ما انعʨ وهʦعالʺة الʽȃة أوروʙيʙ جʙʽأ تقالʙ بȑʚ ﷴ شاه قاجار الʙعه
ة اﻷصل، وفي هʽȃة أوروȄʛȞʶع ةّʜَʰاء بʰالق اʚة ﷴ شاه إلى هʽقʰأس إلى راسةʙاق أشارت الʽʶا الʚ
.ةʽʺرس ةّʜَب Ȑʙ ارتʧ أول مʨ شاه هʧيʙ الʛ أن ناصʧائع مʷالف الʵǽ ماʨ، وهʙʽقلʱال
- أن
نʨȞǽ ب أنʛال اﻷقʺʱاﻻح "
ﷴ شاهʛʰ قȑʙ شاهʧل مؗ صانعʨار" هʳحاجي ﷴ على ح
اʽلُع ʙومه حةʨ)ل1
،
3
ǽاʙله بʺ( وانه مارس ع اءʻ اﻷبʧان، وأن له مʛهʡ قل إلىʱ انʦة في أصفهان ث
ʙ مهʛʰ قʙه على شاهʽ أبʦ اسʖه إلى جانʺ اسʛهʣ ȑʚائه الʻ أبʛʰ أكʨ" وهʛʰ؛ اﻷول "علي أكʧʽʻاث
شاهʧيʙ الʛمة ناصʙل خاص في خȞʷǼ لʺه، وعʽة أبʻ ورث مهȑʚاسقلي" الʰاني "عʲا، والʽلُع
ʰ قʙه على شاهʺر اسʨهʣ لʽلʙته، بʛوأس .هʱاد عائلʛ أفʧ مʛد آخʙ شاه وعʧيʙ الʛ ناصʛ -
111
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
165
Modares, Qajar painting, 110. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. -
"اʽ علʙ "مهʛʰ قȑʙ على شاهʧʽؔلʺم الʨأن رس حةʨ)ل3
"ةʻʢلʶ( و"شعاع ال حةʨ)ل4
Ȑʙ مʝȞ( تع
نʛاء في القʨ سȑ القاجارʛʸة خﻼل العʽانʛاﻹي نʨʻة على الفʽȃات اﻷوروʛʽأثʱتغلغل ال13
/هـ19
م أو
نʛ القʧع اﻷول مȃʛال14
/هـ20
ʺم الʨه رسʽ فʗʰʲُت ȑʚ الʗقʨم، في ال مانʛ قهʛʰ قʙ على شاهʧʽؔل
.ةȄارʛʺʱقاء واﻻسʰة على الʺǽʙة القʽ الفارسʛاصʻرة العʙق زاʛʽم - اتʡʨʢʵʺ الʛȄاوʸرها على تʨهʣ ʛʸʱقǽ ʦة لؔﻼئʺم الʨرس أن راسةʙه الʚاد هʙ خﻼل إعʧʽʰت
ȑʛʷǼ اقʽلفة، ووردت في سʱʵاد مʨ مʧعة مʨʻʸʺف الʴʱت إلى الʙʱها امʻؔ، ولʖʶʴة فʽانʛاﻹي
.ةʻʳة والȄاوʺʶاة الʽʴ للʜمʛ تʙاهʷ مʧʺة، أو ضʽمʨʽاة الʽʴ الʧاﻻ مʺارس أعʺت
- رʨʴʰد الʙ عʝ نفʨوه ،ًاʱʽ بʛʷعة عȃزعة على أرʨا" مʽ علʙ "مهʛʰ قʙة على شاهʽات اﻷدبǼاʱؔأن ال
Ȑʙ لʦقʛا الʚة هȄʜا رمʻʽفى علʵǽ ار وﻻʡة فى اﻹʽابʱؔص الʨʸʻها الʽزع فʨʱي تʱ( الʞʽʡاʛʵ)ال
ʽʷال
إلىʜمʛ يȑʚ الʛʷا عʻ اثʦقʛله الʲ، ومʛʷعة عȃ اﻷرʧʽمʨʸعʺ إلى الʛʽʷǽ ʘʽة حʽعة اﻹمام
ةȄʛعʷات الʽها اﻷبʽ علʗزعʨي تʱة الʽابʱؔر الʨʴʰد الʙ عʨة، وهʽعة اﻹمامʽʷ للʛʷي عʻة اﻻثʺاﻷئ -
اتʡʨʢʵʺ الʛȄاوʸرها على تʨهʣ ʛʸʱقǽ ʦة لؔﻼئʺم الʨرس أن راسةʙه الʚاد هʙ خﻼل إعʧʽʰت
ȑʛʷǼ اقʽلفة، ووردت في سʱʵاد مʨ مʧعة مʨʻʸʺف الʴʱت إلى الʙʱها امʻؔ، ولʖʶʴة فʽانʛاﻹي
.ةʻʳة والȄاوʺʶاة الʽʴ للʜمʛ تʙاهʷ مʧʺة، أو ضʽمʨʽاة الʽʴ الʧاﻻ مʺارس أعʺت - رʨʴʰد الʙ عʝ نفʨوه ،ًاʱʽ بʛʷعة عȃزعة على أرʨا" مʽ علʙ "مهʛʰ قʙة على شاهʽات اﻷدبǼاʱؔأن ال
Ȑʙ لʦقʛا الʚة هȄʜا رمʻʽفى علʵǽ ار وﻻʡة فى اﻹʽابʱؔص الʨʸʻها الʽزع فʨʱي تʱ( الʞʽʡاʛʵ)ال
ʽʷال إلىʜمʛ يȑʚ الʛʷا عʻ اثʦقʛله الʲ، ومʛʷعة عȃ اﻷرʧʽمʨʸعʺ إلى الʛʽʷǽ ʘʽة حʽعة اﻹمام
ةȄʛعʷات الʽها اﻷبʽ علʗزعʨي تʱة الʽابʱؔر الʨʴʰد الʙ عʨة، وهʽعة اﻹمامʽʷ للʛʷي عʻة اﻻثʺاﻷئ 163
أﻣثلة وﻣﻦ ،ﻓنيا الصحيحة الشﺮوط ﻓيها ﺗتحقق لم ﻷصحابها شخصية صور ﻋليها ﺠلتُس القاجاري العصﺮ إلﻰ ﺗﺮجع قبور شواهد هناك
ذلك شاهد قبﺮ ﻓي جبانة إﻣاﻣﺰاده أﺣمد بأصفهان باسم "ﺣسيﻦ بک ﻣﻦ طايفه زرگﺮ" ﻣؤرخ بعام1326
/هـ1908
م، ﺗحتل ﻓيه الصورة
الشخصية ﻣساﺣة صغيﺮة ﻓي الﺠ
ﺰء السفلي ﻣﻦ الشاهد. شاهمندی، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان8
-
9، ﺗصويﺮ9. 164
حيبانيّالس ،أحكام المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية ،
179
. -
111
-
سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
165
Modares, Qajar painting, 110.
،؛ الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء ،
146
" . وقد ﺣدث ذلك ﻋلﻰ يدJules Richard
" ﻣعلم
اللغتيﻦ الفﺮنسية واﻹنﺠليﺰية لمحمد شاه قاجار، وبلغ أوجه ﻓي ﻋهد ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه بشكل يصعب ﻣعه ﺗحديد ﻋدد المصوريﻦ أو أﻣاﻛﻦ
التصويﺮ ﻓي ﻛاﻓة أنحاء إيﺮان. التﻼوي)أﻣاني طاهﺮ ،(ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره سياستگران كتاب،
35
؛
Vernoit, "The Visual Arts", 25. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. ،؛ الخطيب
صور السﻼطين واﻷمراء ،
146
" . وقد ﺣدث ذلك ﻋلﻰ يدJules Richard
" ﻣعلم
اللغتيﻦ الفﺮنسية واﻹنﺠليﺰية لمحمد شاه قاجار، وبلغ أوجه ﻓي ﻋهد ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه بشكل يصعب ﻣعه ﺗحديد ﻋدد المصوريﻦ أو أﻣاﻛﻦ
التصويﺮ ﻓي ﻛاﻓة أنحاء إيﺮان. التﻼوي)أﻣاني طاهﺮ ،(ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره سياستگران كتاب،
35
؛
Vernoit, "The Visual Arts", 25. 2016
) تʗش3
( 2016
) تʗش3
( ) تʗش3
( ) تʗش3
( حاتʦالل
)لوﺣة رقم1
(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﷴ شاه قاجار" المحفوظ ﻓﻰ
ﻣتحف الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ
بعام1270
/هـ1853
-
1854م
. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث
)لوحة رﻗم2
(: شاهد ﻗبر "كهرمان ميرزا بن عباس
ميرزا)ت1255
/هـ1839م "(ال محفوظ في متحف
الروضة المقدسة بقم، ويﻨسب إلى الﻨصف الثاني من
القرن13
/هـ19م .تصوير الباحث
)لوﺣة رقم3(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﻣهد ﻋليا
" ال محفوظ ﻓي ﻣتحف
الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ بعام1296
/هـ1878
-
1879م. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث
)لوﺣة رقم4
( شاهد قبﺮ "شعاع السلطنة ابﻦ ﻣظفﺮ الديﻦ
شاه قاجار ت1339
/هـ.ق1920
-
1921
"م
ال محفوظ ﻓي
ﻣتحف الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم، وينسب إلﻰ النصف اﻷول
ﻣﻦ القﺮن14
/هـ20م .ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث حاتʦالل
)لوﺣة رقم1
(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﷴ شاه قاجار" المحفوظ ﻓﻰ
ﻣتحف الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ
بعام1270
/هـ1853
-
1854م
. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث )لوﺣة رقم1(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﷴ شاه قاجار" المحفوظ ﻓﻰ
ﻣتحف الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ
بعام1270
/هـ1853
-
1854م
. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث )لوﺣة رقم3(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﻣهد ﻋليا
" ال
محفوظ ﻓي ﻣتحف
الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ بعام1296
/هـ1878
-
1879م. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث )لوﺣة رقم4( شاهد قبﺮ "شعاع السلطنة ابﻦ ﻣظفﺮ الديﻦ
شاه قاجار ت1339
/هـ.ق1920
-
1921
"م
ال محفوظ ﻓي
ﻣتحف الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم، وينسب إلﻰ النصف اﻷول
ﻣﻦ القﺮن14
/هـ20م .ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث )لوﺣة رقم3(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﻣهد ﻋليا
" ال
محفوظ ﻓي ﻣتحف
الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ بعام1296
/هـ1878
-
1879م. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث )لوﺣة رقم3(: شاهد قبﺮ "ﻣهد ﻋليا
" ال
محفوظ ﻓي ﻣتحف
الﺮوضة المقدسة بقم وﻣؤرخ بعام1296
/هـ1878
-
1879م. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. ﺗصويﺮ الباﺣث ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
112
- ) تʗش3
(
ȑاوʢʻʡ ʝȄʨام عʶح لوﺣة رقم )
5
(: ﻣﺠموﻋة ﻣﻦ شواهد
القبور غيﺮ ﻣؤرﺧة ﺗتخﺬ هيئة أﻋمدة
ﻣﻦ النوﻋيﻦ اﻷول والثاني ﺗوجد ﻓي
.جبانة النبي ﺧالد بشمال إيﺮان
:نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khal
id_Nabi_Cemetery#/media/File:K
haled_Nabi_tomb
stones_typ_1_-_2.JPG لوﺣة رقم )
5
(: ﻣﺠموﻋة ﻣﻦ شواهد
القبور غيﺮ ﻣؤرﺧة ﺗتخﺬ هيئة أﻋمدة
ﻣﻦ النوﻋيﻦ اﻷول والثاني ﺗوجد ﻓي
.جبانة النبي ﺧالد بشمال إيﺮان
:نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khal
id_Nabi_Cemetery#/media/File:K
haled_Nabi_tomb
stones_typ_1_-_2.JPG -
113
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لوﺣة رقم )
5(: ﻣﺠموﻋة ﻣﻦ شواهد
القبور غيﺮ ﻣؤرﺧة ﺗتخﺬ هيئة أﻋمد
ﻣﻦ النوﻋيﻦ اﻷول والثاني ﺗوجد ﻓي
.جبانة النبي ﺧالد بشمال إيﺮان
:نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khal
d_Nabi_Cemetery#/media/File:K
haled_Nabi_tomb
tones_typ_1_-_2.JPG
لوﺣة رقم )
6
:(
شاهد قبﺮ ﻋلﻰ هيئة أسد
ﻓي جبانة إﻣام زاده أﺣمد بأصفهان باسم
"ﷴ بيک بﻦ ﺣسيﻦ ﺧان" وﻣؤرخ
سنة
اﻵﺧﺮ
ربيع
بشهﺮ1035هـ
/ينايﺮ1626
:م. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
اکبﺮ شاهمندی ،بﺮرسی ﻣتون
وﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده
اﺣمد اصفهان، ص3، ﺗصويﺮ3. لوﺣة رقم )
7
(: شاهد قبﺮ "ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه" المحفوظ ﻓي قصﺮ گلستان بطهﺮان، وﻣؤرخ
بعام1275
/.ه.ش
1313
/هـ1896م:. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
http://www.titronline.ir/vdci.razct1ayybc2t.html لوﺣة رقم )
6
:(
شاهد قبﺮ ﻋلﻰ هيئة أسد
ﻓي جبانة إﻣام زاده أﺣمد بأصفهان باسم
"ﷴ بيک بﻦ ﺣسيﻦ ﺧان" وﻣؤرخ
سنة
اﻵﺧﺮ
ربيع
بشهﺮ1035هـ
/ينايﺮ1626
:م. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
اکبﺮ شاهمندی ،بﺮرسی ﻣتون
وﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده
اﺣمد اصفهان، ص3، ﺗصويﺮ3. ﺣة رقم )
7
(: شاهد قبﺮ "ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه" المحفوظ ﻓي قصﺮ گلستان بطهﺮان، وﻣؤرخ
بعام1275
1313
/هـ1896م:. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
http://www.titronline.ir/vdci.razct1ayybc2t.html -
113
- 2016
) تʗش3
( 6
) تʗش3
( ) تʗش3
( 2016 لوﺣة رقم )
8(: شاهد قبﺮ ﻓتحعليشاه داﺧل
ﻣدﻓنه
،المشيد بالصحﻦ العتيق للﺮوضة الفاطمية ﻓي قم
وﻣؤرخ بعام
1250
/هـ1834م:. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ
Layla S. Diba, Images of Power, p.43, Fig.13. لوﺣة رقم )
9(: صورة شخصية ل"ﻛهﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا شاهﺰاده بﻦ
"ﻋباس ﻣيﺮزا
)ت1255
/هـ1839
(م:. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ لوﺣة رقم )
9
(: صورة شخصية ل"ﻛهﺮﻣان ﻣيﺮزا شاهﺰاده بﻦ
"ﻋباس ﻣيﺮزا
)ت1255
/هـ1839
(م:. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ http://rodvoid.org/9/9d/Qahreman%2BMirza.jpg http://rodvoid.org/9/9d/Qahreman%2BMirza.jpg لوﺣة رقم )
10
(: صورة ضوئية لشعاع السلطنة
ﻣلك ﻣنصور ﻣيﺮزا ) ت1299
/هـ.ش1339هـ.ق
/
1920
-
1921
م(. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ: ﻣهدى باﻣداد، شﺮح
ﺣال رجال إيﺮان، ج4، ص157؛ لوﺣة رقم )
10
(: صورة ضوئية لشعاع السلطنة
ﻣلك ﻣنصور ﻣيﺮزا ) ت1299
/هـ.ش1339هـ.ق
/
1920
-
1921
م(. ال
اجعʙʸ ال
اجعʙʸ ال
اجعʙʸ أبو العفش
،()هالة ﷴ المحمدي
مقارن فﻨية أثرية دراسة"التبريزي جان وولي ليُﻗ شاه
ة ، )رسالة ﻣاجستيﺮ غيﺮ
،ﻣنشورة، ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة القاهﺮةـ القاهﺮة1435
/هـ2014
.(م (م
أبو داود )سليمان بﻦ اﻷشعث اﻷزدي السﺠستاني ت275
/هـ888
،(م
سﻨن أبي داود ،
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اﻷرناؤوط وآﺧﺮون
،)دﻣشق: دار الﺮسالة العالمية1430
/هـ2009م(، ج5. )
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أﺣﺮار
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ﻗرن فراز ونشيب مطبوعات وسياست در ايران )
،لوس آنﺠليﺲ:شﺮﻛت ﻛتاب2009
.(
اﺣمدپناه )سيد
،(ابوﺗﺮاب ﺧدادادی )ﻋلی(، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد اصفه
،"(ﺗاکيد بﺮ نقوش ﺣيوانی شيﺮ و ﻣاهی نشريه هﻨرهای زيبا - هﻨرهای تجسم ی، دوره 19
، شماره4
، )د
ﺗهﺮان: زﻣستان1393
هـ ش/ شتاء2014
.(م )
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أﺣﺮار
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(
اﺣمدپناه )سيد
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)با
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، شماره4
،
)دانشگاه
ﺗهﺮان: زﻣستان1393
هـ ش/ شتاء2014
.(م (م
أﺣمد
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"الوﻻة21
-
254
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-
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)رسالة ﻣاجستيﺮ، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، قسم اﻵثار، ﻛلية
اﻵداب، جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ ،
2015
(م. آزﻣون
،()زينب ﻗاجاريه
های
مدال
و
ها
نشان انتشاراﺗي
ﻓﺮهنگي
ﻣوسسه
)ﺗهﺮان:
،
،پازينه1394
/.هـ.ش2015
.(م اسﻼﻣي
،()ﻣﺠلﺲ شورى
"رقعه ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی به ﻣشيﺮ الدوله يحيی ﺧان درباره کتيبه های جلوﺧان
،"ﻣسﺠد سپهساﻻر
ناﻣه بهارستان
، شماره15
) ، سال دهم :ﺗهﺮان1388
/.هـ.ش2009
(م. )
(
اشتيانﻰ
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)
205
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، ﺗﺮجمة ﷴ ﻋﻼء الديﻦ ﻣنصور، ﻣﺮاجعة السباﻋي ﷴ السباﻋي)القاهﺮة: دار
،الثقاﻓة للنشﺮ والتوزيع1990
.(م ع(م
اشکوری )سيد صادق ﺣسينی(، "سنگ های گويا ﻣطالعه
ای ﺗطبيقی بﺮ سنگ قبﺮهای ﻣعاصﺮ )کارگاه هنﺮی
آستانه ﺣضﺮت ﻣعصوﻣه سﻼم ﷲ ﻋليها-
،"(قم ﻣقدسه
پيام بهارستان،
،دوره دوم
شماره4
،
)قم ﻣقدسه: ﺗابستان
1388
/.هـ. فاﻻت العامةʱائه في اﻻحʙالعادة على ارت ةʽʻʡʨات الʰاسʻʺوال138
. نقﻼ ﻋﻦ: ﻣهدى باﻣداد، شﺮح
ﺣال رجال إيﺮان، ج4، ص157؛ ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
114
- ال
اجعʙʸ الغﺰالي )أبو ﺣاﻣد ﷴ بﻦ ﷴ ت505
/هـ1111
،(م
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي ،
2
جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﻋلي ﻣعوض
،وﻋادل ﻋبد الموجود، )بيﺮوت: شﺮﻛة دار اﻷرقم بﻦ أبي اﻷرقم للطباﻋة والنشﺮ والتوزيع1418
/هـ1997
.(م
الفيض الكاشاني )ﷴ بﻦﻣﺮﺗضﻰ المدﻋو بالمولﻰﻣحسﻦ ت1091
/هـ1680
،(م
الصافي في تفسير القرآن،
7 )
م( ج
الغﺰالي )أبو ﺣاﻣد ﷴ بﻦ ﷴ ت505
/هـ1111
،(م
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2
جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﻋلي ﻣعوض
،وﻋادل ﻋبد الموجود، )بيﺮوت: شﺮﻛة دار اﻷرقم بﻦ أبي اﻷرقم للطباﻋة والنشﺮ والتوزيع1418
/هـ1997
.(م ﺮ و وزيع
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و1418
/
1997
.(م
الفيض الكاشاني )ﷴ بﻦ ﻣﺮﺗضﻰ المدﻋو بالمولﻰ ﻣحسﻦ ت1091
/هـ1680
،(م
الصافي في تفسير القرآن ،
7
أجﺰاء، ﺗحقيق ﻣحسﻦ الحسيني اﻷﻣيني،)طهﺮان: دار
،الكتب اﻹسﻼﻣية1416
/هـ1995م(، ج4. ت
القلقشندي )أبو العباس أﺣمد بﻦﻋل821
/ه1418
،(م
صﻨاعة اﻻنشا
ف
صبح اﻷعش
، )القاهﺮة،ﻣطبعة دار الفيض الكاشاني )ﷴ بﻦ ﻣﺮﺗضﻰ المدﻋو بالمولﻰ ﻣحسﻦ ت1091
/هـ1680
،(م
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7
أجﺰاء، ﺗحقيق ﻣحسﻦ الحسيني اﻷﻣيني،)طهﺮان: دار
،الكتب اﻹسﻼﻣية1416
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،(م
صبح اﻷعشى في صﻨاعة اﻻنشا ، )القاهﺮة، ﻣطبعة دار
،الكتب1332
/هـ1914م(، ج3. ال
اجعʙʸ القمي
،()ﻋباس
مفاتيح الجﻨان ،، )بيﺮوت: دار وﻣكتبة الﺮسول اﻷﻛﺮم1418
/هـ1997
.(م
ﻷ
ة
ة
ة القمي
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مفاتيح الجﻨان ،، )بيﺮوت: دار وﻣكتبة الﺮسول اﻷﻛﺮم1418
/هـ1997
.(م
القمي
)ﷴ رضا(اﻷنصاري ،
مديﻨة ﻗم في المراجع والمصادر العربية، استعراض لتاريخ مديﻨة ﻗم من القرن
الثاني ولغاية القرن الخامس عشر الهجري ،
)قم: ﻣنشورات ﻣكتبة سماﺣة آية ﷲ العظمﻰ المﺮﻋشي النﺠفي، الخﺰانة
،العالمية للمخطوطات اﻹسﻼﻣية، ﻣعهد دراسات قم1434
/.هـ.ق1392
/.ه.ش2013
.(م
الكاشاني
،()العباس الحسيني
مصابيح الجﻨان ، )الكويت: دار الفقه للطباﻋة والنشﺮ، قم، الطبعة الستون، المكتبة
،المحمدية1422
/هـ2001
.(م القمي
،()ﻋباس
مفاتيح الجﻨان ،، )بيﺮوت: دار وﻣكتبة الﺮسول اﻷﻛﺮم1418
/هـ1997
.(م
القمي
)ﷴ رضا(اﻷنصاري ،
مديﻨة ﻗم في المراجع والمصادر العربية، استعراض لتاريخ مديﻨة ﻗم من القرن
الثاني ولغاية القرن الخامس عشر الهجري ،
)قم: ﻣنشورات ﻣكتبة سماﺣة آية ﷲ العظمﻰ المﺮﻋشي النﺠفي، الخﺰانة القمي
،()ﻋباس
مفاتيح الجﻨان ،، )بيﺮوت: دار وﻣكتبة الﺮسول اﻷﻛﺮم1418
/هـ1997
.(م
القمي
)ﷴ رضا(اﻷنصاري ،
مديﻨة ﻗم في المراجع والمصادر العربية، استعراض لتاريخ مديﻨة ﻗم من القرن
الثاني ولغاية القرن الخامس عشر الهجري ،
)قم: ﻣنشورات ﻣكتبة سماﺣة آية ﷲ العظمﻰ المﺮﻋشي النﺠفي، الخﺰانة
،العالمية للمخطوطات اﻹسﻼﻣية، ﻣعهد دراسات قم1434
/.هـ.ق1392
/.ه.ش2013
.(م ر هجري
س
رن
ي
ي و
ﺰ
ﺠ ي
ي
ﺮ
ﻰ
ي
ب
ور
) م:
،العالمية للمخطوطات اﻹسﻼﻣية، ﻣعهد دراسات قم1434
/.هـ.ق1392
/.ه.ش2013
.(م
الكاشاني
،()العباس الحسيني
مصابيح الجﻨان ، )الكويت: دار الفقه للطباﻋة والنشﺮ، قم، الطبعة الستون، المكتبة
،المحمدية1422
/هـ2001
.(م
الكف
ت
ال ا ل
ال
ﷴ
ال
ل
إ ا
ال
)ﺗق905
/
1499
(الد ع
ال لد اﻷ ن م(م
الكاشاني
،()العباس الحسيني
مصابيح الجﻨان ، )الكويت: دار الفقه للطباﻋة والنشﺮ، قم، الطبعة الستون، المكتبة
،المحمدية1422
/هـ2001
.(م (
الكفعمي )ﺗقي الديﻦ إبﺮاهيم بﻦ ﻋلي الحسﻦ بﻦ ﷴ بﻦ صالح العاﻣلي ت905
/هـ1499
،(م
البلد اﻷمين والدرع
الحصين
، ﺗقديم وﺗعليق ﻋﻼ ،ء الديﻦ اﻷﻋلمﻰ، )بيﺮوت: ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1418
/هـ1997
.(م
ت
ق
)ﷴﻦ
الكل ن329
/ه940
(ع الكاف
ف
ات الف
نش
ت
)1428
/ه2007(3 الكفعمي )ﺗقي الديﻦ إبﺮاهيم بﻦ ﻋلي الحسﻦ بﻦ ﷴ بﻦ صالح العاﻣلي ت905
/هـ1499
،(م
البلد اﻷمين والدرع
الحصين
، ﺗقديم وﺗعليق ﻋﻼ ،ء الديﻦ اﻷﻋلمﻰ، )بيﺮوت: ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1418
/هـ1997
.(م
الكليني )ﷴ بﻦ يعقوب ت329
/هـ940
،(م فروع الكافي ،،)بيﺮوت، ﻣنشورات الفﺠﺮ1428
/هـ2007م(، ج3. ال
اجعʙʸ الﺮضا
،()ﻋلي بﻦ ﻣوسي الفقه المﻨسوب لﻺمام الرضا عليه السﻼم والمشتهر بـ "فقه الرضا"
، )قم: ﻣؤسسة آل
،البيت ﻋليهم السﻼم ﻹﺣياء التﺮاث، الطبعة الثانية1431
/هـ2010
.(م ،البيت ﻋليهم السﻼم ﻹﺣياء التﺮاث، الطبعة الثانية1431
/هـ2010
.(م
الﺮهيمي )ﻋﻼء ﺣسيﻦ( و السبتي)ﻋدي ﷴ ﻛاظم(، "ﻣوقف ﻣﺠلﺲ الشورى الوطني اﻹيﺮاني ﻣﻦ السلطة التنفيﺬية
""الوزارة
1909
-
1911
،"مجلة مركز بابل للدراسات اﻹنسانية
، المﺠلد4، العدد1
:)جاﻣعة بابل2014
.(م م
م(م
الﺮهيمي )ﻋﻼء ﺣسيﻦ( و السبتي)ﻋدي ﷴ ﻛاظم(، "ﻣوقف ﻣﺠلﺲ الشورى الوطني اﻹيﺮاني ﻣﻦ السلطة التنفيﺬية
""الوزارة1909
-
1911
،"مجلة مركز بابل للدراسات اﻹنسانية
، المﺠلد4، العدد1
:)جاﻣعة بابل2014
.(م الﺰﻓﺰاﻓي
،()ﻓوزي ﻋبد الواﺣد فتحعليشاه القاجاري الملك الشاعر عصره بيئته شعره مع ترجمة ديوانه إلى اللغة
العربية
، )رسالة ﻣاجستيﺮ، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، قسم اللغات الشﺮقية وآدابها، ﻛلية ا ،ﻵداب، جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ، القاهﺮة
1982
.(م (م
حيبانيّالس )ﻋبد ﷲ بﻦ ﻋمﺮ بﻦ ﷴ ،(أحكام المقابر في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية
، )الدﻣام: دار ابﻦ الﺠوزي
1426
/هـ2005
.(م السهار نفوري
،()ﺧليل أﺣمد
بذل المجهود في حل أبي داوود ،، ﺗعليق ﷴ زﻛﺮيا بﻦ يحي الكاندهلوى20
) ،ج
بيﺮوت
: دار الكتب العلمية، د.ت.(، ج14
. السيد
،()ﻛمال ﻗم دليل الزائر والسائح وعذراء المديﻨة،
،)قم: ﻣؤسسة أنصاريان للطباﻋة والنشﺮ، الطبعة الثانية
1432
/.هـ.ق1390
/.ه.ش2011
.(م (م
الصدوق )أبو جعفﺮ ﷴ بﻦ ﻋلي بﻦ الحسيﻦ ﻣوسﻰ ابﻦ بابويه القمي ت381
/هـ991
،(م
عيون أخبار الرضا ،
2
،جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﺣسيﻦ اﻷﻋلمي، )بيﺮوت: ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1404
/هـ1984م(، ج2. الصدوق )أبو جعفﺮ ﷴ بﻦ ﻋلي بﻦ الحسيﻦ ﻣوسﻰ ابﻦ بابويه القمي ت381
/هـ991
،(م
كتاب من ﻻ يحضره الفقيه ،
4
،أجﺰاء، ﺗحقيق ﺣسيﻦ اﻷﻋلمي)
،بيﺮوت: ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمﻰ للمطبوﻋات1406
/هـ1986
(م ج2. الصعيدي
،()رﺣاب إبﺮاهيم أﺣمد أﺣمد التحف اﻹيرانية المزخرفة بالﻼكية في ضوء مجموعة جديدة في متحف
رضا عباسي بطهران دراسة فﻨية مقارنة ، )رسالة دﻛتوراه، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، قسم اﻵثار اﻹسﻼﻣية، ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة
،القاهﺮة2010
.(م (م
الطباطبائي )السيد ﻋلي ت1231
/هــ1815
،(م،رياض المسائل )قم، ﻣؤسسة النشﺮ اﻹسﻼﻣي التابعة لﺠماﻋة
،المدرسيﻦ بقم1412
/هـ1991
.(م م(م
الطهﺮاني
،()آقا بﺰرك
الذريعة إلى تصانيف الشيعة ،
25
،جﺰء، )بيﺮوت: دار اﻷضواء، الطبعة الثالثة1403
/هـ
1983م(، ج9. الطوسي )أبي جعفﺮ ﷴ بﻦ الحسﻦ ت460
/هـ1067
،(م
تهذيب اﻷحكام في شرح المقﻨعة للشيخ المفيد ،
10
،أجﺰاء
،ﺗحقيق ﷴ جعفﺮ شمﺲ الديﻦ)بيﺮوت: دار التعارف للمطبوﻋات1412
/هـ1992م(، ج6. ال
اجعʙʸ الطوسي )أبي جعفﺮ ﷴ بﻦ الحسﻦ ت460
/هـ1067
،(م
تهذيب اﻷحكام في شرح المقﻨعة للشيخ المفيد ،
10
،أجﺰاء
،ﺗحقيق ﷴ جعفﺮ شمﺲ الديﻦ)بيﺮوت: دار التعارف للمطبوﻋات1412
/هـ1992م(، ج6. العظيم آبادي )
ﷴ(شمﺲ الحق ،عون المعبود على شرح سﻨن أبي داوود
، ﻣع شﺮح الحاﻓظ أبﻦ قيم الﺠوزيه ، ضبط
،وﺗحقيق ﻋبد الﺮﺣمﻦ ﷴ ﻋثمان)المدينة المنورة: المكتبة السلفية، الطبعة الثانية
1389
/هـ1969م(، ج9. الغﺰالي )أبو ﺣاﻣد ﷴ بﻦ ﷴ ت505
/هـ1111
،(م
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي ،
2
جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﻋلي ﻣعوض
،وﻋادل ﻋبد الموجود، )بيﺮوت: شﺮﻛة دار اﻷرقم بﻦ أبي اﻷرقم للطباﻋة والنشﺮ والتوزيع1418
/هـ1997
.(م
الفيض الكاشاني )ﷴ بﻦ ﻣﺮﺗضﻰ المدﻋو بالمولﻰ ﻣحسﻦ ت1091
/هـ1680
،(م
الصافي في تفسير القرآن ،
7
أجﺰاء، ﺗحقيق ﻣحسﻦ الحسيني اﻷﻣيني،)طهﺮان: دار
،الكتب اﻹسﻼﻣية1416
/هـ1995م(، ج4. القلقشندي )أبو العباس أﺣمد بﻦ ﻋلي ت821
/هـ1418
،(م
صبح اﻷعشى في صﻨاعة اﻻنشا ، )القاهﺮة، ﻣطبعة دار
،الكتب1332
/هـ1914م(، ج3. ،ﺗحقيق ﷴ جعفﺮ شمﺲ الديﻦ)بيﺮوت: دار التعارف للمطبوﻋات1412
/هـ1992م(، ج6. العظيم آبادي )
ﷴ(شمﺲ الحق ،عون المعبود على شرح سﻨن أبي داوود
، ﻣع شﺮح الحاﻓظ أبﻦ قيم الﺠوزيه ، ضبط
،وﺗحقيق ﻋبد الﺮﺣمﻦ ﷴ ﻋثمان)المدينة المنورة: المكتبة السلفية، الطبعة الثانية
1389
/هـ1969م(، ج9. الغﺰالي )أبو ﺣاﻣد ﷴ بﻦ ﷴ ت505
/هـ1111
،(م
الوجيز في فقه اﻹمام الشافعي ،
2
جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﻋلي ﻣعوض
الت ز
اﻷ ق للط ا ة النش
أ
ت شﻛة ا اﻷ ق
)
ال
ا ل1418
/
1997
( )
م( ج
العظيم آبادي )
ﷴ(شمﺲ الحق ،عون المعبود على شرح سﻨن أبي داوود
، ﻣع شﺮح الحاﻓظ أبﻦ قيم الﺠوزيه ، ضبط
،وﺗحقيق ﻋبد الﺮﺣمﻦ ﷴ ﻋثمان)المدينة المنورة: المكتبة السلفية، الطبعة الثانية
1389
/هـ1969م(، ج9. ،وﺗحقيق ﻋبد الﺮﺣمﻦ ﷴ ﻋثمان)المدينة المنورة: المكتبة السلفية، الطبعة الثانية
1389
/هـ1969م(، ج9. ال
اجعʙʸ ش2009
.(م أﻓﺮوند
،")قديﺮ(، "سنگ قبور دشت ﺗوس
مجلة: وﻗف ميراث جاويدان
، شماره47
و48
، )ﺗهﺮان، پاييﺰ و زﻣستان
1383
/.ش2004
.(م إقبال
،()ﷴ
ما ورا
ء الطبيعة في إيران ،، ﺗﺮجمة: ﺣسيﻦ ﻣﺠيب المصﺮى،) القاهﺮة: المشﺮوع القوﻣي للتﺮجمة
،المﺠلﺲ اﻷﻋلﻰ للثقاﻓة2005
.(م
البحﺮاني )يوسف1186
/هـ1772
،(م
الحدائق الﻨاضرة في أحكام العترة الطاهرة ،
25
جﺰء، ﺗحقيق ﷴ ﺗقي
،اﻹيﺮواني،)بيﺮوت: دار اﻷضواء، الطبعة الثانية1405ه/ـ1985
.(م ي )(م
البﺮقي )أﺣمد بﻦ ﷴ بﻦ ﺧالد ت274
/هـ887
،(م المحاسن ، ﺗحقيق السيد جﻼل الديﻦ الحسيني، )طهﺮان: دار الكتب
،اﻹسﻼﻣية1370
/هـ1950
.(م البهبهاني )ﻋبد الكﺮيم ،(
،في رحاب أهل البيت: حكم البﻨاء على القبور في الشريعة اﻹسﻼمية )بيﺮوت: المﺠمع
العالمي ﻷهل ،البيت، التعارف للنشﺮ، الطبعة الثالثة1427
/هـ2006
.(م العالمي ﻷهل ،البيت، التعارف للنشﺮ، الطبعة الثالثة1427
/هـ2006
.(م
البهنسي
)صﻼح أﺣمد(، "الموروث الفني ﻓي ﻓﻦ التصويﺮ اﻹسﻼﻣي ﻓي إيﺮان"، ﻓي ندوة اﻵثار اﻹسﻼمية في
شرق العالم اﻹسﻼمي ،، )ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة القاهﺮة30
نوﻓمبﺮ-
1
ديسمبﺮ1998
.(م
أ
ف
ف
أ البهنسي
)صﻼح أﺣمد(، "الموروث الفني ﻓي ﻓﻦ التصويﺮ اﻹسﻼﻣي ﻓي إيﺮان"، ﻓي ندوة اﻵثار اﻹسﻼمية في
شرق العالم اﻹسﻼمي ،، )ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة القاهﺮة30
نوﻓمبﺮ-
1
ديسمبﺮ1998
.(م ي
م
)(م
البهنسي )صﻼح أﺣمد(
،فن التص
وير فى العصر اﻹسﻼمي ،
3
،أجﺰاء)
،القاهﺮة2009م(، ج3. التﻼوي )أﻣاني طاهﺮ ،(
"اﻷول الجزء"ساساني ملك لخان ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره سياستگران كتاب ،، )رسالة ﻣاجستيﺮ
،غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، قسم اللغات الشﺮقية، ﻛلية اﻵداب، جاﻣعة المنوﻓية1427
/هـ2006
.(م التوﺣيدي )أبو ﺣيان ﻋلﻰ بﻦ ﷴ بﻦ العباس ت414
/هـ1023
،(م
البصائر والذخائر ،
10
أجﺰاء، ﺗحقيق وداد
،القاضي، )بيﺮوت: دار صادر1408
/هـ1988م(، ج8. ة
أ
ة الحﺮ العاﻣلي )ﷴ بﻦ الحسﻦ ت1104
/هـ1692
،(م،وسائل الشيعة إلى أحكام الشريعة )قم: ﻣؤسسة آل البيت ﻹﺣياء
،التﺮاث، الطبعة الثانية
1414
/هـ1993م(، ج3. الخﺮم آبادي
،()ﺣسﻦ الطاهﺮي
البﻨاء على القبور شرع أم خرافة؟ ، ﺗﺮجمة رﻋد الحﺠاج، )طهﺮان: المﺠمع العالمﻰ
،للتقﺮيب بيﻦ المﺬاهب، المعاونية الثقاﻓية، ﻣﺮﻛﺰ التحقيقات والدراسات العلمية1430
/هـ2009
.(م
الخطيب )إيهاب أﺣمد ﺣسﻦ ﻣحمود(
،صور السﻼطين و
اﻷمراء ورجال الدولة فى المدرسة القاجارية ، )رسالة
،ﻣاجستيﺮ، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة القاهﺮة2011
.(م -
115
- سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة 2016
) تʗش3
( الﺬهبي
)شمﺲ الديﻦ ﷴ بﻦ أﺣمد بﻦ ﻋثمان ت748
/هـ1347
،(م
سير أعﻼم الﻨبﻼء ،
24
ﻣؤسسة :بيﺮوت) ،ًجﺰءا
،الﺮسالة1422
/هـ2001م(، ج16
. ال
اجعʙʸ المﺠلسي )ﷴ باقﺮ ت1111
/هـ1699
،(م
زاد المعاد
،ﺗعﺮيب وﺗعليقﻋﻼء الديﻦ اﻷﻋلمﻰ، )بيﺮوت:ﻣؤسسة ين
يق
يم و
بو
ي
ﻷ
ﻰ )بيﺮو : ؤ
ء يﻦ ﻷ1418
/
1997
.(م
الكليني )ﷴ بﻦ يعقوب ت329
/هـ940
،(م فروع الكافي ،،)بيﺮوت، ﻣنشورات الفﺠﺮ1428
/هـ2007م(، ج3. المﺠلسي )ﷴ باقﺮ ت1111
/هـ1699
،(م
زاد المعاد ، ﺗعﺮيب وﺗعليق ﻋﻼء الديﻦ اﻷﻋلمﻰ، )بيﺮوت: ﻣؤسسة
،اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1423
/هـ2003
.(م المعلم )ﷴ ﻋلي ،(فاطمة المعصومة ﻗبس من أشعة الزهراء :،)قم1420
/هـ1999
.(م ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م-
116
- ȏ القاجارʙʶرة خﻼل العʦʶʸة الʻانʙر اﻹيʦʮ القʗاهʦش )
1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
1925
(م
116
- )
3
(
،(المقدم )ﷴ ﺗقي
خزانة اﻻسرار في الختوم واﻻذكار ،، ﺗعﺮيب وﺗعليق ﻋﻼء الديﻦ اﻷﻋلمي2
:جﺰء، )بيﺮوت
،ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1423
/هـ2002م(، ج2.
،(المقدم )ﷴ ﺗقي
خزانة اﻻسرار في الختوم واﻻذكار ،، ﺗعﺮيب وﺗعليق ﻋﻼء الديﻦ اﻷﻋلمي2
:جﺰء، )بيﺮوت
،ﻣؤسسة اﻷﻋلمي للمطبوﻋات1423
/هـ2002م(، ج2. انق
طاع )ناصﺮ
(، شير وخورشيد نشان سه هزار ساله ،، )ﻛاليفورنيا، لوس آنﺠليﺲ1997
.(م
،(باﻣداد )ﻣهدى شرح حال رجال إيران در ﻗرن12
،
13
،
14
هجرى ،
،جاب ششم، )طهﺮان: ﻛتابفﺮوشﻰ زوار
1357
/.ش1978
.(م
بختياری
،(اصل )ﻓﺮيبﺮز
زنان نامدار تاريخ ايران: مهد عليا مادر ناصرالديﻨشاه،
،)ﺗهﺮان: انتشارات زوار
1382
/.هـ.ش2003
.(م
بﺰ گ نيا"تان هايﻛﻦ
)زه ( " نگ هايﺰا د گ"نشريه"معمار
ش ا63آبان
ان:
)ﺗ بختياری
،(اصل )ﻓﺮيبﺮز
زنان نامدار تاريخ ايران: مهد عليا مادر ناصرالديﻨشاه،
،)ﺗهﺮان: انتشارات زوار
1382
/.هـ.ش2003
.(م بﺰرگ نيا
،")زهﺮه(، "سنگ هاي ﻣﺰار در گورستان هاي ﻛهﻦ"نشريه"معمار
، شماره63
، )ﺗهﺮان: ﻣهﺮ و آبان
1389
/.هـ. ال
اجعʙʸ ش2010
.(م
ة بوذرى
،)ﻋلي(، "رساله نشان های دولت ايﺮان": نخستيﻦ کتاب چاپی غيﺮ داستانی ﻣصور
مجلة کتاب ماه کليات ،
شما ره159
، )ﺗهﺮان، اسفند1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م بوذری
،")ﻋلی(، قشون)نشان(، "رسالة ﻣصور در ﻣعﺮﻓﻰ البسه قشون دوره قاجار
پيام بهارستان ،، سال چهارم
)طهﺮان: ﺗابستان1391
/.هـ.ش2012
.(م ﺗناولی )
،(پﺮويﺰ
،""سنگ قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه
فصلﻨامه طاووس ،، )زﻣستان1378
/.ه.ش1999
.(م ﺗناولی )
،(پﺮويﺰ
،""سنگ قبﺮ ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه
فصلﻨامه طاووس ،، )زﻣستان1378
/.ه.ش1999
.(م
ﺗنا
ل(ﺰ
)
ﻨﮓﻗ
گا
انتشا ات
ا
)ﺗ1388
/ش2009
( ﺗنا
ولی
،()پﺮويﺰ سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،، )ﺗهﺮان: انتشارات بﻦ گاه1388
/.ش2009
.(م ﺗنا
ولی
،()پﺮويﺰ سﻨﮓ ﻗبر ،، )ﺗهﺮان: انتشارات بﻦ گاه1388
/.ش2009
.(م
ﺗيمورى
،")ﻛاوه(، "زيباشناسی در شيوه ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی
رشد آموزش هﻨر ، شماره27)پاي
1390
/.هـ.ش2011
.(م ي ورى
ه ی
ﺮ
ی ر يو يﺮز
) و ( زيب
وزش ر
ر ر
27
)پ ييﺰ
1390
/.هـ.ش2011
.(م
ﺣاﻣدي
،")ﷴ ﺣسﻦ(، "سنگ ﻣﺰار ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ويگ سند ﺗازه
مجلة تﻨديس،
17
شماره171
)،
،طهﺮان
ﻓﺮورديﻦ1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م (م
ﺣاﻣدي
،")ﷴ ﺣسﻦ(، "سنگ ﻣﺰار ناصﺮ الديﻦ شاه ويگ سند ﺗازه
مجلة تﻨديس،
17
شماره171
)،طهﺮان
ﺮورديﻦ1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م ﺣسﻦ
،()زﻛي ﷴ
الفﻨون اﻹيرانية في العصر اﻹسﻼمي ،،)القاهﺮة: ﻣطبعة دار الكتب المصﺮية1946
.(م
ﺧانی
،()نينا صفی اﺣمدپناه )سيد
،(ابوﺗﺮاب ﺧدادادی
)ﻋلی(، "نشان هشناسی نقوش سنگ قبور قبﺮستان ﺗخت
ﻓوﻻد اصفهان )با ﺗاکيد بﺮ نقوش ﺣيوا ،"(نی شيﺮ و ﻣاهی
نشريه هﻨرهای زيبا – هﻨرهای تجسم ی دوره 19
،
شماره 4)دانشگاه ﺗهﺮان: زﻣستان1393
هـ.ش/شتاء2014
.(م شماره 4)دانشگاه ﺗهﺮان: زﻣستان1393
هـ.ش/شتاء2014
.(م
ﺧشفة
،")ﷴ أﺣمد(، "ﻣناسبة شهﺮ الوﻻية: "ﻋمارة الﺮوضة الفاطمية قم المقدسة
مجلة بقية ﷲ،
العدد206
،
)بيﺮوت: ﻣدرسة اﻹﻣام المهدي، ذو القعدة1429هـ/نوﻓمبﺮ2008
.(م
أ
ﻷ
ذ
ة
ة )(م
ﺧشفة
،")ﷴ أﺣمد(، "ﻣناسبة شهﺮ الوﻻية: "ﻋمارة الﺮوضة الفاطمية قم المقدسة
مجلة بقية ﷲ،
العدد06
بيﺮوت: ﻣدرسة اﻹﻣام المهدي، ذو القعدة1429هـ/نوﻓمبﺮ2008
.(م ي
م(م
داود
،()ﻣايسة ﻣحمود
ا لكتابات العربية على اﻵثار اﻹسﻼمية مﻨذ القرن اﻷول حتى أواخر القرن الثانى
عش
لهجرة )
7
-
18
(م ،، )القاهﺮة:ﻣكتبة النهضة المصﺮية1991
.(م ي
م
)(م
داود
،()ﻣايسة ﻣحمود
ا لكتابات العربية على اﻵثار اﻹسﻼمية مﻨذ القرن اﻷول حتى أواخر القرن الثانى عشر
للهجرة )
7
-
18
(م ،، )القاهﺮة:ﻣكتبة النهضة المصﺮية1991
.(م
،(دهخدا )ﻋلي أﻛبﺮ
لغتﻨامه دهخدا ،
34
) ،جلد، سازﻣان ﻣديﺮيت و بﺮناﻣه ريﺰی کشور1341
و1342
/.ش
1962
و1963م(، ج22
. ال
اجعʙʸ هجر )
7
18
(م ﺮي
ب ه
ﺮ :
)1991
.(م
،(دهخدا )ﻋلي أﻛبﺮ
لغتﻨامه دهخدا ،
34
) ،جلد، سازﻣان ﻣديﺮيت و بﺮناﻣه ريﺰی کشور1341
و1342
ش
1962
و1963م(، ج22
. م( ج
رابينو )هـ. ل.(، "نشانهای دوره قاجار"، ﺗﺮجم:ة
،جهانگيﺮ قايم ﻣقاﻣی يغما
، شماره6
، سال :هﺠدهم، )ﺗهﺮان
شهﺮيور1344
/.هـ.ش1965
.(م رابينو
،)هـ. ل.(، "نشان های دوران قاجاريه"، ﺗﺮجمه ﻓيﺮوز ﺗوﻓيق
بخارا
، شماره21
-
22
، )ﺗهﺮان: آذر واسفند
1380
/.هـ.ش2001
.(م روجﺮز
،() جيه ام
فﻨون اﻹسﻼم ،، ﻛنوز ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠموﻋة ناصﺮ الخليلي، )أبو ظبي2008
.(م روجﺮز
،() جيه ام
فﻨون اﻹسﻼم ،، ﻛنوز ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠموﻋة ناصﺮ الخليلي، )أبو ظبي2008
.(م
،"سﺮﻣدي )ﻋباس(، "دانشناﻣه هنﺮﻣندان ايﺮان و جهان اسﻼم: از ﻣاني ﺗا ﻣعاصﺮيﻦ ﻛمال الملك
هيرمﻨدن ،
)ﺗهﺮان
1380
/.هـ.ش2001
.(م (
سليمانی
،()کﺮيم
ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره رجال القاب ،،)ﺗهﺮان: نشﺮ ني2000
.(
سويلم
)ﻋادلﻋبد المنعمﻋلي،(اﻻتجاهات العقائدية والفكرية في العصر الصفوى
وأثرها على الفﻨون اﻹسﻼمية، سليمانی
،()کﺮيم
ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره رجال القاب ،،)ﺗهﺮان: نشﺮ ني2000
.(
سويلم )ﻋادل ﻋبد المنعم ﻋلي ،(اﻻتجاهات العقائدية والفكرية في العصر الصفوى وأثرها على الفﻨون اﻹسﻼمية،
،)رسالة دﻛتوراه، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، قسم اللغات الشﺮقية، ﻛلية اﻵداب، جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ، القاهﺮة1994
.(م
شاه ندی
)اکب (، "ب
ت ن
ا ي
ﺗ
د
نگ
ﺰا ات
ا اﺰاد
د
ا،"ف ان
ا
يکشنبه31
:ان
)ﺗ سليمانی
،()کﺮيم
ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره رجال القاب ،،)ﺗهﺮان: نشﺮ ني2000
.(
ة ف
ة
ة
أث سليمانی
،()کﺮيم
ﻗاجاريه ٔدوره رجال القاب ،،)ﺗهﺮان: نشﺮ ني2000
.(
سويلم )ﻋادل ﻋبد المنعم ﻋلي ،(اﻻتجاهات العقائدية والفكرية في العصر الصفوى وأثرها على الفﻨون اﻹسﻼمية،
،)رسالة دﻛتوراه، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، قسم اللغات الشﺮقية، ﻛلية اﻵداب، جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ، القاهﺮة1994
.(م
شاهمندی )اکبﺮ(، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان
يکشنبه 31 ٬ :) ﺗهﺮان
شهﺮيور
1392
/.هـ.ش2013
.(م شاهمندی )اکبﺮ(، "بﺮرسی ﻣتون و ﺗصاويﺮ در سنگ ﻣﺰارات اﻣاﻣﺰاده اﺣمد
،"اصفهان
يکشنبه 31 ٬ :) ﺗهﺮان
شهﺮيور
1392
/.هـ.ش2013
.(م شكورزاده )إبﺮا ،(هيم :عقائد ورسوم مردم خراسان
به انضمام پارهاى اشعار ولغات وأمثال وافسانهها و فالها
ودعاها ومعماها ،، )ﺗهﺮان: انتشارات بنياد ﻓﺮهﻦ گ ايﺮان1363
/.هـ.ش1984
.(م 2016
) تʗش3
( طنطاوي
)ﺣسام ﻋويﺲ(، "ﻣطﺮقة الباب الﺮئيسﻰ لمسﺠد اﻹﻣام )الشاه( ﻓي اصفهان )دراسة آثارية ﻓنية("، دراسة
قيد النشﺮ ،
"المجلة المصرية لﻶثار اﻹسﻼمية "مشكاه، العدد6
،، )القاهﺮة: وزارة الدولة لﻶثار2012
-
2013
(م. ال
اجعʙʸ (م
ﻓﺮيه
،()ر.دبليو
هﻨر هاي إيران،
،ﺗﺮجمة پﺮويﺰ ﻣﺮزبان، )ﺗهﺮان1373
/هـ ش1994
.(م
ﻓقيهي
،()ﻋلﻰ أصغﺮ
آل بويه واوضاع زمان ايشان با نموداري از زندگي مردم آن عصر ،، )ﺗهﺮان: صبا
1357
/.هـ.ش1978
.(م
ﻓياضی
،()ﻋماد الديﻦ
"بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های طﻼ و نقﺮه شهﺮ در دوره پهلوی
پيام بهارستان ،
شماره6
:،)ﺗهﺮان1388
/هـ.ش2009
.(م
قدسي
،")بهﺰاد(، "بﺮﺧی از لوح ﻣﺰارهای رقم دار ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد
پيام بهارستان ، سال سوم، شماره9
،، )ﺗهﺮان
پاييﺰ1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م
قديم
)راﻣيﻦ(،"گﺬری بﺮ شي ه یﻣي،"ﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهان
كتاب ماه هﻨر
، شماره71
،
72
:، )ﺗهﺮان ﻓﺮيه
،()ر.دبليو
هﻨر هاي إيران،
،ﺗﺮجمة پﺮويﺰ ﻣﺮزبان، )ﺗهﺮان1373
/هـ ش1994
.(م
ﻓقيهي
،()ﻋلﻰ أصغﺮ
آل بويه واوضاع زمان ايشان با نموداري از زندگي مردم آن عصر ،، )ﺗهﺮان: صبا
1357
/.هـ.ش1978
.(م
ﻓياضی
،()ﻋماد الديﻦ
"بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های طﻼ و نقﺮه شهﺮ در دوره پهلوی
پيام بهارستان ،
شماره6
:،)ﺗهﺮان1388
/هـ.ش2009
.(م
قدسي
،")بهﺰاد(، "بﺮﺧی از لوح ﻣﺰارهای رقم دار ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد
پيام بهارستان ، سال سوم، شماره9
،، )ﺗهﺮان
پاييﺰ1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م
قديمﻰ )راﻣيﻦ(،"گﺬری بﺮ شيوه ی ﻣي ،"ﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی
كتاب ماه هﻨر ، شماره71
،
72
:، )ﺗهﺮان
1383
/.هـ.ش2004
.(م
قليچ ﺧانﻰ
"(لياُﻋ ﻣهد ﻣﺰار سنگ) اصفهانی غﻼﻣﺮضا ﻣيﺮزا از شاهکاری" ،(رضا ﺣميد)
مجلة نامه
بهارستان ،ضميمه1
)
ويژه
ناﻣه ﺧوشنويسی (، )کتابخانه، ﻣوزه وﻣﺮکﺰ اسناد ﻣﺠلﺲ شورای اسﻼﻣی، ﺗهﺮان: پاييﺰ
1392
/هـ ش2013
(م ﻓﺮيه
،()ر.دبليو
هﻨر هاي إيران،
،ﺗﺮجمة پﺮويﺰ ﻣﺮزبان، )ﺗهﺮان1373
/هـ ش1994
.(م
ﻓقيهي
،()ﻋلﻰ أصغﺮ
آل بويه واوضاع زمان ايشان با نموداري از زندگي مردم آن عصر ،، )ﺗهﺮان: صبا
1357
/.هـ.ش1978
.(م ﻓياضی
،()ﻋماد الديﻦ
"بﺮرسی اسنادی از نشان
،"های طﻼ و نقﺮه شهﺮ در دوره پهلوی
پيام بهارس
شماره6
:،)ﺗهﺮان1388
/هـ.ش2009
.(م )(م
قدسي
،")بهﺰاد(، "بﺮﺧی از لوح ﻣﺰارهای رقم دار ﺗخت ﻓوﻻد
پيام بهارستان ، سال سوم، شماره9، )
پاييﺰ1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م قليچ ﺧانﻰ
"(لياُﻋ ﻣهد ﻣﺰار سنگ) اصفهانی غﻼﻣﺮضا ﻣيﺮزا از شاهکاری" ،(رضا ﺣميد)
مجلة نامه
بهارستان ،ضميمه1
)
ويژه
ناﻣه ﺧوشنويسی (، )کتابخانه، ﻣوزه وﻣﺮکﺰ اسناد ﻣﺠلﺲ شورای اسﻼﻣی، ﺗهﺮان: پاييﺰ
1392
/هـ.ش2013
.(م قليچ ﺧانﻰ
(ﻋليا ﻣهد ﻣﺰار سنگ) اصفهانی غﻼﻣﺮضا ﻣيﺮزا از شاهکاری ،(رضا ﺣميد)
مجلة نامه
بهارستان ،ضميمه1
)
ويژه
ناﻣه ﺧوشنويسی (، )کتابخانه، ﻣوزه وﻣﺮکﺰ اسناد ﻣﺠلﺲ شورای اسﻼﻣی، ﺗهﺮان: پاييﺰ
1392
/هـ.ش2013
.(م
قنديل )
،(إسعاد ﻋبد الهادي
فﻨون الشعر الفارسي،
،)بيﺮوت: ، دار اﻷندلﺲ للطباﻋة والنشﺮ والتوزيع، الطبعة الثانية
1402
/هـ1981
.(م
ﻛﺮيمﻰ
،")ﺣميد رضا(، "نگاهی به زندگی وآثار استاد ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی
شمسه ، نشﺮيه الكتﺮونيكي
سازﻣان کتابخانه ها، ﻣوزه ها وﻣﺮکﺰ اسناد
،آستان قدس رضوي
دوره5
شماره22
-
23
،)ﻣشهد: بهاروﺗابستان 1392
/هـ.ش2013
.(م
قنديل )
،(إسعاد ﻋبد الهادي
فﻨون الشعر الفارسي،
،)بيﺮوت: ، دار اﻷندلﺲ للطباﻋة والنشﺮ والتوزيع، الطبعة الثانية
1402
/هـ1981
.(م
ﻛﺮيمﻰ
،")ﺣميد رضا(، "نگاهی به زندگی وآثار استاد ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی
شمسه ، نشﺮيه الكتﺮونيكي ﻛﺮيمﻰ
،")ﺣميد رضا(، "نگاهی به زندگی وآثار استاد ﻣيﺮزا غﻼﻣﺮضا اصفهانی
شمسه ، نشﺮيه الكتﺮونيكي
سازﻣان کتابخانه ها، ﻣوزه ها وﻣﺮکﺰ اسناد
،آستان قدس رضوي
دوره5
شماره22
-
23
،)ﻣشهد: بهاروﺗابستان
1393
/.هـ.ش2014
.(م ﻛسﺮوى
،()أﺣمد
تاريخچه شير وخورشيد ، )ﺗهﺮان: جاب نخست1309
/.هـ.ش1930
.(م ﻛسﺮوى
،()أﺣمد
تاريخچه شير وخورشيد ، )ﺗهﺮان: جاب نخست1309
/.هـ.ش1930
.(م
کلخورانو
)صداقت(جباری
وﺧبيﺮي)ﷴ رضا" ،(بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته هایﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد) کلخورانو )صداقت
(جباری
و ﺧبيﺮي)ﷴ رضا" ،(بﺮرسی سنگ نبشته های ﺗاريخی شهﺮستان يﺰد)سنگ قبور
قﺮون5
ﺗا13
هﺠﺮی( با ﺗأکيد بﺮ ويژگی های گﺮاﻓيکی آن ،"
ﻣﺠلة
کتاب ﻣاه هنﺮ ، شماره145،)ﻣهﺮ
1389
/.هـ.ش2010
.(م 1389
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"(ق
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.(م ﷴ
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معاصرة
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.(م
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ﻣﺠلة باستان
،پژوهی
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.(م )(م
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،الوادي2004
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،ﻣنشورة، قسم اللغة الفارسية وآدابها، ﻛلية اﻵداب، جاﻣعة ﻋيﻦ شمﺲ، القاهﺮة1986
.م
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،")صديقه سلطانی(، "نشان هاي نظاﻣي ايﺮان
فصلﻨامه
، کتاب62
، سال شانﺰدهم، شماره2،)ﺗهﺮان، ﺗابستان
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.م
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،")صديقه سلطانی(، "نشان هاي نظاﻣي ايﺮان
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، کتاب62
، سال شانﺰدهم، شماره2
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1384
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(م. ال
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)جعفﺮ(، "هنﺮهای ﺗﺠسمی: ﻣﺠسمه سازی و سمبلهای انسانی )ﺗحقيقی بﺮ پيکﺮه های سنگ قبﺮهای
،"(آذربايﺠان
ﻗاموس
، شماره2
، )ﺗهﺮان: بهار1362
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.(م نﺠيبی )جعفﺮ(، "هنﺮهای ﺗﺠسمی: ﻣﺠسمه سازی و سمبلهای انسانی )ﺗحقيقی بﺮ پيکﺮه های سنگ قبﺮها
،"(ذربايﺠان
ﻗاموس
، شماره2
، )ﺗهﺮان: بهار1362
/هـ.ش1983
.(م نژاد
)روجا ﻋلی(، "سفيد چاه، نمايه ای ﻓﺮاﺗﺮ از يک گورستان شناﺧت و بﺮرسی ﻣضاﻣيﻦ و نقوش ﺗصويﺮی
،"گورستان سفيد چاه
نشريه هﻨرهای زيبا-هﻨرهای تجسم ی،
دوره19
، شماره2،)دانشگاه ﺗهﺮان، ﺗابستان
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:)اﻹسكندرية
،دار الوﻓاء لدنيا الطباﻋة والنشﺮ2015
.(م (م
،(نور )ﺣسﻦ ﷴ
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.(م
ياقوت الحموي )شهاب الديﻦ أبو ﻋبد ﷲ بﻦ ﻋبد ﷲ الﺮوﻣي البغدادي ت626
/هـ1229م ،(معجم البلدان ،
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،)بيﺮوت: دار صادر1397
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/هـ1871
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،ﻣاجستيﺮ، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة القاهﺮة2009
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ياقوت الحموي )شهاب الديﻦ أبو ﻋبد ﷲ بﻦ ﻋبد ﷲ الﺮوﻣي البغدادي ت626
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/هـ1977م( ج4. (م
ياقوت الحموي )شهاب الديﻦ أبو ﻋبد ﷲ بﻦ ﻋبد ﷲ الﺮوﻣي البغدادي ت626
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معصومه سﻼم ﷲ عليها ،، ﻣقدﻣة وﺗعليق ﻋلی دواني، رهنمون،)ﺗهﺮان1383
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،"گورستان سفيد چاه
نشريه هﻨرهای زيبا-هﻨرهای تجسم ی،
دوره19
، شماره2،)دانشگاه ﺗهﺮان، ﺗابستان
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.(م
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،")ﻣسعود(، "کتيبه های قﺮآنی ﻣسﺠد جاﻣع اصفهان
مجلة گلستان ﻗرآن
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الهيئة العامة لشواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية وتراكيبها )دراسة في الشكل والمغزي ،(
:)اﻹسكندرية
،دار الوﻓاء لدنيا الطباﻋة والنشﺮ2015
.(م
،(نور )ﺣسﻦ ﷴ
دراسات في شواهد القبور اﻹسﻼمية ،، )اﻹسكندرية: دار الوﻓاء لدنيا الطباﻋة والنشﺮ2016
.(م
هدايت )رضا قليخان ت1288
/هـ1871
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التأثيرات اﻷوروبية على الفﻨون اﻹ
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،ﻣاجستيﺮ، غيﺮ ﻣنشورة، ﻛلية اﻵثار، جاﻣعة القاهﺮة2009
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ياقوت الحموي )شهاب الديﻦ أبو ﻋبد ﷲ بﻦ ﻋبد ﷲ الﺮوﻣي البغدادي ت626
/هـ1229م ،(معجم البلدان ،
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،أجﺰاء
،)بيﺮوت: دار صادر1397
/هـ1977م( ج4. ﻣشيﺮی
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بررسی های تاريخی
، شماره37
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:)ﺗهﺮان1350
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.(م ناصﺮ الشﺮيعه )ﷴ ﺣسيﻦ ،(
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معصومه سﻼم ﷲ عليها ،، ﻣقدﻣة وﺗعليق ﻋلی دواني، رهنمون،)ﺗهﺮان1383
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1209
-
1344
/هـ1794
-
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(م-
120
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( )
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Feb. 2016) )
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(
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p p
(
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http://zinati.eu/Azodalmalak_Alireza_Khan_Ghawanlo.htm (accessed 20 Feb. 2016)
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_in_art#Islamic_art (accessed 2 Feb. 2016)
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9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C (accessed 30 Jan.2016) 2016
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http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=625 (accessed 21 Feb. 2016) http://www.zakhair.net/showstone.php?l_id=625 (accessed 21 Feb. 2016) http://www.zakhair.net/Stone.php (accessed 14 Feb. 2016). http://www.zakhair.net/Stone.php (accessed 14 Feb. 2016). p
p p (
)
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Feb.2016) http://www.zohreh-bozorgnia.com/fa/index.php/sangemazardargoorestanhayekohan (accessed 8
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Feb.2016) )
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Nabi_Cemetery (accessed 28 Jan. 2016)
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https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D
9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C (accessed 30 Jan.2016) سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة -
121
- سة بـʙقʺوضة الʛف الʴʱ مʧارة مʱʵُم عةʨʺʳء مʨفي ض »
ﱡʦُق «ةʽʻة فȄآثار دراسة
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Arabic | :الملخص تحتاج البمجاف الخارجة مغ الشداعات إلى رؤية شاممة إلدارة أنذصتيا
اإلنسائية، فزالً عغ
التعسيخية، وذلظ ضسغ
خصة عسل متعجدة اإلستخجامات، وتترف بالسخونة والذسػلية عمى نحػ
، ٍكاؼ
لتالئع احتياجات قصاعات اإلدارة الدياسية ومدتػياتيا
،السختمفة أؼ أف
تكػف قادرة عمى استيعاب
ًمديجا
ًمتغيخا مغ السذكالت الشاشئة، ناـيظ عغ السذكالت التي تدببت بيا الشداعات ، ومغ ىحا السشصمق، فأف
التعافي يسثل إستخاتيجية شاممة لإلنعاش بعج
إنتياء الشداعات، الحؼ يتصمب التعخؼ عمى ماىيتو وبعس
.السرصمحات السقاربة أو السترمة بو الكلمات المفتاحية: التعافي ، مجتمعات ما بعج النزاع، الدالم، الدلم األهلي الكلمات المفتاحية: التعافي ، مجتمعات ما بعج النزاع، الدالم، الدلم األهلي Societies’ Recovery: Theoretical study of approaches, problems and
relevant concepts) أ.د. احمج غالب محي م.م. دمحم محي الجنابي Ahmed Ghaleb Muhi Mohammed muhi aljanabi
كمية العمػـ الدياسية _ جامعة الشيخيغ
[email protected] Abstract: Countries emerging from conflicts need a comprehensive vision to manage
their development activities, as well as reconstruction, within a versatile plan of
action that is flexible and comprehensive enough to suit the needs of different
sectors and levels of political administration, that is, capable of accommodating
a changing mix of emerging problems, let alone the issues caused by conflicts. Thus, recovery represents a comprehensive strategy for rehabilitation after the
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تجريدي في كمية العمػـ الدياسية، باحث في بخنامج الجكتػراه ، كمية العمػـ الدياسية _جامعة الشيخيغ ، البحث مدتل مغ
األشخوحة
[email protected]
كمية العمػـ الدياسية _ جامعة الشيخيغ
[email protected] 99 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
end of disputes, which requires knowing what it the concept of recovery means
and what some of the related terms are. تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية end of disputes, which requires knowing what it the concept of recovery means
and what some of the related terms are. end of disputes, which requires knowing what it the concept of recovery means
and what some of the related terms are. اشكالية البحث : تشبع اشكالية مغ
اف ج اإل خاءات
بعج انتياء مخحمة
الشداع عسمية متعجدة
األوجو ، تيجؼ
الى
البجء
في
التشسية الدياسية
واإلقترادية واإلجتساعية
، لحلظ قج
شكّل مفيػـُ التعافي نُقػصةَ خالؼٍ كبيخة في الجوائخ
اإلندانية ،نتيجةً لػتَبايُغِ اآلراء حػل و، الحؼ تخؾ
البابُ مفػتػحًا عمى تَفديخاتٍ شَ ػتّى لػساىيتو ، وبحلظ قج واجو
ىحا السفيػـ عجدًا مغ التداؤالت اب:خزىا ما يأتي 1_ ما مفيػـ التعافي؟
2
_ما السفاـيع السقاربة والسترمة بالتعافي؟
3
_ما مجاخل واشكاليات التعافي؟ 2
_ما السفاـيع السقاربة والسترمة بالتعافي؟ :أهمية البحث تكسغ أىسية الجراسة مغ الحاجة الفعمية لػضع رؤػ وأليات لتحقيق متصمبات التعافي السدتجاـ لسجتسعات
ما بعج الشداع لسا تػف ،خه تمظ الستصمبات مغ ركائد اإلستقخار والدمع السُدتجاـ وذلظ يدتجعي التصخؽ الى
.مفاـيع حجيثة يسثل التعافي احجىا عبخ شخيقة التعامل مع مخحمة ما بعج الشداع
اشكال ة ال ث تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية ًمتغيخا مغ السذكالت
الشاشئة، ناـيظ عغ السذكالت التي تدببت بيا الشداعات، ومغ ىحا السشصمق، فأف
التعافي يسثل إستخاتيجية شاممة لإلنعاش بعج
إنتياء الشداعات، الحؼ يتصمب التعخؼ عمى ماىيتو وبعس
.السرصمحات السقاربة أو السترمة بو :المقجمة ًّلقج أثبتت تجارب الساضي، بأف نياية
الشداعات
ال تعشي بالزخورة
إفًّ الدمع قج
ًاستقخ نيائيا ،
السّ يسا في
ضل تراعج وتيخة الشداعات الجاخمية بعج نياية الحخب الباردة بذكل عاـ، وبعج تفكظ اإلتحاد الدػفيتي في
تدعيشات القخف السشرخـ عمى وجو الخرػص، التي أغشت التجارب والجراسات ؼيسا يخز مدألة
،الشداعات أثشائيا وبعجىا ّلحلظ أجخػ أخرائي
الشداعات بعس التغييخات السيسة خالؿ العقػد األخيخة
عمػى الصخيقػة،
التػي يفيسػف ويحممػف بػاسصتيا مػضػع الشداع
ومتصمبات ما بعجه، بػصف السخحمة
األخيخة تتخمميا مجسػعة مغ األحجاث
،واإلخفاقات أو األزمات واإلختالفات في الخؤػ قج
يؤدؼ تخاكسيا
وتصػرىا إلى حجوث إرتجادات خصيخة تشحر ب
أزم
ات قج
.ًتؤدؼ الى نداعات أشج فتكا لحلظ
يشبغي التأثيخ في الدياؽ السحيط بالشداع
ات
، وتغييػخه، ويجعػ ىحا اإل قتخاب إلى التعامل مع
السرادر اإل جتساعية والدياسية الستشػعة لمشداع، والعسػل عمػى تحػيل
العػامل الدمبية،
التي تقف وراء
الشداع
إلى تغييخ إيجابي في السجاالت
اإل
جتساعية والدياسية
واإلقترادية، ومغ ثع نقل التفكيخ مغ حل
،نداع معيغ إلى عسمية يسكغ مغ خالليا تفادؼ الشداع في السدتقبل، أؼ " الػصػؿ إلى أصل السذكالت
وإ
تخاذ إجخاءات لتجشب الشداع
ات مدتؿبالً، وذلظ يتصمب العسل وفق أليات واستخاتيجيا
ت
لمتعافي بيجؼ
تحجيج ومعالجة الستصمبات الفػرية ومتػسصة األمج بٌػية إنعاش السجتسعات الخارجة مغ الشداعات ، وفي
الػقت نفدو،
وضع
األسذ
لتصػيخ
إ ستخاتيجية شػيمة األمج لمتعافي السدتجاـ، الحؼ يتخكد نصاقيا عمى
الشداع والػضع
األمشي
ُومػقف الحكػمة الس ِز
يفة وقجراتيا والسػارد الستاحة ، بيشسا ركائد العسل السٌدتجاـ
ىي السدتػيات السؤسدية والدياسية السحػكسة مغ جية، واإلستجامة اإلقترادية والتساسظ االجتساعي مغ
.جية اُخخػ ،وعميو تحتاج البمجاف الخارجة مغ الشداعات إلى رؤية شاممة إلدارة أنذصتيا
اإلنسائية، فزالً عغ
التعسيخية، وذلظ ضسغ خصة عس ل متعجدة اإلستخجامات، وتترف بالسخونة والذسػلية عمى نحػ
، ٍكاؼ
لتالئع احتياجات قصاعات اإلدارة الدياسية ومدتػياتيا
،السختمفة أؼ أف
تكػف قادرة عمى استيعاب
ًمديجا 100 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 :فرضية الجراسة انصالقاً مغ اإلشكالية فأف التعافي يسثل إستخاتيجية شاممة لإلنعاش بعج إنتياء الشداعات
ألف
البمجاف
الخارجة مغ الشداعات
تحتاج
إلى رؤية شاممة إلدارة أنذصتيا
اإلنسائية، فزالً عغ التعسيخية، وذلظ
ضسغ
خصة عسل متعجدة اإلستخجامات، تترف بالسخونة والذسػلية عمى نحػ
، ٍكاؼ لتالئع احتياجات
قصاعات اإلدارة الدياسية ومدتػياتيا
،السختمفة أؼ أف
تكػف قادرة عمى استيعاب
ًمديجا
ًمتغيخا مغ
السذكالت الشاشئة، ناـيظ عغ السذكالت التي تدببت بيا الشداعات. 101 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 _ًأوال
في
معنى التعافي تُعج اإل
ج خاءات
بعج انتياء مخحمة
الشداع بأنيا عسمية متعجدة
األوجو ، تيجؼ
الى
البجء
في
التشسية
الدياسية
واإلقترادية واإلجتساعية
بٌػية تييئة الطخوؼ
لإلنتقاؿ الى الس
ـ دائع، يسشع اإلندالؽ نحػ ىاوية
الشداعات مخة اُخخػ، التي
حطيَت بأىسية كبيخة خالؿ العقػد األخيخة، ولعل مبعث ذلظ الى ما يأتي(1)
: 1
. .تعاضع األزمات الجولية ذات األبعاد الييكمية، التي تتعمق بػجػد الجوؿ واستسخارىا 1
. .تعاضع األزمات الجولية ذات األبعاد الييكمية، التي تتعمق بػجػد الجوؿ واستسخارىا 1
. .تعاضع األزمات الجولية ذات األبعاد الييكمية، التي تتعمق بػجػد الجوؿ واستسخارىا
2
. ارتفاع وتيخة اإلرىاب كػاحجٍ مغ أىع التحجيات العالسية، التي تػا جو العالع بعج الحخب العالسية
.الثانية 2
. ارتفاع وتيخة اإلرىاب كػاحجٍ مغ أىع التحجيات العالسية، التي تػا جو العالع بعج الحخب العالسية
.الثانية 3
. افتخاض اف اإلجخاءات في مخحمة ما بعج الشداع ، قج تدتمدـ مجد زمشية شػيمة األمج، فزالً عغ
.تطافخ الجيػد كافة مغ جية، وإقتخاف أبعادىا بعزيا البعس مغ جية اُخخػ
وبيحا الرجد، قج شكّل مفيػـُ التعافي نُقػصةَ خالؼٍ كبيخة
في الجوائخ اإلندانية ،نتيجةً لػتَبايُغِ اآلراء
حػل و، الحؼ تخؾ
البابُ مفػتػحًا عمى تَفديخاتٍ شَ ػتّى لػساىيتو
، وبحلظ قج واجو ىحا السفيػـ عجدًا مغ
التحجيات، ومشيا(2)
: 1
. ا
ي
2 Krishna Kumar, "The Nature and Focus of International Assistance for Rebuilding War-
torn Societies," in: Krishna Kumar (ed.), Rebuilding Societies after Civil War: Critical Roles
for International Assistance (London: Lynne Reinner, 1997), p. 2. 1
،ابخاـيع نرخ الجيغ، دراسات في الشطع الدياسية االفخيؿية
،دار اكتذاؼ، القاىخة2010
، ص61
. 1
،ابخاـيع نرخ الجيغ، دراسات في الشطع الدياسية االفخيؿية
،دار اكتذاؼ، القاىخة2010
، ص61
. تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية 2
. اتباع الجوؿ الُسزيفة لمشداعات أو
السانحة نيجًا تجديئيًّا عمى مدتػػ التسػيل
، ب
الذكل الحؼ ال يحقق
،التكامل بيغ التجخالت الستشػعة
وقج
ًتكػف التجخالت متزاربة
،أحيانًا إذ تتبع أولػيات بخامج السعػنة
لمجوؿ نفديا أو السؤسدات والجوؿ الخارجية ًفي الكثيخ مغ األحياف نيجاً مغايخا أل ولػيات
السشاشق
الستزخرة. 3
. ًّكسا إف
عسميات إعادة اإلعسار
، قج تػاجو عجـ ثبات الجعع الجولي
لمجيػد السبحولة، فيػ متغيخ مغ
مخحمة إلى أخخػ، ويعتسج عمى متغيخات مختمفة، مشيا تحػّؿ اىتساـ السانحيغ وتسػيميع مغ
جية إلى
أخخػ في
حاؿَ وقػع أزمات أخخػ في دوؿ العالع. و
في عسػـ الحاؿ، ووفقًا لػبخنامج األمع الستحجة اإلنسائي، ف إفَّ التػعافي يُعج“
ٌنَػيج ًا
ِيُمػبّي حاجات
التّعافي في مخحمة االستِجابة اإلندانية لمصػارغ،
بعبارةٍ أخخػ، يُسكغ تعخيف
و بآنو
استِػعادةُ الخجمات
األساسية، التي تُسكّغ السُتػزخِّريغ مغَ اإل
عتساد عمى أنفديع اعتسادًا أكثخ استِػجامةً، بجالً مغَ اإل ّت كاؿ
ِّالسُدتسخ عمى مُشطسات اإلغاثػة في تَػمػبِػيَة احتياجاتِػيع األساسية
ًّ، وىحا يعشي، إف التّػعافي يقػعُ بيغ الشيج
الدائج الحؼ يتسحػر تػافخ السداعجات اإلندانية األساسية _كالغحاء والسأوػ وخجمات السياه والرخؼ مغ
جيةٍ، وإعادة اإلعسار لمسشاشق الستزخرة
مغ جيةٍ أخخػ. (1) 3
. ًّكسا إف
عسميات إعادة اإلعسار
، قج تػاجو عجـ ثبات الجعع الجولي
لمجيػد السبحولة، فيػ متغيخ مغ
مخحمة إلى أخخػ، ويعتسج عمى متغيخات مختمفة، مشيا تحػّؿ اىتساـ السانحيغ وتسػيميع مغ
جية إلى
أخخػ في
حاؿَ وقػع أزمات أخخػ في دوؿ العالع. و
في عسػـ الحاؿ، ووفقًا لػبخنامج األمع الستحجة اإلنسائي، ف إفَّ التػعافي يُعج“
ٌنَػيج ًا
ِيُمػبّي حاجات
التّعافي في مخحمة االستِجابة اإلندانية لمصػارغ،
بعبارةٍ أخخػ، يُسكغ تعخيف
و بآنو
استِػعادةُ الخجمات
األساسية، التي تُسكّغ السُتػزخِّريغ مغَ اإل
عتساد عمى أنفديع اعتسادًا أكثخ استِػجامةً، بجالً مغَ اإل ّت كاؿ
ِّالسُدتسخ عمى مُشطسات اإلغاثػة في تَػمػبِػيَة احتياجاتِػيع األساسية
ًّ، وىحا يعشي، إف التّػعافي يقػعُ بيغ الشيج
الدائج الحؼ يتسحػر تػافخ السداعجات اإلندانية األساسية _كالغحاء والسأوػ وخجمات السياه والرخؼ مغ
جيةٍ، وإعادة اإلعسار لمسشاشق الستزخرة
مغ جيةٍ أخخػ. :فرضية الجراسة افتقاد رؤية مػحجة شاممة عمى
السدتػػ البحثي واألكاديسي
،لمتعامل مع مخحمة ما بعج إنتياء الشداع إذ
يُفتخض أف يسثل إنعاش السجتسعات القابعة في اُتػف الشداع ىسدة وصل" بيغ الجراسات السعشية بالتشسية
وبشاء الدالـ وإدارة الشداعات مع العمػـ اإلندانية األخخػ، مثل: عمع الدياسة واإلقتراد واإلجتساع
وعمع
،الشفذ والتأريخ إال
ًّإف ىحا نادرًا ما
،يحجث
إذ غالباً ما يدػد إتجاه ، أف كل تخرز يقارب
السػضػع بحثيًّا مغ وجية
،نطخه
ّثع
ّإف
السدتػػ البخامجي ال تحقق ربصًا كاؼيًا بيغ أنذصة اإلغاثة
،والتشسية عمى حج سػاء ناـيظ عغ الحجود الفاصمة بيغ اإلغاثة واإلنعاش
ًوالتشسية، التي تذيج تتغيخا
،دائسًا بحيث يحتسل أف
ًيشصػؼ سياقا ًواحجا لسخحمة ما بعج انتياء الشداع عمى عجد مغ السشاشق
الجغخاؼية والدكاف في مخاحل مختمفة مغ األزمة
ًوالتشسية، وبشاء عميو لع تُػضع معاييخ لمتفخيق بيغ
السخاحل نطخًا إلى صعػبة وضعيا. 102 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
2
. اتباع الجوؿ الُسزيفة لمشداعات أو
السانحة نيجًا تجديئيًّا عمى مدتػػ التسػيل
، ب
الذكل الحؼ ال يحقق
،التكامل بيغ التجخالت الستشػعة
وقج
ًتكػف التجخالت متزاربة
،أحيانًا إذ تتبع أولػيات بخامج السعػنة
لمجوؿ نفديا أو السؤسدات والجوؿ الخارجية ًفي الكثيخ مغ األحياف نيجاً مغايخا أل ولػيات
السشاشق
الستزخرة. 3
. ًّكسا إف
عسميات إعادة اإلعسار
، قج تػاجو عجـ ثبات الجعع الجولي
لمجيػد السبحولة، فيػ متغيخ مغ
مخحمة إلى أخخػ، ويعتسج عمى متغيخات مختمفة، مشيا تحػّؿ اىتساـ السانحيغ وتسػيميع مغ
جية إلى
أخخػ في
حاؿَ وقػع أزمات أخخػ في دوؿ العالع. و
في عسػـ الحاؿ، ووفقًا لػبخنامج األمع الستحجة اإلنسائي، ف إفَّ التػعافي يُعج“
ٌنَػيج ًا
ِيُمػبّي حاجات
التّعافي في مخحمة االستِجابة اإلندانية لمصػارغ،
بعبارةٍ أخخػ، يُسكغ تعخيف
و بآنو
استِػعادةُ الخجمات
األساسية، التي تُسكّغ السُتػزخِّريغ مغَ اإل
عتساد عمى أنفديع اعتسادًا أكثخ استِػجامةً، بجالً مغَ اإل ّت كاؿ
ِّالسُدتسخ عمى مُشطسات اإلغاثػة في تَػمػبِػيَة احتياجاتِػيع األساسية
ًّ، وىحا يعشي، إف التّػعافي يقػعُ بيغ الشيج
الدائج الحؼ يتسحػر تػافخ السداعجات اإلندانية األساسية _كالغحاء والسأوػ وخجمات السياه والرخؼ مغ
جيةٍ، وإعادة اإلعسار لمسشاشق الستزخرة
مغ جيةٍ أخخػ. :فرضية الجراسة (1)
لحلظ، فأف مفيػـ التعافي بات إحجػ األولػيات بػصفو ىجفاً رئيداً في مجتسعات ما بع
ج
، الشداع
التي يدعى الييا السجتسع الجولي، ومغ ىحا السشصمق، فقج تعجدت إ ستخجامات مفيػـ التعافي بيغ
السجاالت اإلندانية والعمسية و
إ
تداع الجا
خة ئ، التي يدتخجـ فييا
، فالتعافي ا لشفدي، واحجاً مغ السفاـيع في
إشار عمع الشفذ اإليجابي والرحة الشفدية، التي تعدز قجرة الفخد عمى تجاوز الرعػبات عبخ التعامل
الحىشي السشفتح مع مشغرات الحياة، التي تتزسغ نصاقاً اوسعاً في اإلستجابة والحمػؿ الفاعمة، ويطيخ
التعافي الشفدي عبخ قجرة الفخد عمى التعامل
مع السػاقف الرعبة كاألمخاض والسذكالت والزغػشات قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية (1) لحلظ، فأف مفيػـ التعافي بات إحجػ األولػيات بػصفو ىجفاً رئيداً في مجتسعات ما بع
ج
، الشداع
التي يدعى الييا السجتسع الجولي، ومغ ىحا السشصمق، فقج تعجدت إ ستخجامات مفيػـ التعافي بيغ
السجاالت اإلندانية والعمسية و
إ
تداع الجا
خة ئ، التي يدتخجـ فييا
، فالتعافي ا لشفدي، واحجاً مغ السفاـيع في
إشار عمع الشفذ اإليجابي والرحة الشفدية، التي تعدز قجرة الفخد عمى تجاوز الرعػبات عبخ التعامل
الحىشي السشفتح مع مشغرات الحياة، التي تتزسغ نصاقاً اوسعاً في اإلستجابة والحمػؿ الفاعمة، ويطيخ
التعافي الشفدي عبخ قجرة الفخد عمى التعامل
مع السػاقف الرعبة كاألمخاض والسذكالت والزغػشات
التي يعاني مشيا(2)
،
ومغ ىشا، تكسغ محاذيخ إستخجاـ التعافي في اإلشار الدياسي،
ألف
الجدج 1
يشطخ: س
امي عقيل وكخـ شعار، التػعافي السُبكخ وإعادة اإلعػسار في سػريا بيغ الػاقِػع والدياسة، بحث مشذػر في مخكد
( الدياسات وبحػث العسمياتOPC
،)
2022
:، متاح عمى الخابط اإللكتخوني األتي
تاريخ السذاىجة22
/
10
/
2022 https://opc.center/ar/the-politics-of-early-recovery-aid-in-syria-is-it-actually- https://opc.center/ar/the-politics-of-early-recovery-aid-in-syria-is-it-actually-
reconstruction-aid/
2
مالظ فزيل عبج هللا، التعافي الشفدي وعالقتو بالجعع العاشفي لجػ الستعافيغ مغ جائحة كػرونا، م ،جمة كمية التخبية
( العجد45
( ) الجدء2
،) جامعة واسط2021
، ص365
. 103 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية اإلنداني ليذ كاإلشار الدياسي في
األحػاؿ ،كميا
والتقارب ال
ٍيمغ السغايخة، بػصف ا لجدج اإلنداني
اقخب الى التكػيغ االليي، ال
حؼ ال
ُيخل
مغ اعجاز وقجرة،ألييو عكذ الجولة،
التي
تُعج ضاىخة وضعية،
أوججتيا إ
رادة اإلنداف بحكع حاجتيا الى األمغ والدالـ والصسأنيش،ة وىي
،في الػقت ذاتو ة واقع
اجتساعية
عخفتيا السجتسعات و
أ
دركتيا الذعػب ب
إ
ختالؼ درج
ة
التصػر و
م
قجار السجنية،
التي تعخفيا
أ و تجركيا فيي
ثابت انداني المجاؿ لتغييخه
ألنيا ارتبص
ت بػجػد اإلنداف وحياتو
، لكغ ىحا ال يسشع مغ استخجاـ السفيػـ
(التعافي) في حقب ما بعج الشداع عبخ ايجاد االجخاءات واألليات عبخ سمدمة األولػيات ألنعاش
.السجتسعات وعمى صع
ي ،ج مترل يسثل التعافي خصة إنعاش( ال
بجاية الدخيعة )إلعادة البشاء عمى األمج
،الصػيل
لحلظ يٌعج التعافي أدوات تشفيحية لتشطيع البخامج والسذاريع تترل بالتشسي
ة ، ومغ ثع تقجيسيا في إشار
تخصيط متساسظ وإشار وششي شامل لمسشاشق الستزخرة مغ الشداع(1)، لكغ في الػاقع، عادة ما تثيخ
صياغة إستخاتيجية شاممة لمتعافي بعج انتياء الشداعات
ًججال واسعاً، ألنيا تدتمدـ السػائسة مع
األيجيػلػجيات والفئات اإلجتساعية
، فزالً عغ
الحؿبة الدمشية والثقافات
،السُختمفة
ًمعتسجة عمى شبيعة
الشداع ومجػ الزخر الػاقع
، لحلظ فأف مُتصمبات التعافي يشبغي أفًّ تخاعي خرػصية كل
ٍبمج
ٍمُتزخر
مغ
جخاء الشداع(2)
. وعميو، تػصف مُتصمبات التعافي
بأنيا مجسػعة متشػعة مغ
،السعارؼ التي تداعج عمى تحجيج أىع
،السيسات التي يشبغي تشفيحىا في كل مخحمة مغ مخاحل إعادة
،اإلعسار بعج الشداع وذلظ يقتزي تحجيج
اإلحتياجات مغ السػارد ومقجارىا ومػقع أنذصة
،اإلنعاش وكحلظ تحجيج الغايات
،واألىجاؼ
فزالً عغ
اف السقاربة بيغ الجدج البذخؼ والجولة يجخل في اشار التذبيو ليذ اال ، وأف كاف البعس يدقط ىحا السفيػـ عمى
الجولة، مع انيا واقعة اجتساعية وضعية، ولعل اىع مغ استخجـ ىحا التػضيف ، ىػ افالشػف في الفكخ الغخبي وقاربو في
ىحا االتجاه الفارابي والساوردؼ وابغ خمجوف ،في الفكخ العخبي االسالمي ،عمي عبج السعصي دمحم، الفكخ الدياسي الغخبي، دار الجامعات السرخية،االسكشجرية1975،ص53
، كحلظ يشطخ: جياد
،تقي صادؽ، الفكخ الدياسي العخبي االسالمي، مكتبة جامعة السػصل2001،ص ص37
-
61
. اا
1 Sultan Barakat, "Reviving War-damaged Settlements: Towards an International Charter
for Reconstruction after War," PhD thesis, University of York, York, 1993, p51. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 2
:يشطخ
تقخيخ األميغ العاـ لألمع الستحجة ، التشسية
والتعاوف االقترادؼ
(الجولي خصة
( لمتشسية)، الجورة48
،)
1995
، 104 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية األولػيات والسيسات وسياسات
التشفيح، التي تختمف خصة عسميا عغ أؼ خصة عسل في ضخوؼ شبيعية
ومدتقخة، إذ تتصمب أفّ تجار مػارد البمج بصخيقة متدقة
وناجعة السِ يّسا السشاشق األكثخ تزخراً أو
،السذكالت األكثخ تدبباً لمشداع
وذلظ
عبخ إستثسار السػارد الستاحة )البذخية والسالية وغيخىا( الالزمة لبمػغ
األىجاؼ(1)
. وبجورىا قج إ
ىتست األ
مع الستحجة بيحا ال،سفيػـ
ًإنصالقا
مغ إ ىتساـ
أ ميشيا العاـ األسبق (بصخس
غالي) عبخ
تقخيخه الحؼ وسع
بأجشجة
مغ
أ
جل الدالـ
، إذ
أكج الى ضخورة
إ حجاث تغييخ
ات في مسارسة بشا ء
الدالـ
، لتبجأ بالجبمػماسية الػقائية، ثع تدتسخ مع صشع الدالـ
،وحفطو لترل إلى مخحمة
التعافي بػصفيا
عسمية شسػلية(2)
، وىحا السشصمق إنعكذ عمى إستخجامات التعافي في مجاالت
عجة، مسا جعمو إ شار ًا
عمسي ًا انداني ًا أ
و تجخيبي،ًا
يقجـ اشخ و حتو الخاصة و ًؼيزا في اإل
ستخجاـ
، فعمى السدتػػ اإلقترادؼ
بات
،يشطخ لمتعافي
بأنو مجسػعو األنذصة،
التي تدعى الى إ عادة انعاش التشسية اإلقترادية
واإلجتساعية
في
ة بيئ ما بع
ج الشداع، في حيغ يشطخ لمتعافي مغ مشطػر
اإلشار األمشي
اإلستخاتيجي، بأنيا
العسمية التي يتع
بسقتزاىا إيجاد
بيئة سمسية تحػؿ دوف تججد انجالع
الشداع،
ولخبسا يعسل السعشيػف باإلشار الدػسيػلػجي
عشجما
يَعجوف التعافي بأنو
ًاشارا
ًمعياريا لمكذف عغ درج
ة تعافي السجتسع عشجما يبتعج عغ جػانب الخمل،
التي سادت مدتػيات
الحياة الدياسية واإلقترادية واإلجتساعية قبل وفي
أ ثشاء الشد
اعات،
التي تعتسج درجة
نجاعتيا عمى قجرة ذلظ السجتسع
في
التعبيخ
عغ حاالت الشداع
العشيف
وتدػيتو عبخ
ًقشػات سمسية بجال
مغ
المجػء الى العشف(3)
. وفي الدياؽ ذاتو، تع إستخجاـ مفيػـ التعافي عمى مدتػػ الدياسات السالية، عبخ مفيػـ التعافي
السالي الحؼ يسثل خصة استخاتيجية إلستخداد محفطة السرخؼ، بسعشى ىػ األعساؿ اليادفة الى إستعادة
تحقيق األرباح، فزالً عغ تصػيخ الدياسات السالية، كسا يعّخؼ التعافي اإلق ترادؼ بأنو تصػر الشسػ
اإلقترادؼ في أعقاب مخحمة الخكػد، وفي مػضع أخخ، يعّخؼ بأنو استخجاـ األدوات واألساليب السالية 1
،سمصاف بخكات وغداف الكحمػت دروس مدتفادة مغ تجارب اإلنعاش ما بعج الشداعات السدمحة: نحػ عسل عخبي
مػحج
، مجمة سياسات عخبية، العجد30
، السخكد العخبي لألبحاث ودراسة الدياسات ومعيج ،الجوحة لمجراسات العميا2018
،
ص28
. 2
تقخيخ االميغ العاـ لألمع الستحجة ، الػثيقة1992/6/17/A/47/277
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 3
رانيا حديغ خفاجو ،اشار تفديخؼ لتعافي الجوؿ بعج الرخاعات العشيفة ، مجمة الدياسة الجولية _ ممحق إتجاىات نطخية
، العجد213
، ، مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخة2018، ص5
. عأ
ـا
ي/ /
/ /
/
3
رانيا حديغ خفاجو ،اشار تفديخؼ لتعافي الجوؿ بعج الرخاعات العشيفة ، مجمة الدياسة الجولية _ ممحق إتجاىات نطخية
، العجد213
، ، مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخة2018، ص5
. 105 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية ،بسا فييا تشفيح قخارات حازمة بٌػية مػاجية األزمات مغ جية، وتحقيق الكفاءة السالية مغ جية اُخخػ
بػصفيا مغ أساسيات اإلصالح اإلقترادؼ والسالي، عب خ تحقيق عجة مُتصمبات ومشيا: إصالح األنطسة
اإلقترادية، زيادة الشتاج السحمي، تجعيع سعخ الرخؼ، تعطيع الزخائب، تصػيخ اإلستثسار، مؤشخ
التػضيف والسجيػنية وغيخىا(1)
. يسكششا القػؿ، بأفًّ التعافي ومُتصمباتو لسخحمة ما بعج الشداع، يسثل أليات وإجخاءات وسياس ات
إلعادة بشاء السجتسعات الستزخرة ، وتذسل العسمية إعادة بشاء
الجػانب
الدياسية واألمشية واإلجتساعية
واإلقترادية ، فزالً عغ معالجة األسباب الجحرية ،لمشداع
وتعديد العجالة اإلجتساعية ، التي تقتزي وضع
اليياكل الدياسية
لمحكع سيا و
دة
القانػف وتعديد بشاء الدالـ والسرا،لحة و
يسكغ تعخيف يا بأنيا تصػيخ بخامج
شػيمة،األمج وذات سمدمة أولػيات اليجؼ مشيا ىػ
تحديغ الخفاه اإلقترادؼ لمسجتسعات الستزخر ة مغ
،الشداع
عبخ حػكسة
السؤسدات الدياسية واألمشية واإلقترادية، ومغ خالليا تعديد التساسظ اإلجتساعي. ًثانيا_
المقاربات والمفاهيم
المترلة بالتعافي يتجاخل مفيػـ التعافي مع مفاـيع
أ خخػ
إ قتخنت جسيعيا بسخحمة
ما بع
ج
الشداع، ومقاربات اٌخخػ
إقتخنت
بسخحمة أثشاء الشداع، وبعس مغ تمظ السقاربات والسفاـيع تذكل مجخالً في تعديد مُتصمبات
:التعافي، واُخخػ قج تسثل تحجياً، ومغ أجل فظ اإللتباس سشتصخؽ ليا وفقاً لألتي 1
_
:المقاربات النظرية لتدوية النزاعات قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية أ. أ. مقاربة إدارة النزاعات : تسعى
ىحه السقاربة الى تدػية الشداعات عبخ الػصػؿ إلتفاقات فم ػػع ن
ػم ا بُػية إنياء الشداعات العشيفة، لكغ ليذ بالزخورة
معالج
ةػ األسباب ا
لكامن
ةػ وراءه،
إذ تٌعج تمظ
السقاربة
ػشًكال ػغم ؿ كا ػشأ
الجبمػماسية الخسسية، وقج قجمتيا أقجـ السجارس الفكخية السختبصة بإضفاء
الصابع ؤ لم ا
سسي عمى
حل الشداعات وبشاء
لسال ا
ـ في لقان ا وف لي دو لا،
وتعسل ىحه السقاربة عبخ
ة بنا
ـالػ لس ا (ماس و بم دلا
ف يي ػػ
،تاػػػمظ لمن ا ا
لثنائي
ػػة ، ا
لمتع
ػػػجدة ألا
شػػػخاؼ)، ومغ ثع الذخوع بتح
ديج ب جم و
دة قا
أشخاؼ
الشداعات ىػلإ ةػلواط ا
لمفا
وضػا،ت
ويشرب
اػىز كي رت ىػػ عم
إدارة الشداع
لمس ا
مح ػػ ىػػ عم
لم ا
ػػجػ القخيب،
ومغ االمثمة الحجيثة عمى إتخاذ تمظ السقاربة ىي
ؽاػػ تف ا ػػب كام ػػج يفي د
(1)
. وقج تتخح مدارات الػساشة ضسغ ىحه السقاربة نػعاً مغ إستخجاـ القػة والزغػشات مع إستخجاـ
س نف ا
لمعايي
ر كاألسم
وب جو و لم ا و نح تحقي
ػق ائج ػ لنت ا
، كسا يسكغ أفًّ يخافقيا العسل عمى التخغيب الي ػػ لم ا
تارة
أو ا
ػػجيد لتي لعس ا
ػػك ؼر
تارة اُخخػ، ػػغمو ا
ألمثم
ةػػ ىػػ عم ػػظلذ ىػ ةطاػػسو تاػػ الي ولا ا
لمتح
ػػجة عاـ
1995
يػػف معاى
ػػجة الد
ـالػػ يػػف نة ػػػسو لب ا، ػػػج عن ما
ربصت تاػػػ الي ولا ا
لمتح
ػػػجة األمخيكية ػػػع عد دة اػػػعإ ا
ألعم
ػػػار
ؽاػػػ تف بإ الػػػ لس ا،ـ ددت ىو بتفجي
ر مد
فعية رب ص نة ػسو لب ا يػف ؿاػح اػم ػعل ـتػي ػلصو لت ا ىػلإ ؽاػ تف ا ـالػس ،
والججيخ بالحكخ، بأفًّ العجيج مغ اإلنتقادات قج وجيت لتمظ السقاربة
يا نأل
تخكد
ىػػ عم دات اػ لقي ا ا
لعمي
ػا
لأل
شػخاؼ الستشازعة فقط، وتيسل ا
ألسبا
ب ا
لعميقة لمشداعات، لحلظ ال يسكغ ف ما ػض اإلستقخار عمى األمج
البعيج لتدػية الشداع بُػية الػصػؿ إلتفاؽ الدالـ(2)
. ب. 2 Thania Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk: Op cit. p 21. 1 Thania Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk: Civil Society, Civil Engagement, and Peace
Building, Social Development paper, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, World Bank,
Washington, 2006, p.20. Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk: Op cit. p 21. 1
_
:المقاربات النظرية لتدوية النزاعات يمك
ػػػػغ ا
لتميي
ػػػػد في ػػػػ ب ث ثال
مقاربات نطخية ضسغ أبحاث تدػية الشداعات، التي
تخ ػػػػ تس
دـ
مص
ػػط
ت محا مختمف
ةػػ، اػػ لي و ب الي ػػسأ مص و
ػػط
ت محا مفاىيمي
ةػػ مختمف
ػػة،
،وفي الحؿيقة
ػػػخ ي
ط تب تأريخ ه ػػػح ى
لم ا
ػػػجارس
، التي اقجمت عمى تقجيع مقاربات تدػية الشداعات ؿكػػػ بش ػػػق ثي و يخ راػػػ بت نش
ػػػػء مي
ػػػجاف
حل
الشداعات ءاػػػ بن و ـالػػػ لس ا والتعافي،
التي
تق
ػػػػجـ ب الي ػػػسأ مختمف
ةػػػ ةطاػػػسو لم فيػػػب ألا
شػػػخاؼ الستشازعة ػػػػاء س
بػػػيف ال
ػػػجوؿ أـ دا
خميا،
:وىي كسا يأتي 1
اياد دمحم زيجاف وزىخاء احسج ا لشعيسي، ؾياس التعافي السالي واثخه في اإلئتساف السرخفي _ دراسة تحميمية في عيشة مغ
( الجوؿ العخبية، مجمة اقتراديات األعساؿ لمبحػث التصبيؿية، العجد2
،)، كمية اقتراديات األعساؿ _ جامعة الشيخيغ
2022
، ص137
. 106 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 مقاربة حل النزاعات
: تع
ػػػ الج ىحه السقاربة الشداعات مغ خالؿ العسل عمى معالج
ةػػػ ب با ػػػ ألس ا
ا
لكامن
ةػػػ وراء ا
لعن
ػػػف
(ا
لمباش
ػػػخ
افي ػػػ لثق ا أو
ا أو
لييكم
ػػػي)
، إذ تدعى ىحه السقاربة
ىػػ عم ػػلح ا
لخالف
ػػات
فيػػب ألف ا
ػػخاد وا
لجماع
ػػات
بُػية ايجاد بجائل عغ العشف
ػػػغ م ػػػل جأ ـالػػػ لس ا ألم وا،ػػػغ
وذلظ بتشفيح
مج را ب
تديع في
حؿ ا
لخالف
ػات ا
لعنيفة،
بسا فييا
ػػػػخا ب
مج ـال ػػػػ لس ا را ت ػػػػ سوا
تيجيا
ت ػػػػع ألم ا ا
لمتح
ػػػػجة ا ػػػػ ىر غي و ػػػػغ م
ت ما ظ لمن ا ةػ لي دو لا ، التي
تي
ػػجؼ ىػػلإ داػػ يج إ تاػػ تيب ر لت ا ةػػ ئم دا لا
عبخ
مساع
دة ت لفئا ا ا
لمتحا
بة ر في
مناقشة ـىوا شك و
حاجاتي
ـ
،( مدائل أزمة اليػية الفخعية
أو ا
وؿ صول لى إ لم ا
وارد
)، كسا ػجق تتض
ػمف
لق ا
ػخارات ءاشػ عإ لحك ا
ػع تي ػحا لا ا
لسياس
ػي
لجساعة ثقاؼية
أو ز
دة اػػػي ػػػج لخ ا
ت ما لص ا
ػػػ
حية وا
لتعميمي
ػػػة 1 Thania Paffenholz and Christoph Spurk: Civil Society, Civil Engagement, and Peace
Building, Social Development paper, Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction, World Bank,
Washington, 2006, p.20. 107 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
ػػػخص فو لعم ا
ػػػل لمجم
تاػػػعو ميمش
ػػة)
، كسا يسكغ اف تجخل في مدألة ايجاد اإلتراالت بيغ األشخاؼ
العجيج مغ السذاركيغ االضافييغ
ػػل مث اػػمظ لمن ا
ت الجولية أو األقميسي
ة أو حتى السحمية(1)
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية ػػػخص فو لعم ا
ػػػل لمجم
تاػػػعو ميمش
ػػة)
، كسا يسكغ اف تجخل في مدألة ايجاد اإلتراالت بيغ األشخاؼ
العجيج مغ السذاركيغ االضافييغ
ػػل مث اػػمظ لمن ا
ت الجولية أو األقميسي
ة أو حتى السحمية(1)
. ػػػخص فو لعم ا
ػػػل لمجم
تاػػػعو ميمش
ػػة)
، كسا يسكغ اف تجخل في مدألة ايجاد اإلتراالت بيغ األشخاؼ
العجيج مغ السذاركيغ االضافييغ
ػػل مث اػػمظ لمن ا
ت الجولية أو األقميسي
ة أو حتى السحمية(1)
. ًّوالججيخ باإلىتساـ ليحه السقاربة، إنيا تخػ بأف
ا
لعالق
تاػػ تحت
جاػػ ىػػلإ دة اػػعإ ءاػػ بن سيػػل فيػػب ممثم
ػػي
دات اػػ قي
أشخاؼ،الشداع بل ػػلخ دا ا
لمجتم
ػػ ع ًايزا(2)
. 1
احسج جسيل عدـ، تحػيل الرخاع : إقتخاب
،غيخ صفخؼ إلدارة نداعات ما بعج الثػرات العخبية، مجمة الدياسات الجولية
العجد190
،، مؤسدة االىخاـ، القاىخة2012
، ص230
.
2
خالج عكاب حدػف وسالع انػر احسج، السفيػـ السعاصخ لبشاء الدالـ في اشار القانػف الجولي ، مجمة تكخيت لمعمػـ
القانػنية والدياسية، ( السجمج4
، العجد15
،)، جامعة تكخيت2012
، ص47
.
3
خالج عكاب حدػف
وسالع انػر احسج ، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص48
.
4
آالف جيخسػف
ونات ج. كػليتا، خرخرة ا
لدالـ: مغ الشداع الى االمغ
، ط1
،)، تخجسة (اسعج حسيج
الجسعية السرخية
لشذخ السعخفة و
الثقافة الجامعية ،، القاىخة2004
، ص105
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 لحا فأف استخاتيجية ىحه السقاربة تشصػؼ عمى
ؿ جع
ػخاد ألف ا ػغم
أشخاؼ
الشداعات يمتق ػػف ػ معًا،
ضسغ ورش تجريبية
بُػية تقخيب وجيات الشطخ بيشيع، ومغ ثع
إمكانية التأثيخ
ىػ عم ـ تي داػق ، ولع تَدّ مع ىحه السقاربة مغ اإلنتقادات
خاص
ةػػ ػػغم ػػب جان نص أ
ػػار (
إدارة
)الشداع،
الحؼ يخوف
ف بأ عممية ؿح الشداع ؽفو هذى ا
لصيغة شػ
يمة دج ًا
ىػ حت تص
ػل ىػلإ ػفقو العشف ،
فألو تحس
في ػػػػ التص ا
ت اال ػػػػ ءا ػػػػ بن و ا
لعالق
ػػػػ ات ب ػػػػ يف
أشخاؼ الشداع
لا ي
ػػػػؤدؼ بالض
رورة لى إ ؿصو لت ا
ات قاػ تف إل تٌشيي لح ا
ػخب(3)
. ج. مقاربة تحويل النزاعات
: تس
عى ػػ ه ػػحى السقاربة لتدػية الشداعات عبخ ػػليو تح عالق
ػػة الأ
شػػخاؼ
ا
لمشت
كة ر ؼيو لى إ عالقة إ
يجابية ػغع ػقي شخ تي ػسإ
داؼ مص
در اػ
الشداع
ػػضومو
عاتو،
اع ػػ مس و
دة
الأ
شػػخاؼ لمش ا
كة رتػػ ىػػ عم كتس إ
باػػ ت كيا ومػػس تمك
ـ ني ػػػ ػػػغ م ا
لتعام
ػػػل عػػػم
الشداعات
بمف
ـى ػػػخد
دوف إتداع
رقعتو، إذ
تك ػػػػف ة ػػػط نش أ ػػػل يو تح الشداعات ةػػ جي وم يػػف الغالب الى تػػ مس وػ لقاع ا
ػػجة ػػ لش ا
عبية ، األمخ
الحؼ يعدز ا
لتفاع
ػػل وا
لتفاى
ـ ف بي ا
لمجتمعا
ت ا
لمحمية ا
لمتعا
ية د ، يخافقو أليات لديادة
ػػلا
عي وا
لتمك
ػيف
لتمظ ا
لمجتمع
ػػا،ت
عبخ تشفيح إجخاءات
يػػف ؿاػػ مج ا
لتنمي
ةػػ لمس وا
اع ػػ
دات ا
إلنسانية دة عا وٕا ا
لتأىي
ؿ
ًوصػال
الى
عممي
ةػػػ مة دا تػػػ مس ،حا ػػػىو يتصمب ػػػجة ع تاطاػػػ نش يػػػف
الػقت ذاتو
فم ؿجأ ؿيو تح حالة
الشداع، وىػ
العسل عمى مست وػ لقاع ا
دة ا
لشعبية (يػػىو ا
لمتض
ػػخر وؿ ألا يػػف ا
لغال
ػػب) ػػغم الشداعات عػػم ػػجـ ع
ؿاػػ ىم إ لعم ا
ػػل لتنس وا
ؽيػػ ىػػ عم مست وػ لقيا ا
دة ا
لعميا(4)
. 1
احسج جسيل عدـ، تحػيل الرخاع : إقتخاب
،غيخ صفخؼ إلدارة نداعات ما بعج الثػرات العخبية، مجمة الدياسات الجولية
العجد190
،، مؤسدة االىخاـ، القاىخة2012
، ص230
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 2
خالج عكاب حدػف وسالع انػر احسج، السفيػـ السعاصخ لبشاء الدالـ في اشار القانػف الجولي ، مجمة تكخيت لمعمػـ
القانػنية والدياسية، ( السجمج4
، العجد15
،)، جامعة تكخيت2012
، ص47
. 3
خالج عكاب حدػف
وسالع انػر احسج ، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص48
. 4
آالف جيخسػف
ونات ج. كػليتا، خرخرة ا
لدالـ: مغ الشداع الى االمغ
، ط1
،)، تخجسة (اسعج حسيج
الجسعية السرخية
لشذخ السعخفة و
الثقافة الجامعية ،، القاىخة2004
، ص105
. 108 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية لحلظ ف
إف ا
لتح
ػخؾ يػف ؿ بي ػس ءاػ بن ـالػ لس ا ػبمط يت لعم ا
ػػل ىػػ عم مدتػيات عجة، تبجأ ب
ا
لمفا
وضػػات
ػػغم ةػػ لقم ا،
أو
ػػغم لمس ا
تػػ وػ وؿ ألا ة ػػطسوا ب ػػجد ع ؿ قمي فم ممثمي زلا
ء عما لبا ا
ي رز،ف
ًمخورا
بالسدتػػ
األدنى مغ األفخاد
ػػحؼ لا زـ تم ػػ يس ػػص
ياغة ـالػػ لس ا فيم و
وػػ ىػػ عم لمس ا
ت يا وتػػ ا
لمحمي
ةػػ ، وصػالً الى السدتػػ
ػػطسولا مغ األفخاد
المحيغ يسثمػف
السدانجة والفئة الػسط
بيغ األعمى واالدنى، إذ تػفخ ىحه الفئة طبرا تًا
رأًسيا يػف ا
لمجتم
ػ وأ ع
فقيا ر عب خ
شػط
،الشداع، وإفًّ الججيخ بالحكخ
ػػعل تخض
ػػع
مقاربة
ػػليو تح الشداعات ؼأل
دات اػػ نتق ا ساس أ
ػػ ية
في العسل، مسا جعميا فم
السقاربات
دة ئرا لا في ذا ى لمي ا
داف(1)
. يسكششا القػؿ، إفَّ مُتصمبات التعافي ستشصمق مغ حيث إنتيت مقاربة تحػيل الشداعات، بػصف
الشداعات بأنػاعيا كافة، وبسدبباتيا الستعجدة، ومخاحميا السختمفة، وميسا كانت أسمػب التدػية فأنيا
ستخمف مجتسعاتاً عانت واُخخػ ال تداؿ تعاني مغ أتػف الشداعات، كسا يسكغ إل جخاءات التدػية أفًّ تكػف
ّمجخالً لتعديد التعافي أو إحجػ السعخقالت نتيجة مدائل تتعمق (بعجالة التدػية)، وفي األحػاؿ كميا، فإف
تمظ اإلجخاءات تدبق عسمية التعافي أو تشصمق بسدارات معيشة، بيج أفّ التعافي يشصمق مغ مدتػيات عجة
يخاعى فييا سمدمة األولػيات، بػصفيا إح تياجات مٌمحة لمسجتسع الستزخر مغ جية، وىي إجخاءات
ضخورية لجيسػمة الدمع، وفي الدياؽ ذاتو، فأف التعافي يتجاخل ويتقارب مع مفاـيع اُخخػ، مثل بشاء
.الدالـ وحفطو وفخضة والدمع وغيخىا، التي سشتصخؽ ليا في الفقخة األتية 1
خالج عكاب حدػف
وسالع انػر احسج، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص48
. 2
:_ المفاهيم المقاربة للتعافي 2
:_ المفاهيم المقاربة للتعافي أ _بناء الدالم :
يدتخجـ بعس الباحثيغ مفيػـ
"بشاء الدالـ" لإلشارة إلى األنذصة، التي تعقب الحخوب
والشداعات ،بيشسا يدتخجـ باحثيغ أخخيغ بشاء الدالـ ل متعخيف
ب سجخل العسل التشسػؼ
الحؼ يفزي الى
،الدالـ
في حيغ يخػ أخخيغ بأ ًّف
بشاء الدالـ ىػ عسمية ذات شابع نفدي وعالقاتي ًبػصفو مفيػما
متبادؿ مع فكخة تحػيل مدار
ات الشداع ،
ًوفي الحؿيقة، شيج ىحا السفيػـ تصػرا
بػصفو استجابة ألقرى
حاالت العشف،
التي شيجىا العالع
ك ،ديادة معجؿ الجخيسة، والعشرخية، والقسع، والعشف ضج السخأة
والشداعات اإلثشية وغيخىا، لحلظ فأف بشاء الدالـ
يسثل تذييج البشية األساسية واليياكل،
التي تداعج أشخاؼ
الشػداع
في
،العبػر مغ مخحمة الشػداع إلى مخحمة الدالـ اإليجابي
عبخ
إزالة أسباب الشػداع، سػاء أكانت 109 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
َّمادية أو معشػية، واستبجاليا بآليات تس كغ األشخاؼ
ب التعامل،سمسياً ؼيسا بيشيع
وصػالً الى إصالح العالقة
بيغ ا
ألشخاؼ الستشازع
ة(1)
. َّمادية أو معشػية، واستبجاليا بآليات تس كغ األشخاؼ
ب التعامل،سمسياً ؼيسا بيشيع
وصػالً الى إصالح العالقة
بيغ ا
ألشخاؼ الستشازع
ة(1)
. َّمادية أو معشػية، واستبجاليا بآليات تس كغ األشخاؼ
ب التعامل،سمسياً ؼيسا بيشيع
وصػالً الى إصالح العالقة
بيغ ا
ألشخاؼ الستشازع
ة(1)
. وفي الدياؽ ذاتو، قج بخزت عالقة تأريخياً بيغ مفيػ
مي
الدالـ وضاىخة
الشداع ،ف البجايات األولى
لسفيػـ بشاء الدالـ
مًثل ٍرد فعل
عمى ضاىخة
الشداع
،اإلنداني ،وفي ىحا الرجد يُذيخ يػىاف غالتػنغ إلى
إ ًّف مفيػـ الدالـ يتشاوؿ شقيغ
، ف
السفيػـ التقميجؼ لبشاء الدالـ ىػ
،غياب العشف السباشخ الحؼ يصمق
،"عميو "الدالـ الدمبي بيشسا يسثل الذق اآلخخ
لبشاء الدالـ ىػ غياب
العشف البشيػؼ أو تحقيق التشسية
والعجالة ، لحلظ فأف مفيػـ
بشاء الدالـ يزع العسميات،
التي تقػـ بيا الفػاعل السحمية الستسثمة بقػػ
السجتسع
افة ك، فزالً عغ
الفػاعل الجولية ،
التي تيجؼ إلى تدػية الشداعات والدعي الى ديسػمة العالقات
الدمسية، عبخ تحديغ العالقات
،بيغ األشخاؼ الستشازعة وتمبية اإلحتياجات األساسية
،لمسجتسع الستزخر
وىحا ما يجعل
بشاء
الدالـ
ي
تزسغ تيجئة الشداع مغ جية،
وتدػية الشداع مغ جية أخخػ
(2)
. وبيحا فأف
بشاء الدالـ يتزسغ تدػيات وإتفاقات سالـ بيغ الستشازعيغ، كسا حجث في كػلػمبيا عاـ1990
(اإلتفاؾية
الدياسية) وك
حلظ في
جشػب إفخيؿيا
عاـ
1991
)(إتفاؾية الدالـ الػششية(3)
. 1
عسخو خيخؼ عبج هللا وأخخوف، دليل السرصمحات العخبية في دراسات الدالـ وحل الشداعات–
السفاـيع االساسية لحل
الشداعات وبشاء الدالـ، ط1
،، جسعية االمل العخاؾية2018، ص48
.
2
،اورؼ سفيخ، الدالـ اوالً_ تحجيث مدارات الدالـ، تخجسة (بجر عقيمي)، دار الجميل لمشذخ، عساف2007، ص97
.
3
سامي ابخاـيع الخدنجار، إدارة الرخاعات وفس السشازعات–
اشار نطخؼ، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص85
. 1
احسج أبػ العال، تصػر دور مجمذ األمغ في ( حفع الدمع واألمغ الجو ،لييغ)، دار الكتب القانػنية، القاىخة2005
،
ص9
. 1
احسج أبػ العال، تصػر دور مجمذ األمغ في ( حفع الدمع واألمغ الجو ،لييغ)، دار الكتب القانػنية، القاىخة2005
،
ص9
.
2
غداف الجشجؼ، عسميات حفع الدالـ الجولية،ط1
،، دار البذيخ لمتػزيع والشذخ، عساف، ألردف2000، ص87
.
3 خالج حامج شيشكات، عسميات حفع الدالـ_ دراسة في التصػرات وسياقاتيا السدتقبمية، ط1
، مخكد االمارات لمجراسات
والب(حػث االستخاتيجية، دراسات استخاتيجية العجد141
،)
2009
، ص23
.
4
عسخو خيخؼ عبج هللا، وأخخوف..، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص118
. 2
:_ المفاهيم المقاربة للتعافي لحلظ، فأف عسمية بشاء الدالـ تكػف عسمية سابقة لمتعافي، ومغ السسكغ أفًّ تتجاخل العسميتيغ عبخ
وجػد تأثيخات متبادلة بيغ الصخفيغ، فبشاء سالـ بألياتو الستعجدة ومدتػياتيا السختمفة، قج يحقق عجالة في
تدػية الشداعات، مسا يفزي الى تعافي أنجع، لكغ في السقابل، فأف التعثخ في عسمية التعافي، يشعكذ
.سمباً عمى عسمية الدالـ بخمتيا ب _فرض الدالم : يسثل مفيػـ
فخض الدالـ مجسػعة مغ التجابيخ، التي يستمكيا مجمذ األمغ الجولي
،بسػجب الفرل الدابع مغ ميثاؽ األمع الستحجة
وىحا يعشي فخض
إ
ستخجاـ القػة السدمحة أو التيجيج
،بيا
بُػية إرغ اـ
أشخاؼ الشداع او أحجىا
إلى اإل متثاؿ لمقخارات
أو
،العقػبات السفخوضة عميو واليجؼ مشو ىػ
حفع األمغ والدمع الجولييغ ،كسا
تتزسغ جيػد فخض الدالـ
في حاالت اُخخػ إجخاءات غيخ عدكخية
كتغميع
العقػبات ،
ّوبحلظ فإف
الجيػد الخامية الى فخض الدالـ
يشبغي أفًّ تكػف
ٍبقخار مغ األمع الستحجة ، 1
عسخو خيخؼ عبج هللا وأخخوف، دليل السرصمحات العخبية في دراسات الدالـ وحل الشداعات–
السفاـيع االساسية لحل
الشداعات وبشاء الدالـ، ط1
،، جسعية االمل العخاؾية2018، ص48
. 2
،اورؼ سفيخ، الدالـ اوالً_ تحجيث مدارات الدالـ، تخجسة (بجر عقيمي)، دار الجميل لمشذخ، عساف2007، ص97
. 3
سامي ابخاـيع الخدنجار، إدارة الرخاعات وفس السشازعات–
اشار نطخؼ، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص85
. 110 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 2
غداف الجشجؼ، عسميات حفع الدالـ الجولية،ط1
،، دار البذيخ لمتػزيع والشذخ، عساف، ألردف2000، ص87
.
3 خالج حامج شيشكات، عسميات حفع الدالـ_ دراسة في التصػرات وسياقاتيا السدتقبمية، ط1
، مخكد االمارات لمجراسات
والب(حػث االستخاتيجية، دراسات استخاتيجية العجد141
،)
2009
، ص23
.
4
عسخو خيخؼ عبج هللا، وأخخوف..، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص118
. 1
،دمحم وائل الؿيدي، الدمع السجتسع: السقػمات واليات الحساية "محافطة نيشػػ أنسػذجاً"،مخكد نػف لمجراسات االستخاتيجية
2017، ص3
.
2
ناريساف عامخ
،وأخخوف، عػامل الدمع االىمي والشداع في سػريا، مخكد السجتسع السجني والجيسػقخاشي في سػريا، سػريا
2013، ص8
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية التي تقشغ
إستخجاـ القػة
نتيجة
ًفذل الػسائل الدمسية في إيجاد حمػال
ناجعة لمشداعات ،وتكػف ىحه
القخارات
ممدمة ا
لتشفيح(1)
،وفي ىحا الرجد، قج أ
شار األميغ العاـ األ سبق لألمع الستحجة(الديج بصخس غالي)
في
حاؿ
فذل الػسائل الدمسية لحل الخال
فات والشداعات، يشبغي عمى
مجمذ األمغ إستخجاـ
القػة لفخض
الدالـ)، كسا
إ قتخح تذكيل وحجات تدسى(وحجات فخض الدالـ)
،، تحجد مياميا مغ قبل مجمذ األمغ
ومثاؿ ذلظ ىػ عسميات فخض الدالـ في الرػماؿ(2)
. ج _حفظ الدالم :
لع يذخ ميثاؽ األمع الستحجة برػرة
واضحة إلى مفيػـ حفع الدالـ ، إذ
ضيخ إلى
الػجػد كسسارسة، ثع تست صياغتو وبمػرتو ، فيػ ٍكسفيػـ
يدبق
تأسيذ مشطسة
األمع الستحجة، ومزسػنو
ىػ تجخل شخف ًا ثالث ًا لسداعجة األ
شخاؼ الستشازعة
عمى
إ حجاث تغييخ
ات في مػاقفيا العشيفة ، ومغ ثع الشدوع
ًبإتجاه مػاقف أقل عشفا ،
وفي الػ
قت ذاتو، يديع في إيجاد
مخافق اجتساعية تيجؼ إلى مداعجة الستشازعيغ
عمى
إ حتخاـ مرالحيع و
إ
حتياجاتيع الستبادلة في السجتسع الدمسي ،، وفي الػاقع قج بجأت عسمية حفع
الدالـ
ضسغ مداعي
األمع الستحجة
في
عاـ1948
، وذلظ عبخ نذخ مخاقبيغ عدكخييغ غيخ مدمحيغ
في
،الذخؽ األوسط مغ اجل مخاؾبة إتفاؾية اليجنة بيغ(إسخائيل)
( والجوؿ العخبيةUNTSO
)، ومجسػعة
( مخاقبي األمع الستحجة العدكخييغ في اليشج وباكدتافUNMOGIP
)) لتكػنا أوؿ بعثتيغ لألمع الستحجة(3)
. وتذسل عسميات حفع الدالـ إشخاؾ أفخاد عدكخييغ أو شخشة عدكخية
،تابعيغ لألمع الستحجة
يخافقيع بعس ال سػضفيغ
ال
سػجنييغ
، إذ تكسغ السيسة الخئيدة ليع في
الفرل بيغ مختمف
األشخاؼ
،الستشازعة فزالَ عغ مخاؾبة عسمية وقف
إ شالؽ الشػار، واإلشخاؼ عمى عسميات ندع األسمحة، وتدييل
،عسل السشطسات اإلندانية
التي تقمز مغ معاناة األفخاد الع ،القيغ بيغ شخفي الشداع، وفي الحؿيقة
تع
تحجيج ثالثة ركائد
أ
ساسية تؤشخ عسل قػات حفع الدالـ التابعة لألمع الستحجة، وىي :
مػافقة األشخاؼ
السعشية_
حياد قػات األمع الستحجة تجاه أشخاؼ_ الشداع عجـ المجػء إل
ستخجاـ القػة،
إال في حاالت الجفاع
عغ الشفذ(4)
. 1
احسج أبػ العال، تصػر دور مجمذ األمغ في ( حفع الدمع واألمغ الجو ،لييغ)، دار الكتب القانػنية، القاىخة2005
،
ص9
. اأ 2
غداف الجشجؼ، عسميات حفع الدالـ الجولية،ط1
،، دار البذيخ لمتػزيع والشذخ، عساف، ألردف2000، ص87
. 3 خالج حامج شيشكات، عسميات حفع الدالـ_ دراسة في التصػرات وسياقاتيا السدتقبمية، ط1
، مخكد االمارات لمجراسات
والب(حػث االستخاتيجية، دراسات استخاتيجية العجد141
،)
2009
، ص23
. 4
عسخو خيخؼ عبج هللا، وأخخوف..، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص118
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 111 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية وبحلظ فإفّ حفع الدالـ
ي
دبق بشاء الدالـ، و كػن ل ي ذػكل
الطخوؼ السالئسة لإل نتقاؿ إلى مخحمة بشاء
الدالـ، بػصف عسمية حفع الدالـ مكسم ًة إلرساء الدمع في إشار إدارة الشداع ، وىي
تختمف
ايزاً عغ
فخض الدالـ، التي تعشي كبح الشداع
.بالػسائل الستعجدة ومشيا إستخجاـ القػة السدمحة د _
:الدلم االهلي
يُذيخ مفيػـ الدمع األىمي إلى رفس أشكاؿ القتل والقتاؿ كافة
، أو حتى
التحخيس
عميو و
تبخيخه، عبخ نذخ مقاالت، وخصابات تحخض عمى زعدع
تو
،وذلظ مغ مشصمقات شائؽية أو قػمية
بسعشى إفًّ الدمع األىمي
ىػ
أف
ًّيعير اإلنداف حياتو، ويسارس أعسالو بحخية مدؤولة، وأف
يحرل عمى
مُتصمبات
العير الكخيع ًّ، دوف أف يخذى اإل
عتجاء عمى حقو أو مالو أو أمشو الذخري(1)
،
ًويذسل أيزا
حدغ السعاشخة مغ الجائخة
األصغخ
إلى الجائخة
األوسع التي تسثل ع
ال قة الفخد بالبيئة
اإلجتساعية والجولة ،
وال يقترخ الدمع األىمي عمى مدتػػ واحج فقط، بل يت
زسغ مدتػيات مختمفة
، ومشيا(2)
: 1
) السدتػػ الدياسي:
الحؼ يعشي الحج مغ،الشداع والعسل عمى إحتػائو. 2
)
السدتػػ
:اإلقترادؼ
الحؼ ي
كخ د
عمى الع ال قات و
التعاوف بيغ الحكػمات والذعػب ؼيسا يخز
.تػافخ الخجمات الخئيدة 1
) السدتػػ الدياسي:
الحؼ يعشي الحج مغ،الشداع والعسل عمى إحتػائو. 2
)
السدتػػ
:اإلقترادؼ
الحؼ ي
كخ د
عمى الع ال قات و
التعاوف بيغ الحكػمات والذعػب
ؼيسا يخز
.تػافخ الخجمات الخئيدة 1
) السدتػػ الدياسي:
الحؼ يعشي الحج مغ،الشداع والعسل عمى إحتػائو. 2
)
السدتػػ
:اإلقترادؼ
الحؼ ي
كخ د
عمى الع ال قات و
التعاوف بيغ الحكػمات والذعػب ؼيسا يخز
.تػافخ الخجمات الخئيدة
3
)
السدتػػ
الجيشي والثقافي :
الحؼ يعشي
إ
حتخاـ التعجديات الثقاؼية والحزارية. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 4
) ا
لسدتػػ الجولي
: الحؼ يسثل ال تعاوف بيغ
ال
جوؿ
عمى أساس تبادؿ السرالح
السذتخكة، التي
تقتزي
إتفاؽ الصخفيغ عمى تشطيع وسائل العير بيشيسا ،
مع تسييج الدبل
السعدزة
.ليا
وعمى الخغع مغ
الجالالت الدالفة، وما تزسشتيا مغ معاني ،
فإف مفيػـ
الدمع األىمي، قج إ
تخح
سبيمو في
األدبيات الحجيثة،
تحت مدسيات عجة لعل مغ
أ بخزىا(الدمع السجتسعي ،)
في
اإلشارة الى ايجاد
مقاربات سمسية بيغ السجتسعات السختمفة،
التي أضحت ضخورة ماسة
السِ يّسا
في السجتسعات
الستعجدة
التي تت سيد بالتشػع الثقافي والجيشي
والقػمي، وعميو، فأف عجة تعخيفات حاولت مالمدة مزسػف مرصمح
(الدمع االىمي)، إال
إ
فّ مزسػنيا ال يكاد يخخج عغ حالة الدمع والػئاـ داخل السجتسع نفدو، وفي العالقة
بيغ شخائحو وقػاه،
التي تقتزي ضخورة السسارسات الجيسقخاشية،
وحخية التعبيخ
وغيخىا مغ الحقػؽ 3
)
السدتػػ
الجيشي والثقافي :
الحؼ يعشي
إ
حتخاـ التعجديات الثقاؼية والحزارية. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 4
) ا
لسدتػػ الجولي
: الحؼ يسثل ال تعاوف بيغ
ال
جوؿ
عمى أساس تبادؿ السرالح السذتخكة، التي
تقتزي
إتفاؽ الصخفيغ عمى تشطيع وسائل العير بيشيسا ،
مع تسييج الدبل
السعدزة
.ليا ي
ع و
ى
خيغ
إ ؽ
ر ي
ي
ع
دز
وعمى الخغع مغ
الجالالت الدالفة، وما تزسشتيا مغ معاني ،
فإف مفيػـ
الدمع األىمي، قج إ تخح
سبيمو في
األدبيات الحجيثة،
تحت مدسيات عجة لعل مغ
أ بخزىا(الدمع السجتسعي ،)
في
اإلشارة
الى ايجاد
مقاربات سمسية بيغ السجتسعات السختمفة،
التي أضحت ضخورة ماسة
السِ يّسا
في السجتسعات
الستعجدة
التي تت سيد بالتشػع الثقافي والجيشي
والقػمي، وعميو، فأف عجة
تعخيفات حاولت مالمدة مزسػف مرصمح
(الدمع االىمي)، إال
إ فّ مزسػنيا ال يكاد يخخج عغ حالة الدمع والػئاـ داخل السجتسع نفدو، وفي العالقة
بيغ شخائحو وقػاه،
التي تقتزي ضخورة السسارسات الجيسقخاشية،
وحخية التعبيخ وغيخىا مغ الحقػؽ 112 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
والػاجبات، التي تختز في تحقيق الػئاـ اإلجتساعي(1)
، وبحلظ فأف الدمع األىمي أو السجتسعي يسثل أحج
.مدارات (أىجاؼ) مُتصمبات التعافي في مخحمة ما بعج الشداع تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية والػاجبات، التي تختز في تحقيق الػئاـ اإلجتساعي(1)
، وبحلظ فأف الدمع األىمي أو السجتسعي يسثل أحج
.مدارات (أىجاؼ) مُتصمبات التعافي في مخحمة ما بعج الشداع وفي الدياؽ ذاتو، نمحع مغ خالؿ أدبيات دراسات الدالـ وحل الشداعات شيػع بعس
السرصمحات مثل :تحقيق اإلستقخار في مخحمة ما بعج الشداع، الحؼ ضيخ في سياؽ (الحخب عمى
اإلرىاب) في كل مغ أفغاندتاف والعخاؽ، وفي الػاقع، يعكذ ىحا السرصمح أىجافًا
،محجودة في نصاؽ
إعتساد لتحقيق االستقخار عبخ تفزيمو
َإرساء األمغ
،األساسي إذ تُعجّ بسػجبو األنذصة اإلندانية بسشدلة
حساية لمقػة ودبمػماسية
،عامة
ًبجال مغ مجاالت مجنية أكثخ
،ًشسػال التي تبتغييا
مُتصمبات التعافي في
تحقيق
اإلدارة الدميسة والتشسية اإلجتساعية واإلقترادية ، كسا بخز
مرصمح "التشسية في مخحمة ما بعج
الشداع، الحؼ يعكذ الحاجة إلى تخكيد في تحقيق األىجاؼ
،اإلنسائية
ًًبجال مغ التخكيد عمى مديج مغ
الذػاغل ذات التػجو
،الدياسي مثل إرساء الجيسقخاشية أو إصالح قصاع
ًاألمغ وغيخىا، التي تسثل أىجافا
محػرية لمتعافي(2)
. 1
رشيج عسارة
، الشخب الدياسي ة العخاؾية ودورىا في الدمع االىمي، مجمة كمية القانػف لمعمػـ القانػنية والدياسية، العجد
(
12
( ) الجدء2
،)، جامعة كخكػؾ2015
، ص319
.
2سمصاف بخكات وغداف الكحمػت، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص27
. 1
باسع رزؽ عجلي، التعافي الجاخمي_ السذخوشات وحجود السالئسة، مجمة الدياسة الجولية _اتجاىات نطخية في تحميل
( الدياسة الجولية، ، العجد213
، )، مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخة2018، ص25
..
2
خالج حشفي، تػسع االمغ وتغيخات العالقة بيغ الجولة والسجتسع، مجمة الدياسة الجولية، العجد207
_، مؤسدة األىخاـ
،القاىخة2017، ص3
.
3
رانيا حديغ خفاجو، ،مرجر
سبق ذكخه، ص6
. ثالثاً_ مجاخل واشكاليات التعافي ،ثسة مجاخل رئيدة لمتعافي الفعاؿ لكشيا في الػقت ذاتو ،تٌعج إشكاليات لتحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
التي بجورىا قج تسيج الصخيق إزاء احالؿ الدالـ مغ جية، وعػدة العشف مغ جية اخخػ، وتمظ السجاخل
:او اإلشكاليات تتسثل بسا يأتي :او اإلشكاليات تتسثل بسا يأتي 1
. توقيت
ال
تعافي : الحؼ يسكغ أفًّ يكػف في ء ثشا أ أ و بعج
مخحمة الشداع
، إذ تختبط
تصػر عسمية التصػر
التأريخي لم
تعافي في ضل تالحق األزمات وتعجدىا ، السِ يّسا ما خمفتو
الحخب العالسية الثانية
مغ
مأسي، فكانت أ
وؿ تجخبة فعمية لتعافي الجوؿ في خصة مارشاؿ،
التي استيجفت إ عسار دوؿ اوربا
الخارجة مغ الحخب،
وكحلظ جيػد إ
عسار الياباف ًّ، بيج إف اتداع
اإلمكانات
الجولية جعل
امكان
ية
التجخل
ء ثشا أ الشداع
ًامخا ئ قا ًسا
ًومسكشا ،، ومغ ىحا السشصمق
تالحقت األ دوار الجولية فػر حجو
ث
الشداع
كسا ىػ الحاؿ في العخاؽ وافغاندتاف وغدة ، وىشا تسكغ اإلشكالية ما بيغ مجاخل تعديد التعافي أو 1
رشيج عسارة
، الشخب الدياسي ة العخاؾية ودورىا في الدمع االىمي، مجمة كمية القانػف لمعمػـ القانػنية والدياسية، العجد
(
12
( ) الجدء2
،)، جامعة كخكػؾ2015
، ص319
. 2ذك
الك م
ا
كا
مصا27 2
سمصاف بخكات وغداف الكحمػت، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص27
. 113 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية تقميز دوره ألف
تقجيع السداعجات الى السشاشق، التي التداؿ تذيج
مطاىخ
الشداع مغ ش
أ أ نو ًّف
يقجـ
رسالة عكدية
غالباً، قج
يجفع األشخاؼ الستشازعة
الى
صيخورتو
ًبجال
مغ
إ
نيائو، ألنيا سي ؤ دؼ الى
استسخار السداعجات و
إ
دامتيا،، وفي حاالت اُخخػ
،قج تذتخؾ أشخافاً اُخخػ في الشداع شالسا
ًّإف
ىحا
ًالعشف سيسثل وسيمة لمحرػؿ عمى السشافع والسداعجات(1)
. 2
. 1
( صجاـ عبج الدتار رشيج وعمي دمحم عمػاف، بشاء الدالـ بعج الرخاع، مجمة دراسات دولية، العجد77و78
)، مخكد
،الجراسات اإلستخاتيجية والجولية _ جامعة بغجاد2019
، ص167
.
2
رانيا حديغ خفاجو ، مرجر سبق ذكخه ، ص9
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية السجتسعات تتحقق مغ األس فل عبخ بشاء قجرات السجتسع السجني والسشطسات الحقػؾية وغيخىا مغ
السؤسدات التي تشذخ ؾيع
ومبادغ الدالـ(1)
. السجتسعات تتحقق مغ األس فل عبخ بشاء قجرات السجتسع السجني والسشطسات الحقػؾية وغيخىا مغ
السؤسدات التي تشذخ ؾيع
ومبادغ الدالـ(1)
. ع
ي
ـا
وفي الحؿيقة، تتشػع وتعجد أنذصة التعافي، فثسة أىسية
لبشاء سمدمة األولػيات ليا، ألف قج تكػف
ًمجخال
تعديداً أو قج تكػًف مذكالت عمى األمج البعيج، وقج إتفقت أغمب الجراسات عمى أولػيات رئيدة
عشج التعافي مثل: االستجابة الفػرية والصارئة لألمغ والسداعجات اإلندانية، وكحلظ بشاء القجرات
السؤسدية والخجماتية، وصػالً الى
رعاية اإلستجامة، بػصفيا السخحمة الشيائية لبمػغ التعافي، الحؼ يجعل
الجولة الخارجة مغ الشداع تؤدؼ وضائفيا بالذكل الحؼ يحقق مدتػيات اإلستقخار دوف الحاجة الى
،مداعجات خارجية و في
الحؿيقة، إ ًّف
ًججوػ وتساسظ سياسات التعافي يتصمب تشديقا
بيغ الفاعميغ حػؿ
األ ىجاؼ و
األ
ولػيات،
كسا
ت
تصمب التشديق بيغ وسائل تحقيق ىحه الغايات وأ األ
ىجاؼ، أل ف غياب
التشديق،
معشاه
أ ًّف تكػف الشتا
ئ،ج كارثية كسا ىػ الحاؿ في
بشاء الجيسقخاشية
، التي يشبغي إتخاذ
خصػات واضح
ة
بُػية بشاء
ال
سؤسدات الخسسية وتعزيج غيخ الخسسية مشيا
قبل
السزي في إجخاء
اإل
نتخابات الجيسقخاشية التشافدية(2)
. 3
. مرونة مجتمعات النزاع :
تختمف بيئة الشداعات مغ مجتسعٍ الى أخخ، ومعيا تختمف سخعة اإلستجابة
إلجخاءات التعافي، وذلظ استشاداً الى معاييخ متعجدة، ومشيا مجػ حجة اإلنقداـ السجتسعي إزاء
قزايا الشداع، وكحلظ شبيعة الزخر الحؼ اصاب العالقة السجتسعية، واألىع مغ ذلظ مجػ عجالة
:تدػية الشداعات، ولعل أبخز تمظ العػامل ما يأتي
أ. عجالة التدػيات الدمسية لحل الشداع
وتػازنيا: فكمسا كانت تدػيات إنياء
الشداعات
متػازنة وشاممة
تحقق
العجالة الشدبية في استجابتيا إل
حتياجات الستشازعيغ في الحج األقرى مغ التزخر ،
قج تربح
مخحمة
التعافي أكثخ فاعمية ًّ، في حيغ غغ
إبخاـ تدػيات
تحت ضغػش
ات إقميسية
أو ،دولية ٍال تخاع
احتياجا
ت أشخاؼ الشداع أو بالذكل الحؼ يذعٌخ ؼيو أحج األشخاؼ بالخدارة، قج يؤدؼ ذلظ
إلي "سالـ
"مشقػص أو جدئي
، الحؼ يعخقل الذخوع في عس ميات
التعافي عمى السجيات السدتقبمية،
ألنو قج يزحى
ًمجخال ل
شداعات مدمحة ججيجة
، لحلظ فأف مغ مُتصمبات التعافي ىػ
تخؽيف التػتخ بيغ أفخاد
السجتسع 3
. إ
2
رانيا حديغ خفاجو ، مرجر سبق ذكخه ، ص9
. ثالثاً_ مجاخل واشكاليات التعافي أولويات انذطة التعافي
: عُج األمغ عمى إمتجاد التأريخ
اليجؼ الخئيذ الحؼ تدعى الجوؿ عمى
تأميشو
، وذلظ إنصالق ًا مغ رؤية قػاميا، أ ّف
غياب األمغ
ىػ مجخل األزمات ، لحلظ كخست الجوؿ
قجراتيا و
إ مكاناتيا
بٌػية تأميشو، ومع تجاعي األزمات
الجولية وتصػرىا ومشيا بخوز ضاىخة
اإلرىاب،
قج
إتدع مفيػـ األمغ مغ حيث السجػ و
الصبيع
ة، الحؼ
لع يعج مشعدال" عغ
أ
مغ األ
فخاد والجساعات
، التي
بات معيا تذارؾ
ُفػاعل ا خخػ خارجية في اشار
أ ليات تحقيق
األمغ الجساعي(2)
،، ثع بعج ذلظ
حطي البعج اإلقترادؼ باإل
ىتساـ األ
ساس في حؿبة الخسديشات
،مغ القخف الساضي
السِ يّسا بعج
حؿبة الحخب العالسية الثانية
، التي ت كان أ
بخز خصصيا ىي (مذخوع مارشاؿ،)
الحؼ
إ نصمق مغ
أ جل
إ
عسار دوؿ اوربا
، تخافق ذلظ مع ما باتت تؤديو
السشطسات الجولية مغ ًدورا محػرياً عبخ
صشجوؽ الشقج
الجولي والبشظ الجولي ، وذلظ عبخ إجخاءات
مغ شأنيا تقميل عجد السػازن
ة وتقميز اإل نفاؽ العاـ
و تحخيخ
اإل سػاؽ و
الخرخرة وتقميز دور الجولة في اإلقتراد وغيخىا(3)
. يإإ
ي
ثع بخزت إعتقادات قج فزمت الحل الدياسي
كأولػية عمى ا لحل األمشي واإلقترادؼ، وذلظ
عبخ التح خ ر الدياسي و
التحػؿ الجيسقخاشي
في،الجولة الخارجة مغ الشداع بػصفيا الخكيدة األولى
لتحقيق الدالـ ،
بيشسا ًّفزمت إعتقادات اٌخخػ، بأف
تذكيل الس ؤ
سدات الدياسية ليا األ ولػية التي تدبق
التحػؿ الجيسقخاشي وتحخيخ الشطاـ الدياسي،
ويعصى اإل تجاه الثالث
األ ولػية
ء جخا إل ات الحج مغ
الترعيج بيغ األ
شخاؼ وتذجيع احتكار الجولة لمعشف
، أ
ما اإل
تجاه األ
خيخ،
فيخػ
إ ًّف األ ولػية لتعافي 114 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 مرونة مجتمعات النزاع :
تختمف بيئة الشداعات مغ مجتسعٍ الى أخخ، ومعيا تختمف سخعة اإلستجابة
إلجخاءات التعافي، وذلظ استشاداً الى معاييخ متعجدة، ومشيا مجػ حجة اإلنقداـ السجتسعي إزاء
قزايا الشداع، وكحلظ شبيعة الزخر الحؼ اصاب العالقة السجتسعية، واألىع مغ ذلظ مجػ عجالة
مظ ال ا ل ا أ
ل ل أ
ة ال ا ا :تدػية الشداعات، ولعل أبخز تمظ العػامل ما يأتي
أ. عجالة التدػيات الدمسية لحل الشداع
وتػازنيا: فكمسا كانت تدػيات إنياء
الشداعات
متػازنة وشاممة
تحقق
العجالة الشدبية في استجابتيا إل
حتياجات الستشازعيغ في الحج األقرى مغ التزخر ،
قج تربح
مخحمة
التعافي أكثخ فاعمية ًّ، في حيغ غغ
إبخاـ تدػيات
تحت ضغػش
ات إقميسية
أو ،دولية ٍال تخاع
احتياجا
ت أشخاؼ الشداع أو بالذكل الحؼ يذعٌخ ؼيو أحج األشخاؼ بالخدارة، قج يؤدؼ ذلظ
إلي "سالـ
"مشقػص أو جدئي
، الحؼ يعخقل الذخوع في عس ميات
التعافي عمى السجيات السدتقبمية،
ألنو قج يزحى
ًمجخال ل
شداعات مدمحة ججيجة
، لحلظ فأف مغ مُتصمبات التعافي ىػ
تخؽيف التػتخ بيغ أفخاد
السجتسع 115 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية بػصفيع يشتسػف الى أحج أشخاؼ الشداع، ومغ ثع تخمير
يع مغ التيسير
،والفقخ
التي مغ شأنيا
إعادة
بشاء الثقة بيغ األفخا
د والجساعات والشطاـ الدياسي(1)
. بشاء الثقة بيغ األفخا
د والجساعات والشطاـ الدياسي(1)
. ب. التشػع الثقافي و
وجػد األقميات : ال
يكاد بمج يخمػ مغ تشػع مكػناتو السجتسعية،
ًالتي تتػزع تبعا
لحجسيا وندبيا العجدية
ما بيغ
اغمبية وأقمية
أ و في حاالت اخخػ أقميات، وغالباً ما يعاني ذلظ التػزيع
الجيسػغخافي لمدكاف مذكالت عجة، ب بدب عجـ وضع األ
شخ القانػنية والسؤسدية،
التي تزسغ التكامل
والتػازف لسشطػمتي الحقػؽ والػاجبات ، وفي الػاقع، قج شغمت مدألة ادارة التشػع الثقافي العجيج مغ
حقػؿ الجراسات، لكػنيا قج ذىبت أبعج مغ وراء البعج الشطخؼ لألمغ والتعافي، بدبب ما مثمتو مغ
أسباب عجيجة في نذػب
الشداعات السدمحة داخل الجولة الػاحجة، وفي أحياف كثيخة تستج الى دوؿ
،اُخخػ
لحلظ فأف التشػع الثقافي يُعج مرجراً أساسي لتشامي العشف، مسا يذكل إحجػ إشكاليات التعافي
في السجتسعات، كسا يديع في
التجخل الجولي لذؤوف تمظ البمجاف السأزوم
ة ، بحجة حساية األقميات
والحف
اظ عمى التشػع مغ التيسير والخصخ(2)
. ج. 1
،)عجناف الديج حديغ (وآخخوف ،الشداعات االىمية العخبية العػامل الخارجية والجاخمية ، مخكد دراسات الػحجة العخبية
بيخوت1997
، ص138
2
،أحسج وـباف، الرخاعات العخؾية واستقخار العالع السعاصخ، دار الجامعة الججيجة، االسكشجرية _ مرخ2001
،
ص99
.
3
دمحم عاشػر ميجؼ، التعجدية االثشية إدارة الرخا عات واستخاتيجيات التدػية، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص27
–
30
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 أرضية مذتخكة لمحػار
الػششي، وىحا بجوره يشعكذ عمى مدألة
تشسية السعخفة وتعديد الؿيادة
مغ
،عجمو
فػياب السعخفة الدياسية وكيؽية إدارة الحكع مغ قبل الفاعميغ الججد وبجوف خبخات، قج يؤدؼ
الى نتائج وخيسة، األمخ الحؼ يتصمب ألية مخنو لإلفادة مغ خبخات ا لصبقة الدياسية والبيخوقخاشية
الحيغ لع يدجل عمييع شبيات جخائيع أو فداد أو يديسػا في إدامة الشداع، ومغ ثغ إعادة إدماجيع مغ
،ججيج بالجولة ومؤسداتيا بيشسا ييتع التغييخ الييكمي (البشيػؼ )، في مدألة بقاء ـياكل الشطاـ
الدياسي القجيع مغ عجمو، وكحلظ
ـياكل الدمصة ال سحمية وأدوارىا، وما مجػ اإللتداـ بالقػاعج والدمػؾ
السشرػص عمييا في إتفاقات التدػية(1)
. 5
. مرالح األطراف الخارجية المذاركة في التعافي : ال شظ بأفّ إجخاءات التعافي، التي تصبق في
الجوؿ السأزوم
ة
بالشداعات، قج تعتسج بذكل أو بأخخ عمى السداعجات الخارجة مغ الجوؿ أو
السؤسدات والسشطسات، وعمى الخغع مغ أىسيتيا بكػنيا مغ مجخالت تعديد مُتصمبات التعافي، لكشيا
في السقابل، قج تػلج تأثيخات خارجية عمى القخارات الجاخمية لمجوؿ الخارجة مغ الشداع، وىحا ما يدبب
تزا رباً في تشفيح سمدمة األولػيات، ألف تحقيق بعس األىجاؼ قج يتقاشع مع الجوؿ السانحة
وبالذكل الحؼ يسثل ليا أىسية اكبخ مغ مرالح السجتسعات السحمية الػاجب تعافييا، لحلظ فأف
العالقة غيخ الستػازنة غالباً ما تدتشج عمى الييسشة ال الذخاكة، مسا يؤثخ عمى عسمية إعادة بشا ء الجولة
ومُتصمبات التعافي بذكل عاـ(2)
. ومخد ذلظ، قج ضيخت مقاربات فكخية تؤيج فكخة إعادة بشاء الجولة عبخ تحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
باإلعتساد عمى الخارج، معمميغ سبب ذلظ، ىػ إفتقار أشخاؼ الشداع الى مؤىالت كاؼية لمؿياـ بيحا
الجور الكبيخ، بػصف الفاعميغ الجو لييغ أكثخ قجرة مشيع، ناـيظ عغ عجـ وجػد مرالحة وششية
،وضعف الجانب اإلقترادؼ، ويخػ أنرار ىحا التػجو بأف األمع الستحجة ىي الخائجة في ىحا السجاؿ
،وعمى الشؿيس مغ ىحا التػجو، يخػ أخخوف بالتعػيل عمى الفاعل الػششي لتحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
ألنيا الفػاعل الخارجية قج أخفقت في الكثيخ مغ التجارب كأفغاندتاف والعخاؽ(3)
، ناـيظ عغ تػضيف
ا 5
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 مرالح األطراف الخارجية المذاركة في التعافي : ال شظ بأفّ إجخاءات التعافي، التي تصبق في
الجوؿ السأزوم
ة
بالشداعات، قج تعتسج بذكل أو بأخخ عمى السداعجات الخارجة مغ الجوؿ أو
السؤسدات والسشطسات، وعمى الخغع مغ أىسيتيا بكػنيا مغ مجخالت تعديد مُتصمبات التعافي، لكشيا
في السقابل، قج تػلج تأثيخات خارجية عمى القخارات الجاخمية لمجوؿ الخارجة مغ الشداع، وىحا ما يدبب
تزا رباً في تشفيح سمدمة األولػيات، ألف تحقيق بعس األىجاؼ قج يتقاشع مع الجوؿ السانحة
وبالذكل الحؼ يسثل ليا أىسية اكبخ مغ مرالح السجتسعات السحمية الػاجب تعافييا، لحلظ فأف
العالقة غيخ الستػازنة غالباً ما تدتشج عمى الييسشة ال الذخاكة، مسا يؤثخ عمى عسمية إعادة بشا ء الجولة
ومُتصمبات التعافي بذكل عاـ(2)
. ومخد ذلظ، قج ضيخت مقاربات فكخية تؤيج فكخة إعادة بشاء الجولة عبخ تحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
باإلعتساد عمى الخارج، معمميغ سبب ذلظ، ىػ إفتقار أشخاؼ الشداع الى مؤىالت كاؼية لمؿياـ بيحا
الجور الكبيخ، بػصف الفاعميغ الجو لييغ أكثخ قجرة مشيع، ناـيظ عغ عجـ وجػد مرالحة وششية
،وضعف الجانب اإلقترادؼ، ويخػ أنرار ىحا التػجو بأف األمع الستحجة ىي الخائجة في ىحا السجاؿ
،وعمى الشؿيس مغ ىحا التػجو، يخػ أخخوف بالتعػيل عمى الفاعل الػششي لتحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
ألنيا الفػاعل الخارجية قج أخفقت في الكثيخ مغ التجارب كأفغاندتاف والعخاؽ(3)
، ناـيظ عغ تػضيف
1
اشعيب قساز واخخوف، حػكسة عسميات بشاء الدالـ في مشصقة البحيخات الكبخػ_ دراسة حالتي راونجا وبػرونجؼ، مجمة قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية أرضية مذتخكة لمحػار
الػششي، وىحا بجوره يشعكذ عمى مدألة
تشسية السعخفة وتعديد الؿيادة
مغ
،عجمو
فػياب السعخفة الدياسية وكيؽية إدارة الحكع مغ قبل الفاعميغ الججد وبجوف خبخات، قج يؤدؼ
الى نتائج وخيسة، األمخ الحؼ يتصمب ألية مخنو لإلفادة مغ خبخات ا لصبقة الدياسية والبيخوقخاشية
الحيغ لع يدجل عمييع شبيات جخائيع أو فداد أو يديسػا في إدامة الشداع، ومغ ثغ إعادة إدماجيع مغ
،ججيج بالجولة ومؤسداتيا بيشسا ييتع التغييخ الييكمي (البشيػؼ )، في مدألة بقاء ـياكل الشطاـ
الدياسي القجيع مغ عجمو، وكحلظ
ـياكل الدمصة ال سحمية وأدوارىا، وما مجػ اإللتداـ بالقػاعج والدمػؾ
السشرػص عمييا في إتفاقات التدػية(1)
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 ،ضعف السؤسدات الػششية وعػامل عجـ اإلستقخار، يقابمو إلغاء الحياة الحدبية والسجتسع
السجني
، لتحل محميا
َالسقاربة القب مية
ك ٍصخؼ
ٍنؿيس ل،مسقاربة السؤسدية
ومغ ىشا، فقج يَسكغ التحجؼ في
تحقيق التػازف ما بيغ السجتسع الستسجف، ووجػد التقاليج القبمية، إذ تؤدؼ
السجتسعات القبمية في ضل
ضعف مؤسدات الزبط اإلجتساعي ادواراً محػرية
في الحياة الدياسية ،، وفي عسميات ضبط األمغ
ك ٍدبيل لحساية نفديا
،مغ جية
وتشطيع شؤوف
السجتس ،ع مغ جية اُخخػ وىحا يعشي إ ًّف
الخىانات تكػف
قائسة إزاء دور التػازف الحؼ ستمعبو الؿبائل بعج مخحمة ما بعج الشداع ودرجة إنخخاشيا
في
الشداعات
الجائخ
ة
،في البالد كسا تختبط فعالية التعافي او إشكالياتيا ب
تعجد الجساعات السدمحة
واإلختالفات
األيجولػجية ؼيع بيشيا(3)
. 4
. التغييخ الدمػكي والبشيػؼ: بسعشى الدمػؾ اإلجتساعي الحؼ يدػده
نػعاً مغ التدامح والثقة
أو
اإلنقداـ الحاد، والعالقة بيغ
بيغ السػاشغ والجولة
، ووجػد األحداب الدياسية،
التي تديع
في تغييخ
العالقات بيغ قادة األحداب،مغ جية، وما بيشيع وبيغ السػششيغ مغ جية اُخخػ وذلظ عبخ خمق 1
،)عجناف الديج حديغ (وآخخوف ،الشداعات االىمية العخبية العػامل الخارجية والجاخمية ، مخكد دراسات الػحجة العخبية
بيخوت1997
، ص138 2
،أحسج وـباف، الرخاعات العخؾية واستقخار العالع السعاصخ، دار الجامعة الججيجة، االسكشجرية _ مرخ2001
،
ص99
. 116 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
أرضية مذتخكة لمحػار
الػششي، وىحا بجوره يشعكذ عمى مدألة
تشسية السعخفة وتعديد الؿيادة
مغ
،عجمو
فػياب السعخفة الدياسية وكيؽية إدارة الحكع مغ قبل الفاعميغ الججد وبجوف خبخات، قج يؤدؼ
الى نتائج وخيسة، األمخ الحؼ يتصمب ألية مخنو لإلفادة مغ خبخات ا لصبقة الدياسية والبيخوقخاشية
الحيغ لع يدجل عمييع شبيات جخائيع أو فداد أو يديسػا في إدامة الشداع، ومغ ثغ إعادة إدماجيع مغ
،ججيج بالجولة ومؤسداتيا بيشسا ييتع التغييخ الييكمي (البشيػؼ )، في مدألة بقاء ـياكل الشطاـ
الدياسي القجيع مغ عجمو، وكحلظ
ـياكل الدمصة ال سحمية وأدوارىا، وما مجػ اإللتداـ بالقػاعج والدمػؾ
السشرػص عمييا في إتفاقات التدػية(1)
. 5
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 117 قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية اإل
نسػذج الميبخالي في عسمية بشاء ال
تعافي، بعجما أ
مشت التصػرات الجولية والست
غ يخات التي حسمتيا
ًصعػدا عسيقا لإل
نسػذج الميبخالي،
في مقابل ،ذلظ التجاعي والدقػط
لمشساذج األ
يجيػلػجية األ خخػ،
وىػ
أ ما مغ لجوؿ الغخب الفخصة
إلعادة تأىيل وتعافي ىحه الجوؿ
، استشاداً الى إ،نسػذج الشسط السشترخ
الحؼ قج
يتشاقس مع مبجأ
ميع مغ
مبادغ التعافي عبخ إ
يالء األ
ىسية الكبخػ لأل ولػيات واإلحتياجات
السحمية، كسا قج يتعارض ىحا اإل
تفاؽ مع مبج
أ السمكية السحمية ، الحؼ ليذ بالزخورة افّ يتساشى مع
،تمظ الصخوحات والشظ
بأ ِف الخ
ىاف عمى ىحا
ٍالشسػذج كشسط
ًبجيال،
ربسا يعخقل أو يثيخ بعس
،اإلشكاليات في عسمية التعافي فالجيسقخاشية بالزخورة قج تكػف ميسة ونسص ًا ناجح،ًا ولكغ
تصػرىا
ورسػخيا يتصمب مخاعاة خرػصية السجتسعات ومالئسة الجدج اإلجت،ًساعي بذكلٍ تجريجيا
ألف نسط
الجيسقخاشيات السدتػردة
لع
ي دتصع بشاء دويالت ناجحة
أ و تجديجىا مغ خالؿ مدتػػ الػعي
بالجيسقخاشية وفيع مختكداتيا مثل
كالعخاؽ في الػقت الحاضخ، الحؼ يتخنح بيغ عسمية التحػؿ نحػ
الجيسقخاشية ومخاشخ اإلرتجاد مشح ما يقارب العقج مغ الدمغ(1)
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 مرالح األطراف الخارجية المذاركة في التعافي : ال شظ بأفّ إجخاءات التعافي، التي تصبق في
الجوؿ السأزوم
ة
بالشداعات، قج تعتسج بذكل أو بأخخ عمى السداعجات الخارجة مغ الجوؿ أو
السؤسدات والسشطسات، وعمى الخغع مغ أىسيتيا بكػنيا مغ مجخالت تعديد مُتصمبات التعافي، لكشيا
في السقابل، قج تػلج تأثيخات خارجية عمى القخارات الجاخمية لمجوؿ الخارجة مغ الشداع، وىحا ما يدبب
تزا رباً في تشفيح سمدمة األولػيات، ألف تحقيق بعس األىجاؼ قج يتقاشع مع الجوؿ السانحة
وبالذكل الحؼ يسثل ليا أىسية اكبخ مغ مرالح السجتسعات السحمية الػاجب تعافييا، لحلظ فأف
العالقة غيخ الستػازنة غالباً ما تدتشج عمى الييسشة ال الذخاكة، مسا يؤثخ عمى عسمية إعادة بشا ء الجولة
ومُتصمبات التعافي بذكل عاـ(2)
. ومخد ذلظ، قج ضيخت مقاربات فكخية تؤيج فكخة إعادة بشاء الجولة عبخ تحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
باإلعتساد عمى الخارج، معمميغ سبب ذلظ، ىػ إفتقار أشخاؼ الشداع الى مؤىالت كاؼية لمؿياـ بيحا
الجور الكبيخ، بػصف الفاعميغ الجو لييغ أكثخ قجرة مشيع، ناـيظ عغ عجـ وجػد مرالحة وششية
،وضعف الجانب اإلقترادؼ، ويخػ أنرار ىحا التػجو بأف األمع الستحجة ىي الخائجة في ىحا السجاؿ
،وعمى الشؿيس مغ ىحا التػجو، يخػ أخخوف بالتعػيل عمى الفاعل الػششي لتحقيق مُتصمبات التعافي
ألنيا الفػاعل الخارجية قج أخفقت في الكثيخ مغ التجارب كأفغاندتاف والعخاؽ(3)
، ناـيظ عغ تػضيف 1
شعيب قساز واخخوف، حػكسة عسميات بشاء الدالـ في مشصقة البحيخات الكبخػ_ دراسة حالتي راونجا وبػرونجؼ، مجمة
( جيل الجراسات الدياسية والعالقات الجولية، العجد5
،) الجدائخ
مخ
كد جيل البحث العمسي
،
2016
، ص100
-
102
. 2
خالج حشفي عمى، التعافي الفعاؿ بيغ مخونة الجاخل وحداسية الخارج، مجمة الدياسة الجولية _ اتجاىات نطخية في
( تحميل الدياسة الجولية، العجد213
،)مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخة ،
2018، ص32
. 3
ىايجؼ عرست كارس، ادوار القػػ_االقميسية في دعع سياسات التعافي، مجمة الدياسة الجولية
اتجاىات نطخية في
تحميل الدياسة الجولية
(، العجد213
،)، مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخ ة2018، ص18
. 1
شعيب قساز واخخوف، حػكسة عسميات بشاء الدالـ في مشصقة البحيخات الكبخػ_ دراسة حالتي راونجا وبػرونجؼ، مجمة
( جيل الجراسات الدياسية والعالقات الجولية، العجد5
،) الجدائخ
مخ
كد جيل البحث العمسي
،
2016
، ص100
-
102
. 2
خالج حشفي عمى، التعافي الفعاؿ بيغ مخونة الجاخل وحداسية الخارج، مجمة الدياسة الجولية _ اتجاىات نطخية في
( تحميل الدياسة الجولية، العجد213
،)مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخة ،
2018، ص32
. (
)ـأ
3
ىايجؼ عرست كارس، ادوار القػػ_االقميسية في دعع سياسات التعافي، مجمة الدياسة الجولية
اتجاىات نطخية في
تحميل الدياسة الجولية
(، العجد213
،)، مؤسدة األىخاـ_ القاىخ ة2018، ص18
. قضايا سياسية
العدد17 ندتشتج مسا سبق، بأفًّ التعافي ومُتصمباتو، يسثل تصػيخ بخامج شػيمة األمج استشاداً الى سمدمة مغ
،األولػيات ىي إحتياجات مجتسعات ما بعج الشداع واليجؼ مغ التعافي، ىػ
تحديغ ،حياة افخاد السجتسع
وذلظ عبخ عسمية معقج تبجءً بإجخاءات إنعاش مدتعجمة، وصػالً الى اجخاءات مٌدتجامة وعمى السدتػيات
كافة، لكغ سخعة اإلستجابة لتمظ السُتصمبات تعتسج عمى عػامل عجة، مشيا ما يترل بتػقيت التعافي
ومعالجة السذكالت بذكل متدمدل، ناـيظ عغ مجػ مخونة السجتسع وحجة اإلنقدامات العخؾية، ودرجة
اإلفادة مغ الفػاعل الخارجية، وكحلظ ارتباط عسمي ة التعافي بإجخاءات عجة تدبقو، تتجاخل مع مفاـيع
،التعافي وتػثخ عمى نجاعتو، مثل نػع تدػية الشداعات أو بعس السفاـيع السقاربة أو السترمة بو
مثل
.بشاء الدالـ وحفطو أو فخضو اإل
نسػذج الميبخالي في عسمية بشاء ال
تعافي، بعجما أ
مشت التصػرات الجولية والست
غ يخات التي حسمتيا
ًصعػدا عسيقا لإل
نسػذج الميبخالي،
في مقابل ،ذلظ التجاعي والدقػط
لمشساذج األ
يجيػلػجية األ خخػ،
وىػ
أ ما مغ لجوؿ الغخب الفخصة
إلعادة تأىيل وتعافي ىحه الجوؿ
، استشاداً الى إ،نسػذج الشسط السشترخ
الحؼ قج
يتشاقس مع مبجأ
ميع مغ
مبادغ التعافي عبخ إ
يالء األ
ىسية الكبخػ لأل ولػيات واإلحتياجات
السحمية، كسا قج يتعارض ىحا اإل
تفاؽ مع مبج
أ السمكية السحمية ، الحؼ ليذ بالزخورة افّ يتساشى مع
،تمظ الصخوحات والشظ
بأ ِف الخ
ىاف عمى ىحا
ٍالشسػذج كشسط
ًبجيال،
ربسا يعخقل أو يثيخ بعس
،اإلشكاليات في عسمية التعافي فالجيسقخاشية بالزخورة قج تكػف ميسة ونسص ًا ناجح،ًا ولكغ
تصػرىا
ورسػخيا يتصمب مخاعاة خرػصية السجتسعات ومالئسة الجدج اإلجت،ًساعي بذكلٍ تجريجيا
ألف نسط
الجيسقخاشيات السدتػردة
لع
ي دتصع بشاء دويالت ناجحة
أ و تجديجىا مغ خالؿ مدتػػ الػعي
بالجيسقخاشية وفيع مختكداتيا مثل
كالعخاؽ في الػقت الحاضخ، الحؼ يتخنح بيغ عسمية التحػؿ نحػ
الجيسقخاشية ومخاشخ اإلرتجاد مشح ما يقارب العقج مغ الدمغ(1)
. ندتشتج مسا سبق، بأفًّ التعافي ومُتصمباتو، يسثل تصػيخ بخامج شػيمة األمج استشاداً الى سمدمة مغ
،األولػيات ىي إحتياجات مجتسعات ما بعج الشداع واليجؼ مغ التعافي، ىػ
تحديغ ،حياة افخاد السجتسع
وذلظ عبخ عسمية معقج تبجءً بإجخاءات إنعاش مدتعجمة، وصػالً الى اجخاءات مٌدتجامة وعمى السدتػيات
كافة، لكغ سخعة اإلستجابة لتمظ السُتصمبات تعتسج عمى عػامل عجة، مشيا ما يترل بتػقيت التعافي
ومعالجة السذكالت بذكل متدمدل، ناـيظ عغ مجػ مخونة السجتسع وحجة اإلنقدامات العخؾية، ودرجة
اإلفادة مغ الفػاعل الخارجية، وكحلظ ارتباط عسمي ة التعافي بإجخاءات عجة تدبقو، تتجاخل مع مفاـيع
،التعافي وتػثخ عمى نجاعتو، مثل نػع تدػية الشداعات أو بعس السفاـيع السقاربة أو السترمة بو
مثل
.بشاء الدالـ وحفطو أو فخضو الخاتمة أفًّ التعافي ومُتصمباتو، يسثل تصػيخ بخامج شػيمة األمج استشاداً الى سمدمة مغ األولػيات ىي
،إحتياجات مجتسعات ما بعج الشداع واليجؼ مغ التعافي، ىػ
تحديغ حياة افخاد السجتسع، وذلظ عبخ
عسمية معقج تبجءً بإجخاءات إنعاش مدتعجمة، وصػالً الى اجخاءات مٌدتجامة وعمى السدتػيات كافة، لكغ
سخعة اإلستجابة لتمظ السُتصمبات تعتسج عمى عػامل عجة، مشيا ما يترل بتػقيت التعافي ومعالجة 1
صجاـ عبج الدتار رشيج وعمي دمحم عمػاف، مرجر سبق ذكخه، ص174
. 118 قضايا سياسية
العدد17
تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية
السذكالت بذكل متدمدل، ناـيظ عغ مجػ مخونة السجتسع وحجة اإلنقدامات العخؾية، ودرجة اإلفادة مغ
الفػاعل الخارجية، وكحلظ ارتباط ع.سمية التعافي بإجخاءات عجة تدبقو قضايا سياسية
العدد17 تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية تعافي المجتمعات _ دراسة نظرية السذكالت بذكل متدمدل، ناـيظ عغ مجػ مخونة السجتسع وحجة اإلنقدامات العخؾية، ودرجة اإلفادة مغ
الفػاعل الخارجية، وكحلظ ارتباط ع.سمية التعافي بإجخاءات عجة تدبقو أفًّ العجيج مغ السفاـيع والسقاربات الشطخية قج تقتخب أو تتجاخل مع عسمية التعافي، بػصفيا
إجخاءات تدبق التعافي أو تفزي الى تييئة األرضية الخربة لو، وفي حاالت اُخخػ تٌعج إجخاءات ضسغ
مدارات التعافي، لكغ في الحؿيقة، إفًّ عسمية التعافي
ال تتحجد فقط بإستعادة وجػد الجولة ووضيفتيا ،
إو نسا ىي
عسمية مخكبة
،وشسػلية ل تحقيق أ
ىجاؼ سيا
سية تتعمق بػجػد الجولة،
ًوأىجافا امشي
ة ت تعمق بحػكسة
،القصاع األمشي لتستج أىجافو الى تعديد البشا
ء
اإلجتساعي وتعسيق التعاير وصػالً الى تعديد التساسظ
اإلجتساعي، لحلظ فيي تسثل أىجافاً أنية واُخخػ مٌدتجامة، ألنيا اىجافاً مخنة تقتزي إعادة إدارة عجمة
الحياة واستسخاريتيا، فزالً عغ تقػية السجتسعات لسػاجية األزمات، وذلظ عبخ إجخاءات تتسيد بالتكييف
والتعجيل شبقاً لمسدتججات والستغيخات عمى أرض الػاقع. 119 | 10,395 | https://pissue.iq/index.php/pissue/article/download/255/212 | null |
Arabic | الم :لخص ،يعد الذكاء االصطناعي من العلوم الحديثة التي ارتبطت باإلنسان منذ العقود الخمسة الماضية
ولتصبح السياسة الرقمية االقتصادية جزءاً ال يتجزأ من المجتمع،
لكونها خرقت أغلب مجاالت حياة
االنسان. وهذا ما شجع صانعوا السياسات التكنولوجية الجديدة في التفكير بك يفية توظيفه لخدمة مصالحهم
االقتصادية العُليا، بغض النظر عن بذل الجهود للتفكير في مصالح االنسان االقتصادية وتنظيمهم
ومراقبة الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي. لقد أيقنت غالبية الدول بضرورة وضع قيود تحد من االبتكار في
الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي، ومراعاة القوانين االق تصادية للدول، ال سيما وأن بعض برامج الذكاء
االصطناعي تُستخدم كمنصة لمحتوى غير قانوني، وتخترق سلباً الجوانب االقتصادية في الدولة، ودون
.أن تُفكر الشركات الكبرى في خطوات لمنع إساءة استخدام منصاتها 137
حرصت الدول الراعية لشركات الذكاء االصطناعي الكبرى، من الوقوف أمام الحدّ من تنظيم
تطوير االبتكار االقتصادي، مُدعية أن ذلك يُقيد من حرية تنمية التفكير التكنولوجي. لذلك تواجه اليوم
ومستقبالً كافة دول العالم مخاوف وتداعيات ضارة على مجتمعاتها من النواحي االنسانية
االقتصادية...وحتى الصحية
، مما يُساهم في تغيير العديد من سل وكيات األفراد وأفكارهم، وصوالً لعالم
مُولد للتفاهات، خصوصاً بعد فشل ت
إمكانات التحكم فيه، ولتصبح واجهة تطبيقات وبرامج الذكاء
االصطناعي هي تحقيق الرخاء والرفاهية
لإلنسان ً، لكن الواقع يثبت محط تهديدا
لإلنسانية . أن مصدر
ومُنطلق الذكاء االصطناعي هو العقل البشري ، لكن طريقة تفكير االنسان تختلف عن طريقة تفكير
.واشتغال الذكاء االصطناعي
ولذلك أن دول العالم باتت تفكر اليوم بجدية، بأنها على اعتاب تهديد
عالمي ال حدوُد وكوابح له، وال خيار لها إال الوقوف بوجهه من خالل عقد المؤتمرات الدولية، وتبادل
االفكار بالحوار
واالستماع الى وجهات النظر المخالفة ووضع القواعد والقوانين الدولية والمعاهدات
.الضامنة للمصالح الوطنية للدول
:الكلمات المفتاحية
.الذكاء االصطناعي، االنسانية، التداعيات االقتصادية، االنتخابات
: تاريخ التقديم14
/
11
/
2023
:تاريخ القبول18
/
12
/
2023
:تاريخ النشر31
/
12
/
2023
(
)جامعة بغداد/ كلية العلوم السياسية/
فرع الفكر السياسي
[email protected] حرصت الدول الراعية لشركات الذكاء االصطناعي الكبرى، من الوقوف أمام الحدّ من تنظيم
تطوير االبتكار االقتصادي، مُدعية أن ذلك يُقيد من حرية تنمية التفكير التكنولوجي. لذلك تواجه اليوم
ومستقبالً كافة دول العالم مخاوف وتداعيات ضارة على مجتمعاتها من النواحي االنسانية
االقتصادية...وحتى الصحية
، مما يُساهم في تغيير العديد من سل وكيات األفراد وأفكارهم، وصوالً لعالم
مُولد للتفاهات، خصوصاً بعد فشل ت
إمكانات التحكم فيه، ولتصبح واجهة تطبيقات وبرامج الذكاء
االصطناعي هي تحقيق الرخاء والرفاهية
لإلنسان ً، لكن الواقع يثبت محط تهديدا
لإلنسانية . الم :لخص أن مصدر
ومُنطلق الذكاء االصطناعي هو العقل البشري ، لكن طريقة تفكير االنسان تختلف عن طريقة تفكير
.واشتغال الذكاء االصطناعي
ولذلك أن دول العالم باتت تفكر اليوم بجدية، بأنها على اعتاب تهديد
عالمي ال حدوُد وكوابح له، وال خيار لها إال الوقوف بوجهه من خالل عقد المؤتمرات الدولية، وتبادل
االفكار بالحوار
واالستماع الى وجهات النظر المخالفة ووضع القواعد والقوانين الدولية والمعاهدات
.الضامنة للمصالح الوطنية للدول :الكلمات المفتاحية
.الذكاء االصطناعي، االنسانية، التداعيات االقتصادية، االنتخابات :الكلمات المفتاحية
.الذكاء االصطناعي، االنسانية، التداعيات االقتصادية، االنتخابات 137
: تاريخ التقديم14
/
11
/
2023
:تاريخ القبول18
/
12
/
2023
:تاريخ النشر31
/
12
/
2023
(
)جامعة بغداد/ كلية العلوم السياسية/
فرع الفكر السياسي
[email protected] 137
: تاريخ التقديم14
/
11
/
2023
:تاريخ القبول18
/
12
/
2023
:تاريخ النشر31
/
12
/
2023
(
)جامعة بغداد/ كلية العلوم السياسية/
فرع الفكر السياسي
[email protected] 137
: تاريخ التقديم14
/
11
/
2023
:تاريخ القبول18
/
12
/
2023
:تاريخ النشر31
/
12
/
2023
(
)جامعة بغداد/ كلية العلوم السياسية/
فرع الفكر السياسي
[email protected] 137 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
Abstract:
Artificial intelligence is one of the modern sciences that has been linked to
humans since the past five decades, and digital economic policy has become an
integral part of society, because it has violated most areas of human life. This is
what encouraged new technological policy makers to think about how to employ
it to serve their highest economic interests, regardless of making efforts to think
about human economic interests, regulate them, and monitor generative artificial
intelligence. The majority of countries have realized the necessity of setting
restrictions that limit innovation in generative artificial intelligence, and taking
into account the economic laws of countries, especially since some artificial
intelligence programs are used as a platform for illegal content, and negatively
penetrate the economic aspects of the country, and without major companies
thinking about steps to prevent misuse Its platforms قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية Keywords: artificial intelligence, humanity, economic repercussions,
elections. قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
:المقدمة قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
:المقدمة Abstract: Artificial intelligence is one of the modern sciences that has been linked to
humans since the past five decades, and digital economic policy has become an
integral part of society, because it has violated most areas of human life. This is
what encouraged new technological policy makers to think about how to employ
it to serve their highest economic interests, regardless of making efforts to think
about human economic interests, regulate them, and monitor generative artificial
intelligence. The majority of countries have realized the necessity of setting
restrictions that limit innovation in generative artificial intelligence, and taking
into account the economic laws of countries, especially since some artificial
intelligence programs are used as a platform for illegal content, and negatively
penetrate the economic aspects of the country, and without major companies
thinking about steps to prevent misuse. Its platforms. The countries sponsoring major artificial intelligence companies have been
keen to limit the regulation of the development of economic innovation,
claiming that this restricts the freedom to develop technological thinking. Therefore, today and in the future, all countries of the world face fears and
harmful repercussions on their societies from humanitarian, economic, and even
health aspects, which contributes to changing many individuals’ behaviors and
thoughts, leading to a world that generates nonsense, especially after the
capabilities of controlling it have failed, and it has become the interface for
artificial intelligence applications and programs. It is to achieve prosperity and
well-being for mankind, but the reality proves to be a threat to humanity. The
source and starting point of artificial intelligence is the human mind, but the way
humans think is different from the way artificial intelligence thinks and works. Therefore, the countries of the world are seriously thinking today that they
are on the cusp of a global threat that has no limits or restrictions, and they have
no choice but to confront it by holding international conferences, exchanging
ideas through dialogue, listening to dissenting viewpoints, and establishing
international rules and laws and treaties that guarantee the national interests of
countries. Keywords: artificial intelligence, humanity, economic repercussions,
elections. 138 :المقدمة 3
-
انعكاساته على جوانب الحياة االقتصادية
لإلنسان
.وأمكانيات الدولة
إشكالية
:البحث
تنطلق إشكالية
البحث من التساؤل الرئيسي
:بأنه عندما تكون أدوات الذكاء االصطناعي
االقتصادي ،بعيد عن التنظيم وسلطة الدولة فهل ممكن عدم التفكير ،في أبعاده على االنسان والدولة؟
وال
حاجة ل لتفكير التخاذ قرارات من قبل كافة الدول تعزز من مشاركتها و
سلطتها الرقابية عل ى تطبيقاته
،الذكية ألثبات
.احترام الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي لقوانين وتشريعات كل دولة وبناءً عليه تطرح
:التساؤالت التالية ُلتحديد مخاطره الرئيسية، باعتباره قد يك ون التهديد المحتمل الستمرارية حضارة
الوجود االنساني
ولالس تقرار
االقتصادي. :أهمية البحث
تتجلى أهمية البحث
بكونها حديثة ،ووجيزة و تكشف مخاطر بعض تطبيقات الذكاء
االصطناعي التوليدي على الوج
ود اإلنساني وفي الجوانب االقتصادية
.للدولة
و
تناول ت
الموضوع من
جوانبه الفكرية االقتصادية
ًحصرا، و عدم خلط البعد
والتداعيات
االقتص ادية للذكاء االصطناعي مع البعد
(االجتماعية، والسياسية، والعسكرية). السيما هنالك غموض يشوب مصداقية و.نوايا الدول الراعية له ا :هدف البحث
يهدف البحث الى بيان :االتي
1
-
البُعد
الفكرية االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي على.االنسان والدولة
2
-
بيان مدى تداعياته على الوجود االنساني والدولة
من النواحي االقتصادية. 3
-
انعكاساته على جوانب الحياة االقتصادية
لإلنسان
.وأمكانيات الدولة
إشكالية
:البحث
تنطلق إشكالية
البحث من التساؤل الرئيسي
:بأنه عندما تكون أدوات الذكاء االصطناعي
االقتصادي ،بعيد عن التنظيم وسلطة الدولة فهل ممكن عدم التفكير ،في أبعاده على االنسان والدولة؟
وال
حاجة ل لتفكير التخاذ قرارات من قبل كافة الدول تعزز من مشاركتها و
سلطتها الرقابية عل ى تطبيقاته
،الذكية ألثبات
.احترام الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي لقوانين وتشريعات كل دولة وبناءً عليه تطرح
:التساؤالت التالية إشكالية
:البحث
تنطلق إشكالية
البحث من التساؤل الرئيسي
:بأنه عندما تكون أدوات الذكاء االصطناعي
االقتصادي ،بعيد عن التنظيم وسلطة الدولة فهل ممكن عدم التفكير ،في أبعاده على االنسان والدولة؟
وال
حاجة ل لتفكير التخاذ قرارات من قبل كافة الدول تعزز من مشاركتها و
سلطتها الرقابية عل ى تطبيقاته
،الذكية ألثبات
.احترام الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي لقوانين وتشريعات كل دولة وبناءً عليه تطرح
:التساؤالت التالية 1
-
هل هناك بُعد
فكرية من الذكاء االصطناعي االقتصادي على
الوجود االنساني
؟. 2
-
هل سوف يؤدي الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي إلغاء الحاجة
لإلنسان
في حياتنا
االقتصادية .؟ 3
-
هل
هناك
بُعد فكرية من
الذكاء االصطناعي االقتصادي على.الدولة؟
4
-
.هل ممكن أن يهدد الذكاء االصطناعي االمن االقتصادي للدولة؟
وعليه فأن فرضية الدراسة تنطلق من فكرة مفادها: أن هناك حاجة مشتركة ما بين االنسان والذكاء
،االصطناعي فكالهما بحاجة االخر، لكن إذا خرج الذكاء االصطناعي عن سيطرة األنسان فانه سيكون
ُحتماً سبباً في تهديد وجوده. :المقدمة قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
ُلتحديد مخاطره الرئيسية، باعتباره قد يك ون التهديد المحتمل الستمرارية حضارة
الوجود االنساني
ولالس تقرار
االقتصادي. :أهمية البحث
تتجلى أهمية البحث
بكونها حديثة ،ووجيزة و تكشف مخاطر بعض تطبيقات الذكاء
االصطناعي التوليدي على الوج
ود اإلنساني وفي الجوانب االقتصادية
.للدولة
و
تناول ت
الموضوع من
جوانبه الفكرية االقتصادية
ًحصرا، و عدم خلط البعد
والتداعيات
االقتص ادية للذكاء االصطناعي مع البعد
(االجتماعية، والسياسية، والعسكرية). السيما هنالك غموض يشوب مصداقية و.نوايا الدول الراعية له
:هدف البحث
يهدف البحث الى بيان :االتي
1
-
البُعد
الفكرية االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي على.االنسان والدولة
2
-
بيان مدى تداعياته على الوجود االنساني والدولة
من النواحي االقتصادية. 3
-
انعكاساته على جوانب الحياة االقتصادية
لإلنسان
.وأمكانيات الدولة
إشكالية
:البحث
تنطلق إشكالية
البحث من التساؤل الرئيسي
:بأنه عندما تكون أدوات الذكاء االصطناعي
االقتصادي ،بعيد عن التنظيم وسلطة الدولة فهل ممكن عدم التفكير ،في أبعاده على االنسان والدولة؟
وال
حاجة ل لتفكير التخاذ قرارات من قبل كافة الدول تعزز من مشاركتها و
سلطتها الرقابية عل ى تطبيقاته
،الذكية ألثبات
.احترام الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي لقوانين وتشريعات كل دولة وبناءً عليه تطرح
:التساؤالت التالية
1
-
هل هناك بُعد
فكرية من الذكاء االصطناعي االقتصادي على
الوجود االنساني
؟. اإ ي
ي
ي
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
ُلتحديد مخاطره الرئيسية، باعتباره قد يك ون التهديد المحتمل الستمرارية حضارة
الوجود االنساني
ولالس تقرار
االقتصادي. :أهمية البحث
تتجلى أهمية البحث
بكونها حديثة ،ووجيزة و تكشف مخاطر بعض تطبيقات الذكاء
االصطناعي التوليدي على الوج
ود اإلنساني وفي الجوانب االقتصادية
.للدولة
و
تناول ت
الموضوع من
جوانبه الفكرية االقتصادية
ًحصرا، و عدم خلط البعد
والتداعيات
االقتص ادية للذكاء االصطناعي مع البعد
(االجتماعية، والسياسية، والعسكرية). السيما هنالك غموض يشوب مصداقية و.نوايا الدول الراعية له
:هدف البحث
يهدف البحث الى بيان :االتي
1
-
البُعد
الفكرية االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي على.االنسان والدولة
2
-
بيان مدى تداعياته على الوجود االنساني والدولة
من النواحي االقتصادية. :المقدمة كان للتقدم التكنولوجي خالل القرن الحادي والعشرون ،
التأثير الكبير على مجاالت
حياة االنسان
اجتماعي ًاً واقتصاديا
وبوتيرة لم نشهدها. وهذا ما زاد من تفاقم التحديات المخيفة والفرص الواعدة. لقد
أصبح
ت فكرة صناعة الذكاء االصطناعي (
Artificial Intelligence
)
بشكل
متزايد جزء
،من حياتنا اليومية
ًفضال نفاذه من خالل
عرضه ل
تحقيق الرفاهية لإلنسان، و تبسيط
ه لل مهام اليومية
لم ختلف مجاالت
حياتنا
و،بوتيرة غير مسبوقة و
الذي توسع
.بشكل أكبر من خالل الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي يرى أنصار الذكاء االصطناعي بأن فكرة ُتطويره
ًأقتصاديا بشارة خير على نفس مستوى الثورات
،الصناعية الثالث السابقة ُواعتبروه بداية الثورة الصناعية الرابعة ،
و
أدعوا بعدم ضرورة ا لذعر أو االنغماس
في تشاؤم ال داعي له. وبدالً من ذلك يجب أن نكون واثقين بشكل معقول من أنه مثل جميع
ال تقنيات
.)...،العامة السابقة (الكهرباء، واإللكترونيات، ووسائل النقل الحديثة، واإلنترنت اعتمدت
الواليات المتحدة وأوربا نهجاً وتكيفاً أكثر تسامحاً في التعامل مع تكنولوجيا الذكاء
االصطناعي الجديدة، حتى ال يخسروا قيادة سياس
ته العالمية، لكنهم أدركوا متأخرين
تقاعسهم السياسي في
التفكير الجدي في تنظيمه ومراقبته
، ال سيما
مع تزايد المخاوف الدولية و بوتيرة غير مسبوقة مع تقدمه
ًعمليا
بشكل
يصعب التنبؤ أو السيطرة على
ُإمكانياته أو تطبيقاته الم
ستقبلية بدقة،
مما جعل من الصعب
التنبأ
في السيناريوهات المُحتملة و
الناجمة عنه، ما لم يكن تحت السيطرة والتنظيم
من قبل
االنسان نفسه ،
لضمان تطويره واستخدامه بشكل مسؤول وآمن. وأضحى
من الضروري أن ترصد وتقيم الدول والحكومات
والشركات الخاصة واألفراد،
البُعد
االقتصادية القريب والبعيد تجاه الوجود اإلنساني. ًوخاصة
ونحن بحاجة
إلى إعطاء األولوية
للتفكير في إرساء ال
ت
وازن ما بين االبتكار وتنظيم الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي ،
من
خالل
التفكير ب
تطوير وتطبيق الدول ل
لتشريعات القانونية االقتصادية الشاملة والف
اعل ة في المجاالت
الحياتية
ال ُم ة ختلف لإلنسان . أن غالبية دول العالم باتت تفكر بعمق
عندما يتعلق األمر بالذكاء االصطناعي، و ُت قييم حجم
الفوا ئد
والمخاطر على حد سواء
، لتحديد ا
حتياجات
ها
االقتصادية االنسانية
الواقعية منه، ورصد إطار ل لسياسات
والنوايا المصاحبة له من
قبل الدول الراعية له، عبر تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي ًالتوليدي خصوصا
الكامنة ب ًتفاصيله. علما
أن
رواد األعمال والمفكرون السياسيون في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي،
يطمحون 139 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
ُلتحديد مخاطره الرئيسية، باعتباره قد يك ون التهديد المحتمل الستمرارية حضارة
الوجود االنساني
ولالس تقرار
االقتصادي. :المقدمة :فرضية البحث
انطلق البحث
من فرضية مفادها (أن فكرة صناعة الذكاء االصطناعي انطلقت من أجل
رفاهية وجود الحياة
اإلنسانية
،والدولة
لكن الواقع أثبت تداعياته
على االنسان والدولة. وهذا يُعزز من 140 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
ضرورة وجود تحرك دولي مُنظم من خالل المؤتمرات
الدورية والقوانين الدولية
والتدريب والتأهيل الخبرات
لرصد برامجه وتطبيقاته التكنولوجية ال ضارة و
لل ّحد
من تطور قدراته في االبتكار
حتى ال يستمر مصدر
قلق وتهدد ل لوجود
االنساني
وحقوقه المدنية، اضافة إلى
االمن االقتصادية للدول
ة) . اإلطار المنهجي للبحث:
من الصعوبة بمكان اعتماد منهج واحد يستند عليه ا لباحث من أجل تحليل
ومناقشة بُعد
الذكاء االصطناعي بشكل شامل، وعليه انطلقت منهجية البحث من المنهج االستنباطي
واالستقرائي. ولتحقيق
مبدأ التكامل المنهجي، فقد تم اعتمادي على المنهج التاريخي الذي يقوم على معرفة
الماضي لما له من دور في معرفة الحاضر و انتهاءاً بالمنهج
ا الستشرافي
للوصول إلى إمكان
ية تحل يل
وإيجاد التفسيرات الالزمة وا .لوصول إلى النتائج المستهدفة و تم تقسيم هيكلية هذا البحث الى
محورين
هي
:كاالتي ضرورة وجود تحرك دولي مُنظم من خالل المؤتمرات
الدورية والقوانين الدولية
والتدريب والتأهيل الخبرات
لرصد برامجه وتطبيقاته التكنولوجية ال ضارة و
لل ّحد
من تطور قدراته في االبتكار
حتى ال يستمر مصدر
قلق وتهدد ل لوجود
االنساني
وحقوقه المدنية، اضافة إلى
االمن االقتصادية للدول
ة) . اإلطار المنهجي للبحث:
من الصعوبة بمكان اعتماد منهج واحد يستند عليه ا لباحث من أجل تحليل
ومناقشة بُعد
الذكاء االصطناعي بشكل شامل، وعليه انطلقت منهجية البحث من المنهج االستنباطي
واالستقرائي. ولتحقيق
مبدأ التكامل المنهجي، فقد تم اعتمادي على المنهج التاريخي الذي يقوم على معرفة
الماضي لما له من دور في معرفة الحاضر و انتهاءاً بالمنهج
ا الستشرافي
للوصول إلى إمكان
ية تحل يل
وإيجاد التفسيرات الالزمة وا .لوصول إلى النتائج المستهدفة و تم تقسيم هيكلية هذا البحث الى
محورين
هي
:كاالتي ضرورة وجود تحرك دولي مُنظم من خالل المؤتمرات
الدورية والقوانين الدولية
والتدريب والتأهيل الخبرات
لرصد برامجه وتطبيقاته التكنولوجية ال ضارة و
لل ّحد
من تطور قدراته في االبتكار
حتى ال يستمر مصدر
قلق وتهدد ل لوجود
االنساني
وحقوقه المدنية، اضافة إلى
االمن االقتصادية للدول
ة) . أوالا :
االنسان و
االبعاد
االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي لقد أكد القرآن الكريم أن اإلنسان مخلوق كريم على هللا
)(عزوجل ، فقد خلق آدم بيديه، ونفخ فيه من
روحه، وجعله في األرض خليفة، تكريماً لإلنسان
، و اقتضت حكمته ومشيئته ورحمته باإلنسان أالّ يخلقه
{ :عبثاً، وجاء ذلك في قوله تعالى وَإِذْ قَالَ رَبُّكَ لِلْمَالَئِكَةِ إِن ِي جَاعِلٌ فِي األَرْضِ خَلِيفَةا قَال وا أَتَجْعَل فِيهَا
َمَنْ ي فْسِ د فِيهَا و َيَسْ فِك الد ِمَاءَ وَنَحْن ن سَ ب ِح بِحَمْدِكَ وَن قَد ِس لَكَ قَالَ إِن ِي أَعْلَم مَا الَ تَعْلَم ون :} [البقرة
30
{ :]. وقال تعالى َوَلَقَدْ كَرَّمْنَا بَنِي آدَمَ وَحَمَلْنَاه مْ فِي الْبَر ِ وَالْبَحْرِ وَ رَ زَقْنَاه مْ مِنَ الطَّي ِبَاتِ وَفَضَّ لْن اه مْ عَلَى
كَثِيرٍ مِمَّنْ خَلَقْنَا تَفْضِ يالا :} [اإلسراء70
.]
وهكذا توالت الرسلُ، وتتابع األنبياء، وأُنزلت الكتب، وكلّها تدور
على محور
واحد ، هو اإلنسان، بما يحقق له السعادة في الدنيا واآلخرة، وأنزلت الشرائع لتأمينِ مصالح
.الناس، ودفع الضرر عنهم .الناس، ودفع الضرر عنهم ترتكز فكرة صناعة الذكاء االصطناعي على صناعة أفكار لبرامج مُقاربة للقدرات التي تحاكي
سلوكيات وعمليات االنسان، التي نعتبرها ذكية، مثل التفكير، والتعلم، والنقل، وحل المشكالت، وممارسة
اإلبداع...، أي أمكانية تطبيقه على مجموعة واسعة من المجاالت والمهام التي قد ت
كمل الذكا ،ء البشري
ولكن عدم قُدرته
ُاالحالل محله. تعذر وجود تعريف مُحدد مُتفق عليه على نطاق واسع للذكاء االصطناعي، فقد عرّفهُ عالم
الحاسوب
جون مكارثي:John McCarthy
.""بأنه علم وهندسة ص نع اآلالت الذكية وعرفه
أندرياس
كابالنAndreas Kaplan
ومايكل هاينلينMichael Heinlein
:
"بأنه ق درة النظام على تفسير 141 البيانات الخارجية بشكل صحيح، والتعلم من هذه البيانات، واستخدام تلك المعرفة لتحقيق أهداف ومهام
."م حددة من خالل التكيف المرن وعرف باحثين من مؤسسةRand
" :
بأنه تقنية ذات أهمية
استراتيجية، يمكن أن تساهم في مجموعة وا سعة من الفوائد المجتمعية واالقتصادية. (1) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Can We Steer Technological Change? Do We Need To?". American
Enterprise Institute. June 02, 2023. أوالا :
االنسان و
االبعاد
االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي وقد تشكل مخاطر
."وتحديات وعواقب غير مقصودة
تشترك غالبية التعاريف بمفردة هندسة اآللة والبيانات والمخاطر ولم
تتطرق التعاريف بلوغ مصالح االنسان في مجاالت الحياة المختلفة، وهذا له ابعاد قد تقدم اآللة على حرية
وحقوق الوجود .االنساني األساسية أو البيئة جلب العصر التكنولوجي الرقمي تطورات ال مثيل لها في حياة االنسان االقتصادية، لكنه أدى
أيضاً إلى ظهور تحديات فعلية
جديدة ُم ستمرة غير
ت من
نمط اقتصادنا وطبيعة العمل مثلما أثر ت
على
.مجتمعاتنا و هناك أسباب وجيهة تجعلنا نتوقع أن يكون لتقدم الذكاء االصطناعي تأثيرات تحويلية على
ُالمجتمع، خصوصاً وأن الدول الراعية له أصبحت على المحك اليوم، ال سيما وأنها لم ت فكر بجدية أن
تضع في آولياتها
التفكير بتطوير سياسات ت حمي مصالح االنسان صناعياً وتجارياً وزراعياً و في وظائف ه
مهن و
ه وتشغيل العمالة و
الحرف ، والحرية المدنية، وحيازته للمعلومات والبيانات التي يستخرجها الذكاء
االصطناعي وتحكمه بها
بشكل عام ، وهو ما عزز من فكرة وواقع تحوله لتحدي للوجود اإلنساني، وهذا
.ما سوف نوضحه في مطلبنا كان هناك الكثير من االبتكارات واألفكار
في موضوع التقدم
والنمو االقتصادي، بجميع أنحاء
أوروبا خالل العصور الوسطى في مجاالت(
الزراعة، والنقل، واآلالت العسكرية ،، والصحة
والمعادن)...،
. لكن
الث
روة الناتجة عن اإلنتاجية ذهبت إلى النبالء وليس ل
لفالحين. وفي العص ر
الصناعي تغيرت تلك المؤسسات والترتيبات لصالح العمال
، وظه ر ت
النقابات العمالية، والتشريعات لحماية
حقوق العمال ، و
تنظيم اإلنتاج،
وتحديد األجور،
وإعادة تن شيط حقوق العمال وسلطاتهم. لكن اليوم
الحكومات ب
أمس ال حاجة لوضع سياسات ُت ع يد توجيه و رسم
حدود ا لتقدم التكنولوجي التوليدي
واالبتكار
في
مجال الذكاء االصطناعي، بحيث يجعل العمال أكثر إنتاجية فيما يقومون به،
ويخلق أشياء جديدة لهم
ليفعلوها بدالً من مجرد أ .تمتة العمل
عندما تخلق اآلالت الجديدة استخدامات جديدة للعم
الة ، فإن هذا
يوسع الطرق التي يمكن للعمال من خاللها المساهمة في اإلنتاج، ويزيد من إ
نتاجيتهم الهامشية (
1
)
. (1( Government UK. 2023. "The Rt Hon Rishi Sunak MP". 2 Nov, 2023. p
,
(5) Bremmer, Ian, and Mustafa Suleyman. 2023. "The AI Power Paradox". Foreign Affairs. August 16,
2023. Henshall, Will. 2023. Elon Musk Tells Rishi Sunak AI Will Eliminate the Need for Jobs". Time.
November, 2023. ,
ell, Brent. 2018. "How Artificial Intelligence Will Impact Human Well-being". American
nterprise Institute. October 12, 2018. ( (
(2( Gregersen, Erik. 2023. "Elon Musk American entrepreneur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 Nov,
2023. (1( Manyika, James, and Michael Spence. 2023. "The Coming AI Economic Revolution Can Artificial
Intelligence Reverse the Productivity Slowdown?". Foreign Affairs. October 24, 2023. أ (
2
)
برنامج يسمح للمستخدم بطرح األسئلة عليه باستخدام لغة المحادثة أو اللغة الطبيعية. تم إصداره في30
نوفمبر2022
من قبل
الشركة األمريكيةOpenAI
وأزعجت األكاديميين والصحفيين وغيرهم على الفور تقريبًا بسبب القلق من استحالة التمييز بين
الكتابة البشرية والكتابة التي.يولده ,
pp
g
p
(
4
)
هو تطبيق يحول نماذج النص إلى صورة تم تطويره بواسطةOpenAI
باستخدام منهجيات التعلم العميق إلنشاء صور رقمية من
أوصاف اللغة الطبيعية، تسمى 'المطالبات'. تم الكشف عنه بواسطةOpenAI
في منشور بالمدونة
في5
يناير2021
.
Wiki
di
2021 " DALL E" J
5 2021 (6) Orrell, Brent. 2023. "Perspective: Can Artificial Intelligence Teach Us to Be Better Workers?".
American Enterprise Institute. July 27, 2023.https://www.aei.org/op-eds/perspective-can-
artificial-intelligence-teach-us-to-be-better-workers/ لإ
Shore, Joel. 2021. " cloud application". Tech Target. 24 Sep 2021.
طة
ط
ةإ
ل
ل ل p
y ,
(5( Kenton, Will. 2023 ."What Are Soft Skills? Definition, Importance, and Examples". Investopedia.
31 October, 2023. أوالا :
االنسان و
االبعاد
االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي هذا 142 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
ًيعني أن ثورة الذكاء االصطناعي قد تُضر بشكل مختلف مصالح االنسان، ألنه أصبح مساهماً رئيسيا
.فيما كان يُعتقد في السابق أنه تمكين لإلنسان فقط ًيعني أن ثورة الذكاء االصطناعي قد تُضر بشكل مختلف مصالح االنسان، ألنه أصبح مساهماً رئيسيا
.فيما كان يُعتقد في السابق أنه تمكين لإلنسان فقط ًيعني أن ثورة الذكاء االصطناعي قد تُضر بشكل مختلف مصالح االنسان، ألنه أصبح مساهماً رئيسيا
.فيما كان يُعتقد في السابق أنه تمكين لإلنسان فقط عندما سأل رئيس الوزراء البريطاني ريشي سوناكRishi Sunak
(
1
)
في مقابلة مشتركة مع
ايلون
ماسكElon Musk
(
2
)
:عن كيفية تأثير الذكاء االصطناعي على الوظائف؟، توقع ماسك "أن العمل
البشري سوف يصبح عفا عليه الزمن، أعتقد أننا نشهد هنا القوة األكثر تدميراا في التاريخ، وسيكون
.لدينا ألول مرة شيءا أذكى من أذكى إنسان
.ستأتي نقطة حيث لن تكون هناك حاجة إلى وظيفة
يمكنك الحصول
على وظيفة إذا كنت ترغب في الحصول على وظيفة لتحقيق الرضا الشخصي، ولكن
"الذكاء االصطناعي سيكون قادراا على فعل كل شيء(
3
). هذا يعني بأن الذكاء االصطناعي سوف
،يستهدف الجوانب االقتصادية لألنسان ومنها العمل الذي يمنحهُ المعنى والهدف الحقيقي في حياته، وهذا
ما قد
.يتنافى مع الشرائع السماوية واالديان والقانون اإلنساني الدولي وقانون حقوق اإلنسان يرى الباحثون والمختصون في االقتصاد بأن الذكاء االصطناعي قد يُؤدي إلى تحوالً اقتصادياً يُهدد
ًمن تماسك مجتمعاتنا، حيث يصبح العمل البشري العقلي والبدني بطيئاً وتقليدياً وحرفيا ، ليتم توحيده
،واستبداله في نهاية المطاف بالطاقة غير المحدودة، الديناميكية واإلنتاجية المتسارعة وفي عالم
يحركه
تكنولوجيا الخوارزميات الرقمية والروبوتات التي تدمج أحدث التقنيات في الذكاء االصطناعي (
4
)
. كذلك
سوف يُدير الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي في عام2035
ك ًل مكان في حياتُنا، ويُطرح أفكاراً ومنتجاتا
وعالجاتاً وابتكاراتاً جديدةً للسوق، لينمو العالم بشكل مُبهم ال يمكن التنبؤ به وليبدو أكثر هشاشةً، ويفقد
فيه عمال ذوي المكاتب وظائفهم بشكل جماعي (
5
). لقد عملت التكنولوجيات الرقمية على أحداث تحوالً اقتصادياً درامات يكياً، من خالل خسارة االنسان
،للمهام التي كان يؤديها ولفترة طويلة، إذ استولت عليها اآلالت فجأة
مثل حفظ الملفات والبيانات
والمعلومات، والمحاسبة، والخدمات المصرفية، وأنظمة التحكم لسالسل التوريد، ونقلها بشكل رقمي، مما (2( Gregersen, Erik. 2023. "Elon Musk American entrepreneur". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 Nov,
2023. p
(5) Bremmer, Ian, and Mustafa Suleyman. 2023. "The AI Power Paradox". Foreign Affairs. August 16,
2023. 143 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
جعل الوصول إليها واستخدامها أرخص وأسهل. أوالا :
االنسان و
االبعاد
االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي كما أدت وفرة الخدمات المجانية والمنخفضة التكلفة على
شبكة اإلنترنت إلى إحداث تحول في االقتصاد اال
ستهالكي والتفاعل االجتماعي (
1
). هذا يعني أن الخط
الفاصل بين اإلنسان واآللة قد يبدأ في التالشي بطريقة كبيرة وصوالً إلى إلغاء اإلنسان. جعل الوصول إليها واستخدامها أرخص وأسهل. كما أدت وفرة الخدمات المجانية والمنخفضة التكلفة على
شبكة اإلنترنت إلى إحداث تحول في االقتصاد اال
ستهالكي والتفاعل االجتماعي (
1
). هذا يعني أن الخط
الفاصل بين اإلنسان واآللة قد يبدأ في التالشي بطريقة كبيرة وصوالً إلى إلغاء اإلنسان. جعل الوصول إليها واستخدامها أرخص وأسهل. كما أدت وفرة الخدمات المجانية والمنخفضة التكلفة على
شبكة اإلنترنت إلى إحداث تحول في االقتصاد اال
ستهالكي والتفاعل االجتماعي (
1
). هذا يعني أن الخط
الفاصل بين اإلنسان واآللة قد يبدأ في التالشي بطريقة كبيرة وصوالً إلى إلغاء اإلنسان. ًهذا التحول الزلزالي في التكنولوجيا الرقمية للذكاء االصطناعي اجتاحت العالم اقتصادياً واجتماعيا
وبشكل روبوتات محادثة
وبرامج وتطبيقات مثلChat GPT
(
2
)
وClaude
(
3
)
ومولدات الصور مثل
e
-
Dall
(
4
)
، جميعها تم توظيفها في المجاالت االقتصادية، من خالل التطبيقات الرقمية المتداولة
اجتماعياً مثل االعالنات التجارية وتحسين العروض وخدمة العمالء... وتتوقع
شركةMackenzie
Investments
" :إلدارة االستثمار في كندا من المرجح أن يكون الذكاء االصطناعي أكثر كفاءة من
)ثالثة أرباع القوى العاملة البشرية فيما يسمى بـ (المهارات اللينة(
5
)
،
أن قدرات الذكاء االصطناعي تزيد
من إمكانية أتمتة صنع القرار والتعاون وتطبيق الخبرات في القوى العامل ة للسنوات القادمة(
6
). كذلك أدى ظهور فكرة تكنولوجيا اآلالت األكثر ذكاءً إلى بطالة جماعية، ومثال ذلك إطالق تطبيق
Amazon Go
(
7
)
تجربة تسوق خالية من الكاشير والنقود، يقوم المتسوقون بالتسجيل بهواتفهم المحمولة
ليتم تحميل العناصر ببساطة على حساب Amazon الخاص بال متسوق. وجلبت فكرة سهولة الشراء بنقرة
واحدة وبفضل المستشعرات وأنظمة الذكاء االصطناعي التي تشغل المتجر. بالنسبة للبعض تمثل فكرة
هذه الحداثة توفير لمزيد من الراحة للمحترفين. وبالنسبة لآلخرين فهي واقعياً رمزاً للقلق الشديد. ال سيما (1( Manyika, James, and Michael Spence. 2023. "The Coming AI Economic Revolution Can Artificial
Intelligence Reverse the Productivity Slowdown?". Foreign Affairs. October 24, 2023. ط
أ
لأ
ط ي
.يو
Gregersen, Erik. 2023. "ChatGPT". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Oct 26, 2023. ً ي
.يو
regersen, Erik. 2023. "ChatGPT". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Oct 26, 2023. ً Gregersen, Erik. 2023. "ChatGPT". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Oct 26, 2023. g
,
y
p
,
(
3
)
هو برنامج تعمل فيه المكونات السحابية والمحلية معاً، ويعتمد على الخوادم البعيدة لمعالجة المنطق الذي يتم الوصول إليه، من
.خالل متصفح الويب مع اتصال مستمر باإلنترنت ر إل ر
ع
حا
Shore, Joel. 2021. " cloud application". Tech Target. 24 Sep 2021. إ y
(
2
)
نموذج اللغة الكبيرLLM
هو نموذج لغة إحصائي، تم تدريبه على كمية هائلة من البيانات، والتي يمكن استخدامها إلنشاء
وترجمة النصوص والمحتويات األخرى، وتنفيذ مهام أخرى لمعالجة اللغة الطبيعية، وتعتمدLLMs
عادةً على بنيات التعلم
العميق، مثلTransformer
التي طورتهاGoogle
في عام2017
،
ويمكن تدريبها على مليارات النصوص والمحتويات
.األخرى g
y
g
,
(4) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Brace Yourself: The AI Jobs Panic Is About to Explode". American
Enterprise Institute. June 14, 2023. .أرى
Google Cloud. "Large Language Models powered by world-class Google AI". 7 November 2023 The Google Cloud. Large Language Models powered by world-class Google AI . 7 November 2023.
(3( Manyika, James, and Michael Spence. 2023. "The Coming AI Economic Revolution Can Artificial
Intelligence Reverse the Productivity Slowdown?". Foreign Affairs. October 24, 2023. (1( Bailey, John. 2018. "The Other Challenge of Artificial Intelligence". American Enterprise Institute.
January 24, 2018. إ .األخرى أوالا :
االنسان و
االبعاد
االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي (
3
)
هو برنامج تعمل فيه المكونات السحابية والمحلية معاً، ويعتمد على الخوادم البعيدة لمعالجة المنطق الذي يتم الوصول إليه، من
.خالل متصفح الويب مع اتصال مستمر باإلنترنت Shore, Joel. 2021. cloud application . Tech Target. 24 Sep 2021. (
4
)
هو تطبيق يحول نماذج النص إلى صورة تم تطويره بواسطةOpenAI
باستخدام منهجيات التعلم العميق إلنشاء صور رقمية من
أوصاف اللغة الطبيعية، تسمى 'المطالبات'. تم الكشف عنه بواسطةOpenAI
في منشور بالمدونة
في5
يناير2021
. pي
ي
Wikipedia. 2021. " DALL-E". January 5, 2021 p
y ,
(5( Kenton, Will. 2023 ."What Are Soft Skills? Definition, Importance, and Examples". Investopedia. 31 October, 2023. p
y
(5( Kenton, Will. 2023 ."What Are Soft Skills? Definition, Importance, and Examples". Investopedia. 31 October, 2023. p
y
(5( Kenton, Will. 2023 ."What Are Soft Skills? Definition, Importance, and Examples". Investopedia. 31 October, 2023. (6) Orrell, Brent. 2023. "Perspective: Can Artificial Intelligence Teach Us to Be Better Workers?". American Enterprise Institute. July 27, 2023.https://www.aei.org/op-eds/perspective-can-
artificial-intelligence-teach-us-to-be-better-workers/ (6) Orrell, Brent. 2023. "Perspective: Can Artificial Intelligence Teach Us to Be Better Workers?". American Enterprise Institute. July 27, 2023.https://www.aei.org/op-eds/perspective-can-
artificial-intelligence-teach-us-to-be-better-workers/ g
(7( Wingfield, Nick. 2018. "Inside Amazon Go, a Store of the Future". The New York Times
Company. 21 Jan, 2018. 144 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
وأن التكنولوجيا التي تدعمAmazon Go
أدت الستبعاد3,5)
)مليون
أمين كاشير من وظائفهم، خاصة
وأن العديد من الدول غير مستعدة على اإلطالق لتزويد األفراد بالمهارات المطلوبة، لشغل ماليين
.الوظائف التي سيتم إنشاؤها أو الموجودة بالفعل ولكنها ستتطور
لذا سوف يغير الذكاء االصطناعي سوق
العمل:بثالث طرق مهمة
1
-
ستؤدي األتمتة إلى تآكل الوظائف بشكل أكبر في سلم مهارات
.االنسان
2
-
سيعيد الذكاء االصطناعي تحديد العديد من الوظائف الحالية. 3
-
سيرفع الذكاء االصطناعي مستوى مهارة االنسان المطلوبة وفي جميع الوظائف. 4
-
سوف يتم إلغاء بعض الوظائف كجزء من هذه الموجة من األ.تمتة (
1) الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية وأن التكنولوجيا التي تدعمAmazon Go
أدت الستبعاد3,5)
)مليون
أمين كاشير من وظائفهم، خاصة
وأن العديد من الدول غير مستعدة على اإلطالق لتزويد األفراد بالمهارات المطلوبة، لشغل ماليين
.الوظائف التي سيتم إنشاؤها أو الموجودة بالفعل ولكنها ستتطور
لذا سوف يغير الذكاء االصطناعي سوق
العمل:بثالث طرق مهمة
1
-
ستؤدي األتمتة إلى تآكل الوظائف بشكل أكبر في سلم مهارات
.االنسان
2
-
سيعيد الذكاء االصطناعي تحديد العديد من الوظائف الحالية. 3
-
سيرفع الذكاء االصطناعي مستوى مهارة االنسان المطلوبة وفي جميع الوظائف. 4
-
سوف يتم إلغاء بعض الوظائف كجزء من هذه الموجة من األ.تمتة (
1) وأن التكنولوجيا التي تدعمAmazon Go
أدت الستبعاد3,5)
)مليون
أمين كاشير من وظائفهم، خاصة
وأن العديد من الدول غير مستعدة على اإلطالق لتزويد األفراد بالمهارات المطلوبة، لشغل ماليين
.الوظائف التي سيتم إنشاؤها أو الموجودة بالفعل ولكنها ستتطور
لذا سوف يغير الذكاء االصطناعي سوق
العمل:بثالث طرق مهمة ،لقد حطمت ثورة الذكاء االصطناعي قيود التقنيات الرقمية السابقة
من خالل التقدم في التعلم اآللي
باآلالت الرقمية التي يمكنها أن تفعل أكثر من ذلك بكثير. ،حتى قبل ظهور الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي
أنتج التعلم اآللي عدداً من االبتكارات الرئيسية
مثل التعرف
على الكتابة اليدوية وعلى الكالم والصور
واألشياء. ربما كان التطور األكثر إثارة للدهشة هو ظهور نماذج لغوية كبيرة مثلlarge language
models
(LLMs)
)
2
(، والتي توفر األساس للذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي. ويمكنها توليد مخرجات شبيهة
باإلنسان بمجرد التنبؤ بالكلمة التالية أو تسلسل الكلمات استجابة للموجه (
3
). لقد وفر الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي قدراً كبيراً من المُدخرات التشغيلية في قطاع خدمات األعمال
والمعلومات حيث تنخفض متطلبات الحاجة لعدد الموظفين في غالبية ا .لمهن لتحقيق تزايد في اإلنتاجية
ويُظهر الجدول آدناه أنه يمكن التخلص من29
-
36
من تكاليف وأجور العمالة في القطاع٪
االقتصادية عن طريق الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي(
4
)
. (1( Bailey, John. 2018. "The Other Challenge of Artificial Intelligence". American Enterprise Institute. January 24, 2018. (1( Bailey, John. 2018. "The Other Challenge of Artificial Intelligence". American Enterprise Institute. January 24, 2018. إ y
,
(
2
)
نموذج اللغة الكبيرLLM
هو نموذج لغة إحصائي، تم تدريبه على كمية هائلة من البيانات، والتي يمكن استخدامها إلنشاء
وترجمة النصوص والمحتويات األخرى، وتنفيذ مهام أخرى لمعالجة اللغة الطبيعية، وتعتمدLLMs
عادةً على بنيات التعلم
العميق، مثلTransformer
التي طورتهاGoogle
في عام2017
،
ويمكن تدريبها على مليارات النصوص والمحتويات
األخرى 145 لقد أدى استمرار النمو المتسارع والغير مستدام لالقتصادي العالمي، إلى أعادة التفكير في توقف
هذا النمو، وإعادة توزيع الثروة الموجودة من األغنياء إلى الفقراء. (1) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Why AI Can’t Replace Market Capitalism". American Enterprise
Institute. June 07, 2023. الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية وكما عبّرت الناشطة
غريتا ثونبرج
Greta Thunberg
:
"نحن في بداية االنقراض الجماعي، وكل ما يمكنك التحدث عنه هو المال
."والحكايات الخيالية عن النمو االقتصادي األبدي
حيث يتخذ الذكاء االصطناعي جميع القرارات
االقتصادية باعتباره المُخطط المركزي النهائي لهذا العالم، لكنه واقعياً ال يمتلك نفس القدرات التي يتمتع
بها رجال األعمال في إدارة شركة أو التفاوض على عقد(
1
). يمكن أن يُفكر صانعوا السياسات االقتصادية في توجيه التقدم التكنولوجي، بطريقة أكثر فائد ة
،لإلنسان على نطاق واسع، من خالل الدعم لمزيد من التقنيات الصديقة للعمال، واإلصالح الضريبي
والبرامج التدريبية، وحماية مُلكية البيانات، وتفكيك سطوة الشركات العمالقة تكنولوجياً، وفرض الضرائب
على اإلعالنات الرقمية. ومن الضروري التفكير إلعادة توجيه التغيير بحي ث ينتج المزيد من التقدم
التكنولوجي الداعم لصالح مصالح العمال، خصوصاً وأن سوق العمل لعام2022
ًمختلفاً تماما
عما كان
عليه
سوق العمل في عام1980
. بعدما انخفضت بشكل كبير حصة التوظيف في المهن ذات المهارات 146 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
المتوسطة والتي حتماً سوف تؤدي خالل السنوات العشر أو الع شرين القادمة في حدوث االضطرابات
وعدم استقرار على المستوى االقتصادي (
1
). المتوسطة والتي حتماً سوف تؤدي خالل السنوات العشر أو الع شرين القادمة في حدوث االضطرابات
وعدم استقرار على المستوى االقتصادي (
1
). المتوسطة والتي حتماً سوف تؤدي خالل السنوات العشر أو الع شرين القادمة في حدوث االضطرابات
وعدم استقرار على المستوى االقتصادي (
1
). المتوسطة والتي حتماً سوف تؤدي خالل السنوات العشر أو الع شرين القادمة في حدوث االضطرابات
وعدم استقرار على المستوى االقتصادي (
1
). قد نرى الذكاء االصطناعي العام يعمل بشكل مُستقل عن البشر، ويتعايش مع البشر بطريقة
حميدة. ومع ذلك ومن الناحية المنطقية هناك سيناريوهات يمكن أن يشكل فيها الذكاء االصطناعي العام
تهديداً وج ،ودياً للبشر، عن طريق التسبب في ضرر مُباشر أو غير مُباشر عن قصد أو عن غير قصد
من خالل مُهاجمة البشر أو إخضاعهم أو عن طريق تعطيل األنظمة أو استخدام الموارد التي نعتمد
عليها. توقعت دراسة استقصائية ألعضاء مُجتمع الذكاء االصطناعي عن أحداث أي تزايد وتطوير ل
لذكا ء
االصطناعي العام بنسبة50
بين عامي%
2040
و2065
،
،سيكون كارثياً على المستوى الوجودي
حسب رؤية18 من المشاركين في تطوير الذكاء االصطناعي العام%
(
2)
. ،يبدو هناك تخطيط من قبل الدُول الراعية نحو تطبيق تقنيات الذكاء االصطناعي كضرورة قصوى
لتحقيق أقصى قدر من النجاح في اتخاذ القرارات في المشكالت االقتصادية. (2
( Federspiel, Frederik, Ruth Mitchell, Asha Asokan, Carlos Umana, and David McCoy. 2023.
"Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence". BMJ Publishing
Group. Volume 8, Issue 5. 29 Nov,2023. (1( Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Can We Steer Technological Change? Do We Need To?". American
Enterprise Institute. June 02, 2023. p
,
,
(3 ( Yong Qin, Zeshui Xu, Xinxin Wang & Marinko Skare. 2023. "Artificial Intelligence and Economic
Development: An Evolutionary Investigation and Systematic Review". Journal of the
Knowledge Economy 11 March 2023. الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية حيث يمكن فهم اتخاذ القرار
االقتصادي الذكي بشكل عام على أنه تطبيق يُمث ل المعرفة وعملية التفكير الخاصة بالذكاء االصطناعي
في نظرية صنع القرار، من خالل إدخال نظريات وأساليب من اإلدارة وعلوم الكمبيوتر والتخصصات ذ ات
الصلة باالقتصاد للتحليل والمقارنة، وبالتالي توفير الحكمة والذكاء ومساعدة المديرين على اتخاذ القرارات
االقتصادية الصحيحة. ومع ذلك، فإن المُتطلبات األساسية للتنبؤ الفعال تُحدد إلى حد كبير احتمالية
تحقيق القرارات الذكية في نهاية المطاف (
3
)
. وظهر مؤخراً عم ليات االعتماد على التنبؤ من خالل البيانات التاريخية االقتصادية، والوسائل
،العلمية، أو التفكير المنطقي، إلجراء التقدير والتكهنات والحُكم على التطور االقتصادي المستقبلي
والبحث عن قانون التطور المستقبلي لألشياء. في السنوات األخيرة أدت حقيقة أن (التنبؤات أو ال )توقعات
الصحيحة ستؤدي إلى قرارات ناجحة وبالتالي تُوفير أقصى قدر من الفوائد االقتصادية إلى زيادة االهتمام (1( Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Can We Steer Technological Change? Do We Need To?". American
Enterprise Institute. June 02, 2023. (2
( Federspiel, Frederik, Ruth Mitchell, Asha Asokan, Carlos Umana, and David McCoy. 2023. "Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence". BMJ Publishing
Group. Volume 8, Issue 5. 29 Nov,2023. p
(3 ( Yong Qin, Zeshui Xu, Xinxin Wang & Marinko Skare. 2023. "Artificial Intelligence and Economic
Development: An Evolutionary Investigation and Systematic Review". Journal of the
Knowledge Economy 11 March 2023. 147 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
)بـ (النمذجة التنبؤية (
1
)
. في الواقع على النقيض من التقنيات االقتصادية القياسية التقليدية، ضخت
تكنولوجيا الذكاء االصطناعي بما تتمتع به من قوة حوسبية ها ئلة، دماء جديدة في التنبؤ العلمي، مما
يُوفر أفكاراً وحلوالً أكثر جدوى لتكنولوجيا التنبؤ. كما أنه يعمل على تحسين دقة وموثوقية التنبؤ بشكل
كبير ويوفر إمكانات دعم فكرة القرار االقتصادي في مختلف الصناعات التي تتجاوز التحليل اإلحصائي
التقليدي، ونتيجة لذلك
يتم أ خذ الخوارزميات التنبؤية القائمة على الذكاء االصطناعي في االعتبار بشكل
متزايد في مجاالت مختلفة من اإلبداع االقتصادي البشري(
2
)
. يبدو أن الذكاء االصطناعي يحفز النمو عن
طريق استبدال تفكير االنسان مقابل تفكير االلة، والعمالة برأس المال، سواء في إنتاج السلع وال خدمات أو
.في إنتاج األفكار )بـ (النمذجة التنبؤية (
1
)
. في الواقع على النقيض من التقنيات االقتصادية القياسية التقليدية، ضخت
تكنولوجيا الذكاء االصطناعي بما تتمتع به من قوة حوسبية ها ئلة، دماء جديدة في التنبؤ العلمي، مما
يُوفر أفكاراً وحلوالً أكثر جدوى لتكنولوجيا التنبؤ. (1) McCoy, David. "Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence". BMJ
Global Health. BMJ Journals. May 09, 2023. ( )
y
p
y
(4) Orrell, Brent. 2023. "The Generative AI Revolution Is Underway". American Enterprise Institute.
August 15, 2023. (2 ( Artificial Intelligence and Economic Development: An Evolutionary Investigation and Systematic
Review
(3) M Ki
& C
6 N
b
2023 (3) McKinsey & Company. 6 November 2023. (1) McCoy, David. "Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence". BMJ
Global Health. BMJ Journals. May 09, 2023.
(2 ( Artificial Intelligence and Economic Development: An Evolutionary Investigation and Systematic الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية كما أنه يعمل على تحسين دقة وموثوقية التنبؤ بشكل
كبير ويوفر إمكانات دعم فكرة القرار االقتصادي في مختلف الصناعات التي تتجاوز التحليل اإلحصائي
التقليدي، ونتيجة لذلك
يتم أ خذ الخوارزميات التنبؤية القائمة على الذكاء االصطناعي في االعتبار بشكل
متزايد في مجاالت مختلفة من اإلبداع االقتصادي البشري(
2
)
. يبدو أن الذكاء االصطناعي يحفز النمو عن
طريق استبدال تفكير االنسان مقابل تفكير االلة، والعمالة برأس المال، سواء في إنتاج السلع وال خدمات أو
.في إنتاج األفكار يُعد عام2023
عاماً محورياً للذكاء االصطناعي لكونه مثابة تحول فكري لنمط الصناعات وإعادة
تشكيل القوى العاملة . و تؤكد أحدث
دراسة استقصائية عالمية منMcKinsey
(
3
)
حول الذكاء
االصطناعي،
على تزايد اختراق السوق ألدوات وبرامج التواصل االجتماعي مثل Dall-e
و
ChatGPT
التي توضح كيف يرى العمال وأصحاب العمل التكنولوجيا التي تؤثر وتغير من نمط العمل
في السنوات القادم،ة
،حيث يندمج الذكاء االصطناعي في األعمال الصناعية، والتسويق، والمبيعات
وتطوير المن،تجات، وخدمة العمالء، وإدارة سلسلة التوريد
وتفعيل استخدام روبوتات المحادثة لخدمة
العمالء. ويتوقع العمال أنه سوف ي
ت غير العمل بشكل كبير ومُدمر في صناعاتهم في غضون3
.سنوات
لكن (أنصار الذكاء االصطناعي) يرون من المُرجح أن يظهر التأثير التخريبي على أنه إعادة تش كيل
مهارات االنسان أكثر من فقدان وظيفته (
4
). بات من الضروري التفكير بتطوير وتعليم وتكيف القوى العاملة مع الواقع االقتصادي المستقبلي
للذكاء االصطناعي، لتحسين المهارات داخل الوظيفة أو العثور على وظيفة جديدة، وللقيام بذلك
توصي التقارير والدراسات باآلتي: 148 1
-
التدر
يب وإعادة تشكيل المهارات:
التفكير في ،إنشاء برامج جديدة لتساعد في تسهيل انتقال العمال
وإيجاد وتحسين الحوافز للشركات لالستثمار في إعادة التدريب عند الضرورة. 2
-
تعليم القوى العاملة المستقبلية:
التفكير في حث الطالب والعاملين على االستعداد مبكراً ورفع
مستوى معارف
هم ومهاراتهم وقدراتهم بشكل مستمر. 3
-
السياسات االقتصادية: شجعCongress
على
"تبني سياسات ضريبية تدعم "زيادة العمالة البشرية
داخل الشركات بدالً من تلك التي تحفز على إحالل التكنولوجيا محل العمالة والمهارات البشرية(
1
). 1
-
التدر
يب وإعادة تشكيل المهارات:
التفكير في ،إنشاء برامج جديدة لتساعد في تسهيل انتقال العمال
وإيجاد وتحسين الحوافز للشركات لالستثمار في إعادة التدريب عند الضرورة. أحد المخاوف األساسية في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي هو عدم تناسق المعلومات، حيث قد ال
يعرف مُستهلك أي جزء من ُالمحتوى الناتج عن الذكاء االصطناعي ما إذا كان المحتوى الذي يستهلكه
يمثل تمثيالً واقعي ًا
أو إنشاءً أو تالعب ًا رقمي ًا ، لكن الناشر يعرف ذلك. (1) Orrell, Brent. 2023. "AI and the Future of Work: Preparing the Workforce for an AI-Driven
Economy". American Enterprise Institute. April 04, 2023. p
,
(3( Pavel, Barry, and Ivana Ke, Michael Spirtas, James Ryseff, Lea Sabbag, Gregory Smith, Keller
Scholl, Domenique Lumpkin. 2023. "AI and Geopolitics How Might AI Affect the Rise and Fall
of Nations?". RAND Corporation. Nov 3, 2023. y
p
p
(2 ( Howell, Bronwyn. 2023. "AI-Generated Content, Fake News and Credible Signals". American
Enterprise Institute. 9 November, 2023. ,
(2( Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "As AI-machine Learning Emerges, Americans’ Doubts Grow".
American Enterprise Institute. April 03, 2023. (1( Pavel, Barry, and Ivana Ke, Michael Spirtas, James Ryseff, Lea Sabbag, Gregory Smith, Keller
Scholl, Domenique Lumpkin. 2023. "AI and Geopolitics How Might AI Affect the Rise and Fall
of Nations?". Nov 3, 2023. الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية الفاعلة ــ اآلالت التي تدعم الذكاء االصطناعي ــ والتي تتمتع بذكاء مُعادل أو أكبر، وربما بقُدرات مُدمرة
للغاية. وفي عصر الجغرافيا التكنولوجية، سوف تكون الهوية اإلنسانية والتصورات البشرية ألدوارنا في
.العالم مختلفة بشكل واضح؛ ستظهر االكتشافات العلمية الضخمة بطرق قد ال يتمكن البشر من فهمها
وبا لتالي، فإن مسار تطوير الذكاء االصطناعي الذي سيتكشف في نهاية المطاف سيكون له كينونة كبيرة
بالنسبة لشكل ومالمح عالم المستقبل (
1
). الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية ويُعَد التغلب على هذا التباين أحد
مبررات القواعد التنظيمية التي تتطلب وضع عالمات واضحة على المحتوى الناتج عن الذكاء
ا
الصطناعي . ما يعني
عدم تناسق المعلومات أحدهما يتعلق بإنشاء المحتوى ونوايا المنشئ (
2
)
. إن المخاطر المحتملة التي يشكلها الذكاء االصطناعي منظورة،
وفي أقصى الحدود، تشمل التهديد
بانقراض اإلنسان، والذي يمكن أن يأتي من خالل كارثة مدعوُمة بالذكاء االصطناعي، مثل فايروس قاتل
ُمصمم بشكل جيد ينتشر بسهولة، ويتجنب اكتشافه، وي،دمر حضارتنا
أو إن الجماعات اإلرهابية
وجماعات الجريمة المُنظمة يمكن أن تستخدم الذكاء االصطناعي إلحداث ضرراً كبيراً من خالل نشر
المعلومات المُضللة والتالعب بالرأي العام. ويتعين على الحكومات أن تنظر إلى مشهد الذكاء
االصطناعي باعتباره ساحة تدريب تنظيمية استعداداً لمواجهة التهديدات التي تفرضها قدرات الذكاء
االصطناعي األكثر تقدماً، بما في ذلك ا
حتمال وصول الذكاء االصطناعي العام (
3
). يبدو ان مع استمرار الذكاء االصطناعي في التقدم، قد ال تعود الجغرافيا السياسية إلى ما كانت
عليه أبداً. وسيتعين على البشر المُنظمين في الدول القومية أن يعملوُا مع مجموعة أخرى من الجهات p
(3( Pavel, Barry, and Ivana Ke, Michael Spirtas, James Ryseff, Lea Sabbag, Gregory Smith, Keller
Scholl, Domenique Lumpkin. 2023. "AI and Geopolitics How Might AI Affect the Rise and Fall
of Nations?". RAND Corporation. Nov 3, 2023. 149 (1( Manyika, James, and Michael Spence. 2023. "The Coming AI Economic Revolution Can Artificial
Intelligence Reverse the Productivity Slowdown?". Foreign Affairs. October 24, 2023.
(2( Previous source. ثانياا: الدولة واالبعاد االقتصادية للذكاء االصطناعي. يشهد العالم يومياً تطوراً متسارعاً في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي، ووضعت دول العا لم المُتقدمة
والعربية الغنية برامجاً اقتصاديةً واستراتيجيةً مُستقبلية في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي وباقي الصناعات
التكنولوجية. ومن جانباً أخر واجهة غالبية الدول إشكاالت تقنية تكنولوجية ولوجيستية وتمويلية واستثمارية
تقف أمام فرصها في إحراز تقدم في قطاع الذكاء ا الصطناعي، إلى جانب ضعف القدرات المادية
واالقتصادية، وصوالً إلى معاناة الدول من أزمات اجتماعية وسياسية. ويُعتمد تصنيف مؤشر الدول في
مجال الذكاء االصطناعي على المستوى العالمي، على سبع ركائز هي: المواهب، والبنية التحتية، والبيئة
التشغيلية، والبحث، والتطوير، و.االستراتيجية الحكومية والتجارة
ومع ذلك ال يوجد فهم منهجي لألدوار
والوظائف التي تضطلع بها الدولة تجاه الذكاء االصطناعي، والتي تشمل (التنمية والرقابة والترقية) وحتى
.القدرة على التكيف مع التغيير .القدرة على التكيف مع التغيير تأتي الواليات المتحدة والصين في طليعة الدول المستثمرة في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي، وقادت
الواليات المتحدة العالم من حيث المبلغ اإلجمالي لالستثمار الخاص في الذكاء االصطناعي في عام
2022
البالغ47.4
، بينما الصين$مليار13.4
$مليار. وتواصل الواليات المتحدة أيضاً ريادتُها من
حيث العدد اإلجمالي لشركات الذكاء االصطناعي ال ممولة حديثاً، حيث سجلت1,9
مرة أكثر من االتحاد
األوروبي والمملكة المتحدة مجتمعين، و3,4
مرات أكثر من الصين. منذ عام2017
، زاد حجم اإلنفاق
التعاقدي المتعلق بالذكاء االصطناعي لحكومة الواليات المتحدة بمقدار2,5
ًمرة تقريبا (
2
)
. يبدو أن
الواليات المتحدة تريد ا الحتفاظ على مرتبة الصدارة في السباق العالمي في الذكاء االصطناعي، لكن (1( Pavel, Barry, and Ivana Ke, Michael Spirtas, James Ryseff, Lea Sabbag, Gregory Smith, Keller
Scholl, Domenique Lumpkin. 2023. "AI and Geopolitics How Might AI Affect the Rise and Fall
of Nations?". Nov 3, 2023. ,
(2( Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "As AI-machine Learning Emerges, Americans’ Doubts Grow". American Enterprise Institute. April 03, 2023. 150 (1 ( Previous source.
(2( Osoba, Osonde A., William Welser. 2017. "The Risks of Artificial Intelligence to Security and the
Future of Work". RAND Corporation. Dec 6, 2017. P.9.
(
3
)ال ت دة
األ2023
"ن أ ل ال نف ة ال ا ة
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الذكا اال
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ت2023 ba, Osonde A., William Welser. 2017. "The Risks of Artificial Intelligence to Security and the
uture of Work". RAND Corporation. Dec 6, 2017. P.9.
ل
لأ
ل
أ ل ل
طا
ل
ظ
ل
ل
لأ p
,
(
3
)
.األمم المتحدة2023
.". "األمين العام يدعو إلى تنظيم الذكاء االصطناعي من أجل المنفعة العامة6
تموز2023
. ة
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية عليها أن تتعامل مع الصين بيقظة، لكونها تملك استراتيجية حكومية أفضل من الواليات المتحدة في
تطوير الذكاء االصطناعي، وتتقدم على الواليات المتحدة في درجة تبني الذكاء االصطناعي، ولديها
مجتمع ك بير ومتزايد من المواهب والخبراء المتمرسين بالذكاء االصطناعي. لذا قد تعمل جهود الواليات
المتحدة على إبعاد الصين عن التكنولوجيا األميركية، على تقريب اليوم الذي ال تعود فيه الصين بحاجة
.إلى أجهزة الحوسبة األميركية ويأتي هذا التقدم المتسارع للذكاء االصطناعي عل .ى الدول في لحظة محورية في االقتصاد العالمي
وعلى مدى ثالثة عقود من الزمان، نجح النمو الهائل في القُدرة اإلنتاجية في الصين وغيرها من
االقتصادات الناشئة في السيطرة على التضخم، األمر الذي سمح للبنوك المركزية بخفض أسعار الفائدة
إلى الصفر وضخ كميات ضخمة للغاية ،من السيُولة إلى أنظمتها المالية. وفي العديد من البلدان المتقدمة
يتباطأ النمو ويظل ضعيفاً، ويرجع ذلك جزئياً إلى المعركة المُطولة مع التضخم التي خاضتها البنُوك
المركزية. وأنحسر نمو اإلنتاجية منذ عام2005
تقريباً، وكان لالنخفاض معالم واضحةً بشكل خاص في
العقد
الذي سبق جائحة كوفيد-
19
(
1
)
. كما أدت عوامل أخرى إلى خلق قيود على جانب العرض في االقتصاد العالمي. وفي البلدان التي
تمثل أكثر من75
من الناتج االقتصادي العالمي، أذ تعاني العديد من قطاعات التوظيف الكبيرة من%
نقص حاد في العمال، مثل الصين وإيطاليا واليابان وك ،وريا الجنوبية، تتقلص القوى العاملة اإلجمالية
.وتفضيالتهم للعمل في االقتصادات المتقدمة، على أساس المرونة، والسالمة، ومستوى الضغوط، والدخل
،ومن ناحية أخرى دفعت التوترات الجيوسياسية الدولية جنباً إلى جنب مع صدمات تغير المناخ والجائحة
العديد من الشركات والدول
إلى (التخلص من المخاطر) وتنويع سالسل التوريد الخاصة بها بتكلفة باهظة
ألسباب ال عالقة لها بخفض التكاليف. ما يعني أن عصر بناء سالسل التوريد العالمية على أساس
الكفاءة والميزة النسبية قد اقترب من نهايته (
2
). يبدو أن في غياب وجود قوة جديدة قوية تُعزز من اإلنتا جية، سيظل االقتصاد العالمي مُعوقاً بسبب
تباطؤ النمو وانخفاض المعروُض من العمالة الماهرة، وتقلص االستثمارات العامة، والتهديدات المستمرة 151 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
بالتضخم، وارتفاع أسعار الفائدة، وتقلص االستثمارات العامة، وارتفاع تكاليف رأس المال على االقتصاد
.العالمي للمستقبل المنظور
وفي مواجهة هذه الرياح المعاكسة، فإن ضغوط ضرورة التحول المُكلفة إلى
الطاقة النظيفة والذي سيتطلب من كل دولة إنفاق رأسمالي إضافي قدره3
سنوياً لعدة عقود من$ تريليون
ُالزمن، وفقاً لتوقعات وكالة الطاقة الدولية والذي سوف يكون من المستحيل هندسته. ious source.
ba Osonde A William Welser 2017 "The Risks of Artificial Intelligence to Security and the (1 ( McCoy, David. "Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence". ة
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية بناء على ذلك ت عد
.)هذه الضغوط العالمية الطويلة المدى، سبباً رئيسياً وراء األهمية البالغة (لفكرة ثورة الذكاء االصطناعي
فهو ينطوي على إمكانية تحقيق طفرة رقمية في اإلنتاجية قادرة على استعادة زخم النمو من خالل تخفيف
القيود على جانب العرض-
وخاصة تقلص مجمع العمالة في العديد
من البلدان-
التي كانت تعيق
االقتصاد العالمي (
1
). بالتضخم، وارتفاع أسعار الفائدة، وتقلص االستثمارات العامة، وارتفاع تكاليف رأس المال على االقتصاد
.العالمي للمستقبل المنظور
وفي مواجهة هذه الرياح المعاكسة، فإن ضغوط ضرورة التحول المُكلفة إلى
الطاقة النظيفة والذي سيتطلب من كل دولة إنفاق رأسمالي إضافي قدره3
سنوياً لعدة عقود من$ تريليون
ُالزمن، وفقاً لتوقعات وكالة الطاقة الدولية والذي سوف يكون من المستحيل هندسته. بناء على ذلك ت عد
.)هذه الضغوط العالمية الطويلة المدى، سبباً رئيسياً وراء األهمية البالغة (لفكرة ثورة الذكاء االصطناعي
فهو ينطوي على إمكانية تحقيق طفرة رقمية في اإلنتاجية قادرة على استعادة زخم النمو من خالل تخفيف
القيود على جانب العرض-
وخاصة تقلص مجمع العمالة في العديد
من البلدان-
التي كانت تعيق
االقتصاد العالمي (
1
). أن تقدّم فكرة صناعة الذكاء
،االصطناعي هو أشبه بفيضان
يزداد ارتفاعه أكثر فأكثر. فستنمو
مع
الوقت نظم الذكاء االصطناعي
لتصبح
ًكفؤة
في أداء الكثير من المهام، سواء
كانت منخفضة االرتفاع أو
في أعلى التالل. ولن يبقى لنا سوى المهام التي في قمم الجبال
مثل التفاعل االجتماعي، والتنسيق بين
اليد والعين والحركة)
2
(. لذلك حذر األمين العام لألمم المتحدة أنطونيو غوتيريشAntonio Guterres
خالل (القمة العالمية للذكاء االصطناعي من أجل الصالح العام) التي ينظمها االتحاد الدولي لالتصاالت
في جنيف ما بين6
-
7
تموز2023
. "نحن بحاجة إلى سباق لتطوير ذكاء اصطناعي من أجل المنفعة
العامة. من أجل تطوير ذكاء اصطناعي موثوق وآمن. وأرحب بدعوات بعض الدول األعض اء إلنشاء
."كيان أممي جديد لدعم الجهود الجمعية إلدارة هذه التقنية غير االعتيادية
وبذل الجهود من أجل تنظيم
عمل الذكاء االصطناعي، ودعوات بعض الدول األعضاء لتأسيس كيان دولي لمُراقبة عمل تلك التقنية
الجديدة. وأكد أن الهدف الرئيسي لهذا الكيان هو
"دعم الدول لتحق يق االستفادة القصوى من الذكاء
االصطناعي من أجل المنفعة العامة، والتقليل من المخاطر الحالية والمحتملة، وتأسيس وإدارة آليات
"متفق عليها دولياا للرقابة والحوكمة (
3
). ) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Analyzing AGI: What Would the World of Artificial Ge
Intelligence Look Like?". American Enterprise Institute. May 24, 2023. g
p
y
,
(3) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Good News on AI and Jobs". American Enterprise Institute. June 20,
2023. (1 ( McCoy, David. "Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence".
(2) P th k
ki
J
2023
"A
l
i
AGI
Wh t W
ld th
W ld
f A tifi i l G
l (1 ( McCoy, David. Threats by artificial intelligence to human health and human existence .
(2) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Analyzing AGI: What Would the World of Artificial General ( (
y,
y
g
(2) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "Analyzing AGI: What Would the World of Artificial General
Intelligence Look Like?" American Enterprise Institute May 24 2023 p
p
g
y
p
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2023. " Kai-Fu Lee". September 8, 2023. p
(5) Carney, Timothy P. 2023. "More Regulation Yields More Profits for Large Firms While Crushing
Small Ones: Study". American Enterprise Institute. May 18, 2023. (1) Rubin, Michael. 2023. "Artificial Intelligence Is a Tool, But Care Must Be Taken". American
Enterprise Institute. April 09, 2023. p
p
(2)
Wikipedia,
the
free
encyclopedia.
2023.
"Dystopia".
September
22,
2023.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia p
,
y
p
p
,
ell, Brent. 2018. "How Artificial Intelligence Will Impact Human Well-being". American
nterprise Institute. October 12, 2018. ة
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية يبدو أن الدبلوماسيون في األمم المتحدة يدركون المخاطر التي
قد تنتج عن عدم مراقبة وتنظيم الذكاء
االصطناعي التوليدي، والتي قد تمتد لكل نطاق دول العالم، لذلك
.إذا لم يكن لمنظمة األمم المتحدة دوراً فاعالً بذلك سوف ينعكس على فقدان الثقة بها 152ا سعت الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي نحو إنشاء اآلالت األكثر ذكاءً وقوةً من االنسان إلى حد
كبير. إن إمكانية قيام مثل
هذه اآلالت بتطبيق هذا الذكاء والقوة سواء عن قصد أو بغير قصد وبطرق
،يمكن أن تؤذي األنسان. وإذا تحقق ذلك فإن ربط الذكاء االصطناعي العام باإلنترنت والعالم الحقيقي
وعبر المركبات والروبوتات وصناعة وإدارة األسلحة وجميع األنظمة الرقمية التي تدير مجتمعاتنا بشكل
م تزايد، يمكن أن يُمثل "أكبر حدث في تاريخ البشرية". على الرغم من أن تأثيرات ونتائج الذكاء
االصطناعي العام لكن ال يمكن معرفتها بأي قدر من اليقين، إال أنه يمكن تصور سيناريوهات مُتعددة قد
تكون ضارة. لذلك ضرورة أن يستمر الذكاء االصطناعي العام على الرغم من ذكائه وقوته المتفوقين تحت
السيطرة البشرية والدولة ويستخدم لصالح البشرية (
1
). طرح االقتصادي
فرنانديز فيالفيرديFernandez Villaverde
: "أن ما يهم للنمو االقتصادي هو
األفكار والطريقة التي يمكنك بها التفكير في األفكار هي أن الفكرة الجديدة تجمع بين األفكار السابقة. ولو
تخيلنا أنني ابتكرIce Cream
وأنت من ابتكرت فكرة الشاي األخضر، وكالهُما موجوداً منذ قرون، لكن
جاء أحدهم بفكرة آيس كريم الشاي األخضر، الذي أصبح اآلن شائعاً للغاية وبذلك أخذنا فكرتين وابتكرنا
فكرة جديدة. إن الشيء الرائع في الذكاء االصطناعي هو البح ث عن أنماط بين جميع األفكار الموجودة
ومساعدتنا على أن نصبح أفضل بكثير في فرزها وإعادة دمجها. إن ما يُميز الذكاء االصطناعي هو
"ًمساعدتك في استكشاف ما هو موجود بالفعل واكتشافه والجمع معاً بطرق أكثر ابتكارا(
2
). آدرك الكثيرون بأن الذكاء االصطناعي يتسبب في واقع البطالة الجماعية، لكن االقتصاديين
يميلون إلى أن يكونوا أكثر تفاؤالً رغم علمهم أن التقدم التكنولوجي يمكن أن يُدمر أسواق العمل. أظهر
مسح (لمركز االقتصاد الكليCfm-Cepr
) والذي شمل حوالي30
اقتصادياً النتائج الت الية: بأنه من
غير المُرجح أن يؤثر على معدالت التوظيف في البلدان ذات الدخل المرتفع، ويعزز النمو العالمي من
4
-
6. ويرى االقتصادي%
Michael R. Wickens
:
"لن يتغير عدد الوظائف ومستوى البطالة
"ولكن عدد ساعات العمل سينخفض ويزداد وقت الفراغ(
3
)
. (1) Pethokoukis, James. 2023. "My Statement on AI Risk ". American Enterprise Institute. May 31,
2023. (2 ( Kitchen, Klon. 2023. "AI Is a National-Security Danger". The Wall Street Journal. 2 November,
2023. 2023.
(2 ( Kitchen, Klon. 2023. "AI Is a National-Security Danger". The Wall Street Journal. 2 November,
2023 ة
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية وقدمت مؤسسةldman Sachs
The Go
Group
:للخدمات الماليَّة واالستثمارية مؤخراً في تقرير "أن الذكاء االصطناعي يمكن أن ي ؤثر على 153 قضايا سياسية
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300
مليون وظيفة في جميع أنحاء العالم ، و أنه في المستقبل البعيد يمكن أن يحل محل العامل
"البشري (
1
). قضايا سياسية
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الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
300
مليون وظيفة في جميع أنحاء العالم ، و أنه في المستقبل البعيد يمكن أن يحل محل العامل
"البشري (
1
). في عالمنا اليوم فإن فكرة األموال المتأتية من ابتكارات
الذكاء االصطناعي ال تؤدي إلى ارتفاع
)مستويات المعيشة بل إلى (ديستوبيا (
2
) اقتصادية وتوظيفية في الدولة. وتتراكم الثروة الهائلة إلى عدد
صغير من المستثمرين والمطورين األوائل في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي، بينما يقوم باقي البشر بتجميع
المهام المعيشية التي تتطلب ال كثير من المهارة اليدوية. من وجهة نظرFu Lee
-
Kai
(
3
)
فإن الذكاء
االصطناعي هو تقنية ذات أغراض عامة قد تقضي على الوظائف من خالل تركيز العمل في أيدي عدد
قليل من العاملين في مجال التكنولوجيا ذوي المهارات العالية، الذين يُديرون األنظمة التي تعتمد على
الخوارزميات (
4
). هذا يعني على الدول أن تعمل بشكل وثيق مع كيانات القطاع الخاص الرائدة، لتطوير
أدوات المراقبة، والتنبؤ المتقدمة، والمناورات، والخطط االستراتيجية، للتعامل مع هذه التحديات، مع ما
يتوقعه الخبراء سيكون مجموعة واسعة من األحداث الكارثية غير المتوقعة المدعومة بالذك اء
.االصطناعي أدت الزيادة في التكاليف التنظيمية للذكاء االصطناعي إلى انخفاض المبيعات والتوظيف
والعالمات التجارية والربحية للشركات الصغيرة، ولكن األهم من ذلك أنهم وجدوا أن التكاليف التنظيمية
األكبر تؤدي إلى زيادة المبيعات والتوظيف والربح بالنسبة للشركات الك
بيِرة . أن التكاليف التنظيمية زادت
من$ بمقدار تريليون1970
-
2018
. وهذا سبب مطالبة الشركات الكبرى بمزيد من التنظيم
لتأتي
هوامش األرباح المتزايدة للشركات الكبيرة من المنافسة المنخفضة، والتي بدورها تضر المستهلكين
والعاملين. لذلك توظف الشركات الكبيرة أفضل جماع ات الضغط الذين كانوا المشرعون
والبيروقراطيون وكتبوا القانون واللوائح لألعمال التجارية الكبيرة لصالح الحكومة (
5
). بالوقت الذي تفيد فكرة
(تنظيم) الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي عمالقة التكنولوجيا من الشركات ويُحسين منتجاتها بدالً من (1) Rubin, Michael. 2023. "Artificial Intelligence Is a Tool, But Care Must Be Taken". American
Enterprise Institute. April 09, 2023. p
p
(2)
Wikipedia,
the
free
encyclopedia. 2023. "Dystopia". September
22,
2023.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia p
(5) Carney, Timothy P. 2023. "More Regulation Yields More Profits for Large Firms While Crushing
Small Ones: Study". American Enterprise Institute. May 18, 2023. 154 (1( Manyika, James, and Michael Spence. 2023. "The Coming AI Economic Revolution Can Artificial
Intelligence Reverse the Productivity Slowdown?". Foreign Affairs. October 24, 2023.
(2( Previous source اسية
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية استبدالها، مما قد يحد من إمكاني
ة المزيد من االبتكار (
1
)
. لذا من الضروري التفكير في المخاطر التي
.يفرضها الذكاء االصطناعي مع الحاجة إلى لوائح تنظيمية دولية، لمنع األضرار الكارثية
وقد تحتاج
الدول إلى سياسات تطور من األطر التنظيمية الجديدة، التي تحدد وتقييم االستجابة لمجموعة متنوعة من
التح ديات المقبلة التي يدعمها الذكاء االصطناعي. ال سيما أن للذكاء االصطناعي دوافع وأهداف تختلف
.بشكل كبير عن دوافع وأهداف الدولة والشركات الخاصة و أن تفكر الدول في توسيع أدواتها بما يتجاوز
.التقنيات التنظيمية التقليدية يبدو من الضروري أن تنشئ الدول وحدات مُخصصة الختبار نماذج الشركات التي تعمل على
تطوير الذكاء االصطناعي. وأن تكون هذه الوحدات متعددة التخصصات، بحيث ال تضم فقط خبراء في
مجال التكنولوجيا، بل أيضاً خُبراء في االقتصاد واألخالق والقانون واألمن القومي. يجب أن تكون مهمة
الفريق واضحة: اختبار نماذج الذكاء االصطناعي الخاصة بالشركة وفحصها وتحديد ما يتعلق بنقاط
الضعف وإساءة االستخدام المحتملة. يجب على الشركات بدء حوارات
مع الوكاالت الحكومية وأقرانها في
الصناعة لتبادل أفضل الممارسات واألفكار. ويتطلب النموذج الجديد اتباع نهج تعاوني وشفاف، لكون
المخاطر كبيرة للغاية (
2
) . يتمتع الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي بالعديد من الميزات التي تشير إلى أن تأثيره االقتصادي
المحتمل قد يكون هائل
من خالل قُدرة إنشاءه لتطبيقات لمجموعة كبيرة ومتنوعة من القطاعات
والتخصصات المهنية وفي مختلف قطاعات االقتصاد والعلوم أو القانون...، والتي حتى يمكن أن
يستخدمها غير المُتخصصين الذين يفتقرون إلى المهارات التقنية بسهولة. كل ما هو مطلوب هو القليل
من المُمارسة ف ي خلق المحفزات التي تثير استجابات فعالة، كل ذلك من أجل اتساع نطاق االهتمام
،بالتكنولوجيا، إلى جانب تسريع وتيرة البحث واالبتكارات التقنية السريعة المُستمرة من قبل الباحثين
والكميات الهائلة من رأس المال االستثماري المتدفق في أبحاث الذكاء االصطناعي، فمن المؤك د أن
قدراتهم سوف تنمو في التشغيل اآللي بالجملة للعديد من القطاعات، وهو ما من شأنه أن يؤدي إلى
تراجع وخسارة الوظائف على نطاق واسع، أو قد تتطلب مهارات جديدة. وبالنسبة للعديد من الشركات 155 قضايا سياسية
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الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
والقطاعات االقتصادية، فإن الحكمة تملي أنه ال يمكن استبعاد األنسان بالكامل
من النص، على األقل
ليس في أي وقت قريب(
1
)
. gy
y
p
,
(3) Brown, Marcia. 2023."The industry tapping K Street to one day dethrone beef". Politico. August 8,
2023. (1( Bremmer, Ian, and Mustafa Suleyman. 2023. "The AI Power Paradox". Foreign Affairs. August 16,
2023. (2 ( Soest, Henri van, and Ismael Arciniegas Rueda, Hye Min Park, Harper Fine, Joshua Steier. 2023.
"AI for Energy Security". RAND Corporation. Feb 9, 2023. اسية
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية يبدو أن جميع المهن تقريباً ستتعرض إلمكانية براءات اختراع تكنولوجيا الذكاء
،االصطناعي بشكل عام، والتي تُعرف بأنها قدرة أجهزة الكمبيوتر واآلالت على محاكاة الذكاء البشري
إلى حد ما، ولكن مستوى التعرض يختلف باختالف مج موعات المهن، واإلطار الزمني، وفئات
.التكنولوجيا والقطاعات االقتصادية، فإن الحكمة تملي أنه ال يمكن استبعاد األنسان بالكامل
من النص، على األقل
ليس في أي وقت قريب(
1
)
. يبدو أن جميع المهن تقريباً ستتعرض إلمكانية براءات اختراع تكنولوجيا الذكاء
،االصطناعي بشكل عام، والتي تُعرف بأنها قدرة أجهزة الكمبيوتر واآلالت على محاكاة الذكاء البشري
إلى حد ما، ولكن مستوى التعرض يختلف باختالف مج موعات المهن، واإلطار الزمني، وفئات
.التكنولوجيا ستحتاج الدول إلى مواجهة االعتماد غير المتكافئ للتكنولوجيات الرقمية المتقدمة، سواء بين
الشركات داخل نفس القطاع أو بين القطاعات، مثل تفوق شركات الخدمات المالية على قطاعات الرعاية
الصحية، األمر الذي أدى إلى خلق تفاوت من الممكن أن يصبح عائقاً أمام مكاسب اإلنتاجية على
مستوى االقتصاد في الدولة. حتى على المستوى الدولي من الواضح أن االبتكارات في مجال الذكاء
االصطناعي كانت بقيادة الواليات المتحدة، مع احتالل الصين المركز الثاني، وتأخر دول االتحاد
األوروبي عنهم. وهذا يطر ح تساؤل في مدى السرعة التي يمكن بها تنفيذ تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي
المتقدمة في مختلف أنحاء االقتصاد العالمي. يضاف اليها القيود المُعقدة والمُقيدة بشكل متزايد المُفروضة
على تدفقات التكنولوجيا ورأس المال-
سواء بسبب الحرب في أوكرانيا، أو العقوبات الدولية، أو
التوترات
المتصاعدة بين الصين والواليات المتحدة-
خلقت حواجز جديدة أمام االنتشار الدولي. إضافة لذلك أن
العديد من اقتصادات الدول الناشئة ستستفيد من هذه التكنولوجيا، لكن الضغوط المتزايدة على البلدان
المثقلة بالديون، والتغيرات الديمُوغرافية، والتضخم المستمر ق د يجعل الوصول إليه بطيئاً وغير متساو . إن
مدى إمكانية تطوير الذكاء االصطناعي واستخدامه بطريقة عادلة في جميع أنحاء العالم سيحدد حجم
تأثيره على االقتصاد العالمي(
2
)
. يبدو من ذلك أن الدول الغنية أو ذات الدخل المُرتفع وحدها سوف تجني
ثمار التكنولوجيا لقدرتها عل .ى التكيف مع متطلبات األتمتة التي يقودها الذكاء االصطناعي يرى المختصون في االقتصاد ضرورة دعم الدول لفكرة نهج (التحوط التكنولوجي)، وهي بمثابة
سلطة رقابية تنظيمية، وهو تفويض يشبه إلى حد ما الدور االحترازي الكلي الذي تلعبه المؤسسات المالية
العالمية مثل مجلس ا الستقرار المالي، وبنك التسويات الدولية، وصندوق النقد الدولي، هدفهم هو تحديد 156 قضايا سياسية
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الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية
وتخفيف المخاطر على االستقرار المالي العالمي دون تعريض النمو االقتصادي للخطر، وإلنشاء آليات
مؤسسية لمعالجة الجوانب المختلفة التي يمكن أن تهدد االستقرار الجيوسياسي (
1
). اسية
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية وتخفيف المخاطر على االستقرار المالي العالمي دون تعريض النمو االقتصادي للخطر، وإلنشاء آليات
مؤسسية لمعالجة الجوانب المختلفة التي يمكن أن تهدد االستقرار الجيوسياسي (
1
). وتخفيف المخاطر على االستقرار المالي العالمي دون تعريض النمو االقتصادي للخطر، وإلنشاء آليات
مؤسسية لمعالجة الجوانب المختلفة التي يمكن أن تهدد االستقرار الجيوسياسي (
1
). اهتمت
بعض الد ول في كيفية توظيف الذكاء االصطناعي في تخليصها مما تتعرض له غالبية
دول العالم ألكبر أزمة أمن في الطاقة منذ خمسين عاماً، مما أدى إلى تداعيات اقتصادية تُقدر
بالمليارات. وأخرها الحرب الروسية في أوكرانيا التي لعبت دوراً مهماً في أزمة الطاقة الحالية. وسعت
بعض ال دول في اشراك تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي
ف ي نظام الطاقة، لتقليل االستهالك وزيادة كفاءة
استخدام الطاقة. لكن تبين عملياً أن استخدام تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي في أنظمة الطاقة يمكن أن
،ينطوُي عليه مخاطر أمنية كبيرة على الدولة
منها مخاطر تتعلق باألمن السيبراني، ومخ اطر إدارة
البيانات، وفقدان الرقابة البشرية، واالنغالق التكنولوجي (
2
). ،باإلضافة إلى ذلك وصل الحال بتوظيف تكنولوجيا الذكاء االصطناعي، وحتى إمكاناتها االقتصادية
للترويج عن فكرة تصنيع اللحوم، ومنتجات غذائية أخرى مختبرياً في الواليات المتحدة من قبل الشركات
الغذائية اإلسرائيلية، قال
جوش تيتريكJosh Tetrick
الرئيس التنفيذي لشركةEat Just
التي تصنع
:ًاللحوم المزروعة مختبريا "ستقرر بعض الدول أن تقود الطريق في إنتاج بروتينات بديلة وتصنيع
اللحوم والبيض ومنتجات األلبان من النباتات والتخمير الدقيق ومن خالل ز."راعة الخاليا
يتم تطوير
اللحوم المزروعة في المختبر أو المزروعة بالخاليا والقائمة على الخاليا، كما تفضل الصناعة من خاليا
مأخوذة من حيوانات حية، مع مزيج من العناصر الغذائية من البروتينات والفيتامينات، ويتم زراعتها في
أحواض كبيرة تشبه مصانع الجعة. ويقول المؤ :يدون للفكرة "إن اللحوم المصنعة في المختبر يمكن أن
تعالج مشاكل سلسلة التوريد، واستخدام األراضي، وتخفف من انبعاثات الغازات الدفيئة، وتحسن رفاهية
"الحيوان(
3
). 157 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية :الخاتمة واالستنتاجات والتوصيات لقد كرم الخالق (عزوجل) االنسان في األرض وسهل له سُ بل العيش، وأنعم عليه بنعم ال تُعد وال
تُحصى، ووفر له جميع سُبل الحياة من أجل خدمته. خاصةً وأن وجود االنسان في الحياة يمثل نعمة
إلهية كبيرة ال تُقدر بثمن، ولوال أن هللا تعالى أوجدنا، وإال ألصبح الخلق عبثاً، ولم يكن هناك ما يدعو إلى
إيجاد هذا الكون بكل ما فيه م .ن خيرات حسان ،أن فكرة صناعة تكنولوجيا الذكاء االصطناعي فيه تحدي لوجود االنسان في عالمنا المعاصر
لكونه زاحم االنسان في حياته االقتصادية واالجتماعية، ال سيما وأن الدول الراعية له تطمح لتحقيق
مصالحها الخاصة من خالل فرض سيطرتها االقتصادية والتجارية والصناعية والزراعية...، وفسح المجال
لشركاتها بدون حدود وقيود في مجال ابتكار أفكار رقمية لتكنولوجيا الذكاء االصطناعي التوليدي، دون أن
تراعي تداعياته على حقوق االنسان المدنية، مما نتج عن ذلك منافع حصرية للشركات الكبرى المُشغلة
والراعية للذكاء االصطناعي، وصوالً لتقييد مجاالت وفرص العمل واإلنتاج لترتكز بقلة من ذوي المهارات
.العالية. وهذ يُعد تحجيماً لكم هائل من البشرية ،وأعلنت مؤخراً الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي عن مخاوفها وقلقها من كون الذكاء االصطناعي
أصبح قادراً على فعل كل شيء وبدون الحاجة لألنسان، من خالل الروبوتات
الذكية، والبرامج والتطبيقات
التي تم توظيفها اقتصادياً وصوالً لصناعة القرار االقتصادي. بالوقت الذي ادعوا ببادئ االمر أن الذكاء
االصطناعي وجد لتحقيق الرفاهية والرخاء لألنسان. لذا هذه التحول الزلزالي في االقتصاد قد ينعكس
ويهدد الدول وتماسك مجتمعاتها، حتى في الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي، ألنه صعد من سقف
.البطالة لدى القوى العاملة يبدو أن هذه المساحات الواسعة التي مُنحت للذكاء االصطناعي منذ انطالقه لليوم، وعدم بذل
الجهود لتنظيمهُ وفق قوانين ولوائح تنظيمية دولية لمنع األضرار الكارثية. مما صعد فكرة حقيقة المخاو ف
والتهديدات التي قد تصدر عن الذكاء االصطناعي عن قصد أو بدون قصد، أو من خالل خروجهُ عن
السيطرة، مثل الفايروسات القاتلة أو أعمال أرهابي تخدم دول راعية لألرهاب... تؤدي النقراض الحضارة
.اإلنسانية 158 الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية وانعكس هذا التطور المتسارع في فكرة صناعة الذكاء االصطناعي على د ول العالم كافة، مما
دعاها ترفع من أصواتها لوضع خطط وبرامج واستراتيجيات مستقبلية له، لكن ذلك يتطلب بنية تحتية
تكنولوجية، واستثمارات اقتصادية، وتخصيصات مالية ضخمة، ال سيما وأن غالبية دول العالم قد تكون
غير قادرة على تحقيقها بسبب االزمات االقتصادية، وأزمات ال طاقة، وجائحة كورونا (كوفيد19
)، وأزمة
.تغير المناخ، والتوترات الجيوسياسية ،ما يقلق الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي هو فكرة االزمات االقتصادية التي مرت بها عبر التاريخ
أو التي تحدث بين فترة وأخرى مثل التضخم، والركود االقتصادي، وتباطأ النمو االقتصادي، وحتى
ال نقص في العمالة الماهرة. لذا سعت هذه الدول جاهدتاً نحو فكرة صناعة الذكاء االصطناعي، لما تراه
.بأنه سوف يحدث طفرة رقمية في اإلنتاجية ووصف المختصون بالذكاء االصطناعي بأنه بات مراحل شبيهة بالفيضان، حتى أن األمم المتحدة
والمختصين به دعوا لتشكيل كيان دولي مراقب للذكاء االصطناعي، لتحقيق المنفعة العامة والتقليل من
المخاطر والتهديدات المحتملة. لقد اخترق الذكاء االصطناعي قطاعات الدولة االقتصادية وكافة
التخصصات المهنية، لقدرته على صناعة برامج وتطبيقات تقوم بمهام االنسان. لذلك تصاعدت
المطالبات نحو وجود (نهج التحوط التك نولوجي)، بمثابة سلطة رقابية تنظيمية له، مثل صندوق النقد
.الدولي وقد فكرت الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي في توسيع جهودها لالستفادة في توظيفه بمجال حل
أزمة الطاقة العالمية لكنها أخفقت بسبب المخاطر والتهديدات المصاحبة لذلك تفوق النجاحات، لكنها لم
تيأس، فقد ع ملت على أدخال الذكاء االصطناعي في صناعة المواد الغذائية كبديل للمواد الغذائية
الطبيعة. هذه الجهود واألفكار تصب في المحصلة بالمصالح االقتصادية للدول الراعية للذكاء
.االصطناعي وشركاتها، على حساب الوجود اإلنساني والدول الفقيرة وحتى الدول النامية وقد توصلت ال:دراسة لعدد من االستنتاجات لعل من أبرزها
1
-
أحدث الذكاء االصطناعي األثر الكبير على المهام اليدوية، وترك المهام المعرفية الثقيلة مثل
المحاسبة أو القانون دون تتغير إلى حد كبير. مما يثير شبح عالم ال تقوم فيه الروبوتات بأتمتة العمليات
الفيزيائية فحسب، بل تتزايد كفاءتها في أتمتة العمليات الفكرية أيضاً. ونجحت روبوتات المصانع في 159 تقليل العمل البدني المرهق؛ وقد يفعل الذكاء االصطناعي الشيء نفسه بالنسبة للعمل الفكري، فيقلل من
.األعباء المعرفية البشرية
2
-
أفضى الذكاء االصطناعي ألنظمة رقمية افتراضية، قد يمكن الوصول للمعلوما ت والبيانات الخاصة
في كافة المجاالت، من خالل التكنولوجيا المفترسة غير المُكلفة، والتي ادت للتالعب الرقمي، واالبتزاز
الجيوسياسي، والجريمة الرقمية، وسرقة الحقوق الفكرية الصناعية. الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية هذه المخاطر قد تُهدد فكرة التداول
(بالعمالت الرقمية
ًالسيادية) مستقبال،
ُوحتى ت.قلل من سيطرة الحكومة على األموال
3
-
،إن تنظيم الذكاء االصطناعي مهمة يجب التعامل معها بجرعة نافعة مع القطاعات االقتصادية
.واكتساب المعرفة حول واقع الوضع الحالي، واالتجاهات المستقبلية لتنظيم االقتصاد وتقليل التداعيات
كلما كانت المعرفة واللوائح والقوانين التنظي مية أكثر توجيهية كلما كان االقتصاد أكثر رصانة، وقلت
.المخاطر :وقد توصلت الدراسة لعدد من التوصيات لعل من أبرزها
1
-
ضرورة أن يُفكر صُ ناع السياسات في الدولة بدعوة خبراء االقتصاد والتكنولوجيا، لوضع سياسات
ملموسة تضمن اقتصادها يستخدم ويوظف تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي
،األكثر تعزيزاً لإلنتاجية واإلبداع
وتعزيز المهارات البشرية للحد من التهديدات الوجودية، من خالل دعم االفكار االستثمارية الداعمة
،للبشري، لخلق طرق وفرص للعمل، لتحمي كرامة العُمال، وإدارته من خالل األنظمة القانونية والتنظيمية
وقوانين الحقوق المدنية، ولوائح ح ماية المستهلك، لتأمين حياة فقراء العالم، وتعزز المنافسة الوطنية
.الشاملة، لتسريع وتيرة التقدم التكنولوجي اآلمن
2
-
يجب أن يساعد الذكاء االصطناعي الذين لم ينجحوا في التعليم التقليدي، ليصبح التعليم المهني
والتقني خياراً لهم، من خالل تجربة نماذج وأساليب جديدة للم ساعدة في تلبية االحتياجات المتنوعة
ألصحاب العمل والعمال، وحتى ال تتكون (فجوة المهارات) مُشكلة وطنية. وضرورة التفكير في اجراء
التدريب المهني مع الشركات المحلية. لمنحهم المعرفة، والمهارات المطلوبة، والخبرة العملية الواقعية، للحد
من مشكلة المهارات "الناعمة" أ و غير المعرفية، حتى ال يؤدي إلى كارثة حضارية أو صدمة سلبية
.ضخمة في تشغيل العمالة
3
-
يبدو أن تسونامي الذكاء االصطناعي بات مدمراً لوظائف االنسان، وجعل من الناس أقل إنتاجية
من توظيفه ف
وقيمة، وأشغله بمواقع التواصل االجتماعية مما مكن الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناع 1
-
ضرورة أن يُفكر صُ ناع السياسات في الدولة بدعوة خبراء االقتصاد والتكنولوجيا، لوضع سياسات
ملموسة تضمن اقتصادها يستخدم ويوظف تطبيقات الذكاء االصطناعي
،األكثر تعزيزاً لإلنتاجية واإلبداع
وتعزيز المهارات البشرية للحد من التهديدات الوجودية، من خالل دعم االفكار االستثمارية الداعمة
،للبشري، لخلق طرق وفرص للعمل، لتحمي كرامة العُمال، وإدارته من خالل األنظمة القانونية والتنظيمية
وقوانين الحقوق المدنية، ولوائح ح ماية المستهلك، لتأمين حياة فقراء العالم، وتعزز المنافسة الوطنية
.الشاملة، لتسريع وتيرة التقدم التكنولوجي اآلمن 2
-
يجب أن يساعد الذكاء االصطناعي الذين لم ينجحوا في التعليم التقليدي، ليصبح التعليم المهني
والتقني خياراً لهم، من خالل تجربة نماذج وأساليب جديدة للم ساعدة في تلبية االحتياجات المتنوعة
ألصحاب العمل والعمال، وحتى ال تتكون (فجوة المهارات) مُشكلة وطنية. وضرورة التفكير في اجراء
التدريب المهني مع الشركات المحلية. الذكاء االصطناعي والوجود اإلنساني: قراءة فكرية في االبعاد االقتصادية لمنحهم المعرفة، والمهارات المطلوبة، والخبرة العملية الواقعية، للحد
من مشكلة المهارات "الناعمة" أ و غير المعرفية، حتى ال يؤدي إلى كارثة حضارية أو صدمة سلبية
.ضخمة في تشغيل العمالة 3
-
يبدو أن تسونامي الذكاء االصطناعي بات مدمراً لوظائف االنسان، وجعل من الناس أقل إنتاجية
وقيمة، وأشغلهم بمواقع التواصل االجتماعية. مما مكن الدول الراعية للذكاء االصطناعي من توظيفه في
غالبية الوظائف، حتى أنها قد تكون مؤتمتة بالكامل، وهذا جرس إنذار للعمال ذوي ا ،لمهارات المنخفضة 160 وهذا يُعد تغيير تكنولوجي متحيز للمهارات، ويخالف طرح أنصار الذكاء االصطناعي واألتمتة، من أنه
يزيد الطلب االقتصادي على العمالة، ليحفز النمو والوظائف بمرور الوقت. لكن الواقع أثبت تأثيرات بعيدة
.المدى تؤدي إلى اضطراب كبير في سوق العمل وهذا يُعد تغيير تكنولوجي متحيز للمهارات، ويخالف طرح أنصار الذكاء االصطناعي واألتمتة، من أنه
يزيد الطلب االقتصادي على العمالة، ليحفز النمو والوظائف بمرور الوقت. لكن الواقع أثبت تأثيرات بعيدة
.المدى تؤدي إلى اضطراب كبير في سوق العمل
4
-
ضرورة ا لتفكير باالعتماد على النتائج المستقبلية في تطوير الذكاء االصطناعي العام على اتخاذ
قرارات سياسية دولية، وعلى أال تتعارض هذه القرارات مع المصالح االقتصادية والقانونية للدول الفقيرة
والنامية، مما يتطلب اتفاقاً وتعاوناً دولياً، أي اتخاذ قرارات خالية من تضارب ا لمصالح الخاصة والمحمية
.من ممارسة الضغوط من قبل الدول وشركاتها الراعية والفاعلة والقوية في مجال الذكاء االصطناعي
.حتى ال يكون هناك تضخيم وفوارق اقتصادية بل تحقيق اقتصاد عالمي معزز لألجيال القادمة
5
-
ضرورة التفكير بمحو األمية الحاسوبية لخلق قوة عاملة نامية أكث ر مرونة اجتماعياً واقتصادياً. وإجراء
المزيد من األبحاث التفصيلية والتجريبية التي ترصد تأثيرات الذكاء االصطناعي في مكانات العمل، وعلى
جودة الوظائف في الدولة وقطاعاتها الصناعية والتجارية والمهن. تحديث وتكييف القواعد ولوائح األحكام
القانونية في الدولة لحماية البيانات نظراً للمخاطر التي يشكلها الذكاء االصطناعي عالية المخاطر
.والمربكة على ظروف العمل
6
-
وجوب دعم الدولة لألفكار الضامنة للمشاركة العامة بالروئ االقتصادية في مجال الذكاء
االصطناعي، للحد من تجاوز التنظيمي، وتعزيز التكنولوجيا الجديرة بالثقة الحافظة للحريات
المدنية
.والخصوصية 6
-
وجوب دعم الدولة لألفكار الضامنة للمشاركة العامة بالروئ االقتصادية في مجال الذكاء
االصطناعي، للحد من تجاوز التنظيمي، وتعزيز التكنولوجيا الجديرة بالثقة الحافظة للحريات
المدنية
.والخصوصية 161 | 11,748 | https://pissue.iq/index.php/pissue/article/download/464/329 | null |
Arabic | :الملخص ادت عملية طوفان األقصى الى
متغيرات كبيرة
في ميزان
القوى
،اإلقليمية
وأظهرت
جانب كبير
من
التجاذب المادي بين القوة الناعمة والقوة
،الخشنة مما
انعكست تلك
األحداث على بنية
العالقات
الدولية
بين
العرب
والكيان
،الصهيوني
وحققت
الكثير
من
المؤشرات
على
صعيد فلسطين والدول العربية أو
على
الصعيد
"اإلسرائيلي"،
وبدرجة أكبر
أثرت على
نوع وطبيعة
العالقات بين الدول العربية
والكيان
،الصهيوني يأتي في
مقدمة تلك الدول المملكة العربية السعودية
ألسباب هو مضيّها في طريق
التطبيع
على غرار مصر والدول
،األخرى أن النظر إلى في
هذا االتجاه
قد يُفسر جدلية قائمة على
مؤشرات القوة
الناعمة والقوة الخشنة في
آن
واحد التي
انعكست على عالقاتها مع
الواليات المتحدة األمريكية . ال كلمات
ال
مفتاحية
:
.طوفان األقصى، العالقات، السعودية، أمريكا، القوة الناعمة Saleh
Assistant Professor: Sabah Muhamma Saleh
Assistant Professor: Sabah Muhamma أ. م .د .صباح م
حمد صالح
Abstract: The Al-Aqsa Flood Operation led to major changes in the balance of
regional powers, and demonstrated a large aspect of the material tension
between soft power and hard power. These events were reflected in the
structure of international relations between the Arabs and the Zionist entity,
and achieved many indicators at the level of Palestine and the Arab countries or
on the national level.” And to a greater extent it affected the type and nature of
relations between the Arab countries and the Zionist entity. At the forefront of
those countries is the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia for reasons that are continuing
on the path of normalization similar to Egypt and other countries. Looking in
this direction may explain a dialectic based on indicators of soft power. And
the hard power at the same time, which was reflected in its relations with the
United States of America . 300
Key words: Al-Aqsa flood, relations, Saudi Arabia, America, soft power
: تاري خ التقديم5
/
10
/
2023
:تاري خ القبول4
/
11
/
2023
:تاري خ النشر31
/
12
/
2023
جامعة تكريت-
كلية العلوم السياسية[email protected] Key words: Al-Aqsa flood, relations, Saudi Arabia, America, soft pow 300 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
:المقدمة أحدثت عملية طوفان األقصى متغيرات كبيرة في ميزان القوى اإلقليمية، وأظهرت جانب كبير من
التجاذب المادي بين القوة الناعمة والقوة الخشنة، مما انعكست تلك األحداث على بنية العالقات الدولية
بين العرب والكيان الصهيوني، وحققت الكثير من المؤشرات على صعيد فلسطين والد ول العربية أو على
الصعيد"اإلسرائيلي"
، وبدرجة أكبر أثرت على نوع وطبيعة العالقات بين الدول العربية والكيان
الصهيوني، يأتي في مقدمة تلك الدول المملكة العربية السعودية ألسباب هو مضيّها في طريق التطبيع
على غرار مصر والدول األخرى، أن النظر إلى المملكة العربية ا لسعودية في هذا االتجاه قد يُفسر جدلية
قائمة على مؤشرات القوة الناعمة والقوة الخشنة في آن واحد التي انعكست هي األخرى على عالقاتها مع
الواليات المتحدة األمريكية . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 1
-
،)التعريف بتأثيرات القوة الناعمة على المجتمع الخليجي (السعودي2
-
توضيح أسس نشأة عملية
،طوفان األقصى3
-
تحليل لغة الخطاب ا لسياسي للمملكة العربية السعودية
4
-
تفسير عالقة الواليات
المتحدة االمريكية بالنظ ،ام السعودي5
-
تقديم رؤية اس
تشرافية لمستقبل طوفان األقصى وا نعكاسها في
العالقات االمريكي السعودية باعتبارهما الفاعالن االكثر تأثيرا في المنطقة العربية . مشكلة البحث: تظهر إشكالية البحث في صيغة سؤال دراسة: ماهية عملية طوفان األقصى، أثرها وانعكاساتها على
العالقات السعودية–
األمريكية في منظور القوة الناعمة، وثمة أسئلة فرعية أخرى، ستجيب عليها الدراسة
:فرضية البحث تفترض الدراسة أن عملية طوفان األقصى أدخلت فواعل و متغيرات دولية جديدة وخطيرة على نسق
العالقات الدولية بين المملكة العربية السعودية والواليات المتحدة األمريكية، وأن هذه الفواعل تميل للقوة
. الناعمة بدل االستعمال العسكري للقوة المسلحة منهجية البحث : ركزت الدراسة على أكثر من منهج
، أبرزها منهج التحليل الوصفي
، ومنهج دراسة الحالة، ومنهج
مضمون الخطاب، باإلضافة لمنهج مقترب.الثقافة السياسية حال تطلب األمر
هيكلية ال
بحث : Abstract: ( تمكنت أدوات القوة ناعمةSoft Power
) بتعبير األمريكي "جوزيف ناي" من التأثير داخل
المجتمع ا لعربي بدون الحاجة لقوة مادية استعمارية واحتالل عسكري مكن األخر من تحقيق مكاسب
ميدانية في مجتمعاتنا، وبكلفة أقل وهذا هو منطق القوة الناعمة التي تبنت مبان االستعمار الثقافي بدل
االستعمار العسكري، خاصة بعد أحداث طوفان األقصى التي كشفت عن جانب مهم من محاولة إك راه
الفلسطينيين والعرب على مواجهة قوة الكيان الصهيوني الخشنة بالقوة الناعمة، كالتهديد، والتنديد
واالستهجان والرفض والسعي للحل السلمي والوقوف عند تلك العتبة فحب، دون مناقشة إمكانية الحل
العسكري للفلسطينيين، إال أن طوفان األقصى أحدث ثورة أمنية وسياسية في هرم
القوة العسكرية
اإلسرائيلية، وأعطى اهتماماً بالغاً ب
قدرات حركات المقاومة الفلسطينية . 1
:_ األهمية العلمية
تمثل عملية طوفان األقصى ظاهرة سياسية (إيديولوجية) يتطلب وضعها في
قوالب عل
مية إلعادة فهمها، وتفكيكها، وصب ها بقوالب منهجية، حتى ننجح في توصيفها من خالل الرجوع
ألصولها، وجذور نشأتها
وتأثيرها وانعكاسها على العالقات االمريكية السعودية باعتبار المملكة العربية
ا لسعودية قطب اسالمي مهم ومؤثر على الساحة العربية واالسالمية . 2
_
:األهمية العملية
أنه موضوع الساعة وحدث مبتكر لم ينل نصيبه من البحث العلمي، وهذه
)الدراسة قد تشكل السبق في تفسير عملية طوفان األقصى بالمنظور الواقعي (البراغماتي خاصة في ا
أهداف البحث: هناك عدة اهداف
:للدراسة تتضح من خالل النقاط التالية 301 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 1)
)عملية طوفان األقصى :انهيار االستراتيجية االسرائيلية تجاه غزة"
،، الدوحة، المركز العربي لألبحاث ودراسة السياسات23
نوفمبر2023، ص1
.
2))
عملية«طوفان األقصى ..»األسباب والتداعيات والسيناريوهات المتوقعة"
،، معهد رصانة للدراسات اإليرانية، الرياض14
أكتوبر2023
.
3)) المرجع نفسه. هيكلية ال
بحث : قسمت الدراسة الى
ثالث م
حاور
، كل م
حور
على
ثالث نقاط
، وعلى النحو التالي_:
اولا:
طوفان
األقصى في منظور العالقات الدولية وقسم إلى ثالث
نقاط :
1
،: طوفان األقصى: النشأة واألسباب2
:
،العالقات الدولية في منظور القوى الناعمة3
: القوة الناعمة في إطار العالقات السعودية–
.األمريكية
ثانياا:
القوة الناعمة والمواقف الدولية: السعودية واألمريكية بعد طوفان األقصى، وانقسم إلى ثالث
نقاط ،
1
،: سياسات القوة الناعمة السعودية2
،: الموقف األمريكي من طوفان األقصى3
: الموقف السعودي
.من طوفان األقصى
ثالثاا : استشراف المستقبل للعالقات السعودية–
األمريكية في ضوء تحديات طوفان
األقصى، وانقسم إلى ثالث
نقاط ،
1: الع ،)القات السعودية _ (اإلسرائيلية2
: أثر طوفان األقصى على
العالقات السعودية–
،األمريكية3
: رؤية استشرافية لمستقبل العالقات السعودية–
،األمريكية
باإلضافة
الخاتمة و االستنتاجات . 302 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 2))
عملية«طوفان األقصى ..»األسباب والتداعيات والسيناريوهات المتوقعة"
،، معهد رصانة للدراسات اإليرانية، الرياض14
أكتوبر2023
. 1)
)عملية طوفان األقصى :انهيار االستراتيجية االسرائيلية تجاه غزة"
،، الدوحة، المركز العربي لألبحاث ودراسة السياسات23
نوفمبر2023، ص1
.
2))ل ة
األق
ط فا
ق ة
ال
ا
ا
ال
ال ا ا
األ ا"اإل ا ة ال ا
ا ة لل ا ا14 1)
)طوفان األقصى ..."السعودية تؤكد استمرارها في الوقوف إلى جانب الفلسطينيين لنيل حقوقهم المشروعة"
،
10
أكتوبر
2023، الرابط التالي _:
https://sputnikarabic.ae/
2))
،ديبا كومار فوبيا اإلسالم والسياسة،اإلمبريالية ترجمة :
،أماني فهمي(القاهرة :
،المركز القومي للترجمة(
2671
)
،
2015
)
،
ص249
. (3) Samih Farsoun, "Roots of the Americans Antiterrorism Crusade", in Hagopian, ed., Civil
Rights in Peril, 150-152. (3) Samih Farsoun, "Roots of the Americans Antiterrorism Crusade", in Hagopian, ed., Civil ص249
. اولا: طوفان األقصى في منظور العالقات الدولية اولا: طوفان األقصى في منظور العالقات الدولية
تناول الم حور
بدايات نشوء
عمل
ية طوفان األقصى ، ومسبباتها
والدوافع اإليديولوجية التي أظهرت
قوتها على الساحة العسكرية بقوة جابهت بها أقوى ترسانة عسكرية في المنطقة العربية ،
وكيف انسحب
أثرها على صعيد العالقات الدولية
؛ كقوة ناعمة وخشنة في منحيين متوازيين غالبا، وما أفضى ذلك إ لى
تبدّل المواقف الدولية واإلقليمية بين استخدام القوة الخشنة من جانب، والركون إلى القوة الناعمة لطرف
أخر من جانب أخر، وهو ما
ناقش
ته
الدراسة لتلك المواقف والنظر إلى القوة الناعمة في إطار العالقات
الدولية، وبهذا أن قسم إلى ثالث
نقاط:
_ 1
. طوفان األقصى: النشأ ة واألسباب
أطلق اسم "طوفان األقصى" على خلفية االعتداءات المستمرة التي تقوم بها حكومة اليمين المتطرف
"اإلسرائيلي"
إزاء
لمناطق العربية في الضفة الغربية وغزة وأجزاء أ خرى من فلسطين، خاصة بعد تحشيد
حكومة ا
لكيان الصهيوني
( لـ30
) كتيبة عسكرية في الضفة
الغربية ألي هجوم محتمل (
1
)
التي شكلت
ردة فعل على فعل استعماري لسياسات االحتالل الصهيوني تجاه المدنيين، والتي شنتها فصائل المقاومة
الفلسطينية، وعملية “طوفان األقصى” التي أطلقتها حركة حماس ضد االحتالل ال
صهيون ي عن غيرها من
العمليات السابقة التي تكون عادة كرد فعل عن االنتهاكات المتواصلة"لإلسرائيليين"
ضد الفلسطينيين
ومقدساتهم، فقد أعلن (محمد الضيف) القائد العام لكتائب عز الدين القسام، الجناح العسكري لحركة
حماس، بدء عملية “طوفان األقصى”، “رداً على عربدة االحتالل في المسجد األقصى، وسحل النساء في
باحاته”، وأيضا رفض االحتالل اإلسرائيلي عقد صفقة تبادل أسرى انسانية، وهي ال ترتبط بحدث معين
بذاته2
)). فيما مثلت كتائب عز الدين القسام الجناح العسكري لحركة حماس صبيحة يوم السبت7
/
10
/
2023
،
عملية طوفان االقصى ضد الكيان الصه
يوني ، وتضمنت العملية تسلل عدد كبير من مسلحي كتائب عز
الدين القسام الى داخل مستوطنات غالف غزة وقتل اعداد كبيرة من الجنود والمستوطنين وأسر العشرات
من
الصهاينة(
3
(،
بالمقابل أعلن
مكتب رئيس الوزراء"اإلسرائيلي"
، بنيامين نتنياهو، يوم األحد8
/
10 1)
)عملية طوفان األقصى :انهيار االستراتيجية االسرائيلية تجاه غزة"
،، الدوحة، المركز العربي لألبحاث ودراسة السياسات23
نوفمبر2023، ص1
. أأإ 3)) المرجع نفسه. 303 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
2023، أن المجل س الوزاري األمني المصغر(الكابينيت)، صادق رسميًا على بدء الحرب على قطاع
"غزة، ردًا على إطالق حركة "حماس" الفلسطينية عملية "طوفان األقصى(
1
(
، وهذه هي منطلقات طوفان
األقصى التي جاءت نتيجة ألعمال متكررة، وسلسلة من االعتداءات اليومية التي تقوم بها سلطة
االحتالل . اولا: طوفان األقصى في منظور العالقات الدولية أما عن
أسباب نشوب عملية "طوفان األقصى، ثمة أسباب دفعت إلى نشوب الصراع والمواجهة بين
"طوفان األقصى" في مواجهة "السيوف الحديدية"، وشكلت بمجملها جملة سيناريوهات محتملة لمستقبل
الصراع _ سنناقشها في محور االستشراف أنفاً _، منها أسباب
سياسية، ام:نية، دينية، ثقافية، لعل أبرزها
أ-
تمثل حكومة نتنياهو الحالية، صُ لب اليمين المتطرف (الراديكالي) في"إسرائيل"
، فكانت عملية
طوفان األقصى نتيجة لتلك السياسات العنيفة . ب-
أن تأجيج الصراع من شأنه أن يدفع نحو تحقيق بنود صفقة القرن التي ترتبط
بالعامل
اإليديولوجي بدرجة أكبر، وهي قيام دولة"إسرائيل الكبرى أو العظمى "
. ج-
اإليمان الصهيوني بقيام دولة إسرائيل الكبرى من النيل إلى الفرات، أي الحدود ذات الطابع
الديني (التوراتي) باإلضافة إلى اليمين المسيحي ومجموعة مسلمين ومسيحيين سابقين في الشرق ا ألوسط
وجنوب اسيا استفادوا من مهاجمة اإلسالم بعنف(
2
(
،فينخرط في هذا السلك مجموعة المحافظين الجدد
اليمين المتطرف، اليمين المسيحي الجديد مما ال يمكن النظر إلى تلك االتجاهات اإليديولوجية الهجين
من الديني والسياسي بدون توفر شرط العدو، اإلسالم الراديكالي، اإلسالموفوبيا على أشُ دها، يؤمن جميع
ًأولئك إيماناً راسخا بعودة اليهود إلى فلسطين قبل مجيء المسيح الستقباله وتحولهم إلى المسيحية ومن ثم
فقيام دولة يهودية في فلسطين شرط ال محيد عنه3
)) . د-
البحث عن انتصارات جديدة على الساحة السياسية"اإلسرائيلية"
واألمريكية، بالنسبة"
إلسرائيل "
تسعى حكومة نتنياهو إلى تدعيم موقف ها داخل الشارع"اإلسرائيلي"
، وبالنسبة ألمريكا يحتاج بايدن
النتصارات تدعم حملته االنتخابية . 1أ
أ (1) Barbara M. Jones, Libraries, Access and Intellectual Freedom: Developing Policies
Public and Academic Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999), P. 84-85.
2)) ديبا كومار، مرجع سابق، ص258
.
3))
،حسام كصاي
الشرق األوسط الالهوتي :جدلية الممانعة
،والتطبيع (عمان :
،دجلة ناشرون وموزعون2023
)، ص88
.
). Morgenthau, 1985: 127
4(
5)) جوزيف س .
ناي، القوة الناعمة وسيلة النجاح في السياسة الدولية، ترجمة :د .
،محمد توفيق البجيرمي(الرياض :
مكتبة
،العبيكان للنشر2007
)، ص20
.
)
6( جوزيف فرانكل، العالقات الدولية، ترجمة :
،غازي عبد الرحمن العتيبي(السعودية _جدة :
،دار تهامة للنشر1984
)
،
ص93
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 304 أما عن األهداف المرجوة من"طوفان األقصى"
ً، فقد مثلت عملية "السيوف الحديدية" رداً أمنيا
وعسكرياً على "طوفان األقصى" لكن هذه الحملة الصهيونية تمثل جانب من فلسفة اليمين المتطرف
الصهيوني الذي دشن ا لحياة السياسية بالطابع العسكر ي ، ومنه أصبح هذا اليمين هو المتحكم في السياسة
"اإلسرائيلية " الداخلية والخا ،رجية اذ حقق ،اليمين المتطرف انتصارين: داخلي وخارجي
األول ِ: عضد قوته
بالتحالف مع اليمين المسيحي الجديد اليمين المسيحي األبيض-
ُإذا جاز لنا تسميته
كأحد الجماعات
المهمة في تشكيل الرأي العام األمريكي)
1
(
، و أصبح تطلع الحزب الجمهوري منذ ثمانينيات القرن المنصرم
ليتجلى األثنين [المحافظين الجدد، اليمين المتطرف] من أشد الصهاينة تطرفاً حتى لو لم يكن مآل اليهود
الجنة)
2
(
والفردوس المفقود، فالدعم يبقى "إلسرائيل"
،بال انقطاع
والثاني : تحشيد الرأي العام الغربي صو ب
إسرائيل وتهديف الحلم التوراتي
، صفقة القرن التي جاءت ترجمة
حرفية لفكر األصولية المسيحية
الصهيونية)
3
(
، ومحاولة"إسرائيل"
تأديب الشعب الفلسطيني باختالق الحجج واالعذار لتبرير أعمالها
العدوانية، وهذه أبرز جملة تلك األهداف االستراتيجية للعملية العسكرية . 2
. العالقات الدولية في منظور القوى الناعمة:
،تعد القوة مركز إدارة الدول، سواء أكانت قوة سياسية
اقتصادية، عسكرية، فهي عملية توظيف لمقدرات البالد لتحقيق مكاسب مادية ومعنوية على صعيد
السياسة الخارجية والتحكم بمصائر الشعوب ومقدراتهم، أو كما عرفها (مورجنثاو) بأن القوة سيطرة
االنسان على عقول األخرين وأفعالهم(
4
)
،، أو هي القدرة على الحصول على النتائج التي يريدها المرء
وامتالك
القدرات على التأثير في أسلوب حياة األخرين)
5
(
، والقوة عنصر وركيزة أساس أدت دور في
العالقات الدولية إلى نشوء مدرسة فكرية تفسر العالقات الدولية في ضوء مفهوم القوة مما أظهر ردود
فعل إدانة سياسة القوة وتوقع زوالها وحلول المنظمات الدولية محلها(
6
(، إال أن ذلك ل م يتضح، بل أن
حتى المنظمات البديلة ال تستطيع العمل في الحقل الدولي بدون عامل القوة . (1) Barbara M. Jones, Libraries, Access and Intellectual Freedom: Developing Policies
Public and Academic Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999), P. 84-85.
2)) ديبا كومار، مرجع سابق، ص258
.
3))
،حسام كصاي
الشرق األوسط الالهوتي :جدلية الممانعة
،والتطبيع (عمان :
،دجلة ناشرون وموزعون2023
)، ص88
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 2023، أن المجل س الوزاري األمني المصغر(الكابينيت)، صادق رسميًا على بدء الحرب على قطاع
"غزة، ردًا على إطالق حركة "حماس" الفلسطينية عملية "طوفان األقصى(
1
(
، وهذه هي منطلقات طوفان
األقصى التي جاءت نتيجة ألعمال متكررة، وسلسلة من االعتداءات اليومية التي تقوم بها سلطة
االحتالل. أما عن
أسباب نشوب عملية "طوفان األقصى، ثمة أسباب دفعت إلى نشوب الصراع والمواجهة بين
"طوفان األقصى" في مواجهة "السيوف الحديدية"، وشكلت بمجملها جملة سيناريوهات محتملة لمستقبل
الصراع _ سنناقشها في محور االستشراف أنفاً _، منها أسباب
سياسية، ام:نية، دينية، ثقافية، لعل أبرزها
أ-
تمثل حكومة نتنياهو الحالية، صُ لب اليمين المتطرف (الراديكالي) في"إسرائيل"
، فكانت عملية
طوفان األقصى نتيجة لتلك السياسات العنيفة . ب-
أن تأجيج الصراع من شأنه أن يدفع نحو تحقيق بنود صفقة القرن التي ترتبط
بالعامل
اإليديولوجي بدرجة أكبر، وهي قيام دولة"إسرائيل الكبرى أو العظمى "
. ج-
اإليمان الصهيوني بقيام دولة إسرائيل الكبرى من النيل إلى الفرات، أي الحدود ذات الطابع
الديني (التوراتي) باإلضافة إلى اليمين المسيحي ومجموعة مسلمين ومسيحيين سابقين في الشرق ا ألوسط
وجنوب اسيا استفادوا من مهاجمة اإلسالم بعنف(
2
(
،فينخرط في هذا السلك مجموعة المحافظين الجدد
اليمين المتطرف، اليمين المسيحي الجديد مما ال يمكن النظر إلى تلك االتجاهات اإليديولوجية الهجين
من الديني والسياسي بدون توفر شرط العدو، اإلسالم الراديكالي، اإلسالموفوبيا على أشُ دها، يؤمن جميع
ًأولئك إيماناً راسخا بعودة اليهود إلى فلسطين قبل مجيء المسيح الستقباله وتحولهم إلى المسيحية ومن ثم
فقيام دولة يهودية في فلسطين شرط ال محيد عنه3
)) . ا
د-
البحث عن انتصارات جديدة على الساحة السياسية"اإلسرائيلية"
واألمريكية، بالنسبة"
إلسرائيل "
تسعى حكومة نتنياهو إلى تدعيم موقف ها داخل الشارع"اإلسرائيلي"
، وبالنسبة ألمريكا يحتاج بايدن
النتصارات تدعم حملته االنتخابية . 1)
)طوفان األقصى ..."السعودية تؤكد استمرارها في الوقوف إلى جانب الفلسطينيين لنيل حقوقهم المشروعة"
،
10
أكتوبر
2023، الرابط التالي _:
https://sputnikarabic.ae/
2))
،ديبا كومار فوبيا اإلسالم والسياسة،اإلمبريالية ترجمة :
،أماني فهمي(القاهرة :
،المركز القومي للترجمة(
2671
)
،
2015
)
،
ص249
. (3) Samih Farsoun, "Roots of the Americans Antiterrorism Crusade", in Hagopian, ed., Civil
Rights in Peril, 150-152. ) Barbara M. Jones, Libraries, Access and Intellectual Freedom: Developing Policies
ublic and Academic Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999), P. 84-85. 1) )جوزيف س .ناي، القوة الناعمة، مرجع سابق، ص7
.
2) )المرجع نفسه، ص25
.
3)) مسفر بن ظافر عائض القحطاني ، استراتيجية توظيف القوة الناعمة لتعضيد القوة الصلبة في إدارة األزمة اإلرهابية في
الم ،ملكة العربية السعودية أطروحة دكتوراه(غير منشورة)
،، الرياض، كلية الدراسات العليا، جامعة نايف العربية للعلوم األمنية
2010
، ص69
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية أما عن األهداف المرجوة من"طوفان األقصى"
ً، فقد مثلت عملية "السيوف الحديدية" رداً أمنيا
وعسكرياً على "طوفان األقصى" لكن هذه الحملة الصهيونية تمثل جانب من فلسفة اليمين المتطرف
الصهيوني الذي دشن ا لحياة السياسية بالطابع العسكر ي ، ومنه أصبح هذا اليمين هو المتحكم في السياسة
"اإلسرائيلية " الداخلية والخا ،رجية اذ حقق ،اليمين المتطرف انتصارين: داخلي وخارجي
األول ِ: عضد قوته
بالتحالف مع اليمين المسيحي الجديد اليمين المسيحي األبيض-
ُإذا جاز لنا تسميته
كأحد الجماعات
المهمة في تشكيل الرأي العام األمريكي)
1
(
، و أصبح تطلع الحزب الجمهوري منذ ثمانينيات القرن المنصرم
ليتجلى األثنين [المحافظين الجدد، اليمين المتطرف] من أشد الصهاينة تطرفاً حتى لو لم يكن مآل اليهود
الجنة)
2
(
والفردوس المفقود، فالدعم يبقى "إلسرائيل"
،بال انقطاع
والثاني : تحشيد الرأي العام الغربي صو ب
إسرائيل وتهديف الحلم التوراتي
، صفقة القرن التي جاءت ترجمة
حرفية لفكر األصولية المسيحية
الصهيونية)
3
(
، ومحاولة"إسرائيل"
تأديب الشعب الفلسطيني باختالق الحجج واالعذار لتبرير أعمالها
العدوانية، وهذه أبرز جملة تلك األهداف االستراتيجية للعملية العسكرية . 2
. العالقات الدولية في منظور القوى الناعمة:
،تعد القوة مركز إدارة الدول، سواء أكانت قوة سياسية
اقتصادية، عسكرية، فهي عملية توظيف لمقدرات البالد لتحقيق مكاسب مادية ومعنوية على صعيد
السياسة الخارجية والتحكم بمصائر الشعوب ومقدراتهم، أو كما عرفها (مورجنثاو) بأن القوة سيطرة
االنسان على عقول األخرين وأفعالهم(
4
)
،، أو هي القدرة على الحصول على النتائج التي يريدها المرء
وامتالك
القدرات على التأثير في أسلوب حياة األخرين)
5
(
، والقوة عنصر وركيزة أساس أدت دور في
العالقات الدولية إلى نشوء مدرسة فكرية تفسر العالقات الدولية في ضوء مفهوم القوة مما أظهر ردود
فعل إدانة سياسة القوة وتوقع زوالها وحلول المنظمات الدولية محلها(
6
(، إال أن ذلك ل م يتضح، بل أن
حتى المنظمات البديلة ال تستطيع العمل في الحقل الدولي بدون عامل القوة . (1) Barbara M. Jones, Libraries, Access and Intellectual Freedom: Developing Policies
Public and Academic Libraries (Chicago: American Library Association, 1999), P. 84-85. 258 305 1))
،فايد العليوي، الثقافة السياسية في السعودية(بيروت :
،المركز الثقافي العربي2012
)، ص121
.
)
2( المرجع نفسه، ص13
.
3))
،إياد خلف عمر الكعود، استراتيجية القوة الناعمة ودورها في تنفيذ أهداف السياسة الخارجية األمريكية في المنطقة العربية
رسالة ماجستير(غير منشورة)
، عمان، كلية
اآلداب
،والعلوم، جامعة الشرق األوسط2016، ص52
.
4)) جوزيف س .ناي، مرجع سابق، ص53
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية قد ميز األمريكي (جوزيف ن
اي) بين نوعين من القوة: القوة ا
لخشنة (
Hard Power
) والقوة الناعمة
(
Soft Power)، وأن القوة ال
خشنة
سالح محتكر لمالكوا األسلحة الفتاكة، بينما القوة الناعمة متاحة
ومعروضة للجميع، مع أن األمر يصعب فهمه خارج هيمنة القوى العظمى المتحكمة بالسلطة الرابعة التي
هي ميدان القوة الناعمة، ومن الحرج مثالً فهم إمكانية تفوق دولة عالم ثالث
مثل تشاد على الواليات
ا
لمتحدة بالقوة الناعمة، وقد نجح
الكيان الصهيوني
ومن ورائه
الواليات المتحدة من تحقيق نصر ناعم
كبير في التأثير على إرغام الدول العربية التزام الصمت أمام المجازر الوحشية أو الدعوة لفرض إرادة
القوة الناعمة في مواجهة القوة العسكرية في فلسطين . وعرف (جوزيف ناي) الق وة الناعمة بأنها سالح مؤثر يحقق األهداف عن طريق الجاذبية بدل اإلرغام
أو دفع األموال(
1
(
، أي يمكن فهم القوة الناعمة بأنه استعمار للعواطف وتوغل في األحاسيس عن طريق
االقناع والترغيب بدل العنف المسلح والجيوش والترهيب، فالقوة الناعمة عنصر ثابت في السياسة
الديمق راطية(
2
(، فجاءت لتغيير معادلة القوة بين الفلسطينيين و"اإلسرائيليين"
من خالل إكراه الدول العربية
على الوقوف إلى جانب الحياد
. ،أستخدم مفهوم القوة الناعمة قديماً تحت مسميات مثل: الدبلوماسية، الحوار الفكري، اإلقناع
والتفاوض، .. إلخ، إال أن "جوزيف ناي" الذي شغل منصب مساعد وزير الدفاع لشؤون األمن الدولي
( األمريكي حتى العام1995
)
(
3
(
هو الذي جدد المفهوم بالطرح الحالي، واعطاهُ زخماً أكبر، وأصبح
متداول أكثر من سابقاته في العالقات الدولية، وبات معول سياسة السعودية تجاه"طوفان األقصى"
،
.ومجمل القضية الفلسطينية بهذا الوصف يمكن تعريف القوة الناعمة السعودية بأنها محاولة للتعريف بماهية ا لثقافة العربية
اإلسالمية من خالل تدشين الفكر الروحي لإلسالم، والقيم والتقاليد العربية األصيلة، أي تقديم التراث
العربي واإلسالمي الذي تزخر به المملكة العربية السعودية وتوظيفه بما يخدم اإلنسانية ومصالحها
الكبرى، وفي سبيل ذلك وفي زيارة ولي العهد عقب أحداث11
/
9
/
2001
مأل طائرته البوينغ بأالف ) ) س
جوزي رجع بق ص
ي و 7
2) )المرجع نفسه، ص25
. 3)) مسفر بن ظافر عائض القحطاني ، استراتيجية توظيف القوة الناعمة لتعضيد القوة الصلبة في إدارة األزمة اإلرهابية في
الم ،ملكة العربية السعودية أطروحة دكتوراه(غير منشورة)
،، الرياض، كلية الدراسات العليا، جامعة نايف العربية للعلوم األمنية
2010
، ص69
. 306 5)) المرجع نفسه، ص53
. 1))
،فايد العليوي، الثقافة السياسية في السعودية(بيروت :
،المركز الثقافي العربي2012
)، ص121
.
2 )
(ع
3))
،إياد خلف عمر الكعود، استراتيجية القوة الناعمة ودورها في تنفيذ أهداف السياسة الخارجية األمريكية في المنطقة العربية
رسالة ماجستير(غير منشورة)
، عمان، كلية
اآلداب
،والعلوم، جامعة الشرق األوسط2016، ص52
.
4)) جوزيف س .ناي، مرجع سابق، ص53
. 1))
،فايد العليوي، الثقافة السياسية في السعودية(بيروت :
،المركز الثقافي العربي2012
)، ص121
.
)
2( المرجع نفسه، ص13
.
أ 1)) مسفر بن ظافر عائض القحطاني، مرجع سابق، ص85
_
86
.
2)) جوزيف س .ناي، مرجع سابق، ص32
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية د
_ امتالك المملكة ألسطول عسكري متكامل وقوى أمن داخلي يقظة ذات كفاءة عالمية . س _ عدم وجود تاريخ اعتداءات للمملكة سواء كان سياسي ًا او عسكري ًا
. ط
_ االعالم الفضائي الموجه والالئق . ع _ المساعدات اإلنسانية والتنموية التي تقدمها المملكة، سياسة الباب المفتوح لدى والة االمر في
المملكة، المهرجانات والكرنفاالت التي تقيمها الممل
كة، األفالم التلفزيونية الموجهة . ز _ العالقات الدولية القائمة على حسن الجوار والسالم وتسوية المنازعات . كلها عوامل عضدت من مكانة القوة الناعمة للم
م لكة وجعلت منها العب إقليمي ودولي كبير
ومؤثر في السياسة
الدولية والعالقات الخارجية، و قد
أثرت بشكل إيجابي في توجيه واستخراج القرار
السياسي، بل وعلى طبيعة العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
. حيث ترتكز القوة الناعمة على ثالث موارد: ثقافته (أماكن جذب األخرين)، وقيمه السياسية
(تطبيقها بإخالص في الداخل والخارج)، وسياساته الخارجية (عندما يراها األخرين مشروعة وذات سلطة
معنوية أخالقية)
)
2
(
والتي شكلت قوة ناعمة سعودية مؤثرة ومستجيبة للتطلعات الدولية من بينها أمريكا
و"إسرائيل "
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية من نسخ القرآن الكريم لتعريف أمريكا باإلسالم(
1
(
وهي أحد صور اإلعالم التي مكنت المملكة من تشكل
قوة ناعمة ومؤثرة في المنطقة على المستوى اإلقليمي والدولي/ العالمي، وقد يتحقق ذلك في أول تجربة له
خارج المملكة في إطار أحداث"طوفان األقصى"
،الذي أظهر جانب من القوة الناعمة بدل القوة الخشنة
ألسباب تمس مصير وواقع
.المملكة ذاتها قد ينسحب هذا على التأثير في مجمل فالثقافة السياسية السعودية ومحور هام في تشكل التكوين
االجتماعي والثقافي والسياسي لمنطقة الخليج العربي، والثقافة كما عرفتها دائرة المعارف الدولية للعل وم
االجتماعية بمجموعة من االتجاهات والمعتقدات والقيم التي تنظم وتعطي معنى للنظام السياسي(
2
(
وهذا
ما يجد العال قة
بين المجتمع الخليجي (السعودي) وبين النظام السياسي الحاكم (المملكة)، وقد أدت
الخصائص الثقافية واالجتماعية كنمط الثقافة السائدة والتقاليد الحضارية والفكرية وعامل التجربة التاريخية
والقيم الدينية دوراً كبيراً في صنع السياسة الخارجية(
3
(
وفي الحالة السعودية يستحضر القرار السياسي
مرجعيته التاريخية من القيم الدينية (اإلسالم) والتقاليد الحضارية (العروبة) التي اجتمعت في خصال
المجتمع السعودي والذي أخرج صيغة قرار سياسي استقطب األخر وحقق مردودات إيجابية للمملكة في
.عالقاتها الخارجية بالمقابل أثرت القوة األمريكية الناعمة على المجتمع العربي، خاصة بعد االحتالل األمريكي للعراق
(
2003) والتي جاءت نتيجة للتفاعل القوتين: ال
خشنة
والناعمة، حيث الحرب قائمة على الردع بعد تسلم
"دونالد رامسفيلد" مقاليد وزارة الدفاع وهو يعتقد أن الواليات المتحدة يُنظر إليها على أنها نمر من و رق ،
فعكس ت
تلك السمعة من خالل العدوان والحرب)
4
(
، وهذا مؤثر خارجي قد يضاف إلى مكونات تشكل
المجتمع الخليجي والتأثير عليه من خالل حرب الخليج الثانية التي اعتقد المحافظون الجدد أن القوة
األمريكية يمكن استخدامها في تصدير الديمقراطية إلى العراق وتحويل سياسة
الشرق األوسط5
(
لصالح
القوة األمريكية ا
لخشنة
والناعمة، في حين نجحت المملكة العربية في احتواء صدمة الغرب، والتمسك 307 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
بالثوابت والتراث الخليجي المحلي، وفضلت اإلبقاء على ديمقراطية مؤمنة، ومستجيبة ألصول المكون
الديني والثقافي في المملكة، وقد يكون"طوفان األقصى"
هو أحد الصدمات التي تم استيعابها في ضوء
القوة الناعمة، بما في ذلك استيعاب عملية طوفان األقصى وتقبلها بمرونة وبراغماتية
. أما مكامن القوة الناعمة في المجتمع السعودي، فهي عده)
1
( :
أ ً_ القوة االقتصادية المؤثرة عالميا . ب _ األماكن المقدسة حيث الحرمين الشريفين ومهد الرساالت النبوية مما أعطاها مكانة دينية بين
الشعوب العربية واإلسالمية . ج
_ الوحدة الحضارية والثقافية واللغوية التي عززت مكانة القوة الناعمة . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية بالثوابت والتراث الخليجي المحلي، وفضلت اإلبقاء على ديمقراطية مؤمنة، ومستجيبة ألصول المكون
الديني والثقافي في المملكة، وقد يكون"طوفان األقصى"
هو أحد الصدمات التي تم استيعابها في ضوء
القوة الناعمة، بما في ذلك استيعاب عملية طوفان األقصى وتقبلها بمرونة وبراغماتية
. ب _ األماكن المقدسة حيث الحرمين الشريفين ومهد الرساالت النبوية مما أعطاها مكانة دينية بين
الشعوب العربية واإلسالمية . الشعوب العربية واإلسالمية . ج
_ الوحدة الحضارية والثقافية واللغوية التي عززت مكانة القوة الناعمة . د
_ امتالك المملكة ألسطول عسكري متكامل وقوى أمن داخلي يقظة ذات كفاءة عالمية . س _ عدم وجود تاريخ اعتداءات للمملكة سواء كان سياسي ًا او عسكري ًا
. ز _ العالقات الدولية القائمة على حسن الجوار والسالم وتسوية المنازعات . كلها عوامل عضدت من مكانة القوة الناعمة للم
م لكة وجعلت منها العب إقليمي ودولي كبير
ومؤثر في السياسة
الدولية والعالقات الخارجية، و قد
أثرت بشكل إيجابي في توجيه واستخراج القرار
السياسي، بل وعلى طبيعة العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
. حيث ترتكز القوة الناعمة على ثالث موارد: ثقافته (أماكن جذب األخرين)، وقيمه السياسية
(تطبيقها بإخالص في الداخل والخارج)، وسياساته الخارجية (عندما يراها األخرين مشروعة وذات سلطة
معنوية أخالقية)
)
2
(
والتي شكلت قوة ناعمة سعودية مؤثرة ومستجيبة للتطلعات الدولية من بينها أمريكا
و"إسرائيل "
. 308 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 1)) نقالً عن :إياد خلف عمر الكعود، مرجع سابق، ص11
.
2))عبد القادر فهمي الرفوع، نظرية السياسة الخارجية، (عمان :
،دار المؤلف للنشر2009
)، ص166
.
3))
،مي بنت عبد هللا الرعيدي"
القوة الناعمة في محيط اإلدارة العامة–
التجربة السعودية كأنموذج، الرياض"
، المجلة العربية
للنشر العلمي، العدد26
،
2020، ص113
.
4 4)) المرجع نفسه
، ص117
. 1)) نقالً عن :إياد خلف عمر الكعود، مرجع سابق، ص11
. 1))
،محمد الحمزة"القوة الناعمة السعودية"،
الرياض، صحيفة الرياض، يوم الخميس17
رمضان1442
هـ29
إبريل2021م .
2)
)مسفر بن ظافر عائض القحطاني، مرجع سابق، ص81
_
82
.
3)
)فايد العليوي، مرجع سابق، ص38
.
4)) المرجع نفسه، ص129
.
5)) مسفر بن ظافر عائض القحطاني، مرجع سابق، ص96
. ثانياا : القوة الناعمة والمواقف الدولية: السعودية واألمريكية بعد طوفان األقصى ب._ االرتقاء بمستوى فهم الجمهور السعودي لعالقاته مع دول الجوار والعالم
ج _ ربط االعالم السعودي .المجتمع المحلي واسهم في تحقيق الوحدة النفسية واالجتماعية للمواطنين
ع
_ قدم االعالم السعودي مادة إعالمية متميزة ترتكز على االخالق اإلسالمية وتستند إلى الموضوعية
والبعد عن اإلثارة . ي _ أسهم االعالم السعودي في تقديم المواد الترفيهية المنسجمة مع العادات والتقاليد
. ومن ثم حتمت الثقافة السياسية على المجتمع السعودي تبعية النظام السياسي الحاكم، واعتزال جميع
اشكال الممارسات السياسية)
3
(، ذلك بحكم قناعة الفرد السعودي بسياسة المملكة الداخلية والخارجية حد
.القناعة التامة في الحكم الرشيد ثانياا : القوة الناعمة والمواقف الدولية: السعودية واألمريكية بعد طوفان األقصى ىأ
يأ
أدت عملية طوفان األقصى إلى إحداث جملة متغيرات في صعيد العالقات الدولية على المستوى
الدولي واإلقليمي خاصة في المواقف الرسمية من العملية، وحاولت بعض الدول استعمال أدوات القوة
النعامة للتناغم مع الموقف األمريكي واإلسرائيلي ومحاباته، ألسباب تتعل
ق بحالة ال ضعف العربي من
جانب، وا لتماس الرضا الغربي لألنظمة العربية الحاكمة من جانب أخر، وبدرجة أدق وصفاً، وهنا نحاول
توضيح ذلك من خالل تقسيم
المحور
إلى ثالث
نقاط،
:وهي
1
. سياسات القوة الناعمة السعودية 1
. سياسات القوة الناعمة السعودية تعد القوة واستعمالها كالعب دولي لمصادر وموجودات ملموسة بهدف
التأثير في مخرجات
االحداث في النظام الدولي)
1
(
:ً، وهذه سمة متوفرة في بنية النظام السعودي مادياً: الثروة النفطية، وروحيا
األماكن المقدسة (مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة)، وهذا ينتج حالة القرار السياسي الخليجي الذي يمثل
واجهة ثقافية، فالقرار السياسي
الخارجي هو التجسيد لهوية المجتمع وشخصيته)
2
(
ومن أبرز شواهد القوة
الناعمة السعودية هي تجربة مدينة الملك عبد العزيز الطبية في الرياض التابعة للشؤون الصحية لوزارة
الحرس الوطني)
3
(
، المدينة التي تحولت مورد للقوة الناعمة السعودية، ولم يقتصر النشاط السعودي في
مضمار القوة الناعمة، بل إن تبنيها لسياسة مكافحة اإلرهاب، هو بحد ذاته قوة ناعمة في مواجهة
التطرف، ومن من أخلق ثقافة سياسية خليجية _ عربية وليس سعودية فحسب، وتجلت القوة الناعمة هنا ي
ب-
.في قوة الخبرة التي تشكلت لمدينة الملك عبد العزيز
ويُعد إعالن ولي العهد األمير "محمد بن سلمان" عن رؤية2030
،، إضافة نوعية لتوجهات الدولة
ويحسب لها استنادها ألرضية صلبة من المنجزات المتحققة على أرضنا حالياً يمكن استثمارها، وحيث إن
مصدر (القوة الناعمة
السعودية) هو نموذجها التنموي الوطني، سيكون من المهم أن تستثمر هذه الرؤية
الكثير في تعزيز مكانة السعودية سياسياً اقتصادياً وثقافياً، وفي القوة الناعمة السعودية الثقافية ال شك أن ))عبد القادر فهمي الرفوع، نظرية السياسة الخارجية، (عمان :
،دار المؤلف للنشر2009
)، ص166
. 3))
،مي بنت عبد هللا الرعيدي"
القوة الناعمة في محيط اإلدارة العامة–
التجربة السعودية كأنموذج، الرياض"
، المجلة العربية
للنشر العلمي، العدد26
،
2020، ص113
. 309 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
العمل المؤسسي المنهج سيصنع (قوة ناعمة) ومختلفة في الداخل والخارج)
1
( وكقوة ناع
مة، أسهم االعالم
السعودي في المجتمع المحلي _ والدولي حتى _ التأثير على كافة األصعدة، تمثلت فيما يلي)
2
(:
أ _ نشر الدين اإلسالمي والدعوة إليه . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية العمل المؤسسي المنهج سيصنع (قوة ناعمة) ومختلفة في الداخل والخارج)
1
( وكقوة ناع مة، أسهم االعالم
السعودي في المجتمع المحلي _ والدولي حتى _ التأثير على كافة األصعدة، تمثلت فيما يلي)
2
(:
أ _ نشر الدين اإلسالمي والدعوة إليه . ب._ االرتقاء بمستوى فهم الجمهور السعودي لعالقاته مع دول الجوار والعالم
ج _ ربط االعالم السعودي .المجتمع المحلي واسهم في تحقيق الوحدة النفسية واالجتماعية للمواطنين
ع _ قدم االعالم السعودي مادة إعالمية متميزة ترتكز على االخالق اإلسالمية وتستند إلى الموضوعية
والبعد عن اإلثارة . ي _ أسهم االعالم السعودي في تقديم المواد الترفيهية المنسجمة مع العادات والتقاليد
. ومن ثم حتمت الثقافة السياسية على المجتمع السعودي تبعية النظام السياسي الحاكم، واعتزال جميع
اشكال الممارسات السياسية)
3
(
، ذلك بحكم قناعة الفرد السعودي بسياسة المملكة الداخلية والخارجية حد
.القناعة التامة في الحكم الرشيد وبهذا تفاعلت ا لعوامل الدينية والتراث القبلي والعرقي بمجهودات التعليم ومناهجه في إرساء وبلورة
شكل الهوية الوطنية للثقافة السياسية داخل المجتمع السعودي، فأصبحت مناهج التعليم السعودي ومن
خالل المناهج الدينية واالجتماعية واألدبية أداة لتعزيز الثقافة السياسية المستمدة من اإل رث الديني
واالجتماعي4
))
.، الذي خلق هوية ثقافة سياسية للمملكة وعموم منطقة الخليج العربي
حيث اعتمدت المملكة العربية السعودية استراتيجية في مكافحة اإلرهاب على ثالث مقومات رئيسة
هي: الوقاية، وإعادة التأهيل، وبرامج النقاهة، انطالقاً من قناعة سعودية مفادها أن اإلرهاب ال يهزم إال
بالمواجهة الفكرية)
5
( عبر تكثيف البرامج الوقائية والوعي والتثقيف
وعد اإلرهاب فكر ومواجهته ال تتم إال
بالفكر، فنالت مكانة هامة في تفكيك منظومة الفكر المتطرف، بفتح مؤسسات ومراكز بحثية من أجل
األمن الفكر ومحاربة خطاب الكراهية كما تقدمة جامعة نايف للعلوم األمنية، ومراكز بحثية أخرى، وهذا
قد ينطبق على تبعات أحداث"طوفان األق
صى"
.الذي أظهر جانب من القوة الناعمة السعودية 310 310 انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 2
. الموقف األمريكي من طوفان األقصى
على المستوى الدولي إعادة إنتاج نمط التنافس الدولي على المنطقة في ظل زخم التفاعالت القائمة
على جميع المستويات واألقاليم الفرعية، مثل: ارتدادات األزمة الروسية األوكرانية على ملفى الطاقة
،والغذاء، وتداعيات الخروج االمريكي من المنطقة، وأزمة تأمين سالسل اإلمداد
والتخوف من تنامى نفوذ
الفواعل من دون الدول وأجنداتهم المتباينة والمغايرة ألجندة فواعل النظام الدولي ومراكز ثقل اإلقليم العربي
وغيرها، ومن ثم أسهمت عملية "طوفان
األقصى " في إعادة ترتيب أولوية "القضية الفلسطينية" في ظل
الدفع الدولي إلنجاز متطلبات مشروعات الد مج اإلقليمي المرتبطة بمسار االتفاقات اإلبراهيمية)
1
(
. 1))
،إيمان زهران"أبعاد وارتدادات التحوالت االستراتيجية لطوفان األقصى"
،، مجلة السياسات الدولية11
أكتوبر2023
.
2
)) المرجع نفسه. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية والتي
أخذت حيز واسع في مجال األزمة الدولية التي أدخلت في أتونها الكثير من الدول الكبرى، وفي مقدمتها
.الواليات المتحدة األمريكية إعادة االنخراط األمريكي بالشرق األوسط وهو ما تم بيانه عبر رصد تحريك ح املة الطائرات
األمريكية نحو المنطقة لدعم وتعزيز آليات "الردع اإلسرائيلي" كخطوة مهمة إلعادة تقييم التوجهات
:األمريكية تجاه المنطقة وحلفائها باإلقليم في ظل تشتت االنخراط األمريكي في عدد من الجبهات، حيث
داخليا (انتخابات التجديد النصف
ي انتخ+ للكونجرس األمريكي ابات الرئاسة األمريكية)، وخارجيا
،(استدعاء أنماط التصعيد مع الصين، واالنخراط المباشر وغير المباشر بالحرب الروسية األوكرانية
واستمرار حالة الجمود بمفاوضات إعادة إحياء االتفاق النووي، ومحاولة إعادة التموضع باألقاليم الفرعية
وفى مقدمتها اإلقليم اإلفريقي ... إ
لخ)
2
( . إعادة االنخراط األمريكي بالشرق األوسط وهو ما تم بيانه عبر رصد تحريك ح املة الطائرات
األمريكية نحو المنطقة لدعم وتعزيز آليات "الردع اإلسرائيلي" كخطوة مهمة إلعادة تقييم التوجهات
:األمريكية تجاه المنطقة وحلفائها باإلقليم في ظل تشتت االنخراط األمريكي في عدد من الجبهات، حيث
داخليا (انتخابات التجديد النصف
ي انتخ+ للكونجرس األمريكي ابات الرئاسة األمريكية)، وخارجيا
،(استدعاء أنماط التصعيد مع الصين، واالنخراط المباشر وغير المباشر بالحرب الروسية األوكرانية
واستمرار حالة الجمود بمفاوضات إعادة إحياء االتفاق النووي، ومحاولة إعادة التموضع باألقاليم الفرعية
وفى مقدمتها اإلقليم اإلفريقي ... إ
لخ)
2
( . نفهم مما تقدم أن موقف الواليات المتحدة من"طوفان األقصى"
كان يميل إلى القوى الخشنة بدل القوة
الناعمة _ مع فرض سالح القوة الناعمة بيد الخصم (العرب) وعدم قبول أو شرعنة قوتهم الخشنة _، وأنه
،حرص بشدة على دعم الكيان الصهيوني في التوغل العسكري وممارسة اإلرهاب بحق الشعب الفلسطيني
بغض النظر عن األسباب الداخلية ألمريكا
_
كاالنتخابات
،الرئاسية وتوظيف "بايدن" لها _ والخارجية
وهذا ما يتناقض مع الموقف السعودي، أو الدفع في مجاراة السعودية للموقف األمريكي باسم القوة الناعمة
.والحل الدبلوماسي نفهم مما تقدم أن موقف الواليات المتحدة من"طوفان األقصى"
كان يميل إلى القوى الخشنة بدل القوة
الناعمة _ مع فرض سالح القوة الناعمة بيد الخصم (العرب) وعدم قبول أو شرعنة قوتهم الخشنة _، وأنه
،حرص بشدة على دعم الكيان الصهيوني في التوغل العسكري وممارسة اإلرهاب بحق الشعب الفلسطيني
بغض النظر عن األسباب الداخلية ألمريكا
_
كاالنتخابات
،الرئاسية وتوظيف "بايدن" لها _ والخارجية
وهذا ما يتناقض مع الموقف السعودي، أو الدفع في مجاراة السعودية للموقف األمريكي باسم القوة الناعمة
.والحل الدبلوماسي 1))
،إيمان زهران"أبعاد وارتدادات التحوالت االستراتيجية لطوفان األقصى"
،، مجلة السياسات الدولية11
أكتوبر2023
. 2
)) المرجع نفسه. 311 انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 3
. 312
)
1
(
تصريحات رئيس االستخبارات السعودية األسبق حول "طوفان األقصى"
،
قناةRTK
، الرابط التالي:
https://arabic.rt.com/
2
)
)
طوفان األقصى ..."
،السعودية تؤكد استمرارها في الوقوف إلى جانب الفلسطينيين لنيل حقوقهم المشروعة
مرجع سابق. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية الموقف السعودي من طوفان األقصى
هناك نوع من التضارب اإلعالمي في الموقف السعودي
من االحداث الجارية في فلسطين، والتي
،سميت بـ "طوفان األقصى"، إال أنها بالمجمل تمثل نوع من المرونة واالنحياز للقوة الناعمة بدل الخشنة
)وقد صرح رئيس االستخبارات السعودية األسبق وسفير المملكة األسبق في أمريكا األمير (تركي الفيصل
وما قاله عن األحداث األخيرة ف ي غزة منذ "طوفان األقصى، الذي جاءت تصريحاته خالل كلمة ألقاها
في معهد بيكر للسياسات العامة، وقال فيها: "لكل الشعوب المحتلة عسكريا الحق في مقاومة احتاللها
حتى عسكريا، أنا ال أؤيد الخيار العسكري في فلسطين، أفضل الخيار اآلخر، التمرد المدني
والعصيان(
1
(،
وهذا تضمين سياسي لسالح القوة الناعمة كي يكون حالً وبديالً في مواجهة القوة
"اإلسرائيلية"
.المسلحة فالموقف السعودي الرسمي إزاء"طوفان األقصى"
تمثل بالركون إلى سالح القوة الناعمة في
التمرد، العصيان المدني، التظاهر السلمي في المطالبة بنيل الحقوق، والتأ كيد على الحلول الدبلوماسية
بدل القوة والعنف واإلرهاب واإلكراه الذي مارسته"
إسرائيل"
تجاه خصومها الفلسطينيين . فالموقف السعودي الرسمي إزاء"طوفان األقصى"
تمثل بالركون إلى سالح القوة الناعمة في
التمرد، العصيان المدني، التظاهر السلمي في المطالبة بنيل الحقوق، والتأ كيد على الحلول الدبلوماسية
بدل القوة والعنف واإلرهاب واإلكراه الذي مارسته"
إسرائيل"
تجاه خصومها الفلسطينيين . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية كان قد صرحت حكومة واشنطن أن عملية "طوفان األقصى"
من الممكن أن تكون سبباً في عرقلة
عجلة تطبيع المملكة العربية السعودية مع"إسرائيل"
2
))
، لكن المؤشرات على الساحة السياسية ال تقول
ذلك أو تجانب كثيراً من وجه حقيقتها، وإن هذا اإلرجاء مجرد عملية إرضاء للموقف العربي الشعبي
وقبول حالة السخط الشعبي والخوف منه تناغمه بما يهدد أمن المملكة، ومن ثم ستمضي صفقة التطبيع
باعتقادنا إلى أقصى مراحلها، وبوتي .رة على غرار مصر والدول العربية
ومن ثم قد يكون الموقف السعودي الرسمي محايداً _ مع أن األحداث ال تتطلب الحيادية _ مع
الواليات المتحدة والكيان الصهيوني من جانب، ومع فصائل المقاومة الفلسطينية من جانب أخر، وربما
ستنجح الواليات المتحدة في هذه السياسة الوا قعية في قبول جميع األطراف، أو على األقل الوقوف إلى
.جانب الوسطية بين الخصوم كان قد صرحت حكومة واشنطن أن عملية "طوفان األقصى"
من الممكن أن تكون سبباً في عرقلة
عجلة تطبيع المملكة العربية السعودية مع"إسرائيل"
2
))
، لكن المؤشرات على الساحة السياسية ال تقول
ذلك أو تجانب كثيراً من وجه حقيقتها، وإن هذا اإلرجاء مجرد عملية إرضاء للموقف العربي الشعبي
وقبول حالة السخط الشعبي والخوف منه تناغمه بما يهدد أمن المملكة، ومن ثم ستمضي صفقة التطبيع
باعتقادنا إلى أقصى مراحلها، وبوتي .رة على غرار مصر والدول العربية ومن ثم قد يكون الموقف السعودي الرسمي محايداً _ مع أن األحداث ال تتطلب الحيادية _ مع
الواليات المتحدة والكيان الصهيوني من جانب، ومع فصائل المقاومة الفلسطينية من جانب أخر، وربما
ستنجح الواليات المتحدة في هذه السياسة الوا قعية في قبول جميع األطراف، أو على األقل الوقوف إلى
.جانب الوسطية بين الخصوم .جانب الوسطية بين الخصوم 312 انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية ثالثاا :
استشراف المستقبل للعالقات السعودية–
األمريكية في ضوء تحديات طوفان األقصى
،تقوم الدراسات المستقبلية على تقديم سيناريوهات محتملة لكل ظاهرة سياسية تواجه الدول والشعوب
،وفي ضوء تحديات عملية طوفان األقصى، فأن الرؤية المستقبلية للعملية تبدو غامضة إلى حد ما
وبحاجة إلى تبصر ومراجعة علمية، بالنظر إلى طبيعة العالقة بين المملكة العربية
،)السعودية و(إسرائيل
وأثر تلك األحداث على العالقات السعودية–
األمريكية بوصف األخيرة مرجع لسياسات الكيان
الصهيوني، ومن ثم بناء السيناريوهات المحتملة كرؤية استشرافية، وبهذا انقسم إلى
ثالث
نقاط ، وعلى
:النحو التالي 1
. 1)) طوفان األقصى ..."السعودية تؤكد استمرارها في الوقوف إلى جانب الفلسطينيين لنيل حقوقهم"،
10
أكتوبر2023
، الرابط
التالي _:
https://sputnikarabic.ae/ انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية )العالقات السعودية _ (اإلسرائيلية
بالرغم ما كان متوقعاً أن تدفع أحداث غزة األخيرة من تنبؤات
بسوء حالة العالقات الدولية بين
السعودية والكيان الصهيوني، وتعثر سبلها، إال أن هذا لم يحصل بشكل كامل، كما لم يحصل نقيضه
الراديكالي، قدر ما شابت العالقات البينية
جو من الحذر والترقب، وانتظار كل طرف إبداء األخر لموقفه
الرسمي، إلى أن دشنتهُ الخارجية السعودية بدعم الفلسطينيين لقضيتهم شرط بالطرق السلمية، إلى جانب
حث الطرف "اإلسرائيلي"
بضرورة الجلوس على طاولة الحوار والنقاش لحل عادل للقضية الفلسطينية
والصراع العربي–
"اإلسرائيلي "
. من جانبها أعلنت المملكة العربية السعودية، على لسان المتحدث الرسمي لخارجيتها، وكانت وزارة
الخارجية السعودية، قالت في بيان لها إنها "تذكّر بتحذيراتها المتكررة
من مخاطر انفجار األوضاع نتيجة
استمرار االحتالل وحرمان الشعب الفلسطيني من حقوقه الم شروعة وتكرار االستفزازات الممنهجة ضد
مقدساته"، بالوقت ذلك لم يكن ردها إال دبلوماسياً وفي ظل حدود القوة الناعمة، داعية "المجتمع الدولي
لالضطالع بمسؤولياته وتفعيل عملية سلمية ذات مصداقية تفضي إلى حل الدولتين بما يحقق األمن
والسلم في المنطقة ويحمي المدنيين (
1
) . من جانب أخر، أكد مندوب الكيان الصهيوني الدائم لدى األمم المتحدة (جلعاد أردان) إن "إسرائيل "
ال ترى أي سبب لحذف مسألة تطبيع العالقات مع المملكة العربية السعودية من جدول األعمال، وأن 313 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
"
"إسرائيل
ال تزال ملتزمة بتطبيع العالقات مع المملكة العربية السعود
ية)
1
(
، وحريصة كل الحرص على
إتمام الصفقة . قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
"
"إسرائيل
ال تزال ملتزمة بتطبيع العالقات مع المملكة العربية السعود
ية)
1
(
، وحريصة كل الحرص على
إتمام الصفقة . "
"إسرائيل
ال تزال ملتزمة بتطبيع العالقات مع المملكة العربية السعود
ية)
1
(
، وحريصة كل الحرص على
إتمام الصفقة . "
"إسرائيل
ال تزال ملتزمة بتطبيع العالقات مع المملكة العربية السعود
ية)
1
(
، وحريصة كل الحرص على
إتمام الصفقة . فيما تداولت وكاالت االنباء بأن "طوفان األقصى" وبمقابلها "السيوف الحديدية" أحداث عملت على
عرقلة مساعي التطبيع السعودي مع الكيان الصهيوني، وأنها عثرت الطريق إليها، إن ولي العهد أكد
معارضة المملكة "ألي شكل من أشكا ل استهداف المدنيين وفقدان أرواح األبرياء"، وأعرب عن موقف
الرياض الذي "ال يتزعزع في الدفاع عن القضية الفلسطينية(
2
(
، وال يعني هذا رفض السعودية لمبادرات
التطبيع مطلقاً، وإنما لمجرد إرجائها لحين تجاوز تبعات ومخلفات أحداث"طوفان األقصى "
. 1)) طوفان األقصى"... السعودية تؤكد استمراره
ا في الوقوف إلى جانب الفلسطينيين لنيل .، مصدر سبق ذكره
2)
)أرجأت مفاوضات التطبيع ..السعودية ترفض ضغوطا أمريكية إلدانة طوفان األقصى"،
،صحيفة الخليج الجديد14
،أكتوبر
2023، الرابط التالي _:
https://thenewkhalij.news/
)
3(
فرص السالم قبل "طوفان األقصى "وبعده"
،، صحيفة العرب، لندن2
،نوفمبر2023
.
4))حسام كصاي، مرجع سابق، ص88
. 1))
عملية«طوفان األقصى ..»األسباب والتداعيات والسيناريوهات المتوقعة"، مرجع سابق.
2)
)طوفان األقصى "أوقف التطبيع بين إسرائيل والسعودية وأعاد الرياض لموقفها التقليدي"،
قناةRT
10
أيلول2023
، الرابط
التالي_:
https://arabic.rt.com/ انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 314 انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية النظر في القضية من جديد، مما أوقع الدول العربية في حرج كبير، أظهر
الموقف العربي من الكمون
وال
سرية
إلى العالنية والوضوح على وسائل االعالم، مما دعا لئن تكون هذه األحداث محور فهم العالقات
الخليجية–
االمريكية . بينما يالحظ أن السعودية تتبنى نهجاً واق عياً في سياساتها الخارجية، وفي ظل وجود وجهة نظر لدى
بعض النخب العربية بأن المقترحات القديمة لحل القضية الفلسطينية باتت ال تواكب الواقع، فمن المتوقع
أن يتم طرح مبادرات جديدة للتسوية، أو تطوير المبادرة العربية، بحيث تتماشى مع التطورات والتحوالت
وتضمن للفلسطي نيين جزء من الحقوق، قد تؤدي السعودية دورا في هذا اإلطار بوصف دورها الراهن على
الصعيد العربي واإلقليمي)
1
(
، إال أن بالمقابل انتهجت الواليات المتحدة األمريكية سياسة مغايرة عن نهج
.الخليجي في دعم الكيان الصهيوني بحربه ضد الفلسطينيين
من جانب أخر، أوقفت عمليات"طوفان األقصى"
حظوة التطبيع مع الكيان الصهيوني من قبل بعض
الدول العربية، كالسعودية، وأعاد النظر بالقضية الفلسطينية من جديد، ولكن بشروط القوة الخشنة في
مواجهة القوة الناعم، حاولت فيها الواليات المتحدة األمريكية توظيف"طوفان األق
صى" لمكاسبها السياسي ة
او
لحزبية من خالل تقديم الدعم الال محدود للكيان الصهيوني، ويدفع الرئيس األمريكي (جو بايدن) في
( اتجاه االتفاق لما سيشكله من مكسب دبلوماسي يعزز حملته لالنتخابات الرئاسية في2024
) برغم أن
بعض حلفائه الديمقراطيين الذين غالبا ما ينتقدون المم لكة، وعبروا عن امتعاضهم من الضمانات األمنية
التي قد توفرها واشنطن للرياض لقاء التطبيع)
2
( . بالمقابل، نظرت السعودية لمكانتها، وموقفها األمني، ببراغماتية، خشية على مصالحها السياسية
واالقتصادية في المنطقة، فلم تنجر وراء دعم القدس، ربما ألنها ال تريد إحراج الواليات المتحدة األمريكية
أو تعكر صفو العالقة بينهما، أو على األقل ألنها ال تريد أن تخسرها أ ي أن موقف السعودية من
"طوفان األقصى"
كان متأرجحاً، لم يستقر على كفة دون أخرى، امتاز بديناميكية ، وصورة تقاربية بين
الخصوم
. هذا ما أكده وزير الخارجية األمريكي (أنتوني بلينكن) لقناة "إيه بي سي" ردا على سؤال عن نية حماس
المحتملة تعطيل المناقشات التي تدعمها
واشنطن والرامية إلى تطبيع العالقات الدبلوماسية بين"
إسرائيل " النظر في القضية من جديد، مما أوقع الدول العربية في حرج كبير، أظهر
الموقف العربي من الكمون
وال
سرية
إلى العالنية والوضوح على وسائل االعالم، مما دعا لئن تكون هذه األحداث محور فهم العالقات
الخليجية–
االمريكية . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية جرت أدبيات مضامين
االتصال بين المملكة العربية السعودية و"إسرائيل"
برعاية أميركية تقترب من
،الوصول إلى اتفاق تاريخي، ومُجدّدا في نفس الوقت التأكيد على ربط ذلك بتسوية للقضية الفلسطينية
لتخلق واقعا جديدا في منطقة الشرق األوسط وتجعل من التطبيع اتفاقا يخدم السالم، لكن الحرب األخ يرة
خلطت األوراق وأشعلت جولة جديدة من الصراع الذي من المؤكد أنه قد ألقى بتبعاته على الملفات
األخرى في المنطقة)
3
(
، دون أن ينهي أو يُجهز على مضامين الصفقة بالكامل، فما زال األمل قائم في
.إعادة مفاوضات التطبيع من جديد قد تتخوف المملكة العربية السعودية ودول منطقة الخليج العربي من ما ورائيات بنود صفقة القرن
والتمدد الصهيوني في المنطقة العربية، من أن تكون جزء من تلك األطماع والتطلعات الصهيونية في
توسيع نطاق دولة (إسرائيل العظمى) حجم األطماع اليهودية في منطقة الخليج العربي عالوة للع راق، نجد
(الكويت، السعودية، البحرين)
وبقية مناطق الجزيرة العربية، ولن تكون منطقة الخليج العربي بعيدة عن
مرمى األحالم التوراتية)
4
(
التي دشنتها صفقة التطبيع الكامل بدل الجزئي من الدول العربية باتجاه الكيان
الصهيوني . 2
. أثر طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودي ة–
األمريكية
تعد القضية الفلسطينية ربما محور العالقات العربية–
االمريكية، منها الخليجية، حتى قبل أحداث
"طوفان األقصى"
، بالرغم من تراجع الموقف العربي من القضية الفلسطينية إال أن "طوفان األقصى"
أعاد قد تتخوف المملكة العربية السعودية ودول منطقة الخليج العربي من ما ورائيات بنود صفقة القرن
والتمدد الصهيوني في المنطقة العربية، من أن تكون جزء من تلك األطماع والتطلعات الصهيونية في
توسيع نطاق دولة (إسرائيل العظمى) حجم األطماع اليهودية في منطقة الخليج العربي عالوة للع راق، نجد
(الكويت، السعودية، البحرين)
وبقية مناطق الجزيرة العربية، ولن تكون منطقة الخليج العربي بعيدة عن
مرمى األحالم التوراتية)
4
(
التي دشنتها صفقة التطبيع الكامل بدل الجزئي من الدول العربية باتجاه الكيان
ال 2
. أثر طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودي ة–
األمريكية
تعد القضية الفلسطينية ربما محور العالقات العربية–
االمريكية، منها الخليجية، حتى قبل أحداث
"طوفان األقصى"
، بالرغم من تراجع الموقف العربي من القضية الفلسطينية إال أن "طوفان األقصى"
أعاد 1)) طوفان األقصى"... السعودية تؤكد استمراره
ا في الوقوف إلى جانب الفلسطينيين لنيل .، مصدر سبق ذكره
2)
)أرجأت مفاوضات التطبيع ..السعودية ترفض ضغوطا أمريكية إلدانة طوفان األقصى"،
،صحيفة الخليج الجديد14
،أكتوبر
2023، الرابط التالي _:
https://thenewkhalij.news/
)
3(
فرص السالم قبل "طوفان األقصى "وبعده"
،، صحيفة العرب، لندن2
،نوفمبر2023
. 4))حسام كصاي، مرجع سابق، ص88
. 1
)
)
. المرجع نفسه
)
2( أرجأت مفاوضات التطبيع ..السعودية ترفض ضغوطا أمريكية إلدانة طوفان األقصى"،
،صحيفة الخليج الجديد14
،أكتوبر
2023، الرابط التالي _:
https://thenewkhalij.news/
3)
)
عملية«طوفان األقصى ..»األسباب والتداعيات والسيناريوهات المتوقعة"
،مرجع سابق . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية بينما يالحظ أن السعودية تتبنى نهجاً واق عياً في سياساتها الخارجية، وفي ظل وجود وجهة نظر لدى
بعض النخب العربية بأن المقترحات القديمة لحل القضية الفلسطينية باتت ال تواكب الواقع، فمن المتوقع
أن يتم طرح مبادرات جديدة للتسوية، أو تطوير المبادرة العربية، بحيث تتماشى مع التطورات والتحوالت
وتضمن للفلسطي نيين جزء من الحقوق، قد تؤدي السعودية دورا في هذا اإلطار بوصف دورها الراهن على
الصعيد العربي واإلقليمي)
1
(
، إال أن بالمقابل انتهجت الواليات المتحدة األمريكية سياسة مغايرة عن نهج
.الخليجي في دعم الكيان الصهيوني بحربه ضد الفلسطينيين .الخليجي في دعم الكيان الصهيوني بحربه ضد الفلسطينيين
من جانب أخر، أوقفت عمليات"طوفان األقصى"
حظوة التطبيع مع الكيان الصهيوني من قبل بعض
الدول العربية، كالسعودية، وأعاد النظر بالقضية الفلسطينية من جديد، ولكن بشروط القوة الخشنة في
مواجهة القوة الناعم، حاولت فيها الواليات المتحدة األمريكية توظيف"طوفان األق
صى" لمكاسبها السياسي ة
او
لحزبية من خالل تقديم الدعم الال محدود للكيان الصهيوني، ويدفع الرئيس األمريكي (جو بايدن) في
( اتجاه االتفاق لما سيشكله من مكسب دبلوماسي يعزز حملته لالنتخابات الرئاسية في2024
) برغم أن
بعض حلفائه الديمقراطيين الذين غالبا ما ينتقدون المم لكة، وعبروا عن امتعاضهم من الضمانات األمنية
التي قد توفرها واشنطن للرياض لقاء التطبيع)
2
( . بالمقابل، نظرت السعودية لمكانتها، وموقفها األمني، ببراغماتية، خشية على مصالحها السياسية
واالقتصادية في المنطقة، فلم تنجر وراء دعم القدس، ربما ألنها ال تريد إحراج الواليات المتحدة األمريكية
أو تعكر صفو العالقة بينهما، أو على األقل ألنها ال تريد أن تخسرها أ ي أن موقف السعودية من
"طوفان األقصى"
كان متأرجحاً، لم يستقر على كفة دون أخرى، امتاز بديناميكية ، وصورة تقاربية بين
الخصوم
. هذا ما أكده وزير الخارجية األمريكي (أنتوني بلينكن) لقناة "إيه بي سي" ردا على سؤال عن نية حماس
المحتملة تعطيل المناقشات التي تدعمها
واشنطن والرامية إلى تطبيع العالقات الدبلوماسية بين"
إسرائيل " 1))
عملية«طوفان األقصى ..»األسباب والتداعيات والسيناريوهات المتوقعة"، مرجع سابق. 2)
)طوفان األقصى "أوقف التطبيع بين إسرائيل والسعودية وأعاد الرياض لموقفها التقليدي"،
قناةRT
10
أيلول2023
، الرابط
التالي_:
https://arabic.rt.com/ 315 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
والسعودية عبر قيامها بهذه االعمال العسكرية، "قد يكون ذلك جزء من الدافع.. انظروا من يعارض تطبيع
العالقات؟ حماس وحزب هللا وإيران.. لذلك لن يكون األمر مفاجئا(
1
(،
أي أن أمريكا أحرجت السعودية
ودول الخليج العربي، بل أحرجت كل المواقف العربية إزاء األحداث الجارية في القدس، بل أظهرت جان ب
من الهوان العرب ي. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية في حين رفضت المملكة العربية السعودية ضغوطات إلدانة"طوفان األقصى"
كجزء من سياسة
التكتيك ومنح فرصة للمراوغة بين السعودية من جانب، وال واليات المتحدة والكيان الصهيوني من جانب
أخر، وإن السعودية لن تسمح بعرقلة مساعيها إلبرام اتفاق الدفاع مع الواليات المتحدة، حتى إن لم تقدم
"إسرائيل" تنازالت ضخمة للفلسطينيين في مسعاهم إلقامة دولتهم)
2
(
، وهذا تطور في صعيد العالقات
البينية . قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
والسعودية عبر قيامها بهذه االعمال العسكرية، "قد يكون ذلك جزء من الدافع.. انظروا من يعارض تطبيع
العالقات؟ حماس وحزب هللا وإيران.. لذلك لن يكون األمر مفاجئا(
1
(،
أي أن أمريكا أحرجت السعودية
ودول الخليج العربي، بل أحرجت كل المواقف العربية إزاء األحداث الجارية في القدس، بل أظهرت جان ب
من الهوان العرب ي. في حين رفضت المملكة العربية السعودية ضغوطات إلدانة"طوفان األقصى"
كجزء من سياسة
التكتيك ومنح فرصة للمراوغة بين السعودية من جانب، وال واليات المتحدة والكيان الصهيوني من جانب
أخر، وإن السعودية لن تسمح بعرقلة مساعيها إلبرام اتفاق الدفاع مع الواليات المتحدة، حتى إن لم تقدم
"إسرائيل" تنازالت ضخمة للفلسطينيين في مسعاهم إلقامة دولتهم)
2
(
، وهذا تطور في صعيد العالقات
البينية . 4) ) المرجع نفسه، ص37
.
5
)
معناها(كتلة اإليمان )
حركة فكرية وظاهرة اجتماعية، تأسست في أوائل العام1974
بعد حرب أكتوبر1973
نظر إليها
على أنها تمثل الفكر األصولي اليهودي، وترفض التخلي عن أي بوصة أرض أحتلتها إسرائيل بعد1967
،من سيناء، غزة
الضفة، الجوالن.. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية (ستيفن كوك) إلى أن استطالعات للرأي في المملكة تشير إلى أن2
من السعوديين يؤيدون%
التطبيع(
1
(
.والغالبية الشعبية تقف موقف مناهض ورافض لسياسات التطبيع السعودي مع الكيان الصهيوني
من الممكن أن يشهد الصراع تطوراً أمنياً وسياسياً، ذلك ألسباب من أبرزها أن حكومة نتنياهو
الحالية تمثل جذوة اليمين المتطرف"اإلسرائيلي"
، وأعلى مراحل الراديكالية من عمر تاريخ الحكومات
الصهيونية المتعاقبة على الحكم، وتتطلع إلى الحلول العسكرية التي تزيد من احتما لية العنف في المنطقة
العربية . وفي سياق استشراف المستقبل، يطمح الكيان الصهيوني من األحداث تحقيق جملة أهداف لعل
أبرزها، بداية الحديث بقوة عن صفقة القرن واعتبار القدس عاصمة"إسرائيل "
الموحدة تمهيداً للحلم
التوراتي الكبير (إسرائيل العظمى) في الفكر المسيح
ي الصهيوني والصهيوني اليهودي(
2
(
، أي أن من
الممكن أن يتطور الصراع _ خاصة إذا ما تخلى العرب عن الموقف الرسمي والشعبي إزاء األحداث وهو
.ما بان واضحاً وجلياً _، لصالح تحقيق نبوءات وأساطير الكيان الصهيوني في المنطقة العربية
من جانب أخر، حقق"طوفان األقصى" ط فرات نوعية في الصعيد األمني، العسكري، السياسي
خاصة، وضعت فلسطين في مقام الحسابات األمنية الكبرى، ومن الممكن أن يستمر منحى التقدم
العسكري في فلسطين إذا ما تمكنت من تصنيع أو إيصال المعدات العسكرية إليها، األمر الذي من شأنه
أن يدفع نحو مزيد من العنف، فصفقة ال قرن هي ترتيب تاريخي وتحقيب زمني الهدف من ورائها بلوغ
)دولة (إسرائيل العظمى"إسرائيل" المدينة الفاضلة التي تليق بمقام السيد المسيح في مجيئه الثاني(
3
( . وإذا ما نظرنا"لطوفان األقصى"
ًبوصفها نتيجة محتملة لتطبيقات صفقة القرن _ وهو ما بدأ واضحا
بدقة، فأن ملخص صفقة القرن هو جعل القدس عاصمة موحدة للكيان الصهيوني، وحل الدولتين بطرد
الفلسطينيين في الجوار العربي، ومن ثم إعادة تأهيل الدولة اليهودية من دولة"
إسرائيل الصغرى"
إلى
"إسرائيل العظمى"
(الحلم التوراتي الكبير) من النيل إلى الفرات(
4
(
"، فحركة "غوشيم أمونيم(
*
5
(
تؤمن وفي سياق استشراف المستقبل، يطمح الكيان الصهيوني من األحداث تحقيق جملة أهداف لعل
أبرزها، بداية الحديث بقوة عن صفقة القرن واعتبار القدس عاصمة"إسرائيل "
الموحدة تمهيداً للحلم
التوراتي الكبير (إسرائيل العظمى) في الفكر المسيح
ي الصهيوني والصهيوني اليهودي(
2
(
، أي أن من
الممكن أن يتطور الصراع _ خاصة إذا ما تخلى العرب عن الموقف الرسمي والشعبي إزاء األحداث وهو
.ما بان واضحاً وجلياً _، لصالح تحقيق نبوءات وأساطير الكيان الصهيوني في المنطقة العربية 4) ) المرجع نفسه، ص37
. 1))
طوفان األقصى "أوقف التطبيع بين إسرائيل والسعودية وأعاد الرياض لموقفها التقليدي"،
مرجع سابق .
2) ) حسام كصاي، مرجع سابق، ص34
.
3) ) المرجع نفسه، ص35
.
4) ) المرجع نفسه، ص37
.
5
)
معناها(كتلة اإليمان )
حركة فكرية وظاهرة اجتماعية، تأسست في أوائل العام1974
بعد حرب أكتوبر1973
نظر إليها
على أنها تمثل الفكر األصولي اليهودي، وترفض التخلي عن أي بوصة أرض أحتلتها إسرائيل بعد1967
،من سيناء، غزة
الضفة، الجوالن.. 1))
طوفان األقصى "أوقف التطبيع بين إسرائيل والسعودية وأعاد الرياض لموقفها التقليدي"،
مرجع سابق .
2) ) حسام كصاي، مرجع سابق، ص34
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 316 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
(ستيفن كوك) إلى أن استطالعات للرأي في المملكة تشير إلى أن2
من السعوديين يؤيدون%
التطبيع(
1
(
.والغالبية الشعبية تقف موقف مناهض ورافض لسياسات التطبيع السعودي مع الكيان الصهيوني
من الممكن أن يشهد الصراع تطوراً أمنياً وسياسياً، ذلك ألسباب من أبرزها أن حكومة نتنياهو
الحالية تمثل جذوة اليمين المتطرف"اإلسرائيلي"
، وأعلى مراحل الراديكالية من عمر تاريخ الحكومات
الصهيونية المتعاقبة على الحكم، وتتطلع إلى الحلول العسكرية التي تزيد من احتما لية العنف في المنطقة
العربية . 3) ) المرجع نفسه، ص35
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية والسعودية عبر قيامها بهذه االعمال العسكرية، "قد يكون ذلك جزء من الدافع.. انظروا من يعارض تطبيع
العالقات؟ حماس وحزب هللا وإيران.. لذلك لن يكون األمر مفاجئا(
1
(،
أي أن أمريكا أحرجت السعودية
ودول الخليج العربي، بل أحرجت كل المواقف العربية إزاء األحداث الجارية في القدس، بل أظهرت جان ب
من الهوان العرب ي. في حين رفضت المملكة العربية السعودية ضغوطات إلدانة"طوفان األقصى"
كجزء من سياسة
التكتيك ومنح فرصة للمراوغة بين السعودية من جانب، وال واليات المتحدة والكيان الصهيوني من جانب
أخر، وإن السعودية لن تسمح بعرقلة مساعيها إلبرام اتفاق الدفاع مع الواليات المتحدة، حتى إن لم تقدم
"إسرائيل" تنازالت ضخمة للفلسطينيين في مسعاهم إلقامة دولتهم)
2
(
، وهذا تطور في صعيد العالقات
البينية . من جانب أخر، أث بتت المعركة صحة وجهة نظر السعودية في اإلصرار على عقد اتفاق دفاعي مع
الواليات المتحدة بصورة ثنائية، بدال عن مشاركة غير مباشرة في هياكل أمنية إقليمية ترى المملكة انها ال
يمكن أن تكون بديال مناسبا، وذلك حتى ال تكون تحالفاتها االستراتيجية عرضة ألى تداعيات للصر اع في
األراضي المحتلة ولسياسة التعنت اإلسرائيلي، كما ان السعودية قد تتحسب إلى مكانتها التي قد تتأثر
بشدة في العالمين العربي واإلسالمي في حالة تطبيع العالقات مع"إسرائيل"
، والذي ستستغله إيران
لتقويض دور المملكة، ال سيما إذا كانت الحدود التي وضعتها"إسرائيل"
في صفقة التطبيع والتي تخص
القضية الفلسطينية محدودة وتتخطى الخطوط الحمراء الفلسطينية، وذلك بحسبان المكانة الدينية للسعودية
وللرباط المقدس لدي عموم المسلمين بين الحرمين والمسجد األقصى وعدم إمكانية الفصل بينهما، وهو
رباط يمتد إلى القضية برمتها بحسبان قضية فل سطين قضية عامة وليست مقتصرة على فلسطين
والفلسطينيين3
)) . 3
. رؤية استشرافية لمستقبل العالقات السعودية–
األمريكية
ينظر بعض المراقبين الدوليين النعكاسات أحداث طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية–
الخليجية بنوع من التحفظ الشديد، وعدم التسرع في إطالق التنبؤات
االستشرافية، دون أن يمنع ذلك من
تقييم كمي لنسبة تلك االنعكاسات على العالقة بينهما، ولفت الباحث في مجلس الع القات الخارجية 1
)
)
. المرجع نفسه
)
2( أرجأت مفاوضات التطبيع ..السعودية ترفض ضغوطا أمريكية إلدانة طوفان األقصى"،
،صحيفة الخليج الجديد14
،أكتوبر
2023، الرابط التالي _:
https://thenewkhalij.news/
3)
)
عملية«طوفان األقصى ..»األسباب والتداعيات والسيناريوهات المتوقعة"
،مرجع سابق . 1))
،جيل كيبيل،يوم هللا الحركات األصولية المعاصرة في الديانات الثالث ،
(القاهرة :
،دار قرطبة للنشر والتوثيق واألبحاث
1992
)، ص211
. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 317 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
بتطابق التراب (األرض) مع التوراة تنوي استكمال استيطانيها لتحقيق حلم"إسرائيل"
التوراتية ومملكة
المسيح المنتظر)
1
(
، وربما تكون طوفان األقصى سبب مفتعل للتعجيل بتطبيق بنود .مقررات صفقة القرن
الخاتمة: بتطابق التراب (األرض) مع التوراة تنوي استكمال استيطانيها لتحقيق حلم"إسرائيل"
التوراتية ومملكة
المسيح المنتظر)
1
(
، وربما تكون طوفان األقصى سبب مفتعل للتعجيل بتطبيق بنود .مقررات صفقة القرن
الخاتمة: بتطابق التراب (األرض) مع التوراة تنوي استكمال استيطانيها لتحقيق حلم"إسرائيل"
التوراتية ومملكة
المسيح المنتظر)
1
(
، وربما تكون طوفان األقصى سبب مفتعل للتعجيل بتطبيق بنود .مقررات صفقة القرن
الخاتمة: شكلت عملية"طوفان األقصى"
جانب مهم من ميزان القوى في المنطقة العربية والشرق األوسط بوجه
عام، كما أظهرت ديناميكية جديدة _ يراد لها أن تكون قاعدة في إدارة الصراع الدولي _ بين أن تكون
هناك قوة عسكرية (خشنة) تواجهها قوة ناعمة كالتنديد، الشجب، الرفض، اللجوء لألمم المتحدة، وعدم
الرد بال مثل كما يحصل في فلسطين في ظل دائرة الصراع العربي–
"
اإلسرائيلي"
، في محاولة لتحقيق
األهداف الكبرى"إلسرائيل"
من خالل محورين، األول: تهديد الدول العربية وتخويفها بخصومها
التاريخيين: تركيا وإيران، أو بالمعارضة السياسية، والثاني: اإلجهاز الكامل على مقدرات القو ة في
فلسطين، ولآلن ال يمكن التأكد من المحور الثاني المتعلق بإنهاء القوة العسكرية لحماس، وفصائل
.المقاومة العربية فيما شكلت عملية"طوفان األقصى "
جانب من الرد العسكري (الخشن) على القوة العسكرية للكيان
الصهيوني
التي دشنتها فصائل المقاومة في فلسطين، أما أدو ًات القوة الناعمة فهي لم تكن سوى سبيال
،بأيدي الدول العربية قاطبة، التي تمثل موقفها من األحداث بالموقف "المتفرج" الذي يترقب الحدث
.ويحسب الوقت ال أكثر
بالنتيجة لم يكن دور القوة الناعمة هو المتحكم في العالقة التصارعية بين فلسطين و"إسرائيل"
، إنما
كانت سبيل الدول العربية فقط، خاصة المملكة العربية السعودية، فالمواقف العربية تجنح للقوة الناعمة
ليس تطوراً بقدر ما هو ضعفاً وخوفاً من المارد المتطرف، أما الوالي ات المتحدة، فبالرغم من ترويجها
لتلك القوة، إال أنها لم تعوّل عليها في مجريات االحداث، بل صرحت ودعمت ووقفت إلى جانب الحملة
العسكرية الصهيونية في تحقيق أهدافها المتمثلة في إنهاء الخطر الفلسطيني، والمضي في تحقيق بنود
.صفقة القرن
ومن ثم فمستقبل العالقة بين المملكة العربية السعودية والواليات المتحدة في طريقه على نهجه
السابق، ولن يتأثر كثيراً بأحداث عملية"طوفان األقصى"
، وهذا سينسحب على العالقات السعودية–
"اإلسرائيلية" بطريقة أو بأخرى، من بينها استمرار خطة التطبيع الكامل . انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية 5
)
معناها(كتلة اإليمان )
حركة فكرية وظاهرة اجتماعية، تأسست في أوائل العام1974
بعد حرب أكتوبر1973
نظر إليها
على أنها تمثل الفكر األصولي اليهودي، وترفض التخلي عن أي بوصة أرض أحتلتها إسرائيل بعد1967
،من سيناء، غزة
الضفة، الجوالن.. انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
هذا وقد توصلت الخاتمة الى مجموعة
است
نتاجات :
1
_ أن إذعان العرب للقوة الناعمة هو ناتج عن خوف وحالة الضعف العربي، وليس نتاج للتقدم والتطور
في مجال األمن . 2
-
يمثل الموقف األمريكي الرسمي من القضايا العربية، والفلسطينية خاصة الموقف الصهيوني الرسمي
والشعبي إلى حد التماهي . 3
-
لم يكن موقف المملكة العربية السعودية واضحاً وصريحاً من األحداث، بل نظر لألحداث برؤية
براغماتية راعت مصير أمن واستقرار المملكة العربية وعموم منطقة الخليج العربي . 4
-
تعرض الجيش"اإلسرائيلي"
إلى نكبة أمنية لم تكن متوقعاً، وال في الحسابات، أظهرت جانب من
هشاش ه منظومة األمن القومي"اإلسرائيلي "
. 5
-
أظهرت علمية"طوفان األقصى" ضعف الموقف العربي الرسمي _ كما الشعبي بدرج ة أقل _ وركاكة
الجيوش العربية ا لتي عجزت حتى من الرد . 6
-
قد ال تخل أحداث"طوفان األقصى"
بصفو العالقات السعودية–
األمريكية في المستقبل القريب، إن
ل
م نقل أنها ستزداد لدرجة أكبر . 7
-
،لن تتخل المملكة العربية السعودية عن برنامجها المتمثل بالتطبيع الكامل مع الكيان الصهيوني
وإنما قد يتلكأ قليالً، لكنه سيعاود في األمد القريب . هذا وقد توصلت الخاتمة الى مجموعة
است
نتاجات :
1
_ أن إذعان العرب للقوة الناعمة هو ناتج عن خوف وحالة الضعف العربي، وليس نتاج للتقدم والتطور
في مجال األمن . 2
-
يمثل الموقف األمريكي الرسمي من القضايا العربية، والفلسطينية خاصة الموقف الصهيوني الرسمي
والشعبي إلى حد التماهي . 3
-
لم يكن موقف المملكة العربية السعودية واضحاً وصريحاً من األحداث، بل نظر لألحداث برؤية
براغماتية راعت مصير أمن واستقرار المملكة العربية وعموم منطقة الخليج العربي . 4
-
تعرض الجيش"اإلسرائيلي"
إلى نكبة أمنية لم تكن متوقعاً، وال في الحسابات، أظهرت جانب من
هشاش ه منظومة األمن القومي"اإلسرائيلي "
. 5
-
أظهرت علمية"طوفان األقصى" ضعف الموقف العربي الرسمي _ كما الشعبي بدرج ة أقل _ وركاكة
الجيوش العربية ا لتي عجزت حتى من الرد . 6
-
قد ال تخل أحداث"طوفان األقصى"
بصفو العالقات السعودية–
األمريكية في المستقبل القريب، إن
ل
م نقل أنها ستزداد لدرجة أكبر . 7
-
،لن تتخل المملكة العربية السعودية عن برنامجها المتمثل بالتطبيع الكامل مع الكيان الصهيوني
وإنما قد يتلكأ قليالً، لكنه سيعاود في األمد القريب . قائمة
المصادر:
references: انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية فيما شكلت عملية"طوفان األقصى "
جانب من الرد العسكري (الخشن) على القوة العسكرية للكيان
الصهيوني
التي دشنتها فصائل المقاومة في فلسطين، أما أدو ًات القوة الناعمة فهي لم تكن سوى سبيال
،بأيدي الدول العربية قاطبة، التي تمثل موقفها من األحداث بالموقف "المتفرج" الذي يترقب الحدث
.ويحسب الوقت ال أكثر بالنتيجة لم يكن دور القوة الناعمة هو المتحكم في العالقة التصارعية بين فلسطين و"إسرائيل"
، إنما
كانت سبيل الدول العربية فقط، خاصة المملكة العربية السعودية، فالمواقف العربية تجنح للقوة الناعمة
ليس تطوراً بقدر ما هو ضعفاً وخوفاً من المارد المتطرف، أما الوالي ات المتحدة، فبالرغم من ترويجها
لتلك القوة، إال أنها لم تعوّل عليها في مجريات االحداث، بل صرحت ودعمت ووقفت إلى جانب الحملة
العسكرية الصهيونية في تحقيق أهدافها المتمثلة في إنهاء الخطر الفلسطيني، والمضي في تحقيق بنود
.صفقة القرن ومن ثم فمستقبل العالقة بين المملكة العربية السعودية والواليات المتحدة في طريقه على نهجه
السابق، ولن يتأثر كثيراً بأحداث عملية"طوفان األقصى"
، وهذا سينسحب على العالقات السعودية–
"اإلسرائيلية" بطريقة أو بأخرى، من بينها استمرار خطة التطبيع الكامل . 1))
،جيل كيبيل،يوم هللا الحركات األصولية المعاصرة في الديانات الثالث ،
(القاهرة :
،دار قرطبة للنشر والتوثيق واألبحاث
1992
)، ص211
. 318 First: Arabic and translated books 1. Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and Imperial Politics, translated by: Amani
Fahmy, (Cairo: National Center for Translation, 2015). 2. Hussam Kassai, The Theological Middle East: The Dialectic of Resistance
and Normalization, (Amman: Degla Publishers and Distributors, 2023)
3. Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power is the Means of Success in International
Politics, translated by: Muhammad Tawfiq Al-Bujairmi, (Riyadh: Obeikan
Publishing Library, 2007). 2. Hussam Kassai, The Theological Middle East: The Dialectic of Resistance
and Normalization, (Amman: Degla Publishers and Distributors, 2023)
3. Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power is the Means of Success in International
Politics, translated by: Muhammad Tawfiq Al-Bujairmi, (Riyadh: Obeikan
Publishing Library, 2007). 319 4. Joseph Frankl, International Relations, translated by: Ghazi Abdul Rahman
Al-Otaibi, (Saudi Arabia - Jeddah: Tihama Publishing House, 1984). 5. Fayed Al-Alaiwi, Political Culture in Saudi Arabia, (Beirut: Arab Cultural
Center, 2012). 6. Abdul Qadir Fahmi Al-Rafu’, Foreign Policy Theory, (Amman: Al-Mutaf
Publishing House, 2009). 6. Abdul Qadir Fahmi Al-Rafu’, Foreign Policy Theory, (Amman: Al-Mutaf
Publishing House, 2009). 7. Jill Keppel, The Day of God, Contemporary Fundamentalist Movements in
the Three Religions, (Cairo: Cordoba House for Publishing, Documentation
and Research, 1992). 7. Jill Keppel, The Day of God, Contemporary Fundamentalist Movements in
the Three Religions, (Cairo: Cordoba House for Publishing, Documentation
and Research, 1992). Second: Theses and dissertations 1. Misfer bin Dhafer Ayed Al-Qahtani, The Strategy of Employing Soft Power
to Consolidate Hard Power in Managing the Terrorist Crisis in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, doctoral thesis (unpublished), Riyadh, College of Graduate
Studies, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, 2010. 1. Misfer bin Dhafer Ayed Al-Qahtani, The Strategy of Employing Soft Power
to Consolidate Hard Power in Managing the Terrorist Crisis in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia, doctoral thesis (unpublished), Riyadh, College of Graduate
Studies, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences, 2010. 2. Iyad Khalaf Omar Al-Kaoud, Soft Power Strategy and its Role in
Implementing the Objectives of American Foreign Policy in the Arab Region,
Master’s Thesis (unpublished), Amman, College of Arts and Sciences, Middle
East University, 2016. Fourth: Websites 1. “Al-Aqsa Flood”...Saudi Arabia confirms its continued support of the
Palestinians to obtain their legitimate rights,” 10/10/2023, the following link:
https://sputnikarabic.ae/. 2. Statements of the former head of Saudi intelligence about the “Al-Aqsa
Flood,” RTK Channel, 10/2/2023, the following link: https://arabic.rt.com/. 3. Normalization negotiations postponed... Saudi Arabia rejects American
pressure to condemn the Al-Aqsa flood,” Al-Khaleej Al-Jadeed newspaper,
10/14/2023, the following link: https://thenewkhalij.news/. 4
“ . The Al-Aqsa Flood” stopped normalization between Israel and Saudi
Arabia and returned Riyadh to its traditional position,” RT Channel, 9/10/2023,
the following link: https://arabic.rt.com
/ . Third: Magazines and periodicals 1. Mai Bint Abdullah Al-Raidi, “Soft Power in Public Administration - The
Saudi Experience as a Model, Riyadh,” Arab Journal for Scientific Publishing,
Issue 26, 2020. 2. Iman Zahran, “Dimensions and Repercussions of the Strategic Shifts of the
Al-Aqsa Flood,” International Politics Journal, October 11, 2023. 3. Opportunities for peace before and after the “Al-Aqsa Flood,” Al-Arab
newspaper, London, November 2, 2023. 3. Opportunities for peace before and after the “Al-Aqsa Flood,” Al-Arab
newspaper, London, November 2, 2023. 320 قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
4. Operation Al-Aqsa Flood: The Collapse of the Israeli Strategy towards
Gaza,” Doha, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, November 23,
2023. قضايا سياسية
العدد75
انعكاسات طوفان األقصى على العالقات السعودية _ األمريكية
4. Operation Al-Aqsa Flood: The Collapse of the Israeli Strategy towards
Gaza,” Doha, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, November 23,
2023. 5. Operation “Al-Aqsa Flood”... causes, repercussions and expected
scenarios,” Rasanah Institute for Iranian Studies, Riyadh, October 14, 2023. 6. Muhammad Al-Hamza, “Saudi Soft Power,” Riyadh, Al-Riyadh newspaper,
Thursday 4/17 2021. 4. Operation Al-Aqsa Flood: The Collapse of the Israeli Strategy towards
Gaza,” Doha, Arab Center for Research and Policy Studies, November 23,
2023. 5. Operation “Al-Aqsa Flood”... causes, repercussions and expected
scenarios,” Rasanah Institute for Iranian Studies, Riyadh, October 14, 2023. 6. Muhammad Al-Hamza, “Saudi Soft Power,” Riyadh, Al-Riyadh newspaper,
Thursday 4/17 2021. Fifth: Foreign sources 1. Samih Farsoun, "Roots of the Americans Antiterrorism Crusade", in
Hagopian, ed., Civil Rights in Peril, 150-152. 2.Barbara M. Jones, Libraries, Access and Intellectual Freedom :
Developing Policies Public and Academic Libraries (Chicago: American
Library Association, 1999). 1. Samih Farsoun, "Roots of the Americans Antiterrorism Crusade", in
Hagopian, ed., Civil Rights in Peril, 150-152. 2.Barbara M. Jones, Libraries, Access and Intellectual Freedom :
Developing Policies Public and Academic Libraries (Chicago: American
Library Association, 1999). Library Association, 1999). 321 | 10,957 | https://pissue.iq/index.php/pissue/article/download/488/340 | null |
Arabic |
مركز الدراسات االستراتيجية والدولية/جامعة بغداد قضايا سياسية
العدد75 قضايا سياسية
العدد75 عرض كتا ب عرضكتاب:المواثيقالدوليةوآثارهافيهدماألسرةبدايةمنتأسيسمنظمة
األممالمتحدةعام
1945
وحتىمطلععام
2019
م
المؤل
ف
:دكتورةكاميلياحلميمحمد
،اطروحةدكتوراه
:الناشر
جامعةطرابلس،
لبنان
،عام
2020 عرضكتاب:المواثيقالدوليةوآثارهافيهدماألسرةبدايةمنتأسيسمنظمة
األممالمتحدةعام
1945
وحتىمطلععام
2019
م
المؤل
ف
:دكتورةكاميلياحلميمحمد
،اطروحةدكتوراه
:الناشر
جامعةطرابلس،
لبنان
،عام
2020 هذا
الكتاب
والذي هو اطروح
ة
دكتوراه
للباحث
ة المهندس
ة
السيد
ة كاميليا حلمي
محمد
التي
ترأست اللجن
ة
االسالمي
ة العالمي
ة
للمر أة والطفل بالمجلس االسالمي العالمي
للدعو
ة واإلغاثة في
القاهر
ة
،
الفكر
ة االساسي
ة لهذا
الكتاب ان المواثيق الدولي
ة تهدف في مجال
حقوق
المرأ ة والطفل الى هدم
االسر ة
وتقليص
عدد السكان في العالم لتمك ني
المستفيدون من ذلك في
االستحواذ على
ثروات الشعوب
ومواردها المختلفة وبناء نظام عالمي
جديد
،وقد
استطاعت استقراء المواثيق
الصادر
ة عن منظم
ة
االمم
المتحدة
منذ نشأتها ولغاية
2020
وهو ما يشكل جهدا استثنائيا جديرا باالهتمام المحلي والدولي
وجديرا
بعناية المسلمين وأهل
الكتاب من
النصارى
واليهود
في العالم بع و ض
الديانات
االخرى ممن
يشتركون
مع المسلمين في ة همي أ الحفاظ على
االسر
ة وحرم
ة الفواحش على اختالف انواعها والحفاظ على
كثير
من القيم في هذا المجال وهو ما يشكل فرص
ة للدعوة إلنشاء ة هيئ عالمي
ة للحفاظ على
االسر . ة
وتسلط الكاتب
ة الضوء على موضوع مهم هو
اعاد
ة
هيكل
ة وظائف المجتمع كل ب شرائحه وفق
المنظور الج ند ري القائم
على الغاء ثنائي
ة الخل
ق البديع من ذكر وأنثى وإحالل كائن افتراضي
مضطرب
اسمه النوع
االجتماعي
مكان الثنائي
ة
المذكور
ة والعمل على
تصفي
ة المؤسس
ة
االسري ة الحضاري
ة
بإغراقها
في مستنقع فوضى االدوار وحرية التصرف
بالجسد وتغي
ير الجنس
تحت عنوان اختيار الهوي
ة الجندري
ة. قضايا سياسية
العدد75 وفي
الباب التمهيدي والذي جاء
تحت
عنوان
(األمم المتحدة وتغلغل
الفكر
النسوي
الراديكالي
فيها
)
،تحدث ت عن إنشاء هيئة األمم المتحدة وقبلها
كانت هناك عصبة األمم
(
leaque of
nations
)
،وهي منظمة
ولدت خالل الحرب العالمية األولى
وأنشئت في العام
1919
بموجب
معاهدة
فرساي لتعزيز
التعاون الدولي ولتحقيق
السالم واألمن وهي أول
منظمة سياسية
عالمية في
التاريخ
انشئت على أساس تعاقدي
حيث تم وضع (ميثاق العصبة )في شكل معاهدة دولية
وبدالا من أن
تلعب
دور في مكافحة االستعمار
قامت على العكس بتكريس االستعمار
بسبب نظام
االنتداب ولم تتمكن
من
مركز الدراسات االستراتيجية والدولية/جامعة بغداد ف عرض كتا ب دون اندالع
الحرب العالمية الثانية وهو الهدف الرئيسي من إنشائها
أصالا وتم تصفيتها عام
1946
وأ نشئت منظمة األمم المتحدة في
1945
(ميثاق
األمم المتحدة )في سان فرانسيسكو من اجل
تعزيز
السالم وحماية
حقوق اإلنسان لكن رغم
مئات
المؤتمرات
واالجتماعات
الدورية الطارئة ال
نرى اي
أثر
فعلي في مساندة
الشعوب المقهورة
ومحاوالت انهاء االحتالل وحماية
المستضعفين من
األقليات
ومنها
حرب
1992
حرب
البوسنة والهرسك ولما تعرضوا لإلبادة البوسنة
المسلمة
من قبل
نصارى
الصرب
والكروات واكتفاء دور االمم المتحدة بإبداء القلق
وإصدار مجلس األمن
القرارات
والزالت المذابح
مستمرة
بال موقف دولي حقيقي لوقفها
،
اذا يتضح ان شعار تعزيز السالم
وحقوق االنسان الذي رفعته االمم
المتحدة هو غطاء خادع
للمضمون الفعلي الذي لم يتم اإلعالن عنه وفي
عام
1946
أنشئت
لجنة
األمم المتحدة
وحقوق االنسان وفي
1948
دخل اإلعالن العالمي
لحقوق اإلنسان في مجال
القانون
الدولي وفي نهاية
القرن التاسع عشر هو بداية
ظهور
الحركات النسوية
المنظمة في العالم
الغربي
ومنها الفكر
النسوي الراديكالي
،وحركات التحرير ل لمرأة من
المساواة الى الجندر وهي حركة
فكرية
سياسية اجتماعية متعددة االفكار
والتيارات
ظهرت في اواخر
الستينات تسعى للتغيير
االجتماعي
والثقافي وتغيير بنى
العالقات بين الجنسين وصوال
الى
المساوا ة المطلق
ة كهدف استراتيجي
،
وتختلف
نظرياتها واهدافها تح و
ليال تها تبعا ن للم طلقات المعرفي
ة التي تبناها وتتسم افكارها بالتطرف وتهدف
الى
تقديم
قراءات
جديد
ة عن الدين واللغ. ة وقد جاء
الباب االول الذي يحمل
عنوان
(
االستراتيجيات
والسياسات التي رسمتها
المواثيق
الدولي
ة
للمر أة والطفل لهدم واستئصال
االسر)ة والذي توضع فيه كيف من خالل
استراتيجيات هدم
االسر ة
في المواثيق الدولي ة
حيث جاء الفصل االول
بعنوان (صرف
الشباب
عن الزواج، )
وأنها
اتجهت
نحو
صرف
الشباب عن الزواج من خالل مسارين :
االول
:هو تشجيع
الشباب والمراهقين على
ارتكاب الزنا
والشذوذ الجنسي في
الوقت نفسه
محاربه
الزواج الشرعي المبكر . قضايا سياسية
العدد75 الى
جانب ذلك
المؤتمرات العالمي
ة االربع
ة الداعمة
للمر أة التي عقدتها في
الفترة (
1975
-
1995
)والتي
بدأت في ة تلبي
احتياجات
المر أة
التنموية ثم
انتقلت الى اقرار مساهمتها االساسي ة
في
عملي
ة التنمية برمتها
وانتقلت الى السعي لتقوي
ة
المر أة وتعزيز حقها في المشارك
ة الكاملة على
جميع
مستويات النشاط
البشري
.كما
تطرقت ال
ة كاتب
الى ان االمم المتحدة
دعمت وكالئها في
المنظمات
غير الحكومي
ة التي
تصدرت للمطالبة
بحقوق
الشواذ جنسيا
وأصدرت
وثيقة مبادئ
بموجب اركاتا
في
اذار/
2007
ت تكون من (٩٢ )مبدأ تمثل
الحقوق
التي
طالب بها
الشواذ منها
:حق التمتع
الشامل
بحقوق االنسان
والمساواة وعدم
التمييز واالعتراف
بالشخصية القانوني ة والحياة والسالمة الشخصي ة
،
وحرية التعليم والعمل والضمان االجتماعي . ومع اطالق
اجند
ة
2030
للتنمية المستدامة في عام
2015
في الجمعي
ة العمومي
ة لألمم
المتحدة
شاركت فيه
هيئات االمم المتحدة هي و :اليونيسيف
،المفوضي
ة السامية
لشؤون الالجئين
،برنامج
االمم
المتحدة لاليدز
،منظم
ة الصح
ة العالمي
ة
،
صندوق االمم
المتحد
ة للسكان
،اليونسكو
،برنامج
الغذاء
العالمي
،
مكتب
المفوض السامي
لحقوق االنسان
،ة هيئ االمم
المتحد
ة
للمر أة
،وهذا
يثبت ان
وثيقة
2030
هي داعمة
لحقوق
الشواذ بقوة . التي
نصت عليها الدراسة الى
الواليات المتحدة
االمريكي
ة ومن خالل ة هيئ االمم المتحدة وعولمة
نمط
الحياة الغربي وتمرير تلك
السياسات من خالل
المواثيق الدولي
ة التي تصدرها الهيئة
.والتي لي خصها
المبدأ (٤ )في
التقرير الصادر عن
المؤتمر العالمي للسكان
والتنمية والذي
نص
:
(ان تعزيز
المساواة
واإلنصاف بين الجنسين وتمكين
المر أ ة والقضاء على العنف
ضد
المر أ ة بجميع اشكاله وكفال
ة
المر أة
على
السيطرة على خصوصيتها امور تمثل حجر الزاوية في البرامج المتصلة بالسكان والتنمية )
. ومع اطالق
اجند
ة
2030
للتنمية المستدامة في عام
2015
في الجمعي
ة العمومي
ة لألمم
المتحدة
شاركت فيه
هيئات االمم المتحدة هي و :اليونيسيف
،المفوضي
ة السامية
لشؤون الالجئين
،برنامج
االمم
المتحدة لاليدز
،منظم
ة الصح
ة العالمي
ة
،
صندوق االمم
المتحد
ة للسكان
،اليونسكو
،برنامج
الغذاء
العالمي
،
مكتب
المفوض السامي
لحقوق االنسان
،ة هيئ االمم
المتحد
ة
للمر أة
،وهذا
يثبت ان
وثيقة
2030
هي داعمة
لحقوق
الشواذ بقوة . قضايا سياسية
العدد75 الثاني
:هدم
االسر
ة القائم ة ب
إلزام
الحكومات بتجريم الزواج المبكر قانونيا وذلك من خالل رفع سن
الطفول
ة ورفع سن الزواج الشرعي
حيث تم اعتبار الزواج
تحت سن
18
(زواج االطفال)
، و االعتراف
بأبناء الزنا
،
و
إنكار ابناء الزواج الشرعي المبكر وفق اتفاقيه و سيدا
1979
. وتخلص الدراس
ة في هذا
الفصل
(االول)
الى أ
ن
سياسات
تحديد النسل التي يرسمها لنا النظام العالمي
الجديد تهدف الى
الوصول بمعدل
الزياد
ة السكاني ة في بالدنا
الى الصفر للمحافظ ة
على تدفق
الموارد الطبيعي
ة من
البالد وقد جاء
الباب االول الذي يحمل
عنوان
(
االستراتيجيات
والسياسات التي رسمتها
المواثيق
الدولي
ة
للمر أة والطفل لهدم واستئصال
االسر)ة والذي توضع فيه كيف من خالل
استراتيجيات هدم
االسر ة
في المواثيق الدولي ة
حيث جاء الفصل االول
بعنوان (صرف
الشباب
عن الزواج، )
وأنها
اتجهت
نحو
صرف
الشباب عن الزواج من خالل مسارين : االول
:هو تشجيع
الشباب والمراهقين على
ارتكاب الزنا
والشذوذ الجنسي في
الوقت نفسه
محاربه
الزواج الشرعي المبكر . الثاني
:هدم
االسر
ة القائم ة ب
إلزام
الحكومات بتجريم الزواج المبكر قانونيا وذلك من خالل رفع سن
الطفول
ة ورفع سن الزواج الشرعي
حيث تم اعتبار الزواج
تحت سن
18
(زواج االطفال)
، و االعتراف
بأبناء الزنا
،
و
إنكار ابناء الزواج الشرعي المبكر وفق اتفاقيه و سيدا
1979
. وتخلص الدراس
ة في هذا
الفصل
(االول)
الى أ
ن
سياسات
تحديد النسل التي يرسمها لنا النظام العالمي
الجديد تهدف الى
الوصول بمعدل
الزياد
ة السكاني ة في بالدنا
الى الصفر للمحافظ ة
على تدفق
الموارد الطبيعي
ة من
البالد ق عرض كتا ب التي
نصت عليها الدراسة الى
الواليات المتحدة
االمريكي
ة ومن خالل ة هيئ االمم المتحدة وعولمة
نمط
الحياة الغربي وتمرير تلك
السياسات من خالل
المواثيق الدولي
ة التي تصدرها الهيئة
.والتي لي خصها
المبدأ (٤ )في
التقرير الصادر عن
المؤتمر العالمي للسكان
والتنمية والذي
نص
:
(ان تعزيز
المساواة
واإلنصاف بين الجنسين وتمكين
المر أ ة والقضاء على العنف
ضد
المر أ ة بجميع اشكاله وكفال
ة
المر أة
على
السيطرة على خصوصيتها امور تمثل حجر الزاوية في البرامج المتصلة بالسكان والتنمية )
. قضايا سياسية
العدد75 الفقرة (٦٢ )من منهاج عمل
( :بكين ما يلي
ينبغي تعزيز االستقالل
االقتصادي للمرأة بما في ذلك
توفير
فرص العمل لها و القضاء على اعباء الفقر المستمر و المتزايد الواقع على
المرأة.)
6
. تقرير االمين العام المقدم الى
االجتماع
(٦
)للجنة مركز
المرأة في ٦١٠٢ ، كذلك االجتماع (١٦ )
لعام ٧١٠٢ والذي أشار (االعراف
االجتماعية
التميزية
والمسئوليات األسرية
يمكن ان تمنع
المرأة
حتى من البدء بنشاط
تجاري ويدعو لوضع
سياسات لمعالجة قوانين الملكية
والميراث والتميزية و التي
تعيق
المرأة عن مباشرة األعمال رة ح ال
. )
7
. الدورة (
38
)للجنة القضاء على الت يم يز ضد
المرأة ومالحظاته
ا حول تقرير
سريالنكا في الدورة (٨٤ )
شباط/١١٠٢ تناول
الحق
الم
تس اوي في
اإلر ث
وتملك
األرض
،وأن الهدف من سا ت ال و ي في را ي الم ث
او سام ت اق
الممتلكات
بعد الطالق
لتيسير
الطالق
،
اذا القضية
ليست قضية انصاف ل لمرأة
وتحقيق
العدالة وإنما لتمكينها من األموال لتحقيق استطاعتها عمليا طالق زوج . ها
ولقد أدى تطبيق سياسة (استق اءو
المرأة )إلى فقدان أعظم
مي ةز
كانت ت تمت ع
بها
في ظل
النظام
االسالمي
لألسرة الذي
يعد فيه الرجل
مكلفاا تكليف شرعي ب
العمل الو كسب
العي
ن ي واآلن
تجد
النساء تماماا
عن
لج الر
،ومن الوثائ
ق الدولية التي تدعم
المرأة لتحقيق االستقواء
االقتصاد
ي
واالجتماعي
يض وأ
ا التركيز على دفع النساء
الى العمل السياسي حتى يملكن
السلطة التي تحقق ل هن االستقواء
ومن هذه الوثائق : 1
. قة ثي و كين ب لعام ٥٩٩١
وتن ص
على ان (مشاركة
المرأة الكاملة
في
ت
يم صم
ورصد
سياسات
وبرامج
ا نم ا ية ئ
تأخذ في االعتبار المنظور ج ال ندري ي كون من شأنها تعزير تمكين استقواء
المرأة . ) 2
. الدورة ٤٥ لل نة ج مركز
المرأة
وتنص على
(تمكين
المرأة
اقتصادياا في سياق
االز
مة
االقتصادية
والم
الية و.) العالمية 3
. المجلس االقتصادي واالجتماعي باألمم المتحدة
لغرب آسيا
(اسكوا
ESCWA
) ن ، ا
استعمال
منظور در جن ال في تحقيق استقواء
المرأة ي ساعد عل ى
توض
حي ان ت ال يز ما و التباي ن و
التقسيم
الهرمي
بكل من األدوار الثالثية (اإلنجابي
-
االنتاجي
–
المجتمعي) القيادي
للمرأة والرجل ال
يستند على
اساس فسيولوجي
ثابت وعليه يمكن تعديل وت ير غي ا دو ار النوع االجتماعي
وسد الفجوة في الت مييز بين
ا لمرأة والرجل في المكانة االجتماعية
وفي دور
كل ها نم . 4
. قضايا سياسية
العدد75 ما أ الفصل الثاني هو (استقواء
المر أة وهدم االسر القائم
ة)
:
وتحدث هذا الفصل عن تأسيس
هيئه
جديدة في تموز/
2010
سميت ة هيئ االمم المتحدة
لمساواة الجندر واستقواء
المر أ ة (
United Nations
entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women
)
، و
أصبح اسمها (
un
women
) وتم
ترجم
ة الوثائق
المكتوبة
باللغة العربية في االمم المتحدة
الى مصطلح (
تمكين
المر أ ة )
هي كلمه
قر آ ة ني
تتلقاها العقلي
ة العربية
واإلسالم بمفهوم ايجابي
ويترجم باللغة
االنجليزية
(
empowerment women
)تعني استقواء
المر أ ة وفقا لقاموس
اكسفورد االلكتروني ان
تكون
المر أ ة
مستقلة
عن الرجل بأ ا كان أو زوجا وأن تملك السلطة والقيادة
وهذا هو مفهوم االستقواء
هو
ان
ت تم لك
المرأة السلطة والقيادة لت تحكم
تماماا في سج ها د
وفي كل
امورها الحياتية
بدون تدخل من
أحد وان
تستقل ك قضايا سياسية
العدد75
عرض كتا ب
تماماا
عن
لج الر
،ومن الوثائ
ق الدولية التي تدعم
المرأة لتحقيق االستقواء
االقتصاد
ي
واالجتماعي
يض وأ
ا التركيز على دفع النساء
الى العمل السياسي حتى يملكن
السلطة التي تحقق ل هن االستقواء
ومن هذه الوثائق :
1
. قة ثي و كين ب لعام ٥٩٩١
وتن ص
على ان (مشاركة
المرأة الكاملة
في
ت
يم صم
ورصد
سياسات
وبرامج
ا نم ا ية ئ
تأخذ في االعتبار المنظور ج ال ندري ي كون من شأنها تعزير تمكين استقواء
المرأة . )
2
. الدورة ٤٥ لل نة ج مركز
المرأة
وتنص على
(تمكين
المرأة
اقتصادياا في سياق
االز
مة
االقتصادية
والم
الية و.) العالمية
3
. المجلس االقتصادي واالجتماعي باألمم المتحدة
لغرب آسيا
(اسكوا
ESCWA
) ن ، ا
استعمال
منظور در جن ال في تحقيق استقواء
المرأة ي ساعد عل ى
توض
حي ان ت ال يز ما و التباي ن و
التقسيم
الهرمي
بكل من األدوار الثالثية (اإلنجابي
-
االنتاجي
–
المجتمعي) القيادي
للمرأة والرجل ال
يستند على
اساس فسيولوجي
ثابت وعليه يمكن تعديل وت ير غي ا دو ار النوع االجتماعي
وسد الفجوة في الت مييز بين
ا لمرأة والرجل في المكانة االجتماعية
وفي دور
كل ها نم . 4
. التوصية (٩١ )الصادرة عن ة لجن القضاء على التمييز
ضد
المرأة ٢٩٩١ التي تن ص عل ( ى عدم
االستقالل االقتصادي يرغم
كثيراا من النساء على البقاء في
عالقات عنف). 5
. قضايا سياسية
العدد75 الفقرة (٦٢ )من منهاج عمل
( :بكين ما يلي
ينبغي تعزيز االستقالل
االقتصادي للمرأة بما في ذلك
توفير
فرص العمل لها و القضاء على اعباء الفقر المستمر و المتزايد الواقع على
المرأة.)
6
. تقرير االمين العام المقدم الى
االجتماع
(٦
)للجنة مركز
المرأة في ٦١٠٢ ، كذلك االجتماع (١٦ )
لعام ٧١٠٢ والذي أشار (االعراف
االجتماعية
التميزية
والمسئوليات األسرية
يمكن ان تمنع
المرأة
حتى من البدء بنشاط
تجاري ويدعو لوضع
سياسات لمعالجة قوانين الملكية
والميراث والتميزية و التي
تعيق
المرأة عن مباشرة األعمال رة ح ال
. )
7
. الدورة (
38
)للجنة القضاء على الت يم يز ضد
المرأة ومالحظاته
ا حول تقرير
سريالنكا في الدورة (٨٤ )
شباط/١١٠٢ تناول
الحق
الم
تس اوي في
اإلر ث
وتملك
األرض
،وأن الهدف من سا ت ال و ي في را ي الم ث
او سام ت اق
الممتلكات
بعد الطالق
لتيسير
الطالق
،
اذا القضية
ليست قضية انصاف ل لمرأة
وتحقيق العدد75
تماماا
عن
لج الر
،ومن الوثائ
ق الدولية التي تدعم
المرأة لتحقيق االستقواء
االقتصاد
ي
واالجتماعي
يض وأ
ا التركيز على دفع النساء
الى العمل السياسي حتى يملكن
السلطة التي تحقق ل هن االستقواء
ومن هذه الوثائق :
1
. قة ثي و كين ب لعام ٥٩٩١
وتن ص
على ان (مشاركة
المرأة الكاملة
في
ت
يم صم
ورصد
سياسات
وبرامج
ا نم ا ية ئ
تأخذ في االعتبار المنظور ج ال ندري ي كون من شأنها تعزير تمكين استقواء
المرأة . )
2
. الدورة ٤٥ لل نة ج مركز
المرأة
وتنص على
(تمكين
المرأة
اقتصادياا في سياق
االز
مة
االقتصادية
والم
الية و.) العالمية
3
. المجلس االقتصادي واالجتماعي باألمم المتحدة
لغرب آسيا
(اسكوا
ESCWA
) ن ، ا
استعمال
منظور در جن ال في تحقيق استقواء
المرأة ي ساعد عل ى
توض
حي ان ت ال يز ما و التباي ن و
التقسيم
الهرمي
بكل من األدوار الثالثية (اإلنجابي
-
االنتاجي
–
المجتمعي) القيادي
للمرأة والرجل ال
يستند على
اساس فسيولوجي
ثابت وعليه يمكن تعديل وت ير غي ا دو ار النوع االجتماعي
وسد الفجوة في الت مييز بين
ا لمرأة والرجل في المكانة االجتماعية
وفي دور
كل ها نم . 4
. التوصية (٩١ )الصادرة عن ة لجن القضاء على التمييز
ضد
المرأة ٢٩٩١ التي تن ص عل ( ى عدم
االستقالل االقتصادي يرغم
كثيراا من النساء على البقاء في
عالقات عنف). 5
. قضايا سياسية
العدد75 التوصية (٩١ )الصادرة عن ة لجن القضاء على التمييز
ضد
المرأة ٢٩٩١ التي تن ص عل ( ى عدم
االستقالل االقتصادي يرغم
كثيراا من النساء على البقاء في
عالقات عنف). 5
. الفقرة (٦٢ )من منهاج عمل
( :بكين ما يلي
ينبغي تعزيز االستقالل
االقتصادي للمرأة بما في ذلك
توفير
فرص العمل لها و القضاء على اعباء الفقر المستمر و المتزايد الواقع على
المرأة.)
6
. تقرير االمين العام المقدم الى
االجتماع
(٦
)للجنة مركز
المرأة في ٦١٠٢ ، كذلك االجتماع (١٦ )
لعام ٧١٠٢ والذي أشار (االعراف
االجتماعية
التميزية
والمسئوليات األسرية
يمكن ان تمنع
المرأة
حتى من البدء بنشاط
تجاري ويدعو لوضع
سياسات لمعالجة قوانين الملكية
والميراث والتميزية و التي
تعيق
المرأة عن مباشرة األعمال رة ح ال
. ) . الدورة (
38
)للجنة القضاء على الت يم يز ضد
المرأة ومالحظاته
ا حول تقرير
سريالنكا في الدورة (٨٤ )
شباط/١١٠٢ تناول
الحق
الم
تس اوي في
اإلر ث
وتملك
األرض
،وأن الهدف من سا ت ال و ي في را ي الم ث
او سام ت اق
الممتلكات
بعد الطالق
لتيسير
الطالق
،
اذا القضية
ليست قضية انصاف ل لمرأة
وتحقيق
العدالة وإنما لتمكينها من األموال لتحقيق استطاعتها عمليا طالق زوج . ها ل سه ف ان ن مضطرات للعمل
تماماا مثل الرجل
،ايضا
تغيرت ثقافة الرجل لى تخ و
تدر يجيا
عن دوره
وصار
عمل
المرأة و
مشاركتها في االتفاق
حقاا مكت س باا له مما أثر على استقرار األسرة وترجم ذلك ارتفاع
نسب
الطالق يف الدول اإلسالمية . اما فيما
يتعلق
باالستق اءو السياسي هو ف عملية ع دف
المرأة إلى دوائر
ع صن القرار ودعمها ب كل
الوسائل لتحصل على القوة الالزمة ألحداث التغيير المجتمعي ال مستهد ف
حي ث نص
اعالن
القاهرة
ل لمرأة العربية في عام ٤١٥ ال
ى دع
م وتطوير
سياسات التم
يز ي االيجابي لتعزيز
قدرات اء س الن والدفع
نحو مشاركتهن الفعالة
في اال حز اب السياسية
والنقابات المهنية والعمالية
وجميع المجالس
المنتخبة
ومنظمات المجتمع
المدني بكافة
أنواعها
،او
صب حت (الكوتا
Quota
)من
اهم التدابير لزيادة م شاركة
المرأة يف الس ج الم
التشريعية. اما
الباب الثاني الذي جاء بعنوان
(ظ الم الت
واآلليات التي
تستخدمها األمم المتحدة
لهدم
است و
ئص
ال األسرة . قضايا سياسية
العدد75 )أ شار الفصل االول وهو بعنوان
المظالت التي تستخدمها االمم المتحدة متل رير
أجندتها وتطبيقها ومنها : مظلة
حقوق اإلنسان
والحريات
األساسية العام ٨٤٩١ امك ن ص
االعالن (للرجل
والمرأة متى أدركا
سن
البلوغ حق التزوج وتأسيس أسرة
دون اي
قيد
بسبب
العرق أو الجنسية وأ
ن الدي إضافة إلى ذلك ن ص
على ( لكل
شخص حق العمل وفي حرية
اختيار
عمله وفي شروط عمل عادلة ومرضية وفي
الحماية
من البطالة)
،
وتأثراا
بب رامج إ
ستقواء
المرأة التي يسوقها االعالم بشكل دائم تغيرت خصائ ص و سمات
ري كث من النساء
وظهرت شخصية
المرأة القوية والمستقلة والمستغنية وانعكس ذلك على العالقة الزوجية. ومن
المظالت التي
ساهمت في ذلك
التغييب تجم ال معي الخطي هي ر : ب-
لة ظم الصحة و الوقاية من اإليدز رير م لت المسا و اة ال ج
ندرية واستق اءو
المرأة . ت-
لة مظ اال
يدز لتطبيع ال زنى
والدعارة . ت-
لة مظ اال
يدز لتطبيع ال زنى
والدعارة . ث-
مظلة االسكان والتنمية الحضرية . ج-
لة مظ ية م تن ال المستدامة . ح-
لة مظ قح
المرأة في السكن الالئق . قضايا سياسية
العدد75 عرض كتا ب وبعد اطالق اجندة ٠٣٠٢ للتنمية المستدامة
،
بدأت االمم المتحدة في ال
بحث عن مصادر
جديرة
للتمويل
ورصد
أحد ال
مصادر مة ها ال هي التمويل االسالم
ي
المتمثل في الزكاة
والصدقات و
االوقاف
وال
وك صك
التي
تخرج من العالم
اإلسالمي لمصارف
ها المعروفة ، لقد ا
ص د رت التوجيه
بأخذ تلك
األحوال
عن
طريق س من ق أممي ووضع ال
وك صك
واالتفاقيات التي قنن ت ذلك األمر وأشار للبنك
اإلسالمي
للتنمية
،منظمة
التعاون اإلسالمي نموذج للتوظيف
المركزي ألموال المسلمين
.ما في ناقش الفصل
الثاني والذي يحمل عنوان
(
اآلليات التي تستخدم
اه األمم المتحدة لجو
انها و
المنظمات غير
الحكومية
ت الم
عاونة
) معها فقد كر ز ت االمم المتحدة و ها ات ئيه المختلفة على استخدام اإلعالم من
م أه
اآلليات
لتسويق
اجند تها
حول
المرأة واألسرة يض ا
ا
وعقد
شراكات مع
الجهات المختلفة حكومية وغير
حكومية
لتطبيق اجندة
مساواة ال ر جند واستقواء
المرأة منها هي ال ئة العليا لالتصال السمعي
البصري
.كما
تعد
كل
من
المؤسسات الوطنية
الحقوق اإلنسان ومنظما ت المجتمع المدني
والمنظمات
غير الحكومية
من
أهم
يلآ ات تطبيق منظومة
األمم المتحدة ل حقوق االنسان اي انها تقوم بدور وكالء ممألل لم ا تحد
ة
بدعم
تم و
ويل من ها .ومن ال نماذج
لبعض
المنظمات العالمية
غير
الحكومية
ذات الشراكة مع االمم المتحدة :
(منظمة العفو الدولية ، منظمة هيومن س يت را ،
منظم
ة اس الم وا ة اآلن
،ع ادة ي
القانون الدولي
لحقوق
االنسان ل لمرأة ، المنظمة ن ال ية سو للبيئة والتنمية ، مؤسسة
حقوق
المرأة في
التنمية
) ، و
من ال نماذ
ج
لبعض
المنظمات في العالم العربي : هي منظمة
المرأة العربية . ي
م
بي
ي
ب
ولقد
حدد ت
ثالث مراحل لتطبيق
االتفاقيات الدولية ل حقوق اإلنسان
تطبيقياا
كامالا رغم
تعارض
الكثير
من محتواها مع
ثقافات
الشعوب وقيمها وهذه المراحل
:
المرحلة األولى
:التوقيع والتصديق على
االتفاقيات
،المرحلة الثانية
:التطبيق ، و
المرحلة الثالثة
:
الضغط لرفع
التحفظات التي وضعتها الدول على
بعض
البنود
لالتفاقيات التي أر ت الة ح است الموافقة
عليه
ا وتطبيق . قضايا سياسية
العدد75 ها ولقد
حدد ت
ثالث مراحل لتطبيق
االتفاقيات الدولية ل حقوق اإلنسان
تطبيقياا
كامالا رغم
تعارض
الكثير
من محتواها مع
ثقافات
الشعوب وقيمها وهذه المراحل
: المرحلة األولى
:التوقيع والتصديق على
االتفاقيات
،المرحلة الثانية
:التطبيق ، و
المرحلة الثالثة
:
الضغط لرفع
التحفظات التي وضعتها الدول على
بعض
البنود
لالتفاقيات التي أر ت الة ح است الموافقة
عليه
ا وتطبيق . ها وفي خاتمة
الكتاب
توصلت الدراسة إلى ان المواثيق الدولية الخاصة
بالمرأة والطفل تؤدي في
نهاية المطاف الى است
ئص
ال كامل لمؤسسة األسرة
من خالل العمل على
مسارين هما سار م
صرف
الشباب عن الزواج لمنع تكوين أسرة جديدة
،والثاني هدم األسرة القائمة
ومن
الوسائل
واآلليات
التي
ت ستخدمها اال مم
المتحدة لتمرير
وتطبيق
سياستها في هدم اال رة س
:
المؤ
س سات
اإلعالمية ، مؤس
س ات
وطنية
لحقوق االنسان ،
مؤسسات المجتمع المدني ، توظيف القادة الدينيين إلضفاء الشرعية
على ن ن قضايا سياسية
العدد75
عرض كتا ب
سياسات وأجن ةد
المواث
قي الدولية ، دعم
ترشيح
برلمانيات
يد عمن ال
منظور
الجندري ويعملن من
خالل
البرلمانات على تعديل الدساتي
ر والقوانين
والتشريعات ا بم ي
توافق مع المواثيق الدولية . وبالنسبة للنظام العالمي
الجديد تحقيق هدم األسرة هدف استراتيجي لديه وهو
خفض
معدالت
الزيادة السكانية في العالم
الثالث وهو هدف معلن
اعلنت االمم المتحدة عنه في مواثيقها الدولية
وكفالة
قدرة
المرأة على السيطرة على
خصو
بتها أمور تمثل حجر ال اوية ز في البرامج المتصلة بالسكان و
نم الت ية
وحر صت المواثيق الدولية على ان
تتحكم
المرأة
تماماا في
خصوبتها فال أ ب و ال زوج له ان يتدخل
في
قراراتها بشأن اال ن جاب حتى كن تم ت األمم المتحدة من السيطرة على الزيادة السكانية في العالم . مما و تقدم ن رى
أن هيئة األمم المت حدة قد
صاغت من خالل تلك الموا ثيق استراتيجيات
كاملة
يؤدي تطبيق
ها على
أرض الواقع ان ارع س الت في هدم األسرة ، وهو خطر يحيط رة س باأل ب
شكل
عام
واألسرة المسلمة ب
شكل
خاص . قضايا سياسية
العدد75
عرض كتا ب
سياسات وأجن ةد
المواث
قي الدولية ، دعم
ترشيح
برلمانيات
يد عمن ال
منظور
الجندري ويعملن من
خالل
البرلمانات على تعديل الدساتي
ر والقوانين
والتشريعات ا بم ي
توافق مع المواثيق الدولية . قضايا سياسية
العدد75 وبالنسبة للنظام العالمي
الجديد تحقيق هدم األسرة هدف استراتيجي لديه وهو
خفض
معدالت
الزيادة السكانية في العالم
الثالث وهو هدف معلن
اعلنت االمم المتحدة عنه في مواثيقها الدولية
وكفالة
قدرة
المرأة على السيطرة على
خصو
بتها أمور تمثل حجر ال اوية ز في البرامج المتصلة بالسكان و
نم الت ية
وحر صت المواثيق الدولية على ان
تتحكم
المرأة
تماماا في
خصوبتها فال أ ب و ال زوج له ان يتدخل
في
قراراتها بشأن اال ن جاب حتى كن تم ت األمم المتحدة من السيطرة على الزيادة السكانية في العالم . مما و تقدم ن رى
أن هيئة األمم المت حدة قد
صاغت من خالل تلك الموا ثيق استراتيجيات
كاملة
يؤدي تطبيق
ها على
أرض الواقع ان ارع س الت في هدم األسرة ، وهو خطر يحيط رة س باأل ب
شكل
عام
واألسرة المسلمة ب
شكل
خاص . ه | 3,953 | https://pissue.iq/index.php/pissue/article/download/511/344 | null |
Arabic | Mahmood Azimirad*1, Saeid Meshkini2, Nasrollah Ahmadifard1, Seyed hossein Hoseinifar3 Mahmood Azimirad*1, Saeid Meshkini2, Nasrollah Ahmadifard1, Seyed hossein Hoseinifa 1Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Iran. 2Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Iran. 3Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. 1Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Iran. 2Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Iran. 3Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Ir 1Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, Urmia University, Iran. 2Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Iran. 3Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. Article history:
Received 9 February 2016
Accepted 12 April 2016
Available online 25 April 2016 Abstract: The present study investigates the possibility of enriching adult Artemia franciscana with
singular or combined administration of Pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide (FOS). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four treatments, including
synbiotic, P. acidilactici +FOS (T1), probiotic, P. acidilactici (T2), prebiotic, FOS (T3) and control
(T4). To evaluate the enrichment of adult Artemia with each treatment, sampling was performed at
2, 4 and 6 hrs post enrichment. The bacterial counts was measured using the microbial culture and
expressed as log CFU per g Artemia. A pre-experiment has been designed and probiotic was used in
three levels (107, 108 and 109 CFU per litter of suspension) and prebiotic was used in three levels of
1, 2 and 5 g per litter of suspension. Based on pre experiment results, 108 CFU per litter of probiotic
and 5 g per litter of prebiotic was selected. The results of this experiment showed that over time,
consumed bacteria increased by adult Artemia and there was a significant difference between
sampling in terms of ingested bacteria. The highest bacterial count (6.78±0.03 log CFU g-1) was
observed 6 hrs after the start of enrichment. Based on microbial culture, the number of bacteria P. acidilactici in T1 and T2 was significantly higher than those in T4 (control) and T3 (prebiotic). There
was no significance difference between T2 (probiotic) and T1 (synbiotic). * Corresponding author: Mahmood Azimirad
E-mail address: [email protected] Mahmood Azimirad*1, Saeid Meshkini2, Nasrollah Ahmadifard1, Seyed hossein Hoseinifar3 In conclusion, the results
of this study showed that adult Artemia in a short time (about 4 hrs) can retain a large amount of
probiotic bacteria. Keywords:
Probiotic
Synbiotic
P. acidilactici
Enrichment
Artemia franciscana Original Article Original Article
The study of enrichment capability of adult Artemia franciscana with singular or combined
administration of Pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101; D
ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956 Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101; D
ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956 Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101; D
ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956 Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com
© 2016 Iranian Society of Ichthyology Materials and Methods Artemia culture conditions and Bacterial strain:
Artemia cysts (A. franciscana) was obtained from
Great Salt Company, USA. Chorionic layer of cysts
were separated using sodium hypochlorite during
decapsulation. Hatching of the decapsulated cysts
was performed by a cone-shaped container with a
volume of 120 litters and sea water (with salinity of
30 g per litter). Cysts were incubated with a density
of 5 g per litter at 30°C with 2000 lux lighting
conditions and vigorous aeration (Sorgeloos et al.,
1986). Artemia is among the live foods that widely used
in the culture of ornamental fishes due to the high
nutritional value, the proper size and the enrichment
capability (Sorgeloos et al., 2001). Artemia can be
used as the carrier of particles used in aquaculture
such as nutrients (fatty acids, vitamins, etc.),
antimicrobial substances, vaccines and probiotics
(Ziaei-Nejad et al., 2006) Artemia naupliis were transferred to culture
environment after hatching. The culture environment
was a 150L cone-shaped plastic containers that were
aerated by aeration pipes connected to the central
pump. Nauplii were fed during the first few days by
spirulina algae (Spirulina platensis), and then by a
mixture of rice bran, baker's yeast and spirulina. Feeding was performed three times a day with an
interval of 4 hrs. Stocking density was three nauplii
per ml and culture period was 20 days to reach sexual
maturity (Teresita et al., 2005). During culture
period, all physical and chemical parameters were
measured and recorded daily. Physical and chemical
factors, including water temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen, light and pH were 28.69°C, 32 g
L-1, 7.75 mg L-1, 1500 lux and 7.88, respectively. The used commercial probiotic used in this
experiment was obtained from Tak Gene Company
with Pedi-guard brand name contains bacteria
P. acidilactici to amount of 1×1010 CFU g-1. Prebiotic, Oligofructose (Raftilose P95) was
supplied from Orafti Company, Belgium. Application of live, useful and non-pathogenic
bacteria to culture medium or Artemia culture can
positively affects cultured fish species by improving
the intestinal microbial microbiota, eliminating
harmful bacteria and improving the nutritional value
of Artemia (Havennar et al., 1992; Ringo et al.,
1992). The number of bacteria in the Artemia
exponentially increases at the time of Artemia
hatching and enrichment processes by nutrients
(Ritar et al., 2004). Introduction of the probiotics in the gastrointestinal tract,
necessity of competition autochthonous microbiota,
the
colonization
ability
and
the
long-term
sustainability of the colony, caused the researchers
to suggest the idea of prebiotic (Gibson, 2004;
Mahious and Ollevier, 2005). During the past decade, the use of probiotics in
aquaculture is become prevalent and can overcome
many of the problems associated with bacterial
diseases. The use of probiotics as a food supplement
for farmed animals goes back to the 1970s (Fuller,
1989). Various types of microalgae (Tetraselmis),
yeasts (Phaffia and Saccharomyces), Gram-positive
bacteria (Bacillus, Carnobacterium, Enterococcus,
Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Micrococcus, Strepto-
coccus and Weissella) and Gram-negative bacteria
(Aeromonas, Alteromonas, Photorhodobacterium,
Pseudomonas and Vibrio) have been studied as
probiotics (Gatesoupe et al., 2010). The doubts in the
use of probiotics such as the non-guaranteed viability The prebiotics increase numbers and dominance
of beneficial bacteria due to selectively fermentation
(Roberfroid, 2007). Researches in this field have
shown that non-digestible oligosaccharides such as
inulin and oligofructose are the most important
materials that have prebiotic function (Flickinger et
al., 2003). Because of the inability of probiotic
species to form stable masses and maintain
dominance in the aquatic microbiota, simultaneous Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101 97 use of probiotics species with appropriate prebiotics
(synbiotic) as a substrate to increase dominance and
sustainable growth of probiotics bacteria has been
suggested (Hoseinifar et al., 2015). population in the live feed may lead to higher
survival rates of fish larvae and profitability in
hatcheries (Olafsen, 2001). Therefore, this study was
conducted to study enrichment capability of adult
Artemia franciscana with singular or combined
administration of Pediococcus acidilactici and
fructooligosaccharide (FOS) as probiotic and
prebiotic, respectively. Regarding the use of synbiotics in aquaculture,
few studies have been performed and their positive
effects on physiology and immunity have been
reported (Rodriguez-Estrada et al., 2009; Merrifield
et al., 2010; Montajami et al., 2012; Abid et al.,
2013; Hosseinifar et al., 2015). However, the use of
synbiotics during the early life stages of fish through
the enrichment of live food and the effects on
growth, physiology and immunity has not been
considered. The use of synbiotic in Artemia could be
considered as a food for Artemia, and also could
affect the intestinal microbiota, immune system and
increase resistance to pathogenic bacteria, enhance
health and reduce the risk of disease outbreaks. Materials and Methods Then, the rapeseed oil was added to the
solution and mixed very well by mixer. The ratio of
lecithin, oil and water in suspension was 0.1, 1 and
10, respectively. To evaluate the diameter of oil
particle, some samples were poured on slide and
observed under light microscope. 150 ml was
separated from the prepared suspension, 700 mg
probiotic, P. acidilactici and 100 mg of prebiotic,
FOS were transferred to the beaker and were
uniformed with an electric mixer, then mixed in 2
litters of seawater. The adult Artemia with the
number of 4000 was placed inside the culture
container (Agh and Sorgeloos, 2005; Daniels et al.,
2013) (Table 1). external surface of Artemia body, were washed for
60 seconds in a salt solution, Benzalkolium chloride
(0.1%) and again were washed with sterile water and
after that, water of samples was taken after a while
(Makridis et al., 2000). The sterile samples were
weighted and transferred to sterile porcelain mortar. After the homogenization of samples using a sterile
saline solution (0.87% w/v), dilutions of 10-1 to 10-7
were prepared. From prepared dilutions, under
sterile conditions, 0.1 mm was removed and spread
on surface of the MRS agar plates (for determine the
number of lactic acid bacteria). The incubation of
plates was conducted for 3-5 days in an incubator at
a temperature of 30°C and under aerobic conditions. After the incubation period, the bacteria were
counted, and recorded according to the logarithm of
the colony unit (the number of bacterial colonies
grown on culture medium × dilution coefficient -1)
per g of Artemia (Rengpipat et al., 1998). Pediococcus acidilactici was identified based on
apparent characteristics, gram staining and also
standard biochemical tests such as phenol red,
citrate, indole, motion and methyl red (Peter and
Sneath, 1986). To determine the best level of the probiotic,
P. acidilactici and prebiotic FOS in enrichment
suspension of Artemia, a pre-experiment has been
designed and probiotic was used in two levels with
an amount of 107 CFU and 108 CFU per litter of
suspension, and prebiotic was used in two levels of
2 and 5 g per litter of suspension. The results of this
pre-experiment has been used as level of probiotic,
prebiotic and synbiotic in this experiment. Statistical
analysis:
Statistical
analysis
was
performed using the SPSS software package (version
18). Materials and Methods One-way ANOVA was used for comparison
between treatments and Duncan's multiple range test
was used for the comparison of means at confidence
level of 0.05% (P<0.05). To examine the process of enrichment, sampling
was performed from the all treatment at 2, 4 and 6
hrs (Dhont and Lavens, 1996). In each sampling
time, 100 ml (containing 0.5 g of adult Artemia)
were collected using a sterile pipette and were
transferred to a filter with a mesh size of 300
micrometer, then to elimination of the bacteria in the Materials and Methods It also has been observed that
during the early stages of fish development, the
increase in the number of bacteria in the intestinal
microbiota of fish, is mainly associated with the
bacteria in live food (Makridis et al., 2000). It can be
concluded that mortality increases in the intensive
culture of early life stages of fish along with
elevation of the number of opportunistic bacteria in
the fish intestine. Therefore, control of bacterial Enrichment of synbiotic to adult Artemia: For Azimirad et al./ Enrichment capability of Artemia with of P. acidilactici and Fructooligosaccharide 98 Table 1. The enrichment condition adult Artemia in different treatments. Table 1. The enrichment condition adult Artemia in different treatments. Treatments
Rapeseed oil suspension
(ml L-1)
Probiotic, P. acidilactici
(mg L-1)
Prebiotic, FOS (mg L-1)
Synbiotic (T1)
150
700
100
Probiotic (T2)
150
700
0
prebiotic (T3)
150
0
100
Control (T4)
150
0
0
Table 1. The enrichment condition adult Artemia in different treatments. enrichment of the adult Artemia by synbiotic,
combinations of the probiotics and prebiotics were
used along with singular administration of the
probiotic and prebiotic as described in Table 1. For
preparation of the synbiotic suspension, first a ratio
of 0.1:10 lecithin and water at 40°C were poured into
a clean and dry beaker and mixed using an electric
mixer. Then, the rapeseed oil was added to the
solution and mixed very well by mixer. The ratio of
lecithin, oil and water in suspension was 0.1, 1 and
10, respectively. To evaluate the diameter of oil
particle, some samples were poured on slide and
observed under light microscope. 150 ml was
separated from the prepared suspension, 700 mg
probiotic, P. acidilactici and 100 mg of prebiotic,
FOS were transferred to the beaker and were
uniformed with an electric mixer, then mixed in 2
litters of seawater. The adult Artemia with the
number of 4000 was placed inside the culture
container (Agh and Sorgeloos, 2005; Daniels et al.,
2013) (Table 1). enrichment of the adult Artemia by synbiotic,
combinations of the probiotics and prebiotics were
used along with singular administration of the
probiotic and prebiotic as described in Table 1. For
preparation of the synbiotic suspension, first a ratio
of 0.1:10 lecithin and water at 40°C were poured into
a clean and dry beaker and mixed using an electric
mixer. Results The results of bacterial count in
prebiotic and control treatments showed that the
concentration of lactic acid bacteria in these
treatments were lower than 20 CFU g-1 and no
significant difference were observed between
sampling times (P>0.05). Results The effects of different treatments and sampling time
on the amount of bacteria in the Artemia is shown in
Table 2. The results indicated that probiotic bacteria
in each sampling time, were successfully enriched in
Artemia. The enrichment trend of A. franciscana was Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101 99 Hours
Treatments
Synbiotic (T1)
Probiotic (T2)
Prebiotic (T3)
Control (T4)
2
5.50±0.07b
5.58±0.04b
1.15±0.02a
1.09±0.05a
4
6.61±0.07b
6.67±0.03b
1.04±0.02a
1.23±0.04a
6
6.71±0.04b
6.78±0.03b
0.83±0.07a
1.15±0.04a
Table 2. The cultivable lactic acid bacteria levels (log CFU g-1 Artemia) in A. fransiscana enriched in pre-, pro- and symbiotic. Figure 1: The process of enrichment adult Artemia enrichment at different times in different treatments. 0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
2 hour
4 hour
6 hour
LOG CFU/G
synbiotic
Probiotic
Prebiotic
Control Table 2. The cultivable lactic acid bacteria levels (log CFU g-1 Artemia) in A. fransiscana enriched in pre-, pro- and symbiotic. able lactic acid bacteria levels (log CFU g-1 Artemia) in A. fransiscana enriched in pre-, pro- and symbiotic. Table 2. The cultivable lactic acid bacteria levels (log CFU g-1 Artemia) in A. fransiscana enriched in pre-, p Figure 1: The process of enrichment adult Artemia enrichment at different times in different treatments. 0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
2 hour
4 hour
6 hour
LOG CFU/G
synbiotic
Probiotic
Prebiotic
Control Figure 1: The process of enrichment adult Artemia enrichment at different times in different treatments. different at different sampling times. In terms of the
enrichment time, the results showed significant
difference in the capability of Artemia enrichment
(P<0.05). Regarding the synbiotic and probiotic
treatments at 4 and 6 hrs enrichment, there was no
significant difference in the number bacteria per g of
Artemia (P>0.05). The results of bacterial count in
prebiotic and control treatments showed that the
concentration of lactic acid bacteria in these
treatments were lower than 20 CFU g-1 and no
significant difference were observed between
sampling times (P>0.05). different at different sampling times. In terms of the
enrichment time, the results showed significant
difference in the capability of Artemia enrichment
(P<0.05). Regarding the synbiotic and probiotic
treatments at 4 and 6 hrs enrichment, there was no
significant difference in the number bacteria per g of
Artemia (P>0.05). Discussion In this experiment, bacterial levels used in the
enrichment solutions at all sampling times were at a
level of 1010 CFU g-1. Gomez-Gil et al. (1998) were
applied the concentrations of 107 CFU g-1 and 108
CFU
g-1
of
Vibrio
parahaemolyticus
and
V. alginolyticus, respectively, during enrichment
experiment of A. franciscana and reported the same
pattern in their changes at different sampling times. Similar study were not observed regarding to
enrichment of adult Artemia with probiotic and
synbiotic. Based on the results, the concentration of
bacteria in adult Artemia showed a positive
correlation with the duration of enrichment, similar
to the results of Parta et al. (2003) during the
enrichment of A. franciscana nauplii with yeast
(Saccharamyces
baulardii)
which
revealed
accumulation of yeast in nauplii at a level of 3.5×103
CFU g-1. However, enrichment of A. franciscana In this experiment, bacterial levels used in the
enrichment solutions at all sampling times were at a
level of 1010 CFU g-1. Gomez-Gil et al. (1998) were
applied the concentrations of 107 CFU g-1 and 108
CFU
g-1
of
Vibrio
parahaemolyticus
and
V. alginolyticus, respectively, during enrichment
experiment of A. franciscana and reported the same
pattern in their changes at different sampling times. The bacterial counts in treatments enriched by
probiotic and synbiotic were almost at the same
level, but increasing trend was observed along with
enrichment period (Fig. 1). However, no statistically
significant differences was observed between
bacterial level in adult Artemia at 4 and 6 hrs of
enrichment (P>0.05). Azimirad et al./ Enrichment capability of Artemia with of P. acidilactici and Fructooligosaccharide 100 nauplii with two strains of Vibrio sp. showed
different patterns, so that, attached bacteria to
Artemia nauplii began to increase at first 30 minutes
of enrichment, then suddenly declined at 8 hrs after
enrichment and again a sharp rise occurred at 24 hrs
at the levels of bacteria in nauplii which all naupliis
died at the end of this time (Gomez-Gil et al., 1998). The A. urmiana showed a gradual trend in
enrichment with mentioned probiotic increased over
time. Furthermore, Campbell et al. (1993) enriched
A. franciscana
with
the
formalin-killed
V. angualiurum and showed that when the
concentration of bacteria in enrichment solution is
1.5×107 CFU g-1, the maximum accumulation of
Vibrio sp. in the Artemia nauplii is happened at 60
min. Discussion Moreover, in concentrations lower than 5×106
CFU g-1, the maximum accumulation is occurred at
120 min after the start of enrichment. Changes in the
number of bacteria in the A. franciscana is not
limited by the number of bacteria in enrichment
suspension and the same results reported by
Makridis et al. (2000) in the enrichment of
A. franciscana nauplii with the probiotic bacteria. Campbell R., Adams A., Tatner M.F., Chair M.,
Sorgeloos P. (1993). Uptake of Vibrio anguillarum
vaccine by Artemia salina as a potential oral delivery
system to fish fry. Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 3:
451-459. Daniels C.L., Merrifield D.L., Ringo E., Davies S.J. (2013). Probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic applications for
the improvement of larval European lobster (Homarus
gammarus) culture. Aquaculture, 416: 396-406. Dhont J., Lavens P. (1996). Tank production and use of
ongrown Artemia, In: P. Lavens, P. Soregeloos (Eds.). Manual on the production and use of live food for
aquaculture. FAO fisheries technical paper, Rome,
361 p. Flickinger E.A., Van Loo J., Fahey G.C. (2003). Nutritional responses to the presence of inulin and
oligofructose in the diets of domesticated animals:
a review. Critical Review Food Science Nutrition,
43:19-60. Fuller R. (1989). Probiotics in man and animals. Journal
Applied bacteriology, 66: 365-366. Gatesoupe F.J., Ronald Ross W., Victor R.P. (2010). Probiotics and other microbial Manipulations in Fish
Feeds: Prospective Health Benefits. Bioactive Foods
in Promoting Health, Boston, Academic Press, Pp:
541-552. In conclusion, the results of this experiment
indicated that adult Artemia has high ability to be
enriched with the probiotic bacteria, P. acidilactici
and bacterial levels in Artemia that is increased
along with enrichment time. Gibson G.R. (2004). Fibre and effects on probiotics (the
prebiotic concept). Clinical Nutrition Supplements, 1:
25-31. Gomez-Gil B., Herrera-Vega M.A., Aberu Grobis F. A.,
Roque A. (1998). Bioencapsulation of two different
Vibrio species in nauplii of the Brine shrimp (Artemia
fransiscana). Applied Environmental microbiology,
64: 2318-2322. Acknowledgments The authors express their thanks to A. Esteghlalian
for his assistance during experiment. Havennar R., Ten Brink B., Huisint J.H.J. (1992). Selection of strains for probiotic use. In: R. Fuller
(ed.). Probiotics, the scientific basis. Chapman and
Hall, London, pp: 209-224. References Abid A., Davies S.J., Waines P., Emery M., Castex M.,
Gioacchini G., Carnevali O., Brickerdike R., Romero
J., Merrifield D.L. (2013). Dietary symbiotic
application modulates Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
intestinal microbial communities and intestinal
immunity. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 35(6): 1948-
1956. Hoseinifar S.H., Mirvaghefi A., Amoozegar M.A.,
Sharifian M., Esteban M.A. (2015). Modulation of
innate immune response, mucosal parameters and
disease resistance in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncchus
mykiss) upon symbiotic feeding. Fish and Shellfish
Immunology, 45: 27-32. Mahious A.S., Ollevier F. (2005). Probiotics and
Prebiotics in Aquaculture: A review. In: N. Agh, P. Sorgeloos (eds). 1st regional workshop on techniques
for enrichment of live food for use in larviculture. Agh N., Sorgeloos P. (2005). Handbook of protocols and
guidelines for culture and enrichment of live food for
use in larviculture. Artemia and Aquatic Animals
Research Center, Urmia University, Urmia, 60 p. Agh N., Sorgeloos P. (2005). Handbook of protocols and
guidelines for culture and enrichment of live food for
use in larviculture. Artemia and Aquatic Animals
Research Center, Urmia University, Urmia, 60 p. Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101 101 Urmia, Iran, pp: 17-26. Urmia, Iran, pp: 17-26. Enterococcus supplementation
of
Enterococcus
faecalis,
mannanoligosaccharide and polyhydrobutyric acid on
growth performance and immune response of rainbow
trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture Science, 57:
609-617. of Makridis P., Fjellheim J.A., Skjermo J., Vadstein O. (2000). Colonization of the gut in first feeding turbot
by bacterial strains added to the water or
bioencapsulated in rotifers. Aquaculture International,
8: 367-380. Sorgeloos P., Dhert P., Candreva P. (2001). Use of the
brine shrimp, Artemia spp., in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture, 200:147-159. Merrifield D.L., Dimitroglou A., Foey A., Davies S.J.,
Baker R.T.M. (2010). The current status and future
focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for
salmonids. Aquaculture, 302: 1-18. Sorgeloos P., Lavens P., Leger P., Tackaert W.,
Versichele D. (1986). Manual for the culture and use
of brine shrimp Artemia in aquaculture. State
University of Ghent, Belgium. 319 p. Montajami S., Hajiahmadyan M., Forouhar Vajargah M.,
Hosseini Zarandeh A.S., Shirood Mirzaie F., Hosseini
S.A. (2012). Effect of symbiotic (Biomin imbo) on
growth performance and survival rate of Texas cichlid
(Herichthys cyanoguttatus) larvae. Global Vertebrate,
9(3): 358-361. Teresita D.N.J., Maldonado-Montiel Leticia G. (2005). Biomass production and nutritional value of Artemia
spp. (Anostraca: Artemiidae) in Campeche. Mexico
Revista de Biological Tropical, 53(3-4): 447-454. Olafsen J.A. (2001). Interactions between fish larvae and
bacteria in marine aquaculture. Aquaculture, 200:
223-247. References Ziaei-Nejad S., Rezaei M.H., Takami G.A., Lovett D.L.,
Mirvaghefi A.R., Shakouri M. (2006). The effect of
Bacillus spp. bacteria used as probiotics on digestive
enzyme activity, survival and growth in the Indian
white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Aquaculture,
252: 516-524. Parta S.K., Mohamed K.S. (2003). Enrichment of
Artemia
nauplii
with
the
probiotic
yeast
Sacharomyces boulardii and its resistance against a
pathogenic vibrio. Aquaculture international, 11: 505-
514. Peter H., Sneath A. (1986). Bergeys manual of systematic
Bacteriology, 1104-1154. Reitan K.I., Rainuzzo J.R., Oie G., Olsen Y. (1993). Nutritional effects of algal addition in first feeding
tanks of turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. larvae. Aquaculture, 118: 257-275. Rengpipat S., Phianphak W., Piyatiratitivorakul S.,
Menasveta P. (1998). Effects of a probiotic bacterium
on black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon survival and
growth. Aquaculture, 167: 301-313. Ringo E., Sinclair P.D., Birkbeck H., Barbour A. (1992). Production of eicosapentaenoic acid 20:5 n-3 by
Vibrio pelagius isolated from turbot Scophthalmus
maximus
L. larvae. Applied
Environment
Microbiology, 58: 3777-3778. Ritar A.J., Dunstan G.A., Nelson M.M., Brown M.R.,
Nichols P.D., Thomas G.W., Smith E.G., Crear B.J.,
Kolkovski S. (2004). Nutritional and bacterial profiles
of juvenile Artemia fed different enrichments and
during starvation. Aquaculture, 239: 351-373. Roberfroid M. (2007). Prebiotics: the concept revisited. The Journal of Nutrition, 137:830s. Rodriguez-Estrada U., Satoh S., Haga Y., Fushimi H.,
Sweetman J. (2009). Effects of single and combined Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101
E-ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956
Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com
© 2016 Iranian Society of Ichthyology
چکیده فارسی Int. J. Aquat. Biol. (2016) 4(2): 96-101
E-ISSN: 2322-5270; P-ISSN: 2383-0956
Journal homepage: www.ij-aquaticbiology.com
© 2016 Iranian Society of Ichthyology مطالعه امکان غنی ،سازی آرتمیا بالغArtemia franciscana
با کاربرد منفرد یا همزمانPediococcus acidilactici
و فروکتوالیگوساکارید :چکیده :چکیده در این مطالعه امکان غنی سازی آرتمیا فرانسیسکانا (Artemia franciscana) بالغ با سین
بیوتیک ترکیبی از Pediococcus acidilactici
و فروکتوالیگوساکارید مورد بررسی قرار گرفت .این آزمایش به صورت طرح
ًکامال تصادفی در قالب چهار تیمار شامل سین بیوتیک
P. acidilactici
و فروکتوالیگوساکارید
(T1)
، پروبیوتیک
P. acidilactici (T2)
، پری بیوتیک فروکتوالیگو ساکارید (T3) و تیمار شاهد (T4) اجرا گردید .جهت
ارزیابی غنی
سازی آرتمیای بالغ با هر یک از
،تیمارها در زمان
های 2، 4 و 6 ساعت پس از شروع غنی،سازی نمونه
برداری انجام و تعداد باکتری
های
موجود در داخل بدن آرتمیا پس از کشت
،میکروبی تعداد باکتری
ها بر حسب لگاریتم CFU در هر گرم آرتمیا شمارش گردید .نتایج نشان داد که
با گذشت
،زمان باکتری
های مصرف شده توسط آرتمیای بالغ بیشتر بوده و بین زمان غنی
سازی و تعداد باکتری الحاق شده به آرتمیای الغ ب نسبت
معنی
ی دار وجود دارد (
50
/5
>
P
.)بعد از 6 ساعت غنی،سازی بیشترین تعداد باکتری (
56
/5 ± 6
15
× 2/0
)به آرتمیای بالغ الحاق گردید که با زمان
2 ساعت اختالف معنی
دار
نشان داد
ولی با مدت زمان 4 ساعت غنی
سازی اختالف معنی داری نشان نداد . همچنین نتایج
نشان داد
که
تعداد باکتری
P. acidilactici
در تیمارهای 1 و 2 به میزان معنی
داری بیشتر از تیمار شاهد و تیمار واجد فقط پری بیوتیک می
باشد (
50
/5
P>
.) اما اختالف
معنی
داری بین تیمار پروبیوتیک و سین
بیوتیک مشاهده نگردید .نتایج همچنین نشان
داد که
آرتمیای بالغ در مدت زمان کوتاهی (حدود 4 ساعت )
می
تواند میزان باالیی از باکتری پروبیوتیک را در خود ذخیره نماید. ی
یا
پ
کلمات کلیدی: سین،بیوتیک
Pediococcus acidilactici
،
،فروکتوالیگوساکارید غنی
،سازی آرتمیا فرانسیسکانا. کلمات کلیدی: سین،بیوتیک
Pediococcus acidilactici
،
،فروکتوالیگوساکارید غنی
،سازی آرتمیا فرانسیسکانا. | 4,275 | http://ij-aquaticbiology.com/index.php/ijab/article/download/165/269 | null |
Arabic | الفضاءات االفرتاضية جامعة قاصدي مرباح ورقلة /اجلزائر ملخص اســـتطاعت منصـــات مواقع شـــبكات التواصـــل االجتماعي، بمـــا تمتلكه من ســـمات اتصالية وتقنية
متميـــزة أن تنشـــأ حركـــة اجتماعيـــة قـــادت إلى تأســـيس نمط جديـــد من التواصـــل، والتعامـــل، والتفاعل،
والتآلـــف االجتماعـــي ضمـــن ســـياق افتراضي حديث، يســـمح للمســـتخدم الموجود على الشـــبكة بالقيام
بتفاعـــات اجتماعيـــة جمـــة قوامهـــا االهتمامـــات والقواســـم المشـــتركة بينهـــم، ليجســـدوا بذلـــك مجتمعا
افتراضيا تصاغ فيه عالقات اجتماعية ومؤانســـات رقمية زادت من حدة انتشـــار هذه الظاهرة االتصالية
الحديثـــة، وقـــد كان للمـــرأة الجزائريـــة نصيبُ من هـــذا الوجود الرقمـــي، ممثلة وجهات نظرهـــا، ومعالجة
لقضاياهـــا عبـــر صفحـــات عدة على موقع الفايســـبوك حســـب اهتماماتها وميولها، لـــذا ومن خالل هذه
الورقـــة قمنـــا بدراســـة تحليلية لصفحات المـــرأة الجزائرية على موقع الفايســـبوك، لمعالجـــة أهم القضايا
التـــي تتطـــرق لهـــا النســـاء الجزائريـــات عبر عدد مـــن صفحاتهن على الشـــبكة، مما يقودنـــا إلى ترتيب
اهتمامـــات المـــرأة الجزائريـــة في الفضـــاءات الرقمية ورصد مختلـــف توجهاتها. لكلمات الدالة: الحضور الرقمي، الفضاءات االفتراضية، موقع الفايسبوك، المرأة الجزائرية. Abstract: The Digital Presence of Algerian Females via Virtual Satellite Channels
Analytical Study of Women Issues through Facebook
Toumi Fadhila, Ph.D. and Yasad Zahia, Ph.D. [email protected]
[email protected] The Digital Presence of Algerian Females via Virtual Satellite Channels
Analytical Study of Women Issues through Facebook
Toumi Fadhila, Ph.D. and Yasad Zahia, Ph.D. [email protected]
[email protected] Toumi Fadhila, Ph.D. and Yasad Zahia, Ph.D. [email protected]
[email protected] [email protected] التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة Abstract The platforms of social networking sites, with their distinctive
communication and technological features, create a social movement that led
to the establishment of a new pattern of communication in a modern context. This allows the users on the internet to carry out many social interactions
based on the interests and commonalities among them. Algerian women have ) 37 ( العدد119
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
[email protected] [email protected] 119 د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة a share of this digital presence by representing their views and discussing their
issues on several sites like Facebook, for example. In this research, we have analyzed the pages of Algerian women on
Facebook site to find out the most important issues addressed by Algerian
women so that we can organize their concerns in the digital channels and
discover their different orientations. Keywords:Digital Presence,Virtual Spaces,Facebook Location.Algerian women. مقدمـــــــــة مقدمـــــــــة
شـــقت مواقـــع شـــبكات التواصـــل االجتماعـــي طريقها بين عدد أوســـع من شـــرائح المجتمع،
واتســـعت إلـــى أن وصلـــت كل بقـــاع العالـــم، بفضل القـــدرة علـــى التواصل والتفاعـــل اآلني وغير
اآلنـــي بيـــن مجموعـــات كبيـــرة مـــن األفـــراد. وفي هـــذا الســـياق، كان لزامـــا علينـــا التذكير بأن
موضـــوع قدرة اســـتعمال االنترنـــت للتواصل مع جمهور متنوع على مســـتوى العالم، ليس باألمر
أو Facebook الجديـــد، وال يمكـــن نســـبه حصرا إلى شـــبكات التواصل االجتماعي على غـــرار
، فلقـــد كانـــت القـــدرة علـــى االتصـــال اللحظـــي مع النـــاس من جميع Twitter أوMy Space
،أنحـــاء العالـــم متاحـــة قبل ذلك من خـــال: المنتديـــات، ومجموعات النقاش، وغرف الدردشـــة
والمحادثـــة التبادليـــة على االنترنت، والتراســـل الفوري، هي مراحل عـــدة قطعها االتصال الرقمي
ليصـــل إلـــى نـــوع آخر وليـــس أخيرا وهـــو االتصال الرقمي فـــي عصر الشـــبكات االجتماعية. وفي هذا المنحى، تأتي مواقع شبكات التواصل االجتماعي في األشكال واألحجام والتخصصات
، وإذا كنت تريد التواصل عن Flickr كافـــة، فـــإذا كنـــت تحب الصور فعليك باالنضمام إلى موقع
، Twitter طريق تغريدات أو تدفقات قصيرة من الرســـائل بالزمن الحقيقي فلتفتح حســـابا على
) 1(.، وغيرها من الشـــبكات االجتماعيةYoutube وإذا كنـــت مولعـــا بالفيديو فعليك زيارة موقع
ومن هذا المنظور، شـــهدت الســـنوات القليلة الماضية ثورة غير مســـبوقة في تطور وســـائل
وغيرها Twitter وYouTube وFacebook منSocial Media التواصـــل االجتماعي
مـــن وســـائل االتصـــال اإللكترونـــي التـــي تزخـــر بهـــا شـــبكة االنترنـــت والهواتـــف الذكيـــة، وقـــد
أحـــدث اســـتعمال هذه الوســـائط تغيرا واســـعا في نمط وشـــكل العالقات االجتماعيـــة واالقتصادية
والسياســـية بصفـــة عامـــة، وفـــي القيـــم االجتماعية بصفة خاصـــة. ويتفق العديد مـــن المفكرين
فـــي علـــم االجتمـــاع والسياســـة وعلـــوم اإلعـــام واالتصـــال وغيرهـــم، علـــى أن شـــبكة التواصل
االجتماعـــي قـــد فتحـــت عصـــرا جديـــدا يتميـــز باالنفتـــاح الحضـــاري بيـــن المجتمعات، وســـهلت
بصـــورة غيـــر مســـبوقة عملية االتصـــال والتواصل والتفاعل المباشـــر وغير المباشـــر بين األفراد
والجماعـــات مـــن مختلـــف الجنســـيات والثقافـــات والعـــادات، وســـهلت كذلـــك مـــن عمليـــة تدفق
المعلومـــات وتبـــادل األفـــكار واآلراء والمحتويـــات. وقـــد أصبحـــت وســـائل التواصـــل االجتماعي ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 120 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة مصدرا للتواصل المباشـــر وغير المباشـــر بالصوت والصورة والرموز بين أفراد المجتمع، وتبادل
األخبـــار االجتماعيـــة واالقتصادية والسياســـية واألحـــداث الترفيهية والرياضيـــة والطبية وغيرها. كمـــا أصبحـــت بيئـــة للنقـــاش والحـــوار والتعبير عـــن األفـــكار الشـــخصية والقضايـــا االجتماعية
والدينيـــة والسياســـية واالقتصاديـــة بقـــدر كبير من الحرية. نظـــرا لما تتميز به هـــذه المواقع من
خاصيـــة التفاعـــل الحي بين المســـتخدمين. وتعتبر شـــبكات التواصل االجتماعـــي من أهم آليات
التواصـــل وتبـــادل اآلراء واألفكار. مقدمـــــــــة أآ
إن ظاهرة الشـــبكات االجتماعية غزت العالم بأســـره ووصلت تداعياتها إلى المنطقة العربية،
ونالـــت اهتمامـــا واضحـــا، وتدفقا هائال للشـــباب مـــن حيث انتماؤهـــم لمجتمعها غيـــر المتناهي،
ونظـــرا لمـــا تمثلـــه هـــذه الشـــبكات من مجتمـــع افتراضي جديد تالشـــت فيـــه الحـــدود وزالت منه
القيـــود، وشـــكلت فـــي الوقت نفســـه ظاهرة فريدة مـــن نوعها، فقد عبرت عن كل أشـــكال اإلعالم
التقليـــدي، ونشـــرته فـــي صـــورة تقنية حديثـــة، وكان لها الحـــظ األوفر في انتماء الشـــباب لها. إذن، هـــي نمـــط اتصالـــي جديـــد يعتمـــد على تقنيـــات متطورة جدا، بـــدأت مع الجيـــل الثاني
، والـــذي يهـــدف إلـــى ابتكار وســـيلة جديـــدة لبنـــاء عوالـــم اجتماعية 2.0مـــن االنترنـــت الـــواب
افتراضيـــة علـــى كافـــة المســـتويات المحلية واإلقليميـــة والدولية، فهـــي بمثابة ملتقـــى حضاري،
ومنتـــدى ثقافـــي، وإعالمـــي، وسياســـي، وســـوق تجـــاري، واقتصـــادي وإعالنـــي وغيرهـــا، فهـــي
) ولم 2(.مجموعـــات متنوعـــة شـــاملة لـــكل مـــا يتعلـــق بالمجتمعـــات الحقيقيـــة وما يـــدور فيهـــا
يتوقـــف االســـتعمال علـــى فئـــة دون ســـواها، بل تواجـــدت عبر هـــذه الفضـــاءات االفتراضية جل
الفئـــات العمريـــة والتـــي تضمنـــت بدورهـــا الجنســـين. لكن الـــذي اســـتوقف تفكيرنا هـــو انضمام
المـــرأة العربيـــة لســـاحة النقـــاش االفتراضـــي علـــى الرغم مما يحيـــط بها في مجتمعاتنـــا من أطر
قيميـــة تحـــد مـــن ذلـــك، بـــل وتتدخل في كيفيـــات الظهـــور وطرائـــق التمثل الرقمـــي لها. ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي إشكالية الدراسة إذن، لقـــد وفـــر هـــذا الســـياق االفتراضـــي مجـــاال اجتماعيـــا حديثـــا للمســـتخدم، للقيـــام
بتفاعـــات اجتماعيـــة جمـــة قوامهـــا االهتمامـــات والقواســـم المشـــتركة بينهـــم، ليجســـدوا
بذلـــك مجتمعـــا افتراضيـــا تصـــاغ فيـــه عالقـــات اجتماعيـــة ومؤانســـات رقميـــة زادت مـــن حـــدة
انتشـــار هـــذه الظاهـــرة االتصاليـــة الحديثـــة، ويضيـــف عـــزي عبـــد الرحمـــن أن الفـــرد يتعامـــل
مـــع محتويـــات االنترنـــت مـــن خـــال رمزيـــة النـــص والصـــورة والفيديـــو، ومـــن ثم فهي ليســـت
حقائـــق بذاتهـــا بـــل هـــي تعبيـــر عـــن حقائـــق، فلجـــوء الفـــرد إلـــى العالـــم االفتراضي الرمـــزي قد
يكـــون تلقائيـــا أو رغبـــة فـــي اإلفـــات مـــن الواقـــع الـــذي يعيشـــه، الشـــيء الـــذي يفتـــح أمامـــه
)5(.بـــاب التخيـــل والتأمـــل ومعايشـــة عوالـــم متعـــددة غيـــر مطروحـــة فـــي محيطـــه بالضـــرورة
والمـــرأة كغيرهـــا مـــن المســـتخدمين، كان لها نصيبُ فـــي هذا العالم الرقمـــي، فتمثلت عبره
فـــي صفحـــات وعلى حســـابات عديدة، ممثلة وجهـــات نظرها، ومعالجـــة لقضاياها عبر صفحات
عـــدة علـــى موقـــع الفايســـبوك حســـب اهتماماتهـــا وميولهـــا، وفـــي هذا الســـياق، عـــج الفضاء
األزرق بهـــذه الكيانـــات االفتراضيـــة المترامية األهداف، لذا انصب اهتمامنا على دراســـة تحليلية
لصفحـــات المـــرأة الجزائريـــة علـــى موقـــع الفايســـبوك، لمعالجـــة أهـــم القضايا التـــي تتطرق لها
النســـاء الجزائريـــات عبـــر عدد من صفحاتهن على الشـــبكة، ممـــا يقودنا إلى ترتيـــب اهتمامات
المـــرأة الجزائريـــة فـــي الفضـــاءات الرقميـــة ورصـــد مختلـــف توجهاتهـــا منطلقيـــن مـــن الســـياق
اإلشـــكالي اآلتـــي: مـــا هـــي التمثـــات الرقمية للمـــرأة الجزائريـــة عبـــر الفضـــاءات االفتراضية ؟ االجتماعـــي ضمـــن ســـياق افتراضـــي قفـــز علـــى كل الحـــدود وحطـــم جـــل القيـــود، ســـمحت عن
طريقهـــا لمســـتعمليها بنســـج عالقـــات اجتماعيـــة افتراضية من خـــال االنضمام والمشـــاركة في
إحـــدى مواقـــع شـــبكات التواصل االجتماعي، حيـــث يمكن هذا التواصل االلكتروني الحر بحســـب
الصـــادق رابـــح من تجاوز اإلكراهـــات الفيزيائية المرتبطة بســـياقات الحضـــور وطقوس المكان،
واســـتحداثها لســـياقات افتراضيـــة تطبـــع التبـــادل بطابعهـــا، لقد أصبـــح ممكنا على نحـــو متزايد،
وألول مـــرة فـــي تاريـــخ االتصال البشـــري، الحديث إلى اآلخرين « الغربـــاء » ومحاورتهم بطريقة
تتيـــح للفـــرد التكتـــم التام علـــى هويته الفعلية، والحضور غير التجســـدي، وتضفـــي على التبادل
Merzeau. L,. .,Fanny georges صيغـــة تزامنيـــة، وهـــذا مـــا أطلقـــت عليـــه كل مـــن
. بالهويـــة االفتراضيـــة أو الرقميـــة والتـــي يتواصـــل عبرهـــا المواطـــن االفتراضـــي علـــى Piraya
حـــد تعبيـــر نديـــم منصـــوري في مؤلفـــه سوســـيولوجيا االنترنـــت فالـــكل بإمكانه التعبير بشـــكل
حـــر وصريـــح عـــن أرائه كونـــه يختفي وراء هـــذا القناع االفتراضي المتمثل باســـتخدام شـــخصية
) يختارها المســـتخدم حســـب رغبتـــه وميوالته وحاجياته التي يســـعى إلشـــباعها بعيدا 4(.رقميـــة
عـــن العالـــم الحقيقي الـــذي يعيش فيه والملـــيء بالمتناقضـــات والضوابط. إشكالية الدراسة فـــي إنتاج وخلـــق فضاءات اتصاليـــة افتراضية جديـــدة، لم يكن 0.2 أســـهمت ثـــورة الويـــب
linkdin وMyspace وTwitter وFacebook متصـــوراً وجودهـــا مـــن قبل علـــى غـــرار
وغيرهـــا، باإلضافـــة إلى ما تتســـم بـــه من مزايا جعلت منها وســـائط االتصال المثلـــى في الترابط
، تنقـــل المعلومـــات وتوصلهـــا لألفـــراد Bernard Conein بيـــن األشـــخاص علـــى حـــد تعبيـــر
اآلخريـــن الموجوديـــن فـــي األطـــراف األخرى من الشـــبكة بســـرعة كبيـــرة وفي ظرف آنـــي تزامني
بصـــرف النظـــر عـــن أماكـــن تواجدهـــم ، أو ما يطلـــق عليه عادة بظاهـــرة التخطـــي المعلوماتي،
) وفي هذا الســـياق، اســـتطاعت منصات 3(.أي أنهـــا تتجـــاوز الفضـــاءات الجغرافيـــة والزمنيـــة
مواقـــع شـــبكات التواصـــل االجتماعي، بما تمتلكه من ســـمات اتصالية وتقنية متميزة أن تنشـــئ
حركـــة اجتماعيـــة قـــادت إلى تأســـيس نمـــط جديد مـــن التواصل، والتعامـــل، والتفاعـــل، والتآلف 121 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة االجتماعـــي ضمـــن ســـياق افتراضـــي قفـــز علـــى كل الحـــدود وحطـــم جـــل القيـــود، ســـمحت عن
طريقهـــا لمســـتعمليها بنســـج عالقـــات اجتماعيـــة افتراضية من خـــال االنضمام والمشـــاركة في
إحـــدى مواقـــع شـــبكات التواصل االجتماعي، حيـــث يمكن هذا التواصل االلكتروني الحر بحســـب
الصـــادق رابـــح من تجاوز اإلكراهـــات الفيزيائية المرتبطة بســـياقات الحضـــور وطقوس المكان،
واســـتحداثها لســـياقات افتراضيـــة تطبـــع التبـــادل بطابعهـــا، لقد أصبـــح ممكنا على نحـــو متزايد،
وألول مـــرة فـــي تاريـــخ االتصال البشـــري، الحديث إلى اآلخرين « الغربـــاء » ومحاورتهم بطريقة
تتيـــح للفـــرد التكتـــم التام علـــى هويته الفعلية، والحضور غير التجســـدي، وتضفـــي على التبادل
Merzeau. L,. .,Fanny georges صيغـــة تزامنيـــة، وهـــذا مـــا أطلقـــت عليـــه كل مـــن
. بالهويـــة االفتراضيـــة أو الرقميـــة والتـــي يتواصـــل عبرهـــا المواطـــن االفتراضـــي علـــى Piraya
حـــد تعبيـــر نديـــم منصـــوري في مؤلفـــه سوســـيولوجيا االنترنـــت فالـــكل بإمكانه التعبير بشـــكل
حـــر وصريـــح عـــن أرائه كونـــه يختفي وراء هـــذا القناع االفتراضي المتمثل باســـتخدام شـــخصية
) يختارها المســـتخدم حســـب رغبتـــه وميوالته وحاجياته التي يســـعى إلشـــباعها بعيدا 4(.رقميـــة
عـــن العالـــم الحقيقي الـــذي يعيش فيه والملـــيء بالمتناقضـــات والضوابط. ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي إشكالية الدراسة إذن، لقـــد وفـــر هـــذا الســـياق االفتراضـــي مجـــاال اجتماعيـــا حديثـــا للمســـتخدم، للقيـــام
بتفاعـــات اجتماعيـــة جمـــة قوامهـــا االهتمامـــات والقواســـم المشـــتركة بينهـــم، ليجســـدوا
بذلـــك مجتمعـــا افتراضيـــا تصـــاغ فيـــه عالقـــات اجتماعيـــة ومؤانســـات رقميـــة زادت مـــن حـــدة
انتشـــار هـــذه الظاهـــرة االتصاليـــة الحديثـــة، ويضيـــف عـــزي عبـــد الرحمـــن أن الفـــرد يتعامـــل
مـــع محتويـــات االنترنـــت مـــن خـــال رمزيـــة النـــص والصـــورة والفيديـــو، ومـــن ثم فهي ليســـت
حقائـــق بذاتهـــا بـــل هـــي تعبيـــر عـــن حقائـــق، فلجـــوء الفـــرد إلـــى العالـــم االفتراضي الرمـــزي قد
يكـــون تلقائيـــا أو رغبـــة فـــي اإلفـــات مـــن الواقـــع الـــذي يعيشـــه، الشـــيء الـــذي يفتـــح أمامـــه
)5(.بـــاب التخيـــل والتأمـــل ومعايشـــة عوالـــم متعـــددة غيـــر مطروحـــة فـــي محيطـــه بالضـــرورة
والمـــرأة كغيرهـــا مـــن المســـتخدمين، كان لها نصيبُ فـــي هذا العالم الرقمـــي، فتمثلت عبره
فـــي صفحـــات وعلى حســـابات عديدة، ممثلة وجهـــات نظرها، ومعالجـــة لقضاياها عبر صفحات
عـــدة علـــى موقـــع الفايســـبوك حســـب اهتماماتهـــا وميولهـــا، وفـــي هذا الســـياق، عـــج الفضاء
األزرق بهـــذه الكيانـــات االفتراضيـــة المترامية األهداف، لذا انصب اهتمامنا على دراســـة تحليلية
لصفحـــات المـــرأة الجزائريـــة علـــى موقـــع الفايســـبوك، لمعالجـــة أهـــم القضايا التـــي تتطرق لها
النســـاء الجزائريـــات عبـــر عدد من صفحاتهن على الشـــبكة، ممـــا يقودنا إلى ترتيـــب اهتمامات
المـــرأة الجزائريـــة فـــي الفضـــاءات الرقميـــة ورصـــد مختلـــف توجهاتهـــا منطلقيـــن مـــن الســـياق
اإلشـــكالي اآلتـــي: مـــا هـــي التمثـــات الرقمية للمـــرأة الجزائريـــة عبـــر الفضـــاءات االفتراضية ؟ ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 122 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة أهمية الدراسة تبرز أهمية دراســـة موضوع التواجد الرقمي للمرأة الجزائرية في الفضاءات االفتراضية_ في
التحوالت الجذرية التي يشـــهدها عالم االتصال اليوم من تطورات تكنولوجية مذهلة، وهذا موازاة
لتطبيقات التكنولوجيا الحديثة في جل الميادين، ونخص بالذكر مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية وما
أصبح لها من تأثير على مستخدميها، خاصة منها ما يعنى بتمثل المستخدمين عبرها، ومحاولة
استكشـــاف جـــدوى وأهـــداف تواجد المـــرأة بصفتها مســـتعملة لهذا الفضاء الرقمـــي ومنه نحاول
رصـــد اهتماماتهـــا ودوافـــع وجودها واستكشـــاف التغير الـــذي لحق بها جـــراء تجوالها االفتراضي
فـــي كيفيـــة مشـــاركتها في النقاش في المجـــال العمومي ودورها بصفتها فاعلة داخل ســـياقاته. كمـــا تنبـــع أهميـــة هـــذا الموضـــوع من نـــدرة الدراســـات العربية حـــول وجهة المـــرأة العربية
فـــي الفضـــاءات الرقميـــة، وهذا ما يســـتدعى من وجه نظرنا اســـتقراء هذه الظاهـــرة وتمحيصها،
لبيـــان خصوصيتهـــا وتحديـــد مختلـــف مجاالتهـــا االتصاليـــة فـــي هـــذا النـــوع مـــن االتصـــال
الجديـــد الـــذي اســـتطاع إغـــراء الكثير من المســـتخدمين، علـــى اختالف توجهاتهم ومســـتوياتهم
الثقافيـــة و اســـتطاع تحويلهـــم مـــن مســـتخدمين عادييـــن يتلقـــون المعلومة إلـــى صانعين لها. وترجـــع أيضـــا أهميـــة الدراســـة لقلـــة الدراســـات التي بحثـــت في نوعيـــة قضايا المـــرأة على
األنترنـــت، إذ تمحـــورت أغلـــب الدراســـات عن قضايـــا المرأة فـــي الصحف واإلذاعـــة والتلفزيون
علـــى الرغـــم مـــن أن هـــذا العالـــم االفتراضـــي لقـــي اســـتهواء كبيـــرا مـــن طرف هـــذه الفئـــة، فلم
تتـــوان عـــن اإلدالء بدلوهـــا والمشـــاركة بالـــرأي، وطـــرح ما يهمها مـــن قضايا، كمـــا أن بعضهن
وجـــدنَ متنفســـا للحديـــث عن قضايا ال تســـتطيع التحدث بهـــا أمام األهل والمعـــارف نظرا لقواعد
الضبـــط االجتماعـــي التـــي تفرضهـــا الســـياقات االجتماعيـــة والثقافيـــة والدينيـــة فـــي المجتمـــع. منهج الدراسة وأدواته منهج الدراسة وأدواته يعتبـــر المنهـــج المســـحي الوصفـــي األنســـب لمثـــل هـــذه الدراســـات ألنهـــا تقتضـــي حصر
المضاميـــن التـــي تـــم نشـــرها ومـــن تحليلهـــا وتفســـيرها، انطالقـــا من الوصـــف وذلـــك لالعتماد
علـــى تحليـــل المحتـــوى بصفتهـــا أداة مهمـــة فـــي تصنيـــف األفـــكار وترتيبهـــا وتحليلهـــا، مـــن
بيانـــات كيفيـــة إلـــى بيانـــات كميـــة، يســـهل التعامـــل معهـــا إحصائيا ومن ثـــم اســـتخراج النتائج
منهـــا، وكان ذلـــك بنـــاء علـــى الفكـــرة بصفتهـــا وحـــدة مهمـــة فـــي تســـجيل الفئـــات وتكراراتهـــا. king Sites مواقع شبكات التواصل االجتماعي أن مواقع شبكات التواصل االجتماعي Zizi Papacharissi ترى الباحثة زيزي باباشريزي
)، اكتســـبت شـــعبية هائلـــة في اآلونـــة األخيرة، واعتبرها الشـــباب SNSs(أو باختصـــار الكلمـــة
والكبـــار فضـــاء لالســـتراحة، فيتزاحمـــون إلجـــراء لقـــاءات اجتماعيـــة مـــع أصدقائهـــم ومعارفهم
قصـــد تبـــادل المعلومـــات، فهناك من يســـتخدمها لمغازلة بعض أصدقاءه وهناك من يســـتخدمها
)6(.لنشـــر يومياتـــه بينما يســـتخدمها آخرون لحشـــد فئـــات اجتماعية ما حول قضية سياســـية تعريف موقع الفايسبوك « إنـــه حركـــة اجتماعيـــة وليـــس مجرد وســـيلة للتواصـــل ودليل ســـكان العالـــم، وهو منصة
قويـــة للتنظيـــم االجتماعـــي والسياســـي والثقافـــي والتجـــاري، وهـــو طريقـــة فعالة للنشـــر الفوري
) عبـــر صفحات أو 7(.»للمعلومـــات لعـــدد كبيـــر مـــن األفـــراد الذين يتشـــاركون نفـــس االهتمـــام
حســـابات ينشـــئها المســـتخدم علـــى وفـــق طريقة أو تشـــكيلة يطرحهـــا النظام المشـــغل للموقع. مجتمع وعينة الدراسة تعتبـــر كل الصفحـــات التـــي تعنـــى بشـــؤون المـــرأة الجزائرية مجتمعـــا كليا للدراســـة غير أن
ظـــروف البحـــث تملي علينا اختيار عينة لتســـهيل الوصـــول إلى نتائج لذلك فإننا اســـتعنا بعينة
قصديـــة شـــملت مســـحا شـــامال لـــكل منشـــورات صفحة « المـــرأة الجزائريـــة» علـــى الفيس بوك 123 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة ما مكنا من الحصول2017 ) فيفري (فبرايـــر18 جانفـــي ( ينايـــر ) إلى غاية18 ابتـــداء مـــن
منشـــورا تم نشـــره علـــى الصفحة خالل فترة الدراســـة.28 علـــى
وقـــد تـــم اختيـــار صفحة المرأة الجزائريـــة لكونها الصفحة التي حملت اســـم المرأة الجزائرية،
ومـــن ثـــم توقعنـــا أنهـــا تعكس كل قضايا ومجـــاالت االهتمام لـــدى المرأة في الجزائـــر إضافة إلى
كونهـــا أكثـــر الصفحـــات مـــن حيث تفاعل المســـتخدمات فقد بلغ عـــدد المتفاعليـــن مع الصفحة
تفاعل بين إعجاب واشـــتراك وغيرها. 180.000 حوالـــي2017 حتـــى شـــهر مارس )) Social Networking Sites مواقع شبكات التواصل االجتماعي :SNSs)) Social Networking Sites مواقع شبكات التواصل االجتماعي الفضاءات االفتراضية ) 37 ( العدد124
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
إنهـــا تجمعـــات افتراضية تنشـــأ على الشـــبكة، حين يســـتمر أناس بعدد كاف في مناقشـــتهم
علنيا، لوقت كاف من الزمن، بمشـــاعر إنســـانية كافية لتشـــكيل شـــبكات من العالقات الشخصية
) 8(. »في الفضاء الســـيبري
ويطلـــق عليهـــا أيضـــا بالمجتمعات االفتراضية والتـــي هي بمثابة مجموعات سوســـيو ثقافية
تنشـــأ علـــى شـــبكة االنترنت، يشـــارك فيها عـــدد معتبر من األفـــراد عبر المحادثـــات العامة، كما
يشـــكلون مجموعـــات نقـــاش حول مواضيع مختلفة، ومن ثم تتكون شـــبكة العالقات اإلنســـانية
التـــي يحـــاك نســـيجها فـــي هـــذا الفضـــاء االلكترونـــي. ومن ثـــم هـــي مجموعة مـــن الجماعات
تكونت على إحدى منصات شـــبكة االنترنت بفعل اهتمامات وقواســـم مشـــتركة، من اجل تحقيق
غايـــات محـــددة، تتميـــز بالتعـــدد والتنـــوع، واالســـتمرارية فـــي التفاعـــل والتواصـــل محققـــة بذلك إنهـــا تجمعـــات افتراضية تنشـــأ على الشـــبكة، حين يســـتمر أناس بعدد كاف في مناقشـــتهم
علنيا، لوقت كاف من الزمن، بمشـــاعر إنســـانية كافية لتشـــكيل شـــبكات من العالقات الشخصية
) 8(. »افي الفضاء الســـيبري ويطلـــق عليهـــا أيضـــا بالمجتمعات االفتراضية والتـــي هي بمثابة مجموعات سوســـيو ثقافية
تنشـــأ علـــى شـــبكة االنترنت، يشـــارك فيها عـــدد معتبر من األفـــراد عبر المحادثـــات العامة، كما
يشـــكلون مجموعـــات نقـــاش حول مواضيع مختلفة، ومن ثم تتكون شـــبكة العالقات اإلنســـانية
التـــي يحـــاك نســـيجها فـــي هـــذا الفضـــاء االلكترونـــي. ومن ثـــم هـــي مجموعة مـــن الجماعات
تكونت على إحدى منصات شـــبكة االنترنت بفعل اهتمامات وقواســـم مشـــتركة، من اجل تحقيق
غايـــات محـــددة، تتميـــز بالتعـــدد والتنـــوع، واالســـتمرارية فـــي التفاعـــل والتواصـــل محققـــة بذلك ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 124 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة )9(.عالقـــات عابـــرة للحـــدود ومتجاوزة للقيـــود في هذا الفضـــاء الرقمي
التواجـــد الرقمـــي: يعني تمثيـــل الذات وعرضها في حســـابات أو صفحات المســـتخدمين لمواقع
التواصـــل االجتماعـــي، وتتمثل في إجراءات التســـجيل بهـــذه المواقع والتفاعـــات المنتجة عبرها
) وتعني أيضا 10(.فـــي مؤشـــرات التواجـــد الرقمي والكامنـــة في التعليـــق اإلعجـــاب والمشـــاركة
االنضمـــام إلـــى منصـــات الويب المختلفة قصـــد التفاعل والتواصـــل المتبادل بين المســـتخدمين،
والقيـــام بأنشـــطة االتصال الرقمي على الشـــبكة. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 ) 37 ( العدد126
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
ا ج ي
ل ا ي أ رز ا
اال
األ ر ج ي ي ي أ
األب
اال را ي
ومـــن وجهـــة النظـــر هذه، تعتبر شـــبكات التواصـــل االجتماعي فضـــاء مفتوحـــا للجميع، بصرف
النظـــر عـــن أي اختالفـــات اجتماعية أو ثقافية أو جنســـية أو عرقيـــة أو غيرها، فأصبحت وجهة
المســـتخدمين، ألنهـــا ببســـاطة أصبحـــت توفـــر خدمـــات اتصالية لم يســـبق لها مثيـــل من قبل،
وفســـحت عـــن مجـــاالت واســـعة للتفاعـــل والتشـــارك وتقاســـم االهتمامـــات و الميوالت فـــي بيئة
افتراضيـــة ال تخضـــع ألي رقيـــب، فأصبحـــت بذلـــك وســـائط حواريـــة ممتـــدة عاليـــة التأثيـــر ذات
حضـــور قـــوي في المشـــهد الثقافـــي واالجتماعي اليومـــي لألفراد. كمـــا تعتبـــر الشـــبكات االجتماعيـــة الفرصـــة األوفـــر التـــي جلبتهـــا االنترنـــت للنســـاء والتي
ســـمحت لهـــم بالخـــوض فـــي تجـــارب اتصالية بحتة مـــن نوع خاص تتمتـــع بالمزيد مـــن الحرية
فـــي النقـــاش في مجال يبتعد عـــن إكراهات وطقوس المكان والزمان.وهنـــا تميز تواجدها في هذا
العالـــم االفتراضـــي فـــي صور االختفاء أحيانا وفي صور التزييف أحيانا أخرى في شـــكل أســـماء
وصـــور مســـتعارة لتناقـــش قضاياها بشـــكل مختلـــف عن القضايـــا التقليدية التـــي كانت تطرح
علـــى صفحـــات وســـائل اإلعـــام التقليديـــة. إن من أكثر مواقع الشـــبكات التي وجـــدت إقباال من
المـــرأة، هـــو موقع الفيســـبوك، نظرا لمـــا يوفره من خدمـــات وتطبيقات تجذبهـــا لتجعلها بالصورة
المأمولـــة ، والتـــي تريـــد أن تســـوق لنفســـها من خاللها، فهـــذا الموقع أصبح يكشـــف عن عالم
المرأة المعقد والمختلف، حيث المرأة الجســـد الفاتن والجمال الباهر الذي يســـتهوي الكثيرين من
المســـتخدمين وفـــي كل المجـــاالت، ويتطلع المســـتخدم الرجـــل للظفر بها والتعـــرف إليها لتحقيق
مـــآرب عـــدة منكشـــفة أحيانا ومتخفية أحيانـــا أخرى. فتلجأ الكثيرات منهـــن للعب على هذا الوتر
الحســـاس لتكـــون أكبر عـــدد من األصدقاء لغايـــات مختلفة يمكن لنا اســـتتباعها وترصدها، من
خـــال ولوجنـــا الرقمـــي في العديد مـــن الصفحات والحســـابات الخاصة بهذه الفئـــة االجتماعية. ففـــي هـــذا العالـــم الرقمـــي تحـــررت المرأة أكثـــر مما كانت عليه فـــي األزمنة الغابـــرة، وزجت
بجل المخاوف في الزمن الماضي، فاســـتطاعت أن تغير من صورتها النمطية التي ســـوقت لها
كثيـــرا وســـائل اإلعالم،بعـــد أن أتاحـــت التكنولوجيا الرقميـــة للمرأة أن تنتج أفكارا وتنشـــأ حوارات
وتبـــادالت وان تتواصـــل مـــع اآلخر، لكنها لم تســـتطع التحـــرر من الجنـــدرة، فأغلبيتهن يتواجدن
علـــى صفحـــات الفايســـبوك مـــن خـــال نشـــر كرونولوجيـــا حياتهن اليوميـــة على غـــرار رحالت
التســـوق ووصفـــات الطبخ، والخياطـــة والموضة واألزياء ومســـتلزمات الزينة (المكياج وتصفيف
الشـــعر)، ونشـــر وتبـــادل األخبار عن الحمـــل والوالدة وتعـــدد الزوجات وتأخر الـــزواج وقصص
الشـــرف وغيرها من الموضوعات االجتماعية، وهنا نرى أن المرأة بقيت حبيســـة النســـق الثقافي
التقليدي لألســـرة العربية. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 .التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1
أنتجـــت االنترنـــت عمومـــا وشـــبكات التواصـــل االجتماعـــي خصوصـــا مجـــاالت افتراضية ال
تحكمهـــا مرجعيـــة التموقـــع بالمعنـــى الفيزيائـــي، متمثلـــة في الواقـــع االفتراضي الذي يتشـــكل و
ينتـــج فـــي مواقـــع الشـــبكات االجتماعية، من طـــرف المســـتخدمين المتفاعلين في هـــذا المجال،
إذن هـــو بمثابـــة تجـــاوز اإلكراهـــات الفيزيائيـــة المرتبطة بطقـــوس الزمان المكان وهذا يجســـد
مـــن خـــال االشـــتراك واالندمـــاج والتفاعـــل فـــي هـــذا المجتمـــع االفتراضـــي، دون اللجـــوء إلـــى
اإلفصـــاح عـــن الهويـــات الحقيقية، ولقـــد دفع هذا المجـــال المتاح من الحرية المســـتخدمين إلى
تشـــكيل وبنـــاء وإنتـــاج هويات افتراضية بما يتالءم وإشـــباع وتحقيق رغباتهـــم و ميوالتهم، حيث
أطلـــق عليهـــا الصـــادق رابح فـــي إحدى دراســـاته بأنها» هوية فنتازمية تســـعى إلـــى القفز على
) ومن هذا نســـتنتج أن الهوية االفتراضية التي تتجســـد في 11(».محرمـــات الهويـــة االجتماعية
الفضاء الســـيبري، هي إشـــباع لحاجيات ورغبات وميوالت نفســـية اجتماعية، يتمثل من خاللها
المســـتخدمين في مواقع متعددة من شـــبكات التواصل االجتماعي ذات المزايا المتعددة، يتواصل
مـــن خاللهـــا مع أفراد ومجموعات حســـب ميوالته وانتماءاته، وتعد أحيانـــا بمثابة النفور والقفز
علـــى الهويـــة االجتماعية الحقيقيـــة وأحيانا أخرى امتـــدادا لها. إن مصطلـــح الهويـــة االفتراضيـــة يحيـــل فـــي هـــذا الســـياق إلـــى الهويـــة التـــي تنتـــج أو
تتشـــكل فـــي مواقـــع الشـــبكات االجتماعيـــة مـــن طـــرف المســـتخدمين والتـــي يفتـــرض أن
تكـــون بمثابـــة إعـــادة لعـــرض الهويـــة الحقيقيـــة فـــي الملفـــات الشـــخصية. أو إنتاجـــا
لهويـــة غيـــر حقيقـــة تختلـــف عـــن تلـــك التـــي يكتســـبها المســـتخدم فـــي الواقـــع يطلـــق عليهـــا
الهويـــة الظاهريـــة أو «االفتراضيـــة»و مـــن هـــذا المنظـــور، تعـــرف الهويـــة االفتراضيـــة
) 12(.علـــى أنهـــا هويـــة متحركـــة وديناميـــة، يكونهـــا الفـــرد البشـــري فـــي مجتمـــع االنترنـــت
إذن وفـــي هـــذا الســـياق، أســـهمت االنترنـــت في خلـــق فضـــاءات اتصالية افتراضيـــة جديدة
لـــم تكـــن موجـــودة مـــن قبـــل مثل: منتديـــات النقـــاش المدونـــات االلكترونيـــة ، غرف الدردشـــة، 125 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة الفايســـبوك، اليوتيـــوب، التوتيـــر ...وغيرهـــا، وهي فضـــاءات تواصلية افتراضية لتبـــادل النقاش
والحـــوار بيـــن جميـــع المســـتخدمين بشـــكل تفاعلي انتقـــل من الجغرافيـــا الحقيقية إلـــى الجغرافيا
االفتراضيـــة، محققـــا األبعـــاد األكثر تجديديـــة في أنماط االتصـــال الذي أفرزته التقانـــة الجديدة،
ومـــن وجهـــة النظـــر هذه، تعتبر شـــبكات التواصـــل االجتماعي فضـــاء مفتوحـــا للجميع، بصرف
النظـــر عـــن أي اختالفـــات اجتماعية أو ثقافية أو جنســـية أو عرقيـــة أو غيرها، فأصبحت وجهة
المســـتخدمين، ألنهـــا ببســـاطة أصبحـــت توفـــر خدمـــات اتصالية لم يســـبق لها مثيـــل من قبل،
وفســـحت عـــن مجـــاالت واســـعة للتفاعـــل والتشـــارك وتقاســـم االهتمامـــات و الميوالت فـــي بيئة
افتراضيـــة ال تخضـــع ألي رقيـــب، فأصبحـــت بذلـــك وســـائط حواريـــة ممتـــدة عاليـــة التأثيـــر ذات
حضـــور قـــوي في المشـــهد الثقافـــي واالجتماعي اليومـــي لألفراد. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 فأعادت المرأة إنتاج نفس األنماط االتصالية التي مارســـتها في العالم أا
كمـــا تعتبـــر الشـــبكات االجتماعيـــة الفرصـــة األوفـــر التـــي جلبتهـــا االنترنـــت للنســـاء والتي
ســـمحت لهـــم بالخـــوض فـــي تجـــارب اتصالية بحتة مـــن نوع خاص تتمتـــع بالمزيد مـــن الحرية
فـــي النقـــاش في مجال يبتعد عـــن إكراهات وطقوس المكان والزمان.وهنـــا تميز تواجدها في هذا
العالـــم االفتراضـــي فـــي صور االختفاء أحيانا وفي صور التزييف أحيانا أخرى في شـــكل أســـماء
وصـــور مســـتعارة لتناقـــش قضاياها بشـــكل مختلـــف عن القضايـــا التقليدية التـــي كانت تطرح
علـــى صفحـــات وســـائل اإلعـــام التقليديـــة. إن من أكثر مواقع الشـــبكات التي وجـــدت إقباال من
المـــرأة، هـــو موقع الفيســـبوك، نظرا لمـــا يوفره من خدمـــات وتطبيقات تجذبهـــا لتجعلها بالصورة
المأمولـــة ، والتـــي تريـــد أن تســـوق لنفســـها من خاللها، فهـــذا الموقع أصبح يكشـــف عن عالم
المرأة المعقد والمختلف، حيث المرأة الجســـد الفاتن والجمال الباهر الذي يســـتهوي الكثيرين من
المســـتخدمين وفـــي كل المجـــاالت، ويتطلع المســـتخدم الرجـــل للظفر بها والتعـــرف إليها لتحقيق
مـــآرب عـــدة منكشـــفة أحيانا ومتخفية أحيانـــا أخرى. فتلجأ الكثيرات منهـــن للعب على هذا الوتر
الحســـاس لتكـــون أكبر عـــدد من األصدقاء لغايـــات مختلفة يمكن لنا اســـتتباعها وترصدها، من
خـــال ولوجنـــا الرقمـــي في العديد مـــن الصفحات والحســـابات الخاصة بهذه الفئـــة االجتماعية. ) 37 ( العدد126
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
ففـــي هـــذا العالـــم الرقمـــي تحـــررت المرأة أكثـــر مما كانت عليه فـــي األزمنة الغابـــرة، وزجت
بجل المخاوف في الزمن الماضي، فاســـتطاعت أن تغير من صورتها النمطية التي ســـوقت لها
كثيـــرا وســـائل اإلعالم،بعـــد أن أتاحـــت التكنولوجيا الرقميـــة للمرأة أن تنتج أفكارا وتنشـــأ حوارات
وتبـــادالت وان تتواصـــل مـــع اآلخر، لكنها لم تســـتطع التحـــرر من الجنـــدرة، فأغلبيتهن يتواجدن
علـــى صفحـــات الفايســـبوك مـــن خـــال نشـــر كرونولوجيـــا حياتهن اليوميـــة على غـــرار رحالت
التســـوق ووصفـــات الطبخ، والخياطـــة والموضة واألزياء ومســـتلزمات الزينة (المكياج وتصفيف
الشـــعر)، ونشـــر وتبـــادل األخبار عن الحمـــل والوالدة وتعـــدد الزوجات وتأخر الـــزواج وقصص
الشـــرف وغيرها من الموضوعات االجتماعية، وهنا نرى أن المرأة بقيت حبيســـة النســـق الثقافي
التقليدي لألســـرة العربية. فأعادت المرأة إنتاج نفس األنماط االتصالية التي مارســـتها في العالم 126 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة الحقيقي أال وهي اإلفصاح عن همومها ومشـــاكلها ومشـــاعرها، ومشـــاركة اآلخر االفتراضي بها
علـــى عكـــس ما كانت تقـــوم به مع صديقاتها أو المقربات إليهـــا اجتماعيا في عالمها الحقيقي،
خالصـــة القـــول إن اهتمامـــات وقضايـــا المـــرأة لـــم تتغير بتطور الوســـيلة كمـــا يعتقد
البعـــض بـــل انتقلـــت من شـــكلها التقليدي إلى الشـــكل الجديـــد على وفق وســـائط جديدة. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 وســـيكون لنـــا وجهـــة نظـــر أخـــرى إذا مـــا تحدثنا عن اســـتخدام الشـــابات لمواقـــع التواصل
االجتماعـــي، والتـــي وجدنهـــا متنفس لكســـر حاجز العزلـــة بينهن وبين الشـــباب، إلقامة عالقات
عاطفيـــة حميميـــة تعتبـــر مـــن المحظورات في مجتمعاتنـــا العربية، ففي مجتمعـــات تضبطها أطر
دينيـــة ومجتمعيـــة صارمـــة، وجـــدت هذه الفئـــة متنزها آخر لهـــا وفضاء حرا لم يســـبق له مثيل،
فعوضـــت تلـــك اللقـــاءات العاطفيـــة بلقـــاءات مثيلـــة، لكـــن علـــى الشـــبكة مارســـن فيهـــن الحب
االفتراضـــي ومظاهـــره، وصـــوال إلى حد تعاطـــي الجنس االفتراضي على مواقع عدة، فاســـتطاعت
العديـــد منهـــن مـــن محادثـــة الشـــباب عبـــر العديد مـــن مواقع الدردشـــة علـــى غرار المســـنجر،
الفايبر، الواتس آب، والســـناب شـــات،... وغيرها، وهذا ما دفع بهن لالنعزال الموضعي داخل
اااألســـر لممارســـة ونســـج االتصاالت االفتراضية. اااأ
.الميديا االجتماعية وتمثالت المرأة العربية في الفضاء الرقمي2 دأبـــت وســـائل اإلعـــام التقليديـــة علـــى تســـويق صـــورة نمطيـــة عـــن المـــرأة ومكانتهـــا في
المجتمـــع، وبثـــت عنهـــا مضاميـــن متعـــددة كالبرامـــج اإلخباريـــة واألفـــام الدراميـــة واإلعالنات،
وانكـــب اهتمـــام الدارســـين والباحثيـــن األكاديمييـــن على موضوع صـــور أو تمثالت المـــرأة، التي
تنتجهـــا هـــذه الوســـائل على غـــرار اإلذاعـــة والتلفزيون والســـينما. ) 37 ( العدد127
إجملة الباحث اإلعالمي
وفـــي هـــذا اإلطـــار أبرزت الدراســـات األكاديمية أن هذه الوســـائل روّجت فـــي أغلب األحيان
حســـب وجهـــة نظـــر الصـــادق الحمامي صـــورا نمطية وســـلبية عـــن المـــرأة العربيـــة وأدوارها:
المـــرأة الفاتنة، المســـتهلكة، الســـطحية، المســـتضعفة، الضعيفـــة، الشريرة...وبشـــكل عام، فإن
تحليـــل نتائـــج رصـــد صـــور المـــرأة فـــي الميديـــا التقليدية تؤكّـــد أن هـــذه األخيرة غالبـــا ما تبرز
الصـــور النمطيـــة والتقليديـــة عـــن المـــرأة ،متجاهلـــة أدوارهـــا الجديدة فـــي مجاالت الحيـــاة كافة
باعتبارهـــا فاعـــا سياســـيا واجتماعيا على غـــرار الرجل. ويُســـهم تنامـــي اســـتخدامات مواقـــع التواصـــل االجتماعي فـــي تعزيز بيئة تواصليـــة جديدة،
وفضـــاءات تتحقـــق فيهـــا الوفـــرة االتصاليـــة حيث يتحـــول الناس، الذيـــن كانوا يمثلـــون متلقين
ســـلبيين إلـــى مشـــاركين نشـــطين، ممـــا أدى إلـــى نشـــوء ممارســـات اتصالية مســـتحدثة عززت
بدورهـــا فـــرص نفـــاذ المرأة إلى المشـــاركة فـــي المجـــال العمومي. وفي هذا السياق، توصلت الدراسة التي قام بها مركز المرأة العربية للبحوث والتدريب في
مجال مشاركة المرأة في النقاش االفتراضي إلى نتائج مهمة من بينها: اتساع الهوة الرقمية وفـــي هـــذا اإلطـــار أبرزت الدراســـات األكاديمية أن هذه الوســـائل روّجت فـــي أغلب األحيان
حســـب وجهـــة نظـــر الصـــادق الحمامي صـــورا نمطية وســـلبية عـــن المـــرأة العربيـــة وأدوارها:
المـــرأة الفاتنة، المســـتهلكة، الســـطحية، المســـتضعفة، الضعيفـــة، الشريرة...وبشـــكل عام، فإن
تحليـــل نتائـــج رصـــد صـــور المـــرأة فـــي الميديـــا التقليدية تؤكّـــد أن هـــذه األخيرة غالبـــا ما تبرز
الصـــور النمطيـــة والتقليديـــة عـــن المـــرأة ،متجاهلـــة أدوارهـــا الجديدة فـــي مجاالت الحيـــاة كافة
اباعتبارهـــا فاعـــا سياســـيا واجتماعيا على غـــرار الرجل. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 ويُســـهم تنامـــي اســـتخدامات مواقـــع التواصـــل االجتماعي فـــي تعزيز بيئة تواصليـــة جديدة،
وفضـــاءات تتحقـــق فيهـــا الوفـــرة االتصاليـــة حيث يتحـــول الناس، الذيـــن كانوا يمثلـــون متلقين
ســـلبيين إلـــى مشـــاركين نشـــطين، ممـــا أدى إلـــى نشـــوء ممارســـات اتصالية مســـتحدثة عززت
بدورهـــا فـــرص نفـــاذ المرأة إلى المشـــاركة فـــي المجـــال العمومي. 127 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة :بين النساء والرجال في مستوى استخدام اإلنترنت والنفاذ والتي تجسدت عبر عدة أشكال، منها
1
1 . .إن النساء ينخرطن أقل من الرجال في النقاش حول قضايا المرأة، خاصة في نشاط التعليق
2
2 . بينـــت الدراســـة أن النســـاء يفضلـــن الظهور فـــي الفضاء االفتراضي عبر أســـماء مســـتعارة
وصـــورة تعبيرية غيـــر أصيلة. 3
3 . تعكـــس هـــذه الخيـــارات تكتيـــكات لبناء الهويـــة الرقمية مرتبطـــة بخصوصية ســـياق الميديا
االجتماعيـــة الســـتعراض الـــذات أو للتعبيـــر عـــن حاالت نفســـية أو عـــن مواقف ما. فـــي المقابـــل، يمكن أن نفهـــم أيضا هذه التكتيكات في عالقتها بإكراهات الســـياقات الثقافية
واالجتماعيـــة التـــي ال تتيـــح للمـــرأة حريـــات واســـعة للظهـــور فـــي الفضـــاء االفتراضـــي، خاصة
فـــي بعـــض المجتمعـــات العربيـــة التـــي ينتقـــل فيها العنف ضـــد المرأة من الشـــارع إلـــى الفضاء
)13(.االفتراضـــي عبر أشـــكال مســـتحدثة من العنف، علـــى غرار التحرش الجنســـي اإللكتروني
نســـتنتج ممـــا ســـبق، أن التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية وظهورها فـــي الفضاءات االفتراضية،
جعـــل منهـــا متلقيـــاً نشـــطاً يشـــارك في جـــل مخرجات و مدخـــات الفضـــاء العام، وذلـــك بفضل
حســـب رأينـــا، وعن طريـــق تتبعنا -جـــاء في صورة محتشـــمة-حضورهـــا علـــى الرغـــم مـــن أنه
للعديـــد مـــن صفحـــات المرأة فـــي الوطن العربي، تتجســـد المرأة فـــي صورة المســـتخدم المتخفي
الـــذي مـــا زال مرتبطـــا بإكراهات الســـياقين الثقافي واالجتماعي، اللذين يتوخيـــان الضوابط والقيم
التـــي تحكـــم مجتمعاتنـــا العربيـــة، فظهـــرت الكثير من المســـتخدمات بأســـماء وهويات مســـتعارة
أحيانـــا ومزيفـــة ومغالطـــة أحيانا أخـــرى، وذلك لتجنب الظهـــور بهوياتهن الحقيقيـــة التي يحتمل
أن تعرضهـــن لمضايقـــات اجتماعيـــة عـــدة، إال في حاالت نـــادرة جدا. ك
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ف :بين النساء والرجال في مستوى استخدام اإلنترنت والنفاذ والتي تجسدت عبر عدة أشكال، منها
1
1 . .إن النساء ينخرطن أقل من الرجال في النقاش حول قضايا المرأة، خاصة في نشاط التعليق
2
2 . بينـــت الدراســـة أن النســـاء يفضلـــن الظهور فـــي الفضاء االفتراضي عبر أســـماء مســـتعارة
وصـــورة تعبيرية غيـــر أصيلة. 3
3 .تعكـــس هـــذه الخيـــارات تكتيـــكات لبناء الهويـــة الرقمية مرتبطـــة بخصوصية ســـياق الميديا
االجتماعيـــة الســـتعراض الـــذات أو للتعبيـــر عـــن حاالت نفســـية أو عـــن مواقف ما. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 فـــي المقابـــل، يمكن أن نفهـــم أيضا هذه التكتيكات في عالقتها بإكراهات الســـياقات الثقافية
واالجتماعيـــة التـــي ال تتيـــح للمـــرأة حريـــات واســـعة للظهـــور فـــي الفضـــاء االفتراضـــي، خاصة
فـــي بعـــض المجتمعـــات العربيـــة التـــي ينتقـــل فيها العنف ضـــد المرأة من الشـــارع إلـــى الفضاء
)13(.االفتراضـــي عبر أشـــكال مســـتحدثة من العنف، علـــى غرار التحرش الجنســـي اإللكتروني
نســـتنتج ممـــا ســـبق، أن التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية وظهورها فـــي الفضاءات االفتراضية،
جعـــل منهـــا متلقيـــاً نشـــطاً يشـــارك في جـــل مخرجات و مدخـــات الفضـــاء العام، وذلـــك بفضل
حســـب رأينـــا، وعن طريـــق تتبعنا-جـــاء في صورة محتشـــمة-حضورهـــا علـــى الرغـــم مـــن أنه
للعديـــد مـــن صفحـــات المرأة فـــي الوطن العربي، تتجســـد المرأة فـــي صورة المســـتخدم المتخفي
الـــذي مـــا زال مرتبطـــا بإكراهات الســـياقين الثقافي واالجتماعي، اللذين يتوخيـــان الضوابط والقيم
التـــي تحكـــم مجتمعاتنـــا العربيـــة، فظهـــرت الكثير من المســـتخدمات بأســـماء وهويات مســـتعارة
أحيانـــا ومزيفـــة ومغالطـــة أحيانا أخـــرى، وذلك لتجنب الظهـــور بهوياتهن الحقيقيـــة التي يحتمل
أن تعرضهـــن لمضايقـــات اجتماعيـــة عـــدة، إال في حاالت نـــادرة جدا. ا
يا
.صفحـات المـرأة الجزائريـة األكثـر رواجـا علـى موقـع التواصــل االجتماعــي الفيــس بـوك:3 خـــال عمليـــة البحث التي تـــم إجراؤها عن أكثر الصفحات رواجا على الفيســـبوك من طرف
المســـتخدمات، تمكنـــا من تســـجيل عـــدد من المالحظات، أكـــدت أن اهتمامات الشـــرائح الكبرى
مـــن النســـاء الجزائريات ال يـــكاد يخرج عن واحدة مـــن المجاالت اآلتية:
•
شـــؤون منزليـــة: وتتعلق بالصفحـــات الخاصة بالبيت خاصة، الطبـــخ، الحلويات، الديكور،
مســـتلزمات البيـــوت، غيـــر أن المالحظ أن هذه الصفحات التي تســـجل أكثر نســـب التفاعل
هـــي المتعلقـــة بالمطبـــخ ســـواء منـــه التقليـــدي أو العصـــري الجزائري، بـــكل مناطقه وحتى
العربـــي والعالمـــي، مـــا يعكـــس تفتح المـــرأة الجزائرية علـــى الثقافات األخرى، مســـتغلة في
أذلـــك الفيســـبوك الذي مكنهـــا من ذلك دون أيـــة تكاليف. خـــال عمليـــة البحث التي تـــم إجراؤها عن أكثر الصفحات رواجا على الفيســـبوك من طرف
المســـتخدمات، تمكنـــا من تســـجيل عـــدد من المالحظات، أكـــدت أن اهتمامات الشـــرائح الكبرى
مـــن النســـاء الجزائريات ال يـــكاد يخرج عن واحدة مـــن المجاالت اآلتية: مـــن النســـاء الجزائريات ال يـــكاد يخرج عن واحدة مـــن المجاالت اآلتية:
•
شـــؤون منزليـــة: وتتعلق بالصفحـــات الخاصة بالبيت خاصة، الطبـــخ، الحلويات، الديكور،
مســـتلزمات البيـــوت، غيـــر أن المالحظ أن هذه الصفحات التي تســـجل أكثر نســـب التفاعل
هـــي المتعلقـــة بالمطبـــخ ســـواء منـــه التقليـــدي أو العصـــري الجزائري، بـــكل مناطقه وحتى
العربـــي والعالمـــي، مـــا يعكـــس تفتح المـــرأة الجزائرية علـــى الثقافات األخرى، مســـتغلة في
أذلـــك الفيســـبوك الذي مكنهـــا من ذلك دون أيـــة تكاليف. التأصيل النظري للدراسة
.التواجد الرقمي للمرأة العربية على مواقع الشبكات االجتماعية: 1 ي
•
شـــؤون الجمـــال واألناقـــة: وتتعلـــق بالصفحـــات التي تقـــوم بعرض كل ما هـــو جديد حول
جمـــال وأناقـــة المـــرأة، اللذيـــن يعـــدان مطلبهـــا الدائم عن طريـــق عرض الجديد حـــول عالم 128 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة ...،الماكيـــاج، األلبســـة واألزياء، ألوان وتســـريحات الشـــعر، عالـــم الخياطة، التدابيـــر المنزلية
•
شـــؤون أســـرية: وتتعلـــق بمختلف التدابير والنصائـــح التي تفيد المرأة فـــي حياتها اليومية
خاصـــة فـــي عالقاتهـــا مع زوجها وكذلـــك أبنائها، و كل ما تعلق بصحتهـــا وحملها ووالدتها
وكيفيـــة التعامـــل مـــع كل مرحلة من مراحل حياتها من أجل مســـاعدتها. •
التجارة والتســـوق: وهـــي تلـــك الصفحـــات التجارية التي تســـتهدف الترويـــج لمنتجات تهم
المـــرأة الجزائريـــة، ســـواء المتعلقـــة بجمالهـــا أو ببيتهـــا وتعـــرض معها أســـعارها، وتفاصيل
الحصـــول عليهـــا عـــن طريـــق التجـــارة االلكترونيـــة التـــي تواجـــه الكثيـــر مـــن العراقيـــل في
الجزائر، غير أن رواد الفيســـبوك أوجدوا الســـبل المناســـبة لعرض وبيع مختلف المنتجات،
وقـــد كانـــت المـــرأة ســـوقا مهمـــاً لهم وموردا بـــارزا لنجاح واســـتمرار هـــذا النوع مـــن التجارة. الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك
ركزنـــا فـــي هذه الدراســـة االســـتطالعية لصفحة المـــرأة الجزائرية على الفيســـبوك على أهم
القضايـــا التـــي تطرحهـــا الصفحة، ويتم التفاعل معها من النســـاء المشـــتركات بهـــا قصد معرفة
اهتمامـــات المـــرأة الجزائريـــة، فـــي الفضـــاءات االفتراضيـــة وكذا انشـــغاالتها وأهـــم القضايا التي
تثيـــر اهتمامهـــا، فكانت كما ســـتوضحها الجـــداول اآلتية:
: نـــوع القضايا التي تطرحها صفحة المرأة الجزائرية على موقع الفيســـبوك1 جـــدول
نوع القضايا
التكرار%النسبة المئوية
قضايا اجتماعية15
51،72
قضايا عاطفية06
20،69
قضايا ثقافية04
13،79
قضايا اقتصادية02
06،90
قضايا سياسية01
03،45
قضايا صحية01
03،45
المجموع29
100ا ركزنـــا فـــي هذه الدراســـة االســـتطالعية لصفحة المـــرأة الجزائرية على الفيســـبوك على أهم
القضايـــا التـــي تطرحهـــا الصفحة، ويتم التفاعل معها من النســـاء المشـــتركات بهـــا قصد معرفة
اهتمامـــات المـــرأة الجزائريـــة، فـــي الفضـــاءات االفتراضيـــة وكذا انشـــغاالتها وأهـــم القضايا التي
تثيـــر اهتمامهـــا، فكانت كما ســـتوضحها الجـــداول اآلتية: ) 37 ( العدد129
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
المجموع29
100
نـــوع القضايا التـــي تطرحها الصفحة حيـــث أن القضايا االجتماعية01 يبيـــن الجـــدول رقـــم
، تلتهـــا%51،72 كانـــت فـــي صـــدارة الموضوعـــات المطروحـــة علـــى الصفحـــة بنســـبة بلغـــت
، أمـــا المرتبـــة الثالثة فكانـــت من نصيب%20،69 الموضوعـــات الوجدانيـــة والعاطفيـــة بنســـبة
، وفـــي المرتبة%06،90 ، تليهـــا االقتصاديـــة بنســـبة13،79% الموضوعـــات الثقافيـــة بنســـبة نـــوع القضايا التـــي تطرحها الصفحة حيـــث أن القضايا االجتماعية01 يبيـــن الجـــدول رقـــم
، تلتهـــا%51،72 كانـــت فـــي صـــدارة الموضوعـــات المطروحـــة علـــى الصفحـــة بنســـبة بلغـــت
، أمـــا المرتبـــة الثالثة فكانـــت من نصيب%20،69 الموضوعـــات الوجدانيـــة والعاطفيـــة بنســـبة
، وفـــي المرتبة%06،90 ، تليهـــا االقتصاديـــة بنســـبة13،79% الموضوعـــات الثقافيـــة بنســـبة ) 37 (العدد129
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
نـــوع القضايا التـــي تطرحها الصفحة حيـــث أن القضايا االجتماعية01 يبيـــن الجـــدول رقـــم
، تلتهـــا%51،72 كانـــت فـــي صـــدارة الموضوعـــات المطروحـــة علـــى الصفحـــة بنســـبة بلغـــت
، أمـــا المرتبـــة الثالثة فكانـــت من نصيب%20،69 الموضوعـــات الوجدانيـــة والعاطفيـــة بنســـبة
، وفـــي المرتبة%06،90 ، تليهـــا االقتصاديـــة بنســـبة13،79% الموضوعـــات الثقافيـــة بنســـبة ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 129 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة . لكل واحـــدة منهما%03،45 األخيـــرة جـــاءت القضايـــا السياســـية و الصحيـــة بنســـبة
تؤكـــد بيانـــات الجـــدول الميول االجتماعـــي للمرأة الجزائريـــة عن طريق القضايـــا المطروحة
علـــى صفحتهـــا علـــى الفيســـبوك، حيـــث تعتبـــر أســـرتها مجـــال اهتمامهـــا األول، ثـــم حاالتهـــا
العاطفيـــة والوجدانيـــة التي تمر بها في مختلف مراحل حياتها الشـــخصية، بينما شـــغلت القضايا
السياســـية والثقافيـــة ذيـــل الترتيب مـــن اهتماماتها، وهو ما يؤكد أن المرأة مـــا زالت تحافظ على
المجـــال الضيـــق الـــذي رســـمه لها المجتمـــع العربي على وفق حـــدود ال تتعدى بيتها وأســـرتها. الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك : نـــوع الموضوعـــات االجتماعيـــة عن طريـــق صفحة المـــرأة الجزائرية على موقع الفيســـبوك2 جـــدول
الموضوعات االجتماعية
التكرار%النسبة المئوية
الحياة الزوجية06
40
الخطبة والزواج04
26،67
تناقضات الحياة اليومية03
20
العالقات األسرية02
13،33
المجموع15
100ا . لكل واحـــدة منهما%03،45 األخيـــرة جـــاءت القضايـــا السياســـية و الصحيـــة بنســـبة
تؤكـــد بيانـــات الجـــدول الميول االجتماعـــي للمرأة الجزائريـــة عن طريق القضايـــا المطروحة
علـــى صفحتهـــا علـــى الفيســـبوك، حيـــث تعتبـــر أســـرتها مجـــال اهتمامهـــا األول، ثـــم حاالتهـــا
العاطفيـــة والوجدانيـــة التي تمر بها في مختلف مراحل حياتها الشـــخصية، بينما شـــغلت القضايا
السياســـية والثقافيـــة ذيـــل الترتيب مـــن اهتماماتها، وهو ما يؤكد أن المرأة مـــا زالت تحافظ على
المجـــال الضيـــق الـــذي رســـمه لها المجتمـــع العربي على وفق حـــدود ال تتعدى بيتها وأســـرتها. : نـــوع الموضوعـــات االجتماعيـــة عن طريـــق صفحة المـــرأة الجزائرية على موقع الفيســـبوك2 جـــدول
الموضوعات االجتماعية
التكرار%النسبة المئوية
الحياة الزوجية06
40
الخطبة والزواج04
26،67
تناقضات الحياة اليومية03
20
العالقات األسرية02
13،33
المجموع15
100ا ، يوضح الجدول نوع الموضوعات االجتماعية التي تثير اهتمام المرأة الجزائرية على الفيسبوك
حيـــث كانـــت الحيـــاة الزوجية والعالقة مع الزوج وأســـاليب التعايش أهم موضـــوع تم تداوله عبر
بينما كان الموضوع االجتماعـــي الثاني من حيث االهتمام،%40 الصفحـــة، بنســـبة وصلـــت إلى
، بينما كانت المرتبة%26،67 موضوعـــات الخطبـــة والزواج بالنســـبة للفتيات العازبات بنســـبة
الثالثـــة إلبـــراز بعـــض التناقضات التـــي تعترضها في الحيـــاة اليومية خاصة تلـــك المتعلقة بعالم
، وأخيرا أبدت النساء اهتماما بنوع وطبيعة العالقات األسرية والروابط التي20% األزواج بنسبة
.13،33% تجمـــع األفراد داخل األســـرة الجزائرية، ســـواء مـــع األولياء أو الزوج واألبناء بنســـبة
ومـــن بيانـــات الجدول يمكـــن أن نســـتنتج أن الموضوعات االجتماعية التـــي تحظى باهتمام
المـــرأة الجزائريـــة، هـــي تلـــك المتعلقة بأســـرتها الصغيـــرة وحتى الكبيـــرة) يعتبر موضـــوع حياتها
الزوجيـــة أولـــى أولياتهـــا، ومن ثـــم القضايا المرتبطة به بشـــكل مباشـــر منها الخطبـــة والزواج،
وطبيعـــة العالقـــة بين األفراد فـــي خضمها. يأ
: القضايـــا العاطفية والوجدانية للمرأة الجزائرية على موقع الفيســـبوك3 جـــدول
القضايا العاطفية
التكرار%النسبة المئوية
المرح والتسلية03
50
الغيرة02
33،33
الحب01
16،67
المحموع06
100
الموضوعـــات العاطفيـــة البـــارزة عبـــر صفحة المـــرأة الجزائرية03 يبيـــن الجـــدول رقـــم 130 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة د. تومــي فضيلــة د. يســعد زهيــة علـــى الفيســـبوك، حيـــث أن روح الدعابـــة هـــي المســـيطرة علـــى الحالـــة النفســـية العاطفية عند
المـــرأة، مـــن أجـــل تخفيف ضغط الحيـــاة اليومية وخلق نوع من المرح والتســـلية عن طريق طرح
،يليها موضوع الغيـــرة عند الزوجة بشـــكل خاص والمرأة %50 مواضيـــع طريفـــة مســـلية بنســـبة
.%16،67 ، وأخيـــرا موضوع الحب بنســـبة%33،33 عمومـــا بنســـبة
وعليـــه تؤكـــد بيانـــات الجدول أن المرأة الجزائرية وظفت الفيســـبوك مـــن أجل تخفيف ضغوط
الحيـــاة والتنفيس عبر التنكيت والتســـلية في منشـــورات تخلـــق نوعا من الترفيه. الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك : الوســـائط المســـتخدمة في عرض المضامين على الصفحة4 جدول
الوسيط
التكرار%النسبة المئوية
فيديوهات02
06،90
صور03
10،34
نص05
17،24
)مزيج ( نص مع صور19
65،52
المجموع29
100 علـــى الفيســـبوك، حيـــث أن روح الدعابـــة هـــي المســـيطرة علـــى الحالـــة النفســـية العاطفية عند
المـــرأة، مـــن أجـــل تخفيف ضغط الحيـــاة اليومية وخلق نوع من المرح والتســـلية عن طريق طرح
،يليها موضوع الغيـــرة عند الزوجة بشـــكل خاص والمرأة %50 مواضيـــع طريفـــة مســـلية بنســـبة
.%16،67 ، وأخيـــرا موضوع الحب بنســـبة%33،33 عمومـــا بنســـبة علـــى الفيســـبوك، حيـــث أن روح الدعابـــة هـــي المســـيطرة علـــى الحالـــة النفســـية العاطفية عند
المـــرأة، مـــن أجـــل تخفيف ضغط الحيـــاة اليومية وخلق نوع من المرح والتســـلية عن طريق طرح
،يليها موضوع الغيـــرة عند الزوجة بشـــكل خاص والمرأة%50 مواضيـــع طريفـــة مســـلية بنســـبة
.%16،67 ، وأخيـــرا موضوع الحب بنســـبة%33،33 عمومـــا بنســـبة يوضـــح الجـــدول الثالـــث أهـــم الوســـائط التي اســـتخدمتها الصفحـــة الخاصة بالمـــرأة الجزائرية في
عـــرض المضاميـــن التـــي تشـــغلها، حيث كانت أكثـــر المضامين بروزا عبر الصفحة تلـــك التي تمزج بين
،ثم الصور بنســـبة% 17،24 تليها وســـائط النص فحســـب بنســـبة% 65،52 النص والصور بنســـبة
.%06،90 ،وأخيرا الفيديوهات بنســـبة%10،34 تعتمد صفحة المرأة الجزائرية على مختلف الوسائط لعرض مضامينها للنساء، مستخدمات الفيس
بوك غير أنها تميل إلى عرضها عن طريق المزيج أي الوسائط التي تجمع بين النص المكتوب والصور. النتائج العامة •
اســـتغلت المـــرأة الجزائريـــة الفضـــاءات الرقميـــة فأوجـــدت لها مســـاحات كبيـــرة للتعبير عـــن آرائها
وانشـــغاالتها حـــول قضايـــا اهتمامهـــا، لكـــن اســـتغاللها لتلك المجـــاالت ظل يقتصر علـــى عدد من
الموضوعـــات الخاصـــة جدا والمتعلقـــة بحياتها اليومية، في الجانب االجتماعـــي بين الزوج واألوالد
واألسرة والجمال والزينة ولم تبرز اهتمامات خارج هذا اإلطار إال ما ندر، كما ال تبرز أية طموحات
سياســـية وال ثقافيـــة للمـــرأة الجزائرية من خـــال الفضاءات التي تنتجها وتشـــاركها مع بنات حواء. •
تؤكـــد الدراســـة الميـــول االجتماعي للمـــرأة الجزائرية عن طريـــق القضايا المطروحـــة على صفحتها
علـــى الفيـــس بـــوك، وتعتبر أســـرتها مجال اهتمامهـــا األول ثم حاالتهـــا العاطفيـــة والوجدانية التي
تمـــر بهـــا فـــي مختلـــف مراحل حياتها الشـــخصية، بينما شـــغلت القضايـــا السياســـية والثقافية ذيل
الترتيـــب مـــن اهتماماتهـــا، وهو مـــا يؤكد أن المرأة ما زالت تحافظ على المجال الضيق الذي رســـمه
لهـــا المجتمـــع العربـــي، في شـــكل حـــدود ال تتعدى بيتها وأســـرتها وظلت تجســـد هـــذه النظرة حتى 131 التواجــد الرقمــي للمــرأة الجزائريــة عبـر الفضــاءات االفتراضيــة . افـــي الفضاءات الرقمية الغيـــر محدودة . افـــي الفضاءات الرقمية الغيـــر محدودة . ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك فـــي الفضاءات الرقمية الغيـــر محدودة
•
إن الموضوعـــات االجتماعيـــة التـــي تحظـــى باهتمـــام المـــرأة الجزائرية، هـــي تلك المتعلقة بأســـرتها
الصغيـــرة وحتـــى الكبيـــرة ويعتبـــر موضـــوع حياتهـــا الزوجيـــة أولـــى أولوياتهـــا في الحيـــاة، ومن ثم
القضايا المرتبطة به بشـــكل مباشـــر منها الخطبة والزواج وطبيعة العالقة بين األفراد في خضمها. •
وظفـــت المـــرأة الجزائرية الفيســـبوك من أجل تخفيـــف ضغوط الحياة والتنفيس، عـــن طريق التنكيت
في منشـــورات تضفي على المســـتخدمات نوعا من التســـلية والترفيه. ي
ي
•
تعتمـــد صفحـــة المـــرأة الجزائريـــة علـــى مختلـــف الوســـائط لعـــرض مضامينهـــا للنســـاء الجزائريات
مســـتخدمات الفيـــس بـــوك غيـــر أنها تميل إلى عرضهـــا عن طريق المزيج، أي تلك الوســـائط التي
تجم ع بي ن النص المكت وب والصور ي
ي
•
تعتمـــد صفحـــة المـــرأة الجزائريـــة علـــى مختلـــف الوســـائط لعـــرض مضامينهـــا للنســـاء الجزائريات
مســـتخدمات الفيـــس بـــوك غيـــر أنها تميل إلى عرضهـــا عن طريق المزيج، أي تلك الوســـائط التي
تجمـــع بيـــن النص المكتـــوب والصور. قائمة المراجع
ة
ة ي
ي
•
تعتمـــد صفحـــة المـــرأة الجزائريـــة علـــى مختلـــف الوســـائط لعـــرض مضامينهـــا للنســـاء ا
مســـتخدمات الفيـــس بـــوك غيـــر أنها تميل إلى عرضهـــا عن طريق المزيج، أي تلك الوس ي
ي
•
تعتمـــد صفحـــة المـــرأة الجزائريـــة علـــى مختلـــف الوســـائط لعـــرض مضامينهـــا للنســـاء الجزائريات
مســـتخدمات الفيـــس بـــوك غيـــر أنها تميل إلى عرضهـــا عن طريق المزيج، أي تلك الوســـائط التي ي
ي
ي
ي
تجمـــع بيـــن النص المكتـــوب والصور. قائمة المراجع ي
تجمـــع بيـــن النص المكتـــوب والصور. قائمة المراجع 1
1 . ،2011 ،1جوســـتين ليفـــي ترجمة احمد حيدر، التســـويق عبر الفايســـبوك، الـــدار العربيـــة للعلوم ناشـــرون، ط
.20.ص 2
2 . .110 -109، ص ص2015،علـــي كنعـــان، اإلعـــام االلكتروني، دار األيـــام للنشـــر والتوزيـــع، عمـــان، األردن
3
3 . دراســـة حالة على قروب « خلوهـــا تعدي «، ورقةfacebook فوزيـــة الحربي، قضايا الســـعوديات على فـــي الـ
مقدمـــه للمنتدى الســـنوي الســـادس للجمعية الســـعودية لإلعالم واالتصـــال « اإلعـــام الجديد التحديـــات النظرية
.2012 أفريل15 و14والتطبيقيـــة «، جامعه الملك ســـعود ـ الريـــاض، و 2
2 . .110 -109، ص ص2015،علـــي كنعـــان، اإلعـــام االلكتروني، دار األيـــام للنشـــر والتوزيـــع، عمـــان، األردن
3
3 . دراســـة حالة على قروب « خلوهـــا تعدي «، ورقةfacebook فوزيـــة الحربي، قضايا الســـعوديات على فـــي الـ
مقدمـــه للمنتدى الســـنوي الســـادس للجمعية الســـعودية لإلعالم واالتصـــال « اإلعـــام الجديد التحديـــات النظرية
.2012 أفريل15 و14والتطبيقيـــة «، جامعه الملك ســـعود ـ الريـــاض، و 4
4 . 014 ،، منتدى المعارف، بيروت، لبنان4نديم منصوري، سوسيولوجيا االنترنت، سلسلة اجتماعيات عربية 4
4 . .94، ص2014 ،، منتدى المعارف، بيروت، لبنان4نديم منصوري، سوسيولوجيا االنترنت، سلسلة اجتماعيات عربية
5
5 . الجانب التطبيقي للدراسة
اهتمامات المرأة الجزائرية عن طريق صفحتها على الفيسبوك .عـــزي عبد الرحمن، األنترنت والشـــباب، بعـــض االفتراضـــات القيمية، البوابـــة العربية لعلوم اإلعـــام واالتصال 6
6 . A Comparative Analysis:Zizi Papacharissi, The Virtual Geographies of Social Network
.p39 ,2009 ,of Face book, LinkedIn and A Small World, New Media and Society
7
7
. .Ibid, p p199.220 6
6 . A Comparative Analysis:Zizi Papacharissi, The Virtual Geographies of Social Network
.p39 ,2009 ,of Face book, LinkedIn and A Small World, New Media and Society
7
7
. .Ibid, p p199.220 8
8 . مقاربـــة في علم االجتمـــاع العربـــي واالتصال عبر الحاســـوب،عالم-علـــي محمد رحومـــة، علم االجتمـــاع اآللي
.64 ، ص2008 ،، الكويـــت347المعرفـــة، العدد 9
9
. Jean François Marcotte, Communautés Virtuelles et Sociabilité en Réseaux, Pour Une
Redéfinition du Lien Social dans les Environnements Virtuels, Esprit Critique, Revue
p3. En,2003 ,04 International de Sociologie et de Sciences Sociales, Vol-05, Numéro
ligne www.espritcritique.fr, vue le 12/09/2013 à 12.05 10
1 0
Fanny Georges, Sémiotique de la représentation de soi dans les dispositifs interactifs. .2007 ,L’Hexis numérique. Linguistics. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I
.French. P259 10
1 0
Fanny Georges, Sémiotique de la représentation de soi dans les dispositifs interactifs. .2007 ,L’Hexis numérique. Linguistics. Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I
.French. P259 11
1 1
.الصادق رابح، االنترنت كفضاء مستحدث لتشكل الذات، البوابة العربية لعلوم اإلعالم واالتصال
12
1 2
محمـــد على رحومة، االنترنـــت والمنظومة التكنـــو اجتماعية، بحث تحليلـــي في اآللية النفســـية لالنترنت ونمذجة
.25 ، ص2005،منظومتها االجتماعية، مركز دراســـات الوحـــدة العربية
13
1 3
ســـكينة بـــوراوي، الصـــادق حمامـــي، المـــرأة العربيـــة في النقـــاش االفتراضي دراســـة فـــي تمثالت المـــرأة في
.18 . ص2015 ،صفحـــات الميديـــا التقليدية في الفايســـبوك، مركز المـــرأة العربية للتدريب والبحـــوث ) 37 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 132 | 6,970 | http://abaa.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/abaa/article/download/109/52 | null |
Arabic | تغطية املوضوعات الصحية يف الصحافة العراقية الباحث حممد علي جياد
دكتوراه صحافة
كلية االعالم / جامعة بغداد كلية االعالم / جامعة بغداد تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد جملة الباحث االعالمي
والتقريـــري بالدرجـــة االولـــى وعدم ايالء الطابـــع التوضيحي والتفســـيري الذي يعنى بالمشـــكالت
الصحيـــة االهتمـــام المطلوب .
ـ عـــدم اهتمـــام الصحافة العراقية بإيجاد حلول ومعالجات للمشـــكالت الصحية ألســـباب تتعلق 3
.. بسياسة الصحف وسخونة الحدث بالقياس إلى غيره من اإلحداث التي تشهدها الساحة العراقية
ـ اهتمـــام محـــدود مـــن قبل الصحافـــة العراقية بصفحات شـــكاوى واستفســـارات المواطنين التي 4
تعنـــى بالمشـــكالت الصحيـــة .. اذ تـــم طـــرح وعرض بعض المشـــكالت الصحية بشـــكل مقتضب
لم يتجـــاوز حدود الشـــكوى غالبا.
ـ أبـــرزت الصحافـــة العراقيـــة الجانـــب الســـلبي للمشـــكالت الصحيـــة الحاصلة فـــي العراق دون 5
الولـــوج فـــي تفاصيل عـــن المعالجات ومتطلبـــات الوقاية ... األمر الذي يشـــير إلى عدم اعتماد
أســـاليب تثقيف صحي مناســـبة .
ـ كشـــفت الدراســـة عـــن عدم وجود تنســـيق ومتابعـــة وتخطيط بين الصحـــف المحلية من جهة 6
والدوائـــر المعنيـــة بشـــؤون الصحـــة من جهـــة أخرى فـــي التغطيـــة الصحفية لمراحـــل اندالع أو
حـــدوث المشـــكلة الصحيـــة وتطوراتها، وأدى ذلـــك الى خلق أزمة ثقة أحيانـــا وحصول تباين في
البيانـــات وتداعيات المشـــكلة الصحية ونشـــر الهلع والخـــوف بين الجمهور.
The Coverage of Health Topics in Iraqi Press
An analytical Study of Two Newspapers entitled ‘al-Sabah and al-Mada’
from January 1, 2007 to October 31, 2001
Researcher: Mohammed Ali Jiad
College of Mass Communication
University of Baghdad
Abstract
The current study aims to cover the health topics in the Iraqi journalism , to
know the concern ‘s level of the Iraqi journalism when covering the health
subjects and to know the size of its performance under the diversity of visual
and audio medias. The researcher has discussed his research by wording it والتقريـــري بالدرجـــة االولـــى وعدم ايالء الطابـــع التوضيحي والتفســـيري الذي يعنى بالمشـــكالت
الصحيـــة االهتمـــام المطلوب . ـ عـــدم اهتمـــام الصحافة العراقية بإيجاد حلول ومعالجات للمشـــكالت الصحية ألســـباب تتعلق3
.. بسياسة الصحف وسخونة الحدث بالقياس إلى غيره من اإلحداث التي تشهدها الساحة العراقية
ـ اهتمـــام محـــدود مـــن قبل الصحافـــة العراقية بصفحات شـــكاوى واستفســـارات المواطنين التي4
تعنـــى بالمشـــكالت الصحيـــة .. اذ تـــم طـــرح وعرض بعض المشـــكالت الصحية بشـــكل مقتضب
لم يتجـــاوز حدود الشـــكوى غالبا. ـ أبـــرزت الصحافـــة العراقيـــة الجانـــب الســـلبي للمشـــكالت الصحيـــة الحاصلة فـــي العراق دون 5
الولـــوج فـــي تفاصيل عـــن المعالجات ومتطلبـــات الوقاية ... األمر الذي يشـــير إلى عدم اعتماد
أســـاليب تثقيف صحي مناســـبة . ـ كشـــفت الدراســـة عـــن عدم وجود تنســـيق ومتابعـــة وتخطيط بين الصحـــف المحلية من جهة 6
والدوائـــر المعنيـــة بشـــؤون الصحـــة من جهـــة أخرى فـــي التغطيـــة الصحفية لمراحـــل اندالع أو
حـــدوث المشـــكلة الصحيـــة وتطوراتها، وأدى ذلـــك الى خلق أزمة ثقة أحيانـــا وحصول تباين في
البيانـــات وتداعيات المشـــكلة الصحية ونشـــر الهلع والخـــوف بين الجمهور. The Coverage of Health Topics in Iraqi Press
An analytical Study of Two Newspapers entitled ‘al-Sabah and al-Mada’
from January 1, 2007 to October 31, 2001 المستخلص تســـعى هذه الدراســـة (تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية ) لمعرفة مســـتوى
اهتمـــام الصحافـــة العراقيـــة بوظيفتهـــا التثقيفيـــة عنـــد تغطيتهـــا للموضوعات الصحيـــة ،وحجم
أدائهـــا فـــي ظـــل التنوع والتعـــدد الملحوظ في وســـائل اإلعـــام المرئية والمســـموعة والمقروءة ،
وطـــرح الباحـــث مشـــكلة بحثه عن طريـــق صياغتها بجملة من التســـاؤالت والتي ســـعى لإلجابة
عنهـــا عـــن طريـــق البحث والدراســـة.. وقد حددها باالتي: ما مســـتوى اهتمـــام الصحافة العراقية
بالموضوعـــات الصحيـــة ؟ و ما األشـــكال والفنون الصحفية التـــي وظفتها الصحافة العراقية في
ايصال رســـائل صحية مناســـبة للجمهور ؟ وما مصادر هذه الموضوعات ؟ وما مســـتوى تفاعل
الصحافـــة العراقيـــة مـــع المواطن في معالجة مشـــكالته الصحية وتقديم الحلـــول والمعالجات لها
عـــن طريـــق صفحاتهـــا ؟ واعتمـــد الباحث على منهج المســـح وكانت الدراســـة وصفية مســـتعينا
بـــأداة تحليـــل المضمـــون باعتبارهما جزءاً أساســـيا من أساســـيات البحوث الوصفيـــة وقد اعتمد
الباحـــث نظـــام الحصـــر الشـــامل لمجتمـــع البحث والمتمثـــل بجميع األعـــداد الصـــادرة لصحيفتي
، باعتبـــار إن المجتمع 2007/10/31 ولغاية2007/10/1 «الصبـــاح والمـــدى» للمـــدة مـــن
العـــام أو الكلـــي للبحـــث هـــو الصحافة العراقية ، وتوصلت الدراســـة الـــى نتائج أبرزها :
ـ تصـــدر االخبـــار والتقاريـــر الصحفيـــة المراتـــب االولى في تغطيـــة الموضوعـــات الصحية في 1
. صحيفتـــي الصبـــاح والمدى ـ جـــاءت بقيـــة الفنون الصحفية كالتحقيقات واالعمدة الصحفية ونصائح وارشـــادات وشـــكاوى 2
واستفســـارات ضمـــن االهتمـــام الثانـــوي للصحيفتيـــن ممـــا يؤكـــد ميلهمـــا الـــى الطابـــع الخبـــري 135 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد Abstract The current study aims to cover the health topics in the Iraqi journalism , to
know the concern ‘s level of the Iraqi journalism when covering the health
subjects and to know the size of its performance under the diversity of visual
and audio medias. The researcher has discussed his research by wording it 136 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد with a set of inquiries that should be answered via the research and study. He could have determined that by the following: What is the concern›s level of Iraqi journalism over the health subjects? What
are the forms and press arts that are functionalized by the Iraqi journalism
as to get the health message to the republics? What is the source of these
subjects? What is the level of Iraqi media ‹s interaction with the citizen
to address his health problems and to submit solutions and addresses ? The researcher has depended on the survey method and the study has been
a descriptive one for analyzing the content since it is considered as a basic
part of the research. The researcher has depended on the two newspapers (
Al-Sabah and Al-Mada) for the period from January 1, 2007 up to October 31,
2007, since the general society of the research is the Iraqi media. The study is
concluded with the most prominent results: 1. News and press reports have occupied the first rank in covering the
health topics in Al-Sabah and Al-Mada» 2. The other press arts as investigations , press columns , advices , instructions
, complains and inquiries are sub-concerned . This confirm to have both tend
to news and reports and not to tend toward interpretation and explanation
that concern over the health problems. 2. The other press arts as investigations , press columns , advices , instructions
, complains and inquiries are sub-concerned . This confirm to have both tend
to news and reports and not to tend toward interpretation and explanation
that concern over the health problems. 3. The Iraqi journalism has not concerned over finding out solutions for the
health problems for reasons that concerned over the policy of media and the
event in comparison with other events Iraq witnessed. 3. Abstract The Iraqi journalism has not concerned over finding out solutions for the
health problems for reasons that concerned over the policy of media and the
event in comparison with other events Iraq witnessed. 4. The Iraqi journalism are limitedly concerned over the complains columns
and citizens› inquires that shed the light on the health problems. 4. The Iraqi journalism are limitedly concerned over the complains columns
and citizens› inquires that shed the light on the health problems. 5. The Iraqi journalism has brought up the negative side of health problems
occurred in Iraq without resorting to the details and requirements. This matter
refers not to depend on methods of how to healthily be educated. 5. The Iraqi journalism has brought up the negative side of health problems
occurred in Iraq without resorting to the details and requirements. This matter
refers not to depend on methods of how to healthily be educated. 6. The study has discovered that there has not been a coordination , follow
up and planning between the local journalism from one side and concerned
offices from another side, as to cover stages of breaking up or happening a
health problem . This led to create a crisis of confidence and discrepancy in
data, along with spreading horror and fear among the publics. 6. The study has discovered that there has not been a coordination , follow
up and planning between the local journalism from one side and concerned
offices from another side, as to cover stages of breaking up or happening a
health problem . This led to create a crisis of confidence and discrepancy in
data, along with spreading horror and fear among the publics. 137 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد تمهيد تســـهم الصحافـــة بتحقيـــق التواصـــل الثقافـــي وتســـعى الى انتقـــاء مضاميـــن الموضوعات
وزيـــادة التبـــادل الثقافـــي وتوســـيع نطـــاق إنتشـــارها بمختلف الوســـائل واالســـاليب المتاحة بغية
إحـــداث تأثيرات مســـتهدفة. والصحافـــة كوســـيلة من وســـائل االتصال الجماهيـــري تمثل نبض المجتمع وشـــعوره ، وهي
المـــرآة التـــي تعكـــس مـــا يدور فيه مـــن وقائع وأحـــداث ، وهي ال تكتفـــي بالتعبير عمّـــا يقع من
أحـــداث فقـــط و�إنمـــا تشـــارك فـــي صناعـــة هـــذه الوقائـــع ، وتهيئـــة الجو أو المســـرح المناســـب
لحدوثهـــا ، وهـــي بذلـــك تقـــوم بدورهـــا فـــي إخبار النـــاس بما يحـــدث وتثقيفهـــم وتعليمهم بعض
)1( . المعـــارف التـــي تنفعهـــم فـــي حياتهـــم ، وتوجيههم إلى قيـــم وأحـــداث بعينها ويعد البحث العلمي شـــرطاً أساســـياً مســـبقاً لتشـــكيل خطط واســـتراتيجيات اإلعـــام والتعليم
واالتصال التي تمتازُ بالشـــمولية ، حيث يتوقع إن ينتج عن تدخالت اإلعالم والتعليم واالتصال
تغيـــرات فـــي مســـتويات معرفة واتجاهات وممارســـات الجمهور المســـتهدف ، لذلـــك على القائم
باالتصـــال معرفـــة الوضـــع الراهن ، ومدى قربه أو بعده عـــن أهدافه ، كما انه بحاجة إلى معرفة
)2( . األســـباب التـــي تدفـــع الجمهور إلى اتخاذ ســـلوك مغاير للطريقة المطلوبـــة أو المخطط لها أهمية البحث تعانـــي الـــدول الناميـــة مـــن مشـــكالت يمكـــن إن نطلـــق عليهـــا تســـمية مشـــكالت النمـــو
الحضـــري والتـــي تتمثـــل فـــي الغالب فـــي ضعف الوعي الصحـــي أو انعدامه فـــي بعض الحاالت
، وانخفـــاض مســـتوى النظافـــة ، وانتشـــار اإلمـــراض ، وتبايـــن أنمـــاط الســـلوك ، وغيرهـــا مـــن
المشـــكالت التـــي ال يمكـــن إن تعالـــج إال بتوافـــر قـــدر كاف ودرجـــة عاليـــة مـــن الوعـــي لـــدى
المواطنين كافة لمعرفة طبيعة هذه المشـــكالت وانعكاســـاتها الســـلبية وأثارها الســـيئة و�إمكانيات
وطـــرق عالجهـــا ومواجهتهـــا ، ويقتضي هذا العـــاج أو الحل إن تمارس وســـائل اإلعالم دورها
فـــي التوعيـــة وتبصيـــر المواطـــن بهـــذه المشـــكالت ، والســـعي إلى البحـــث عن المشـــكالت التي
يعانـــي منهـــا المجتمـــع بقطاعاتـــه وبيئاته المختلفة ومســـببات هذه المشـــكالت والقيـــام بتخطيط
الحمـــات وتصميـــم البرامج اإلعالمية المســـتمرة التي تســـهم في القضاء على هذه المشـــكالت. ) 35 ( العدد138
جملة الباحث االعالمي
مـــن هنا تأتي أهمية البحث في دراســـة (تغطية الموضوعـــات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية
لمعرفـــة مســـتوى اهتمـــام الصحافـــة العراقيـــة بوظيفتهـــا التثقيفيـــة عنـــد تغطيتهـــا للموضوعـــات
الصحية ،وحجم أدائها في ظل التنوع والتعدد الملحوظ في وســـائل اإلعالم المرئية والمســـموعة 138 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد إصدار العشـــرات من الصحف والمجالت و2003 والمقروءة ، إذ شـــهدت مرحلة ما بعد العام
المطبوعـــات األخرى فضالً عن إنشـــاء و�إطـــاق العديد من اإلذاعات والقنـــوات الفضائية ومواقع
شـــبكات االنترنيت وغيرها من وســـائل االتصال الجماهيري . إصدار العشـــرات من الصحف والمجالت و2003 والمقروءة ، إذ شـــهدت مرحلة ما بعد العام
المطبوعـــات األخرى فضالً عن إنشـــاء و�إطـــاق العديد من اإلذاعات والقنـــوات الفضائية ومواقع
شـــبكات االنترنيت وغيرها من وســـائل االتصال الجماهيري . مشكلة البحث غالباً ما تتردد مفردة المشكلة في مجاالت البحث العلمـي ، والتـي تعنـي وجـود نقطــة ضعف
و( نقص ) أو صعوبة ما في مجال من المجاالت وتتطلب التوقف عندها وتفحصها بدقة والعمل
)3( . على معالجتها ، إذ تمثل مشكلة البحث الخطوة األولى من خطوات المنهج العلمي في البحث إذ يشـــير الباحثـــون إلـــى أنهـــا موقـــف أو قضيـــة أو فكـــرة أو مفهـــوم يحتـــاج إلـــى البحـــث
والدراســـة العلميـــة للوقـــوف علـــى مقوماتهـــا وبنـــاء العالقـــات بين عناصرهـــا ونتائجهـــا الحالية
)4( . و�إعـــادة صياغتهـــا مـــن خـــال نتائـــج الدراســـة ووضعهـــا فـــي اإلطار العلمـــي الســـليم وهنـــاك مصـــادر مختلفة للحصـــول على المشـــكالت البحثية وتحديدها بشـــكل علمي ودقيق
منهـــا محيـــط العمـــل او الخبـــرة الشـــخصية والقـــراءات الواســـعة واالطـــاع على التـــراث النظري
للموضوعـــات فضـــاً عـــن البحـــوث والدراســـات الســـابقة او التكليـــف مـــن جهة رســـمية او غير
)إذ يمكن للباحث عرض المشـــكلة موضوع البحث بشـــكل 5( . رســـمية لمعالجة مشـــكلة معينة
علمـــي وموضوعـــي ودقيـــق مـــن خـــال طـــرح عـــدد مـــن التســـاؤالت بغيـــة الســـعي والبحث عن
إجابـــات وافيـــة وواقعيـــة وموضوعية وســـليمة لها. وبنـــاءً علـــى كل مـــا تقـــدم طـــرح الباحـــث مشـــكلة البحث مـــن خـــال صياغتهـــا بجملة من
التســـاؤالت والتـــي سيســـعى لإلجابـــة عنهـــا عن طريـــق البحث والدراســـة.. وقد حددهـــا باالتي:
1ة ؟
افة ال اق ة ال ض عات ال
ت ى اهت ا ال
ا 1
1 .ما مستوى اهتمام الصحافة العراقية بالموضوعات الصحية ؟ 2
2 . مـــا األشـــكال والفنـــون الصحفيـــة التي وظفتها الصحافـــة العراقية في ايصال رســـائل صحية
مناســـبة للجمهـــور ؟ وما مصادر هـــذه الموضوعات ؟ 3
3 . مـــا مســـتوى تفاعـــل الصحافة العراقيـــة مع المواطن فـــي معالجة مشـــكالته الصحية وتقديم
الحلـــول والمعالجـــات لها عن طريـــق صفحاتها ؟ 139 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد هدف البحث يتفـــق الباحثـــون على إن الهدف النهائي للبحث العلمي هو التصدي للمشـــكالت والتحديات
التي يواجهها اإلنسان من اجل تخفيف وطأتها عليه أو تعظيم المنافع الممكنة ، وذلك عن طريق
بنـــاء نمـــوذج نظري مســـتند إلى القوانين التي نكتشـــفها ، والقوانين هي عالقـــات بين المتغيرات
، إذ يخضـــع الجهـــد العلمـــي لضوابـــط محكمـــة تقـــرر كيفية إجـــراء المالحظات والتحقـــق منها . وان تحديـــد هـــدف البحـــث بشـــكل علمـــي وموضوعـــي وواضـــح يســـهم فـــي ســـرعة حصول
الباحـــث علـــى المعلومات المطلوبة ويحدد مســـار الخطوات واإلجراءات العلميـــة المنهجية بغية
الحصـــول علـــى نتائـــج قيمة وموضوعيـــة ومحايدة وذات فائدة ســـواء أكان ذلك على المســـتوى
األكاديمـــي أو فـــي إمكانيـــة تعميمها أو تطبيقها على ارض الواقع ، ويســـعى الباحث إلى تحقيق
جملـــة مـــن األهداف على النحـــو اآلتي : . معرفة مستوى اهتمام الصحافة العراقية بالموضوعات الصحية .1
. معرفـــة مســـتوى تفاعـــل الصحافـــة العراقيـــة مـــع المواطـــن فـــي معالجـــة مشـــكالته الصحية2
.وتقديـــم الحلـــول والمعالجـــات لهـــا مـــن خـــال صفحاتها . معرفة مستوى اهتمام الصحافة العراقية بالموضوعات الصحية .1 . معرفة مستوى اهتمام الصحافة العراقية بالموضوعات الصحية .1
. معرفـــة مســـتوى تفاعـــل الصحافـــة العراقيـــة مـــع المواطـــن فـــي معالجـــة مشـــكالته الصحية2
.وتقديـــم الحلـــول والمعالجـــات لهـــا مـــن خـــال صفحاتها
.معرفـــة األشـــكال والفنـــون الصحفيـــة التـــي وظفتهـــا الصحافـــة العراقيـــة فـــي ايصال رســـائل 3
.الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة للجمهـــور ونوعيـــة المصـــادر التـــي اســـتقت منهـــا هـــذه الموضوعات
ث
ال
نه . معرفة مستوى اهتمام الصحافة العراقية بالموضوعات الصحية .1
. معرفـــة مســـتوى تفاعـــل الصحافـــة العراقيـــة مـــع المواطـــن فـــي معالجـــة مشـــكالته الصحية2
.وتقديـــم الحلـــول والمعالجـــات لهـــا مـــن خـــال صفحاتها
.معرفـــة األشـــكال والفنـــون الصحفيـــة التـــي وظفتهـــا الصحافـــة العراقيـــة فـــي ايصال رســـائل3 . معرفـــة مســـتوى تفاعـــل الصحافـــة العراقيـــة مـــع المواطـــن فـــي معالجـــة مشـــكالته الصحية2
.وتقديـــم الحلـــول والمعالجـــات لهـــا مـــن خـــال صفحاتها .معرفـــة األشـــكال والفنـــون الصحفيـــة التـــي وظفتهـــا الصحافـــة العراقيـــة فـــي ايصال رســـائل 3
.الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة للجمهـــور ونوعيـــة المصـــادر التـــي اســـتقت منهـــا هـــذه الموضوعات مجتمع البحث
المجال المكاني يقصـــد بمجتمـــع البحـــث هـــو جميـــع مفـــردات أو وحـــدات الظاهـــرة الخاضعـــة للبحـــث، أما
العينـــة فهـــي جـــزء مـــن مجتمـــع البحث الـــذي تجـــري عليـــه الدراســـة ، يختارها الباحـــث إلجراء
دراســـته عليهـــا وفـــق نظام معين لكي تمثل المجتمـــع المعني تمثيالً معقوال ومناســـبا ، ويتم هذا
االجـــراء لصعوبـــات عمليـــة أو اقتصادية غالباً عند اجراء الحصر الشـــامل ، وقد اعتمد الباحث
نظـــام الحصـــر الشـــامل لمجتمع البحـــث والمتمثل بجميع األعـــداد الصـــادرة لصحيفتي «الصباح
، باعتبـــار إن المجتمـــع العام أو 2007/10/31 ولغايـــة2007/10/1 والمـــدى» للمـــدة مـــن
الكلـــي للبحـــث هو الصحافـــة العراقية . إذ يـــرى الباحـــث إن الصحـــف المذكـــورة تصلـــح بوصفهـــا مجتمعـــا مصغـــرا يمثـــل مجتمع
البحث األصلي ــ كما اشـــرنا ســـابقاً ــ لكون الصباح والمدى من الصحف واســـعة االنتشـــار في
،فضال عن كون الصباح تمثل اعالم دولة وتابعة لشـــبكة 2003 بغـــداد والمحافظـــات بعد عـــام
اإلعـــام العراقـــي ،أمـــا صحيفـــة المدى فتمثل القطاع الخـــاص في الصحافة العراقيـــة ، اذ ارتأى
الباحـــث مـــن خالل اختيـــار هذه الصحف ايجاد تمثيل معقول ومناســـب لبقية الصحف العراقية
*)، واالســـتفادة منهـــا عن طريق 6( والتـــي تتواصـــل في صدورهـــا2003 الصـــادرة بعـــد عـــام
دراســـتها فـــي المـــدة المذكـــورة أعاله ، واالســـتفادة منها عن طريـــق تطبيقها علـــى ارض الواقع
بهـــدف تفعيـــل وظيفتهـــا االساســـية المتضمنـــة نشـــر الوعـــي والتثقيـــف الصحي بيـــن الجمهور
بخصوص المشـــكالت الصحية المستشـــرية فـــي العراق . منهج البحث يقصـــد بالمنهجيـــة الطريقـــة التـــي اختارهـــا الباحـــث لبحثه ، ويتم ذلـــك االختيار عـــادة وفقاً
لطبيعـــة الموضـــوع واإلمكانيات المتاحة للباحث ، وتنتمي هذه الرســـالة الى الدراســـات الوصفية
لكونهـــا تســـعى إلـــى وصف ظاهـــرة او أحداث جاريـــة ، وتقدم بيانـــات واقعية عنها . واعتمد الباحث على منهج المســـح وكانت الدراســـة وصفية مستعينا بأداة تحليل المضمون
باعتبارهمـــا جـــزءاً أساســـيا مـــن أساســـيات البحوث الوصفية عن طريق مســـح مضمـــون المادة
اإلعالميـــة التـــي تنتجهـــا الصحـــف العراقيـــة المختلفـــة ، حيث تتعـــدد وتتنوع أهدافه ، ويســـعى
الباحـــث عـــن طريقهـــا إلى معرفة مســـتوى تركيز الصحـــف المحلية على الموضوعـــات الصحية
فـــي مـــدة معينـــة أو قيام الصحيفـــة باالهتمام بقضايا أخـــرى ذات عالقة. ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 140 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد المجال الزماني مجاال زمنيا للبحث لكونها 2007 / 10 /31 ـــ1 حدد الباحث المدة المدة المحصورة من
شـــهدت تصعيـــدا ملحوظـــا في تســـجيل ووقـــوع اصابات بمـــرض الكوليرا في اغلـــب المحافظات
العراقيـــة حســـب التقاريـــر والبيانات الصحفيـــة الصادرة من وزارة الصحة فـــي حينها، االمر الذي
ادى اى تســـليط الضـــوء عليهـــا مـــن قبل وســـائل االعالم عمومـــا والصحافـــة العراقية خصوصا. ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 141 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد أوال: التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية في صحيفة الصباح
أـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية
) الذي يشـــتمل على نوع االشـــكال والفنون الصحفية 2( مـــن خالل اســـتعراض الجـــدول رقم
تكرارا 30 المســـتخدمة فـــي تحريـــر الموضـــوع في صحيفـــة الصباح اذ حصلـــت هذه الفئة علـــى
خالل المدة المحـــددة للبحث. أوال: التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية في صحيفة الصباح
أـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية ) الذي يشـــتمل على نوع االشـــكال والفنون الصحفية 2( مـــن خالل اســـتعراض الجـــدول رقم
تكرارا 30 المســـتخدمة فـــي تحريـــر الموضـــوع في صحيفـــة الصباح اذ حصلـــت هذه الفئة علـــى
خالل المدة المحـــددة للبحث. اتضـــح ان الخبـــر الصحفـــي احتـــل المرتبة االولـــى في هذا المجال اذ جاءت نســـبة االخبار
»تكـــرارا تلتها فـــي المرتبـــة الثانيـــة التقارير الصحفية بنســـبة 17« خـــال مـــدة الدراســـة بواقـــع
«تكـــرارات تضمنـــت موضوعـــات متنوعـــة فـــي االزمـــات الصحيـــة في حيـــن حصلت 7« وبواقـــع
شـــكاوى وردود ،وهذا يشـــير الى تربع الخبر 5 شـــكاوى وردود على المرتبة الثالثة بنســـبة وبواقع
والتقريـــر علـــى المراتب األولـــى والثانية . ) 35 ( العدد142
جملة الباحث االعالمي
ومـــن خالل اســـتعراض النســـب والمراتب للفئـــات المذكورة يتبين التركيـــز واالهتمام الملحوظ
من قبل جريدة الصباح في الخبر والتقرير والتحقيق الصحفي وشـــكاوى واستفســـارات المواطنين
والـــرد عليهـــا وعلـــى التوالـــي فـــي حيـــن اليوجد اهتمـــام ببقيـــة الفنـــون الصحفية ، ويعـــود ذلك
ألســـباب عـــدة منهـــا امتالك جريدة الصباح لشـــبكة واســـعة من المندوبيـــن والمحررين في داخل
العـــراق الذيـــن يعملـــون على إعـــداد األخبـــار والتقارير واألعمـــدة والتحقيقات والزوايـــا الصحفية
،كذلـــك توفـــر الدعـــم المـــادي واإلمكانيات التقنيـــة الطباعية المتوفرة في الجريدة ســـاعدت على
تهيئـــة الظـــروف الفنيـــة المناســـبة لنجـــاح التغطيـــة المحليـــة الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة مـــن قبل
المندوبيـــن والمراســـلين في الداخل بشـــكل ســـريع واني وهـــذا ما أظهره صـــدارة الخبر للفئات أو
). 2( الفنـــون الصحفيـــة بشـــكل كبير وملحوظ كمـــا يتضح في الجـــدول رقم
) يتضمن الموضوعات الصحية موزعة حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية في جريدة الصباح2( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1الخبر الصحفي17
%56.7
1
2تقريرصحفي7
%23.4
2
3
تحقيق صحفي
4
شكاوى واستفسارات المواطنين والرد عليه5
%16.6
3
5العمود الصحفي
6
االعالنات ومـــن خالل اســـتعراض النســـب والمراتب للفئـــات المذكورة يتبين التركيـــز واالهتمام الملحوظ
من قبل جريدة الصباح في الخبر والتقرير والتحقيق الصحفي وشـــكاوى واستفســـارات المواطنين
والـــرد عليهـــا وعلـــى التوالـــي فـــي حيـــن اليوجد اهتمـــام ببقيـــة الفنـــون الصحفية ، ويعـــود ذلك
ألســـباب عـــدة منهـــا امتالك جريدة الصباح لشـــبكة واســـعة من المندوبيـــن والمحررين في داخل
العـــراق الذيـــن يعملـــون على إعـــداد األخبـــار والتقارير واألعمـــدة والتحقيقات والزوايـــا الصحفية
،كذلـــك توفـــر الدعـــم المـــادي واإلمكانيات التقنيـــة الطباعية المتوفرة في الجريدة ســـاعدت على
تهيئـــة الظـــروف الفنيـــة المناســـبة لنجـــاح التغطيـــة المحليـــة الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة مـــن قبل
المندوبيـــن والمراســـلين في الداخل بشـــكل ســـريع واني وهـــذا ما أظهره صـــدارة الخبر للفئات أو
). 2( الفنـــون الصحفيـــة بشـــكل كبير وملحوظ كمـــا يتضح في الجـــدول رقم 142 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد 7 زاوية صحفية
8
قصة خبرية
9المقال
10
الصورة
11رسوم كاريكاتيرية
12نصائح وارشادات1
%3.3
4
13حديث صحفي
المجموع30
%100 بـ ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب الصفحات المخصصة للنشر ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب الصفحات المخصصة للنشر ويقصـــد بهـــذه الفئـــة توزيـــع الموضوعات المذكورة حســـب صفحـــات الصبـــاح ، إذ انه من
المتعـــارف عليـــه كلمـــا احتلت هذه الموضوعـــات الصفحات االولـــى والثانية والثالثـــة تباعا كلما
أشـــار ذلـــك إلـــى مدى او مســـتوى اهتمام الصحيفة بالموضـــوع او المادة الصحفية المنشـــورة ،
وعليـــه فقـــد احتلـــت فئـــة الصفحـــة الخامســـة إلى ما قبـــل األخيرة فـــي صحيفة الصبـــاح المرتبة
تكرارا،في 12 تكـــرارا ،تلتهـــا فـــي المرتبة الثانية فئـــة الصفحة الثالثة بواقـــع13 االولـــى بواقـــع
تكرار.2 حيـــن احتلـــت الصفحة األولـــى والرابعـــة المرتبة الثالثة وبواقـــع ) عـــدم وجود صفحـــات علمية وطبية 3( وقـــد الحـــظ الباحـــث وكمـــا يتضح من الجـــدول رقم
فـــي صحيفـــة الصبـــاح واعتمـــاد األخيـــرة على إصـــدار المالحـــق العلميـــة والتقنيـــة والمجتمعية
بشـــكل اســـبوعي ومتواصـــل نظـــرا إلمكانياتهـــا المادية والفنيـــة والصحفية من المـــاكات العاملة
كمـــا اســـلفنا ، وقـــد حاولـــت الجريدة االســـتعاضة عن ذلك عن طريق نشـــرها لالخبـــار والتقارير
الصحفيـــة وبشـــكل يومـــي عن المشـــكالت الصحيـــة والبيئية وبشـــكل متواصل . صحيفة الصباح
) يتضمن الموضوعات الصحية موزعة حس ب الصفحات ف3(ج دول رق م 143 ) 35 ( العدد تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح
) ان المرتبـــة االولى كانـــت من حصـــة الموضوعـــات التثقيفية 4( تبيـــن مـــن الجـــدول رقـــم
تكـــرارات واحتلت المرتبة 8 فصاعدا وبواقع2ســـم211 ذات المســـاحة االكبـــر والمحصورة من
تكرارا ت في حين 7 وبواقـــع2 ســـم90ـ61 الثانيـــة الموضوعـــات ذات المســـاحة المحصورة من
تكرارا ت وجـــاءت الفئة 4 المرتبـــة الثالثة بواقـــع2 ســـم30 ـ1 احتلـــت الفئـــة المحصـــورة مـــن
بنفس المرتبة.2ســـم120ـ91 المحصـــورة من
) في 2) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حســـب المســـاحة المخصصة (ســـم4( جدول رقم
صحيفة الصباح
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1_فصاعدا211 من8
%26.6
1
2
2سم90 – 61 من7
%23.3
2
3
2 سم60 –31من4
%13.3
3
4
2سم120 _91 من4
%13.3
3
5
2سم150_121 من3
%10
4
6
2سم30 _1 من2
%6.6
5
7
2سم210_181من1
%3.3
6
8
2سم180_151من1
%3.3
6
المجموع30
%100
اهـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب مصادرها اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح ) ان المرتبـــة االولى كانـــت من حصـــة الموضوعـــات التثقيفية 4( تبيـــن مـــن الجـــدول رقـــم
تكـــرارات واحتلت المرتبة 8 فصاعدا وبواقع2ســـم211 ذات المســـاحة االكبـــر والمحصورة من
تكرارا ت في حين 7 وبواقـــع2 ســـم90ـ61 الثانيـــة الموضوعـــات ذات المســـاحة المحصورة من
تكرارا ت وجـــاءت الفئة 4 المرتبـــة الثالثة بواقـــع2 ســـم30 ـ1 احتلـــت الفئـــة المحصـــورة مـــن
بنفس المرتبة.2ســـم120ـ91 المحصـــورة من هـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب مصادرها » ان المرتبة االولى كانت من نصيـــب فئة (المندوبون 5« وكمـــا يتضـــح مـــن الجداول رقـــم
تكـــرارآ وهي نســـبة عاليـــة بالقياس الى بقية الفئات وتشـــير الى اعتماد 24 المحليـــون) بواقـــع
صحيفـــة الصبـــاح على المندوبين المحليين بشـــكل كبير في تغطيتها الصحفية كذلك يشـــير ذلك
الـــى االمكانيات المادية والبشـــرية « الصحفية « للصحيفـــة وقدرتها على تغطية الحدث المحلي
5 بشـــكل جيد ـ في حينها ـ لتتبعها في المرتبة الثانية فئة شـــكاوى واستفســـارات وردود بواقع
تكرارات وهي نسبة معقولة للفئة االخيرة تشير إلى اعتمادها من قبل صحيفة الصباح كمصادر
ثانويـــة فـــي موضوعاتهـــا الصحيـــة خصوصا وجـــاءت فئة اعـــام الـــوزارات بالمرتبـــة االخيرة . وهـــذا يشـــير الـــى قلة اعتماد الصبـــاح على بقية المصادر وان مصادرها االساســـية االولية
هـــي المندوبيـــن المحليين بشـــكل كبير وذلك لتوافر الدعم المـــادي واإلمكانيات التقنية والمالكات
الصحفيـــة الالزمـــة لتحقيق التغطية المناســـبة لألحداث المحلية خصوصاً . » ان المرتبة االولى كانت من نصيـــب فئة (المندوبون 5« وكمـــا يتضـــح مـــن الجداول رقـــم
تكـــرارآ وهي نســـبة عاليـــة بالقياس الى بقية الفئات وتشـــير الى اعتماد 24 المحليـــون) بواقـــع
صحيفـــة الصبـــاح على المندوبين المحليين بشـــكل كبير في تغطيتها الصحفية كذلك يشـــير ذلك
الـــى االمكانيات المادية والبشـــرية « الصحفية « للصحيفـــة وقدرتها على تغطية الحدث المحلي
5 بشـــكل جيد ـ في حينها ـ لتتبعها في المرتبة الثانية فئة شـــكاوى واستفســـارات وردود بواقع
تكرارات وهي نسبة معقولة للفئة االخيرة تشير إلى اعتمادها من قبل صحيفة الصباح كمصادر
ثانويـــة فـــي موضوعاتهـــا الصحيـــة خصوصا وجـــاءت فئة اعـــام الـــوزارات بالمرتبـــة االخيرة . وهـــذا يشـــير الـــى قلة اعتماد الصبـــاح على بقية المصادر وان مصادرها االساســـية االولية
هـــي المندوبيـــن المحليين بشـــكل كبير وذلك لتوافر الدعم المـــادي واإلمكانيات التقنية والمالكات
الصحفيـــة الالزمـــة لتحقيق التغطية المناســـبة لألحداث المحلية خصوصاً . اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح ) 35 ( العدد144
جملة الباحث االعالمي ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 144 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حسب مصادرها في صحيفة الصباح5( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1
مندوبون محليون24
%80
1
2شكاوى واستفسارات وردود5
%16.6
2
3
اعالم وزارات1
%3.3
3
المجموع30
%100 ي ـ فئـــة توزيـــع الموضوعـــات الصحية المنشـــورة حســـب الصـــورة المصاحبـــة للموضوع ، مع
اهميـــة مالحظـــة ان بعـــض الفنون الصحفية كالعمود والمقـــال ال تصاحبها غالبا صورة صحفية
إال ماندر كما في حالة مصاحبة الصورة لشـــخصية الكاتب او لبعض الشـــخصيات في الحاالت
التـــي يتعـــذر فيهـــا الحصـــول علـــى صورة صحفيـــة ، وهذه الحـــاالت تحصل أحيانا لـــذا اقتضى
اإلشـــارة الـــى هـــذا األمر نظراً لتحقيـــق المرتبة األولى مـــن قبل فئة الموضوعات المنشـــورة من
تكرارا ، فـــي حين جاءت 26 » اذ حصلـــت على6« دون صـــورة وكمـــا يظهـــر مـــن الجـــدول رقم
تكـــرارات .4 فئـــة الموضوعـــات المنشـــورة بمصاحبـــة صـــورة صحفيـــة بالمرتبـــة الثانيـــة بواقع وهـــذا يـــدل على عـــدم اهتمام الجريدة بالصـــور الصحفية المصاحبـــة لموضوعات المندوبين
المحليين وعدم االهتمام بالشـــخصية والتخطيطية إال بشـــكل محدود نظرا لتوافر مالكات صحفية
محترفة في مجال التصوير األمر الذي زاد من نســـبة فئة الصورة الصحفية بالقياس الى هاتين
» .6« الفئتيـــن بالرغـــم مـــن احتاللهـــا للمرتبـــة الثانيـــة فـــي الصحيفة كما يوضح الشـــكل رقـــم
) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حســـب الصورة المصاحبة للموضوع في الصباح 6( جـــدول رقـــم ) 35 ( العدد145
جملة الباحث االعالمي
المحليين وعدم االهتمام بالشـــخصية والتخطيطية إال بشـــكل محدود نظرا لتوافر مالكات صحفية
محترفة في مجال التصوير األمر الذي زاد من نســـبة فئة الصورة الصحفية بالقياس الى هاتين
» . اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح 6« الفئتيـــن بالرغـــم مـــن احتاللهـــا للمرتبـــة الثانيـــة فـــي الصحيفة كما يوضح الشـــكل رقـــم
) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حســـب الصورة المصاحبة للموضوع في الصباح 6( جـــدول رقـــم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1
بدون صورة26
%86.66
1
2
صورة صحفية4
%13.33
2
3
صورة تخطيطية
4
صورة شخصية
المجموع30
%100
ثانيا : التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية المنشـورة في صحيفة المدى
أـ توزيع الموضوعات حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية
) تكـــرارا للموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المنشـــورة فـــي صحيفة 19 ( ســـجلت هـــذه الفئـــة الرئيســـة ) 35 ( العدد145
جملة الباحث االعالمي
ثانيا : التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية المنشـورة في صحيفة المدى
أـ توزيع الموضوعات حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية
) تكـــرارا للموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المنشـــورة فـــي صحيفة19 ( ســـجلت هـــذه الفئـــة الرئيســـة جملة الباحث االعالمي
ثانيا : التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية المنشـورة في صحيفة المدى
أـ توزيع الموضوعات حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية
) تكـــرارا للموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المنشـــورة فـــي صحيفة19 ( ســـجلت هـــذه الفئـــة الرئيســـة ثانيا : التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية المنشـورة في صحيفة 145 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد واحتـــل الخبـــر الصحفـــي2007/10/31 ولغايـــة2007/10/1 المـــدى للمـــدة الممتـــدة مـــن
تكرارات ، و تشـــير إلى اهتمـــام الصحيفة بالخبر الصحفي 9 المرتبـــة االولـــى فيها بنســـبة بواقع
تكرارا 6 فـــي تغطيـــة الموضوعـــات الصحية ، وجـــاء التقرير الصحفي فـــي المرتبة الثانيـــة بواقع
ت، امـــا المرتبـــة الثالثـــة فقد حصلـــت عليها فئتا شـــكاوى واستفســـارات المواطنيـــن والرد عليها
) تكرار.2( وقصـــة خبرية بنســـبة بواقـــع ) إلـــى ان األخبـــار والتقاريـــر كان لها 7( ويشـــير ذلـــك كمـــا هـــو موضـــح فـــي جـــدول رقـــم
مركـــز الصـــدارة فـــي صحيفـــة المـــدى كأشـــكال فنيـــة في تغطيـــة الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة وكذلك
اهتمامها بالطابع الخبري والتقريري بالدرجة األولى، تلتهما في االهتمام شـــكاوى واستفســـارات
المواطنيـــن والـــرد عليهـــا ، وهـــذه النتيجة متوقعة بالقياس إلى ما معمـــول به في معظم الصحف
فـــي العالـــم إذ أن األخبـــار والتقاريـــر الصحفيـــة تأتـــي فـــي مقدمـــة الفنـــون الصحفيـــة لتغطيـــة
الموضوعـــات بشـــكل يومـــي ومتواصـــل ، أما بنســـبة للشـــكاوى والـــردود فهو ســـياق مهني جرى
العمـــل بـــه مـــن خالل تخصيص صفحـــة يومية في غالبية الصحف الســـيما المحليـــة بغية خلق
نـــوع مـــن التواصـــل واالهتمـــام مع القـــارىء وتحقيق االنتشـــار المطلوب للصحيفـــة ، وهي حالة
صحيـــة كمـــا يراهـــا الباحث النها تحقق بالمحصلـــة النهائية مصلحة المواطن وتعمل على نشـــر
الوعـــي والتثقيـــف بيـــن الجمهـــور وال ســـيما في القضايـــا المتعلقـــة بالمشـــكالت الصحية ،وهي
تنشـــر فـــي الصحـــف غالبـــا عند حدوث او انتشـــار االمـــراض واالوبئة فـــي المجتمع . اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح وتكمـــن أســـباب انخفـــاض نســـب االهتمـــام ببقيـــة الفنـــون الصحفيـــة في نشـــر موضوعات
االزمـــات الصحيـــة إلى عدم اهتمام الصحف بتفاصيل المشـــكالت الصحيـــة والمعالجات كالوقاية
والتثقيـــف الصحـــي بالقـــدر الكافي وعدم فســـح المســـاحات المكانية الواســـعة لهـــا بالقياس إلى
غيرهـــا من الموضوعات الســـاخنة المتعلقة بالشـــأن السياســـي واالقتصادي للبلـــد ، كذلك تحتاج
كتابـــة التحقيقـــات واألحاديـــث الصحفيـــة الـــى مهـــارات وقـــدرات اكبـــر واوســـع من بقيـــة الفنون
الصحفيـــة كالخبـــر والمقـــال والعمـــود .... الـــخ لكونهـــا تســـلط الضـــوء علـــى مشـــكالت واقعيـــة
فضـــا عـــن متطلبات اعـــداد المادة الصحفيـــة لها وخلفيـــات الموضوع والتفاصيـــل واهمية تجرد
الكاتـــب مـــن الذاتيـــة وعدم االنحيـــاز والدقة وضرورة إيجاد حبكة وتنســـيق وترابـــط ضمن فقرات
التحقيـــق او الحديـــث الصحفـــي ، كذلـــك تعمـــل الصحف غالبا علـــى تنويع فقـــرات وموضوعات
الصفحـــة الواحـــدة بمـــواد وقضايـــا متنوعـــة معتمدة على صغر المســـاحة التي تشـــغلها في حين
تشـــغل التحقيقـــات واألحاديـــث الصحفيـــة نصف صفحـــة وأحيانا صفحـــة كاملة ... و ال ننســـى
أفضليـــة اإلعالنـــات التجاريـــة المدفوعة الثمـــن التي توليها الصحف األهميـــة القصوى في حجز ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 146 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد صفحاتهـــا نظـــرا ألهميتها في اســـتمرارية الدعـــم المادي للصحف، أما اعتمـــاد الصورة الصحفية
المجـــردة فـــي الصحـــف بقصد خلق وعي صحي في المجتمع فهي حـــاالت محدودة جدا ولم تعط
االهتمـــام الكافـــي مـــن قبـــل الصحف إال في ظـــروف نادرة أحيانـــا مثل حدوث الكـــوارث واألزمات
البيئيـــة والصحيـــة وظهـــور تلوث أو تـــردي في الخدمـــات البيئية والصحية بقصـــد االثارة . ) يتضمن الموضوعات الصحية موزعة حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية في صحيفة المدى 7( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1الخبر الصحفي9
%47.3
1
2تقريرصحفي6
%31.5
2
3
شكاوى واستفسارات المواطنين والرد عليه2
%10.5
3
4نصائح وارشادات
5العمود الصحفي
6
االعالنات
7
قصة خبرية2
%10.5
3
8رسوم كاريكاتيرية
9حديث صحفي
10
الصورة
11
تحقيق صحفي
12المقال
13 زاوية صحفية
ـــــــــ
المجموع19
%100 ) 35 ( العدد147
جملة الباحث االعالمي
صفحاتهـــا نظـــرا ألهميتها في اســـتمرارية الدعـــم المادي للصحف، أما اعتمـــاد الصورة الصحفية
المجـــردة فـــي الصحـــف بقصد خلق وعي صحي في المجتمع فهي حـــاالت محدودة جدا ولم تعط
االهتمـــام الكافـــي مـــن قبـــل الصحف إال في ظـــروف نادرة أحيانـــا مثل حدوث الكـــوارث واألزمات
البيئيـــة والصحيـــة وظهـــور تلوث أو تـــردي في الخدمـــات البيئية والصحية بقصـــد االثارة . اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح ) يتضمن الموضوعات الصحية موزعة حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية في صحيفة المدى 7( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1الخبر الصحفي9
%47.3
1
2تقريرصحفي6
%31.5
2
3
شكاوى واستفسارات المواطنين والرد عليه2
%10.5
3
4نصائح وارشادات
5العمود الصحفي
6
االعالنات
7
قصة خبرية2
%10.5
3
8رسوم كاريكاتيرية
9حديث صحفي
10
الصورة
11
تحقيق صحفي
12المقال
13 زاوية صحفية
ـــــــــ
المجموع19
%100
ب ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب الصفحات
تعـــد هـــذه الفئـــة من الفئات المهمة لكونها تشـــير الى مدى اهتمـــام الصحيفة بالموضوعات
الصحيـــة المنشـــورة ، فكلمـــا اعطـــي الموضـــوع اهميـــة البـــرازه تعطـــى لـــه االولويـــة لنشـــره في
الصفحـــات االولـــى والثانيـــة والثالثة وعلـــى التوالي،وهذا معيـــار يعتمده الباحثـــون غالبا. تكـــرارات وجاءت فئة الصفحة 8 وقـــد احتلـــت فئة المرتبـــة االولى فئة الصفحة الرابعة بواقع
تكرارات، وحصلت الصفحة االولى على 7 الخامســـة الـــى مـــا قبل االخيرة بالمرتبة الثانية بواقـــع
) ، إذ يتضـــح إن احتالل هذه 8( تكـــرارات كمـــا يظهر في الجـــدول رقم4 المرتبـــة الثالثـــة بواقـــع
الصفحـــات للمراتـــب الثـــاث األولى ويشـــير الـــى اهتمام الصحيفة بنشـــر الموضوعـــات الصحية صفحاتهـــا نظـــرا ألهميتها في اســـتمرارية الدعـــم المادي للصحف، أما اعتمـــاد الصورة الصحفية
المجـــردة فـــي الصحـــف بقصد خلق وعي صحي في المجتمع فهي حـــاالت محدودة جدا ولم تعط
االهتمـــام الكافـــي مـــن قبـــل الصحف إال في ظـــروف نادرة أحيانـــا مثل حدوث الكـــوارث واألزمات
البيئيـــة والصحيـــة وظهـــور تلوث أو تـــردي في الخدمـــات البيئية والصحية بقصـــد االثارة . ) يتضمن الموضوعات الصحية موزعة حسب االشكال والفنون الصحفية في صحيفة المدى 7( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1الخبر الصحفي9
%47.3
1
2تقريرصحفي6
%31.5
2
3
شكاوى واستفسارات المواطنين والرد عليه2
%10.5
3
4نصائح وارشادات
5العمود الصحفي
6
االعالنات
7
قصة خبرية2
%10.5
3
8رسوم كاريكاتيرية
9حديث صحفي
10
الصورة
11
تحقيق صحفي
12المقال
13 زاوية صحفية
ـــــــــ
المجموع19
%100 ب ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب الصفحات تعـــد هـــذه الفئـــة من الفئات المهمة لكونها تشـــير الى مدى اهتمـــام الصحيفة بالموضوعات
الصحيـــة المنشـــورة ، فكلمـــا اعطـــي الموضـــوع اهميـــة البـــرازه تعطـــى لـــه االولويـــة لنشـــره في
الصفحـــات االولـــى والثانيـــة والثالثة وعلـــى التوالي،وهذا معيـــار يعتمده الباحثـــون غالبا. اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح تكـــرارات وجاءت فئة الصفحة8 وقـــد احتلـــت فئة المرتبـــة االولى فئة الصفحة الرابعة بواقع
تكرارات، وحصلت الصفحة االولى على7 الخامســـة الـــى مـــا قبل االخيرة بالمرتبة الثانية بواقـــع
) ، إذ يتضـــح إن احتالل هذه8( تكـــرارات كمـــا يظهر في الجـــدول رقم4 المرتبـــة الثالثـــة بواقـــع
الصفحـــات للمراتـــب الثـــاث األولى ويشـــير الـــى اهتمام الصحيفة بنشـــر الموضوعـــات الصحية 147 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ضمـــن الصفحـــات مـــا بعد الخامســـة التي تأتـــي بقدر اقل مـــن األهمية بالقياس إلـــى غيرها من
الصفحات األولية والتي شـــغلتها غالبا بالموضوعات السياســـية واالقتصادية الســـاخنة ، مع ان
نشـــر هـــذه الموضوعات في الصفحـــة االولى والرابعة كانت بدافع االثـــارة وجذب القاريء ، وهذا
يشير الى ان نشر الموضوعات الصحية في صحيفة المدى لم يحظ باالهتمام المطلوب بالقياس
الى غيرها من الموضوعات السياســـية واالقتصادية وغيرها من الموضوعات الســـاخنة ، بالرغم
مـــن اهتمامهـــا في نشـــر اخبار وتقارير احيانـــا تعنى بالموضوعات الصحية فـــي هذه الصفحات
لكنهـــا كانـــت بشـــكل محدود وتتماشـــى مع طبيعة الحـــدث الصحي فيما إذا كان ســـاخنا أم عاديا
، وقـــد ظهـــر ذلـــك جليـــا عند ظهـــور اصابات مـــرض الكوليرا في غالبيـــة المحافظـــات إذ دأبت
الصحيفـــة علـــى نشـــر اخبار وتقارير عـــن احدث االحصائيـــات حول المرض واســـبابه والجهات
المســـؤولة عـــن انتشـــاره وبشـــكل متواصـــل ، فضال عن التأكيـــد على أهمية توافـــر خدمات ماء
الشرب النظيف والمعقم ومسؤولية الجهات المعنية عن توافر الخدمات الصحية والبلدية.. الخ. ) 35 ( العدد148
جملة الباحث االعالمي
المســـؤولة عـــن انتشـــاره وبشـــكل متواصـــل ، فضال عن التأكيـــد على أهمية توافـــر خدمات ماء
الشرب النظيف والمعقم ومسؤولية الجهات المعنية عن توافر الخدمات الصحية والبلدية.. الخ. ) يتضمن الموضوعات الصحية موزعة حســـب الصفحات في صحيفة المدى8( جـــدول رقـــم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1 الصفحة الرابعة8
%42.2
1
2الصفحة الخامسة الى ما قبل االخيرة7
%36.8
2
3
الصفحات العلمية والطبية
4
الصفحة الثالثة
5
الصفحة الثانية
6
الصفحة االولى4
%21
3
7االبواب الثابتة
8المالحق العلمية والطبية
المجموع19
%100
جـ ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حســـب المســـاحة المخصصة ( أي المســـاحة المخصصة لنشر
الموضوع بالســـنتمتر المربع ) وفق قياســـات موحدة ومحددة أعدت لهذا الغرض . « ان المرتبـــة االولـــى كانـــت من حصـــة الفئة التي 9« إذ تبيـــن ومـــن خـــال الجـــدول رقـــم
تكرار، فـــي حين ســـجلت الفئة 10 فصاعـــدا بواقـــع2ســـم211 حـــددت مســـاحتها بالفئـــة مـــن
تكرار 3 المرتبـــة الثانيـــة بواقـــع2ســـم120 ـ91 والفئـــة المحصـــورة بيـــن2 ســـم150 ـ121
،وتشـــير هـــذه النســـب للمراتـــب الثـــاث األولـــى إلـــى أن المســـاحة الكبيـــرة كانـــت متقاربـــة مع
مســـاحة الموضوعات ذات المســـاحة المتوســـطة التي حصلت على المرتبة األولى لكون األخيرة
... اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح اســـتثمرت فـــي األخبـــار الصحفيـــة والتقارير واألعمـــدة أكثر مـــن غيرها جـ ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حســـب المســـاحة المخصصة ( أي المســـاحة المخصصة لنشر
الموضوع بالســـنتمتر المربع ) وفق قياســـات موحدة ومحددة أعدت لهذا الغرض . « ان المرتبـــة االولـــى كانـــت من حصـــة الفئة التي 9« إذ تبيـــن ومـــن خـــال الجـــدول رقـــم
تكرار، فـــي حين ســـجلت الفئة 10 فصاعـــدا بواقـــع2ســـم211 حـــددت مســـاحتها بالفئـــة مـــن
تكرار 3 المرتبـــة الثانيـــة بواقـــع2ســـم120 ـ91 والفئـــة المحصـــورة بيـــن2 ســـم150 ـ121
،وتشـــير هـــذه النســـب للمراتـــب الثـــاث األولـــى إلـــى أن المســـاحة الكبيـــرة كانـــت متقاربـــة مع
مســـاحة الموضوعات ذات المســـاحة المتوســـطة التي حصلت على المرتبة األولى لكون األخيرة
... اســـتثمرت فـــي األخبـــار الصحفيـــة والتقارير واألعمـــدة أكثر مـــن غيرها 148 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ااج
تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد
ويتضـــح ممـــا ســـبق ان المســـاحة كانـــت موزعـــة علـــى جميـــع الفئات وبشـــكل متفـــاوت اذ
احتلـــت الفئـــات ذات المســـاحات االكبـــر نســـبيا المرتبـــة االولـــى فـــي حيـــن جاءت الفئـــات ذات
المســـاحات الكبيـــرة االقـــل فـــي المرتبـــة الثانيـــة مـــن االهتمـــام فـــي صحيفـــة المدى . ) في صحيفة المدى2) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة (سم9( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1_فصاعدا211 من10
%52.63
1
2
2سم150_121 من3
%15.78
2
3
2سم120 – 91 من3
%15.78
2
4
2سم180_151من2
%10.52
3
5
2سم210_181من
6
2سم90 _61 من1
%5.26
4
7
8
9
المجموع19
%100
هـ ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب مصادرها
تكرارا، تلتها فـــي المرتبة الثانية 17 احتلـــت المرتبـــة األولـــى فئة المندوبيـــن المحليين بواقع
» ان هذه الفئات 10« تكـــرار ، ، ويتضح من الجدول رقـــم2 فئـــة شـــكاوى واستفســـارات بواقـــع
احتلـــت الحيـــز االكبـــر من مصـــادر الموضوعات الصحية فـــي صحيفة المدى ، وتشـــابهت مع
صحيفـــة الصبـــاح التـــي أعطـــت ايضا األهميـــة القصـــوى لمندوبيهـــا المحليين كمصادر رئيســـة
للموضوعـــات الصحيـــة ، ولـــم تعط فئات الوكاالت العالمية والمراســـلين في خـــارج العراق وغيرها
االهتمـــام نفســـه ، وربمـــا يعـــود ســـبب ذلـــك إلى امتـــاك األخيرة شـــبكة واســـعة مـــن المندوبين
والكتـــاب المحلييـــن ، وهـــذا يشـــير الى اعتمادهما علـــى الموضوعـــات ذات الطابع المحلي . ) يتضمـــن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حســـب مصادرها في صحيفة المدى10( جـــدول رقـــم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1
مندوبون محليون17
%89.47
1
3مراسلون في خارج العراق
4شكاوى واستفسارات ورد ود2
%10.53
2
المجموع19
%100 ويتضـــح ممـــا ســـبق ان المســـاحة كانـــت موزعـــة علـــى جميـــع الفئات وبشـــكل متفـــاوت اذ
احتلـــت الفئـــات ذات المســـاحات االكبـــر نســـبيا المرتبـــة االولـــى فـــي حيـــن جاءت الفئـــات ذات
المســـاحات الكبيـــرة االقـــل فـــي المرتبـــة الثانيـــة مـــن االهتمـــام فـــي صحيفـــة المدى . اج ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة للنشر في صحيفة الصباح ) في صحيفة المدى2) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة (سم9( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1_فصاعدا211 من10
%52.63
1
2
2سم150_121 من3
%15.78
2
3
2سم120 – 91 من3
%15.78
2
4
2سم180_151من2
%10.52
3
5
2سم210_181من
6
2سم90 _61 من1
%5.26
4
7
8
9
المجموع19
%100
ها
ا
ة
ال
ا
ض
ال
ت ز
ه ويتضـــح ممـــا ســـبق ان المســـاحة كانـــت موزعـــة علـــى جميـــع الفئات وبشـــكل متفـــاوت اذ
احتلـــت الفئـــات ذات المســـاحات االكبـــر نســـبيا المرتبـــة االولـــى فـــي حيـــن جاءت الفئـــات ذات
المســـاحات الكبيـــرة االقـــل فـــي المرتبـــة الثانيـــة مـــن االهتمـــام فـــي صحيفـــة المدى . ) في صحيفة المدى2) يتضمن التحليل الكمي للموضوعات الصحية حسب المساحة المخصصة (سم9( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1_فصاعدا211 من10
%52.63
1
2
2سم150_121 من3
%15.78
2
3
2سم120 – 91 من3
%15.78
2
4
2سم180_151من2
%10.52
3
5
2سم210_181من
6
2سم90 _61 من1
%5.26
4
7
8
9
المجموع19
%100 هـ ـ توزيع الموضوعات الصحية حسب مصادرها 149 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ولـــم تحصـــل فئـــات « وكاالت أنبـــاء محلية « و» انصات الى االذاعـــات والتلفاز « على أية
تكـــرارات تذكـــر ، وذلـــك يؤشـــر اهماال ملحوظـــا لهذه المصادر مـــن قبل صحيفة المدى ويســـري
االمـــر نفســـه علـــى الصباح أيضا على الرغم مـــن اهمية الوكاالت والمصـــادر االخرى في تغطية
المشـــكالت الصحية خصوصاً. ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع » ان فئـــة الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المنشـــورة دون صـــورة 11« ويتضـــح مـــن الجـــدول رقـــم
تكرارا 19 تكرارا مـــن مجموع التكرارات البالغـــة11 مصاحبـــة لهـــا احتلـــت المرتبة االولـــى بواقع
،هي نســـبة عالية ،فـــي حين جاءت فئة 2007\10\31 ـــ1 المنشـــورة فـــي المـــدى للمدة من
تكرار ، إذ يشـــير 8 الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المصاحبـــة لصـــورة صحفيـــة بالمرتبة الثانيـــة بواقع
ذلـــك إلـــى أن معظم الموضوعات التي تناولت المشـــكالت الصحيـــة كانت دون صورة صحفية أو
بدون صورة أصال، وان الصورتين الشـــخصية والتخطيطية لم تحصال على المســـتوى المطلوب
مـــن االهتمـــام مـــن قبل صحيفتي المـــدى والصباح على الســـواء على الرغم مـــن أهمية الصورة
فـــي ابـــراز الموضوعـــات الصحية وجذب اهتمـــام القاريء وتشـــويقه لمتابعة وقـــراءة تفاصيلها. ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع ) يتضمن التحليل الكمي لموضوعات التثقيف الصحي حسب الصورة المصاحبة للموضوع في جريدة المدى11( جدول رقم ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات
النسبة المئوية
المرتبة
1
بدون صورة11
%57.89
1
2
صورة صحفية8
%42.11
2
3
صورة تخطيطية
4
صورة شخصية
المجموع19
%100 التحليـل الكيفـي ( النوعـي ) لموضوعـات االزمـات الصحيـة فـي صحيفتـي الصبـاح
2007 / 10 / 31 ــــ1 والمـدى للمـدة مـن
أوال: التحليل الكيفي ( النوعي ) للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في صحيفة الصباح
موضوع انتشار مرض الكوليرا ( إنموذجا) التحليـل الكيفـي ( النوعـي ) لموضوعـات االزمـات الصحيـة فـي صحيفتـي الصبـاح
2007 / 10 / 31 ــــ1 والمـدى للمـدة مـن
أوال: التحليل الكيفي ( النوعي ) للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في صحيفة الصباح
موضوع انتشار مرض الكوليرا ( إنموذجا) ) 35 ( العدد150
جملة الباحث االعالمي
تكـــراراً لفئـــات التحليل النوعـــي للموضوعـــات الصحية 144 ســـجلت هـــذه الفئـــة الرئيســـة
فئة فرعية نوعيـــة كما موضح في 12 المنشـــورة فـــي صحيفـــة الصبـــاح ، وتتضمـــن هذه الفئـــة
« اذ احتلـــت فئـــات ( االشـــارة الى اتخاذ اجراءات عالجيـــة ووقائية من قبل 12 « الجـــدول رقـــم
المؤسســـات الصحيـــة للســـيطرة علـــى المـــرض و التأكيـــد على وجـــود تقصير من قبـــل الجهات 150 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد الحكوميـــة المســـؤولة عن الخدمات وتوفير مياه الشـــرب الصحية و االشـــارة الـــى تعاون الدوائر
25 الصحيـــة فـــي المحافظـــات والمنظمـــات الدوليـــة في الجانب الوقائـــي )المرتبة االولـــى بواقع
تكـــرارا لـــكل فئـــة تلتهـــا في المرتبـــة الثانية فئة « تعزيز الســـلوكيات واالنمـــاط الغذائية الصحية
تكـــرارا ، تليهـــا فـــي المرتبـــة الثالثة فئـــة « التحذير من مخاطر انتشـــار 16 والســـليمة « بواقـــع
مرض الكوليرا « وفئة اتهام المؤسســـات الصحية بالتقصير وعدم توفير المســـتلزمات الضرورية
تكـــرارا لكل منهما، وجاءت فئة « تناول مياه الشـــرب النظيفـــة وتفادي الثلج 13 للعـــاج بواقـــع
تكـــرارات ، ، وحلت في 8 الملـــوث وغســـل اليديـــن قبـــل االكل وبعـــده « بالمرتبـــة الرابعـــة بواقع
المرتبة الخامســـة فئة « مراجعة المؤسســـات الصحية عند حدوث حاالت االسهال « وفئة التأكيد
تكرارات، وكانت المرتبة السادســـة واالخيرة 5 علـــى ارتفـــاع عدد االصابات بمرض الكوليرا بواقع
مـــن حصـــة فئة « تعزيـــز خدمات الصحة المدرســـية « وفئة اتهام المســـؤولين لجهات معارضة
تكرارات . ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع ) يتضمن الفئات الفرعية لمجموعة الوقاية من الكوليرا للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في الصباح 12 ( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1
االشـــارة الـــى اتخاذ اجـــراءات عالجيـــة ووقائية من قبل المؤسســـات
الصحية للســـيطرة علـــى المرض25
%17.36
1
2
التأكيـــد على وجود تقصير مـــن قبل الجهات الحكومية المســـؤولة عن
الخدمات وتوفير مياه الشـــرب الصحية25
%17.36
1
3
االشـــارة الـــى تعـــاون الدوائـــر الصحية فـــي المحافظـــات والمنظمات
الدولية فـــي الجانـــب الوقائي 25
%17.36
1
4تعزيز السلوكيات واالنماط الغذائية الصحية والسليمة16
%11.11
2
5
اتهـــام المؤسســـات الصحيـــة بالتقصيـــر وعـــدم توفير المســـتلزمات
الضروريـــة للعالج13
%9
3
6
التحذيـــر من مخاطر انتشـــار مـــرض الكوليرا من قبـــل منظمات عربية
ودولية واشخاص13
%9.5
3
7
تناول مياه الشـــرب النظيفة وتفـــادي الثلج الملوث وغســـل اليدين قبل
االكل وبعده لتفـــادي االصابة بالمرض8
%5.55
4
8التأكيد على ارتفاع عدد االصابات بمرض الكوليرا5
%3.47
5
9
مراجعة المؤسسات الصحية عند حدوث حاالت االسهال5
%3.47
5
10حاالت وفاة بسبب الكوليرا3
%2
6
11
تعزيز خدمات الصحة المدرسية3
%2
6
12اتهام المسؤولين لجهات معارضة بتسييس ازمة مرض الكوليرا3
%2
6
المجموع144
%100
ثانياً : التحليل الكيفي«النوعي»للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في صحيفة المدى
موضوع انتشار مرض الكوليرا «إنموذجا» فـــي الصحيفـــة تعد االســـهال هـــو حالة اصابة بمـــرض الكوليرا وتقـــدم احصائيات عـــن الكوليرا
دون التمييـــز او التحـــدث عـــن كـــون اغلبهـــا حـــاالت أســـهال .. وهي قـــد تكون حاالت مشـــتبه
بهـــا وليســـت اصابـــات كوليـــرا وهـــذه المعلومات موثقة حســـب تقارير وزارة الصحـــة العراقية . ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع 3 بتســـييس ازمة مرض الكوليرا وفئة االعالن عن حاالت وفاة بســـبب الكوليرا بواقع
ويتضـــح من خالل اســـتعراض النتائـــج المذكورة اعاله مواكبة صحيفـــة الصباح في تغطيتها
الصحفيـــة لموضـــوع مرض الكوليرا الذي ينتشـــر في فصلي الصيـــف والخريف في العراق من كل
عـــام عـــادةً بوصفـــه من االمراض المتوطنة فـــي البالد ، وقد اهتمت بتداعيات المرض واســـبابه
وســـبل الوقايـــة والعالج ونشـــرت اخبـــار وتقاريرمفصلة فضال عن تواصلها مـــع الجهات الصحية
فـــي مواكبة اخر تطـــورات واحصائيات االصابات بالمرض خالل مدة الدراســـة .. ويتضـــح من خالل اســـتعراض النتائـــج المذكورة اعاله مواكبة صحيفـــة الصباح في تغطيتها
الصحفيـــة لموضـــوع مرض الكوليرا الذي ينتشـــر في فصلي الصيـــف والخريف في العراق من كل
عـــام عـــادةً بوصفـــه من االمراض المتوطنة فـــي البالد ، وقد اهتمت بتداعيات المرض واســـبابه
وســـبل الوقايـــة والعالج ونشـــرت اخبـــار وتقاريرمفصلة فضال عن تواصلها مـــع الجهات الصحية
فـــي مواكبة اخر تطـــورات واحصائيات االصابات بالمرض خالل مدة الدراســـة .. اال انـــه يتضـــح ان فئـــة «تعزيـــز خدمات الصحة المدرســـية «لم تنل االهتمـــام المطلوب من
تكرارات من مجموع تكرارات الفئات النوعية 3 الصحيفـــة اذ حصلـــت على المرتبة االخيرة بواقـــع
تكـــرارا للموضوعـــات الصحيـــة التي تم نشـــرها فـــي الصباح خالل المـــدة المحددة 144 البالغـــة
للدراســـة ، أمـــا بقيـــة الفئـــات الفرعية فقد ســـجلت تكرارات متقاربـــة نظرا لكون فئـــة التحذير من
مخاطـــر انتشـــار مـــرض الكوليرا و فئة «تعزيز الســـلوكيات واالنماط الغذائية الصحية والســـليمة
و فئـــة تنـــاول ميـــاه الشـــرب النظيفـــة وتفـــادي الثلـــج الملوث وغســـل اليديـــن قبـــل االكل وبعده
تدخـــل فـــي بـــاب التوجيـــه والتثقيف ولكـــون الصباح صحيفـــة ممولة من قبل الدولـــة ، وهذا امر
يمكـــن عـــده بالمتوقـــع لكـــون التحذيـــر مـــن مخاطر المرض يشـــير إلى أســـبابه وطـــرق الوقاية
وتفادي االصابة واهمية مياه الشـــرب النظيفة ، كذلك الحال بالنســـبة لفئة مراجعة المؤسســـات
الصحيـــة عنـــد حـــدوث حـــاالت االســـهال على الرغـــم مـــن ابتعادها عـــن المراتب االولـــى أال انه
مـــن الواضـــح ومن خـــال التقاريـــر االعالميـــة والتصريحات للمســـؤولين فـــي وزارة الصحة أن
الكوليـــرا تبـــدأ بحـــاالت اإلســـهال أوال .. ومن ثم يؤكد الجميع على أهمية معالجة اإلســـهال في
المؤسســـات الصحية ،.. ومن هنا نالحظ ان اغلبية الموضوعات المنشـــورة عن مرض الكوليرا 151 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد فـــي الصحيفـــة تعد االســـهال هـــو حالة اصابة بمـــرض الكوليرا وتقـــدم احصائيات عـــن الكوليرا
دون التمييـــز او التحـــدث عـــن كـــون اغلبهـــا حـــاالت أســـهال .. وهي قـــد تكون حاالت مشـــتبه
بهـــا وليســـت اصابـــات كوليـــرا وهـــذه المعلومات موثقة حســـب تقارير وزارة الصحـــة العراقية . ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع والتأكيـــد علـــى صالحيـــة مياه الشـــرب
تكرارات،امـــا المرتبـــة الخامســـة فقـــد احتلتها 5 لالســـتهالك البشـــري « المرتبـــة الرابعـــة بواقـــع
تكـــرارا ت،...الخ.5 فئـــة «مراجعـــة المؤسســـات الصحية عند حـــدوث حاالت االســـهال « بواقع
) يتضمن الفئات الفرعية لمجموعة انتشـــار مرض الكوليرا للموضوعات 13 ( جـــدول رقـــم
الصحيةالمنشـــورة في صحيفة المدى
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1
االشارة الى تعاون الدوائر الصحية في المحافظات والمنظمات
الدولية في الجانب الوقائي 9
%14
1
2
التأكيد على وجود تقصير من قبل الجهات الحكومية المسؤولة عن
الخدمات وتوفير مياه الشرب الصحية9
%14
1
3التأكيد على ارتفاع عدد االصابات بمرض الكوليرا8
%12.5
2
4
االشارة الى اتخاذ اجراءات عالجية ووقائية من قبل المؤسسات
الصحية للسيطرة على المرض6
%9.4
3
5
اتهام المؤسسات الصحية بالتقصير وعدم توفير المستلزمات
الضرورية للعالج5
%7.81
4
6
التحذير من مخاطر انتشار مرض الكوليرا من قبل منظمات عربية
ودولية واشخاص5
%7.81
4
7
تناول مياه الشرب النظيفة وتفادي الثلج الملوث وغسل اليدين قبل
االكل وبعده لتفادي االصابة بالمرض5
%7.81
4
8تعزيز السلوكيات واالنماط الغذائية الصحية والسليمة5
%7.81
4
9مراجعة المؤسسات الصحية عند حدوث حاالت االسهال5
%7.81
4
10حاالت وفاة بسبب الكوليرا3
%4.68
5
11
تعزيز خدمات الصحة المدرسية2
%3.12
6
12اتهام المسؤولين لجهات معارضة بتسييس ازمة مرض الكوليرا2
%3.12
6
المجموع64
%100 وجـــاءت فـــي المرتبـــة الثانيـــة فئـــة « التأكيد علـــى ارتفاع عـــدد االصابات بمـــرض الكوليرا
تكـــراراًت ، وهـــذا يشـــير الـــى تأكيد الصحيفة على كشـــف تقصير الدوائـــر الحكومية8 « بواقـــع
والســـعي لتبيـــان تداعيـــات المـــرض واالعـــان عن ارتفـــاع مســـتوى االصابات وحـــاالت الوفيات
فضـــا عـــن نشـــر اراء وتصريحـــات الجهـــات المعارضة للحكومـــة بعكس صحيفـــة الصباح التي
حاولت ابراز الجهود الحكومية في هذا الشـــأن ، وحلت ثالثا فئة « االشـــارة الى اتخاذ اجراءات
تكرارات تلتها6 عالجيـــة ووقائيـــة مـــن قبل المؤسســـات الصحية للســـيطرة على المرض بواقـــع
فئات اتهام المؤسســـات الصحية بالتقصير وعدم توفير المســـتلزمات الضرورية للعالج التحذير
تكرارات5 مـــن مخاطر انتشـــار مرض الكوليـــرا من قبل منظمات عربية ودولية واشـــخاص بواقع
،فيمـــا شـــغلت فئـــة « اســـتخدام طـــرق تعقيـــم الميـــاه .. ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع ) يتضمن الفئات الفرعية لمجموعة الوقاية من الكوليرا للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في الصباح 12 ( جدول رقم
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1
االشـــارة الـــى اتخاذ اجـــراءات عالجيـــة ووقائية من قبل المؤسســـات
الصحية للســـيطرة علـــى المرض25
%17.36
1
2
التأكيـــد على وجود تقصير مـــن قبل الجهات الحكومية المســـؤولة عن
الخدمات وتوفير مياه الشـــرب الصحية25
%17.36
1
3
االشـــارة الـــى تعـــاون الدوائـــر الصحية فـــي المحافظـــات والمنظمات
الدولية فـــي الجانـــب الوقائي 25
%17.36
1
4تعزيز السلوكيات واالنماط الغذائية الصحية والسليمة16
%11.11
2
5
اتهـــام المؤسســـات الصحيـــة بالتقصيـــر وعـــدم توفير المســـتلزمات
الضروريـــة للعالج13
%9
3
6
التحذيـــر من مخاطر انتشـــار مـــرض الكوليرا من قبـــل منظمات عربية
ودولية واشخاص13
%9.5
3
7
تناول مياه الشـــرب النظيفة وتفـــادي الثلج الملوث وغســـل اليدين قبل
االكل وبعده لتفـــادي االصابة بالمرض8
%5.55
4
8التأكيد على ارتفاع عدد االصابات بمرض الكوليرا5
%3.47
5
9
مراجعة المؤسسات الصحية عند حدوث حاالت االسهال5
%3.47
5
10حاالت وفاة بسبب الكوليرا3
%2
6
11
تعزيز خدمات الصحة المدرسية3
%2
6
12اتهام المسؤولين لجهات معارضة بتسييس ازمة مرض الكوليرا3
%2
6
المجموع144
%100
ثانياً : التحليل الكيفي«النوعي»للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في صحيفة المدى
اموضوع انتشار مرض الكوليرا «إنموذجا» ثانياً : التحليل الكيفي«النوعي»للموضوعات الصحية المنشورة في صحيفة المدى
موضوع انتشار مرض الكوليرا «إنموذجا» تكراراً 64 ســـجلت هذه الفئة الرئيســـة للتحليل النوعي لموضوعات االزمات الصحية بواقع
لموضوعات نشـــرت في صحيفة المدى .2007/10/31 ــ1 للمدة من
» فئة فرعية نوعيـــة ، تصدرت مرتبتها االولى فئة التأكيد 12 « واشـــتملت هـــذه الفئـــة على
علـــى وجـــود تقصير مـــن قبل الجهات الحكومية المســـؤولة عـــن الخدمات وتوفير مياه الشـــرب
الصحيـــة وفئـــة االشـــارة الى تعـــاون الدوائـــر الصحية فـــي المحافظـــات والمنظمـــات الدولية في
تكرارات .9 الجانـــب الوقائي بواقـــع 152 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد جملة الباحث االعالمي
وجـــاءت فـــي المرتبـــة الثانيـــة فئـــة « التأكيد علـــى ارتفاع عـــدد االصابات بمـــرض الكوليرا
تكـــراراًت ، وهـــذا يشـــير الـــى تأكيد الصحيفة على كشـــف تقصير الدوائـــر الحكومية 8 « بواقـــع
والســـعي لتبيـــان تداعيـــات المـــرض واالعـــان عن ارتفـــاع مســـتوى االصابات وحـــاالت الوفيات
فضـــا عـــن نشـــر اراء وتصريحـــات الجهـــات المعارضة للحكومـــة بعكس صحيفـــة الصباح التي
حاولت ابراز الجهود الحكومية في هذا الشـــأن ، وحلت ثالثا فئة « االشـــارة الى اتخاذ اجراءات
تكرارات تلتها 6 عالجيـــة ووقائيـــة مـــن قبل المؤسســـات الصحية للســـيطرة على المرض بواقـــع
فئات اتهام المؤسســـات الصحية بالتقصير وعدم توفير المســـتلزمات الضرورية للعالج التحذير
تكرارات 5 مـــن مخاطر انتشـــار مرض الكوليـــرا من قبل منظمات عربية ودولية واشـــخاص بواقع
،فيمـــا شـــغلت فئـــة « اســـتخدام طـــرق تعقيـــم الميـــاه .. ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع والتأكيـــد علـــى صالحيـــة مياه الشـــرب
تكرارات،امـــا المرتبـــة الخامســـة فقـــد احتلتها5 لالســـتهالك البشـــري « المرتبـــة الرابعـــة بواقـــع
تكـــرارا ت،...الخ.5 فئـــة «مراجعـــة المؤسســـات الصحية عند حـــدوث حاالت االســـهال « بواقع
) يتضمن الفئات الفرعية لمجموعة انتشـــار مرض الكوليرا للموضوعات 13 ( جـــدول رقـــم
الصحيةالمنشـــورة في صحيفة المدى الصحيةالمنشـــورة في صحيفة المدى
ت
اسم الفئة
التكرارات%المرتبة
1
االشارة الى تعاون الدوائر الصحية في المحافظات والمنظمات
الدولية في الجانب الوقائي 9
%14
1
2
التأكيد على وجود تقصير من قبل الجهات الحكومية المسؤولة عن
الخدمات وتوفير مياه الشرب الصحية9
%14
1
3التأكيد على ارتفاع عدد االصابات بمرض الكوليرا8
%12.5
2
4
االشارة الى اتخاذ اجراءات عالجية ووقائية من قبل المؤسسات
الصحية للسيطرة على المرض6
%9.4
3
5
اتهام المؤسسات الصحية بالتقصير وعدم توفير المستلزمات
الضرورية للعالج5
%7.81
4
6
التحذير من مخاطر انتشار مرض الكوليرا من قبل منظمات عربية
ودولية واشخاص5
%7.81
4
7
تناول مياه الشرب النظيفة وتفادي الثلج الملوث وغسل اليدين قبل
االكل وبعده لتفادي االصابة بالمرض5
%7.81
4
8تعزيز السلوكيات واالنماط الغذائية الصحية والسليمة5
%7.81
4
9مراجعة المؤسسات الصحية عند حدوث حاالت االسهال5
%7.81
4
10حاالت وفاة بسبب الكوليرا3
%4.68
5
11
تعزيز خدمات الصحة المدرسية2
%3.12
6
12اتهام المسؤولين لجهات معارضة بتسييس ازمة مرض الكوليرا2
%3.12
6
المجموع64
%100 ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 153 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد « الـــى ان اهتمام المدى كان13« وتشـــير هـــذه االحصائيـــات وكما يظهر فـــي الجدول رقم
منصبـــاً بالدرجـــة االول علـــى التحذير من مخاطر الكوليـــرا واهمية تفادي الميـــاة الملوثة والثلج
والطعـــام غيـــر صحـــي فضال عـــن التأكيد علـــى تقصيـــر الجهات الخدميـــة والصحيـــة الحكومية
، وقـــد احتلـــت االخبـــار والتقاريـــر االخباريـــة نســـبة عاليـــة مـــن التغطيـــة لهـــذه الموضوعـــات
« فـــي التحليـــل الكمـــي ، إذ كانـــت المتابعـــة 13 « فـــي المـــدى كمـــا يوضـــح الجـــدول رقـــم
لتفاصيـــل المـــرض واإلصابـــات الحاصلـــة فـــي بغـــداد والمحافظـــات بشـــكل مســـتمر ومكثف وقد
وصلـــت الى التشـــهير بمســـتوى تقديـــم الخدمات ونشـــر اســـتغاثة المواطن من انتشـــار المرض
وضـــرورة البحـــث عـــن الحلـــول والمعالجات الســـريعة وتوفير ميـــاه صالحة للشـــرب ..... الخ . ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع امـــا طـــرق تعقيـــم المياه عـــن طريق أقـــراص الكلور وأشـــعة الشـــمس وغلي المـــاء وأهمية
مراجعة المؤسســـات الصحية عند حدوث حاالت اإلســـهال فقد وجدت اهتماما مناسبا هي األخرى
أخـــذت مســـارات مختلفـــة إلبـــراز المشـــكالت الصحية ولـــم يتم توظيـــف اغلب الفنـــون الصحفية
لطـــرح همـــوم المواطن وضرورة توفير العالج المناســـب وهذا االمر ينطبق على صحيفة الصباح
ايضـــا ،لذلـــك اهتمـــت الصحيفـــة بتصريحـــات السياســـيين وأعضـــاء مجالـــس النواب فـــي بغداد
والمحافظـــات والجهـــات المعارضـــة للحكومـــة إلبراز الواقع الســـلبي في تأديـــة الخدمات الصحية
والبلدية وشـــحتها وعدم توفر الماء الصحي للمواطنين بالشـــكل الكافي ،وقد اســـتثمرت صفحات
شـــكاوى المواطنين والرد عليها لهذا الغرض، اما موضوع تعزيز خدمات الصحة المدرســـية فقد
ركـــن فـــي المرتبـــة االخيرة مـــن اهتمامات الصحيفة ولم يحظ بالمســـتوى المطلـــوب من االهتمام
وانمـــا كانـــت هنـــاك اشـــارات بســـيطة الـــى ضـــرورة توافر خدمـــات الصحة المدرســـية ، اســـتناداً
الـــى تصريحـــات اطبـــاء واختصاصيين فـــي وزارة الصحة فضـــاً عن آراء عدد مـــن المواطنين . ي
النتائج والتوصيات
أوال: نتائج التحليل الكمي
ـ تصـــدرت االخبـــار والتقارير الصحفية المراتب االولـــى في تغطية موضوعات االزمات الصحية 1
فـــي صحيفتـــي الصبـــاح والمـــدى ، وهذا يشـــير الـــى ان اهتمام هـــذه الصحـــف كان منصباً على
نشـــر الموضوعـــات ذات الطابع الخبري والتقريـــري بالدرجة االولى. ا
ـ تصـــدرت االخبـــار والتقارير الصحفية المراتب االولـــى في تغطية موضوعات االزمات الصحية 1
فـــي صحيفتـــي الصبـــاح والمـــدى ، وهذا يشـــير الـــى ان اهتمام هـــذه الصحـــف كان منصباً على
نشـــر الموضوعـــات ذات الطابع الخبري والتقريـــري بالدرجة االولى. ـ جـــاءت بقيـــة الفنون الصحفية كالتحقيقات واالعمدة الصحفية ونصائح وارشـــادات وشـــكاوى 2
واستفســـارات ضمـــن االهتمـــام الثانـــوي للصحيفتيـــن ممـــا يؤكـــد ميلهمـــا الـــى الطابـــع الخبـــري
والتقريـــري بالدرجـــة االولـــى وعدم ايـــاء الطابع التوضيحي والتفســـيري الذي يعنى بالمشـــكالت
الصحيـــة االهتمـــام المطلوب . 154 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ـ عدم اهتما م الصحافة العراقية بإيجاد حلول ومعالجات للمشـــكالت الصحية ألســـباب تتعلق3
بسياســـة الصحـــف وســـخونة الحـــدث بالقيـــاس إلـــى غيره مـــن اإلحداث التي تشـــهدها الســـاحة
العراقية .. وهذا يؤشـــر ضعفا ملحوظا في هذا الشـــان نظرا لتعدد المشـــكالت الصحية وتفاقمها
أحيانـــا ..ومـــن ثم تعـــد قضايا مهمة تخص الرأي العام وتســـتوجب التعليـــق والتثقيف .. ـ اهتمام محدود من قبل الصحافة العراقية بصفحات شكاوى واستفسارات المواطنين التي تعنى4
بالمشـــكالت الصحية ..اذ تم طرح وعرض بعض المشـــكالت الصحية بشـــكل مقتضب لم يتجاوز
حـــدود الشـــكوى غالبـــا دون متابعة وتوضيح بقصـــد التثقيف وتغيير الســـلوكيات نحو االفضل . وهذا يشير الى تفضيل الصحف للموضوعات السياسية واالقتصادية والثقافية على الموضوعات
الصحية والتعامل معها بشـــكل ثانوي واحيانا كمادة صحفية احتياطية لمأل الصفحات ... ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع ـ كشـــفت الدراســـة عـــن وجـــود عالقـــة تناســـبية بين عـــدد المندوبيـــن لدى الصحف ومســـتوى 5
التغطيـــة لموضوعـــات التثقيـــف الصحي او المشـــكالت الصحية عموما علـــى الصعيدين المحلي
والعالمـــي علـــى الرغـــم من ميـــل اغلب هـــذه الموضوعات إلـــى الطابع اإلخبـــاري والتقريري . ـ اهتمـــت الصحـــف العراقيـــة « عينة مجتمع البحث « بنشـــر الموضوعات الصحية ذات الطابع 6
المحلـــي تماشـــيا مـــع وقت انـــدالع أو حدوث المشـــكالت الصحية ومتطلبـــات التغطية الصحفية
وليس من خالل االهتمام المســـبق والمدروس ، ويتضح ذلك من خالل االهتمام بنشـــر األخبار
والتقاريـــر عـــن مـــرض الكوليرا نتيجـــة ارتفاع عدد اإلصابـــات في حينها وكما مبيـــن في التحليل
الكمي للصحف عينة مجتمع البحث، و�إهمال تناول هذه الموضوعات في أوقات ســـابقة والحقة
النتشـــار هـــذا المـــرض أو غيـــره وعـــدم التطرق إلى ســـبل الوقايـــة والمعالجة في هذا الشـــأن . ـ احتلـــت فئـــة المندوبيـــن المحلييـــن المرتبـــة األولـــى من اهتمـــام الصحف العراقيـــة كمصادر7
رئيســـة لموضوعـــات التثقيـــف الصحـــي ، وهذا يشـــير الـــى امتالك صحـــف مجتمـــع البحث الى
شـــبكة واســـعة مـــن المندوبين . ـ اتضـــح ان غالبيـــة الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المنشـــورة فـــي صحيفتـــي الصباح والمـــدى كانت 8
بـــدون صـــورة ، وان مســـتوى االهتمـــام بالصور الشـــخصية والتخطيطيـــة كان محـــدوداً جداً في
الصحـــف « عينـــة مجتمـــع البحـــث « وهـــذا يشـــير الـــى عـــدم اعطـــاء اهميـــة مناســـبة للصور
المرافقـــة للموضوعـــات الصحية . 155 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ـ تراجـــع اســـتخدام االشـــكال او الفنـــون الصحفيـــة االخـــرى ادى الـــى حـــدوث خلل فـــي تغطية9
موضوعـــات المشـــكالت الصحيـــة فـــي الصحافـــة العراقيـــة ، االمـــر الـــذي انعكـــس علـــى الحجم
المعرفـــي والمحتـــوى التثقيفـــي الـــذي تقدمـــه هـــذه الصحف عـــن هذه المشـــكالت . ـ أن تغطية ومتابعة الصحافة العراقية للموضوعات الصحية ياتي تماشـــيا مع حدوث المشـــكلة 1
الصحيـــة واهميـــة المتابعة والتغطيـــة الصحفية الالزمة لها وليس نابعاً مـــن اهتمام بالرأي العام
واهميتهـــا للجمهـــور ، ويتضـــح ذلـــك كما مبين من خـــال متابعتهـــا لموضوع إصابـــات الكوليرا
الـــذي ســـجل اصابـــات ملحوظة خالل المدة المحددة للدراســـة لكونه من األمـــراض المتوطنة في
العـــراق ويظهـــر في فصلي الخريف والصيـــف من كل عام. ـ أبـــرزت الصحافـــة العراقيـــة الجانـــب الســـلبي للمشـــكالت الصحيـــة الحاصلة فـــي العراق دون 2
الولـــوج فـــي تفاصيـــل عن المعالجات ومتطلبـــات الوقاية ... األمر الذي يشـــير إلى عدم اعتماد
أســـاليب تثقيـــف صحي مناســـبة مـــن قبل الصحافـــة العراقية في هذا الشـــأن . ـ كشـــفت الدراســـة عـــن عدم وجود تنســـيق ومتابعـــة وتخطيط بين الصحـــف المحلية من جهة3
والدوائـــر المعنيـــة بشـــؤون الصحـــة مـــن جهة أخرى فـــي التغطيـــة الصحفية لمراحـــل اندالع أو
حـــدوث المشـــكلة الصحيـــة وتطوراتهـــا،وأدى ذلك الى خلـــق أزمة ثقة أحيانا وحصـــول تباين في
البيانـــات وتداعيات وأســـباب المرض والمشـــكلة الصحية ونشـــر الهلع والخـــوف بين الجمهور. ي ـ فئــة توزيـع الموضوعـات الصحيـة حسـب الصـورة المصاحبـة للموضـوع ـ كشـــفت الدراســـة عـــن نســـب متقاربـــة فـــي مســـتوى االهتمـــام بالموضوعـــات الصحيـــة مـــن 4
قبـــل الصحافـــة العراقيـــة علـــى الرغـــم مـــن تبايـــن بعضهـــا فـــي عـــدد تكـــرارات الفئـــات الفرعية
النوعيـــة وضـــخ أخبـــار متنوعـــة بهـــذا الخصـــوص ،فضـــا عـــن ميـــل الصحـــف الحكوميـــة الى
التأكيـــد علـــى موضوعـــات محليـــة محـــددة .. بعكس صحف القطـــاع الخاص التـــي اهتمت كثيرا
بالمشـــكالت الصحيـــة ذات الطابـــع العالمـــي وبشـــكل ملحـــوظ ..مـــع تضمين اتجاهـــات مختلفة
لهـــذه الموضوعـــات اتســـمت أحيانـــا بطابـــع وقيـــم ومعتقـــدات ومعالجـــات بلدانها. ـ وجـــدت الموضوعـــات الصحيـــة المتعلقـــة بنشـــاطات وفعاليـــات الجهات الصحيـــة المعنية في 5
وزارة الصحـــة اهتمامـــا ملحوظـــا من قبل الصحـــف الحكومية ومنها الصبـــاح ،اذ تجري متابعتها
مـــن خـــال ملحقي تقنيـــات وعلوم وأســـرة ومجتمع اللذين يصدران بشـــكل اســـبوعي ،فضال عن
المتابعـــات االخباريـــة والتقريرية في الصفحـــات الداخلية . ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 156 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد ـ كانـــت تغطيـــة موضوعات المشـــكالت الصحية فـــي صحيفتي الصباح والمـــدى عفوية وعابرة6
دون وجـــود اهتمـــام وتخطيط مســـبق واعتمدت علـــى اجتهاد وخبرات وتحـــركات مندوبي االخبار
الذيـــن يتواصلـــون مـــع مكاتـــب اعـــام الـــوزارات ،فضـــا عـــن اثـــارة هذه المشـــكالت مـــن خالل
اســـتعراض النتائـــج واالســـباب غالبـــا دون التطرق الى الحلـــول والمعالجات التي تتضمن ســـبل
الوقايـــة والتثقيـــف الصحي . ـ وظفـــت الصحافـــة العراقيـــة الفنـــون الخبريـــة والتقريريـــة بشـــكل ملحوظ .. أما بقية االشـــكال 7
والفنـــون الصحفيـــة ذات الطابـــع التفســـيري والتوضيحي التي تدخل في صميم ممارســـة التثقيف
واالرشـــاد والتوجيـــه فلـــم تحصـــل علـــى االهتمام المناســـب والمطلـــوب بالرغم من اتســـاع وتنوع
المشـــكالت الصحيـــة المحلية وتعـــدد الجهات الحكومية المســـؤولة . ـ تباينـــت التغطيـــة الصحفيـــة بيـــن مدة وأخـــرى ،وتركت ذلك تبعـــا لطبيعة الحدث وتماشـــيا مع 8
حجـــم واثـــارة وقـــوة المشـــكلة الصحيـــة ، ولـــم تعر صحف الدراســـة االهتمـــام المناســـب للتثقيف
بوصفهـــا وظيفة أساســـية مـــن وظائفها بهـــذا الخصوص . التوصيات والمقترحات ـ ضـــرورة إيجاد تنســـيق مشـــترك بين إدارات الصحـــف المحلية وبقية وســـائل اإلعالم المحلية 1
األخرى من جهة، والجهات المعنية بشـــؤون الصحة من جهة أخرى..لغرض إيجاد إســـتراتيجية
مشـــتركة لمواجهـــة االزمات الصحية وايجـــاد ادارة اعالمية لالزمة الصحية عبر وســـائل اإلعالم
عمومـــا والصحافة خصوصا . . ـ عقد مواثيق شـــرف بين وزارة الصحة ودوائرها الصحية من جهة ... والمؤسســـات االعالمية 2
« المقروءة والمســـموعة والمرئية « من جهة أخرى بغية عدم زج المشـــكالت الصحية والقضايا
الصحيـــة المتعلقـــة بســـامة المواطـــن فـــي الصراعـــات والتناحرات السياســـية ، وأهميـــة التعامل
بمهنيـــة وحياديـــة وموضوعية مـــع الموضوعات الصحية بوصفها وظيفة أساســـية لالعالم. ـ اهميـــة توظيـــف االشـــكال والفنـــون الصحفيـــة ذات الطابـــع التفســـيري والتوضيحي في نشـــر 3
وبـــث موضوعـــات االزمـــات الصحية مع ضرورة اســـتثمار ميـــزات الكاريكاتيـــر وتاثيراته في ابراز
المشـــكالت الصحية وتقديـــم الحلـــول والمعالجات لها.. ـ توســـيع مساحة النشـــر المتعلقة بشكاوى واستفسارات ومساهمات القراء المتعلقة بالمشكالت 4 157 تغطية الموضوعات الصحية في الصحافة العراقية محمد علي جياد الصحية في الصحافة العراقية.. وفسح المجال امام الجهات الصحية المعنية بالوقاية والتثقيف
الصحي في نشـــر مســـاهمات تهدف الى نشـــر الوعي الصحي بين الجمهور وبشـــكل مجاني . ـ تقويـــم اداء البرامـــج التثقيفية التي تعرضها وســـائل االعالم الجماهيريـــة الحكومية والخاصة 5
مـــن قبـــل لجـــان علميـــة متخصصـــة مع ضـــرورة اعتمـــاد الدراســـات والبحـــوث واالســـتطالعات
الميدانية بهذا الخصوص وبشـــكل دوري لمعرفة تأثيرات هذه البرامج على الجمهور المســـتهدف
وتشخيص محاســـنها وعيوبها . الصحية في الصحافة العراقية.. وفسح المجال امام الجهات الصحية المعنية بالوقاية والتثقيف
الصحي في نشـــر مســـاهمات تهدف الى نشـــر الوعي الصحي بين الجمهور وبشـــكل مجاني . ـ تقويـــم اداء البرامـــج التثقيفية التي تعرضها وســـائل االعالم الجماهيريـــة الحكومية والخاصة 5
مـــن قبـــل لجـــان علميـــة متخصصـــة مع ضـــرورة اعتمـــاد الدراســـات والبحـــوث واالســـتطالعات
الميدانية بهذا الخصوص وبشـــكل دوري لمعرفة تأثيرات هذه البرامج على الجمهور المســـتهدف
وتشخيص محاســـنها وعيوبها . ـ أهميـــة قيـــام الصحافـــة العراقيـــة « اليومية واألســـبوعية والشـــهرية والدوريـــة « بفتح ملفات 6
تنشـــر مـــن خالل صفحاتهـــا تتضمن نتائج واســـتنتاجات ومعطيـــات البحوث والدراســـات العلمية
المتعلقة بمناقشـــة ومعالجة المشـــكالت الصحية في العراق .. والســـعي الى توظيف هذه النتائج
والتوصيـــات ضمـــن منهـــاج عملهـــا وموضوعاتهـــا المتداولـــة والمنشـــورة خدمة للصالـــح العام. المصادر والهوامش 5 ، ص2005 ، ، القاهرة، دارالفجر4 . إسماعيل إبراهيم ، فن التحرير الصحفي بين النظرية والتطبيق، ط1
، . محمـــد نجيـــب الصرايـــرة وآخـــرون ، اســـتراتيجيات اإلعالم والتعليـــم واالتصال في المجـــال الصحي2
. 21 ، ص1995، عمـــان ، منظمة اليونســـيف . موفـــق الحمدانـــي وآخـــرون ، مناهـــج البحث العلمي ، أساســـيات البحث العلمي ، عمان ، مؤسســـة 3
. 50 ، ص2006 ، ، جامعـــة عمان للدراســـات العليا1الـــوراق ، ط ص
ي
ر
ن
ج
ورق
.70 ، ص2000 ، . محمد عبد الحميد ، البحث العلمي في الدراسات اإلعالمية ، القاهرة ، عالم الكتب4
52. موفق الحمداني وآخرون ، م.س. ذ ، ص5 52. موفق الحمداني وآخرون ، م.س. ذ ، ص5 66 .*تأسســـت جريـــدة الصباح وهي جزء من شـــبكة اإلعـــام العراقي المملوكة للدولـــة بموجب األمر6
. 2003/5/17 الصـــادر عن ســـلطة االئتالف المؤقتـــة ، إذ صدرت في ) 35 ( العدد
جملة الباحث االعالمي 158 | 9,844 | http://abaa.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/abaa/article/download/131/68 | null |
Arabic | الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تش^^^كيل الوعي االنتخابي
إمتوذجا)2014 / نيس^^^ان30 (االنتخابات الربملانية العراقية يف م.د. رواء ه^^^ادي ص^^^احل
جامع^^^ة بغ^^^داد/ كلي^^^ة اإلع^ل^ام مستخلص:
تُ عـــد الإ نتخـــاب ت النيابيـــة مملحاً هممـــاً من مـــاحم الأنظمـــة الدي قراطية الت ي ت نـــح للأفراد
احلق ب ملشـــاركة ف ي احلـــم وصنع القرار الســـياسي ؛
وعـــادة «ت ªظ معليـــة الإ نتخـــاب ت النيابية ب ه§ت م واســـع من لدن وســـائل الإعـــام، فضال عن
اهــمات م قطاعات واســـعة من الج مهـــور، لإدراهكم الأمهيـــة الفائقة لتـــولي املناصب السياســـية وما
Àي تبـــط »ب ا من مقدرات النـــاس ومصاÀئ مه؛ امك ت أ½ت ي أمهيـــة الإ نتخاب ت من كو»ن ـــا تتيح لملواطن حق
املشـــاركة ف ي إدارة الشـــؤون العامـــة عن طريق منـــح ثقته وصوتـــه للرئيس املنتخـــب أو ملمثليه
ف ي املج لـــس النيا½ب ي . وتضطلـــع وســـائل الإعـــام ف ي املج تمعـــات الدي قراطية الناشـــئة عىل وجه الخصـــوص، ب همة
حـــث املواطن وتوعيته و«ت فÕي زه عىل املشـــاركة السياســـية عـــن طريق التصويـــت والإ قÕت اع، فضال
عـــن توعيáت ـــم بأمهية االختيار الســـلßي لملرÞش ـــني ن ، وتبيان أمهية هذه املشـــاركة ونتا«ئ ج ها ب لنســـبة
لملواطـــن والعملية السياســـية عامة. ك
فم
أح ص
تُ عـــد الإ نتخـــاب ت النيابيـــة مملحاً هممـــاً من مـــاحم الأنظمـــة الدي قراطية الت ي ت نـــح للأفراد
احلق ب ملشـــاركة ف ي احلـــم وصنع القرار الســـياسي ؛
وعـــادة «ت ªظ معليـــة الإ نتخـــاب ت النيابية ب ه§ت م واســـع من لدن وســـائل الإعـــام، فضال عن
اهــمات م قطاعات واســـعة من الج مهـــور، لإدراهكم الأمهيـــة الفائقة لتـــولي املناصب السياســـية وما
Àي تبـــط »ب ا من مقدرات النـــاس ومصاÀئ مه؛ امك ت أ½ت ي أمهيـــة الإ نتخاب ت من كو»ن ـــا تتيح لملواطن حق
املشـــاركة ف ي إدارة الشـــؤون العامـــة عن طريق منـــح ثقته وصوتـــه للرئيس املنتخـــب أو ملمثليه
مىف ي املج لـــس النيا½ب ي . وتضطلـــع وســـائل الإعـــام ف ي املج تمعـــات الدي قراطية الناشـــئة عىل وجه الخصـــوص، ب همة
حـــث املواطن وتوعيته و«ت فÕي زه عىل املشـــاركة السياســـية عـــن طريق التصويـــت والإ قÕت اع، فضال
عـــن توعيáت ـــم بأمهية االختيار الســـلßي لملرÞش ـــني ن ، وتبيان أمهية هذه املشـــاركة ونتا«ئ ج ها ب لنســـبة
لملواطـــن والعملية السياســـية عامة. ويتمحـــور موضـــوع البحـــث احلالي حـــول أمهيـــة دور الصحافـــة العراقية ف ي تشـــكيل الوعي
الإ نتخـــا½ب ي لدى êج هـــور الناخب�ي ن العراقيـــني ن ، وتثقيفـــه إزاء أمهية دوره ف ي Àت ســـيخ وتدعßي مفاهßي
. الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب 2014/4/30 الدي قراطيـــة عن طريق املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ب لإ نتخـــاب ت الÕب ملانية العراقيـــة ف ي ويتمحـــور موضـــوع البحـــث احلالي حـــول أمهيـــة دور الصحافـــة العراقية ف ي تشـــكيل الوعي
الإ نتخـــا½ب ي لدى êج هـــور الناخب�ي ن العراقيـــني ن ، وتثقيفـــه إزاء أمهية دوره ف ي Àت ســـيخ وتدعßي مفاهßي
. 2014/4/30 الدي قراطيـــة عن طريق املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ب لإ نتخـــاب ت الÕب ملانية العراقيـــة ف ي
وقـــد íت «ت ليـــل مضمون املقـــاالت والأمعـــدة الصحفيـــة ف ي ثالث جرائـــد عراقيـــة ب «ت ج اهات
ق االنتخ ات م اîش ة
ان ال ذي ي
ني
اكم ل هو ñش
مخ تلف ة مل دة ñش وقـــد íت «ت ليـــل مضمون املقـــاالت والأمعـــدة الصحفيـــة ف ي ثالث جرائـــد عراقيـــة ب «ت ج اهات
مخ تلفـــة ملـــدة ñش ر اكمـــل هو ñش ر نيســـان الـــذي يســـبق االنتخـــاب ت مباîش ة. مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد مجلة الباحث االعالمي 89 ) 29 ( العدد ) 29 ( العدد الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح Iraqi Press and its Role in the Formation of the Electoral Awareness
(The Iraqi Parliamentary election in 2014 as a sample) The parliamentary election is one of the features of democratic systems that give individ-
uals the right to participate in government and political election-making. Typically, the process
of parliamentary elections received widely attention from media, as well as attention from
large segments of the publics because they understand the vast importance to assume political
positions and associated fates of people and their destinies. Its importance comes from the
fact that it allows citizens the right to participate in managing the public affairs by granting
their confidence and voices to the elected president or his representatives in the parliamentary. Media task is to emerge democratic societies, in particular, in the mission of urging peo-
ple, stimulating them, educating them about their important role in the political participation
through voting and balloting. In addition, media tries to make them aware of the importance
of the proper selection of candidates and demonstrate the importance of this participation and
its effects on the citizens and political process in general. The subject of this research is centered on importance of the role Iraqi press in the for-
mation of the Iraqi electoral awareness among Iraqi voters; educate them about the impor-
tance of their role in the consolidation and strengthening the concepts of democracy through
informed participation in Iraqi›s parliamentary election on April 30, 2014. The content of press
articles and columns has been analyzed in three Iraqi journals of different directions for a
whole month (April). The results:
The researcher finds the following results: The results: The researcher finds the following results: 1
1. taht snmuloc dna selcitra fo saera egral edisa tes hajiti-la dna deedaj-la habaS-lA
demrofni fo ecnatropmi eht tuoba meht etacude ,ssenerawa cilbup htiw denrecnoc era
nairatces ecnuoner ot llac eht no desucof meht fo eno hcaE .snoitcele eht ni noitapicitrap
eb ylno nac hcihw ,enecs lacitilop eht ni egnahc fo ecnatropmi eht sa llew sa ,cirotehr
sisylana atad fo stluser eht elihW .noitcele fo ssecorp eht ni noitapicitrap eht yb deveihca
elor sti ot tcepser htiw strapretnuoc sti naht denrecnoc ssel si deedaj-la habas-la taht wohs
.snoitcele eht ni noitapicitrap rieht fo ecnatropmi eht tuoba erawa sretov iqarI ekam ot p
p
p
q
2
2. tnemeganamsim ni snoiterces dna tnerrohba eht denmednoc repapswen hajiti-lA
tseggib eht fo eno si ytilibareporetni dna pihsrentrap fo elur eht dna noitpurroc dna
gnisiar ni tseretni taerg setartsnomed deedaj-la habas-la elihw ,sekatsim lacitilop
,seirtnuoc citarcomed ylwen ni ycarcomed fo tpecnoc eht fo ecnatropmi eht fo ssenerawa
.secitcarp sti dna ycarcomed fo tpecnoc dna noitcele fo erutluc eht tuoba meht etacude
3
3. demrofni rieht hguorht snoitcerid lacitilop rieht tcefler slanruoj eerht ehT
,noitcerid latnemnrevog sti stcefler repapswen deedaj-la habas-la elpmaxe rof hceeps
emirp-xe eht yb detneserper tnemnrevog iqarI fo repapswen lamrof eht semoc neht
.emit taht ta etadidnac tsegnorts eht saw ohw »ikilaM-lA irooN« seman retsinim 2
2. tnemeganamsim ni snoiterces dna tnerrohba eht denmednoc repapswen hajiti-lA
tseggib eht fo eno si ytilibareporetni dna pihsrentrap fo elur eht dna noitpurroc dna
gnisiar ni tseretni taerg setartsnomed deedaj-la habas-la elihw ,sekatsim lacitilop
,seirtnuoc citarcomed ylwen ni ycarcomed fo tpecnoc eht fo ecnatropmi eht fo ssenerawa
.secitcarp sti dna ycarcomed fo tpecnoc dna noitcele fo erutluc eht tuoba meht etacude
3
3. demrofni rieht hguorht snoitcerid lacitilop rieht tcefler slanruoj eerht ehT
,noitcerid latnemnrevog sti stcefler repapswen deedaj-la habas-la elpmaxe rof hceeps
emirp-xe eht yb detneserper tnemnrevog iqarI fo repapswen lamrof eht semoc neht
.emit taht ta etadidnac tsegnorts eht saw ohw »ikilaM-lA irooN« seman retsinim 90 ) 29 ( العدد ) 29 ( العدد ) 29 ( العدد الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. The results: رواء هادي صالح :مشلك�ة البحث
ي كن تلخيص مشلك�ة البحث ف ي السؤال�ي ن الآتي�ي ن :
ـ كيف أدت الصحافة العراقية دورها ف ي تشـــكيل الوعي الإ نتخا½ب ي لدى êج هور الناخب�ي ن ؟1
ـ مـــا أمه املوضوعـــات التوعويـــة الـــيت ي ركـــزّ ت علáي ـــا الصحافة العراقيـــة وهي بصـــدد هممáت ا ف ي2
توعيـــة êج هـــور الناخب�ي ن ؟
مأمهية البحث: ت أ½ت ي أمهيـــة هـــذا البحث عـــن طريق معرفـــة الدور الـــذي أدته الصحافـــة العراقيـــة ـ بعدّ ها
واحـــدة مـــن أمه املؤسســـات املج تمعيـــة ف ي التثقيـــف والتنميـــة االج§ت عيـــة ـ ف ي تشـــكيل الوعي
الإ نتخـــا½ب ي ، ومن íث محل الج مهـــور عن طريق الإســمات الت املنطقية، عىل ت أدية واجبه ومســـؤوليته
ف ي املشـــاركة الفاعـــüة ف ي الإ نتخـــاب ت، وف ي الوقـــت نفســـه حمـــاولة تعديـــل أو تصحيـــح خياراته
املســـتقبلية ب ـــا «ي خ دم معليـــة البناء االجــمات عي ـ الدي قـــراطي ، وتعزÀي زها. أهداف البحث: »ي ـــدف البحث احلـــالي إىل معرفة الـــدور الذي أدتـــه الصحافـــة العراقية ف ي تشـــكيل الوعي
/ نيســـان/ 30 الإ نتخـــا½ب ي لـــدى êج هور الناخبـــني ن العراقيـــني ن ف ي الإ نتخـــاب ت الÕب ملانية العراقية ف ي
، فضـــا عـــن أمه وأÀب ز القßي واملوضوعـــات الت ي ركزت علáي ـــا الصحافة العراقيـــة وهي ف ي صدد 2014
أداء هممáت ـــا ف ي تثقيـــف املواطن وتوعيته بأمهية دوره ف ي رمس صورة مســـتقبلية عن طريق املشـــاركة
الواعيـــة ب لإ نتخاب ت. ينتـــ}ي هذا البحـــث إىل الدراســـات والبحـــوث الوصفيـــة الت ي تســـهت دف وصـــف الظواهر
وêج ـــع احلقائـــق واملعلومات عáن ا، ووصـــف الظروف الخاصة »ب ـــا وتقرÀي حالáت ا امك توجـــد عليه ف ي
)؛ وíت اع§ت د املســـح الشـــامل 1(الواقـــع من أجـــل الوصول إىل نتـــا{ئج أو اســـتنتاجات قابلة للتعمßي
ملفـــردات العينة، إذ عادة ما تســـتعمل التصامßي املســـحية للأ«ب اث الوصفيـــة لوصف اال«ت ج اهات
واملعتقـــدات والآراء، وتقـــدÀي حج م الظواهـــر املخ تلفـــة ذات الطبيعة االج§ت عيـــة، لأغراض وصف
).2( تكرار الخصائـــص ملج تمع أو عينـــة ما
ث
ال
اال مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد91
. ف§ي ت ثل املج ال املـــا½ن ي ب لج رائد 2014/4/29 ولغايـــة4/1 ت ثـــل املج ال الزما½ن ي للبحـــث ب ملدة من
اليوميـــة الصـــادرة ف ي العامصـــة بغـــداد ممثـــüة بعينة تـــمض جرائد: الصبـــاح الصادرة عن شـــبكة
الإعـــام العـــراق ي وت ثل الج انـــب الرمسي احلكـــومي ، والصباح الج ديـــد كجريدة مســـتقلة، وجريدة
الإ «ت اد الـــيت ي تصدر عـــن الإ «ت اد الوطن ي الكردســـتا½ن ي . The results: وقد بلـــغ مج موع الأمعدة 20() معوداً و32( جريـــدة الصباح فقـــد بلغ عدد الأمعـــدة
) مـــادة حصفية.207( واملقـــاالت الـــيت ي خضعـــت للتحليل ف ي الصحـــف الثالث
íت تصنيـــف احملتـــوى إىل فئات رئيســـة وب ا «ي خ ـــدم أهداف الدراســـة، وقد أُجـــري علáي ا «ت ليال
أوليـــاً، ومـــن íث إعادة التحليل بعـــد م5ض ي ثالثة أñش ر عـــى التحليل الأول للتحقق من االتســـاق
)، فضـــا عن «ت ديد الشـــل الáن ا½ئ ي لفئـــات التحليل؛ 5(عـــرب الزمـــن والتأكد من ثبـــات التحليل
ت الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح ت ثـــل مج تمـــع البحث ب لج رائـــد اليومية الصـــادرة ف ي بغداد ممثـــüة بعينة ت�ض جرائـــد الصباح،
الصبـــاح الج ديـــد، والإ «ت ـــاد. وقـــد íت اع§ت د أســـلوب احلرص الشـــامل ملفـــردات العينـــة ملدة ñش ر
) عـــددا. ويعود 26( والـــيت ي بلـــغ مج مـــوع أعـــداد لك واحدة مáن ا خـــال هذا ال*ش ـــر2014 /نيســـان
النقـــص احلاصل ف ي الأعـــداد إىل احتجـــاب الصـــدور أي م العطل الأســـبوعية (الجُمع). إجــراءات البحث والتحليل: اعتمـــد البحـــث أســـلوب «ت ليل املضمـــون أو احملتـــوى وهو أحـــد الأســـاليب البحثيـــة الت ي
تســـتعمل ف ي وصـــف احملتـــوى الظاهـــر أو املضمـــون الرص{ي لملـــادة الإعالميـــة وصفـــاً موضوعياً
). وللكشـــف عـــن مراكز االهــمات م ف ي احملتـــوى أو مضمـــون املـــادة الصحفية íت 3(ًمنتظمـــاً ومكيـــا
) لتحديـــد القوالـــب الفنية الت ي 4(اعــمات د فئـــة املوضوع، فضـــا عن اع§ت د فئة شـــل أو ن ـــط الن$ش
اســـتعملáت ا الج رائـــد العراقيـــة لإيصال احملتـــوى التوعوي. وبتحديـــد العينة الت ي ســـيجري علáي ا
*)، امكدة رئيســـة للتحليل ف ي لك مـــن الج رائد الثالث 1(التحليـــل، íت اعــمات د املقال والعمـــود الصح!ف ي
حمـــل الدراســـة، ملدة ñش ر اكمـــل هو ñش ر نيســـان الذي يســـبق االنتخاب ت مبـــاîش ة؛ امك íت تصنيف
) معوداً 66( احملتـــوى املـــدروس إىل مج موعة من الفئات الرئيســـة. وبذلـــك فقد íت «ت ليل مضمـــون
) مقـــاالً ف ي جريدة الصبـــاح الج ديد، أما 13() معـــوداً و61( له) مقـــاالً ف ي جريـــدة اال«ت ـــاد، يقاب15(و
) مـــن املقاالت. The results: مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد91
. ف§ي ت ثل املج ال املـــا½ن ي ب لج رائد 2014/4/29 ولغايـــة4/1 ت ثـــل املج ال الزما½ن ي للبحـــث ب ملدة من
اليوميـــة الصـــادرة ف ي العامصـــة بغـــداد ممثـــüة بعينة تـــمض جرائد: الصبـــاح الصادرة عن شـــبكة
الإعـــام العـــراق ي وت ثل الج انـــب الرمسي احلكـــومي ، والصباح الج ديـــد كجريدة مســـتقلة، وجريدة
الإ «ت اد الـــيت ي تصدر عـــن الإ «ت اد الوطن ي الكردســـتا½ن ي . 91 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح
:مج تمـع البحث وعينته
ت ثـــل مج تمـــع البحث ب لج رائـــد اليومية الصـــادرة ف ي بغداد ممثـــüة بعينة ت�ض جرائـــد الصباح،
الصبـــاح الج ديـــد، والإ «ت ـــاد. وقـــد íت اع§ت د أســـلوب احلرص الشـــامل ملفـــردات العينـــة ملدة ñش ر
) عـــددا. ويعود 26( والـــيت ي بلـــغ مج مـــوع أعـــداد لك واحدة مáن ا خـــال هذا ال*ش ـــر2014 /نيســـان
النقـــص احلاصل ف ي الأعـــداد إىل احتجـــاب الصـــدور أي م العطل الأســـبوعية (الجُمع). إجــراءات البحث والتحليل:
اعتمـــد البحـــث أســـلوب «ت ليل املضمـــون أو احملتـــوى وهو أحـــد الأســـاليب البحثيـــة الت ي
تســـتعمل ف ي وصـــف احملتـــوى الظاهـــر أو املضمـــون الرص{ي لملـــادة الإعالميـــة وصفـــاً موضوعياً
). وللكشـــف عـــن مراكز االهــمات م ف ي احملتـــوى أو مضمـــون املـــادة الصحفية íت 3(ًمنتظمـــاً ومكيـــا
) لتحديـــد القوالـــب الفنية الت ي 4(اعــمات د فئـــة املوضوع، فضـــا عن اع§ت د فئة شـــل أو ن ـــط الن$ش
اســـتعملáت ا الج رائـــد العراقيـــة لإيصال احملتـــوى التوعوي. وبتحديـــد العينة الت ي ســـيجري علáي ا
*)، امكدة رئيســـة للتحليل ف ي لك مـــن الج رائد الثالث 1(التحليـــل، íت اعــمات د املقال والعمـــود الصح!ف ي
حمـــل الدراســـة، ملدة ñش ر اكمـــل هو ñش ر نيســـان الذي يســـبق االنتخاب ت مبـــاîش ة؛ امك íت تصنيف
) معوداً 66( احملتـــوى املـــدروس إىل مج موعة من الفئات الرئيســـة. وبذلـــك فقد íت «ت ليل مضمـــون
) مقـــاالً ف ي جريدة الصبـــاح الج ديد، أما 13() معـــوداً و61( له) مقـــاالً ف ي جريـــدة اال«ت ـــاد، يقاب15(و
) مـــن املقاالت. The results: وقد بلـــغ مج موع الأمعدة 20() معوداً و32( جريـــدة الصباح فقـــد بلغ عدد الأمعـــدة
) مـــادة حصفية.207( واملقـــاالت الـــيت خضعـــت للتحليل ف ي الصحـــف الثالث íت تصنيـــف احملتـــوى إىل فئات رئيســـة وب ا «ي خ ـــدم أهداف الدراســـة، وقد أُجـــري علáي ا «ت ليال
أوليـــاً، ومـــن íث إعادة التحليل بعـــد م5ض ي ثالثة أñش ر عـــى التحليل الأول للتحقق من االتســـاق
)، فضـــا عن «ت ديد الشـــل الáن ا½ئ ي لفئـــات التحليل؛ 5(عـــرب الزمـــن والتأكد من ثبـــات التحليل
) فئات رئيســـة 7() ف ي جريدة الصباح الج ديد، و17() فئة رئيســـة ف ي جريدة اال«ت ـــاد، و18( فاكنـــت
ف ي جريدة الصباح. مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد92
(*) íت دراســـة لك أنـــواع املقـــال الصحـــيف ي الـــذي تنـــاول موضوعـــة االنتخـــاب ت، والذي اشـــتمل عـــى املقـــال التحليلي1
واالفتتـــاحي والتوجــ هي ي والنقدي فضال عـــن العمود الصحـــيف ي ، إال أن الباحثـــة إرت أت التميÕي ز ب�ي ن العمـــود الصح!ف ي وأنواع
املقـــال الأخرى لـــرض ورة تصنيف املادة املدروســـة، وعىل أســـاس أن العمـــود الصح!ف ي يتمـــزي ز «ب جم وعنـــوان ث بت، وماكن
ث بـــت من الصفحـــة ال يتغـــري (زاوية)، ويُ كتـــب دوري وب نتظـــام من قبل اكتـــب بعينه. مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 92 ) 29 ( العدد الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح :«ت ديـد مفاهßي البحث
أمه املفاهـمي الت ي وردت ف ي البحث:
التوعية: لعـــل وظيفة التوعيـــة تتداخل مـــع وظائف أخـــرى للصحافة كوظائـــف التثقيـــف والتعلßي
والتوجيـــه والتنميـــة السياســـية. وتـــؤدي الصحافـــة كواحـــدة مـــن وســـائل الإعـــام والإ تصال
الج ماهÕي يـــة ف ي املج تمعـــات الدي قراطيـــة، دوراً مـــؤÀث اً ف ي خلـــق التوعيـــة السياســـية، وف ي صقـــل
). وÀيُ اد بوظيفة 6(املشـــاعر الوطنيـــة والقومية وجعلهـــا تصب ف ي قناة واحـــدة لخلق املواطن الـــواعي
التوعية السياســـية الت ي تáن ض »ب ا وســـائل الإعالم إزاء êج هورها، ســـBي وســـائل الإعالم والإ تصال
الج ماهÕي يـــة «ن ـــو بناء وتعـــزÀي ز وتعميـــق الـــوعي والإدراك الســـياسي لملواطن، والذي يعـــين ي أيضا
معرفـــة املواطـــن «ب قوقـــه السياســـية وواجباتـــه، وقدرته عـــى التصور الــلEي للواقـــع احمليط به،
فضـــا عـــن قدرتـــه عىل «ت ج ـــاوز خـــرب ات الج ماعـــات الصغـــري ة الـــيت ي ينتـــ}ي إلáي ا لFف ـــم خÕب ات
). The results: وت أ½ت ي وظيفة التوعيـــة مزاوجة أو مقÕت نة ب Fف ـــوم التوجيه 7(ومشــلات املج تمع الســـياسي الــلEي
والإ رشـــاد وتكـــوIي ن املواقـــف واال«ت ج اهات عن طريـــق اه§ت هما بتشـــجيع احلوار والنقـــد ون$ش الرأي
)، إذ تعد وظيفـــة الÕت بية وتوجيه الســـلوك واحدة من الأهـــداف والنتا{ئج عىل حد 8(والـــرأي الآخـــر
)، فضـــا عن وظيفة 9(ســـواء لوســـائل الإعالم الت ي تهســـم ف ي تغيÕي أن اط الســـلوك وا«ت ج اهات الأفراد
التثقيـــف الت ي «ت دث بشـــل عـــارض أو مقصود، إذ تعمل وســـائل الإعالم عـــى زي دة ثقافة الفرد
وتوعيتـــه عـــن طريق تقدíي معلومـــات وأفاكر وآراء وصور ومواقف بشـــأن القضاي الأساســـية حمل
).10(اه§ت م أفـــراد املج تمع
ن االنتخات الدق اط ة
ال الق ة الدل ة م
العالقــة الج دلية بـني ن االنتخاب ت والدي قراطية 15(و«تُ اســـب عىل أدا»ئ ـــا أو تقصÕي ها... وهي تفـــرت ض أن املواطن�ي ن اكفة عىل عمل ووعي ب ســـؤوليáت م
ي ال$ش ط
ومـــع أن االنتخـــاب ت النيابية هي إحـــدى أÀب ز العالمات الفارقـــة للنظام الدي قـــراطي ، Rف
الـــازم لوجود الدي قراطية، إال أ»ن ا ليســـت îش طاً اكفيـــاً، Sف ناك بلدان كثÕي ة تطبـــق نظاماً انتخابياً،
ومـــع ذلـــك فاملمارســـة الدي قراطية فáي ا ليســـت ســـليمة أو معافـــاة. فالدي قراطية نظام واممرســـة
وثقافـــة ف ي آن معـــاً، Vف يث ت ـــارس االنتخاب ت ال تكـــون احليـــاة دي قراطية ب ملعـــىن احلقي!ق ي ما مل
).16(تقÕت ن بثقافـــة دي قراطية واســـعة ومÕت سخ ة بـــني ن الناس
ضعـف الوع الدي قـراط والثقافة االنتخابية التطـــور املوضوعي البعيـــد املدى والÕت امك الذي ســـيحصل، ال «ي خ لوان من فائـــدة وإن اكنت حمدودة
). 11(و«ب اجـــة إىل تطـــوÀي وتعميـــق ومراقبة، لأ»ن ـــا ف ي »ن اية الأمر ســـتخÕت زن «ت ج ربة وإن اكنـــت ن قصة
وتدخـــل الإ نتخـــاب ت ف ي قلـــب النظـــام الســـياسي الدي قـــراطي ، لأ»ن ـــا الطريقـــة الت ي «ي خ تـــار »ب ا
الشـــعب قادة احلكومـــة، امك أ»ن ا املصـــدر ل$ش عية احلكومة، والوســـيلة الت ي يؤÀث »ب ـــا املواطنون عىل
)، والـــيت ي تعن ي 12(السياســـة العامـــة. والتصويت يكون هو الشـــل الوحيد لملشـــاركة السياســـية
)؛ واملشـــاركة السياســـية، امك يشـــري إلáي ا املفكر 13(«ت ديدا مســـامهة املواطن�ي ن ف ي العملية السياســـية
الســـياسي الأمـــري كي مصويـــل هنتنغتـــون، أ»ن ا ذلك النشـــاط الذي يقـــوم به املواطنـــون العاديون
بقصـــد التأثـــري ف ي معلية صنع القرار احلكومي ، ســـواء اكن هذا النشـــاط فـــردي أم êج اعيا،، منظما
). 14(أم عفـــوي ، متواصـــا أم متقطعـــا، ســـميا أم عنيفا، îش عيـــا أم غـــري îش عي ، فعاال أم غـــري فعال
فالدي قراطيـــات احلديثـــة عبارة عن دي قراطيـــات ت ثيليـــة، إذ Àن ى فáي ا مواطنـــني ن ينتخبون ممثل�ي ن
ي ارســـون ب إمس الأمة êج عاء الســـلطة السياســـية، لكن هذه املمارســـة تعتمد بشـــل أســـاس عىل
انتخـــاب ت حرة ومنتظمة وشـــفافة وتعددية؛ عندها تصبح احلكومة هي املســـؤولة أمام الشـــعب،
). 15(و«تُ اســـب عىل أدا»ئ ـــا أو تقصÕي ها... وهي تفـــرت ض أن املواطن�ي ن اكفة عىل عمل ووعي ب ســـؤوليáت م
ي ال$ش ط
ومـــع أن االنتخـــاب ت النيابية هي إحـــدى أÀب ز العالمات الفارقـــة للنظام الدي قـــراطي ، Rف
الـــازم لوجود الدي قراطية، إال أ»ن ا ليســـت îش طاً اكفيـــاً، Sف ناك بلدان كثÕي ة تطبـــق نظاماً انتخابياً،
ومـــع ذلـــك فاملمارســـة الدي قراطية فáي ا ليســـت ســـليمة أو معافـــاة. م
العالقــة الج دلية بـني ن االنتخاب ت والدي قراطية تعـــا½ن ي منطقتنـــا العربية اشـــاليات عديدة بشـــأن موقFف ا مـــن االنتخاب ت، ذلـــك أن بعض
البلـــدان ال تعـــرت ف ب حلـــق ف ي االنتخاب ت أو تداولية الســـلطة، إمـــا لأن îش عية احلـــام تقوم عىل
الوراثـــة، أو لعـــدم وجـــود مؤسســـات ت$ش يعية منتخبـــة، فضال عن ذلـــك فإن النظام الســـياسي
الـــذي تســـتند عليه ال يعÕي اه§ت ما ب ســـألة اختيار الشـــعب ملمثليـــه ف ي املج الـــس النيابية. وبعض
آخـــر مـــن البلـــدان، وعىل الـــرNغ مـــن إقـــراره ب النتخـــاب ت، إال أنـــه يضع قيـــودا علáي ـــا «ب يث
تكـــون نتا«ئ ج ها حمســـومة ســـلفاً، مثال ذلـــك الأنظمة الشـــمولية؛ فــماي تقبل بعض الـــدول مبدأ
االنتخاب ت ت اشـــياً مع املوجة الج ديدة للتعدديـــة والتداولية، إال أن تدخالت الســـلطة التنفيذية
ووضـــع بعـــض الكـــوا{ب واســـت§ث ر بعـــض القيـــود االج§ت عيـــة والعشـــاÀئ ية والدينيـــة والطائفية
والإ ثنيـــة، «ي ـــول دون «ت قيـــق الإ رادة احلرة ب نتخـــاب ت حرة وÀن ز»ي ـــة؛ ولكن همما اكنـــت النواقص
والعيـــوب ف ي املمارســـة االنتخابيـــة، فإن وجودهـــا أفضل من غيا»ب ـــا أو عدم االعـــرت اف »ب ا؛ وإن مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 93 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح التطـــور املوضوعي البعيـــد املدى والÕت امك الذي ســـيحصل، ال «ي خ لوان من فائـــدة وإن اكنت حمدودة
). 11(و«ب اجـــة إىل تطـــوÀي وتعميـــق ومراقبة، لأ»ن ـــا ف ي »ن اية الأمر ســـتخÕت زن «ت ج ربة وإن اكنـــت ن قصة
وتدخـــل الإ نتخـــاب ت ف ي قلـــب النظـــام الســـياسي الدي قـــراطي ، لأ»ن ـــا الطريقـــة الت ي «ي خ تـــار »ب ا
الشـــعب قادة احلكومـــة، امك أ»ن ا املصـــدر ل$ش عية احلكومة، والوســـيلة الت ي يؤÀث »ب ـــا املواطنون عىل
)، والـــيت ي تعن ي 12(السياســـة العامـــة. والتصويت يكون هو الشـــل الوحيد لملشـــاركة السياســـية
)؛ واملشـــاركة السياســـية، امك يشـــري إلáي ا املفكر 13(«ت ديدا مســـامهة املواطن�ي ن ف ي العملية السياســـية
الســـياسي الأمـــري كي مصويـــل هنتنغتـــون، أ»ن ا ذلك النشـــاط الذي يقـــوم به املواطنـــون العاديون
بقصـــد التأثـــري ف ي معلية صنع القرار احلكومي ، ســـواء اكن هذا النشـــاط فـــردي أم êج اعيا،، منظما
). 14(أم عفـــوي ، متواصـــا أم متقطعـــا، ســـميا أم عنيفا، îش عيـــا أم غـــري îش عي ، فعاال أم غـــري فعال
فالدي قراطيـــات احلديثـــة عبارة عن دي قراطيـــات ت ثيليـــة، إذ Àن ى فáي ا مواطنـــني ن ينتخبون ممثل�ي ن
ي ارســـون ب إمس الأمة êج عاء الســـلطة السياســـية، لكن هذه املمارســـة تعتمد بشـــل أســـاس عىل
انتخـــاب ت حرة ومنتظمة وشـــفافة وتعددية؛ عندها تصبح احلكومة هي املســـؤولة أمام الشـــعب،
). م
العالقــة الج دلية بـني ن االنتخاب ت والدي قراطية فالدي قراطية نظام واممرســـة
وثقافـــة ف ي آن معـــاً، Vف يث ت ـــارس االنتخاب ت ال تكـــون احليـــاة دي قراطية ب ملعـــىن احلقي!ق ي ما مل
).16(تقÕت ن بثقافـــة دي قراطية واســـعة ومÕت سخ ة بـــني ن الناس
ضعـف الوع الدي قـراط والثقافة االنتخابية إن الدي قراطيـــة ال ي كـــن أن توجـــد بـــدون وجود املج تمـــع املد½ن ي ، ولـــن يوجد املج تمـــع املد½ن ي
بـــدون وجود شـــعب ي لـــك الإ رادة والقدرة عىل الدفاع عن قيمه ومؤسســـاته، فالشـــعب هو الذي
يصنـــع و«ي ـــيي ي الدي قراطيـــة وهو أيضا الذي يســـتطيع أن يعطلهـــا ويق5ض ي علáي ا؛ فالشـــعب «ي ج ب
أن تكـــون لديـــه املعرفـــة والقدرة عىل اممرســـة حقوقـــه الفردية والج ماعيـــة، وهذه املســـألة تتعلق
ب لتوعيـــة الـــيت ي ال غـــىن لملواطن عáن ـــا، ذلـــك أن االفتقـــار إىل التوعية مـــن أكÕث العوامـــل الت ي
محتتســـبب ف ي التبلد والالمبـــاالة ف ي أي مج تمع، وهـــذا التبلـــد وهـــذه الالمبـــاالة مها اللـــذان يتيحـــان للقـــüة فرصة احلـــم الـــWي ء والتعدي
). امك أن نشـــوء واســـتمرار املؤسســـات واملفاهßي 17(عـــى حقوق الأفـــراد والج ماعات واســـتغالهلم
الدي قراطيـــة تكـــون أكÕث اح§ت الً ف ي دولة متجانســـة إىل حد كبـــري ، وتكون أقـــل ف ي دولة »ب ا ثقافات
شـــديدة االختـــاف ومتنازعـــة ف ي كثـــري مـــن الأحيـــان؛ فالثقافـــات املمـــزي زة تتكون عـــادة حول
الخالفـــات ف ي اللغـــة، والدIي ن ، واهلـــوي ت العرقية، والأيديولوجيا، ويشـــرت ك الأعضـــاء ف ي هوية عامة 94 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح مجلة الباحث االعالمي
وروابـــط عاطفية، ويفرقون بشـــدة ب�ي ن («ن ـــن) و(مه)، ويلجأون إىل الأعضاء الآخـــرIي ن ف ي مج موعáت م
ف ي عالقا»ت ـــم الشـــخصية، وكثـــري ا مـــا يشـــرت كون ف ي احتفاالت وطقـــوس تب�ي ن حـــدود مج موعáت م؛
وي كـــن أن تنفجـــر هذه املنازعـــات الثقافيـــة ف ي املعـــرت ك الســـياسي ، وهي تفعل ذلـــك عادة، بل
كثÕي ا ما «ت خ رج عن الســـيطرة، لأن السياســـي�ي ن املتنافســـني ن Àي زيدو»ن ا اشـــتعاالً عـــن قصد مدفوع�ي ن
). م
العالقــة الج دلية بـني ن االنتخاب ت والدي قراطية لذلك فإن «ت قيق موضوعة اســـتدامة 18(ب لعائـــدات الهســـüة الت ي تقدهما هلـــم اهلوي ت الثقافيـــة
الدي قراطيـــة يتطلـــب »ت يئة الظروف املناســـبة وال$ش وط الالزمة لإ شـــاعة مناخ دي قـــراطي وثقافة
دي قراطيـــة ف ي املج تمـــع مدمعة ب لÕت بيـــة والتعلßي ، فضال عن تضافر aج ود وســـائل الإعـــام والثقافة
املخ تلفـــة لتأدية الغرض نفســـه، إذ يتعـــني ن عىل املج تمع الدي قراطي االلÕت زام ب ســـألة تعـــزÀي ز الÕت بية ال
)؛ ذلك أن من أÀب ز أســـباب ضعـــف الوعي الدي قراطي والثقافـــة االنتخابية 19(ســماي الÕت بية املدنية
يعـــود اىل املنـــاهج الÕت بويـــة والتعليميـــة، ووجود املـــوروث الـــذي Àي وج لفكرة (املســـتبد العادل)،
تلـــك الـــيت ي تض!ف ي نوعا من القدســـية عـــى الزعßي الـــذي ال ي كن انتقـــاده أو حت مناقشـــته لأن
ذلك ســـيكون مساســـاً ب لقدســـية ســـواء اكنت سياســـية أو دينية، ويُســـتعاض عن العقل وحق
) ؛ مثال 20(..ًاالختـــاف والتنوع والتعدديـــة، ب لفكرة املصطنعة عـــن الإêج اع حت وإن اكن زائفـــا
ذلـــك، مـــا معلت به الج ماعـــات الدينيـــة ف ي العراق الت ي دعـــت إىل االنتخـــاب ت دون أن تعي ت اما
متطلبـــات التطـــور الدي قـــراطي وîش وطه؛ ومـــن قبلها اكن الرئيس صدام حســـني ن الذي اســـتخدم
مـــن الأصوات، لتعـــزÀي ز îش عيـــة دكتاتوريته بـــدالً عن إقامة %99,99 االنتخـــاب ت وبنســـبة بلغت
). لقد أوجـــدت الـــدول الراسخ ـــة الدي قراطية 21(حكومـــة ت ثيليـــة تعÕب عـــن تطلعـــات النـــاس
مســـالك متعددة للFف م الســـياسي .. فابتـــداءً، يتل!ق أغلب املواطن�ي ن مســـتوى مـــن التعلßي ي كáن م
مـــن معرفة القـــراءة والكتابة، وÀي زداد وعáي م الســـياسي ب الت حة العريضة لملعلومـــات الت ي ي كن أن
«ي صلـــوا علáي ا من وســـائل الإعالم، فضال عن املعلومات الت ي يوفرها املتنافســـون السياســـيون إىل
). م
العالقــة الج دلية بـني ن االنتخاب ت والدي قراطية 22(êج هـــور الناخب�ي ن ، ليصبحوا عىل اطالع اكفٍ «ي ج علهم فعّ ال�ي ن ب ســـامهáت م ب لنشـــاط الســـياسي
كذلـــك ومن ب�ي ن الأســـباب الأخرى لضعـــف الثقافة االنتخابية مســـألة عدم الـــرت امك، فالتجربة ما
Àت زال حمـــدودة، خصوصـــاً وأن هناك بلدان ً عانت واحديـــة وفردية و«ت رíي لـــل رأي و«ت ج ري ه، وعندما
حانـــت الفرصة ملمارســـة حـــق االنتخاب مـــن دون »ت يئـــة وت هيد وال ســماي ف ي ظـــل االحتالل امك
حصـــل ف ي العراق، وف ي ظـــل قانون انتخا½ب ي ســـئي ئ وف ي ظل غياب الدولة، اضطـــر الج مهور ف ي حلظة
مـــن حلظـــات Àت زييف الـــوعي ، وبعد معـــان ة طويلة بســـبب التفرد واالســـتئثار ب حلـــم، إىل االح§ت ء
ب رجعيـــات طائفيـــة ومذهبية وإثنية، ورب ـــا اضطر إىل التصويـــت هلا ف ي ظل احملاصصـــة الناêج ة
عـــن صيغـــة بول Àب ي ـــر احلامك املـــد½ن ي الأمÕي يـــfي ف ي العراق، واســـتمر احلـــال عىل املنـــوال ذاته ف ي
). ومن هذه الأســـباب êج يهعا، اكن دور وســـائل الأعالم 23( وب لـــرش وط نفهسا2005 انتخـــاب ت عام
واالتصـــال الج ماهـــري ي ف ي هممáت ـــا الصعبة بتعميـــق الوعي الســـياسي لج مهور الناخبـــني ن ، وتنمية
ثقافáت م ومعارSف م بشـــأن احلقـــوق والواجبات.. 95 95 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي
تضطلـــع وســـائل الإعـــام واالتصـــال ف ي املج تمعـــات الدي قراطيـــة ب ســـؤولية وهممـــة حـــض
املواطنـــني ن و«ت فـــزي زمه عـــى التعمل والتعمـــق واملشـــاركة الفعالة ف ي احليـــاة السياســـية والقدرة عىل
التأثـــري عـــى صانـــBي القـــرار الســـياسي ؛ فالدي قراطيـــة احلقيقية تنطـــوي عىل حق املشـــاركة ف ي
إدارة مؤسســـات الـــدولة عـــن طريـــق الأطـــر واملنظمـــات الفاعلة اكلأحـــزاب وêج اعـــات الضغط
). فـــيف ي النظـــم الدي قراطية، «ت رص وســـائل 24(والج معيـــات، واالحتجاجـــات الج ماعيـــة.. وغÕي ها
الإعـــام عـــى خلق الوعي الســـياسي لـــدى الج ماهÕي ، عـــن طريق إعالهمـــا ب حلقائق اكفـــة وÀت زويدها
بشـــىت املعلومات والأخبـــار عن مخ تلف القضـــاي السياســـية، فضال عن طـــرح الآراء والتحليالت
السياســـية املخ تلفـــة، لÕت ز ويـــد الج مهـــور «ب خ لفية معرفيـــة تعينه عىل تكـــوIي ن رأي عام واع وســـلßي
). م
العالقــة الج دلية بـني ن االنتخاب ت والدي قراطية لقـــد أوىل عملاء االتصال أمهية كـــرب ى للدور الذي 25(بشـــأن القضاي الت ي ت ـــس مصاحله ووجوده
تؤديه وســـائل الإعـــام ف ي املج تمع، فعد بعiض ـــم االتصال نســـيجاً لملجتمع الإ نســـا½ن ي Àب مته، وملكا
تدفـــق الإعالم بـــني ن îش اي�ي ن هذا النســـيج ملكـــا زادت فاعلية املج تمـــع وقدرته عـــى التنمية؛ وأكد
آخـــرون أن معليـــة االتصال Àت سخ لدى املواطن شـــعوره ب النــمات ء إىل وطنه وقوميته، وإن اســـتغالل
هـــذا الشـــعور ف ي التنميـــة kض ورة مـــن kض ورات «ن ج اهحا؛ واهßت آخـــرون ب ملعلومـــات والأفاكر الت ي
«ت ملهـــا وســـائل الإعـــام والـــيت ي تهســـم ف ي زي دة مج االت املعرفـــة لـــدى الج ماهÕي وتوســـيع آفاSق م،
). امك ركزت «ب ـــوث االتصال 26(وتقبلهـــم للتغيـــري واشـــرت اهكم ف ي التنميـــة االج§ت عيـــة والسياســـية
الج ماهـــري ي عـــى التغÕي املوقـــيف ي ، مؤكـــدة ف ي الوقت نفســـه أن للتأثـــري ات الناêج ة عـــن التعرض
لالتصـــال الج ماهـــري ي عددا من الصـــات الت ي تســـبق معليـــة التغّ Õي ف ي املوقـــف والرأي. لذلـــك íت الÕت كـــزي ز ف ي الســـنوات االخÕي ة عىل نقطت�ي ن أساســـيت�ي ن ف ي معليـــة االتصال هي : الوعي
واملعلومـــات. والت ي أثبتـــت أن الناس يتعملون ب لفعـــل من االتصال الج ماهـــري ي، ومه ال يتعملون
املعلومـــات احلقيقيـــة حول الشـــؤون العامة ومـــا «ي دث ف ي العامل Vف ســـب، بـــل ويتعملون أيضا
مقـــدار مـــا يعطونـــه مـــن الأمهية ملســـألة أو موضـــوع ما.. وقـــد مسي ت أثÕي وســـائل أالعـــام هذا ـ
).27(القـــدرة عىل التأثـــري والتغيÕي ملعـــارف الأفراد واعـــادة بناء تفكـــري مه ووعáي م
نتا{ئج البحـث و«ت ليل البيان ت : دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة اال«ت اد1( جدول ) بـــني ن ب ق ي املوضوعات، إذ%9,37( ) تكراراً ونســـبة قدرها12( إذ جـــاءت ب ملرتبـــة الأوىل وmظ رت بــــ
اهتمـــت اال«ت اد ب حلـــث عىل قßي املواطنة ونبـــذ العنف والتعصـــب والطائفية والفئويـــة والعرقية
والإ ثنيـــة، وتعظßي شـــعور االن§ت ء إىل هوية وطنيـــة كÕب ى وإعالء مبـــدأ الوالء للوطن. وحـــلَّ بنفـــس املرتبـــة الأوىل مناصفة فئـــة (أســـاليب الـــرت و{ي ج االنتخـــا½ب ي تُ عÕبّ عـــن Þش خ صيات
) تكراراً والنســـبة نفهســـا، و»ب ا أدانـــت اال«ت اد أســـاليب التنافس 12( املرÞش ـــني ن ) الـــيت ي جاءت بــــ
بـــني ن املرÞش�ي ن والذي قدم إن وذجاً ســـيئاً ملمارســـة احلرية وصل حد الت*ش Õي والÕت اشـــق والتســـقيط
الســـياسي ، فضال عـــن اســـتغالل النفـــوذ الســـياسي والتحايل عىل القانـــون لبعـــض الكيان ت،
وصـــارت احلمـــات االنتخابيـــة عامل انقســـام جديد بـــني ن أفـــراد املج تمع، امك أن ســـذاجة الصور
والالفتـــات الـــيت ي Àي فهعـــا املرÞش ون للتعبـــري عن أنفهســـم تُ عّ Õب عن خـــواء Þش خ صيـــات املرÞش�ي ن . ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة اال«ت اد1( جدول الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الدعوة لنبذ المشروع الطائفي12
9,37
1
1أساليب الترويج االنتخابي تُعبّر عن شخصيات المرشحين12
9,37
1
2رفض مبدأ المحاصصة والتوافقية10
7,81
2
3ضعف دور المرأة في البرلمان10
7,81
2
4معارضة ترشيح المالكي لوالية ثالثة8
6,25
3
5العمل على بناء دولة مدنية معاصرة8
6,25
3
6رفض توظيف السياسة للدين والمذهب7
5,47
4
7أهمية سيادة القانون الحداث اصالح اجتماعي وسياسي7
5,47
4
8االنشغال بالحمالت االنتخابية وسط ظروف أمنية متردية7
5,47
4
9الدعوة لتعريف المواطن بشخصيات المرشحين وبرامجهم7
5,47
4
10السلوك الحكومي مسؤول عن تجذير المشروع الطائفي6
4,69
5
11الحث على االختيار الواعي للمرشحين6
4,69
5
12أهمية التداول السلمي للسلطة5
3,91
6
13حكومة األغلبية السياسية ذريعة لالنفراد بالسلطة5
3,91
6
14أهمية احداث تغيير في المشهد السياسي5
3,91
6
15تفعيل العملية االنتخابية كمطلب ديمقراطي5
3,91
6
16رفض لغة التحريض في خطاب المرشحين4
3,12
7
17التحذير من تضليل الجمهور بواسطة الدعاية االنتخابية4
3،12
7
المجموع128
100% مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد97
وحـــلَّ ف ي املرتبـــة الثانية مناصفـــة الفئات (رفـــض مبدأ احملاصصـــة والتوافقيـــة) و (ضعف دور
). إذ معلت %7,81( ) تكـــرارات وبنســـبة مئوية قدرهـــا10(املـــرأة ف ي الÕب ملـــان)، إذ جـــاء لك مáن ما بـ
اال«ت ـــاد عـــى التثقيـــف بأمهيـــة إدانة احملاصصـــة البغيضـــة وافرازا»ت ا من ســـوء الإدارة والفســـاد مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد97
وحـــلَّ ف ي املرتبـــة الثانية مناصفـــة الفئات (رفـــض مبدأ احملاصصـــة والتوافقيـــة) و (ضعف دور
). دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي يم
يم
ي
ي
لذلـــك íت الÕت كـــزي ز ف ي الســـنوات االخÕي ة عىل نقطت�ي ن أساســـيت�ي ن ف ي معليـــة االتصال هي : الوعي
واملعلومـــات. والت ي أثبتـــت أن الناس يتعملون ب لفعـــل من االتصال الج ماهـــري ي، ومه ال يتعملون
املعلومـــات احلقيقيـــة حول الشـــؤون العامة ومـــا «ي دث ف ي العامل Vف ســـب، بـــل ويتعملون أيضا
مقـــدار مـــا يعطونـــه مـــن الأمهية ملســـألة أو موضـــوع ما.. وقـــد مسي ت أثÕي وســـائل أالعـــام هذا ـ
).27(القـــدرة عىل التأثـــري والتغيÕي ملعـــارف الأفراد واعـــادة بناء تفكـــري مه ووعáي م
نتا{ئ البح ث و«ت ليل البيان ت : تشـــري نتـــا{ئج البحث احلـــالي ، لـــدى «ت ليل مضمـــون العمود واملقـــال الصحـــيف ي ف ي الج رائد
الثالثـــة حمل الدراســـة إىل الآ½ت ي:
ـ جريدة اال«ت اد:1 لة ال ا ث اال ال
يظهـــر «ت ليل مضمون العمود واملقـــال الصح!ف ي ف ي جريدة اال«ت اد، وامك هـــو مب�ي ن ف ي الج دول رlق
)، أن (الدعـــوة لنبذ امل$ش وع الطائـــيف ي ) اكنت أمه املوضوعات التوعوية الـــيت ي أولáت ا اال«ت اد اه§ت هما، 1( يظهـــر «ت ليل مضمون العمود واملقـــال الصح!ف ي ف ي جريدة اال«ت اد، وامك هـــو مب�ي ن ف ي الج دول رlق
)، أن (الدعـــوة لنبذ امل$ش وع الطائـــيف ي ) اكنت أمه املوضوعات التوعوية الـــيت ي أولáت ا اال«ت اد اه§ت هما، 1( 96 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح ) بـــني ن ب ق ي املوضوعات، إذ%9,37( ) تكراراً ونســـبة قدرها12( إذ جـــاءت ب ملرتبـــة الأوىل وmظ رت بــــ
اهتمـــت اال«ت اد ب حلـــث عىل قßي املواطنة ونبـــذ العنف والتعصـــب والطائفية والفئويـــة والعرقية
والإ ثنيـــة، وتعظßي شـــعور االن§ت ء إىل هوية وطنيـــة كÕب ى وإعالء مبـــدأ الوالء للوطن. وحـــلَّ بنفـــس املرتبـــة الأوىل مناصفة فئـــة (أســـاليب الـــرت و{ي ج االنتخـــا½ب ي تُ عÕبّ عـــن Þش خ صيات
) تكراراً والنســـبة نفهســـا، و»ب ا أدانـــت اال«ت اد أســـاليب التنافس 12( املرÞش ـــني ن ) الـــيت ي جاءت بــــ
بـــني ن املرÞش�ي ن والذي قدم إن وذجاً ســـيئاً ملمارســـة احلرية وصل حد الت*ش Õي والÕت اشـــق والتســـقيط
الســـياسي ، فضال عـــن اســـتغالل النفـــوذ الســـياسي والتحايل عىل القانـــون لبعـــض الكيان ت،
وصـــارت احلمـــات االنتخابيـــة عامل انقســـام جديد بـــني ن أفـــراد املج تمع، امك أن ســـذاجة الصور
والالفتـــات الـــيت ي Àي فهعـــا املرÞش ون للتعبـــري عن أنفهســـم تُ عّ Õب عن خـــواء Þش خ صيـــات املرÞش�ي ن . دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي إذ معلت %7,81( ) تكـــرارات وبنســـبة مئوية قدرهـــا10(املـــرأة ف ي الÕب ملـــان)، إذ جـــاء لك مáن ما بـ
اال«ت ـــاد عـــى التثقيـــف بأمهيـــة إدانة احملاصصـــة البغيضـــة وافرازا»ت ا من ســـوء الإدارة والفســـاد 97 97 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح وغيـــاب املســـؤولية، وبأن حـــم ال$ش اكة مل يعـــد صاحلاً لأنـــه من أكـــرب الأخطاء السياســـية وهو
املســـؤول عن لك املشــلات الـــيت ي تعا½ن ي مáن ـــا البـــاد، وإن احملاصصـــة حولت مرافـــق الدولة إىل
حصص تتحـــدد حج وهما وفقاً حلجـــوم الكتل املتحالفة، ويصبـــح التوافق مكرِّســـاً للديكتاتوري ت
واملظـــامل، ويبيـــت أقـــرب ف ي مFف ومـــه إىل التناحر. ومـــن جانب آخر، أشـــارت إىل ضعـــف املرأة
الÕب ملانيـــة، وهـــزالة دورها وفشـــلها ف ي ت ثيل املرأة والدفاع عـــن قضاي هـــا، وف ي التصويت لأي قانون
ف ي صاحلهـــا، وأن مشـــاركáت ا ال تعـــدو أن تكـــون شـــلية وصو»ت ـــا ف ي الÕب ملان ال يتعـــدى أن يكون
صـــدى لآراء الرجـــل ومواقفه، واختيارها يßت عىل أســـس طائفيـــة وعرقية وليس بســـبب جدار»ت ا
لتولي مناصب سياســـية. وغيـــاب املســـؤولية، وبأن حـــم ال$ش اكة مل يعـــد صاحلاً لأنـــه من أكـــرب الأخطاء السياســـية وهو
املســـؤول عن لك املشــلات الـــيت ي تعا½ن ي مáن ـــا البـــاد، وإن احملاصصـــة حولت مرافـــق الدولة إىل
حصص تتحـــدد حج وهما وفقاً حلجـــوم الكتل املتحالفة، ويصبـــح التوافق مكرِّســـاً للديكتاتوري ت
واملظـــامل، ويبيـــت أقـــرب ف ي مFف ومـــه إىل التناحر. ومـــن جانب آخر، أشـــارت إىل ضعـــف املرأة
الÕب ملانيـــة، وهـــزالة دورها وفشـــلها ف ي ت ثيل املرأة والدفاع عـــن قضاي هـــا، وف ي التصويت لأي قانون
ف ي صاحلهـــا، وأن مشـــاركáت ا ال تعـــدو أن تكـــون شـــلية وصو»ت ـــا ف ي الÕب ملان ال يتعـــدى أن يكون
صـــدى لآراء الرجـــل ومواقفه، واختيارها يßت عىل أســـس طائفيـــة وعرقية وليس بســـبب جدار»ت ا
لتولي مناصب سياســـية. وف ي املرتبـــة الثالثـــة، جاء مناصفة أيضـــاً الفئات (معارضة Àت شـــيح املالكي لوالية ث لثـــة)، و(العمل
). إذ اهتمت اال«ت اد %6,25( ) تكرارات وبنســـبة قدرهـــا8( عـــى بنـــاء دولة مدنية معارصة) بواقـــع
ب لتوعيـــة إزاء أمهيـــة رفـــض Àت شـــيح رئيس الـــوزراء نوري املالـــfي لوالية ث لثة بســـبب سياســـاته
الـــيت ي أودت ب لبالد إىل الáت لكة، وفشـــل أداء حكومتـــه ف ي الإدارة وف ي التعامل مـــع الأزمات، فضال
عـــن هـــدر املال العـــام، وتفرده ب لقـــرار وإبعـــاد îش اكئـــه ف ي العملية السياســـية فضال عـــن إبعاد
الكفـــاءات العملية عـــن داÀئ ة الفعل، ما أدى إىل فقـــدان الثقة «ب كومته وب قدرتـــه عىل احلمك. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي وف ي
الوقت نفســـه اشـــتغلت اال«ت ـــاد عىل التوعيـــة والتثقيف بأمهيـــة أن يكون القادة الج ـــدد للعراق
مـــن الج ماعات املدنيـــة الت ي تســـى لبناء دولة مدنيـــة معـــارصة دي قراطية حقيقيـــة، تعمل عىل
تطـــوÀي îش وط العيـــش عن طريق تطـــوÀي االقتصـــاد والتعلـــمي ، وت تلـــك أطراSف ا الثقافـــة والدراية
السياســـية والقانونية والأهليـــة ف ي تقلد املناصـــب احلكومية. مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد98
) تكرارات ونســـبة 7( أمـــا ف ي املرتبـــة الرابعـــة، فقد تقامســـت فئات أربع هـــذه املرتبة، جـــاءت بـ
)، وهـــذه الفئات هي : (رفـــض توظيف السياســـة للدIي ن واملذهب) وÀت كـــز هذه الفئة %5,47( قدرهـــا
عـــى وجـــوب Àن زع االحتقان بـــني ن الـــدي ن ت وتفكيك التشـــابك ب�ي ن الـــدIي ن والتحـــزب، واملطالبة
بوقف تســـييس املســـجد، ذلك أن التوظيـــف الدين ي واملذهب ي قـــدم غطاءً كبـــري ا لالرهاب، وأدى
إىل Àت اجـــع حضـــور الدولة، داعيـــة ف ي الوقت نفســـه إىل التعايش الســمrي ب�ي ن الطوائـــف املخ تلفة. وتشـــري الفئـــة الثانية (أمهية ســـيادة القانون الحـــداث اصالح اجــمات عي وســـياسي ) إىل أن غياب
القانـــون وضعفـــه، وت أجيـــل الت$ش يعـــات القانونيـــة املنظمة للحيـــاة، ال ي كن أن يـــؤدي إال إىل
الفـــوsض وانتاج الأزمات، وفقـــدان الثقة ب حلكومة فضال عـــن تكريس العرف العشـــاÀئ ي ليصبح
بديال للقانون، امك أن إســـاءة اســـتعمال الوظيفـــة العامة وعدّ ها مصدراً لالنتفـــاع والإÀث اء اكن أيضا
بفعـــل غياب القوانـــني ن الت ي «ت اســـب العامل�ي ن ف ي الســـلطة واحلكومـــة وÀت اقب معلهم. ي (االنشـــغال ب حلمـــات االنتخابية
أمـــا الفئـــة الثالثة الت ي جـــاءت ف ي املرتبـــة الرابعة نفهسا، Rف
وســـط ظروف أمنيـــة مÕت ديـــة)، وفáي ا ركـــزت اال«ت اد عـــى اهلوس ب لســـلطة وانشـــغال القيادات 98 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح ،السياســـية ب حلمـــات االنتخابية وحمـــاوالت îش اء أصـــوات الناخب�ي ن ب هلـــداي واهلبات
وســـط تدهـــور وانفـــات أمن ي كبـــري ، وÀن زوح و»ت جـــري الآ الف مـــن املواطن�ي ن من مناطق ســـكنامه. وركـــزت الفئـــة الرابعـــة (الدعوة لتعريـــف املواطن بشـــخصيات املرÞش ـــني ن وÀب امج هـــم) عىل أمهية
اطـــاع املواطن عـــى Àب امج املرÞش�ي ن لالنتخاب ت، وسِ ـــريَ ِمه الشـــخصية، وأفـــارمه وخططهم لملرحلة
املقبـــüة، لأن ذلـــك سÕي شـــد الناخـــب إىل من يتوجـــه؟، مشـــري ة ـ اال«ت ـــاد ـ ف ي الوقـــت عينه إىل
ضبابيـــة املنظومـــات الفكرية للأحـــزاب العراقية فضال عـــن إزدواجية املFف ـــوم والتطبيق لد»ي م. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي رواء هادي صالح أمـــا الفئـــة الثالثة (أمهية احـــداث تغيÕي ف ي امل*ش ـــد الســـياسي )، وÀت كز اال«ت اد عـــرب مضمون هذه
الفئـــة، عىل أن التغيÕي املســـتمر لمل*ش د الســـياسي يعزز الوعي الســـياسي والثقـــاف ي لدى املواطن،
ويعـــد من العنارص الرئيســـة ف ي النظـــام الســـياسي الدي قراطي ، امك أن التغيÕي الســـياسي املســـتمر
«ي ـــذر املســـؤول بأن «ن ج احـــه مرهون بعمهل الـــذي يقدمـــه لملجتمـــع، مشـــري ة إىل أن التغيÕي لن
يتحقـــق إال ب ســـرت اتيجية عبـــور للخروج من îش نقـــة احلزب والطائفـــة، داعيـــة إىل منح الفرص
لنخب سياســـية جديدة. ويشـــري مضمـــون الفئة الرابعة (تفعيـــل العملية االنتخابيـــة مكطلب دي قـــراطي )، إىل أنه ال بديل
عـــن التصويت، وصنـــدوق االقÕت اع الـــذي منـــح املج تمعات رقáي ـــا واســـتقرارها، وإن املرجعيات
الدينيـــة الشـــيعية بوجه أخص، تعد املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخاب ت مســـؤولية îش عيـــة، و«ت ث املواطن
عىل انتخـــاب الأصلح. وحلّ ـــت ف ي املرتبـــة الســـابعة مناصفـــة الفئات (رفض لغـــة التحريـــض ف ي خطـــاب املرÞش�ي ن ) و
(التحـــذÀي مـــن تضليـــل الج مهور بواســـطة الدعاية االنتخابيـــة)، إذ حصلت لك مáن مـــا عىل أربع
).. ويشـــري مضمون الفئـــة الأوىل إىل اســـتمرار الخصوم السياســـي�ي ن ف ي %3,12( تكـــرارات وبنســـبة
بـــث روح الفرقـــة عن طريـــق خطا»ب ـــم التحري5ض ي ، وأن عبـــارات الشـــحن الطائ!ف ي مسة ســـائدة
عـــى خطـــاب بعض املرÞش ـــني ن ، امم يثÕي العـــداء واملشـــاعر العنرصيـــة والطائفية، لدفـــع املصوت�ي ن
النتخـــاب من يعدّ ونه فاشـــاً وفاســـداً (ناكيـــة) ب لطـــرف الطائ!ف ي أو القـــومي الآخر. فــماي يشـــري مضمـــون الفئـــة الثانيـــة إىل kض ورة االنتباه وعـــدم الوقوع �ض يـــة التضليل بواســـطة
الدعـــاي ت والشـــعارات االنتخابيـــة (املراهقـــة) و(الاكذبـــة) ف ي معظمهـــا، والترص«ي ـــات النارية
لملرÞش ـــني ن الـــيت ي »ت ـــدف إىل خداع الـــرأي العام. ـ جريـدة الصباح الج ديد:2
أmظ ـــر «ت ليـــل مضمـــون العمـــود واملقال الصحـــيف ي ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح الج ديد وامك هـــو موwض ف ي
)،2( امالج دول رlق أمـــا الفئـــة الثالثة (أمهية احـــداث تغيÕي ف ي امل*ش ـــد الســـياسي )، وÀت كز اال«ت اد عـــرب مضمون هذه
الفئـــة، عىل أن التغيÕي املســـتمر لمل*ش د الســـياسي يعزز الوعي الســـياسي والثقـــاف ي لدى املواطن،
ويعـــد من العنارص الرئيســـة ف ي النظـــام الســـياسي الدي قراطي ، امك أن التغيÕي الســـياسي املســـتمر
«ي ـــذر املســـؤول بأن «ن ج احـــه مرهون بعمهل الـــذي يقدمـــه لملجتمـــع، مشـــري ة إىل أن التغيÕي لن
يتحقـــق إال ب ســـرت اتيجية عبـــور للخروج من îش نقـــة احلزب والطائفـــة، داعيـــة إىل منح الفرص
لنخب سياســـية جديدة. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي وحلـــت ف ي املرتبـــة الخامســـة مناصفـــة الفئات (الســـلوك احلكومي مســـؤول عن «ت ج ـــذÀي امل$ش وع
) تكرارات وبنســـبة 6( الطائـــيف ي )، و(احلـــث عىل االختيـــار الـــواعي لملرÞش ـــني ن )، إذ حصلتا عـــى
). ولفتـــت اال«ت ـــاد ف ي الفئـــة الآوىل، إىل أن القيادات السياســـية فشـــلت بلك �ش ي ء %4,69( قدرهـــا
إال بتعميـــق الطائفيـــة، وأن احلكومة ا«ن ـــازت ف ي سياســـا»ت ا إىل تكريس املـــرش وع الطائ!ف ي ودمعه،
واللعـــب ب لورقـــة الطائفيـــة مـــن أجـــل «ت قيق مصـــاحل سياســـية، عامـــدة إىل اســمات لة أصوات
الناخبـــني ن عـــن طريق إشـــاعة الخـــوف ف ي قلو»ب م، «ب جـــة محاية املذهـــب والدفاع عنـــه، حت أن
توقيـــت العمليات العســـكرية ف ي الأنبـــار والفلوجة، وجـــدت فيه اال«ت اد أنه اكن مخ ططاً لشـــحن
الج مهـــور طائفيـــا؛ مـــا جعلها »ت ـــمت من جانب آخـــر، بـــرض ورة االختيار الـــواعي لملرÞش ـــني ن لأنه
يكفـــل محايـــة لك طوائف الوطـــن، وأن يكون اختيـــار املر�ش عىل وفـــق معايÕي الوطنيـــة واملهنية
والكفـــاءة والÕن زاهة، حاثّ ـــة الناخب عىل أمهيـــة اختيار من يســـتطيع ت ثيل العـــراق دون التحدد
بطائفـــة أو قوميـــة أو دIي ن ، مشـــري ة إىل احلاجـــة إىل مرÞش ـــني ن يســـتطيعون «ت ريك عج ـــüة االقتصاد
والáن وض ب لواقـــع االقتصـــادي واملعيWش ي للفـــرد العراق ي . )، %3,91( ) تكرارات لـــل مáن ا، وبنســـبة قدرها5( وتقامســـت أربـــع فئات املرتبة السادســـة بواقـــع
وهـــذه الفئـــات (أمهيـــة التداول الســمrي للســـطة)، وÀت كز هـــذه الفئة عىل نـــرش ثقافـــة التناوب
عـــى الســـلطة وجعلهـــا ثقافة مج تمـــع بلك مســـتوي ته إذ يعـــد ذلك مـــؤîش ا عىل رســـوخ املFف وم
الدي قـــراطي ، ذلك أن التداول الســمrي للســـلطة ي نـــح املج تمعات اســـتقرارها الســـياسي ، ويوجد
احللول للتحدي ت الت ي تواaج ها، والســـBي لتحقيق الأهداف السياســـية ســـمياً بـــدال عن «ت قيFق ا
بواســـطة العنف. والفئـــة الأخـــرى (حكومة الأغلبيـــة السياســـية ذريعة لالنفراد ب لســـلطة)، وركـــزت اال«ت اد عىل
التوعيـــة ب «ت ج ـــاه أن احلـــم «ي ج ب أن يكـــون للأ كفأ وليـــس حزب الأغلبيـــة، وأن التلـــو{ي «ب كومة
أغلبيـــة ال يعـــدو أن يكون أســـلوبً للáت رب من الفشـــل احلكومي ، و«ت شـــيد الأصـــوات، وذريعة
لالنفـــراد ب لســـلطة، غÕي أن التشـــكيلة االج§ت عيـــة وقانون االنتخـــاب ت فضال عن جشـــع الكتل
النيابيـــة، لن يســـمح «ب كومة أغلبية سياســـية. 99 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح الج ديد2( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الدعوة إلى نبذ الخطاب الطائفي25
13,59
1
2الدعوة إلى التوعية بمفهوم الديمقراطية20
10,87
2
3التحذير من محاوالت خداع الناخب17
9,24
3
4الدعوة إلى أهمية التغيير12
6,52
4
4إخفاق المؤسسة الحاكمة في إدارة البالد12
6,52
4
4فقدان الثقة بالقوى السياسية12
6,52
4
4المشاركة في االنتخابات لتحقيق التغيير12
6,52
4
5فشل مفاهيم الشراكة والمحاصصة11
5,10
5
6غياب البرامج السياسية عن الحمالت الدعائية9
4,9
6
7ضرورة حل المشكالت بين الفرقاء السياسيين8
4,4
7
8الحث على أهمية التخصص في العمل السياسي والحكومي7
3,80
8
8الدعوة الجراء تعديالت دستورية7
3,80
8
8الحث على قيام دولة المواطنة7
3,80
8
8تشجيع دور المرأة في الحياة السياسية7
3,80
8
9دعم مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية6
3,3
9
9الدعوة إلى المناظرة السياسية بين المرشحين6
3,3
9
9التلويح بشعار االصالح6
3,3
9
المجموع184
%100
ً) تكرارا20(وحلّ ـــت ف املرتبـــة الثانية (الدعـــوة إىل التوعيـــة Fف وم الدقراطيـــة) الت جاءت بــــ الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح عـــاÀب ة للطوائـــف والقوميـــات، مع أمهيـــة تطهـــري الســـاحة العراقية من هـــؤالء الـــذIي ن يؤدلج ون
النـــاس عـــى القتل واحلقـــد والáت ميـــش، إذ أن الدعوة إىل العيش املشـــرت ك لن تáن ـــض »ب ا عقلية
طائفية وال قوميـــة متعصبة. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ويشـــري مضمـــون الفئة الرابعة (تفعيـــل العملية االنتخابيـــة مكطلب دي قـــراطي )، إىل أنه ال بديل
عـــن التصويت، وصنـــدوق االقÕت اع الـــذي منـــح املج تمعات رقáي ـــا واســـتقرارها، وإن املرجعيات
الدينيـــة الشـــيعية بوجه أخص، تعد املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخاب ت مســـؤولية îش عيـــة، و«ت ث املواطن
ممعىل انتخـــاب الأصلح. أmظ ـــر «ت ليـــل مضمـــون العمـــود واملقال الصحـــيف ي ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح الج ديد وامك هـــو موwض ف ي
)،2( امالج دول رlق مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد100
l
) تكراراً 25( أن (الدعـــوة إىل نبـــذ الخطـــاب الطائ!ف ي ) اكنت قد جـــاءت ف ي املرتبة الأوىل بواقـــع
)، إذ ركـــزت الصباح الج ديـــد ف ي خطا»ب ـــا التوعوي عـــى أن التطرف هو %13,59( ونســـبة قدرهـــا
وســـيلة الســـلطة والأحزاب لتحقيق ماكســـب ومصاحل سياســـية، وظلت منظومة السلطة تثقف
ب لتطـــرف الطائ!ف ي بشـــل ممáن ـــج ومنظـــم، والخطاب الطائـــيف ي هو الذي أxج ج الشـــارع العـــراق ي ف ي
ســـنوات االقتتال، بـــل أن التناحرات السياســـية Àت كـــت آث رها عـــى الثقافـــة االج§ت عية وقادت
البلـــد إىل التقســـمي واملج تمع إىل االنقســـام، وأن اســـتمرار التحشـــيد الطائ!ف ي يعـــين ي أن صناديق
الإ قـــرت اع ســـتنتج املكون ت نفهســـا؛ لذلك هناك حاجة ماســـة إىل Àب امج وطنية وسياســـية وخدمية 100 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح
عـــاÀب ة للطوائـــف والقوميـــات، مع أمهيـــة تطهـــري الســـاحة العراقية من هـــؤالء الـــذIي ن يؤدلج ون
النـــاس عـــى القتل واحلقـــد والáت ميـــش، إذ أن الدعوة إىل العيش املشـــرت ك لن تáن ـــض »ب ا عقلية
طائفية وال قوميـــة متعصبة. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد101
) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح الج ديد2( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الدعوة إلى نبذ الخطاب الطائفي25
13,59
1
2الدعوة إلى التوعية بمفهوم الديمقراطية20
10,87
2
3التحذير من محاوالت خداع الناخب17
9,24
3
4الدعوة إلى أهمية التغيير12
6,52
4
4إخفاق المؤسسة الحاكمة في إدارة البالد12
6,52
4
4فقدان الثقة بالقوى السياسية12
6,52
4
4المشاركة في االنتخابات لتحقيق التغيير12
6,52
4
5فشل مفاهيم الشراكة والمحاصصة11
5,10
5
6غياب البرامج السياسية عن الحمالت الدعائية9
4,9
6
7ضرورة حل المشكالت بين الفرقاء السياسيين8
4,4
7
8الحث على أهمية التخصص في العمل السياسي والحكومي7
3,80
8
8الدعوة الجراء تعديالت دستورية7
3,80
8
8الحث على قيام دولة المواطنة7
3,80
8
8تشجيع دور المرأة في الحياة السياسية7
3,80
8
9دعم مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية6
3,3
9
9الدعوة إلى المناظرة السياسية بين المرشحين6
3,3
9
9التلويح بشعار االصالح6
3,3
9
المجموع184
%100
ً) تكرارا20(وحلّ ـــت ف ي املرتبـــة الثانية (الدعـــوة إىل التوعيـــة ب Fف وم الدي قراطيـــة) الت ي جاءت بــــ
)، وتشـــري ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا إىل أن الدي قراطيـــة مـــرّت ب خاضـــات فكرية ورصاعات %10,87( وبنســـبة
اج§ت عيـــة، وقرابـــني ن مـــن املنظرIي ن وفالســـفة التنـــوÀي الذIي ن أسســـوا للفكـــر الدي قـــراطي ، فالإ ي ان
ب لدي قراطيـــة ال يأ½ت ي Vفج أة بـــل عن طريق التحول التـــدرyيج ي ، وجعلها ثقافة وطريقة حياة وفلســـفة
اج§ت عيـــة ون ـــط عيش؛ وف ي العـــراق زرعـــت الدي قراطية بال جـــذور، وهذه الدي قراطيـــة املفاجئة
ب تـــت أفشـــل نظـــام ف ي إدارة الدولة بســـبب غياب الخـــرب ات ومؤهـــات احلـــم، امك أن التحوالت ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح الج ديد2( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الدعوة إلى نبذ الخطاب الطائفي25
13,59
1
2الدعوة إلى التوعية بمفهوم الديمقراطية20
10,87
2
3التحذير من محاوالت خداع الناخب17
9,24
3
4الدعوة إلى أهمية التغيير12
6,52
4
4إخفاق المؤسسة الحاكمة في إدارة البالد12
6,52
4
4فقدان الثقة بالقوى السياسية12
6,52
4
4المشاركة في االنتخابات لتحقيق التغيير12
6,52
4
5فشل مفاهيم الشراكة والمحاصصة11
5,10
5
6غياب البرامج السياسية عن الحمالت الدعائية9
4,9
6
7ضرورة حل المشكالت بين الفرقاء السياسيين8
4,4
7
8الحث على أهمية التخصص في العمل السياسي والحكومي7
3,80
8
8الدعوة الجراء تعديالت دستورية7
3,80
8
8الحث على قيام دولة المواطنة7
3,80
8
8تشجيع دور المرأة في الحياة السياسية7
3,80
8
9دعم مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية6
3,3
9
9الدعوة إلى المناظرة السياسية بين المرشحين6
3,3
9
9التلويح بشعار االصالح6
3,3
9
المجموع184
%100 ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح الج ديد2( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الدعوة إلى نبذ الخطاب الطائفي25
13,59
1
2الدعوة إلى التوعية بمفهوم الديمقراطية20
10,87
2
3التحذير من محاوالت خداع الناخب17
9,24
3
4الدعوة إلى أهمية التغيير12
6,52
4
4إخفاق المؤسسة الحاكمة في إدارة البالد12
6,52
4
4فقدان الثقة بالقوى السياسية12
6,52
4
4المشاركة في االنتخابات لتحقيق التغيير12
6,52
4
5فشل مفاهيم الشراكة والمحاصصة11
5,10
5
6غياب البرامج السياسية عن الحمالت الدعائية9
4,9
6
7ضرورة حل المشكالت بين الفرقاء السياسيين8
4,4
7
8الحث على أهمية التخصص في العمل السياسي والحكومي7
3,80
8
8الدعوة الجراء تعديالت دستورية7
3,80
8
8الحث على قيام دولة المواطنة7
3,80
8
8تشجيع دور المرأة في الحياة السياسية7
3,80
8
9دعم مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية6
3,3
9
9الدعوة إلى المناظرة السياسية بين المرشحين6
3,3
9
9التلويح بشعار االصالح6
3,3
9
المجموع184
%100 ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ي جريدة الصباح الج ديد2( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الدعوة إلى نبذ الخطاب الطائفي25
13,59
1
2الدعوة إلى التوعية بمفهوم الديمقراطية20
10,87
2
3التحذير من محاوالت خداع الناخب17
9,24
3
4الدعوة إلى أهمية التغيير12
6,52
4
4إخفاق المؤسسة الحاكمة في إدارة البالد12
6,52
4
4فقدان الثقة بالقوى السياسية12
6,52
4
4المشاركة في االنتخابات لتحقيق التغيير12
6,52
4
5فشل مفاهيم الشراكة والمحاصصة11
5,10
5
6غياب البرامج السياسية عن الحمالت الدعائية9
4,9
6
7ضرورة حل المشكالت بين الفرقاء السياسيين8
4,4
7
8الحث على أهمية التخصص في العمل السياسي والحكومي7
3,80
8
8الدعوة الجراء تعديالت دستورية7
3,80
8
8الحث على قيام دولة المواطنة7
3,80
8
8تشجيع دور المرأة في الحياة السياسية7
3,80
8
9دعم مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية6
3,3
9
9الدعوة إلى المناظرة السياسية بين المرشحين6
3,3
9
9التلويح بشعار االصالح6
3,3
9
المجموع184
%100 ً) تكرارا20(وحلّ ـــت ف ي املرتبـــة الثانية (الدعـــوة إىل التوعيـــة ب Fف وم الدي قراطيـــة) الت ي جاءت بــــ
)، وتشـــري ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا إىل أن الدي قراطيـــة مـــرّت ب خاضـــات فكرية ورصاعات %10,87( وبنســـبة
اج§ت عيـــة، وقرابـــني ن مـــن املنظرIي ن وفالســـفة التنـــوÀي الذIي ن أسســـوا للفكـــر الدي قـــراطي ، فالإ ي ان
ب لدي قراطيـــة ال يأ½ت ي Vفج أة بـــل عن طريق التحول التـــدرyيج ي ، وجعلها ثقافة وطريقة حياة وفلســـفة
اج§ت عيـــة ون ـــط عيش؛ وف ي العـــراق زرعـــت الدي قراطية بال جـــذور، وهذه الدي قراطيـــة املفاجئة
ب تـــت أفشـــل نظـــام ف ي إدارة الدولة بســـبب غياب الخـــرب ات ومؤهـــات احلـــم، امك أن التحوالت ً) تكرارا20(وحلّ ـــت ف ي املرتبـــة الثانية (الدعـــوة إىل التوعيـــة ب Fف وم الدي قراطيـــة) الت ي جاءت بــــ
)، وتشـــري ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا إىل أن الدي قراطيـــة مـــرّت ب خاضـــات فكرية ورصاعات %10,87( وبنســـبة
اج§ت عيـــة، وقرابـــني ن مـــن املنظرIي ن وفالســـفة التنـــوÀي الذIي ن أسســـوا للفكـــر الدي قـــراطي ، فالإ ي ان
ب لدي قراطيـــة ال يأ½ت ي Vفج أة بـــل عن طريق التحول التـــدرyيج ي ، وجعلها ثقافة وطريقة حياة وفلســـفة
اج§ت عيـــة ون ـــط عيش؛ وف ي العـــراق زرعـــت الدي قراطية بال جـــذور، وهذه الدي قراطيـــة املفاجئة
ب تـــت أفشـــل نظـــام ف ي إدارة الدولة بســـبب غياب الخـــرب ات ومؤهـــات احلـــم، امك أن التحوالت مجلة الباحث االعالمي 101 ) 29 ( العدد الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي رواء هادي صالح الدي قراطيـــة ال ي كـــن أن «ت ـــدث ف ي ظـــل تنامي االنقســـامات الطائفيـــة والعرقيـــة؛ ولذلك عىل
الـــدول حديثـــة الهعد ب لدي قراطيـــة فتح مراكز متخصصـــة لتعلßي نظم احلمك الدي قـــراطي والعمل
املؤسســـا½ت ي ، وتثقيـــف الج مهـــور وتوعيته ب Fف ـــوم الدي قراطية واممرســـا»ت ا، عىل مـــدد زمنية طويلة
وحثيثـــة، وأن التدريـــب ثقافـــة مطلوبة ف ي معليـــات التنمية، وثقافة الدي قراطية تشـــل أساســـاً
للبنـــاء والتنميـــة، لذا ينبـــيغ ي Àت بية املواطـــن وتدريبه عىل التعاطي مـــع الدي قراطية واســـتيعا»ب ا،
وأحـــد îش وط الدي قراطية إشـــاعة ثقافة التداول الســمrي للســـلطة، امك أن الشـــعوب احلرّة تناضل
مـــن أجـــل حFق ا االنتخـــا½ب ي الذي جعـــل مáن ا شـــعوبً حمÕت مة تعرف مـــا Àت يد، وقادرة عـــى تغيÕي
ن ـــط حيا»ت ا ومقـــدرات عي*ش ا، لذا من الواجـــب امل5ض ي ب لعملية االنتخابية تشـــجيعاً وÀت ســـيخاً
للفعل الدي قـــراطي ف ي العراق. ) تكراراً 17( وجـــاءت ف ي املرتبـــة الثالثـــة فئـــة (التحذÀي من حمـــاوالت خـــداع الناخـــب) بواقـــع
)، الـــيت ي ركـــزت ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا عىل «ت ـــذÀي الناخب�ي ن مـــن الوقوع �ض يـــة التضليل %9,24( وبنســـبة
والخـــداع وîش اء أصوا»ت ـــم الثمينـــة مقابـــل ث ن «ب خ ـــس (البطانيـــات واملعلبات والدجاج املشـــوي
أو حـــىت ســـندات الأراsض ي الومهية الت ي لن تتعـــدى كو»ن ا دعايـــة انتخابية مكشـــوفة)، منددة ف ي
الوقت نفســـه بأســـاليب الÕت و{ي ج الدعا½ئ ي الـــيت ي تفتقر للياقة واالحـــرت ام، وحماولة التغرÀي ب لبســـطاء
واســـتغالل فقـــرمه بـــرش اء بطاقا»ت ـــم االنتخابية وحرما»ن ـــم من حFق ـــم ف ي التصويت. )، %6,52( ) تكـــراراً للك مáن ا، وبنســـبة قدرهـــا12( وتقامســـت املرتبـــة الرابعة أربـــع فئات بواقـــع
وهـــذه الفئـــات هي : فئـــة (الدعـــوة إىل أمهية التغيـــري )، وتشـــري ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا إىل kض ورة أن يؤمن
الشـــعب حقـــاً بأمهيـــة التغيـــري ، ويعمـــل عىل ذلـــك، مع أمهيـــة تشـــجيع دخول دمـــاء جديدة
وقيـــادات مدنيـــة دي قراطيـــة، ذلـــك أنه ال أمـــل كبـــري ف ي التغيÕي ف ي حـــال تولت الوجـــوه نفهسا
القيـــادة، فضال عـــن أن التفامهات احلقيقيـــة املنتجة مل$ش وع وطـــين ي يتطلب عقـــوالً جديدة عاÀب ة
للطوائـــف والقوميـــات والج ماعات ب ختالف اشـــاهلا. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي جعـــل مصـــاÀئ الناس ومقـــدرات البالد ب�ي ن أي د غـــري أمينة، بـــل أن العملية السياســـية لكها قائ ة
عـــى صفقـــات يعقدها الكبار وينفذهـــا الصغار؛ ومع الأول من نيســـان ا»ن الـــت الوعود والهعود،
الـــيت مل «ي قـــق الفاÀئ زون ب لدورات الســـابقة ولو جزءاً يســـري اً مáن ا. ل
عـــى صفقـــات يعقدها الكبار وينفذهـــا الصغار؛ ومع الأول من نيســـان ا»ن الـــت الوعود والهعود،
الـــيت ي مل «ي قـــق الفاÀئ زون ب لدورات الســـابقة ولو جزءاً يســـري اً مáن ا. والفئـــة الرابعـــة (املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخاب ت لتحقيـــق التغيÕي ) وÀت كـــز ف ي مضمو»ن ا عـــى أنه وب لرNغ
مـــن لك �ش ي ء، «ي ج ـــب الذهـــاب إىل صناديق االقÕت اع لأنـــه الطريـــق الوحيد املمكـــن للتغيÕي ، وإن
العزوف عن املشـــاركة االنتخابية لن يفشـــل العملية االنتخابية بل ســـيصب فقـــط ف ي مصلحة
الخصوم، وهمما ســـيكون شـــل التغيـــري املرتقب،
إال أننـــا ليـــس أمامنـــا ســـوى التوجـــه إىل صناديق االقـــرت اع، لأن الناخـــب هو الـــذي «ي دد من
ســـينوب عنـــه ف ي الســـلطة، لذلك فـــإن الفشـــل احلكـــومي يتحمل العراقيـــون جـــزءاً منه لأنه
يعكـــس خيارا»ت م لشـــخوص القادة، لـــذا فنحن أمام اســـتحقاقات ت أر«ي خ ية ســـتتحدد طبقاً لإ رادة
العراقيـــني ن وحج م وعáي م ومســـؤوليáت م. ) تكراراً 11( وف ي املرتبة الخامســـة حلّ ت فئة (فشـــل مفاهßي ال$ش اكـــة واحملاصصة) إذ حصلت عـــى
) والـــيت ي ركزت ف ي مضمو»ن ا عـــى أن مفاهßي مـــن مثل الوحدة الوطنيـــة وال$ش اكة %5,10( وبنســـبة
لكه ا مفاهß ومهية أس اهسا احملاصص ة والت اكنت الس بب احلقي يق ف االخفاق احلك وم لأ»ن ا عـــى صفقـــات يعقدها الكبار وينفذهـــا الصغار؛ ومع الول من نيســـان ا»الـــت الوعود والهعود،
الـــيت ي مل «ي قـــق الفاÀئ زون ب لدورات الســـابقة ولو جزءاً يســـري اً مáن ا. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) تكراراً 17( وجـــاءت ف ي املرتبـــة الثالثـــة فئـــة (التحذÀي من حمـــاوالت خـــداع الناخـــب) بواقـــع
)، الـــيت ي ركـــزت ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا عىل «ت ـــذÀي الناخب�ي ن مـــن الوقوع �ض يـــة التضليل %9,24( وبنســـبة
والخـــداع وîش اء أصوا»ت ـــم الثمينـــة مقابـــل ث ن «ب خ ـــس (البطانيـــات واملعلبات والدجاج املشـــوي
أو حـــىت ســـندات الأراsض ي الومهية الت ي لن تتعـــدى كو»ن ا دعايـــة انتخابية مكشـــوفة)، منددة ف ي
الوقت نفســـه بأســـاليب الÕت و{ي ج الدعا½ئ ي الـــيت ي تفتقر للياقة واالحـــرت ام، وحماولة التغرÀي ب لبســـطاء
واســـتغالل فقـــرمه بـــرش اء بطاقا»ت ـــم االنتخابية وحرما»ن ـــم من حFق ـــم ف ي التصويت. م ي
م
م
هم
)، %6,52( ) تكـــراراً للك مáن ا، وبنســـبة قدرهـــا12( وتقامســـت املرتبـــة الرابعة أربـــع فئات بواقـــع
وهـــذه الفئـــات هي : فئـــة (الدعـــوة إىل أمهية التغيـــري )، وتشـــري ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا إىل kض ورة أن يؤمن
الشـــعب حقـــاً بأمهيـــة التغيـــري ، ويعمـــل عىل ذلـــك، مع أمهيـــة تشـــجيع دخول دمـــاء جديدة
وقيـــادات مدنيـــة دي قراطيـــة، ذلـــك أنه ال أمـــل كبـــري ف ي التغيÕي ف ي حـــال تولت الوجـــوه نفهسا
القيـــادة، فضال عـــن أن التفامهات احلقيقيـــة املنتجة مل$ش وع وطـــين ي يتطلب عقـــوالً جديدة عاÀب ة
للطوائـــف والقوميـــات والج ماعات ب ختالف اشـــاهلا. وتشـــري الفئـــة الثانيـــة (إخفاق املؤسســـة احلامكـــة ف ي إدارة البـــاد)، إىل حالة الفشـــل املريع الذي
وصلـــت إليـــه البالد بســـبب فشـــل الأداء احلكومي والعجـــز عن ســـن القوان�ي ن ال�ض وريـــة لإدارة
الـــدولة واملـــوارد وتوزيع الÕث وات واســـت§ث رها بشـــل عملي وعـــادل، فضال عن أن املؤسســـة احلامكة
أدت دورا خطـــري اً ف ي «ت ج هيل الشـــعب إعالمياً وسياســـياً، وأشـــعلت البالد بلك أشـــال التجييش
الطائـــيف ي ، حـــىت آل ذلك إىل إ«ي ج اد ســـيناريوهات لتقســـمي العراق وإعادة بناء دويالته عىل أســـاس
العـــرق والطائفة. أمـــا الفئـــة الثالثة (فقدان الثقة ب لقوى السياســـية) فيشـــري مضمو»ن ا إىل أن الأطراف السياســـية
غـــري متفقـــة عىل مáن ج للعمـــل امم أدى إىل تعطيـــل إقرار القوانـــني ن والت$ش يعات، وتـــواÀت الأزمات 102 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح جعـــل مصـــاÀئ الناس ومقـــدرات البالد ب�ي ن أي د غـــري أمينة، بـــل أن العملية السياســـية لكها قائ ة
عـــى صفقـــات يعقدها الكبار وينفذهـــا الصغار؛ ومع الأول من نيســـان ا»ن الـــت الوعود والهعود،
الـــيت مل «ي قـــق الفاÀئ زون ب لدورات الســـابقة ولو جزءاً يســـري اً مáن ا. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي والفئـــة الرابعـــة (املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخاب ت لتحقيـــق التغيÕي ) وÀت كـــز ف ي مضمو»ن ا عـــى أنه وب لرNغ
مـــن لك �ش ي ء، «ي ج ـــب الذهـــاب إىل صناديق االقÕت اع لأنـــه الطريـــق الوحيد املمكـــن للتغيÕي ، وإن
العزوف عن املشـــاركة االنتخابية لن يفشـــل العملية االنتخابية بل ســـيصب فقـــط ف ي مصلحة
الخصوم، وهمما ســـيكون شـــل التغيـــري املرتقب، والفئـــة الرابعـــة (املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخاب ت لتحقيـــق التغيÕي ) وÀت كـــز ف ي مضمو»ن ا عـــى أنه وب لرNغ
مـــن لك �ش ي ء، «ي ج ـــب الذهـــاب إىل صناديق االقÕت اع لأنـــه الطريـــق الوحيد املمكـــن للتغيÕي ، وإن
العزوف عن املشـــاركة االنتخابية لن يفشـــل العملية االنتخابية بل ســـيصب فقـــط ف ي مصلحة
الخصوم، وهمما ســـيكون شـــل التغيـــري املرتقب، إال أننـــا ليـــس أمامنـــا ســـوى التوجـــه إىل صناديق االقـــرت اع، لأن الناخـــب هو الـــذي «ي دد من
ســـينوب عنـــه ف ي الســـلطة، لذلك فـــإن الفشـــل احلكـــومي يتحمل العراقيـــون جـــزءاً منه لأنه
يعكـــس خيارا»ت م لشـــخوص القادة، لـــذا فنحن أمام اســـتحقاقات ت أر«ي خ ية ســـتتحدد طبقاً لإ رادة
العراقيـــني ن وحج م وعáي م ومســـؤوليáت م. ) تكراراً 11( وف ي املرتبة الخامســـة حلّ ت فئة (فشـــل مفاهßي ال$ش اكـــة واحملاصصة) إذ حصلت عـــى
) والـــيت ي ركزت ف ي مضمو»ن ا عـــى أن مفاهßي مـــن مثل الوحدة الوطنيـــة وال$ش اكة %5,10( وبنســـبة
لكهـــا مفاهßي ومهية أســـاهسا احملاصصـــة والت ي اكنت الســـبب احلقيـــيق ي ف ي االخفاق احلكـــومي لأ»ن ا
شـــلّ ت قـــدرة رئيس احلكومة عـــى تغيÕي وزÀي فاشـــل لأنه من الكتـــüة أو احلزب الفـــا½ن ي ، وبذلك
فـــإن التشـــكيلة احلكومية مل تكن مبنية عىل أســـس ســـليمة وهمنية مـــع غياب ملعايـــري الكفاءة
والتخصـــص بســـبب التوافق واحلصص. وجـــاءت ف ي املرتبـــة السادســـة فئة (غياب الÕب امج السياســـية عـــن احلمالت الدعائيـــة) وحصلت
)، والت ي ركزت عـــى ضبابية الÕب امج السياســـية لملرÞش�ي ن ، %4,9( ) تكرارات ونســـبة قدرهـــا9( عـــى
وافتقارهـــا إىل تصـــورات واقعيـــة وعمليـــة، مســـتندة ـ احلمـــات ـ إىل صور والفتات وشـــعارات
مضحكـــة ومثÕي ة لســـخرية املواطـــن، فإذا مل «يُ جِ ـــد املرÞش ون التعبـــري عن أنفهسم وتقدي ها بشـــل
جيـــد، فلن يكـــون لد»ي ـــم �ش ي ء أفضل يقدمونـــه لملواطن. ) تكرارات 8( وف ي املرتبة الســـابعة، جاءت فئة (kض ورة حل املشــلات ب�ي ن الفرقاء السياســـي�ي ن ) بـ
)، وتؤكـــد ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا عىل أمهية جلـــوس املتخامص�ي ن السياســـي�ي ن إىل طاولة حوار %4,4( وبنســـبة
والوصـــول إىل حلـــول، إذ «ي ج ب اتبـــاع مáن ج التســـوي ت الشـــجاعة والتنازالت املتبـــادلة للخروج
من الأزمة السياســـية. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) تكرارات وبنســـبة 6( وتقامســـت املرتبـــة التاســـعة مناصفة ثالث فئـــات، حصلت لك مáن ـــا عىل
)، والفئـــات هي : (دمع مـــرش وع حكومـــة الأغلبيـــة السياســـية)، والت ي جـــاء ف ي مضمو»ن ا أن %3,3(
تشـــكيل حكومة أغلبية سياســـية حق دســـتوري ودي وقراطي ، وي كن أن تكـــون حكومة الأغلبية
السياســـية حالً حسريً لملشـــالك الـــيت ي تعانáي ا البالد، وســـتكون مســـؤولة مســـؤولية اكملة عن أي
إخفـــاق ف ي الأداء احلكـــومي ، îش يطـــة أن ال تذهب إىل التفـــرد و»ت ميش االخرIي ن . ) تكرارات وبنســـبة 6( وتقامســـت املرتبـــة التاســـعة مناصفة ثالث فئـــات، حصلت لك مáن ـــا عىل
)، والفئـــات هي : (دمع مـــرش وع حكومـــة الأغلبيـــة السياســـية)، والت ي جـــاء ف ي مضمو»ن ا أن %3,3(
تشـــكيل حكومة أغلبية سياســـية حق دســـتوري ودي وقراطي ، وي كن أن تكـــون حكومة الأغلبية
السياســـية حالً حسريً لملشـــالك الـــيت ي تعانáي ا البالد، وســـتكون مســـؤولة مســـؤولية اكملة عن أي
إخفـــاق ف ي الأداء احلكـــومي ، îش يطـــة أن ال تذهب إىل التفـــرد و»ت ميش االخرIي ن . والفئـــة الثانيـــة (الدعوة إىل املناظـــرة السياســـية)، وفáي ا دعـــت الصباح الج ديـــد، إىل أمهية قيام
املناظـــرات السياســـية بـــني ن املرÞش ـــني ن بعدها فرصـــة للحـــوار الدي وقـــراطي ، ت كـــن الناخب من
التعـــرف إىل Þش خ صيـــة املر�ش وأفاكره وخططه، وتســـاعده عـــى االختيار من بـــني ن مك املرÞش�ي ن ، امك أن
املناظـــرات تعد مـــؤîش اً الحÕت ام الساســـة عقـــول الج مهور الذي ســـينتخáب م. السياســـية حال حسري لملشـــالك الـــيت ي تعانáي ا البالد، وســـتكون مســـؤولة مســـؤولية اكملة عن أي
إخفـــاق ف ي الأداء احلكـــومي ، îش يطـــة أن ال تذهب إىل التفـــرد و»ت ميش االخرIي ن . والفئـــة الثانيـــة (الدعوة إىل املناظـــرة السياســـية)، وفáي ا دعـــت الصباح الج ديـــد، إىل أمهية قيام
املناظـــرات السياســـية بـــني ن املرÞش ـــني ن بعدها فرصـــة للحـــوار الدي وقـــراطي ، ت كـــن الناخب من
التعـــرف إىل Þش خ صيـــة املر�ش وأفاكره وخططه، وتســـاعده عـــى االختيار من بـــني ن مك املرÞش�ي ن ، امك أن
املناظـــرات تعد مـــؤîش اً الحÕت ام الساســـة عقـــول الج مهور الذي ســـينتخáب م. أمـــا الفئـــة الثالثة (التلو{ي بشـــعار االصالح)، فتـــأ½ت ي ف ي مضمو»ن ا عىل تشـــبث القوى السياســـية
بشـــعار االصالح بغـــري اع§ت د Àب نمج معـــل واwض ، مع أن الذIي ن وصلوا إىل الســـلطة مل تكـــن لدعوا»ت م
واممرســـا»ت م أيـــة مالحم أو بــمات اصالحية، بـــل أن رئيس احلكومـــة نوري املالكي عج ـــز عن «ت قيق
أي اصـــاح ف ي واليتيـــه الأوىل والثانيـــة، ف ـــاذا يســـتطيع أن يصلـــح ف ي الثالثـــة؟.. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) تكرارات 8( وف ي املرتبة الســـابعة، جاءت فئة (kض ورة حل املشــلات ب�ي ن الفرقاء السياســـي�ي ن ) بـ
)، وتؤكـــد ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا عىل أمهية جلـــوس املتخامص�ي ن السياســـي�ي ن إىل طاولة حوار %4,4( وبنســـبة
والوصـــول إىل حلـــول، إذ «ي ج ب اتبـــاع مáن ج التســـوي ت الشـــجاعة والتنازالت املتبـــادلة للخروج
من الأزمة السياســـية. ) تكـــرارات وبنســـبة قدرها 7( وتقامســـت املرتبـــة الثامنـــة أربـــع فئات، حصلـــت لك مáن ا عـــى
)، وهـــذه الفئـــات هي : (احلـــث عـــى أمهية التخصـــص ف ي العمـــل الســـياسي واحلكومي )، %3,80( مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد103 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 103 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح وركـــزت عىل ســـوء الإدارة والأســـاليب غÕي املدروســـة أدى إىل Àت اجـــع مســـتمر ف ي الأداء احلكومي
بســـبب عدم االســـتفادة من طاقـــات املتخصصـــني ن والتكنوقراط للáن ـــوض بواقع البـــاد املÕت دي،
فضـــا عـــن mظ ور فئـــة سياســـيو الأري ف الـــذIي ن ال عالقة هلـــم ب لعمل الســـياسي وأصوهل. والفئـــة الثانيـــة (الدعوة الجراء تعديالت دســـتورية)، وتشـــري إىل kض ورة إعادة صياغة الدســـتور،
وتعديـــل املواد القانونيـــة املطاطية الـــيت ي ينطوي علáي ـــا، والتثقيف ب «ت ج اه ا«ي ج اد قانـــون ينظم معل
الأحـــزاب، فضال عن اســـتحداث قانون يؤســـس للهويـــة الوطنية بعيـــدا عن اهلـــوي ت الفرعية،
ذلـــك أن الدســـتور الصحيح هو الـــذي يلBغ ي êج يع املفـــردات الطائفيـــة أو العنرصية. أمـــا الفئـــة الثالثة (احلث عىل قيـــام دولة املواطنة)، وتؤكـــد عىل أمهية توفÕي îش وط ت أســـيس الدولة
املدنيـــة، وبنـــاء دولة املواطنـــة الـــيت ي «ت ـــرت م املواطن عىل اختـــاف ان§ت ءاتـــه، وتعزز لديـــه هويته
الوطنيـــة، والعمـــل عىل بناء الإ نســـان املعرف ي واحلـــرض ي الذي عـــا½ن طويال من امهال الســـلطة،
وغاص ف ي مســـتنقعات احلروب والفســـاد والج هل. وتشـــري الفئة الرابعة (تشـــجيع دور املرأة ف ي احلياة السياســـية)، إىل kض ورة منـــح الفرصة النتخاب
دمـــاء جديـــدة من النســـاء املبدعـــات والأ اكدي يـــات والتكنوقراط، وليـــس همما عدد النســـاء ف ي
الÕب ملـــان بقـــدر أن يكـــون حضورها فاعـــاً ومؤÀث اً، مـــع أمهية أن تكون املـــرأة الÕب ملانيـــة ممثلة للك
نســـاء العراق، وســـاعية لإ قـــرار قوان�ي ن منصفـــة لملرأة؛ مشـــددة ـ هذه الفئة ـ عىل رفض الإســـاءة
لصـــور املرÞش ات ف ي دعاي »ت ـــن االنتخابية. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي فضـــا عن أن 104 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح
الدامعـــون لالصـــاح Àي ومون اصالحات مـــن أعىل اهلرم الســـياسي بي§ن تبتـــيغ ي الأمم الناهضة اصالح
الإ نسان أوال. ـ جريدة الصباح:3
أmظ ـــر «ت ليـــل مضمون العمـــود واملقـــال الصح!ف ي ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح وامك هو مـــوwض ف ي الج دول
)، أن (احلـــث عـــى املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ب النتخـــاب ت) جـــاء ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل، إذ ن لت هذه 3( رlق
)، والـــيت ي دعـــت من خالهلـــا الصباح، إىل حـــث الناس عىل %24,66( ) تكـــراراً وبنســـبة18( الفئـــة
kض ورة اســـتالم البطاقة االنتخابية واملشـــاركة بوعي رشـــيد ب النتخاب ت، داعية أفـــراد الج مهور إىل
االختيار الســـلßي لملر�ش امل*ش ـــود هل ب لÕن زاهة والكفاءة، وعـــدم Àت ك االن§ت ءات الفرعيـــة تؤÀث عىل قرار
الناخب لأن مســـؤولية الناخـــب ف ي االختيار مســـؤولية وطنية واخالقيـــة، ولأن احلكومة الج يدة
ينتجها ن خبـــون جيدون. ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح3( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الحث على المشاركة الواعية باالنتخابات18
24,66
1
2وعي الناخبين سيحدد حجم التغيير ونوعه15
20,55
2
3تأييد مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية11
15,07
3
4عدم الثقة بصدقية الوعود والبرامج االنتخابية10
13,7
4
5نبذ التشرذم والتخندق الطائفي7
9,59
5
5األساليب الدعائية محاولة لتلميع صورة المرشح7
9,59
5
6رفض حكومة المحاصصة والتوافق5
6,84
6
المجموع73
100% الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح
الدامعـــون لالصـــاح Àي ومون اصالحات مـــن أعىل اهلرم الســـياسي بي§ن تبتـــيغ ي الأمم الناهضة اصالح
الإ نسان أوال. ـ جريدة الصباح:3
أmظ ـــر «ت ليـــل مضمون العمـــود واملقـــال الصح!ف ي ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح وامك هو مـــوwض ف ي الج دول
)، أن (احلـــث عـــى املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ب النتخـــاب ت) جـــاء ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل، إذ ن لت هذه 3( رlق
)، والـــيت ي دعـــت من خالهلـــا الصباح، إىل حـــث الناس عىل %24,66( ) تكـــراراً وبنســـبة18( الفئـــة
kض ورة اســـتالم البطاقة االنتخابية واملشـــاركة بوعي رشـــيد ب النتخاب ت، داعية أفـــراد الج مهور إىل
االختيار الســـلßي لملر�ش امل*ش ـــود هل ب لÕن زاهة والكفاءة، وعـــدم Àت ك االن§ت ءات الفرعيـــة تؤÀث عىل قرار
الناخب لأن مســـؤولية الناخـــب ف ي االختيار مســـؤولية وطنية واخالقيـــة، ولأن احلكومة الج يدة
ينتجها ن خبـــون جيدون. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح3( جدول
الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الحث على المشاركة الواعية باالنتخابات18
24,66
1
2وعي الناخبين سيحدد حجم التغيير ونوعه15
20,55
2
3تأييد مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية11
15,07
3
4عدم الثقة بصدقية الوعود والبرامج االنتخابية10
13,7
4
5نبذ التشرذم والتخندق الطائفي7
9,59
5
5األساليب الدعائية محاولة لتلميع صورة المرشح7
9,59
5
6رفض حكومة المحاصصة والتوافق5
6,84
6
المجموع73
100% ح
أmظ ـــر «ت ليـــل مضمون العمـــود واملقـــال الصح!ف ي ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح وامك هو مـــوwض ف ي الج دول
)، أن (احلـــث عـــى املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ب النتخـــاب ت) جـــاء ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل، إذ ن لت هذه 3( رlق
)، والـــيت ي دعـــت من خالهلـــا الصباح، إىل حـــث الناس عىل %24,66( ) تكـــراراً وبنســـبة18( الفئـــة
kض ورة اســـتالم البطاقة االنتخابية واملشـــاركة بوعي رشـــيد ب النتخاب ت، داعية أفـــراد الج مهور إىل
االختيار الســـلßي لملر�ش امل*ش ـــود هل ب لÕن زاهة والكفاءة، وعـــدم Àت ك االن§ت ءات الفرعيـــة تؤÀث عىل قرار
الناخب لأن مســـؤولية الناخـــب ف ي االختيار مســـؤولية وطنية واخالقيـــة، ولأن احلكومة الج يدة
ينتجها ن خبـــون جيدون. ) يب�ي ن الفئات الرئيســـة حسب املرتبة ف ي جريدة الصباح3( جدول الفئات حسب المرتبة
التكرار%المرتبة
1الحث على المشاركة الواعية باالنتخابات18
24,66
1
2وعي الناخبين سيحدد حجم التغيير ونوعه15
20,55
2
3تأييد مشروع حكومة األغلبية السياسية11
15,07
3
4عدم الثقة بصدقية الوعود والبرامج االنتخابية10
13,7
4
5نبذ التشرذم والتخندق الطائفي7
9,59
5
5األساليب الدعائية محاولة لتلميع صورة المرشح7
9,59
5
6رفض حكومة المحاصصة والتوافق5
6,84
6
المجموع73
100% )15( وف ي املرتبـــة الثانيـــة حلّ ـــت فئـــة (وعي الناخب�ي ن ســـيحدد حج م التغيـــري ونوعه) الـــيت ي ن لت
)، وجـــاء ف ي مضمو»ن ـــا أن تغيـــري امل*ش د الســـياسي ليس مرهـــون ب إرادة %20,55( تكـــراراً وبنســـبة
السياســـي�ي ن بـــل ب إرادة الناخبـــني ن ومقدار وعáي ـــم ومن ســـيمنحونه أصوا»ت م، إذ يقـــع عىل عاتق
الناخـــب واجب ومســـؤولية وطنيـــة فيمن عليـــه اختيـــاره لتمثيـــه ف ي الÕب ملان، بـــل أن اهلدف
واملعـــىن لأيـــة انتخـــاب ت ف ي أي بلد دي قـــراطي هو تغيـــري الÕب امج والأفـــار وأســـاليب الإدارة، وأن
تشـــخيص الأخطاء الســـابقة هو الــماض ن حلصـــول تغيÕي حقيـــيق ي ون xج . دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ) تكراراً 11( وجـــاءت ف ي املرتبـــة الثالثة فئـــة (ت أييد م$ش وع حكومـــة الأغلبية السياســـية) بواقـــع
)، وركزت هذه ف ي الفئـــة ف ي مضمو»ن ا عىل أن حكومة الأغلبية السياســـية %15,07( وبنســـبة قدرها مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد105 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 105 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح فرصـــة لتغيـــري امل*ش د الســـياسي وإجراء اصالحات سياســـية، ورب ا ســـيكون ف ي مـــرش وع الأغلبية
السياســـية حـــاً لملشـــالك السياســـية املتفا ق ـــة، وبديـــا مناســـباً حلكومـــة ال$ش اكـــو والتوافق
واحلصـــص؛ وستســـتمر حالة التعطيـــل والرصاعـــات ف ي حال اخفاق مـــرش وع حكومـــة الأغلبية
السياسية. فرصـــة لتغيـــري امل*ش د الســـياسي وإجراء اصالحات سياســـية، ورب ا ســـيكون ف ي مـــرش وع الأغلبية
السياســـية حـــاً لملشـــالك السياســـية املتفا ق ـــة، وبديـــا مناســـباً حلكومـــة ال$ش اكـــو والتوافق
واحلصـــص؛ وستســـتمر حالة التعطيـــل والرصاعـــات ف ي حال اخفاق مـــرش وع حكومـــة الأغلبية
السياسية. ) 10( وف ي املرتبـــة الرابعـــة جـــاءت فئة (عدم الثقـــة بصدقيـــة الوعود والـــرب امج االنتخابيـــة) بواقع
)، وركـــزت ف ي مضمو»ن ا عىل مســـألة فقدان الثقة بـــني ن الناخب %13,7( تكـــرارات وبنســـبة قدرهـــا
واملـــر�ش ، واالنطباعـــات الســـلبية لأفـــراد الج مهور إزاء الوعـــود والـــرب امج والشـــعارات االنتخابية
املفتقـــرة للصـــدق واملعرفـــة، وأن مـــن يكـــذب عـــى الناس لـــن يكون أمينـــاً عـــى مصاحلهم. وتقامســـت املرتبة الخامســـة مناصفـــة الفئتان ((نبـــذ الت$ش ذم والتخنـــدق الطائ!ف ي ) و(الأســـاليب
) تكـــرارات للك مáن ما وبنســـبة 7( الدعائيـــة تعكـــس aج ـــل املرÞش�ي ن ب لعمـــل الســـياسي ) بواقع
)، وركـــزت الفئـــة الأوىل عىل نبذ الخطاب الطائـــيف ي والدعا½ئ ي املتشـــنج والتأكيد عىل اهلوية %9,59(
الوطنيـــة، ورفـــض فكرة االنتخاب عىل أســـاس العـــرق أو الطائفـــة أو القومية أو العشـــري ة، لأن
مـــا «ن ـــن عليه اليـــوم اكن بفعل تغليـــب املصاحل الشـــخصية والقوميـــة والطائفية عىل حســـاب
مصلحـــة الوطن، ) 10( وف ي املرتبـــة الرابعـــة جـــاءت فئة (عدم الثقـــة بصدقيـــة الوعود والـــرب امج االنتخابيـــة) بواقع
)، وركـــزت ف ي مضمو»ن ا عىل مســـألة فقدان الثقة بـــني ن الناخب %13,7( تكـــرارات وبنســـبة قدرهـــا
واملـــر�ش ، واالنطباعـــات الســـلبية لأفـــراد الج مهور إزاء الوعـــود والـــرب امج والشـــعارات االنتخابية
املفتقـــرة للصـــدق واملعرفـــة، وأن مـــن يكـــذب عـــى الناس لـــن يكون أمينـــاً عـــى مصاحلهم. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي بي§ن أmظ رت نتـــا{ئج «ت ليل البيـــان ت أن جريدة
الصبـــاح، اكنـــت أقل اه§ت ماً مـــن نظÕي ا»ت ا اال«ت ـــاد والصباح الج ديـــد، ف§ي يتعلق بدورهـــا ف ي توعية
) 20() معوداً و32( الناخـــب العـــراق ي إزاء أمهية املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخـــاب ت، إذ مل يتعد عدد الأمعـــدة
) معوداً 66( مقـــاالً كُ ـــرّ س ملوضوع التوعيـــة االنتخابية، بيــمان بلغ عدد الأمعـــدة ف ي جريدة اال«ت ـــاد
) مقـــاالً ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح الج ديـــد، امم يـــؤîش عدم إيالء 13() معـــوداً و61( ه) مقـــاالً، يقابـــ15(و
جريـــدة الصبـــاح اه§ت ماً كبـــري اً ملوضوعة التوعيـــة االنتخابية، وحـــث الج مهور عىل املشـــاركة ف ي
االنتخاب ت، وهذا يشـــري بـــدوره إىل ا«ت ج اهات الج ريـــدة بعدّ ها ممثلة للحكومة الـــيت ي انرصف رئيهسا
(نـــوري املالـــfي ) ف ي محالتـــه االنتخابية إىل طيـــف بعينه حماوالً اســمات لته بأســـاليب مخ تلفة. ـ مـــن أÀب ز الأفـــار والقـــمي التوعوية الت ي أشـــارت هلـــا اال«ت اد ف ي أمعد»ت ـــا ومقاال»ت ـــا، رفض مبدأ 2
احملاصصـــة والتوافقيـــة، إذ أدانت احملاصصة البغيضة وافرازا»ت ا ف ي ســـوء الإدارة والفســـاد، وأن حمك
ال$ش اكـــة والتوافقية اكن من أكÕب الأخطاء السياســـية، وهو املســـؤول عن لك املشــلات الت ي تعا½ن ي
مáن ـــا البـــاد، وعارضت Àت شـــيح نوري املالـــfي لواليـــة ث لثة مشـــري ة إىل أن الســـلوك احلكومي اكن
مســـؤوالً عـــن «ت ج ذÀي امل$ش وع الطائـــيف ي . بي§ن أmظ ـــرت الصباح الج ديـــد، اه§ت ماً كبÕي اً بأمهيـــة التوعية
ب Fف ـــوم الدي قراطيـــة، وkض ورة فتح مراكز متخصصـــة لتعلßي مبادئ الدي قراطيـــة ف ي الدول حديثة
الهعـــد ب لدي قراطيـــة، وتثقيـــف الج مهور بثقافـــة االنتخاب ومفاهـــمي الدي قراطية واممرســـا»ت ا عىل
فـــرت ات طويلة وحثيثـــة، لأن الدي قراطيـــة ف ي العراق زرعت Vفج ـــأة وبال جذور،
وال ي كـــن للتحـــوالت الدي قراطيـــة أن تـــمت ف ي ظل تنامي االنقســـامات الطائفيـــة؛ وإن التدريب
ثقافة مطلوبـــة ف ي معليات التنمية االج§ت عية، وثقافة الدي قراطية تشـــل أساســـاً للبناء والتنمية. وأشـــارت جريدة الصباح، عـــرب أمعد»ت ا ومقاال»ت ـــا، إىل رفiض ا مبدأ احملاصصـــة والتوافق، ووجدت
ف ي الأســـاليب الدعائيـــة لملرÞش ـــني ن حماولة لتمليـــع وجوههم، مشـــري ة إىل أن احلمـــات االنتخابية
يغلـــب علáي ا طابع الســـذاجة و(الغبـــاء)، فضال عن عشـــوائية الدعاي ت االنتخابيـــة الت ي تعكس
aج ل املرÞش ـــني ن ب لعمل الســـياسي والدعا½ئ ي . دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي وتقامســـت املرتبة الخامســـة مناصفـــة الفئتان ((نبـــذ الت$ش ذم والتخنـــدق الطائ!ف ي ) و(الأســـاليب
) تكـــرارات للك مáن ما وبنســـبة 7( الدعائيـــة تعكـــس aج ـــل املرÞش�ي ن ب لعمـــل الســـياسي ) بواقع
)، وركـــزت الفئـــة الأوىل عىل نبذ الخطاب الطائـــيف ي والدعا½ئ ي املتشـــنج والتأكيد عىل اهلوية %9,59(
الوطنيـــة، ورفـــض فكرة االنتخاب عىل أســـاس العـــرق أو الطائفـــة أو القومية أو العشـــري ة، لأن
مـــا «ن ـــن عليه اليـــوم اكن بفعل تغليـــب املصاحل الشـــخصية والقوميـــة والطائفية عىل حســـاب
مصلحـــة الوطن، إذ عـــى املر�ش ت ثيل العـــراق وليس املكون. ف§ي ركـــزت الفئة الثانية عىل النقـــد الالذع للحمالت
االنتخابيـــة الت ي يغلب علáي ا طابع الســـذاجة والغبـــاء، وافتقارها إىل االحÕت اف مـــا جعلها موضع
سخ ريـــة النـــاس وتندرمه، وأن عشـــوائية هـــذه الدعـــاي ت تعكس مدى aج ـــل املرÞش ـــني ن ب لعمل
الســـياسي والدعـــا½ئ ي ، وما إغـــداق الأموال عـــى الدعـــاي ت االنتخابيـــة إال حمـــاولة لتمليع صورة
املرÞش�ي ن ومداراة فشـــلهم ف ي الدورات الســـابقة. ) 5( وجـــاءت فئـــة (رفـــض حكومة احملاصصـــة والتوافـــق) ف ي املرتبـــة السادســـة والأخـــري ة بواقع
)، وركـــزت هذه الفئـــة عـــى أن حكومة احملاصصـــة وال$ش اكة %6,84( تكـــرارات وبنســـبة قدرهـــا
والتوافـــق أثبتت فشـــلها، وعطلـــت القوانـــني ن والت$ش يعات ال�ض وريـــة لإدارة الدولة بســـبب حدة
الرصاعات بـــني ن ال$ش اكء السياســـي�ي ن ، وأنه «ي ج ب عدم إعـــادة الأخطاء نفهسا ف ي تشـــكيل احلكومة. مجلة الباحث االعالمي 106 ) 29 ( العدد ) 29 ( العدد الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح مجلة الباحث االعالمي
الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح
:تفسـري نتا{ئج البحث
تشـــري نتـــا{ئج البحث احلالي ، بعـــد «ت ليل مضمون املقـــال والعمود الصحـــيف ي ف ي الج رائد الثالث
حمل الدراسة إىل الآ½ت ي:
ـ أفـــردت لك من جريـــدة اال«ت ـــاد، والصباح الج ديد، مســـاحات كبـــري ة لملقاالت والأمعـــدة الت ي 1
عنـــت بتوعية الج مهـــور وتثقيفه إزاء أمهية املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ف ي االنتخاب ت، وركـــزت لك مáن ما
عـــى الدعـــوة إىل نبذ املـــرش وع والخطاب الطائـــيف ي الذي حـــل ف ي املرتبة الأوىل ف ي لكتـــا الج ريدت�ي ن ،
فضـــا عن أمهيـــة إحـــداث تغيـــري ف ي امل*ش د الســـياسي والـــذي ال ي كـــن «ت قيقه إال عـــن طريق
املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخـــاب ت كطريـــق وحيد للتغيـــري . دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي :تفسـري نتا{ج البحث
تشـــري نتـــا{ئج البحث احلالي ، بعـــد «ت ليل مضمون املقـــال والعمود الصحـــيف ي ف ي الج رائد الثالث
حمل الدراسة إىل الآ½ت ي:
ـ أفـــردت لك من جريـــدة اال«ت ـــاد، والصباح الج ديد، مســـاحات كبـــري ة لملقاالت والأمعـــدة الت ي 1
عنـــت بتوعية الج مهـــور وتثقيفه إزاء أمهية املشـــاركة الواعيـــة ف ي االنتخاب ت، وركـــزت لك مáن ما
عـــى الدعـــوة إىل نبذ املـــرش وع والخطاب الطائـــيف ي الذي حـــل ف ي املرتبة الأوىل ف ي لكتـــا الج ريدت�ي ن ،
فضـــا عن أمهيـــة إحـــداث تغيـــري ف ي امل*ش د الســـياسي والـــذي ال ي كـــن «ت قيقه إال عـــن طريق
املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخـــاب ت كطريـــق وحيد للتغيـــري . بي§ن أmظ رت نتـــا{ئج «ت ليل البيـــان ت أن جريدة
الصبـــاح، اكنـــت أقل اه§ت ماً مـــن نظÕي ا»ت ا اال«ت ـــاد والصباح الج ديـــد، ف§ي يتعلق بدورهـــا ف ي توعية
) 20() معوداً و32( الناخـــب العـــراق ي إزاء أمهية املشـــاركة ف ي االنتخـــاب ت، إذ مل يتعد عدد الأمعـــدة
) معوداً 66( مقـــاالً كُ ـــرّ س ملوضوع التوعيـــة االنتخابية، بيــمان بلغ عدد الأمعـــدة ف ي جريدة اال«ت ـــاد
) مقـــاالً ف ي جريـــدة الصبـــاح الج ديـــد، امم يـــؤîش عدم إيالء 13() معـــوداً و61( ه) مقـــاالً، يقابـــ15(و
جريـــدة الصبـــاح اه§ت ماً كبـــري اً ملوضوعة التوعيـــة االنتخابية، وحـــث الج مهور عىل املشـــاركة ف ي
االنتخاب ت، وهذا يشـــري بـــدوره إىل ا«ت ج اهات الج ريـــدة بعدّ ها ممثلة للحكومة الـــيت ي انرصف رئيهسا
(نـــوري املالـــfي ) ف ي محالتـــه االنتخابية إىل طيـــف بعينه حماوالً اســمات لته بأســـاليب مخ تلفة. ي
يم
ي
ـ مـــن أÀب ز الأفـــار والقـــمي التوعوية الت ي أشـــارت هلـــا اال«ت اد ف ي أمعد»ت ـــا ومقاال»ت ـــا، رفض مبدأ 2
احملاصصـــة والتوافقيـــة، إذ أدانت احملاصصة البغيضة وافرازا»ت ا ف ي ســـوء الإدارة والفســـاد، وأن حمك
ال$ش اكـــة والتوافقية اكن من أكÕب الأخطاء السياســـية، وهو املســـؤول عن لك املشــلات الت ي تعا½ن ي
مáن ـــا البـــاد، وعارضت Àت شـــيح نوري املالـــfي لواليـــة ث لثة مشـــري ة إىل أن الســـلوك احلكومي اكن
مســـؤوالً عـــن «ت ج ذÀي امل$ش وع الطائـــيف ي . دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي بي§ن أmظ ـــرت الصباح الج ديـــد، اه§ت ماً كبÕي اً بأمهيـــة التوعية
ب Fف ـــوم الدي قراطيـــة، وkض ورة فتح مراكز متخصصـــة لتعلßي مبادئ الدي قراطيـــة ف ي الدول حديثة
الهعـــد ب لدي قراطيـــة، وتثقيـــف الج مهور بثقافـــة االنتخاب ومفاهـــمي الدي قراطية واممرســـا»ت ا عىل
فـــرت ات طويلة وحثيثـــة، لأن الدي قراطيـــة ف ي العراق زرعت Vفج ـــأة وبال جذور،
وال ي كـــن للتحـــوالت الدي قراطيـــة أن تـــمت ف ي ظل تنامي االنقســـامات الطائفيـــة؛ وإن التدريب
ثقافة مطلوبـــة ف ي معليات التنمية االج§ت عية، وثقافة الدي قراطية تشـــل أساســـاً للبناء والتنمية. وأشـــارت جريدة الصباح، عـــرب أمعد»ت ا ومقاال»ت ـــا، إىل رفiض ا مبدأ احملاصصـــة والتوافق، ووجدت
ف ي الأســـاليب الدعائيـــة لملرÞش ـــني ن حماولة لتمليـــع وجوههم، مشـــري ة إىل أن احلمـــات االنتخابية
يغلـــب علáي ا طابع الســـذاجة و(الغبـــاء)، فضال عن عشـــوائية الدعاي ت االنتخابيـــة الت ي تعكس
aج ل املرÞش ـــني ن ب لعمل الســـياسي والدعا½ئ ي . م
ـ مـــن أÀب ز الأفـــار والقـــمي التوعوية الت ي أشـــارت هلـــا اال«ت اد ف ي أمعد»ت ـــا ومقاال»ت ـــا، رفض مبدأ 2
احملاصصـــة والتوافقيـــة، إذ أدانت احملاصصة البغيضة وافرازا»ت ا ف ي ســـوء الإدارة والفســـاد، وأن حمك
ال$ش اكـــة والتوافقية اكن من أكÕب الأخطاء السياســـية، وهو املســـؤول عن لك املشــلات الت ي تعا½ن ي
مáن ـــا البـــاد، وعارضت Àت شـــيح نوري املالـــfي لواليـــة ث لثة مشـــري ة إىل أن الســـلوك احلكومي اكن
مســـؤوالً عـــن «ت ج ذÀي امل$ش وع الطائـــيف ي . بي§ن أmظ ـــرت الصباح الج ديـــد، اه§ت ماً كبÕي اً بأمهيـــة التوعية
ب Fف ـــوم الدي قراطيـــة، وkض ورة فتح مراكز متخصصـــة لتعلßي مبادئ الدي قراطيـــة ف ي الدول حديثة
الهعـــد ب لدي قراطيـــة، وتثقيـــف الج مهور بثقافـــة االنتخاب ومفاهـــمي الدي قراطية واممرســـا»ت ا عىل
فـــرت ات طويلة وحثيثـــة، لأن الدي قراطيـــة ف ي العراق زرعت Vفج ـــأة وبال جذور، 107 الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح ـ بيــمان دمعـــت لك من الصباح الج ديـــد، والصباح، مـــرش وع حكومة الأغلبية السياســـية ف ي احلمك، 3
لأ»ن ـــا ي كن أن تكـــون حالً لملشـــالك الت ي تعـــا½ن ي مáن ا البالد؛ وجـــدت جريدة اال«ت ـــاد أن م$ش وع
الأغلبيـــة السياســـية ذريعـــة لالنفـــراد ب لســـلطة، وهو مج ـــرد أســـلوب للáت رب من فشـــل الأداء
احلكـــوم، مشـــري ة إىل أن احلمك «ي ج ـــب أن يكـــون للأ كفأ وليس حلـــزب الأغلبية. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي ـ بيــمان دمعـــت لك من الصباح الج ديـــد، والصباح، مـــرش وع حكومة الأغلبية السياســـية ف ي احلمك، 3
لأ»ن ـــا ي كن أن تكـــون حالً لملشـــالك الت ي تعـــا½ن ي مáن ا البالد؛ وجـــدت جريدة اال«ت ـــاد أن م$ش وع
الأغلبيـــة السياســـية ذريعـــة لالنفـــراد ب لســـلطة، وهو مج ـــرد أســـلوب للáت رب من فشـــل الأداء
احلكـــومي ، مشـــري ة إىل أن احلمك «ي ج ـــب أن يكـــون للأ كفأ وليس حلـــزب الأغلبية. ـ عكســـت لك مـــن الج رائد الثـــاث ـ عÕب أمعد»ت ـــا ومقاال»ت ـــا ـ توaج ا»ت ا السياســـية.. ف!ف ي الوقت 4
الـــذي اهتمـــت فيه جريـــدة الصبـــاح الج ديـــد كجريـــدة مســـتقلة (غـــري ت بعة حلـــزب أو لج هة
سياســـية)، بقßي الدي قراطيـــة، ودولة املواطنة وتعـــزÀي ز اهلوية الوطنية، وتشـــجيع دور املراة ف ي احلياة
السياســـية، والتشـــديد عىل أمهية اجـــراء تعديالت دســـتورية وإلغـــاء êج يع املفـــردات الطائفية
أو العنرصية ف ي الدســـتور، فضـــا عن أمهية التخصص ف ي العمل الســـياسي واحلكومي ، لأن ســـوء
الإدارة والأســـاليب غـــري املدروســـة أدى إىل فشـــل الأداء احلكـــومي ، فضال عن ســـوء اســـتعمال
الÕث وة بســـبب عـــدم التخصـــص، والدعوة إىل منـــح الفرصة لقيـــادات مدنية وتكنوقـــراط تتوىل
إدارة البـــاد؛ «ن ج ـــد أن جريـــدة اال«ت اد الـــيت ي تصدر عن اال«ت ـــاد الوطن ي الكردســـتا½ن ي الذي رأســـه
جالل طالبـــا½ن ي رئيس الج مهورية العراقية الســـابق، وبعدّ ه îش ياكً ومنافســـاً سياســـياً (أي احلزب)
ليـــرب الي اهلـــوى، فقد اهتمت اال«ت ـــاد ب لÕت كÕي ز عـــى مواطن الفشـــل احلكـــومي وإÀب از نقاط ضعف
احلكومـــة ومعلها، وهدر املال العام، مُ عارِضة Àت شـــيح املالكي لوالية ث لثة بســـبب سياســـاته وتفرده
ب لقـــرار، مشـــري ة إىل أمهية تغيـــري امل*ش د الســـياسي ومنح فرصـــة لنخب سياســـية جديدة، فضال
عـــن أن التنـــاوب الســمrي عىل الســـلطة يُ عد مؤîش اً عىل رســـوخ املFف ـــوم الدي قـــراطي . دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي فواز منصور احلكßي ، سوســـيولوجيا الإعالم الج ماهÕي ي،معان، دار أسامة للن$ش والتوزيع10(
) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافـــة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهـــة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانيـــة ـ مقوما»ت ا وآليا»ت ا11(
ف ي الأ قطـــار العربيـــة، «ب وث ومناقشـــات الندوة الـــيت ي أقامáت ا املنظمـــة العربية ملاكVف ة الفســـاد ب لتعاون مع مركز دراســـات
.97ـ96، ص2008 ،الوحدة العربيـــة، بÕي وت
.9، ص2007 ،) ري وند وولفينغر، ســـتيفن روزنســـتون، من يصوت؟، Àت êج ة: فؤاد رسو�ج ي ، معان، الأهلية للن$ش والتوزيع12(
.375، ص2005 ،) د. مي العبـــدهللا، الإ تصال والدي قراطية، بÕي وت، دار الáن ضة العربية13(
.372) د. مي العبدهللا، م.س.ذ، ص14(
.20، ص2006 ،) إÀي يك كيســـاسي ، الدي قراطية واملساواة، Àت êج ة: aج يدة الوند، منشورات مهعد الدراسات االسÕت اتيجية15(
.47) ســـلßي احلص، الÕن زاهة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانية ـ مقوما»ت ا وآليا»ت ا ف ي الأ قطار العربية، م.س.ذ، ص16(
) «دراســـات دســـتورية عراقية حول موضوعات أساســـية للدســـتور العراق ي الج ديد»، صادرة عن املهعـــد الدولي لقانون17(
.26 ،25، ص2005 ،حقوق االنســـان ـ لكية احلقوق «ب ج امعـــة دي بول
) روÀب ت أ. دال، عـــن الدي قراطيـــة، Àت êج ـــة: د.أمحـــد أمـــني ن الج مـــل، القاهـــرة، الج معية املرصيـــة لن$ش املعرفـــة والثقافة 18(
.141 ،137، ص2000 ،العامليـــة
.44) «دراسات دســـتورية عراقية حول موضوعات أساسية للدستور العراق ي الج ديد»، م.س.ذ، ص19(
.99) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانية، م.س.ذ، ص20(
:) جاريـــث ستانســـفيلد، «االنتقـــال إىل الدي قراطية: الإ رث التارyي خ ي واهلـــوي ت الصاعدة وامليـــول الرجعية»، من كتاب21(
،املج تمـــع العراق ي ـ حفري ت سوســـيولوجية ف ي الإ ثنيات والطوائف والطبقات، منشـــورات: مهعد الدراســـات االســـرت اتيجية
.370،371، ص2006
.167) روبـــرت أ. دال، م.س.ذ، ص22(
.99) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانية، م.س.ذ، ص23(
.213) د. حســـني ن علي اÀب اهßي الفالحي ، الدي قراطية واالعالم واالتصال، م.س.ذ، ص24(
،) د. عـــزÀي زة عبـــدة، الإعالم الســـياسي والرأي العام ـ دراســـة ف ي Àت تيـــب الأولوي ت، القاهـــرة، دار الفجر للنـــرش والتوزيع25(
.148، ص2004
.224 ،223، ص1979 ،) د. حممد ســـيد حممد، الإعالم والتنمية، القاهرة، دار املعارف26(
، معان، دار البشـــري للن$ش2) دوريـــس إيه جريÕب ، ســـلطة وســـائط الإعالم ف ي السياســـة، Àت êج ة: د. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي بي§ن عÕبّ ت
جريـــدة الصباح عÕب مســـاحا»ت ا احملـــدودة الت ي أفرد»ت ا ملوضوعـــة التوعية االنتخابيـــة، عن توaج ها
احلكـــومي احملافـــظ بعدّ ها الج ريدة الرمسيـــة املمثلة والناطقـــة ب إمس احلكومة، الـــيت ي اكن Àي أهسا نوري
املالـــfي املـــر�ش الأ قـــوى ف ي االنتخـــاب ت، الأمر الـــذي جعلهـــا توجه اه§ت مـــا أقل ب ســـألة التوعية
والتثقيـــف االنتخـــا½ب ي لج مهور الناخبـــني ن ، حاثّ ة عىل اســـتحياء، ف ي أمعد»ت ـــا ومقاال»ت ا عىل أمهية
املشـــاركة الواعية ف ي االنتخاب ت، وإن مســـؤولية الناخب ف ي االختيار مســـؤولية وطنية وأخالقية،
امك أن وعي الناخبـــني ن هـــو الذي ســـيحدد مقدار التغيـــري ونوعه، فضال عن أن تشـــخيص الأخطاء
الســـابقة ســـيكون ال�ض ن حلصول تغيÕي حقيـــيق ي ن xج وذكي . مجلة الباحث االعالمي 108 ) 29 ( العدد ) 29 ( العدد الصحافة العراقية ودورها يف تشكيل الوعي االنتخايب م.د. رواء هادي صالح ياي
املصادر
، 2011 ،، القاهـــرة، دار النـــرش للجامعات3) د. رجـــاء حممـــود أبو عـــام، مناهج البحـــث ف ي العلوم النفســـية والÕت بويـــة، ط1(
.89ص
) د. حممـــد وليـــد البطش، د. فريد اكمـــل أبو زينة، منـــاهج البحث العملي ـ تصمـــمي البحث والتحليـــل الإحصا½ئ ي ، معان، 2(
.244، ص2007 ،دار املســـري ة للن$ش والتوزيع والطباعة
.18، ص1999 ،، القاهرة، عامل الكتب2) د. مسÕي حممد حســـني ن ، «ب وث الإعالم، ط3(
.131 ،120، ص2010 ،) د. حممد عبـــد احلميد، «ت ليل احملتوى ف ي «ب وث الإعالم،القاهرة، عامل الكتب4(
) د. اامسعيـــل عبـــد الفتـــاح، د. حممود منصـــور هيبة، البحـــث الإعالمي (ا«ت ج اهات وقـــراءات ف ي حلقـــة البحث الصح!ف ي5(
.255، ص2009 ،والإعـــامي )، مركز االســـكندرية للكتاب
.215، ص2014 ،) د. حســـني ن علي اÀب اهßي الفالحي ، الدي قراطية واالعالم واالتصال، معان، دار غيداء للن$ش والتوزيع6(
.214) املصدر السابق، ص7(
،2008 ،) ســـعاد جÕب ســـعيد، ســـايكولوجية االتصال الج ماهـــري ي، الأردن، عامل الكتـــب احلديث/ جدار، الكتـــاب العاملي8(
.69 ،68ص
.106، ص2010 ،) د. ســـناء حممد الج بور، االعالم والرأي العام العر½ب ي والعاملي ، معان، دار أسامة للن$ش والتوزيع9(
.34، ص2011 ،) د. ص
.167) روبـــرت أ. دال، م.س.ذ، ص22(ح دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي أســـعد أبو لبـــدة، ط27(
.107 ،106، ص1997 ،والتوزيع م
، 2011 ،، القاهـــرة، دار النـــرش للجامعات3) د. رجـــاء حممـــود أبو عـــام، مناهج البحـــث ف ي العلوم النفســـية والÕت بويـــة، ط1(
.89ص
) د. حممـــد وليـــد البطش، د. فريد اكمـــل أبو زينة، منـــاهج البحث العملي ـ تصمـــمي البحث والتحليـــل الإحصا½ئ ي ، معان، 2(
.244، ص2007 ،ممدار املســـري ة للن$ش والتوزيع والطباعة ص
ب
$ و وز ع و
يرم
ر
.18، ص1999 ،، القاهرة، عامل الكتب2) د. مسÕي حممد حســـني ن ، «ب وث الإعالم، ط3ححمم ص
ب
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ر
م
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.131 ،120، ص2010 ،) د. حممد عبـــد احلميد، «ت ليل احملتوى ف ي «ب وث الإعالم،القاهرة، عامل الكتب4ام ص
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) د. اامسعيـــل عبـــد الفتـــاح، د. حممود منصـــور هيبة، البحـــث الإعالمي (ا«ت ج اهات وقـــراءات ف ي حلقـــة البحث الصح!ف ي5(
.255، ص2009 ،موالإعـــام)، مركز االســـكندرية للكتاب ص
ب
ر
ر ز
يم
و إ
.215، ص2014 ،) د. حســـني ن علي اÀب اهßي الفالحي ، الدي قراطية واالعالم واالتصال، معان، دار غيداء للن$ش والتوزيع6(
214) املصد ال ابق ص7( 21بق ص
رم
)7(
،2008 ،) ســـعاد جÕب ســـعيد، ســـايكولوجية االتصال الج ماهـــري ي، الأردن، عامل الكتـــب احلديث/ جدار، الكتـــاب العاملي8(
.69 ،68صمم بق ص
رم
)(
،2008 ،) ســـعاد جÕب ســـعيد، ســـايكولوجية االتصال الج ماهـــري ي، الأردن، عامل الكتـــب احلديث/ جدار، الكتـــاب العاملي8(
.69 ،68صمم ص
106، ص2010 ،) د. ســـناء حممد الج بور، االعالم والرأي العام العر½ب ي والعاملي ، معان، دار أسامة للن$ش والتوزيع9(
أمح ع
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م
.34، ص2011 ،) د. فواز منصور احلكßي ، سوســـيولوجيا الإعالم الج ماهÕي ي،معان، دار أسامة للن$ش والتوزيع10(حمم عم
ي
م
إ
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) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافـــة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهـــة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانيـــة ـ مقوما»ت ا وآليا»ت ا11(
ف ي الأ قطـــار العربيـــة، «ب وث ومناقشـــات الندوة الـــيت ي أقامáت ا املنظمـــة العربية ملاكVف ة الفســـاد ب لتعاون مع مركز دراســـات
.97ـ96، ص2008 ،مالوحدة العربيـــة، بÕي وت ص
Õي و
ر ي
و
.9، ص2007 ،) ري وند وولفينغر، ســـتيفن روزنســـتون، من يصوت؟، Àت êج ة: فؤاد رسو�ج ي ، معان، الأهلية للن$ش والتوزيع12(
.375، ص2005 ،) د. دور وســائل الإعالم ف ي تنمية الوعي الســياسي ـ االنتخا½ب ي مي العبـــدهللا، الإ تصال والدي قراطية، بÕي وت، دار الáن ضة العربية13(
ذ
الله
ال
)( ص
يم
.44) «دراسات دســـتورية عراقية حول موضوعات أساسية للدستور العراق ي الج ديد»، م.س.ذ، ص19(
) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانية، م.س.ذ،20(
) جاري ث ستانس فيلد، «االنتق ال إىل الدق اطية: الرث التارyخ واهل وت الصاعدة واملي ول ال جعية21( م
.44) «دراسات دســـتورية عراقية حول موضوعات أساسية للدستور العراق ي الج ديد»، م.س.ذ، ص19(
.99) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانية، م.س.ذ، ص20(
:) جاريـــث ستانســـفيلد، «االنتقـــال إىل الدي قراطية: الإ رث التارyي خ ي واهلـــوي ت الصاعدة وامليـــول الرجعية»، من كتاب21(
،املج تمـــع العراق ي ـ حفري ت سوســـيولوجية ف ي الإ ثنيات والطوائف والطبقات، منشـــورات: مهعد الدراســـات االســـرت اتيجية
.370،371، ص2006 ص
ل م س
) روب ر(
.99) عبد احلســـني ن شـــعبان، «ف ي الثقافة االنتخابية واملعايÕي الدولية»، الÕن زاهة ف ي االنتخاب ت الÕب ملانية، م.س.ذ، ص23(
.213) د. حســـني ن علي اÀب اهßي الفالحي ، الدي قراطية واالعالم واالتصال، م.س.ذ، ص24(
،) د. عـــزÀي زة عبـــدة، الإعالم الســـياسي والرأي العام ـ دراســـة ف ي Àت تيـــب الأولوي ت، القاهـــرة، دار الفجر للنـــرش والتوزيع25(
.148، ص2004
.224 ،223، ص1979 ،) د. حممد ســـيد حممد، الإعالم والتنمية، القاهرة، دار املعارف26(
، معان، دار البشـــري للن$ش2) دوريـــس إيه جريÕب ، ســـلطة وســـائط الإعالم ف ي السياســـة، Àت êج ة: د. أســـعد أبو لبـــدة، ط27(
.107 ،106، ص1997 ،والتوزيع مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 109 ) 29 ( العدد ) 29 ( العدد | 14,947 | http://abaa.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/abaa/article/download/186/110 | null |
Arabic | دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي دور موق^^^ع التواص^^^ل االجتماع^^^ي (في^^^س ب^^^وك) يف تعدي^^^ل اجتاه^^^ات الش^^^باب
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كلي^^^ة اإلع^ل^ام - اجلامع^^^ة العراقي^^^ة مستخلص البحث: أحدثـــت التطـــورات التكنولوجيـــة احلديثـــة ف ي وســـائل االتصـــال الج ماه ي يـــة نقلة
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Ãب ـــا وفرتـــه هذه الوســـائط من قـــدرة عىل التواصـــل ع ب اســـتخدام مقاطـــع الفيديـــو والصور
ومشـــاركة امللفـــات وإجراء احملـــادث ت والتواصـــل والتفاعل املبا£ش بـــني ن Æج هور املســـتخدمÄي ن
هلـــذه الوســـائل , تســـاءلت مشـــل�ة البحـــث عـــن الـــدور الـــذي Ãي كـــن ان يلعبه اســـتخدام
الشـــباب الج امـــÏي ملوقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي (فيس بـــوك) ف ي تعديـــل اÎت ج اهاÍت ـــم أو اه�ت همم
بقضـــاي املج تمـــع العـــراق ي ، فــماي ركزت أهـــداف البحـــث ف ي التعرف عـــى حج م املســـاعدة الÐت ي
قدهمـــا موقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي لملبحوثـــني ن لتعديل أفـــارمه Îت ج ـــاه القضـــاي العراقية فضالً
عـــن الوقوف عـــى طبيعـــة القضاي الـــيت ي اكن يناقشـــوها ع ب (فيس بـــوك) ، وأختـــار الباحث
الآداب - ) مفـــردة من الشـــباب الج امـــÏي ف ي لكيـــات الج امعة العراقيـــة (العلوم الإ ســـامية100(
والقانـــون) مـــن مســـتخدمي املوقع عـــرب العينـــة الصدفية ، وقـــد توصل البحـــث إىل مج موعة
) 5-3( نتـــا¡ئج مµن ـــا ما يتعلـــق ãب زي دة ســـاعات التعرض اليـــومي لأفـــراد العينة وصلت ما بـــني ن
ســـاعات يوميـــاً حيث يفضـــل أفراد العينـــة ب لدرجـــة الأوىل التواصل االج�ت عي مـــع الأصدقاء
والأ قـــارب و للإ طـــاع عىل الأحداث ف ي العامل امك ســـاعد اســـتخدام هذه الوســـيلة أفـــراد العينة
بشـــل كبـــري ف ي تعديل أفـــارمه Îت ج اه القضـــاي العراقيـــة خاصة مـــا يتعلق مµن ا Ãب عرفـــة حقائق
جديـــدة اكن املبحوثـــون Îي ج هلوÍن ـــا ورسخ لدÍي ـــم أفاكر أخرى Îت ج ـــاه القضـــاي العراقية . مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد136 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 136 د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب The role of the social networking site (Face book ) to modify the youth
trends in the direction of community issues and problems , a survey on a
sample of Iraqi university students The role of the social networking site (Face book ) to modify the youth
trends in the direction of community issues and problems , a survey on a
sample of Iraqi university students Abstract Recent technological developments in the mass media a major
paradigm shift in important segments of society, particularly among
young people in particular social networking sites including (Face book) . it was able to link the sprawling parts of the world and paved the
way for all the communities of convergence and exchange views, ideas
and desires as provided by their ability to communicate through the
use of video clips,pictures,share files, chat, communicate and direct
interaction between the audience for this the means. Wondered problem
Find the role that can be played using the university youth to the social
networking site (Facebook ) to modify their attitudes or their interest in
Iraqi society issues, With focused research objectives to identify the size
of the assistance provided by the social networking of respondents site
to modify their ideas to the Iraqi issues as well as stand on the nature
of the issues that he discuss them through (Facebook ) , and choose
the researcher (100) Single of university students in the Iraqi university
colleges (Science Islamic - Arts and law ) from users of the site through
the sample psoriasis , The research has come to group results including
those related to increased hours of daily exposure to members of the
sample reached between 5-3 hours per day , preferably respondents
primarily social networking with friends and relatives and to view events
in the world and helped to use this medium respondents dramatically
to modify their thoughts toward especially with regard to learning new
facts Iraqi issues respondents was established and they are unaware
they have other ideas about the issues of Iraq . مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 137 ) 29 ( العدد دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي :مقدمة Îي ـــىظ اســـتخدام مواقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي خاصـــة (الفيس بـــوك) ف ي الســـنوات الالحقة
بأهــمات مٍ م ت زايـــدٍ لـــدى العديد مـــن £ش ا¡ئ املج تمـــع ف ي العـــامل فبعد أن بـــدأ كوســـيلة للتواصل بÄي ن
2004 مج موعـــة صغـــري ة مـــن الأصدقاء مـــن الشـــباب الج امعيÄي ن داخـــل جامعـــة هارفارد ف ي عـــام
وصـــل من يتعامل به خـــال العõش ســـنوات املاضية إىل املاليـــني ن من الأóش خ اص وذلـــك ملا توفره
من اســـتخدامات لوســـائط متعـــددة عىل صعيد تبـــادل وتناقل الصـــور والفيديو وتبـــادل الآراء
والأفـــار وعـــرض التعليقات وإشـــارات الإ عج ـــاب Îت ج اه مخ تلـــف القضاي أت حت هلم أقامة شـــبكة
واســـعة مـــن العالقـــات واالتصـــاالت امتدت لأجـــزاء واســـعة من العـــامل دون أية حواجـــز Ãت نع
ذلـــك ، وقد ãب ز اســـتخدام £ش Îي ة الشـــباب ف ي العـــامل العرúب ي ملوقـــع (الفيس بوك) بشـــل واùض إذ
أشـــارت العديد من البحوث الرتفاع نســـبة املســـتخدمÄي ن مµن ـــم فضالً عن الأحـــداث الÐت ي مر Íب ا
العـــامل العـــرúب ي خالل الســـنوات القليلة املاضيـــة والÐت ي مسيت Ãب رحـــ�ة (الربيع العـــرúب ي ) حيث اكن
الشـــباب يتناقلون أخبار تطـــورات الأحداث وÎي ـــددون لقاءاÍت م وÎت ج معاÍت م املعارضة لسياســـات
حكوماÍت ـــم ع ب هذه الوســـيلة بـــل أصبح (الفيس بـــوك) Ãب ثابة املنـــرب احلر للشـــباب للتعب ي عن
مـــا Îي ج ـــول Îب خ واطرمه مـــن مواقف وأمـــور يومية عـــى صعيد الأحداث الـــيت ي Ãت ر Íب ـــا دوهلم امم عزز
لدÍي ـــم ثقافـــة جديدة إذ إن هـــذه املواقع تســـمح للأصدقاء ف�ي بيµن ـــم الإطالع عـــى الآراء والأفاكر
حـــىت وأن مل يكـــن هلـــم أي دور فµي ا إÃن ا تســـمح هلم املـــرور لأغراض القـــراءة فبالتأكيـــد ãت ك ذلك
ثقافـــة ورسخ أو عـــدل اÎت ج اهـــات أو ãت ك انطباعات جديدة هلم Îت ج ـــاه مخ تلف القضاي الـــيت ي يطلعون
علµي ـــا حÐت وأن مل يعـــرب وا عن أيـــة و{ج ات نظر Îت ج ـــاه ذلك . تعرف املشـــل�ة البحثية بأÍن ـــا رد غامض أو موقف يع ت يه الشـــك أو ظاهرة Îت تاج إىل تفســـري ، أو
هي قضيـــة ?ت االختـــاف حوهلـــا وتباينت و{ج ـــات النظر بشـــأÍن ا امم يقت`ض ي إجـــراء معلية البحث
) وتتجىل مشـــل�ة البحـــث بلإجابة عن التســـاؤالت الآتية:1(ف ي جوهرها
. هل أهسم (الفيس بوك) ف ي دفع الشـــباب الج امعي العراق ي إىل االه�ت م بقضاي املج تمع العراق ي ؟1
. :مقدمة هل أهسم اســـتخدام الشـــباب ملواقع (الفيس بـــوك) ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهاÍت م Îت ج ـــاه مخ تلف القضاي2
العراقية ؟ 138 د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب : ث نيــاً: أمهية البحث
يلـــىق اســـتخدام الفيس بوك حاليـــاً ãت زايداً وأه�ت ماً واســـعاً عىل Æج يع املســـتوي ت وف ي مخ تلف
املج تمعـــات ف ي العـــامل ، وتعد £ش Îي ة الشـــباب الج امـــÏي من الفئات الرئيســـة املهمة الـــيت ي تتعامل
بشـــل يومي ومســـتمر لســـاعات طويلة عـــرب الفيس بـــوك ف ي العامل العرúب ي بشـــل عـــام والعراق
بشـــل خاص أذا ما أخـــذن بنظر االعتبار العدد الذي يشـــله هؤالء الشـــباب والـــذي يصل إىل
مـــن مكون ت الشـــعب العراق ي .%65
ث لثـاً: أهداف البحث
يسـى البحـث لتحقيق الأهداف الآتية
. Îت ديـد دور (الفيـس بـك) كأحـد مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي دفع الشــباب الج امعي العراق ي لاله�ت م 1
.بقضـاي مج تمهعم
. Îت ديد مســـامهة (الفيس بك) ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهات الشباب الج امعي ازاء قضاي ه مج تمهعم.2
.. Îت ديد الج وانب الÐت ي ســـاعدت املبحوثÄي ن ف ي تعديل رؤيµت م لقضاي ومشالك املج تمع العراق ي3
:ىممرابعـاً: مµن ج البحث : ث نيــاً: أمهية البحث
يلـــىق اســـتخدام الفيس بوك حاليـــاً ãت زايداً وأه�ت ماً واســـعاً عىل Æج يع املســـتوي ت وف ي مخ تلف
املج تمعـــات ف ي العـــامل ، وتعد £ش Îي ة الشـــباب الج امـــÏي من الفئات الرئيســـة املهمة الـــيت ي تتعامل
بشـــل يومي ومســـتمر لســـاعات طويلة عـــرب الفيس بـــوك ف ي العامل العرúب ي بشـــل عـــام والعراق
بشـــل خاص أذا ما أخـــذن بنظر االعتبار العدد الذي يشـــله هؤالء الشـــباب والـــذي يصل إىل
مـــن مكون ت الشـــعب العراق ي .%65
ث لثـاً: أهداف البحث
يسـى البحـث لتحقيق الأهداف الآتية
. Îت ديـد دور (الفيـس بـك) كأحـد مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي دفع الشــباب الج امعي العراق ي لاله�ت م 1
.بقضـاي مج تمهعم
. Îت ديد مســـامهة (الفيس بك) ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهات الشباب الج امعي ازاء قضاي ه مج تمهعم.2
.. :مقدمة Îت ديد الج وانب الÐت ي ســـاعدت املبحوثÄي ن ف ي تعديل رؤيµت م لقضاي ومشالك املج تمع العراق ي3
:ىممرابعـاً: مµن ج البحث م
يلـــىق اســـتخدام الفيس بوك حاليـــاً ãت زايداً وأه�ت ماً واســـعاً عىل Æج يع املســـتوي ت وف ي مخ تلف
املج تمعـــات ف ي العـــامل ، وتعد £ش Îي ة الشـــباب الج امـــÏي من الفئات الرئيســـة املهمة الـــيت ي تتعامل
بشـــل يومي ومســـتمر لســـاعات طويلة عـــرب الفيس بـــوك ف ي العامل العرúب ي بشـــل عـــام والعراق
بشـــل خاص أذا ما أخـــذن بنظر االعتبار العدد الذي يشـــله هؤالء الشـــباب والـــذي يصل إىل
مـــن مكون ت الشـــعب العراق ي .%65 يسـى البحـث لتحقيق الهداف التية
. Îت ديـد دور (الفيـس بـك) كأحـد مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي دفع الشــباب الج امعي العراق ي لاله�ت م 1
.بقضـاي مج تمهعم
. Îت ديد مســـامهة (الفيس بك) ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهات الشباب الج امعي ازاء قضاي ه مج تمهعم.2
.. Îت ديد الج وانب الÐت ي ســـاعدت املبحوثÄي ن ف ي تعديل رؤيµت م لقضاي ومشالك املج تمع العراق ي3
ث
ال
ن
ًا
ا . Îت ديـد دور (الفيـس بـك) كأحـد مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي دفع الشــباب الج امعي العراق ي لاله�ت م 1
.مهبقضـاي مج تمهعم ه
. Îت ديد مســـامهة (الفيس بك) ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهات الشباب الج امعي ازاء قضاي ه مج تمهعم.2
.. Îت ديد الج وانب الÐت ي ســـاعدت املبحوثÄي ن ف ي تعديل رؤيµت م لقضاي ومشالك املج تمع العراق ي3
:ىممرابعـاً: مµن ج البحث يعـــد هـــذا البحـــث من البحـــوث الوصفية الذي أعتمـــد عىل املµن ج املســـ[ي الذي يعد
({ج ـــداً عمليـــاً منظمـــاً للحصـــول عىل بيـــان ت ومعلومـــات وأوصاف عـــن الظاهـــرة أو مج موعة
). لذلـــك وجد الباحـــث إن هـــذا املµن ج هـــو الأنســـب ف ي Îت قيق 2()الظواهـــر موضـــوع البحـــث
أهـــداف البحث. :مقدمة خامســاً:عينة ومج تمع البحث: تتحـــدد عينـــة البحث ب لشـــباب الج امـــÏي ف ي ثالث لكيات من لكيـــات الج امعة العراقية
) اســمات رة عىل 100( �ش لـــت (لكيـــة العلوم الإســـامية ولكيـــة الآداب ولكيـــة القانون) وقـــد ?ت توزيع
) للك نوع مµن ما عـــرب طريقة العينـــة الصدفية 50( الذكـــور والإن ث ?ت تقســـيمها بعـــدد حصـــ`ي
) أدن ه يوùض توزيـــع عينة البحث.1( عىل مســـتخدمي (الفيس بـــوك) فقط.والج ـــدول مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 139 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ) عينة الدراسة1( جدول
المتغيرات
الخيارات
التكرار
النسبة
الجنس
ذكور50
50
إناث50
50
المجموع الكلي100
100
العمر
20-18
45
45
23-21
37
37
فما فوق-24
18
18
المجموع الكلي100
100
التخصص
الدراسي
كلية العلوم اإلسـامية34
34
كلية القانون35
35
كلية اآلداب31
31
المجموع الكلي100
100 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد140
:سادساً: أسـئلة االس�ت رة البحثية
تضمنـــت االســمات رة ثالثـــة حماور أوهلا حمـــور املعلومـــات الدÃي وغرافيـــة عن املبحوثـــني ن وحمور
التعـــرض ملواقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي الفيس بـــوك واحملور الأخ ي ركـــز عىل اÎت ج اهـــات القضاي الÐت ي
قـــام الفيـــس بوك بتعديلهـــا وÎت قيق اهــمات م Íب ا لـــدى املبحوثÄي ن والـــيت ي تضمنت أســـئلة مفتوحة
ومغلقة متعـــددة الخيارات . سـابعاً: صدق وثبات االسـامت رة البحثية:
) وبعـــد أجراء التعديـــات الÐت ي 3( بعـــد عرض االســمات رة البحثية عـــى مج موعة مـــن احملمكÄي ن
الإحصـــاúئ ي فقد ?ت إجـــراء اختبار SPSS أشـــاروا إلµي ـــا ف ي االســمات رة قام الباحـــث ب ســـتخدام ãب ن مج
) ف�ي ?ت قياس The comparison of Extreme Groups( الصـــدق ب ســـتخدام طريقة املقارنة الطرفيـــة
مـــدى ثبات االســمات رة البحثية عـــن طريق اســـتخراج معامل االرتبـــاط ومن أمه الصيـــغ وأك ث ها
)) والج ـــدول أدن ه يبÄي ن نتـــا¡ئج الصدق ومعامل Guttman L.A صالحية وشـــيوعاً هي صيغـــة ج�ت ن
الثبات. :سادساً: أسـئلة االس�ت رة البحثية :سادساً: أسـئلة االس�ت رة البحثية تضمنـــت االســمات رة ثالثـــة حماور أوهلا حمـــور املعلومـــات الدÃي وغرافيـــة عن املبحوثـــني ن وحمور
التعـــرض ملواقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي الفيس بـــوك واحملور الأخ ي ركـــز عىل اÎت ج اهـــات القضاي الÐت ي
قـــام الفيـــس بوك بتعديلهـــا وÎت قيق اهــمات م Íب ا لـــدى املبحوثÄي ن والـــيت ي تضمنت أســـئلة مفتوحة
ومغلقة متعـــددة الخيارات . :مقدمة ث ة
دق ث ات اال ام ة ال
ا اً ا
) وبعـــد أجراء التعديـــات الÐت ي 3( بعـــد عرض االســمات رة البحثية عـــى مج موعة مـــن احملمكÄي ن
الإحصـــاúئ ي فقد ?ت إجـــراء اختبار SPSS أشـــاروا إلµي ـــا ف ي االســمات رة قام الباحـــث ب ســـتخدام ãب ن مج
) ف�ي ?ت قياس The comparison of Extreme Groups( الصـــدق ب ســـتخدام طريقة املقارنة الطرفيـــة
مـــدى ثبات االســمات رة البحثية عـــن طريق اســـتخراج معامل االرتبـــاط ومن أمه الصيـــغ وأك ث ها
)) والج ـــدول أدن ه يبÄي ن نتـــا¡ئج الصدق ومعامل Guttman L.A صالحية وشـــيوعاً هي صيغـــة ج�ت ن
الثبات. مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 140 د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب ) يبÄي ن نتا¡ئج الصدق والثبات لالس�ت رة البحثية2(جدول
معامل الثباتt) المحسوبة (الصدق
االستبيان
0.76
7.25اإلجمالي ) يبÄي ن نتا¡ئج الصدق والثبات لالس�ت رة البحثية2(جدول
معامل الثباتt) المحسوبة (الصدق
االستبيان
0.76
7.25اإلجمالي ) إذ يتضح إن القيمة احملســـوبة اكنت 1.645 ( مـــع العمل إن القيمـــة الج دولية الختبار الصـــدق
0.5 اكـــرب مـــن الج دولية وهـــذا يؤكد صدق مقيـــاس االســـتبانة. امك إن معامـــل الثبات أكـــرث من
والذي يؤكـــد ثبات مقياس االســـتبانة . مالث منـاً: حدود البحث: �ش لـــت احلـــدود املاكنية للبحـــث ثالث لكيات مـــن الج امعـــة العراقية ف ي بغـــداد هي (العلوم
2014/6/10 ولغاية5/20 الإســـامية والقانـــون والآداب) ، بي�ن امتدت حدود البحث الزمانيـــة مابÄي ن
الـــيت ي �ش لت مدة توزيع االســمات رات وحسµب ـــا من أفراد العينـــة البحثية ومعليـــة تفري�غ ا. ت سـعاً: الدراسات السابقة: : هدفت الدراسـة إىل Îت قيق الأúت ي
أ. بيـــان دور التفاعـــل مع شـــباكت التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي تنمية مشـــاركة الشـــباب الفلســـطيÐن ي
Îت ج اه قضـــاي مه املج تمعية . ب. Îت ديـــد نـــوع القضـــاي املج تمعية الـــيت ي يتداوهلا الشـــباب الفلســـطيÐن ي ع ب شـــباكت التواصل
ىاالج�ت عي : هدفت الدراسـة إىل Îت قيق الأúت ي
أ. بيـــان دور التفاعـــل مع شـــباكت التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي تنمية مشـــاركة الشـــباب الفلســـطيÐن ي
Îت ج اه قضـــاي مه املج تمعية . ب. Îت ديـــد نـــوع القضـــاي املج تمعية الـــيت ي يتداوهلا الشـــباب الفلســـطيÐن ي ع ب شـــباكت التواصل
ىاالج�ت عي
ت : هدفت الدراسـة إىل Îت قيق الأúت ي 141 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد142
دور ري دي ب ملستقبل . ):5( . :مقدمة دراسـة بõش ى الراوي2
هدفـــت الدراســـة إىل Îت ديـــد دور مواقـــع التواصـــل االج�ت عي ف ي التغيـــري مكدخل نظري
وأشـــارت الدراســـة بأن العالقـــة بÄي ن مواقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي والإعالم تث ي إشـــاليات عدة، ال
Ãي كـــن اخ ت زاهلـــا ف ي الأبعاد التقنية املســـتحدثة ف ي مج ـــال البث والتلـــيق ي ، إذ Îت ج علهـــا عامالً حمدداً
للتحـــوالت الثقافية وتســـتبعد أÃن ـــاط التواصل الج ديـــدة. أفرزÍت ا الوســـائط الإعالميـــة الج ديدة
الـــيت ي تعمل داخـــل بيئـــة تواصلية متغـــري ة تهسم ف ي تشـــكيلها تقنيـــات املعلومـــات واالتصال. وتســـتعرض الدراســـة مج موعـــة من التعريفـــات، وÎت ليل الـــرؤى النظريـــة الÐت ي يـــمت تداوهلا لدى
املتخصصـــني ن ف ي هـــذا املج ال، تنطلق الدراســـة من تســـاؤالت عـــدة تضمنت مµن ـــا الأúت ي:
. ما هو الدور الذي لعبته وســـائل التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي انتفاضات الشعوب العربية ؟1
.. هـــل تعدّ مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي “إعالم بديل” ؟2
ومـــن النتا¡ئج الÐت ي توصلت هلا الدراســـة بأن اســـتخدم الشـــباب لشـــباكت التواصل االج�ت عي
اكنـــت لأغـــراض تفريـــغ الشـــحن العاطفية، ومـــن ?ث أصبـــح الشـــباب يتبادلون و{ج ـــات النظر
الثقافيـــة والأدبية والسياســـية، وتعدّ مواقع التواصـــل االج�ت عي إعالماً بديـــاً: ويقصد به «املوقع
الـــذي Ãي ـــارس فيه النقد» امك تبـــني ن بأن مواقع التواصل االجــمات عي ال Ãت ثل العامل الأســـاس للتغي ي
ف ي املج تمـــع، لكµن ـــا أصبحت عامـــاً همماً ف ي Íت يئـــة متطلبـــات التغي ي عن طريق تكـــوIي ن الوعي . :مقدمة املبحث الثاúن ي:
اســتخدامات الج مهـور العرúب ي ملوقـع التواصل االج�ت عي (الفيس بوك)
) إىل انَ عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن 6( 2011 أشـــارت الإحصائيات الصادرة ف ي أيلول /ســـبتم ب من العام
) مليون مســـتخدم أنقمس فيه عـــدد الذكور 43( لشـــبكة الفيـــس بوك ف ي العـــامل العرúب ي وصـــل إىل
) ، واكنـــت املرتبـــة %34( ) مليـــون بنســـبة14.620.000( ) والإن ث66%( ) مليـــون بنســـبة28.380.000(
)2.527.820( الأوىل خـــال هذا العام لـــدولة الأمارات ف ي عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن آنذاك أذ وصلـــت اىل
) مســـتخدم ب لقيـــاس اىل عدد ســـاÍن ما بي�ن وصل عدد 1.923.780( واملرتبـــة الثانيـــة للأردن بعدد
) مســـتخدم وجـــاء ف ي املرتبة العـــا£ش ة عربياً ، 1.101.240(املســـتخدمÄي ن ف ي العـــراق لنفـــس العام هو
2012 بيــمان اكنت إحصائيات مســـتخدمي الفيس بـــوك ف ي العامل العـــرúب ي منذ �ش ر أي ر /مايـــو العام
) مليون وجاءت الســـعودية ب ملرتبـــة الثانية 10.643.740(حصلـــت مرص عـــى املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد هدفـــت الدراســـة إىل Îت ديـــد دور مواقـــع التواصـــل االج�ت عي ف ي التغيـــري مكدخل نظري
وأشـــارت الدراســـة بأن العالقـــة بÄي ن مواقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي والإعالم تث ي إشـــاليات عدة، ال
Ãي كـــن اخ ت زاهلـــا ف ي الأبعاد التقنية املســـتحدثة ف ي مج ـــال البث والتلـــيق ي ، إذ Îت ج علهـــا عامالً حمدداً
للتحـــوالت الثقافية وتســـتبعد أÃن ـــاط التواصل الج ديـــدة. أفرزÍت ا الوســـائط الإعالميـــة الج ديدة
الـــيت ي تعمل داخـــل بيئـــة تواصلية متغـــري ة تهسم ف ي تشـــكيلها تقنيـــات املعلومـــات واالتصال. وتســـتعرض الدراســـة مج موعـــة من التعريفـــات، وÎت ليل الـــرؤى النظريـــة الÐت ي يـــمت تداوهلا لدى
املتخصصـــني ن ف ي هـــذا املج ال، تنطلق الدراســـة من تســـاؤالت عـــدة تضمنت مµن ـــا الأúت ي:
. ما هو الدور الذي لعبته وســـائل التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي انتفاضات الشعوب العربية ؟1
.. :مقدمة دراسـة بõش ى الراوي2
هدفـــت الدراســـة إىل Îت ديـــد دور مواقـــع التواصـــل االج�ت عي ف ي التغيـــري مكدخل نظري
وأشـــارت الدراســـة بأن العالقـــة بÄي ن مواقـــع التواصل االجــمات عي والإعالم تث ي إشـــاليات عدة، ال
Ãي كـــن اخ ت زاهلـــا ف ي الأبعاد التقنية املســـتحدثة ف ي مج ـــال البث والتلـــيق ي ، إذ Îت ج علهـــا عامالً حمدداً
للتحـــوالت الثقافية وتســـتبعد أÃن ـــاط التواصل الج ديـــدة. أفرزÍت ا الوســـائط الإعالميـــة الج ديدة
الـــيت ي تعمل داخـــل بيئـــة تواصلية متغـــري ة تهسم ف ي تشـــكيلها تقنيـــات املعلومـــات واالتصال. وتســـتعرض الدراســـة مج موعـــة من التعريفـــات، وÎت ليل الـــرؤى النظريـــة الÐت ي يـــمت تداوهلا لدى
املتخصصـــني ن ف ي هـــذا املج ال، تنطلق الدراســـة من تســـاؤالت عـــدة تضمنت مµن ـــا الأúت ي:
. ما هو الدور الذي لعبته وســـائل التواصل االج�ت عي ف ي انتفاضات الشعوب العربية ؟1
.. هـــل تعدّ مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي “إعالم بديل” ؟2
ومـــن النتا¡ئج الÐت ي توصلت هلا الدراســـة بأن اســـتخدم الشـــباب لشـــباكت التواصل االج�ت عي
اكنـــت لأغـــراض تفريـــغ الشـــحن العاطفية، ومـــن ?ث أصبـــح الشـــباب يتبادلون و{ج ـــات النظر
الثقافيـــة والأدبية والسياســـية، وتعدّ مواقع التواصـــل االج�ت عي إعالماً بديـــاً: ويقصد به «املوقع
الـــذي Ãي ـــارس فيه النقد» امك تبـــني ن بأن مواقع التواصل االجــمات عي ال Ãت ثل العامل الأســـاس للتغي ي
ف ي املج تمـــع، لكµن ـــا أصبحت عامـــاً همماً ف ي Íت يئـــة متطلبـــات التغي ي عن طريق تكـــوIي ن الوعي . املبحث الثاúن ي:
اســتخدامات الج مهـور العرúب ي ملوقـع التواصل االج�ت عي (الفيس بوك)
) إىل انَ عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن 6( 2011 أشـــارت الإحصائيات الصادرة ف ي أيلول /ســـبتم ب من العام
) مليون مســـتخدم أنقمس فيه عـــدد الذكور 43( لشـــبكة الفيـــس بوك ف ي العـــامل العرúب ي وصـــل إىل
) ، واكنـــت املرتبـــة %34( ) مليـــون بنســـبة14.620.000( ) والإن ث66%( ) مليـــون بنســـبة28.380.000(
)2.527.820( الأوىل خـــال هذا العام لـــدولة الأمارات ف ي عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن آنذاك أذ وصلـــت اىل
) مســـتخدم ب لقيـــاس اىل عدد ســـاÍن ما بي�ن وصل عدد 1.923.780( واملرتبـــة الثانيـــة للأردن بعدد
) مســـتخدم وجـــاء ف ي املرتبة العـــا£ش ة عربياً ، 1.101.240(املســـتخدمÄي ن ف ي العـــراق لنفـــس العام هو
2012 بيــمان اكنت إحصائيات مســـتخدمي الفيس بـــوك ف ي العامل العـــرúب ي منذ �ش ر أي ر /مايـــو العام
) مليون وجاءت الســـعودية ب ملرتبـــة الثانية 10.643.740(حصلـــت مرص عـــى املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد ):5( . :مقدمة هـــل تعدّ مواقع التواصل االج�ت عي “إعالم بديل” ؟2 اســتخدامات الج مهـور العرúب ي ملوقـع التواصل االج�ت عي (الفيس بوك)
) إىل انَ عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن 6( 2011 أشـــارت الإحصائيات الصادرة ف ي أيلول /ســـبتم ب من العام
) مليون مســـتخدم أنقمس فيه عـــدد الذكور 43( لشـــبكة الفيـــس بوك ف ي العـــامل العرúب ي وصـــل إىل
) ، واكنـــت املرتبـــة %34( ) مليـــون بنســـبة14.620.000( ) والإن ث66%( ) مليـــون بنســـبة28.380.000(
)2.527.820( الأوىل خـــال هذا العام لـــدولة الأمارات ف ي عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن آنذاك أذ وصلـــت اىل
) مســـتخدم ب لقيـــاس اىل عدد ســـاÍن ما بي�ن وصل عدد 1.923.780( واملرتبـــة الثانيـــة للأردن بعدد
) مســـتخدم وجـــاء ف ي املرتبة العـــا£ش ة عربياً ، 1.101.240(املســـتخدمÄي ن ف ي العـــراق لنفـــس العام هو
2012 بيــمان اكنت إحصائيات مســـتخدمي الفيس بـــوك ف ي العامل العـــرúب ي منذ �ش ر أي ر /مايـــو العام
) مليون وجاءت الســـعودية ب ملرتبـــة الثانية 10.643.740(حصلـــت مرص عـــى املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد 142 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ) مســـتخدم امم يشـــري1.642.300( ) بيــمان حصـــل العراق عىل املرتبـــة الثامنة بعدد5.333.360(بعـــدد
إىل ان هنـــاك تصاعـــداً ف ي اســـتخدام العراقيÄي ن للفيس بوك ، ف�ي أشـــارت إحصائيـــات �ش ر أيلول
).7(2013 (ســـبتم ب ) من عام ) مليون مســـتخدم عرúب ي 61( أن عـــدد املســـتخدمÄي ن للفيســـبوك ف ي العامل العـــرúب ي وصـــل إىل
) عاملياً وهذا 17( ) مليون مســـتخدم حمققـــاً املرتبـــة16(اســـتمرت مـــر بتصدر املرتبـــة الأوىل بـ
) ف ي العامل العرúب ي ، حيث �ش دت مرص نســـبة %26( ) من املســـتخدمÄي ن ف ي العامل ونســـبة%1.4( Ãي ثـــل
وÃب ـــا Ãي ثل عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن 2012 ) عـــن العام%41( Ãن ـــو بعدد املســـتخدمÄي ن للفيســـبوك بنســـبة
) من عدد ســـان مرص، %18.84( نســـبة فــماي احتلـــت اململكة العربية الســـعودية املركـــز الثاúن ي أيضـــاً وفقاً لإحصائيـــات العام املاkض ي
) من العامل العـــرúب ي ،ف�ي أشـــار التقرãي الـــذي نõش ف ي %12(حيـــث شـــلوا املســـتخدمÄي ن فµي ا نســـبة
)) مليون من مســـتخدمي الفيســـبوك املرصيـــة مه بأمعار 12 ذكر أن2013 �ش ـــر أغســـطس آب عـــام
)عاماً.30( أقل مـــن 30 وأن توزيـــع االســـتخدام حســـب الج نس ف ي مرص أlظ ر أن املســـتخدمÄي ن مـــن الإن ث Îت ت
) من مج مـــوع الإن ث ف ي مرص، بيــمان عدد املســـتخدمÄي ن الذكور يصل ٪81( عامـــاً من العمـــر Ãي ثلون
) من إÆج الي املســـتخدمÄي ن ف ي مرص امك أشـــارت ٪)63 ) مليون نســـمة Ãي ثلون حـــوالي10( حـــوالي إىل
إحصائيـــات املســـتخدمÄي ن للفيس بوك ف ي مـــر أن الإن ث أك ث تو{ج ا Îن ـــو الثقافة ، ف ي حـــني ن أن املســـتخدمÄي ن الذكـــور مه أك ث متابعـــة للأخبار الري ضية ، يتضـــح لنا امم تقدم أن
هنـــاك ãت زايداً كب ي اً ف ي العامل العرúب ي الســـتخدام هذه الشـــبكة نظراً لهسولة التعامـــل معه والوصول
إليـــه وتوفـــر أماكنية هلـــم للتعب ي عـــن آراÍئ م وأفـــارمه وإدامة صالÍت ـــم وعالقاÍت ـــم بلآخرIي ن من
الأصدقـــاء واملعـــرف والأ قـــارب فضالً عن مـــا توفره مـــن امتداد واســـع لعالقاÍت م عـــى الصعيد
مالعرúب ي والعاملي . :مقدمة مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 143 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ، بـــوك عىل الرvغ مـــن ال ت زاماÍت م الدراســـية
) وهـــو أعىل من أوزان متوســـط الســـؤال 2.44( فــماي بلغ املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي للتعـــرض
) ومهـــا رwق ـــان يـــؤ£ش ان عىل أرتفاع نســـبة 0.965( ) فــماي سج ـــل الإ Îن ـــراف املعيـــاري1.75( البالغـــة
التعـــرض لملبحوثـــني ن للفيـــس بوك . ) Ãي ثل عدد ســـاعات تعرض املبحوثÄي ن للفيس بوك يومياً3( جدول
.التوقيتـــات الزمنية املفضلة لتعرض املبحوثÄي ن للفيس بوك:2
تخصص
درايس
أقل من ساعة
ساعة3-1 ساعة5-3أكرث من ذلك
العمــر
ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%
ا لعلوم
اإلسالمية3
2
5
27.7
8
7
15
37.5
1
7
8
30.6
5
1
6
37.6
القانون4
5
9
50
8
5
13
32.5
6
6
12
46.3
0
1
1
6.2
اآلداب3
1
4
22.3
4
7
11
30
2
4
6
23.1
6
4
10
56.2
18-20
4
5
9
50
8
8
16
40
1
9
10
38.4
6
3
9
56.2
21-23
4
3
7
38.3
6
8
14
35
6
5
11
42.3
3
2
5
31.2
- 24
فام فوق2
0
2
11.2
6
3
9
25
2
3
5
19.3
2
1
3
12.6
املجموع
الكيل10
8
18
100
20
19
39
100
9
17
26
100
11
6
17
100
املتوسط
الحسايب2.44
االنحراف
املعياري0.965 ، بـــوك عىل الرvغ مـــن ال ت زاماÍت م الدراســـية
) وهـــو أعىل من أوزان متوســـط الســـؤال 2.44( فــماي بلغ املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي للتعـــرض
) ومهـــا رwق ـــان يـــؤ£ش ان عىل أرتفاع نســـبة 0.965( ) فــماي سج ـــل الإ Îن ـــراف املعيـــاري1.75( البالغـــة
مالتعـــرض لملبحوثـــني ن للفيـــس بوك . :مقدمة الأماكن الÐت ي يفضل فµي ا املبحوثون فµي ا اســـتخدام الفيس بوك3
) أدن ه الأماكـــن الـــيت ي اكن يفضل فµي ـــا املبحوثون اســـتخدام الفيس5( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
) وقد %91( ) تكراراً وبنســـبة91( بـــوك واكن وا�ض ـــاً ان (البيت) قد حصل عىل أعىل نســـبة بلغـــت
) أعىل نســـبة 20-18( تفـــوق عدد (الإن ث) فيه ف�ي شـــلت (لكيـــة القانون) والفئـــة العمرية ما بÄي ن
مـــن أفراد العينـــة ممن اكن خيـــارمه (البيـــت) وهذا يعـــ�ي انطباعاً وا�ض ـــاً بأن الج لـــوس ب لبيت
Ãي ثـــل حالة أك ث أمناً ب لنســـبة لأفـــراد العينة نظـــراً للظروف الأمنيـــة الÐت ي Ãي ر Íب ا الوضـــع العراق ي
، واكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي للأماكن الـــيت ي يفضل املبحوثون أســـتخدام الفيـــس بوك فµي ا
) وهي نســـبة مرتفعة 2.75 ( ) وهو أعىل من نســـبة متوســـط أوزان الســـؤال البالغة3.89( Ãب ســـتوى
) .0.527( ف�ي بلغ مســـتوى الإ Îن راف املعيـــاري
) Ãي ثل الأماكن املفضلة لملبحوثÄي ن ف ي اســـتخدام الفيس بوك5( جدول
التخصص الدرايس
البيت
الكلية
السيارة
نادي أو كويف شوب
العمــــر
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%
كلية العلوم
اإلسالمية 11
17
28
30.8
1
0
1
50
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
71.4
كلية القانون16
17
33
36.3
1
0
1
50
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
14.3
كلية اآلداب15
15
30
32.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
14.3
18-20
19
26
45
49.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21-23
14
17
31
34
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
6
85.7
فام فوق-24
9
6
15
16.5
2
0
2
100
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
14.3
املجموع الكيل42
49
91
100
2
0
2
100
0
0
0
0
6
1
7
100
االنحراف املعياري0.527
املتوسط الحسايب3.89 :. :مقدمة مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 144 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ي
في
ياا
مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) أدن ه بأن التوقيتـــات املفضلة لملبحوثـــني ن بلـــغ ف ي التعرض ملوقع4( يتبـــني ن من خـــال الج ـــدول
) تكراراً 49( الفيس يوك، بشـــل أســـاسي هي الف ت ة املســـائية الÐت ي وصل فµي ـــا عدد التكـــرارات اىل
( 3.54( ( من حج م العينة ، وأشـــار الج دول بأن مســـتوى املتوسط احلســـاúب ي وصل اىل%49( بنســـبة
) .1.034( ) والإ Îن راف املعيـــاري اىل3.00( وهو أعىل من نســـبة متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغـــة
التخصص
الدرايس
صباحاً
ظهراً
مساءً
فجراً
كل األوقات
العــمـــر
ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%
العلوم
اإلسالمية0
0
0
0
2
4
6
35.3
7
9
16
32.7
1
0
1
25
7
4
11
36.6
القانون0
0
0
0
4
4
8
47
8
8
16
32.7
1
0
1
25
5
5
10
33.3
اآلداب0
0
0
0
1
2
3
17.7
9
8
17
34.6
2
0
2
50
3
6
9
30.1
18-20
0
0
0
0
2
4
6
35.3
7
14
21
42.8
3
0
3
75
7
8
15
50
21-23
0
0
0
0
4
5
9
52.9
11
8
19
38.7
1
0
1
25
3
5
8
26.6
فام-24
فوق0
0
0
0
1
1
2
11.8
6
3
9
18.5
0
0
0
0
5
2
7
23.4
املجموع
الكيل0
0
0
0
7
10
17
100
24
25
49
100
4
0
4
100
15
15
30
100
املتوسط
الحسايب3.54
االنحراف
املعياري 1.034 145 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي :. :مقدمة الأماكن الÐت ي يفضل فµي ا املبحوثون فµي ا اســـتخدام الفيس بوك3
) أدن ه الأماكـــن الـــيت ي اكن يفضل فµي ـــا املبحوثون اســـتخدام الفيس5( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
) وقد %91( ) تكراراً وبنســـبة91( بـــوك واكن وا�ض ـــاً ان (البيت) قد حصل عىل أعىل نســـبة بلغـــت
) أعىل نســـبة 20-18( تفـــوق عدد (الإن ث) فيه ف�ي شـــلت (لكيـــة القانون) والفئـــة العمرية ما بÄي ن
مـــن أفراد العينـــة ممن اكن خيـــارمه (البيـــت) وهذا يعـــ�ي انطباعاً وا�ض ـــاً بأن الج لـــوس ب لبيت
Ãي ثـــل حالة أك ث أمناً ب لنســـبة لأفـــراد العينة نظـــراً للظروف الأمنيـــة الÐت ي Ãي ر Íب ا الوضـــع العراق ي
، واكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي للأماكن الـــيت ي يفضل املبحوثون أســـتخدام الفيـــس بوك فµي ا
) وهي نســـبة مرتفعة 2.75 ( ) وهو أعىل من نســـبة متوســـط أوزان الســـؤال البالغة3.89( Ãب ســـتوى
) .0.527( ف�ي بلغ مســـتوى الإ Îن راف املعيـــاري م
) Ãي ثل الأماكن املفضلة لملبحوثÄي ن ف ي اســـتخدام الفيس بوك5( جدول م
) Ãي ثل الأماكن املفضلة لملبحوثÄي ن ف ي اســـتخدام الفيس بوك5( جدول
التخصص الدرايس
البيت
الكلية
السيارة
نادي أو كويف شوب
العمــــر
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%
كلية العلوم
اإلسالمية 11
17
28
30.8
1
0
1
50
0
0
0
0
5
0
5
71.4
كلية القانون16
17
33
36.3
1
0
1
50
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
14.3
كلية اآلداب15
15
30
32.9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
14.3
18-20
19
26
45
49.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
21-23
14
17
31
34
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
1
6
85.7
فام فوق-24
9
6
15
16.5
2
0
2
100
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
14.3
املجموع الكيل42
49
91
100
2
0
2
100
0
0
0
0
6
1
7
100
االنحراف املعياري0.527
املتوسط الحسايب3.89 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 146 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي :. الغرض من اســـتخدام الفيس بوك من قبل املبحوثÄي ن4 :. :مقدمة الغرض من اســـتخدام الفيس بوك من قبل املبحوثÄي ن4 ) أدن ه الغـــرض من اســـتخدام املبحوثـــني ن للفيس بوك وأشـــار الباحث هلم6( يكشـــف الجـــدول رzق
(أختيـــار أك ث مـــن خيار) لأت حـــة الفرصة هلـــم أذا ما اكنـــت لدÍي م أغـــراض متعددة الســـتخدام الفيس
) تكـــراراً ف�ي حصل 74(بـــوك وقد جاء (التواصـــل االج�ت عي مع الأصدقـــاء والأقارب) ب ملرتبـــة الأوىل بعدد
) تكـــراراً ومن الواùض أن عـــدد (الإ ن ث) 28( عـــى املرتبـــة الثانية (االطـــاع عىل الأحداث ف ي العـــامل) بعدد
تفـــوق عىل عـــدد الذكور ف ي الخيـــارIي ن ف�ي حصـــل املبحوثون ف ي (لكية العلوم الإســـامية) عـــى املرتبة الأوىل
) التفوق الواùض 20-18( ف ي الخيـــار الأول و(لكيـــة القانـــون) ف ي الخيار الثـــاúن ي واكن لملرحلة العمرية مـــا بـــني ن
) دور التفوق ف ي الخيار الثـــاúن ي وهذا يؤكد 23-21(عـــى ب ق ي الأمعـــار ف ي الخيار الأول بيــمان اكن للفئة العمريـــة
بأن الطلبـــة ف ي هـــذه الفئات العمريـــة أصبحت هلم معارف وعالقات أوســـع من ب ق ي املراحـــل العمرية ، امك
تؤكـــد اختيـــارات املبحوثـــني ن بأن هد ف م اكن هو مدى اســـت�ث ر الفيس بـــوك للتواصل االجــمات عي اليوم نظراً
للتســـارع الزمـــين ي وهسولة االنتقال ع ب هذه الوســـيلة االج�ت عيـــة و ض أك ب عدد من الأصدقـــاء والتعرف عىل
أوضاهعـــم فضـــاً عىل رغبµت ـــم ف ي االطالع عـــى تطورات الأحـــداث خاصة ما يتعلـــق ب لتطـــورات الÐت ي تقع
) وهي أعىل من نســـبة متوســـط أوزان 5.11( ف ي العامل ، اكنت نســـبة املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي مرتفعة حيث بلغت
) .1.555( ) فــماي حصل االÎن ـــراف املعياري أيضاً عىل نســـبة3.50( الســـؤال البالغة مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 147 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي مجلة الباحث االعالمي
:. :مقدمة مدى مســـاعدة (الفيس بوك) عىل تعديل أÎت ج اهات املبحوثÄي ن حول مخ تلف القضاي العراقية6
) يبÄي ن الغرض من اســـتخدام الفيس بوك من قبل املبحوثÄي ن6( جدول
التخصص
الدرايس
للتواصل االجتامعي مع
األصدقاء واألقارب
للتعرف عىل أشخاص
جدد
ملعرفة التكنولوجيا
الحديثة
لإلطالع عىل األحداث يف
العامل
زيادة املعرفة
أية استخدامات أخرى
العمر
ذكور
إناث
مج%ذكور
إناث
مج%ذكور
إناث
مج%ذ كور
إناث
مج%ذ كور
إناث
مج%ذ كور
إناث
مج%
كلية العلوم
اإلسالمية14
13
27
36.5
1
0
1
16.6
3
1
4
57.2
3
5
8
28.6
2
0
2
10.5
0
0
0
0
كلية القانون11
12
23
31
2
1
3
50
0
2
2
28.6
5
7
12
42.8
6
3
9
47.3
1
0
1
50
كلية اآلداب10
14
24
32.5
2
0
2
33.4
0
1
1
14.2
5
3
8
28.6
3
5
8
42.2
1
0
1
50
18-20
15
19
34
45.9
2
1
3
50
0
1
1
14.2
3
6
9
32.2
4
5
9
47.3
0
0
0
0
21-23
14
14
28
37.8
3
0
3
50
2
2
4
57.3
8
7
15
53.5
4
2
6
31.5
0
0
0
0
فام فوق-24
6
6
12
16.3
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
28.5
2
2
4
14.3
3
1
4
21.2
2
0
2
100
املجموع
الكيل35
39
74
100
5
1
6
100
3
4
7
100
13
15
28
100
11
8
19
100
2
0
2
100
االنحراف
املعياري1.555
املتوسط
الحسايب5.11 148 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي :. :مقدمة مدى ما أضاف اســـتخدام الفيس بوك لملبحوثÄي ن من عادات وتقاليد جديدة5
) يبÄي ن مدى ما أضاف اســـتخدام الفيس بوك لملبحوثÄي ن من عادات وتقاليد جديدة7(جدول
التخصص الدرايس
دامئاً
أحياناً
أبداً
العمر
ذكور
إناث
مج%
ذكور
إناث
مج%
ذكور
إناث
مج%
كلية العلوم
اإلسالمية
1
0
1
20
15
16
31
38.7
0
1
1
7.2
كلية القانون1
0
1
20
10
15
25
31.2
7
2
9
64.2
كلية اآلداب1
2
3
60
11
13
24
30.1
3
1
4
28.6
18-20
1
2
3
60
14
20
34
42.5
4
4
8
53.4
21-23
1
0
1
20
15
18
33
41.2
3
0
3
20
فام فوق-24
1
0
1
20
7
6
13
16.3
4
0
4
26.6
املجموع الكيل3
2
5
100
36
44
80
100
11
4
15
100
املتوسط الحسايب1.90
االنحراف املعياري0.458 ) أدن ه حصول الخيار (أحيان ً) عىل املرتبة الأوىل من بÄي ن الخيارات 7( يـــوùض الج دول رzق
) تكـــراراً ما يؤكـــد بأن املبحوثÄي ن قد أضاف هلم اســـتخدام الفيس بوك عـــادات وتقاليد 80( بعـــدد
جديدة بســـبب اســـتخداهمم املســـتمر هلذه املواقع بي�ن ن ل الخيـــاران (داÃئ اً وأبداً) عـــدداً قليالً من
) وهو أقل 1.90( ) تكراراً ، ف�ي اكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي20( التكـــرارات وصلت Ãب جملها اىل
) . 0.458( ) وبلغ االÎن راف املعياري2.50( من نســـبة متوســـط أوزان الســـؤال البالغة ما
) أدن ه ما قام بتعديهل الفيس بـــوك لأÎت ج اهات املبحوثÄي ن حـــول القضاي العراقية 8( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
) تكراراً امم يشـــري إىل أن الفيس 83( حمـــور Îب ثنا وقد اكنت نســـبة إجابة املبحوثÄي ن بلإ Îي ج ـــاب بعدد
بـــوك قد أهسم بشـــل كب ي بتعديـــل اÎت ج اهاÍت م خاصة Îت ج اه قضاي العراق ومشـــالكه بشـــل عام. مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 149 د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ) يوùض مدى مســـاعدة الفيس بوك املبحوثÄي ن ف ي تعديل أÎت ج اهاÍت م حول العراق8( جدول رzق
التخصص الدراسي
نعـم
لا
العمر
ذكور
إناث
مج%ذكور
إناث
مج%
كلية العلوم اإلسالمية13
15
28
33.8
4
2
6
35.3
كلية القانون17
13
30
36.1
1
4
5
29.4
كلية اآلداب11
14
25
30.1
4
2
6
35.3
20-18
15
23
38
45.8
4
3
7
41.2
23-21
18
14
32
38.5
1
4
5
29.4
فما فوق-24
8
5
13
15.7
4
1
5
29.4
المجموع الكلي41
42
83
100
9
8
17
100 :. :مقدمة يبـــني ن الج ـــدول رzق8
)) تكـــراراً واكن عدد (الإن ث86(تفوق الخيـــار (أن قش القضاي الـــيت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية) بعدد
فµي ـــا أك ب مـــن عدد الذكـــور وحصل طلبـــة (لكيـــة القانون)عىل احلـــزي ز الأ ك ب من هـــذا الخيار امك
) أيضاً واكنت نســـبة املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي فµي ـــا عالية هلذه الخيارات بنســـبة 20-18( تفوقـــت الأمعار
). 1.930( ) واالÎن راف املعياري بنســـبة4.00( ) وهو أعىل من متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغة5.26(
:. الج وانب الÐت ي اكن يفضل املبحوثون مشـــاهدÍت ا عىل الفيس بوك9
) أدن ه ãب وز(الصـــور) كخيار حـــاز عىل االهــمات م املتقدم لدى11( يتبـــني ن لنا مـــن الج ـــدول
املبحوثـــني ن بأعتبـــاره من الج وانب الـــيت ي اكن يفضل مشـــاهدÍت ا ف ي الفيس بوك بشـــل كب ي حيث
) تكراراً وعادة ما تتشـــل مـــن الصور الشـــخصية الثابتة والرســـوم والاكرياكت ي 67( حصـــل عىل
فرصـــة كبـــري ة لالطالع عـــى طبيعة التطـــورات الج ارية بـــني ن الأصدقـــاء وقد تفـــوق (الإن ث) عىل
-21( الذكـــور Ãب تابعµت ـــن امك تفـــوق طلبة (لكيـــة القانون) عـــى ب ق ي اللكيات وجاءت الأمعار مـــا بÄي ن
) وهو أعىل 2.65() أيضـــاً ب ملرتبـــة الأوىل ف ي خيار (الصـــور) ، وقد وصل املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي إىل23
. )1.210( ) ف�ي اكن االÎن راف املعيـــاري2.50( من مســـتوى متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغة
) يوùض الأمور الÐت ي اكن يفضل مشـــاهدÍت ا املبحوثون ف ي الفيس بوك11( جدول رzق
تخصص
الصور
األفالم
اإلعجاب والتعليق
املشاركات
العـــــمر
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
العلوم اإلسالمية11
11
22
32.8
2
0
2
40
12
11
23
37.7
8
6
14
35.8
القانون13
12
25
37.4
2
0
2
40
14
8
22
36
1
6
7
17.9
اآلداب9
11
20
29.8
0
1
1
20
7
9
16
26.3
9
9
18
46.3
18-20
12
16
28
41.8
0
1
1
20
11
17
28
45.9
6
12
18
46.3
21-23
14
15
29
43.3
3
0
3
60
13
7
20
32.7
8
6
14
35.8
فام فوق-24
7
3
10
14.9
1
0
1
20
9
4
13
21.4
4
3
7
17.9
املجموع الكيل33
34
67
100
4
1
5
100
33
28
61
100
18
21
39
100
املتوسط الحسايب2.65
االنحراف املعياري1.210 ) أدن ه طبيعـــة القضـــاي الـــيت ي يناق�ش ـــا املبحوثون عىل الفيـــس بوك وقد10(. :مقدمة الج وانب الـــيت ي دفعت املبحوثÄي ن ف ي تعديل أÎت ج اهاÍت م عن القضاي العراق ي7
) أدن ه الج وانـــب الÐت ي ســـاعد فµي ا الفيس بـــوك عىل تعديلها وقـــد حصلت عىل9( يبـــني ن الج ـــدول
املرتبـــة الأوىل بأنـــه ســـاعد املبحوثـــني ن عىل معرفـــة حقائق جديـــدة اكن Îي ج هلها البعـــض مµن م أذ
) تكـــراراً ومن الـــواùض هنا أن املبحوثـــني ن أطلعوا من خالل مشـــاهداÍت م 67( حصلـــت عىل عدد
وقراءاÍت ـــم عـــرب مخ تلف االســـتخدامات املتاحة من صور وتعليقات ومشـــاراكت عـــى العديد من
) وهو 2.147( الج وانـــب الـــيت ي أهسمت بتعديـــل أراÍئ م Îت ج اهها ، ف�ي اكن املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي بنســـبة
).0.886( ) واالÎن راف املعياري بنســـبة2.50(أعىل من متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغـــة مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 150 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ياا
الباحث االعالمي
) يوùض القضاي الÐت ي اكن يناق�ش ا املبحوثون ف ي الفيس بوك9( جـــدول
التخصص الدرايس
رسخ بعض القضايا عن الوضع
العراقي
ساعدين عىل معرفة حقائق
جديدة كنت اجهلها
ساعد عىل تعزيز االنتامء
الطائفي
أية جوانب أخرى
العــمر
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
كلية العلوم
اإلسالمية
9
6
15
45.4
10
11
21
31.4
`1
6
7
63.6
0
0
0
0
كلية القانون5
3
8
24.3
13
10
23
34.3
0
1
1
9.2
3
2
5
100
كلية اآلداب6
4
10
30.3
10
13
23
33.3
1
2
3
27.2
0
0
0
0
18-20
4
8
12
36.3
12
18
30
44.8
0
4
4
36.3
1
1
2
40
21-23
10
4
14
42.4
17
11
28
41.8
2
4
6
54.5
1
1
2
40
فام فوق-24
6
1
7
21.3
4
5
9
13.4
0
1
1
9.2
1
0
1
20
املجموع الكيل20
13
33
100
33
34
67
100
2
9
11
100
3
2
5
املتوسط الحسايب2.147
االنحراف املعياري0.886 151 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ) يوùض القضاي الÐت ي اكن يناق�ش ا املبحوثÄي ن ف ي الفيس بوك10( جـــدول
التخصيص الدرايس
أناقش القضايا التي تتعلق بالحياة
اليومية
أناقش القضايا التي تتعلق
بالقضايا السياسية للعراق
أناقش القضايا التي تتعلق
باألوضاع الخدمية واالقتصادية
للعراق
أناقش القضايا التي تتعلق باألمور
الدينية للعراق
العــمر
ذ
ث
م%ذ
ث
مج%ذ
ث
مج%ذ
ث
مج%
13
16
29
33.8
2
8
10
52.6
7
6
13
68.4
6
0
6
35.3
اإلسالمية15
15
30
33.8
2
4
6
31.6
1
2
3
15.8
3
1
4
23.6
القانون11
16
27
31.4
1
2
3
15.8
1
2
3
15.8
5
2
7
41.1
اآلداب15
24
39
45.3
2
5
7
36.8
0
6
6
31.5
3
3
6
35.2
18-20
16
18
34
39.5
3
7
10
52.6
7
1
8
42.2
8
0
8
47.1
21-23
8
5
13
15.2
0
2
2
10.6
2
3
5
26.3
3
0
3
17.7
فام فوق-24
39
47
86
100
5
14
19
100
9
10
19
100
14
3
17
100
املجموع الكيل5.26
االنحراف املعياري1.930 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد152 152 ) 29 ( العدد دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي ) أدن ه طبيعـــة القضـــاي الـــيت ي يناق�ش ـــا املبحوثون عىل الفيـــس بوك وقد10(. :مقدمة يبـــني ن الج ـــدول رzق8
)) تكـــراراً واكن عدد (الإن ث86(تفوق الخيـــار (أن قش القضاي الـــيت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية) بعدد
فµي ـــا أك ب مـــن عدد الذكـــور وحصل طلبـــة (لكيـــة القانون)عىل احلـــزي ز الأ ك ب من هـــذا الخيار امك
) أيضاً واكنت نســـبة املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي فµي ـــا عالية هلذه الخيارات بنســـبة 20-18( تفوقـــت الأمعار
). 1.930( ) واالÎن راف املعياري بنســـبة4.00( ) وهو أعىل من متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغة5.26(
:. الج وانب الÐت ي اكن يفضل املبحوثون مشـــاهدÍت ا عىل الفيس بوك9
) أدن ه ãب وز(الصـــور) كخيار حـــاز عىل االهــمات م املتقدم لدى11( يتبـــني ن لنا مـــن الج ـــدول
املبحوثـــني ن بأعتبـــاره من الج وانب الـــيت ي اكن يفضل مشـــاهدÍت ا ف ي الفيس بوك بشـــل كب ي حيث
) تكراراً وعادة ما تتشـــل مـــن الصور الشـــخصية الثابتة والرســـوم والاكرياكت ي 67( حصـــل عىل
فرصـــة كبـــري ة لالطالع عـــى طبيعة التطـــورات الج ارية بـــني ن الأصدقـــاء وقد تفـــوق (الإن ث) عىل
-21( الذكـــور Ãب تابعµت ـــن امك تفـــوق طلبة (لكيـــة القانون) عـــى ب ق ي اللكيات وجاءت الأمعار مـــا بÄي ن
) وهو أعىل 2.65() أيضـــاً ب ملرتبـــة الأوىل ف ي خيار (الصـــور) ، وقد وصل املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي إىل23
. )1.210( ) ف�ي اكن االÎن راف املعيـــاري2.50( من مســـتوى متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغة
) يوùض الأمور الÐت ي اكن يفضل مشـــاهدÍت ا املبحوثون ف ي الفيس بوك11( جدول رzق
تخصص
الصور
األفالم
اإلعجاب والتعليق
املشاركات
العـــــمر
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
ذ
إ
مج%
العلوم اإلسالمية11
11
22
32.8
2
0
2
40
12
11
23
37.7
8
6
14
35.8
القانون13
12
25
37.4
2
0
2
40
14
8
22
36
1
6
7
17.9
اآلداب9
11
20
29.8
0
1
1
20
7
9
16
26.3
9
9
18
46.3
18-20
12
16
28
41.8
0
1
1
20
11
17
28
45.9
6
12
18
46.3
21-23
14
15
29
43.3
3
0
3
60
13
7
20
32.7
8
6
14
35.8
فام فوق-24
7
3
10
14.9
1
0
1
20
9
4
13
21.4
4
3
7
17.9
املجموع الكيل33
34
67
100
4
1
5
100
33
28
61
100
18
21
39
100
املتوسط الحسايب2.65
االنحراف املعياري1.210 ) أدن ه طبيعـــة القضـــاي الـــيت ي يناق�ش ـــا املبحوثون عىل الفيـــس بوك وقد10(. :مقدمة يبـــني ن الج ـــدول رzق8
)) تكـــراراً واكن عدد (الإن ث86(تفوق الخيـــار (أن قش القضاي الـــيت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية) بعدد
فµي ـــا أك ب مـــن عدد الذكـــور وحصل طلبـــة (لكيـــة القانون)عىل احلـــزي ز الأ ك ب من هـــذا الخيار امك
) أيضاً واكنت نســـبة املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي فµي ـــا عالية هلذه الخيارات بنســـبة 20-18( تفوقـــت الأمعار
). 1.930( ) واالÎن راف املعياري بنســـبة4.00( ) وهو أعىل من متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغة5.26(
:. الوانب الÐت اكن يفضل املبحوثون مشـــاهدÍت ا عىل الفيس بوك9 ) أدن ه طبيعـــة القضـــاي الـــيت ي يناق�ش ـــا املبحوثون عىل الفيـــس بوك وقد10(. يبـــني ن الج ـــدول رzق8
)) تكـــراراً واكن عدد (الإن ث86(تفوق الخيـــار (أن قش القضاي الـــيت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية) بعدد
فµي ـــا أك ب مـــن عدد الذكـــور وحصل طلبـــة (لكيـــة القانون)عىل احلـــزي ز الأ ك ب من هـــذا الخيار امك
) أيضاً واكنت نســـبة املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي فµي ـــا عالية هلذه الخيارات بنســـبة 20-18( تفوقـــت الأمعار
). 1.930( ) واالÎن راف املعياري بنســـبة4.00( ) وهو أعىل من متوســـط الأوزان للســـؤال البالغة5.26(
:. الج وانب الÐت اكن يفضل املبحوثون مشـــاهدÍت ا عىل الفيس بوك9 153 ) 29 ( العدد دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي :. مدى مساعدة الفيســـبوك ف ي تعديل رؤية املبحوثÄي ن Îت ج اه قضاي ومشالك املج تمع العراق ي10
) أدن ه بأن الفيســـبوك ســـاعد بشـــل كبـــري ف ي تعديل رؤيـــة املبحوثÄي ن Îت ج اه12( تبـــني ن من الج دول
قضـــاي ومشـــالك املج تمـــع العـــراق ي ف صل الخيـــار (نعـــم) املرتبة الأوىل بشـــل كبـــري إذ وصلت
) مبحوث امم يؤكد الـــدور الذي يؤديه 200( ) تكـــراراً من مج مـــوع الباحثÄي ن البالـــغ89( تكراراتـــه إىل
الفيســـبوك وهـــذا الســـؤال اكن Ãب ثابة أحد املج ســـات الÐت ي تعمدهـــا البحث للوصـــول إىل حقيقة
ما ســـى اليـــه واكنت إجـــاب ت املبحوثـــني ن وا�ض ة وتدل بشـــل ال يقبل الشـــك بأن الفيســـبوك
اكن أحـــد الدعا?ئ الأساســـية لتعديـــل اÎت ج اهاÍت م Îت ج ـــاه القضاي واملشـــالك الÐت ي يعـــاúن ي مµن ا املج تمع
العراق ي . :مقدمة طبيعـــة الج وانب الÐت ي عدهلا الفيس بوك لدى املبحوثÄي ن11
) أدن ه الج وانـــب الـــيت ي عدلت رؤيµت ـــا لملبحوثÄي ن وفســـح الباحـــث املج ال13( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
لملبحوثـــني ن (اختيـــار أك ث مـــن خيار) وقـــد ãب ز (بينت لي حج م املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي مµن ـــا املج تمع)
) تكراراً نظراً لوضوح الـــرؤي هنا لملبحوثÄي ن Îب جم املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي 59 (ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد
مµن ـــا العـــراق ف ي ظـــل ما أطلـــع وشـــاهد ف ي الفيس بوك ومـــن الـــواùض أيضـــاً ان الإن ث قد اكنت
هلـــن احلصـــة الأ ك ب ف ي هـــذا الخيار وتفوق طلبـــة (لكية العلوم الإســـامية) عىل بقيـــة اللكيات ف�ي
تســـاوت أمعار أفـــراد العينة ف ي مج ال االه�ت م الأول Íب ذا الخيار ، واكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي
) وهي نســـبة عالية نســـبياً وlظ ر ان املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي 0.803( ) فــماي سج ل االÎن راف املعياري2.94( مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد154
:. طبيعـــة الج وانب الÐت ي عدهلا الفيس بوك لدى املبحوثÄي ن11
) أدن ه الج وانـــب الـــيت ي عدلت رؤيµت ـــا لملبحوثÄي ن وفســـح الباحـــث املج ال13( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
لملبحوثـــني ن (اختيـــار أك ث مـــن خيار) وقـــد ãب ز (بينت لي حج م املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي مµن ـــا املج تمع)
) تكراراً نظراً لوضوح الـــرؤي هنا لملبحوثÄي ن Îب جم املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي 59 (ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد
مµن ـــا العـــراق ف ي ظـــل ما أطلـــع وشـــاهد ف ي الفيس بوك ومـــن الـــواùض أيضـــاً ان الإن ث قد اكنت
هلـــن احلصـــة الأ ك ب ف ي هـــذا الخيار وتفوق طلبـــة (لكية العلوم الإســـامية) عىل بقيـــة اللكيات ف�ي
تســـاوت أمعار أفـــراد العينة ف ي مج ال االه�ت م الأول Íب ذا الخيار ، واكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي
) وهي نســـبة عالية نســـبياً وlظ ر ان املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي 0.803( ) فــماي سج ل االÎن راف املعياري2.94( مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد154
:. :مقدمة ) يوùض مدى مســـاعدة الفيس بوك ف ي تعديل رؤية املبحوثÄي ن من عدمه Îت ج اه قضاي ومشالك العراق12( جدول
التخصص الدراسي
نعـم
لا
العـمر
ذكور
إناث
مج%ذكور
إناث
مج%
كلية العلوم اإلسالمية14
16
30
33.7
3
1
4
36.4
كلية القانون15
17
32
35.9
3
0
3
27.2
كلية اآلداب11
16
27
30.4
4
0
4
36.4
20-18
15
25
40
44.9
3
1
4
36.4
23-21
18
18
36
40.4
1
0
1
9.1
فما فوق-24
7
6
13
14.7
6
0
6
54.5
المجموع الكلي40
49
89
100
10
1
11
100 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد154
) أده ب ن الفيســـبوك ســـاعد بشـــل كبـــري ي تعديل رؤيـــة املبحوثÄي Îج اه12( تبـــني من الج دول
قضـــاي ومشـــالك املج تمـــع العـــراق ي ف صل الخيـــار (نعـــم) املرتبة الأوىل بشـــل كبـــري إذ وصلت
) مبحوث امم يؤكد الـــدور الذي يؤديه 200( ) تكـــراراً من مج مـــوع الباحثÄي ن البالـــغ89( تكراراتـــه إىل
الفيســـبوك وهـــذا الســـؤال اكن Ãب ثابة أحد املج ســـات الÐت ي تعمدهـــا البحث للوصـــول إىل حقيقة
ما ســـى اليـــه واكنت إجـــاب ت املبحوثـــني ن وا�ض ة وتدل بشـــل ال يقبل الشـــك بأن الفيســـبوك
اكن أحـــد الدعا?ئ الأساســـية لتعديـــل اÎت ج اهاÍت م Îت ج ـــاه القضاي واملشـــالك الÐت ي يعـــاúن ي مµن ا املج تمع
العراق ي . ) يوùض مدى مســـاعدة الفيس بوك ف ي تعديل رؤية املبحوثÄي ن من عدمه Îت ج اه قضاي ومشالك العراق12( جدول
التخصص الدراسي
نعـم
لا
العـمر
ذكور
إناث
مج%ذكور
إناث
مج%
كلية العلوم اإلسالمية14
16
30
33.7
3
1
4
36.4
كلية القانون15
17
32
35.9
3
0
3
27.2
كلية اآلداب11
16
27
30.4
4
0
4
36.4
20-18
15
25
40
44.9
3
1
4
36.4
23-21
18
18
36
40.4
1
0
1
9.1
فما فوق-24
7
6
13
14.7
6
0
6
54.5
المجموع الكلي40
49
89
100
10
1
11
100
:. :مقدمة طبيعـــة الج وانب الÐت ي عدهلا الفيس بوك لدى املبحوثÄي ن11
) أدن ه الج وانـــب الـــيت ي عدلت رؤيµت ـــا لملبحوثÄي ن وفســـح الباحـــث املج ال13( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
لملبحوثـــني ن (اختيـــار أك ث مـــن خيار) وقـــد ãب ز (بينت لي حج م املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي مµن ـــا املج تمع)
) تكراراً نظراً لوضوح الـــرؤي هنا لملبحوثÄي ن Îب جم املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي 59 (ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد
مµن ـــا العـــراق ف ي ظـــل ما أطلـــع وشـــاهد ف ي الفيس بوك ومـــن الـــواùض أيضـــاً ان الإن ث قد اكنت
هلـــن احلصـــة الأ ك ب ف ي هـــذا الخيار وتفوق طلبـــة (لكية العلوم الإســـامية) عىل بقيـــة اللكيات ف�ي
تســـاوت أمعار أفـــراد العينة ف ي مج ال االه�ت م الأول Íب ذا الخيار ، واكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي
) وهي نســـبة عالية نســـبياً وlظ ر ان املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي 0.803( ) فــماي سج ل االÎن راف املعياري2.94( :. طبيعـــة الج وانب الÐت ي عدهلا الفيس بوك لدى املبحوثÄي ن11
) أدن ه الج وانـــب الـــيت ي عدلت رؤيµت ـــا لملبحوثÄي ن وفســـح الباحـــث املج ال13( يـــوùض الج ـــدول
لملبحوثـــني ن (اختيـــار أك ث مـــن خيار) وقـــد ãب ز (بينت لي حج م املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي مµن ـــا املج تمع)
) تكراراً نظراً لوضوح الـــرؤي هنا لملبحوثÄي ن Îب جم املشـــالك الÐت ي يعاúن ي 59 (ف ي املرتبـــة الأوىل بعـــدد
مµن ـــا العـــراق ف ي ظـــل ما أطلـــع وشـــاهد ف ي الفيس بوك ومـــن الـــواùض أيضـــاً ان الإن ث قد اكنت
هلـــن احلصـــة الأ ك ب ف ي هـــذا الخيار وتفوق طلبـــة (لكية العلوم الإســـامية) عىل بقيـــة اللكيات ف�ي
تســـاوت أمعار أفـــراد العينة ف ي مج ال االه�ت م الأول Íب ذا الخيار ، واكن مســـتوى املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي
) وهي نســـبة عالية نســـبياً وlظ ر ان املتوســـط احلســـاúب ي 0.803( ) فــماي سج ل االÎن راف املعياري2.94( 154 د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب ) بÄي ن مدى مســـاعدة القضاي الÐت ي اكن يفضل مشـــاهدÍت ا املبحوثون ف ي الفيســـبوك ف ي13(جـــدول
( الذي Ãي ثل متوســـط 2.5( تعديـــل اÎت ج اهاتـــه إزاء مشـــالك املج تمع العـــراق ي اكن أعىل من املعيـــار
الأوزان للسؤال . :مقدمة تخصص
درايس
وضحت حقائق جديدة عن
املجتمع العراقي
بينت حجم املشاكل التي يعاين
منها املجتمع
وضحت انه من الرضوري أن
نكون موحدين
العمر
ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%ذ
إ
مج%
العلوم9
10
19
45.2
9
14
23
38.9
8
7
15
31.2
اإلسالمية6
3
9
21.4
10
7
17
28.8
7
11
18
37.5
القانون5
9
14
33.4
7
12
19
32.3
7
8
15
31.3
اآلداب6
11
17
40.4
8
17
25
42.4
7
14
21
43.8
18-20
12
9
21
50.1
13
12
25
42.4
12
7
19
39.5
21-23
2
2
4
9.5
5
4
9
15.2
3
5
8
16.7
فام فوق-24
20
22
42
100
26
33
59
100
22
26
48
100
املجموع الكيل مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد155
االستنتاجات
. ازدي د ســـاعات التعـــرض لملبحوثـــني ن للفيـــس بـــوك مـــا يؤكـــد اه�ت همـــم Ãب تابعة مـــا ãي د عىل 1
. ) ســـاعة مـــا يؤكد اه�ت همـــم ب لتواصل ع ب ها5-1( هذهاملواقـــع االلك ت ونيـــة حيث وصلت ما بÄي ن
) من أفـــراد العينة أي %49( . وصـــل حج ـــم املتعرضÄي ن من املبحوثÄي ن ف ي أوقات املســـاء إىل نســـبة2
مايشـــل نصBف ـــا ما يـــدل عـــى أن الوقت املتاح هلم بشـــل كب ي مســـاءً مـــا يشـــري إىل أن هذه
الوســـيلة رÃب ا أصبحت تنافس تعـــرض املبحوثÄي ن لباق ي وســـائل االتصال الج ماه ي يـــة أذا مل تتفوق
علµي ا . . يؤكـــد ãت كـــزي ز املبحوثـــني ن عىل اســـتخدام الفيـــس بـــوك ف ي (البيـــت) ب عتباره املـــان املفضل 3
للتعـــرض عـــى جانبـــني ن أساســـيÄي ن أوهلما رخص االشـــرت اك احلـــالي وتوفـــر خدمـــة االن ت نت ف ي
العـــراق ع ب الوســـائط املتعـــددة ومµن ا أ{ج زة احملمـــول فضالً عن اســـتمرار تدهور الوضـــع الأمÐن ي
الـــذي يدفـــع املبحوثـــني ن للتواجد أكـــرث الأوقـــات ف ي البيت . . ســـاعد اســـتخدام الفيـــس بوك املبحوثـــني ن ف ي تعديـــل أفاكرمه Îت ج ـــاه القضـــاي العراقية امم عزز 4 االستنتاجات بـــنيّ ن الفيس بوك للشـــباب الج امـــÏي حج م املشـــالك والقضاي الÐت ي يعـــاúن ي مµن ا املج تمـــع العراق ي 8
وهي حالة اÎي ج ابية تســـجل خاصة وأن هؤالء الشـــباب ســـيقع عـــى عاتBق م مســـتقبالً همام عديدة
ف ي مســـتقبل العـــراق فملكا اكنـــوا قريبÄي ن مـــن معرفة الســـلبيات الÐت ي يعـــاúن ي مµن ـــا املج تمع يكون
هلـــم الإرصار ف ي الســـÏي لإ Îي ج ـــاد احللول املناســـبة هلذه املشـــالك وتعـــزز اللحمة الوطنيـــة لأنه بدأ
يـــدرك حج م املعـــان ة املتأتية مـــن خالل التو{ج ـــات الطائفيـــة والفئوية والتقســـيمية للبلد . ) و(لكية العلوم الإســـامية) بشـــل واùض ف ي 20-18( . ãب زت متغـــري ات (الإن ث) واملســـتوى العمري9
معظـــم الإجاب ت عىل أســـئلة الأســـتبانة مـــن ن حية Îت قيBق ا للســـبق دومـــاً ف ي االه�ت م Ãب ـــا يتعلق
ب ســـتخدام الفيس بـــوك ودوره ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهـــات املبحوثÄي ن Îت ج اه قضاي املج تمع العراق ي ومشـــالكه . ًمعرفµت ـــم حلقائـــق جديـــدة عن الوضـــع العراق ي مل يكـــن يعرفوÍن ا ســـابقا
. ركـــز املبحوثون ف ي مناقشـــة القضـــاي الÐت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية ف ي العامل عـــرب الفيس بوك ما 5
يؤكـــد اه�ت همـــم بلأحداث وما Îي ج ـــري عىل الســـاحتÄي ن العراقية بشـــل خاص والعربيـــة والدولية
بشـــل عام وهي جزء من اه�ت م الشـــباب . . ركـــز املبحوثون ف ي مناقشـــة القضـــاي الÐت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية ف ي العامل عـــرب الفيس بوك ما 5
يؤكـــد اه�ت همـــم بلأحداث وما Îي ج ـــري عىل الســـاحتÄي ن العراقية بشـــل خاص والعربيـــة والدولية
بشـــل عام وهي جزء من اه�ت م الشـــباب . . مـــن الأشـــياء الÐت ي اكن ãي كـــز املبحوثون عىل متابعµت ا ع ب مواقع الفيس بوك بشـــل أســـاسي هي 6
.(الصـــور) الÐت ي Ãت ثل عادة ب لنســـبة لملســـتخدمÄي ن حقائق عن مج ري ت الأمـــور والأحداث ب لبلد
. اكنـــت الغايـــة الرئيســـة مـــن متابعـــة الفيس بـــوك لملبحوثـــني ن هـــو التواصل االجــمات عي مع 7
.الأصدقـــاء والأ قـــارب وهي جـــزء من حـــالة التواصل لإدامـــة العالقـــات االج�ت عية مـــع الآخرIي ن
. االستنتاجات ا
. ازدي د ســـاعات التعـــرض لملبحوثـــني ن للفيـــس بـــوك مـــا يؤكـــد اه�ت همـــم Ãب تابعة مـــا ãي د عىل 1
. ) ســـاعة مـــا يؤكد اه�ت همـــم ب لتواصل ع ب ها5-1( هذهاملواقـــع االلك ت ونيـــة حيث وصلت ما بÄي ن
) من أفـــراد العينة أي %49( . وصـــل حج ـــم املتعرضÄي ن من املبحوثÄي ن ف ي أوقات املســـاء إىل نســـبة2
مايشـــل نصBف ـــا ما يـــدل عـــى أن الوقت املتاح هلم بشـــل كب ي مســـاءً مـــا يشـــري إىل أن هذه
الوســـيلة رÃب ا أصبحت تنافس تعـــرض املبحوثÄي ن لباق ي وســـائل االتصال الج ماه ي يـــة أذا مل تتفوق
علµي ا . . يؤكـــد ãت كـــزي ز املبحوثـــني ن عىل اســـتخدام الفيـــس بـــوك ف ي (البيـــت) ب عتباره املـــان املفضل 3
للتعـــرض عـــى جانبـــني ن أساســـيÄي ن أوهلما رخص االشـــرت اك احلـــالي وتوفـــر خدمـــة االن ت نت ف ي
العـــراق ع ب الوســـائط املتعـــددة ومµن ا أ{ج زة احملمـــول فضالً عن اســـتمرار تدهور الوضـــع الأمÐن ي
الـــذي يدفـــع املبحوثـــني ن للتواجد أكـــرث الأوقـــات ف ي البيت . 155 دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي . ًمعرفµت ـــم حلقائـــق جديـــدة عن الوضـــع العراق ي مل يكـــن يعرفوÍن ا ســـابقا
. ركـــز املبحوثون ف ي مناقشـــة القضـــاي الÐت ي تتعلق بح ليـــاة اليومية ف ي العامل عـــرب الفيس بوك ما 5
يؤكـــد اه�ت همـــم بلأحداث وما Îي ج ـــري عىل الســـاحتÄي ن العراقية بشـــل خاص والعربيـــة والدولية
بشـــل عام وهي جزء من اه�ت م الشـــباب . . مـــن الأشـــياء الÐت ي اكن ãي كـــز املبحوثون عىل متابعµت ا ع ب مواقع الفيس بوك بشـــل أســـاسي هي 6
.(الصـــور) الÐت ي Ãت ثل عادة ب لنســـبة لملســـتخدمÄي ن حقائق عن مج ري ت الأمـــور والأحداث ب لبلد
. اكنـــت الغايـــة الرئيســـة مـــن متابعـــة الفيس بـــوك لملبحوثـــني ن هـــو التواصل االجــمات عي مع 7
.الأصدقـــاء والأ قـــارب وهي جـــزء من حـــالة التواصل لإدامـــة العالقـــات االج�ت عية مـــع الآخرIي ن
. االستنتاجات بـــنيّ ن الفيس بوك للشـــباب الج امـــÏي حج م املشـــالك والقضاي الÐت ي يعـــاúن ي مµن ا املج تمـــع العراق ي 8
وهي حالة اÎي ج ابية تســـجل خاصة وأن هؤالء الشـــباب ســـيقع عـــى عاتBق م مســـتقبالً همام عديدة
ف ي مســـتقبل العـــراق فملكا اكنـــوا قريبÄي ن مـــن معرفة الســـلبيات الÐت ي يعـــاúن ي مµن ـــا املج تمع يكون
هلـــم الإرصار ف ي الســـÏي لإ Îي ج ـــاد احللول املناســـبة هلذه املشـــالك وتعـــزز اللحمة الوطنيـــة لأنه بدأ
يـــدرك حج م املعـــان ة املتأتية مـــن خالل التو{ج ـــات الطائفيـــة والفئوية والتقســـيمية للبلد . ) و(لكية العلوم الإســـامية) بشـــل واùض ف ي 20-18( . ãب زت متغـــري ات (الإن ث) واملســـتوى العمري9
معظـــم الإجاب ت عىل أســـئلة الأســـتبانة مـــن ن حية Îت قيBق ا للســـبق دومـــاً ف ي االه�ت م Ãب ـــا يتعلق
ب ســـتخدام الفيس بـــوك ودوره ف ي تعديل اÎت ج اهـــات املبحوثÄي ن Îت ج اه قضاي املج تمع العراق ي ومشـــالكه مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 156 د.عبد القادر صالح الحديثي دور موقع التواصل االجتامعي (فيس بوك) يف تعديل اتجاهات الشباب ، دار الفجـــر للنõش 3. حممـــد منـــري حج اب، الأســـس العمليـــة لكتابـــة الرســـائل الج امعيـــة، ط1
.22، ص2000 ،ماموالتوزيـــع ، دار الفجـــر للنõش 3. حممـــد منـــري حج اب، الأســـس العمليـــة لكتابـــة الرســـائل الج امعيـــة، ط1
.22، ص2000 ،والتوزيـــع
. 299، ص1986 ،. أمحـــد بدر، أصول البحث العملي ومناهج ه ، الكويت، واكلة املطبوعات2
-: .احملمكÄي ن مه لك من3
. الج امعة العراقية- لكية الإعالم- . أ.م.د يـــرى خالد ، قمس الصحافة الإ ذاعيـــة والتلفزيونية1
. لكية الإعالم – الج امعة العراقية- . أ.م. د حممـــد جياد زIي ن الـــدIي ن ، قمس العالقات العامة2
. الج امعة العراقية- لكية الإعالم- . أ.م راkض ي رشـــيد ، قمس الصحافة الإ ذاعية والتلفزيونية3
. أمحـــد يونـــس حممد محـــودة، دور شـــباكت التواصـــل االجــمات عي ق ي تنمية مشـــاركة الشـــباب4
الفلســـطيÐن ي ف ي القضـــاي املج تمعيـــة، دراســـة ماجســـت ي مقدمـــة إىل مهعد البحوث والدراســـات
.2013 ، العربيـــة– قـــم الدراســـات الإعالمية ، القاهـــرة
. بـــرش ى Æج يل الـــراوي، دور مواقع التواصـــل ف ي التغيـــري ، مدخل نظري، Îب ث منشـــور ف ي مج لة 5
. 2012 لســـنة8 الباحـــث الإعـــامي – لكية ألإعالم – جامعـــة بغداد ، العدد
. 1.Social Bakers .http6/www.Socialbakers.com ، دار الفجـــر للنõش 3. حممـــد منـــري حج اب، الأســـس العمليـــة لكتابـــة الرســـائل الج امعيـــة، ط1
.22، ص2000 ،والتوزيـــع
. 299، ص1986 ،. أمحـــد بدر، أصول البحث العملي ومناهج ه ، الكويت، واكلة املطبوعات2 . االستنتاجات الج امعة العراقية- لكية الإعالم- . أ.م.د يـــرى خالد ، قمس الصحافة الإ ذاعيـــة والتلفزيونية1
. لكية الإعالم – الج امعة العراقية- . أ.م. د حممـــد جياد زIي ن الـــدIي ن ، قمس العالقات العامة2
. الج امعة العراقية- لكية الإعالم- . أ.م راkض ي رشـــيد ، قمس الصحافة الإ ذاعية والتلفزيونية3
. أمحـــد يونـــس حممد محـــودة، دور شـــباكت التواصـــل االجــمات عي ق ي تنمية مشـــاركة الشـــباب4
الفلســـطيÐن ي ف ي القضـــاي املج تمعيـــة، دراســـة ماجســـت ي مقدمـــة إىل مهعد البحوث والدراســـات
.2013 ، العربيـــة– قـــم الدراســـات الإعالمية ، القاهـــرة . بـــرش ى Æج يل الـــراوي، دور مواقع التواصـــل ف ي التغيـــري ، مدخل نظري، Îب ث منشـــور ف ي مج لة 5
. 2012 لســـنة8 الباحـــث الإعـــامي – لكية ألإعالم – جامعـــة بغداد ، العدد . 1.Social Bakers .http6/www.Socialbakers.com .jpg-5/09/2013/uploads/wpcontent/beta/www.dailynewsegypt.com/il.wp.com://http.7 مجلة الباحث االعالمي
) 29 ( العدد 157 | 10,197 | http://abaa.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/abaa/article/download/188/111 | null |
Arabic | أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة عالقة النتائج باألهداف يف البحوث اإلعالمية
2016 - 2007 دراسة تقوميية يف حبوث جملة الباحث اإلعالمي أ.م.د رعد جاسم الكعيب
جامعة بغداد - كلية اإلعالم [email protected] المستخلص يبقـــى البحـــث اإلعالمـــي بـــا جـــدوى مـــا لـــم تتحقـــق األهـــداف والنتائـــج باســـتعمال أدوات علميـــة
صحيحـــة وهـــذه فكـــرة البحث. ويقوم البحث المعنون « عالقة النتائـــج باألهداف في البحوث اإلعالمية»
ولقـــد اعتمدها2016 / 2007 علـــى دراســـة تقويميـــة لبحـــوث مجلـــة الباحـــث اإلعالمي بيـــن عامـــي
الباحـــث ألســـباب موضوعيـــة كثيرة ، وتمثلت مشـــكلة البحث باحســـاس الباحث ان هنـــاك خلال في مدى
تحقيـــق النتائـــج في األهـــداف الموضوعة. من البحوث المنشـــورة اســـتبعد منها عشرة %35 بحثا وبنســـبة284 واختار الباحث مائة بحث من
بحـــوث النهـــا خارج اختصاص اإلعالم ، وكانت العينة عشـــوائية بســـيطة شـــملت االختصاصات الثالثة
، الصحافـــة، االذاعـــة والعالقـــات، لتحقيق معرفة مســـتوى االهـــداف بالنتائج في البحـــوث اإلعالمية، اذ
اعتمـــد الباحث اســـاليب احصائية لذلك مثل معامل فـــاي ومعامل االقتران ومعامل التوافق ومعامل ارتباط
بيرســـون ومعادلـــة خـــط االتجـــاه المســـتقيم ، واعد الباحث اســـتمارة تحليـــل وافق عليها الخبـــراء وتبين
ان اســـتمارة االســـتبيان االكثر اســـتخداماً في البحـــوث اإلعالمية، تالها تحليل المضمـــون ثم المقياس،
بحثـــاً وان اكبر عدد مـــن االهداف 31 بحثـــاً بينمـــا غابـــت عـــن58 وظهـــر ان االهـــداف موجـــودة فـــي
بحثاً بينما غابت 56 الموجـــودة كانـــت فـــي اختصاص بحوث الصحافة في حين ان النتائـــج تواجدت في
نتيجة.463 هدفاً وبلغ العدد الكلـــي للنتائج212 بحثـــاً ، كمـــا بلغ المجموع الكلـــي لالهداف34 عـــن في حين ان %50 ولعـــل اهـــم نتيجـــة توصل اليها البحـــث ، ان االهداف تحققت في النتائج بنســـبة
في كل بحث 3.6 مـــن هـــذه النتائـــج كانت مشـــتتة عـــن االهداف وقد بلـــغ معدل االهـــداف%35 نســـبة
كمعدل لكل بحث وهي نســـب معقولة .8.2 فيمـــا بلغـــت النتائـــج وتبيـــن ان االرتبـــاط بيـــن االهـــداف الموضوعة والنتائج متحققـــة ، قوية جداً، كمـــا ان االرتباط بين
.0.88 االدوات المســـتخدمة ، وتحقـــق النتائـــج قـــوي ايضاً ، اذ ان معامل االقتـــران بينهما كان [email protected] ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 115 عالقـة النتائـج باالهــداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة تقديم تبقـــى اجـــراءات البحث العلمـــي بمجملها صورة للباحـــث لبيان مدى التزامـــه بمنهجية محترمة غير
قابلـــة للتهـــاون وواحدة من مؤشـــرات هذا االلتزام مدى تحقيق اإلجـــراءات بصورة صحيحة ومدى ارتباط
كل اجـــراء باآلخـــر وهنـــاك قاعـــده بحثيـــة تشـــير إلى عـــدم تحقـــق األهـــداف بالنتائج يؤكد عـــدم مالئمه
األداة المســـتخدمة فـــي التحليـــل وعـــدم جدوى البحـــث .. وهذا هو موضوع البحث الـــذي نحن بصدده .. The Relation of Results to Objectives of Media Research – an Evaluative
Study of Research of al-Baath al-iilami Journal from 2007 to 2016
Ass. Prof.: Raad Jasim al-Kaabi, Ph.D. The main idea of this research is that the researcher believes that media
research remains useless unless its goals and results are achieved by using
the correct scientific tools. The researcher chooses 100 research papers of
about 35% of the published ones, 10 of them are excluded because they are
outside media. We use a simple and randomized sample including the three
departments of media: journalism, television and radio journalism and public
relations. The researcher adopts statistical methods such as Fay coefficient,
correlation coefficient, Pearson correlation coefficient and straight line equation. The researcher uses an analytical form followed by analysis of content,
them the scale. The results are found in 58 researches, while 31 of them have
no results. The largest number of goals is in the field of journalism. The total
number of goals reaches 212 and the total number of results is 463. The most important result of the research is that the goals achieved
through the results by 50%, while 35% of these results are separated from the
goals. In each research, the researcher finds that the goal rate reaches 3.6,
and the results are 8.2. it is also found that the correlation between the set
goals and the achieved results is very strong since the correlation coefficient
between them is 0.88 which is reasonable. ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 116 أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة االهداف والنتائج تعرف النتيجة لغوياً بانها «ما تترتب على شيء او ما يحدث في اعقاب شيء من جراء غيره . أما الهدف « مطلب أوغرض يوجه إليه القصد» . ) إلـــى أنَ النتائـــج تأتي بعد « الفـــراغ من النقـــاش وتقديم االدلة»1( ويشـــير احـــد الباحثيـــن
بأســـلوب واضـــح ســـهل اذ ان « الكلمات تســـتعمل لتوصيـــل فكره محدودة للقـــارئ وليس ألظهار
)». 2( القدرات البالغيـــة للباحث . . عملية تحويل المعلومات الى بيانات وهي عملية استخالص مؤشرات او حقائق تفيد لغرض البحث2
والقيمـــة الحقيقيـــة ألي بحـــث علمي يســـتند على دراســـة ظواهر محـــددة « تحويل االهداف
الـــى نتائـــج مفصولـــة غير متناقضـــة تحدد معالـــم الظاهرة المدروســـة وتمتاز بالمســـوغ العلمي
المســـتند الـــى ادلـــة تعتمـــد علـــى اداة علمية مثبـــت صالحيتها اذ مـــن ممكن تحقـــق االداة عدة
).4( اهـــداف ولكـــن ال يمكـــن ان يحقـــق الهدف الواحـــد اداتان وهنا من الضروري « اعطاء تفســـير ســـببي لســـيرورة ما االشتقاق االستنتاجي من القوانين
) وهو ما يعطي للنتائج جدواها الحقيقي .5( « والشروط على الحدود لقضية توصفها هذه السيرورة
مشكلة البحث تتمثـــل مشـــكله البحـــث الذي نحـــن في صدده بإحســـاس الباحـــث ان هنالك خلالً في مـــدى مط
النتائـــج واألهـــداف فـــي البحـــوث اإلعالمية وقد توصل الباحـــث لهذا الخلل من خـــال اطالعه على
كبيـــر مـــن البحوث اإلعالمية ومناقشـــة لرســـائل ماجســـتير واطاريح دكتوراه واعتمـــاده خبراً علمياً
ويمكن تحديد المشكلة باألسئلة اآلتية :
1
1 . .ما مدى وجود األهداف في البحوث اإلعالمية المنشورة في مجلة الباحث اإلعالمي؟
2
2 . .أي أدوات البحث اكثر استعماالً وفي اي تخصص ؟ تتمثـــل مشـــكله البحـــث الذي نحـــن في صدده بإحســـاس الباحـــث ان هنالك خلالً في مـــدى مطابقة
النتائـــج واألهـــداف فـــي البحـــوث اإلعالمية وقد توصل الباحـــث لهذا الخلل من خـــال اطالعه على عدد
كبيـــر مـــن البحوث اإلعالمية ومناقشـــة لرســـائل ماجســـتير واطاريح دكتوراه واعتمـــاده خبراً علمياً . ويمكن تحديد المشكلة باألسئلة اآلتية : آأ
1
1 . .ما مدى وجود األهداف في البحوث اإلعالمية المنشورة في مجلة الباحث اإلعالمي؟
2
2 . .أي أدوات البحث اكثر استعماالً وفي اي تخصص ؟ 117 عالقـة النتائـج باالهــداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي 3
3 . .ما حجم وجود الفروض في البحوث اإلعالمية ؟
4
4 . .ما مدى وجود النتائج في البحوث اإلعالمية ؟
5
5 . .ما مستوى تطابق النتائج واألهداف في البحوث اإلعالمية ؟
6
6 .ما مدى مالئمة أدوات البحث المستخدمة لتحقيق االهداف في البحوث اإلعالمية ؟
7
7 . االهداف والنتائج ما عالقة األدوات المستخدمة في البحوث اإلعالمية بالنتائج ؟
8
8 .ما مستوى االرتباط بين األهداف والنتائج في البحث اإلعالمي ؟
9
9 .هل نسبة تحقق األهداف في النتائج معقولة مستقبال ؟ ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي الوسائل اإلحصائية المستخدمة : الوسائل اإلحصائية المستخدمة : إ
1
1 . .معامل التوافق
2
2 . .معامل فاي
3
3 . .معامل ارتباط برسون
4
4 . .معامل االقتران
5
5 . .معادلة خط االتجاه المستقيم ا
5
5 . .معادلة خط االتجاه المستقيم أهداف البحث يهدف البحث إلى :
1
1 . . معرفة حجم وجود األهداف والنتائج في البحوث اإلعالمية
2
2 . . تحديد مالئمة األدوات البحثية لتحقيق األهداف وفق التخصصات
3
3 . . معرفة مستوى ارتباط األهداف بالنتائج في البحوث اإلعالمية
4
ًالبحوث اإلعالمية مستقبال
التنبؤ بمستوى تحقق األهداف بالنتائج ف 4
4 . . ًالتنبؤ بمستوى تحقق األهداف بالنتائج في البحوث اإلعالمية مستقبال إأ
اأهمية البحث يمكن تحديد أهمية البحث باالتي :
للمجتمـــع : يمثـــل البحـــث فرصة لتحديد جوانـــب الخلل في البحث اإلعالمي الـــذي يمثل ركيزة من ركائز
تقويـــم وســـائل اإلعالم التي هي واحده من اهم وســـائل التأثيـــر في الرأي العام
مجـــال االختصـــاص : يعطي البحث تصورا علميا للباحثين حول مســـار العالقة بيـــن األهداف والنتائج
ممـــا يوفـــر فرصـــة أجدها مهمة لمعرفة جوانـــب الخلل في مدى ترابط اإلجـــراءات وتوافقها وصحتها .. مجتمع البحث والعينة واألداة
) بحثـــا أي مـــن مجلة الباحث اإلعالمي الصادرة مـــن كلية اإلعالم – جامعة 284 ( اختـــار الباحـــث
35.2 ) بحث وحجمها100( ثم اختار عينة عشـــوائية بســـيطة قوامها2016-2007 بغداد لألعوام
وفـــي االختصاصـــات الثالثـــة « إذاعة وتلفزيون , صحافه , عالقات عامة، كما اســـتخدم الباحث %
. ( تحليـــل المضمـــون) ، واعد لذلك اســـتمارة حُظيت بموافقة الخبراء يمكن تحديد أهمية البحث باالتي :
للمجتمـــع : يمثـــل البحـــث فرصة لتحديد جوانـــب الخلل في البحث اإلعالمي الـــذي يمثل ركيزة من ركائز
تقويـــم وســـائل اإلعالم التي هي واحده من اهم وســـائل التأثيـــر في الرأي العام
مجـــال االختصـــاص : يعطي البحث تصورا علميا للباحثين حول مســـار العالقة بيـــن األهداف والنتائج
ممـــا يوفـــر فرصـــة أجدها مهمة لمعرفة جوانـــب الخلل في مدى ترابط اإلجـــراءات وتوافقها وصحتها .. ) بحثـــا أي مـــن مجلة الباحث اإلعالمي الصادرة مـــن كلية اإلعالم – جامعة 284 ( اختـــار الباحـــث
35.2 ) بحث وحجمها100( ثم اختار عينة عشـــوائية بســـيطة قوامها2016-2007 بغداد لألعوام
وفـــي االختصاصـــات الثالثـــة « إذاعة وتلفزيون , صحافه , عالقات عامة، كما اســـتخدم الباحث %
. ( تحليـــل المضمـــون) ، واعد لذلك اســـتمارة حُظيت بموافقة الخبراء الصدق والثبات
اعتمد الباحث طريقة الوشي لمعرفة مدى اتفاق الخبراء على صدق التحليل بتطبيق طريقة الوشي. )6( )C V R=(n-N/z)/(N/z 118 أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة عـــدد المحكمين الـــذي أشـــاروا ان الفقرةn الـــى نســـبة صـــدق المحتـــوى وC V R حيـــث تشـــير
%88 = تمثـــل العـــدد الكلـــي للمحكميـــن* وتبيـــن ان نســـبة اتفاق الخبـــراءN اساســـية او صحيحـــة و
. %85 إاما الثبات فاستخدم الباحث معادلة هولستير باالستعانة بخبير اخر وتبين ان نسبة الثبات الدراسات السابقة : ) ولكنها في كل 7( وجـــد الباحث إشـــارات إلى دراســـات ســـابقة لكنـــه لم يتمكن من الوصـــول إليهـــا
حـــال ليســـت ضمن االختصاص الدقيـــق للبحث . ) ولكنها في كل 7( وجـــد الباحث إشـــارات إلى دراســـات ســـابقة لكنـــه لم يتمكن من الوصـــول إليهـــا
حـــال ليســـت ضمن االختصاص الدقيـــق للبحث . » بحثـــاً فـــي مجلة الباحـــث الصادرة مـــن كلية اإلعالم 284« ) بحـــث مـــن100 ( اختـــار الباحـــث
وهي األعداد المتوفرة لألسباب اآلتية :% 35,2 وبنسبة2016-2007 جامعة بغداد ما بين األعوام
1
1 . . ان المجلة تمثل وعاءاً علمياً معتبراً لنشر البحوث اإلعالمية
2
2 . . جهة مختصة بالبحث اإلعالمي
3
3 . . ًيخضع النشر بها إلى اعتبارات علمية معترف بها علميا » بحثـــاً فـــي مجلة الباحـــث الصادرة مـــن كلية اإلعالم 284« ) بحـــث مـــن100 ( اختـــار الباحـــث
وهي األعداد المتوفرة لألسباب اآلتية :% 35,2 وبنسبة2016-2007 جامعة بغداد ما بين األعوام
1
1 . . ان المجلة تمثل وعاءاً علمياً معتبراً لنشر البحوث اإلعالمية
2
2 . . جهة مختصة بالبحث اإلعالمي :اخلرباء
.أ د.وسام فاضل1
. أ د.علي الشمري2
. أ م د.عبد السالم امحد3
. أ م د.طالب عبد اجمليد4
.أ م د.عمار طاهر5
. أ م د. اميان عبد الرمحن6
. أ م د.علي عباس7 ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 119 عالقـة النتائـج باالهــداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة عالقـة النتائـج باالهــداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة . . الناشرون مدرس فأستاذ مساعد فأستاذ
. تنشـــر االختصاصـــات إذاعـــة وصحافـــة وتلفزيـــون وعالقات عامـــة، وإعالن وباألنـــواع الثالثة بحث
.ســـالة و وســـيلة وجمهـــور فتوفر فرصـــة للباحث لدراســـة اإلعالم بأشـــكاله المختلفة
بحثاً 26 وإذاعـــة وتلفزيـــون%31,1 ) بحثـــاً وبنســـبة28( وتوزعـــت االختصاصـــات إلـــى صحافـــة
10 فيهـــا كانت%27,7 بحثـــاً وبنســـبة25 وإعـــام عـــام%12,2 وعالقـــات عامـــة% 28,8 بنســـبة
وكمـــا يظهـــر الجدول :%10 حـــوث وبنســـبة
) يمثل إعداد البحـــوث والخاضعة للبحث واختصاصاتها1( جـــدول
العدد الكلي
عينة البحث
النسبة
بحثاً284
اختصاص
.صحافة1
.إذاعة2
.عالقات3
.اعالم4
بحث100
بحث90
28
26
11
25
%35,2
%100
%31,1
%28,8
%12,2
%27,7
خارج االختصاص10
%10 ) 38 ( العدد120
اجملة الباحث اإلعالمي
.اعالم4
25
%27,7
خارج االختصاص10
%10
فيمـــا تـــم االختيـــار فـــي الســـنوات وفق العينـــة العشـــوائية البســـيطة اذ تـــم االختيار عشـــوائياً حتى
بالنســـبة لالختصاصـــات .. الدراسات السابقة : على حيـــن جاء تحليـــل المضمون
كاســـتخدام اول في اختصاص بحوث الصحافة فيما جاء االســـتبيان اوال ً في بحوث االذاعة والتلفزيون
إفالعالقات العامة .. فيما جاء استخدام المقياس اوالً في بحوث االذاعة والتلفزيون وكما يظهر الجدول : ) يوضح أدوات البحث العلمي المســـتخدمة في اختصاصات اإلعالم4( جدول
التخصص / االدارة
العدد
الصحافة
اإلذاعة والتلفزيون
العالقات العامة
إعالم عام
تحليل المضمون-
10
%21
7
2
1صفر
استمارة استبيان-
26
%55
3
11
6
6
المقياس-
6
%12
1
3
1
1
اخرى5
%10
2
2صفر1 ) بحثـــاً ذُكـــرت فيهـــا اهداف مقســـمة58( وعـــن االهـــداف التـــي تـــم ذكرهـــا فـــي البحـــوث تبيـــن ان
)12() بحـــوث فـــي العالقـــات و9() بحثـــاً فـــي االذاعـــة و19( ) بحثـــاً فـــي الصحافـــة و18( مـــا بيـــن
) بحوث في10( ) بحثـــاً لـــم تذكـــر فيهـــا اهـــداف موزعة مـــا بيـــن32( بحثـــاً فـــي االعـــام العـــام بينمـــا
) بحثـــاً اعالم عام13() فـــي العالقات العامـــة و2() بحـــوث فـــي االذاعـــة والتلفزيـــون و7(الصحافـــة و
مـــن البحـــوث دون ان تذكـــر اهـــداف محـــددة ونســـبة مرتفعـــة تشـــير%32 .. ومـــن هنـــا فـــأن نســـبة
الـــى عـــدم االهتمـــام باألهـــداف فـــي حيـــن ان اســـاس البحـــث تحقيـــق االهداف وكمـــا يظهـــر الجدول :
) يوضح وجود االهداف في البحوث5( جـــدول رقم
وجود االهداف
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة وتلفزيون
العالقات
اعالم عام
موجودة58
18
19
9
12
غير موجودة32
10
7
2
13ا ) بحثـــاً ذُكـــرت فيهـــا اهداف مقســـمة58( وعـــن االهـــداف التـــي تـــم ذكرهـــا فـــي البحـــوث تبيـــن ان
) 12() بحـــوث فـــي العالقـــات و9() بحثـــاً فـــي االذاعـــة و19( ) بحثـــاً فـــي الصحافـــة و18( مـــا بيـــن
) بحوث في 10( ) بحثـــاً لـــم تذكـــر فيهـــا اهـــداف موزعة مـــا بيـــن32( بحثـــاً فـــي االعـــام العـــام بينمـــا
) بحثـــاً اعالم عام 13() فـــي العالقات العامـــة و2() بحـــوث فـــي االذاعـــة والتلفزيـــون و7(الصحافـــة و
مـــن البحـــوث دون ان تذكـــر اهـــداف محـــددة ونســـبة مرتفعـــة تشـــير %32 .. الدراسات السابقة : وكمـــا يظهـــر الجدول :
) يمثل ســـنوات العينة واعـــداد بحوث االختصاص الخاضعة للبحث 2( جدول
سنوات العينة
العدد
صحافة
إذاعة
عالقات
إعالم عام
أخرى
2007
12
4
2
1
4
1
2008
7
2
2
1
2
/
2009
14
4
3
2
2
3
2010
13
1
4
3
5
/
2011
9
2
4
/
2
1
2012
10
3
3
3
1
/
2013
12
4
3
/
5
/
2014
9
4
2
/
3
/
2015
7
1
1
1
4
/
2016
7
3
2
/
2
/
المجموع100
28
26
11
30
5
وتبيـــن مـــن البحـــث ان االختصاصات فيما يخص جنـــس المبحوثين وطبيعة البحـــوث متناغمة وان
اعلى نســـبة نشـــر للذكور كانت في اختصاص االذاعة والتلفزيون اما اعلى نســـبة نشـــر لإلناث فكانت
فـــي الصحافـــة ، فيمـــا كانـــت اعلى نســـبة من البحـــوث المنفردة للصحافـــة والبحوث المشـــتركة لإلذاعة
والتلفزيون وكمـــا يظهر الجدول : ) يمثل ســـنوات العينة واعـــداد بحوث االختصاص الخاضعة للبحث 2( جدول
سنوات العينة
العدد
صحافة
إذاعة
عالقات
إعالم عام
أخرى
2007
12
4
2
1
4
1
2008
7
2
2
1
2
/
2009
14
4
3
2
2
3
2010
13
1
4
3
5
/
2011
9
2
4
/
2
1
2012
10
3
3
3
1
/
2013
12
4
3
/
5
/
2014
9
4
2
/
3
/
2015
7
1
1
1
4
/
2016
7
3
2
/
2
/
المجموع100
28
26
11
30
5 ) 38 ( العدد120
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
وتبيـــن مـــن البحـــث ان االختصاصات فيما يخص جنـــس المبحوثين وطبيعة البحـــوث متناغمة وان
اعلى نســـبة نشـــر للذكور كانت في اختصاص االذاعة والتلفزيون اما اعلى نســـبة نشـــر لإلناث فكانت
فـــي الصحافـــة ، فيمـــا كانـــت اعلى نســـبة من البحـــوث المنفردة للصحافـــة والبحوث المشـــتركة لإلذاعة
والتلفزيون وكمـــا يظهر الجدول : ) 38 ( العدد120
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
وتبيـــن مـــن البحـــث ان االختصاصات فيما يخص جنـــس المبحوثين وطبيعة البحـــوث متناغمة وان
اعلى نســـبة نشـــر للذكور كانت في اختصاص االذاعة والتلفزيون اما اعلى نســـبة نشـــر لإلناث فكانت
فـــي الصحافـــة ، فيمـــا كانـــت اعلى نســـبة من البحـــوث المنفردة للصحافـــة والبحوث المشـــتركة لإلذاعة
والتلفزيون وكمـــا يظهر الجدول : 120 عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي ) يمثل عالقة جنس المبحوثيـــن بأختصاصات البحوث وطبيعتها3( جـــدول
الجنس / التخصص
ذكر
انثى
منفرد
مشترك
صحافة21
7
26
2
إذاعة وتلفزيون23
3
20
6
عالقات عامة8
3
8
3
إعالم عام21
4
21
4
المجموع73
17
75
15 ) يمثل عالقة جنس المبحوثيـــن بأختصاصات البحوث وطبيعتها3( جـــدول
الجنس / التخصص
ذكر
انثى
منفرد
مشترك
صحافة21
7
26
2
إذاعة وتلفزيون23
3
20
6
عالقات عامة8
3
8
3
إعالم عام21
4
21
4
المجموع73
17
75
15 وفيمـــا يخـــص االدوات العلميـــة المســـتخدمة والمذكـــورة جـــاء االســـتبيان اوالً ثم تحليـــل المضمون
فالمقيـــاس فيمـــا حلـــت ادوات اخـــرى كالمقابلـــة والمالحظـــة بعدهـــا.. الدراسات السابقة : ومـــن هنـــا فـــأن نســـبة
الـــى عـــدم االهتمـــام باألهـــداف فـــي حيـــن ان اســـاس البحـــث تحقيـــق االهداف وكمـــا يظهـــر الجدول :
) يوضح وجود االهداف في البحوث5( جـــدول رقم وجود االهداف
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة وتلفزيون
العالقات
اعالم عام
موجودة58
18
19
9
12
غير موجودة32
10
7
2
13 ) 38 ( العدد121
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
) بحـــوث مقســـمة مـــا بيـــن االذاعـــة5( وفيمـــا يخـــص فـــروض البحـــث ان الفـــروض ذكـــرت فـــي
) بحثـــاً أي فروض وكانت85( ) بحـــوث والصحافـــة والعالقـــات بحث واحد فيمـــا لم تذكر3( والتلفزيـــون
النســـبة االكبـــر فـــي الصحافة ثـــم االذاعة فالعالقات وبرغم ظهـــور المقياس كأداة اال ان عدم اســـتخدام
الفـــروض يشـــير الى : ) 38 ( العدد121
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
) بحـــوث مقســـمة مـــا بيـــن االذاعـــة5( وفيمـــا يخـــص فـــروض البحـــث ان الفـــروض ذكـــرت فـــي
) بحثـــاً أي فروض وكانت 85( ) بحـــوث والصحافـــة والعالقـــات بحث واحد فيمـــا لم تذكر3( والتلفزيـــون
النســـبة االكبـــر فـــي الصحافة ثـــم االذاعة فالعالقات وبرغم ظهـــور المقياس كأداة اال ان عدم اســـتخدام
الفـــروض يشـــير الى : 121 أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي . . االبتعاد عن تطبيق النظريات1
:. عدم االفصاح عن العالقات االرتباطية التي من المفترض انه تم التحقق منها وكما يظهر في الجدول2
) يوضح وجود الفروض في البحوث6( جـــدول
وجود الفروض
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
اعالم عام
موجودة5
1
3
1صفر
غير موجودة85
27
23
10
25 هدف في بحوث74 ) هدفاً مقسمة على212( وعن االهداف التي ذكرتها البحوث وجد الباحث انها
) بحثاً في37( في بحوث االذاعة والتلفزيون و%32 ) هدفاً وبنســـبة68( و%34,9 الصحافة وبنســـبة
وهو ما يعكس%15,5 ) بحثاً في العالقات العامة وبنسبة33( و%17,4 تخصص االعالم العام وبنسبة
ان قســـم الصحافة االكثر اهتماماً بإيراد االهداف في بحوثه برغم ان بحوث هذا القســـم كانت االكثر في
اخضاعها للبحث ولكن هذه النسبة ال تتفق مع ارتفاع بحوث الصحافة عن غيرها . الدراسات السابقة : وكما يظهر الجدول : ) يوضح حجم االهداف وفق االختصاصات7( جـــدول
التخصص
عدد االهداف
النسبة
الرتبة
الصحافة74
%34,9
1
االذاعة والتلفزيون68
%32,0
2
العالقات العامة33
%15,5
4
االعالم37
%17,4
3
المجموع212
%100اا ) يوضح حجم االهداف وفق االختصاصات7( جـــدول ) 38 ( العدد122
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
ً) بحثا69( وعـــن حجـــم تحقـــق االهـــداف وفقـــاً لالختصاصـــات تبيـــن ان كل االهـــداف تحققـــت فـــي
) بحوث فـــي العالقات وكذلك 10() بحثاً فـــي االذاعة و23() بحثاً و26( فقـــط موزعـــة علـــى الصحافـــة
) في الصحافة 2() فـــي االذاعة و3( ) بحـــوث حققت بعـــض االهداف موزعة ما بين6( االعـــام ، فيمـــا
وبحـــث واحد فـــي العالقات وكما يظهـــر الجدول:
) يوضح حجم االهداف في البحوث8( جـــدول
التخصص/ حجم تحقق االهداف
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
اعالم عام
كل االهداف69
26
23
10
10
بعض االهداف6
2
3
1صفر
* لم يستطع الباحث تمييز هذه الفئات في باقي البحوث
) 34( ) بحثاً اعلنـــت عن النتائج فيما كان هناك56( وعـــن وجـــود النتائـــج في هذ البحوث تبين ان
) بحثاً في 15( ) بحثاً في االذاعة اعلنت عـــن نتائجها و20( بحثـــاً لـــم تظهـــر بها نتائـــج وقد ظهر أن
)في العالقات فيما توزعت البحوث التي لم تعلن عن نتائجا ما بين 9( ) في االعالم و12( الصحافة و
)عالقات ..أن هذه النسبة الكبيرة التي تصل 2( ) اعالم عام و13() في االذاعة و6() في الصحافة و13(
: فـــي البحـــوث التعلن عن نتائجا تفقد البحث العلمي جدواه الحقيقية ... الدراسات السابقة : وكما يظهر الجدول%34 الـــى 122 عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي ) يوضح وجود نتائج وفق االختصاصات9( جـــدول
التخصص / وجود النتائج
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
االعالم عام
موجودة56
15
20
9
12
غير موجودة34
13
6
2
13ا ) يوضح وجود نتائج وفق االختصاصات9( جـــدول
التخصص / وجود النتائج
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
االعالم عام
موجودة56
15
20
9
12
غير موجودة34
13
6
2
13
) نتيجــة463( وتبيــن مــن البحــوث االعالميــة التــي ذكــرت النتائــج ،كان مجمــوع نتائجهــا
) وحــل هــذا االختصــاص اوالً %41,4( ) نتيجــة بنســبة192( موزعــة مابيــن االذاعــة والتلفزيــون
) وحلــت بحــوث االعــام %18,7( ) نتيجــة وبنســبة111( فيمــا جائــت بحــوث الصحافــة ثانيــاً ب
) ويمكــن القــول هنــا ان الباحثيــن فــي االذاعــة والتلفزيــون %15,7( ) تكــرار وبنســبة73( العــام ب
اكثــر أهتمامــاً مــن غيرهــم بذكــر النتائــج .. وكمــا يظهــر فــي الجــدول :
) يوضح حجم النتائج وفق االختصاصات10( جـــدول
عدد النتائج / التخصص
عدد النتائج
النسبة
الرتبة
الصحافة111
%23,9
2
االذاعة والتلفزيون192
%41,4
1
العالقات87
%18,7
3
اعالم عام73
%15,7
4
المجموع463
%100ا ) يوضح وجود نتائج وفق االختصاصات9( جـــدول )45( وعـن عالقـة تحقــق االهــداف بالنتائــج كمــا اعلنــت عنهــا البحــوث موضــوع الدراسـة تبيـن ان
) لــم تحقــق%49,4( بحثــا) وبنســبة44( ) حققــت فيهــا النتائــج االهــداف فيمــا%50,5( بحثــاً يســاوي
فيهــا االهــداف النتائــج بينمــا لــم تتوضــح هــذه العالقـة فــي بحــث واحــد فقــط تــم اهمالـه .فيمــا اعلــى نســبة
تحقــق لألهــداف فــي النتائــج كانــت فــي بحــوث االذاعــة تلتهــا الصحافــة فاالعــام العــام فالعالقــات اعلــى
)27( حيــث جــاءت اعلــى نســبة لعــدم تحقــق االهــداف بالنتائــج فــي بحثــي الصحافــة واالعــام العــام
) فــي البحــوث التحقــق فيهــا النتائــج االهــداف يشــير%49( جــاءت بعدهــا االذاعـة والعالقــات .. أن نســبة
الــى خلــل كبيــر فــي الطريقــة التــي تعالــج بهــا االهــداف لتحقيــق النتائــج .. وكمــا فــي الجــدول . الدراسات السابقة : وكما يظهر الجدول%34 الـــى ً) بحثا69( وعـــن حجـــم تحقـــق االهـــداف وفقـــاً لالختصاصـــات تبيـــن ان كل االهـــداف تحققـــت فـــي
) بحوث فـــي العالقات وكذلك10() بحثاً فـــي االذاعة و23() بحثاً و26( فقـــط موزعـــة علـــى الصحافـــة
) في الصحافة2() فـــي االذاعة و3( ) بحـــوث حققت بعـــض االهداف موزعة ما بين6( االعـــام ، فيمـــا
وبحـــث واحد فـــي العالقات وكما يظهـــر الجدول:
) يوضح حجم االهداف في البحوث8( جـــدول
التخصص/ حجم تحقق االهداف
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
اعالم عام
كل االهداف69
26
23
10
10
بعض االهداف6
2
3
1صفر ) بحثا69( وعـــن حجـــم تحقـــق االهـــداف وفقـــا لالختصاصـــات تبيـــن ان كل االهـــداف تحققـــت فـــي
) بحوث فـــي العالقات وكذلك 10() بحثاً فـــي االذاعة و23() بحثاً و26( فقـــط موزعـــة علـــى الصحافـــة
) في الصحافة 2() فـــي االذاعة و3( ) بحـــوث حققت بعـــض االهداف موزعة ما بين6( االعـــام ، فيمـــا
وبحـــث واحد فـــي العالقات وكما يظهـــر الجدول:
) يوضح حجم االهداف في البحوث8( جـــدول
التخصص/ حجم تحقق االهداف
العدد
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
اعالم عام
كل االهداف69
26
23
10
10
بعض االهداف6
2
3
1صفر * لم يستطع الباحث تمييز هذه الفئات في باقي البحوث ) 38 (العدد122
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي
ي ب ي ب و
ييز
ع ب
م ي
) 34( ) بحثاً اعلنـــت عن النتائج فيما كان هناك56( وعـــن وجـــود النتائـــج في هذ البحوث تبين ان
) بحثاً في 15( ) بحثاً في االذاعة اعلنت عـــن نتائجها و20( بحثـــاً لـــم تظهـــر بها نتائـــج وقد ظهر أن
)في العالقات فيما توزعت البحوث التي لم تعلن عن نتائجا ما بين 9( ) في االعالم و12( الصحافة و
)عالقات ..أن هذه النسبة الكبيرة التي تصل 2( ) اعالم عام و13() في االذاعة و6() في الصحافة و13(
: فـــي البحـــوث التعلن عن نتائجا تفقد البحث العلمي جدواه الحقيقية ... وكما يظهر الجدول%34 الـــى ي
ي
ع
م
) 34( ) بحثاً اعلنـــت عن النتائج فيما كان هناك56( وعـــن وجـــود النتائـــج في هذ البحوث تبين ان
) بحثاً في 15( ) بحثاً في االذاعة اعلنت عـــن نتائجها و20( بحثـــاً لـــم تظهـــر بها نتائـــج وقد ظهر أن
)في العالقات فيما توزعت البحوث التي لم تعلن عن نتائجا ما بين 9( ) في االعالم و12( الصحافة و
)عالقات ..أن هذه النسبة الكبيرة التي تصل 2( ) اعالم عام و13() في االذاعة و6() في الصحافة و13(
: فـــي البحـــوث التعلن عن نتائجا تفقد البحث العلمي جدواه الحقيقية ... الدراسات السابقة : ) يوضح عالقة االهداف بالنتائج11( جـــدول رقم
التخصص / النتائج
العدد
النسبة
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
اعالم
تحقيق االهداف بالنتائج 45
%50
13
%14,6
14
%15,7
8
%8,9
10
%11,2
عدم تحقيق االهداف بالنتائج44
%49
15
%16
12
%13,4
2
15
%16,8
المجموع89
28
26
10
25ا )45( وعـن عالقـة تحقــق االهــداف بالنتائــج كمــا اعلنــت عنهــا البحــوث موضــوع الدراسـة تبيـن ان
) لــم تحقــق %49,4( بحثــا) وبنســبة44( ) حققــت فيهــا النتائــج االهــداف فيمــا%50,5( بحثــاً يســاوي
فيهــا االهــداف النتائــج بينمــا لــم تتوضــح هــذه العالقـة فــي بحــث واحــد فقــط تــم اهمالـه .فيمــا اعلــى نســبة
تحقــق لألهــداف فــي النتائــج كانــت فــي بحــوث االذاعــة تلتهــا الصحافــة فاالعــام العــام فالعالقــات اعلــى
) 27( حيــث جــاءت اعلــى نســبة لعــدم تحقــق االهــداف بالنتائــج فــي بحثــي الصحافــة واالعــام العــام
) فــي البحــوث التحقــق فيهــا النتائــج االهــداف يشــير %49( جــاءت بعدهــا االذاعـة والعالقــات .. أن نســبة
الــى خلــل كبيــر فــي الطريقــة التــي تعالــج بهــا االهــداف لتحقيــق النتائــج .. وكمــا فــي الجــدول . ) يوضح عالقة االهداف بالنتائج11( جـــدول رقم
التخصص / النتائج
العدد
النسبة
الصحافة
االذاعة
العالقات
اعالم
تحقيق االهداف بالنتائج 45
%50
13
%14,6
14
%15,7
8
%8,9
10
%11,2
عدم تحقيق االهداف بالنتائج44
%49
15
%16
12
%13,4
2
15
%16,8
المجموع89
28
26
10
25ا ولمعرفــة مــدى مالئمــة النتائــج المذكــورة مــع االهــداف الموضوعــة وذلــك بمقارنــة نتائــج كل بحــث
مــع اهدافــه ومــدى تحققهــا فعليــاً وليــس بشــكل منقــوص او زائــد عــن االهــداف المطلوبــة بتصنيفهــا الـى
مطابقــة .أي حققــت االهــداف نجــد غيرهــا دون زيــادة أو نقصــان او مشــتتة « اي كانــت النتائـج امــا زائــدة
) فيما64,2( ) بحثــاً كانــت نتائجهــا مطابقة وبنســبة36( عــن االهــداف الموضوعــه أو منقوصــة تبيــن أن
) نتائجهــا مشــتتة وهــي نســبة كبيــرة تعنــي ان جهــود . اكثـر مــن ثلــث%35,8( ) بحثــاً وبنســبة20( كانــت 123 أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي عالقـة النتائـج باالهــداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي الباحثيــن لتحويــل االهــداف الــى النتائــج غيــر صحيحــة ممــا يعنــي أن األدوات التــي اســتخدمت لــم تبنــى
بطريقــة صحيحــة فــأدت الـى نتائــج مشــتتة التحقــق االهــداف بحذافيرهــا نجد غيــرا .... وكما في الجدول . ) يوضـــــــح مســـتوى تحقق النتائج وفق اختصاصا البحوث12( جدول
التخصص / مستوى / تحقيق النتائج
العدد
النسبة
الصحافة
اإلذاعة
العالقات
إعالم
مطابقة 36
%64
11
%28
14
%36,8
5
%13
6
%21
مشتتة20
%35
5
%22,7
10
%54,5
3
%13,6
2
%9 أالعالقة أالرتباطية . عالقــة التخصــص بــاألدوات المســتخدمة: مــن خــال اســتخدام معامــل التوافــق تبيــن أن العالقــة 1
وهــو طــردي قــوي ممــا يشــير إلـى أن الباحثيــن0.99 بيــن األدوات المســتخدمة وتخصــص البحــوث تبلــغ
يســتخدمون األدوات العلميــة المالئمــة بحوثهــم وفــق االختصاصــات المختلفــة. . عالقــة التخصــص بــاألدوات المســتخدمة: مــن خــال اســتخدام معامــل التوافــق تبيــن أن العالقــة 1
وهــو طــردي قــوي ممــا يشــير إلـى أن الباحثيــن0.99 بيــن األدوات المســتخدمة وتخصــص البحــوث تبلــغ
يســتخدمون األدوات العلميــة المالئمــة بحوثهــم وفــق االختصاصــات المختلفــة. . عالقــة جنسـيه الباحـث بالنتائـج: مــن خـال تطبيــق معامــل (فــاي) ظهـر أن العالقــة متوســط طــردي 2
فيمــا كانــت العالقــة بيــن طبيعــة البحــث ( منفــرد أو مشــترك ) مــع النتائــج متوســط طــردي%48 إذ بلغــت
وهــو يعكــس هنــا تناغــم فــي جنــس وطبيعــة البحــث مــع النتائــج .%34 أيضــا وفــق معامــل فــاي الــذي بلــغ
. عالقــة األدوات المســتخدمة بالنتائــج: وعلــى وفــق اســتخدام معامــل ارتبــاط (بيرســون) تبيــن إن 3
ممــا يعكــس قــدرة األدوات المســتخدمة لتحقيــق النتائــج فيمــا كانــت وفــق%83العالقــة قويــة إذ بلغــت
ممــا يعكــس إن العالقــة قويــه جــدا.0.88 معامــل االقتــران
ن األه داف
دا
ن) كان اال ت اط ق ي
ا ل (
تخدا
ا
عالق ة األه داف النتائ ج:4 . عالقــة جنسـيه الباحـث بالنتائـج: مــن خـال تطبيــق معامــل (فــاي) ظهـر أن العالقــة متوســط طــردي 2
فيمــا كانــت العالقــة بيــن طبيعــة البحــث ( منفــرد أو مشــترك ) مــع النتائــج متوســط طــردي%48 إذ بلغــت
وهــو يعكــس هنــا تناغــم فــي جنــس وطبيعــة البحــث مــع النتائــج .%34 أيضــا وفــق معامــل فــاي الــذي بلــغ
. عالقــة األدوات المســتخدمة بالنتائــج: وعلــى وفــق اســتخدام معامــل ارتبــاط (بيرســون) تبيــن إن 3
ممــا يعكــس قــدرة األدوات المســتخدمة لتحقيــق النتائــج فيمــا كانــت وفــق%83العالقــة قويــة إذ بلغــت
ممــا يعكــس إن العالقــة قويــه جــدا.0.88 معامــل االقتــران . عالقــة األهــداف بالنتائــج: وباســتخدام معامــل (بيرســون) كان االرتبــاط قــوي جــدا بيــن األهــداف 4
.الموضوعــة والنتائــج المتحققــة ) التنبؤ بمدى استمرار العالقة بين األهداف والنتائج في البحوث االعالمية لسنوات مقبلة .5
. س0.75+4.8= وبتطبيق معادله خط االتجاه المستقيم بلغت العالقة
مما يعني أن نسبة تحقيق النتائج لألهداف لتحافظ على نسبة معقولة ومقبولة مستقبال. ) أعلـــى نشـــر للذكـــور فـــي اختصـــاص االذاعـــة واقل نشـــر للعالقات أعلى نشـــر لإلنـــاث في بحوث1
. الصحافـــة و األقـــل للعالقـــة العامة ) 38 ( العدد124
أجملة الباحث اإلعالمي
) بحـــوث الصحافـــة المنفـــردة األكثر بيـــن االختصاصات واألكثر في البحوث المشـــتركة في اختصاص 2
. االذاعـــة و التلفزيـــون ممـــا يعكـــس أن التعاون العلمي في قســـم االذاعة أكثر من باقي األقســـام
مـــن البحوث التي ذكـــرت األدوات .. أالعالقة أالرتباطية مما يعكس %55 ) االســـتبيان أكثـــر األدوات اســـتخداما إذ بلغـــت3
.أن الميل يســـير باتجاه بحوث الجمهور وليس الرســـالة أو الوســـيلة ) بحـــوث الصحافـــة المنفـــردة األكثر بيـــن االختصاصات واألكثر في البحوث المشـــتركة في اختصاص 2
. االذاعـــة و التلفزيـــون ممـــا يعكـــس أن التعاون العلمي في قســـم االذاعة أكثر من باقي األقســـام
مـــن البحوث التي ذكـــرت األدوات .. مما يعكس %55 ) االســـتبيان أكثـــر األدوات اســـتخداما إذ بلغـــت3
.أن الميل يســـير باتجاه بحوث الجمهور وليس الرســـالة أو الوســـيلة ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 124 عالقــة النتائـج باالهـداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي . من البحوث لم تذكر أهدافا محددة مما يعكس الضعف الكبير في إدراج اإلجراءات وضبطها%32 ) أن4
من البحوث يعكـــس الرغبة في االعتماد علـــى البحث الوصفي%85 ) غيـــاب الفـــروض العلميـــة عـــن5
الـــذي يحـــدد المتغيـــرات فقـــط دون الخـــوض فـــي عالقاتهـــا االرتباطيـــة وكذلك غيـــاب تطبيـــق النظريات
االعالميـــه األمـــر الذي يشـــكل مؤشـــر ضعـــف خطير جدا. ) كمتوســـط هـــدف لـــكل بحث 3,64( ) هدفـــا أي المعـــدل202( بحـــث وضعـــت لهـــا100 ) تبيـــن أن6
وهـــو مؤشـــر ضعـــف يعكـــس عدم رغبـــه الباحثين فـــي الخوض بأهداف عديـــدة ومتنوعة تعكس دراســـة
متغيـــرات كثيـــرة ال ســـيما وقـــد ظهـــرت مجموعـــه من البحـــوث حققت بعـــض األهداف وليـــس كلها. من البحوث لم تذكر نتائج يعكس أما فشل الباحثين في تحقيق األهداف أو الن الباحثين غير %34 ) أن نسبه7
.مدركين لالهميه النتائج و في كال الحالتين فهذا مؤشر مهم جدا على ضعف االعتناء باإلجراءات العلمية
) نتيجة وبالقســـمة على عـــدد البحوث يظهر 463( ) أعلنـــت البحـــوث االعالميه ألموضوعه للدراســـة8
. ) أهـــداف لكل بحث3( ) نتيجـــة كمتوســـط في كل بحث وهي نســـبه مقبولة قياســـا8,2( لدينـــا أن
مـــن البحـــوث أهدافهـــا لـــم تتحقـــق بالنتائج مما يعنـــي ان الجهود العلمية المبذولة مشـــتتة %49 ) أن9
.وغيـــر منضبطـــة بإطـــار علمي صحيـــح يحقق اإلجراءات بشـــكل صحيح من نتائج البحوث مشتتة عن األهداف التي وضعت لها مما يعكس أن مستوى العالقة %35,7 ) أن10
لـــدى الباحـــث بين األهـــداف والنتائج ليســـت واضحة وال محـــدده وان المراجعة المنطقيـــة لعالقة النتائج
باألهـــداف كانـــت تشـــكل مؤشـــرا مهما ألعاده النظـــر بالنتائج األمر الـــذي اثبت البحث انـــه لم يتحقق . -) أن العالقة ما بين طبيعة البحوث واألدوات المستخدمة صحيحة فيما كانت عالقة األدوات كاختيار11
. والنتائـــج مالئمة فيما كانت عالقة األهداف كذكر وليس اختيار و النتائج مالئمة أيضا- وليـــس بنـــاء
) ان مستوى تحقيق النتائج لألهداف كتنبؤ للمستقبل يسير باالتجاه الصحيح .12 ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي التوصيات ) إعداد مرشد عملي مختصر يرسل مع إحاالت البحوث للتقييم العلمي يوضح آلية تقييم بعض اإلجراءات .1
) إعـــداد دراســـات أخـــرى حـــول بعض االجـــراءات العلمية فيمـــا يخص مجله الباحـــث العلمي أو بحوث2
. المؤتمـــر العلمـــي أو بحوث ألترقيه أو رســـائل الماجســـتير واطاريح الدكتوراه ) إعداد مرشد عملي مختصر يرسل مع إحاالت البحوث للتقييم العلمي يوضح آلية تقييم بعض اإلجراءات .1
) إعـــداد دراســـات أخـــرى حـــول بعض االجـــراءات العلمية فيمـــا يخص مجله الباحـــث العلمي أو بحوث2
. المؤتمـــر العلمـــي أو بحوث ألترقيه أو رســـائل الماجســـتير واطاريح الدكتوراه
) تشـــكيل لجنـــه علميـــه إلعداد معاييـــر تقييم وتنفيذها على إعداد عشـــوائية مـــن البحوث االعالمية 3
. بهـــدف ترضيها وتشـــخيص الخلل بها . المؤتمـــر العلمـــي أو بحوث ألترقيه أو رســـائل الماجســـتير واطاريح الدكتوراه
) تشـــكيل لجنـــه علميـــه إلعداد معاييـــر تقييم وتنفيذها على إعداد عشـــوائية مـــن البحوث االعالمية 3
. بهـــدف ترضيها وتشـــخيص الخلل بها ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 125 أ.م.د رعــد جاســم الكعبــي عالقـة النتائـج باالهــداف فـي البحـوث االعالميــة قائمة الهوامش . د.حميـــد لطيـــف الدليمي، منهجية البحوث العلمية ،رســـائل الماجســـتير والدكتـــوراه ،بغداد ، دار 1
61 .ص2011 ، ميـــزور واتامبيا
. د.ابراهيـــم ابـــراش :المنهـــج العلمـــي وتطبيقاته فـــي العلـــوم االجتماعية ،عمان ، دار الشـــروق 2
281 .ص2008،
)4( . د.مهدي حســـين التميمـــي : منهجية البحث العلمي بغـــداد ، اصدارات جامعة االمـــام الصادق3
76 .ص2006
. كارل بوبـــر : منطـــق البحـــث العلمـــي ، ترجمه وتقديـــم : د.محمد البغـــدادي بيـــروت ، المنظمة4 . ص 2018 . د.رعد جاسم : ادوات البحث في االذاعة والتلفزيون ، بغداد مكتبة تنوير5
. احمد عبادة ســـرحان : تمارين في االحصاءات التطبيقية ، دار المصارف عصر بال ســـند نشر .ص6
. د.محمـــد مهدي القصاص : االحصـــاء والقياس االجتماعي ، العراق ، دار نيبور للطباعة والنشـــر7
. ص2014 ، والتوزيع * د. انـــور حســـين و د.عبد الحســـين رزوقـــي : تحليل المحتوى فـــي العلوم الســـلوكية : بغداد ،دار
.102 ، ص2016 ، اليمامـــه للطبع والنشـــر * دراسة شكرية كوكز ودراسة ريا قحطان ودراسة عبد الملك دناني ) 38 ( العدد
جملة الباحث اإلعالمي 126 | 5,242 | http://abaa.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/abaa/article/download/90/42 | null |
Arabic | ABSTRACT Coronavirus (COVID-19) is suspected to originate from an animal host (zoonotic) followed by a human to
human transmission, The purpose of the present study is to determine the genetic affinity of a phylogenetic
tree and conformation of protein between human and bat. Through study of genetic sequencing, as shown in
the tree design of strains and genetic variants, the main cause of COVID-19 is the Bat Coronavirus RaTG13
(SARS) virus in ID: MN996532.1 and ID: MG772933.1 (24-Jul-2013 and Feb-2017) shows that the
evolution of the Corona virus from 2003, 2013 to 2020 which has become the most deadly peak in humans,
the virus evolved from the bat effect on Humans. Protein analysis show 98 change of amino acid form
RaTG13 (SARS) virus to COVID-19 Homo sapiens. Consequently, this study increased our understanding
of the genetic variety of the COVID-19 carried by bats. So we conclude that a protein conformation drawing
shows high identity compatibility between a bat and a human. The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 2020 Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Iraq The evolution of Genetic Molecular Map and phylogenetic tree of Coronavirus
(COVID-19): Review Article Hayder A H AL-Mutar *Correspondence: [email protected]; al_mutar.
haydar @covm.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Received: 16 May 2020, Accepted: 16 June 2020,
Published: 28 December 2020. Materials and Methods Because of interacting and eating rats in China,
this leads to transmission to humans and
development (13). Because of interacting and eating rats in China,
this leads to transmission to humans and
development (13). In this study data were collected from a date
March\2003 to Feb\2020 were genome sequences
have been submitted to GenBank. For all
sequences, the accession numbers are listed in
Supplementary Table (1;2;3). The sequence data
have been deposited into the NCBI sequence reads
archive below the accession number. Using
BLAST-NCBI, Routine sequence alignments were
performed (9). MEGA6.0 (Phoenix, AZ, USA)
was used to align the nucleotide (nt) and amino
acid (aa) sequences using phylogenetic analyses. The sequencing of amplified product of Amino
acid polymorphism of Coronavirus The result of the sequence analysis was analyzed
by blast in the National Center Biotechnology
Information (NCBI) online and BioEdit program
(14) to detect polymorphism after alignment of
product amplification in Corona virus, showed
that 98 change of amino acid form RaTG13
(SARS) virus Rhinolophus affinis to COVID-19
Homo sapiens (Table 4 and Figure 2). The
analysis of molecular development and population
genetics show some protein changes that might be
favored by natural selection during the evolution
of SARS-CoV-2 and other related viruses. or f1ab,
which encodes replicate/ transcriptase is required
for viral genome replication and might also be
significant for viral pathogenesis (15). COVID-19
is spherical or polymorphous laminated particles
that contain the associated mono-stranded RNA
(positive sensation) with a nuclear protein inside a
capsule consisting of a matrix protein. The
envelope
contains
club-shaped
glycoprotein
expectations. Some corona viruses also have hem
Agglutinin-esterase protein (HE) (16, 17) (Figure
3). Results and Discussion Phylogenetic tree structuring The phylogenetic tree diagrammatic was done by
molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA)
software version 6.0. Sequences (10). q
Construction of the Neighbor-joining tree showed
that the identity (80% - 100%), through
comparison between isolated Rhinolophus sinicus
and Homo sapiens . hierarchical cluster analysis
determine the following clusters: large Clusters
divided into several root: first root the SARS
coronavirus Rhinolophus sinicus in Homo
sapiens from 2003-2016 in China, Hong Kong,
Singapore, USA, Canada, Italy and Taiwan
showed compatibility and the highest identity at
>99%. Second root COVID-19 in Homo sapiens
from 2019-2020 in China, Taiwan, USA,
Australia, Japan, South Korea, Finland and Nepal
showed compatibility and the highest identity at
>99%. Third root SARS coronavirus in Rhinolo-
phus
affinis
(2013;
2017
in
China
ID:
MN996532.1, MG772933.1) showed compati-
bility with COVID-19 in humans and the highest
identity at >97% (Figure 1) The
result
showed
the
similarity
of
the
conformation of protein for COVID-19 shown in
figure 4, between the Bat Coronavirus and human
corona virus. Identification of other COV in bat
species (R. sinicus, R. ferrumequinum (18,19). Human and animal relations may pose an exacting
public health threat in rural communities where
frequent contact with animals occurs and where
infection prevention measures are less developed
(20). Bats (order Chiroptera) are reservoir of a
great number of zoonotic viruses, including
COVID-19 that have caused disease outbreak in
human and livestock populations (21–22), In this study, the investigation of the patterns of
molecular divergence between SARS-CoV-2 and
other related COVID-19. Although the genomic
analyses recommended that SARS-CoV-2 was
closest to RaTG13, the virus was evolved from the
bat might have an effect on the humans (11). It
may be that the virus is transmitted to humans
from mice through an experiment that conducted
the cultivation of SARS virus in mice which led to
the development of the virus due to the
relationship between mice and humans (12). structural, protein (M: membrane, N:nucleocapsid,
S:spike and E:envelop and several non-structural) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome COVID-19,
are the causative agent of the SARS outbreak
affecting world countries (23, 24). Introduction The spike protein of the glycoprotein projection
on the viral surface is critical for viral attachment
and entry into the host cells. In addition, variations
of S protein among strains of corona virus are
responsible for host range sensitivity and tissue
tropism activity (2). An ongoing outbreak of
pneumonia related with a novel corona virus that
called a severe acute respiratory syndrome corona
virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the persons was report
in china-Wuhan, Hubei province, China in
December-2019 (3). In the following weeks, the
infections spread all countries around the world
(4-5). The first cases of SARS were identified in 2002 in
China (Guangdong Province). While in 2003 an
epidemic has spread across the world that affected
more than three thousand people ensuing in more
than a hundred deaths (1). SARS-CoV is an
element of the Corona viridae family of enveloped
positive-Stranded RNA viruses which have a great
host range. Some corona virus infect the humans,
Domestic birds and ruminant might cause
respiratory illness,whereas the other corona virus
infected in rodents, feline, sow, and bovine lead to
enteric disease. The 27–32 kb genomes of corona
viruses are the largest of RNA viruses encode 23
putative proteins, including four major structural
proteins
with
N:nucleocapsid,
S:spike,
M:
membrane and small E:envelope. On February 2020, world health organization
named the disease caused by the new corona virus
as COVID-19 (6). Corona virus is an envelope
and single-stranded ribonucleic acid named for its
solar corona like appearance due to 9-12 nm-long
surface spikes (7). There are four structural
proteins encoded important to envelop the corona
viruses genome, one of which is the S protein that
binds to angiotensin-converting enzyme2 receptor
and mediates later merger between the envelope
and host plasma membranes to help viral in gress
into the host cell (8). The aim of the present study
was to determine the genetic affinity of a
phylogenetic tree and conformation of protein
between human and bat. *Correspondence: [email protected]; al_mutar. haydar @covm.uobaghdad.edu.iq
Department of Surgery and Obstetrics, College of
Veterinary Medicine, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq. Received: 16 May 2020, Accepted: 16 June 2020,
Published: 28 December 2020. This article is an open access article under the terms and
conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(CC BY 04 https://crerativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0). 56 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 2020 Materials and Methods Mechanism of action for COVID-19 The genome of coronavirus is comprised of three
thousands nucleotides. It encodes four proteins of
(Figure 3) (25, 26). Conformation of protein
for COVID-19 The COVID-19 replicate gene- 57 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 2020 crystal structure of COVID-19 (Figure 4) in
complex with different inhibitor are deposited in
the protein by using X-ray diffraction technique at
a resolution between a human and a bat (29, 30). encoded two poly proteins, poly protein 1a with
MW 450 KD and poly protein 1ab with MW 750
KD, these poly proteins are required for viral
replication and transcription (27, 28). Several Table 1. Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from animals
Table 2. Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from bats
Accession
host
isolation
source
collection date
Country
Compatibility
ID: AY304488.1
ID: AY304486.1
Animals\
Himalayan palm
civets
nasal
turbinate
MAY-2003
Hong Kong
14871/18249(81%)
ID: JQ316196.1
Animals\rat
Vero cells
Apr-2003
United Kingdom
14866/18249(81%)
ID: JX163928.1
ID: JX163924.1
Animals\ ferrets
nasal
turbinate
Feb-2010
USA
14866/18249(81%)
Accession
host
isolation
source
collection date
Country
Compatibility
ID: KY417146.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
Apr-2013
China
14879/18255(82%)
ID: MN996532.1
Rhinolophus affinis
fecal swab
Jul-2013
China
20546/21290(97%)
ID: KJ473816.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
2013
China
14872/18254(81%
ID: MG772934.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
Jul-2015
China
16148/18231(89%)
ID: MK211376.1 Rhinolophus affinis
fecal swab
Sep-2016
China
14875/18254(81%)
ID: MG772933.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
Feb-2017
China
18972/21300(89%) Table 1. Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from animals Table 2. Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from bats
Accession
host
isolation
source
collection date
Country
Compatibility
ID: KY417146.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
Apr-2013
China
14879/18255(82%)
ID: MN996532.1
Rhinolophus affinis
fecal swab
Jul-2013
China
20546/21290(97%)
ID: KJ473816.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
2013
China
14872/18254(81%
ID: MG772934.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
Jul-2015
China
16148/18231(89%)
ID: MK211376.1 Rhinolophus affinis
fecal swab
Sep-2016
China
14875/18254(81%)
ID: MG772933.1
Rhinolophus sinicus
fecal swab
Feb-2017
China
18972/21300(89%) Table 2. Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from bats Table 3. Mechanism of action for COVID-19 Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from human
Accession
host
isolation
source
collection date
Country
Compatibility
ID: AY427439.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
March 2003
Italy
14867/18249(81%)
ID: AY278554.2
Homo sapiens
sputum
APR-2003
China: Hong Kong
14869/18249(81%)
ID: AY283796.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
APR-2003
Singapore
14867/18249(81%)
ID: AY274119.3
Homo sapiens
sputum
APR-2003
Canada: Toronto
14867/18249(81%
ID: AY291451.1
ID: AY502928.1
ID: AY502923.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
MAY-2003
Taiwan
14867/18249(81%)
ID: AY323977.2
Homo sapiens
sputum
JUL-2003
Italy
14867/18249(81%)
ID: AY390556.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
SEP-2003
China: Guangzhou
14870/18249(81%)
ID: AY395003.1
ID: AY394996.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
SEP-2003
China
14873/18249(82%)
ID: AY559083.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
2003
Singapore
14868/18249(81%)
ID: AY559096.1
ID: AY559095.1
ID: AY559086.1
ID: AY559085.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
FEB-2004
Singapore
14867/18249(81%)
ID: AY714217.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
AUG-2004
USA
14867/18249(81%)
ID: FJ882963.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Aug-2004
USA
14867/18249(81%)
ID: DQ898174.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
AUG-2006
Canada
14867/18249(81%) Table 3. Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from human Table 3. Mechanism of action for COVID-19 Neighbor-joining tree of Coronavirus from human 58 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 2020 ID: JX163927.1
ID: JX163926.1
ID: JX163923.1
Homo sapiens
nasal turbinate
Feb-2010
USA
14867/18249(81%)
ID: JX163925.1
Homo sapiens
lung
Feb-2010
USA
14866/18249(81%)
ID: JX163928.1,
ID: JX163924.1
Homo sapiens
lung
Feb-2010
USA
14866/18249(81%)
ID: MT019529.1
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China: Hubei, Wuhan
21287/21290(99%)
ID: MT019532.1
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China: Hubei, Wuhan
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MT019530.1
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China: Hubei, Wuhan
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MN996530.1
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China: Wuhan
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MN996528.1
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China: Wuhan
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: NC_045512.2
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MT019531.1
Homo sapiens
bronchoalveola
r lavage fluid
Dec-2019
China: Hubei, Wuhan
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MN996527.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Dec-2019
China: Wuhan
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MN996531.1
ID: MN996529.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Dec-2019
China: Wuhan
21289/21290(99%)
ID: LR757996.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
2019/2020
Wuhan
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: LR757995.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
2019/2020
Wuhan
21288/21290(99%)
ID: LC522975.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
2020-01
Japan
21288/21290(99%)
ID: LC522974.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
2020-01
Japan
21288/21290(99%)
ID:LC522972.1
ID: LC522973.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
2020-01
Japan
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MT039873.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
China: Hangzhou
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MT019533.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
China: Hubei, Wuhan
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MN988668.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
China
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MT027064.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
USA: CA
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MT066175.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
Taiwan
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MT007544.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
Australia: Victoria
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MN994468.1
Homo sapiens
nasopharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
USA: CA
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MN938384.1
Homo sapiens
nasopharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
China: Shenzhen
21289/21290(99%)
ID: MN988713.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
USA: Illinois
21287/21290(99%)
ID: MT027062.1
Homo sapiens
nasopharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
USA: CA
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MN997409.1
Homo sapiens
buccal swab
Jan-2020
USA: AZ
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MN994467.1
Homo sapiens
nasopharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
USA: CA
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MN985325.1
ID: MT039888.1
ID: MT039887.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
USA
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MT044257.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
USA: IL
21287/21290(99%)
ID: MN975262.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
China
21287/21290(99%) 59 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 2020 ID: MT039890.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
South Korea
21285/21290(99%)
ID: MT044258.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
USA: CA
21266/21290(99%)
ID: LC521925.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
Japan
21264/21290(99%)
ID: MT020781.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
Finland
21257/21290(99%)
ID: MT049951.1
Homo sapiens
sputum
Jan-2020
China: Yunnan
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MT093631.1
Homo sapiens
throat swab
Jan-2020
China
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MT072688.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Jan-2020
Nepal
21290/21290(100%
)
ID: MT066176.1
Homo sapiens
oropharyngeal
swab
Feb-2020
Taiwan
21288/21290(99%)
ID: MT106053.1
Homo sapiens
nasopharyngeal
swab
Feb-2020
USA: CA
21290/21290(100% Table 3. Represent type of Amino acid polymorphism of Coronavirus isolate between
Rhinolophus affinis and Homo sapiens (the Predicted effect is Missense). Location
Amino acid change
Rhinolophus affinis\Homo sapiens
ID: MN996532.1 with COVID-19
NO. Location
Amino acid change between
Rhinolophus affinis\Homo sapiens
ID: MN996532.1 with COVID-19
NO. 1313
Threonine\ Alanine
50. 38
Alanine\ Valine
1. 1342
Arginine\ Lysine
51. 93
Aspartic acid+Asparagine\ Glutamic
acid
2. 1392
Methionine\ Valine
52. 110
Tyrosine \ Histidine
3. 1541
Isoleucine\ Threonine
53. 114
Threonine\ Isoleucine
4. 1557
Isoleucine\ Threonine
54. 117
Valine\ Alanine
5. 1562
Lysine\ Arginine
55. 172
Aspartic acid \ Glutamic acid
6. 1628
Alanine\ Valine
56. 280
Threonine\ Isoleucine
7. 1732
Asparagine\ Serine
57. 376
Proline\ Serine
8. 1794
Glutamine\ Lysine
58. 395
Proline\ Threonine
9. 1865
Isoleucine\ Valine
59. 417
Tyrosine \Histidine
10. 1873
Isoleucine\ Threonine
60. 424
Isoleucine\ Valine
11. 1880
Isoleucine\ Threonine
61. 498
Threonine\ Alanine
12. 1936
Leucine\ Phenylalanine
62. 561
Alanine\ Valine
13. 1954
Phenylalanine \ Leucine
63. 591
Valine\ Alanine
14. 2014
Asparagine\ Serine
64. 623
Glutamine\ Lysine
15. 2032
Threonine\ Alanine
65. 723
Proline\ Serine
16. 2060
Isoleucine\ Valine
66. 724
Lysine\ Arginine
17. 2081
Aspartic acid \ Asparagine
67. 859
Threonine\ Alanine
18. 2082
Glycine \ Serine
68. 891
Isoleucine\ Threonine
19. 2122
Valine\ Alanine
69. 901
Glycine \ Serine
20. 2223
Phenylalanine \ Serine
70. 940
Aspartic acid \ Glutamic acid
21. 2224
Threonine\ Lysine
71. 944
Proline\ Serine
22. 2258
Threonine\ Isoleucine
72. 959
Serine\ Proline
23. 2260
Isoleucine \Threonine
73. 967
Valine\ Alanine
24. Table 3. Represent type of Amino acid polymorphism of Coronavirus isolate between
Rhinolophus affinis and Homo sapiens (the Predicted effect is Missense). 60 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 igure 4. Conformation of protein from COVID-19, (A: Bat Coronavirus and B:human cor 4. Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC. Importation
and human-to-human transmission of a novel
coronavirus in vietnam. N Engl J Med
(NEJM). 2020; 27 (9):872-874 Acknowledgment The author is very grateful to the University of
Baghdad /College of Veterinary Medicine for their
provided facilities, which helped to improve of
this study. 5. Giovanetti M, Benvenuto D, Angeletti S,
Ciccozzi M. The first two cases of 2019-nCoV
in Italy. J Med Virol. 2020;92(5):518-521. 6. Raquel, s, Julio T, Gloria M. Chinese Society
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SARS-CoV-2
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Glycine \ Serine
74. 968
Threonine \ Alanine
25. 2404
Threonine\ Asparagine
75. 969
Proline\ Leucine
26. 2529
Serine\ Asparagine
76. 975
Leucine\ Glutamine
27. 2583
Threonine\ Isoleucine
77. 989
Valine\ Glycine
28. 3142
Valine\ Alanine
78. 991
Glutamic acid\ Glutamine
29. 3144
Valine\ Isoleucine
79. 993
Aspartic acid \ Glycine
30. 3442
Threonine\ Asparagine
80. 996
Valine\ Aspartic acid
31. 3605
Valine\ Leucine
81. 1001
Isoleucine\ Threonine
32. 4534
Arginine\ Lysine
82. 1002
Threonine\ Isoleucine
33. 4589
Aspartic acid \ Asparagine
83. 1004
Serine\ Threonine
34. 4624
Isoleucine\ Valine
84. 1006
Alanine\ Valine
35. 5110
Histidine\ Tyrosine
85. 1016
Proline\ Leucine
36. 5828
Threonine\ Alanine
86. 1055
Isoleucine\ Valine
37. 6004
Valine\ Alanine
87. 1088
Histidine\ Aspartic acid
38. 6025
Alanine\ Valine
88. 1101
Glycine \ Serine
39. 6137
Lysine\ Arginine
89. 1112
Asparagine\ Histidine
40. 6183
Arginine\ Leucine
90. 1123
Arginine\ Lysine
41. 6565
Asparagine\ Threonine
91. 1141
Aspartic acid \ Glutamic acid
42. 6580
Asparagine\ Aspartic acid
92. 1202
Threonine\ Isoleucine
43. 6623
Leucine\ Valine
93. 1212
Serine\ Proline
44. 6634
Asparagine\ Aspartic acid
94. 1213
Serine\ Phenylalanine
45. 6652
Lysine\ Glutamine
95. 1219
Leucine\ Proline
46. 6694
Arginine\ Serine
96. 1225
Glutamine\ Lysine
47. 6709
Serine\ Phenylalanine
97. 1227
Valine\ Aspartic acid
48. 6714
Leucine \ Phenylalanine
98. 1271
Asparagine\ Serine
49. 61 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 2020 62
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Res. 2008;133(1):88-100. 26. VanHemert MJ, VanDen W, Knoops K,
Mommaas AM, Gorbalenya AE, Snijder E J. SARS-coronavirus replication/ transcription
complexes are membrane -protected and need
a host factor for activity in vitro. PLoS
Pathogens 2008; 133(2): 136–148 16. De Haan CM, Kuo L, Masters PS, Vennema
H, Rottier PM. Coronavirus particle assembly:
primary
structure
requirements
of
the
membrane protein. J Virol 1998; 72 (8): 6838-
6850. 27. Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B, Chen YM, Wang W. A
new coronavirus associated with human
respiratory disease in China. Nature 2020; 579
(7798):1-8. 17. Tian X, Li C, Huang A, Xia S, Lu S, Shi Z. Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus
spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific
human monoclonal antibody..Emer. Micr. and
Infec.. 2020; 9(1):382-385. 28. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B. A
pneumonia outbreak associated with a new
coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature,
2020; 579(7798), 270–273. 18. Simmons NB, Wilson DE, Reeder DM. Mammal species of the world. Baltimore: J. Hopkins. 2005; 312–529. 29. Verdia-Baguena, C, Nieto-Torres, JL, Alcaraz
A, DeDiego ML. Coronavirus E protein forms
ion
channels
with
functionally
and
structurally-involved
membrane
lipids. Virology, 2012; 432(2), 485–494. 19. Woo PC, Lau SK, Li KS, Poon RW, Wong
BH, Tsoi HW. Molecular diversity of
coronaviruses in bats. Virology. 2006; 35
(180): 7-8. 30. Tian X, Li C, Huang A, Xia S, Lu S, Shi Z. Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus
spike protein by a SARS coronavirus- specific
human monoclonal antibody. Emer. Micr. and
Infec. 2020; 9(1): 382–385. 20. Wang M, Hu Z. Bats as animal reservoirs for
the SARS coronavirus. Virol Sin 2013; 28:
15–17. 21. Zhou H, Fan T, Lan XL, Yang WF. Shi W,
Zhang Y. Fatal swine acute diarrhoea
syndrome
caused
by
an
HKU2-related 69 2020 The Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 44 (2): 56–70 تطور الخريطت الجزيئيت الجينيت وشجرة الوراثيت لفيروس كورونب (كوفيذ-
91
) : المقبلت
المراجِ عيت
حيذر عبذ الكريم حسن المطر
فرع الجراحت والتوليذ، كليت الطب البيطري
، جبمعت بغذاد
، بغذاد، العراق تطور الخريطت الجزيئيت الجينيت وشجرة الوراثيت لفيروس كورونب (كوفيذ-
91
) : المقبلت
المراجِ عيت
حيذر عبذ الكريم حسن المطر
فرع الجراحت والتوليذ، كليت الطب البيطري
، جبمعت بغذاد
، بغذاد، العراق الخالصت الخالصت ًٌُشتب
ًف أن فٍشَس مُسَوا (
مُفٍذ-
91
)وشأ مه مضٍف
ًحٍُاو (مشتشك )
متبُعا باوتقاه مه إوسان إىى
،إوسان َاىٍذف مه
مقاىت اىمشجعٍتٌُ
معشفت اى
شجشة اىُساثٍت َشنو اى
بشَتٍه يى
فٍشَس
ًاىتاج.مه خاله
دساست
اىتسيسو
،ًاىجٍى مما
ٌُ
مُضح
ًف
تصمٍم شجشة اىتطُسٌت َاىتغاٌشاث
،اىجٍىٍت فإن اىسبب
ًاىشئٍس ىـ COVID-19
ٌُ
فٍشَس Bat Coronavirus RaTG13
(SARS)
ًف ID: MN996532.1
َ
ID: MG772933.1
(
42
\
)ٍُتمُص (ٌُى\
4192
)َشباط (فبشاٌش\
4192
)، حٍث ٌظٍش
تطُس اى
فٍشَس
ًاىتاج مه
4112
-
4192
إىى
4141
، َاىزي أصبح اىزسَة األمثش فتن ا
ًف
،اىبشش إر تطُس اىفٍشَس مه تأثٍش
اىخفافٍش عيى اىبشش .إر أظٍشث وتائج تحيٍو اىبشَتٍه ٌىاىل
19
تغٍٍش فً األحماض
ًٍأألمٍى مه RaTG13 (SARS) إىى
COVID-19 Homo sapiens. ،ٌَنزا
فقذ
صادث ٌزي اىذساست
مه
فٍمىا ىيتىُع
ًاىجٍى ىـ COVID-19
ًاىت تحميٍا
،اىخفافٍش
مزىل
وستىتج أن تشمٍب َشنو اىبشَتٍه متطابق بٍه اىخفافٍش َاإلوسان. الكلمبث المفتبحيت :
السبرس، كوفيذ-
91، التطور الجزيئي، الخفبش. 70 70 | 3,905 | https://jcovm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/Iraqijvm/article/download/977/805 | null |
Arabic | المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 عبد المناف حمزة الجودي، حيدر كريم عبود، مظفر نافع الصائغ
قسم الباطني والوقائي-
كمية الطب البيطري-جامعة بغداد-
بغداد-
العراق
قسم الصحة العامة-
كمية الطب البيطري-بغداد-
العراق الخالصة أ
جرى الفحص ا
أل يضي الجانبي
لأ
بقار الحميب(الفريزيان) في محطة ا
إل سحاقي، جمعت عينات دم من32
بقرة في الموسم ا
إل نتاجي الثااني8
أ بقاار اات
إ نتااج عاالي و8
أ بقاار اات
إ نتااج متوساط و8
أ بقاار اات
إنتاج واط
ئ
، وتم قياس تركيز خضاب الدم وحجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة و مستوى ناايتروجين يورياا الادم
و سااكر الاادم(الكمكوز) ومسااتوى البااروتين الكمااي
واأللبااومين و
،الكموبيااولين فااي ثااالث مدد(دااير بعااد الااو دة
أربعة ادير بعد الو دة، سابعة اداير بعاد الاو دة). أظيارت الدراساة ارتفااع مساتوى خضااب الادم، الباروتين
الكمي وانخفاض األلباومين فاي المادة األولار، ارتفااع حجام خالياا الادم المرصوصاة فاي المادة الثالثاة، ارتفاع
مستوى األلب ومين في المدة الثالثة، ارتفاع مستوى اليورياا فاي المادة األولار، ارتفااع اليورياا فاي األبقاار اات
.اإلنتاج العالي، انخفاض مستوى سكر في المدة الثانية وأوضحت الدراسة معامالت ارتباط طردية بين نسبة البروتين الكمي من جية و
خضاب الدم ونسبة
الكموبيولين و اليوريا من جية
أخرى. وتم إيجاد معامل ارتباط سالب بين نسبة البروتين الكمي ونسبة
.األلبومين، وكالك إيجاد معامالت انحدار ما بين نسبة البروتين الكمي والصفات الدمية األخرى Summary y
Metabolic profile test was done on Friesian cows of Al-Ishaqi plan. Blood
samples were collected from 21 cows in the second lactation stage, 7cows with
high Milk yield, 7cows with moderate milk yield& 7cows with low milk yield. Estimation of the following were done; hemoglobin, packed cell volume blood
urea nitrogen glucose total protein albumin& globulin, in three periods (1month
after calving, 4month after calving, 7month after calving). The results revealed
that Hb, total protein& globulin ratios were increased, while the albumin ratio
was decreased in the first period, PCV increased in the third period, albumin
ratios showed higher levels in high milk yield cows, BUN show higher levels in 82 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 the first period, increased levels of BUN in high milk yield cows, low levels of
blood glucose in the second period.Signification correlation coefficient between
total protein ratios& Hb, globulin ratios& BUN were obtained, while significant
negative correlation between total protein& albumin was existed. Regression
equations between total protein ratios& all blood traits were calculated. المقدمة اعتمد الفحص ا يضي الجانبي كوسيمة تدخيصية لمعرفة اسباب تردي امراض ا نتاج في ابقار الحميب
حيث يتم قياس مستوى بعض مكونات الدم وىي سكر الدم, وتركيز خضاب الدم, وحجم خاليا الدم
المرصوصة, واليوريا, والبروتين الكمي وا لبومين والكموبيولين وبعض المعايير الكيميائية في الدم لالبقار
في مراحل مختمفة من ا نتاج لتقييم كفاءة العميقة كماً ونوعاً واثرىا عمر .ا نتاج
حيث من الممكن توقع حصول ا مراض ا يضية وتقييم مستوى الخصوبة وأن حقول ابقار الحميب التي
تعاني من مداكل اقتصادية تميل الر اظيار اختالفات في انتاج الفحص ا يضي الجانبي مقارنة
بالحقول اات ا دارة الجيدة. ومن الضروري استعمال الفحص ا يضي الجانبي لوضع
خطة دقيقة لبرنامج
التغاية وتحديد المداكل ا يضية. المقدمة ىدفت الدراسة إلر اجراء الفحص ا يضي الجانبي في محطة ابقار
ا سحاقي بقار الحميب في السنة الثانية من ا نتاج ولثالث مستويات من انتاجية الحميب ومحاولة
معرفة العالقة بين ىاه الفحوصات وتأثيرىا في انتاجية وصة.القطيع المواد وطرائق العمل
2
-
الحيوانات اجريت ىاه الدراسة في محطة ا بقار الكبرى في ا سحاقي حيث تم اختيار32
بقرة في
.الموسم ا نتاجي الثاني ولثالثة مستويات من انتاجية الحميب
8ابقار اات انتاج عالي من الحميب
28كغم/يوم
8ابقار اات انتاج متوسط من الحميب
24كغم/يوم
8
ابقار اات انتاج واطئ من الحميب
22كغم/يوم
3
-عينات الدم تم سحب عينات الدم من ا بقار 3
-عينات الدم تم سحب عينات الدم من ا بقار
أ-بعد دير من الو دة
ب-بعد أربعة ادير من الو دة
ج-بعد سبعة ادير من الو دة
4
-
الفحوصات الكيموحيوية
أ-
(قياس تركيز خضاب الدم, وفقاً لمطريقة الموصوفة من قبل4
)
ب-
(قياس حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة , وفقاً لمطريقة الموصوفة من قبل4
) 83 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 ج-
ًقياس مستوى البروتين الكمي في الدم, استعممت عدة تدخيصية من معيد المصول والمقاحات وفقا
( لطريقة29
) ج-
ًقياس مستوى البروتين الكمي في الدم, استعممت عدة تدخيصية من معيد المصول والمقاحات وفقا
( لطريقة29
) د-قياس مستوى ا لبومين , الكموبيولين, نايتروجين يوريا الدم, سكر الدم (الكموكوز) استعم
مت عدد
( تدخيصية محمية من معيد المصول والمقاحات29
)
5
-
التحميل ا حصائي تم تحميل البيانات بطريقة التصميم العدوائي المتعدد لكل سحبة ولكل صفة, وتم مقارنة الفروقات المعنوية
حسب طريقة اصغر فرق معنوي وتم ايجاد معامالت ا رتباط ومعاد ت ا نحدار بين الصفات قيد
ا( لدراسة26
.) تم تحميل البيانات بطريقة التصميم العدوائي المتعدد لكل سحبة ولكل صفة, وتم مقارنة الفروقات المعنوية
حسب طريقة اصغر فرق معنوي وتم ايجاد معامالت ا رتباط ومعاد ت ا نحدار بين الصفات قيد
ا( لدراسة26
.) النتائج
بمغ معدل مستوى خضاب الدم في ا بقار ولممدد الثالثة ولمستويات المختمفة من
ا نتاج525
.0
557
. 11
/غم211مل (جدول2
) , وانخفض تركيز خضاب الدم بتقدم موسم ادرار
( الحميب ويبين الجدول9) زيادة خضاب الدم مع زيادة البروتين الكمي وبمعام ل ارتباط0.4149
تحت
( مدتوى(P<0.01
في حين كانت معادلة ا نحدار ليما X
Y
4685
.0
2723
.7
وبمغ معدل حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة423
.0
444
. 31
%
(جدول3
) ولو لوحظ انخفاض حجم
خاليا الدم المرصوصة بتقدم موسم ا درار ثم بدء با رتفاع في نياية موسم ا درار . المقدمة ولم يحصل معامل
ارتباط معنوي بين حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة والبروتين الكمي (جدول9
) وكانت معادلة ا نحدار X
Y
4685
.0
2723
.7
وبمغ معدل حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة423
.0
444
. 31
%
(جدول3
) ولو لوحظ انخفاض حجم
خاليا الدم المرصوصة بتقدم موسم ا درار ثم بدء با رتفاع في نياية موسم ا درار . ولم يحصل معامل
ارتباط معنوي بين حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة والبروتين الكمي (جدول9
) وكانت معادلة ا نحدار X
y
0062
.0
6516
. 31
وكان المعدل العام لمبروتين الكمي196
.0
726
.8
/غم211مل (جدول4
) حيث سجل اعمر قيمة لو
في بداية موسم ادرار الح .ميب وانخفاض في المدة الثانية وعاد ليرتفع بدكل طفيف في المدة الثالثة
وبمغ المعدل العام لاللبومين2.8890.042
/غم211مل (جدول5
) وبدأ مستوى ا لبومين با رتفاع بتقدم
موسم ا درار وتفوقت معنوياً ابقار مستوى ا نتاجي العالي عمر ابقار المست وى المتوسط لالنتاج خالل
المدة ا ولر, بينما تفزقت ا بقار اات المستوى الواطئ في ا نتاج عمر اوات المستوى المتوسط من
.ا نتاج في المدة الثانية وكان لاللبومين دوره في الزيادة الطيفية لمبروتين الكمي حيث بمغ معدل ا رتباط0.181
تحت مستوى
(P<0.05)
وكانت معادلة ا نحدار ليما X
Y
0475
.0
2046
.3
(جدول9
) (جدول9
) 84 84 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 وبمغ المعدل العام لمكموبيولين5.8160.215
/غم211
مل ولوحظ التفوق المعنوي لتركيز الكموبيولين
في المدة ا ولر(P<0.05)
عمر تركيز ا لكموبيولين في المدة الثانية. وان مستوى البروتين الكمي يزداد
بدكل معنوي(P<0.05)
بزيادة تركيز الكموبيولين حيث بمغ معدل ا رتباط0.956
(جدول9
) وكانت
معادلة ا نحدار ليا X
Y
10571
2576
.3
وكان المعدل العام لميوريا26.870 1.361
/غم211مل (جدول7
)
ولوحظ بان مستوى اليوريا في دم
ا بقار اات المستوى العالي من ا نتاج(P<0.01)
من ابقار المستويين المتوسط والواطئ, بينما كان
مستوى اليوريا في ا بقار اات المستوى الواطئ في المدة الثالثة أعمر معنوياً من اات المستويين العالي
والمتوسط لالنتاج. وكان معدل ا رتب اط لميوريا مع البروتين الكمي0.229
(جدول9
) وكانت معادلة
ا نحدارليما X
Y
1061
.2
4611
.7
وأما المعدل العام لسكر الدم (الكموكوز) فكان 38.6113.482
(جدول8
) ولم يحصل معامل ارتباط
معنوي بين سكر الدم والبروتين الكمي (جدول9
) وكانت معادلة ا نحدار ليما المناقشة ان الفحص ا يضي الجانبي من الوسائل الميمة لتقييم اداء حقول ا بقار ويستعمل في دول العالم
( المختمفة28727722721787773
) ولكنو لم يستعمل في العراق سابقاً. و
و
ر م
ر
ير و بير
رو
اوي
ير ر و و
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي المناقشة ان عدم توفر الكميات المطموبة في
ا عالف المركزة لسد متطم بات انتاج الحميب لالبقار واعتماد ادراة المحطة التركيز عمر ا عالف الخدنة
في المدة الثانية والثالثة ادى الر انخفاض تركيز خضاب الدم وحجم الدم المرصوصة في ىاه المدد
(
:7977
.) ادار(13,12,9)
الر ان المرحمة ا ولر من ادرار الحميب تديد انخفاضاً في مستوى ا لبومين في الدم
بسبب تحويمو الر الضرع اثناء انتاج كميات عالية من الحميب وىاا ما تم تاكيده في ىاه الدراسة حيث
.ًلوحظ انخفاض مستوى ا لبومين في المدة ا ولر ثم ارتفاعو حقا
واظيرت ىاه الدراسة تفوق مستوى ا لبومين في ا بقار اات ا نتاج الواطئ عمر اوات ا نتاج العال ي
( والمتوسط وقد يرجع الك الر خمل في ايض او تصنع ا لبومين في الكبد5
.) ادار(13,12,9)
الر ان المرحمة ا ولر من ادرار الحميب تديد انخفاضاً في مستوى ا لبومين في الدم
بسبب تحويمو الر الضرع اثناء انتاج كميات عالية من الحميب وىاا ما تم تاكيده في ىاه الدراسة حيث
.ًلوحظ انخفاض مستوى ا لبومين في المدة ا ولر ثم ارتفاعو حقا واظيرت ىاه الدراسة تفوق مستوى ا لبومين في ا بقار اات ا نتاج الواطئ عمر اوات ا نتاج العال ي
( والمتوسط وقد يرجع الك الر خمل في ايض او تصنع ا لبومين في الكبد5
.) 85 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225
86
وادار العديد من الباحثين(5,17,14)
الر ارتفاع مستوى الكموبيولين في المراحل ا ولر من ا درار
والك نتيجة لحصول عدد من الحا ت الخمجية مثل التياب الضرع والتياب الرحم وكالك اظيرت ىاه
الدر اسة ارتفاعمستوى الكموبيولين في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض بتقدم موسم ا درار والك بسبب حدوث عدة
.حا ت خمجية من التياب الضرع والرحم
ان عدم كفاءة العميقة عمر تمبية متطمبات انتاج الحميب وخصوصاً عند اعمر مستوى لالنتاج (بعد ديرين
ًمن الو دة) يؤدي الر تاثير الك سمبا
( عمر مستوى اليوريا في الدم872
) وكالك اظيرت الدراسة مستوى
.مرتفعاً لميوريا في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض في المدة الثانية
ان تعرض ا بقار الر توازن سالب لمطاقة أو قمة ديية ا بقار قد يؤدي الر انخفاض مستوى السكر وىاا
ًما اكدتو الدراسة حيث كان مستوى الدم مرتفعا
في المدة ا ولر والثالثة ومنخفضاً في المدة الثانية حيث
(لو عالقة بكمية الحميب ومقدار العميقة المقدمة27
.)
وتم ايجاد معامالت ارتباط طردية بين نسبة البروتين الكمي من جية وخضاب الدم ونسبة الكموبيولين
واليوريا في الدم من جية اخرى وكالك تم ايجاد معامل ارتباط سا لب بين نسبة البروتين الكمي ونسبة
.ا لبومين
وكالك تم ايجاد معاد ت انحدار ما بين نسبة البروتين الكمي وتركيز خضاب الدم وحجم خاليا
.الدم المرصوصة وسكر الدم واليوريا وا لبومين والكموبيولين
( جدول رقم1
/) مستوى خضاب الدم (غم111
مل
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
A
13.472 0.368
A
10.298 0.150
10.90 0.155
11.577 0.525
انتاج عال
A
13.566 0.669
A
10.262 0.258
B
10.847 0.284
B
11.549 0.630
انتاج متوسط
A
13.453 0.583
A
10.110 0.155
B
11.277 0.296
B
11.605 0.675
انتاج واطئ
A
13.453 0.583
A
10.521 0.348
B
10.979 0.184
B
11.518 0.575
*الحروف المختمفة الكبيرة اعمر ا رق(ام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت مستوى2101
(P<
*الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
) المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 وادار العديد من الباحثين(5,17,14)
الر ارتفاع مستوى الكموبيولين في المراحل ا ولر من ا درار
والك نتيجة لحصول عدد من الحا ت الخمجية مثل التياب الضرع والتياب الرحم وكالك اظيرت ىاه
الدر اسة ارتفاعمستوى الكموبيولين في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض بتقدم موسم ا درار والك بسبب حدوث عدة
.حا ت خمجية من التياب الضرع والرحم
ان عدم كفاءة العميقة عمر تمبية متطمبات انتاج الحميب وخصوصاً عند اعمر مستوى لالنتاج (بعد ديرين
ًمن الو دة) يؤدي الر تاثير الك سمبا
( عمر مستوى اليوريا في الدم872
) وكالك اظيرت الدراسة مستوى
.مرتفعاً لميوريا في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض في المدة الثانية
ان تعرض ا بقار الر توازن سالب لمطاقة أو قمة ديية ا بقار قد يؤدي الر انخفاض مستوى السكر وىاا
ًما اكدتو الدراسة حيث كان مستوى الدم مرتفعا
في المدة ا ولر والثالثة ومنخفضاً في المدة الثانية حيث
(لو عالقة بكمية الحميب ومقدار العميقة المقدمة27
.)
وتم ايجاد معامالت ارتباط طردية بين نسبة البروتين الكمي من جية وخضاب الدم ونسبة الكموبيولين
واليوريا في الدم من جية اخرى وكالك تم ايجاد معامل ارتباط سا لب بين نسبة البروتين الكمي ونسبة
.ا لبومين
وكالك تم ايجاد معاد ت انحدار ما بين نسبة البروتين الكمي وتركيز خضاب الدم وحجم خاليا
.الدم المرصوصة وسكر الدم واليوريا وا لبومين والكموبيولين
( جدول رقم1
/) مستوى خضاب الدم (غم111
مل
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
A
13.472 0.368
A
10.298 0.150
10.90 0.155
11.577 0.525
انتاج عال
A
13.566 0.669
A
10.262 0.258
B
10.847 0.284
B
11.549 0.630
انتاج متوسط
A
13.453 0.583
A
10.110 0.155
B
11.277 0.296
B
11.605 0.675
انتاج واطئ
A
13.453 0.583
A
10.521 0.348
B
10.979 0.184
B
11.518 0.575
*الحروف المختمفة الكبيرة اعمر ا رق(ام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت مستوى2101
(P<
*الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
) وادار العديد من الباحثين(5,17,14)
الر ارتفاع مستوى الكموبيولين في المراحل ا ولر من ا درار
والك نتيجة لحصول عدد من الحا ت الخمجية مثل التياب الضرع والتياب الرحم وكالك اظيرت ىاه
الدر اسة ارتفاعمستوى الكموبيولين في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض بتقدم موسم ا درار والك بسبب حدوث عدة
.حا ت خمجية من التياب الضرع والرحم وادار العديد من الباحثين(5,17,14)
الر ارتفاع مستوى الكموبيولين في المراحل ا ولر من ا درار
والك نتيجة لحصول عدد من الحا ت الخمجية مثل التياب الضرع والتياب الرحم وكالك اظيرت ىاه
الدر اسة ارتفاعمستوى الكموبيولين في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض بتقدم موسم ا درار والك بسبب حدوث عدة
.حا ت خمجية من التياب الضرع والرحم ان عدم كفاءة العميقة عمر تمبية متطمبات انتاج الحميب وخصوصاً عند اعمر مستوى لالنتاج (بعد ديرين
ًمن الو دة) يؤدي الر تاثير الك سمبا
( عمر مستوى اليوريا في الدم872
) وكالك اظيرت الدراسة مستوى
.مرتفعاً لميوريا في المدة ا ولر ثم انخفض في المدة الثانية ان تعرض ا بقار الر توازن سالب لمطاقة أو قمة ديية ا بقار قد يؤدي الر انخفاض مستوى السكر وىاا
ًما اكدتو الدراسة حيث كان مستوى الدم مرتفعا
في المدة ا ولر والثالثة ومنخفضاً في المدة الثانية حيث
(لو عالقة بكمية الحميب ومقدار العميقة المقدمة27
.) وتم ايجاد معامالت ارتباط طردية بين نسبة البروتين الكمي من جية وخضاب الدم ونسبة الكموبيولين
واليوريا في الدم من جية اخرى وكالك تم ايجاد معامل ارتباط سا لب بين نسبة البروتين الكمي ونسبة
.ا لبومين
وكالك تم ايجاد معاد ت انحدار ما بين نسبة البروتين الكمي وتركيز خضاب الدم وحجم خاليا
.الدم المرصوصة وسكر الدم واليوريا وا لبومين والكموبيولين ( جدول رقم1
/) مستوى خضاب الدم (غم111
مل
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
A
13.472 0.368
A
10.298 0.150
10.90 0.155
11.577 0.525
انتاج عال
A
13.566 0.669
A
10.262 0.258
B
10.847 0.284
B
11.549 0.630
انتاج متوسط
A
13.453 0.583
A
10.110 0.155
B
11.277 0.296
B
11.605 0.675
انتاج واطئ
A
13.453 0.583
A
10.521 0.348
B
10.979 0.184
B
11.518 0.575
*الحروف المختمفة الكبيرة اعمر ا رق(ام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت مستوى2101
(P<
*الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
) 86 86 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 (جدول2
%() معدالت حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة±
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة االولى المدة الثانية
المدة
الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
31.238 0.643
29.714 0.848
33.381 0.439
0.423 31.4444
انتاج عال
0.724 32.000
ABa
1.195 29.000
Bb
ab
0.885 33.857
Aa
1.350 31.619
انتاج متوسط
1.234 30.00
ABa
0.967 28.00
Ba
ab
0.533 33.857
Ab
1.360 30.619
انتاج واطئ
1.304 31.714
1.805 32.143
b
0.783 32.429
1.927 32.095
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معن وية تحت
( مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
( مستوىp<0.0.01
() وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
(جدول3
/ ) مستوى البروتين الكمي (غم111
مل
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
9.941 0.241
7.961 0.415
8.276 0.118
0.196 0.726
انتاج عال
0.326 9.506
Aa
0.414 7.385
Bb
a
0.243 8.729
ABa
0.740 8.606
انتاج متوسط
0.345 10.221
1.053 8.600
0.103 8.114
0.90 8.979
انتاج واطئ
0.557 10.096
A
0.583 7.700
B
7.986 0.144
B
0.670 8.594
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي ا (جدول2
%() معدالت حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة±
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة االولى المدة الثانية
المدة
الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
31.238 0.643
29.714 0.848
33.381 0.439
0.423 31.4444
انتاج عال
0.724 32.000
ABa
1.195 29.000
Bb
ab
0.885 33.857
Aa
1.350 31.619
انتاج متوسط
1.234 30.00
ABa
0.967 28.00
Ba
ab
0.533 33.857
Ab
1.360 30.619
انتاج واطئ
1.304 31.714
1.805 32.143
b
0.783 32.429
1.927 32.095
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معن وية تحت
( مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
( مستوىp<0.0.01
() وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
(جدول3
/ ) مستوى البروتين الكمي (غم111
مل
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
9.941 0.241
7.961 0.415
8.276 0.118
0.196 0.726
انتاج عال
0.326 9.506
Aa
0.414 7.385
Bb
a
0.243 8.729
ABa
0.740 8.606
انتاج متوسط
0.345 10.221
1.053 8.600
0.103 8.114
0.90 8.979
انتاج واطئ
0.557 10.096
A
0.583 7.700
B
7.986 0.144
B
0.670 8.594
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت (جدول2
%() معدالت حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة±
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة االولى المدة الثانية
المدة
الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
31.238 0.643
29.714 0.848
33.381 0.439
0.423 31.4444
انتاج عال
0.724 32.000
ABa
1.195 29.000
Bb
ab
0.885 33.857
Aa
1.350 31.619
انتاج متوسط
1.234 30.00
ABa
0.967 28.00
Ba
ab
0.533 33.857
Ab
1.360 30.619
انتاج واطئ
1.304 31.714
1.805 32.143
b
0.783 32.429
1.927 32.095
ا
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي 87 87 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225
88
(جدول4
/) مستوى االلبومين(غم111
مل±
SE
)
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1) عمر التوا.لي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
(جدول5
/) مستوى الكموبيولين (غم111
مل±
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثال
ثة
المعدل العام
7.143±0.076
a
ِ5.019±0.431
b
5.286±0.148
b
5.816±0.215
انتاج عال
6.657±0.346
Aa
4.743±0.488
Bb
5.957±0.234
ABa
5.786±0.523
انتاج متوسط
6.657±0.346
a
ABb
4.743±0.488
ab
ab
5.957±0.234
b
5.786±0.525
موسم
ث اني/انتاج
واطي
a
7.186±0.653
A
Aa
4.457±0.598
B
a
4.857±0.181
B
5.500±0.738
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفا ت معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
30849 1015:
ِ ِA
ِA
2.938 0.104
2.991 0.057
2.889±0.042
انتاج عال
a
2.829±0.081
ABa
2.829±0.102
C
2.771±0.109
.2.810±0.138
انتاج متوسط
2.629±0.068
B
ABb
B.743±0.113
ab
3.071±0.042
A
2.814±0.113
انتاج واطئ
A
2.757±0.117
B
Aa
3.243±0.207
B
a
3.129±0.084
A
3.043±0.205 88
(جدول4
/) مستوى االلبومين(غم111
مل±
SE
)
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1) عمر التوا.لي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
(جدول5
/) مستوى الكموبيولين (غم111
مل±
SE
)
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثال
ثة
المعدل العام
7.143±0.076
a
ِ5.019±0.431
b
5.286±0.148
b
5.816±0.215
انتاج عال
6.657±0.346
Aa
4.743±0.488
Bb
5.957±0.234
ABa
5.786±0.523
انتاج متوسط
6.657±0.346
a
ABb
4.743±0.488
ab
ab
5.957±0.234
b
5.786±0.525
موسم
ث اني/انتاج
واطي
a
7.186±0.653
A
Aa
4.457±0.598
B
a
4.857±0.181
B
5.500±0.738
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفا ت معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
30849 1015:
ِ ِA
ِA
2.938 0.104
2.991 0.057
2.889±0.042
انتاج عال
a
2.829±0.081
ABa
2.829±0.102
C
2.771±0.109
.2.810±0.138
انتاج متوسط
2.629±0.068
B
ABb
B.743±0.113
ab
3.071±0.042
A
2.814±0.113
انتاج واطئ
A
2.757±0.117
B
Aa
3.243±0.207
B
a
3.129±0.084
A
3.043±0.205 (جدول4
/) مستوى االلبومين(غم111
مل±
SE
)
ا
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
30849 1015:
ِ ِA
ِA
2.938 0.104
2.991 0.057
2.889±0.042
انتاج عال
a
2.829±0.081
ABa
2.829±0.102
C
2.771±0.109
.2.810±0.138
انتاج متوسط
2.629±0.068
B
ABb
B.743±0.113
ab
3.071±0.042
A
2.814±0.113
انتاج واطئ
A
2.757±0.117
B
Aa
3.243±0.207
B
a
3.129±0.084
A
3.043±0.205 (جدول4
/) مستوى االلبومين(غم111
مل±
SE
) 88 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225
(جدول6
/) مستوى الناتروجين(غم111
مل±
SE
)
الحروف المختمف ة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
ج(دول7
)
/مستوى سكر الدم (الكموكوز) (غم111مل±
S E
(
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
37.101±2.079
A
20.835±2.165
B
22.675±1.051
B
26.870±1.361
إنتاج عال
ABa
38.857±2.663
A
19.953±2.302
B
ACc
19.800±1.255
B
26.203±3.051
إنتاج متوسط
ABa
32.063±5.223
a
18.200±2.336
b
ABb
21.500±1.072
b
32.921±4.753
/موسم ثاني
إنتاج واط
ئ
Aa
40.381±1.529
A
24.353±5.157
B
Aa
26.726±1.999
B
30.487±4.685
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
A
62.367±6.214
a
20.605±4.638
b
32.862±2.561
b
38.611±3.48
انتاج عال
ABa
64.657±13.188
Aa
15.514±5.527
Bb
ACc
31.186±4.310
ABb
37.119±12.194
انتاج متوسط
Aa
69.800±10.794
Aa
20.771±6.015
Bc
ABb
28.843±4.397
Bb
39.805±3.016
انتاج واطي
ABCab
52.643±8.367
Dc
25.529±11.83
6
Aa
38.557±4.376
a
38.910±12.362 (جدول6
/) مستوى الناتروجين(غم111
مل±
SE
)
الحروف المختمف ة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
ج(دول7
)
/مستوى سكر الدم (الكموكوز) (غم111مل±
S E
(
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.01
() وp<0.1
.) عمر التوالي
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
37.101±2.079
A
20.835±2.165
B
22.675±1.051
B
26.870±1.361
إنتاج عال
ABa
38.857±2.663
A
19.953±2.302
B
ACc
19.800±1.255
B
26.203±3.051
إنتاج متوسط
ABa
32.063±5.223
a
18.200±2.336
b
ABb
21.500±1.072
b
32.921±4.753
/موسم ثاني
إنتاج واط
ئ
Aa
40.381±1.529
A
24.353±5.157
B
Aa
26.726±1.999
B
30.487±4.685
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
A
62.367±6.214
a
20.605±4.638
b
32.862±2.561
b
38.611±3.48
انتاج عال
ABa
64.657±13.188
Aa
15.514±5.527
Bb
ACc
31.186±4.310
ABb
37.119±12.194
انتاج متوسط
Aa
69.800±10.794
Aa
20.771±6.015
Bc
ABb
28.843±4.397
Bb
39.805±3.016
انتاج واطي
ABCab
52.643±8.367
Dc
25.529±11.83
6
Aa
38.557±4.376
a
38.910±12.362 (جدول6
/) مستوى الناتروجين(غم111
مل±
SE
)
الحروف المختمف ة الصغيرة والكبيرة اعمر ا رقام لمعمود الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
المدة
الصفة
المدة ا ولر المدة الثانية المدة الثالثة
المعدل العام لممدد
الثالثة
المعدل العام
a
37.101±2.079
A
20.835±2.165
B
22.675±1.051
B
26.870±1.361
إنتاج عال
ABa
38.857±2.663
A
19.953±2.302
B
ACc
19.800±1.255
B
26.203±3.051
إنتاج متوسط
ABa
32.063±5.223
a
18.200±2.336
b
ABb
21.500±1.072
b
32.921±4.753
/موسم ثاني
إنتاج واط
ئ
Aa
40.381±1.529
A
24.353±5.157
B
Aa
26.726±1.999
B
30.487±4.685 (جدول6
/) مستوى الناتروجين(غم111
مل±
SE
) 89 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225
الحروف المختمفة الصغيرة والكبيرة اسفل ا رقام لمخط الواحد تدير الر وجود اختالفات معنوية تحت
(مستوىp<0.0.01
( ) وp<0.01
.) عمر التوالي
( جدول8) يبين معامالت اإلرتباط ومعادالت اإلنحدار بين م( ستوى البروتين الكميX
) والصفات الدمية
( األخرىY
)
الصفات معامل اإلرتباط معاد ت ا نحدار
نسبة البروتين الكميX
خضاب الدم
0.4149 xx
Y= 7.2723+0.44685 X
نسبة البروتين الكميX
حجم خاليا الدم المرصوصة
0.0022 n.s
Y= 7.2723+ 0.44685 X
نسبة البروتين الكميX
ا
أللبومين
- 0.181 x
Y= 3.32046 + 0.475 X
نسبة البروتين الكميX
الكموبيولين
0.965 xxx
Y= 3.2576 + 1.0572 X
نسبة البروتين الكميX
نايتروجين يوريا الدم
0.229 xx
Y= 7.4611 + 2.1061 X
نسبة البروتين الكميX
سكر الدم
0.1505 n.s
Y= 7.8161 + 3.0999 X
xxx
معنوي تحت
( مستوىp<0.001
)
xx
( معنوي تحت مستوىp<0.01
)
x
( معنوي تحت مستوىp<0.05
)
n.s
غيرمعنوي
X
= قيمة نسبة البروتين
Y
= قيمة نسبة الصفة األخرى لمخط الواحد References 1. Adams R.S.; Stout , W.L; Kradel , D.C.; Guss, S.B.; Moser , B.L.&Jung ,
G.A.(1978 ) .use and limitations of metabolic profiles in assessing health or
nutritional status of dairy herds . J.Dairy Sci. , 61 , 1671-1679 . 2. Andrews A.H. & Whitaker , A.A.( 2002 ) Metabolic profiles , Bovine
medicine ( personal communication ) . 3. Coles , E.H.( 1986 ) .Veterinary clinic pathology , 4th ed., saunders
company Philadelphia . y
4. Ghergariu , S.;Rowlands , G.J.; POP , A.; Danielescu , N:&Moldovan
,N.A.(1984). Acomparative study of metabolic profiles obtained in dairy
herds in Romania. Br.Vet.J., 140,600-608. 5. Gonzalez, F.H.D.& rocha, J.A.R (1998). Metabolic profiles variations &
reproduction performance in Holstein cows of different milk yield in
southern Brazil. Arg.Fac.Ufrags.26(1), 53-64. g
g
( )
6. Ingraham,
R.H. &
Kappel,
L.C. (1988). Metabolic
profile
testing.Vet.Clin.N.Amer., food Anim.Pract.4(2), 391-411. g
g
6. Ingraham,
R.H. &
Kappel,
L.C. (1988). Metabolic
profile
testing.Vet.Clin.N.Amer., food Anim.Pract.4(2), 391-411. 7. Kelly, J.M.(1996). The use of metabolic profiles in dairy cows. Cattle
practice.18,46-48. 7. Kelly, J.M.(1996). The use of metabolic profiles in dairy cows. Cattle
practice.18,46-48. 90 المجلة الطبية البيطرية العراقية ، المجلد29
، العدد1
، السنة2225 8. Lane,A.G. & Cambell,J,R.(1969) Relationship of hematocrit values to
selected physiological conditions in dairy cattle. J.Anim.Sci.,28,508-511. 8. Lane,A.G. & Cambell,J,R.(1969) Relationship of hematocrit values to
selected physiological conditions in dairy cattle. J.Anim.Sci.,28,508-511. 9. Manston,R.,Russell,A.M.; Dew,S.M.;& Payne,J.M.(1975). The influence of
dietary protein upon blood composition in dairy cows. Vet. Rec.,96,497-
502. 10. Payne, J.M.;Dew, S.M.; Manston, R.; Biol, M.I. & Faulks, m. (1970).The
use of metabolic profile test in dairy herds. Vet. Rec., 87,150-158. p
y
11. Radostitis , O.M.; gag, C.C.; Blood;& Hinchcliff ,K.W.(1999) Veterinary
Medicin , 9th edition , Saunders Company , Philadelphia . 12. Robert , T.V.(2000) . Blood profilesas indicators of international status . Http//www. afns . ( internet ) 13. Robert , K.; & Bozena , C.D. (2002 ) . Values of selected biochemical
parameters of caws ‘ blood during their drying – off & the beginning of
lactation . E1.J.Pol.Agr.Univ. Vet. Med ., 5 ; ( Issue I series ) . g
14. Rowlands , G.J. , Manston, R . ; Popcock , R.M; & Dew , S.M. (1975). Relationshio between stage of lactation & pregnancy & blood composition
in a herd of dairy cows & the influences of seasonal changes in
management on these relationship. J. Dairy Res.,42,349-362. 15. 18. Wotton , I.D.P. (1964) Micro – Analysis in medical biochemistry . 4th ed .
J. & A. Churchill Ltd. , London . References Steel , R. & Torrie , (1980) Principles & procedures of statistics, MacGraw-
HirBook company , New York . 16. Whitaker , D.A. & Kelly , I . M. (1993) . use & interpretation of mertabolic
profiles in dairy cows .Dept . vet . Clin. St. University of Edinburgh . U.K. 17. Whitaker , D.A. ; Goodger ,W.J. ; Garcia ,M., perera , B , M ; & Wittwer ,
F .(1999) . use of metabolic profiles in dairy cattle in tropical and
subtropical countries on small holder dairy farms . J.prev , Vet Med .,
38,119-131 . 18. Wotton , I.D.P. (1964) Micro – Analysis in medical biochemistry . 4th ed . J. & A. Churchill Ltd. , London . 91 91 | 4,915 | https://jcovm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/Iraqijvm/article/download/867/758 | null |
Arabic | المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 تأثير مرض نقص النحاس عمى المكونات االساسية
لحميب النعاج
خلود خضٌر
الًعكٌل
فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية
كلية الطب البيطري
جامعة بغداد
جنان علً الخالدي
المعهد التقني / المنصور
هيئة المعاهد الفنية
لٌلًى محمد الكنان
فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية
كلية الطب البيطري
جامعة بغداد تأثير مرض نقص النحاس عمى المكونات االساسية
لحميب النعاج
خلود خضٌر
الًعكٌل
فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية
كلية الطب البيطري
جامعة بغداد
جنان علً الخالدي
المعهد التقني / المنصور
هيئة المعاهد الفنية
لٌلًى محمد الكنان
فرع الصحة العامة البيطرية
كلية الطب البيطري
جامعة بغداد The Effect of Copper Deficiency on Essential Component
Of Sheep Milk Jinan A.AL-Khalidi
Al-mansurTechnigual
institute Layla M.AL-Kinani
Dept. of Public Health
College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University Khulood K.AL-Agealy
Dept. of Public Health
College of Vet. Med. Baghdad University SUMMARY The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of copper
deficiency on some milk constituents of ewes.(Thirty)raw milk samples have
been collected in the morning and before feeding of the ewes,(10) of them
from ewes suffering from copper deficiency and the other(20) milk samples
were collected from healthy ewes .The percentages of fat ,protein ,lactose,
chloride, specific gravity, moisture and the pH of milk were determined. The results have shown that copper deficiency have an effect on the milk
constituents where all milk samples collected from ewes suffering from
copper deficiency had significantly (p<0.01) lower percentages of fat
(5.70%) ,protein(3.0%), lactose (3.4%) and specific gravity (1.0338) than those collected from healthy ewes that had
(7.62%),(4.0%),(4.07%) and (1.0369) respectively. Data revealed that there was a significant (p<0.01) increase in the
percentage of moisture (87%) and non significant (p>0.05) increase in the
percentage of chloride (0.0921%) in the milk samples collected from ewes
suffering from copper deficiency than healthy ones that had (83%) and
(0.0858%) respectively. In addition to that no changes in the pH values
between all milk samples were noticed. الخالصة ( صباحا وقبل تناول العميقة جمعت03
( ) عينة من حميب النعاج13
) منيا اخذت من نعاج
( مصابة بمرض نقص النحاس و03
.) اخرى من نعاج سميمة
تم قياس النسبة المئوية لمدىن والبروتين و الالكتوز والكموريدات مع تحديد األس الييدروجيني
.والوزن النوعي والرطوبة في عينات الحميب
بعد أجراء التحميل اآلحصائي لنتائج بعض الفحوص الكيميائيو التي اجريت لعينات حميب
( النعاج تبين بأن ىناك أنخفاضا معنوياp < 0.01
() في النسب المئويو لكل من الدىن17.3
)%
(والبروتين0733
()والالكتوز%
07.3
)%
في حميب النعاج التي كانت تعاني من نقص النحاس
(مقارنة بما يقابميا في عينات حميب النعاج السميمو حيث بمغت.7.0
(, )%
.733
()و%
.73. .)عمى التوالي%
لوحظ أرتفاع ممموس وواضح لكن غير معنوي(
p > 0.05
( )في نسبة الكموريدات373001) في%
(العينات المصابة مقارنة بالعينات السميمة373010
) ولم تتغير نسبة األس الييدروجيني بين%
العينات المفحوصة بينما أنخفض الوزن النوعي وبصوره معنويو p < 0.05)
) في العينات المصابة
( والبالغة173000
( ) مقارنة بغيرىا من السميمة1730.0
.)
وقد أرتفعت بصوره معنويو(
3731
(p <
( النسبو المئويو لمرطوبو الى0. ) في العينات%
( المصابو بينما لم تتجاوز النسبو00
.)في العينات السميمو% ( صباحا وقبل تناول العميقة جمعت03
( ) عينة من حميب النعاج13
) منيا اخذت من نعاج
( مصابة بمرض نقص النحاس و03
.) اخرى من نعاج سميمة اأ ( صباحا وقبل تناول العميقة جمعت03
( ) عينة من حميب النعاج13
) منيا اخذت من نعاج
( مصابة بمرض نقص النحاس و03
.) اخرى من نعاج سميمة
تم قياس النسبة المئوية لمدىن والبروتين و الالكتوز والكموريدات مع تحديد األس الييدروجيني لوحظ أرتفاع ممموس وواضح لكن غير معنوي(
p > 0.05
( )في نسبة الكموريدات373001) في%
(العينات المصابة مقارنة بالعينات السميمة373010
) ولم تتغير نسبة األس الييدروجيني بين%
العينات المفحوصة بينما أنخفض الوزن النوعي وبصوره معنويو p < 0.05)
) في العينات المصابة
( والبالغة173000
( ) مقارنة بغيرىا من السميمة1730.0
.) وقد أرتفعت بصوره معنويو(
3731
(p <
( النسبو المئويو لمرطوبو الى0. ) في العينات%
( المصابو بينما لم تتجاوز النسبو00
.)في العينات السميمو% 111 111 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy G.B.C. scientific equipment Pty – 2TD. المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 المصابة وقد أضيرت نتائج التجربو عالمات مرض نقص النحاس والتي شممت اليزال والضعف
والترنح وعالمات عصبيو خ الل مدة الحمل وعدم التوازن وقد أنخفض مستوى النحاس في المصل
والكبد الى مستوى أقل من الحد الطبيعي مع ىبوط وزن النعاج وتغير معايير الدم فضال عن والدة
حممين منخفضي الوزن وذات قيم واطئو من النحاس في مصل الدم مع تغير لون الصوف لمنعاج
والحمالن وتباين صفاتيا الفيز ياويو حيث أصبحت جزة الصوف مترىمو وسيمة الكسر واالنتزاع كما
وضحت مقاطع الجياز العصبي تغيرات نسيجيو كتكوين الفجوات والتنكس مع زوال النخاعين وبينت
( مقاطع من االعضاء الداخميو االخرى وجود التنكس المرضي واالنتفاخ الغيمي0
) ولكون الحميب
ىو المصدر االساسي لتغذية
الحمالن ولتوازن مكوناتو تأثيراً ىاماً عمى نموىم بشكل صحي متكامل
( فقد بين المصدر0
) المستويات الطبيعية لمكونات حميب النعاج وتغير ىذا المستوى عند االصابة
.بمرض نقص النحاس
ليذا كان ىدف ىذه الدراسو ىو قياس نسب مكونات حميب النعاج المصابة بمرض نقص النحاس
ومق. ارنتيا بمثيالتيا في النعاج السميمة ليذا كان ىدف ىذه الدراسو ىو قياس نسب مكونات حميب النعاج المصابة بمرض نقص النحاس
ومق. ارنتيا بمثيالتيا في النعاج السميمة المقدمة يعتبر مرض نقص النحاس من األمراض الشائعة بين األغنام اعتماداً عمى العالمات السريرية
.لمحيوانات المصابة وانخفاض مستوى النحاس في مصل الدم
( وقد اجري مسح حيواني ألغنام قطيع كمية الطب البيطري في بغداد لعام0330
) حيث سجل
( انخفاض ممحوظ في معدل مستوى النحاس في مصل الدم لتمك األغنام1
.)
( كما استحدث مرض نقص النحاس في11
) نعجة عواسية من قطيع كمية الطب البيطري لدراسة
العالمات السريرية في األغنا م والحمالن المصابة والتغيرات النسيجية في األعضاء المصابة إضافة
الى قياس مستوى النحاس و أألنزيمات في مصل الدم ودراسة التغيرات في الصورة الدموية لدم النعاج 11. المواد وطرائق العمل (تمم قيماس كميممة النحماس فممي مصمل المدم بوحممدة جمزء مممن المميمونppm) بأسمتخدام جيمماز قيما
س
شممدة
(الضمموء بأألمتصمماص الممذريAtomic absorption
)
I
لتشممخيص النعمماج المصممابة بممنقص النحمماس
( والسميمة. . ) ( ي
وا. . )
بعد
مرور
خمسة أسابيع( من والدة النعاج وقبل تناول العميقة تمم جممع03
) عينمة حميمب فمي قنماني
( نظيفة منيا13
) نعاح مصابة بمرض نقمص النحماس وألتمي وصمل معمدل مسمتوى النحماس فمي مصمل
ال( دم فييا الى3710
( ) جزء من المميمون و03
) نعجمة سمميمة كمان معمدل مسمتوى النحماس فمي مصمميا
(
3700
.) جزء من المميون
ع ممت كل عينة حميب برقم النعجمة والتمأريو وتمم أجمراء الفحوصمات الكيميائيمة ليما حيمث شمممت ىمذه
: الفحوصات ما يمي
( تقمدير النسمبة المئويممة لممدىن والنسمبة المئويممة لمبمروتين أعتممماداً عممى1
) وتقمدير النسممبة المئويمة لكممل
( من الالكتوز والكموريمدات حسمب مما جماء فمي.) وتحديمد االس ا لييمدروجيني فضم ً عمن تقمدير الموزن
( النوعي طبقاً لما جاء في1
( ً) وتقدير النسبة المئوية لمرطوبة تبعا. .) بعد
مرور
خمسة أسابيع( من والدة النعاج وقبل تناول العميقة تمم جممع03
) عينمة حميمب فمي قنماني
( نظيفة منيا13
) نعاح مصابة بمرض نقمص النحماس وألتمي وصمل معمدل مسمتوى النحماس فمي مصمل
ال( دم فييا الى3710
( ) جزء من المميمون و03
) نعجمة سمميمة كمان معمدل مسمتوى النحماس فمي مصمميا
(
3700
.) جزء من المميون بعد
مرور
خمسة أسابيع( من والدة النعاج وقبل تناول العميقة تمم جممع03
) عينمة حميمب فمي قنماني
( نظيفة منيا13
) نعاح مصابة بمرض نقمص النحماس وألتمي وصمل معمدل مسمتوى النحماس فمي مصمل
ال( دم فييا الى3710
( ) جزء من المميمون و03
) نعجمة سمميمة كمان معمدل مسمتوى النحماس فمي مصمميا
(
3700
.) جزء من المميون
ع ممت كل عينة حميب برقم النعجمة والتمأريو وتمم أجمراء الفحوصمات الكيميائيمة ليما حيمث شمممت ىمذه
: الفحوصات ما يمي
( تقمدير النسمبة المئويممة لممدىن والنسمبة المئويممة لمبمروتين أعتممماداً عممى1
) وتقمدير النسممبة المئويمة لكممل ع ممت كل عينة حميب برقم النعجمة والتمأريو وتمم أجمراء الفحوصمات الكيميائيمة ليما حيمث شمممت ىمذه
: الفحوصات ما يمي ( تقمدير النسمبة المئويممة لممدىن والنسمبة المئويممة لمبمروتين أعتممماداً عممى1
) وتقمدير النسممبة المئويمة لكممل
( من الالكتوز والكموريمدات حسمب مما جماء فمي.) وتحديمد االس ا لييمدروجيني فضم ً عمن تقمدير الموزن
( النوعي طبقاً لما جاء في1
( ً) وتقدير النسبة المئوية لمرطوبة تبعا. .) 11. المواد وطرائق العمل المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 النتائج
بعممممد أجممممراء التحميممممل اآلحصممممائي لنتممممائج الفحمممموص الكيميائيممممو التممممي اجريممممت لعينممممات حميممممب النعمممماج
( والموضحو في الجدول رقم1
() تبين بأن ىناك أنخفاضا معنوياp < 0.01
) في النسب المئويو لكمل
(من الدىن17.3), البروتين%
(
0733
) والالكتوز%
(
07.3
) في حميب النعاج التي كانت تعاني%
( ممممن نقمممص النحممماس مقارنمممة بمممما يقابميممما فمممي عينمممات حميمممب النعممماج السمممميمو حيمممث بمغمممت.7.0
, )%
(
.733
)%
(و.73. .) عمى التوالي%
لمموحظ أرتفمماع ممممموس وواضممح لكممن غيممر معنمموي(
p > 0.05
()فممي نسممبة الكموريممدات373001
)فممي%
(العينمممات المصمممابة مقارنمممة بالعينمممات السمممميمة373010
) ولمممم تتغيمممر نسمممبة األس الييمممدروجيني بمممين%
العينات المفحوصة بينما أنخفمض الموزن النموعي وبصموره معنويمو p < 0.05)
) فمي العينمات المصمابة
حيث بمغت(
173000
) مقارنة بغيرىا م( ن السميمة1730.0
. )
(وقممد ارتفعممت بصمموره معنويممو0.01
p <
( )النسممبة المئويممة لمرطوبممة الممى0. ) فممي العينممات المصممابة%
( بينما لم تتجاوز النسبة00
.) في العينات السميمة% لمموحظ أرتفمماع ممممموس وواضممح لكممن غيممر معنمموي(
p > 0.05
()فممي نسممبة الكموريممدات373001
)فممي%
(العينمممات المصمممابة مقارنمممة بالعينمممات السمممميمة373010
) ولمممم تتغيمممر نسمممبة األس الييمممدروجيني بمممين%
العينات المفحوصة بينما أنخفمض الموزن النموعي وبصموره معنويمو p < 0.05)
) فمي العينمات المصمابة
حيث بمغت(
173000
) مقارنة بغيرىا م( ن السميمة1730.0
. ) (وقممد ارتفعممت بصمموره معنويممو0.01
p <
( )النسممبة المئويممة لمرطوبممة الممى0. ) فممي العينممات المصممابة%
( بينما لم تتجاوز النسبة00
.) في العينات السميمة% 110 110 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 ( جدول1
):مقارنة النسب المئويه لبعض مكونات الحميب بين النعاج التي تعاني من نقص النحاس مع السميمه
ال
نعاج
معدل
مستوى
النحاس
ًف
مصل
الدم
عدد
العٌنات
معدالت النسب المئوٌة لمكونات الحلٌب
الدهن
البروتٌن
الالكتوز
الكلورٌدات
الوزن
ًالنوع
الرطوبة
النسبٌة
األس
ًالهٌدروجٌن
المصابة
بمرض
نقص
النحاس
35.0
ppm
13
**
.5.3
±
3500
**
0533
±
351. **
05.3
±
35300
NoN.sig. 0.0921
±
0.012
*
1.0338
±
0.001
**
87
±
0.41
NoN.sig. المواد وطرائق العمل 6.54
السلٌمة
3500
ppm
03
.500
±
3530
4.00
±
0.06
4.07
±
0.05
0.0858
±
0.003
1.0369
±
0.0002
83
±
0.28
6.57
**
:
p< 0.01
*
:
< 0 05 ( جدول1
):مقارنة النسب المئويه لبعض مكونات الحميب بين النعاج التي تعاني من نقص النحاس مع السميمه
ال
نعاج
معدل
مستوى
النحاس
ًف
مصل
الدم
عدد
العٌنات
معدالت النسب المئوٌة لمكونات الحلٌب
الدهن
البروتٌن
الالكتوز
الكلورٌدات
الوزن
ًالنوع
الرطوبة
النسبٌة
األس
ًالهٌدروجٌن
المصابة
بمرض
نقص
النحاس
35.0
ppm
13
**
.5.3
±
3500
**
0533
±
351. **
05.3
±
35300
NoN.sig. 0.0921
±
0.012
*
1.0338
±
0.001
**
87
±
0.41
NoN.sig. 6.54
السلٌمة
3500
ppm
03
.500
±
3530
4.00
±
0.06
4.07
±
0.05
0.0858
±
0.003
1.0369
±
0.0002
83
±
0.28
6.57
**
:
p< 0.01
*
:
p< 0.05
NoN.sig
:
p> 0.05 110 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 المناقشة أظير التحميل الكيميائي انخفاضا في النسبة المئويو لمدىن والبروتين والالكتوز والوزن النموعي فمي
العينات المصابة مقارنة بالعينات السميمة في ىمذه الدراسمة وىمذا يتفم ممع مما اظيرتمو احمدى الدراسمات
عمممى حميممب نعمماج سممميمة سممنة(
1000
) ودراسممة اخممرى عمممى حميممب االنعمماج السممميمة فممي ايرلنممدا سممنة
(
033. ( ) حيممممث بمغممممت النسممممبة المئويممممة لمممممدىن.7.. ( ) و%
.703
( ) والبممممروتين%
1733
)%
(و17.0
) والالكتوز%
(
.7.0
( ) في كال الدراستين عمى التوالي%
. ()و0
.)
وكانممت النسممبة المليممو لمرطوبممة فممي العينممات الم صممابة اعمممى مممما ىممو عميممو فممي العينممات السممميمة فممي
ىذه الدراسة عن دراسة اخرى أجريت سنة1000
( والبالغة.0710
( )%
. ) ولعل السبب في ىذا ىو
الممدور الفعممال لمنحمماس فممي شممبكة السممايتوكروم c
(
cytochrome oxidase
)
المختزلممة بواسممطة
األوكسمجين الجزئممي ودخولممو كممانزيم نيممائي فممي عمميممة األكسممدة الفسممفورية مممما يمملثر عمممى ايممض الخميممة
(وممممن ثمممم عممممى نسمممبة المممدىن والبمممروتين والالكتممموز0
) و إلرتبممماط النحممماس بالبروتينمممات الجسممممية فمممأن
( أنخفاض كمية النحاس تلدي الى قمة النسبة المئوية لمبروتينات13
()و11
. )
ونتيجة إلنخفاض معدالت النسمب المئويمة لمبمروتين والالكتموز سمجل معمدل الموزن النموعي انخفماض
.طفيف كونو يتناسب طردياً مع نسبة المواد الصمبة الالدىنية في الحميب
وسجمت النسبة المئوية لمكموريدات ارتفاعاً في حميب النعاج المصابة نتيجة ألنخفاض نسبة الالكتموز
وذلممك لممحافظممة عمممى الضممغط التنافممذي داخممل خاليمما الضممرع حيممث ان العالقممة عك سممية بممين الالكتمموز
(.والكموريدات. ) أظير التحميل الكيميائي انخفاضا في النسبة المئويو لمدىن والبروتين والالكتوز والوزن النموعي فمي
العينات المصابة مقارنة بالعينات السميمة في ىمذه الدراسمة وىمذا يتفم ممع مما اظيرتمو احمدى الدراسمات
عمممى حميممب نعمماج سممميمة سممنة(
1000
) ودراسممة اخممرى عمممى حميممب االنعمماج السممميمة فممي ايرلنممدا سممنة
(
033. ( ) حيممممث بمغممممت النسممممبة المئويممممة لمممممدىن.7.. ( ) و%
.703
( ) والبممممروتين%
1733
)%
(و17.0
) والالكتوز% وكانممت النسممبة المليممو لمرطوبممة فممي العينممات الم صممابة اعمممى مممما ىممو عميممو فممي العينممات السممميمة فممي
ىذه الدراسة عن دراسة اخرى أجريت سنة1000
( والبالغة.0710
( )%
. ) ولعل السبب في ىذا ىو
الممدور الفعممال لمنحمماس فممي شممبكة السممايتوكروم c
(
cytochrome oxidase
)
المختزلممة بواسممطة
األوكسمجين الجزئممي ودخولممو كممانزيم نيممائي فممي عمميممة األكسممدة الفسممفورية مممما يمملثر عمممى ايممض الخميممة
(وممممن ثمممم عممممى نسمممبة المممدىن والبمممروتين والالكتممموز0
) و إلرتبممماط النحممماس بالبروتينمممات الجسممممية فمممأن
( أنخفاض كمية النحاس تلدي الى قمة النسبة المئوية لمبروتينات13
()و11
. المناقشة ) ونتيجة إلنخفاض معدالت النسمب المئويمة لمبمروتين والالكتموز سمجل معمدل الموزن النموعي انخفماض
.طفيف كونو يتناسب طردياً مع نسبة المواد الصمبة الالدىنية في الحميب
وسجمت النسبة المئوية لمكموريدات ارتفاعاً في حميب النعاج المصابة نتيجة ألنخفاض نسبة الالكتموز
وذلممك لممحافظممة عمممى الضممغط التنافممذي داخممل خاليمما الضممرع حيممث ان العالقممة عك سممية بممين الالكتمموز
(.والكموريدات. ) (.ت. ) (.ريدات. ) 1
-
( السامرائي ، سعدي أحمد غناوي والعامري ، ىند حامد0330
) . نقص المعادن الكافية في أغنام
.)كمية الطب البيطري (بحث غير منشور
0
-
( الخالدي ، جنان عمي033.) . دراسمة تجريبية أل ستحداث مرض نقص النحاس في االغنام
العواسية 3 – Rodostits , O.M.; Hincheliff , K.W.; Cay , C.C and Blood ,D.C (2000). Diseases caused by deficiencies of mineral nutrients. Veterinary medicine. A
text book of the diseases of cattle , sheep , pigs , goats and horses .9 th (ed) . Bailliere Tindall . London. England. 103 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد53
،
العدد4
،
السنة4227 4- Dawson , J.B .; Ellies , D.J. and Newton , J. Ts. (1968) . Direct estimation of
copper in serum and urine by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Clin . hina. Acta. 21:33 5-Marth,E.H.(1978). Standeredmethods for the examination of dairy products
.14Th (ed). Amer. Public. Health. Assoc. Washington. 5-Marth,E.H.(1978). Standeredmethods for the examination of dairy products
.14Th (ed). Amer. Public. Health. Assoc. Washington. 6- Henry V.A and Newlander,J.A.(1981).Chemistry and Testing of Dairy
Products . Fourth Edition AVI.Publishing Company , INC. Connecticut ,
USA. أ . -
أألميمممم ري ، عممممامر محمممممد عمممممي ، الصممممائو ، مظفممممر نممممافع رحممممو والسممممراجي ، أنتصممممار حسممممن محمممممد
(
1000) . التركيب الكيمياوي لمبأ
وحميب االميات وأألبقار ( الفريزيان والجنوبي ) ونعماج العرابمي
. . مجمة البصرة لمعموم الزراعية1
(
1
:)
01
-
00 . -
أألميمممم ري ، عممممامر محمممممد عمممممي ، الصممممائو ، مظفممممر نممممافع رحممممو والسممممراجي ، أنتصممممار حسممممن محمممممد
(
1000) . التركيب الكيمياوي لمبأ
وحميب االميات وأألبقار ( الفريزيان والجنوبي ) ونعماج العرابمي
. . مجمة البصرة لمعموم الزراعية1
(
1
:)
01
-
00 8- Hallgrimsson , S.S. and Olafsson , H.B. (2004). Experiments of sheep
milking in Iceland. Milking sheep. (INt). 8- Hallgrimsson , S.S. and Olafsson , H.B. (2004). Experiments of sheep
milking in Iceland. Milking sheep. (INt). 8- Hallgrimsson , S.S. and Olafsson , H.B. (2004). Experiments of sheep
milking in Iceland. Milking sheep. (INt). g
g
p (
)
9- Griffiths , D.E. and Wharton . D.C. (1961) . Studies of the electron transport
system xxxv. Purification and properties of cytochrome oxidaes J. Biol . Chem. 236:1850-56 . 10- Evans, G. W. (1973) Copper homostasis in mammalian system. Physinol. Rev. 53.535-70 9- Griffiths , D.E. and Wharton . D.C. (1961) . Studies of the electron transport
system xxxv. Purification and properties of cytochrome oxidaes J. Biol . Chem. 236:1850-56 . y
p
p
y
Chem. 236:1850-56 . 10- Evans, G. W. (1973) Copper homostasis in mammalian system. Physinol. Rev. 53.535-70 10- Evans, G. W. (1973) Copper homostasis in mammalian system. Physinol. Rev. 53.535-70 11- Milne, P.B. and Wes wig, P.H. (1968). Effect of supplementary copper on
blood and liver copper containing fractions in rats. J. Nutr. 95:429-33 101 101 | 2,709 | https://jcovm.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/Iraqijvm/article/download/793/694 | null |
Arabic | الخالصة الخالصة تعددج اددم األم شيمأليددألل ية ي نألدد دد ن ينبدد
يطبألعألدد ينةنددلم ي ع ألدد سدد لنيددلن يأألدد ن ن
بعض ن لطهل ي صنأل تعتبم م أل ال شيمأليألل ية ي نأل ي ع أل ينزسألO157
ي يؤ ي عدن
أددج ح أددل م ددأل تتددم ص بددألن لصددلب ي ت يددط يدد لصددلب ي ألتدد دد ددن ياددم األم يتدد
تنتةل عن طمألق يغذ ء تهجج يصدأ يعل د يهدذ سدجن ادم ء دذا يجم يد ردلن ي عمسد دج نتيدلم
ام األم شيمأليألل ية ي نأل خلص يدن ط ي صدنO157
سد ن دلذا يادبن يطدمم ي أند أألدح تدم
يتأمم يريف عن ت اج ل أيدل عدج ج يدتع م تهل / مدم دن يادبن بليدتخج م ش يدلط يزمعألد
يخلصدد ينعدددزل يامادددCT-SMAC , E.M.B. ) عت دددلج ختبدددلم ي صددنألLatex
O157
) ختبلم يرأل أأللتأل. يتجرألجأل
تم ا ع50
ن ذالً ن يابن يطمم ي أن ن ي ق جألن بغج ج ينفتمم ن يهم نأليلن يغلأل
نهلألدد يددهم ألددلم يعددلم2007
قددج ظهددم ينتددلد ادد ج سددمق عندد مP<0.05
) سدد نيددب يعددزل
ياما يرنأل أألح تم عزل ام األم شيمأليدألل ية ي نألد دن47
ن د ذا94
)%
بألن دل عدزل يدن ط
ي صنO157
ن40
ن ذا80
) ذ ر ل ظهم ينتلد ا ج سمق عن م%
P<0.05
) سد
عددجل يعددج يامادد ين يددتع م / مددم أألددح يددان عددج ج ي يددتع م ياددم األم شيمأليددألل ية ي نألدد
ام األم ين ط ي صنO157
2.4x105 , 4.7x106 أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم ) عن يت ي
. المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228
األشريشيا القولونية المعوية النزفيةO157
في ا
لجبن الطري المحمي فادية عبد المحسن الخياط
فرع العموم الطبية األساسية–
كمية طب األسنان–
جامعة بغداد-
بغداد-
العراق الخالصة ذ أليألم ي ش أل يصأأل ي نتال شيبلن س أج ح لصلب ي م أل يإلنيلن تعددج اددم األم شيمأليددألل ية ي نألدد دد ن ينبدد
يطبألعألدد ينةنددلم ي ع ألدد سدد لنيددلن يأألدد ن ن
بعض ن لطهل ي صنأل تعتبم م أل ال شيمأليألل ية ي نأل ي ع أل ينزسألO157
ي يؤ ي عدن
أددج ح أددل م ددأل تتددم ص بددألن لصددلب ي ت يددط يدد لصددلب ي ألتدد دد ددن ياددم األم يتدد
تنتةل عن طمألق يغذ ء تهجج يصدأ يعل د يهدذ سدجن ادم ء دذا يجم يد ردلن ي عمسد دج نتيدلم
ام األم شيمأليألل ية ي نأل خلص يدن ط ي صدنO157
سد ن دلذا يادبن يطدمم ي أند أألدح تدم
يتأمم يريف عن ت اج ل أيدل عدج ج يدتع م تهل / مدم دن يادبن بليدتخج م ش يدلط يزمعألد
يخلصدد ينعدددزل يامادددCT-SMAC , E.M.B. ) عت دددلج ختبدددلم ي صددنألLatex
O157
) ختبلم يرأل أأللتأل. يتجرألجأل أأأأأ
تم ا ع50
ن ذالً ن يابن يطمم ي أن ن ي ق جألن بغج ج ينفتمم ن يهم نأليلن يغلأل
نهلألدد يددهم ألددلم يعددلم2007
قددج ظهددم ينتددلد ادد ج سددمق عندد مP<0.05
) سدد نيددب يعددزل
ياما يرنأل أألح تم عزل ام األم شيمأليدألل ية ي نألد دن47
ن د ذا94
)%
بألن دل عدزل يدن ط
ي صنO157
ن40
ن ذا80
) ذ ر ل ظهم ينتلد ا ج سمق عن م%
P<0.05
) سد
عددجل يعددج يامادد ين يددتع م / مددم أألددح يددان عددج ج ي يددتع م ياددم األم شيمأليددألل ية ي نألدد
ام األم ين ط ي صنO157
2.4x105 , 4.7x106 أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم ) عن يت ي
. ذ أليألم ي ش أل يصأأل ي نتال شيبلن س أج ح لصلب ي م أل يإلنيلن 88 88 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli O157 in locally produced soft
cheese Fadia Abd AL-Muhsin Al-Khyat
Dept. of Basic Medical Sciences-Dentist College
University of Baghdad – Baghdad-Iraq Summary المقدمة
ظهددم يددرن تهددجج يصددأ يعل دد سدد ختنددف نأددلء يعددليم أدد ل ت اددج اددم األم تعددمف بلشيمأليددألل
ية ي نألدد ي ع ألدد ينزسألددO175
EHECEnteroheamorrhagic E.coli
) سدد شمذألدد ر نهددل
يددؤ ي عددن أددج ح أددل يتيدد م يغددذ د يامادد يإلنيددلن
1
) ت ددا ً ب غددو عدد م يددجألج ددع
يهلل لد ألتط م ي يهلل ج م ير ً ألي يتهل ية ي ن ينزس تعدددج ين قدددل يغذ دألددد خلصددد ذ ي نيدددج يبةدددمم ينأدددم يأنألددد ) ي يدددألن يمدأليدددأل سددد أدددج ح
لصلب ي م أل يإلنيلن شن شبةلم تعتبدم ي يدت جع شيدله يهدذا يادم األم
5
)
يدلم يبأدد ح
يعن أل يدد ن ياددمع ي ز دد لأددج ح لصلبدد تةدجم بدد100-10
) أدج ترد ألن ي يدتع م
6
)
أ يجم يل ي ألج نأل ن يته ك يأنأل يخلم نتالتت ي صنع نت بليمم يابن يطمم
يزبج يةيط ) يهل ج م سد أدج ح أدل صدلب سمجألد اد م م دأل سد عدجج دن ج ل يعدليم
) أأ
7
)
. أأ ددن اددل تيددنألط ي دد ء عندد ج م تندد ح نتاددل شيبددلن خلصدد ياددبن يطددمم ي أندد باددم األم
يدE.coli O157
ع قتهدل بصدأ ي يدتهنك يعدجم اد ج جم يدل سد قط مندل تنل يد دذ ي د ع
تةمم ام ء ذا يجم يد بليدتخج م يتةنألدل يأجألاد ي تبعد علي ألدلً سد عدزل تيدخألو دذا يادم األم
. ن شابلن يطمأل ي صنع أنأللً ي عم س ي ق جألن بغج ج Summary Escherichia coli is consedered to be one of the normal flora of the human
and animal intestinal tract, but there are some serotypes which are diagnosed
as a pathogenic such as Enteroheamorrhagic E.coli O157 that cause disease
ranging in severity from mild to lethal and it's significant as a major food-
borne pathogen and as a public health problem. The purpose of this study
was to provide the prevalence of E.coli and E.coli O157 in locally produced
soft cheeses, detection and enumeration were carried out using specific
differential media (CT.SMAC,E.M.B.), serological test (Latex O157) and
biochemical test. A total of 50 samples of locally produced soft cheeses were collected from
supermarket in Baghdad City during the period from April till the end of
May 2007. The result revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05)
difference in the isolation percentage, E.coli was isolated from 47 samples
(94%) while E.coli O157 isolated from 40 samples (80%). The data also
revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05) difference in the mean of
microbial counts E.coli and E.coli O157 recorded (4.7x106 , 2.4x105
CFU/g) respectively. These result suggest that the serotype O157 is
prevalent within dairy product and processing environment. 89 89 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 المقدمة
ظهددم يددرن تهددجج يصددأ يعل دد سدد ختنددف نأددلء يعددليم أدد ل ت اددج اددم األم تعددمف بلشيمأليددألل
ية ي نألدد ي ع ألدد ينزسألددO175
EHECEnteroheamorrhagic E.coli
) سدد شمذألدد ر نهددل
يددؤ ي عددن أددج ح أددل يتيدد م يغددذ د يامادد يإلنيددلن
1
) ت ددا ً ب غددو عدد م يددجألج ددع
يهلل لد ألتط م ي يهلل ج م ير ً ألي يتهل ية ي ن ينزس
Haemorrhagic colitis HC
) ددلس ين ددلعفل يخطألددمم اددل ت ز دد أددلل يددجم يألدد مأل
Heamolytic Uremic Syndrom
)
2
)
خلص س شطفلل ج ن ين يخل ي ن يع م ربلم
ييدن شيددخلو ذ م يدت ي نلعدد ي دعألف
3
)
أل تددلز دذ يددن ط ي صدن عددن بةألد شن ددلط
ي صددنأل بر نددت ألنددت ذألفلنددل ق ألدد اددج ت اندد بددذألفلن ييددألرل أددجShiga 1
) ييددألرل انددلن
Shiga 2
) رنأله ل
4
). المواد وطرائق العمل تددم ا ددع50
ن ذاددل ددن ياددبن يطددمم ي أندد ددن شيدد ق ي أنألدد ي جألندد بغددج ج خدد ل يفتددمم ددن
يهم نأليلن يغلأل نهلأل يهم أللم يعلم2007
ب قع250
مم يرل ن ذا ع س رألله ن
. يب ي انألن ي عة أفظ س أل ألل بمجم يأألن نةنهل ي ي ختبم
زّن10
) مددم ددن رددل ن دد ذا ددع سدد رددأله عةددم اددم ددألف يألددت90
ددل ددن أندد ل يددتم
يصددد جأل م بتمرألدددز2
%
2% Sodium citrate
) يتأ ألدددل ن ددد ذا يادددبن يددد يدددتأن ت ددد
النيتت بليتخج م اهلز يهل مStomacher
) ي جم5
جقلدق
8
). تددم ا ددع50
ن ذاددل ددن ياددبن يطددمم ي أندد ددن شيدد ق ي أنألدد ي جألندد بغددج ج خدد ل يفتددمم ددن
يهم نأليلن يغلأل نهلأل يهم أللم يعلم2007
ب قع250
مم يرل ن ذا ع س رألله ن
. المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 االختبارات التشخيصية 1
. يصددفل ي ظهمألدد : يخصدد بصدد مم بجدألدد ي يددتع م ياما ألدد ي عز يدد عندد ش يددلط
يزمعألدددد عت ددددلج عندددد صددددفلتهل ي ظهمألدددد يتدددد ت دددد ن أاددددم ي يددددتع مم ي نهددددل يددددرنهل
. ألسلتهل
11
) 1
. يصددفل ي ظهمألدد : يخصدد بصدد مم بجدألدد ي يددتع م ياما ألدد ي عز يدد عندد ش يددلط
يزمعألدددد عت ددددلج عندددد صددددفلتهل ي ظهمألدددد يتدددد ت دددد ن أاددددم ي يددددتع مم ي نهددددل يددددرنهل
. ألسلتهل
11
) 2
. ختبلم يرأل أأللتألBiochemical test
): تم ام ء ختبدلم يرأل أأللتألد يتجرألجألد
ينعددددز ياما ألدددد يتدددد دددد ختبددددلم يدددددIMVIC
ختبددددلم يأمردددد ختبددددلم يددددأللنألج
يب تليدأل مKCN test
) يخدلو بادم األمE.coli O157
بأيد يطم ددق ي د ع دن
قبل يبلأح
12
)
. 2
. ختبلم يرأل أأللتألBiochemical test
): تم ام ء ختبدلم يرأل أأللتألد يتجرألجألد
ينعددددز ياما ألدددد يتدددد دددد ختبددددلم يدددددIMVIC
ختبددددلم يأمردددد ختبددددلم يددددأللنألج
يب تليدأل مKCN test
) يخدلو بادم األمE.coli O157
بأيد يطم ددق ي د ع دن
قبل يبلأح
12
)
. 2
. ختبلم يرأل أأللتألBiochemical test
): تم ام ء ختبدلم يرأل أأللتألد يتجرألجألد
ينعددددز ياما ألدددد يتدددد دددد ختبددددلم يدددددIMVIC
ختبددددلم يأمردددد ختبددددلم يددددأللنألج
يب تليدأل مKCN test
) يخدلو بادم األمE.coli O157
بأيد يطم ددق ي د ع دن
قبل يبلأح
12
)
. 3
. ختبلم ي صنألSerological test
): امم يفأو ي صن ينعز قألج يجم ي
بطمألة يت زن عن ييمألأ يزالاألSlid agglutination test
) بليتع لل ي ص ل
ين عأل ين يت ج يايO157
بأي تعنأل ل ييمر ي نتا
Oxoid
)
ي ت ن
مبع ر يف 3
. ختبلم ي صنألSerological test
): امم يفأو ي صن ينعز قألج يجم ي
بطمألة يت زن عن ييمألأ يزالاألSlid agglutination test
) بليتع لل ي ص ل
ين عأل ين يت ج يايO157
بأي تعنأل ل ييمر ي نتا
Oxoid
)
ي ت ن
مبع ر يف 3
. المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 ختبلم ي صنألSerological test
): امم يفأو ي صن ينعز قألج يجم ي
بطمألة يت زن عن ييمألأ يزالاألSlid agglutination test
) بليتع لل ي ص ل
ين عأل ين يت ج يايO157
بأي تعنأل ل ييمر ي نتا
Oxoid
)
ي ت ن
مبع ر يف Control positive , Control negative, O157 control latex, O157 test latex
)
أألح ألتم خم ا عجم يفأوKit
) خلما يا ا ر تصل جما أم متهل ي جما أم مم
يغمس قبل ام ء ختبلم بعج ن ألتم تأ ألم عليق برتألمم بنةل يتع مم فمجم ن يط
CT-SMAC
ي يمألأ زالاأل ع
عنألهل ب ع قطم ن ي أن ل ي نأ يفينا
زاهل األج ت لف قطمم أجم ن رليفO157 test latex
ت زا األج تعلج نفه
يخط عن يمألأ زالاأل خم يرن بإ لس قطمم ن رليفO157 control latex
تأمك ييمألأتلن أمر ج دمأل بهج ء بر تال ألن ع أظ أج ح يت زن س قل ن
جقألة س ييمألأ ش ي تيألم ينتألا ي اب ي ت ك يعزي ياما أل ين يت ج ياي
O157
بيمط عجم ظه م يت زن ع رليف ييألطممO157 control latex
. المواد وطرائق العمل يب ي انألن ي عة أفظ س أل ألل بمجم يأألن نةنهل ي ي ختبم أأأ 90 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 العزل الجرثومي
تدددددددددددددم يتأددددددددددددددمم عدددددددددددددن ادددددددددددددد ج اددددددددددددددم األم شيمأليدددددددددددددألل ية ي نألدددددددددددددد ادددددددددددددم األم يددددددددددددددن ط ي صددددددددددددددن
E.coli
O157
سدددددد ين ددددددلذا بيدددددددأ1
ددددددل ددددددن أندددددد ل يددددددتم يصدددددد جأل م ي ت ددددددد ن
ن ددددددددددد ذا يادددددددددددبن بلعتبدددددددددددلما يتخفألدددددددددددف يعيدددددددددددمم ش ل1
:
10
) ب يدددددددددددط أةندددددددددددSyringe
)
عة دددددد ددددددألف يدددددد9
ددددددل ددددددن ي أندددددد ل ي نأدددددد يفيددددددنا ي عةددددددمSaline
)
8
)
ينأصدددددد ل
عنددددد يتخفألدددددف يعيددددددمم يادددددلن1
:
100
) بليدددددتخج م ي لألرم بلألبألدددددد أ دددددم خ يددددد تخددددددلسألف
عيدددددددددمأل خدددددددددم ادددددددددم تدددددددددم نيدددددددددم0.1
) دددددددددل دددددددددن ردددددددددل تخفألدددددددددف بليدددددددددتخج م ينليدددددددددم يزادددددددددلا
Spreader
) عنددد يدددطEosine Methylen Blue agar (E.M.B.)
0.1
ددددل
ألد ددددددددددددل عددددددددددددن يددددددددددددطagar
MacConkey
ي أ دددددددددددم ن أيددددددددددد تعنأل دددددددددددل ييدددددددددددمر ي نتاددددددددددد
HIMEDIA) أ ددددددن شطبددددددلق بصدددددد مم ةن بدددددد عنددددددج جمادددددد أدددددد م مم37مo
ي ددددددجم24
يددددددلع
ذ تظهددددددم يددددددتع م اددددددم األم أيمأليددددددألل ية ي نألدددددد ن اددددددج بيددددددرل يددددددتع م صددددددغألمم1
-
2
)
ندددددم السددددد ج دمألددددد نيدددددلء ذ يددددد ن خ دددددم سيدددددف مم عنددددد ي يدددددط ش ل يددددد ن مجم عنددددد
ي يدددددددددط يادددددددددلن أألدددددددددح امألددددددددد عنددددددددد دددددددددذا ي يدددددددددتع م ختبدددددددددلم يرأل أأللتألددددددددد يتفمألةألددددددددد
IMVIC
) ختبلم يأمرMotality test
)
9
)
ر دددل تدددم نيدددم0.1
دددل دددن ردددل يتخدددلسألف ي أ دددمم عنددد ي يدددط يزمعددد يخدددلو بعدددزل ادددم األم
يمأليألل ية ي نألO157
Cefixim Tellurite – Sorbitol MacConkey Agar)
CT-SMAC
) ي أ دددم
أيدددددد تعنأل ددددددل ييددددددمر ي نتاددددددOXOID
) أ ددددددن شطبددددددلق بصدددددد مم ةن بدددددد عنددددددج جمادددددد
أدددددم مم37مo
ي دددددجم24
يدددددلع
10
)
أألدددددح ألدددددتم يتأدددددمم عدددددن ن ددددد يادددددم األم مألدددددم ي خ دددددمم ييدددددرم
ييدددددددد مبألت ل ب دددددددد نهل يددددددددن ط ي صددددددددنO157
ن اددددددددج بيددددددددرل يددددددددتع م نيددددددددلء عجأل دددددددد
ينددد ن يددد يدددبت م لجألددد دددع مردددز دددبلبNeutral gray with smokycenter
) بةطدددم
1
-
2) نم ألتم
. ام ء ختبلم ي صنأل يرأل أأللتأل يتجرألجأل يتيخألو ذا يام األم 91 91 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 النتائج 1ـ عزل جراثيم االشريشيا القولونية واالشريشيا القولونية المعوية النزفيةO157
ي ن يجم ي يتأمم عن ت اج ام األم يمألديألل ية ي نأل يمأليألل ية ي نأل
ي ع أل ينزسألO157
س ن دلذا ينادبن يطمم ي أند أألح تم ا ع50
ن ذال ن ي ق
ي أنأل ي جألن بغج ج خ ل يفدتما ن يدهم نأليددلن يغدلأل نهلأل يهم ألل م يعلم2007 92 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 ألبألن اج ل
اج ل
1
) عدجج ين لذا يت تم عزل ادم األم يمأليألدل ية ي ندألت نهدل دن
ا ع ين لذا يرن أألح تم سأو50
) ن ذا ظهم47
نهل نتألات ابت بنيب عزل
بنغ94
بألن ل ظهم ينتدلد نخفل ل سد نيدب عزل ادم األم%
يمأليدألل ية ي نألد
ي ع أل ينزسألO157
أألح يال40
ن ذا نتألا اب ن ا ع50
ندد ذا بنيب
عزل بنغ80
. % ( جدول1
):
النسبة المئوية لعزل جراثيم األشريشيا القولونيةE.coli
واالشريشيا القولونية
المعوية النزفية(
E.coli O157
)
في نماذج الجبن الطري
المحمي
الجراثيم المعزولة عدد النماذج الموجبة/ الكمي
نسبة العزل الكمية
%
يمأليألل ية ي نE.coli
47
/
50
94
يمأليألل ية ي ن ي ع أل ينزسأل
E.coli O157
40
/
50
80 العد الجرثومي لمستعمرات االشريشيا القولونية واالشريشيا القولونية المعويةالنزفيةO157
:
ألبدددددألن
ي ادددددج ل ادددددج ل2
) ن عدددددج ج ي يدددددتع م ياما ألددددد ي يمأليدددددألل ية ي نألددددد
سددددد
ين ددلذا ي دجم يدد قدج بنددددد 3x105
أددج تر ألددن ي يدتع م /مم ) رأددج جنددد 6.3x107
أدددددج ترددددد ألن ي يدددددتع م /مم) رأدددددج عنددددد بنددددد ي عدددددجل يرنددددد ياماددددد ين يدددددتع م /مدددددم
4.7x106
) أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم
بألن ل
ن أظ نخفل ل س عج ج ي يدتع م ياما ألد
ي يمأليددددددألل ية ي نألدددددد ي ع ألدددددد ينزسألددددددO157
أألددددددح يددددددال يأددددددج جندددددد1x105
أددددددج تردددددد ألن
ي يتع م /مم) يأج عن2.2x107
أج تر ألن ي يدتع م /مم) ب عدجل رند ين يدتع م
ياما أل
2.4x105
) أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم 93 93 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 ( جدول2
):
أعداد مستعمرات األشريشيا القولونيةE.coli
واالشريشيا القولونية المعوية النزفية
(
E.coli O157
) في نماذج الجبن الطري المحمي
نوع الجرثومة
عدد النماذج
الموجبة / الكمي
وحدة تكوين المستعمرة / غم من الجبنCFU/g
ال
حد األدنى الحد األعمى المعدل
يمأليألل ية ي نE.coli
47
/
50
3x105
6.3x107
4.7x106
يمأليألل ية ي ن ي ع أل
ينزسألE.coli O157
40
/
50
1x105
2.2x107
2.4x105
المناقشة المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 ددن
خددد ل نفدده يادددج ل ن أددظ ندددت تددم تيددداألل نتألادد ابددد باددم األمE.coli O157
سددد40
ن ذاددل يناددبن يطددمم ي أندد ددن صددل50
ن دد ذا م بنيددب عددزل رنألدد بنغدد80
بأيدد ددل%
مج س نتلد جم يل خم ذ يالند يبأاد نادج ن نيدب يتند ح رلند عليألد ادج أألدح
ت صل يبلأدح
20
)
ندت دن153
ن ذادل ينادبن يطدمم ي صدن ع دن يأنألد يخدلم قدج يدان5
ن لذا سةط ت اج يندE.coli O157
3.3
) بألن ل أ جم ي خم امأل يفأو%
26
ن ذا
ددن ياددبن يطددمم اددم أددج ح ادد مم م ددأل سدد جألنددWisconsin
ش مألرألدد نددت تددم عددزل اددم األم
E.coli O157
ددن9
ن ددلذا34.6
)%
21
)
بألن ددل يددلم
17
)
نددت يددم ألددتم عددزل يددن ط ي صددن
E.coli O157
ن ا د ع69
ن ذادل خ دع ينفأدو ج ن ن أل دأل صدل يأنألد ي يدتخجم
س تصنألع ن لذا يابن ي جم ي يذم قج ألر ن صن ع ن يأنأل ي بيدتم. تفيدألم ينتدلد يتد
تدددم يت صدددل يألهدددل سددد دددذا يجم يددد يددد ء ي يددد ت يصدددأ لنتدددلا يأنألددد عدددجم تطبألدددق ييدددم ط
يصأأل يع نأل يأن ال تنظألف تطهألم ييطح يخلما ين مع يأن يتجرج ن نظلس ج
ندد ا ددع يأنألدد نظلسدد ألددجم يأ بددألن) ي يددتع ل سدد تصددنألع ياددبن يطددمم أألددح رددج رددل ددن
يبلأددح
22
)
23
) سدد جم يددتألن نفصددنتألن ن
يطمألةدد شيليددأل يتندد ح ياددبن يطددمم نلتادد عددن
تن ح يأنأل يخلم بف يأأل نل ي صلب ييدنأل ظهمألدل يأل ند ينادم األم) اندلء ردل دن
ع نأل يأن ا ع يأنأل خ ل ع نألل يتصنألع يد ء ظدم ف خدزن عدمض دذا شابدلن سد
ددلرن يبألددع. بددليما ع يدد نتددلد يجم يدد ل يتدد امألدد ددن قبددل يدددU.S Department of
Agriculture USDA
) عن قطعلن شبةلم ي عدجم لنتدلا يأنألد يتد يدلم يد ت ادج ادم األم
يدE.coli O157
س50
نهل بألن ل يلم جم يل خم ن%
22
%
-
50
ن قطعلن نتدلا%
يأنأل صلب بهذا يام األم
25
). ح يبلأح
Valcour
ا لعتدت يد ن ت ادج دذا يادم األم
قج بن38.5
%
26
)
. المناقشة ألعج يأنأل نتالتت ن ي ج يغذ دأل ي م مأل يإلنيلن ي ل ألت تدع بدت دن يده ي يه دم يةأل د
يغذ دألدد يعليألدد ت اندد بجأت دددت عندد عنلصددم مذ دألدد ددم مأل ينن دد ي أتدد يعددلي ددن يمط بدد
يأ ي تعلجيد يدذيك ألعتبدم يدطلً اليألدلً ين د يعجألدج دن يادم األم بيدرل عدلم ادم األم يمأليدألل
ية ي نأل خلص ين ط ي صنO157
بيرل خلو
14
)
ذ تعتبم شبةلم ي يت جع يمدألي يهذا
يام األم بأي ل يلم يألت يجم يل ي ألج نأل
15
)
. ظهم ينتلد ن خ ل سأو50
ن ذال ينابن يطمم ي أن ا ج سمق عن م س نيب يعزل
يرنألددد ينادددم األمP<0.05) أألدددح تدددم عدددزل ادددم األم يددددE.coli
دددن47
ن ذادددل م بنيدددب عدددزل بنغددد
94
اددج ل%
1) بل ي ةلمنددد دددن نتدددلد يجم يدددل شخدددم يتدد يدددلم أدددج ل يددد ن نيدددب يعدددزل
يرنألدد يندددE.coli
ددن ا دد ع153
ن دد ذا اددبن طددمم قددج بنغدد23
%
16
)
بألن ددل ددأ جم يدد
خم امأل عن19
) ن ذال ينادبن يطدمم ندت تدم عدزل يادم األمE.coli
) دن11
) ن د ذا م
بنيب58
%
17
)ر ل ح
18
)
ن نيب يعزل قج يان41
ن ن لذا شابلن ي بلع س%
شي ق ن خ ل نتلد دذا يجم يد نيدتنت ن ين دلذا ي جم يد ي تد سمم سد يد قنل ي أنألد
خ ل ستمم يبأح تعج ذ يت تن ح علي بام األم يدE.coli
بليتلي أل رن ن نيتجل عند دج
يخط مم ي تم تب عن يته ك ذا شابلن ن قبل ي طن يعم ق أألح ن يريف عن ت اج ذا
ياددم األم ي ع ألددEnteric
) سدد يغددذ ء جيألددل عندد أصدد ل تندد ح بليف دد ج رلنألدد ت اددج اددم األم
. م أل ع أل ال ييلي نأل ييألر أأأأ
ن تن ح يأنأل يخلم ي يتخجم سد تصدنألع يادبن يطدمم مجا اندلء ع نألد يأند ا دع يأنألد
انددددلء ع نألددددل يتصددددنألع يخددددزن ينةددددل مألددددم ي طلبةدددد ينيددددم ط يصددددأأل ر ددددل ألنعدددد يأ بدددد ن
يعل ن ن عن تمبأل شبةلم ي نتا ينأنأل ي ء ي صلبألن يأل نألن يهدذا يادم األم ج م ً ه دل سد
تن ح يأنأل يابن ي صنع نت
19
) 19
) 94 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 نتال شيبلن ألا ن تتم ص عج ج يتع م ام األم ية ي نColiform
) سألهل قل ن50
يتع مم / مم بلينيب يام األمE.coli
.ألا ن تر ن صفم
27
)
بددليما ع يددنفه ياددج ل ن أددظ ن يأددج شجندد شعددج ج يددتع م يددد E.coli O157
سدد ين ددلذا
ي جم يدد قددج يددال1x105
أددج تردد ألن ي يددتع م /مم بألن ددل بندد يأددج شعندد2.2x107
أددج
تر ألن ي يتع م /مم ب عجل رن ين يدتع م ياما ألد2.4x105
أدج ترد ألن ي يدتع م /مم
تع ج ذا ينتلد ذ أل صأأل ربألمم عنج ةلمنتهل ع نتلد جم يدل خدم يتد يدلم أدج ل
يددد ن عدددجل يعدددج ياماددد قدددج صدددل يددد102 أدددج ترددد ألن ي يدددتع م /مم
20
)
سددد جم يددد
خدددم دددأ ن ادددبن ي ددد ز مأل
Mozzarella
)
ي صدددنع دددن يأنألددد مألدددم ي بيدددتم قدددج تصدددل
عدج ج ي
يدتع م ياما ألد ينددد E.coli O157
يد105
سد أليد عددجم تطبألدق ييدم ط شيليددأل
انلء ع نأل يتصنألع ال يتخج م يأم مم يعليأل
28
) ن متفددلع يددت ألل يعددج يامادد ين يددتع م /مددم ددن ياددبن سدد ين ددلذا ي جم يدد ألعددز يدد
ي صددجم شصددن يتندد ح يأنألدد يخددلم بلل ددلس
يدد أصدد ل زألددلجم سدد يتندد ح نتألادد ييدد ء يطددمق
ي تبع س عج ج شابلن يطمأل ن اه ن اه خم ألعز ي متفلع جماد أدم مم ياد خد ل
ستددمم يبأددح يددهم نأليددلن ألددلم) أألددح رددج يجم يددل ي ألج نألدد يدد ن عددج ج ياددم األم سدد شمذألدد
تدزج ج سد يدم يصدألف بصد مم عل د يد ن ط ي صدنE.coli O157
بصد مم خلصد يزألدلجم طمأدت
ددع س دد شبةددلم قجمتددت عندد يتغندد عندد ن دد ياددم األم يطبألعألدد ي ت اددجم سدد شمذألدد خألددم
. ييمع س ين يترلام
29,30,31
) عنج ام ء ةلمن ينيب يعزل ياما عدجل عدج ج ي يدتع م ياما ألد /مدم دن ياد بن بدألن
ام األم شيمأليألل ية ي نأل ام األم ين ط ي صنO157
س ين لذا ي جم ي يلم نتلد يتأنألدل
لأصلد ي ا ج ع ق طمجألr=0.43
. المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 ل س الل أتيل عج ج ي يتع م ياما أل /مم ن يابن ر ؤيم عت ج س يتةألألم
يصأ تم يت صل ن خ ل ينتلد ي أ س اج ل2
) ي ا ج سم ق عن ألP<0.05
)
يعل
يرنأل
ي عج
س
يد
ام األم
بألنE.coli
ام األم
E.coli O157
أألح يان ام األم شيمأليألل ية ي نأل 3x105
أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم رأج
جن 6.3x107
أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم رأج عن بألن ل بن ي عجل يرن ياما
ين يتع م /مم4.7x106
أج تر ألن ي يتع م /مم الء ذا
ينتألا ةلمب ينتألا جم ي
يلم ي ن ي دعجل يرن ياما قج صل ي105
16
)
بألن ل أ جم ي خم ن 95 95 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 أ
بص مم عل أل رن ن نيتنت ن خ ل نتلد ذا يجم ي خط مم نتال شيبدلن خلصد يادبن
يطددمم ي صددنع ددن يأنألدد يخددلم عندد يصددأ يعل دد شنددت أليددرل صددجم مدأليدد هددم سدد صددلب
لنيدددلن باددددم األم شيمأليددددألل ية ي نألدددد ي ع ألدددد ينزسألددددO157
عنددددج يددددته رت بليددددمم ج ن عل ندددد
. يأنأل ي صنع نت بليأم مم 96 96 المجلة الطبية البيطرية،العراقية
المجلد23
،
العدد1
،
السنة3228 المصادر 1. FAD (Food and Drug Administration) (2002). E.coli O157:H7. Center for
food safety and Applied nutrition food borne. Pathogenic microorganism and
natural toxins handbook. Chap.15 p.36-43. p
p
2. Mead, P.S. and Griffin, P.M. (1998). E.coli O157:H7. Lancet. 352:1207 3. FDA/CFSAN (Food and Drug Administration/ Center for food safety and
Applied nutrition) (2005). Bad Bug Book, Food borne Pathogenic
microorganisms and natural toxins. Handbook, E.coli O157:H7. 4. Feng, P. and Monday, S.R. (2000). Multiplex for detection of trait and
virulence factors in enterohemorrhagic E.coli serotype. Mol. Probes. 14:333-
337. 5. Widiasih, D.A.; Idon, R.; Omoe, K.and Shinagawa,K. (2004). Duration and
magnitude of faecal shedding of shiga toxin –producing E.coli from naturally
infected cattle. Epi. 123:67-75. p
6. Griffin, P.M. (1995). E.coli O157:H7. and other enterohemorrhagic E.coli. In
infections of the Gastrointestinal tract. P. 739-761. 7. Lahti, E.; Eklund, M.; Ruutu, P. and Hankanen, T. (2002). Use of phenotyping
genotyping to verity transmission of E.coli O157:H7. from dairy farms. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.Dis. 21: 189-195. h 8. Marth, E.H. (1978). Standard methods for examination of dairy products. 14th
edition, Am. Public health Association Washington, D.C. g
9. Jawetz, E.; Melnick, J.L. and Adelbery, E.A. (2001). Medical microbiology
22nd Ed. Lang Medical books MacGraw-Hill medical Publishing division. 10. Noveir, M.R. and Halkman, A.K. (2000). A study on selective broths and a
gars media for the isolation of E.coli O157:H7. serotype. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 24: 459-464. 11. Scoters.S.; Aldridg, M. and Capps, K. (2000). Validation of a method for the
detection of E.coli O157:H7. in foods. Food Control 11:85-95. 12. Collee, J. G. ; Fraser, A.G. ; Marimany, B.P. and simmons, A. (1996). Culture tests and media, In Mackie and McCartney practical medical
microbiology. 14th ed. Churchill Livingstone. 13. Crichton, P.B. (1996). Enterobacteriacea: E.coli O157:H7. In Mackie and
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processing environments and raw milk for E.coli and E.coli O157:H7. Food
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Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(3)2010 Abstract: To investigate the role of IL-6 and IL-8 in the immune-regulatory mechanisms
involved in the recurrent spontaneous abortion of the first trimester of pregnancy. Serum level of IL-6 and IL-8 were determined in 25 women of age (20-35) years who
had a spontaneous abortion of unknown aetiology during the first trimester of
pregnancy .They were compared with the corresponding levels of 20 pregnant and
non-pregnant women as control groups .cytokine levels were measured by (ELISA)
technique .The women with spontaneous abortion had highly significant (P < 0.01)
increased serum level of IL-8 and highly significant (P < 0.01 ) decreased level of IL-
6 compared to those with normal pregnant and non-pregnant women. The results of
this study may be related to the underlying aetiopathogenetic mechanisms , however ,
There is sufficient evidence for their use as predictive markers of pregnancy outcome. Key words: cytokines, interleukin -6, interleukin-8, recurrent spontaneous
abortion Key words: cytokines, interleukin -6, interleukin-8, recurrent spontaneous
abortion Detection of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 in serum from
women with recurrent spontaneous abortion Rana S . Aboud* Received 19, February, 2009
Acceptance 3, June, 2009 Introduction: Cellular
immune
effector
mechanisms have been proposed as
being responsible for at least a
proportion of "unexplained recurrent
spontaneous
abortion"
(RSA). Unexplained RSA accounts for about
40-60% of all cases of RSA[1] . Recent attention has focused on
elucidating the immunobiological roles
of
cytokines
in
normal
human
pregnancy following the accumulated
reports of complex cytokine activity
within
uteroplacental
tissue
[2]. Cytokines are important mediators in
the bi-directional interaction between
the maternal immune system and the
reproductive
system
during
pregnancy[3]. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
interleukin-8
(IL-8)
are
pro-
inflammatory cytokines produced by
several tissues upon the stimulus of a
number of factors , among which are
membrane LPS from gram negative
bacteria
,
Viruses
and
several
cytokines , Their action is directed
towards either myeloid or non-myeloid
cellular targets[4]. IL-6 produced by
murine fetoplacental tissues and this
cytokine comprise the profile of
cytokines produced by the T-helper
(Th-2) subset of T-helper cells [3]. During pregnancy these cytokines are
involved in different ways in the
regulation of the mechanisms of
implantation and placentation , fetal
maturation and uterine contraction
[5,6].These cytokines help to maintain
the trophoblast in early pregnancy ,
They also play a major role in
intrauterine infection , especially after
premature rupture of membranes and
in preterm and term labor irrespective
of
infection
[7,8]. Successful
pregnancy may depend , at least in part
*University Of Baghdad , College Of Sciences , Department Of Biology membrane LPS from gram negative
bacteria
,
Viruses
and
several
cytokines , Their action is directed
towards either myeloid or non-myeloid
cellular targets[4]. IL-6 produced by
murine fetoplacental tissues and this
cytokine comprise the profile of
cytokines produced by the T-helper
(Th-2) subset of T-helper cells [3]. During pregnancy these cytokines are
involved in different ways in the
regulation of the mechanisms of
implantation and placentation , fetal
maturation and uterine contraction
[5,6].These cytokines help to maintain
the trophoblast in early pregnancy ,
They also play a major role in
intrauterine infection , especially after
premature rupture of membranes and
in preterm and term labor irrespective
of
infection
[7,8]. Successful
pregnancy may depend , at least in part
Department Of Biology Cellular
immune
effector
mechanisms have been proposed as
being responsible for at least a
proportion of "unexplained recurrent
spontaneous
abortion"
(RSA). Unexplained RSA accounts for about
40-60% of all cases of RSA[1] . Introduction: Normal pregnancy was accompanied
by a decrease in Th-1 productive
capacity together with an increase in
Th-2 production , most notably in the
third trimester , The cause of recurrent
pregnancy
loss
(Three
or
more
consective spontaneous miscarriages )
are unexplained in the majority of
women
and
it
is
thought
that
abnormalities in the immune system
may have a role in idiopathic recurrent
abortion [10]. y
Comparsion of paired data from the
three groups of subjects was done
using T-test (t) and least significant
difference (LSD) between
groups
analyzed using pearson correlation
coefficient (r) formula . Statisticals
tables including observed frequencies
wih
their
percentage
.SPSS
and
Microsoft excel programmes were
used
for
T-test
and
correlation
coefficient calculations respectively
.[11] The aime of this study was determine
the role of IL-6 and IL-8 in the
immuno-regulatory pathways involved
in recurrent spontaneous abortion in
women
with
first
trimester
of
pregnancy . Results and discussion: The results of this study showed there
was a highly significant increased
(P<0.01)
concentration
of
IL-8
(44.371+ 8.772) pg/ml in serum of
aborted women in first trimester of
pregnancy , compared with control
groups (pregnant and non-pregnant
women ) which were (7.423± 2.152)
pg/ml , (6.908-+ 3.859) pg/ml
respectively as shown in table (1) and
figure(1) . Introduction: Recent attention has focused on
elucidating the immunobiological roles
of
cytokines
in
normal
human
pregnancy following the accumulated
reports of complex cytokine activity
within
uteroplacental
tissue
[2]. Cytokines are important mediators in
the bi-directional interaction between
the maternal immune system and the
reproductive
system
during
pregnancy[3]. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
interleukin-8
(IL-8)
are
pro-
inflammatory cytokines produced by
several tissues upon the stimulus of a
number of factors , among which are
membrane LPS from gram negative
bacteria
,
Viruses
and
several
cytokines , Their action is directed
towards either myeloid or non-myeloid
cellular targets[4]. IL-6 produced by
murine fetoplacental tissues and this
cytokine comprise the profile of
cytokines produced by the T-helper
(Th-2) subset of T-helper cells [3]. During pregnancy these cytokines are
involved in different ways in the
regulation of the mechanisms of
implantation and placentation , fetal
maturation and uterine contraction
[5,6].These cytokines help to maintain
the trophoblast in early pregnancy ,
They also play a major role in
intrauterine infection , especially after
premature rupture of membranes and
in preterm and term labor irrespective
of
infection
[7,8]. Successful
pregnancy may depend , at least in part
*University Of Baghdad , College Of Sciences , Department Of Biology Cellular
immune
effector
mechanisms have been proposed as
being responsible for at least a
proportion of "unexplained recurrent
spontaneous
abortion"
(RSA). Unexplained RSA accounts for about
40-60% of all cases of RSA[1] . Recent attention has focused on
elucidating the immunobiological roles
of
cytokines
in
normal
human
pregnancy following the accumulated
reports of complex cytokine activity
within
uteroplacental
tissue
[2]. Cytokines are important mediators in
the bi-directional interaction between
the maternal immune system and the
reproductive
system
during
pregnancy[3]. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and
interleukin-8
(IL-8)
are
pro-
inflammatory cytokines produced by
several tissues upon the stimulus of a
number of factors , among which are 1111 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(3)2010 and control groups ) by using Enzyme
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
technique , This was performed as
described in the leflet of kit . , on the bias of the maternal immune
response shifting away from Th-1 type
response towards a Th-2 phenotype ,
both in murine model and human [9]. Materials and methods: LSD
Studied groups
Patients
Non pregnant control
Pregnant control
50
40
30
20
10
0 Table (2): Mean levels of lL-6 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
Fig.(2):mean level of IL-6 (pg/ml) in
serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control
groups
Spontaneous abortion is the most
common of pregnancy failure , with
20% of pregnancies culminating in
detectable spontaneous abortions . The
risk of a subsequent miscarriage after
one spontaneous loss is about 24% and
is 26% after two and 32% after three
consecutive losses [10]. The current study was prompted by an
interest
in
elucidating
the
immunological
milieu
in
which
habitual aborters have a successful
pregnancy and in particular to a
scertain whether their cytokine profiles
are more conductive to successful
pregnancy as opposed to habitual
aborters who continue to abort .The
results of this study were inagreement
with other studies on human pregnancy
failure . In many studies , There was
decreased level of IL-6 in serum of
normal pregnant women compared
with level of this cytokine in women
undergoing
recurrent
spontaneous
abortion
[12,13,14]. Studies
in
IL-6 (Pg/ml)
10
45.1163
12.8500
4.0635
29.84
66.69
Highly
10
32.4552
12.3827
3.9158
20.21
54.03
.00
Sig. 25
4.9996
1.5712
.3142
2.52
8.95
(P<0.01)
45
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
Patients
Total
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Minimum
Maximum
Range
P-value
C.S
(ANOVA)
Dependent Variable: IL-6 (Pg/ml)
LSD
.002
HS
.000
HS
.000
HS
(J) Studied groups
Non pregnant control
Patients
Patients
(I) Studied groups
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
P-value
Sig. LSD
Studied groups
Patients
Non pregnant control
Pregnant control
50
40
30
20
10
0 Table (2): Mean levels of lL-6 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
IL-6 (Pg/ml)
10
45.1163
12.8500
4.0635
29.84
66.69
Highly
10
32.4552
12.3827
3.9158
20.21
54.03
.00
Sig. Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Materials and methods: The study include twenty five(25)
women who had recurrent spontaneous
abortion in first trimester of pregnancy
of age 20-35 years and 20 apparently
healthy control groups (10 pregnant
women and 10 non-pregnant women ) . The level of IL-6 and IL-8 was
measured in serum samples (patient 1112
Table (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
IL-8 (Pg/ml)
10
7.4237
2.1528
.6808
5.51
12.28
Highly
10
6.9087
3.8597
1.2205
2.11
13.24
.00
Sig. 25
44.3718
8.7724
1.7545
30.20
61.48
(P<0.01)
45
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
Patients
Total
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Minimum
Maximum
Range
P-value
C.S
(ANOVA)
Dependent Variable: IL-8 (Pg/ml)
LSD
.869
NS
.000
HS
.000
HS
(J) Studied groups
Non pregnant control
Patients
Patients
(I) Studied groups
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
P-value
Sig. LSD Table (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
IL-8 (Pg/ml)
10
7.4237
2.1528
.6808
5.51
12.28
Highly
10
6.9087
3.8597
1.2205
2.11
13.24
.00
Sig. 25
44.3718
8.7724
1.7545
30.20
61.48
(P<0.01)
45
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
Patients
Total
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Minimum
Maximum
Range
P-value
C.S
(ANOVA)
Dependent Variable: IL-8 (Pg/ml)
LSD
.869
NS
.000
HS
.000
HS
(J) Studied groups
Non pregnant control
Patients
Patients
(I) Studied groups
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
P-value
Sig. LSD Table (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
IL-8 (Pg/ml)
10
7.4237
2.1528
.6808
5.51
12.28
Highly
10
6.9087
3.8597
1.2205
2.11
13.24
.00
Sig. 25
44.3718
8.7724
1.7545
30.20
61.48
(P<0.01)
45
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
Patients
Total
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Minimum
Maximum
Range
P-value
C.S
(ANOVA)
Dependent Variable: IL-8 (Pg/ml)
LSD
.869
NS
.000
HS
.000
HS
(J) Studied groups
Non pregnant control
Patients
Patients
(I) Studied groups
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
P-value
Sig. LSD Table (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml) in serum of women with
spontaneous abortion and control groups
IL-8 (Pg/ml) Table (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
pontaneous abortion and control groups
IL 8 (Pg/ml) 1112 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(3)2010 Fig. Materials and methods: (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml)
in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control
groups
Studied groups
Patients
Non pregnant control
Pregnant control
50
40
30
20
10
0 Studied groups
Patients
Non pregnant control
Pregnant control
50
40
30
20
10
0 Wherease , There was a highly
significant decreased (P<0.01) in the
concentration
of
IL-6
(4.999±1.571)pg/ml
in
serum
of
aborted women with first trimester of
pregnancy compared with control
groups pregnant women which were
(45.116±12.850)pg/ml
and
non-
pregnant
women
(32.455-
+12.382)pg/ml as shown in table (2)
and figure (2) . Fig. (1): Mean levels of lL-8 (pg/ml)
in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control
groups Table (2): Mean levels of lL-6 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
Fig.(2):mean level of IL-6 (pg/ml) in
serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control
groups
Spontaneous abortion is the most
common of pregnancy failure , with
20% of pregnancies culminating in
detectable spontaneous abortions . The
risk of a subsequent miscarriage after
one spontaneous loss is about 24% and
is 26% after two and 32% after three
consecutive losses [10]. The current study was prompted by an
interest
in
elucidating
the
immunological
milieu
in
which
habitual aborters have a successful
pregnancy and in particular to a
scertain whether their cytokine profiles
are more conductive to successful
pregnancy as opposed to habitual
aborters who continue to abort .The
results of this study were inagreement
with other studies on human pregnancy
failure . In many studies , There was
decreased level of IL-6 in serum of
normal pregnant women compared
with level of this cytokine in women
undergoing
recurrent
spontaneous
abortion
[12,13,14]. Studies
in
IL-6 (Pg/ml)
10
45.1163
12.8500
4.0635
29.84
66.69
Highly
10
32.4552
12.3827
3.9158
20.21
54.03
.00
Sig. 25
4.9996
1.5712
.3142
2.52
8.95
(P<0.01)
45
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
Patients
Total
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error
Minimum
Maximum
Range
P-value
C.S
(ANOVA)
Dependent Variable: IL-6 (Pg/ml)
LSD
.002
HS
.000
HS
.000
HS
(J) Studied groups
Non pregnant control
Patients
Patients
(I) Studied groups
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
P-value
Sig. Materials and methods: Error
Minimum
Maximum
Range
P-value
C.S
(ANOVA) Table (2): Mean levels of lL-6 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups
IL-6 (Pg/ml) Table (2): Mean levels of lL-6 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control groups Table (2): Mean levels of lL-6 (pg/ml) in serum of women with recurrent
pontaneous abortion and control groups Spontaneous abortion is the most
common of pregnancy failure , with
20% of pregnancies culminating in
detectable spontaneous abortions . The
risk of a subsequent miscarriage after
one spontaneous loss is about 24% and
is 26% after two and 32% after three
consecutive losses [10]. Dependent Variable: IL-6 (Pg/ml)
LSD
.002
HS
.000
HS
.000
HS
(J) Studied groups
Non pregnant control
Patients
Patients
(I) Studied groups
Pregnant control
Non pregnant control
P-value
Sig. LSD Studied groups
Patients
Non pregnant control
Pregnant control
50
40
30
20
10
0 The current study was prompted by an
interest
in
elucidating
the
immunological
milieu
in
which
habitual aborters have a successful
pregnancy and in particular to a
scertain whether their cytokine profiles
are more conductive to successful
pregnancy as opposed to habitual
aborters who continue to abort .The
results of this study were inagreement
with other studies on human pregnancy
failure . In many studies , There was
decreased level of IL-6 in serum of
normal pregnant women compared
with level of this cytokine in women
undergoing
recurrent
spontaneous
abortion
[12,13,14]. Studies
in Fig.(2):mean level of IL-6 (pg/ml) in
serum of women with recurrent
spontaneous abortion and control
groups 1113 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(3)2010 early pregnancy in women with a
history of recurrent sportaneous
abortion. Med. Sce. Monit. 8:CR
607-CR610 . monkeys have shown that an increase
in IL-6 concentration precedes uterine
contractions , suggesting that IL-6 may
play
a
role
in
physiological
mechanisms
involved
in
uterine
contractions and the propagation of
labour
[15]. Thus,
increased
concentration of IL-6 may reflect a
systemic reaction in the mother,
leading to labour and delivery and IL-6
found in the serum may originate
from the trophoblast[16]. The lower
concentration of IL-6 in women with
spontaneous abortion consider that IL-
6 is a Th-2 type cytokine and that
normal pregnancy appears to be a Th-2
biased condition and this might reflect
a bias away from Th-2 type reactivity
and a shift towards Th-1 dominance
[10]. 2.Michimata, T. Materials and methods: , Sakai, M., Miyazaki,
S., Ogasawara, M.S., Suzumori,K.,
Aoki,K., Nagata, K., and saito,
S.2003. Decrease of T-helper 2 and
T-cytotoxic 2 calls at implantation
sites occurs in unexplained recurrent
spontaneous abortion with normal
chromosomal content. Hum. Reprod. 18:1523-1528. 3.WegmannT.G.,Lin,H.;Guilbert,L. and
osmam,
T.R. 1993
.Bidirectional, cytokine interactions
in the Maternal-fetal relationship :is
successful
pregnancy
a
Th2
phenomenon? Immunol.Today.14:353-356 4.Vesce,F.;Scapoli,C.,Giovannini,G.,
Tralli,L.,Gotti,G.,Valerio,A. and
Piffanelli,A. 2002. cytokine
imblanance in pregnancies with fetal
chromosomal
abnormalities
.Hum.Reprod.17:803-808. In another study there was icreased
level of IL-8 in serum of women with
at least three spontaneous abortion[17]. The inflammatory cytokines , such as
IL-8 , may play an important role in
the mechanism of protease-induced
neurogenic inflammation leading to
labor
or
abortions
by
recruiting
neutrophils and lymphocytes in the
endometrium [18,19]. 5.Denison
,F.C.,Kelly,R.W,Calder,A.A. and
Riley,S.C.1998. Cytokine secretion
by human fetal membranes,deciduas
and
placenta
at
term.Hum.Reprod.12:3560. Whereas previous study reported that
women with spontaneous abortions
had significantly decreased plasma
level of IL-8 , IL-6 and IL-11
compared
to
those
with
normal
pregnancies [13]. The high level of IL-
8 in aborted women may be due to the
release of IL-8 from the endometrium
[20]. as well as from an increased
number of resident mast cells that are
degranulated in abortions [21]. 6.Hebisch,G.,Neumaier-
Wagner,P.M.,Huch,R. and Ursula
von,
M.2004.Maternal
Serum
interleukin-1B,IL-6 and IL-8 levels
and
potential
determinants
in
pregnancy and peripartum.J. perinat. Med.32:475-486. 7.Romero , R.,Romez ,R.,Ghezzi ,F.,
Yoon , B.H., Mazor , M., and Edwin
, S.S.1998 . A fetal systemic
inflammatory response is followed
by the spontaneous onset of preterm
parturition
.Am.J.obstet.Gynecol.179:186 Uterine mast cells degranulate after
stress exposure of pregnant mice ,
possibly leading to release of IL-8 and
TNF- that could be involved in
abortions[19] . 8.Sennstrom,
M.B.,
Ekman
,G.,
westergren-Thorsson,G.,Malmstrom,
A.,Bystrom ,B. and Endresen ,U. 2000. Human cervical ripening an References: 1.Rezae, A. , and Dabbagh, A.2002. T-
helper (1) cytokines increase during 1114 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(3)2010 inflammatory process mediated by
cytokines .Mol.Hum.Reprod.6:375. 17. Madhappan,B. ,Kempuraj,D.,
Christodoulou ,S., Tsapikidis ,S.,
Boucher,
W.,
Karagannis,
U.,
Athanassiou, A. and Theoharides,
T.C.2003.High levels of Intrauterine
Corticotropin-releasing
hormone,
Urocortin, Tryptase, and Interleukin-
8
in
spontaneous
abortions. Endocrinology. 144:2285-2290 9.Bates,M.D.,Quenby,S.,
Takakuwa,
K.,Johnson,P.M. and
Vicne,G.S. 2002.Aberrant cytokine production
by peripheral blood mononuclear
cells
in
recurrent
pregnancy
loss.Hum.Reprod.17:2439-2444. 10. Makhseed,M.,Raghupathy,R.,Azizi
eh,F.,Omu,A.,AL-Shamali,E. and
Ashkanani, L.2001.Th1 and Th2
cytokine
profiles
in
recurrent
aborters with Successful pregnancy
and with Sabsequent abortions. Hum. Reprod.16:2219-2226. gy
18. Arici,A.,Seli,E.,Zeyneloglu,H.B.,S
enturk,L.M.,
Oral,E.and
Olive,
D.L.1998. Interleukin-8 induces
proliferation of endometrial stromal
cells: a potential autocrine growth
factor.J.Clin.Endocrinol.Metab.83:12
01-1205 . p
11. Sorlie,D.E. 1995. Medical
biostatistics
and
epidemiology:
Examination and board review.First
ed.Norwalk, Connecticut, Appleton
and Lange:47-88 . 19. Zicari, A., Ticconi C.,Realacci,M.,
Cela, O.,Santangelo, C., Pietropolli,
A.,Russo,M.A. and
Piccione,E. 2002.Hormonal
regulation
of
cytokine release by human fetal
membranes at term gestation:effects
of oxytocin, hydrocortisone and
progesterone
on
tumor
necrosis
factor- and transforming growth
factor-1 output.J.Reprod. Immunol. 56:123-136 . 12. Austgulen
,R.,Lien,E. and
Liabakk,N.B.1994.Increased
levels
of cytokines and cytokine activity
modifiers in normal pregnancy. Eur. J.obstel. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 57:149-155 . 13. Koumantaki,Y.,
Matalliotakis,
I.,Ssifakis,
kyriakou,D.,
Neonaki,
M.,Goymenon ,A.and Koumantakis,
E.2001. Detection of interleukin-6,
interleukin-8 and interleukin-11 in
plasma
from
women
with
spontaneous abortion. Eur.J.Obstet. Gynecol.Reprod. Biol.98:66-71. 20. Shimoya,
K.,
Matsuzaki,
N.,
Taniguchi, T.Jo.T., Saji ,F., Kitajima,
H.,Fujimura,M., Nakayama,M. and
Tanizawa,O.1992.Interleukin-8
in
Cord Sera:a Sensitive and specific
marker for the detection of preterm
chorioamnionitis.J.Infect.Dis.165:95
7-960 . 14. Carp,H.2004.cytokines in recurrent
miscarriage.Lupus.13:630-634 . 21. Marx,L.,Arch,P.,
Kieslich,C.,
Mitterlechner,
S.,Kapp,M.,
and
Dietl,J.1999.Decidual
mast
cells
might be involved in the onset of
human first-trimester abortion. Am.J. Reprod.Immunol.41:34-40 . 15. Rosario,
G.x.,
Sachdeva,
G.,
Manjramkar, D.D., Modi, D. N.,
Meherji, P.K., and Puri, C.P.2005. Endometrial
expression
of
immumodulatory cytokines and their
regulater during early pregnancy in
bonnet monkeys (Macaca radiata). Hum. Reprod 11:3039-3040. 22. Singh,L.K.,Boucher, W.,Pang ,X.,
Letourneau,R., Seretakis, D., Green,
M. and Theoharides,T.C. 1999. Potent mast cell degranulation and
vascular permeability triggered by
urocortin through actiration of CRH
receptors.J.pharmacol.Exp.Ther.288:
1356-1356 . 16. Kameda,T.,
Matsuzaki,N. and
Sawai,K.1990.production
of
interleukin-6
by
normal
human
trophoblast.placenta.11:205-213 . 1115 Vol.7(3)2010 Baghdad Science Journal ( التحري عن الحركيات الخلىية6،8
) في مصىل النساء روات االجهاضات العفىية
المتكرره
رنا سعذي عبىد* ( التحري عن الحركيات الخلىية6،8
) في مصىل النساء روات االجهاضات العفىية
المتكرره ( التحري عن الحركيات الخلىية6،8
) في مصىل النساء روات االجهاضات العفىية
المتكرره رنا سعذي عبىد* الخالصة:
( نغرض انتحرٌ ػٍ دور انحركُاث انخهىَت1,6
) فٍ آنُاث انتُظُى انًُاػٍ انًتضًُت نذي انُطاء
رواث االجهاضاث انؼفىَت انًتكررة فٍ االشهر االونً يٍ انحًم . تى انتحرٌ ػٍ يطتىي تهك انحركُاث
( انخهىَت6
،
1
( ) فٍ يصىل خًص وػشروٌ ايرأة بأػًار20
-
35
)ضُت َؼاٍَُ يٍ اجهاضاث ػفىَت غُر
يؼروفت انطبب فٍ االشهر االونً نهحًم وتى يقارَت رنك يغ ػشروٌ ايرأة كًجايُغ ضُطرة (ػشرة َطاء حىايم
وػشرة َطاء غُر حىايم) . تى قُاش يطتىي انحركُاث باضتخذاو تقُُت
االيتساز انًُاػٍ انًرتبط باالَطُى
(
ELISA
(ٌ) . أظهرث َتائج انذراضت وجىد ارتفاع يؼُىٌ ػانٍ فٍ يطتىي انطاَتىكٍُ انخهى1
) واَخفاض
ٌيؼُىٌ ػانٍ فٍ يطتىي انطاَتىكٍُ انخهى-
6
(
P<0.01
ٌ) يقارَت بانُطاء انحىايم وانُطاء غُر انحىايم . ا
َُتائج تهك انذراضت راث ػالقت باالن اث انًرضُت نذي انُطاء رواث االجهاضاث انؼفىَت وًَكٍ اضتخذاو تهك
. انحركُاث انخهىَت كًؤشراث تخًُُُت نُتائج انحًم 1116 | 3,448 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1088/1019 | null |
Arabic | هناء كايم حًذ* : انخالصة
ٓرُ عّن ه١ٕبد اٌدَ ِن40
ٓؿفنال ِظنبثب ثبٌىنبالرسار رزاٚؽنذ رهّنبرُ٘ النً ِنٓ هشنزح رهنٛاَ ِن
ِظزشفٝ اٌـفً اٌّزوشٞ فٟ االطىبْ ِٚخزجز اٌظؾخ اٌّزوشٞ فنٟ ثدندا، ، رنُ عّنن15
ه١ٕنخ ،َ ارنزٜ فؿفنبي
رطؾبء ِٓ اٌفئخ اٌوّز٠خ ٔفظٙب ٌٍّظبث١ٓ ثٛطنفٙب ِغّٛهنخ طن١ـزح ٚ ٌنه
ٌٜٛدنزع اٌّمبرٔنخ رنُ رؾد٠ند ِظنز
االِ١ٕٛوٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕبد إٌّبه١نخ( IgG, IgM, IgA)
ٚ ٌنه ثبطنزخداَ ارزجنبر اٌزنلٌك ٌدػندا، ل١نز اٌّجنبعIFAT
ركٙز ارزجبرIFAT
اٌذ ٞ اطزخدَ فٟ رشخ١ض االطبثخ اررفبهب فٟ ِظزٜٛ االػدا، اٌذٞ رٕبطت ؿز،٠ب ِن شدح
االطبثخ ٚ رزاٚؽذ ه١بر٠خ االػدآ، ث١16
/
1 ،
32
/1 ،
64
/1
ٛ ونبْ اٚؿنل ِظنزٜٛ ٌو١بر٠نخ االػندا، ٘ن16
/1
ف١ّب طغٍذ ه١بر٠خ
64
/1
. اهٍٝ ِظزٜٛ ٌالػدا، فٟ اٌّغّٛهخ
طنغٍذ ِوندالد رزو١نش اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنبد إٌّبه١نخ IgG
،
IgM
اررفبهنب td
اصٕبءاالطنبثخ ثشنىً ٍِؾنٛف فىبٔنذ
mgd/l)
2012.9
ٚ )
(154.2 mg/dl)
ٌهٍننٝ ا زننٛاٌٟ ِمبرٔننخ ثّغّٛهننخ اٌظنن١ـزح(874.3mg /dl)
ٚ
(91.94mg/dl)
ف١ّب ٌُ رلٙز فزٚق ِوٕٛ٠خ فٟ ِودي رزو١شا IgA
ٓفٟ ِغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١
(143.8 mg/dl )
هٕٗ فٟ ِغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح(116.2mg /dl)
. : لا
ٓرُ عّن ه١ٕبد اٌدَ ِن40
ٓؿفنال ِظنبثب ثبٌىنبالرسار رزاٚؽنذ رهّنبرُ٘ النً ِنٓ هشنزح رهنٛاَ ِن
ِظزشفٝ اٌـفً اٌّزوشٞ فٟ االطىبْ ِٚخزجز اٌظؾخ اٌّزوشٞ فنٟ ثدندا، ، رنُ عّنن15
ه١ٕنخ ،َ ارنزٜ فؿفنبي
رطؾبء ِٓ اٌفئخ اٌوّز٠خ ٔفظٙب ٌٍّظبث١ٓ ثٛطنفٙب ِغّٛهنخ طن١ـزح ٚ ٌنه
ٌٜٛدنزع اٌّمبرٔنخ رنُ رؾد٠ند ِظنز
االِ١ٕٛوٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕبد إٌّبه١نخ( IgG, IgM, IgA)
ٚ ٌنه ثبطنزخداَ ارزجنبر اٌزنلٌك ٌدػندا، ل١نز اٌّجنبعIFAT
ركٙز ارزجبرIFAT
اٌذ ٞ اطزخدَ فٟ رشخ١ض االطبثخ اررفبهب فٟ ِظزٜٛ االػدا، اٌذٞ رٕبطت ؿز،٠ب ِن شدح
االطبثخ ٚ رزاٚؽذ ه١بر٠خ االػدآ، ث١16
/
1 ،
32
/1 ،
64
/1
ٛ ونبْ اٚؿنل ِظنزٜٛ ٌو١بر٠نخ االػندا، ٘ن16
/1
ف١ّب طغٍذ ه١بر٠خ
64
/1
. اهٍٝ ِظزٜٛ ٌالػدا، فٟ اٌّغّٛهخ ر
ٟا
ٝ
طنغٍذ ِوندالد رزو١نش اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنبد إٌّبه١نخ IgG
،
IgM
اررفبهنب td
اصٕبءاالطنبثخ ثشنىً ٍِؾنٛف فىبٔنذ
mgd/l)
2012.9
ٚ )
(154.2 mg/dl)
ٌهٍننٝ ا زننٛاٌٟ ِمبرٔننخ ثّغّٛهننخ اٌظنن١ـزح(874.3mg /dl)
ٚ
(91.94mg/dl)
ف١ّب ٌُ رلٙز فزٚق ِوٕٛ٠خ فٟ ِودي رزو١شا IgA
ٓفٟ ِغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١
(143.8 mg/dl )
هٕٗ فٟ ِغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح(116.2mg /dl)
. 7
4
0202 : انًقذية IgM , IgA)
فننٟ ِظننٛي اٌّظننبث١ٓ ِٚمبرٔزٙننب
)ثّغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح االطؾبء . ٠ونند ،اء اٌٍشننّبٔ١ب االؽشننب ١خVisceral
leishmaniasis
رِٚننب٠وزب ثبٌىننبالرسارkala
azar
اٚ اٌؾّننٝ اٌظننٛ،اء رؽنند االِننزاع اٌـف١ٍ١ننخ
ٌُاٌشننب وخ فننٟ أؾننبء ِزفزلننخ ِننٓ اٌوننب1
] . ٠ٛعنند
)ْؿف١ٍننٟ اٌٍشننّبٔ١ب فننٟ اٌّؼنن١ي إٌٙننب ٟ االٔظننب
ٟثشننىً الطننٛؿamastigote
فننٟ رال٠ننب اٌغٙننبس
اٌجـنننبٟٔ اٌشنننجىٟ ٌالؽشنننبء الطننن١ّب اٌـؾنننبي ٚاٌىجننند
ٚ ٚٔخننبم اٌولننُ ٚاٌومنند اٌٍّفبٚ٠ننخ اٌّظننبر٠م١خ هٕنندِب
رلرننذ ثبثننخ اٌزِننً ِننٓ عننٕض phlebotomus
االؿٛار هد٠ّخ اٌظٛؽ ِنن ٚعجنخ اٌندَ اصٕنبء اٌزدذ٠نخ
،رمـننٓ اٌـف١ٍ١ننبد اٌّوننٟ اٌٛطننـٟ ٌٍؾشننزح ٚرزىننبصز
ٕ٘ننننننبن ٚرزؾننننننٛي اٌننننننٝ اٌـننننننٛر اِننننننبِٟ اٌظننننننٛؽ
promastigote
ٝٚثنننذٌه رظننند اٌّونننٟ ٚرٙنننبعز اٌننن
ٓاٌّننزو ٚاٌجٍوننَٛ ٚاٌزغٛ٠نني اٌفّننٟ ٚهٕنند ٌننه رؾمنن
االؿ ٛار اِبِ١خ اٌظٛؽ فٟ ِؼ١ي عد٠ند2
] . ٠وند
ُاٌوننزاق ِننٓ اٌجٍننداْ اٌّزٛؿٕننخ ثننبٌىالاسار ٌننذا ا٘ننز
اٌجننننننبؽضْٛ ثدراطننننننخ ثوننننننغ اٌغٛأننننننت اٌٛثب ١ننننننخ
ٚاٌزشخ١ظ١خ3
] . ِٚٓ ا٘نُ اٌغٛأنت اٌزنٟ ؽل١نذ
ٟثبٌدراطننخ اٌغبٔننت إٌّننبهٟ ٔلننزا ٌّب٠ؾدصننٗ اٌـف١ٍنن
ِنننٓ رضجننن١ؾ ٚاػنننؼ فنننٟ اٌغٙنننبس إٌّنننبهٟ ٌٍّؼننن١ي
ٌا ّظبة ٚلد رؼّٕذ رشخ١ض االطبثخ ثبٌىنبالاسار
ثبطننننننننزخداَ ارزجننننننننبر اٌزننننننننلٌك إٌّننننننننبهٟ ل١ننننننننز
اٌّجبشننننننننزIndirect
Flouorescen
AntibodyTest(IFAT)
ٜٛٚ وننذٌه ل١ننبص ِظننز
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنبد إٌّبهي١ييييييينيخ االطبطن (IgG ,
*
،لظُ هٍَٛ اٌؾ١بح / وٍ١خ اٌوٍَٛ ٌٍجٕبد / عبِوخ ثددا ٠ونند ،اء اٌٍشننّبٔ١ب االؽشننب ١خVisceral
leishmaniasis
رِٚننب٠وزب ثبٌىننبالرسارkala
azar
اٚ اٌؾّننٝ اٌظننٛ،اء رؽنند االِننزاع اٌـف١ٍ١ننخ
ٌُاٌشننب وخ فننٟ أؾننبء ِزفزلننخ ِننٓ اٌوننب1
] . ٠ٛعنند
)ْؿف١ٍننٟ اٌٍشننّبٔ١ب فننٟ اٌّؼنن١ي إٌٙننب ٟ االٔظننب
ٟثشننىً الطننٛؿamastigote
فننٟ رال٠ننب اٌغٙننبس
اٌجـنننبٟٔ اٌشنننجىٟ ٌالؽشنننبء الطننن١ّب اٌـؾنننبي ٚاٌىجننند
ٚ ٚٔخننبم اٌولننُ ٚاٌومنند اٌٍّفبٚ٠ننخ اٌّظننبر٠م١خ هٕنندِب
رلرننذ ثبثننخ اٌزِننً ِننٓ عننٕض phlebotomus
االؿٛار هد٠ّخ اٌظٛؽ ِنن ٚعجنخ اٌندَ اصٕنبء اٌزدذ٠نخ
،رمـننٓ اٌـف١ٍ١ننبد اٌّوننٟ اٌٛطننـٟ ٌٍؾشننزح ٚرزىننبصز
ٕ٘ننننننبن ٚرزؾننننننٛي اٌننننننٝ اٌـننننننٛر اِننننننبِٟ اٌظننننننٛؽ
promastigote
ٝٚثنننذٌه رظننند اٌّونننٟ ٚرٙنننبعز اٌننن
ٓاٌّننزو ٚاٌجٍوننَٛ ٚاٌزغٛ٠نني اٌفّننٟ ٚهٕنند ٌننه رؾمنن
االؿ ٛار اِبِ١خ اٌظٛؽ فٟ ِؼ١ي عد٠ند2
] . ٠وند
ُاٌوننزاق ِننٓ اٌجٍننداْ اٌّزٛؿٕننخ ثننبٌىالاسار ٌننذا ا٘ننز
اٌجننننننبؽضْٛ ثدراطننننننخ ثوننننننغ اٌغٛأننننننت اٌٛثب ١ننننننخ
ٚاٌزشخ١ظ١خ3
] . 7
4
0202 ٌه اٌزخف١ي ِٓ اٌّظً اٌذٞ ره ـنٝ ٔز١غنخ
. ِٛعجخ ثٛطفٗ ِو١برا ٌشدح االطبثخ
ب-
قٍاس جركٍز انكهوبٍونٍنات انًناعٍةةIgG
،
IgM
،
IgA
ٓرننُ ل١ننبص رزو١ننش اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕننبد إٌّبه١ننخ ِنن
ٔٛمIgG
،
IgM
،
IgA
ثبطنزخداَ رمٕ١نخ االٔزشنبر
،إٌّنننبهٟ اٌشنننوبهٟ اٌّفنننزSingle Radial
Immunodiffusion
Assay
ثلرجننننبم ؿز٠مننننخ
Mancini
6
] ٚرننننُ عننننزاء اٌفؾننننض فننننٟ ٚؽنننندح
إٌّبهخ فٟ ِظزشفٝ اٌ١زِٛن اٌزوٍ١ّنٟ ٚاطنزخدِذ
افؿجنننبق اٌّغٙنننشح ِنننٓ شنننزوخBiomaghreb
ٝٚثّٛعننت روٍ١ّبرٙننب ، ٚرؾننٛٞ ٘ننذٖ افؿجننبق هٍنن
: اٌّىٛٔبد ا٢ر١خ ٌه اٌزخف١ي ِٓ اٌّظً اٌذٞ ره ـنٝ ٔز١غنخ
. ِٛعجخ ثٛطفٗ ِو١برا ٌشدح االطبثخ
ب-
قٍاس جركٍز انكهوبٍونٍنات انًناعٍةةIgG
،
IgM
،
IgA
ٓرننُ ل١ننبص رزو١ننش اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕننبد إٌّبه١ننخ ِنن
ٔٛمIgG
،
IgM
،
IgA
ثبطنزخداَ رمٕ١نخ االٔزشنبر
،إٌّنننبهٟ اٌشنننوبهٟ اٌّفنننزSingle Radial
Immunodiffusion
Assay
ثلرجننننبم ؿز٠مننننخ
Mancini
6
] ٚرننننُ عننننزاء اٌفؾننننض فننننٟ ٚؽنننندح
إٌّبهخ فٟ ِظزشفٝ اٌ١زِٛن اٌزوٍ١ّنٟ ٚاطنزخدِذ
افؿجنننبق اٌّغٙنننشح ِنننٓ شنننزوخBiomaghreb
ٝٚثّٛعننت روٍ١ّبرٙننب ، ٚرؾننٛٞ ٘ننذٖ افؿجننبق هٍنن
: اٌّىٛٔبد ا٢ر١خ ب-
انًجًوعةةةةةةة ان:انٍةةةةةةة : يجًوعةةةةةةة ان ةةةةةةٍطر
Control Group
. ) (االصحاء
عّوذ15
ه١ٕخ ،َ الؿفبي ِٓ اٌفئنخ اٌوّز٠نخ ٔفظنٙب
ٌُّغّٛهننخ االؿفننبي ٚلنند رنن ٓاٌزلونند ِننٓ طننالِزُٙ ِنن
. رالي اعزاء فؾض اٌدَ ٌىً فز، فٟ اٌّغّٛهخ ٓرننُ ل١ننبص رزو١ننش اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕننبد إٌّبه١ننخ ِنن
ٔٛمIgG
،
IgM
،
IgA
ثبطنزخداَ رمٕ١نخ االٔزشنبر
،إٌّنننبهٟ اٌشنننوبهٟ اٌّفنننزSingle Radial
Immunodiffusion
Assay
ثلرجننننبم ؿز٠مننننخ
Mancini
6
] ٚرننننُ عننننزاء اٌفؾننننض فننننٟ ٚؽنننندح
إٌّبهخ فٟ ِظزشفٝ اٌ١زِٛن اٌزوٍ١ّنٟ ٚاطنزخدِذ
افؿجنننبق اٌّغٙنننشح ِنننٓ شنننزوخBiomaghreb
ٝٚثّٛعننت روٍ١ّبرٙننب ، ٚرؾننٛٞ ٘ننذٖ افؿجننبق هٍنن
: اٌّىٛٔبد ا٢ر١خ 0
- يعايهة عٍنات انذو
. ارجونذ ؿز٠منخGarvey et al
4
) ٚ ٌنه
ثظؾت5
ِٓنً ِنٓ اٌندَ اٌٛر٠ندٞ ِنٓ ونً ؿفنً ِن
ٗوٍزب اٌّغّٛهز١ٓ ثبطزخداَ ِؾمٕخ ِومّخ ٚٚػو
ٞٛفٟ أجٛثخ ارزجبرِزلّخ ٚ ِومّخ الرؾز هٍٝ ِبٔن
ٌزخضزاٌنندَ ٚرننزن ثدرعننخ ؽننزارح اٌدزفننخ ٌّنندح30
ٞ،ل١مخ رُ ثود٘ب ٔجذٖ ِزوش٠ب ثغٙنبس اٌـنز، اٌّزونش
٠ظنننننزهخ2000
،ٚرح /،ل١منننننخ ٌّٚننننندح15
،،ل١منننننخ
طؾجذ اٌـجمخ اٌوٍ١نب اٌّظنً) ٚٚػنوذ فنٟ أجٛثنخ
ثالطنننز١ى١خ ِومّنننخ ثدرعنننخ ؽنننزارح-
20
َْٓ اٌٜؾننن١
. االطزوّبي (Buffured Saline Agarose, Sodium
Azide, Monospecific Antiserum) (Buffured Saline Agarose, Sodium
Azide, Monospecific Antiserum) 3
- االخحبارات انًصه ٍةSerological Test
أ-
اخحبار انحأنق انًنةاعً يٍةر انًبا ةرIFAT
جةى
اجراؤه فً يخحبر انصحة انًركزي واجبعةث طرٌقةة
Goldman
(
5
ً) كًا ٌأج : 1
ُ. ٚػنننن ؽغننن5
ِٟنننب٠ىزٌٚ١زز ِنننٓ اٌّظنننً فننن
ؽنندٜ ؽفننز افؿجننبق اٌّغٙننشح ِننٓ شننزوخ
Biomaghreb
، ثبطننزخداَ اٌّبطننخ اٌدل١مننخ
ٚرزوننذ افؿجننبق ِىشننٛفخ ،ْٚ رؾز٠ننه ِنندح
5
،لننننب ك ِٕوننننب ٌزغّننننن اٌجخننننبر ِننننٓ عٙننننخ
ٌٚؼننّبْ رغننبٔض أزشننبر اٌّظننً ِننٓ عٙننخ
. ٜررز 1
ٗ. : انًقذية ِٚٓ ا٘نُ اٌغٛأنت اٌزنٟ ؽل١نذ
ٟثبٌدراطننخ اٌغبٔننت إٌّننبهٟ ٔلننزا ٌّب٠ؾدصننٗ اٌـف١ٍنن
ِنننٓ رضجننن١ؾ ٚاػنننؼ فنننٟ اٌغٙنننبس إٌّنننبهٟ ٌٍّؼننن١ي
ٌا ّظبة ٚلد رؼّٕذ رشخ١ض االطبثخ ثبٌىنبالاسار
ثبطننننننننزخداَ ارزجننننننننبر اٌزننننننننلٌك إٌّننننننننبهٟ ل١ننننننننز
اٌّجبشننننننننزIndirect
Flouorescen
AntibodyTest(IFAT)
ٜٛٚ وننذٌه ل١ننبص ِظننز
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنبد إٌّبهي١ييييييينيخ االطبطن (IgG ,
*
،لظُ هٍَٛ اٌؾ١بح / وٍ١خ اٌوٍَٛ ٌٍجٕبد / عبِوخ ثددا انًواد: طرائق انعًم
1
- جًع انعٍنات
ٓرُ عّن ه١ٕبد اٌدَ ِنٓ االؿفنبي اٌّظنبث١
ثبٌىننبالاسار ٚ اٌّننزاعو١ٓ ٌىننً ِننٓ ِخزجننز اٌظننؾخ
ْاٌّزوننشٞ ِٚظزشننفٝ اٌـفننً اٌّزوننشٞ فننٟ االطننىب
،فٟ ِؾبفلخ ثدييدا
ْٚ ٌنننه ٌٍّننندح ِنننٓ ونننبْٔٛ اٌضنننبٟٔ ٌٚدب٠نننخ ؽش٠نننزا
2008
ُ، ٚرننننن
ٓاٌؾظنننننٛي هٍنننننٝ ِغّنننننٛهز١ٓ ِننننن
اٌو١ٕبد: phlebotomus انًجًوعة االونى : انًرضىPatient
شننننٍّذ اٌدراطننننخ40
ٓؿفننننال ِننننٓ اٌّشخظنننن١
ثبطنننبثزُٙ ثبٌىنننبالاسار رزنننزاٚػ اهّنننبرُ٘ ِنننٓ طنننزخ
رشٙز اٌٝ هشز طٕٛاد ِٚٓ وال اٌغٕظ١ٓ ٚرُ اٌزلود
ِٞٓ اطبثزُٙ ثبٌّزع ِٓ رالي اٌفؾض اٌّخزجز
IFAT
اٌنننذٞ اعنننز ٞ ٌىنننً ِنننز٠غ فنننٟ ِخزجننننز
. اٌظؾخ اٌّزوشٞ اٌزبثن ٌٛسارح اٌظؾخ انًجًوعة االونى : انًرضىPatient
شننننٍّذ اٌدراطننننخ40
ٓؿفننننال ِننننٓ اٌّشخظنننن١
ثبطنننبثزُٙ ثبٌىنننبالاسار رزنننزاٚػ اهّنننبرُ٘ ِنننٓ طنننزخ
رشٙز اٌٝ هشز طٕٛاد ِٚٓ وال اٌغٕظ١ٓ ٚرُ اٌزلود
ِٞٓ اطبثزُٙ ثبٌّزع ِٓ رالي اٌفؾض اٌّخزجز
IFAT
اٌنننذٞ اعنننز ٞ ٌىنننً ِنننز٠غ فنننٟ ِخزجننننز
. اٌظؾخ اٌّزوشٞ اٌزبثن ٌٛسارح اٌظؾخ 1317 7
4
0202 7
4
0202 رننُ رخف١نني ِظننً اٌشننخض اٌّشننىٛن ث طننبثز
.ثبطزخداَ ِؾٍٛي ،ارو اٌفٛطفبد 2
ٝ. ُٚػننننوذ لـننننزح ِننننٓ اٌّظننننً اٌّخفنننني هٍنننن
شننننننز٠ؾخ اٌّظزؼننننننداد اٌّؾؼننننننزح طننننننٍفب
. ٚاٌّؾفٛكخ فٟ اٌضالعخ 2
ٝ. ُٚػننننوذ لـننننزح ِننننٓ اٌّظننننً اٌّخفنننني هٍنننن
شننننننز٠ؾخ اٌّظزؼننننننداد اٌّؾؼننننننزح طننننننٍفب
. ٚاٌّؾفٛكخ فٟ اٌضالعخ 2 . لٍُمننذ ا فؿجننبق ثلؽىننبَ ٚٚػننوذ فننٟ اٌضالعننخ
ثدرعخ4
َ ٚثشنىً رفمنٟ ِندح48
ًطنبهخ ٌىن
ِٓ
IgG
،
IgA
. رِب ؿجكIgM
فزُنزن ِندح
72
.طبهخ فٟ اٌضالعخ 2 . لٍُمننذ ا فؿجننبق ثلؽىننبَ ٚٚػننوذ فننٟ اٌضالعننخ
ثدرعخ4
َ ٚثشنىً رفمنٟ ِندح48
ًطنبهخ ٌىن
ِٓ
IgG
،
IgA
. رِب ؿجكIgM
فزُنزن ِندح
72
.طبهخ فٟ اٌضالعخ 3
. ؽُؼٕذ اٌشز٠ؾخ ُِدح30
ٟ ،ل١مخ فٟ ؽّنبَ ِنب
ثدرعخ37
. َ 3
. ؽُؼٕذ اٌشز٠ؾخ ُِدح30
ٟ ،ل١مخ فٟ ؽّنبَ ِنب
ثدرعخ37
. َ 3 . ثود أزٙبء ِدح اٌزفبهً اٌّمزرح ، رُ ل١نبص لـنز
ؽٍمنننخ اٌززطننن١ت اٌّزىٛٔنننخ ؽنننٛي ونننً ؽفنننزح
ًٔز١غخ اٌزفبهن
ثن١ٓ افػندا، ٚاٌّظزؼنداد
ٚ ٌه ثبطزخ ًداَ ِٕلبر ربص ٌم١بص اٌزؾبٌ١
إٌّبه١خImmunoviewer
، ِٚنٓ ِوزفنخ
لـننز ؽٍمننخ اٌززطنن١ت ٠ّىننٓ اطننزخزاط ل١ّننخ
اٌززو١ننش ٚ ٌننه ثبالطننزوبٔخ ثبٌغنندٚي اٌّزافننك
. ِن افؿجبق اٌّغٙشح ِٓ اٌشزوخ اٌّظنٕوخ
ٚرىْٛ لزاءح اٌززو١ش ثٛؽدح(mg/dl) 4
. رُعز٠ننذ هٍّ١ننخ لظننً اٌشننز٠ؾخ ٌننضالس ِننزاد
ِززبٌ١نننننننخ : اصٕزنننننننبْ ِٕٙنننننننب ثّؾٍنننننننٛي ،ارو
اٌفٛطنننفبد ٚاٌضبٌضنننخ ثبٌّنننبء اٌّمـنننز ساٌنننخ
.رِالػ اٌدارو 4
. رُعز٠ننذ هٍّ١ننخ لظننً اٌشننز٠ؾخ ٌننضالس ِننزاد
ِززبٌ١نننننننخ : اصٕزنننننننبْ ِٕٙنننننننب ثّؾٍنننننننٛي ،ارو
اٌفٛطنننفبد ٚاٌضبٌضنننخ ثبٌّنننبء اٌّمـنننز ساٌنننخ
.رِالػ اٌدارو 5
ْ. رّذ ػبفخ اٌّمززConjugate
ٚ٘نٛ هجنبرح
ٓهنننننننننAnti-Antibody
ٌٍىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنننننننننبد
إٌّبه١ننننننخIgG
،
IgM
رٚ رٍنننننن١ؾ ِّٕٙننننننب
ِمززٔخ ِن طجدخIsothiocyanate
. 6
ٟ. ؽُؼٕذ اٌشز٠ؾخ ف37
°
َ ُِدح30
.،ل١مخ اننحائج وانًناقشة: ٚركٙنننزد ٔزنننب ظ اٌزؾٍ١نننً ا ؽظنننب ٟ ر
رهٍٝ ٔظجخ ٌٍّظبث١ٓ ٚاٌجبٌدنخ42.5%
وبٔن ذ هٕند
ه١بر٠ننخ1/16
، ف١ّننب ٚطننٍذ ٔظننجخ اٌّظننبث١ٓ هٕنند
ه١بر٠خ1/32
ٌٝ
35
%
ٓ، رِب رلً ٔظجخ ٌٍّظنبث١
فىبٔذ هٕد ه١بر٠خ
1/64
ٚثٍدذ% 22.5
عدٚي1
. )
. جةةةةذول(2)
ً:يعةةةةذل جركٍةةةةز انكهوبٍةةةةونٍن انًنةةةةاع
(IgG) G
فً يصول يجًوعة األطفةال انًصةابٍن
بةةةةةانكالمار ويجًوعةةةةةة ان ةةةةةٍطر وانًشخصةةةةةٍن
بأخحبارIFAT
يجايٍع
انذراسة
SE
±
Mean
نحركٍز
(mg/dl)IgG
عٍارٌة فحص انحأنق انًناعً يٍر انًبا ر
IFAT)
)
1/16
1/32
1/64
يجًوعة
انًصابٍن
No=40
2012.9
±
527.73
2382.5653
±
625.30505
2092.6315
±
548.14469
1563.7969
±
409.7127
يجًوعة
ان ٍطر
No=15
874.3
±
168.87 جةةةةذول(2)
ً:يعةةةةذل جركٍةةةةز انكهوبٍةةةةونٍن انًنةةةةاع
(IgG) G
فً يصول يجًوعة األطفةال انًصةابٍن
بةةةةةانكالمار ويجًوعةةةةةة ان ةةةةةٍطر وانًشخصةةةةةٍن
بأخحبارIFAT
يجايٍع
انذراسة
SE
±
Mean
نحركٍز
(mg/dl)IgG
عٍارٌة فحص انحأنق انًناعً يٍر انًبا ر
IFAT)
)
1/16
1/32
1/64
يجًوعة
انًصابٍن
No=40
2012.9
±
527.73
2382.5653
±
625.30505
2092.6315
±
548.14469
1563.7969
±
409.7127
يجًوعة
ان ٍطر
No=15
874.3
±
168.87 ا
َ
ن
ُ
ٟعنننبءد ٔزنننب ظ ارزجنننبر اٌزنننلٌك إٌّنننبهIFAT
اٌذٞ اهزّد فٟ رشخ١ض االطبثخ ٚشندترٙب ثو١بر٠نبد
ِخزٍفننخ رجوننب ٌشنندح االطننبثخ، ٚرزاٚؽننذ اٌو١بر٠ننبد
ٌّٓغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١ٓ ل١د اٌدراطخ ثن١1/16
،
1/32
،
1/64
ْ. ٚركٙنننزد ٔزنننب ظ اٌزؾٍ١نننً ا ؽظنننب ٟ ر
رهٍٝ ٔظجخ ٌٍّظبث١ٓ ٚاٌجبٌدنخ42.5%
وبٔن ذ هٕند
ه١بر٠ننخ1/16
، ف١ّننب ٚطننٍذ ٔظننجخ اٌّظننبث١ٓ هٕنند
ه١بر٠خ1/32
ٌٝ
35
%
ٓ، رِب رلً ٔظجخ ٌٍّظنبث١
فىبٔذ هٕد ه١بر٠خ
1/64
ٚثٍدذ% 22.5
عدٚي1
. )
. جةةذول(1)
: انن ةةبة انًيوٌةةة د وعةةذد ا صةةابات
نعٍارٌةةةةةة اخحبةةةةةار انحةةةةةأنق
نألضةةةةةذاد اناٍريبا ةةةةةر
IFAT)
) فً يجًوعة انًصابٍن
يجًوعة انًصابٍن عذد ا صابات انن بة انًيوٌة د
عٍارٌة1/16
17
20.5
عٍارٌة1/32
14
35.0
عٍارٌة1/64
9
00.5
انًجًوع
22
100.00 3
-
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٓ إٌّبه
(IgM) M
ٟركٙننزد ٔزننب ظ اٌدراطننخ ؽنندٚس اررفننبم ٚاػننؼ فنن
ِٟودي رزو١نش اٌىٍٛث١نٌٛ١ٓ إٌّنبهM
فنٟ ِغّٛهنخ
ٓاٌّظننبث١(27.6± 154.2)
ِٟمبرٔننخ ثبٌّونندي فنن
ِغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح(23.1± 91.9)
، ٚطغتً اٌّودي
رلننً اررفننبم ٌننٗ هٕنند ه١بر٠ننخ(31.6±175.6)1/16
ف١ّننب رمبرثننذ ِونندالد رزو١ننشIgM
ٟهٕنند ه١ننبر٠ز
1/32
ٚ
1/64
فىبٔننذ(30.1±167.1)
ٚ
(21.1
±119.9)
هٍنننٝ اٌزنننٛاٌٟ . ٚعننندد فنننزٚق ِوٕٛ٠نننخ
ثّمننندار(P < 0.05)
ٓثننن١ٓ ِغّٛهنننخ اٌّظنننبث١
ِٚغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح عدٚي3
. اننحائج وانًناقشة: اننحائج وانًناقشة:
،ٛركٙنننزد ٔزنننب ظ ٘نننذٖ اٌدراطنننخ هننندَ ٚعننن
،فننزٚق ِوٕٛ٠ننخ ثنن١ٓ اٌننذوٛر ٚا ٔننبس ِننٓ ؽ١ننش هنند
ا طننننبثبد رٚ افهننننزاع اٌظننننز٠ز٠خ رٚ اٌزد١ننننزاد
اٌّظٍ١خ ، ٚركٙزد إٌزب ظ رْ رهٍنٝ ٔظنجخ ٌالطنبثخ
ْٚ، رزوشد ث١ٓ افؿفبي ِّٓ رهّنبرُ٘ طنٕزبْ فّنب
ٚاٌننذ٠ٓ ٠ظننىْٕٛ إٌّننبؿك اٌشراه١ننخ فننٟ ِؾبفلننبد
ٚاطؾ ، ث دندا، ، افٔجنبر ٚإٌغي.ٚرّضٍنذ افهنزاع
ٚ َاٌظز٠ز٠خ ٌٍّظنبث١ٓ ثؾّنٝ ِزمـونخ ٚ ٔؾنٛي هنب 7
. ثود أزٙبء ُِدح اٌزفبهً رُعز٠ذ هٍّ١خ لظً وّنب
فٟ اٌخـٛح4
. صُ عُففذ اٌشز٠ؾخ 8
. رَُػنن١فذ لـننزح ِننٓ ،ارو اٌىٍ١ظننزٚي ٌٍشننز٠ؾخ
ٓٚفُؾظذ رؾذ اٌّغٙز اٌّزلٌك ٌٍزؾنزٞ هن
ٟٚعنننٛ، رٚ هننندَ ٚعنننٛ، افػننندا،، ٠وـننن
اٌـف١ٍنننٟ فنننٟ ؽنننبي ٚعنننٛ، افػننندا، ِزلٌمنننخ
ثننبٌٍْٛ افرؼننز اٌّظننفز رزٕبطننت شنندرٗ ِننن
شنننندح االطننننبثخ، فننننٟ ؽنننن١ٓ ال ٠لٙننننز ٘ننننذا
ا شننوبم هٕنند وننْٛ اٌفؾننض طننبٌجب . ٚ٠وزّنند 8
. رَُػنن١فذ لـننزح ِننٓ ،ارو اٌىٍ١ظننزٚي ٌٍشننز٠ؾخ
ٓٚفُؾظذ رؾذ اٌّغٙز اٌّزلٌك ٌٍزؾنزٞ هن
ٟٚعنننٛ، رٚ هننندَ ٚعنننٛ، افػننندا،، ٠وـننن
اٌـف١ٍنننٟ فنننٟ ؽنننبي ٚعنننٛ، افػننندا، ِزلٌمنننخ
ثننبٌٍْٛ افرؼننز اٌّظننفز رزٕبطننت شنندرٗ ِننن
شنننندح االطننننبثخ، فننننٟ ؽنننن١ٓ ال ٠لٙننننز ٘ننننذا
ا شننوبم هٕنند وننْٛ اٌفؾننض طننبٌجب . ٚ٠وزّنند 1318 7
4
0202 (625.3
ٚكٙنزد فنزٚق ِوٕٛ٠نخ(P < 0.05)
ٓثن١
ِغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١ٓ ِٚغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح
عدٚي2
.) (625.3
ٚكٙنزد فنزٚق ِوٕٛ٠نخ(P < 0.05)
ٓثن١
ِغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١ٓ ِٚغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح
عدٚي2
.) فمننداْ اٌشننٙ١خ ٚ طننٙبي ٚطننوبي ، رِننب رؼننخُ اٌىجنند
ٚاٌـؾبي فظغً رجب٠ٕب ثؾظت شندح االطنبثخ وبٔنذ
ؽبالد اٌزؼنخُ النً فنٟ اٌّزاؽنً اٌّجىنزح ِٕنٗ ف١ّنب
.وبٔذ ٔظجخ اٌزؼخُ روجز ِن رمدَ االطبثخ
ٟعنننبءد ٔزنننب ظ ارزجنننبر اٌزنننلٌك إٌّنننبهIFAT
اٌذٞ اهزّد فٟ رشخ١ض االطبثخ ٚشندترٙب ثو١بر٠نبد
ِخزٍفننخ رجوننب ٌشنندح االطننبثخ، ٚرزاٚؽننذ اٌو١بر٠ننبد
ٌّٓغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١ٓ ل١د اٌدراطخ ثن١1/16
،
1/32
،
1/64
ْ. ٚركٙنننزد ٔزنننب ظ اٌزؾٍ١نننً ا ؽظنننب ٟ ر
رهٍٝ ٔظجخ ٌٍّظبث١ٓ ٚاٌجبٌدنخ42.5%
وبٔن ذ هٕند
ه١بر٠ننخ1/16
، ف١ّننب ٚطننٍذ ٔظننجخ اٌّظننبث١ٓ هٕنند
ه١بر٠خ1/32
ٌٝ
35
%
ٓ، رِب رلً ٔظجخ ٌٍّظنبث١
فىبٔذ هٕد ه١بر٠خ
1/64
ٚثٍدذ% 22.5
عدٚي1
. )
. فمننداْ اٌشننٙ١خ ٚ طننٙبي ٚطننوبي ، رِننب رؼننخُ اٌىجنند
ٚاٌـؾبي فظغً رجب٠ٕب ثؾظت شندح االطنبثخ وبٔنذ
ؽبالد اٌزؼنخُ النً فنٟ اٌّزاؽنً اٌّجىنزح ِٕنٗ ف١ّنب
.وبٔذ ٔظجخ اٌزؼخُ روجز ِن رمدَ االطبثخ
ٟعنننبءد ٔزنننب ظ ارزجنننبر اٌزنننلٌك إٌّنننبهIFAT
اٌذٞ اهزّد فٟ رشخ١ض االطبثخ ٚشندترٙب ثو١بر٠نبد
ِخزٍفننخ رجوننب ٌشنندح االطننبثخ، ٚرزاٚؽننذ اٌو١بر٠ننبد
ٌّٓغّٛهخ اٌّظبث١ٓ ل١د اٌدراطخ ثن١1/16
،
1/32
،
1/64
ْ. اننحائج وانًناقشة: ) رجننن١ٓ إٌزنننب ظ ٚعنننٛ، ِزاؽنننً ِخزٍفنننخ ِنننٓ االطنننبثخ
،اس،ا،د اٌو١بر٠خ ٔز١غخ اررفنبم ِظنزٜٛ افػندا7
،
8
] ٌٚننذٌه فنن ْ ه١بر٠ننخ1/16
رّضننً ِزؽٍننخ ِجىننزح
ِننننٓ االطننننبثخ ِمبرٔننننخ ثو١بر٠ننننخ1/64
ًاٌزننننٟ رّضنننن
اٌّزؽٍننخ اٌّزمدِننخ ِٕننٗ فننٟ اٌّغّٛهننخ ٚاٌزننٟ طننغٍذ
رهٍٝ ِظزٜٛ ٌدػدا، ، ٚ٠ونٛ، طنجت ٘نذا االررفنبم
،اٌّظنننزّز فنننٟ ِظنننزٜٛ افػننندا، ٌنننٝ اس،٠نننب، رهننندا
ٝاٌـف١ٍٟ ِب ٠ؤ،ٞ ٌٝ رؾف١نش اٌٍّفبٚ٠نبد اٌجب ١نخ هٍن
ِرٌٛ١ننند رال٠نننب ثالس ١نننخPlasma cells
ثظنننٛرح
،ِظننزّزح ٚاٌزننٟ رمننَٛ ثنندٚر٘ب ث ٔزننبط افػنندا9
. ]
٘ننذا ٚرّننذ ِمبرٔننخ ٔزننب ظ فؾننٛص وننً ه١بر٠ننخ ِننن
ِٝغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح افطنؾتبء) ثٙندب اٌزونزب هٍن
ٓاٌزد١ننزاد اٌؾبطننٍخ فننٟ رصٕننبء اٌّزاؽننً اٌّخزٍفننخ ِنن
. االطبثخ جةةذول(3)
ً: يعةةذل جركٍةةز انكهوبٍةةونٍن انًنةةاعM
IgM))
) فةةً يصةةول يجًوعةةة األطفةةال انًصةةابٍن
بةةةةةانكالمار ويجًوعةةةةةة ان ةةةةةٍطر وانًشخصةةةةة ٍن
بأخحبارIFAT
. يجايٍع
انذراسة
Mean ±
SE
نحركٍز
(mg/dl)IgM
(عٍارٌة فحص انحأنق انًناعً يٍر انًبا ر
IFAT
)
1/16
1/32
1/64
يجًوعة
انًصابٍن
No=40
154.2
±
27.66
175.6156
±
31.6290
167.1259
±
30.1820
119.9129
±
21.1612
يجًوعة
ان ٍطر
No=15
91.9
±
23.19 4 -
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٓ إٌّبه(IgA) A
:
ٌنننٛؽق ؽننندٚس اررفبهنننب ؿف١فنننب فنننٟ ِوننندي رزو١نننش
ٟاٌىٍٛث١نننٌٛ١ٓ إٌّنننبهA
ٓفنننٟ ِغّٛهنننخ اٌّظنننبث١
(85.4±143.8)
ِمبرٔننننخ ثبٌّونننندي فننننٟ ِغّٛهننننخ
اٌظ١ـزح(37.1±116.2)
ٟ.ف١ّب وبْ االٔخفنبع فن
اٌّودي روضز ٚػٛؽب هٕد ه١بر٠خ(63.7±138.5)
1/16
، االت رْ ٔزنننب ظ اٌزؾٍ١نننً ا ؽظنننب ٟ ركٙنننزد
ٓهنندَ ٚعننٛ، فننزٚق ِوٕٛ٠ننخ ثنن١ٓ ِغّٛهننخ اٌّظننبث١
ِٚغّٛهخ اٌظ١ـزح عدٚي4
. ) 2 -
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٓ إٌّبه(IgG) G
:
ركٙزد ٔزب ظ ل١ن ٟبص رزو١نش اٌىٍٛث١نٌٛ١ٓ إٌّنبهG
ٚعنننٛ، اررفنننبم ِوٕنننٛٞ فنننٟ اٌززو١نننش٠ٓ ِغّٛهنننخ
اٌّظبث١ٓ ِٚغّٛهنخ اٌظن١ـزح(527.7±2012.9)
،
(168.8± 874.3)
ٝهٍنننٝ اٌزنننٛاٌٟ ٚونننبْ رهٍننن
اررفنبم ٌٍّوندي هٕند ه١بر٠نخ(409.7± 1563.7)
1/64
ف١ّنننب أخفنننغ اٌّوننندي هٕننند ه١بر٠نننخ)1/32
548.1 ±2092.6 2382.5) 1/16
± 1319 7
4
0202 جةةةذول(4)
ً: يعةةةذل جركٍةةةز انكهوبٍةةةونٍن انًنةةةاع
(IgA) A
فً يصول يجًوعةة األطفةال انًصةابٍن
بةةةةةانكالمار ويجًوعةةةةةة ان ةةةةةٍطر وانًشخصةةةةةٍن
بأخحبارIFAT
. يجايٍع
انذراس
ة
Mean ±
SE
نحركٍز
(mg/dl)IgA
عٍارٌة فحص انحأنق انًناعً يٍر
(انًبا رIFAT
)
1/16
1/32
1/64
يجًوعة
انًصابٍن
No=40
143.8
±
85.41
138.55
±
63.75
144.50
±
67.51
148.33
±
124.95
يجًوعة
ان ٍطر
No=15
116.2
±
37.1 4.Garvey , J . S ., Cremer , N . E . and
Sussdorf , D . H . 1981. Methods in
4. Immunology. 3 rd . ed . W . AQ
Benjamin , inc . pp. 297. 5. Goldman , M. 1957 Staining
Toxoplasma gondii with fluorscent
labelled antibody . J.Exp. Med. 105
(1) : 54 – 556 6.Mancini, H.S., Carbonara,A. O.,
Heremans,
J. F.,
1965. Immunochemistry pp.235.. 7. اننحائج وانًناقشة: Choudhar, A., Puri, P., Guru, Y. and Saxena, K.1992. An indirect
fluorecent antibody (IFAT) test for
the serodiagnosis of kala-azar. J. Commun. Dis. 24 (12):32-36. ِنننٓ ٔزنننب ظ ل١نننبص ِظنننزٛ٠بد اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنننبد
إٌّبه١خ ، ٔالؽق
ؽدٚس اررفبم وج١ز فٟ ِظزٛ٠بد
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ننٌٛ١ٓ إٌّننبهG
ٟٚاٌىٍٛث١ننٌٛ١ٓ إٌّننبهM
َرصٕننبء االطننبثخ ، ٚرْ ٘ننذا االررفننبم ٠ننش،ا، ِننن رمنند
االطننبثخ ؽ١ننش ٔالؽننق رْ رهٍننٝ ِظننزٜٛ ٌٍننيIgG
ٚ
IgM
ونننبْ هٕننند ه١بر٠نننخ1/64
ٝٚاٌزنننٟ رّضنننً رهٍننن
.ِزاؽً االطبثخ فٟ اٌّغّٛهخ ِنننٓ ٔزنننب ظ ل١نننبص ِظنننزٛ٠بد اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنننبد
إٌّبه١خ ، ٔالؽق
ؽدٚس اررفبم وج١ز فٟ ِظزٛ٠بد
ٟاٌىٍٛث١ننٌٛ١ٓ إٌّننبهG
ٟٚاٌىٍٛث١ننٌٛ١ٓ إٌّننبهM
َرصٕننبء االطننبثخ ، ٚرْ ٘ننذا االررفننبم ٠ننش،ا، ِننن رمنند
االطننبثخ ؽ١ننش ٔالؽننق رْ رهٍننٝ ِظننزٜٛ ٌٍننيIgG
ٚ
IgM
ونننبْ هٕننند ه١بر٠نننخ1/64
ٝٚاٌزنننٟ رّضنننً رهٍننن
.ِزاؽً االطبثخ فٟ اٌّغّٛهخ 8. Jamshaid, I.,Hira, P.,Saroj, G.,
Philip, R., Al-Ali, F. , Madda, P. and Sher, A. 2002 . Imported
Visceral Leishmaniasis: Diagnostic
Dilemmas
and
Comparative
Analysis of Three Assays. J. Clin. Microb. , 3(25) : 475-479. ٖٚرزفننك ٘ننذ
ًإٌزننب ظ ِننن ِننب رٛطننً ٌ١ننٗ ونن
ِٓنن10
،
11
،
12
] ؽ١ننش رونندٚا هٍننٝ رْت االطننبثخ
ثبٌىالسار ٠ؤ،ٞ ٌٝ اررفبم ِظنزٛ٠بد اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنبد
ٚ إٌّبه١خ هِّٛبIgG
ثظٛرح ربطخ ِمبرٔنخ ِنن
،ِغّٛهخ اٌظن١ـزح ، ٚ٘نذا اٌزؾف١نش ٠وزّند هٍنٝ هند
اٌـف١ٍ١ننننبد فننننٟ اٌـؾننننبي ، ٠ننننش،ا، هنننند، اٌخال٠ننننب
اٌفننننبرسح
،ٌٍىٍٛث١ننننٌٛ١ٓ فننننٟ اٌـؾننننبي ثش٠ننننب،ح رهنننندا
ٞ،اٌـف١ٍٟ ٔز١غخ س٠ب،ح رؾف١ش اٌخال٠ب اٌجب ١خ ِّنب ٠نؤ
ٌنننٝ س٠نننب،ح ٔزنننبط اٌىٍٛث١ٌٛ١ٕنننبد إٌّبه١نننخ ٚثٕب ٙنننب
ٚثبٌزبٌٟ اررفنبم ِظنزٛ٠برٙب فنٟ رصٕنبء االطنبثخ.(12
ٟرِننننب اٌىٍٛث١ننننٌٛ١ٓ إٌّننننبهA
فمنننند ركٙننننزد ٔزننننب ظ
ٟاٌدراطننخ هنندَ ٚعننٛ، فننزٚق ِوٕٛ٠ننخ فنن ِٟظننزٛاٖ فنن
، ِغّٛهننخ اٌّظننبث١ٓ هٕننٗ فننٟ ِغّٛهننخ اٌظنن١ـزح
ٗٚ٘ذا ٠زٛافك ِن ِب رٛطً ٌ١14،13
. ] 9. Singh,S.2006 New development in
diagnosis of leishmaniasis. Indian J
. Med.132( 3): 311-330. 10. Rajesh, R., Bibhuti , S. and Nahid,
A. 2004. Characterization
of
Immunoglobulin G and Its subclass
Response to Indian kala – azar
Infection
before
and
after
chemotherapy. Infect. Immun. 2(72): 863-870. 11. Anam, K., Afrin, F., Banerjee, D.,
Pramanik, N., Guha, S., Goswami,
R., and Ali, N. 1999. Differential Decline in Leishmania
Membrane
Antigen-Specific
Immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM,
IgE, and IgG Subclass Antibodies
in Indian Kala-Azar Patients after
Chemotherapy. Infect. Immun. 67(2): 6663-6669 . :انًصادر 1. Salam, M.A. 2004 . Leishmaniasis :
Biological
understanding
and
beyond. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 20(6):164-16 1. Salam, M.A. 2004 . Leishmaniasis :
Biological
understanding
and
beyond. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 20(6):164-16 2.Braunwald,E.,Fauci,A. and Hauser,S. 2001. Leishmaniasis.In: Harrisons
Manual of Midicine15th ed .Mc
Graw-Hill,pp.311. 12.Ravanbod, M. 2000. Kala-azar in
Adults : A case Presentation and
Review. SEMJ. 2(6) :20-34 . 3.Rasheed, Z. N. 2004 . Leishmaniasis
in Iraq. Leishmania and zonotic
disease
section,
Communicable
Disease
Control
Center
CDC
/Baghdad/ Iraq. 13. Al-Orainey, I., Gasim, I., Singh, L.,
Ibrahim, B. ,Sylvester, O. and
Shekhawat,
B. 1994. Visceral 1320 7
4
0202 Leishmaniasis in Gizan, Saudi
Arabia. SMJ. , 5 (14): 75-80. of leishmania donovani Antigen
specific Immunoglobulin G3 in
indian kala-azar patients .Clin. and
Diag. Lab. Immun. 2(6) : 231-253. 14. Airal, A., Farhat,A. and Dwijadas,
B. 1999 .Immunoglobulin subclass
Distribution and Diagnostic value 14. Airal, A., Farhat,A. and Dwijadas,
B. 1999 .Immunoglobulin subclass
Distribution and Diagnostic value Hanaa Kamil Hamd* Hanaa Kamil Hamd* aghdad University, College of Science for Women, Department of Biology Abstract: 40 blood sample were taken from children infected with kala-azar at age less
than ten years, who were admitted to El-Eskan child hospital, and central health
laboratory in Baghdad. At the same time 15 sample collected from healthy child for
comparing. During research estimated immunoglobulins level ( IgG, IgM, IgA) and
(IFAT) IFAT test recorded a higher indicate antibodies level witch was synergistic
with infected severity, the stander level of antibodies arrange between 1/16, 1/32 and
1/64 that means it graduate from the lowest one 1/16 into the highest one 1/64 within
groups. During infectious the IgG ,IgM level recorded the higher level (2012.9 mg/dl)
and (154.3 mg/dl) compared to the control group (874.3 mg/dl), (91.4 mg/dl) while
there no significant differences in IgA level between patients group( 143.8 mg/dl )
And healthy control group (116.2 mg/dl) . 1321 | 3,250 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1106/1037 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 Ismail Abdel -wahabAl-Hadithi * Received 1, December, 2008
Accepted 1, July, 2009 Key words: Temperature, Viability, Hydatid cyst, Volume. Key words: Temperature, Viability, Hydatid cyst, Volume. Abstract: The aims of the study is to evaluate
,in vitro ,the viability and motility of
protoscoleses with three degrees of
temperature (25ºC,37ºC and 40ºC),
in addition to calculate the volumes
of hydatid cysts and study the
* Department of Applied science, Biochemical technology, University of technology, Baghdad, Iraq. ** College of science for women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq Key words: Temperature, Viability, Hydatid cyst, Volume. Effect of temperature on viability of human hydatid cyst &
study the volume of hydatid cyst Ismail Abdel -wahabAl-Hadithi *
Maisam Balasm AL-Khamesi** Ismail Abdel -wahabAl-Hadithi * Abstract: The hydatid materials were collected and studied, so they were contained 50
fertile human hydatid cases {33 (66%) females and 17 (34%) males}. They were
collected from Al-Ramadi General Hospital during the period from December, 2003
to July, 2004 .Cysts were observed in 40 (80%) from the liver, 5 (10%) from the
lungs, 3 (6%) from the kidney and 2 (4%) cysts from urinary bladder. The specimens
were taken from patients of different ages. p
g
The in vitro viability of protoscoleces was assessed on the basis of flame cell
activity and eosein exclusion, which were considered as criteria to determine the
death or viability of protoscoleces. In addition to this movement (flame cell activity),
another motility like constriction – relaxation (invagination - evagination) in the
protoscoleces was also noticed. Both types of movement were examined under light
microscope. The motility of protoscoleces examined under effect of three different temperature
degrees 25оC, 37оC, and 40оC was within 15 minutes. It showed steadily increase with
rising temperature. Flame cell activity increased as high as 70.01% at 40оC, while the
motility with constriction -relaxation movement increased as 100.0% at 40оC. The volumes of hydatid cysts were also studied, so they were measured. Therefore,
the volumes of human hydatid cysts were the highest in the lung and this is may be
due to the spongy texture of the lung tissues. There is relationship between the
volumes of Hydatid cysts and the viability was recorded. Key words: Temperature, Viability, Hydatid cyst, Volume. Introduction:
Hydatid
disease was
important
public health problem [1,2] .It is a
parasitic infection caused by larval
stage of Echinococcus granulosus
[3,4] . Hydatidosis is potentially dangerous
depending on the location of the cyst. Some cysts may remain undetectable
for many years until they become large
enough to affect other organs [5,6].It is
well known that, the protoscolex of
Echinococcus granulosus is central in
the biological cycle of that parasite and
it is of particular interest in primary
and secondary infection [7,8]. There are many studies that used
various methods for detecting the
fertility and assessing the viability of
hydatid cysts [9]. Information relative
to agree of fertility and viability were
taken from important intermediate
hosts,
have
many
clinical
and
epidemiological applications and it
should be considered in many program
to control and eradicate the disease
[10,11]. Materials and methods: A total of 50 fertile hydatid cysts
were obtained from 33 females and 17
males from Ramadi general hospital
during the periods from December
2003 to July 2004 .The specimens
were taken from different ages and site
of infection 40 liver, 5 lung ,3 kidney
and 2 urinary bladder. The median cysts volume was the
highest in the lung (267.27cm^3)
followed
by
hepatic
cysts
(22.,38)cm^3, kidney (8.15cm^3) and
bladder (6.16cm^3). (Table 2). Hydatid materials which include
fluid and cysts whether intact or
ruptured were transported as soon as
possible to the medical parasitology
lab. Only 15 out of the 50 cases
examined (30%) showed signs of
motility
of
protoscoleces. The
magnitude of biological activity of
protoscoleces in these cases was
presented
by
the
proportion
of
protoscoleces with flame activity or
constriction – relaxation movement
[10]. Viability of cysts was determined by
two methods: 1. Flame cell activity was the
activity produced afaint flickering
movement
[12]
by
flame
propulsion which had led to the
use of flickering movement as
criterion in assessing the rate of
activity
.The
motility
of
protoscoleces calculated as flame
activity from one point to another
and then return to the same point . The median of percent protoscoleces
with flame activity increased from 3%
at 25ºc to 38.9%at 37ºc and finally as
high as 70.1% at 40ºc (Table 3). Protoscoleces with constriction –
relaxation movement increased from
1.3%at 25ºc to 50.9 % at 37ºc and
finally to 100.0% at 40ºc (Table 4). Both kinds of motility showed obvious
trend with rising temperature. In
this
motility
the
flame
cell
completed one cycle. In addition to this
movement the protoscoleces might be
motile in constriction (invagination)
and relaxation (evagination). Our study showed that two kinds of
motility
of
protoscoleces
were
submitted to 3 different temperatures,
flame cell activity and constriction –
relaxation movements are documented. 2. Vital stain 0.1% eosin, if
protoscoleces exclude eosin that
would mean they were viable,
where as non viable take up this
stain [14]. Introduction: various methods for detecting the
fertility and assessing the viability of
hydatid cysts [9]. Information relative
to agree of fertility and viability were
taken from important intermediate
hosts,
have
many
clinical
and
epidemiological applications and it
should be considered in many program
to control and eradicate the disease
[10,11]. Hydatid
disease was
important
public health problem [1,2] .It is a
parasitic infection caused by larval
stage of Echinococcus granulosus
[3,4] . Hydatidosis is potentially dangerous
depending on the location of the cyst. Some cysts may remain undetectable
for many years until they become large
enough to affect other organs [5,6].It is
well known that, the protoscolex of
Echinococcus granulosus is central in
the biological cycle of that parasite and
it is of particular interest in primary
and secondary infection [7,8]. 2731
well known that, the protoscolex of
Echinococcus granulosus is central in
the biological cycle of that parasite and
it is of particular interest in primary
and secondary infection [7,8]. There are many studies that used
The aims of the study is to evaluate
,in vitro ,the viability and motility of
protoscoleses with three degrees of
temperature (25ºC,37ºC and 40ºC),
in addition to calculate the volumes
of hydatid cysts and study the
* Department of Applied science, Biochemical technology, University of technology, Baghdad, Iraq. ** College of science for women, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq The aims of the study is to evaluate
,in vitro ,the viability and motility of
protoscoleses with three degrees of
temperature (25ºC,37ºC and 40ºC),
in addition to calculate the volumes
of hydatid cysts and study the There are many studies that used 2731 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 relationship between the volumes of
hydatid cysts and their viability . Results and Discussion: Patients
were
distributed
into33(66%) females and 17(34%)
males , under 20 years of age
constituted 18 % while those of 40
years of age and older constituted 34%. (Table 1). Majority (80%) of hydatid
cysts were removed from liver, the
other cases of lung, kidney and bladder
(20%). Table 1: Frequency distribution of the
study samples by Sociodemographic
variables. Percent protoscoleces with constriction-relaxation
movement
25 °C
37 °C
40 °C
(0.5 - 5.6)
(24.7 - 58.7)
(100 - 100)
Range
1.3
50.9
100
Median
15
15
15
N N
%
Female
33
66
Male
17
34
Age in years
<20 9 18
20-39 24 48
40+
17
34
Total
50
100 Table 2: The difference in median
volume
of
surgically
removed
Hydatid cysts by their site . Table 2: The difference in median
volume
of
surgically
removed
Hydatid cysts by their site . ,while
another
motility
of
protoscolecses(constriction-relaxation )
movement may reach to (100%) at the
same temperature .In addition ,in cases
with no kind of motility, the presence
of
temperature
does
not
effect
protoscoleces motility. This result was
similar to [10]. Hydatid cysts by their site . Cyst volume (cm3)
Smallest
diameter of
the cyst(cm)
Longest
diameter of the
cyst(cm)
Liver
(0.52 - 1761.83)
(0.5 - 14.5)
(1 - 15)
Range
22.38
3
3.5
Median
40
40
40
Number
Lung
(47.56 - 522.02)
(4 - 9.5)
(4.5 - 10)
Range
267.27
7.5
8
Median
5
5
5
Number
Kidney
(1.43 - 1761.83)
(1 - 14)
(1.4 - 15)
Range
8.15
2
2.5
Median
3
3
3
Number
Bladder
(1.67 - 1591.45)
(1 - 14)
(1.5 - 14.5)
Range
6.16
1.8
2.3
Median
2
2
2
Number The development of hydatid cysts is
slow and it needs long time to grow. Cyst size varies usually between 1 to
15 cm in diameter. Furtherly, lung
cysts hardly compress surrounding
tissue. Thus, they develop a thin
pericyst capsule, and can rapidly
become larger, and are more prone to
spontaneous rupture. In addition, small
cysts (4cm) are removed intact if there
is little risk of rupture [15, 16]. Beside, the volumes of hydatid cysts
in this study showed, variance in size
depending
upon
cysts
location
.Therefore, in some areas of the body
they would be unable to expand freely
due to the nature of tissues such as
liver and kidney, while in others like
the lung, they grew and increased in
size freely due to the spongy texture of
the lung tissues. There was no
relationship between the volumes of
hydatid cysts and presence of viability
of these cysts. Table 3: The change in median of
percent protoscoleces with flame
activity with rising temperature
among samples with at least one
active protoscolicies at baseline (25
°C). )
Percent protoscoleces with flame activity
25 °C
37 °C
40 °C
(0.9 - 9.8)
(28 - 49.2)
(16 - 88.2)
Range
3
38.9
70.1
Median
15
15
15
N Table 4: The change in median of
percent
protoscoleces
with
constriction-relaxation
movement
with
rising
temperature
among
samples with at least one active
protoscoleces at baseline (25 °C). Table 1: Frequency distribution of the
study samples by Sociodemographic
variables. Materials and methods: Our result showed that both kinds of
motility showed an obvious positive
trend with rising temperature ,for this
reason, increased temperature to 25ºC
like 37ºC and 40ºC caused increased
stimulation of the flame cell activity of
the protoscoleces and more increase of
the stimulation of constriction –
relaxation
activity
.Therefore
,the
motility of protoscoleces in flame
activity may reach to 70.1% at 40ºC Determination of the effect of
temperature on the motility was also
studied at 25ºC, 37ºC and 40ºC at
intervals of 1,2 and 3 minutes after
leaving the protoscoleces at 15
minutes in the water bath. The volume of human hydatid cysts
was measured mathematically as Volume = 4/3 × 22/7 ( Radius) ^3. 2737 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 Table 2: The difference in median
volume
of
surgically
removed
Hydatid cysts by their site . N
%
Female
33
66
Male
17
34
Age in years
<20 9 18
20-39 24 48
40+
17
34
Total
50
100 Table 1: Frequency distribution of the
study samples by Sociodemographic
variables. References: 1-Mahmoud,S.S 1980. Studies on
hydatid disease in Mosul. M.Sc. Thesis. College
of
Science. University of Mosul, Iraq. 2-Mahmoud S.S. and Al-Janabi, B. M. 1983. Hydatid disease in children
and youths in Mosul, Iraq .Ann. Trop .Med .parasitol. , 77:237-238. 2731 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 Andres, C. A.2000. Risk factors for
Echinococcus granulosus infection
: a case-control study. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 62:329-334. 3-Paniker, J. 2002. Text book of
Medical
parasitology. 5th
ed. Jaypee
Brothers
Medical
Publishers. New Delhi. 4-Eckert,
J.,
Conraths,
F.,
&
Tackmann,
K. 2000. Echinococcosis: an emerging or re-
emerging
zoonosis. Int. J. parasitol., 30: 1283-1294. 10- Al-Autabbi, R. 1983. Fertility and
viability of hydatid cysts in some
intermediate hosts in Iraq .M.Sc. Thesis . College of Medicine
University of Baghdad ,Iraq. 5-Schimdt, G. D. & Roberts, L. S. 2000. Foundations of parasitology. (Eds. Roberts, L. S. & Janory, J.). 6th ed. McGraw-Hill International
Editions. 11-Zmerli, S., Ayed, M. & Horchani,
A. 2001. Hydatid cyst of the
kidney: diagnosis & treatment. World J. surg., 25: 68-74. 12- Smyth, D.D. and Barret ,N. J. 1980. Procedures for testing the
viability of human hydatid cysts
following
surgical
removal
,
especially
after
chemotherapy
.Trans .Roy .Soc. Trop .Med
.Hyg.,74:649-652. 6- Salinas, J. C., Torcal, J., Lozano, R.,
Sousa, R., Morandeira, A. &
Cabezali, R. 2000. Intracystic
infection
of
liver
hydatidosis. Hepatogastroenterology., 47: 1052-
1055. 7- Pawlowski, Z. S., Eskert, J. &
Vutiion,
D. A. 2001. Echiniciccosis in humans: clinical
aspects, diagnosis & treatment. (Ed. Eskert,
J.). WHO/OLE. Manual on echonococcosis in
humans & animals. WHO/OLE.,
20-71 13- Macpherson, C. L. 1983. An active
intermediate host role for man in
the life cycle of Echinococcus
granulosus in Turkana. Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 32 : 397-
404. 14- Ramos, G., Orduna, A. & Garcia-
Ust,
M. 2001. Diagnosis
&
treatment. In: Hydatid cyst of the
lung. World J. surg., 25:46-57. 8- Kabra, V. Shrma, O. P. Agarwal, M. and Shukla, V. K. 2001. Primary
hepatic
hydatid
cyst
with
intrathoracic extension. J. Indian
Med. Assoc., 99 : 331-334. 15- Safioleas, M., Misiakos, E. P. and
Dosios, T. 1999. Surgical treatment
for lung hydatid disease. World J. Surg., 23: 1181-1182. 9- Campos, B. A., Lopez, A. G. References: & 2731 Vol.7(4)2010 Baghdad Science Journal تأثير
درجت الحرارة
في
حيويت األكياس المائيت في اإلنسان
ودراست حجوم األكياس
المائيت
*أسماعيل عبذالوهاب الحذيثي
**ميسم بالسم الخميسي
*قسن العلىم الخطبٍقٍت/
فزع الخقاًاث الكٍوٍائٍت االحٍائٍت/الجاهعت الخكٌىلىجٍت ، بغذاد/ العزاق
**
كلٍت العلىم للبٌاث/
جاهعت بغذاد ، بغذاد/ العزاق **ميسم بالسم الخميسي : الخالصت : الخالصت
جوعج هحخىٌاث األكٍاس الوائٍت وضوج15
ا كٍس
ٍا هائ
ٌبشز
ا خصب
ا
77
(
11
) هني األًناد و%
23
(
71
)%
هي الذكىر ، هي هسخشفى الزهادي العام ل
لوذ ة الووخذة هني كناًىى األو1557
النى حونىس1551
. كاًنج
األكٍناس
الخً حن الحصى علٍها15
(
05
، ) هي الكبذ%
1
(
25
، ) هي الزئخٍي%
7
(
1
) هي الكلى و%
1
(
1
.) هني الوااًنت%
.اخذث العٌٍاث هي هزضى بأعوار هخخلفت
حذدث فعالٍنت األكٍناس داخنل الوخخبنز اعخونادا علنى وجنىد الحزكنت اللهبٍنت وعنذم اخنذ لنىى نبغت األٌى نٍي
واللخ
ٍي حع
ذاى
، فخٍي لخحذٌذ حٍىٌت الزؤٌساث األولٍت فضال عني
حزكنت النخقل-
. األًبسنا للزؤٌسناث األولٍنت
.ًكال الٌىعٍي هي الحزكت فحصخا ححج الوجهز الضىئ
در ج حزكت الزؤٌساث األولٍت ححج ثالد درجاث حزارٌنت هخخلفنت11
˚
،م73
˚
، م15
˚
م خنال21
دقٍقنت
واظهزث سٌادة هلحىظت بأسد ٌاد درجت الحزارة . اسدادث حزكت الزؤٌساث األولٍت اللهبٍت النى اكانز هني35.2
%
عٌذ15
˚
م ، بٌٍوا حزكت الخقل-
األًبسا اسدادث بٌسبت255
عٌذ%
15
˚
.م
ًاى حجىم األكٍاس الوائٍت حوج درا خها اٌضا وحن قٍا ها . كاًج حجىم األكٍاس الوائٍنت البشنزٌت هزحفعنت فن
الزئت ربوا بسبب
األكٍاس الوائٍت حٍ ٌخها
لٌسٍج الزئت الح جذ عالقت بٍي حج
الخزكٍب األ فٌج : ا
جوعج هحخىٌاث األكٍاس الوائٍت وضوج15
ا كٍس
ٍا هائ
ٌبشز
ا خصب
ا
77
(
11
) هني األًناد و%
23
(
71
)%
هي الذكىر ، هي هسخشفى الزهادي العام ل
لوذ ة الووخذة هني كناًىى األو1557
النى حونىس1551
. كاًنج
األكٍناس
الخً حن الحصى علٍها15
(
05
، ) هي الكبذ%
1
(
25
، ) هي الزئخٍي%
7
(
1
) هي الكلى و%
1
(
1
.) هني الوااًنت%
.اخذث العٌٍاث هي هزضى بأعوار هخخلفت : ا
جوعج هحخىٌاث األكٍاس الوائٍت وضوج15
ا كٍس
ٍا هائ
ٌبشز
ا خصب
ا
77
(
11
) هني األًناد و%
23
(
71
)%
هي الذكىر ، هي هسخشفى الزهادي العام ل
لوذ ة الووخذة هني كناًىى األو1557
النى حونىس1551
. : الخالصت كاًنج
األكٍناس
الخً حن الحصى علٍها15
(
05
، ) هي الكبذ%
1
(
25
، ) هي الزئخٍي%
7
(
1
) هي الكلى و%
1
(
1
.) هني الوااًنت%
.اخذث العٌٍاث هي هزضى بأعوار هخخلفت
حذدث فعالٍنت األكٍناس داخنل الوخخبنز اعخونادا علنى وجنىد الحزكنت اللهبٍنت وعنذم اخنذ لنىى نبغت األٌى نٍي
واللخ
ٍي حع
ذاى
، فخٍي لخحذٌذ حٍىٌت الزؤٌساث األولٍت فضال عني
حزكنت النخقل-
. األًبسنا للزؤٌسناث األولٍنت حذدث فعالٍنت األكٍناس داخنل الوخخبنز اعخونادا علنى وجنىد الحزكنت اللهبٍنت وعنذم اخنذ لنىى نبغت األٌى نٍي
واللخ
ٍي حع
ذاى
، فخٍي لخحذٌذ حٍىٌت الزؤٌساث األولٍت فضال عني
حزكنت النخقل-
. األًبسنا للزؤٌسناث األولٍنت
.ًكال الٌىعٍي هي الحزكت فحصخا ححج الوجهز الضىئ ًا
در ج حزكت الزؤٌساث األولٍت ححج ثالد درجاث حزارٌنت هخخلفنت11
˚
،م73
˚
، م15
˚
م خنال21
دقٍقنت
واظهزث سٌادة هلحىظت بأسد ٌاد درجت الحزارة . اسدادث حزكت الزؤٌساث األولٍت اللهبٍت النى اكانز هني35.2
%
عٌذ15
˚
م ، بٌٍوا حزكت الخقل-
األًبسا اسدادث بٌسبت255
عٌذ%
15
˚
.م مأ
م
ًاى حجىم األكٍاس الوائٍت حوج درا خها اٌضا وحن قٍا ها . كاًج حجىم األكٍاس الوائٍنت البشنزٌت هزحفعنت فن
الزئت ربوا بسبب.الخزكٍب األ فٌجً لٌسٍج الزئت . الحىجذ عالقت بٍي حجىم األكٍاس الوائٍت وحٍىٌخها 2731 | 2,780 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1114/1045 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 Effect of vincristine and vinblastine on mice spermatozoa in
vitro Hazim I. A. Al-Ahmed*
Received 2, August, 2009
Accepted 1, October, 2009 Hazim I. A. Al-Ahmed* Received 2, August, 2009
Accepted 1, October, 2009 Abstract: The aim of this project was to study the in vitro effect of antineoplastic drugs
(vincristine and vinblastine) on mice spermatozoa. Eighteen adult (age 8-9 weeks)
male mice were divided into three groups equally. The animals in each group were
slain by cervical dislocation, the testes were removed and two tails of epididymides
isolated. Spermatozoa were obtained from the two tails of epididymides by mincing in
500 µl TCM-199.The first group non-treated (unadded) as a control group, second
group added 10 µg/ml of vincristine to TCM-199 and the third group added 10 µg/ml
of vinblastine to TCM-199. After 10 minutes from added of vincristine and vinblastin
measured the following test: spermatozoa activity, percentage dead spermatozoa and
morphological abnormalities of spermatozoa. The obtained results indicated that
vincristine and vainblastine showed significant reduction in activity, while increased
in percentage of dead/live spermatozoa and morphological abnormalities of
spermatozoa compared with the control group. Moreover, the data showed that
vincristine and vinblastin had effect on spermatozoa in vitro. Key words: vincristine , vinblastine , spermatozoa , in vitro *Biotechnology Research Centre / AL-Nahrain University Introduction: Most
authors agree that vinblastine stops the
mitotic cycle in metaphase [7], but
vinb1a,,,tine has also been shown to
kill interphase cells [8]. The suggested
mechanisms of the action have been
acylation [9]. alteration of cellular
respiration [10], or inhibition of
rR.NA- or protein synthesis [11]. In
the mouse spermatogenesis, vincrsitine
has been shown to have all inhibitory
effect on thvinidine uridine and L-
leucine. because their primary mechanisms of
action are largely unknown. Most
authors agree that vinblastine stops the
mitotic cycle in metaphase [7], but
vinb1a,,,tine has also been shown to
kill interphase cells [8]. The suggested
mechanisms of the action have been
acylation [9]. alteration of cellular
respiration [10], or inhibition of
rR.NA- or protein synthesis [11]. In
the mouse spermatogenesis, vincrsitine
has been shown to have all inhibitory
effect on thvinidine uridine and L-
leucine. The results reported in this study show
that two antitumor drugs, vincristine
and vinblastine, cause marked effects
on spermatozoa in in vitro assay. Chemicals Commercially available vincristine and
vinblastine sulphate were obtained
from Cipla Ltd. An important finding in this study is
that although the chemical structures of
vinblastine and vincristine are very
similar, there exist marked differences
in
their
effects
in
spermato
genesis.Vincristine
induces
more
severe alterations to the cells [14]. Materials and Methods:
Animals Healthy adult albino male of
Swiss albino strain were obtained from
animal
house
Biotechnology
Research Center/ AL-Nahrain
University (18 male mice were used in
this study), the age of the mice were in
the range of 8-9 weeks old , and the
weight in the range 25-30 grams. The
animals were housed in small plastic
cages, which were cleaned weekly by
washing with soap and tap water and
sterilized with 70% ethyl alcohol
throughout the period of the study. The
room temperature was maintained at
(24±2) º C, and the animals were
exposed to 14 hours light program. The first study in this direction was
made by [12], who studied the effects
of vincristine on DNA, RNA and
protein
syntheses
during
mouse
spermatogenesis, fractionating the cells
by a velocity sedimentation technique. By this and a serial mating experiment
they
showed
that
vincristine
in
maximally tolerated doses affected all
spermatogenic cell types with the
possible exception of the mature
spermatozoa. Vincristine also had a
moderately depressing effect on RNA
synthesis [13]. Introduction: on the pachytene spermatocytes. Large
doses of both drugs primarily affected
the Sertoli cells by destroying their
microtubules
and
mitochondria. Vincristine specifically damaged the
acrosomic system and the cytoplasmic
bridges of the young spermatids [3]. In
vitro
spermatogenesis,
maturing
germ
cells
in
vitro,
stimulating their differentiation into
spermatozoa, would be particularly
useful in patients who have received
profoundly gonadotoxic therapy in
whom the supporting Sertoli cells are
unable to support spermatogenesis. Although restoration of fertility after in
vitro
spermatogenesis
has
been
reported [1], it involved maturation of
the later stages of spermatogenesis
rather than stem cells; in vitro
maturation of diploid stem cells into
haploid spermatozoa appears unlikely
to become technically possible in the
near future [2]. on the pachytene spermatocytes. Large
doses of both drugs primarily affected
the Sertoli cells by destroying their
microtubules
and
mitochondria. Vincristine specifically damaged the
acrosomic system and the cytoplasmic
bridges of the young spermatids [3]. Some investigators have used sperm in
vitro assay to ascertain antioxidant
effects on DNA integrity [4]. While
others, have studied the effect of low
molecular factor excreted by E.coli on
spermatozoa [5]. In this case, the
investigators have observed that this
factor has the ability to immobilize
spermatozoa in vitro. Moreover this
test has several other applications in
regard of infertility. It is routinely used
to assay male infertility [2]. In the study Parvinen [6] main
attention was focused to the early
specific cellular effects of the vinca
alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine Some investigators have used sperm in
vitro assay to ascertain antioxidant
effects on DNA integrity [4]. While
others, have studied the effect of low
molecular factor excreted by E.coli on
spermatozoa [5]. In this case, the
investigators have observed that this
factor has the ability to immobilize
spermatozoa in vitro. Moreover this
test has several other applications in
regard of infertility. It is routinely used
to assay male infertility [2]. Vinblastine and vincristine cause an
arrest of mitotic and meioticdivisions
to metaphase followed by cell death,
which
Naas
more
rapid
after
vincristine
administration. Both
alkaloids had aslight damaging effect In the study Parvinen [6] main
attention was focused to the early
specific cellular effects of the vinca
alkaloids vinblastine and vincristine, *Biotechnology Research Centre / AL-Nahrain University *Biotechnology Research Centre / AL-Nahrain University 1311 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 because their primary mechanisms of
action are largely unknown. Microscopical examination Spermatozoa
were
assessed
according to WHO laboratory manual
[16] for viability, percentage dead/live
spermatozoas,
motility
and
abnormalities. 1-The caudal epididymis was cut and
placed in a petridish containing 500 µl
of TCM-199 and minced by using
microsurgical scissor and forceps. Three drops of eosin stain was placed
on the cleaned and dried slide. 2-One drops of diluted semen was
added on the slide and mixed with the
stain for 10 sec. 2-One drops of diluted semen was
added on the slide and mixed with the
stain for 10 sec. 3-The mixture was left to stand for
about 50sec. 3-The mixture was left to stand for
about 50sec. 4-The mixture , semen + colorants,
was spread under a second slide or
cover slide by drawing a film of the
mixture as thinly and regularly as
possible. Table(2): Percentages of dead mice
spermatozoa after in vitro treatment
with vincristine and vinblastine. Treatment groups Dead sperm %(mean+SD)
Vinblastinel0 µg /ml
68.0+4.0 A
Vincristine 10 µg /ml
59.5+0.5 B
Control
48.5+3.8 C 5-The slide was left in the warm place
to dry and then was examined by the
microscope. Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows Table(3):
Morphological
abnormalities of mice spermatozoa
after
in
vitro
treatment
with
vinblastine and vincristine. Treatments Treatment groups
Sperm
activity%(mean+SD)
Vinblastine10 µg/ml
27.5+2.5 A
Vincristine 10 µg /ml
42.5+2.5 B
Control
60.0+7.3 B Group A : Untreated control group. Group
B:
Treated
(added)
10
µg/ml
vinblastine. Group C :
Treated
(added) 10
µg/ml
vincristine. Group A : Untreated control group. Group
B:
Treated
(added)
10
µg/ml
vinblastine. Group C :
Treated
(added) 10
µg/ml
vincristine. p
y
Treatment groups
Sperm
activity%(mean+SD)
Vinblastine10 µg/ml
27.5+2.5 A
Vincristine 10 µg /ml
42.5+2.5 B
Control
60.0+7.3 B Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows Table
(1)
shows
the
percentage of sperm activity after in
vitro treatment with both antineoplastic
agents. Vincristine and vinblastine
caused significant reduction in activity
of spermatozoa as compared with
control. However, vinblastine was
more effective. The sperm activity
reduced to 27.5 % and 42.5 % after
vinblastine and vincristine treatments
respectively .These results are in
contrast with the reports showing that
higher activity usually observed with
vincristine against animal and tumor
cells
[18]. On
the
other
hand
vincristine caused lower survival of
sperms
(table
2)
and
higher
morphological abnormalities (table 3). Treatments 18 adult (age 8-9 weeks) male
mice were divided into three groups,
each group contain 6 males. The
animals in each group were sacrificed
by cervical dislocation, the testes were
removed and placed in a sterile
disposable petridish containing 1 ml
TCM-199, and then the epididymides
were
isolated. Spermatozoa
were
obtained from the two tails of
epididymides by mincing in 500 µl
TCM-199
by using microsurgical
scissor and forceps, and maintained at
37°C in 5% CO2 incubator prior
treatments. Spermatozoa were treated
as follows after 10 minutes from
treated: [
]
Our study indicates that the specific
action of anticancer drugs can be
rapidly
screened
by
the
simple
transillumination of the freshly isolated
unstained seminiferous tubules. The
affected regions of the mitotic and
meiotic cell cycles can be analyzed
further by morphological methods. In
addition to the effects of vines
alkaloids
on
dividing
and
RNA
synthesizing cells, these drugs have
pronounced effects on the Sertoli cells,
which may be an important cause of
male sterility induced by vinblastine
and vineristine [15]. 1311 Vol.7(4)2010 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010
Table
(1):
In
vitro
effects
of
vinblastine
and
vincristine
on
spermatozoa activity of mice. Treatment groups
Sperm
activity%(mean+SD)
Vinblastine10 µg/ml
27.5+2.5 A
Vincristine 10 µg /ml
42.5+2.5 B
Control
60.0+7.3 B
Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows
Table
(1)
shows
the
percentage of sperm activity after in
vitro treatment with both antineoplastic
agents. Vincristine and vinblastine
caused significant reduction in activity
of spermatozoa as compared with
control. However, vinblastine was
more effective. The sperm activity
reduced to 27.5 % and 42.5 % after
vinblastine and vincristine treatments
respectively .These results are in
contrast with the reports showing that
higher activity usually observed with
vincristine against animal and tumor
cells
[18]. On
the
other
hand
vincristine caused lower survival of
sperms
(table
2)
and
higher
morphological abnormalities (table 3). Table(2): Percentages of dead mice
spermatozoa after in vitro treatment
with vincristine and vinblastine. Treatment groups Dead sperm %(mean+SD)
Vinblastinel0 µg /ml
68.0+4.0 A
Vincristine 10 µg /ml
59.5+0.5 B
Control
48.5+3.8 C
Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows
Table(3):
Morphological
abnormalities of mice spermatozoa
after
in
vitro
treatment
with
vinblastine and vincristine. Treatment groups
Abnormalities
%(mean+SD)
Vinblastine 10 µg /ml
27.0+3.0 A
Vincristinel0 µg /ml
31.5+0.5 A
Control
21.75+1.3 C Table
(1):
In
vitro
effects
of
vinblastine
and
vincristine
on
spermatozoa activity of mice. Statistical analysis Statistical analysis was performed to
compare two different groups by using
ANOVA-test. Statistical significance
was determined at P<0.05. [17]. Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows Results and discussion: Single dose was used of
vincristine and vinblastine 10 µg/ml
and an assessment of their potential
effect on spermatozoa is shown in
table(1). Treatment groups
Abnormalities
%(mean+SD)
Vinblastine 10 µg /ml
27.0+3.0 A
Vincristinel0 µg /ml
31.5+0.5 A
Control
21.75+1.3 C 1311 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows
Morphological changes were observed,
after ten minutes of treatment with
vincristine and vincristine. Figure(1)
showed the normal spermatozoa of
mice prior treatment ; Whereas in
Figure (2). Fig. (1):
Normal
morphological
appearance of mice spermatozoa
Fig. (2): Abnormal appearance of
mice spermatozoa after treatment
with
10
µg/ml
vincristine
or
vinblastine Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows Differences A, B, C are significant
(P<0.05) to compared rows Morphological
changes
in
spermatozoa were observed as a result
of
vincristine
and
vinblastine
treatment. The reported assay and their
results might be useful for studying the
effects on male fertility of chemical,
drugs,
food
additives
and
other
compounds, considering the ease and
availability of spermatozoa for such
analysis, we suggest to add in vitro
analysis of spermatozoa to other assays
for
assessments
of
drugs,
e.g:mutagenicity, carcinogencity and
teratogenicity assays.[19,20]. Morphological changes were observed,
after ten minutes of treatment with
vincristine and vincristine. Figure(1)
showed the normal spermatozoa of
mice prior treatment ; Whereas in
Figure (2). Fig. (1):
Normal
morphological
appearance of mice spermatozoa Fig. (1):
Normal
morphological
appearance of mice spermatozoa In the mouse spermatogenesis ,
vincristine has been shown to have an
inhibitory effect on thymidine , uridine
and L-leucine incorporation in all
testicular cell types, accompanied with
decrease in fertility [21]. Vincristine
and
vinblastine
has
also
been
demonstrated to increase the amount of
abnormal sperm cell in mice[22,23]. Fig. (1):
Normal
morphological
appearance of mice spermatozoa Fig. (1):
Normal
morphological
appearance of mice spermatozoa appearance of mice spermatozoa
Fig. (2): Abnormal appearance of
mice spermatozoa after treatment
with
10
µg/ml
vincristine
or
vinblastine When
mice
spermatozoa
were
exposed to Vincristine and vinblastine
In vitro, they underwent a series of
changes that produced apoptotic bodies
[24]. Apoptosis also plays a significant
role in the process of normal germ cell
depletion [25], so that the existence of
a genetic predetermined pathway has
been suggested that can be aberrantly
activated by chemotherapeutic drugs
[26]. As a logical consequence, the use
of
apoptosis
inhibitors
could
potentially stop the apoptotic process. Maturing
germ
cells
In
vitro,
stimulating their differentiation into
spermatozoa, would be particularly
useful in patients who have received
profoundly gonadotoxic therapy in
whom the supporting Sertoli cells are
unable to support spermatogenesis. Although restoration of fertility after In
vitro
spermatogenesis
has
been
reported [27], it involved maturation of
the later stages of spermatogenesis
rather than stem cells; in vitro
maturation of diploid stem cells into Fig. (2): Abnormal appearance of
mice spermatozoa after treatment
with
10
µg/ml
vincristine
or
vinblastine 1310 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 7- Cardinaw, G.G. ; Cardinali and
Aboul Enein M.I.M.1999 Studies
on the antimitotic activity of
leococristine (vincristine). Blood
21: 102-110. haploid spermatozoa appears unlikely
to become technically possible in the
near future [28]. References: 8-Madoc-Joxes,
II. and
F. Mllrlto,2000. Interphase action of
vinblastine
and
vincristine:
Differences in their lethal action
through the mitotic
cycle
of
cultured mammalian cells , J.Cell
Physiol. 72. 185-196. 1- Tesarik J, Bahceci M, Ozcan C,
Greco
E,
Mendoza
C.2000. Restoration of fertility by in vitro
spermatogenesis. Lancet; 353: 555-
6. 2- Lee DR. Kim KS, Yang YH, Oh
HS, Lee SH, Chung TG, 2006. Isolation of male germ stem cell-
like cells from testicular tissue of
non-obstructive
azoospermic
patients and differentiation into
haploid male germ cells in vitro. Hum Reprod, 21: 4716. 9- Moncrie, J., and K. Hellyah, 1998. Acylation: a proposed mechanism
of action of various oncolytic
agents based on model chemical
systems. Cancer Res. 27: 1500-
1502. 10- Johnson, I.S.H.F. ; Wright, G.H. ;
Svoboda and Vlantis, J. 2001. Antitumor principles derived from
vinca
rosea
L. I. Vincaleukoblastine and leurosine. Cancer Res. 20: 1016-1022. 3- Farida Vaisheva; Geraldine Delbes;
Barbara, F. Hales and Bernard
Robaire 2007. Effects of the
Chemotherapeutic Agents for Non-
Hodgkin
Lymphoma,
Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin,
Vincristine,
and
Prednisone
(CHOP),
on
the
Male
Rat
Reproductive System and Progeny
Outcome. Journal of Andrology,
28: (4):106-120. 11- Creasey, W. A., 1998. Effects of
the vinca
alkaloids
on
RNA
synthesis in relation to mitotic
arrest. Fed. Proc. 27: 760-769. 12-Lee,I. P., and R. L. Dixon, 2000. Effects
of
vincristine
on
spermatogenesis
studied
by
velocity
sedi-
mentation
cell
separation technique and serial
mating. .J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap. 181: 192-199. 4-Hughes,
C.M.;
Lewis,S.E.M. ;
Mckelvey-Martin,
V.J. and
Thompson,W.1998. The effects of
antitoxidant
supplementation
during
percoll
preparation
on
human
sperm
DNA
integrity. Human Reproduction. 13:1240-
1247. 13- Lam, D. INT. K., R. Furreh and W. R. Bruce, 2002. The separation,
physical
characterization
and
differentation
kinetics
of
sperniatogonial cells of the mouse. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 65:192-199. 5-Paulson,J.D. and Polakoski,K.1977. Isolation
of
spermatozoa)
immobilization
factor
from
Escherichia coli filterate. Fertility
and Sterility 28(2):182-185. 14- Gregory SA, Tramper L.2005. Chemotherapy dose intensity in
non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: is dose
intensity an emerging paradigm for
better outcomes. Ann Oncol. 16:
1413 -1424. 6-Parvinen, L.M. ; Soderstrom, K.O. and
Parvinen,
M. 1998.Early
effects
of
vinblastine
and
vincristine
on
the
rat
spermatogenesis: analyses by anew
transillumination-phase
contrast
microscopic method. Exp.Path.Bd. 15:85-96. 6-Parvinen, L.M. ; Soderstrom, K.O. and
Parvinen,
M. 1998.Early
effects
of
vinblastine
and
vincristine
on
the
rat
spermatogenesis: analyses by anew
transillumination-phase
contrast
microscopic method. Exp.Path.Bd. 15:85-96. 15- Evenson, DP, Darzynkiewicz, Z
and Melamed, MR. 1980. References: جثثى محثثم شًيثث
انحيواَبت بطريقة صم انرمبة لجى زل انتص لكيها انبربخ, زنث انحيواَبت انًُوية ٍ ر ريث هر ثهب ثا
000
يثثبيارلنيحر يثثٍ انو ثثع انزس ثثا انًحثثوس111
. جركثثث انًصًو ثثة االلنثث
يثثٍ ريثثر ثثىز
ن ثثدو اظثثب ة
كًصًو ثثة ثثيطراق اظثثي
ٍان ُار ثثحي10
يبيارلرراو/يثثم
انثث انو ثثع انزس ثثا انُفثثيصا انًحثثوس-
111
ثثا
انًصًو ثثة انربَيثثة
ايثثب
انًصًو ثثة انربنرثثة ثثحى اظثثب ة
10
ٍيبيارلرراو/يثثم يثث
ٍان ُبى ثثحي
انثث انو ثثع انزس ثثا
انُفيصا انًحوس-
111
. بعد يرلس10
امبئ يٍ اظب ة ان ُار حيٍ لان ُبى حيٍ ان انحيواَبت انًُوية جثى ميثب
ان حوصبت انحبنية: حيوية انحيواَبت انًُويثةق انُفثبة انًئويثة نهحيواَثبت انًُويثة انًيحة/انحيثة لانحاثوهبت اناثاهية
نهحيواَبت انًُوية
. اظهرت انُحبئس اَت بض يعُو نP<0.05
ٍ ا حيوية انحيواَبت انًُوية انًعبيهة ببن ار ثحي
لان ُبى ثثحيٍ ل ايثثباا ثثا انُفثثة انًئويثثة نهحيواَثثبت انًُويثثة انًيحة/انحيثثة لانحاثثوهبت اناثثاهية نهحيواَثثبت انًُويثثة
يقبسَة ي يصًو ة انفيطرا. اٌ انًعبيهة ببن ار حيٍ لان ُبى حيٍ نهب جبذير هبا ه انحيواَثبت انًُويثة خثبسز
.انصفى انحا Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 تبثير الفىكرستيه والف
ىبالستيه على الحيواوبت المىوية للفئران خبرج الجسن
حبزم اسمبعيل عبد الببري االحمد*
ا *
ٍيركز بحوخ انحقُيبت االحيبئية / شبيعة انُهري ا
انهدف يٍ اشراء هذا انبحثد هثو اسا ثة جثبذير بعثط االاليثة انًعثباا نهفثرربٌ ن ُار ثحيٍ لان ُبى ثحيٍ هث
انحيواَبت انًُوية نه ئراٌ خثبسز انصفثى انحا.ا ثحتديث ثا هثذِ اندسا ثة11
يثٍ ككثوس ان ئثراٌ انببنتثة جحثرالض
ٍا ًبسهثثب بثثي1
-
1
ا ثثببي ق مفثثًث انحيواَثثبت انثث3
يصثثبيي كثثم يصًو ثثة جححثثو هثث6
ككثثوس. جثثى محثثم شًيثث
انحيواَبت بطريقة صم انرمبة لجى زل انتص لكيها انبربخ, زنث انحيواَبت انًُوية ٍ ر ريث هر ثهب ثا
000
يثثبيارلنيحر يثثٍ انو ثثع انزس ثثا انًحثثوس111
. جركثثث انًصًو ثثة االلنثث
يثثٍ ريثثر ثثىز
ن ثثدو اظثثب ة
كًصًو ثثة ثثيطراق اظثثي
ٍان ُار ثثحي10
يبيارلرراو/يثثم
انثث انو ثثع انزس ثثا انُفثثيصا انًحثثوس-
111
ثثا
انًصًو ثثة انربَيثثة
ايثثب
انًصًو ثثة انربنرثثة ثثحى اظثثب ة
10
ٍيبيارلرراو/يثثم يثث
ٍان ُبى ثثحي
انثث انو ثثع انزس ثثا
انُفيصا انًحوس-
111
. بعد يرلس10
امبئ يٍ اظب ة ان ُار حيٍ لان ُبى حيٍ ان انحيواَبت انًُوية جثى ميثب
ان حوصبت انحبنية: حيوية انحيواَبت انًُويثةق انُفثبة انًئويثة نهحيواَثبت انًُويثة انًيحة/انحيثة لانحاثوهبت اناثاهية
نهحيواَبت انًُوية
. References: Relation 1311 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.7(4)2010 mating . J. Pharmacol . Exp. Therap. 181, 192-199. of mammalian sperm chromatin
heterogeneity to fertility. Science. 210: 1131-1133. 22-Wyrobex,A.J. and W.R. Bruce. 2000. Chemical induction of sperm
abnormalities in mice .Proc.Nat. A
.Sci. U.S.A. 72, 4425-4429. 16-WHO Laboratory manual for the
examination of human semen and
sperm
–
cervical
mucus
interaction.1992. Third
Edition. Cambridge University press. 23-S. J. Howell, S. M. Shalet .2005. Spermatogenesis
after
Cancer
Treatment: Damage and Recovery
JNCI Monographs (34):12-17 17-Al-Mohammed, N.T.; Al-Rawi,
K.M.; Younis, M.A. and Al-
Morani, W.K. 1986. Principle of
Statistics. J. Al-Mousl University
(in Arabic). 24-Tilly
JL.1998. Molecular
and
genetic
basis
of
normal
and
toxicant-induced
apoptosis
in
female germ cells. Toxicol Lett;
102-3: 497-501. 18-Parvinen,L.M.; Soderstorm, K.O. and Parvinen, M. 1998. Early
effects
of
vinblastine
and
vincristine
on
the
rat
spermatogenesis: analyses by a
new
transillumination
phase
constrat
microscopic
method.Exp.Path.Bd.15:85- 96. 25-Tilly
JL.1996. Apoptosis
and
ovarian
function. Rev
Reprod
1996; 1: 162-72. 26-Morita Y, Tilly JL.1999. Oocyte
apoptosis: like sand through an
hourglass. Dev Biol; 213: 1-17. 19-Costabile RA. 1993. The effects of
cancer and cancer therapy on male
reproductive
function. J
Urol;149:1327-32. 27-Tesarik J, Bahceci M, Ozcan C,
Greco
E,
Mendoza
C.1999. Restoration of fertility by in vitro
spermatogenesis. Lancet; 353: 555-
6. 20-Turek PJ, Lowther DN, Carrol PR. 1998. Fertility issues and their
management in men with testis
cancer. Urol
Clin
North
Am;25:5217-31 28-Lee DR, Kim KS, Yang YH, Oh
HS, Lee SH, Chung TG, 2006. Isolation of male germ stem cell-
like cells from testicular tissue of
non-obstructive
azoospermic
patients and differentiation into
haploid male germ cells in vitro. Hum Reprod; 21: 471-6. 21-Lee, I.P. and R.L.Dixon 2002,
Effect
of
vincristine
on
spermatogenesis
studied
by
velocity
sedimentation
cell
separation technique and serial 1312 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.7(4)2010
تبثير الفىكرستيه والف
ىبالستيه على الحيواوبت المىوية للفئران خبرج الجسن
حبزم اسمبعيل عبد الببري االحمد*
*
ٍيركز بحوخ انحقُيبت االحيبئية / شبيعة انُهري
الخالصة:
انهدف يٍ اشراء هذا انبحثد هثو اسا ثة جثبذير بعثط االاليثة انًعثباا نهفثرربٌ ن ُار ثحيٍ لان ُبى ثحيٍ هث
انحيواَبت انًُوية نه ئراٌ خثبسز انصفثى انحا.ا ثحتديث ثا هثذِ اندسا ثة11
يثٍ ككثوس ان ئثراٌ انببنتثة جحثرالض
ٍا ًبسهثثب بثثي1
-
1
ا ثثببي ق مفثثًث انحيواَثثبت انثث3
يصثثبيي كثثم يصًو ثثة جححثثو هثث6
ككثثوس. References: اظهرت انُحبئس اَت بض يعُو نP<0.05
ٍ ا حيوية انحيواَبت انًُوية انًعبيهة ببن ار ثحي
لان ُبى ثثحيٍ ل ايثثباا ثثا انُفثثة انًئويثثة نهحيواَثثبت انًُويثثة انًيحة/انحيثثة لانحاثثوهبت اناثثاهية نهحيواَثثبت انًُويثثة
يقبسَة ي يصًو ة انفيطرا. اٌ انًعبيهة ببن ار حيٍ لان ُبى حيٍ نهب جبذير هبا ه انحيواَثبت انًُويثة خثبسز
.انصفى انحا 1313 | 3,537 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1115/1046 | null |
Arabic | يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو Phoenix dactylifera في خصوبة ذكور الجرذان البيض
أحسبٌ ريسبٌ إبراهيى *
ابراهيى عبيذ سبجث *
جًيم كريى واني*
اعزالَ اٌجؾش30
،
ا٠ٍٛي ،
3122
لجٛي إٌشش18
،
ٟٔوبْٔٛ اٌضب ،
3123 انخالصة: انخالصة:
أعش٠ذ اٌذساعخ
ٌٍزعشؾ عٍٝ دٚس ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١لً ـلٟ رؾغل١ٓ اٌىفلبلح اٌزٕبعلٍ١خ ـلٟ رولٛس اٌغلشراْ اٌجل١ط
اعزخذَ ـٟ ٘زٖ اٌزغشثخ51
روشاً ِٓ اٌغشراْ اٌج١ط اٌجبٌؽخ لغّذ عشٛائ١ب ئٌٝ خّظ ِغبِ١ع ِزغلبٚ٠خ ٚثارجلب
ؼش٠مخ اٌزغش٠ع اٌفّٛٞ أعؽ١ذ اٌّغّٛعخ األٌٚٝ ِعٍك ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً ثزشو١ض
29
ٍُِؽُ/وؽُ ِلٓ ٚصْ اٌغغل
٠ِٛ١لبً ٚأعؽ١للذ اٌّغّٛعللخ اٌضبٔ١لخ اٌّعٍللك ثزشو١للض65
ٍِؽُ/وؽللُ ٚاٌّغّٛعلخ اٌضبٌضللخ219
ٍِؽُ/وؽللُ ٚاٌّغّٛعللخ
اٌشاثعخ327
ٍِؽُ/وؽُ ِٓ ٚصْ اٌغغُ ـٟ ؽ١ٓ عشعذ اٌّغّٛعخ األخ١شح ٚاٌزٟ ِضٍذ ِغّٛعخ اٌغل١ؽشح ثٛاؽلذ
ٍِ١ٍزش ِٓ اٌّبل اٌّمؽش ٚاعزّشد عٍّ١خ
ًاٌزغش٠ع ٌّذح أسثع١ٓ ٠ِٛب ِززبٌ١ب ش
ش
ش
س
ش ع
رُ ر ُمٛ٠ ِٟذٜ رأص١ش ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً ـٟ اٌخصٛثخ ثبعزّبد ثعط اٌّعلب٠١ش اٌزلٟ املزٍّذ عٍلٝ ِملذاس اٌزؽ١لش ـل
أٚصاْ األععبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ(اٌخص١خ ٚاٌجشثخ ٚاٌؾٛ٠صٍخ إٌّٛ٠خ ٚاٌّٛصخ) ٚثعط ِعب٠١ش ٔؽلؿ ر٠لً اٌجشثخ(رشو١لض
إٌؽؿ ٚإٌغجخ اٌّئٛ٠)خ ٌىً ِٓ ؽشوخ إٌؽؿ ٚع١ٛمزٙب ٚإٌغجخ اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌغٛ٠خ ٓـعلال عل
ٜٛل١لبط ِغلز
ثعللط اٌٙشِٛٔللبد راد اٌعاللللخ اٌّجبمللشح ثعٍّ١للخ ٔشللأح إٌؽللؿ (اٌٙشِللْٛ اٌٍللٛر١ٕٟ ٚ٘شِللْٛ ِؾفللض اٌغش٠جللبد
ٚ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ) امبسد إٌزبئظ اٌٝ ؽصٛي اسرفب ـٟ ِعلذتد أٚصاْ األععلبل اٌزٕبعلٍ١ ًخ ٚصل
ئٌٝ دسعخ اٌّعٕٛ٠خ ـٟ اٌّغّٛعخ اٌضبٌضخ
ِمبسٔخ ث
ّغّٛعخ اٌغ١ؽشح
ٓـعال ع
ٞٛٚعلٛد اسرفلب ِعٕل(P<0.05)
ـٟ رشو١ض إٌؽؿ ٚؽشوزٙب ـلٟ اٌّغّلٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١لخ ٚاٌضبٌضلخ ِمبسٔلخ
ث ّغّٛعلخ اٌغل١ؽشح ـلٟ ؽل١ٓ رشاولض اتسرفلب
ٌّاٌّعٕٛٞ ـٟ إٌغجخ اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌع١ٛمخ ٚاٌغٛ٠خ ـٟ ا غّٛعخ اٌضبٌضخ ِمبسٔخ ِع ِغّٛعخ اٌغل١ؽشح ِٓ عبٔلت
ًاخش أخفط ِغزٜٛ اٌٙشِْٛ اٌٍٛر١ٕٟ ِعٕٛ٠ب(P<0.05)
ـٟ اٌّغبِ١ع اتٌٚٝ ٚاٌضبٔ١لخ ٚاٌضبصلخ ِمبسٔلخ ثّغّٛعلخ
ٕٞٛاٌغ١ؽشح ثشىً ِزذسط لبثٍٗ اسرفب ِع(P<0.05)
ِْٛـٟ ِغزٛ٠بد اٌٙشٌا ّؾفضٌٍ
ٓغش٠جبد ـلٟ اٌّغّلٛعز١
اٌضبٔ١خ ٚاٌض بٌضخ ِمبسٔخ ثّغّٛعخ اٌغ١ؽشح ٚاسرفب ِعٕٛٞ ـٟ ٘شِْٛ اٌشلؾّْٛ اٌخصلٛٞ ـلٟ اٌّغلبِ١ع اٌّعبٍِلخ
ِمبسٔخ ِع ِغّٛعخ اٌغ١ؽشح ٠غزذي ِٓ ٔزبئظ ٘زٖ اٌذساعخ أْ رغش٠ع اٌؾ١ٛأبد ثّعٍك ؽجلٛة ٌملبػ إٌخ١لً للذ
أظٙش دٚساً ا٠غبث١بً ـٟ رؾغ١ٓ ثعط عٛأت اٌىفبلح اٌزٕبعٍ١خ ـٟ روٛس اٌغ شراْ اٌج١ط انكهًبت انًفحبحية : حبىة نقبح انُخيم , خصىبة , انجرراٌ انبيض انًقذي ة;
ّز ر ٍللله اٌزّلللٛس أّ٘١لللخ ٚـبئلللذح ع ١ّلللخ ـلللٟ اٌؽلللت
ُِاٌشعجٟ ـبٌزّش ٠ملٛٞ اٌععلالد ٚاألعصلبة ٚ٠لش
األٔغغخ ٚ٠إخش ثٛادس اٌش١خٛخخ ٚأْ ِٕملٛ اٌزّلش
٠ف١ذ ظذ اٌغعبي ٚاٌزٙبة اٌمصلجبد اٌٙٛائ١لخ ٗٚأٌ١بـل
َرىبـؼ اإلِغبن ٚأِالؽٗ اٌمٍٛ٠خ رعلذي ؽّٛظلخ اٌلذ
إٌبرغخ عٓ رٕبٚي إٌشٛ٠بد ًِض ٟاٌخجض ٚاألسص اٌزل
ٝرغجت اٌىض١ش ِٓ األِشاض ِضً رىْٛ ؽصلٝ اٌىٍل
َٚاٌّلشاسح ٚإٌمللشط ٚاٌجٛاعلل١ش ٚاسرفللب ظللؽػ اٌللذ
ٚ٠عللذا اٌزّللش عالعللبً ٌفمللش اٌللذَ تؽزٛائللٗ عٍللٝ ٔغللجخ
ٛعبٌ١خ ِلٓ اٌؾذ٠لذ ِٚم ٠لبً ٌٍع لبَ ٚاألعلٕبْ ٚاٌغلٕظ
ٞٛتؽزٛائللٗ عٍللٝ اٌفغللفٛس ٚاٌىبٌغلل١َٛ ٚأ٠عللب ٠ملل
ٓاٌجصش ٚ٠ؾفظ سؼٛثخ اٌع١ٓ تؽزٛائٗ عٍٝ ـ١زلبِ١
A
ٟٚ ٠ىلللبـؼ اٌعشلللٛ اٌٍ١ٍللل [1]
ٓ ٚثللل١]
[2
ْأ
اٌّغلللزخٍل اٌّلللبئٟ ٌٍزّلللش ٌلللٗ رلللأص١ش ملللج١ٗ ثزلللأص١ش
ْ٘شِللْٛ ِعغللً اٌللٛتدح ـللٟ أٔللبس اٌفئللشاْ وّللب أ
ٗٔللٜٛ اٌزّللش ٌلل
اعللزعّبتد وض١للشح
ً ثٛصللفٗ ِللذسسا
ٌٍجٛي ٚعالط اإلعٙبي[3]
ٟ ٚارعلؼ اٌزلأص١ش اٌٛللبئ
ٌّٞغزخٍصللٟ ٔللٜٛ ٌٚللت اٌزّللش ظللذ اٌزغللُّ اٌىجللذ
ٛاٌّغزؾذس ث علبؼخ
ْٛساثلع وٍٛس٠لذ اٌىلبسثCCL4
ـٟ اٌغشراْ ـٟ اٌذساعخ اٌزلٟ أعشا٘لب[4]
أِلب ؼٍلع
ًروش إٌخ١
ٞٛـٙٛ رٌه اٌغضل ِلٓ إٌخٍلخ اٌلزٞ ٠ؾل
ٍٗثذاخ
ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً اٌزٟ ثعذ أْ رغلؿ رصلجؼ
ثشىً ِغؾٛق ٔلبعُ علذاً رٞ
ٌٝلْٛ اثل١ط ِبئلً ئٌل
ٗاتصللفشاس ٌٚللٗ سائؾللخ خبصللخ ئر أْ سائؾزللٗ رشللج
ْسائؾخ ِٕٟ اإلٔغب[5,3]
ٌٚمذ روش عٓ ؼٍع إٌخ١ً أٔٗ ت ٔ ١ش ٌلٗ ـلٟ رٙ١ل١ظ
أٌجبٖ (اٌمٛح اٌغٕغل١خ ٌٍشعلً) ٚت ٌشائؾزلٗ ـلٟ رٙ١ل١ظ
مٙٛح إٌغبل
ار
ٟأْ سائؾزٗ وشائؾخ إٌّل[6]
ٚعلذ
أْ ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً رؾزٛٞ عٍٝ ثشٚر١ٕلبد ثٕغلجخ انًقذي ة;
ٍ ه ٌ *لغُ عٍَٛ اٌؾ١بح / وٍ١خ اٌزشث١خ /عبِعخ اٌمبدع١خ *لغُ عٍَٛ اٌؾ١بح / وٍ١خ اٌزشث١خ /عبِعخ اٌمبدع١خ 686 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 2
-
ِغّٛعللخ اٌغلل١ؽشحC
ٖ; أعؽ١للذ ؽ١ٛأللبد ٘للز
اٌّغّٛعخ2
ًِ ِٓ اٌّبل اٌّمؽش ًِشح ٚاؽذح ٠ِٛ١ب
3
-
ِٝغّٛعللللللخ اٌّعبٍِللللللخ األٌٚللللللT1
; أعؽ١للللللذ
اٌؾ١ٛأللبد ِعٍللك ؽجللٛة ٌمللبػ إٌخ١للً رٚ رشو١للض29
ًٍِؽُ/وؽُ ِشح ٚاؽذح ٠ِٛ١ب
4
-
ِغّٛعللللللخ اٌّعبٍِلللللللخ اٌضبٔ١لللللللخT2
; أعؽ١لللللللذ
اٌؾ١ٛأبد ِعٍلك ؽجلٛة ٌملبػ إٌخ١لً رٚ رشو١لض65
ًٍِؽُ/وؽُ ِشح ٚاؽذح ٠ِٛ١ب
5
- ِغّٛعلللللللخ اٌّعبٍِلللللللخ اٌض بٌضلللللللخT3
; أعؽ١لللللللذ
اٌؾ١ٛأبد ِعٍك ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً رٚ رشو١لض219
ًٍِؽُ/وؽُ ِشح ٚاؽذح ٠ِٛ١ب
6
-
ِغّٛعللللللخ اٌّعبٍِللللللخ اٌشاثعللللللخT4
; أعؽ١للللللذ
اٌؾ١ٛأبد ِعٍك ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً رٚ رشو١لض327
ًٍِؽُ/وؽُ ِشح ٚاؽذح ٠ِٛ١ب
: انحضحية ببنحيىاَبت
ثللذأد عٍّ١للخ اٌزعللؾ١خ ثبٌؾ١ٛأللبد ثعللذ35
عللبعخ
ِٓ عٍّ١خ اٌزغش٠لع األخ١لشح ئر رلُ ـلٟ اٌجذا٠لخ ل١لبط
ٓٚصْ اٌؾ١لٛاْ ِٚلٓ صللُ عضلش ضن تعزٕشللبق وّ١لخ ِلل
اٌىٍٛسٚـٛسَ ٌزخذ٠ شٖ ٚعؾت اٌذَ ِٓ اٌمٍت ِجبمشح
ٛث
علللبؼخ
ؼعٕلللخ اٌمٍلللتHeart Puncture
ثعلللذ
عللؾت اٌللذَ ٚظللع ـللٟ أٔبث١للت ترؾزللٛٞ عٍللٝ ِللبدح
ِبٔعخ ٌٍزخضش ـلٟ ٚظلع ِبئلً ٌّلذح41
دل١ملخ ثعلذ٘ب
ٚظللعذ األٔبث١للت ـللٟ عٙللبص اٌؽللشد اٌّشوللضٞ ٌّللذح
26
دل١مخ ثغشعخ4111
دٚسح/ دل١مخٌ
ٍٍٝؾصٛي ع
ِصً اٌذَ اٌزٞ رُ ؽف لٗ ـلٟ أٔبث١لت ِعٍ ّلخ ثذسعلخ
ؽللللللشاسح-
31
َْٛ ئٌللللللٝ ؽلللللل١ٓ ئعللللللشال اٌفؾلللللل
اٌّخزجش٠لللخ صُ ـلللزؼ اٌزغٛ٠لللؿ اٌجؽٕلللٟ ٚ اعزإصلللٍذ
ٛاألععللبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ(اٌخصللٝ ٚاٌجللشاثخ ٚاٌؾ ٠صللٍخ
إٌّٛ٠خ ٚاٌّٛصخ) ٚعضي وً ِٕٙب عٍلٝ ؽلذح ٚأص٠ٍلذ
األعللضال اٌذٕ٘١للخ ٚاألٔغللغخ اٌشاثؽللخ اٌّزصللٍخ ثٙللب
ٛ(رؾلللذ ِغٙلللش اٌزشلللش٠ؼ) صلللُ ٔشلللفذ ث علللبؼخ ٚسق
ْرشم١ؼ ثعذ٘ب رُ ل١بط ٚصْ اٌععٛ ثبعزعّبي ِ١ضا
ؽغبط
دراسة بعض يعبنى انُطف
ُثعللذ اعزئصللبي اٌجللشثخ األ٠غللش ٚرغللغ١ً ٚصٔللٗ رلل
عضي
ر٠لً اٌجلشثخ ٚٚظلع ـلٟ صعبعلخ علبعخ ٔ ١فلخ
ٚداـئخ ِٛظٛعخ عٍٝ صلف١ؾخ علبخٕخHot Plate
عٕذ دسعخ ؽشاسح48
َْ ثعذ٘ب رُ ؼّشٖ ثٛاؽذ ٍِ١ٍزش
ِللٓ اٌّؾٍللٛي اٌفغلل١ٌٛٛعٟ اٌللذاـِ صللُ لضؽ للعن ث
ٛعللبؼخ
مللفشح ؽللبدح ئٌللٝ لؽللع صللؽ١شح عللذاً ٌزؾش٠للش إٌؽللؿ
ٗاٌّٛعٛدح ـ١[11]صُ أعش٠ذ ا
ٌفؾٛ ات
ر١خ; 27.2
ٚدْ٘ٛ ثٕغلجخ%
20.1
ٚأؽّلبض دٕ٘١لخ%
ثٕغلللللجخ3
ٚعلللللىش٠بد ثٕغلللللجخ%
18.1
ٚولللللزٌه%
رؾزلللٛٞ عٍلللٝ أٌ١لللبؾ ثٕغلللجخ9.9
ٞٛ وّلللب رؾزللل%
ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً عٍٝ اٌىبسثٛ٘١ذساد ٚاٌمٍٛ٠لذاد
Alkaloids
ٚاٌفال ـٛٔ١للللللللللللللللللللذادFlavonoids
ٚاٌصللللبثٛٔ١ٕبدSaponins
ٚاٌزبٔ١ٕللللبدTannins
ٚاٌغللللللللزشٚ٠ذادSteroids
[7]
ٟ ٚ٠للللللللزوش ـلللللللل
اٌّلللٛسٚس اٌشلللعجٟ أْ ؼٍلللع إٌخ١لللً ٠ملللٛٞ اٌّعلللذح
ٚ٠غففٙب ٚ٠ملٛٞ األؽشلبل وّلب أْ األٌ١لبؾ اٌّٛعلٛدح
ٓـ١ٗ رغبعذ عٍلٝ رٕشل١ػ ؽشولخ األِعلبل ٚاٌٛلب٠لخ ِل
اإلِغبن ٚ٠غبعذ عٍٝ اٌعالط ِٗٓ ـمش اٌلذَ تؽزٛائل
عٍلللٝ عٕصلللش اٌؾذ٠لللذ ٌٚلللٗ ـعبٌ١لللخ ظلللذ اٌؾغبعللل١خ
ٟتؽزٛائٗ عٍٝ اٌضٔله ٚ٠مٍلً ِلٓ خؽلش إٌض٠لؿ ـل
ٓاٌؾٛاِلللً تؽزٛائلللٗ عٍلللٝ ـ١زلللبِ١K
ٓٚ٠خفلللؿ ِللل
اٌؾّٛظللخ ٚاٌؾشلللخ تؽزٛائللٗ عٍللٝ اتِللالػ اٌمٍٛ٠للخ
[8]
أمبس[9]
ئٌٝ أْ ٘لزٖ اٌّلبدح إٌجبر١لخ ٌٙلب رلأص١ش
ثللبٌػٟـلل ا٠للط اٌؾذ٠لل ذ ٌللزٌه ٠ّىللٓ أْ رعللشؾ ٔغللجخ
اٌٙ١ّٛؼٍلٛث١ٓ ـللٟ اٌغللشراْ اٌّصلبثخ ثفمللش اٌللذَ وّللب
أْ ٌٙللللب رللللأص١شٟـلللل
َٛا٠للللط اٌىبٌغلللل١َٛ ٚاٌّؽٕ١غلللل١
ٓٚاٌفغللفٛس وّب اْ ِللبدح اٌللشٚر١Rutin
ٌٙللب اٌمبثٍ١للخ
عٍلللٝ إٌفلللبر ِلللٓ خلللالي علللذساْ األٚع١لللخ اٌذِٛ٠لللخ
ٚاٌشللعش٠خ ٚرشللجٗ ـللٟ عٍّٙللب عّللً اتعلللزشٚع١ٓ ا
ٌّاٌٙشِٛٔللبد ا ؾشظللخ ٌٍمٕللذ ِّللب ٠للإدٞ ئٌللٝ ص٠للبدح
ـعبٌ١للخ اٌغٙللبص اٌزٕبعللٍٟ اٌللزوشٞ ٚاألٔضللٛٞ ٌٚؽٍللع
إٌخ١ً اٌمذسح عٍٝ ص٠بدح اإلثبظخ عٕذ اٌّشأح ٚ٠ؾفض
ُاٌؽذد اٌغٕغ١خ تع١ّب ٌذٜ اٌزوٛس اٌّصبث١ٓ ثبٌعم
[10]
اْ اٌٙللذؾ ِللٓ اٌذساعللخ اٌؾبٌ١لل خ ٘للٛ رؾذ٠للذ رللبص١شاد
ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً ـٟ ثعلط ِعلب٠١ش ا ٌٟخصلٛثخ ـل
روٛس اٌغشراْ اٌج١ط ثللذأد عٍّ١للخ اٌزعللؾ١خ ثبٌؾ١ٛأللبد ثعللذ35
عللبعخ
ِٓ عٍّ١خ اٌزغش٠لع األخ١لشح ئر رلُ ـلٟ اٌجذا٠لخ ل١لبط
ٓٚصْ اٌؾ١لٛاْ ِٚلٓ صللُ عضلش ضن تعزٕشللبق وّ١لخ ِلل
اٌىٍٛسٚـٛسَ ٌزخذ٠ شٖ ٚعؾت اٌذَ ِٓ اٌمٍت ِجبمشح
ٛث
علللبؼخ
ؼعٕلللخ اٌمٍلللتHeart Puncture
ثعلللذ
عللؾت اٌللذَ ٚظللع ـللٟ أٔبث١للت ترؾزللٛٞ عٍللٝ ِللبدح
ِبٔعخ ٌٍزخضش ـلٟ ٚظلع ِبئلً ٌّلذح41
دل١ملخ ثعلذ٘ب
ٚظللعذ األٔبث١للت ـللٟ عٙللبص اٌؽللشد اٌّشوللضٞ ٌّللذح
26
دل١مخ ثغشعخ4111
دٚسح/ دل١مخٌ
ٍٍٝؾصٛي ع
ِصً اٌذَ اٌزٞ رُ ؽف لٗ ـلٟ أٔبث١لت ِعٍ ّلخ ثذسعلخ
ؽللللللشاسح-
31
َْٛ ئٌللللللٝ ؽلللللل١ٓ ئعللللللشال اٌفؾلللللل
اٌّخزجش٠لللخ صُ ـلللزؼ اٌزغٛ٠لللؿ اٌجؽٕلللٟ ٚ اعزإصلللٍذ
ٛاألععللبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ(اٌخصللٝ ٚاٌجللشاثخ ٚاٌؾ ٠صللٍخ
إٌّٛ٠خ ٚاٌّٛصخ) ٚعضي وً ِٕٙب عٍلٝ ؽلذح ٚأص٠ٍلذ
األعللضال اٌذٕ٘١للخ ٚاألٔغللغخ اٌشاثؽللخ اٌّزصللٍخ ثٙللب
ٛ(رؾلللذ ِغٙلللش اٌزشلللش٠ؼ) صلللُ ٔشلللفذ ث علللبؼخ ٚسق
ْرشم١ؼ ثعذ٘ب رُ ل١بط ٚصْ اٌععٛ ثبعزعّبي ِ١ضا
ؽغبط انًىاد وطرائق انعًم ;
حيىاَبت انحجربة دراسة بعض يعبنى انُطف
ُثعللذ اعزئصللبي اٌجللشثخ األ٠غللش ٚرغللغ١ً ٚصٔللٗ رلل
عضي
ر٠لً اٌجلشثخ ٚٚظلع ـلٟ صعبعلخ علبعخ ٔ ١فلخ
ٚداـئخ ِٛظٛعخ عٍٝ صلف١ؾخ علبخٕخHot Plate
عٕذ دسعخ ؽشاسح48
َْ ثعذ٘ب رُ ؼّشٖ ثٛاؽذ ٍِ١ٍزش
ِللٓ اٌّؾٍللٛي اٌفغلل١ٌٛٛعٟ اٌللذاـِ صللُ لضؽ للعن ث
ٛعللبؼخ
مللفشح ؽللبدح ئٌللٝ لؽللع صللؽ١شح عللذاً ٌزؾش٠للش إٌؽللؿ
ٗاٌّٛعٛدح ـ١[11]
صُ أعش٠ذ ا
ٌفؾٛ ات ر١خ ;
* حركة انُطف اعزخذِذ ـٟ ٘لزٖ اٌزغشثلخ51
ِْلٓ رولٛس اٌغلشرا
اٌجل١ط (ٓاٚصأٙللب رزللشاٚػ ِلبث١211
-
225)ؼللُ اِللب
ٓأعّبس٘لللب ـزشاٚؽلللذ ِلللبث١8
-
9
أعلللبث١ع، عضش ظلللذ
ٌٝعّ١ع اٌؾ١ٛأبد ئ
ِذح( ٟ٘ٚ اإلظبلح ٔفغٙب23
-
25
ً) علللبعخ رمش٠جلللب ٚأعؽ١لللذ اٌؾ١ٛألللبد اٌعٍ١ملللخ
اٌؽزائ١للخ ٚاٌّللبل ثصللٛسح ؽللشحad libitum
ؼللٛاي
،ِذح اٌذساعخ
انط
انُ ب ي
رلللُ ملللشال ِغلللؾٛق ؽجلللٛة ٌملللبػ إٌخ١لللً ِلللٓ اؽلللذ
ًاٌعشبث١ٓ ٚؽعشد رشاو١ض ِخزٍفخ ِلٓ اٌّعٍلك (ول
ٟرشو١للض ـلل2
ٍٍِزللش) ٚلللذ ارجعللذ ؼش٠مللخ اٌزغش٠للع
ٛاٌفّٛٞ ث عبؼخ ِؾمٕخ ؼج١خ ؽغجذ إٌغجخ اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌّزؾشولخ ثبتعلزعبٔخ
ثؽش٠مخ[12]
ًٚرٌه ثأخز لؽشح ِٓ خٍ١ػ ٔؽؿ ر٠ل
ٛاٌجلللشثخ ثعلللذ خٍؽلللٗ ع١لللذاً ث
علللبؼ خ ِبصلللخ ثبعلللزٛس
)ٚٚظللللعذ عٍللللٝ مللللش٠ؾخ صعبع١خ(عبـللللخ ٚداـئللللخ
ٓٚؼؽ١للذ ثؽؽللبل اٌشللش٠ؾخ صللُ رللُ عللذ ِللب ت٠مللً علل
311
ٔؽفلللخ ٌىلللً ملللش٠ؾخ صلللُ اعللل زخشعذ إٌغلللجخ
اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌّزؾشوخ ى
لغلللّذ اٌؾ١ٛألللبد عشلللٛائ١بً ئٌلللٝ خّلللظ ِغلللبِ١ع
ِزغللبٚ٠خ اٌعللذد رللُ رغللغ١ً أٚصأٙللب لجللً ثللذأ اٌزغشثللخ
ٚعشعللذ ٌّللذح51
٠ِٛللبً ِززبٌ١للخ رللُ خالٌٙللب ِعبٍِللخ
;ِٟغبِ١ع اٌؾ١ٛأبد عٍٝ إٌؾٛ ا٢ر 687 يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو :انُحبئج
انحغيرات انىزَية
ٌمللذ أدد ِعبٍِللخ اٌؾ١ٛأللبد ثللبٌّعٍك ئٌللٝ ؽصللٛي
ٞٛاسرفلللللب ِعٕللللل(P<0.05)
ْـلللللٟ ِعلللللذي أٚصا
ا ٌٟخصللللٝ ـللللٟ ؽ١ٛأللللبد اٌّغللللبِ١ع اٌّعبٍِللللخ ـلللل
ًاٌّغّٛعلللللخ اٌضبٌضلللللخ ؽصلللللشا
ِمبسٔلللللخ ث ّغّٛعلللللخ
ًاٌغ١ؽشح ٌُٚ رغلغً اٌّغّٛعلخ اٌضبٌضلخ ـشللبً ِعٕٛ٠لب
(P>0.05)
ِمبسٔللللخ
ث بٌّغّٛعللللخ األٌٚللللٝ ٚاٌضبٔ١للللخ
ٚاٌشاثعللللخٚ
ًاظٙللللش اٌزؾٍ١للللً اإلؽصللللبئٟ اسرفبعللللب
ًِعٕٛ٠للبً ٚاظللؾب(P<0.05)
ـللٟ ِعللذي ٚصْ اٌجللشثخ
ٌـلللٟ ا ّغّٛعللللخ اٌضبٌضللللخ عٕللللذ ِمبسٔزٙللللب
ث ّغّٛعللللخ
َاٌغللل١ؽشح ٚاٌّغّٛعلللخ األٌٚلللٝ ِلللع ِالؽ لللخ علللذ
ٚعلللللٛد أٞ ـلللللشق ِعٕلللللٛٞ ـ١ّلللللب ثللللل١ٓ اٌّغلللللبِ١ع
ٜاألخش وّللللب عللللغٍذ ٔزللللبئظ اٌّغّللللٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١للللخ
ًٚاٌضبٌضللللللخ اسرفبعللللللبً ِعٕٛ٠للللللب(P<0.05)
ْـللللللٟ ٚص
اٌؾٛ٠صلللٍخ إٌّٛ٠لللخ ِمبسٔلللخ ث ّغّٛعلللخ اٌغللل١ؽشح
ٚاٌّغّٛعلللخ األٌٚلللٝ، أِلللب
ِعلللذي ٚصْ اٌّٛصلللخ ـملللذ
ًاسرفع ِعٕٛ٠ب(P<0.05)
ُـٟ اٌّغّٛعخ اٌضبٌضخ، ٌٚل
رغلللللغً ِعلللللذتد أٚصاْ اٌّٛصلللللخ ٌجلللللبلٟ ِغلللللبِ١ع
( اٌّعبِالد اٌزٟ عشعذ ثبٌزشاو١ض اٌٛاؼئخ29
65
( ٌٍِٟؽُ/وؽلللُ) ٚاٌزشو١لللض اٌعلللب327
ٍِٓؽُ/وؽلللُ) ِللل
اٌّعٍلللك أٞ ـلللشق ِعٕلللٛٞ ٠لللزوش(P>0.05)
عٕلللذ
ٚاٌّمبسٔلللخ ـ١ّلللب ث١ٕٙلللب أ
عٕلللذ ِمبسٔزٙلللب
ث ّغّٛعلللخ
اٌغ١ؽشح اٌؾشٚؾ اٌّخزٍفخ ظّٓ اٌعّٛد اٌٛاؽذ رش١ش ئٌٝ ٚعٛد ـشٚق ِعٕٛ٠خ(P<0.05)
ث ١ٓ اٌّغبِ١ع
( جذول2
): جأثير جراكيس يحصبعذ يٍ يعهق حبىة نقبح انُخيم Phoenix dactylifera
في بعض يعبيير انُطف فاي
را
ان ( جذول2
): جأثير جراكيس يحصبعذ يٍ يعهق حبىة نقبح انُخيم Phoenix dactylifera
في بعض يعبيير انُطف فاي
ٌانجررا اٌم١ُ رّضً اٌّعذ تد±
ٟاٌخؽأ اٌم١بع
اٌؾشٚؾ اٌّخزٍفخ ظّٓ اٌعّٛد اٌٛاؽذ رش١ش ئٌٝ ٚعٛد ـشٚق ِعٕٛ٠خ(P<0.05)
ث١ٓ اٌّغبِ١ع * جركيس انُطف ُاعللزعٍّذ ٌٙلللزٖ اٌعٍّ١لللخ اٌشللشائؼ ٔفغلللٙب اٌزلللٟ رللل
رؾع١ش٘ب ـٟ ؽغبة إٌؽؿ اٌّزؾشوخ ٚاٌزٟ أخزد
ْـ١ٙللب أٚي لؽللشح ِللٓ خٍلل١ػ ٔؽللؿ ر٠للً اٌجللشثخ ت
ٝرشو١للللللللللض إٌؽللللللللللؿ علللللللللل١زُ ؽغللللللللللبثٗ عٍلللللللللل
ٟأعبط(ٔؽفخ/اٌٍّ١ٍزش) ٌمذ رُ ؽغبة عذد إٌؽؿ ـ
21
ؽمللٛي ِغٙش٠للخ ا ُخز١للشد ثشللىً ِزعللشط صللُ رلل
ٟؽغلللبة رشو١لللض إٌؽلللؿ ثعلللشة اٌّعلللذي اٌؾغلللبث
ٌٍٕؽللؿ اٌّؾغللٛثخ ـللٟ اٌعبِللً اٌّعللبعؿ2
ٍِْٛ١لل
[11]
ُ ٌٚزغلللٙ١ً عٍّ١لللخ اٌعلللذ اعلللزعًّ اٌمٍلللُ ٌشعللل
ٟلؽللش٠ٓ ِزعبِللذ٠ٓ عٍللٝ اٌغللؽؼ اٌعٍللٛٞ اٌخللبسع
ٌٍٗعذعللخ اٌع١ٕ١للخ ـىللبْ اٌؾمللً اٌّغٙللشٞ ٠ ٙللش وأٔلل
ِمغللُ عٍللٝ أسثعللخ أعللضال ٚاظللؾخٚ
رؾغللت سؤٚط
إٌؽؿ داخً وً عضل يعبيير َطف ريم انبربخ
(أظٙللللشد ٔزللللبئظ اٌذساعللللخ اٌؾبٌ١للللخ اٌغللللذٚي3
)
(اسرفبعللب ِعٕٛ٠للب(P<0.05
إٌغللجخ اٌّئٛ٠للخ ٌٍٕؽللؿ
اٌّزؾشوللللخ
ثلللل بٌّغّٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١للللخ ٚاٌضبٌضللللخ ِمبسٔللللخ
ثللل بٌّغّٛعز١ٓ األٌٚلللٝ ٚاٌشاثعلللخ ٚولللزٌه
ث ّغّٛعلللخ
اٌغ١ؽشح
ٌٚلذ أدد ِعبٍِخ ا ؾ١ٛألبد ثؾجلٛة ٌملبػ
(ٞٛإٌخ١للً ئٌللٝ اسرفللب ِعٕلل(P<0.05
ـللٟ رشو١للض
إٌؽلللؿ تعللل١ّب ـلللٟ اٌّغّلللٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١لللخ ٚاٌضبٌضلللخ
ِمبسٔلللخ
ثٌبّ
غلللبِ١ع اتٌٚلللٝ ٚاٌشاثعلللخ ٚاٌغللل١ؽشح
(٠ٛظللؼ اٌغللذٚي3
ٞٛ) اتسرفللب اٌّعٕلل(P<0.05)
اٌزٞ أثذرٗ اٌّغّٛعخ اٌضبٌضخ ـٟ ٔغجخ ع١ٛمخ إٌؽؿ
ـٟ ر٠ً اٌجشثخ ِمبس ث ٔخ ؾ١ٛأبد ِغّٛعلخ اٌغل١ؽشح
ٚاٌّغللبِ١ع األٌٚللٝ ٚاٌضبٔ١للخ ٚاٌشاثعللخ وّللب
٠زعللؼ
ِٟذٜ اٌزؾغٓ ـٟ إٌغلجخ اٌّئٛ٠لخ ٌٍٕؽلؿ اٌغلٛ٠خ ـل
(ٔزلللبئظ اٌّغّٛعلللخ اٌضبٌضلللخ ظلللّٓ اٌغلللذٚي3
ٟ) اٌزللل
ًمٙذد رفٛلبً ِعٕٛ٠ب(P<0.05)
ئرا ِب لٛسٔذ
ث ٕزلبئظ
ِغّٛعخ اٌغ١ؽشح ٚاٌّغّٛعز١ٓ األٌٚٝ ٚاٌشاثعخ
انحغ
يرات انهريىَية * انُطف انسىية * انُطف انسىية
رُ عًّ ِغؾز١ٓ ٌىً ع١ٕخ ثبٌؽش٠مخ اٌغبثمخ ٔفغلٙب
ٚـؾصللذ رؾللذ اٌّغٙللش ٚلللذ
عللذد
ٟإٌؽللؿ اٌزلل
رخزٍؿ ـٟ ملىٍٙب علٓ اٌّ ٙلش اٌغلٛٞ ٌٍٕؽفلخ ثأٔٙلب
ٗٔؽؿ ؼ١ش عٛ٠[14]
ٚ
ُِٓ ص
رُ ؽغبة511
ٔؽفلخ
عٍللٝ األلللً ِللٓ ِغّللٛ اٌّغللؾز١ٓ صللُ اعللزخشعذ
ا ٌٕغجخ اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌغٛ٠خ
* انفحىص انهريىَية Assay (ELFA)
انححهيم اإلحصبئي
أضخعللعذ إٌزلللبئظ ٌٍزؾٍ١للً اإلؽصلللبئٟ ٌّعشـللخ اٌفلللشٚق
اٌّعٕٛ٠خ ثل١ٓ ِعلذتد اٌّعلب٠١ش اٌّذسٚعلخ ـلٟ اٌّغلبِ١ع
ٜٛاٌّخزٍفلللخ ٚللللذ ؽلللذدد اٌفلللشٚق اٌّعٕٛ٠لللخ عٍلللٝ ِغلللز
اؽزّللبي1 16
ٞثبعللزخذاَ رؾٍ١للً اٌزجللب٠ٓ األؽللبدOne
Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
وّلب
َرللُ اخزجللبس اٌفللشٚق اٌّعٕٛ٠للخ ثلل١ٓ اٌّزٛعللؽبد ثبعللزخذا
ٞٛاخزجلللبس اللللً ـلللشق ِعٕلللLeast Significant
Difference (LSD)
[15] انحغ
يرات انهريىَية
ث١ٕللذ ٔزللبئظ اٌفؾللٛ اٌٙشِٛٔ١للخ ٚعللٛد أخفللبض
ِٞٛعٕلل(P<0.05)
ٟٕـللٟ ِغللزٜٛ اٌٙشِللْٛ اٌٍللٛر١
ٖـللٟ اٌّغللبِ١ع األٌٚللٝ ٚاٌضبٔ١للخ ٚاٌضبٌضللخ عللٓ ِغللزٛا
اٌؽج١عللٟ ـللٟ ِغّٛعللخ اٌغلل١ؽشح ـعللالً عللٓ ٚعللٛد
ٟأخفبض ِعٕٛٞ رذس٠غ(P<0.05)
ٖـ١ّلب ثل١ٓ ٘لز
اٌّغّٛعبد ثٍػ رسٚرٗ ـٟ اٌّغّٛعخ
اٌضبٌضخ امبسد
إٌزللللبئظ اٌخبصللللخ ثّعللللذي رشو١للللض ٘شِللللْٛ ِؾفللللض 688 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 ٓاٌغلللل١ؽشح ـمللللذ رللللذسط ٘للللزا اتسرفللللب اثزللللذالً ِلللل
اٌّغّٛعلللخ األٌٚلللٝ صلللُ اٌضبٔ١لللخ ؽزلللٝ ٚصلللً ٘لللزا
اتسرفب ئٌٝ ألصبٖ ـٟ اٌّغّٛعخ اٌضبٌضخ اٌغش٠جبد
ٌٝا ٚعٛد ص٠بدح ِعٕٛ٠لخ(P<0.05)
ٟـل
اٌّغّللللٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١للللخ ٚاٌضبٌضللللخ ِمبسٔللللخ
ث ّغّٛعللللخ
اٌغ١ؽشح
ٓـعالً ع
ٞٛاتسرفلب اٌّعٕل(P<0.05)
ٞٛاٌؾبصللً ـللٟ ِغللزٜٛ ٘شِللْٛ اٌشللؾّْٛ اٌخصلل
ـلٟ وللً اٌّغللبِ١ع اٌّعبٍِللخ عٕللذ ِمبسٔزٙلل ث ب ّغّٛعللخ ( جذول1
): جأثير جراكيس يحصابعذ ياٍ يعهاق حباىة نقابح انُخيام Phoenix dactylifera
فاي أوزاٌ بعاض يكىَابت
انجهبز انحُبسهي في انجررا.ٌ
ٌاألوزا
انًجبييع
)انخصية(غى
)انبربخ(يهغى انحىيصهة انًُىية
)(يهغى
)انًىثة (يهغى
C
±1.14
1 154
bc
491 11
±
63 74
bc
699 11
±
48 57
c
47: 11
±
35 :8
bc
T1
2 28
±
1 176
ac
4:3 11
±
37 55
bc
725 11
±
68 73
c
495 11
±
57 34
ac
T2
2 31
±
1 172
ab
524 11
±
27 26
ab
915 11
±
81 61
ab
526 11
±
27 88
ac
T3
2 39
±
1 149
a
557 11
±
: 74
a
:21 11
±
55 2:
a
572 11
±
36 3
a
T4
2 2:
±
1 146
ac
51: 11
±
37 53
ac
841 11
±
42 19
bc
513 11
±
22 57
ac
اٌم١ُ رّضً اٌّعذتد±
ٟاٌخؽأ اٌم١بع ( جذول2
): جأثير جراكيس يحصبعذ يٍ يعهق حبىة نقبح انُخيم Phoenix dactylifera
في بعض يعبيير انُطف فاي
را
ن انًعبيير
انًجبييع
انُسبة انًئىية نهُطف
)%( انًححركة
جركيس انُطف
)(يهيىٌ/يم
انُسبة انًئىية نهُطف
انعيىشة
)%(
انُسبة انًئىية
نهُطف ان
سىية
)%(
C
82 91
±
4 92
c
:2 41
±
5 49
c
84 27
±
3 13
b
92 41
±
4 4
b
T1
84 21
±
4 74
c
:6 31
±
2 33
c
85 79
±
3 62
b
92 :1
±
2 3
b
T2
94 11
±
3 49
b
219 41
±
2 89
b
88 :1
±
2 76
b
96 51
±
4 34
ab
T3
:2 11
±
1 61
a
233 91
±
1 89
a
95 21
±
3 37
a
:2 71
±
3 9
a
T4
85 31
±
2 7
c
:5 61
±
3 11
c
86 11
±
2 72
b
93 41
2.12±
b ( جااذول3
): جااأثير جراكيااس يحصاابعذ يااٍ يعهااق حبااىة نقاابح انُخياام Phoenix dactylifera
فااي يسااحىي بعااض
ٌانجررا
انهريىَبت ف ( جااذول3
): جااأثير جراكيااس يحصاابعذ يااٍ يعهااق حبااىة نقاابح انُخياام Phoenix dactylifera
فااي يسااحىي بعااض
.ٌانهريىَبت في انجررا
انهريىَبت
انًجبييع
انهريىٌ انهىجيُي (يبيكرو
)وحذ دونية/يم
هريىٌ يحفس
نهجريببت
(يبيكرو وحذ
)دونية/ يم
ٌهريى
ٌانشحًى
انخصىي
َبَىغراو/يم
C
2 32
±
1 181
a
2 55
±
1 23
c
1 66
±
1 3
d
T1
2 15
±
1 149
b
2 64
±
1 16
bc
1 92
±
1 16
c
T2
1 972
±
1 133
c
2 88
±
1 21
ab
2 31
±
1 18
b
T3
1 5:9
±
1 125
d
2 :6
±
1 15:
a
3 36
±
1 21
a
T4
2 21
±
1 144
ab
2 59
±
1 217
c
1 89
±
1 17
c
اٌم١ُ رّضً اٌّعذ تد±
ٟاٌخؽأ اٌم١بع 689 يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يعبيير انُطف;
جركيس انُطف
ِْٓ أُ٘ اٌّعبٌُ اٌزٟ ٠ّىٓ أ رعىظ ٚظ١فخ
اٌخص١خ اٌؽج١ع
١ ًخ ٚرعؽٟ رم١١ّبً ٚاظؾبً ٌٍغبئ
إٌّٛٞ ِعذي رشو١ض إٌؽؿ ـٟ ر٠ً اٌجشثخ[24]
ِٓ ث١ٓ األعجبة اٌزٟ ٠ّىٓ أْ رفغش اتسرفب
ٟاٌّعٕٛٞ ـٟ رشو١ض ٔؽؿ ر٠ً اٌجشثخ ـ
ٟاٌّغّٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١خ ٚاٌضبٌضخ ٘ٛ اٌض٠بدح اٌّعٕٛ٠خ ـ
ٟأعذاد اٌخال٠ب إٌّشأح ٌٍٕؽؿ ـ
ٓ٘بر١ٓ اٌّغّٛعز١
ـمذ روش[16]
أْ اٌعذد اٌّزٛلع ِٓ أسِٚبد إٌؽؿ
اٌزٟ ٠ّىٓ أْ رٕزظ ِٓ عٍ١فخ ٔؽفخ ٚاؽذح لذ ٠ض٠ذ
ٍٝع571
أسِٚخ ٠ّىٓ أْ رزؾٛي ئٌٝ ٔؽؿ ٔبظغخ
ٛـٟ ؽبي ر
ا ـشد اؽز١بعبرٙب األعبع١خ
ئْ اس ٝرفللب رشو١للض إٌؽللؿ ٠ّىللٓ أْ ٠عللضا أ٠عللب ئٌلل
ْٛاسرفب رشو١ض ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصلٛٞ ٚ٘شِل
ِؾفللض اٌغش٠جللبد ـّغللزٛ٠بد ٘للز٠ٓ اٌٙشِللٛٔ١ٓ ٌٙللب
رللأص١ش ِجبمللشٟـلل
ٓرشو١للض إٌؽللؿ ٌىّٛٔٙللب اٌّغللإٌٚ١
اٌّجبمش٠ٓ علٓ ثلذل عٍّ١لخ ٔشلأح إٌؽفلخ ٚاعلزّشاس٘ب
[25]
ً٠عّللٌ
ْٛٙشِللٌا ّؾفللضٌ
ٍغش٠جللبد عٍللٝ ص٠للبدح
ٓرؽلللٛس خال٠لللب علللشرٌٟٛ ٚرٕشللل١ؽٙب إلٔزلللبط اٌجلللشٚر١
ٓاٌللشاثػ ٌالٔللذسٚع١(ABP)
اٌللزٞ ٠عّللً عٍللٝ سـللع
ِغللزٜٛ ٘شِللْٛ اٌشللؾّْٛ اٌخصللٛٞ ـللٟ إٌج١جللبد
إٌّٛ٠خ ٚ٘زا ِلب ٠ٕلزظ عٕلٗ ص٠لبدح ـلٟ رؾف١لض إٌج١جلبد
ٌٟٛإٌّٛ٠خ إلٔزبط إٌؽلؿ وّلب أْ رٕشل١ػ خال٠لب علشر
٠ؾفض٘ب عٍٝ ئـلشاص اٌّلٛاد اٌغلبٔذح أل سِٚلبد إٌؽلؿ
ًخلللللالي عٍّ١لللللخ رؾٌٛٙلللللب ئٌلللللٝ ٔؽلللللؿ راد ملللللى
أّٟٔٛرع[26]
ٟٚـعالً عٓ دٚس ٘ز٠ٓ اٌٙشِٛٔ١ٓ ـل
عٍّ١لللخ ٔشلللأح إٌؽفلللخ ٚص٠لللبدح أعلللذاد اٌخال٠لللب إٌّشلللأح
ٌٍٕؽؿ ـأّٔٙب ٠عّالْ أ٠علب عٍلٝ ص٠لبدح أعلذاد خال٠لب
ٌٟٛعللشر[27]
ٚرغللُٙ ٘للزٖ اٌض٠للبدح ـللٟ ص٠للبدح لبثٍ١للخ
إٌج١جبد إٌّٛ٠خ عٍٝ ئٔزبط
إٌؽؿ[28]
ة ن طف
ة ن
ة ن
ن ٟئْ ٚعٛد اٌجشٚر١ٕبد ٚاٌغىش٠بد اٌّخزٍفخ ـ
ّٛٔ ؽجٛة ٌمبػ إٌخ١ً لذ ٠ىْٛ ٌٙب دٚس ـٟ رؾف١ض
ْاألععبل ٚص٠بدح ٚصٔٙب ـّٓ اٌّعشٚؾ أ
ٚعٛد
ٚاٌجشٚر١ٕبد ٚاٌغىش٠بد ٠ؾفض اـشاص ٘شِْٛ إٌّٛ أ
اٌٙشِٛٔبد اٌّشبثٙخ ٌٗ ٚ٘زٖ اٌٙشِٛٔبدٞرإد
ًدٚسا
ٌّٕٛسئ١غبً ـٟ ثٕبل اٌغغُ ٚاألععبل ـٙشِْٛ ا
اٌجٕبئٟ ٠مَٛ ثذٚس ُِٙ ـٟ ّٔٛ ٚرؽٛس األععبل]
[17,16
ٚت ٠ّىٓ رغبً٘ ٚعٛد اٌّٛاد اٌشج١ٙخ
ثٙشِْٛ إٌّٛ ظّٓ رشو١ت ؽج
ٛة اٌٍمبػ[10]
ٟاٌز
لذ رّبسط اٌذٚس ٔفغٗ روش[18]
أْ ٚصْ األععبل
اٌزٕبعٍ١خ ٠عزّذ عٍٝ ِغزٜٛ اٌٙشِٛٔبد اٌغٕغ١خ ٌزا
ٞٛـبْ اٌض٠بدح ـٟ ِغزٜٛ ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخص
اٌزٟ رزعؼ ِٓ خالي إٌزبئظ اٌزٟ رُ اٌؾصٛي عٍ١ٙب
ٚرؾذ٠ذاً ـٟ اٌّغّٛعخ اٌضبٌضخ رغبٔذ ٘زا اٌزفغ١ش
ّاٌّؾز ً ٚاألُ٘ ٌٍض٠بدح ـٟ ٚصْ األععبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ
ٍٝـٍٙزا اٌٙشِْٛ رأص١شاد أذسٚع١ٕ١خ رعًّ ع
رؾف١ض ّٚٔٛ األععبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ اٌذاخٍ١خ ٚاٌخبسع١خ
[19,16]
ِٓ ًٚ٠زفك ٘زا اٌزفغ١ش ِع ِب روشٖ و
[20]
ٚ
[21]
ـٟ رفغ١ش اٌض٠بدح ـٟ ٚصْ األععبل
اٌزٕبعٍ١خ ـٟ روٛس اٌفئشاْ اٌج١ط ـعالً عٓ دٚس
ُ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ ـٟ ص٠بدح ؽغ
اٌؾٛ٠صٍخ إٌّٛ٠خ ٚاٌّٛصخ ٚرؾف١ضّ٘ب عٍٝ اٌجذل
ثاـشاص اٌّٛاد اٌعشٚس٠خ اٌزٟ رؾزبعٙب إٌؽؿ[16]
ِٚٓ صُ ـبْ ص٠بدح رشو١ض اٌٙشِْٛ لذ ٠غجت ص٠بدح
ّـعبٌ١خ ٘زٖ اٌؽذد ٚص٠بدح و ١خ اإلـشاص ٚإٌز١غخ ص٠بدح
ٚصٔٙب ٚص ٙ
ٚ ٘زا ِٓ عبٔت ِْٓ عبٔت آخش ـأْ اٌض٠بدح ـٟ ٚص
اٌخصٝ ٚاٌجشاثخ ٠ّىٓ أْ رعضا ئٌٝ اٌض٠بدح ـٟ أعذاد
ْاٌخال٠ب إٌّشأح ٌٍٕؽؿ ٚاٌزٟ رغجت ص٠بدح ـٟ ٚص
اٌخص١خ ـعالً عٓ ٚصْ األعذاد اٌىج١شح ِٓ إٌؽؿ
ٓاٌؾشح ـٟ رغبٚ٠ؿ إٌج١جبد إٌّٛ٠خ اٌزٟ رٕزظ ع
٘زٖ اٌخال٠ب ٚاٌزٟ رغزمش أخ١شاً ـٟ اٌجشث خ ٚرغجت
ص٠بدح ـٟ ٚصٔٗ ٚ٘زا ِٓ ث١ٓ األعجبة اٌزٟ اعزٕذ
ِٓ ًئٌ١ٙب و[23,22]
ٝـٟ رفغ١ش ص٠بدح ٚصْ اٌخص
ْٚاٌجشاثخ ـٟ اٌفئشا ٌمذ ث١ٕب
عبثمب
أْ اٌض٠بدح
اٌؾبصٍخ ـٟ أٚصاْ األععبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ ل١ذ اٌذساعخ
ْٛـٟ اٌّغبِ١ع األٌٚٝ ٚاٌضبٔ١خ ٚاٌضبٌضخ ٠ّىٓ أْ رى
ِشرجؽخ ثض٠بدح ٍٝٚصْ اٌغغُ اٌعبَ أٚ ِعزّذح ع
ِغزٜٛ ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ ٚأعذاد اٌخال٠ب
إٌّشأح ٌٍٕؽؿ ٚرشو١ض إٌؽؿ ٚثّب أْ ٔزبئظ
ٌٝاٌّغّٛعخ اٌشاثعخ اٌّزعٍمخ ثٙزٖ اٌّعب٠١ش رش١ش ئ
ّٓاتٔخفبض ِمبسٔخ ثبٌّغبِ١ع اٌّعبٍِخ ٌزا ـ
إٌّؽمٟ أْ ٠فغش أخفبض ٚصْ األععبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ
عٍٝ أع بط أخفبض ٚصْ اٌغغُ اٌعبَ ٚ٘جٛغ ـعبٌ١خ
ِٓٚ ٖ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ رجعب ٌٙجٛغ ِغزٛا
صُ ٠جمٝ ّٔٛ األععبل اٌزٕبعٍ١خ ٚرؽٛس٘ب ٚـعبٌ١خ
اٌؾٛ٠صٍخ إٌّٛ٠خ ٚاٌّٛصخ ِمبسثخ ٌؾذٚد٘ب اٌؽج١ع١خ
ـٟ ِغّٛعخ اٌغ١ؽشح ف
ىي ر ا
ب ا
ا
روش[29]
أْ ٚظبئؿ اٌجشثخ (اٌّزعّٕخ ص٠بدح اٌمبثٍ١لخ
ْٛاتخصبث١خ ٚرٛـ١ش اٌؾّب٠خ ٌٍٕؽلؿ إٌبظلغخ ) رىل
ٚالعخ رؾلذ رلأص١شDihydrotestosterone DHT
ٞٛٚ٘لللٛ اٌشلللىً اٌفعلللبي ٌٙشِلللْٛ اٌشلللؾّْٛ اٌخصللل
ٌاٌزٞ ٠عذ اتٔذسٚع١ٓ اٌشئ١ظ ـٟ األٔغلغخ ا جشثخ١لخ
وّللللب أمللللبس[30]
ْٛئٌللللٝ أْ ص٠للللبدح ِغللللزٜٛ ٘شِلللل
اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ رلإدٞ ئٌلٝ ص٠لبدح ـعبٌ١لخ اٌجلشثخ
ٟٚـ
ْظٛل ِب رمذَ ٠ّىلٓ أ ٔعلذ
أْ اٌض٠لبدح اٌّعٕٛ٠لخ
ٟـٟ ِغزٜٛ ٘شِلْٛ اٌشلؾّْٛ اٌخصلٛٞ تعل١ّب ـل
اٌّغّللٛعز١ٓ اٌضبٔ١للخ ٚاٌضبٌضللخ ِللٓ األعللجبة اٌزللٟ لللذ
رفغللش اٌض٠للبدح اٌّعٕٛ٠للخ ـللٟ إٌغللج خ اٌّئٛ٠للخ ٌٍٕؽللؿ
اٌّزؾشوخ ـلٟ اٌّغلبِ١ع اٌّعبٍِلخ ثّعٍلك ؽجلٛة ٌملبػ
إٌخ١ً ئرا أخزٔبْثبٌؾغجب
أْ إٌؽلؿ رىزغلت اٌملذسح
ٟعٍٝ اٌؾشوخ اٌزمذِ١خ ٚاإلخصبة خالي ِشٚس٘لب ـل
اٌمٕبح اٌجشثخ١خ[16]
انُسبة انًئىية نهُطف انعيىشة وانسىية
ٟلذ ٠ىْٛ ٌٛعلٛد اٌجشٚر١ٕلبد ٚاٌف١زبِ١ٕلبد ـل ؽجلٛة
ٌملللبػ إٌخ١لللً دٚس ـلللٟ ص٠لللبدح ٔغلللجخ إٌؽلللؿ اٌؾ١لللخ 68: يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 اٌذِبغ ٚص٠بدح ٔشبؼٗ ِّب ٠لٕعىظ عٍلٝ ٔشلبغ ِٕؽملخ
رؾذ اٌّٙبد ٚاٌؽذح إٌخبِ١خ أْ ِٕؽمخ رؾذ اٌّٙلبد
Hypothalamus
ـلللٟ اٌلللذِبغ
ٝاٌزلللٟ رغللل١ؽش عٍللل
ْٛئـشاص ِؾشظلبد اٌمٕلذ رىل ؼبٌجلب
ؽغبعلخ ٌشملبسح
ٟاٌّؾشولخ ٌٍٕعلظ اٌغٕغلPuberty-Triggering
Signal
ٟاٌزلل
ًٌٙللب عاللللخ ثّىٛٔللبد اٌؽللزال ٚثبٌزّض١لل
ٟاٌؽلللزائ[37]
اتؽزّلللبي ا٢خلللش ٘لللٛ دٚس اٌّىٛٔلللبد
ِٙ اٌّخزٍفخ ٌؾجٛة ٌمبػ اٌزٟ لذ ٠ىْٛ ٌٙب دٚس ُٟ ـل
ٟرؾف١لض ئـللشاص ِؾشظللبد اٌمٕللذ تْ ٘للزا اٌؽللزال اٌؽٕلل
ثّللب ٠ؾزللبط ئٌ١للٗ اٌغغللُ لللذ ٠للإدٞ ئٌللٝ ص٠للبدح عٍّ١للبد
األ٠للط ٚ٘للزٖ اٌض٠للبدح رللإصش ـللٟ ئـللشاصGnRH
ِٓلل
خالي رأص١ش٘بٟـ
ًاٌخال٠لب اٌعصلج١خ اٌفلبسصح ٌلٗ ثشلى
ِجبملش أٚ ثشللىً ؼ١لش ِجبمللش عللٓ ؼش٠لك اٌزللأص١شٟـلل
اٌّغللبساد اٌعصللج١خ اٌزللٟ رغللزض ١ش اٌخال٠للب اٌعصلللج١خ
اٌفلللبسصح ٌٙلللزا اٌٙشِلللْٛ وّلللب للللذ ٠ىلللْٛ ٘لللزا اٌزلللأص١ش
ِٟٕجبمشح عٍٝ إٌخبِ١خ ـ١ضداد ئـشاص اٌٙشِْٛ اٌٍٛر١
ٚ٘شِْٛ ِؾفض اٌغش٠جبد[38]
هريىٌ انشحًىٌ انخصىي
اْ اتسرفللب اٌّعٕللٛٞ اٌزصللبعذٞ ـللٟ ِغللزٜٛ ٘للزا
ٟاٌٙشِللْٛ اٌللزٞ رشاـللك ِللع ص٠للبدح رشو١للض اٌّعٍللك ـلل
اٌّغبِ١ ٟع األٌٚٝ ٚاٌضبٔ١خ ٚاٌضبٌضلخ ٠ّىلٓ أْ ٔعزّلذ ـل
ٓرفغ١شٖ أٚتً عٍٝ إٌزبئظ اٌزٟ رلُ اٌؾصلٛي عٍ١ٙلب ِل
خلللللالي اٌذساعلللللخ ئر ٔالؽلللللظ أْ رغٍغلللللً ِعلللللذتد
ٍٗاتسرفب اٌّعٕٛٞ ٌٙشِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ ٠مبث
ًأخفلللبض ِعٕلللٛٞ ـلللٟ اٌٙشِلللْٛ اٌٍلللٛر١ٕٟ ـلللٟ وللل
ِغّٛعللللخ ٚ٘للللزا ٠زٛاـللللك ِللللع ـىللللشح آٌ١للللخ اٌزؽز٠للللخ
ْٛاتعللللزشعبع١خ اٌغللللبٌجخ، ٠للللإاصس ـعبٌ١للللخ اٌٙشِللللل
ٖاٌٍللٛر١ٕٟ ٚأصللش
ٟـلل
ٛخال٠للب ت٠للذن ٘شِللْٛ أخللش ٘لل
ِٓ ٘شِْٛ ِؾفض اٌغش٠جبد ئر ئْ ٘زا اٌٙشِْٛ ٠ض٠ذ
ؽغبعلل١خ خال٠للب ت٠للذن ٌٍٙشِللْٛ اٌٍللٛر١ٕٟ ِللٓ خللالي
ْٛرؾف١لللض رصلللٕ١ع ٚص٠لللبدح علللذد ِغلللزمجالد اٌٙشِللل
اٌٍٛر١ٕٟ عٍٝ أؼش١خ خال٠ب ت٠ذن[39]
٠ّىلل ٟٓ أْ ٠ىللْٛ ٌٍمٍٛ٠للذاد ٚاٌف١ٕللٛتد دٚسف آخللش ـلل
ُٙص٠للبدح رشو١للض ٘شِللْٛ ِؾفللض اٌغش٠جللبد اٌللزٞ ٠غلل
ْٛثذٚسٖ ـٟ ص٠بدح ؽغبع١خ خال٠ب ت٠لذن رغلبٖ اٌٙشِل
ّْٛاٌٍلللٛر١ٕٟ ِٚلللٓ صلللُ ص٠لللبدح ئـلللشاص ٘شِلللْٛ اٌشلللؾ
ٞٛاٌخصللللل[40]
، ئرْ ٠ّىلللللٓ أْ ٠ىلللللْٛ ٌالسرفلللللب
ٞاٌؾبصً ـٟ ِغلزٜٛ ٘شِلْٛ ِؾفلض اٌغش٠جلبد اٌلز
ظٙل ش ِلٓ خلالي إٌزلبئظ دٚس ـلٟ رفغل١ش ص٠لبدح ئـلشاص
ٞٛ٘شِللْٛ اٌشللؾّْٛ اٌخصلل ٚوزٌه رللٛـش ِعللبداد
ٓاألوغللذح اٌزللٟ رعّللً عٍللٝ ؽّب٠للخ خال٠للب ت٠للذن ِلل
اٌزلللأص١شاد اٌغلللٍج١خ ٌٍغلللزٚس اٌؾلللشح ِٚلللٓ صلللُ ص٠لللبدح
ٞٛأعللذاد٘ب ٚئٔزبعٙللب ِللٓ ٘شِللْٛ اٌشللؾّْٛ اٌخصلل
[41]
انًصبدر;
2
-
ًِ٠بِ١ٓ اؽّذ وب
311:
إٌجبربد ٚاألعشبة
اٌزٟ عبٌظ ثٙب اٌشعٛي( ) اٌؽجعخ األٌٚٝ داس ٚاٌغللللٛ٠خ ـمللللذ أمللللبس[31]
اٌللللٝ ِضللللً ٘للللزا اٌللللذٚس
ٌٍف١زبِ١ٕلللبد ٚاٌجشٚر١ٕلللبد ٚأولللذ أّ٘١زٙلللب ـلللٟ إٌشلللأح
اٌؽج١ع١للخ ٌٍٕؽللؿ وّللب أْ اٌض٠للبدح ـللٟ إٌغللجخ اٌّئٛ٠للخ
ٌٍٕؽللؿ اٌؾ١للخ ٚأخفللبض ٔغللجخ إٌؽللؿ اٌّ١زللخ ٚؼ١للش
اٌغٛ٠خ لذ رعلضٜ ثبٌذسعلخ األعلبط ا ٌلٝ ص٠لبدح ـعبٌ١لخ
ًاٌجشثخ رؾذ رأص١ش ٘شِْٛ اٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصٛٞ ِإد٠ب
ئٌٝ ص٠بدح ـٟ ٔعظ ٚخضْ إٌؽؿ ٚرٛـ١ش اؽز١بعبرٙب
األعبعلل١خ[32]
ٚأْ ص٠للبدح ـعبٌ١للخ اٌخال٠للب اٌجشثخ١للخ
ٖ٠للإدٞ ئٌلللٝ ص٠لللبدح اٌلللذٚس اٌّٙلللُ اٌلللزٞ رّبسعلللٗ ٘لللز
اٌخال٠ب ـٟ ئصاٌخ إٌؽؿ اٌّ١زلخ ٚؼ١لش اٌغلٛ٠خ اٌمبدِلخ
ِٝلللٓ اٌخصللل ثٛعلللبؼخ
اٌمبثٍ١لللخ اتٌزٙبِ١لللخ ٌٍخال٠لللب
اٌ ٙبس٠خ اٌّجؽٕخ ٌز٠ً اٌجلشثخ[33]
ٟولزٌه للذ ٠ؾّل
ٓـ١زلللبِ١E
اٌّٛعلللٛد ـللل ٟ ؽجلللٛة اٌٍملللبػ األؽّلللبض
اٌذٕ٘١خ ؼ١شٌا ّشجعخ ـلٟ أؼشل١خ اٌخال٠لب ِلٓ األوغلذح
ٝٚ٠غُٙ ثذٚس وج١ش ـٟ ؽّب٠خ إٌؽؿ ألٔٗ ٠عّلً عٍل
رضج١لللذ عالعلللً األؼشللل١خ اٌجالصِ١لللخ ٌخال٠لللب ا ٌٕؽلللؿ
[31]ٚ٘للزا ِللب أوذرللٗ دساعللخ[34]
ْعٕللذِب تؽ للٛا أ
ٓئعؽبل ـ١زبِ١E
ٌألمخب اٌّصبث١ٓ ثّزالصِخ لٍلخ
ٖٛٚٚ٘لللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللٓ ٚرشللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللللل
إٌؽلللللؿOligoasthenoteratospermia(OAT)
٠إدٞ ئٌٝ ؽصٛي رؾغٓ ِعٕلٛٞ ـلٟ ِعلب٠١ش إٌؽلؿ
اٌزٟ مٍّذ إٌغجخ اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌّزؾشوخ ٚإٌؽؿ
اٌع١ٛمللخ ٚاٌشللىً اٌغللٛٞ ٌٍٕؽلل ؿ ٚـعللالً عللٓ رللٛـش
ٓـ١زبِ١E
ٓـٟ ؽجٛة اٌٍمبػ ـاْ ـ١زلبِ١C
ٌلٗ اٌملذسح
ٓعٍٝ أعبدح رىٛ٠ٓ ـ١زلبِ١E
ِٗٚلٓ صلُ اتملزشان ِعل
ـلللللٟ ؽّب٠لللللخ اٌزشاو١لللللت اٌذٕ٘١لللللخ ٚـملللللبً ٌّلللللب أملللللبس
ٗئٌ١[35]
رولش[8]
أْ اٌعٕبصلش اٌّعذٔ١لخ ـلٟ ؽجلٛة
ٌمللبػ إٌخ١للً ِضللً اٌّؽٕغلل١َٛ ٚاٌىبٌغلل١َٛ ٚاألِلللالػ
اٌمٍٛ٠للخ أ ٠عللب رعّللً عٍللٝ اٌزمٍ١للً ِللٓ خؽللش اإلصللبثخ
ثبٌغللشؼبْ ٚثللبٌؽفشاد اٌٛساص١للخ ٚ٘للزا ٠ّىللٓ أْ ٠عللذ
ِلللٓ األعلللجبة اٌزلللٟ أدد ئٌلللٝ ص٠لللبدح إٌغلللجخ اٌّئٛ٠لللخ
ٌٍٕؽؿ راد األمىبي اٌغٛ٠خ ٚإٌؽؿ اٌؾ١خ
انحغيرات انهريىَية g
p
(
)
٠إدٞ ئٌٝ ؽصٛي رؾغٓ ِعٕلٛٞ ـلٟ ِعلب٠١ش إٌؽلؿ
اٌزٟ مٍّذ إٌغجخ اٌّئٛ٠خ ٌٍٕؽؿ اٌّزؾشوخ ٚإٌؽؿ
اٌع١ٛمللخ ٚاٌشللىً اٌغللٛٞ ٌٍٕؽلل ؿ ٚـعللالً عللٓ رللٛـش
ٓـ١زبِ١E
ٓـٟ ؽجٛة اٌٍمبػ ـاْ ـ١زلبِ١C
ٌلٗ اٌملذسح
ٓعٍٝ أعبدح رىٛ٠ٓ ـ١زلبِ١E
ِٗٚلٓ صلُ اتملزشان ِعل
ـلللللٟ ؽّب٠لللللخ اٌزشاو١لللللت اٌذٕ٘١لللللخ ٚـملللللبً ٌّلللللب أملللللبس
ٗئٌ١[35]
رولش[8]
أْ اٌعٕبصلش اٌّعذٔ١لخ ـلٟ ؽجلٛة
ٌمللبػ إٌخ١للً ِضللً اٌّؽٕغلل١َٛ ٚاٌىبٌغلل١َٛ ٚاألِلللالػ
اٌمٍٛ٠للخ أ ٠عللب رعّللً عٍللٝ اٌزمٍ١للً ِللٓ خؽللش اإلصللبثخ
ثبٌغللشؼبْ ٚثللبٌؽفشاد اٌٛساص١للخ ٚ٘للزا ٠ّىللٓ أْ ٠عللذ
ِلللٓ األعلللجبة اٌزلللٟ أدد ئٌلللٝ ص٠لللبدح إٌغلللجخ اٌّئٛ٠لللخ
ٌٍٕؽؿ راد األمىبي اٌغٛ٠خ ٚإٌؽؿ اٌؾ١خ ( يحرضبت انقُذFSH
,
LH
)
أْ ِعبٍِللخ اٌؾ١ٛأللبد ثّعٍللك ؽجللٛة ٌمللبػ إٌخ١للً لللذ
ع جت رأص١شاً ا٠غبث١بً ـٟ ِغزٜٛ ٘شِٛٔلبد ِؾشظلبد
اٌمٕذ(اٌٙشِْٛ اٌٍٛرٕٟ ٚ٘شِْٛ ِؾفض اٌغش٠جبد) ئرا
ِب لبسٔب٘ب
ث ؾ١ٛألبد ِغّٛعلخ اٌغل١ؽشح ٚسثّلب ٔلزظ
ٓعللٓ ٘للزا األصللش اإل٠غللبثٟ ص٠للبدح ـللٟ ِغللزٜٛ ٘للز٠
ْٛاٌٙشِلللٛٔ١ٓ ٌٚىلللٓ اٌّعلللذتد إٌّخفعلللخ ٌٍٙشِللل
اٌٍٛر١ٕٟ اٌزٟ ث١ٕزٙلب إٌزلبئظ ٠ّىلٓ أ ْ رفغلش ثبتعزّلبد
ّْٛعٍٝ اٌّعذتد اٌّشرفعلخ ٌّغلزٜٛ ٘شِلْٛ اٌشلؾ
ِْٛاٌخصٛٞ ئر ٠ؾفض اٌٙش
ٟٕاٌٍٛر١
ْٛئـشاص ٘شِل
ًاٌشؾّْٛ اٌخصلٛٞ ِلٓ خال٠لب ت٠لذن ِٚلٓ صلُ ٠عّل
ٟٕ٘للزا اٌٙشِللْٛ عٍللٝ خفللط ئـللشاص اٌٙشِللْٛ اٌٍللٛر١
ًثبٌّمبث
ٍٝع
ٚـلك آٌ١لخ اٌزؽز٠لخ األعلزشعبع١خ اٌغلبٌجخ
[36]
ئْ اٌزللأص١ ٟش اٌّؾزّللً ٌؾجللٛة ٌمللبػ إٌخ١للً ـلل
ٟص٠بدح ئـشاص ِؾشظبد اٌمٕذ ٠ّىٓ رفغ١شٖ ِٓ ٔٛاؽ
عذ٠للذح ـّللٓ اٌّؾزّللً أْ ٠ىللْٛ اٌزللأص١ش عللٓ ؼش٠للك
ٝاٌّغللبّ٘خ ـلللٟ ٚصلللٛي وّ١لللبد اوجلللش ِلللٓ اٌلللذَ ئٌللل انًصبدر;
2
-
ًِ٠بِ١ٓ اؽّذ وب
311:
إٌجبربد ٚاألعشبة
اٌزٟ عبٌظ ثٙب اٌشعٛي( ) اٌؽجعخ األٌٚٝ داس
ؽّٛساثٟ ٚداس اإلعشال
ٌٍْٕشش ٚاٌزٛص٠ع عّب-
ْاألسد 691 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 Environments
do
not
prevent
deterioration of human semen quality
during the summer. Fertil. Steril. 57:
1065-
108 Environments
do
not
prevent
deterioration of human semen quality
during the summer. Fertil. Steril. 57:
1065-
108 3
-
ُاٌغٛاسٞ ؽبصَ ععذْٚ عبع
3115
دساعخ رأص١ش
مج١ٗ ٘شِْٛ األٚوغٟ رٛع١ٓ اٌّغزخٍل ِٓ اٌزّش
ُاٌض٘ذٞ ـٟ سؽ ٠ٛأبد اٌّخزجش٠خ سعبٌخ
ِبعغز١ش- ِعٙذ إٌٙذعخ اٌٛساص١خ ٚاٌزمٕ١بد اٌؾ١بر١خ-
عبِعخ ثؽذاد 13- Bambe, K. 2998 Evolution of
acrosomal
integrity
of
boar
spermatozoa by bright field microscopy
using
an
Eosin–Nigrosin
stain. Theriogenology, 29: 1245-1251. 4
-
ٓاٌؽشـٟ عع١ذ ِؾغٓ ؽغ
3117
وٕض إٌجبد
ٚاٌؽجبثخ اٌّغشثخ ِؽجعخ اٌشؽّٓ إٌغؿ 4
-
ٓاٌؽشـٟ عع١ذ ِؾغٓ ؽغ
3117
وٕض إٌجبد
ٚاٌؽجبثخ اٌّغشثخ ِؽجعخ اٌشؽّٓ إٌغؿ 4- Al-Qarawi, A.A.; Abdel–Rahman H.;
Ali, B.H.; Mousa, H.M. and El-
Mougy, S.A. 2004. Protective effect of
Extract from Date (Phoenix dactylifera)
on Carbon tetrachloride –Induced
Hepatotoxicity in rat. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., 12(3): 176-180 g
gy
14- Axiner, E.; Malqvist, M.; Linda-
Forsberyg, C. and Rodringuez-Mertias,
H. 1999. Regginal histology of the duct
epididymis in the domestic cat. J. R
D
l
45
151 160 Report. Develop. 45: 151-160 . 15
- اٌشاٚٞ، خبمع ِؾ ّٛد ٚ خٍؿ اهلل عجذ اٌعض٠ض
3111
ِذخً ئٌٝ اإلؽصبل اٌؽجعخ اٌضبٔ١خ وٍ١خ
اٌضساعخ
ٚاٌؽبثبد
ًعبِعخ اٌّٛص 5- Hulme, A.C 1970 The Biochemistry 5- Hulme, A.C 1970 The Biochemistry
of Fruits and their Products. Academic
Prees. London and New York, . 6
-
ؽغبصٞ اؽّذ رٛـ١ك
3114
اٌّخزبس ِٓ رزوشح
ٌٝٚداٚٚد ٌٍزذاٚٞ ثبألعشبة ٚإٌجبربد اٌؽجعخ األ
ْداس عبٌُ اٌضمبـخاتسد of Fruits and their Products. Academic
Prees. London and New York, . ,
6
-
ؽغبصٞ اؽّذ رٛـ١ك
3114
اٌّخزبس ِٓ رزوشح
ٌٝٚداٚٚد ٌٍزذاٚٞ ثبألعشبة ٚإٌجبربد اٌؽجعخ األ
ْداس عبٌُ اٌضمبـخاتسد 16 Ganong, W.F. 2005. Review of
Medical Physiology. 22 ed. Langg
medical ,
6
-
ؽغبصٞ اؽّذ رٛـ١ك
3114
اٌّخزبس ِٓ رزوشح
ٌٝٚداٚٚد ٌٍزذاٚٞ ثبألعشبة ٚإٌجبربد اٌؽجعخ األ
ْداس عبٌُ اٌضمبـخاتسد 7. Bosila, H.A.; Mohamed, Graw Hill. University of California. Sanfrancisco. S.M.; El-Shrabasy, S.I.; Ibrahim, A.I. and Refay,KA 1993 17- Sawiris, P. G. and Enwanwan, C. 2000. Ascorbate deficiency impairs the
muscarinic cholinergic in the guina pig
submandibular salivary gland. J. Nutr.,
130-2876-82 Phytochemical
screening
of
some
invivo
and
invitro
Date
Palm
tissues.Afric. J. Biotechnol, 6(7): 410-
413. 8
-
اٌغ١ذ عجذ اٌجبعػ ِؾّذ2002. اٌزذاٚٞ ثبٌٕجبد
ٚاٌؽت إٌجٛٞ ِؽجعخ ِصش ِصش ـٟ خصٛثخ أ
ْداس عبٌُ اٌضمبـخاتسد 20
-
ٟاٌغالِٟ عالل صجؾ
3115
رأص١ش ِغزخٍل
اٌّز٠جبد اٌععٛ٠خ ٌجزٚس ٔجبد اٌؾٍجخTrigonella g
روٛس اٌفئشاْ اٌج١ط ٚئٔبصٙب سعبٌخ ِبعغز١ش وٍ١خ
ٍَٛاٌع-عبِعخ اٌىٛـخ اا 8
-
اٌغ١ذ عجذ اٌجبعػ ِؾّذ2002.
اٌزذاٚٞ ثبٌٕجبد
ٚاٌؽت إٌجٛٞ ِؽجعخ ِصش ِصش 18-O’Connor, J.C.; Frame, S.R. and
Ladies, G.S.2002. Evaluation of a15-
day screeninig assay using intact male
rats
for
identifying
antiandrogens. Toxcol. Sci., 69:92-108. ش
ش
ج
جٛٞ
ت
ٚ
9- Haro, A.; Lopez–Aliaga, I.F.;
Barvionuevo, M.; AL-Ferez, M.J. and
Compos, M.S. 2000.Beneficial effect of
pollen
and/or
propolis
on
the
metabolism
of
iron,
calcium,
phosphorase and magnesium in rats
with nutritional ferropenic anemia. J. Agric Food Chem. 48(11):22-5715. 10- Hoekstra, F.A. and Crow, J.H. 1992. Do phospholipids and Sucrose
determine Membrane phase transitions
in dehydration pollen species. Plant and
Environment. 15(5):601-606 9- Haro, A.; Lopez–Aliaga, I.F.;
Barvionuevo, M.; AL-Ferez, M.J. and
Compos, M.S. 2000.Beneficial effect of
pollen
and/or
propolis
on
the
metabolism
of
iron,
calcium,
phosphorase and magnesium in rats
with nutritional ferropenic anemia. J. Agric Food Chem. 48(11):22-5715. 10- Hoekstra, F.A. and Crow, J.H. 19- Swaddle. J.P. and Reirson, G.W. 2002. Testosterone increased perceived
dominance but not attractiveness in
human males. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 269: 2285-2289
اا 20
-
ٟاٌغالِٟ عالل صجؾ
3115
رأص١ش ِغزخٍل
اٌّز٠جبد اٌععٛ٠خ ٌجزٚس ٔجبد اٌؾٍجخTrigonella 20
-
ٟاٌغالِٟ عالل صجؾ
3115
رأص١ش ِغزخٍل
اٌّز٠جبد اٌععٛ٠خ ٌجزٚس ٔجبد اٌؾٍجخTrigonella 1992. Do phospholipids and Sucrose
determine Membrane phase transitions
in dehydration pollen species. Plant and gٟ
روٛس اٌفئشاْ اٌج١ط ٚئٔبصٙب سعبٌخ ِبعغز١ش وٍ١خ
ٍَٛاٌع-عبِعخ اٌىٛـخ اا روٛس اٌفئشاْ اٌج١ط ٚئٔبصٙب سعبٌخ ِبعغز١ش وٍ١خ
ٍَٛاٌع-عبِعخ اٌىٛـخ اا 21
-
اٌٙالٌٟ ئخ ٓال عٍٟ ؽغ١
3113
رأص١ش
ِغزخٍل ثزٚس اٌؾجخ اٌغٛدالNigella sativa
L. ـٟ خصٛثخ 11- Hinting, A. 1989. Methods of semen
analysis in: Assessment of Human
Sperm Fertilizingability. Ph.D. Thesis
by Hinting, A., University of Michigan
State 12-
Levin, R.J.; Brown, M.H.; Bell, M.;
Shue, F.; Greenberg, G.N. and Brodson,
B.L
1992
Air-conditioned 11- Hinting, A. 1989. Methods of semen
analysis in: Assessment of Human
Sperm Fertilizingability. Ph.D. Thesis
by Hinting, A., University of Michigan
State 12- 22- Chubb, C. 1992 Genes regulating
testis size. Bio. Repord., 47: 29-36 23- Handelsman, D.J.; Spaliviero, 692 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 J.A.; Simpson, J.M.; Allan, C.M. and
Sinch,J. 1999.Spermatogenesis without
gonadotrpins: Maintenance has a lower
testosterone threshold than initiation. Endocrinol., 140(9): 3938-3946. hormonal status of rats treated with date
Pits. Food Chem. 66: 437-441 33- Serre , V. and Robaire , B1999. Distribution of immune cells in the
epididymis of the aging
brown nor war rat is segment. Specific
and related to the luminal content. Bio. Reprod., 61: 705- 714 . 24- Ezer, N. 8
-
اٌغ١ذ عجذ اٌجبعػ ِؾّذ2002.
اٌزذاٚٞ ثبٌٕجبد
ٚاٌؽت إٌجٛٞ ِؽجعخ ِصش ِصش and Robaire, B. 2002. Androgenic regulation of the structure
and functions of the epididymis. In:
The Epididymis From Molecules to
Clinical Practice. Robaire, B. and
Hinton, B.T. (eds). P. 297-316, New
York, NY; Klumer Acadimic/ Plenum
Publishers 34- Kodama, H.; Yamaguchi, R.; Fukuda,
J1997. Increased
oxidative
deoxyribonucleic
acid
damage in the spermatozoa of infertile
male patients. Fertil. Sertil., 68: 519-
524 25- Duffield, T. 3114 Subclinical Ketosis
in lactating dairy cattle. Clin. North
Am. Food. Anim. Pract., 16: 231-253 35- Buttner, G.R. 1993. The pecking
order of free radicals and antioxidants
lipid peroxidation, alph-tocopherol
and
ascorbate. Arch. Biochem. Biophysiol., 300: 535-543. 36-
Charlton,
H. 3115
. Neural
transplantation in hypogonodal (hpg)
mice– physiology and neurobiology. Reproduction, 127:3-12. 26- Grover, A. Sairam, M. R.; Smith, C. E. and Hermo, L3115 Structural and
functional modifications of sertoli cells
in the testis of adult follicle- stimulating
hormone receptor knockout mice. Bio. Repord, 71: 117-129 27-
Orth,
J.M2::4 Cell and Molecular Biology of
the Testis. Pp 3-43. Eds. C. Desjardun
and LL Ewing. New York: Oxford
University Press p y
36-
Charlton,
H. 3115
. Neural
transplantation in hypogonodal (hpg)
mice– physiology and neurobiology. Reproduction, 127:3-12. 37- Barb, C.R.; Barrett, J.B. and
Kraeling, R.R. 3115
. Role of Leptin in
modulating
the
hypothalamic-pituitary
axis
and
Luteinizing hormone secretion in the
prepuberal gilt Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 26: 201-214. 28- Amann, R.P. 2:94 Endocrine changes
associated
with
onset
of
spermatogenesis in Holstein Bulls. J. Sary Sci., 66: 2606-2622. 38- Williams, G.L.; Amstalden, M.R.;
Stanko, R.L.; Nizielski, S.E.; Morriso,
C.D. and Keisler, D.H. 3113
. Leptin and its role in the central
regulation of reproduction in cattle. Dom. Anim. Endocrinol., 23: 339-349
39- Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. 3117
.Text
book
of
Medical
physiology. 11th
ed.-Elsevier
Saunders.PP.847-848,
909,
999,
1003-1008. 29- Castellon, E.A. and Huidobro, C.C. (1999). Androgen
regulation
of
glycosidase secretion in
epithelial cell cultures from human
epididymis. Human Reproduction, 14
(6): 1522-1527. 30- Pommerts, F.F.G. 2::1 Testosterone:
An overview of biopsy-thesis transport,
metabolism and action. In: testosterone,
Action, Deficiency and substitution. 1st
end Nieschlag, E-and 39- Guyton, A.C. and Hall, J.E. 3117
.Text
book
of
Medical
physiology. 11th
ed.-Elsevier
Saunders.PP.847-848,
909,
999,
1003-1008. -40
ٟٕاٌذع١ٍٟ اسمذ ٔٛسٞ ؼ3112
ًرأص١ش اٌّغزخٍل اٌمٍٛأٟ ٚاٌف١ٌٕٟٛ ٌٕجبد اٌجص
األؽّشAllium cepa L. ـٟ خصٛثخ روٛس
ٚئٔبس اٌفئشاْ اٌج١ط أؼشٚؽخ دوزٛساٖ وٍ١خ
ٍَٛاٌع-
ًعبِعخ ثبث -40
أ Behre, H.W. pp-3, springer- verlag
Berka Heidelberg. 31-
Agarwal,
A. 2004. Effect of Phoenix dactylifera pollen grains suspension in
fertility of male rats. Ihsan R. Ibrahim * Ibrahim A. Sachit *
Jameel. K wal*i *Biology Dept. / College of Education/ University of AlQadisya *Biology Dept. / College of Education/ University of AlQadisya 8
-
اٌغ١ذ عجذ اٌجبعػ ِؾّذ2002.
اٌزذاٚٞ ثبٌٕجبد
ٚاٌؽت إٌجٛٞ ِؽجعخ ِصش ِصش Role
of
antioxidants in treatment of male
infertility: an overview of the
literature. Reproductive BioMedicine
Online. 8: 616-627. 32- Ali, B.H.; Basher, A.K. and Al-
Hadrami,
G. 1999. Reproductive 693 يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 يجهة بغذاد نهعهىو يجهذ9
(
4
)
2012 41- Ishihara, M., Itoh, M., Miyamato, K.,
Suna, S., Takeuchi, Y., Takenaka, I. and Jitsunari, F
3111
Spermatogenic
disturbance
induced
by
di-12-
ethylhexyl Phthalate is significantly
prevented
by
treatment
wit
antioxidant vitamins in the rat. Int. J. Androl., 23: 85-94. 41- Ishihara, M., Itoh, M., Miyamato, K.,
Suna, S., Takeuchi, Y., Takenaka, I. and Jitsunari, F
3111
Spermatogenic
disturbance
induced
by
di-12-
ethylhexyl Phthalate is significantly
prevented
by
treatment
wit
antioxidant vitamins in the rat. Int. J. Androl., 23: 85-94. Abstract : This study was conducted to determine the role of Phoenix dactylifera pollen grains
suspension in improving reproductive efficiency of white male rats. In thisexperiment
40 adult male rats were divided randomly into five equal groups and by following oral
administration:the first group was given Phoenix d. pollen grains suspension with
concentration 18 mg/kg body weight daily, the second group was given 54 mg/kg,
the third group was given 108 mg/kg and fourth group 216 mg/kg body weight, and
the last group which represented a control group administrated distilled water only,
the administration continued for 40 consecutive days. The effect of Phoenix d. pollen
grains in reproductive efficiency was evaluated depending on some parameters such
as: weights of (testes, epididymes, seminal vesicle and prostate gland), Some testes
parameters of epididymis sperms (sperms concentration, percentage of both sperms
motility and viability and percentage of normal sperms).and measuring of some
hormonal levels which affect on spermatogenesis like [Luteinizing hormone(LH),
Follicle stimulating hormone(FSH) and Testosterone hormone(T)]. The results
showed a significant increase (P<0.05) in genital organs weights especially in the
third group compared with a control group .Also there was a significant increase
(P<0.05) in sperms concentration and motility in the second and third groups as
compared with the control group, there was a significant increase in the percentage of
sperms viability in the third group compared with a control group ,while there was
significant decrease (P<0.05) in this groups in LH hormone level compared with
control group incrementally down from the first group until the third group, while
there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in FSH in second and third groups and
significant increase in testosterone levels in all treated groups compared with a
control group.It's concluded that oral administration of Phoenix d. pollen grains
suspension led to positive improvement in some sides of reproductive efficiency of
white male rats 694 | 5,789 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1400/1331 | null |
Arabic | Abstract: Twenty five vaginal swabs from outpatients' healthy women were collected from
Kamal Al-Samarai Hospital, Baghdad, to isolate and identify of Lactobacillus
acidophilus. Three isolates were diagnosed as L. acidophilus which represents 15% of
the total number of lactic acid bacterial (LAB) isolates; other LAB types represent
65% (20 isolates).The ability of L. acidophilus to produce surlactin was detected after
measuring its biological activity to inhibit the adhesion of biofilm formed by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa to surfaces using test tube method. It was found that all
isolates were able to produce surlactin but the activity of surlactin was varying in each
isolate. Surlactin produced by isolates 1 and 13 was the most effective. Biological
applications of surlactin were studied by inhibiting the adhesion of pathogenic P. aeruginosa producing biofilm on contact lenses. In this study the surlactin has the
ability to inhibit the adhesion up to 60% and 55% for isolates 1 and 13 respectively
and does not have an antibacterial activity.Surlactin showed an ability to treat the
infection in rabbits' eyes with P. aeruginosa while it did not show this ability against
Staphylococcus aureus. Additionally, it prevented the infection with P. aeruginosa
when administrated to rabbits' eyes inoculated with these bacteria only, while it
showed no effect against S. aureus. * Baghdad University, College of Science, Biological-Tropical Research Unit
**Al-Nahrain University, College of Science, Biotechnology Department The effect of surlactin produced by Lactobacillus
acidophilus on eye infectious bacteria in rabbits Munira Ch. Ismaeel* Kadhim M. Ibrahim**
Maysaa Kh. Al-Malikey*
Received 13,Novmber,2011
Accepted 14,May,2012 Received 13,Novmber,2011
Accepted 14,May,2012 Vol.10(1)2013 Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. Materials and Methods: Bacterial
isolates
and
Culture
conditions: Bacterial
isolates
and
Culture
conditions: A total of 25 vaginal swabs were
obtained from healthy premenopausal
women in Kamal Al-Samarai Hospital,
Baghdad
for
the
isolation
and
identification of L. acidophilus from
April 2007 to December 2007. These
swabs were stained by Gram stain and
examined microscopically, cultured on
selective media Man-Rogosa-Sharp
agar (MRS) with 5-10% CO2 at 37°C
(for Lactic acid bacteria isolation). Then growing colonies cultured on
MRS agar containing 1%CaCO3, the
ability to form a clear zone around the
colonies due to the acid produced by
isolates which dissolve the CaCo3
considered as Lactobacillus spp.)[8]. To identify the L. acidophilus from
other LAB bacteria, the growing
colonies
cultured
on
MRS
agar
containing 1%CaCO3 were diagnosed
according to the biochemical tests and
carbohydrates fermentation [9]. Biosurfactant production: Activated culture of L. acidophilus
(selected isolates) was inoculated in
MRS broth for 18 hours at 37°C with
(5-10% CO2) and then centrifuged at
6000 round per minute (rpm) for 30
min at 4°C. One ml of the precipitated
bacterial cells were inoculated in 25 ml
of MRS broth and incubated in the
same conditions with shaking at 160
rpm for 18hrs in order to reach the
logarithmic phase. The cells were
harvested by centrifugation at 6000
rpm for 30 min at 4°C. The precipitate
was washed twice with Phosphate
Buffer
Saline
(PBS)
and
was
suspended for 2hrs at 25°C with light
stirring for biosurfactant production. Subsequently, the suspension was
centrifuged at the same speed for 10
min at 4°C to remove bacterial cells
the remaining supernatant liquid was
filtered through 0.22µm pore-size filter
(Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) as in
Velraeds et al.[10]. Introduction: p
Rabbits: Four local and albino from
either sex, (6-8) months of age
weighing approximately (1.5-2 Kg)
were obtained from the National
Center for Drug Control and Research,
Baghdad. Rabbits: Four local and albino from
either sex, (6-8) months of age
weighing approximately (1.5-2 Kg)
were obtained from the National
Center for Drug Control and Research,
Baghdad. Contact lenses: synesthetic soft contact
lenses (By FusionTM, USA) were
purchased from a local pharmacy. Introduction: as normal flora in the gastrointestinal
tract, urogenital tract, the skin and the
eye. They interfere with substances
grouped on surfaces especially moist
and air exposed surfaces as a result
they remove those groups, break them
and may take their places, therefore;
they were used in many industries and
medicine to reduce infection and
preserved
vitality
of
some
substances[4]. Biosurfactants produced
by Lactobacillus spp. called surlactins
(surface lactins) are considered the
most important biologically active
substances
because of their low
toxicity and the ability to biodegrade
many
substances
and
have
an
importance medical application to Infection
of
the
eye
leads
to
conjunctivitis,
keratitis, conjunctivitis,
keratitis,
endophthalmitis and other infections
which are responsible for increase
incidence of morbidity and blindness
worldwide[1]. Das et al. (2003) found
that
Staphylococcus
aureus,
Staphylococcus
epidermidis
and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa as most
frequent bacteria in nosocomial ocular
infection[2].Lactobacilli, as probiotic
agents, are believed to interfere with
pathogens by different mechanisms;
one of its mechanisms is biosurfactant
production[3]. Biosurfactants,
a
structurally diverse group of surface
active
molecules
synthesized
by
microorganisms especially those found 311 J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(1)2013 reduce
microbial
infection[5]. Lactobacillus
acidophilus-derived
surlactin
have
multifunctional
substances:
as
antimicrobial,
antitumor, antimutagenic agents and
immunomodulators[6].The
use
of
biosurfactants from probiotic bacteria
as antimicrobial and/or anti-adhesive
agents has been studied before and
their ability to inhibit adhesion of
various microorganisms isolated from
explanted voice prostheses has been
demonstrated[7].The present study is
aimed to enlighten the influence of L. acidophilus-derived biosurfactant as
antimicrobial
and/or
anti-adhesive
agents and their ability to inhibit
adhesion
of
pathogenic
bacteria
causing eye infection in vitro and in
vivo (rabbits' eyes). reduce
microbial
infection[5]. Lactobacillus
acidophilus-derived
surlactin
have
multifunctional
substances:
as
antimicrobial,
antitumor, antimutagenic agents and
immunomodulators[6].The
use
of
biosurfactants from probiotic bacteria
as antimicrobial and/or anti-adhesive
agents has been studied before and
their ability to inhibit adhesion of
various microorganisms isolated from
explanted voice prostheses has been
demonstrated[7].The present study is
aimed to enlighten the influence of L. acidophilus-derived biosurfactant as
antimicrobial
and/or
anti-adhesive
agents and their ability to inhibit
adhesion
of
pathogenic
bacteria
causing eye infection in vitro and in
vivo (rabbits' eyes). (Gram negative bacteria) which were
isolated from wound infections were
obtained from Al-Nahrain University,
College of Science, Biotechnology
department. (Gram negative bacteria) which were
isolated from wound infections were
obtained from Al-Nahrain University,
College of Science, Biotechnology
department. Antibacterial activity: Antibacterial activity: The antibacterial activity of surlactin
was tested by the agar diffusion
method according to Nathan et al.[12]. Nutrient agar (Biolife) inoculated with
0.1ml of (1×105 CFU/ml) of activated
pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus and P. aeruginosa) by diffusion method and 3
replica plates were made for each
isolate. Three holes of 3mm in
diameter
were
made
with
equal
distance using sterilized cork borer. Equal volumes of 100µl of surlactin,
primary
filtrate
of Sample A: Aliquot of 0.5 ml of
nutrient broth was mixed with 0.5 ml
PBS and 0.1 ml of bacterial suspension
(P. aeruginosa and S. aureus). Sample B: Aliquot of 0.5ml of
surlactin was mixed with 0.5 ml
nutrient broth and 0.1 ml of (1×105
CFU/ml)
bacterial
suspension
(P. aeruginosa and S. aureus).The group 1
of rabbits was inoculated with 0.1ml of
sample A, group 2 was inoculated with
0.1 m l of sample B (right eye with
sample containing P. aeruginosa and
the left eye with sample containing S. aureus). Results were calculated after
24hrs of inoculation. Then group 1 was
administrated with 0.1 ml of surlactin
and the results were noticed daily. L. acidophilus and chloramphenicol
(30µg) (Difco) as positive control were
added into the holes. The plates were
incubated at 37°C for 24hrs. Results
were observed by the formation of
inhibition zones around the holes. Anti-adhesion ability to contacted
lenses (in vitro): Statistical
analysis:
A
complete
randomized design (CRD) was used. Least significant differences (LSD) of
the means were calculated, means were
compared
at
probability
of
≤ 0.05 [15]. Statistical
analysis:
A
complete
randomized design (CRD) was used. Least significant differences (LSD) of
the means were calculated, means were
compared
at
probability
of
≤ 0.05 [15]. Inhibition
of
pathogenic
bacterial
adhesion to the contact lenses caused
by the effect of surlactin: The method
of Kamil, (2005) was used. Ten ml of
nutrient broth containing surlactin
(500µg/ml) was inoculated with 0.1 ml
of (1×105
CFU/ml) of activated
bacterial growth of P. aeruginosa. The
culture was added to sterilized contact
lenses at 37°C for 48hrs, and then
washed with sterilized distilled water. After drying at room temperature, they
were stained with 1% crystal violet for
15 min. Then the lenses rewashed from Results and Discussions:
Isolation of Lactobacillus acidophilus:
From 25 vaginal swabs, 20 isolates
represents (80%) were able to grow on
the selected MRS containing 1% of
CaCo3. Biofilm formation inhibition: In order to form a biofilm, 5 ml of
nutrient broth with and without P. aeruginosa incubated at 37°C for
48hrs, the content of the tube were
discarded carefully and 1% of crystal
violet (Fluka) was added to the tube for
15 min, then removed and dried in
room temperature (25°C). A biofilm
formation as a layer on the inner
surface of the tube was noticed by Target
pathogenic
bacteria:
Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive
bacteria) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 311 J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(1)2013 naked eye. Measuring the biological
activity of surlactin to inhibit the
adhesion of biofilm formed by P. aeruginosa to surface using test tube
method was performed according to a
modified method of Christensen et
al.[11]. 250µl of prepared surlactin
was added to 5 ml of activated culture
of P. aeruginosa for 18hrs. The
combination was incubated at 37°C for
48hrs, and then the same previously
mentioned procedure was done. The
results
were
compared
with
the
positive and negative controls. extra dye. The results were observed
by naked eyes in comparison with the
control (contact lenses and bacterial
suspension
without
surlactin). Absorbency was measured at 550nm to
determine the growth intensity of each
case[13]. Anti-adhesion ability to pathogenic
bacteria (in vivo): The effect of surlactin on bacteria
causing eye infection in rabbits' eyes
(in vivo): The procedure of Stern et al.,
(1982) was used [14]. Four rabbits
divided into 2 groups (group 1 and
group 2), each group consists of a male
and a female. Two injection samples
were prepared: Antibacterial activity: They were numbered as 1, 2, 3
to …..20. These results were agree
with Reid (2001)[16], who proved that 311 J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(1)2013
Lactobacillus spp. are dominated over
other bacterial types that comprise
normal vaginal flora in women as
shown in figure 1. Figure 1: The percentage of bacterial types in vaginal isolates. Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. 20
Growth in Litmus milk
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Catalase
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oxidase
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gelatinase
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Starch hydrolysis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Growth at 15°C
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
Growth at 45°C
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
Growth at nutrient
medium
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carbohydrate Fermentation
Fructose
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+2
+1
+2
+1
+2
+1
+1
+2
+1
+2
+1
+1
Sucrose
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Lactose
+4
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+2
+2
+4
+1
+1
+1
+4
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Maltose
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Mannitol
-
+1
+1
-
-
+1
+1
+1
-
+1
+1
+1
-
+1
+1
-
+1
+1
+1
-
Raffinose
+1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+1
-
-
-
+1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
xylose
-
+2
+1
+1
+1
-
+2
+1
-
-
-
+1
-
+2
+1
+1
-
-
+1
+1
+ = Positive result, - = Negative result, Numbers= No. of days to change the color Table 1: The biochemical tests and carbohydrates fermentation for identification
of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Isolates
Tests
L. 1
L. 2
L. 3
L. 4
L. 5
L. 6
L. 7
L. 8
L. 9
L. 10
L. 11
L. 12
L. 13
L. 14
L. 15
L. 16
L. 17
L. 18
L. 19
L. J. Baghdad for Sci. 20
Growth in Litmus milk
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Catalase
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Oxidase
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Gelatinase
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Starch hydrolysis
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Growth at 15°C
-
-
-
-
+
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
+
-
-
-
-
+
-
Growth at 45°C
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
+
+
+
Growth at nutrient
medium
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Carbohydrate Fermentation
Fructose
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+2
+1
+2
+1
+2
+1
+1
+2
+1
+2
+1
+1
Sucrose
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Lactose
+4
+1
+2
+1
+1
+1
+2
+2
+4
+1
+1
+1
+4
+2
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Maltose
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
+1
Mannitol
-
+1
+1
-
-
+1
+1
+1
-
+1
+1
+1
-
+1
+1
-
+1
+1
+1
-
Raffinose
+1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+1
-
-
-
+1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
xylose
-
+2
+1
+1
+1
-
+2
+1
-
-
-
+1
-
+2
+1
+1
-
-
+1
+1
+ = Positive result, - = Negative result, Numbers= No. of days to change the color Table 1: The biochemical tests and carbohydrates fermentation for identification
of Lactobacillus acidophilus. J. Baghdad for Sci. normal vaginal flora in women as
shown in figure 1. Lactobacillus spp. are dominated over
other bacterial types that comprise normal vaginal flora in women as
shown in figure 1. Figure 1: The percentage of bacterial types in vaginal isolates. Figure 1: The percentage of bacterial types in vaginal isolates. Three isolates only represents 15%
were identified as L. acidophilus (the
isolates number 1, 9 and 13). The
biochemical tests and carbohydrates
fermentation according to Holt and
Krieg [9] were performed as shown in
Table 1. isolate number 9. These results were
agree with Boris et al.[17] as they
mentioned
that
the
biosurfactant
producedby L. acidophilus is the most
effective in inhibiting the adhesion of
pathogenic bacteria in comparison to
other types. The isolates 1 and 13 were
chosen for extraction of surlactin
during the stationary phase of bacterial
growth by precipitating the cells of the
2 isolates after 18hrs of growth in
MRS broth and washing them with
PBS to get rid of logarithmic phase
products
such
as
bacteriocins,
hydrogen peroxide and others. Then it
was filtered by 0.22µm pore-size filter. Detecting the ability of L. acidophilus
to produce surlactin: The ability of the 3 isolates that
diagnosed to be as L. acidophilus to
produce surlactin was detected by
inhibiting the adhesion of biofilm
produced
by
the
target
bacteria
(P. aeruginosa) in test tubes method. All the 3 isolates were having this
ability in different degree. The isolates
number 1 and13 were potent than the 311 Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. Table 1: The biochemical tests and carbohydrates fermentation for identification
of Lactobacillus acidophilus. Isolates
Tests
L. 1
L. 2
L. 3
L. 4
L. 5
L. 6
L. 7
L. 8
L. 9
L. 10
L. 11
L. 12
L. 13
L. 14
L. 15
L. 16
L. 17
L. 18
L. 19
L. J. Baghdad for Sci. Candida albicans even when its
concentration
reached
1000µm/ml. These results were also confirmed by
Walencka et al.[18], in which that the
antimicrobial activity of biosurfactants
have not been observed. These results (Table 2) indicates that
surlactin lack the ability to inhibit the
growth of pathogenic bacteria which,
agrees with Velraeds et al.[10] as they
noticed
the
absences
of
any
antibacterial
activity
of
surlactin
against
pathogenic
bacteria
and Candida albicans even when its
concentration
reached
1000µm/ml. These results were also confirmed by
Walencka et al.[18], in which that the
antimicrobial activity of biosurfactants
have not been observed. Table 2: Diameter of inhibition zones caused by the primary filtrate of
L. acidophilus, surlactin and chloramphenicol on tested bacteria
Bacterial isolates
Diameter of inhibition zone (mm)
Primary filtrate of
L. acidophilus
Surlactin
Chloramphenicol
P. aeruginosa
11±0.3*
0.0
6±0.5*
S. aureus
13±0.4*
0.0
7±0.6*
*Values are the mean of 3 replicates ± S.E. able 2: Diameter of inhibition zones caused by the primary filtrate of
L. acidophilus, surlactin and chloramphenicol on tested bacteria surlactin for both isolates (1 and 13),
differences in crystal violet intensity
were
noticed
(less
intensity)
in
comparison to negative control (lenses
not treated with surlactin) as shown in
figure 3. 2- Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial
adhesion to the contact lenses: 2- Inhibition of pathogenic bacterial
adhesion to the contact lenses: The
result
of
this
test
showed
inhibition
in
the
ability
of
P. aeruginosa to adhere to the contact
lenses when treated with purified Figure 3: Inhibition of P. aeruginosa adhesion to contact lenses using surlactin
extracted from isolate 1
1= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa only (control)
2= Contact lenses treated with P aeruginosa and surlactin
1
2 1 2 Figure 3: Inhibition of P. aeruginosa adhesion to contact lenses using surlactin
extracted from isolate 1
1
C
l
d
i h P
i
l (
l) 1= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa only (control)
2
C
t
t l
t
t d
ith P
i
d
l
ti 1= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa only (control)
2= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa and surlactin. 1= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa only (control)
2= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa and surlactin. 2= Contact lenses treated with P. aeruginosa and surlactin. Growth intensity of P. J. Baghdad for Sci. The biological and medical application
of surlactin: aeruginosa) as the filtrate contains the
products
of
logarithmic
phase
(bacteriocins, hydrogen peroxides and
others), while surlactin extracts of the
isolates 1 and 13 had no effect against
them
as
shown
in
figure
2 aeruginosa) as the filtrate contains the
products
of
logarithmic
phase
(bacteriocins, hydrogen peroxides and
others), while surlactin extracts of the
isolates 1 and 13 had no effect against 1- Anti bacterial activity of surlactin
(in vitro): The primary filtrates of L. acidophilus
cultivated in MRS broth for 18hrs had
an antibacterial activity against the
tested bacteria (S. aureus and P. 2 . Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of L. acidophilus extract (isolate no.1) against the
growth of A- S. aureus and B- P. aeruginosa. 1= primary filtrate of L. acidophilus (after 18hrs growth in MRS broth), 2= surlactin,
3= positive control (chloramphenicol) Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of L. acidophilus extract (isolate no.1) against the
growth of A- S. aureus and B- P. aeruginosa. 1= primary filtrate of L. acidophilus (after 18hrs growth in MRS broth), 2= surlactin,
3= positive control (chloramphenicol) Figure 2: Antibacterial activity of L. acidophilus extract (isolate no.1) against the
growth of A- S. aureus and B- P. aeruginosa. g
g
1= primary filtrate of L. acidophilus (after 18hrs growth in MRS broth), 2= surlactin,
3= positive control (chloramphenicol) 311 Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. aeruginosa was
reduced to 60% when treated with
surlactin extracted from isolate 1 and
55% for the isolate 13 as shown in
figure 4. These results were agree with
Kamil [13], who stated that surlactin extracted from L. acidophilus had a
good activity in removing biofilm
formed by Staphylococcus epidermidis
from contact lenses[13]. The difference
in surlactin activity to inhibit the
adhesion of P. aeruginosa in contact 311 Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. lenses and glass tubes was due to the
chemical
composition
of
those
substances affecting the ability of
bacterial cells to adhere to their
surfaces. Figure 4: The effect of extracted surlactin on inhibiting the adhesion of P. aeruginosa
in nutrient broth containing contact lenses. *Surlactin extracted from isolate 13
**Surlactin extracted from isolate 1 Figure 4: The effect of extracted surlactin on inhibiting the adhesion of P. aeruginosa
in nutrient broth containing contact lenses. *Surlactin extracted from isolate 13
**Surlactin extracted from isolate 1
3- The effect of surlactin on bacteria
causing eye infection in rabbits'
eyes (in vivo):
The group 1 was inoculated with
sample A, showed swallowing, semi
closed eyes with red lid filled with pus
after 24hrs of the injection as shown in
figure 5. Figure 5: Infection of rabbits' eye after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and PBS. A- Before inoculation, B- After inoculation. A
B Figure 4: The effect of extracted surlactin on inhibiting the adhesion of P. aeruginosa
in nutrient broth containing contact lenses. *Surlactin extracted from isolate 13
**Surlactin extracted from isolate 1
3- The effect of surlactin on bacteria
causing eye infection in rabbits'
eyes (in vivo):
The group 1 was inoculated with
sample A, showed swallowing, semi
closed eyes with red lid filled with pus
after 24hrs of the injection as shown in
figure 5. Figure 5: Infection of rabbits' eye after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and PBS. A- Before inoculation, B- After inoculation. A
B Figure 4: The effect of extracted surlactin on inhibiting the adhesion of P. aeruginosa
in nutrient broth containing contact lenses. *Surlactin extracted from isolate 13
**Surlactin extracted from isolate 1 3- The effect of surlactin on bacteria
causing eye infection in rabbits'
eyes (in vivo):
The group 1 was inoculated wi
sample A, showed swallowing, sem
closed eyes with red lid filled with pu
after 24hrs of the injection as shown
figure 5. Figure 5: Infection of rabbits' eye after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and PBS. A- Before inoculation, B- After inoculation. A
B The group 1 was inoculated with
sample A, showed swallowing, semi
closed eyes with red lid filled with pus
after 24hrs of the injection as shown in
figure 5. 3- The effect of surlactin on bacteria
causing eye infection in rabbits'
eyes (in vivo): g
Figure 5: Infection of rabbits' eye after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and PBS. J. Baghdad for Sci. A- Before inoculation, B- After inoculation. A
B Figure 5: Infection of rabbits' eye after inoculation with P. aeruginosa and PBS. A- Before inoculation, B- After inoculation. 311 Vol.10(1)2013 Conclusion: All Lactobacillus acidophilus isolates
1, 9 and 13 showed the ability to
produce surlactin. Surlactin extracted
from isolates 1 and 13 were the most
effective in its biological activity,
which was determined by its ability to
inhibit the biofilm formation produced
by P. aeruginosa using test tube
method as well as in contact lenses but
lack this ability against S. aureus. Administration of surlactin to infected
rabbits' eye with P. aeruginosa showed
a full cure after 36hrs and persistence
infection with S. aureus. The surlactin
has no antibacterial activity against
tested pathogenic bacteria (S. aureus
and P. aeruginosa). In conclusion the
surlactin
may
have
a
potential
application as anti-adhesive agent but
not as antibacterial agent against P. aeruginosa. 5. Rhee, C and Park, H 2001 Three
glycoproteins
with
antimutagenic
activity identified in Lactobacillus
plantarum KLAB21. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 67(8):3445-49. 6. Eijsink V, Middelhoven P, Skeie M,
Brurberg
M
and
Nes
I1998
Comparative
studies
of
class
II
bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.;64(9):3275-
81. 7. Rodrigues L, Mei HC, Teixeira J, and
Oliveira
R
2004
Influence
of
Biosurfactants from Probiotic Bacteria
on Formation of Biofilms on Voice
Prostheses. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.;
70(7): 4408-10. 8. Al-Kassab AJO and Al-Khafaji ZM
1992 Effect of different factors on the
antagonism of Enteric Lactobacilli
with Diarrheal Enterbacteria. Iraqi J. Agricul. Sci.; 23(1): 18-26. (in Arabic) J. Baghdad for Sci. J. Baghdad for Sci. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 66(2):659-
63. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 66(2):659-
63. J. Baghdad for Sci. When group 1 administrated with
surlactin, rabbits' eye infected with P. aeruginosa showed a noticed recovery,
and full cure occurred after 72hrs of
administration (Fig 6-A), while the eye
infected with S. aureus did not show
any
recovery
and
the
infection
persisted even after one week of the surlactin administration and increasing
the dose (Fig 6-B). These results were
agree with Rodrigues et al.[19] who
confirmed that biosurfactants
had
inhibitory effect on bacterial adhesion
and also biofilm formation. persisted even after one week of the
Figure 6: Appearance of rabbits' eye after administration of surlactin extract. A- Full cure from P. aeruginosa after 36hrs of administration
B- Persistence of infection with S. aureus after 7 days of administration. A
A
B e
B A
A B Figure 6: Appearance of rabbits' eye after administration of surlactin extract. A- Full cure from P. aeruginosa after 36hrs of administration
B- Persistence of infection with S. aureus after 7 days of administration. cells (the surface properties, biofilm
formation, adhesion ability and gene
expression) were changed after L. acidophilus
derived
biosurfactant
treatment. It is also concluded that
biosurfactant treatment can provide an
optional
way
to
control
biofilm
development and suggest that the
prepared biosurfactant may interfere
with adhesion processes of S. mutans
to
teeth
surfaces. Meanwhile
administration
with
sample
B
containing S. aureus show eye redness
after 24hrs of administration, because
the surlactin have no antibacterial
activity which agree with Velraeds et
al. [10] The group 2 was administrated with
sample B, did not show any infection
or
eye
redness
after
24hrs
of
administration
with
sample
B
containing P. aeruginosa. This result
could be explained by that the
biosurfactant might contain signaling
factors that interact with host and/or
bacterial cells, leading to the inhibition
of infection. These results agree with
Falagas and Markis [20] who stated
that
previous
adsorption
of
biosurfactant
can
be
use
as
a
preventive strategy to delay the onset
of pathogenic growth on medical
implant
materials.In
a
study
by
Tahmourespour et al. [21] found that
biosurfactant
produced
by
L. acidophilus was able to interfere in
the adhesion and biofilm formation of
the Streptococcus mutans to glass
slide. Several properties S. mutans 311 Vol.10(1)2013 References: 1. Juarez-Verdayes MA, Reyes-Lopez
MA, Cancino-Diaz ME, et al. 2006
Isolation, vancomycin resistance and
biofilm production of Staphylococcus
epidermidis
from
patients
with
conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers, and
endophthalmitis. Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol.; 48(3-4): 238-46. 9. Holt E and Krieg N 1986 Bergy's
Manual of Systemic Bacteriology. Vol.2, Williams and Wilkins, London. 10. Velraeds M, Van der Belt-Gritter B,
Van der Mei H, Reid G and Busscher H
1998 Interference in initial adhesion of
uropathogenic bacteria and yeasts to
silicon
rubber
by
a
Lactobacillus
acidophilus
biosurfactants. J. Med. Microbiol.;
47:
1081-1085. 2. Das A, Dey AK, Agarwal PK,
Mazumdar AK, Mazumdar S, and
Chatterjee SS 2003 Nosocomial ocular
infection – a prospective study. J. Indian. Med. Assoc.; 101:490-92. 3. Rodrigues L, Banat IM, Teixeira J,
and Oliveria R 2006 Biosurfactants:
Potential application in medicine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.; 57: 609-618. 3. Rodrigues L, Banat IM, Teixeira J,
and Oliveria R 2006 Biosurfactants:
Potential application in medicine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.; 57: 609-618. 11. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bison
AC and Beachey EH 1982 Adherence of
slim-producing
strains
of
Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth
surfaces. Infect. Immunol.; 37(1): 318-
326. 4. Van Hoogmoed CG, Van Der Kuijl-
Booij M, Van Der Mei HC and
Busscher HJ 2000 Inhibition of
Streptococcus mutans NS adhesion to
glass with and without a salivary
conditioning film by biosurfactant-
releasing Streptococcus mutans strains. 12. Nathan P, Law E, Murphy D and
Macmillan BG 1978 A laboratory 12. Nathan P, Law E, Murphy D and
Macmillan BG 1978 A laboratory 313 Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. method for selection of topical agents to
treat infected burn wounds. J. Burns; 4
(issue
3):
177-187. 18. Walencka E, Rozalska S, Sadowska B
and Rozalska B 2008 The Influence of
Lactobacillus
acidophilus-Derived
Surfactants on Staphylococcal Adhesion
and
Biofilm
Formation. Folia
Microbiol.; 53(1), 61-66. 13. Kamil FH 2005 Extraction and
purification of surlactin produced by
Lactobacillus acidophilus. PhD. Thesis,
College of Science, Al-Mustansirya
University,
Baghdad-Iraq. 19. Rodrigues
L,
Banat
IM,
Teixeira
J
and
Oliveria
R
2006
Biosurfactants: Potential application in
medicine. J. Antimicrob. Chemother.;
57: 609-618. 14. Stern GA, Weitzenkron D and Valenti
J 1982 Adherence of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
to
the
mouse
cornea. Epithelial Vs. Stroma. Arch. Opthalmol.,
100(12): 1956-58. 20. Falagas ME and Markis GC
2009
Probiotic
bacteria
and
biosurfactant for nosocomial infections
control. A hypothesis. J. Hosp. Infec.;
71: 301-306. 15. References: Gomez KA and Gomez AA 1984
Statistical procedures for Agricultural
research, 2nd., John Wiley and Sons. 21. 21. Tahmourespour A, Salehi R,
Kermanshahi RK 2011 Lactobacillus
acidophilus-derived biosurfactant effect
on gtfb and gtfc expression level in
Streptococcus mutans biofilm cells. Brazil. J. Microbiol.; 42: 330-339 16. Reid G 2001: probiotic agents to
protect the urogenital tract against
infection. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73(2
suppl.): 437-443. 17. Boris S, Suárez JE, Vázquez F, and
Barbés 1998 Adherence of human
vaginal Lactobacilli to vaginal epithelial
cells and Interaction with Uropathogens. Infect. Immunol., 66(5): 1985-89. 311 311 Vol.10(1)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. تأثيرSurlactin
المنتجة من بكترياLactobacillus acidophilus
على
البكتريا المسببة أللتهاب العيون في األرانب
*منيرة جلوب أسماعيل
**كاظم محمد أبراهيم
*ميساء كاظم المالكي
* جامعة بغداد/ كلية العلوم/ وحدة
األبحاث البايولوجية للمناطق الحارة
**جامعة النهرين/ كلية العلوم/ قسم التقانة األحيائية ا:
تم جمع11
مسحة مهبلية من نساء صحيحات من مستشفى كمال السامرائي/ بغداد بهدف عزل وتشخيص
بكتريا.Lactobacillus acidophilus
تم تشخيص1
عزالت من هذه المسحات كونها
L. acidophilus
والتي شكلت نسبة31
من مجموع العزالت البكتيرية المنتجة لحامض اللكتيك التي تم%
الحصول عليها، وكانت نسبة األنواع األخرى للبكتريا المنتجة لحامض اللكتيك11
( %
11
عزلة
اجراء
تم
اختبار كفاءة عزالتL. acidophilus
ألنتاج مادةsurlactin
عن طريق قياس فع اليته الحيوية بتأثيره على
الغشاء الحيوي المنتج
من بكترياPseudomonas aeruginosa
والتصاقها بالسطوح الملساء بطريقة
انابيب األختبار. ووجد ان العزالت الثالثة كانت منتجة لمادةsurlactin
ولكن بفعالية مختلفة لكل عزلة
، إذ كان
surlactin
المنتج من العزلتين3 و31
األكفأ من حيث الفعالية.تم دراسة التطبيقات الحيوية لمادةsurlactin
عن
طريق تثبيط التصاق الخاليا الممرضة P. aeruginosa المنتجة للغشاء الحيوي في عدسات العين الالصقة ، إذ
وجد أن له القابلية في تثبيط االلتصاق بنسبة11
و%
11
للعزلتين%
3
و31
على التوالي وليس لها القابلية على
تثبيط النمو الجرثومي.أظهرت مادةsurlactin
القدرة على معالجة االلتهابات في عيون األرانب المصابة ببكتريا
P. aeruginosa
ولم تكن لها القدرة على معالجة اللتهابات في عيون األرانب المصابة ببكتريا
Staphylococcus aureus
.كما م نعت حدوث األصابة في عيون األرانب عند حقنها مع بكترياP. aeruginosa
بينما لم يكن لها أي تأثير في الحد من االلتهابات عند حقنها مع بكترياS. aureus
في عيون
.األرانب 311 | 5,243 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1436/1367 | null |
Arabic | J. Baghdad for Sci. J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(1)2013 Key words : Phage typing , E. Coli interspecies , Plaque assay , Clearance test Key words : Phage typing , E. Coli interspecies , Plaque assay , Clearance test Modifying Plaque assay and Clearance test as tools in
determination of phage typing for E. Coli bacterial
interspecies Mohammed A. R.*
Received 28, September,2011
Accepted 5,June,2012 Abstract : Bacteriophage of E. Coli interspecies from sewage samples were isolated , the phage
particles were isolated from two different sewage samples . The first sample was
collected from sewage sample of Baghdad university and the second sample was
isolated from domestic sewage sample , first sample showed phages specialized for
three E. Coli interspecies bacteria (first plate ) and two E. Coli interspecies bacteria
(second plate ) , meanwhile second sample showed phage specialized for two E. Coli. interspeciesThe study of appearance of E coli phages from first sample showed three
types of E. coli phages with different size of inhibition zone ( 1 , 0.7,0.5 )Cm
respectively ( first plate ) , meanwhile E. Coli interspecies bacteria showed phages
related with two interspecies with size of inhibition zone ( 0.5 ,0.4) Cm respectively (
second plate ), on other hand , the second sample showed also two interspecies E. coli
with inhibition zone (1,0.8)Cm . experimental method has been designed which
showed the modifying method of phage assay to determine phage typing assay . phage
has been tested particles with different bacterial strains ( E. coli , shagilla and Serratia
) from different sources and the control was the host of each bacteriophages by taking
the O.D for all the tests and controls , to setup new criteria for phage typing .:and this
test is called ( Clearance Test ) The result showed that O.D for Test 1 , 2 , 3, was ( 1.6
, 1.2 . 1.7) for ( E. coli , shagilla and Serratia ) bacterial strains , meanwhile the
control tests was ( 0.3 , 0.2, 0.4 ) for strains isolated from first sample (first and
second plate ) and second samples with different interspecies respectively . This result
can predict high specificity of phage strain and this method can be used to determine
interspecies strains .So from this experiment we can identify only Clearance Test by
measuring only O.D. of bacterial strain with different phages instead of going
through plaque assay . *Department of Biology -College of Science - Baghdad University - Baghdad - Iraq Introduction : Phage typing is a rapid, economical,
reliable, and reproducible technique,
requiring no specialized equipment, for
fingerprinting disease-causing agents
for epidemiological investigation and
surveillance. Intraspecies Phage typing is a rapid, economical,
reliable, and reproducible technique,
requiring no specialized equipment, for
fingerprinting disease-causing agents
for epidemiological investigation and
surveillance. Intraspecies
differentiation of bacteria can be based
on
taxonomic
features,
such
as
morphology,
biochemical
properties(biotyping),
virulence
(pathotyping),
and
antigenic structure(serotyping). In addition, a
wide
variety
of
genome-based
taxonomic techniques [1] have been
developed such as pulsed-field gel
electrophoresis (PFGE) [2] amplified-
fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
[3] and amplification of repetitive
bacterial DNA elements (REP-PCR) [4]
Other typing systems are basedon
sensitivity
to
specific
chemicals,
including antibiotics, plasmid profiling, differentiation of bacteria can be based
on
taxonomic
features,
such
as
morphology,
biochemical
properties(biotyping),
virulence
(pathotyping),
and
antigenic differentiation of bacteria can be based properties(biotyping), (pathotyping),
and 161 J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(1)2013 ribotyping, and the production of or
sensitivity
to
bacteriocins
and
bacteriophages (lysotyping or phage
typing[5] Materials and Methods:
Modifying plaque assay 1 . Pour about 40 ml of sterile molten
phage agar into each plate then Sub-
culture each strain of the species to be
phage typed onto an LB agar plate to
obtain isolated colonies. Phage typing provides long-term and
internationally comparable surveillance
data. Because
of
their
recent
introduction, such information is not
available for molecular techniques. Phage typing of enteric pathogens has
been and still is being used successfully
to characterize disease-causing agents
for epidemiological investigation and
surveillance [6,7] 2. Incubate the LB plate at 37 0C
overnight. 3. Pick, with a sterile inoculating
needle, a small amount from the center
of a smooth colony and suspend each
pick in one tube of LB broth. 4. Incubate these culture tubes in a
water bath shaker at 37 0C and 100
rpm for approximately 1 h our until the
culture becomes slightly turbid. 4. Incubate these culture tubes in a
water bath shaker at 37 0C and 100
rpm for approximately 1 h our until the
culture becomes slightly turbid. A functional phage typing system
includes the following characteristics: A functional phage typing system
includes the following characteristics: a)
A
panel
of
genetically
and
phenotypically stable temperate or
lytic phages possessing broader rather
than narrow host-range specificities. 5. Flood a dried phage agar plate with
the phage broth culture using a
disposable transfer pipette to produce a
bacterial “lawn” of the test strain. b) Results, which are obtained quickly
and are clear-cut and require limited
training in interpretation. 6. Dispense one drop of each phage on
to the phage agar plate 6. Dispense one drop of each phage on
to the phage agar plate 6. Dispense one drop of each phage on
to the phage agar plate
7 Remove phage agar plate and allow
phage drops to dry on the phage agar
plate for a maximum of 15 min with the
lid ajar. c) Method that can be standardized. c) Method that can be standardized. 7 Remove phage agar plate and allow
phage drops to dry on the phage agar
plate for a maximum of 15 min with the
lid ajar. d) Bacterial cells must display a stable
phage type over time. e) Bacterial cells form a phage lytic
reactions can be easily determined[8] e) Bacterial cells form a phage lytic
reactions can be easily determined[8]
The typing phages may be isolated
either from the environment(sewage,
river, lake water, 8. Materials and Methods:
Modifying plaque assay Repeat the process with a plate that
has not been inoculated with bacteria. This is the sterility check on the phage
preparations. Invert and incubate the
dried plates at 37 0C overnight. [8,10]
Cl
T
t The typing phages may be isolated
either from the environment(sewage,
river, lake water, strains. Phage isolation from the
bacterial culture is possible directly
from a rapidly growing broth culture,
after UV irradiation or mitomycin-c
treatment J. Baghdad for Sci. J. Baghdad for Sci. isolated phages strains with zone
inhibition ( 1 , 0.7 , 0.5 ) Cm ( first
plate ) meanwhile there were only two
different isolated phage strain with
zone of inhibition ( 0.5 , 0.4 ) mm
respectively (second plate ) as shown
in figure .(1,2) Clearance Test 1 . Take 3 ml of phage buffer in two
tubes for each strain to be tested , first
tube as test and second tube as control . Biological features of the phages are a
very important issue Lytic as well as
temperate bacteriophages may be used
for typing [9,10] Biological features of the phages are a
very important issue Lytic as well as
temperate bacteriophages may be used
for typing [9,10] 2 . Suspend 0.1 of each bacterial
strains in control and test tubes . 3 . Add to test tubes phage particles of
host bacterial strains meanwhile the
addition normal saline in control tubes . 4 . All tubes are incubated for 24 hours
at 37 C to show lytic activity and
reduction of growth in test tubes for
each bacteriophage with it's bacterial
strains hosts till get clearance [10,11] 3 . Add to test tubes phage particles of
host bacterial strains meanwhile the
addition normal saline in control tubes . 3 . Add to test tubes phage particles of
host bacterial strains meanwhile the
addition normal saline in control tubes . 4 . All tubes are incubated for 24 hours
at 37 C to show lytic activity and
reduction of growth in test tubes for
each bacteriophage with it's bacterial
strains hosts till get clearance [10,11] Goals of experiment : . . 1 . Realize very efficient method to
determine
phage
therapy
from
modifying plaque assay . 4 . All tubes are incubated for 24 hours
at 37 C to show lytic activity and
reduction of growth in test tubes for
each bacteriophage with it's bacterial
strains hosts till get clearance [10,11] . 2 . Set up criteria to show positive and
negative results of phage typing method
by using Clearance Test . 3 . The typing method goes through
interspecies with high accuracy result 161 Vol.10(1)2013 Results: The modifying plaque assay technique
showed incredible result of interspecies
of E. coli bacterial strain from different
samples The appearance of E coli interspecies
showed that there were three different Fig. (1) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample one
( first plate )
1cm
0.7cm
0.5cm Fig. (1) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample one
( first plate )
1cm
0.7cm
0.5cm Fig. (1) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample one
( first plate )
Fig. (2) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample
one ( second plate )
1cm
0.7cm
0.5cm
0.5cm
0.4cm 0.7cm 0.7cm 1cm Fig. (1) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample one
( first plate )
m
0.4cm Fig. (1) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample one
( first plate ) Fig. (1) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample one
( first plate ) Fig. (2) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample
one ( second plate )
0.5cm
0.4cm 0.5cm 0.4cm 0.4cm Fig. (2) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample
one ( second plate ) 161 Vol.10(1)2013 Discussion: The role of phages as interspecies
typing is very efficient in determine the
more accuracy of related host . From
our modifying plaque assay we got
significantly important data which
should differentiate E. coli interspecies
phages particles related to first and
second samples . . We conclude that the modifying plaque
assay is an incredible technique to
isolate different phages form different
samples and use those bacteriophages
to identify not only the difference
between bacterial strains but also the
difference between
interspecies
of
different strains in very specific
manner by Clearance test . The result should very significantly
determination
to
analytical
of
modifying technique . Then we identify
the data of modify plaque assay with
normal test which named clearance test
by taking O.D. of each strains of test
with phage particular and control with
phage of related interspecies phage
particular .The results showed that
positive sample with plaque assay
showed O.D. not more than ( 0.4 ) in
which control – 1 for ( first sample –
first plate ) showed O. D with 0.3 ,
control – 2 for ( first sample – second
plate ) showed O. D with 0.32 and
control – 3 for ( second sample)
showed O. D with 0.38 , mean while
the negative samples showed minimum
O.D was 1 in which test - 1 for ( E coli
strain ) showed O. D with (1.6) , test -
2 for (Shagilla strain ) showed O. D
with (1.7), test - 3 for (Serratia strain )
showed O. D with (1.2) . J. Baghdad for Sci. J. Baghdad for Sci. turbidity of growth and clearance the
sample therefore we call it clearance
test . The results dramatically significantly to
determine interspecies bacteria doing
clearance test instead of using more
sophisticate technique like plaque assay The tests showed O.D not less than (1)
in due to the bacteriophage in tests was
not specific to bacterial strains in
sample therefore bacteriophage does
not lyse bacterial strain and does not
lead to reduction in number of bacterial
strain .Therefore the tested tubes were
turbid with high value of O.D. J. Baghdad for Sci. interspecies with appearance ( 1,0.8)
Cm as in figure ( 3 ) . On other hand the E coli phage particle
of second sample show also two Fig. (3) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample two
1 cm
0.8 cm 0.8 cm Fig. (3) : show plaque assay of bacteriophage of E coli interspecies for sample two The modifying experimental plaque
assay set up as test and control . determine the O.D. of bacterial control
and tests . Test 1.and 2 and 3 with different
bacterial strains E coli shagilla and
Serrtia meanwhile the control 1,2,3 E
coli from sample 1 (first and second
plates ) and sample 2 . The results showed that positive sample
with plaque assay showed O.D. not
more than 0.4 in which control 1,2,3
showed
0.3
and
0.32
and
0.38
respectively mean while the negative
samples showed minimum O.D was 1
in which test 1,2,3,showed 1.6, 1.7 ,1.2
respectively as elucidated in figure We set up criteria to establish new
method to evaluate the modifying
plaque assay by clearance test through p
( 4 ) Fig. (4) :clearance test of bacteriophage E coli interspecies Fig. (4) :clearance test of bacteriophage E coli interspecies 161 Vol.10(1)2013 References: 1. ¨Urtler, G V. and Mayall, B.C.. 2001. Genomic
approaches
to
typing,
taxonomy and evolution of bacterial
isolates. I. J. o. S. and E. M. 51:3–16. 2. Gevers,. Huys, D. G and. Swings J. 2007.Applicability
of
rep-PCR
fingerprinting for
identification of Lactobacillus species. FEMS Microbiology Letters 205:31–
36. 3. Isaacs, S., J. Aramini, B. Ciebin, J.A. Farrar, R.Ahmed, D. Middleton, A.U. Chandran, L.J. Harris, et al. 2005. An
international outbreak of salmonellosis
associated
with
raw
almonds
contaminated with a rare phage type of
Salmonella
enteritidis. J.O.F. P. 68:191–198. The reduction of O. D for positive
result ( control ) to (0.4) as maximum
meanwhile the negative result was (1)
as
a
minimum
in
due
to
the
bacteriophage in control was specific to
bacterial strain in sample therefore
bacteriophage lyses bacterial strain and
led to reduction in number of bacterial
strain then reduction in O.D. of those
strain , on other meaning the lytic
activity of bacteriophage to bacterial
strains in control led to reduction in 4. Woodward, D.L., C.G. Clark, R.A. Caldeira, R. Ahmed, G. Soule, L. Bryden, H. Tabor, P. Melito, et al. 2005. Identification
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Cloning:
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Bacteriophages:
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H. Aoki, Y. Ikeda, H. Saito, K.i. Miura,
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اي كوالي تحت االنواع
محمد عبد الرحمن محمد*
*
قسم علوم الحياة–
كلية العلوم–
جامعة بغداد–
بغداد–
العراق طريقة تبقع الفاج المحورة وفحص الشفافية كأدوات في تحديد نمط الفاج لبكتريا
اي كوالي تحت االنواع
محمد عبد الرحمن محمد*
*
قسم علوم الحياة–
كلية العلوم–
جامعة بغداد–
بغداد–
العراق طريقة تبقع الفاج المحورة وفحص الشفافية كأدوات في تحديد نمط الفاج لبكتريا
اي كوالي تحت االنواع
محمد عبد الرحمن محمد*
*
قسم علوم الحياة–
كلية العلوم–
جامعة بغداد–
بغداد–
العراق ا:
فاجات بكتريا تحت النوع
اي كوالي
من عينات مياه المجاري ، العينة االولى جمعت من عينة مياه المجاري
لجامعة بغداد والعينة الثانية اخذت من مياه مجاري منزلية ، العينة االولى كانت تحتوي على ثالث انواع فاجات
خاصة لل
اي كوالي لتحت انواع مختلفة ( الطبق االول ) ونوعين لفاجات ال اي كوال ي
( لتحت النوع
الطبق الثاني ) ، بينما العينة الثانية كانت تحتوي كذلك فاجين خاص لل
اي كوالي دراسة مظهر فاجات بكتريا ال
اي كوالي
( من العينة االولى كانت تحتوي على ثالث انواع من الفاجات مع احجام مختلفة لحلقات تثبيط1
،
7.1،7.1) سنتمتر للطبق االول ، بينما ف
اجات ال
اي كوالي
( كانت تحوي نوعين من حلقات التثبيط7.1
،
7.1
( ) سنتمتر ( الطبق الثاني ) وكذلك اظهرت العينة الثانية نوعين من اي كوالي مع حلقة تثبيط1
،
7.0
)
نحن صممنا تجربة والتي عرضت طريقة محورة لتحليل الفاج لتحدد (نوع البكتريا بأستخدام الفاج ) تنميط الفاج
من مصادر مختلفة بينما المحلول القياسي تمثل بمضيف المتمثل ببكتريا التي عزل منها الفاج
ومن خالل قياس الكثافة الضوئية لكل من الفحوصات والمحلول القياسي يتم ت حديد نوع البكتريا وعائدتها الى فاج
معين او ال وهذا الفحص سمي ( فحص الشفافية
) .النتائج عرضت الكثافة الضوئية للفحوص1,2,3
( كانت1.6
،
1.1
،
1.1
) لبكتريا ال اي كوالي
( و الشكال والسريشيا بينما اظهرت نتائج الظابطة النسب التالية7.1
،
7.1
،
7.1) لألنماط المع زولة من العينة االولى (الطبق االول والطبق الثاني ) والعينة الثانية بأنماط مختلفة على التولي
من النتائج تبين وجود خصوصية عالية لتنميط الفاج للبكتريا المختلفة ومنه نستطيع ان نقيس نسبة الشفافية للبكتريا
باستخدام فاجات مختلفة وممكن ان يعوض طريقة االطباق 161 | 3,018 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1439/1370 | null |
Arabic | الخالصة: الخالصة: الخالصة:
استهدفت الدراسة الحالية بصورة رئيس
ة
عزل وتشخيص أنواع
ديدان الوحل تحت العائلة
Tubificinae
من نهر دجلة وبعض المسطحات المائية في بغداد
/ العراق
وذلك للمدة من ايلول9020
ولغاية
حزيران9022. اختير لهذا الغرض ست
ة مواقع للدراسة تضمنت مبزل الكاظمية /شمال بغداد وثالث
ة مواقع على
ضفاف
نهر دجلة في م ناطق الصرافية والجادرية والزعفرانية فضال" عن
موقع في قناة الجيش / شرق يغداد
واخيرا" ب
ركة في متنزه الزوراء/ وسط بغداد
.ا تم يزت هذه المواقع بقاع تراوح بين الطيني والغريني الطيني
والغريني، ونسبة المادة العضوية فيه تراوحت بين
0.0
-
2.2
%. اما فيما يخص درجة
الحرارة والملوحة
واالس الهيدروجيني فهي تقريبا" متساوية في مواقع الدراسة جميعها. حيث تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء
خالل
مدة الدراسة بين
029.1
م-
00
0
م . اما قيم التوصيلية الكهربائية والملوحة فتراوحت ما بين733.5
-
1227.5
مايكروسيمنز اي مايعادل ملوحة0.469
‰
-
0.787
.‰تميل المواقع قليال" الى القاعدية . تراوحت
قيم االس الهيدروجيني
ما بين8.1-7.5
.في جميع المواقع
تم عزل3628
فرد من24
عينة
جمعت من مواقع الدراسة المختلفة . بلغ مجموع عدد األنواع
المشخصة12
نوعا" تعود الى سبعة اجناس شملت االنواعLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri
و L. claparedeianus
وL. profundicola
و
L.udekemianus
و
L. silvani
وTubifex tubifex
و
Branchiura sowerbyi
وPotamothrix. bavaricus
وP. hammoniensis
وPsammoryctides
moravicus
وMonopylephorus irroratus
وRhyacodrilus coccineus
. ة
ل
لأ
ل
أ
ة
ل
لة
ل
ل ا
استهدفت الدراسة الحالية بصورة رئيس
ة
عزل وتشخيص أنواع
ديدان الوحل تحت العائلة
Tubificinae
من نهر دجلة وبعض المسطحات المائية في بغداد
/ العراق
وذلك للمدة من ايلول9020
ولغاية
حزيران9022. اختير لهذا الغرض ست
ة مواقع للدراسة تضمنت مبزل الكاظمية /شمال بغداد وثالث
ة مواقع على
ضفاف
نهر دجلة في م ناطق الصرافية والجادرية والزعفرانية فضال" عن
موقع في قناة الجيش / شرق يغداد
واخيرا" ب
ركة في متنزه الزوراء/ وسط بغداد
.ا تم يزت هذه المواقع بقاع تراوح بين الطيني والغريني الطيني
والغريني، ونسبة المادة العضوية فيه تراوحت بين
0.0
-
2.2
%. اما فيما يخص درجة
الحرارة والملوحة
واالس الهيدروجيني فهي تقريبا" متساوية في مواقع الدراسة جميعها. حيث تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء
خالل
مدة الدراسة بين
029.1
م-
00
0
م . اما قيم التوصيلية الكهربائية والملوحة فتراوحت ما بين733.5
-
1227.5
مايكروسيمنز اي مايعادل ملوحة0.469
‰
-
0.787
.‰تميل المواقع قليال" الى القاعدية . تراوحت
قيم االس الهيدروجيني
ما بين8.1-7.5
.في جميع المواقع أ تم عزل3628
فرد من24
عينة
جمعت من مواقع الدراسة المختلفة . مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 انواع ديدان الوحل
(
Oligochaeta: Naididae: Tubificinae
)
من بيئات مائية مختلفة ضمن مدينة بغداد / العراق
*هيفاء جواد جوير
*افراح محمد علوان
استالم البحث9
،ايار ،
9029
قبول النشر19
،حزيران ،
9029 الخالصة: بلغ مجموع عدد األنواع
المشخصة12
نوعا" تعود الى سبعة اجناس شملت االنواعLimnodrilus hoffmeisteri
و L. claparedeianus
وL. profundicola
و
L.udekemianus
و
L. silvani
وTubifex tubifex
و
Branchiura sowerbyi
وPotamothrix. bavaricus
وP. hammoniensis
وPsammoryctides
moravicus
وMonopylephorus irroratus
وRhyacodrilus coccineus
. أ عاff
claparedeianus
وL. profundicola
و
L.udekemianus
و
L. silvani
وTubifex tubifex
و
Branchiura sowerbyi
وPotamothrix. bavaricus
وP. hammoniensis
وPsammoryctides
moravicus
وMonopylephorus irroratus
وRhyacodrilus coccineus
. أ اوضحت
النتائج ان قناة الجيش ونهر دجلة في الصرافية أغنى المواقع من حيث عدد األنواع المشخصة حيث
وجد في كل منهما ثمانية أنواع، اال ان موقع قناة الجيش سجل اعلى عدد لالفراد بلغ1346
فرد، يليه مبزل
الكاظمية، وعلى الرغم من أنه سجل ثالثة أنواع فقط اال أن العدد الك لي لألفراد بلغ606
فرد ، وسجل اقل عدد
لمجموع االفراد في نهر دجلة / الزعفرانية وبلغ096
فرد . سجل النوعL. hoffmeisteri
على أ نسبة
من
حيث عدد االفراد بلغت
1870فرد تبعه
النوعB. sowerbyi
و سجل
946
فرد وسجل النوعان
اعلى نسبة
( تكرار200
) يليهما النوع%
.profundicola
L
وسجل02.26
%
. . تم تسجيل كثافات عالية لديدان تحت
العائلةTubificinae
طوال مدة
الدراسة . سجلت أعلى كثافة لالنواع
خالل اال
شهر اذار و
نيسان بلغت
مابين
2109
-
534.9
فرد/م2
في مواقع نهر دجلة و7270.5
/فرد م 9 في قناة الجيش
و2419.8
فرد / م9 برك ة
الزوراء . بينت نتائج مؤشر الوفرة النسبية سيادة النوعL.hoffmeisteri
في نهر دجلة / الجادرية
بوصفه
نوع"ا وفير"ا
. في بقية المواقع
أما النوعB. sowerbyi
فكان نوع "ا وفير"ا في جميع المواقع
بينما سجلت
االنواع األخرى مابين انواع قليلة الى نادرة ماعد
ا
النوع L.udekemianus
الذي كان وفير"ا
في
قناة الجيش
والنوعT. tubifex
في نهر دجلة / الزعفرانية. الكلمات المفتاحية:ديدان الوحل-
قليلة االهالب المائيةNaididae
Tubificinae الكلمات المفتاحية:ديدان الوحل-
قليلة االهالب المائيةNaididae
Tubificinae 962
الكلمات المفتاحية:ديدان الوحل-
قليلة االهالب المائيةNaididae
Tubificinae
المقدمة:
تمتاز ديدان الوحلSludge worm
،
بكونها ديدان صغيرة حمراء اللون ، ي
تراوح
طولها غالبا"بين9
-
0
سم وقطرها تقريبا1
،ملم
و
تعد ال مكون الرئيس ألحياء القاع و
باألخص في بيئة المياه العذبة . تزداد سيادة أنواعها
في ال ،مناطق الضحلة الطينية و الملوثة
وقد تو
جد
بعض االنواع بين النباتات . تقتات معظم
هذه الديدان على الم واد العضوية والبكتريا من
خالل التهامها للرواسب الطينية الحاوية عليها
لتستخلص منها المغذيات
و
تدفن نهايتها االمامية
"غالبا
بالقاع داخل انابيب او انفاق تبنيها من الدقائق
، العضوية والطين ومادة مخاطية تفرزها الدودة
ل
ق
ا ة غ ا
لل نات
كل ة ال ل
ال اة* المقدمة: اشار(5)
الى
ان انواع هذه المجموعة من الديدان ال تتاثر كثير
بتغيير العو
امل الكيمياوية للماء اال ان و
وج دها
مرتبط ارتباطا" وثيقا" مع طبيعة الرواسب في
القاع، وقسموها الى مجموعتين : المجموعة
المح الطيني
للقاع
بةPilophilous
assemblage
مثل النوع Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
و المجموعة المحبة للقاع الرملي
Psammophilous
النوع
مثل
Psammoryctides barbatus
. تاركة مؤخرة الجسم تتمرجح في الماء لغرض
التهوي
ة (
2
&
9 ). ان وجود
وانتشار قليلة االهالب المائية يتاثر بعدة
عوامل من اهمها نوعية القاع و وحجم الدقائق
ومعدل االنحدار ونوع النباتات المستوطنة(
0
، )
كما يعد العمقdepth
و االس الهيدروجينيpH
ونسبة النتروجين الى الكاربونC: N
، وطبيعة
القاع ونسجته من أهم المتغيرات البيئية التي تؤثر
في
وفرة انواع
هذه الديدان (
4
) . اشار(5)
الى
ان انواع هذه المجموعة من الديدان ال تتاثر كثير
بتغيير العو
امل الكيمياوية للماء اال ان و
وج دها
مرتبط ارتباطا" وثيقا" مع طبيعة الرواسب في
القاع، وقسموها الى مجموعتين : المجموعة
المح الطيني
للقاع
بةPilophilous
assemblage
مثل النوع Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
و المجموعة المحبة للقاع الرملي
Psammophilous
النوع
مثل
Psammoryctides barbatus
. y
جمعت انواع ديدان الوحل سابقا" بعائلة
Tubificidae
التابعة ل
تحت ا لصنف قليلة االهالب
Subclass Oligochaeta
من صنف السرجيات
Class Clitellata
(
6
) ، اال ان دراسة
العالقات التطوريةPhylogeny
الحديثة و
باالعتماد على تقانة البيولوجي الجزيئي اثبتت
وجود ارتباط جيني قوي بين العائلتينNaididae
وTubificidae
مما ينبغي دمجهما في عائلة
( واحدة0
و8
). و
على هذا االساس
تم دمج
العائلتين تحت اسم العائلةNaididae
، لذا عدت
هذه ال مجموعة من الديدان كتحت عائلة
Tubificinae
تابعة للعائلةNaididae
(
2
و20
). ا ال
معروفة تجاريا
. (15) استهدفت الدراسة الحالية عزل وتشخيص
انواع ديدان الوحل من بيئات مائية مختلفة ضمن
مدينة بغداد ، اذ ان تشخيص االنواع العراقية
التابعة لهذه المجموعة
من أحياع القاع
لم يحض
بالعراق
الباحثين
باهتمام
بمجاميع
مقارنة
الال
فقريات االخرى
وتناولت اغلب الدراسات
وجودها بوصفها مجموعة ضمن احياء القاع في
( المسطحات المائية العراقية مثل نهر ديالى16
)
( ونهر الفرات,
17
و28
و22
) وفي نهر دجلة
(
28
و90
( ) و في بحيرة القادسية92
) وفي
( نهر الديوانية99
( ) ،. وسجل90) ثالثة انو اع
من تحت
العائلةTubificinae
شملت االنواعL. تتمايز الحلقة للراس
االولى
prostomium
في انواع
تحت العائلة
Tubificinae
وجود
بعدم
الخرطوم
proboscis
،
كما ان افرادها. المقدمة: بعض االنواع بين النباتات . تقتات معظم
هذه الديدان على الم واد العضوية والبكتريا من
خالل التهامها للرواسب الطينية الحاوية عليها
لتستخلص منها المغذيات
و
تدفن نهايتها االمامية
"غالبا
بالقاع داخل انابيب او انفاق تبنيها من الدقائق
، العضوية والطين ومادة مخاطية تفرزها الدودة تمتاز ديدان الوحلSludge worm
،
بكونها ديدان صغيرة حمراء اللون ، ي
تراوح
طولها غالبا"بين9
-
0
سم وقطرها تقريبا1
،ملم
و
تعد ال مكون الرئيس ألحياء القاع و
باألخص في بيئة المياه العذبة . تزداد سيادة أنواعها
في ال ،مناطق الضحلة الطينية و الملوثة
وقد تو
جد قسم علوم
الحياة ، كلية العلوم للبنات ، جامعة بغداد* 962 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 .مفقود
منطقة السرج
Clitellum
تمتد من
( الحلقات التاسعةIX
) الى الحلقة الحادية عشر
ة
(XI)
،
و هي الحلقات الحاوية على االمناسل
gonads
1)
.)
تتكاثر معظم ديدان العائلة
Tubificidae
،"بالطريقة الجنسية غالبا
والبعض
القليل منها يتكاثر الجنسيا
بالتجزؤ
Fragmentation
(
6
. )يتم
التكاثر في بعض
االنواع عذرياParthenogenetically
او ب عملية
اخصاب ذاتيSelf- fertilization
ال نتاج
افراد جديدة دون
ا لحاجة لوجود القرين و مثال
على ذلك ما يحدث في النوعTubifex tubifex
(
22
. )
يرجع اهتمام الباحثين بهذه المجموعة من
احياء القاع الى اهميتها االقتصادية والبيئية والعلمية
، فهي حلقة مهمة من حلقات السلسلة الغذائية في
البيئة المائية وغذاء جيد النواع مختلفة من
االسماك
و ال( طيور والالفقريات االخرى29
، )
و
تستعمل
كدليل لتقييم نوعية المسطح المائي
ودرجة تلوثه (
20
)
. است
عملت
ايضا" بوصفها
دالئل لتقي
يم درجة االثراء الغذائي في المياه (
24
)
. فديدان التيويفكس Tubifex worms
م عروفة
في تجارة الحيوانات Pet trade
بوصفها
غذاء"ا جيد"ا لالسماك و
باالمكان است
عمال
ها كغذاء"
حي"ا
. في احواض تربية االسماك التجارية
والمصطلحTubifex
ال يعني الجنسTubifex
ولكنه يشير الى مجموعة من انواع تحت العائلة
Tubificinae
و العائلةLumbriculidae
ال
معروفة تجاريا
. (15)
. تاركة مؤخرة الجسم تتمرجح في الماء لغرض
التهوي
ة (
2
&
9 ). ان وجود
وانتشار قليلة االهالب المائية يتاثر بعدة
عوامل من اهمها نوعية القاع و وحجم الدقائق
ومعدل االنحدار ونوع النباتات المستوطنة(
0
، )
كما يعد العمقdepth
و االس الهيدروجينيpH
ونسبة النتروجين الى الكاربونC: N
، وطبيعة
القاع ونسجته من أهم المتغيرات البيئية التي تؤثر
في
وفرة انواع
هذه الديدان (
4
) . المقدمة: عديمة العيون
تبدأ
حزم االهالب البطنيةventral chaetal
bundles
من الحلقة الثانية(II)
، وهي غير
محدودة العدد في الحزمة الواحدة، و ذات نهاية
منشطرةbifid
"غالبا
ونادرا" ما تكون من نوع
االهالب ذات النهاية المدببة البسيطةsimple-
pointed
. تبدأ حزم االهالب الظهرية Dorsal
chaetae bumbles
،"من الحلقة الثانية ايضا
وهي على العموم منشطرة النهايةbifid
او مشطيةpectinate chaetae
او راحية
palmate chaetae
، او مدببة النهاية بسيطة
.Simple pointed
،
االهالب الجنسية اما
قضيبيةPenial chaetae
في الحلقة رقم22
(
XI
، )واما اهالب اكياس استقبال ال
نطف
Spermathecal
في الحلقة العاشرة( X )
. وقد
يكون النوعان موجودين في النوع نفسه او كليهما ن
او ع
claparedianus
وL. profundicola
و
Peloscolex velutinus
/ في نهر الزاب الكبير
شمال العراق ،
( بينما سجل94
") خمسة انواع ايضا
من هذه العائلة في اهوار جنوب العراق وهيL. claparedeianus
وL.hoffmeisteri
وB. sowerbyi
،
L. maumeensis
وTubifex
tubifex
( واشار91
) الى نوعين منها في نهر
دجلةL.hoffmeisteri
وB. sowerbyi
. ( وسجلت96
:) ثالثة انواع هيL. profundicola
والنوعEmbolocephalus 900 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 فحصها
من قبل المركز الوطني للموارد المائية /
وزارة الموارد المائ
ية
. ولعزل الديدان وضعت
ة عين الرواسب في غربال سعة فتحات
ه
0.1
ملم
وغسلت العينة عدة مرات للتخلص من الطين بماء
الحنفية الجاري
و عزلت العينات الحية مباشرة من
خالل نشر كمية من الراسب الطيني في صينية
بيضاء اللون مع قليل من الماء ومن ثم التقاطها
بالملقط باست
عمال
عدسة مكبرة يدوية ويراعى
الحذر منعا" من انقطاعها. توضع الديدان المعزولة
في طبق بتري نظيف يحتوي على قلي
ل
من ماء
الحنفية وتخدر بوضع عدة قطرات من محلول
ال صودا او1
( كلوريد المغنيسيوم%
27
)
قبل
اضافة قطرات من20
فورمالين لقتل الديدان%
. تترك العينة في الفورمالين لمدة ساعة تنقل بعدها
الى قنينة صغيرة تحوي00
. كحول اثيلي%
يراعى تبديل الكحول بين مدة واخر
منعا" لتبخره
.وتلف النماذج ول تحضير الشرائح
المؤقتة
والد،ائمة
تؤخذ الديدان التي تم حفظها وتوضع في
زجاجة ساعة تحوي كمية قليلة من
30
%
كحول
اثيلي وتترك لمدة ربع ساعة ثم تغسل بماء مقطر و
توضع على شرائح ويضاف
قطرة من
محلول
ِ التوضيحAmman's lactophenol
في حالة
الشرائح المؤقتة و
Polyvinyl Lactophenol
في تحضير ، الشرائح الدائمية وتغطى بغطاء
الشريحة مع ضغط بسيط على الدودة الظهار
الصفات التشريحية (
2
)
. المقدمة: يترك االنموذج لعدة
ساعات او الى اليوم التالي ( وربما السبوع او
)اكثر لكي ت
توضح االهالب و خاصة االهالب
الجنسية بشكل افضل
قبل ان تفحص تحت المجهر
المركب
.شخصت الع ينات حسب المفاتيح
( التصنيفية2 و6
). ا velutinus
و النوع Aulodrilus pigueti
في
.هور الحويزة جنوب العراق velutinus
و النوع Aulodrilus pigueti
في
.هور الحويزة جنوب العراق المواد وطرائق العمل: 1
-
الموقع
م9
-
على الجهة ا لغربية لنهر دجلة
في منطقة الصراف ية
.تحت جسر الصرافية 2
-
الموقع
م0
-
على الجهة الغربية لنهر دجلة
في منطقة الجادرية تحت جسر الجا
د رية
.بالقرب من جزيرة االعراس السياحية 2
-
الموقع
م0
-
على الجهة الغربية لنهر دجلة
في منطقة الجادرية تحت جسر الجا
د رية
.بالقرب من جزيرة االعراس السياحية 3
-
الموقع
م4
-
على الجهة الشرقية لنهر دجلة
. في منطقة الزعفرانية 3
-
الموقع
م4
-
على الجهة الشرقية لنهر دجلة
. في منطقة الزعفرانية 4
-
الموقع
م1
-
على امتداد قناة الجيش شرق
بغداد 5
-
الموقع
م6
-
بحيرة اصطناعي ة في متنزه
الزوراء–
منطقة الكرخ
جمعت24
عينة ، أربع عينات
من كل موقع
وبواقع اربعة مكررات لكل عينة، و مد لل ة
من ايلول9020
ولغاية تموز9022
، حيث
قسمت
مدة
الدراسة الى اربعة
اوقات
زمنية
باالستناد الى درجات الحرارة
وعلى الش كل
ت اآل:ي ا 5
-
الموقع
م6
-
بحيرة اصطناعي ة في متنزه
الزوراء–
منطقة الكرخ
جمعت24
عينة ، أربع عينات
من كل موقع
وبواقع اربعة مكررات لكل عينة، و مد لل ة
من ايلول9020
ولغاية تموز9022
، حيث
قسمت
مدة
الدراسة الى اربعة
اوقات
زمنية
باالستناد الى درجات الحرارة
وعلى الش كل
ت اآل:ي ا (
)
عند االنتهاء من عملية العزل والتشخيص تسجل
البيانات ا
آلتية ة: حساب عدد افراد كل نوع في كل
موقع و عدد االنواع المشخصة في كل موقع .النسبة
المئوية الفراد كل نوع
و النسبة المئوية لتكرار
:النوع في العينة تحسب كاآلتي 1
-
االشهر
من ايلول-
تشر ين الثاني9020
اا 1
-
االشهر
من ايلول-
تشر ين الثاني9020
اا 2
-
االشهر
من كانون االول9020
-
شباط
9022
ا 2
-
االشهر
من كانون االول9020
-
شباط
9022
ا 2
-
االشهر
من كانون االول9020
-
شباط
9022
ا 3
-
االشهر آذار
ونيسان9022
ا يآ
ع ي
نسبة
= تكرار النوع س في العينة
(عدد مرات ظهور النوع س في العينة / عدد
)العيناتX
200
. المواد وطرائق العمل: 4
-
االشهر
آيار و حزيران9022
است عمل
في الجمع كراءة يدوية بمساحة
(
225سم2 )، بمسافة تبعد عن حافة النهر10
سم
ومن أعماق تراوحت بين50-30
سم ،
وضعت العينات في حاويات بالستيكية مع
كمية
.من ماء النهر ونقلت الى المختبر 4
-
االشهر
آيار و حزيران9022
است عمل
في الجمع كراءة يدوية بمساحة
(
225سم2 )، بمسافة تبعد عن حافة النهر10
سم
ومن أعماق تراوحت بين50-30
سم ،
وضعت العينات في حاويات بالستيكية مع
كمية
.من ماء النهر ونقلت الى المختبر )ي
تحسب كثافة الديدان / م9
كثافة كل نوع في كل
موقع و مؤشر الوفرة النسبية
اعتمادا على المعادلة
التي وردت في
(28)
،اذ: :إذ إن N
= عدد
ا فراد
ال.نوع في العينة
Ns = العدد الكلي للديدان في العينة
ولقد عبر عن النتائج باست
عمال
النسبة المئوية وكما
:يأتي
% 70
>
: أنواع سائدةDominant species ا
الفيزيائية
لفحوصات ا والكيميائية
الفيزيائية
لفحوصات
Physical and chemical tests
لجميع المواقع
المدروسة حاليا تم الحصول عليها من قبل دائرة
إسالة ماء بغداد
و للمواقع نفسها. وفيما يخص
نسجة التربةSediment textures
و النسبة
المئوية ل
لمادة العضوية
للمواقع المدروسة فتم 902 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 % 40
-
% 70
: أنواع وفيرةAbundant
species
% 10
-
% 40
: أنواع قليلة وفر ةLess
abundant species
< % 10
: أنواع نادرة
Rare species بينما المواقع ذات الغرين سجلت عدد انواع اعلى
وكثافات اعلى لبعض االنواع مثل المواقع م9
و
م1
.تمايز الموقع م1 بوفرة عددية مع قلة
االنواع
التي اقتصرت على االنواعB. sowerbyi
و
L. hoffmeisteri
باالضافة الى اعداد قليلة من
النوعL. profundicola
، بسبب قلة المادة
العضوية وقلة النباتات المائية في هذا الموقع
فضال" عن كونه ذا قاع طيني
،( جدول9 ). عزل3628
فرد من24
عينة
جمعت من مواقع
الدراسة المختلفة (الجدول ،
0
. )
بلغ مجموع عدد
األنواع المشخصة12
نوعا" تعود الى سبعة
اجناس. اعتبر الموقع م9
و الموقع م1
أغنى
المواقع من حيث عدد األنواع المشخصة اذ وجد
في كل منهما ثمانية أنواع، اال ان الموقع م1
سجل
اعلى عدد لالفراد بلغ1346
،فرد يليها الموقع م2
،
و على الرغم من أنه سجل ثالثة أنواع فقط األ أن
العدد الكلي لألفراد بلغ606
فرد . بلغ عدد االنواع
في الموقع م4
اربعة انواع بينما بلغ مجموع عدد
االفراد096
فرد والذي عد اقل المواقع من حيث
العدد الكلي لألفراد ،. المواد وطرائق العمل: اما الموقع م0
فقد وصل عدد
األفراد فيه الى081
فرد وعدد األنواع خمسة
أنواع و الموقع م6
سجل ستة أنواع بلغ عددها
الكلي120
.فرد ا < % 10
: أنواع نادرة
Rare species < % 10
: أنواع نادرة
Rare species < % 10
: أنواع نادرة
Rare species النتائج والمناقشة: النتائج والمناقشة:
( يشير الجدول2
) الى القيم الدنيا و العليا
لبعض العوامل الفيزياوية والكيمياوية لمواقع
، الدراسة المختلفة
اذ تراوحت درجة حرارة الماء
من اقل قيمه لها029.1
م في الموقع م9
الى
ا على قيمة00
0
م في الموقع م4
. اما قيم
التوصيلية الكهربائية والملوحة
فتراوحت ما بين
اقل القيم وبلغت 733. مايكروسيمنز اي مايعادل
ملوحة0.469
‰
في الموقع م4
، وأعلى القيم
وبلغت2988
مايكروسيمنز و تعادل ملوحة
0.894
‰
في الموقع م1
. وتشير قيم االس
الهيدروجيني الى
ان المياه في جميع المواقع تميل
قليال" الى القاعدية
، حيث تراوحت ما بين8.1-7.5
في جميع المواقع. اما فيما يخص محتوى المادة
العضوية للرواسب فسجلت اعلى نسبة لها في
الموقع
م1 (
6.8
-
2.2
) ، بينما اقل نسبة سجلت في
الموقع
م2
(
0.0
-
2.6
.)
لوحظ
ت
اختالفات
واضحة لنسجة القاع لمواقع الدراسة المختلفة
(كما موضح في الجدول9
) حيث تمثلت مابين
الطينية والغرينة و الغرين الطينية والغرين
. المزيجية والغرين المزيجية وفيما يخص
الموقع
م6
يز ا تم ف
بقاع
غريني طيني مغطى ب النياتات
المائية . ولم تتوافر لدينا معلومات عن العوامل
ا. لبيئية في هذا الموقع
لوحظ من خالل نتائج
فحوصات الخواص الكيمياوية والفيزياوية تشابه
بين مواقع الدراسة فيما يخص درجات الحرارة
والملوحة واالس الهيدروجيني، اال انها اختلفت في
محتوى القاع من المادة العضوية التي كانت قليلة
نسبيا" في الموقع م2
(
0.0
-
2.6
) بين%
ما سجل
اعلى قيمة لها في الموقع
م2
(
6
-
8
–
2.2
،)
، وايضا في نسجة القاع الذي تباين ما بين طيني
غريني طيني و غريني مزيجي و
غريني . وهذا ما
يفسر التباين في تنوع الديدان بين المواقع، حيث
يشكل وفرة المادة "العضوية في الرواسب عامال
مهما في وفرة
ال ديدان بوصفه
مصدر للغذاء (
29
)
، فهي تقتات على المواد العضوية
والبكتريا من
خالل التهامها للرواسب الحاوية عليها (
(2
. اما
طبي
عة القاع فتحدد طبيعة االنواع ، و اشار( 5)
الى ان االنواع ال تتاثر كثيرا" بتغيير العوامل
"الكيمياوية للماء اال ان تواجدها مرتبط ارتباطا
وثيقا" م ع طبيعة الرواسب في القاع . لوحظ من
نتائج الدراسة الحالية ان اقل عدد انواع سجل في
المواقع ذات القاع الطيني وهي الموقع
م2
وم4
، ي
وفيما يخص االنواع المشخصة فقد سجل
النوعL. hoffmeisteri
على أ نسبة
من حيث عدد
االفراد بلغت
1870فرد ، تبعه
النوعB. sowerbyi
و سجل
946
فرد ، بينما
سجلت
األنواعL.profundicola
و
L.claparedeianus
وL. udekemianus
و
L. النتائج والمناقشة: و دليل على ذلك
لوحظت االفراد البالغة لمعظم انواع الديدان
طوال مدة
الدراسة ، اما الديدان غير البالغة فقد سجلت اعداد"ا
قليلة وذلك لكون
اغلب هذه االفراد تكون عادة صغيرة
الحجم وال يمكن تمييزها اثناء العزل
وقد تفقد من العينة
وتحتاج الى اجراء طر
ائ
ق للعزل اكثر دقة
ومن الصعب
تشخيصها الى مستوى النوع
، ومع ذلك فان الديدان
البالغة كانت اكثر وضوحا وتم تمييزها بسهولة اكبر
خالل عينات االشهر
آذار ونيسان وخاص
ة
النواع
الجنسPotamothrix
و النوعP. moravicus
،
فمواسم التكاثر
ومرحلة النضج الجنسي
تختلف
، باختالف االنواع فعلى سبيل المثال
اشار(
24
)
الى
أن
مدة
التكاثر للنوعPotamothrix moldaviensis
تعتمد على درجة الحرارة بشرط
أن يكون الغذاء متو
ا فر
بكثرة
و.تو جد االفراد البالغة ل لنوعP. hammoniensis
على مدار السنة لكن باعداد
كبيرة
خالل فصل الربيع وبداية فصل الصيف(
30
) . وفيما يخص عدد
افراد الديدان المعزولة
، خالل اشهر الدراسة لمواقع الجمع المختلفة
فالديدان موجودة في كل
اوقات الجمع. وقد سجلت
جميع المواقع أعلى مجموع لعدد األفراد خالل
شهري آذار–
نيسان، اذ بلغ مجموع عدد األفراد
2149
فرد، وعموما فان عدد الديدان اقل خالل
المدة من ايلول الى نهاية شباط اال ان اعدادها تزداد
عند بداية شهر آذار. فضال" عن ذلك لوحظ ان
اعداد اإلفراد غير البالغة تختلف باختالف مدة
الدراسة و سجلت اعلى عددا" خالل اشهر كانون
ثاني- شباط بلغ 58
فرد غير بالغ ، بينما سجل اقل
عدد خالل االشهر اذار-
نيسان بلغت 10
فرد
غير بالغ ( شكل2
.)
تراوحت كثافة الديدان ما
بين اعلى كثافة بلغت15218
فرد / م2
مسجلة في
الموقع
م1 بينما سجلت اقل كثا فة وبلغت3730
فرد
/ م2
في الموقع
م4 ( شكل 9
.)
و
يشير الجدول (
4
)
. الى مؤشر الوفرة النسبية لألنواع في كل موقع
فاالنواع السائدة
ب
حسب مؤشر الوفرة التي تكون
نسبتها المئوية اكبر من70
وتمثلت بالنوع%
L. hoffmeister
الذي كان السائد في الموقع
م0
،
وانواع وفيرة
وشملت النوع
B. Sowerbyi
في
الموقع
م2
والنوعL . hoffmeister
في المواقع
م9
و م4
و م1
و م6
. اما االنواع التي تتراوح كثافاتها
بين % 40 - 10من الكثافة الكلية فتع
د
انواع قليلة
الوفرة وتمثلت في النوع
L. hoffmeisteri
في
الموقع
م2
والنوع
T.tubifexفي الموق
ع م4
و
النوع
B. sowerbyi
في الموقع م2
والنوع
L. udekemianus
في الموقع
م1
، و
عدت
بقية
االنواع األخرى المشخصة نادرة
ب حسب المؤشر
نفسه التي تكون وفرتها النسبية اقل من%10
. النتائج والمناقشة: sowerbyi
الذي
و
جد ايضا" في جميع مواقع الدراسة اال ا نه ظهر
بوفرة عددية اقل من النوع االول
( جدول0
). وتع
د
هذه االنواع من اكثر االنواع تحمال للضغوط البيئية
كزيادة المادة العضوية وما يرافقها من نقص
( االوكسجين المذاب0
)
.اذ
إن قدرة النوعL. hoffmeisteri
على الوصول الى نسبة نوع سائد
ب
حسب مؤشر الوفرة النسبية له. و دليل على ذلك
لوحظت االفراد البالغة لمعظم انواع الديدان
طوال مدة
الدراسة ، اما الديدان غير البالغة فقد سجلت اعداد"ا
قليلة وذلك لكون
اغلب هذه االفراد تكون عادة صغيرة
الحجم وال يمكن تمييزها اثناء العزل
وقد تفقد من العينة
وتحتاج الى اجراء طر
ائ
ق للعزل اكثر دقة
ومن الصعب
تشخيصها الى مستوى النوع
، ومع ذلك فان الديدان
البالغة كانت اكثر وضوحا وتم تمييزها بسهولة اكبر
خالل عينات االشهر
آذار ونيسان وخاص
ة
النواع
الجنسPotamothrix
و النوعP. moravicus
،
فمواسم التكاثر
ومرحلة النضج الجنسي
تختلف
، باختالف االنواع فعلى سبيل المثال
اشار(
24
)
الى
أن
مدة
التكاثر للنوعPotamothrix moldaviensis
تعتمد على درجة الحرارة بشرط
أن يكون الغذاء متو
ا فر
بكثرة
و.تو جد االفراد البالغة ل لنوعP. hammoniensis
على مدار السنة لكن باعداد
كبيرة
خالل فصل الربيع وبداية فصل الصيف(
30
) . االنواع اهالبا" شعرية ،و عموما شخص النوع
sowerbyi
B.بكل سهولة من خالل امتالكه خيوط"ا
غلصمية في ا لنهاية الخلفية للجسم . كما تم التعرف على
انواع الجنسPotamothrix
و النوعP. moravicus
من خالل امتالكهما أهالبا جنسية في
الحلقة
( العاشرة
( X
(صورة2) و النوع
R.irroratus
من خالل وجود اهالب قضيبية
penial chaetae
تقع في الحلقة(
XI
) . اما انواع
الجنسLimnodrilus
فقد تم التقريق بينها من شكل
غالف العضو التناسلي الذكريpenis sheath
.(صورة9
)
لوحظ سيادة النوعL. hoffmeisteri
و
وجو
ده
في جميع مواقع الدراسة وسجل اعلى مجموع
عدد افراد خالل مدة الدراسة يليه النوعB. sowerbyi
الذي
و
جد ايضا" في جميع مواقع الدراسة اال ا نه ظهر
بوفرة عددية اقل من النوع االول
( جدول0
). وتع
د
هذه االنواع من اكثر االنواع تحمال للضغوط البيئية
كزيادة المادة العضوية وما يرافقها من نقص
( االوكسجين المذاب0
)
.اذ
إن قدرة النوعL. hoffmeisteri
على الوصول الى نسبة نوع سائد
ب
حسب مؤشر الوفرة النسبية له. النتائج والمناقشة: silavni
135
و 51
و364
و13
فرد على
التوالي . سجل مجموع عدد االفراد في النوعP. bavaricus
أعلى مما عليه في النوعP. hammoniensis
بلغ63
فردا" و54
فردا" على
التوالي . وسجلت االنواع
T. tubifex
و
P. moravicus
و
R. coccienus
و
M. irroratus
مجموع عدد االفراد بلغ
101
و 12
و
10
و9
فرد على التوالي . ومن حيث النسب المئوية
لتكرار
االنواع في
العينات
سجل النوعان
L. hoffmeisteri
و B. sowerbyi
( اعلى نسبة تكرار200
) يليهما%
النوع.profundicola
L
وسجل02.26
، %
وسجلT. tubifex
نسبة تكرار. بلغت42.66
،
وسجل كل من االنواعL. claparedeianus
والنوع
P. bavaricus
نسبة تكرار00
. 00
%
،
وسجل النوعان
L. udekemianus
وP. hammoniensi
نسب تكرار92.26
و29
. 1
على التوالي،
بينما سجلت االنواع
L. وفيما يخص االنواع المشخصة فقد سجل
النوعL. hoffmeisteri
على أ نسبة
من حيث عدد
االفراد بلغت
1870فرد ، تبعه
النوعB. sowerbyi
و سجل
946
فرد ، بينما
سجلت
األنواعL.profundicola
و
L.claparedeianus
وL. udekemianus
و
L. silavni
135
و 51
و364
و13
فرد على
التوالي . سجل مجموع عدد االفراد في النوعP. bavaricus
أعلى مما عليه في النوعP. hammoniensis
بلغ63
فردا" و54
فردا" على
التوالي . وسجلت االنواع
T. tubifex
و
P. moravicus
و
R. coccienus
و
M. irroratus
مجموع عدد االفراد بلغ
101
و 12
و
10و9التوال
فرد عل 10
و9
فرد على التوالي . ومن حيث النسب المئوية
لتكرار
االنواع في
العينات
سجل النوعان
L. hoffmeisteri
و B. sowerbyi
( اعلى نسبة تكرار200
) يليهما%
النوع.profundicola
L
وسجل02.26
، %
وسجلT. tubifex
نسبة تكرار. بلغت42.66
،
وسجل كل من االنواعL. claparedeianus
والنوع
P. bavaricus
نسبة تكرار00
. 00
%
،
وسجل النوعان
L. udekemianus
وP. hammoniensi
نسب تكرار92.26
و29
. 1
على التوالي،
بينما سجلت االنواع
L. silvaniوR coccienusوP moravicus 909 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم االنواع اهالبا" شعرية ،و عموما شخص النوع
sowerbyi
B.بكل سهولة من خالل امتالكه خيوط"ا
غلصمية في ا لنهاية الخلفية للجسم . كما تم التعرف على
انواع الجنسPotamothrix
و النوعP. moravicus
من خالل امتالكهما أهالبا جنسية في
الحلقة
( العاشرة
( X
(صورة2) و النوع
R.irroratus
من خالل وجود اهالب قضيبية
penial chaetae
تقع في الحلقة(
XI
) . اما انواع
الجنسLimnodrilus
فقد تم التقريق بينها من شكل
غالف العضو التناسلي الذكريpenis sheath
.(صورة9
)
لوحظ سيادة النوعL. hoffmeisteri
و
وجو
ده
في جميع مواقع الدراسة وسجل اعلى مجموع
عدد افراد خالل مدة الدراسة يليه النوعB. النتائج والمناقشة: ا ي
لوحظ خالل الدراسة الحالية أن تشخيص
ال ديدان قليلة األهالب المائية فيه بعض الصعوبات نظرا
للتشابه الكبير بين صفات األجناس وصفات األنواع
لهذه الديدان . شخصت األجناس على أساس وجود او
عدم وجود األهالب الشعرية علما" أن هذه االهالب
ا تم يز النوع وال تميز الجنس ألن بعض األجناس تمتلك
بعض أنواعها أهالبا شعرية بينما البعض األخر ال
يمتلك اهالبا شعري ة(
2
) . تميز جنس
Limnodrilus
عن األجناس األخرى التي تم
الحصول عليها في دراستنا الحالية بشكل واضح من
خالل عدم امتالكه لألهالب الشعرية بينما امتلكت بقية 900 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
-
-
-
-
665
642
1542
919
30
58
10
42
شكل2
: العدد الكلي وعدد االفراد غير البالغة لديدان تحت العائلةTubificinae
التي جمعت
.خالل اوقات الدراسة المختلفة
( شكل9): معدل كثافة الديدان / م9
لجميع م
ناطق الدراسة 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
-
-
-
-
665
642
1542
919
30
58
10
42 شكل2
: العدد الكلي وعدد االفراد غير البالغة لديدان تحت العائلةTubificinae
.خالل اوقات الدراسة المختلفة
( شكل9): معدل كثافة الديدان / م9
لجميع م
ناطق الدراسة شكل2
: العدد الكلي وعدد االفراد غير البالغة لديدان تحت العائلةTubificinae
التي جمعت
.ت الدراسة المختلفة ( شكل9): معدل كثافة الديدان / م9
لجميع م
ناطق الدراسة جدول(1)
. الحد األعلى والحد األدنى للخواص الكيماوية والفيزياوية والمادة العضوية لمواقع الدراسة
مواقع
الدراسة
درجة حرارة
الماء م◦
التوصيلية الكهربائية
)(مايكروسمينز
الملوحة‰
األس
الهيدروجيني
المادة
العضوية
%
م2
28-15
1245-753
0.797-0.459
7.9-7.6
1.6-0.7
م9
29.1
-
90
1227-744
0.785-0.476
8.1-7.9
4.1-2.4
م0
28-13.5
1227-742
0.785-0.475
8.1-7.9
3.2-1.3
م4
30-16
1227- 733
0.787-0.469
7.8-7.5
3.9-1.6
م1
29-15.5
1288-753
0.824-0.459
8.1-7.9
9.9-6.8 904 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم (جدول9
) : نسجة القاع
لمواقع الدراسة.المختلفة
مواقع
الدراسة
%طين
%غرين
%
رمل نسجة القاع
م1
28.5
47.3
24.2
طينية
م9
27.5
54.3
18
غرين طينية
م 3
12.5
22.1
65.4
غرين مزيجية
م4
23
48.8
28.6
طينية
م1
23
58.4
18.6
غرينية
م6
27.5
54.3
18
غرين طينية ( جدول0) : عدد االفراد المشخصة
من ديدان تحت العائلةTubificidae
التي جمعت من مواقع الدراسة
. النتائج والمناقشة: و نسبها المئوية والنسبة المئوية لتكرار كل نوع في عينات الدراسة
% التكرار
النسبة المئوية
%
المجموع
م6
م1
م4
م0
م9
م2
المواقع
ا
ألنواع
100
52
1870
313
675
198
266
216
202
Limnodrilus
hoffmeisteri
79.16
4
135
6
58
17
16
23
15
L. profundicola
33.33
1.40
51
5
37
-
-
9
-
L. claparedeianus
29.16
10.03
364
-
355
-
-
9
-
L.udekemianus
4.16
0.35
13
13
-
-
-
-
-
L.silvani
41.66
3
101
42
-
39
-
20
-
Tubifex tubifex
33.33
2
63
-
6
-
35
22
-
Potamothrix
bavaricus
12.5
1.48
54
-
54
-
-
-
-
P. hammoniensis
4.16
0.33
12
-
-
-
-
12
-
Psammoryctides
moravicus
4.16
0.24
9
-
9
-
-
-
-
Monopylephorus
irroratus
4.16
0.27
10
-
-
-
10
-
-
Rhyacodrilus
coccineus
100
26.07
946
218
152
72
58
57
389
Branchiura
sowerbyi
3628
597
1346
326
385
368
606
مجموع األفراد
6
8
4
5
8
3
عدد األنواع ( جدول0) : عدد االفراد المشخصة
من ديدان تحت العائلةTubificidae
التي جمعت من مواقع الدراسة
. و نسبها المئوية والنسبة المئوية لتكرار كل نوع في عينات الدراسة 901 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم ( جدول4
): توزيع أنواع تحت العائلةTubificinae
ووفرتها النسبية
ب
حسب مؤشر الوفرة النسبية
(Ra)
. في مواقع الدراسة المختلفة
مواقع الدراسة
االنواع
م6
م1
م4
م0
م9
م2
+++
+++
+++
++++
+++
++
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
+
+
+
+
+
+
L. profundicola
+
+
-
-
+
-
L. claparedeianus
-
++
-
-
+
-
L.udekemianus
+
-
-
-
-
-
L.silvani
+
-
++
-
+
-
Tubifex tubifex
-
-
-
+
+
-
Potamothrix bavaricus
-
+
-
-
-
-
P. hammoniensis
-
+
-
-
+
-
Psammoryctides
moravicus
-
+
-
-
-
-
Monopylephorus irroratus
-
-
-
+
-
-
Rhyacodrilus coccineus
++
++
++
++
++
+++
Branchiura sowerbyi
+
+
+
+
+
+
ديدان غير بالغة
، أنواع سائدة++
D
اكبر من70
أنواع وفير+++ ، %
، ةD
تتراوح مابين70 – 40
، أنواع قليلة++ ، %
D
تتراوح مابين
40-
%
،
، أنواع نادرة+
D
تكون أقل من10
%
،
- أنواع غير موجودة . النتائج والمناقشة: ، أنواع سائدة++++
D
اكبر من70
أنواع وفير+++ ، %
، ةD
تتراوح مابين70 – 40
، أنواع قليلة++ ، %
D
تتراوح مابين
40-10
%
،
، أنواع نادرة+
D
تكون أقل من10
%
،
- أنواع غير موجودة . 906 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم أ ب ج
صورة 1
: اهالب اكياس استقبال النطف: أ: النوعPotamothrix bavaricus
، ب: النوع
P. hammoniensis
ج: النوعPsammoryctides maravicus ج ج
صورة 1
: اهالب اكياس استقبال النطف: أ: النوعPotamothrix bavaricus
، ب: النوع
P. hammoniensis
ج: النوعPsammoryctides maravicus P. ج: النوعPsammoryctides maravicus ج: النوعPsammoryctides maravicus أ ب ج
د
ه
صورة 2
:: غالف العضو الذكري ، أLinmodrilus hoffmeisteri
:، بL. claparedeianus
،
:جL. udekemianus
:دL. silvani
:، هL. profundicola أ ج صورة 2
:: غالف العضو الذكري ، أLinmodrilus hoffmeisteri
:، بL. claparedeianus
،
:جL. udekemianus
:دL. silvani
:، هL. profundicola 900 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم الخارطة2: خ ارطة مدينة بغداد توضح مواقع الدراسة مؤشرة بالعالمة 4- Petridis , D. and Sinis , A. 1997 The
benthic fauna of lake Mikri Prespa. Hydrobiologia , 351: 95-105. المصادر: المصادر: 1- Brinkhurst,
R.O. and
Jamieson,
B.G.M1971 Aquatic Oligochaeta of
the
world. Univ. of Toronto Press. Toronto, Canada. 860 pp. 1- Brinkhurst,
R.O. and
Jamieson,
B.G.M1971 Aquatic Oligochaeta of
the
world. Univ. of Toronto Press. Toronto, Canada. 860 pp. 5- Timm , T., Seire , A. and Pall , P. 2001 Half acentury of oligochaete
research in
Estonian
running waters . Hydrobiologia , 463 :
223- 234. 2- Swayne , H. , Day , M. and Wetzel ,
M. J. 2004 . Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri
( Annelida : Oligochaeta
:
Tubificidae ) in Pop ’s cave ,
Wisconsin , U S A . Journal of cave
and Karst studies , 66 (1) : 28- 31. 6- Timm, T2009 A guide to the
freshwater
Oligochaeta
and
Polychaeta of
Northern and
Central Europe. Lauterborina, 66:1–
235 3- Kazanci , N. and Girgin , S. 1998
Distribution of oligochaetes species
as bioindicators of organic pollution
in Akara Stream and their use in
biomonitoring . Turk. J. Zool. ,
22 : 83-87. 3- Kazanci , N. and Girgin , S. 1998
Distribution of oligochaetes species
as bioindicators of organic pollution
in Akara Stream and their use in
biomonitoring . Turk. J. Zool. ,
22 : 83-87. 3- Kazanci , N. and Girgin , S. 1998
Distribution of oligochaetes species
as bioindicators of organic pollution 7- Erséus, C., Prestegaard, T., and
Källersjö, M. 2000 Phylogenetic
analysis
of the Tubificidae
(Annelida, Clitellata) based on 18S
rDNA
sequences. Molecular 908 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم Phylogenetics and Evolution, 15:
381–389. The benthic Fauna
of
the
Polluted lower Part of
river Diyala, Central Iraq. JBSR
. Vol. 17(3) :35-45. 8- Erséus, C., Källersjö, M., Ekman, M. and Hovmöller, R . 2002 18S rDNA
phylogeny
of
the
Tubificidae
(Clitellata)
and
its
constituent taxa:
dismissal of the
Naididae. Molecular
Phylogenetics and Evolution,
22:
414–422. 17-
Al-Lami , A. A. , Jaweir ,
H. J. , & Nusha’at , M. R. 1997. Benthic
invertebrates
community
of
river 17- 17-
Al-Lami , A. A. , Jaweir ,
H. J. , & Nusha’at , M. R. 1997. Benthic
invertebrates
community
of
river
Ephrates
Upstream
and
downstream sectors of Al-
Qadisia Dam , Iraq . Regulated
river , Research
and Management , 14(4) :
383-390. Ephrates
Upstream
and
downstream sectors of Al-
Qadisia Dam , Iraq . 9- Erséus,
C. 2005
Phylogeny
of
oligochaetous
Clitellata. Hydrobiologia,
535 ⁄ 536: 357-
372. المصادر: 28
-
النمراوي، عادل مشعان ربيع ناصر
2005
التنوع
اإلحيائي
للعوالق الحيوانية
والالفقريات
القاعية في نهري دجلة والفرات
،وسط العراق
أطروحة
،دكتوراه، كلية العلوم
جامعة
.بغداد 10-
Erséus, C., Wetzel, M.J. and
Gustavsson, L. 2008ICZN rules―a
farewell
toTubificidae
(Annelida, Clitellata). Zootaxa, 1744:
66– 68. 22
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شكرخان ، امل عمران2008
. دراسة
بيئية لمج تمع الالفقريات القاعية لنهر الفرات في
منطقة سدة الهندية . أطروحة دكتوراه . كلية
. العلوم . الجامعة المستنصرية 11-
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، جوير
هيفاء جواد ، الدركزلي ، منال
. محمد اكبر و داود ، يحيى توما2000
. تأثير
نوع الغذاء على إنتاجية النوعTubifex tubifex
( Oligochaeta : Tubificidae )
ديدان
حلقية–
قليلة االهالب في األوساط
. الزراعية التجريبية . مجلة كلية التربية للبنات
جامعة بغداد11
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cultures of Tubifex tubifex forms . in
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. Hydrobiologia , 180:143-150. 29
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، جوير
هيفاء جواد ، الدركزلي ، منال
. محمد اكبر و داود ، يحيى توما2000
. تأثير
نوع الغذاء على إنتاجية النوعTubifex tubifex
( Oligochaeta : Tubificidae )
ديدان
حلقية–
قليلة االهالب في األوساط
. الزراعية التجريبية . مجلة كلية التربية للبنات
جامعة بغداد11
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cultures of Tubifex tubifex forms . in
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,
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Biology. Kluwer
Academic publisher ,
Belgium
. Hydrobiologia , 180:143-150. 20-
Kassim, T.I.; Jaweir, H.J.;
Muften, F.S., Al-Maliky, S.K. and
Nashaat, M.R. 1997 Benthic fauna in
Tigris River, Iraq. J.Coll. Educ. For
Women, Univ. Baghdad, 8 (2): 167-
170. 29
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، جوير
هيفاء جواد ، الدركزلي ، منال
. محمد اكبر و داود ، يحيى توما2000
. تأثير
نوع الغذاء على إنتاجية النوعTubifex tubifex
( Oligochaeta : Tubificidae )
ديدان
حلقية–
قليلة االهالب في األوساط
. الزراعية التجريبية . مجلة كلية التربية للبنات
جامعة بغداد11
(
2
: )
46
-
55
. 29
- 21-
Nashaat, M.R. , Al-Lami, A.A. Jaweir, H.J. 2000 Benthic fauna of
Qadisia Lake, North west Iraq. J.Diala 8(1): 74-83 (
)
13-
Verdonschot , P. F. M. 2006. Beyond masses and blooms : the
indicative
value
of
oligochaetes . .
99
- المصادر: Hydrobiologia ,
564 : 127 142 اا
م
حياتية لتقييم التلوث في نهر ا لديوانية . رسالة
. ماجستير . كلية التربية . جامعة القادسية حياتية لتقييم التلوث في نهر ا لديوانية . رسالة
. ماجستير . كلية التربية . جامعة القادسية 14-
Milbrink, G, Timm , T. and
Lundberg , S. 2002. Indicative
profundal
Oligochaete
assemblages in selected small
Swedish Lakes . Hydrobiologia ,468:
53-61. 23-
Ali, L.A 2007 A study of
macroinvertebrates community in the
middle sector of
Greater
Zab
River ⁄ Iraq. Ph.D. thesis, Colloge of
Science for Women, Baghdad Univ.,
123pp. 15-
Lietz, D. M. 1987 Potential for
aquatic oligochaetes as live food in
commercial aquaculture. Hydrobiologia, 155: 309-310. 16-
Al-Mukhtar, E. A. Al-
Dabbagh, and Taha, T.M. 1986 15-
Lietz, D. M. 1987 Potential for
aquatic oligochaetes as live food in
commercial aquaculture. Hydrobiologia, 155: 309-310. 24-
Sabtie,
H.A. 2009
An
ecological study of the benthic
macroinvertebrates community
in
the
Southern
Marshes
of
Iraq. Ph.D.thesis, Colloge of Science for Hydrobiologia, 155: 309-310. y
g
16-
Al-Mukhtar, E. A. Al-
Dabbagh, and Taha, T.M. 1986 902 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم Women , Baghdad Univ. Baghdad,
Iraq 28-
Omori, M. and Ikeda,T1984
Methods in marine zooplankton
ecology. Wiley and Sons,New
York 25-
Nashaat, M.R. 2010 Impact of
AL-Durah Power Plant effluents on
physical, chemical
and
invertebrates biodiversity in Tigris
River , Southern Baghdad. Ph. D. thesis, College of Science, Baghdad
Univ. 29-
Peralta, L., Escobar , E. ,
Alcocer , J. and Lugo , A. 2002
Oligochaetes from six tropical crater
lakes in Central Mexico species
composition , density and biomass. Hydrobiologia , 467 : 109 –116. 26-
Jaweir, H.J. 2012 . A new
record of three tubificid species (
Annelida : Oligochaeta ) from Al-
haweizah marsh. Iraq. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci. 26(2) : 114- 121. 26-
Jaweir, H.J. 2012 . A new
record of three tubificid species (
Annelida : Oligochaeta ) from Al-
haweizah marsh. Iraq. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci. 26(2) : 114- 121. 30-
Arslan ,N. and Şahin Y. 2006. A preliminary study on
the Identification of
the
Littoral Oligochaete ( Annelida )
and Chironomidae (Diptera )
Fauna of Lake
Kovada , a
National Park in Turkey. ,
Turky. J. Zool., 30: 67-72. 27-
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1971 A guid
for the identification of British
aquatic
Oligochaeta. Freshwater Biological Association,
Scientific publication
No:2 Haifa J. Jaweir* Afrah M. Alwan* *Department of Biology, College of Science for Women
University of Baghdad *Department of Biology, College of Science for Women
University of Baghdad Sludge worms species
(Oligochaeta: Naididae: Tubificinae)
From Different Aquatic Habitat in Baghdad / Iraq Haifa J. Jaweir* Afrah M. Alwan* 25- Abstract: The present investigation is concerned primarily with sorting and identification
of subfamily Tubificinae from River Tigris and some water surface in Baghdad /Iraq
. For this purpose six study sites were chosen, including a Al- Kadhemyia drainage
canal, North Baghdad; three sites on the shore of River Tigris; in addition to site in
Al-Jaish canal , East Baghdad, finally the sixth site was from pond in Al-Zawra'a park
, within the center of Baghdad .These sites were characterized by sediment rang from
clay, silty-clay to silty with a percentage of organic matter ranged between 0.7% -
9.9% . According to water temperature, salinity and pH values, they were nearly
identical in all study sites, the water temperature was ranged through the study period
between 12.5 – 300 C , while electrical conductivity and salinity values were ranged
beteen 733.5-1227.5 µs ,which equivalent to 0.469-0.787 ‰ salinity. All sites were
slightly alkaline ,so the pH values were ranged between 7.5-8.1. 3628 individuals were sorted from 24 samples collected from different
study sites.. Twelve species were identified belonging to seven genera,
including , Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, L. claparedeianus, .L. profundicola, . L.udekemianus , L. silvani, Tubifex tubifex, Branchiura sowerbyi, Potamothrix. 980 مجلد10
(
2
)
2013 مجلة بغداد للعلوم bavaricus, , P. hammoniensis, Psammoryctide moravicus, Monopylephorus
irroratus, and Rhyacodrilus coccineus. bavaricus, , P. hammoniensis, Psammoryctide moravicus, Monopylephorus
irroratus, and Rhyacodrilus coccineus. The result revealed that Al-Jaish canal and Tigris River / al-Sarafyia were
considered as the richest sites according to the number of species recorded,
where 8 species were recorded in each of them, but Al-Jaish canal had higher
individual number of 1346 individuals , followed by Al-Kadhemyia drainage
canal recorded only three species with high total individual number of 606
individual. The lowest total individual number was recorded in Tigris River /
Al- Zaafaranyia of 326 individual. L. hoffmeisteri, records higher individuals number of 1870 individual ,
followed by B. sowerbyi which records 946 individual. Both species recorded
highest percentage occurance of 100% followed by 79.16% recorded by L. profundicola. High densities of Tubificinae were recorded during all study period. The highest
density was during March-April, reached between 2109 -534.9 ind/m2 in Tigris
River sites , 7270.5 ind/m2 in Al-Jaish canal and 2419.8 ind/m2 in Al-Zawra'a pond. The .results of relative abundance revealed that L. hoffmeisteri was the dominant
species in site Tigris River/Al- Jaderyia, and abundant in other study sites. B. Abstract: sowerbyi was abundant in all study sites, while other species were recorded between
few to rare species except L. udekemianus which was abundant in site Al-Jaish
canal, and T. tubifex in site Tigris River / Al- Zaafaranyia. 982 982 | 6,911 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1451/1382 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Key Word :lead exposure , δ-ALAD, Iron Status. behavioural change[4]. Lead is toxic
not only to the hematopietic system ,
but also to the gastrointestinal tract, the
central and peripheral nervous systems
and the kidneys [5]. The main target
for lead toxicity is the erythrocytes in
which the inhibition of a key enzyme,
cytoplasmic δ- Aminolevulinic acid
dehydratase(δ-
ALAD),
in
heme
biosynthesis is one of the major
manifestation of acute lead poisoning
[6]. δ-ALAD
[Porphobilinogen
synthetase , (EC4.2.1.24)] is the
second
enzyme
in
the
heme
biosynthetic pathway which catalyzes
the condensation of two molecules of Effects of Lead on Hemopoeitic and Iron Status in
Iraqi Workers at Lead Batteries Factory Fatin F. AL-kazazz* Mustafa H. AL-Waali* Received 2, May, 2012
Accepted 10, July, 2012 Abstract : The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of lead exposure on hemopoetic
system (through the index delta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase δ-ALAD activity &
hemoglobin concentration (Hb) ) and on iron status (levels of iron Fe, Ferritin Fr,
Total iron binding capacity TIBC, percentage of transferine saturation TF%) in 44
Iraqi worker at lead batteries factory. Workers divided into two groups:
smokers(n=21) mean aged (37.33±4.82 year)and non smokers(n=23) mean
aged(40.78±7.89 year) and 45 healthy subjects mean aged (33.97±5.08)as control
group . Activity of δ-ALAD ratio shows significant decrease (p ˂ 0.05) ,while Hb and
hematocrit Hct were non significant (p ˃ 0.05) in smoker workers more than non
smoker as compared to control . The results show a non significant decrease (p ˃
0.05) in the sera levels of iron S.Fe, TS%, Fr in all workers as compared to control ,
the amount of decreasing for smoker more than non smoker except ferritin levels. A
significant increases in the level of TIBC in workers as compared to control, this
elevation is more in smoker than non smoker workers. In smoker workers, there was a
significant positive correlation between the blood lead levels BLLs and Hb, Hct,TIBC
whereas a significant negative correlation was observed between BLLs and S.Fe,
TS%. In conclusion, the results of this study reveal the importance of monitoring the
level of iron status in smoker peoples who dealing or exposure to lead due to the
probability injured with anemia and used δ-ALAD ratio to predict the efficiency of
their heme synthesis as a new marker for the diagnosis of early stage of anemia. Blood and Biochemical Analysis: y
Blood sample (about 10 ml) was
drown from each individual . The
blood sample was divided into three
tubes, 2ml in
heparin tube for
estimation of Hb , Hct, and enzyme
assay. Four milliliter in EDTA tube for
lead estimation. The other 4ml of
blood was left for short time to allow
blood to clot, then clear serum sample
was obtained by centrifugation at
1500xg for 5min to measure Fe ,
TIBC and Fr. Measurement of
blood Pb level was carried out by
flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(FAAS) [ Buck 210 VGP(USA)][12]. Hb
was
assayed
by
the
cyanomethemoglobin method . Hct
concentration was measured following
centrifugation in a microhematocrit
centrifuge
(H-
1200F,KokuSAN,Jaban). Serum iron
(s.Fe)and TIBC were measured by
colorimetric assays using kit supplied
by (Randox,UK). Serum ferritin (Fr)
was measured by the ELISA method . Percentage of transferring saturation
(TS%) was calculated by dividing s.Fe
by TIBC and multiplying by 100 . Erythrocyte δ-ALAD activity was
estimated
by
a
new
modified
colorimetric method by Gultepe et al
(2009)[13] where erythrocyte ALAD
acts an ALA to form porphobilinogen
(PBG) which further reacts with
regular Erilch's reagent to form a pink
colored compound which can be
measured using spectrophotometer at
(555nm). Hg-TCA solution stops the
reaction by precipitating the proteins. The
erythrocyte
ALAD
activity
activated by zinc chloride and DTT Blood sample (about 10 ml) was
drown from each individual . The
blood sample was divided into three
tubes, 2ml in
heparin tube for
estimation of Hb , Hct, and enzyme
assay. Four milliliter in EDTA tube for
lead estimation. The other 4ml of
blood was left for short time to allow
blood to clot, then clear serum sample
was obtained by centrifugation at
1500xg for 5min to measure Fe ,
TIBC and Fr. Measurement of blood Pb level was carried out by
flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(FAAS) [ Buck 210 VGP(USA)][12]. Hb
was
assayed
by
the
cyanomethemoglobin method . Hct
concentration was measured following
centrifugation in a microhematocrit
centrifuge
(H- blood Pb level was carried out by
flame atomic absorption spectroscopy
(FAAS) [ Buck 210 VGP(USA)][12]. Hb
was
assayed
by
the
cyanomethemoglobin method . Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 ALA to form one molecule of
porphobilinogen [7]. δ-ALAD is one of
the most sensitive indicators of blood
lead accumulation due to exposure[8]. ALA to form one molecule of
porphobilinogen [7]. δ-ALAD is one of
the most sensitive indicators of blood
lead accumulation due to exposure[8]. Dithiothretol(DTT) and aminolevulinic
acid . HCl (ALA-HCl) from sigma. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) from Riedel
de Haen. Iron and Total Iron Binding
Capacity(TIBC) Kit from Randox
company. Ferritin Kit from Monobind
Inc.. Hemoglobin liquid stable reagent
from Syrbio comp. p
The iron status, of industrial
workers occupationally exposed to
lead, is particularly important because
a substantial evidence supports that
iron deficiency not only impairs
workers performance but also may
increase the absorption and biotoxicity
of lead in animals and humans [9]. Although metals such as copper , zinc
and iron are essential for human beings
, chronic metabolic disturbances may
result from an excess or deficiency of
these metals [10]. The level of a metal
in blood is considered as an index of
biologically active metals in the body ,
reflecting the environmental exposure
of population[11]. Introduction: Lead is a heavy toxic metal to
human. It does not have any useful
function in the human body, in fact it
causes harmful effects when it enters
the
body
either
by
ingestion
,
inhalation
or
by
dermal
contact
(organic lead )[1]. Industry is the major
source of lead pollution , particularly
in battery factories [2]. The battery
manufacturing plant is one of the
leading source of occupational lead
poisoning in which workers in these
plants are easily exposed to lead(3). Lead is related to a broad range of
physiological,
biochemical,
and Chemistry Dep . Scientific of college AL-Mustansiryh unvi . * Chemistry Dep . Scientific of college AL-Mustansiryh unvi . * Chemistry Dep . Scientific of college AL-Mustansiryh unvi . * 833 Baghdad Science Journal Subjects: A total of forty four males with
mean aged (39.13±6.76) years (range
29-57) year occupationally exposed to
lead in battery manufacture for a
period
of(15-35)
years
(mean
17.68±6.99) were participated in this
study. The workers were divided into
two groups: smokers (n=21) and non
smokers (n=23). A total of 45 healthy
male
volunteers
mean
aged
(33.97±5.08)years (range 24-45) years
served as controls. Blood and Biochemical Analysis: Hct
concentration was measured following
centrifugation in a microhematocrit
centrifuge
(H- The aim of this study is to
investigate and evaluate the iron status
and δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase
in blood of Iraqi workers in Al-
Wazyria Batteries manufacturing plant
and then finding the type of correlation
between all iron status index and δ-
ALAD activity with blood lead levels. g
(
1200F,KokuSAN,Jaban). Serum iron
(s.Fe)and TIBC were measured by
colorimetric assays using kit supplied
by (Randox,UK). Serum ferritin (Fr)
was measured by the ELISA method . Percentage of transferring saturation
(TS%) was calculated by dividing s.Fe
by TIBC and multiplying by 100 . Erythrocyte δ-ALAD activity was
estimated
by
a
new
modified
colorimetric method by Gultepe et al
(2009)[13] where erythrocyte ALAD
acts an ALA to form porphobilinogen
(PBG) which further reacts with
regular Erilch's reagent to form a pink
colored compound which can be
measured using spectrophotometer at
(555nm). Hg-TCA solution stops the
reaction by precipitating the proteins. The
erythrocyte
ALAD
activity
activated by zinc chloride and DTT Chemical Materials: Na2HPO4.12H2O,
NaH2PO4.2H2O, CCl3COOH (TCA)
and mercuric chloride(HgCl2) from
Merck. ZnCl2,
p-dimethyl
aminobenzaldehyde
(PDMAB), 833 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 was also measured and the ratio of
activated versus non-activated ALAD
was determined performed using LSD considering p ˂
0.05 as the lowest limit of significance. Also software program SPSS 16.0 for
windows USA, Student t-test, and
correlation
analysis
were
used. Statistical analysis : All data were expressed as
mean ± standard deviation (mean ±
SD)
. Statistical
analysis
was N.S=non significant Results: Table (1): Mean value of age, duration of exposure, BLLs, δ-ALAD activities, Hb and
Hct for both workers and control group. Control
n= 45
Non-smoker
n= 23
Smoker
n= 21
Groups description
Mean ±SD
P-value
Mean ±SD
P-value
Mean ±SD
33.97±5.08
-
40.78±7.89
-
37.97±4.82
Age (year)
-
-
19.43±8.57
-
15.76±4.10
Duration of
exposure(year)
16.64±1.88
0.0001
24.73±4.49
0.0001
26.57±5.24
Blood lead level
BLL(µg/dl)
0.316±0.116
N.S
0.310±0.089
0.05
0.262±0.067
δ-ALAD ratio
14.29±1.59
N.S
14.11±2.04
N.S
14.78±1.37
Hemoglobin(g/dl)
42.86±4.77
N.S
42.78±7.24
N.S
44.30±4.10
Hematocrit (%)
N.S= non significant Table (1): Mean value of age, duration of exposure, BLLs, δ-ALAD activities, Hb and
Hct for both workers and control group. ALAD activity was significantly
decreased in smoker (0.262±0.067) and
non
significant
decrease
in
non
smoker (0.310±0.089) as compared
with that of control group. Non
significant differences were observed
in Hb and Hct for lead exposed
workers but slightly increase in the
smokers group and decrease in the non
smokers
group. As
shown
in
Table
(1),
the
differences of exposure duration were
non
significant
for
smokers
(15.76±4.10 year) and non smokers
(19.43±8.37year). The mean ± SD
BLLs in smokers (26.57±5.24µg/dl)
and
non-smokers (24.73±4.49µg/dl)were significantly (p
˂ 0.000) increase as compared with
that of control group. The ratio of δ- Table (2): Mean value of S.Fe, TIBC, TS% and Fr for both lead workers and
control group. Control
n= 45
Non-smoker
n= 23
Smoker
n= 21
Groups description
Mean ±SD
P-value
Mean ±SD
P-value
Mean ±SD
88.22±30.67
N.S
76.43±29.76
N.S
75.23±23.80
Serum iron(S.Fe)
( µg/dl)
421.8±117.6
>0.0001
478.6±196.7
N.S
542.2±161.6
TIBC (µg/dl)
22.52±9.59
>0.05
18.95±13.68
N.S
16.54±11.90
TS %
114.0±88.03
N.S
92.60±55.67
N.S
102.1±76.4
Serum ferritin (Fr)
(ng/dl)
N.S=non significant Table (2): Mean value of S.Fe, TIBC, TS% and Fr for both lead workers and
control group 833 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 compared
with
that
of
control. compared
with
that
of
control. From Table (2), the mean ±SD serum
iron
levels
of
smokers
(73.23±23.80µg/dl) and non smokers
(76.43±29.36µg/dl)
show
non
significant decrease as compared with
control group. The mean ±SD serum
TIBC
for
non
smokers
(
478.61±196.73)
was
significantly
increased while that of smokers
(542.24±161.62) show non significant
increase as compared with that of
control group. In comparison with
control group, TS% was significantly
decreased
in
non
smokers
(18.95±13.88) and non significant for
smokers group (16.54±11.90) . Discussion: and Hct for non smoker was slightly
decreased. It might be due to decreased
heme
and
globin
synthesis,
or
erythrocyte formation and function. Erythrocyte survival also decreased by
lead due to inhibition of membrane Na+
/ K+ ATPase activity[20]. Smokers Hb
and Hct levels were slightly increased. It may be due to smoking effects
whereas CO binds hemoglobin 250
times more than O2 producing carboxy
hemoglobin which produces hypoxia
and
this
will
accelerate
the
erythropoiesis [21]. . Iron is an essential element which plays
a critical role in the heme synthesis
pathway. s.Fe, TIBC, TS% and Fr
levels used clinically to evaluate the
Iron status . The lower iron status of
workers exposed to lead could be
attributable to higher BLL or lower
dietary iron intake[ 9 ] . Although many
studies reported that low iron status
cause a higher absorption of lead in the
gastrointestinal tract resulting in higher
BLLs[22,23], and the theoretical basis
for this observation, is that iron
extraction from the diet is small and
limited,
as
human
have
no
physiological pathway for Fe excretion. Duodenal enterocytes are responsible
for iron absorption. Iron is transferred
across the apical membrane of the
enerocyte into the cell using a protein
named
divalent
metal
transporter
1(DMT1). DMT1 is not specific for
iron ; it can transport a wide variety of
divalent metal ions, including Cu, Zn
and Pb. Therefore if the iron content of
the diet is low the other divalent metal
ions may be absorbed instead including
trace quantities of lead[24,25] . In a previous study [13], δ-ALAD ratio
was examined as a new diagnostic and Hct for non smoker was slightly
decreased. It might be due to decreased
heme
and
globin
synthesis,
or
erythrocyte formation and function. Erythrocyte survival also decreased by
lead due to inhibition of membrane Na+
/ K+ ATPase activity[20]. Smokers Hb
and Hct levels were slightly increased. It may be due to smoking effects
whereas CO binds hemoglobin 250
times more than O2 producing carboxy
hemoglobin which produces hypoxia
and
this
will
accelerate
the
erythropoiesis [21]. . The
results
of
this
study
establish significant increase in mean
BLL of the workers group as compared
with that of control group. The smoker
workers have more BLLs than non
smokers in spite that the duration of
exposure of the smoker workers is less
than that for non smoker workers . Discussion: This finding is consistent with reports
from other Iraqi studies by Mehdi et al
(2000) and Bassim (2005)[2,14], they
found that BLLs of smokers were
increased more than that of non
smokers. Smoking affects the BLL at
work due to increase hand to mouth
movements especially they did not use
protective masks. Also tobacco plants
may invariably contain certain amonts
of lead absorbed from the soil
[15,16].Furthermore
the
mean
of
exposure duration of the workers in
this study was more than 15 years. y
p
Iron is an essential element which plays
a critical role in the heme synthesis
pathway. s.Fe, TIBC, TS% and Fr
levels used clinically to evaluate the
Iron status . The lower iron status of
workers exposed to lead could be
attributable to higher BLL or lower
dietary iron intake[ 9 ] . Although many
studies reported that low iron status
cause a higher absorption of lead in the
gastrointestinal tract resulting in higher
BLLs[22,23], and the theoretical basis
for this observation, is that iron
extraction from the diet is small and
limited,
as
human
have
no
physiological pathway for Fe excretion. Duodenal enterocytes are responsible
for iron absorption. Iron is transferred
across the apical membrane of the
enerocyte into the cell using a protein
named
divalent
metal
transporter
1(DMT1). DMT1 is not specific for
iron ; it can transport a wide variety of
divalent metal ions, including Cu, Zn
and Pb. Therefore if the iron content of
the diet is low the other divalent metal
ions may be absorbed instead including
trace quantities of lead[24,25] . The ratio of δ-ALAD activity,
which is highly sensitive and specific
for lead exposure, can be used to
diagnose lead exposed individual [13]. In the present study, the mean ratio of
δ-ALAD
was
non
significantly
decreased in workers as compared with
control groups. This result indicates
that lead inhibits the activity of δ-
ALAD for these workers. δ-ALAD is
usually reduced to 50% or less from its
normal activity when blood lead values
are in the range 30-50 µg/dl [17]. At
the molecular level, lead displaces zinc
ion at the metal binding site, not the
active
site,
producing
inhibition
through
changing
the
enzyme's
quaternary structure[18]. Decreased δ-
ALAD activity caused by lead can be
reversed by adding Zn or DTT or by
heating[19]. J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(2)2013 Results: Non
significant differences of serum ferritin
were found for smoker (102.10±76.42)
and non smokers (92.60±55.67) as From Table (2), the mean ±SD serum
iron
levels
of
smokers
(73.23±23.80µg/dl) and non smokers
(76.43±29.36µg/dl)
show
non
significant decrease as compared with
control group. The mean ±SD serum
TIBC
for
non
smokers
(
478.61±196.73)
was
significantly
increased while that of smokers
(542.24±161.62) show non significant
increase as compared with that of
control group. In comparison with
control group, TS% was significantly
decreased
in
non
smokers
(18.95±13.88) and non significant for
smokers group (16.54±11.90) . Non
significant differences of serum ferritin
were found for smoker (102.10±76.42)
and non smokers (92.60±55.67) as Table (3) shows the results
analysis of correlation between BLLs
and iron status index ( represent by
s.Fe, TIBC, TS, Fr) of workers. A
significant positive correlation was
noticed with Hb (r= 0.441, p= 0.045),
Hct (r= 0.440, p= 0.046), TIBC(r=
0.458, p = 0.037), while a highly
significant negative correlation was
observed with s.Fe (r= -0.545, p=
0.011) and TS% (r= -0.663, p =0.001)
for smoker workers. δ- ALAD ratio for
non smokers shows no correlation or
non significant correlation between
BLLs with all other parameters under
this study. Table(3):Correlation coefficients and the significant levels of BLLs with different
parameters, hemoglobin and components of iron status in lead workers
Non smoker
Smoker
BLL
Vs
The parameter
P-value
r
P-value
r
0.267
-0.267
0.045
0.441
Hb
0.178
-0.291
0.046
o.440
Hct
0.218
0.267
0.011
-0.545
s.Fe
0.732
0.076
0.037
0.458
TIBC
0.981
-0.005
0.001
-0.663
TS%
0.720
0.079
0.453
0.174
Fr Table(3):Correlation coefficients and the significant levels of BLLs with different
parameters, hemoglobin and components of iron status in lead workers Table(3):Correlation coefficients and the significant levels of BLLs with different
parameters, hemoglobin and components of iron status in lead workers 833 J. Baghdad for Sci. From From
all
mentioned
observations, it can be concluded that
the decreasing in iron status for the
smoker workers exposed to lead may
be a beginning for iron deficiency
especially their blood lead levels show
highly significant increase and the
activity
of
δ-ALAD
ratio
was
significantly
decreased. 9. Kim HS, Lee SS, Hwangbo Y, Ahn
KD, Lee BK.2003. Cross-sectional
study of blood lead effects on iron
status in Korean lead workers. Nutrition, 19(7):571-576. 10. Raghunath R, Tripathi RM, Vinod
KA, Sathe AP, Khandekar RN,
Nambi KSV.1999. Assessment of Pb
,Cd ,Cu and Zn exposure of 6-10
years
old
children
in
Mumbai
.Environ. Res. 80(A):215-221. Discussion: In a previous study [13], δ-ALAD ratio
was examined as a new diagnostic
marker for heme synthesis by using the
ratio instead of activated values . In
Iraq , this is the first study on this
enzyme by using a new modified
method. For further study and to predict Lead affects the hematopoietic
system
through
reduction
of
hemoglobin synthesis, but this occurs
only with high levels of exposure. Hb 833 J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(2)2013 whether the value BLLs can be used to
avoid
any
further
hematopoietic
damage in people exposure to lead
correlation of BLLs and δ-ALAD with
hemopoietic , iron status parameters
may
be
used
From
Table
(3),
concerning smoker workers , we found
a good positive correlation between
BLLs with Hb, Hct and TIBC while a
negative correlation between BLLs
with s.Fe and TS% . These correlations
represent the direct effect of lead on
iron status and heme synthesis. Our
findings indicate that the increased
levels of lead are associated with a
reduced iron concentration in smoker
peoples, which will impair their heme
synthesis pathway. 4. Luch A.2010. "Molecular, clinical and
environmental
toxicology". Birkhauser Verlag .German. pp 378-
384. 5. Gidlow D.2004. In-depth review- lead
toxicity. Occup. Med., 54(2):76-81. 6. Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2007. Toxicological
profile
for
lead. Atlanta : US department of healthand
human services, US Government
Printing. pp 102-225. 7. Rama Rao VSS.2010."Teatbook of
biochemistry". UBS
Publishers
Distribution Pvt. Ltd. 11th ed.India. pp 489-494. 8. Kasuba V, Rozgaj R, Milic M, Zeljezic
D, Kopjar N, Pizent A, Kljakovic-
Gaspic Z. 2010. Evaluation of lead
exposure in battery manufacturing
workers with focus on different
biomarkers. J.Appl. Toxicol.,30(4):321-328. Reference: 1. Mohammed IK, Mahdi AA, Raviraja
A, Najmul I, Iqpal A,Thuppil V.2008. Oxidative stress in painters exposed
to low lead levels. Arh Hig Rada
Toksio l59(3):161-169. 11. Tripathi
RM,
Raighunath
R,
Mahapatra S, Sadasivan S.2001. Blood
lead
and
its
effect
on
Cd,Cu,Zn,Fe and hemoglobin levels
of children. Sci Total Environ.,
277(3):161-168. 2. Mehdi JK, Al-Imara FJM, Al-Suhail
AA.2000.Levels of some trace metals
and related enzymes in workers at
storage-battery factories in Iraq. East. Mediterr. Heal. J., 6(1):76-82. 12. Haswell SI. 1991."Atomic Absorption
Spectrometry :theory, design and
application". Elsevier
science
publishing company Inc. 1st ed. Netherlands .pp 372-373. 3. Lormphongs S, Miyashita K, Morioka
I,
Chalkittiporn
C,
Miyai
N,
Yamamota H.2003. Lead exposure
and blood lead level of workers in a
battery
manufacturing
plant
in
Thailand . Ind.l Health, 41(4):348-
353. 13. Gultepe M, Kayadibi H, Bolat
B.2009. Reference value for the
ALAD enzyme activity ratio in men
based on the improvement of each
analytical step of the colorimetric 838 J. Baghdad for Sci. Vol.10(2)2013 method and the active/ non active
lead concept. Turk. J. Med. Sci. 39(5):775-781. 19. Sakai
T,
Yanagihara
S,
Ushio
K.1980. Restoration of lead inhibited
δ-ALAD activity in whole blood by
heat, zinc ion and (or) dithiothretol. Clin. Chem., 26(5):625-628. 14. Mohammed BA.2005. Assessment of
lead poisoning and bio-effects for
workers in Iraqi general company of
batteries industry. Thesis. Al-
Mustansriya university. 20. .Dongre NN, Suryakar AN, Patial
AS, Rathi DB.2010. Biochemical
effects of lead exposure to workers in
small scale automobile workshops of
North Karnataka (India). J. Env. Health Res. 10(1):27-34. 15. Chuang HY, Lee MT, Chao KY,
Wang I, Hu H.1999. Relationship of
blood lead levels to personal hygiene
habits in lead battery workers:
Taiwan, 1991-1997. Am. J. Ind. Med., 35(6):595-603. 21. Tomei G, Ciarrocca M, Capozzella
A, Fiaschetti M, Tomao E, et al.2008. Hemopoietic system in traffic police
exposed to urban stressors. Industrial
Health, 46(3):298-301. 16. Hsu PC, Chang HY, Guo YL, Liu
YC, Shih TS.2009. Effect of smoking
on blood lead levels in workers and
role of reactive oxygen species in
lead-induced sperm chromatin DNA
damage. Fertility&Steritlity,91(4):1096-1103. 22. Barton JC, Conrad ME, Nuby S,
Harrison L.1978. Effects of iron on
the absorption and retention of lead . J. Lab. Clin. Med., 92(2):536. 23. Watson WS, Morrison J, Bethel MIF,
et al.1986. Food iron and lead
absorption in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 44(2):248-256. 17. Reference: Dongre NN, Suryakar AN, Patial AS,
Ambekar
JG,
Rathi
DB.2011. Biochemical effects of lead exposure
on systolic &diastolic blood pressure,
heme biosynthesis and hematological
parameters in automobile workers of
North Karnataka (India).Ind. J. Clin. Biochem.26(4):400-406. 24. ALAbdulla
H,
Bareford
D,
Braithwaite
R,Chipman
K.2005. Blood lead levels in iron-deficient
and non iron-deficient adults. Clin. Lab. Haem., 27(2):105-109. 25. Keramati MR, Sadeghian MH, Mood
M. 2010. Correlation between iron
deficiency and lead intoxication in
the workers of a car battery plant. Int.J.Haem.& Onc. 20(3): 169-174. 18. Kelada SN, Shelton E, Kaufman RB,
Khoury MJ.2001. δ-Aminolevulinic
acid dehydratase genotype and lead
toxicity: A HuGE review. Am. J. Epidemiol. 154(1):1-13. 833 Vol.10(2)2013 J. Baghdad for Sci. تأثير الرصاص على تكوين النسيج الدموي وصورة الحديد للعمال العراقيين في
معمل بطاريات الرصاص
فاتن فاضل القزاز*
مصطفى حضيري الوائلي*
* الجامع
ة المستنصرية /كلية العلوم/قسم الكيمياء :لا
تهدف الدراسة الحالية التحري عن تأثير الت عرض لفلز الرصاص على تكوين النسيج الدموي (من خالل
تقييم فعالية انزيمdelta-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD)
وتركيز الهيموكلوبين
(Hb)
وعلى صورة الحديد (كقياس تركيزالحديدs.Fe
( والبروتين الخازن للحديدFr
)
Ferritine
وسعة أرتباط
الحديد الكلية Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC)
والنسبة المئوية لتشبع البروتين الناقل للحديد
Transferrin(TS%)
ل33
عامل عراقي في معمل انتاج بطاريات الرصاص. تم تقسيم العمال الى مجموعتين
:
مدخنين عددهم33
ومعدل اعمارهم37.33±4.82
وغير مدخنين عددهم38
ومعدل اعمارهم40.78±7.89
و33
اشخاص اصحاء معدل اعمارهم33.97±5.08
كمجموعة سيطرة. اظهرت نتائج الدراسة انخفاض غير
ملحوظp>0.05
في فعالية نسبة االنزيمδ-ALAD
وارتفاع غير ملحوظ في تراكيزHb
وHematocrit
(Hct)
للعمال المدخنين اكثر من غير المدخنين بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة. بينت النتائج انخفاض غير
ملحوظ في مستويات مصول الحديد والنسبة المئويةTS و Fr
لجميع العمال بالمقارنة مع مجموعة السيطرة وان
مقدار هذا االنخفاض للمدخنين اكثر من غير المدخنين باستثناءFr
. كانت هناك زيادة ملحوظة في سعة ارتباط
الحديدTIBC
للعمال نسبة لمجموعة السيطر
ة وهذا االرتفاع كان اكثر للعمال المدخنين عن غير المدخنين. وقد
اظهرت قيم معامل االرتباط وجود ارتباط موجب معنوي ما بين مستويات الرصاص في دم العمال المدخنين
وبين تركيز الهيموكلوبين ونسبةHct
وسعة االرتباط الكلية للحديد في حين هناك ارتباط سالب معنوي ما بين
مست ويات الرصاص في دم العمال المدخنين وتركيز الحديد في مصولهم ومع النسبة المئويةTS
. نجد من هذه
الدراسة انها تعكس اهمية مراقبة مستويات وضع الحديد لالشخاص المدخنين الذين يتعاملون او يتعرضون الى
الرصاص الحتمالية اصابتهم بفقر الدم وكذلك يمكن استخدام فعالية نسبةδ-ALAD
كمؤشر أضافي لالستدالل
على كفاءة تخليق الهيم وكدالة جديدة لتشخيص االصابة بفقر الدم في مراحله األولى. 833 | 4,027 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1462/1393 | null |
Arabic | Suad M. AL-Araji*Ayad Ahmed Mohamad** Received 23, February, 2012
Accepted 29, August, 2012 Keywords:Phenoxathiin, Oxoalken derivatives, Pyrazoline. brown dyes on cotton [14]. Alkylated
phenoxathiin has excellent oxidative
stability
and
excellent
anti-wear
properties, so they are beneficial as
lubricant additives, lubricant base
stocks, or intermediates to lubricant
base stock to improve viscosity and
wear properties [15]. In biological
field, they are used in many drugs as
bacteriostatic, fungicides, anthelmintic,
insecticides and antiviral agents such
as distemper virus, influenza virus,
hepatitis virus, neurotropic virus and
especially
influenza
and
herpetic
viruses [16]. The phenoxathiin and its
derivatives
are
used
subunits
to
prepared
different
compounds
exampledihydroazulenes(DHAS)[17]. Abstract: Phenoxathiinwas prepared by the reaction of diphenyl ether with sulfur in the
presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride.This work comprised the synthesis of
newphenoxathiin derivatives containing heterocyclic moieties. These heterocyclic
compounds were synthesized in three groups. The first group was made up of 2-
(oxoalken-1-yl) phenoxathiin derivatives (3a-3j) obtained from the reaction of2-
acetylphenoxathiin with different aromatic aldehyde in the presence of sodium
hydroxide. The othertwo groups involved compounds produced from the reaction of
(3a-3j)with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid to get 2-(1-acetylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives (4a-4j), and phenyl hydrazine in the presence of piperidineto
afford
2-(1-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin
derivatives
(5a-5j).All
these
compounds of two groups above were substituted in position (5) in pyrazoline ring
with different aryl groups according to aromatic aldehyde used in the preparation of
the first group series compounds. *Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad-Iraq 405
**Department of Research and Quality Control, Daura Refinery, Ministry of Oil Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 405
**Department of Research and Quality Control, Daura Refiner Introduction: Phenoxathiin is given as the preferred
name by Patterson and Capell[1-3]. Most widely method of preparation of
phenoxathiinhas
been
used
alkyl
phenoxathiinoxides
by
Ferrario[4-
10]and
dioxides
of
cycloalkylphenoxathiins
and
their
halogen
derivatives
have
been
recommended as modifiers in plastic
materials, intermediates antioxidants
and as rubber and gum inhibitors[11-
13]. Several
of
crystalline
phenoxathiincationradicals
have
allowed
us
to
be
studying
the
chemistry of the cation radical in
homogenous
solution. Several
of
phenoxathiin compounds are reddish 405 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 maintained on steam bath for 4 hrs.The
reaction mixture was poured slowly,
with stirring, into ice bath to which
(25 ml.) of concentrated hydrochloric
acid was added. After the two layers
were separated the water layer was
discarded and the (phenyl ether-
phenoxathiin) layer dried overnight
with calcium chloride, this mixture
was distilled at (5 mm.) pressure from
a 500-ml specialClaisen flask. After
removal of the phenyl ether the
fraction boiling at (140-160ºC / 5mm.),
phenoxathiin was collected at (150-
152)ºC. The product was crystallized
from
methyl
alcohol,
m.p.(56-
57)ºC,yield80%.2- Polyimides were readily prepared by
the
polycondensations
of
phenoxathiindiamines with aromatic
diacyl chlorides and aromatic diamines
with
new
phenoxathiindiacyl
chlorides[18]. The acetyl derivatives
are obtained by the action of acetyl
chloride
on
the
amino
acid.Phenoxathiin
derivatives
have
recently gained attention owing to
their fluorescent properties [19,20]. Organometallic
derivatives
of
phenoxathiin have been prepared with
different elements such as lithium and
silicon [21-31]. Polyimides were readily prepared by
the
polycondensations
of
phenoxathiindiamines with aromatic
diacyl chlorides and aromatic diamines
with
new
phenoxathiindiacyl
chlorides[18]. The acetyl derivatives
are obtained by the action of acetyl
chloride
on
the
amino
acid.Phenoxathiin
derivatives
have
recently gained attention owing to
their fluorescent properties [19,20]. Organometallic
derivatives
of
phenoxathiin have been prepared with
different elements such as lithium and
silicon [21-31]. Materials and Methods:
FT-IR spectra were recorded on
[SHIMADZU]
FT-IR
8400s
spectrophotometer; Solid samples were
run in KBr disc, Liquid were run as
smears. UV spectra were recorded on
UV-Visible
Spectrophotometer
[SHIMADZU]
UV-160A.1H-NMR
spectra were recorded on ultra sheild
300 MHz with tetramethylsilane as
internal standard. Melting points were
determined in a [GallenKamp] melting
point apparatus with sample contained
in open capillary glass tube in an
electrically
heated
metal
block
apparatus. Thin
Layer
Chromatography[TLC]was performed
on pre-coated plastic sheet with 0.25
mm layer of silica-gel F254. Spots
were detected with iodine vapour. acetylphenoxathiin(2) A mixture of (22.9 g, 0.114 mol)
phenoxathiin, (9.7 g, 0.155 mol, 8.8
ml)
acetyl
chloride
and
carbon
disulphide (120 ml) was stirred while
anhydrous aluminum chloride (15.5 g,
0.116 mol) was added in small
portions. The red mixture was stirred
for(2hrs.) at room temperature and
refluxed on the water bath for a further
(24 hours), the mixture was cooled,
poured on to a mixture of ice and
hydrochloric
acid,
product
was
crystallized once from ethanol and
twice from petroleum ether b.p.(80-
100)ºC, m.p. 112ºC, yield 52.5%. IR: 2-(oxoalken-1-yl) phenoxathiin
derivatives (3a-3j) General
procedure
for
synthesis
of
phenoxathiin
andits
derivativesphenoxathiin(1)
A mixture of 188.6 g. (1.1 mol) of
phenyl ether, 25.6 g. of sulfur
(flowers) and 51.0g. (0.38 mol) of
anhydrous
aluminum
chloride, General
procedure
for
synthesis
of
phenoxathiin
andits
derivativesphenoxathiin(1)
A mixture of 188.6 g. (1.1 mol) of
phenyl ether, 25.6 g. of sulfur
(flowers) and 51.0g. (0.38 mol) of
anhydrous
aluminum
chloride, General
procedure
for
synthesis
of
phenoxathiin
andits
derivativesphenoxathiin(1)
A mixture of 188.6 g. (1.1 mol) of
phenyl ether, 25.6 g. of sulfur
(flowers) and 51.0g. (0.38 mol) of
anhydrous
aluminum
chloride, A mixture of (3g, 0.013 mol) 2-
acetylphenoxathiin and (1.56 g ,
0.0147
mol)
of
appropriate
benzaldehyde in (80 ml) of ethanol and
(1.5ml) of (1% NaOH) solution was
refluxed for (2 hrs). The reaction
mixture was poured in cold water, the A mixture of (3g, 0.013 mol) 2-
acetylphenoxathiin and (1.56 g ,
0.0147
mol)
of
appropriate
benzaldehyde in (80 ml) of ethanol and
(1.5ml) of (1% NaOH) solution was
refluxed for (2 hrs). The reaction
mixture was poured in cold water, the 406 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 (ethanol-water) (3:1) to give (5a), the
following compounds were prepared in
this manner. FT-IR spectra of this
compound
and
the
following
compounds showed absorption bands
at (1460-1600)cm-1 aromatic (C----
C)str., (1681-1682)cm-1 (C=N)str. and
(1249-1355)cm-1 (C-N)str. Table (5)
represent
the
physical
data
of
compounds(5a-5j).Characteristic bands
ofFT-IRspectra of compounds (5a-5j)
are listed in Table (6).Results and
Discussion: precipitate
filtered
off
and
recrystallized
from
(ethanol-water)
(3:1) to give (3a-3j).FT-IR spectra of
these compounds showed (C=O)str. band at (1670-1685)cm-1 and (1608-
1600) cm-1 aliphatic (C=C)str. Table
(1) represent the physical data of
compounds
(3a-3j).Characteristic
bands ofFT-IRspectra of compounds
(3a-3j) are listed in Table (2). 2-(1-acetylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives(4a-4j)
To a solution of 2-(3-phenyl-1-
oxypropen-1-yl) Phenoxathiin
reacted
with
acetyl
chloride in dry carbon disulfide in
presence
of
anhydrous
aluminum
chloride
to
get
2-acetyl
phenoxathiinthroughFriedel
Crafts
acylation method. FT-IR spectrum of
phenoxathiin showed strong bands at
3063 cm-1 aromatic (C-H) str., 1585
cm-1 and 1450 cm-1 assigned to the
aromatic stretching system (C-----C)str,
1219 cm-1 and 1026 cm-1 assigned to
asym. and sym. (C-O-C)str. The1H-
NMR spectrum showed signals
between δ(6.8-7.3) ppm assigned to
aromaticprotons. FT-IR spectrum of
compound (2) showed weak bands at
3078 cm-1 for aromatic (C-H) str.,
2962 cm-1, 2931cm-1 and 2877 cm-1
aliphatic (C-H)str. of (CH3) acetyl
group, strong bands at 1674 cm-
1(C=O)str., two bands at 1558 cm-1
and 1465 cm-1 aromatic system (C----
C)str. and 756 cm-1 (-----C-H) aromatic
ring. The 1H-NMR spectrum showed a
signal at δ 2.6 ppm assigned to the
three protons of the acetyl group
andsignals between δ (7.0-7.3) ppm
assigned to aromaticprotons.Through
nucleophilic addition reaction as the
typical reaction of aldehydes and
ketones, compound (2) undergoes the phenoxathiin(3a)(0.313g, 0.001 mol)
in acetic acid (96%, 1 ml) hydrazine
hydrate (0.4 ml, 0.008 mol) was added
and the mixture was refluxed for 5 hrs.,
the product separated and out on
cooling was crystallized from (ethanol-
water) (3:1) to give (4a), the following
compounds were prepared in this
manner. FT-IR of these compounds
showed absorption bands at (1460-
1585) cm-1 aromatic (C----C)str.,
(1597-1612) cm-1 (C=N)str. and (1227-
1258)
cm-1
(C-N)str. Table
(3)
represent
the
physical
data
of
compounds(4a-4j).Characteristic bands
ofFT-IRspectra of compounds (4a-
4j)are listed in Table (4). 2-(1-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives(5a-5j) To
a
solution
of
2-(3-phenyl-1-
oxypropen-1-yl)
phenoxathiin(3a)
(1.65 g, 0.005 mol), phenyl hydrazine
(0.830 g, 0.007mol) in ethanol (80 ml)
and few drops of piperidinewere
refluxed for 3 hrs. On concentration
and cooling, gummy deposit separated
out, this was crystallized from 407 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 (3a-3j). The IR spectra of compounds
(3a-3j)
showed
absorption
bands
at
(1670-1648)cm-1
(C=O)str.,
(1670-1685)cm-1 and (1600-1608)cm-1
cm-1and 2800 cm-1 aliphatic (C-H)str. Strong bands at 1665 cm-1 (C=O)str
and 1600 cm-1 (C=N)str, 1550 cm-1
aromatic (C=C)str.Phenyl hydrazine
reacted with (3) in ethanol in presence
of
piperidine
giving
2-phenyl
pyrazoline(5a-5j). The structure of
these compounds was established from
IR and UV.FT-IR spectrum showed
reactivity medium weak bands at 3055
cm-1 aromatic (C-H)str, 2975 cm-1 and
2865 cm-1 aliphatic (C-H)str. Strong
bands at 1620 cm-1 (C=N)str,1600 cm-1
(C=C)str.The 1H-NMR spectra for [5a]
showed a signal at δ 1.2 ppm
assignedto aliphatic protons (two H4
and H5) of pyrazoline ring respectively
and a signal at δ (6.6-7.5)ppm assigned
to aromatic protons. characteristic condensation reaction
with different kinds of aromatic
aldehydes in ethanol instead of 1%
NaOH solution as a catalyst to afford
aliphatic(C=C)str.The
1H-NMR
spectrum showed a signal at δ 2.6 ppm
assigned to aliphatic three protons of
methoxy
group,
signals
between
δ(7.0-7.3) ppm assigned to both
olefinic H1 and H2 respectively and a
signals at δ 7.5 ppm and δ 7.9 ppm
assigned
to
aromatic
protons.The
additive property of the exocyclic
(C=C) in (3) conjugated with the
carbonyl
group
promoted
us
to
investigate their behavior towards the
action of hydrazine hydrate, phenyl
hydrazine react with (3) in presence of
glacial acetic acid giving mono acetyl
pyrazine(4a-4j). The structure of [4]
has
been
established
fromIRspectraandUV. FT-IR spectrum
h
d
b
i
b
d
3040
-1 fromIRspectraandUV. FT-IR spectrum
showed absorption band at 3040 cm-1
aromatic (C-H)str, 2970 cm-1, 2915 408
(
)
,
, 408 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.10(2)2013 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 409 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Comp. No. Scientific name
m.p. 2-(1-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives(5a-5j) C
Yield
%
Color of
crystal
Chemistry structure
3a
2-(3-phenyl-1-oxypropen-1-yl)
phenoxathiin
100-102
73.0
Yellowish
3b
2-(5-phenyl-1-oxypentadien-1-
yl) phenoxathiin
102-104
53.0
Light-
yellow
3c
2-[3-(3-nitrophenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
92-94
65.0
Yellow
3d
2-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
94-96
45.2
Deep-
yellow
3e
2-[3-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
96-98
60.0
Deep-
yellow
3f
2-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
103-105
67.0
Reddish
3g
2-[3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
102-104
67.2
Yellow-
reddish
3h
2-[3-(4-bromophenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
106-108
55.9
Yellow
3i
2-[3-(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
92-94
53.9
Black
3j
2- [3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-
oxypropen-1-yl]phenoxathiin
93-95
66.0
Brown
Table (1) represent the physical data of compounds(3a-3j) Table (1) represent the physical data of compounds(3a-3j) Chemistry structure 410 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Comp. No. Chemistry structure
FTIR spectral data cm-1
υ(C=O)
υ(C-H)
aromatic
υ(C-H)
olefinic
υ(C=C)
other
bands
3a
1680
3076
3018
1608
-
3b
1681
3090
3010
1600
(C-H)
olefinic
3010
3c
1681
3070
2977
1600
(NO2)
1535
1350
3d
1674
3078
3009
1600
(C-Cl)
1095
3e
1674
3078
3008
1600
(C-O-C)
1249
1026
3f
1674
3078
3009
1600
(O-H)
3433
3g
1674
3075
3030
1600
(O-H)
3440
3h
1674
3078
3009
1600
(C-Br)
632
3i
1674
3078
3008
1600
(O-H)
3409
3j
1674
3078
3009
1600
(O-H)
3471
Table (2) Infrared absorption data for compounds (3a-3j) Table (2) Infrared absorption data for compounds (3a-3j) Comp. No. 2-(1-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives(5a-5j) Chemistry structure
FTIR spectral data cm-1
υ(C=O)
υ(C-H)
aromatic
υ(C-H)
olefinic
υ(C=C)
other
bands
3a
1680
3076
3018
1608
-
3b
1681
3090
3010
1600
(C-H)
olefinic
3010
3c
1681
3070
2977
1600
(NO2)
1535
1350
3d
1674
3078
3009
1600
(C-Cl)
1095
3e
1674
3078
3008
1600
(C-O-C)
1249
1026
3f
1674
3078
3009
1600
(O-H)
3433
3g
1674
3075
3030
1600
(O-H)
3440
3h
1674
3078
3009
1600
(C-Br)
632
3i
1674
3078
3008
1600
(O-H)
3409
3j
1674
3078
3009
1600
(O-H)
3471
Table (2) Infrared absorption data for compounds (3a-3j) 3b 3c 3d 3e 3e 411 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.10(2)2013
Fig.(1): FT-IR spectrum for compound(2)
Fig.(2): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (2)
Fig.(3): FT-IR spectrum for compound(3a)
Fig.(4): FT-IR spectrum for compound(3f)
Fig.(5): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (3e)
Fig.(6): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (3h) Fig.(1): FT-IR spectrum for compound(2) Fig.(2): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (2) Fig.(2): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (2) Fig.(1): FT-IR spectrum for compound(2) Fig (4): FT IR spectrum for compound(3f) Fig.(4): FT-IR spectrum for compound(3f) Fig.(3): FT-IR spectrum for compound(3a) Fig.(3): FT-IR spectrum for compound(3a) Fig.(6): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (3h) Fig.(5): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (3e) Fig.(6): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (3h) 412 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Vol.10(2)2013 Comp. No. Scientific name
m.p. C
Yield
%
Color of
crystal
Chemistry structure
4a
2-(1-acetyl-5-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin
155-157
46.1
Yellow-
brown
4b
2-(1-acetyl-5-styrenyl pyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin
182-184
47.8
Yellow-
brown
4c
2-[1-acetyl-5-(3-nitrophenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
110-112
64.1
Yellow-
brown
4d
2-[1-acetyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
115-117
86.0
Brown
4e
2-[1-acetyl-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)
pyrazolin -3-yl] phenoxathiin
118-120
87.8
Dark-
yellow
4f
2-[1-acetyl-5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
116-118
88.0
Yellow-
reddish
4g
2-[1-acetyl-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
117-119
79.8
Yellow
4h
2-[1-acetyl-5-(4-bromophenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
121-123
80.2
Pale
yellow
4i
2-[1-acetyl-5-(2-hydroxynaphthyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
122-124
58.4
Black
4j
2-[1-acetyl-5-(3,4-dihydroxy phenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
132-134
81.2
Deep
yellow
Table (3) represent the physical data of compounds(4a-4j) Table (3) represent the physical data of compounds(4a-4j) Chemistry structure 413 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Vol.10(2)2013 Comp. No. 2-(1-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives(5a-5j) Chemistry structure
FTIR spectral data cm-1
υ(C=O)
υ(C-H)
aromatic
υ(C-H)
aliphatic
υ(C=C)
aromatic
υ(C=N) υ(C-N)
other
bands
4a
1681
3078
2923
2854
1500
1465
1604
1258
-
4b
1674
3062
2923
2862
1551
1466
1604
1227
(C-H)
olefinic
3030
4c
1682
3086
2923
2854
1585
1550
1605
1257
(NO2)
1500
1350
4d
1682
3078
2932
2870
1558
1465
1605
1257
(C-Cl)
705
4e
1682
3078
2924
2870
1566
1466
1612
-
(C-O-C)
1257
1018
4f
1674
3070
2924
2854
1574
1460
1597
1257
(O-H)
3417
4g
1684
3078
2932
2862
1575
1466
1605
1257
(O-H)
3418
4h
1682
3070
2935
2855
1566
1466
1597
1257
(C-Br)
625
4i
1674
3047
2932
2854
1570
1465
1597
1258
(O-H)
3479
4j
1682
3078
2932
2870
1575
1465
1605
1258
(O-H)
3472
Table (4) Infrared absorption data for compounds (4a-4j) Table (4) Infrared absorption data for compounds (4a-4j) Table (4) Infrared absorption data for compounds (4a-4j) 414
Comp. No. Chemistry structure
FTIR spectral data cm-1
υ(C=O)
υ(C-H)
aromatic
υ(C-H)
aliphatic
υ(C=C)
aromatic
υ(C=N) υ(C-N)
other
bands
4a
1681
3078
2923
2854
1500
1465
1604
1258
-
4b
1674
3062
2923
2862
1551
1466
1604
1227
(C-H)
olefinic
3030
4c
1682
3086
2923
2854
1585
1550
1605
1257
(NO2)
1500
1350
4d
1682
3078
2932
2870
1558
1465
1605
1257
(C-Cl)
705
4e
1682
3078
2924
2870
1566
1466
1612
-
(C-O-C)
1257
1018
4f
1674
3070
2924
2854
1574
1460
1597
1257
(O-H)
3417
4g
1684
3078
2932
2862
1575
1466
1605
1257
(O-H)
3418
4h
1682
3070
2935
2855
1566
1466
1597
1257
(C-Br)
625
4i
1674
3047
2932
2854
1570
1465
1597
1258
(O-H)
3479
4j
1682
3078
2932
2870
1575
1465
1605
1258
(O-H)
3472
Table (4) Infrared absorption data for compounds (4a-4j) FTIR spectral data cm-1 414 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Comp. No. Scientific name
m.p. Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 2-(1-phenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin derivatives(5a-5j) C
Yield
%
Color of
crystal
Chemistry structure
5a
2-(1,5-diphenylpyrazolin-3-yl)
phenoxathiin
86-88
38.9
Red
5b
2-[1-phenyl-5-styrenyl
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
90-92
73.1
Red
5c
2-[1-phenyl-5-(3-nitrophenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
94-96
71.0
Reddish
5d
2-[1-phenyl-5-(4-chlorophenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl] phenoxathiin
93-95
82.2
Reddish
5e
2-[1-phenyl-5-(2-methoxy
phenyl) pyrazolin-3-
yl]phenoxathiin
112-114
70.7
Red
5f
2-[1-phenyl-5-(4-
hydroxyphenyl) pyrazolin-3-
yl]phenoxathiin
126-128
74.5
Red
5g
2-[1-phenyl-5-(3-
hydroxyphenyl) pyrazolin-3-
yl]phenoxathiin
114-116
77.3
Brown
5h
2-[1-phenyl-5-(4-bromophenyl)
pyrazolin-3-yl]phenoxathiin
120-122
78.0
Brown
5i
2-[1-phenyl-5-(2-hydroxy
naphthyl) pyrazolin-3-yl]
phenoxathiin
150-152
65.0
Black
5j
2-[1-phenyl-5-(3,4 dihydroxy
phenyl) pyrazolin-3-yl]
phenoxathiin
167-169
57.3
Brown
Table (5) represent the physical data of compounds(5a-5j) Table (5) represent the physical data of compounds(5a-5j) Chemistry structure 415 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Vol.10(2)2013 Table (6) Infrared absorption data for compounds (5a-5j) Comp. No. Chemistry structure
FTIR spectral data cm-1
υ(C-H)
aromatic
υ(C-H)
aliphatic
υ(C=C)
aromatic
υ(C=N)
υ(C-N)
other
bands
5a
3065
2930
2850
1566
1470
1681
1249
-
5b
3062
2920
2860
1600
1566
1465
1681
1257
(C-H)
olefinic
3020
5c
3050
2960
2910
1597
1682
1250
(NO2)
1560
1358
5d
3062
3008
2923
2860
1597
1465
1681
1257
(C-Cl)
700
5e
3063
3008
2910
1589
1466
1681
1350
(C-O-C)
1257
1041
5f
3063
2962
2923
2854
1597
1465
1682
1357
(O-H)
3340
5g
3062
3000
2940
2850
1597
1460
1681
1355
(O-H)
3330
5h
3060
2910
2840
1558
1460
1681
1350
(C-Br)
610
5i
3070
3020
2915
1558
1466
1681
1350
(O-H)
3479
5j
3063
2923
2862
1597
1460
1682
1350
(O-H)
3448
Table (6) Infrared absorption data for compounds (5a-5j) 5c 416 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.10(2)2013
Fig.(7): FT-IR spectrum for compound(4a)
Fig.(8): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (4g)
Fig.(9): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5a)
Fig.(10): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (5a)
Fig.(11): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5d)
Fig.(12): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (5d) Fig.(7): FT-IR spectrum for compound(4a) Fig.(8): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (4g) Fig.(8): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (4g) Fig.(7): FT-IR spectrum for compound(4a) Fig.(9): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5a) Fig.(9): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5a) Fig.(9): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5a) Fig.(10): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (5a) Fig.(11): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5d) Fig.(12): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (5d) Fig.(11): FT-IR spectrum for compound(5d) Fig.(12): 1H-NMR spectrum for compound (5d) 417 Baghdad Science Journal References: U.S.patent.2,221,820;
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لبايرازولين
فينوكسيثن سعاد مصطفى االعرجي* ، أياد احمد
محمد**
*
قسم الكيمياء-
كلية العلوم- جامعة بغداد
**
قسم البحوث والسيطرة النوعية-
مصفى الدورة- وزارة النفط
:الخالصة
تممت تيرمملف نوكليثن مملتف عممف تكي ممي يممي ب جيلممي نيتممف مثيممثا ناث.يممض ن وليلممثح نو ممي ترمملف نو يمم تيرمملف
عشمماتيج يضيممض عممف نوكليثن مملتف نواممب تياممثغ اممج ناتمميج لممف عا ي مم
وقممض فمميكي يللمما مممبا نولفن مميج
نوليرف نوج الث ع يعلا تياثغ نال" عيهي اج شف عفن يج .نول لث ن وو ج مب عشاتيج وـمـ2
-
(أون مث
نوكلف-
1
-
يي) نوكليثن لتف(3a-3j)
ونوليرمف عمف تكي مي2
-
أسملالي جليثن ملتف عما عفاامم نولفن ميج نو فيم
ن وضمييضي ومثيثا ملض.ون لض نوصثايثح
نعي عفن يج نول لث الف نوتي ل ونوتيوت جتض تت تيرلفمي ف طفيم
عكي ا عفن يج نول لث ن ووجj)
3
(3a-
عا ني عف نوهلض.نزيف مثيثا نيعض نوفالك وايصثل اج عشماتيج
2
-(
1
- أسلالي مييفنزوولف-
3
-
( يي) واكليثن لتف4a-4j
), وع يوكيلي ملض.نزيف مثيمثا نو ميي لفايف وا مب عشماتيج
2
-(
1
-
جيلي مييفنزوولف-
3
-
( يي) جليثن لتف5a-5j
)
يللا عفن يج نول لمث الف أ ــــمـالا ع ث م جل يولثقـــمـا تحضير مشتقات جديدة ل
لبايرازولين
فينوكسيثن سعاد مصطفى االعرجي* ، أياد احمد
محمد** تحضير مشتقات جديدة ل
لبايرازولين
فينوكسيثن سعاد مصطفى االعرجي* ، أياد احمد
محمد** ا
تممت تيرمملف نوكليثن مملتف عممف تكي ممي يممي ب جيلممي نيتممف مثيممثا ناث.يممض ن وليلممثح نو ممي ترمملف نو يمم تيرمملف
عشمماتيج يضيممض عممف نوكليثن مملتف نواممب تياممثغ اممج ناتمميج لممف عا ي مم
وقممض فمميكي يللمما مممبا نولفن مميج
نوليرف نوج الث ع يعلا تياثغ نال" عيهي اج شف عفن يج .نول لث ن وو ج مب عشاتيج وـمـ2
-
(أون مث
نوكلف-
1
-
يي) نوكليثن لتف(3a-3j)
ونوليرمف عمف تكي مي2
-
أسملالي جليثن ملتف عما عفاامم نولفن ميج نو فيم
ن وضمييضي ومثيثا ملض.ون لض نوصثايثح
نعي عفن يج نول لث الف نوتي ل ونوتيوت جتض تت تيرلفمي ف طفيم
عكي ا عفن يج نول لث ن ووجj)
3
(3a-
عا ني عف نوهلض.نزيف مثيثا نيعض نوفالك وايصثل اج عشماتيج
2
-(
1
- أسلالي مييفنزوولف-
3
-
( يي) واكليثن لتف4a-4j
), وع يوكيلي ملض.نزيف مثيمثا نو ميي لفايف وا مب عشماتيج
2
-(
1
-
جيلي مييفنزوولف-
3
-
( يي) جليثن لتف5a-5j
)
يللا عفن يج نول لمث الف أ ــــمـالا ع ث م جل يولثقـــمـا 419 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 (
5
) جممب ناتمم نو ييفنزوولـــممـف مل مميعلا أ.يممي ون ممل نولفن مميج نو فيمم ن وضمييضيمم نول ممافضع جممب تيرمملف
عفن يج نول لث ن ووج 2 2 | 3,957 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1464/1395 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Computational Optimization of the Radial and Spiral
Distortion
Aberration Coefficients of Magnetic Deflector Oday A. Hussein* Roaa T. Abdulla* Ahmad K. Ahmad* Received 28, September, 2011
Accepted 10, September, 2012 Key words: Magnetic deflector, Spiral distortion, radial distortion. important. In general one can tolerate
about 1% of radial distortion and 29%
for spiral distortion [4]. In order to find
a lens shape giving zero radial and zero
spiral distortion at the same excitation,
radial and spiral distortions were
calculated for an asymmetrical triple
pole-piece projector lens with varying
dimensions, by using axial field
distributions obtained by the finite
element method [5]. The numerical
analysis of magnetic deflector in
electron-beam lithography system was
carried out by [6]. Magnetic deflectors
and
radial
and
spiral
distortion
aberration coefficients were studied be
many researchers [7-10]. Abstract: The optimum design of the magnetic deflector with the lowest values of the radial
and spiral distortion aberration coefficients was computed. The optimized calculations
were made using three models, Glaser bell-shaped, Grivet-lenz and exponential
models. By using the optimum axial field distribution, the pole pieces shape which
gave rise to those field distributions was found by using the reconstruction method. The calculations show that the results of the three models coincide at the lower values
of the excitation parameter. In general the Glaser- bell shaped model gives the
optimum results at the whole range of the excitation parameter under investigation. The negative values of the spiral distortion aberration coefficient appears in the
results at the same case, therefore the designer can use it as corrector in other optical
systems which suffer from this type of aberration. Introduction: The analogy between electron optics
and light optics extended into the
domain of deflection systems [1]. The
most common and classical type of
deflection is used in cathode ray tubes,
lithography
machines,
scanning
electron
microscopes,
electron
accelerators,
electron-beam
manufacturing technologies and some
other
analytical
instruments[2]. Compared with electrostatic lens and
deflector, the magnetic lenses and the
deflectors have some advantages as
high stability, low aberration and high
sensitivity [3]. In many electron beam
instruments, such as scanning electron
microscopes and scanning electron
beam lithography systems are usually
use a magnetic lens to focus a(charge)
particle beam , and magnetic deflection
coils mounted within the lens. For both
the
intermediate
and
projector
magnetic electron lenses, radial and
spiral
distortions
are
the
most The analogy between electron optics
and light optics extended into the
domain of deflection systems [1]. The
most common and classical type of
deflection is used in cathode ray tubes,
lithography
machines,
scanning
electron
microscopes,
electron
accelerators,
electron-beam *Department of Physics, College of Science, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq Radial and Spiral Distortion The
spiral
and
radial
distortion
aberration coefficients of an axially
symmetric magnetic optical element
are given by [5]: According to the exponential
function the axial flux density
distribution of the third model is given
by : dz
Y
Y
Yd
Vr
z
D
mq
q
z
D
V
mq
q
V
Vr
Dsp
r
r
2
2
2'
2
/
1
. . )
(
.8
.3
). (
. .2
. . 16
1
)
(
(6)
Xdz
Y
Y
Y
z
D
z
D
Vr
mq
q
z
D
V
mq
q
fp
Vr
Drad
r
. . ). (
)
(
. . .8
.3
)
(
. . 16
.2
. .8
3
)
(
3
2
4
2
2
dz
Y
Y
Yd
Vr
z
D
mq
q
z
D
V
mq
q
V
Vr
Dsp
r
r
2
2
2'
2
/
1
. . )
(
.8
.3
). (
. .2
. . 16
1
)
(
(6) (6) Xdz
Y
Y
Y
z
D
z
D
Vr
mq
q
z
D
V
mq
q
fp
Vr
Drad
r
. . ). (
)
(
. . .8
.3
)
(
. . 16
.2
. .8
3
)
(
3
2
4
2
2
(7) corrected accelerating voltage, q is
electron mass and fp is the projector
focal length. y
Fields Distribution Let B(z) be the axial flux-density
distribution for the lens and D(z) be the
deflection flux density required at the
axis. Then, the following relation holds
[11]and[12]: Let B(z) be the axial flux-density
distribution for the lens and D(z) be the
deflection flux density required at the
axis. Then, the following relation holds
[11]and[12]: 274 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 D=(1/2)d B´(z) D=(1/2)d B´(z) (1) 2
max
/a)
z (-
exp
B
=
B(z)
(4) 2
max
/a)
z (-
exp
B
=
B(z)
(4) where d is the displacement by the first
deflector and B′ (z) is the derivative of
the field distributions. The pole piece shaps are calculated
for three models of field distribution
using the reconstruction technique of
[13] for constructing the electrodes of
an electrostatic lens to reconstruct the
pole piece shape of magnetic deflector
and electrode shape of electrostatic
deflector. According to this technique
the equation of equipotential surfaces
(the pole piece in case of magnetic
deflector) is: Three models are used to find the best
distribution of magnetic deflector field
which gives the optimum radial and
spiral distortion coefficient, there are
the Glaser′s Bell-shaped, Grivet-Lenz
and Exponential models. The axial flux density distribution of a
typical symmetric short magnetic lens
is a bell-shaped curve. The Glaser′s
Bell-shaped model is given by[2]:
2
/
1
/
2
)
(
z
P
z
P
V
V
V
z
R
(5) a)
/
z (
+
/1
B
=
B(z)
max
2 (2) where
P
R is the radial height of the
pole piece,
Z
V is the axial potential
distribution,
Z
V is the second
derivative of
Z
V with respect to z and
P
V is the value of the potential at any
one of the two pole pieces or
electrodes where Bmax is the maximum flux
density distribution and a is the field
width at half maximum Bmax/2
For the representation of unsaturated
lenses the axial flux density
distribution of Grivet-Lenz model has
been proposed which is given by: Radial and Spiral Distortion where X and Y are two independent
solutions of paraxial- ray equation
with an initial condition depending on
the operation modes, the prime denote
derivative with respect to z, mq is
electron mass, Vr is relativistic 274 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Results: Results: The deflector flux density distribution
D(z) which is computed by the three
models is shown in figure ( 1 ). The deflector flux density distribution
D(z) which is computed by the three
models is shown in figure ( 1 ). Figure (1): The field distribution of magnetic deflectors for three models of D(z). Figure (1): The field distribution of magnetic deflectors for three models of D(z). The results of the pole piece shaps for
three models of field distribution are
shown in figures (2), (3) and (4). Figure (2): The pole piece shape for magnetic deflector with field distribution of
Glaser′s Bell-shaped model. Figure (2): The pole piece shape for magnetic deflector with field distribution of
Glaser′s Bell-shaped model. 272 Vol.10(2)2013 Baghdad Science Journal Figure (3): The pole piece shape for magnetic deflector with field distribution of
Grivet-Lenz model. Figure (3): The pole piece shape for magnetic deflector with field distribution of
Grivet-Lenz model. . Figure (4): The pole piece shape for magnetic deflector with field distribution of
exponential model. Figure (4): The pole piece shape for magnetic deflector with field distribution of
exponential model. constant at law value of excitation
parameter NI/(Vr)0.5 and approach to
zero, then in the region of excitation
parameter greater than 7 amp. turn /
(volt)0.5 the radial distortion increases
and spiral distortion decrease as the
excitation parameter increase higher
than 7 amp. turn / (volt)0.5. The field distribution of Glaser′s Bell-
shaped
model
is
used
and
the
deflection flux density is found and
both the radial and spiral distortion
aberration coefficients are computed
and the results are shown in figure (5)
as a function of excitation parameter. The relation between the radial and
spiral distortion coefficient remains 274 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Figure (5):The radial and spiral distortion for magnetic deflector with the field
distribution of Glaser′s Bell-shaped model. Figure (5):The radial and spiral distortion for magnetic deflector with the field
distribution of Glaser′s Bell-shaped model. Radial and Spiral Distortion The results of the field distribution of
Grivet -Lenz model shows that the
radial and spiral distortion aberration
coefficients having the same behavior
of the Glaser´s-bell shape model at low
values of excitation parameter, but the
spiral distortion aberration coefficient
has the opposite behavior to that of Glaser´s-bell shape model, where the
values of spiral distortion aberration
coefficient is increasing with excitation
parameter increases. While the values
of the radial distortion aberration
coefficient has the same behavior at the
whole range of excitation parameter
value as shown in figure(6). Figure (6):The radial and spiral distortion for magnetic deflector with the field
distribution of Grivet -Lenz model. Figure (6):The radial and spiral distortion for magnetic deflector with the field
distribution of Grivet -Lenz model. The results of calculation of the
calculations of the radial and spiral
distortion aberration coefficients for
the exponential distribution model as a
function of excitation parameter are
shown in figure (7). The radial and
spiral distortion aberration coefficients having the same behavior of the
Glaser´s-bell shape model which are
remains constant at law value of
excitation parameter NI/(Vr)0.5 and
approach to zero, then in the region of
excitation greater than 7 amp. turn /
(volt)0.5the radial distortion increases 274 Baghdad Science Journal Conclusions: 1. It appears from the present work
that it is possible to use any one of
these results to find an optical
system without any radial and
spiral
distortion
aberration
coefficient at the lower values. of
the excitation parameter. Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 and spiral distortion decrease as the
excitation parameter increase higher
than
7amp. turn
/
(volt)0.5
. Figure (7):The radial and spiral distortion for magnetic deflector with the field
distribution of the exponential distribution model. and spiral distortion decrease as the
excitation parameter increase higher Figure (7):The radial and spiral distortion for magnetic deflector with the field
distribution of the exponential distribution model. The comparisons of the three models
for spiral and radial distribution
aberration coefficients are shown in
figure (8) and (9) respectively. It is
clear that at lower values of excitation
parameter the value of radial and spiral
distortion aberration coefficients are
constant and reach to zero for all
models. used as corrector of spiral distortion
aberration coefficient in the other
optical
systems. At
excitation
parameter higher than 7 amp. turn /
(volt)0.5, the radial distortion aberration
coefficient for exponential model rises
rather rapidly relative to the radial
distortion aberration coefficient of
Grivet-Lenz and Glaser′s-Bell model
as shown in figure (9). The Glaser´s-
bell shape model gives the best result
for
radial
distortion
aberration
coefficient at the whole range of
excitation parameters, while the values
for both Grivet-Lenz and exponential
models are increasing with excitation
parameter increases at the values of
exaction parameter greater than 7 amp. turn / (volt)0.5. The values of spiral distortion
aberration coefficient for Grivet-lenz
model
increase
with
excitation
parameter while the value for Bell-
shape
and
Exponential
models
decreases and have negative values at
excitation parameter greater than 7
amp. turn / (volt)0.5the as shown in
figure (8). In this case the deflector
which design using this model can be 277 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Figure (8): The spiral distortion for three models of field distribution of magnetic
deflector. Figure (8): The spiral distortion for three models of field distribution of magnetic
deflector. Figure (9): The radial distortion for three models of field distribution of magnetic
deflector. Figure (9): The radial distortion for three models of field distribution of magnetic
deflector. Figure (9): The radial distortion for three models of field distribution of magnetic
deflector. Figure (9): The radial distortion for three models of field distribution of magnetic
deflector. 3. The calculations show that the bell-
shape model gives the best results
of radial and spiral distortion
aberration coefficients at the same
time. References: 1. Paszkowski, B. 1968. Electron
optics,
American
Elsevier
publishing company inc.,1st edation,
New York, 316:264-265. 1. Paszkowski, B. 1968. Electron
optics,
American
Elsevier
publishing company inc.,1st edation,
New York, 316:264-265. 2. The designer can use the bell-shape
and exponential models to design
the corrector for the distortion
aberration coefficient in the optical
systems which contain this type of
aberration values of aberration
coefficients. 2. Szilagyi, M. 1988. Electron and ion
optics, Plenum press, 1st edition,
New York, 539:442-446. 274 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 3. Zhuming L. and Wenqi G. 2005. New
method
to
correct
eddy
current, Microelec. Eng. 78(1):34-
38. 9. Alamir,
A.S. 2004. On
the
chromatic aberration of magnetic
lenses, Optik.115 (5):227-231. 10. Kuo, H.P. and Groves, T.R. 1983. A largw area deflection system with
very low aberration, J. Vac. Sci. Technol.1(4):1316-1321. 4. Alamir, A. S. 2003. Spiral distortion
of
magnetic
lenses,
Optik.114
(12):525-528. 11. Ohiwa, H. 1977. Designing air core
scanning systems comprising round
lenses and saddle type deflection
coils, J. Phys.D.10(11):1437-1449. 5. Tsuno K. and Harada Y.1981. Elimination of spiral distortion in
electron microscopy. J. phys. E: Sci. Instrum.14 (8):955-960. 12. Ohiwa,
H. 1978. Design
of
electron-beam
scanning
systems
using the moving objective lens, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. 15(3):849-851. 6. Munro,
E. and
Chu
H. C.1982.numerical
analysis
of
electron beam, Optik. 60(4): 371-
390. 13. Szilagyi, M. 1984. Reconstruction
of electron and pole pieces from
optimized axial field distribution,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 45(5):499-501. 13. Szilagyi, M. 1984. Reconstruction
of electron and pole pieces from
optimized axial field distribution,
Appl. Phys. Lett. 45(5):499-501. 7. Yan R., Tiantong T., Yongfen K.,
and Xiaoli G.2007. The aberration
theory of a combined electron
focusing deflection system, Optik. 118(12): 569-574. 8. Nakagawa, T. and Nakata, S. 2000. Improved power- series Expansion
Method, IEEE. 36(3):581-585. التصميم االمثل لمعامالت زيغي التشويه الشعاعي والتشويه الحلزوني
للحارف المغناطيسي
عدي علي حسين *
رؤى تحسين عبدهللا *احمد كمال احمد*
*قسم الفيزياء، كلية العلوم، جامعة النهرين، بغداد، العراق احمد كمال احمد* الخالصة:
تم ايجاد التصميم االمثل للحارف المغناطيسي الذي يعطي اقل قيم لمعامالت زيغي التشويه الشعاعي
والتشويه الحلزوني. ان حسابات االمثلية اجريت باستخدام ثالث نماذج مختلفة هي أنموذج جرس كالزر
(Glaser bell)
وأنموذج(Grivet-Lenz)
واألنموذج األسي(exponential distribution)
. بأستخدام
التوزيع المحوري األمثل للمجال تم ايجاد أشكال األقطاب التي تمثل هذه التوزيعات بأستخدام طريقة أعادة
.التركيب. ان الحسابات بينت أن نتائج الثالث نماذج تتطابق عند قيم التهيج الواطئة التي تقترب من الصفر
وبصورة عامه فأن أنموذج Glaser bell
يعطي النتائج األفضل لمعظم مدى معامالت التهيج موضع البحث. أن
القيم السالبة لزيغ التشويه الحلزوني التي ظهرت بالنتائج يمكن استخدامها كمصحح لألنظمة البصرية األخرى
.التي تعاني من هذا النوع من التشويه 274 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.10(2)2013 Vol.10(2)2013 244 | 2,620 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1470/1401 | null |
Arabic | :الكلمات المفتاحية Aspergillus flavus, Rice, Aflatoxins, UV, corn :المقدمة
يعرررد الررررزOryza sativa L. (Rice)
مرررع
محاصرري الحبررو المهمررة ترري العرر الا والعررراق اذ
يشررك الوجبررة ال ذا يررة الر يسررة أليثررر مررع نصررف
سركان العرالا[1]
. يمرا كعرد الرذرةZea maize L. (Corn)
واحدة مع أها مجاميع الحبرو تري العرالا
التي كستعم غذاء لإلنسان والحيوان و لهرا منتجرال
)صنانية نديدة مث نشا الذرة[2]
. كتعرض الحبو ومنها الرز والذر ة الص راء لنشاط
العديررد مررع ال ريررال ترري الحلرر وخررالل نمليررال
الحصرراد وترري أثنرراء النلرر وننررد الخررزن قبرر وبعررد
إجرررراء العمليرررال التصرررنيعية نليهرررا، وكختلرررف هرررذف
ال ريال يما ونونا باختالف الظرروف البيييرة مرع
درجة حرارة ورطوبة[4,3]
. ويعررررررررد ال رررررررررMicheli
Aspergillus
مررررررررع
ال ريا ، ل التي كسبب أضرارا يبيرة لحبو الررز
الحن ة ،الذرة ،تول الصويا والل ع. ككمرع خ رورة
هرررررذا ال رررررر بانتاجررررر ايضرررررال ثانويرررررة كعررررررف
بااتالكويسررررينال(Aflatoxins)
الترررري كنررررتج مررررع
اانرررررررررررررواع
A.parasiticus,A.flavus
وA.nominus
[5]
. ولكون هذف ااتالكويسينال ذال سمية نالية وتعالي ة
مسرررطنة ،لررذا جرراءل الحاجررة لت رروير العديررد مررع
*يلية العلوم للبنال/جامعة ب داد :المقدمة :المقدمة
يعرررد الررررزOryza sativa L. (Rice)
مرررع
محاصرري الحبررو المهمررة ترري العرر الا والعررراق اذ
يشررك الوجبررة ال ذا يررة الر يسررة أليثررر مررع نصررف
سركان العرالا[1]
. يمرا كعرد الرذرةZea maize L. (Corn)
واحدة مع أها مجاميع الحبرو تري العرالا
التي كستعم غذاء لإلنسان والحيوان و لهرا منتجرال
)صنانية نديدة مث نشا الذرة[2]
. كتعرض الحبو ومنها الرز والذر ة الص راء لنشاط
العديررد مررع ال ريررال ترري الحلرر وخررالل نمليررال
الحصرراد وترري أثنرراء النلرر وننررد الخررزن قبرر وبعررد
إجرررراء العمليرررال التصرررنيعية نليهرررا، وكختلرررف هرررذف
ال ريال يما ونونا باختالف الظرروف البيييرة مرع
درجة حرارة ورطوبة[4,3]
. ويعررررررررد ال رررررررررMicheli
Aspergillus
مررررررررع
ال ريا ، ل التي كسبب أضرارا يبيرة لحبو الررز
الحن ة ،الذرة ،تول الصويا والل ع. ككمرع خ رورة
هرررررذا ال رررررر بانتاجررررر ايضرررررال ثانويرررررة كعررررررف
بااتالكويسررررينال(Aflatoxins)
الترررري كنررررتج مررررع
اانرررررررررررررواع
A.parasiticus,A.flavus
وA.nominus
[5]
. ولكون هذف ااتالكويسينال ذال سمية نالية وتعالي ة
مسرررطنة ،لررذا جرراءل الحاجررة لت رروير العديررد مررع
ال ر
ا ررر ق للكشرررف نرررع وجرررود ال ريرررال المنتجرررة
.لسموم ااتالكويسيع تي األغذية الملوثة
إذ إن لي لجميع سالال الAspergillus
اللدرة
نلى إنتاج هذف السرموم ،وهرذا يت لرب إجرراء العديرد
مررع التلنيررال للتحررر والكشررف نررع ال عاليررة السررمي ة
لالن ان الملوثة لل ذاء[5]
. هنالررط طرا ررق مختل ررة للكشررف نررع وجررود العررزال
ال ريررة الملوثررة للحبررو يال ريلررة المباشرررة الترري
كعتمد نلى تحص الحبرو برالعيع المجرردة ومرع ثرا
استعمال المجهر الضو ي للكشف نع وجرود ال رزل
ال ر لل رA.flavus
[6]
يمرا يمكرع اسرتعمال
ال حص المب اشرر باألشرعة تروق البن سرجية(UV)
إذ
وجررد إن الحبررو ننررد كعرضررها لإلصررابة بررال ر
A.flavus
كظهرررر كاللرررا اصررر را مخضررررا كحرررت
األشررعة ترروق البن سررجية وقررد انتمرردل هررذف ال ريلررة
بوصرررر ها تحصررررا مباشرررررا للكشررررف نررررع الحبررررو
المتعرضة لإلصابة بال ر[7]
. ا
مررا طريلررة الررزرع المباشررر للحبررو نلررى أ وسرراط
غذا ية خاصة تريمكع الكشرف بوسراطتها نرع وجرود
ال ر خالل3
-
1
أيرام وكتراثر هرذف ال ريلرة بعرامليع
هما درجة الحرارة ومدة الحضع[8]
. لررذا هرردتت هررذف الدراسررة إلررى الكشررف نررع العررزال
المنتجة لسموم ااتالكويسيع تي حبو الرز والذرة
*يلية العلوم للبنال/جامعة ب داد يعرررد الررررزOryza sativa L. (Rice)
مرررع
محاصرري الحبررو المهمررة ترري العرر الا والعررراق اذ
يشررك الوجبررة ال ذا يررة الر يسررة أليثررر مررع نصررف
سركان العرالا[1]
. يمرا كعرد الرذرةZea maize L. (Corn)
واحدة مع أها مجاميع الحبرو تري العرالا
التي كستعم غذاء لإلنسان والحيوان و لهرا منتجرال
)صنانية نديدة مث نشا الذرة[2]
. مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
(
1
)
2014 الكشف السريع لعزالتAspergillus flavus
المنتجة لسموم االفالتوكسين
باستعمال األشعة فوق البنفسجيةUV light
وعلى أوساط زرعية مختلفة
خالد عبد الرزاق حبيب*
شيماء إسماعيل كاظم*
استالم البحث4
،حزيران ،
1011
قبول النشر11
،نيسان ،
1012 الكشف السريع لعزالتAspergillus flavus
المنتجة لسموم االفالتوكسين
باستعمال األشعة فوق البنفسجيةUV light
وعلى أوساط زرعية مختلفة
خالد عبد الرزاق حبيب*
شيماء إسماعيل كاظم*
استالم البحث4
،حزيران ،
1011
قبول النشر11
،نيسان ،
1012 استالم البحث4
،حزيران ،
1011
قبول النشر11
،نيسان ،
1012 :الخالصة
شملت الدراسة التحرر نرع نرزال ال رر Aspergillus flavus
المنتجرة لسرا ااتالكويسريع المراتلرة لحبرو
الرز األمريكي والذرة الص راء المبانة تي األسواق المحلية مع خالل الكشف السريع ننها باستعمال األشعة توق
البن سجيةUV light
وب ول موجي263
نانوميتر وباستعمال أوساط زرني ة مختل ة هيPotato Dextrose
Agar
(PDA)
وYeast Extract Agar
(YEA)
وCoconut Agar
(COA)
وCzapek Dox Agar
(CDA)
.شخصت101
نزلة ت رية تي نينال الرز األمريكي المستورد و141
نزلة ت رية تري نينرال الرذرة
الص راء ،يران نردد األجنرال ال ريرة المراتلرة للحبرو4 اجنرال و1 أنروا
ع كمثلرت األجنرال ال ريرة بكر مرع
Aspergillus ,Fusarium ,Neurospora ,Penicillium
.يران الجرن Aspergillus
هرو السرا د تري
جميع نينال الرز األمريكي إذ سج أنلى نسربة وجرود بل رت0.41
إمرا كررددف تلرد يران%
11.13
إمرا نينرال%
الذرة الص راء تلرد يران ال رر Neurosporaهرو األ يثرر وجرودا واألنلرى كررددا إذ بل رت نسربة وجرودف1.01
%
وكرددف11.13
.يما أظهرل النتا ج بان%
10
نزلة A. flavus
مع أص30
نزلة لها اللابلية نلى إنتاج سموم
ااتالكويسيع يما أظهرل النتا ج بان أتض وسط للكشف نع إنتاج السا هرو وسرطCOA
) يلير وسرط(PDA)
ثا وسط(YEA)
.إما
أتض درجة حرارة لنمو العزلة A. flavus
وإنتاج السا تلرد يانرت23
م ˚
وأتضر مردة
حضع للنمو وإنتاج السا يانت1
.أيام :الكلمات المفتاحية Aspergillus flavus, Rice, Aflatoxins, UV, corn : المواد وطرائق العمل للليام بهذف التجار م
أ -
درل كاثير درجال حررارة مختل رة كراوحرت
برررررريع10و13و20و23و40
)م ،˚
أذ كمررررررت
كنميرررة العزلرررة المنتجرررة للسرررا نلرررى وسرررط(
PDA)
تي درجال الحررارة المختل رة ومردة
حضع1 أيام ، ثا قيست أق ر ار المسرتعمرال
الناميررررة واختبررررر إنترررراج السررررا لكرررر معاملررررة
.وسجلت النتا ج 2
-
:نزل وكشخيص ال ريرال-
اكبعرت طريلرة[11]
أذ كررا اخررذ100
حبررة مررع يرر مررع نينررال الرررز و
نينال الذرة ونلمت س حيا بمحلرول هرايبويلورال
الصوديوم بترييرز1لمردة دقيلتريع ، بعردها رتعرت%
الحبو وغسلت ثالث مررال بالمراء المل رر المعلرا
ثررررا ج ررررت باسررررتعمال ورق النشرررراف المعلررررا[12]
ووزنت نلى اطباق بتر قيرال1
سرا وبواقرع3
حبال لل بق الواحد لحبو الذرة و10
حبال للررز
، أجريررت هررذف ال ريلررة باسررتعمال وسررط مسررتخلص
الب اطررا(PDA)
وحضررنت األطبرراق كحررت درجررة
حرارة12) م˚
لمدة3
-
1
) أيام وبعرد مردة الحضرانة
جرررع نررزل ال ريررال المختل ررة مررع األطبرراق باخررذ
مسحة مع اابواغ وكنميتها تي أنابيب اختبار حاويرة
نلررى الوسررط الزرانرري (PDA
الما رر وحضررنت
كحررت درجررة الحرررارة والوقررت السررابليع ن سرريهما ثررا
ح ظررت ترري الثالجررة بدرجررة حرررارة4
م الررى حرريع
كشخيصها . -
درل كرراثير اوقررال حضررع مختل ررة كراوحررت
بررريع1و2و4و3و6و1
)أيرررام .إذ كمرررت كنميرررة
العزلررة المنتجررة للسررا نلررى وسررطPDA)
)
وبدرجرررررة حررررررارة20م˚
واوقرررررال حضرررررع
مختل ة، ثا قيست أق ار المسرتعمرال الناميرة
واختبرررر إنتررراج ال سرررا لكررر معاملرررة وسرررجلت
.النتا ج : المواد وطرائق العمل : المواد وطرائق العمل
1
- كحضير األوساط ا: لزرانية-
حضرل األوساط
الزرانيررررة(PDA)
و(CDA)
و(YEA)
ب حسررررب
كعليمال الشرية المجهزة(Oxoid)
ونلمت بجهاز
الموصرررردة كحررررت ضرررر ط13
بررررار انج1
وحرررررارة
111م˚
لمررردة13
دقيلرررة ، إمرررا وسرررط(COA)
تلرررد
حضررر برروزن100
غرررام مررع مسررحوق جرروز الهنررد
ومجانست مع200
مليليترر مرع المراء الحرار ورشر
خررالل ق عررة مررع الشرراح وأيمرر حجررا الراشرر إلررى
200
مليليتر ثا أضيف ل مادة اايار بنسربة1.3
%
ثا نلا بجهاز الموصدة كحت ظروف التعليا السابلة
ن سرررها[9]
. وبعرررد انتهررراء نمليرررة التعلررريا كرررا كبريرررد
األوسرراط إلررى43
م ˚
ثررا أضرريف المضرراد الحيررو
chloramphenicol
لمنرررع نمرررو البكتريرررا[10]
ثرررا
. وزنت األوساط باطباق بتر معلمة لتتصلب
1
-
:جمررع العينررال-
كررا الحصررول نلررى نينررال الرررز
المستورد األمريكي) والذرة الص راء مع األسرواق
المحليررة لمدينررة ب ررداد وبكميررة1
،ي ررا لكرر نمرروذج
وضعت جميع العينال تي أييرال مرع البرولي اثيلريع
واحكررا غللهررا ، نللررت إلررى المختبررر جررراء نررزل
وكشررخيص ال ريررال وكلرردير العرردد الكلرري لهررا ، ثررا
خزنت العينال بدرجة حرارة المختبر13م. )˚ 4
-
الكشف نع نزال A. flavus
المنتجة لسموم
:ااتالكويسيع-
كا الكشف نع العزال الم نتجة لسا ااتالكويسيع
باستعمال جهاز(Ultra Violet monitor)
اذ
زرنت العزال المشخصة نلى أربعة أنواع مع
األوساط الزرانية هي(PDA)
و
(YEA)
و (CAM)
و(CDA)
وحضنت لمدة1
أيام
بدرجة حرارة12م˚
وبعد انتهاء مدة الحضانة
نرضت األطباق لألشعة توق البن سجية(UV. Light)
وب ول موجي263
) نانوميتر إذ إن
إنتاج سا ااتالكويسيع يعتمد نلى وجود حللة
مضيية مع ضوء ازرق امع أو ضوء ازرق
مخضر حول المستعمرة النامية نند مشاهدكها كحت
األشعة توق البن سجية [17]
. ا
ا أ[
]
3
-
كا اختيار اي ا العزال المنتجة لسا ااتالكويسيع
لدراسة كاثير ي
مرع درجرة الحررارة ومردة الحضرع
،ترري النمررو وإنترراج السررا
واختيررر وسررط الPDA)
)
. :المقدمة 1 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
(
1
)
2014
يمرررا كرررا حسرررا النسررربة الميويرررة لكررر مرررع الترررردد
والوجررررود لكرررر ااجنررررال المعزولررررة والمشخصررررة
: وبحسب المعادال ااكية-]
[16
(frequency)
نددالعزال لك جن
= % التردد-------------------------
--
×
100
ندد العزال لك ااجنال
(occurrence)
ندد النماذج التي كحتو الجن
= %التواجد-----------------------------
×
100
العدد الكلي للنماذج مجلد11
(
1
)
2014 يمرررا كرررا حسرررا النسررربة الميويرررة لكررر مرررع الترررردد
والوجررررود لكرررر ااجنررررال المعزولررررة والمشخصررررة
: وبحسب المعادال ااكية-]
[16
(frequency)
نددالعزال لك جن
= % التردد-------------------------
--
×
100
ندد العزال لك ااجنال
(occurrence)
ندد النماذج التي كحتو الجن
= %التواجد-----------------------------
×
100
العدد الكلي للنماذج يمرررا كرررا حسرررا النسررربة الميويرررة لكررر مرررع الترررردد
والوجررررود لكرررر ااجنررررال المعزولررررة والمشخصررررة
: وبحسب المعادال ااكية-]
[16 تي األسواق المحليرة ب ريلرة مبسر ة انتمردل
نلرى
اسررتعمال أنررواع مررع األوسرراط الز
ر نيررة الترري كح ررز
إنترراج سررموم ااتالكويسرريع والكشررف ننهررا باألشررعة
تروق البن سرجية باسرتعمال جهراز(UV monitor
وب رررررول مررررروجي263
نانوميتر،ومعرترررررة درجرررررة
.الحرارة ومدة الحضع المثلى للنمو وإنتاج السا :المقدمة ال ر
ا ررر ق للكشرررف نرررع وجرررود ال ريرررال المنتجرررة
.لسموم ااتالكويسيع تي األغذية الملوثة
إذ إن لي لجميع سالال الAspergillus
اللدرة
نلى إنتاج هذف السرموم ،وهرذا يت لرب إجرراء العديرد
مررع التلنيررال للتحررر والكشررف نررع ال عاليررة السررمي ة
لالن ان الملوثة لل ذاء[5]
. هنالررط طرا ررق مختل ررة للكشررف نررع وجررود العررزال
ال ريررة الملوثررة للحبررو يال ريلررة المباشرررة الترري
كعتمد نلى تحص الحبرو برالعيع المجرردة ومرع ثرا
استعمال المجهر الضو ي للكشف نع وجرود ال رزل
ال ر لل رA.flavus
[6]
يمرا يمكرع اسرتعمال
ال حص المب اشرر باألشرعة تروق البن سرجية(UV)
إذ
وجررد إن الحبررو ننررد كعرضررها لإلصررابة بررال ر
A.flavus
كظهرررر كاللرررا اصررر را مخضررررا كحرررت
األشررعة ترروق البن سررجية وقررد انتمرردل هررذف ال ريلررة
بوصرررر ها تحصررررا مباشرررررا للكشررررف نررررع الحبررررو
المتعرضة لإلصابة بال ر[7]
. ا
مررا طريلررة الررزرع المباشررر للحبررو نلررى أ وسرراط
غذا ية خاصة تريمكع الكشرف بوسراطتها نرع وجرود
ال ر خالل3
-
1
أيرام وكتراثر هرذف ال ريلرة بعرامليع
هما درجة الحرارة ومدة الحضع[8]
. لررذا هرردتت هررذف الدراسررة إلررى الكشررف نررع العررزال
المنتجة لسموم ااتالكويسيع تي حبو الرز والذرة أا
إذ إن لي لجميع سالال الAspergillus
اللدرة
نلى إنتاج هذف السرموم ،وهرذا يت لرب إجرراء العديرد
مررع التلنيررال للتحررر والكشررف نررع ال عاليررة السررمي ة
لالن ان الملوثة لل ذاء[5]
. هنالررط طرا ررق مختل ررة للكشررف نررع وجررود العررزال
ال ريررة الملوثررة للحبررو يال ريلررة المباشرررة الترري
كعتمد نلى تحص الحبرو برالعيع المجرردة ومرع ثرا
استعمال المجهر الضو ي للكشف نع وجرود ال رزل
ال ر لل رA.flavus
[6]
يمرا يمكرع اسرتعمال
ال حص المب اشرر باألشرعة تروق البن سرجية(UV)
إذ
وجررد إن الحبررو ننررد كعرضررها لإلصررابة بررال ر )
كتعرض الحبو ومنها الرز والذر ة الص راء لنشاط
العديررد مررع ال ريررال ترري الحلرر وخررالل نمليررال
الحصرراد وترري أثنرراء النلرر وننررد الخررزن قبرر وبعررد
إجرررراء العمليرررال التصرررنيعية نليهرررا، وكختلرررف هرررذف
ال ريال يما ونونا باختالف الظرروف البيييرة مرع
درجة حرارة ورطوبة[4,3]
. ويعررررررررد ال رررررررررMicheli
Aspergillus
مررررررررع
ال ريا ، ل التي كسبب أضرارا يبيرة لحبو الررز
الحن ة ،الذرة ،تول الصويا والل ع. ككمرع خ رورة
هرررررذا ال رررررر بانتاجررررر ايضرررررال ثانويرررررة كعررررررف
بااتالكويسررررينال(Aflatoxins)
الترررري كنررررتج مررررع
اانرررررررررررررواع
A.parasiticus,A.flavus ا
مررا طريلررة الررزرع المباشررر للحبررو نلررى أ وسرراط
غذا ية خاصة تريمكع الكشرف بوسراطتها نرع وجرود
ال ر خالل3
-
1
أيرام وكتراثر هرذف ال ريلرة بعرامليع
هما درجة الحرارة ومدة الحضع[8]
. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ flavus
يانررت منتجررة لسررا
ااتالكويسريع امرا البليررة تلرا ككرع منتجررة للسرا وذلررط
مرررررع خرررررالل كعررررررية األطبررررراق الحاويرررررة نلرررررى
المسررتعمرال ال ريررة النليررة لجميررع نررزالA. flavus
المختل ة إلى األشعة توق البن سجية وب ول
مرررروجي263
نررررانوميتر تررررالعزال المنتجررررة للسررررا
أظهرررل حللررة مضرريية مررع ضرروء ازرق امررع ، إمررا
المسررررتعمرال غيررررر المنتجررررة للسررررا تلررررا كظهررررر أ
كالق.يمررا أظهرررل النتررا ج برران أتضرر وسررط زرنرري
يستعم للكشف نع إنتاج السا هو وسط أيرار جروز
الهنررررررد(COA)
ثررررررا يليرررررر الوسررررررط(PDA)
ثررررررا
وسررط(YEA)
إمررا الوسررط(CDA)
تلررا
يكررع جيرردا
.للكشف نع السا ويما موض تي الصور ااكية
أ-
وسط أكار جوز الهند
ب-وسط اكار مستخلص البطاطا
ج-وسط أكار الجابكس د-وسط أكار مستخلص الخميرة
( شككل1
) شكدة التكقلق للعزلكةA. flavus
المنتجكة لالفالتوكسكين ت كأل األشكعة فكوق البنفسكجية الناميكة علكى
أوساط مختلفة
بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
( ومدة حضن7) ايام ( جدول1) أعداد وأنواع الفطريات المعزولة من الرز األمريكي والذرة الصفراء النامية على وسط(PDA)
بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
( ومدة حضن7) ايام
المصدر
نوع الفطر
عدد العزالت
التردد التواجد ( جدول1) أعداد وأنواع الفطريات المعزولة من الرز األمريكي والذرة الصفراء النامية على وسط(PDA)
بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
( ومدة حضن7) ايام
المصدر
Source
نوع الفطر
Fungs spp. عدد العزالت
No.of Isolates
التردد
Frequency
%
التواجد
Occurrence
%
الرز األمريكي
Rice
مجموع العزالت107
عزلة
A. flavus
77
11.71
%
0.77
%
A. fumigatus
11
7
%
0.11
%
A. niger
18
3
%
0.18
%
Penicillium sp. 38
2
%
0.38
%
الذرة الصفراء
Corn
مجموع العزالت177عزلة
A. terrus
1
0.81
%
0.01
%
A. flavus
3
0.71
%
0.03
%
A. fumigatus
87
1.71
%
0.87
%
A. niger
7
1
%
0.07
%
Fusarium sp. 3
0.71
%
0.03
%
Neurospora sp. 101
87.81
%
1.01
% ( جدول1) أعداد وأنواع الفطريات المعزولة من الرز األمريكي والذرة الصفراء النامية على وسط(PDA)
بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
( ومدة حضن7) ايام يما أظ هرل النتا ج إن10
نزلة تلط مرع أصر30
نزلررة مررع نررزال
A. flavus
يانررت منتجررة لسررا
ااتالكويسريع امرا البليررة تلرا ككرع منتجررة للسرا وذلررط
مرررررع خرررررالل كعررررررية األطبررررراق الحاويرررررة نلرررررى
المسررتعمرال ال ريررة النليررة لجميررع نررزالA. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ ج
يوض الجردول1
) أنرداد ال ريرال وأنوانهرا تري
نينرررال الررررز األمريكررري والرررذرة الصررر راء . يمرررا
يوض النسبة الميوية لك مع الترردد والوجرود لهرذف
ال ريررال .ت رري نينررال الرررز األمريكرري يرران النرروع كرررا كشرررخيص
اانرررواع
المعزولرررة بحسرررب الم ررراكي
التصني ية[15,14,13]
. كرررا كشرررخيص
اانرررواع
المعزولرررة بحسرررب الم ررراكي
التصني ية[15,14,13]
. 1 1 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
(
1
)
2014 السرا د هروA. flavus
بترردد11.13
ووجرود%
0.41
يليررر%
Penicillium sp. بترررردد2
%
وكواجررد0.21
ثررا%
A. fumigatus
بتررردد4
%
وكواجد0.16
ثا%
A .niger
بتردد2
ووجود%
0.11
.امررا ترري نينررال الررذرة الصرر راء تلررد يرران%
جنNeurospora
هو األيثر وجرودا1.01
%
وبتررردد11.13
يليرر%
A. fumigatus
بتررردد
6.13
ووجرود%
0.11
ثرا%
A .niger
بترردد
1
ووجررود%
0.04
ثررا يرر مررع%
A. flavus
و
Fusarium
. sp
بترردد0.13
ووجرود%
0.02
واخيررا%
A. terrus
بتردد0.13
ووجود%
0.01
% السرا د هروA. flavus
بترردد11.13
ووجرود%
0.41
يليررر%
Penicillium sp. بترررردد2
%
وكواجررد0.21
ثررا%
A. fumigatus
بتررردد4
%
وكواجد0.16
ثا%
A .niger
بتردد2
ووجود%
0.11
.امررا ترري نينررال الررذرة الصرر راء تلررد يرران%
جنNeurospora
هو األيثر وجرودا1.01
%
وبتررردد11.13
يليرر%
A. fumigatus
بتررردد السرا د هروA. flavus
بترردد11.13
ووجرود%
0.41
يليررر%
Penicillium sp. بترررردد2
%
وكواجررد0.21
ثررا%
A. fumigatus
بتررردد4
%
وكواجد0.16
ثا%
A .niger
بتردد2
ووجود%
0.11
.امررا ترري نينررال الررذرة الصرر راء تلررد يرران%
جنNeurospora
هو األيثر وجرودا1.01
%
وبتررردد11.13
يليرر%
A. fumigatus
بتررردد
6.13
ووجرود%
0.11
ثرا%
A .niger
بترردد
1
ووجررود%
0.04
ثررا يرر مررع%
A. flavus
و
Fusarium
. sp
بترردد0.13
ووجرود%
0.02
واخيررا%
A. terrus
بتردد0.13
ووجود%
0.01
%
( جدول1) أعداد وأنواع الفطريات المعزولة من الرز األمريكي والذرة الصفراء النامية على وسط(PDA)
بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
( ومدة حضن7) ايام
المصدر
Source
نوع الفطر
Fungs spp. عدد العزالت
No.of Isolates
التردد
Frequency
%
التواجد
Occurrence
%
الرز األمريكي
Rice
مجموع العزالت107
عزلة
A. flavus
77
11.71
%
0.77
%
A. fumigatus
11
7
%
0.11
%
A. niger
18
3
%
0.18
%
Penicillium sp. 38
2
%
0.38
%
الذرة الصفراء
Corn
مجموع العزالت177عزلة
A. terrus
1
0.81
%
0.01
%
A. flavus
3
0.71
%
0.03
%
A. fumigatus
87
1.71
%
0.87
%
A. niger
7
1
%
0.07
%
Fusarium sp. 3
0.71
%
0.03
%
Neurospora sp. 101
87.81
%
1.01
%
يما أظ هرل النتا ج إن10
نزلة تلط مرع أصر30
نزلررة مررع نررزال
A. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ flavus
(النامية على وسطPDA
( ) ومدة حضن7) ايام (
()
م
)
درجة ال رارة م◦
شدة النمو شدة التالق
80
)+(ضعيف
(اليوجد-)
81
)++(جيد
)++(جيد
30
جي)++(د
)++(جيد
31
)+++(جيد جدا
)+++(جيد جدا
70
)+(ضعيف
(اليوجد-) ( جدول3
) تقثير اوقات ال ضانة المختلفة في شدة
التقلق وشدة النمو للعزلةA.flavus
النامية على
(وسطPDA
) بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦ ( جدول3) تقثير اوقات ال ضانة المختلفة في شدة
التقلق وشدة النمو للعزلةA.flavus
النامية على
(وسطPDA
) بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
مدة ال ضن شدة النمو شدة التالق
8
(ضعيف جدا-)
(اليوجد-)
3
(ضعيف جدا-)
(اليوجد-)
7
)+(جيد
(اليوجد-)
1
)+(جيد
)++(جيد
1
)+++(جيد جدا
)++(جيد
7
)+++(جيد جدا
)+++(جيد جدا )
و إن أتضرر درجررة حرررارة لنمررو ال ررر A.flavus
هي23
م˚
وان أتض مدة حضرع هري1
أيرام وهرذف
النتيجة جاءل مو اتلة لدراسة[9]
الذ ايرد اتضرلية
هذف الدرجة23
م ،˚
اذ ان درجة الحرارة10م ˚
كؤثر
تي شدة التالق اما درجة الحرارة40م˚
تلرد ادل الرى
خ رة انتراج ااتالكويسريع تري حريع يانرت درجررال
الحرررررررررارة13
-
23
م˚
هرررررررري الم ضررررررررلة انترررررررراج
. ااتالكويسيع ()
م
مدة ال ضن شدة النمو شدة التالق
8
(ضعيف جدا-)
(اليوجد-)
3
(ضعيف جدا-)
(اليوجد-)
7
)+(جيد
(اليوجد-)
1
)+(جيد
)++(جيد
1
)+++(جيد جدا
)++(جيد
7
)+++(جيد جدا
)+++(جيد جدا 1-International
Rice
Research
Institute.(IRRI). 1993 .Rice human
nutrition.148pp. 1-International
Rice
Research
Institute.(IRRI). 1993 .Rice human
nutrition.148pp. إن هرررذف النترررا ج جررراءل مواتلرررة للعديرررد مرررع نترررا ج
الدراسال السابلة إذ أشار ي مع[20,19,18]
تري
دراسررتها
الررى ان
نصررف سررالال ال رررA.flavus
وA.parasiticus
كلر يبررا لهررا اللرردرة نلررى إنترراج
سموم ااتالكويسيع كحرت ظرروف مثاليرة ومتشرابهة
يمررررا أشررررار[21]
ترررري دراسررررت إلررررى وجررررود سررررا
ااتالكويسريع مرع نروع (B1,B2,G1,G2)
وسرا
ااويراكويسررريع(A)
وسرررا الزيرالينرررون(A)
تررري
111
نينررة غررذاء مصررنونة مررع حبررو الررذرة ترري
البرازيرر و وجررد أن أنلررى نسرربة كررردد ووجررود لسررا
AFB1)
. )يانت تي نينال الشامية
يعد استعمال ااشرعة تروق البن سرجية(UV)
طريلرة
سررررررهلة وسررررررريعة لتشررررررخيص اان رررررران المنتجررررررة
لالتالكويسررينال اذ اشررارل هررذف النتررا ج الررى العالقررة
بررررريع امتصررررراق ااشرررررعة تررررروق البن سرررررجية مرررررع
مسرررررررتعمرال ال ررررررررA. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ flavus
المختل ة إلى األشعة توق البن سجية وب ول
مرررروجي263
نررررانوميتر تررررالعزال المنتجررررة للسررررا
أظهرررل حللررة مضرريية مررع ضرروء ازرق امررع ، إمررا
المسررررتعمرال غيررررر المنتجررررة للسررررا تلررررا كظهررررر أ
كالق.يمررا أظهرررل النتررا ج برران أتضرر وسررط زرنرري
يستعم للكشف نع إنتاج السا هو وسط أيرار جروز
الهنررررررد(COA)
ثررررررا يليرررررر الوسررررررط(PDA)
ثررررررا
وسررط(YEA)
إمررا الوسررط(CDA)
تلررا
يكررع جيرردا
.للكشف نع السا ويما موض تي الصور ااكية
أ-
وسط أكار جوز الهند
ب-وسط اكار مستخلص البطاطا
ج-وسط أكار الجابكس د-وسط أكار مستخلص الخميرة
( شككل1
) شكدة التكقلق للعزلكةA. flavus
المنتجكة لالفالتوكسكين ت كأل األشكعة فكوق البنفسكجية الناميكة علكى
أوساط مختلفة
بدرجة حرارة82
م ◦
( ومدة حضن7) ايام 2 2 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
(
1
)
2014 يما كشير النتا ج إلى إن أتض درجة حرارة لنمو
ال رA. flavus
وإنتاج سا ااتالكويسيع هي
23م،˚
جدول1
). إما أتض مدة حضع للنمو
وإنتاج سا ااتالكويسي ع مع العزلة A. flavus
تهي1
أيام جدول2
. ) يما كشير النتا ج إلى إن أتض درجة حرارة لنمو
ال رA. flavus
وإنتاج سا ااتالكويسيع هي
23م،˚
جدول1
). إما أتض مدة حضع للنمو
وإنتاج سا ااتالكويسي ع مع العزلة A. flavus
تهي1
أيام جدول2
. ) يررتا الكشررف ننرر ب ريلررة امتصرراق ااشررعة ترروق
البن سجية هوaflatoxins B1
وaflatoxins G1
بشك ر ي [17]
. يمكررع اسررتعمال هررذف ال ريلررة للكشررف نررع السررموم
نلرى المسررتعمرال الصر يرة ايضررا التري كتكررون بعررد
يررروم ونصرررف نلرررى وسرررط جررروز الهنرررد تضرررال نرررع
امكانيررة تحررص نرردة مسررتعمرال متكونررة ترري طبررق
واحد[22]
.أشارل الدراسال السابلة[25,24,23]
الى ان أتض وسط زرني للكشف نع إنتاج سرموم
ااتالكويسرريع هررو وسررط أيررار جرروز الهنررد(COA)
ووصرر ت بانرر طريلررة سررريعة للكشررف نررع السررموم
تضررال نررع النمررو السررريع لل ررر نلررى هررذا الوسررط
وذلط يعود
ا
لى حساسية ال ر رAspergillus
إلرى
مكونررررال الوسررررط الزرانرررري الررررذ ينمررررو نليرررر ،اذ
اظهررررل السرررالال المنتجرررة لالتالكويسرررينال التررري
حصلنا نليها تي بحثنا هذا كاللا ازرقا واضرحا نلرى
وسطCOA)
). ( جدول8
) تقثير درجات ال رارة المختلفة في
شدة التقلق وشدة النمو للعزلةA. flavus
(النامية على وسطPDA
( ) ومدة حضن7) ايام
درجة ال رارة م◦
شدة النمو شدة التالق
80
)+(ضعيف
(اليوجد-)
81
)++(جيد
)++(جيد
30
جي)++(د
)++(جيد
31
)+++(جيد جدا
)+++(جيد جدا
70
)+(ضعيف
(اليوجد-) ( جدول8
) تقثير درجات ال رارة المختلفة في
شدة التقلق وشدة النمو للعزلةA. flavus
(النامية على وسطPDA
( ) ومدة حضن7) ايام ( جدول8
) تقثير درجات ال رارة المختلفة في
شدة التقلق وشدة النمو للعزلةA. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ flavus
و انتررررررراج
ااتالكويسررينال، وهرري ايضررا طريلررة امنررة للتحررر
نررع اان رران السررامة دون الحاجررة الررى رتررع غ رراء
ال برررق .وبوسررراطة هرررذف ال ريلرررة كظهرررر السرررالال
المنتجرررة لالتالكويسرررينال بلرررون رمررراد الرررى اسرررود
كحررررت ااشررررعة ترررروق البن سررررجية، ترررري حرررريع كبرررردو
السالال غير المنتجة للسرموم بلرون ابرية .ابحراث
سابلة اشارل الى ان نوع ا اتالكويسيع المنتج الذ إن هرررذف النترررا ج جررراءل مواتلرررة للعديرررد مرررع نترررا ج
الدراسال السابلة إذ أشار ي مع[20,19,18]
تري
دراسررتها
الررى ان
نصررف سررالال ال رررA.flavus
وA.parasiticus
كلر يبررا لهررا اللرردرة نلررى إنترراج
سموم ااتالكويسيع كحرت ظرروف مثاليرة ومتشرابهة
يمررررا أشررررار[21]
ترررري دراسررررت إلررررى وجررررود سررررا
ااتالكويسريع مرع نروع (B1,B2,G1,G2)
وسرا
ااويراكويسررريع(A)
وسرررا الزيرالينرررون(A)
تررري
111
نينررة غررذاء مصررنونة مررع حبررو الررذرة ترري
البرازيرر و وجررد أن أنلررى نسرربة كررردد ووجررود لسررا
AFB1)
. )يانت تي نينال الشامية
يعد استعمال ااشرعة تروق البن سرجية(UV)
طريلرة
سررررررهلة وسررررررريعة لتشررررررخيص اان رررررران المنتجررررررة
لالتالكويسررينال اذ اشررارل هررذف النتررا ج الررى العالقررة
بررررريع امتصررررراق ااشرررررعة تررررروق البن سرررررجية مرررررع
مسرررررررتعمرال ال ررررررررA. flavus
و انتررررررراج
ااتالكويسررينال، وهرري ايضررا طريلررة امنررة للتحررر
نررع اان رران السررامة دون الحاجررة الررى رتررع غ رراء
ال برررق .وبوسررراطة هرررذف ال ريلرررة كظهرررر السرررالال
المنتجرررة لالتالكويسرررينال بلرررون رمررراد الرررى اسرررود
كحررررت ااشررررعة ترررروق البن سررررجية، ترررري حرررريع كبرررردو
السالال غير المنتجة للسرموم بلرون ابرية .ابحراث
سابلة اشارل الى ان نوع ا اتالكويسيع المنتج الذ 2-Sauer, B.D. and J. Tuite, 1986. Condition that effect growth of
Aspergillus flavus and production of
aflatoxin stored maize . aflatoxin in
maize Aprceeding of workshop,
EL-Batan
,D
F.Mexico,April,7-
11:pp.41-50. 2-Sauer, B.D. and J. Tuite, 1986. Condition that effect growth of
Aspergillus flavus and production of
aflatoxin stored maize . aflatoxin in
maize Aprceeding of workshop,
EL-Batan
,D
F.Mexico,April,7-
11:pp.41-50. 3-Silva, J.B., Pozzi, C.R. Mallozzi,
M.A.B. E.M. Ortega,B.Correa and
da Silva .2000. Mycoflora and
occurrence of aflatoxin B1 and
fumonisin B1 during storage of
Brazilian sorghum.J.Agri.and food
Chem.,48 (9):4352-4356. 4-Tancinova, D., Kacaniova M. and S. Javorekova. 2001. Natural
occurrence of fungi in feeding
wheat after harvest and during
storage in the agricultural farm
facilities. Biologia ,56(3): 247-250. 4-Tancinova, D., Kacaniova M. and S. Javorekova. 2001. Natural
occurrence of fungi in feeding
wheat after harvest and during
storage in the agricultural farm
facilities. Biologia ,56(3): 247-250. 4 4 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
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1
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2014 5-Rashid, M., Khalil,S. Ayub, N. Ahmed W. and A.Khan. 2008. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ Categorization of Aspergillus flavus
and A.parasiticus isolates of stored
wheat grains in to aflatoxinogenics
and non-aflatoxinogenics . Pak .J
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The
genus
Aspergillus. 685pp. Williams
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Wilkins
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hyphomycetes. 605pp. Common
wealth mycological Institue. kew,
surreg, England. 6-Mycock ,J. Rukenberg ,F.H. and
Berjak ,P. 1990. Infection of maize
seedlings of Aspergillus flavus
seed.Sci.technol.18:693-695. 15-Ramirez, C. 1982. Manual and atlas
of the Penicillia .874pp.Elsevier
biomedical press. Oxford. 7- Wicklow ,D.Tawd Hesseltive ,C.W. 1979. Fluorescence produced by
Aspergillus flavus in association
with other fungi in autoclaved corn
kernels .ohyto .69: 589-592. 16- Pitt,J.I.and Hocking ,A.D.,1997. Fungi and Food spoilage .Blackie
academic & Professional, London
.U.K. 17-Yabe,K ., Ando, Y. Itoand, M. Terakado. N. 1987. Simple method
for screening aflatoxin-producing
molds by UV photography. Appl. Environ.Microbiol.53(2):230-234. 8-Yang, Z.Y., Shim, A. Wonbo, A. Kim, Hum, J. Park, A. Seon-
ja,Kang, Sunjo, Nam, A. Baik-Sang
and Chunga Duck-Hwea. 2004. Detection of aflatoxin producing
moulds in Korean fermented foods
and grains by multiplex PCR.J.food
protect.,67(11): 2622-2626. 18-Quinn,
P.J.,Sorter,J.R.,Markey
,B.K.and Carter,J.R. 1994. Clinical
veterinary Microbiology, Mosby
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19-Okazaki,H.and Saito,M. 1992. population levels of Aspergillus
flavus and A.parasiticus in field
soils in two areas of Kyushu Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan., 58:208-213. 20
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يحيى ، نبد ال ني ابراهيا ،محمد، غنيمة
.صادق، والجرموند ، كارة شاير
1010
. الكشف نع التلوث بال ريال وسا اتالB1
تي
.تستق الحل المحمص باستعمال كلنية االيزا
.المجلة العراقية للتلانال الحياكية 9-Saito, M.and Machida, S. 1999. A
rapid identification method for
aflatoxin-producing
strains
of
Aspergillus flavus and A.parasiticus
by ammonia vapor . Mycoscience
40 :205-208. 19-Okazaki,H.and Saito,M. 1992. population levels of Aspergillus
flavus and A.parasiticus in field
soils in two areas of Kyushu Ann. phytopath. Soc. Japan., 58:208-213. p y p
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يحيى ، نبد ال ني ابراهيا ،محمد، غنيمة
.صادق، والجرموند ، كارة شاير
1010
. الكشف نع التلوث بال ريال وسا اتالB1
تي
.تستق الحل المحمص باستعمال كلنية االيزا
.المجلة العراقية للتلانال الحياكية 10-Kumar, S.,M. Shekhar, KA.Ali, and
Sharma. P. 2007. A rapid technique
for detection of toxigenic and non-
toxigenic
strain
of
Aspergillus
flavus from maize grain .Ind. phytopathol.1:31-34. 1
2
:)
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341. 21-Sekiyama, B. L., Ribeiro, A.B. Machins P.A. and M.M. Junior. 2005. Aflatoxins, Ochratoxin A and
Zearalenone in maize-based food
products .Brazilian J. of Microbiol. 36:289-294. 11-Shetty, S.A.and H.S.Shetty. 1988. :النتائج والمناقشة
أ Development
and
evalution
of
method for detection of seed borne
fungi in rice . Seed sci .and technol. 16:693-698. 22-Paul, A. Lemke, Norman D. Davis,
and
Gregory
W.Creech. 1989. Direct
Visual
Detection
of
Aflatoxin
Synthesis
by
Minicolonies
of
Aspergillus
Species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55(7):1808-1810. 12-Pitt,J
.I.,A.D. Hocking,
K.A.,
Samson and King A.D. 1992. Recommended
methods
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mycological examination of foods. In:Modren
methods
in
food
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A.D.,A.D. Hocking ,J.I.Pitt and A.D.King
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Aspergillus
spp. Phyto.66:1466-
1469. Environ. Microbiol. 53(7):1593-
1595. Environ. Microbiol. 53(7):1593-
1595. 25-Yazdani ,D.,M.A. Zainal Abidin,
Y.H. Tan, and Kamaruzaman.S. 2010.Evaluation of the detection
techniques of toxigenic Aspergillus
isolates. African J.of Biotechnolog. 9 (45):7654-7659. 24-Davis ,N. D., lyer, S.K. and Diener. U.L. 1987. Improved Method of
Screening for Aflatoxin with a
Coconut
Agar
Medium
.Appl. 24-Davis ,N. D., lyer, S.K. and Diener. U.L. 1987. Improved Method of
Screening for Aflatoxin with a
Coconut
Agar
Medium
.Appl. *University of Baghdad / College of Science for women *University of Baghdad / College of Science for women Rapid Detection of Aspergillus flavus isolates producing
aflatoxin using UV light on different culture media Shaymaa I. Kadhim* Khalid A. Habeb* Abstract: This study included the isolation and identification of Aspergillus flavus
isolates associated with imported American rice grains and local corn grains which
collected from local markets, using UV light with 365 nm wave length and different
media (PDA, YEA, COA, and CDA ). One hundred and seven fungal isolates were identified in rice and 147 isolates in
corn.4 genera and 7 species were associated with grains, the genera were Aspergillus
,Fusarium ,Neurospora ,Penicillium . Aspergillus was dominant with occurrence of
0.47% and frequency of 11.75% in rice grains whereas in corn grains the genus
Neurospora was dominant with occurrence of 1.09% and frequency 27.25% ,results revealed that 20 isolates out of 50
A. flavus isolates were able to produce aflatoxin .results also indicated that the best
medium for toxin production was (COA) followed by (PDA and YEA), whereas the
suitable temperature and incubation period for toxin production was 35◦c and 7 days. 6 | 4,548 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1527/1458 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 321
*Department of Chemistry College of sciences women, University of Baghdad.
** Department of Chemistry College of sciences women, Al-Mustansiriya
University. Introduction: fundamental investigation of structure
property relation [5] and on other hand
by the wide range of commercial
application .The relative reactivity of a
monomer toward a certain polymer
radical is readily calculated from the
monomer
reactivity
ratios
of
copolymerization. However, evalution
of
the
rate
constants
of
crosspropagating
is
required
for
estimation of the absolute reactivities
of the polymer radical and of the
monomer [6] . Poly (N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon–co- acrylic
acid) PVP/AA and poly (N-vinyl-2-
pyrrolidon- co- methymethacrylate )
PVP/MMA is generally made by free
radical polymerization .It prepared
successfully in aqueous salt solution
using
cationic
polyelectrolytes
as
stabilizers[1] . Moreover knowledge of copolymer”s
composition is an important factor in
the evaluation of its utility [2-4].The
estimation of copolymer composition
and determindation of reactivity ratios
are
significant
for
tailor-making
properties. Copolymerization
modulates both the intramolecular and
intermolecylar
forces
exercised
between like and unlike polymer
segment and consequently properties
such as glass transition temperature,
melting point, solubility, permeability,
adhesion , dyeability and chemical
reactivity may be varied withen a wide
limits . The utility of copolymerization
is exemplified on the one hand by the Moreover knowledge of copolymer”s
composition is an important factor in
the evaluation of its utility [2-4].The
estimation of copolymer composition
and determindation of reactivity ratios
are
significant
for
tailor-making
properties. Copolymerization acrylic Key
words:
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon,
copolymerization, reactivity ratio. Copolymerazaion of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon with Acrylic Acid
and Methylmethacrylate Rana R. Hamza* Rana R. Hamza* Mahmoud A. Al-Issa* Redha I. Al-Bayati** Received 9, July, 2013
Accepted 26, August, 2013 Abstract: Low conversion copolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon M.W = (111.14) VP
(monomer-1) has been conducted with acrylic acid AA and methymethacrylate
MMA in ethanol at 70ºC , using Benzoyl peroxide BPO as initiator . The copolymer
composition has been determined by elemental analysis. The monomer reactivity
ratios have been calculated by the Kelen-Tudos and Finman-Ross graphical
procedures . The derived reactivity ratios (r1 , r2 ) are : (0.51 , 4.85) for (VP / AA )
systems and (0.34 , 7.58) for (VP , MMA) systems , and found the reactivity ratios of
the monomer AA , MMA is mor than the monomer VP in the copolymerization of
(VP / AA) and (VP /MMA) systems respectly . The reactivity ratios values were used
for microstructures calculation. Materials and Methods: f1 (az) = (1- r1) / (2- r1-r2 ). f1 (az) = azotropic feed composition. f1 (az) = azotropic feed composition The cross – propagation step in
copolymerization reaction in values. Addition of certain polymer radical to a
monomer molecule. The corresponding
rate constant kij of cross-propagation
reflecting the relative reactivity of
monomer-j toward a given polymer
radical-I may be readily calculated from
reactivity ratios (K12=K11/r1, K21= K22
/r2). The cross – propagation step in
copolymerization reaction in values. The cross – propagation step in
copolymerization reaction in values. Addition of certain polymer radical to a
monomer molecule. The corresponding
rate constant kij of cross-propagation
reflecting the relative reactivity of
monomer-j toward a given polymer
radical-I may be readily calculated from
reactivity ratios (K12=K11/r1, K21= K22
/r2). Materials and Methods: modulates both the intramolecular and
intermolecylar
forces
exercised
between like and unlike polymer
segment and consequently properties
such as glass transition temperature,
melting point, solubility, permeability,
adhesion , dyeability and chemical
reactivity may be varied withen a wide
limits . The utility of copolymerization
is exemplified on the one hand by the All , monome , initiator , and solvent
have been obtained from Aldrich- Oma
Chemical Co. N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon
was dried over anhydrous MgSO4 and
vacuum distilled (B.P. 345ºK at 2.5
mmHg ) , and should not be left more
than 24 hour prior to use . Initiator
(Benzoyl peroxide) was purified by
twice
recrystallizations
from 321 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 chloroform and refrigerated prior to
use. chloroform and refrigerated prior to
use. With these values of r1 and r2 , the
variation of the instantaneous mole
fraction f1 of VP in the initial feed
may be calculated using the following
copolymer composition eqn.[9] Copolymerization of VP M.W =
(111.14) with AA and MMA was
carried out using ( 1×10-3 mol dm-3 )
BPO as initiator and (8 ml ) ethanol as
solvent at 70ºC in glass tubes . The
glass tubes were charged with the
prescribed amount of monomer. The
total
molar
composition
of
the
monomer mixture was maintained at
(3.5 mol dm -3) while the feed ratio
was varid . Placed in water bath at
70ºC. After the required time (<
10%conversion). The copolymers were
precipitated in petroleum ether (b.p 40-
60 ºC) . The precipitates were filtered
off, dissolved again ethanol and
precipitated in petroleum ether prior to
constant weight in vacuum at 35ºC. The copolymer composition determind
by elemental analysis. F= r1f1
2 + f1f2 / r1f1
2 + 2f1f2 + r2f2
2 Where F=F1/F2 , r1 = reactivity ratio of
(AA ,MMA) , r2= reactivity ratio of VP Where F=F1/F2 , r1 = reactivity ratio of
(AA ,MMA) , r2= reactivity ratio of VP , f1= mole fraction of (AA, MMA) in
the feed , f2= mole fraction of VP in
the feed . , f1= mole fraction of (AA, MMA) in
the feed , f2= mole fraction of VP in
the feed . Figure (5,6) , show the copolymer
composition curves of VP/AA system
and VP/MMA system , which shows
no azotropic composition . The azotropic feed composition
f1(az.) is given by : f1 (az) = (1- r1) / (2- r1-r2 ). Results and Discussion : The reactivity ratio r1 and r2 of
copolymerization of VP (monomer-1)
with AA and MMA have been
datermind using Fineman-Ross [7] and
Kelen-Tudos
[8]
procedures. For
mathemathcal
details
of
these
procedures, the original papers [8- 9]
should be consulted. The plots are
shown in fig. (1, 2, 3, 4) for Fineman-
Ross and Kelen-tudos respectively. The results of the reactivity ratios are
given in table (1). In absence of reliable data on the
absolute rate constants of propagation
of VP at the conditions employed here,
compositions may be made on the basis
of reactivity ratios alone. The reactivity ratios were then used for
microstructural
calculation. The
microstructural of the copolymers was
to be very important in determining the
solution properties which the copolymer
exhibit [10] .Igarashi “s [11] methods
used to calculate the fraction of M1-M1,
M2-M2 and M1-M2 units (the mole % of
blackness, the mole % of altervation
and the mean sequence length of the
copolymers
respectively)
in
the
copolymers as a function of reactivity
ratios. Table (1) : Monomer reactivity
ratios for copolymerizaton of VP
with AA and MMA
procedure
VP
(M)
r1
AA
(M)
r2
VP(M)
r1
MMA(M)
r2
Fineman-
Ross
0.5
4.40
0.4
8.30
Kelen-Tudos
0.1
4.52
0.2
6.24
Avrage-
values
0.3
4.46
0.3
7.27
±0.2
±0.06
±0.1
±1.03 The copolymer composition, tables (1,2
and 3 ), lists the structural data for the
copolymer VP/AA and VP /MMA . For 321 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Vol.11(1)2014
Fig. (1):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP/ AA system
at 70ºC Finemon-Ross plot . Fig. (2):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP / MMA
system at 70ºC Finemon-Ross plot . Fig. (3):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP / AA system
at via Kelen-Tudos plot .Where
N=G/(α+X) , A= X/(α+X) ,
α=(Xmin.× Xmax.)1/2 . Fig. (1):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP/ AA system
at 70ºC Finemon-Ross plot . the system of VP/AA, VP/MMA
copolymers,
table
(2)
the
mean
sequence length of VP, µ1, Varied from
1.002 to 1.009 for the copolymer
composition, values of µ2 were 1208.52
and 250.05 respectively. Table (3) the
mean sequence length of VP, µ1, varied
from
1.0008
to
1.0092
for
the
copolymer composition, values of µ2
were 3151.43 and 278.35 respectively. Fig. (1):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP/ AA system
at 70ºC Finemon-Ross plot . Results and Discussion : Table (2) : Structural data for the Table (2) : Structural data for the
copolymer VP/AA
EXP. NO. Blockiness
(mol%)
Alternation
(mol%)
Mean
Seqeunce
lengh
M1-M1
M2-M2
M1-M2
µ1
µ2
1. 50.09
49.12
0.79
1.0020
1208.52
2. 50.17
48.34
1.49
1.0039
634.24
3. 50.23
47.82
1.95
1.0051
481.10
4. 50.31
47.06
2.63
1.0070
352.73
5. 50.35
46.61
3.04
1.0081
303.08
6. 50.42
45.94
3.64
1.0099
250.05 Fig. (2):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP / MMA
system at 70ºC Finemon-Ross plot . Fig. (2):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP / MMA
system at 70ºC Finemon-Ross plot . Table (3) : Structural data for the
copolymer VP/MMA
EXP. NO. Blockiness
(mol%)
Alternation
(mol%)
Mean Seqeunce
lengh
M1-M1
M2-M2
M1-M2
µ1
µ2
1. 50.08
49.45
0.47
1.0008
3151.43
2. 50.15
48.89
0.96
1.0016
1540.20
3. 50.34
47.24
2.42
1.0043
599.75
4. 51.32
45.52
3.16
1.0058
444.56
5. 50.57
45.38
4.05
1.0074
347.59
6. 50.68
44.34
4.98
1.0092
278.35 Table (3) : Structural data for the
copolymer VP/MMA Fig. (3):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP / AA system
at via Kelen-Tudos plot .Where
N=G/(α+X) , A= X/(α+X) ,
α=(Xmin.× Xmax.)1/2 . Fig. (3):
Determination
of
the
reactivity ratios for VP / AA system
at via Kelen-Tudos plot .Where
N=G/(α+X) , A= X/(α+X) ,
α=(Xmin.× Xmax.)1/2 . 321 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 References: Fig. (4) : Determination of the
reactivity ratios for VP / MMA
system at via Kelen-Tudos plot
.Where N=G/(α+X) , A= X/(α+X) ,
α=(Xmin.× Xmax.)1/2 . Fig. (5) : Copolymer composition
curves . Experimental data are
represented by ( ) – VP/AA system. Fig. (6) : Copolymer composition
curves . Experimental data are
represented by ( ) – VP/MMA
system . 1. Odian G. 2004. “Principles of
Polymerization”
John
Wiley
&Sons, Inc. 4Ed. 2. Al-Deyab, S.S.; Al-Hazim, A.M. and
El-Newehy
M.H. 2010. Synthesis and Characterization of
Organotin
Containing
Copolymers:
Reactivity
Ratio
Studies. Molecules, 15, 1784-
1797. Fig. (4) : Determination of the
reactivity ratios for VP / MMA
system at via Kelen-Tudos plot
.Where N=G/(α+X) , A= X/(α+X) ,
α=(Xmin.× Xmax.)1/2 . Fig. (4) : Determination of the
reactivity ratios for VP / MMA
system at via Kelen-Tudos plot
.Where N=G/(α+X) , A= X/(α+X) ,
α=(Xmin.× Xmax.)1/2 . 3. Erol, I.;Sen, O.; Dedelioglu, A. and Cifci, C. 2009. Synthesis and
Characterization of Novel Fluorine
Containing
Methacrylate
Copolymer:
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Ratios,
Thermal
Properties,
and
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4. Hou,C.;Liu, J.; Ji,C.; Ying,L.;
Sun,H. and Wang, C. 2006. Monomer
Apparent
Reactivity
Ratios for Acrylonitrile / Methy
Vinyl
Keton
Copolymerization
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The
Imosensitive
Anionic
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represented by ( ) – VP/AA system. Fig. (6) : Copolymer composition
curves . Experimental data are
represented by ( ) – VP/MMA
system . 6. Chiantore,O. Trossarelli, L. and
Lazzari. M. 2000. Photo Oxidative
Degradation of Acrylic and
Methacrylic
Polymer,
Polymer
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Monomer
Reactivity
Ratios,
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Graphical Method for Determing
Copolymerization
Reactivity
Ratios, B.Polymer Bull., 2:71-76. Fig. (6) : Copolymer composition
curves . Experimental data are
represented by ( ) – VP/MMA
system . 9. Yamada,B. Yoshioka,M. and Otsu,
T. 1984. Determination
of
Absolute Rate Constants for Free
Radical Polymerization of Ethyl 321 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Fluorobacrylate. Polymer Science,
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Acrylamid-Co-Acrylic
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Silver,
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Thermogravimetric Analysis of
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2
-
بايروليدون مع حامض االكريلك
والميثايل ميثاكريليت
رنا رافع حمزة*
محمود عبد الجبار العيسى *
رضا ابراهيم البياتي**
*قسم الكيمياء- كلية العلوم للبنات- جامعة بغداد
** قسم الكيمياء- كلية العلوم-
.الجامعة المستنصرية
:الخالصة
تمت البلمرة المشتركة لمونوميرN
–
فينايل-
2
-
بايروليدون مع حامض االكريلك و الميثايل ميثاكريلت على
( التوالي في مذيب االيثانول بوجود البادئ بيروكسيد البنزويل3
×
31
-
1
) موالري عند درجة حرارة ثابتة11
º
.م
تم حساب نسب الفعالية للمنو ميرات الداخلة في تركيب البوليمر المشترك باستخدام طريقتين: فاينمان وروس
Fineman and Ross Method
و طريقة كالين وتودسKelen-Tudos
وكانت قيم نسب الفعالية r1
وr2
(0.51 , 4.85)
على التوالي لنظام البلمرة(VP / AA ) systems
و(0.34 , 7.58)
لنظام البلمرة(VP ,
MMA) systems
.). استخدمت قيم نسب الفعالية لحساب التراكيب المايكروية (الدقيقة البلمرة المشتركة لمونوميرN
-
فينايل-
2
-
بايروليدون مع حامض االكريلك
والميثايل ميثاكريليت
رنا رافع حمزة*
محمود عبد الجبار العيسى *
رضا ابراهيم البياتي**
*قسم الكيمياء- كلية العلوم للبنات- جامعة بغداد
** قسم الكيمياء- كلية العلوم-
.الجامعة المستنصرية :الخالصة
تمت البلمرة المشتركة لمونوميرN
–
فينايل-
2
-
بايروليدون مع حامض االكريلك و الميثايل ميثاكريلت على
( التوالي في مذيب االيثانول بوجود البادئ بيروكسيد البنزويل3
×
31
-
1
) موالري عند درجة حرارة ثابتة11
º
.م
تم حساب نسب الفعالية للمنو ميرات الداخلة في تركيب البوليمر المشترك باستخدام طريقتين: فاينمان وروس
Fineman and Ross Method
و طريقة كالين وتودسKelen-Tudos
وكانت قيم نسب الفعالية r1
وr2
(0.51 , 4.85)
على التوالي لنظام البلمرة(VP / AA ) systems
و(0.34 , 7.58)
لنظام البلمرة(VP ,
MMA) systems
.). استخدمت قيم نسب الفعالية لحساب التراكيب المايكروية (الدقيقة 321 | 2,297 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1542/1473 | null |
Arabic | With Solvent Extraction Method, and via new Organic
Reagent 2-(Benzo thiazolyl azo)-4,5- Diphenyl Imidazole for
Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper (II) in
different Samples Shawket Kadhim Jawad*
Safa Mageed Hameed*
Sahar Aqeel Hussein** Received 15, April, 2012
Accepted 14, August, 2013 Abstract: The new organic reagent 2-[Benzo thiazolyl azo]-4,5-diphenyl imidazole was
prepared and used as complexing agent for separation and spectrophotometric
determination of Cu2+ ion in some samples include plants, soil, water and human
blood serum. Initially determined all factors effect on extraction method and the
results show optimum pH was (pHex=9), optimum concentration was 40μg/5mLCu2+
and optimum shaking time was (15min.), as well stoichiometry study appears the
complex structure was 1:1 Cu2+: BTADPI. Interferences effect of cations were
studied. Synergism effect shows MIBK gave increasing in distribution ratio (D). Organic solvent effect appears there is no any linear relation between dielectric
constant for organic solvent used and distribution ration (D). Thermodynamically
found the reaction was Endothermic reaction, with ΔHex= 0.0131 KJ.mole-1,ΔGex=-
54.20 KJ.mole-1 ,ΔSex= 167.84 J.mole-1.Beer’s law was obeyed over the concentration
1-30μg/5mL, and ε=922.90 Lmol-1.cm-1,with detection limit 1.7×10-5and Sandell’s
sensitivity 6.8× 10-7 gcm-2. Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Introduction: optimum pH value for sorption of the
Cu2+ was 6.5[1]. An extraction and
sensitive differential
pulse anodic
stripping
voltammetric
method
at
hanging mercury drop electrode is
described for the determination of Zn,
Cu, Pb (μg g-1) and Cd (ng g-1) metal
ions in water and 0.1MHCl extracts for
Kakade, anise, Cumin, Caraway and
black pepper [2]. The significant
spectral overlap (Di)0.5 = 0.5667
which is about 75.3% overlapping of
the UV/Vis, absorption spectra of Fe
(II) and Cu(II) complexes necessitates
chemometric assisted methods for
simultaneous analysis of these ions in
the pharmaceutical mixture. These
metal
ions
have
been
analyzed
simultaneously
by
UV/Vis. Department of Chemistry Separation and determination
of metal ions have been one of the
most important topics of analytical
Chemistry. Developing
highly
functional Chelating agents has been a
great concern of many analytical
Chemists. Investigations
into
developing new type of Chelating
agents have produced many functional
results having high sensitivity. New
chelating resin was prepared by
coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with 1-
amino-2-naphthole through an azo
spacer. The resulting sorbent has been
characterized
by
FT-IR,
element
alanalysis and thermo gravimetric
analysis
and
studied
for
preconcentrating of Cu (II) using
FAAS for metal monitoring, and the
*K f U i
i
C ll
f d
i
f 741
Separation and determination
of metal ions have been one of the
most important topics of analytical
Chemistry. Developing
highly
functional Chelating agents has been a
great concern of many analytical
Chemists. Investigations
into
developing new type of Chelating
agents have produced many functional
results having high sensitivity. New
chelating resin was prepared by
coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with 1-
amino-2-naphthole through an azo
spacer. The resulting sorbent has been
characterized
by
FT-IR,
element
alanalysis and thermo gravimetric
analysis
and
studied
for
preconcentrating of Cu (II) using
FAAS for metal monitoring, and the
optimum pH value for sorption of the
Cu2+ was 6.5[1]. An extraction and
sensitive differential
pulse anodic
stripping
voltammetric
method
at
hanging mercury drop electrode is
described for the determination of Zn,
Cu, Pb (μg g-1) and Cd (ng g-1) metal
ions in water and 0.1MHCl extracts for
Kakade, anise, Cumin, Caraway and
black pepper [2]. The significant
spectral overlap (Di)0.5 = 0.5667
which is about 75.3% overlapping of
the UV/Vis, absorption spectra of Fe
(II) and Cu(II) complexes necessitates
chemometric assisted methods for
simultaneous analysis of these ions in
the pharmaceutical mixture. Introduction: These
metal
ions
have
been
analyzed
simultaneously
by
UV/Vis. *Kufa University – College of education for girls – Department of Chemistry. **Biochemical laboratory, University of Kufa Separation and determination
of metal ions have been one of the
most important topics of analytical
Chemistry. Developing
highly
functional Chelating agents has been a
great concern of many analytical
Chemists. Investigations
into
developing new type of Chelating
agents have produced many functional
results having high sensitivity. New
chelating resin was prepared by
coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with 1-
amino-2-naphthole through an azo
spacer. The resulting sorbent has been
characterized
by
FT-IR,
element
alanalysis and thermo gravimetric
analysis
and
studied
for
preconcentrating of Cu (II) using
FAAS for metal monitoring, and the
optimum pH value for sorption of the
Cu2+ was 6.5[1]. An extraction and
sensitive differential
pulse anodic
stripping
voltammetric
method
at
hanging mercury drop electrode is
described for the determination of Zn,
Cu, Pb (μg g-1) and Cd (ng g-1) metal
ions in water and 0.1MHCl extracts for
Kakade, anise, Cumin, Caraway and
black pepper [2]. The significant
spectral overlap (Di)0.5 = 0.5667
which is about 75.3% overlapping of
the UV/Vis, absorption spectra of Fe
(II) and Cu(II) complexes necessitates
chemometric assisted methods for
simultaneous analysis of these ions in
the pharmaceutical mixture. These
metal
ions
have
been
analyzed
simultaneously
by
UV/Vis. *Kufa University – College of education for girls – Department of Chemistry. **Biochemical laboratory, University of Kufa 741 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 ne (THAPPH) as an analytical reagent. The metal ion has formed 1:2 (M:L)
bluish green coloured complex with
THAPPH in HCl-KCl buffer of pH 2.5. Beer’s law was obeyed in the range
0.04-0.64 μg/ml of Cu(II) at λmax=385
nm. ε=1.0053×105L.mol-1cm-1and
Sandell’s sensitivity (0.0006265 μgcm-
2),
SD
(0.0024),RSD
(0.47%),
confidence
limit
(±0.0017),
and
standard error (0.0008). The interfering
effect of various cations and anions has
been also studied. The reliability of the
method was assured by analyzing the
standard alloys, Brass, Bronze, and
Phosphor-Bronze. This method was
successfully
employed
for
the
determination of Cu(II) in food and
medicinal leafy samples and inter
compared the experimental values
using AAS and statistically evaluated
using F-test.[7]. spectrophotometric method where 8-
hydroxyquinoline was used as a
chromogenic reagent. The methods
were successfully applied for analyzing
synthetic mixtures and commercial
pharmaceutical preparation [3]. The
synergistic extraction of Cu (II) with
N-phenyl
benzo
hydroximic
acid
(PBHA) and tri-n-octyl phosphinoxide
or tributyl phosphate was investigated
in CHCl3. Introduction: The effect found in presence
of natural ligand is due to formation of
the adduct Cu(PBHA)2S in CHCl3. The
synergic coefficients were determined
which have higher value in presence of
TOPO than TBP, since TOPO has the
higher basicity than TBP [4]. A solid
phase
extraction
method
was
developed for pre-concentration and
spectrophotometric determination of
copper in water samples by using lead
4-benzyl piperidine dithiocarbamate
complex (Pb(4-BPDC)2), Cu in large
volume
liquid
phase
quantitively
replaces lead on colorless (Pb(4-
BPDC)2) complex and naphthalene
solid phase mixture forming Cu(4-
BPDC)2λmax=437nm, linearity is 0.4–
10gmL-1of
Cu,
ε=8.197×103L.mol-
1.cm-1[5]. Spectrophotometric spectrophotometric method where 8-
hydroxyquinoline was used as a
chromogenic reagent. The methods
were successfully applied for analyzing
synthetic mixtures and commercial
pharmaceutical preparation [3]. The
synergistic extraction of Cu (II) with
N-phenyl
benzo
hydroximic
acid
(PBHA) and tri-n-octyl phosphinoxide
or tributyl phosphate was investigated
in CHCl3. The effect found in presence
of natural ligand is due to formation of
the adduct Cu(PBHA)2S in CHCl3. The
synergic coefficients were determined
which have higher value in presence of
TOPO than TBP, since TOPO has the
higher basicity than TBP [4]. A solid
phase
extraction
method
was
developed for pre-concentration and
spectrophotometric determination of
copper in water samples by using lead
4-benzyl piperidine dithiocarbamate
complex (Pb(4-BPDC)2), Cu in large
volume
liquid
phase
quantitively
replaces lead on colorless (Pb(4-
BPDC)2) complex and naphthalene
solid phase mixture forming Cu(4-
BPDC)2λmax=437nm, linearity is 0.4–
10gmL-1of
Cu,
ε=8.197×103L.mol-
1.cm-1[5]. Spectrophotometric
determination of Cu (II) based on the
reaction
at
pH4-9
between
the
synthesized
acetophenone-p-chloro
phenyl thiosemicarbazone (A-p-CIPI)
and Cu(II) forming a green complex
Cu+2:A-p-CIPI
(1:2)
that
floats
quantitively with oleic acid surfactant,
λmax=600nm in both aqueous and
surfactant
layers,
ε=5.5×103
and
1.3×104
Lmol-1cm-1inaqueous
and
surfactant layers, Beer’s law is obeyed
over the range 0.25-6.35mgL-1with
DL=0.021mgL-1
for
a
standard
aqueous solution of Cu (II) with a
concentration of 3.82 mgL-1, Sandell’s
sensitivity
was
0.244μg
cm2-[6]. Spectrophotometric method has been
developed for the determination of
Cu(II)
by
using
2,3,4-
trihydroxyacetophenonephenylhydrazo Apparatus: All apparatus used was Double beam
(UV-Vis)
Spectrophotometer
Shimadzu (UV-1700) (Japan), Signal
beam
(UV-Vis)
Spectrophotometer
Shimadzu (UV.100-02) (Japan). PH-
meter,
WTW
(Germany),
Stuart
Melting point Apparatus (Japan), As
well FT-IR8400S (CE), Shimadzu
Corporation. Element analysis Carried
out by Micro analytical unit, 1108
C.H.N elemental analysis Atomic
Absorption
Spectroscopy
AA-6300
used also to comparable the results. p
p
determination of Cu (II) based on the
reaction
at
pH4-9
between
the
synthesized
acetophenone-p-chloro
phenyl thiosemicarbazone (A-p-CIPI)
and Cu(II) forming a green complex
Cu+2:A-p-CIPI
(1:2)
that
floats
quantitively with oleic acid surfactant,
λmax=600nm in both aqueous and
surfactant
layers,
ε=5.5×103
and
1.3×104
Lmol-1cm-1inaqueous
and
surfactant layers, Beer’s law is obeyed
over the range 0.25-6.35mgL-1with
DL=0.021mgL-1
for
a
standard
aqueous solution of Cu (II) with a
concentration of 3.82 mgL-1, Sandell’s
sensitivity
was
0.244μg
cm2-[6]. Spectrophotometric method has been
developed for the determination of
Cu(II)
by
using
2,3,4-
trihydroxyacetophenonephenylhydrazo Preparation of organic reagent: Preparation of organic reagent: Preparation of 2-(Benzo thiazolyl azo)-
4,5-diphenyl
imidazole p
y
(BTADPI)consisted of processing in
three
steps
from
commercially
available material. As below: Na2CO3 50%
NaOH 10%
C
C
O
O
Ph
Ph
+ (CH2)6N4
HOAc
NH4OAc
N
HN
Ph
Ph
Benzil
Hexamethylene
tetra amine
4,5- diphenyl
imidazole
N
S
NH2
2-Amino Benzo thiazole
HCl , NaNO2
0 0C
N
S
N
N
+
Cl-
N
S
N
N
N
HN
Ph
Ph
Diazonium Salt
2-[Benzo thiazolyl azo]-4,5-
diphenyl imidazole
(BTADPI)
M.p. = 89-91 ºC Benzil 2-[Benzo thiazolyl azo]-4,5-
diphenyl imidazole
(BTADPI) 2-Amino Benzo thiazole Diazonium Salt M.p. = 89-91 ºC M.p. = 89-91 ºC 1×10-2M
sodium
fluoride,
after
separated the two layers taken the
absorbance
of
organic
phase
λmax=494nm against organic reagent as
blank. General procedure: Extraction experiment was carried out
for Cu+2ions in aqueous solutions by
5mL of 1×10-4M organic reagent
BTADPI dissolved chloroform shaking
the two layers for fixed time separate
organic layer from aqueous layer and
determine remainder quantity of Cu+2in
aqueous phase spectrophotometrically
by
dithiazone
method
[8]. Also
determine Cu+2 ions transferred to the
organic phase to share in complex
formation,
at
later
calculate
distribution ratio (D). On the other
hand, determined λmax for complex in
organic solvent for spectrophotometric
determination of Cu+2 ions in different
samples,
environmental
and
vital
samples digested by dry digestion
method [9], 5mL digested solution
shaked with 5mL of 1×10-4M organic
reagent dissolved in chloroform for
(15min) at pHex=9, and add 2mL of Chemicals and reagents: Chemicals and reagents:
All Chemicals used in this study were
analytical
reagents
grade
(Fluka,
Merck & BDH). The stock standard
Copper(II)
solution
1mg/mL
was
prepared by dissolving 0.3928gm of
CuSO4.5H2Oin distilled water contain
1mL of concentration H2SO4 and
diluting to 100mL.1×10-2M Stock
dithiazone
solution
prepared
by
dissolving (0.0256gm) of dithiazone in 741 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Preparation of organic reagent:
Preparation of 2-(Benzo thiazolyl azo)-
4,5-diphenyl
imidazole
(BTADPI)consisted of processing in
three
steps
from
commercially
available material. As below: 10mL of CCl4. The stock organic
reagent
Solution
1×10-2M
was
prepared by dissolving 0.0381gm of
BTADPI in 10mL Chloroform other
working
solutions
prepared
by
appropriate
dilution
with
suitable
solvent. Spectrophotometric Studies: p
p
UV.-Vis spectrum as in Figures (1,2)
and Table(1) shows λmax=332nm for
organic reagent and λmax=494nm for its
complex with Cu2+ these results show
complex formation between organic
reagent and Cu2+ ions [10,11]. While
IR-spectrum as in Figures (3,4) and
Table(1) the spectrum of Cu2+ complex
with organic reagent show shift for
absorbance peaks (-N-H, C-H, C=N, -
N=N-, C-S) in the spectrum of organic
reagent and appear new peak by effect
the coordination with Cu2+ and SO4
= ,
H2O [12,13] . 741 Effect of metal ion concentration Extraction experiments of different
amount of Cu2+ in aqueous solutions,
the results show (D) increase with
Cu2+concentration
increase
and Cu2+
aq. + BTADPIorg. + HSO4
- aq. [Cu(BTADPI)n]n+( HSO4
- )n org. ..........(1)
Table (3): Effect of Cu2+ concentration
µg Cu2+
D
%E
20
1.32
56.89
30
3.28
76.63
40
12.33
92.49
50
5.37
84.30
60
3.28
76.63
Fig. (7): Effect of Cu2+ concentration
pH=9, [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, Shaking time=10min., Temp.=25ºC Table (3): Effect of Cu2+ concentration
µg Cu2+
D
%E
20
1.32
56.89
30
3.28
76.63
40
12.33
92.49
50
5.37
84.30
60
3.28
76.63
Fig. (7): Effect of Cu2+ concentration
pH=9, [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, Shaking time=10min., Temp.=25ºC shaking time, and the optimum shaking
time was 15 min. This is giving higher
(D) as in Table (4) and Figure (8). Vol.11(1)2014 (6): Effect of pH
[Cu2+]=50µg/5mL, [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, Shaking time=10min., Temp.=25ºC Effect of pH
pH of aqueous solution plays major
rule
for
complex
formation
and
extraction
methods,
extracted
Cu2+from aqueous phase at pH range
5→10, the results show maximum (D)
at pH=9 as in Table (2) and Figure (6). The results appear enhancement in (D)
with pH increasing to pH=9 after that
the decline in (D) value with increasing
pH more than (9). 2 Fig. (5): Calibration curve of Cu2+
with dithiazone Table (2): Effect of pH
pH
D
%E
5
3.44
77.47
6
5.66
84.98
7
7.88
88.73
8
10.47
91.28
9
12.33
92.49
10
6.31
86.32
Fig. (6): Effect of pH
[Cu2+]=50µg/5mL, [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, Shaking time=10min., Temp.=25ºC Table (2): Effect of pH
pH
D
%E
5
3.44
77.47
6
5.66
84.98
7
7.88
88.73
8
10.47
91.28
9
12.33
92.49
10
6.31
86.32
Fig. (6): Effect of pH
[Cu2+]=50µg/5mL, [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, Shaking time=10min., Temp.=25ºC Effect of metal ion concentration Vol.11(1)2014 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.11(1)2014
Table(1):Spectrophotometric studies & analysis of element for organic reagent &
its complex withCu2+
Compound
Analysis of elements %
UV-
Vis
λnm
Infrared cm-1
C
H
N
Cu
-N-H
C-H
C=N
-
N=N-
C-S
Cu-
H2O
SO4
=
C22H15N5S
70.05
4.01
19.11
-
332
3550-
3200
(s)
3065
(s)
1600
1580
(imidazole)
1450,
1500
1230
(s)
-
-
-
3300
(w)
3000
(w)
1685
(thiazole)
Cu2+(C22H15N5S)]SO4
=
44.54
2.43
16.23
29.46
494
-
2954,
2850
1465
(imidazole)
1743
1250
700-
800
3425
1100
1683
(thiazole)
Fig.(3): Infrared Spectrum of organic reagent BTADPI
N
H
N
Ph
N
N
N
S
2+
SO4
=
N
H
N
Ph
Ph
N
N
N
S
Fig. (1): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
organic reagent BTADPI
Fig. (2): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
Cu2+complex with BTADPI Table(1):Spectrophotometric studies & analysis of element for organic reagent &
ts complex withCu2+ Fig.(3): Infrared Spectrum of organic reagent BTADPI
N
H
N
Ph
Ph
N
N
N
S
Cu
2+
SO4
=
Fig. (4): Infrared Spectrum of Cu2+ complex with organic reagent BTADPI
N
H
N
Ph
Ph
N
N
N
S
Fig. (1): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
organic reagent BTADPI
Fig. (2): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
Cu2+complex with BTADPI Fig. (1): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
organic reagent BTADPI Fig. (2): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
Cu2+complex with BTADPI Fig. (1): UV.-Vis. Spectrum of
organic reagent BTADPI g
p
organic reagent BTADPI Fig.(3): Infrared Spectrum of organic reagent BTADPI
N
H
N
Ph
Ph
N
N
N
S Fig.(3): Infrared Spectrum of organic reagent BTADPI Fig.(3): Infrared Spectrum of organic reagent BTADPI N
H
N
Ph
Ph
N
N
N
S
Cu
2+
SO4
=
Fig. (4): Infrared Spectrum of Cu2+ complex with organic reagent BTADPI Fig. (4): Infrared Spectrum of Cu2+ complex with organic reagent BTADPI 751 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Fig. (5): Calibration curve of Cu2+
with dithiazone
Effect of pH
pH of aqueous solution plays major
rule
for
complex
formation
and
extraction
methods,
extracted
Cu2+from aqueous phase at pH range
5→10, the results show maximum (D)
at pH=9 as in Table (2) and Figure (6). The results appear enhancement in (D)
with pH increasing to pH=9 after that
the decline in (D) value with increasing
pH more than (9). Table (2): Effect of pH
pH
D
%E
5
3.44
77.47
6
5.66
84.98
7
7.88
88.73
8
10.47
91.28
9
12.33
92.49
10
6.31
86.32
Fig. Effect of shaking time: The results of kinetic side study show
that (D) change as a function for 757 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Table (4): Effect of shaking time
Time
D
%E
5
4.07
80.27
10
12.33
92.49
15
14.38
93.33
20
7.10
87.66
25
3.22
76.30
Fig. (8): Effect of shaking time
[Cu2+]=40μg/5mL , pH=9, [BTADPI]=1×10-4 M in CHCl3 , temp=25ºC Table (4): Effect of shaking time
Time
D
%E
5
4.07
80.27
10
12.33
92.49
15
14.38
93.33
20
7.10
87.66
25
3.22
76.30
Fig. (8): Effect of shaking time
[Cu2+]=40μg/5mL , pH=9, [BTADPI]=1×10-4 M in CHCl3 , temp=25ºC Table (4): Effect of shaking time
Time
D
%E
5
4.07
80.27
10
12.33
92.49
15
14.38
93.33
20
7.10
87.66
25
3.22
76.30
[Cu2+]=40μg/5mL , pH=9, [ Stoichiometry of the complex Stoichiometry of the complex Stoichiometry of the complex stoichiometric composition of complex
and the 1:1 (Cu2+:BTADPI) complex
was indicated by these methods as in
Figure (9, 10, 11). Fig(9):Slope analysis method
Fig(10):Mole ratio method
Fig(11):Continuous Variation
Method
[Cu2+]= 40μg/5mL , Shaking time =15 min. , Temp.=25ºC , pH=9 Fig(10):Mole ratio method Fig(9):Slope analysis method Fig(10):Mole ratio method Fig(11):Continuous Variation
Method Fig(11):Continuous Variation
M th d Fig(9):Slope analysis method Me
[Cu2+]= 40μg/5mL , Shaking time =15 min. , Temp.=25ºC , pH=9 Organic Solvent effect: solvents used and distribution ratio
(D), these show the effect of organic
solvents
structure
on
extraction
method. Results in Table (7) indicate there is
no
any
linear
relation
between
dielectric constant (ε) for organic Table (7): Organic Solvent Effect
Organic Solvents
ε
D
%E
ΔGt
KA×104
lliitteerr//m
moo
ll
Kex×104
ΔGex
KKJJ//m
mooll
Nitro benzene
35.74
8.32
89.27
-0.04
7.40
57.74
-29.98
Dichloro metha
e
9.0
4.64
82.30
-0.27
4.48
18.01
-27.35
Chloroform
4.806
14.38
93.50
-0.54
12.21
172.43
-32.45
Carbone tetrachloride
2.38
3.38
77.20
-1.13
3.48
9.55
-25.91
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in different organic solvent, pH=9, Shaking time=15min.,
Temp.=25ºC
Temperature effect:
Thermodynamically the reaction
between Cu2+ ions and organic reagent
BTADPI was endothermic; the results
presented in Figure (14, 15). Fig. (14): Effect of Temperature
Fig. (15): Effect of Temperature
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, pHex=9,Shaking time=15min. ΔHex= 0.0131 KJ.mole-1, ΔGex=-54.20 KJ.mole-1 , ΔSex= 167.84 J.mole-1 Table (7): Organic Solvent Effect
Organic Solvents
ε
D
%E
ΔGt
KA×104
lliitteerr//m
moo
ll
Kex×104
ΔGex
KKJJ//m
mooll
Nitro benzene
35.74
8.32
89.27
-0.04
7.40
57.74
-29.98
Dichloro metha
e
9.0
4.64
82.30
-0.27
4.48
18.01
-27.35
Chloroform
4.806
14.38
93.50
-0.54
12.21
172.43
-32.45
Carbone tetrachloride
2.38
3.38
77.20
-1.13
3.48
9.55
-25.91
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in different organic solvent, pH=9, Shaking time=15min.,
Temp.=25ºC Table (7): Organic Solvent Effect BTADPI was endothermic; the results
presented in Figure (14, 15). BTADPI was endothermic; the results
presented in Figure (14, 15). Effect of foreign ions: The effect of some foreign ions, which
often accompany copper (II), was
examined
by
carry
out
the
determination of 40µg/5mL of Cu2+in
presence of a number of other ions. The results in Table (5), indicate the foreign ions giving high interfere with
the determination of copper (II).Then
must be used masking agents when
determination copper ion in foundation
of these foreign ions. Table (5): Effect of foreign ions
Mn+
D
%E
Cr3+
3.83
79.32
Ni 2+
8.56
89.55
Pb 2+
7.46
88.18
Fig. (12): Effect of foreign ions
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL,[BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3,[Mn+]=40µg/5mL,pH=9,Shaking time=15min.,
Temp.=25ºC Table (5): Effect of foreign ions
Mn+
D
%E
Cr3+
3.83
79.32
Ni 2+
8.56
89.55
Pb 2+
7.46
88.18
Fig. (12): Effect of foreign ions
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL,[BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3,[Mn+]=40µg/5mL,pH=9,Shaking time=15min.,
Temp.=25ºC 751 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 0.085 as in Table (6) and Figure (13)
show (D) showing that the extracted
species was [Cu (BTADPI) (MIBK)]2+
SO4
=, higher D (synergistic distribution
ratio) value were observed in presence
of MIBK as compared with D in the
absence of MIBK. Synergism effect The extraction of Cu(II) with 1×10-4M
BTADPI and 1×10-3→1×10-6M MIBK
in chloroform was caried out. The
logarithm of (D) was plotted against
the logarithm of MIBK concentration
the plot gave astright line with slope Table (6): Synergism effect
[MIBK]
D
%E
1×10-3
25.66
96.25
5×10-4
24.00
96.00
1×10-4
20.05
95.25
5×10-5
19.00
95.00
1×10-5
16.39
94.25
1×10-6
14.38
93.50
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×1 Table (6): Synergism effect
[MIBK]
D
%E
1×10-3
25.66
96.25
5×10-4
24.00
96.00
1×10-4
20.05
95.25
5×10-5
19.00
95.00
1×10-5
16.39
94.25
1×10-6
14.38
93.50
Fig. (13): Synergism effect
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, pH=9,Shaking time=15min.,Temp.=25ºC Table (6): Synergism effect
[MIBK]
D
%E
1×10-3
25.66
96.25
5×10-4
24.00
96.00
1×10-4
20.05
95.25
5×10-5
19.00
95.00
1×10-5
16.39
94.25
1×10-6
14.38
93.50
Fig. (13): Synergism effect
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, pH=9,Shaking time=15min.,Temp.=25ºC Application:
Soil samples The soil contains copper at the range
10-200ppm and this different return to
nature of soil according to WHO
measurements[14,15]Spectrophotometr
ic determination of Cu2+ ions in
different soil samples by BTADPI as
the results in Table (8) and Figure(17). Fig.(17): The quantity of
Copper(II) in soil Table (8):The quantity of Copper(II) in
soil
No. of
sample
Sample
name
Copper quantity
ppm*
%RSD
AAs**
1
Al-Najaf
34.8
4.60
35.1
2
Al-Abasia
86.0
0.38
87.2
3
Al-
Mishkhab
78.0
1.29
79.5
4
Al-
Manadira
94.0
0.35
95.0
Fig.(17): The quantity of
Copper(II) in soil
*ppm: copper quantity determined by this Spectrophotometric determination method
**AAs: copper quantity determined by Atomic absorption method Table (8):The quantity of Copper(II) in
soil
No. of
sample
Sample
name
Copper quantity
ppm*
%RSD
AAs**
1
Al-Najaf
34.8
4.60
35.1
2
Al-Abasia
86.0
0.38
87.2
3
Al-
Mishkhab
78.0
1.29
79.5
4
Al-
Manadira
94.0
0.35
95.0
Fig.(17): The quantity of
Copper(II) in soil
*ppm: copper quantity determined by this Spectrophotometric determination method
**AAs: copper quantity determined by Atomic absorption method Table (8):The quantity of Copper(II) in
soil pp
(
*ppm: copper quantity determined by this Spectrophotometric deter
**AAs: copper quantity determined by Atomic absorption method *ppm: copper quantity determined by this Spectrophotometric determination method
**AAs: copper quantity determined by Atomic absorption method and Figure(18),The range of copper in
plants
according
to
WHO
measurements is 5-30ppm[14,15]. and Figure(18),The range of copper in
plants
according
to
WHO
measurements is 5-30ppm[14,15]. Calibration Curve and Sensitivity:
2 Calibration Curve and Sensitivity: y
UV.-Vis. Spectra of Cu2+ ions and
the
organic
reagent
BTADPI
in
chloroform was presented in Figure (2)
show λmax=494nm.Under the optimum
conditions
described
in
the
recommended
procedure,
the
calibration curve Figure (16) was
constructed with ten standard solutions
containing 1-30µg/5mL of copper (II),
the formula for the best line of
calibration y = 0.0031x + 0.00019, and
the correlation coefficient was obtained
with the method of least squares R² =
0.999, the molar absorptivity of the
complex determined from the linear
portion
of
Beer’s
law
plot
ε=922.90L.mol-1.cm-1, and Sandell’s
sensitivity 6.8×10-7 gcm-2. Fig. (16): Calibration curve of Cu2+
with BTADPI Temperature effect: Thermodynamically the reaction
between Cu2+ ions and organic reagent between Cu ions and organic reagent
Fig. (14): Effect of Temperature
Fig. (15): Effect of Temperature
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, pHex=9,Shaking time=15min. ΔHex= 0.0131 KJ.mole-1, ΔGex=-54.20 KJ.mole-1 , ΔSex= 167.84 J.mole-1 Fig. (15): Effect of Temperature Fig. (14): Effect of Temperature
Fig. (15): Effect of Temperature
[Cu2+]=40µg/5mL , [BTADPI]=1×10-4M in CHCl3, pHex=9,Shaking time=15min. ΔHex= 0.0131 KJ.mole-1, ΔGex=-54.20 KJ.mole-1 , ΔSex= 167.84 J.mole-1 751 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Fig. (16): Calibration curve of Cu2+
with BTADPI
A
li
i Spectrophotometric
determination
of Copper (II) by organic reagent
BTADPI: Spectrophotometric
determination
of Copper (II) by organic reagent
BTADPI: Plant samples Spectrophotometric determination
of Cu2+ ions in different plant samples
by BTADPI as the results in Table (9) 754 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Table (9):The quantity of Copper(II) in plant
No. of
sample
Sample name
Copper quantity
ppm*
%RSD
AAs**
1
Visit
9.0
8.0
9.2
2
MyriusCommunis
15.0
2.27
15.2
3
L.Japonica
28.5
1.18
29.0
4
C.Sativus
27.0
1.25
27.6
5
Aplumgravealens
15.0
2.27
15.3
6
Ledpidiumsativum
23.4
1.15
23.6
7
Lactuce sativa
25.4
1.06
26.0
8
ViciaFaba
14.6
0.45
14.6
9
Phaseolus Sp. 13.0
2.68
13.2
10
Juglans Sp. 25.3
0.79
25.6
11
Pistacia Sp. 28.0
1.20
28.3
12
Prunusamygdalus
28.5
4.90
28.8 Fig.(18): The quantity of
Copper(II) in plant and Figure(19). The range of copper in
water
according
to
WHO
measurements is 2ppm[14,15]. Water samples p
Spectrophotometric determination of
Cu2+ ions in different water samples by
BTADPI as the results in Table (10) Fig.(19): The quantity of Copper(II)
in water Table (10):The quantity of Copper(II) in
water
No. of
sample
Sample name
Copper quantity
ppm*
%RSD
AAs*
*
1
Al-Najaf
(drink water)
0.42
3.27
0.43
2
Al-Mishkhab
(river)
0.7
10.52
0.76
3
Al-Kufa (river)
0.16
2.12
0.18 Table (10):The quantity of Copper(II) in
water results
in
Table
(11)
and
Figure(20).The
range
1.1-1.5mg/L
according to WHO measurements
[14,15]. Human blood serum samples Human blood serum samples Spectrophotometric determination of
Cu2+ ions in different human blood
serum samples by BTADPI as the Table (11):The quantity of Copper(II) in
human blood serum
No. of
sample
Sex
Age
Copper quantity
ppm*
%RSD
AAs**
1
Male
4
2.7
3.84
2.7
2
Male
14
2.3
6.15
2.5
3
Male
34
2
2.04
2.1
4
Female
28
1.6
1.12
1.8
5
Female
49
1.2
9.09
1.4 Table (11):The quantity of Copper(II) in
human blood serum Fig.(20): The quantity of Copper(II)
in human blood serum Fig.(20): The quantity of Copper(II)
in human blood serum 755 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 samples
using
Acetophenon-p-
chlorophenylthiosemicarbazone”, J. Iran. Chem. Soci., 3(2), 140-150. References:
11.. Moniri E., Panahi H.A., Nezhati
M.N., Mahmoudi F., Karimi M.,
2010,
“Amberlite
XAD-4
Functionalized
with
1-amino-2-
naphthole for Determination and
Preconcentration of Copper (II) in
Aqueous Solution by Flame Atomic
Absorption Spectrometry”, World. Aca. Sci., Eng. and Tech. 9(67),
pp:674-676. 77.. ChalapathiP.V., Prathima B.,Rao Y. S., ReddyK. J., Ramesh G.N., Reddy
D.V. R. andReddy A.V. , 2011,
“Selective
Kinetic
Spectroph-
otometric
Determination
of
Copper(II)in Food and Medicinal
Leafy Samples” J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 3(2),pp:534-549. 88.. Marczenko Z., 1976, "Separation
and Spectrophotometric determin-
ation of elements", Ellis -Horwood-
Limited John Wiley and Sons,
2nded, PP:178-179,352-353. 22.. Komy Z.R., 2005, “Determination
of zinc, cadmium, lead and copper
in kakad, Anise, Cumin, Caraway
and black pepper extracted using
differential pluse anodic stripping
Voltametry with hanging mercury
drop electrode”, American J. Appl. Sci. , 2(5),961-968. 99.. Hslam E., Yang X., He Z. and
Mahmood Q., 2007, “Assessing
Potential Diatany Toxicity of Heavy
Metals in Selected Vegetables” ;
J.Zhejiany Univ. Sci., 8(1), PP:1-13. 33.. Alula M. T., Mohamed A. I. and
Bekhit A.A., 2010, “Simultaneous
spectrophotometric determination of
iron (II) and copper (II) in tablets by
chemometric methods”, Thai J. Pharm. Sci. 7(34) ,pp:93-106. 1100.. Abood.F.K.,
2009,
MSc,
Thesis, Kufa University-Collage of
education for girls. 1111.. Al-Adely K.J., 2000, Ph.D,
Thesis, Baghdad University. pp
44.. Dallali N., J.Ghiasi and Y.K. Agrawal, Mar. 2009, “Synergic
extraction of Copper with N-phenyl
benzohydroxamic acid and tri-n-
octylphosphin oxide or tri butyl
phosphate”, Ind. J. Chem. Tech.,
16(11), PP.150-154. 1122.. Hussein
S.A.,
2008,
MSc,
Thesis, Kufa University-Collage of
education for girls. 1133.. Al-Mukhtar and I.A.Mustafa,
1988,
“Inorganic
Coordination
Chemistry”, Arabic Vesion. 1144.. “Canadian
Soil
Quality
Guidelines for Copper Environ-
mental and Human Health”, March
1997,
Canadian
Council
of
Ministers of the Environment. 55.. Human blood serum samples Cesur H., B.Bati, 2002,”Solid-phase
Extraction of Copper with lead 4-
benzyl piperdinedithioCarbamate on
Microcrystalline Naphthalene and
its Spectro Photometric Determen-
ation”, TurK. J.Chem. 4(26), PP:
599-605. 1155.. “Copper
Development
Association:
Copper
in
plant,
Animal and Human Nutration”,
Prepared by V.M.Shorrocks and
B.J.Alloway,
TN35,2ed.,
pp:400-
430, 2011, Internet: WWW.Copper
info.Co.uk. 66.. Ghazy S.E., El-Shazly R.M., El-
Shahawi M.S., Al-Hazmi G.A.A. and
El-Asmy,
2006,
“Spectrophotometric determination
of copper(II) in nature waters,
Vitamins and Certified Steel scrap 751 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.11(1)2014
بواسطة طريقة االستخالص بالمذيب وباستخدام الكاشف العضوي الجديد2
-
][بنزوثيازوليل ازو-
4,5
-ثنائي فنيل امي دازول للتقدير الطيفي للنحاس(II)
في
نماذج مختلفة
*شوكت كاظم جواد
*صفا مجيد حميد
**سحر عقيل حسين
*جامعة الكوفة-كلية التربية للبنات-قسم الكيمياء
**جامعة الكوفة-المختبر البايوكيميائي
:الخالصة
الكاشف العضوي الجديد1
-
][بنزوثيازوليل آزو-
4,5
-
ثنائي فنيل
اميدازول تم تحضيره واستخدم ككاشف
عضوي للفصل والتقدير الطيفي أليونات النحاسCu2+
في نماذج مختلفة تضمنت عينات نباتية وتربة ومياه
ومصل دم اإلنسان. وفي البداية تم تحديد كافة العوامل المؤثرة على عملية الفصل وإشارات النتائج إلى أن الدالة
الحامضية المثلى لعملية ا الستخالص كانت(pHex=9)والتركيز األمثل أليونCu2+
في المحلول
المائي40μg/5mL
( وزمن الرج األمثل75
دقيقة). أما دراسة التركيب األكثر احتماالً أظهرت أن تركيب المعقد
كان1:1 Cu2+: BTADPI
. كما تم دراسة تأثير التداخل لأليونات الموجبة ودراسة تأثير توليف
المذيبSynergism
بينت أن MIBK
أعطى ارتفاعاً في نسب التوزيع(D)
أما دراسة تأثير المذيب العضوي
أظهرت عدم وجود أي عالقة خطية بين ثابت العزل الكهربائي(ε)
للمذيبات العضوية المستخدمة وقيم نسب
التوزيع(D)
وفي الجانب الثرموديناميكي للدراسة فقد أظهر أن التفاعل كان ماص للحرارةEndothermic
reaction
وقيم الدوال الثرموديناميكية كانتΔHex= 0.0131 KJ.mole-1
,
ΔGex=-54.20 KJ.mole-1
,
ΔSex= 167.84 J.mole-1
.وكانت المطاوعة لقانون بير في مدى التركيزμg/5mL
11
-
7
وقيمة االمتصاصية
المولية كانت 922.90Lmol-1cm-1وإن حد الكشف هو 1.7×10-5mgL-1
. أما حساسية ساندل فكانت-7gcm-
2
71
×
1.1
. Human blood serum samples Vol.11(1)2014 Baghdad Science Journal بواسطة طريقة االستخالص بالمذيب وباستخدام الكاشف العضوي الجديد2
-
][بنزوثيازوليل ازو-
4,5
-ثنائي فنيل امي دازول للتقدير الطيفي للنحاس(II)
في
نماذج مختلفة
*شوكت كاظم جواد
*صفا مجيد حميد
**سحر عقيل حسين
*جامعة الكوفة-كلية التربية للبنات-قسم الكيمياء
**جامعة الكوفة-المختبر البايوكيميائي بواسطة طريقة االستخالص بالمذيب وباستخدام الكاشف العضوي الجديد2
-
][بنزوثيازوليل ازو-
4,5
-ثنائي فنيل امي دازول للتقدير الطيفي للنحاس(II)
في
نماذج مختلفة
*شوكت كاظم جواد
*صفا مجيد حميد
**سحر عقيل حسين
*جامعة الكوفة-كلية التربية للبنات-قسم الكيمياء
**جامعة الكوفة-المختبر البايوكيميائي **سحر عقيل حسين :الخالصة
الكاشف العضوي الجديد1
-
][بنزوثيازوليل آزو-
4,5
-
ثنائي فنيل
اميدازول تم تحضيره واستخدم ككاشف
عضوي للفصل والتقدير الطيفي أليونات النحاسCu2+
في نماذج مختلفة تضمنت عينات نباتية وتربة ومياه
ومصل دم اإلنسان. وفي البداية تم تحديد كافة العوامل المؤثرة على عملية الفصل وإشارات النتائج إلى أن الدالة
الحامضية المثلى لعملية ا الستخالص كانت(pHex=9)والتركيز األمثل أليونCu2+
في المحلول
المائي40μg/5mL
( وزمن الرج األمثل75
دقيقة). أما دراسة التركيب األكثر احتماالً أظهرت أن تركيب المعقد
كان1:1 Cu2+: BTADPI
. كما تم دراسة تأثير التداخل لأليونات الموجبة ودراسة تأثير توليف
المذيبSynergism
بينت أن MIBK
أعطى ارتفاعاً في نسب التوزيع(D)
أما دراسة تأثير المذيب العضوي
أظهرت عدم وجود أي عالقة خطية بين ثابت العزل الكهربائي(ε)
للمذيبات العضوية المستخدمة وقيم نسب
التوزيع(D)
وفي الجانب الثرموديناميكي للدراسة فقد أظهر أن التفاعل كان ماص للحرارةEndothermic
reaction
وقيم الدوال الثرموديناميكية كانتΔHex= 0.0131 KJ.mole-1
,
ΔGex=-54.20 KJ.mole-1
,
ΔSex= 167.84 J.mole-1
.وكانت المطاوعة لقانون بير في مدى التركيزμg/5mL
11
-
7
وقيمة االمتصاصية
المولية كانت 922.90Lmol-1cm-1وإن حد الكشف هو 1.7×10-5mgL-1
. أما حساسية ساندل فكانت-7gcm-
2
71
×
1.1
. 751 | 4,999 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1545/1476 | null |
Arabic | *Department of Applied Sciences/ University of Technology Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 An Approximated Solutions for nth Order Linear Delay
Integro-Differential Equations of Convolution Type Using
B-Spline Functions and Weddle Method Raghad K. Salih* Raghad K. Salih*
Isra'a H. Hassan*
Atheer J. Kadhim * h*
Isra'a H. Hassan*
Atheer J. Kadhim * Received 12, March, 2013
Accepted 8, September, 2013 Abstract: The paper is devoted to solve nth order linear delay integro-differential
equations of convolution type (DIDE's-CT) using collocation method with the aid of
B-spline functions. A new algorithm with the aid of Matlab language is derived to
treat numerically three types (retarded, neutral and mixed) of nth order linear DIDE's-
CT using B-spline functions and Weddle rule for calculating the required integrals for
these equations. Comparison between approximated and exact results has been given
in test examples with suitable graphing for every example for solving three types of
linear DIDE's-CT of different orders for conciliated the accuracy of the results of the
proposed method. Key words: nth Order Linear Delay Integro-Differential Equation of Convolution
type, Collocation method, B-spline Functions and Weddle method. Introduction: differential equation is often more
stable for today's extremely fast
machine computation. Delay integro-
differential equation of convolution
type has been developed over twenty
years ago where one of its types widely
is used in control systems and digital
communication systems as, lag-lead
compensation and spread spectrum
designs [1,3]. One of the most important and
applicable
subjects
of
applied
mathematics,
and
in
developing
modern mathematics is the integral
equations. The names of many modern
mathematicians
notably,
Volterra,
Fredholm, Cauchy and others are
associated with this topic [1]. The name integral equation was
introduced by Bois-Reymond in 1888
[2]. However, in 1959 Volterra's book
" Theory of Functional and of Integral
and
Integro-Differential
Equations"
appeared [1]. In
this
paper,
B-spline
functions
were
employed
with
collocation method to solve nth order
linear (DIDE's-CT) where they are
standard representation of smooth
geometry in numerical calculations and
the required integrals in this method
are calculated using Weddle rule as
well as Gauss elimination method has
been used to solve the resulting
equations. The
integral
and
integro-
differential equations formulation of
physical problems are more elegant
and compact than the differential
equation
formulation,
since
the
boundary conditions can be satisfied
and embedded in the integral or
integro-differential equation. Also the
form of the solution to an integro- To facilitate the presentation
of the material that followed, a brief 611 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 equation of convolution type denoted
by (DIDE-CT) is given by: equation of convolution type denoted
by (DIDE-CT) is given by: review of some background on the
linear DIDE's-CT and their types are
given in the following section. )]
(
,
[
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
0
1
0
t
b
a
t
dx
x
y
x
t
k
t
g
t
y
t
r
dt
t
y
d
t
q
dt
t
y
d
t
p
t
b
a
n
i
i
i
n
i
i
i
i
i
n
i
i
i
i
… (1) Delay
Integro-Differential
Equation of Convolution Type
(DIDE-CT): Integro-differential
equation
(IDE) is an important branch of
modern
mathematics
and
arises
frequently in many applied areas which
include
engineering,
mechanics,
physics, chemistry astronomy, biology,
economics,
potential
theory
and
electrostatics [3]. IDE is an equation
involving one (or more) unknown
function
)
(t
y
together
with
both
differential and integral operations on
y . It means that it is an equation
containing derivative of the unknown
function
)
(t
y
, which appears outside
the integral sign [1,4]. with
initial
functions:
0
)
1
(
)
1
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
t
t
for
t
t
y
t
t
y
t
t
y
n
n
. where B-Spline Functions:
th The nth order B-splines as
appropriately scaled nth is divided into
difference of truncated power function;
these
functions
have
several
mathematical definitions [4]. y
n
k
or
k
if
t
B
n
k
0
0
)
(
,
. 1. Some Types of B-Spline
Functions [4,13,14]: where the delay
comes in y only) and the delay appears
in the integrand unknown function (i.e. )
0
. 0
,1
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
,1
1
1
1
1
,
,
k
n
t
B
t
t
t
t
t
B
t
t
t
t
t
B
n
k
k
n
k
n
k
n
k
k
n
k
k
n
k
… (3) (3) Second type: Equation (1) is called a
neutral
type
if the
highest-order
derivative
of
unknown
function
appears
both
with
and
without
difference argument and the delay does
not appear in the integrand function
(i.e. )
0
. Second type: Equation (1) is called a
neutral
type
if the
highest-order
derivative
of
unknown
function
appears
both
with
and
without
difference argument and the delay does
not appear in the integrand function
(i.e. )
0
. When the knots are equidistant
the B-spline is said to be uniform
otherwise it is non-uniform [14]. The B-spline can be defined in
another way which is [13,15]: 0
,0
)
1(
)
(
,
n
k
t
t
k
n
t
B
k
n
k
n
k
… (4) 0
,0
)
1(
)
(
,
n
k
t
t
k
n
t
B
k
n
k
n
k
… (4) Third type:- All other DIDE's-CT in
eq.(1) are called mixed types, which
are combination of the previous two
types. )! (! ! k
n
k
n
k
n
. )! (! ! k
n
k
n
k
n
. h There are (n+1) nth degree B-spline
polynomials
for
mathematical
convenience,
we
usually
set
n
k
or
k
if
t
B
n
k
0
0
)
(
,
. There are (n+1) nth degree B-spline
polynomials
for
mathematical
convenience,
we
usually
set
n
k
or
k
if
t
B
n
k
0
0
)
(
,
. where )
(
),
(
),
(
),
(
),
(
x
t
k
t
r
t
q
t
p
t
g
i
i
i
are
known functions of t,
)
(t
y
is the
unknown function,
is a scalar
parameter (in this paper =1), a and
)
(t
b
are the limits of the integral where
a is a constant and
)
(t
b
either is given
constant
or
function
of
t
and
n
,....,
,
,
1
0
are fixed positive
numbers. The integral term of eq.(1)
can be classified into different kinds
according to the limits of integral and
the kernel. If the limit
)
(t
b
in eq.(1) is
constant (
b
t
b
)
(
) then equation (1) is
called a delay Fredholm integro-
differential equation while if
t
t
b
)
(
in eq.(1), then eq.(1) is called a delay
Volterra integro-differential equation
[8,9] The delay integro-differential
equation
is
a
delay
differential
equation
in
which
the
unknown
function
)
(t
y
can appear under an
integral sign [5]. The main difference
between delay differential equation and
ordinary differential equation is the
kind of initial condition that should be
used in delay differential equation
differs
from
ordinary
differential
equation, so that one should specify in
delay differential equations an initial
functions
on
some intervals
say
0
0
,t
t
and then try to find the
solution for all
0t
t
[6,7]. The DIDE-CT is an important
equation
in
many
applications. Convolution can be found in various
places in applied mathematics since it
plays an important role in heat
conduction, wave motion, time series
analysis, control systems and digital
communication systems [5,6]. When the kernel
)
,
( x
t
k
in
integral equation depends only on the
difference
x
t
, such a kernel is called
a difference kernel and the integral
equation with this kind of kernel is
called an integral equation of
convolution type. DIDE's-CT are classified into
three types [10, 11]:-
First type:- Equation (1) is called
Retarded type if the derivatives of
unknown function appear without So, the general form of nth order
linear
delay
integro-differential 611 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 difference argument (i.e. the delay
comes in y only) and the delay appears
in the integrand unknown function (i.e. )
0
. difference argument (i.e. 1.1 The Constant B-spline
)
(
0
, t
Bk
: 1.1 The Constant B-spline
)
(
0
, t
Bk
: B-spline functions have an
explicit function form and are easy to
integrate
and
differentiate
[12]. Schoenberg [13] introduced the B-
spline in 1949 and B-splines have been
applied to geometric modeling since
1970's [4]. According Schoenberg, B-
spline means spline basis and the letter
B in B-spline stands for basis [4]. The constant B-spline or B-
spline of order 0 is the simplest spline. It is defined at only one knot span and
is not even continues on the knots. p
p
p
It is defined at only one knot span and
is not even continues on the knots.
otherwise
t
t
t
if
t
B
k
k
o
k
0
1
)
(
1
,
The Linear B-spline
)
(
1, t
Bk
:
otherwise
t
t
t
if
t
B
k
k
o
k
0
1
)
(
1
,
The Linear B-spline
)
(
1, t
Bk
: 1.2 The Linear B-spline
)
(
1, t
Bk
: Given
mt
t
t
,...,
, 1
0
knots [0,1] with
mt
t
t
... 1
0
. Then, a B-spline of
degree n is a parametric curve, B:
[0,1]
n
R
. The linear B-spline or the first
order of B-spline is defined on two
consecutive
knot
spans
and
is
continues
on
the
knots.
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
or
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
B
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1,
0
)
(
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
B
1
2
2
1
1,
0
)
(
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
B
2
1
1,
)
(
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
or
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
B
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1,
0
)
( Composed of basis B-spline of degree n:
]1,0
[
)
(
)
(
1
0
,
t
t
B
p
t
B
m
i
n
i
i
. where the pi , i=0,1,…,m+1 are called
control points or de Boor points. 1.2 The Linear B-spline
)
(
1, t
Bk
:
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
t
t
t
t
1
2
2
)
)(
(
)
(
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
B
2
3
1
3
2
3
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
2
,
0
)
)(
(
)
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
(
or
2
2
,2
2
,1
2
2
,0
)
(
)
1(
2
)
(
,
)
1(
)
(
t
t
B
and
t
t
t
B
t
t
B
. 2.2 The Differentiation property:
h p
p
y
The ith derivative of B-spline
polynomials
)
(
, t
B
n
k
is given by: )
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
,
0
,
t
B
r
i
i
n
n
dt
t
B
d
i
n
i
r
k
i
r
r
i
n
k
i
… (5) … (5) where a, b are the limits of the integral, where a, b are the limits of the integral, 2.3 The Product property:
For
m
j
and
n
i
m
n
,...,
1,0
,...,
1,0
,0
,
2 Some Properties of B-Spline
Functions [12,15]: Weddle formula approximates
the function on the interval
]
,
[
6
0 t
t
by a
curve that possesses through seven
points. When it is applied over the
interval [a,b], the composite Weddle
rule is obtained as [1,4]: 0
,...,
1,0
n
and
n
k
: 1
1
)
(
1
0
,
n
t
B
n
k
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
b
a
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
f
H
dx
t
f
1
2
3
4
5
6
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
6
5
2
5
6
5
2
5
6
5
10
3
)
(
… (5) 2.2 The Differentiation property:
h 1.4 Cubic B-spline
)
(
3, t
Bk
: Weddle method is one of the
basic
formula
of
quadrature
approximation methods for integration. Quadrature rule is generic name given
to any numerical method for the
approximate calculation of definite
integral
]
[u
I
of the function
)
(t
u
over
finite integral [a,b] which is [1,3] :
b
a
dt
t
u
u
I
b
a
)
(
]
[
. Weddle method is one of the
basic
formula
of
quadrature
approximation methods for integration. Cubic B-spline (or the 3rd order
of B-spline) with uniform knot-vector
is the most commonly used form of B-
spline which is: Quadrature rule is generic name given
to any numerical method for the
approximate calculation of definite
integral
]
[u
I
of the function
)
(t
u
over
finite integral [a,b] which is [1,3] : 3
3
,3
2
3
,
2
2
3
,1
3
3
,0
)
(
)
1(
3
)
(
,
)
1(
3
)
(
,
)
1(
)
(
t
t
B
and
t
t
t
B
t
t
t
B
t
t
B
b
a
dt
t
u
u
I
b
)
(
]
[
. 1.2 The Linear B-spline
)
(
1, t
Bk
:
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
or
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
B
3
3
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
,
0
)
)(
(
)
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
(
)
(
or
2
2
,2
2
,1
2
2
,0
)
(
)
1(
2
)
(
,
)
1(
)
(
t
t
B
and
t
t
t
B
t
t
B
. 1.2 The Linear B-spline
)
(
1, t
Bk
: The B-spline of degree n can be
defined
using
the
Cox-de
Boor
recursion formula as [4,13]: or
t
t
B
t
t
B
)
(
,
1
)
(
1,1
1,0 or
t
t
B
t
t
B
)
(
,
1
)
(
1,1
1,0
otherwise
t
t
t
if
t
B
k
k
o
k
0
1
)
(
1
,
… (2) 1.3 Quadratic B-spline
)
(
2
, t
Bk
: 1.3 Quadratic B-spline
)
(
2
, t
Bk
: Quadratic B-spline (or the 2nd
order of B-spline) with uniform knot-
vector is a commonly used form of B-
spline which is: 611 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
k
t
t
or
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
if
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
B
3
3
2
2
3
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
2
1
3
1
3
1
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
,
0
)
)(
(
)
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
)(
(
)
(
)
(
or
2
2
,2
2
,1
2
2
,0
)
(
)
1(
2
)
(
,
)
1(
)
(
t
t
B
and
t
t
t
B
t
t
B
. 2.3 The Product property: N
a
b
H
)
(
, N is the number of
i
l N
a
b
H
)
(
, N is the number of m
j
and
n
i
m
n
,...,
1,0
,...,
1,0
,0
,
intervals intervals )
]
,
[,
],
,
[
],
,
[
(
1
2
1
1
0
N
N
t
t
t
t
t
t
which is
the multiple of (6), fi = f (ti)
a
t
0
,
b
tN
and
iH
a
ti
are called the
integration nodes which are lying in
the interval [a,b] where
N
i
,
,1,0
. :
)
(
)
(
*
)
(
,
,
,
t
B
j
i
m
n
j
m
i
n
t
B
t
B
m
n
j
i
m
j
n
i
. B
j
m
i
n
)
(
,
t
B
m
n
j
i
. 611 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: Recall eq.(1), to solve it the unknown
function y(t) is approximated by a set
of B-spline functions as: Recall eq.(1), to solve it the unknown
function y(t) is approximated by a set
of B-spline functions as:
M
j
M
j
M
t
B
c
t
y
t
y
0
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
… (6) Collocation method [16,17] is
one of the efficient methods used to
solve
differential
and
integro-
differential equations without time lag. In this section, collocation method with
the aid of B-Spline functions and
Weddle rule are candidates to find the
approximated solutions for three types
of nth order DIDE's-CT as follows: where M
c
c
c
and
M
M
j
,
,
,
0
,
,...,
1,0
1
0
are (M+1) unknown coefficients. By substituting eq.(6) into eq.(1)
and by putting t=tj one gets the
following formula:
)
(
0
,
0
0
,
0
,
1
0
0
,
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
jt
b
a
M
M
j
j
n
i
i
M
j
M
j
i
i
M
j
M
n
i
i
i
j
i
n
i
M
j
M
i
i
j
i
dx
x
B
c
x
t
k
t
g
t
B
c
t
r
t
B
c
dt
d
t
q
t
B
c
dt
d
t
p
… (7) (7) Hence, by using B-spline's property
(3.2.2) for eq.(7) yields: eq.(8) are chosen to minimize the
residual equation EM (t) by setting its
weighted integral equal to zero, i.e. )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: )
(
)
(
0
,
0
0
,
0
,
0
1
0
0
,
0
j
t
b
a
M
M
j
n
i
i
M
j
M
j
i
M
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
M
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
t
g
dx
x
B
c
x
t
k
t
B
c
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
c
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
c
t
p
j
M
j
dt
t
E
w
M
D
j
,...,
1,0
0
)
(
... (9) M
j
dt
t
E
w
M
j
,...,
1,0
0
)
(
where D is a prescribed domain and wj
are weighting functions which are: where D is a prescribed domain and wj
are weighting functions which are:
otherwise
t
t
if
w
j
j
0
1
... (10) )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: )
(
)
(
,
0
,
,
0
1
0
,
0
0
t
b
a
M
j
n
i
i
j
M
j
i
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
M
dx
x
B
x
t
k
t
B
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
p
c
j
… (8) where the fixed points where the fixed points M
j
and
D
t j
,...,
1,0
are
called collocation points. By substituting eq.(10) into eq.(9)
yields: By substituting eq.(10) into eq.(9)
yields: M
j
t
E
dt
w
t
E
dt
t
E
w
j
M
D
j
j
M
D
M
j
,...,
1,0
0
)
(
0
)
(
)
(
… (11) (11) where
.0
,...,
1,0
M
and
M
j In Collocation method the
unknown coefficients
M
c
c
c
,
,
,
1
0
in The residual equation EM (tj) of DIDE-
CT is defined by: The residual equation EM (tj) of DIDE-
CT is defined by: unknown coefficients
M
c
c
c
,
,
,
1
0
in 611 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.11(1)2014 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: )
(
)
(
)
(
,
0
,
,
0
1
0
,
0
0
j
t
b
a
M
j
n
i
i
j
M
j
i
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
M
j
M
t
g
dx
x
B
x
t
k
t
B
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
p
c
t
E
j
… (12) … (12) By substituting eq.(12) into eq.(11) we get: By substituting eq.(12) into eq.(11) we get: 0
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: )
(
)
(
,
0
,
,
0
1
0
,
0
0
j
t
b
a
M
j
n
i
i
j
M
j
i
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
M
t
g
dx
x
B
x
t
k
t
B
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
p
c
j
… (13) (13) The values required integrals in eq.(13) are evaluated numerically using Weddle
method in eq.(5) as follows: The values required integrals in eq.(13) are evaluated numerically using Weddle
method in eq.(5) as follows: q
Let
)
(
)
(
)
,
(
,
x
B
x
t
k
x
t
M
j
j
, then Let
)
(
)
(
)
,
(
,
x
B
x
t
k
x
t
M
j
j
, then
),
(
,
),
,
(
)
,
(
)
(
j
j
t
b
j
N
t
b
a
x
t
Weddle
dx
x
t
j
),
(
,
),
,
(
)
,
(
)
(
j
j
t
b
j
N
t
b
a
x
t
Weddle
dx
x
t
j
))
(
,
(
)
,
(
5
)
,
(
)
,
(
6
)
,
(
)
,
(
5
)
,
(
2
)
,
(
6
)
,
(
)
,
(
5
)
,
(
10
3
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
2
1
j
j
N
j
N
j
N
j
N
j
N
j
N
j
j
j
j
j
t
b
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
x
t
a
t
H
… (14) (14) … (14) where
N
a
t
b
H
j
)
)
(
(
,
iH
a
xi
and i = 0,1,…,N. The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: )
(
)
(
)
(
,
0
,
,
0
1
0
,
0
0
j
t
b
a
M
j
n
i
i
j
M
j
i
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
M
j
M
t
g
dx
x
B
x
t
k
t
B
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
p
c
t
E
j
M
j
for
,...,
1,0
. M
j
for
,...,
1,0
. Hence, )
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! So, by evaluating eq.(15), we have
(M+1) simultaneous equations with
(M+1) unknown
coefficients
M
c
c
c
,
,
,
1
0
. So, by evaluating eq.(15), we have So, by evaluating eq.(15), we have
(M+1) simultaneous equations with
(M+1) unknown
ffi i
t coefficients
M
c
c
c
,
,
,
1
0
. DIDECT-CBSW Algorithm : Hence, eq.(15) can be written in
matrices form as DC=G which they: n : (the order of DIDE-CT). n : (the order of DIDE-CT). N: (the number of intervals of
Weddle method) M: ( the order of B-spline function
)
(
,
t
B
M
k
).
M
t
t
t
,...,
, 1
0
:
(the
(M
+
1)
collocation points). a & b(tj ): (the limits of the integral
of DIDE-CT) . The function g(t) of DIDE-CT. The difference kernel of the DIDE-
CT.
s
c '
,
M
,...,
1,0
(the
unknown
coefficients of eq.(6)). where
N
t
b
a
x
t
Weddle
t
B
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
p
d
j
j
n
i
i
j
M
j
i
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
j
),
(
,
),
,
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
0
,
,
0
1
0
,
0
,
)
(t
yM
: ( the approximate solution
of DIDE-CT)
Step
1:
Set
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
,
,1
1
,0
0
t
B
c
t
B
c
t
B
c
t
y
M
M
M
M
M
M
)
(t
yM
: ( the approximate solution
of DIDE-CT)
Step
1:
Set
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
,
,1
1
,0
0
t
B
c
t
B
c
t
B
c
t
y
M
M
M
M
M
M
Step 2: Define
)
,
(
x
t j
in eq.(14). The Solution of nth Order Linear
DIDE-CT Using Collocation Method
with B-Spline Functions and Weddle
Rule: By substituting eq.(14) into eq.(13) we get: where
N
a
t
b
H
j
)
)
(
(
,
iH
a
xi
and i = 0,1,…,N. By substituting eq.(14) into eq.(13) we get: 616 Baghdad Science Journal
Vol.11(1)2014 Vol.11(1)2014 Baghdad Science Journal
)
(
),
(
,
),
,
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
)
(
)1
(
)! (
! )
(
0
,
,
0
1
0
,
0
0
j
j
j
n
i
i
j
M
j
i
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
n
i
j
i
n
i
j
i
M
i
r
i
r
r
j
i
M
t
g
N
t
b
a
x
t
Weddle
t
B
t
r
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
q
t
B
r
i
i
M
M
t
p
c
… (15) … (15) Weddle method can be summarized by
the following algorithm: Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 (e) Set
1
(f) If =M+1 then stop and go to
(step 4). Else go to step (b)
Step 4: Set
0
j
Step 5: Compute eq.(10)
Step 6: Put j = j+1
Step 7: If j = M+1 then stop and
go to (step 8). Else go to (step 5)
Step 8: Find the B-spline functions
in (step 5) using eq.( 4). Step
9:
Express
the
(M+1)
simultaneous equations in step(5) by
matrices form DC=G as eq.(16). Step 10: Use Gauss elimination
method
for
finding
the
coefficients
s
c '
,
M
,...,
1,0
which
satisfy the solution y(t) in (step 1). eq.(17) depending on least square error
(L.S.E.)
where
m=10,
h=0.05,
m
j
jh
t j
,...,
1,0
,
. Table (1) The solution of Ex.(1). t
Exact
Collocation with B-Splines and
Weddle
(DIDECT-CBSW)
yM(t)
M=1
M=2
0
0.5000000
0.5000000
0.5000000
0.05
0.5500000
0.5500000
0.5500000
0.10
0.6000000
0.6000000
0.6000000
0.15
0.6500000
0.6500000
0.6500000
0.20
0.7000000
0.7000000
0.7000000
0.25
0.7500000
0.7500000
0.7500000
0.30
0.8000000
0.8000000
0.8000000
0.35
0.8500000
0.8500000
0.8500000
0.40
0.9000000
0.9000000
0.9000000
0.45
0.9500000
0.9500000
0.9500000
0.50
1.0000000
1.0000000
1.0000000
L.S.E. 0.0000000
0.0000000 Table (1) The solution of Ex.(1). Step 8: Find the B-spline functions
in (step 5) using eq.( 4). Step
9:
Express
the
(M+1)
simultaneous equations in step(5) by
matrices form DC=G as eq.(16). Step
9:
Express
the
(M+1)
simultaneous equations in step(5) by
matrices form DC=G as eq.(16). Step 10: Use Gauss elimination
method
for
finding
the
coefficients
s
c '
,
M
,...,
1,0
which
satisfy the solution y(t) in (step 1). DIDECT-CBSW Algorithm : Step3: Compute B-splines
M
t
B
M
,
,1,0
),
(
,
in (step 1) as:
(a) Set
0
(b) For i = : M do step (c) for
M
,
,1,0
and
M
j
,
,1,0
. Then, use Gauss elimination method to
find the coefficients
s
c '
,
M
,...,
1,0
which satisfy eq.(6) (the approximate
solution y(t) of eq.(1)). (c) Sum=Sum+
i
i
t
i
i
M
)
()1
( (c) Sum=Sum+
i
i
t
i
i
M
)
()1
( The solution of three types nth order
linear DIDE's-CT using Collocation
method with B-Spline functions and (d)
)
(
,
t
B
M
Sum 611 Baghdad Science Journal 6. Test Examples:
Example (1): Consider the following 1st order linear
Retarded Volterra integro-differential
equation of convolution type [11]: Fig. (1) shows the solution of eq.(17)
using DIDECT-CBSW algorithm and
the exact solution. Fig. (1) shows the solution of eq.(17)
using DIDECT-CBSW algorithm and
the exact solution.
5
. 0
0
)
(
1
2
1
)
(
)
(
0
2
1
)
(
2
1
t
dx
x
y
e
e
t
t
y
t
dt
t
dy
t
x
t
t
… (17) … (17) … (17) Fig.(1) The comparison between the
exact
and
DIDECT-CBSW
algorithm for eq.(17) in Ex.(1). . -. - Exact solution
*-*- DIDECT-CBSWalgorithm M=1
o-o- DIDECT-CBSWalgorithm M=2 . -. - Exact solution
*-*- DIDECT-CBSWalgorithm M=1
o-o- DIDECT-CBSWalgorithm M=2 with initial function: with initial function: with initial function: 0
5.0
)
(
2
1
t
e
t
y
t
. The exact solution of eq.(17) is:
5.0
0
)
(
2
1
t
t
t
y
. Assume the approximate solution of
eq.(17) in the form:
M
M
M
t
B
c
t
y
0
,
)
(
)
(
Fig.(1) The comparison between the
exact
and
DIDECT-CBSW
algorithm for eq.(17) in Ex.(1). When the algorithm (DIDECT-CBSW)
is applied, table (1) presents the
comparison results between the exact
and
collocation
with
B-Spline
functions and Weddle method for When the algorithm (DIDECT-CBSW)
is applied, table (1) presents the
comparison results between the exact
and
collocation
with
B-Spline
functions and Weddle method for Example (2):
Consider the following second
order
neutral
Volterra
integro- Example (2):
C
id Consider the following second
order
neutral
Volterra
integro- 611 Vol.11(1)2014 Baghdad Science Journal Fig. (2) shows the solution of eq.(18)
by using DIDECT-CBSW algorithm
and the exact solution. differential equation of convolution
type [10]: 4
21
9
3
sin
6
)
5.0
(
)1
(
2
3
2
2
t
t
t
t
dt
t
dy
dt
t
y
d
t
… (18) 1
0
)
(
)
sin(
4
21
9
3
sin
6
)
5.0
(
)1
(
0
2
3
2
2
t
dx
x
y
x
t
t
t
t
t
dt
t
dy
dt
t
y
d
t
… (18) (18) Fig.(2) The comparison between the
exact and DIDECT-CBSW solution
for eq.(18) in Ex.(2)
. -. - Exact solution
o-o-DIDECT-CBSW
algorithm solution . -. - Exact solution
o-o-DIDECT-CBSW
algorithm solution 1
0
)
(
)
sin(
0
t
dx
x
y
x
t
t 1
0
)
(
)
sin(
0
t
dx
x
y
x
t
t 0
with initial functions : 0
3
)
(
0
)
(
2
3
t
t
t
y
t
t
t
y
The exact solution of eq.(18) is:
1
0
)
(
3
t
t
t
y
. 0
3
)
(
0
)
(
2
3
t
t
t
y
t
t
t
y 0
3
)
(
0
)
(
2
3
t
t
t
y
t
t
t
y
The exact solution of eq (18) is Fig.(2) The comparison between the
exact and DIDECT-CBSW solution
for eq.(18) in Ex.(2) Assume the approximate solution of
eq.(18) in the form: Assume the approximate solution of
eq.(18) in the form:
4
0
4
,
4
)
(
)
(
t
B
c
t
y Example (3): When the algorithm (DIDECT-
CBSW) is applied, table (2) presents
the comparison between the exact and
approximated solutions for eq.(18)
using
collocation
with
B-spline
functions and Weddle method for
m=10, h=0.1,
m
j
jh
t j
,...,
1,0
,
with least square error (L.S.E.). Consider the following third
order
mixed
Fredholm
integro-
differential equation of convolution
type [6]: 30
719
5
119
)
(
)
1
(
4
3
3
t
t
t
y
dt
t
y
d 1
0
)
1
(
)
(
30
719
5
119
)
(
)
1
(
1
0
4
3
3
t
dx
x
y
x
t
t
t
t
y
dt
t
y
d
… (19) 1
0
)
1
(
)
(
1
t
dx
x
y
x
t 1
0
)
1
(
)
(
1
t
dx
x
y
x
t Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 When the algorithm (DIDECT-
CBSW) is applied, table (3) presents
the comparison between the exact and
approximate solutions of eq.(19) using
collocation with B-spline functions and
Weddle method for m=10, h=0.1,
m
j
jh
t j
,...,
1,0
,
depending on
least square error (L.S.E.). Conclusions: Collocation method with the aid of
B-Spline functions and Weddle method
have been presented to find the
approximated solutions for nth order
retarded, neutral and mixed linear
DIDE's-CT. The results show a marked
improvement in the least square error
(L.S.E.). From solving three test
examples, the following points are
drawn: Table (3) The solution of Ex.(3). t
Exact
B-Spline and Weddle
(DIDECT-BSB)
y(t)
0
0.0000000
0.0000000
0.1
0.0001000
0.0001000
0.2
0.0016000
0.0016000
0.3
0.0081000
0.0081000
0.4
0.0256000
0.0256000
0.5
0.0625000
0.0625000
0.6
0.1296000
0.1296000
0.7
0.2401000
0.2401000
0.8
0.4096000
0.4096000
0.9
0.6561000
0.6561000
1
1.0000000
1.0000000
L.S.E. 0.0000000 Table (3) The solution of Ex.(3). 1. Collocation method with B-
spline functions and Weddle method
give qualified way for solving 1st order
linear DIDE's-CT as well as nth order
linear DIDE-CT 2. The good approximation of
Weddle method depends on the size of
H, if H is decreased then the number of
nodes
increases
and
the
L.S.E. approaches to zero where this gives the
advantage in numerical computation. 3. The
good
approximation
solution of DIDECT-CBSW algorithm
depends on the number M of B-spline
functions where as M increased, the
error term approaches to zero. Table (2) The solution of Ex.(2). Table (2) The solution of Ex.(2). t
Exact
(DIDECT-CBSW) algorithm
yM(t)
0
0.0000000
0.0000000
0.1
0.0010000
0.0010000
0.2
0.0080000
0.0080000
0.3
0.0270000
0.0270000
0.4
0.0640000
0.0640000
0.5
0.1250000
0.1250000
0.6
0.2160000
0.2160000
0.7
0.3430000
0.3430000
0.8
0.5120000
0.5120000
0.9
0.7290000
0.7290000
1
1.0000000
1.0000000
L.S.E. 0.0000000 with initial functions : 0
1
12
)
(
4
)
(
)
(
2
3
4
t
t
t
y
t
t
y
t
t
y
. The exact solution of eq.(19) is:
1
0
)
(
4
t
t
t
y The exact solution of eq.(19) is:
1
0
)
(
4
t
t
t
y Assume the approximate solution of
eq.(19) in the form: Assume the approximate solution of
eq.(19) in the form:
5
0
5,
5
)
(
)
(
t
B
c
t
y 611 References: 1. Burgestaller R., 2000, Integral and
Integro-Differential
Equation
Theory Methods and Applications;
Edit by Agarwal R.P. Oregun D. Gordon
and
Breach
Science
Publisher. Fig.(3) shows the solution of eq.(19)
by using DIDECT-CBSW algorithm
and the exact solution. Fig.(3) The comparison between the
exact and DIDECT-CBSW solution
for eq.(19) in Ex.(3)
. -. - Exact solution
o-o- DIDECT-CBSW algorithm Fig.(3) The comparison between the
exact and DIDECT-CBSW solution
for eq.(19) in Ex.(3)
. -. - Exact solution
o-o- DIDECT-CBSW algorithm 2. Jerri, A.J., 1985, Introduction to
Integral
Equations
with
Applications; 1st edition, Marcel
Dekker, USA. 3. Elayaraja A. and Jumat S., 2010,
Numerical Solution of Second
Order Linear Fredholm Integro-
Differential
Equation
Using
Generalized
Minimal
Residual
Method, Am. J. Applied Sci., 7:
780-783. Fig.(3) The comparison between the
exact and DIDECT-CBSW solution
for eq.(19) in Ex.(3) Fig.(3) The comparison between the
exact and DIDECT-CBSW solution
for eq.(19) in Ex.(3) 4. Abdul
Hameed,
F.T.,
2002,
Numerical Solutions of Fredholm
Integro-Differential
Equations 611 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 Using Spline Functions, M.Sc. Thesis,
Applied
science
department,
University
of
Technology, IRAQ. Methods for Integral equations,
Cambridge University. 12. Satoyuki T., Hiroshi O. and
Shigenobu O., 2012, A Wavelet
Galerkin Method Employing B-
Spline Basis for Solid Mechanics
Problems without the Use of a
Fictitious
Domain,
Comput. Mech., 50: 35-48. 5. Al-Shather, A.H., 2003, Some
Applications of Fractional Order
Differential
Operator
in
Differential and Delay Integro-
Differential
Equation,
Ph.D. Thesis, College of Science, Al-
Nahrain University, IRAQ. 13. Hassen, S.S., 2006, Numerical
Algorithms for Solving Optimal
Control Problems, M.Sc. Thesis,
Applied
science
department,
University
of
Technology,
IRAQ. 6. Kadhim, A.J., 2009, Block and
Weddle Methods for solving nth
Order Linear Delay Fredholm
Integro-Differential
Equations. The College of Basic Education,
Al-Mustansiriyah
University,
15(59): 95-114. 14. Tom Lyche and Knut Mørken,
2011, Spline Methods Draft,
Department
of
Informatics,
Centre of Mathematics for
Applications,
University
of
Oslo. 7. Kamen, D. E., Khargonekar, P. P., and Tannenbaum A., 2005,
Proper factorizations and feedback
control
of
linear
time-delay
systems. Int. J. Control,
43(3):837–857. 15. Kenneth
I. Joy,
1999,
Definition
of
a
B-Spline
Curve,
Visualization
and
Graphics Research Group,
Department
of
Computer
Science,
University
of
California, Davis. 8. Marry
R.,
1973,
Laplace
Transform,
Schaum’s
Outline
Series, New York, Prentice Hall,
Inc. 9. Ali, H.A., 2006, Approximated
Solutions of Linear Delay Integro-
Differential
Equations,
M.Sc. Thesis,
Applied
science
department,
University
of
Technology, IRAQ. 16. References: Brunner, H., 2004, Collocation
Methods for Volterra Integral
and Related Functional
Equations,
Cambridge
Monographs on Applied and
Computational Mathematics. 10. Hartung F. and Gyori I., 2010,
On Numerical Solution for a
Class
of
Linear
Integro-
Differential-Difference Equation
with Time and State-Dependent
Delays, University of Texas at
Dallas. 17. Engelborghs, K., Luzyanina,
T. and Roose, D., 2000,
Collocation Methods for the
Computation
of
Periodic
Solutions of Delay Differential
Equations,
SIAM
Sci. Comput. 22(5): 1593-1609. 17. Engelborghs, K., Luzyanina,
T. and Roose, D., 2000,
Collocation Methods for the
Computation
of
Periodic
Solutions of Delay Differential
Equations,
SIAM
Sci. Comput. 22(5): 1593-1609. 11. Delves, L.M. and Mohamed,
J.L.,
1985,
Computational 611 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(1)2014 الحلول
ا
لتقريبية ل
لمعادالت التفاضلية-
التكاملية التباطؤية األلتفافية الخطية من
الرتبةn
باستخدام ا
لدوال الثلمة التوصيلية و طريقة ويدل
رغــد كاظم صـالح*
اسراء هادي حسن*
أثـيـر جــواد كاظم *
*قسم العلوم التطبيقية/ا
لجامعة التكنولوجية :الخالصة
البحثثم مكثثحل لحثثا ال عثثاامل التكامليثثة
التفاضثثلية
التباطؤيثثة اتلتفاةيثثة ال
خطيثثة
مثثا الحةبثثةn
باسثثتخمام
طحيقة التج يع مثع
الثماا اللل ثة التولثيليةي يثم ةثم ا ثتقاز يواجدميثة جميثمم ة ث بحمجت ثا بل ثةMatlab
)
ل عالجثثة ثةثثثة ع ثثوال مثثا ال عثثاامل
الت
فاضثثلية- التكامليثثة التباطؤيثثة اتلتفاةيثثة ال
خطيثثة
ا ال تضثث نة التحاجعيثثة
ال تعاالة اال ختلطة) ما الحةبةn
باستخمام طحيقة التج يع مع
الماا اللل ة التوليلية مع استخمام قاعثمم ايثم
لحساب التكامةل للطحيقة ال قتح ثة
يثم مثا ال كثا مة كثة ةفثاطم الطحيقثة ا اقثة الحسثابال ةي ثاي ة ثا ة ث
مقاج ة النتائج التقحيبية ا الحقيقية للةثة ع وال مثا الحةثا ال ختلفثة ل ثلم ال عثاامل
مثا يثة اتمللثة ا الحسثوم
اقم ةم الحصو على تائج اقيقةي 611 | 8,682 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1547/1478 | null |
Arabic | الخالصة: ا
صممت هذه الدراسة للتعرف عن مدى تأثير عقارAcetylsalicylic acid
(االسبرين) في التركيب
النسجي للكبد في الفئران البيض السويسريةMus musculus
،
اذ
استعمل (
16
) فأرا،
قسموا على مجموعتين
،
( جرع كل من افراد المجموعة االولى8.0
) مل من االسبرين بتركيز
(
50م
ايكروغرام
/ كغم ) و عدت
المجموعة الثانية مجموعة سيطرة
، اذ جرعت بالماء المقطر . استمرت عملية التج ريع08
يوما" متتالية. ادت المعاملة باالسبرين الى ظهور حاالت مرضية في نسجية الكبد تضمنت تنخرا وحدوث ارتشاح خلوي فضال
عن حصول احتقان في الوريد المركزي وظهور حالة الوذمة الدموية. ي
ي
كما بينت النتائج حصول حالة انعدام الترتيب الشعاعي للخاليا الكبدية المكونة للنس يج من جراء حصول هذه
التغيرات مقارنة بمجموعة السيطرة. يستنتج من ذلك بان لعقار االسبرين تاثيرا" سلبيا"في نسجية الكبد في
الفئران البيض السويسرية. . الكلمات المفتاحية : االسبرين ، الكبد، الفئران البيض مجلد11
(
3
)
2014 مجلد11
(
3
)
2014 مجلة بغداد للعلوم تأثير عقار االسبرين في نسجية
كبد
الفئران البيض السويسرية
Mus musculus
زينب كريم التميمي*
استالم البحث23
،
ايار ،
2013
قبول النشر23
،أيلول ،
2013
الخالصة: تأثير عقار االسبرين في نسجية
كبد
الفئران البيض السويسرية
Mus musculus
زينب كريم التميمي*
استالم البحث23
،
ايار ،
2013
قبول النشر23
،أيلول ،
2013
الخالصة المقدمة: "كما أظهرت المقاطع النسجية أيضا
حدوث حالة احتقانCongestion
في الوريد
المركزيCentral Vein
(شكل-
0
(
، و
تفجي)
Vacuolation (V
وانتفاخ الخاليا الكبدية وضيق
الجيبانيات
الدموية بشكل عام مع اتساع بعضها
واختفاء الترتيب الشعاعي( الشكل- 4
)
. وقد بينت المقاطع النسجية للكبد ايضا" ظهور
حاالت امراضية اخرى تمثلت باالرتشاح الخلوي
(IN)
Infiltration
اللمفاوية
للخاليا
Lymphocyte
( شكل- 0
(
. كما امكن مالحظة التغير الحاصل في الترتيب فمن خالل فحص المقاطع النسجية لكبد
الفئران البيض المجرعة باالسبرين،
أمكن مالحظة
التأثيرات التي أحدثها هذا العقار في نسيج الكبد
الكبدية
الخاليا
بتضرر
تتلخص
والتي
Hepatocytes
( وذلك بحدوث تنكسD
)
Degeneration
( وتنخرN
)
Necrosis
فيها
(شكل-
2
)
. "كما أظهرت المقاطع النسجية أيضا
حدوث حالة احتقانCongestion
في الوريد
المركزيCentral Vein
(شكل-
0
(
، و
تفجي)
Vacuolation (V
وانتفاخ الخاليا الكبدية وضيق
الجيبانيات
الدموية بشكل عام مع اتساع بعضها
واختفاء الترتيب الشعاعي( الشكل- 4
)
. ة للك د ا ضا" ظ
الن
نت ال قاط
قد المقدمة: المقدمة:
يتكون الكبد من فصين ايمن وايسر ، تقسم هذه
ال فصوص الى فصيصات مكونة من كتل من نسيج
ظهاري. تترتب الخاليا البارنكيمية او الخاليا
الكبديةHepatocytes
فيه على شكل صفائح
متالحمة ومتفرعة بهيئة اشعة تحصر بينها فسح من
اشباه الجيوب الدموية ، يقع في مركز كل فصيص
وريد مركزيCentral vein
. يقوم الكبد بوظائف
عدة م نها التخلص من السموم ، وهذا ما يؤدي الى
احداث اضرار فيه[1]
. أأ احداث اضرار فيه[1]
. لأ
أأ م
يستعمل االسبرين ومركبات الساليسيالت
االخرى وبجرعات عالية في عالج حمى
، الروماتيزم والتهاب المفاصل الروماتيزمية
وحاالت االلتهاب االخرى المتعلقة به ا[9]
، كما انه
يقلل حدوث السكتات الدماغيةStrokes
والذبحة
الصدريةAngia
[10]
، كما يستعمل ايضا في
عالج التهاب التامور Pericarditis
وامراض
القلب واالوعية الدموية[11]
. وتمت دراسة دور
االسبرين في تقليل االصابة بالعديد من اشكال
السرطانات على نطاق واسع بما في ذل ك سرطان
القولون[12]
، وفي دراسة وجد أن الرجال والنساء ا
ع[ ]
يعد االسبرين احد اكثر االدوية المستعملة في العالم
ساليسيلك
االسيتيل
حمض
بأسم
ويعرف
Acetylsalicylicacid
[4]
وهو اول عقار تم
اكتشافه من فئة االدوية غير الستيرويدية المضادة
( لاللتهاباتNSAIDs
)
Non steroidal-Anti
inflammatory drugs
على الرغم من ان جميع
هذه االدوية التتكون من الساليسيالت اال انها جميعا
لها التأثير نفسه كما ان لديها القدرة على منع تكوين
*قسم علوم الحياة / كلية العلوم للبنات / جامعة بغداد 9801 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
(
3
)
2014 الذين يتعاطون االسبرين بانتظام بعد اصابتهم
، بمرض سرطان القولون تقل خطورة الموت لديهم
مقارنة بالمرضى الذين ال يستعملون االسبرين
[13]
. اما اهم اآلثار الجانبية لالسبرين فهي
تقرحات المعدة واالمعاء[14]، ونز ف المعدة
وطنين االذن ، خصوصا في الجرعات العالية . ولم
يعد االسبرين يستعمل مع االطفال والمراهقين
للسيطرة على االعراض الشبيهة باعراض
االنفلوانزا اواعراض الجدري او غيرها من
االمراض الفيروسية،التي ترجع الى متالزمة راي
[15]
. النتائج:
تأثر نسيج
الكبد
في الحيوانات المجرعة بعقار
االسبرين،
االمر الذي ادى الى ظهور بعض
التغيرات المرضية في نسيج الكبد والتي تم
تشخيصها مجهريا مقارنة بحيوانات مجموعة
السيطرة ( شكل-
1
)
. ا تشخيصها مجهريا مقارنة بحيوانات مجموعة
السيطرة ( شكل-
1
)
. فمن خالل فحص المقاطع النسجية لكبد
الفئران البيض المجرعة باالسبرين،
أمكن مالحظة
التأثيرات التي أحدثها هذا العقار في نسيج الكبد
الكبدية
الخاليا
بتضرر
تتلخص
والتي
Hepatocytes
( وذلك بحدوث تنكسD
)
Degeneration
( وتنخرN
)
Necrosis
فيها
(شكل-
2
)
. المواد وطرائق العمل:
أ أستعم
ل في هذه الدراسة)
91
( من الفئران
البيض البالغة المسماه علميا Mus musculus
وبأعمار (8-6 ) اسبوع وباوزان تراوحت بين (25
- 30) غرام. وقد تم الحصول عليها من البيت
الحيواني التابع لمركز بحوث التقنيات االحيائية
/جامعه النهرين . قسمت الحيوانات على مجموعتين
رئيس يتين وضعت في اقفاص داخل البيت الحيواني
التابع لقسم علوم الحياة/
كلية العلوم للبنات وتمت
تغذيتها جيدا بالعليقه الخاصة بغذاء
الفئران
واعطيت الماء بصوره
مستمرة وقد تم تأمين درجة
( حرارة28
-
20) م8
( واضاءة92
ساعة ضوء
)يوميا. ي()
وقد بينت المقاطع النسجية للكبد ايضا" ظهور
حاالت امراضية اخرى تمثلت باالرتشاح الخلوي وقد بينت المقاطع النسجية للكبد ايضا" ظهور
حاالت امراضية اخرى تمثلت باالرتشاح الخلوي
(IN)
Infiltration
اللمفاوية
للخاليا حاالت امراضية اخرى تمثلت باالرتشاح الخلوي
(IN)
Infiltration
اللمفاوية
للخاليا (
)ا
Lymphocyte
( شكل- 0
(
.ا y p
y((
كما امكن مالحظة التغير الحاصل في الترتيب
الشعاعي للخاليا الكبدية المكونة للنسيج و حدوث
( حالة النزف الدمويH
)
Hemorrhagie
(شكل-
1
)
. )
اما بالنسبة للعقار المستعمل في هذه الدراسة
فهو االسبرين Aspirinالمنتج من الشركة العامة
لصناعة االدوية والمستلزمات الطبية في سامراء –
العراق S.D.I.IRAQ))المصنع بشكل اقراص
Tablets
بتركيز (
(100ملغم/كغم للقرص
الواحد،وحضر التركيز
المطلوب وفقا لمعادلة
التخفيف واعطيت الجرعة فمويا Orally بوس
اطة
محقنة خاصة معدة لهذا الغرض لضمان حصول
الحيوان على الجرعة الكاملة. ( شكل1
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة فئران
( السيطرة يوضح الوريد المركزيc
)
و
( الجيبانيات
S
( ) و الخاليا الكبديةH
) قوة
التكبير400 X)
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين قانون التخفيفC1xV1=C2xV2
( اذC
( ) تمثل التركيز اماV
. ) فتمثل الحجم
: أقسمت الحيوانات الى مجموعتين قانون التخفيفC1xV1=C2xV2
( اذC
( ) تمثل التركيز اماV
. ) فتمثل الحجم
: أقسمت الحيوانات الى مجموعتين -المجموعة األولى
أ ( شكل1
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة فئران
( السيطرة يوضح الوريد المركزيc
)
و
( الجيبانيات
S
( ) و الخاليا الكبديةH
) قوة
التكبير400 X)
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين تتألف من (8) فئران تم
تجريع كل منها فمويا
ب8.0
من
مل االسبرين بتركيز
50
مايكروغرام/كغم من وزن
الجسم فمويا ولمدة 30
يوما
وقتلت بعد ذلك بطريقة قطع الحبل الشوكي
وتم تشريحها. عدت حيوانات سيطرة
( وتألفت من8
) من الفئران
البيض وتم تجريعها بالماء المقطر . المواد وطرائق العمل:
أ 9818 مجلة بغداد للعلوم
مجلد11
(
3
)
2014
( شكل2
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
( الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح التنكس الخلوي
D
)
( و التنخر الخلويN
( ) قوة التكبير400X
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين
( شكل3
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة فئران
( معاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة األحتقانCO
)
في
( الوريد المركزي قوة التكبيرX
400
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين
( شكل5
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة األرتشاح
( الخلويIN
)
( قوة التكبير400X
-
هيماتوكسلين-
)أيوسين
( شكل6
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة الوذمة
( الدموية HE
)
( و األحتقانCO
) قوة
( التكبيرX
400
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين
المناقشة:
لقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة النسجية لكبد الفئران
البيض المعاملة باالسبرين وجود تغيرات مرضية
Pathological Changes
،
قد يعود تأثيرها الى
وجود تأثيرات سمية Toxic effects
لالسبرين
في الخاليا الكبدية،
اذ ان العقار يتأيض
Metabolized
في خاليا الكبد محدثا" سميتها
hepato toxicity
، هو و
سبب رئيس في احداث
الضرر فيها[1]وتتفق هذه النتيجة مع ما توصل اليه مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد11
(
3
)
2014 ( شكل2
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
( الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح التنكس الخلوي
D
)
( و التنخر الخلويN
( ) قوة التكبير400X
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين ( شكل5
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة األرتشاح
( الخلويIN
)
( قوة التكبير400X
-
هيماتوكسلين-
)أيوسين ( شكل6
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة الوذمة
( الدموية HE
)
( و األحتقانCO
) قوة
( التكبيرX
400
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين ( شكل3
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة فئران
( معاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة األحتقانCO
)
في
( الوريد المركزي قوة التكبيرX
400
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين ( شكل6
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة الوذمة
( الدموية HE
)
( و األحتقانCO
) قوة
( التكبيرX
400
-
هيماتوكسلين–
)أيوسين ( شكل4
) : مقطع في نسيج الكبد لمجموعة
الفئران المعاملة بالعقار يوضح حالة اتساع
( الجيبانيات الدمويةDI
)
و حالة تفجي الخاليا
الكبدي( ةV
( ) قوة التكبيرX
400
-
هيماتوكسلين
–
)أيوسين المناقشة: :
لقد أظهرت نتائج الدراسة النسجية لكبد الفئران
البيض المعاملة باالسبرين وجود تغيرات مرضية
Pathological Changes
،
قد يعود تأثيرها الى
وجود تأثيرات سمية Toxic effects
لالسبرين
في الخاليا الكبدية،
اذ ان العقار يتأيض
Metabolized
في خاليا الكبد محدثا" سميتها
hepato toxicity
، هو و
سبب رئيس في احداث
الضرر فيها[1]
وتتفق هذه النتيجة مع ما توصل اليه
[16]
من حدوث تغيرات نسجية في كبد ذكور
الجرذان البيض البالغةAdult albino rats
بعد
الحقن العضليIntra muscular
،لالسبرين
تمثلت
بحدوث حاالت سلبية مثل التنكس والتنخر الخلوي
مع حدوث توسع في جيبانيات نسيج الكبد وظهور
حالة ارتشاح الخاليا اللمفاوية. ا ا
ح
كما استن تج الباحث[17]
ان سمية االسبرين
في خاليا الكبد تتأتى من تأثيره في فعالية انزيم
Mitochondrial
adenosine ا
ح
كما استن تج الباحث[17]
ان سمية االسبرين
في خاليا الكبد تتأتى من تأثيره في فعالية انزيم
Mitochondrial
adenosine 9819 مجلد11
(
3
)
2014 مجلة بغداد للعلوم triphosphatase
(
ATPase
)
،
اذ يعمل العقار
على تثبيط عمل هذا االنزيم داخل الخلية الكبدية
وذلك من خالل تثبيط تصنيع البروستاكالندينات
المسؤولة عن حيوية وت حفيز عمل االنزيم ومن ثم
يؤثر ذلك في االفعال الحيوية التي تقوم بها الخاليا
الكبدية متسببا في احداث تغيرات كيميائية نسجية
د دةHi t
h
i
l Alt
ti 5. John
Robert
Vane.1999. Inhibitionof prostaglandin synthesis
as mechanism of action for aspirin –
like
drugs.Nature-New
Biology
231(25):232-5.PMID 5284360 . 6. Ray ، W. A . ; Stein ، C . M . ; Hall،
; K . ; Daugherty ، J . R . and
Griffin، M. R. .2009. Non steriodal
anti inflammatory drugs and risk
of serious coronary hear disease :
an abservation cohort study . Lancet
. ، 359 (9301) : 23 – 118 . وعزا الباحث[18]
التغيرات النسجية التي
يحدثها االسبرين في الكبد الى تسبب العقار في
انخفاض نس بة الكاليكوجينGlycogen
في
الخاليا الكبدية و تثبط تصنيعATP
في
المايتوكندريا مما يحدث ضررا" واضحا" في
برنكيما الكبد. وجاءت نتائج الدراسة متفقة مع ما
توصل اليه الباحث[19]
في دراسته لتأثير
االسبرين في الدجاج اذ اشار الى وجود تأثيرات
كبيرة للجرع العالية من االسبرين في خاليا الكبد
تمثلت بحدوث التنخر والتنكس المائي
hydropic
degeneration
مع حالة االرتشاح للخاليا
اللمفاوية احادية النواة. ان سبب هذه التغيرات
يعود الى الضررRisk
الذي اصاب الخاليا الكبدية
من تنكس وتنخر واضحين من جراء التأثيرات
السمية التي احدثها العقار في نسجية الكبد
من خالل هذه النتائج يمكن االستنتاج
بوجود تاثيرسلبي في نسيج الكبد وان هناك حاجة
.الى دراسات أخرى لتأكيد ذلك 7. Hartwig,O.H.2007. المناقشة: Pharmacokinetic consideration of
common analgesics and antipyretics
.Am. J. of Med. 75(5):30-7. 7. Hartwig,O.H.2007. Pharmacokinetic consideration of
common analgesics and antipyretics
.Am. J. of Med. 75(5):30-7. 8. Lewis,H.D.;Davis,J.W.;Archibald,
DG.,Schnaper,H. W.an
Demots,
H.1993.Protective effect of aspirin
against acute myocardial infarction
and death in men with unstable
angina The New Engl.J. med. 309(7) :396- 40. 9. Vane , J . R . and Botting , R . M . 2001.Therapeutic roles of selectiing
thrve Cox- 2 inhibition William
Harvey press VOL 584 pp . المصادر: 10. MeacocK , S.CR and Kitchen ,
E. A. 2005. Some effects of
non_steriodal
anti
inflammatory
drugs on leucocyte migration jour. of veter. Pharm. and Ther. 6:
320_325. 1. Radwan ، M . A . 2000. Diclofenac
and ketoprofen Pharmacokinetic
interaction in rats . J. Pharm . Pharmacological . ، 52 : 665- 669 . 2. Tohgi,H.;Konno,
K.;Tamura,B.;
Kimura
andKawano,
K. 1992. Effects of low –to-high doses of
aspirin platelets aggregability and
metabolites of thromboxane A2
prostacyclin Stroke 23:1400-1403. PMID1412574. 11. Julian,D.G.;Chamberlain,D.A.and
Pocock,s.J.1996. a comparison of
spirin
and
anticoagulation
followaring
thrombolysis
for
myocardial infarction .Brit. Med. J..89(10). 3. Sanmuganathan,P.S.;Ghahramani,
P.;Jackson,P.R.and
Ramsay,L.E. 2001.Aspirin for primary prevention
of coronary heart disease safety and
absolute benefit related to coronary
risk derived from meta-analysis of
randomised trials .Heart 85:265-
271. 12. Thun,M.J.and Namboodiri, M. M. .1991. Aspirin use and reduced
risk of fetal colon cancer .Med
325(23): 1593-6. 13. John, R.V. 1999. Inhibition of
prostaglandin
synthesis
as
mechanism of action for aspirin –
linke drugs .Nature NewBiology
231(25):232-5. 4. Harris ، R . C and Breyer ، M . D . 2006 Vpdate on cyclooxygenase -2
inhibitors. Clin . JAM Soc . Nephrol
. ، 1 : 236- 245 . 14. Funatsu ، T. ; Chono ، K . ; Keto ،
Y. and Sasamata، M. 2007. Mucosal 9812 مجلد11
(
3
)
2014 مجلة بغداد للعلوم Bioactivation of aspirin in rats and
human hepatocytes; identification of
glutathion Conjucated Metabolites
Drug Metabol . Dispos . 27(3): 365
– 372 . Bioactivation of aspirin in rats and
human hepatocytes; identification of
glutathion Conjucated Metabolites
Drug Metabol . Dispos . 27(3): 365
– 372 . acid
causes
gastric
mucosal
Microcirculatory disturbance in non
steroidal anti- inflammatory drug
treated rats –pharm. 54 (1) 53 – 59. 15. Mckanna ، J.A. ; Zhizhang ، M . ;
Wang ، JL . ; Cheng ، H . F and
Harries ، R .C . 1998 . Constitutive
expression of cyclooxygenase - 2
in rat vas deferens . Am . J . Physiol
. Regul . Integr . Comp . physiol . ،
275 (1) : 227- 233 . 18. Ouellette ، G . S. ; Slitzky ، B . E . ; Gates، J. A.; Lagards، S. and
West، A. B. 1991. Reversible
hepatitis associated with diclofenac
. J. Clin . Gastroenterol ، 13 (2) :
205- 210 . 19. Jain ، T . ; Koley ، K . المصادر: M . ;
Vadlamudi ، V . P . ; Ghosh ، R . C
. ; Roy ، and Sandhya ، T . 2009. Diclofenac – induced biochmical
and histopathological changes in
white
leghorn
birds
(Gallus
domesticus) . Aust. Vet. ، 41 (5) :
237- 24 16. Aydin , G . ; Ekrem ، U . K . and
Osman،
G. K. 2003. Histopathologic changes in liver
and Renal tissue induced by
different doses of Aspirin in Rats . Vet. Anim .Sci : .، 27: 1131_ 1140 . 16. Aydin , G . ; Ekrem ، U . K . and
Osman،
G. K. 2003. Histopathologic changes in liver
and Renal tissue induced by
different doses of Aspirin in Rats . Vet. Anim .Sci : .، 27: 1131_ 1140 . 17. Tang,W.;Stearns,R. and
Banndiera, S.M. 1999. Studies on
cytochrome P – 450 mediated _
17. Tang,W.;Stearns,R. and
Banndiera, S.M. 1999. Studies on
cytochrome P – 450 mediated Effect of Aspirin drug in Liver tissue of swiss white mice
Mus musculus Zainab K. Al-Timimi * *Biology Department/ college of sciences for women/University of Baghdad Abstract: This study was designed to identify the extent of the effect of drug Acetylsalicylic
acid (aspirin) on histological structure of liver in Swiss albino mice Mus
musculus.(16) mice were used and divided into two groups. The first groupwas orally
treated with )0.5ml(of aspirinat concentration of (50 mcg / kg) and the second group
was considered as control group Treated with distiled water lasted for 30 days. Treatment with Aspirin led to the occurrence of histopathological cases included liver
necrosis ,cellular infilitration, congestion in central vein and a case of Hemorrhage. The results also showed the absence of radial arrangement of the constituents of
hepatic cells from tissue due to these changes with the control group. From the above results, it coulde be concluded that the drug aspirin had a negative
effect on liver of Swiss albino 9810 | 2,683 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/1996/1927 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(3)2014 Abstract: The aim of this study is to understand the effect of addition carbon types on aluminum
electrical conductivity which used three fillers of carbon reinforced aluminum at
different weight fractions. The experimental results showed that electrical
conductivity of aluminum was decreased by the addition all carbon types, also at low
weight fraction of carbon black; it reached (4.53S/cm), whereas it was appeared
highly increasing for each carbon fiber and synthetic graphite. At (45%) weight
fraction the electrical conductivity was decreased to (4.36S\cm) and (4.27S\cm) for
each carbon fiber and synthetic graphite, respectively. While it was reached to
maximum value with carbon black. Hybrid composites were investigated also; the
results exhibit that minimum value of the electrical conductivity at combination of
(45%) weight fraction of fillers, it was (3.49S/cm).The maximum value of electrical
conductivity was recorded at 3.5% NaCl solution, it reached (8.82 S/cm) with (45%
C. F) for 7 week. Studying the Effect of Water on Electrical Conductivity of Carbon
Reinforced Aluminum Composite Material Walaa W. Jameel*
Received 8, January, 2013
Accepted 4, July, 2013 Walaa W. Jameel*
Received 8, January, 2013
Accepted 4, July, 2013 Walaa W. Jameel* *Technical College - Baghdad Introduction: resistivity of the material must be
considered
because
electrical
resistance creates voltage drop and
heat generation, either of which may
be a desirable or an undesirable
consequence. In
screening
for
electrical conductors, a maximum
electrical resistance requirement must
be defined, thus materials with equal or
lower electrical resistivity become
candidates for selection [2]. Composite materials consist of two or
more different materials incorporated
into a matrix to obtain performance
characteristics beyond those could be
achieved
by
the
constituents
individually. Composites
typically
contain
one
or
stronger,
stiff
reinforcement constituent’s material
embedded
within
a
continuous
constituent material (matrix). In the
case of MMCs, the most common
matrices
are
aluminum,
copper,
magnesium
and
titanium. MMC
reinforcements can be metallic (such as
tungsten and cobalt), non-metallic
(most often carbon, graphite or boron)
or ceramic [1]. The charge is carried either by ions
or electrons. The mobility of ions or
electrons varies from material to
material. Where mobility is high, the
material is called conductor and where
mobility is low the material is called
insulator. The in- between materials
are called semiconductors [3]. A material may be required to
conduct
electrical
currents. This
includes metals and some non-metallic
elements such as adhesives, greases,
and other compounds loaded with
graphite or metal powder. If electrical
conductivity is important, then the Aluminum and its alloys are widely
used in a large number of industrial
applications due to their excellent
combination of properties. e.g. good
corrosion resistance, excellent thermal *Technical College - Baghdad 1621 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(3)2014 Experimental set up and electric conductivity, high strength
to weight ratio, easy to deform and
high ductility. Aluminum alloys have
been used generally in manufacturing
automobile and aircraft components of
high strength to weight ratio in order to
make the moving vehicle lighter,
which results in saving in fuel
consumption, containers and electronic
devices [4]. 1. Weight amount of Al-powder were
mixed with measured carbon at
different weight fraction (5, 15, 30&
45) %. 2. The mixture was mould and the
samples of composite were cutting
by(2&.5) cm dimensions. 2. The mixture was mould and the
samples of composite were cutting
by(2&.5) cm dimensions. 3. The sample surface was Polishing to
improve smoothing. 3. The sample surface was Polishing to
improve smoothing. Nirvana
studied
Electrical
conductivity behavior of Cu-powder
reinforced epoxy composite material in
different solutions (distilled water, tap
water &3.5%NaCl) with a weight
fraction
(5,
15,
30
&45)
was
investigated for (7) weeks immersion
time. The results exhibit that electrical
conductivity increases as increasing
immersion time due to the specimen
was absorbed the solutions. The
maximum values were reached with
3.5% NaCl solution because of Cl ions
whereas electrical conductivity not
apparent
in
distilled
water
was
attributed to pure water containing no
ions is an excellent insulator [5]. 4. Silver was electroplating on the
sample surface to improve the
electrical properties. 5. The simplest capacitor structure
disc form, consisting of a layer of
dielectric
material
sandwiched
between two silver layers. 6. The device precision LCR meter
was accurately adjusted then used to
measure the resistivity (R) values on
the electronic screen. From those
value
done
at
the
electrical
conductivity was found by equation
1. These measurements test for (1
KHz.) at room temperature. 7. Whole Samples were immersed in
distilled
water,
tap
water
&3.5%NaCl at room temperature
for different periods of time (1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6&7) weeks. Soon-gi shin studied the effect of
carbon
content
on
the
electrical
conductivity of carbon black-filled
PMC with various matrices. The
electrical conductivity of carbon black-
filled
polymer
matrix
composites
(PMC)
with
various
matriceswas
studied as a function of carbon content
to find the break point of the
relationship
between
carbon
contentand conductivity. Conductivity
jumps by as much as ten orders of
magnitude at the break point [6]. 8. The samples were dried at room
temperature for two hours after
immersion test. Experimental set up σ=
------- (1)
Where: σ=
------- (1)
Where: σ:electrical conductivity (S/cm), d:
diameter of specimen, cm σ:electrical conductivity (S/cm), d:
diameter of specimen, cm R.: electrical resistivity, Ω/cm, R.: electrical resistivity, Ω/cm,
A:cross- section area, cm2 A:cross- section area, cm2 Conclusion: 1. The
electrical
conductivity
of
aluminum will be reduced by the
addition of all carbon types. 2. The results exhibit that carbon
black was effective more than other
fillers at low weight fraction. 3. Carbon
fibers
and
synthetic
graphite
were
influence
on
electrical
conductivity
at
high
weight fraction. The Effect of weight fraction: g
The effect of weight fraction (0, 5, 15,
30 &45) % of carbon reinforced
aluminum composite materials was
investigated in this work. When a
small quantity of carbon, which is
lesser than aluminum, is added to
aluminum, which is good conductor,
reduces the conductivity of aluminum. Thus the conductivity of metals is
always, reduced by the addition of
second metal. Results and Discussion: Experimental Work
1- Material
Al powder (99.9%purity), Germany
carbon
black,
carbon
fiber&synthetic graphite,Germany
2- Equipments
Dies
LCR- meter 1- Material The charge is carried either by ions
or electrons. The mobility of ions or
electrons varies from material to
material. Where the mobility is high,
the material is called conductor and
where mobility is low the material is
called insulator. In between materials
are called semiconductors. Al powder (99.9%purity), Germany
carbon
black,
carbon
fiber&synthetic graphite,Germany LCR- meter 1626 1626 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(3)2014 Vol.11(3)2014 The electrical conductivity values
were different from solution to another
according to ions in aqueous solution,
therefore the maximum value was
recorded at 3.5% NaCl solution, it
reached (8.82S/cm) with (45% C. F)
for 7 week.Electrical conductivity for
different fillers as shown in table (1-5)
The conductivity of a solution of water
is
highly
dependent
on
its
concentration of dissolved salts, and
other chemical species that ionize in
the solution, Pure water containing no
ions is an excellent insulator, but not
even "deionized" water is completely
free of ions. If a material is placed in an electric
field, the charged particles interact
with the field. If the material is a
conductor, the free electrons simply
move to the nearest positive electrode;
with no field is needed, thus, left
within the material. If the material is
non-conducting or an insulator the
electrons are only locally displaced,
because they are bound to individual
atoms. The properties of the filler play a
significant role in determining the
conductivity
of
the
composite
materials. Carbon, when used as filler,
comes in many different forms, from
small carbon particles to graphite
fibres. Typical electrical conductivity
values for other materials are 102 s\cm
for electrically conductive carbon
black, 104 s\cm for carbon fibres and
105 s\cm for graphite [2]. If water has even a tiny amount of
such an impurity, then it can conduct
electricity readily, as impurities such as
salt separate into free ions in aqueous
solution by which an electric current
can flow. Any electrical conductivity
observable in water is the result of ions
of mineral salts dissolved in it. The Effect of solutions 4. Combination of fillers was favorite
for electrical conductivity at any
weight fraction. Electrical conductivity behavior of
carbon reinforced aluminum composite
material in different solutions (distilled
water, tap water &3.5%NaCl) with a
weight fraction (5, 15, 30 &45) for 7
week immersion time as shown in
figures (4-5), The results exhibit that
electrical conductivity increases as
increasing immersion time due to the
specimen was absorbed the solutions. After that time will be constant
because the specimen was saturated
with solution. 5. The electrical conductivity values
were different from solution to
another according to ions in
aqueous solution. 1621 Baghdad Science Journal
Fig. 1: log E.C. of aluminum
reinforced with carbon types
Fig. 2: maximum values of E.C. of
aluminum reinforced with carbon
types
Fig.3: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
distilled water
Fig.4: th
conductiv
tap water
Fig.5: th
conductiv
(3.5%NaC
Table 1
Samples
Al+C.B
Al+C.F
Al+S.G
Al+(C.B+
C.F+ S.G)
Table 2
Samples
Al+C.B. Al+C.F. Al S G Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(3)2014 Baghdad Science Journal
Fig. 1: log E.C. of aluminum
reinforced with carbon types
Fig. 2: maximum values of E.C. of
aluminum reinforced with carbon
types
Fig.3: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
distilled water Fig. 1: log E.C. of aluminum
reinforced with carbon types
Fig. 2: maximum values of E.C. of
aluminum reinforced with carbon
types
Fig.3: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
distilled water
Fig.4: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
tap water
Fig.5: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
(3.5%NaCl)
Table 1: electrical conductivity for
different fillers
Samples
E.C, S/cm
5%
15%
30%
45%
Al+C.B
3.44*103
2.67
*104
3.1
*104
3.3 *104
Al+C.F
4.5 *106
3.42
*105
0.89
*104
2.33*103
Al+S.G
3.1 *106
2.33
*105
0.55
*104
1.87*103
Al+(C.B+
C.F+ S.G)
1.66*105
0.77
*104
0.88
*103
3.12
*102
Table 2: electrical conductivity for
different fillers
Samples
Log E.C, S/cm
5%
15%
30%
45%
Al+C.B. 4.53
5.42
5.49
5.51
Al+C.F. 7.65
6.53
4.94
4.36
Al+S.G. 7.49
6.36
4.74
4.27
Al+(C.B+
C.F.+ S.G.)
6.22
4.88
3.94
3.49 i
1
C
f
i Fig.4: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
tap water Fig. 1: log E.C. of aluminum
reinforced with carbon types Fig. 2: maximum values of E.C. of
aluminum reinforced with carbon
types Fig. 2: maximum values of E.C. The Effect of solutions of
aluminum reinforced with carbon
types Fig.5: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
(3.5%NaCl) Fig.3: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
distilled water Table 1: electrical conductivity for Table 1: electrical conductivity for
different fillers
Samples
E.C, S/cm
5%
15%
30%
45%
Al+C.B
3.44*103
2.67
*104
3.1
*104
3.3 *104
Al+C.F
4.5 *106
3.42
*105
0.89
*104
2.33*103
Al+S.G
3.1 *106
2.33
*105
0.55
*104
1.87*103
Al+(C.B+
C.F+ S.G)
1.66*105
0.77
*104
0.88
*103
3.12
*102 Fig.3: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
distilled water Fig.3: the variation of electrical
conductivity (σ) with immersed in
distilled water Table 2: electrical conductivity for
different fillers
Samples
Log E.C, S/cm
5%
15%
30%
45%
Al+C.B. 4.53
5.42
5.49
5.51
Al+C.F. 7.65
6.53
4.94
4.36
Al+S.G. 7.49
6.36
4.74
4.27
Al+(C.B+
C.F.+ S.G.)
6.22
4.88
3.94
3.49 Table 2: electrical conductivity for
diff
t fill Table 2: electrical conductivity for 1621 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(3)2014 Table 3: the variation of electrical conductivity (σ) with immersed in distilled
water
Samples
Log E.C, S/cm(σ)
0
week
1
week
2
week
3
week
4
week
5
week
6
week
7
week
Al +C.B. 5.51
5.52
5.52
5.53
5.53
5.53
5.53
5.53
Al +C.F. 7.65
7.66
7.67
7.67
7.67
7.67
7.67
7.67
Al +S.G. 7.49
7.51
7.53
7.53
7.53
7.53
7.53
7.53
Al+(C.B+C.F.+
S.G.)
6.22
6.24
6.25
6.25
6.26
6.26
6.26
6.26 Table 4: the variation of electrical conductivity (σ) with immersed in tap water
Samples
Log E.C, S/cm(σ)
0
week
1
week
2
week
3
week
4
week
5
week
6
week
7
week
Al +C.B. 5.51
5.51
5.51
5.51
5.51
5.51
5.51
5.51
Al +C.F. 7.65
7.67
7.71
7.75
7.79
7.82
7.88
7.88
Al +S.G. 7.49
7.53
7.57
7.62
7.66
7.71
7.73
7.73
Al+(C.B+C.F.+
S.G.)
6.22
6.25
6.29
6.32
6.36
6.41
6.43
6.43 Table 4: the variation of electrical conductivity (σ) with immersed in tap water
Log E.C, S/cm(σ) Al+(C.B+C.F.+
S.G.)
6.22
6.25
6.29
6.32
6.36
6.41
6.43
6.43
Table 5: the variation of electrical conductivity (σ) with immersed in (3.5%NaCl)
Samples
Log E.C, S/cm(σ)
0
week
1
week
2
week
3
week
4
week
5
week
6
week
7
week
Al +C.B. 5.51
5.64
5.84
6.22
6.51
6.56
6.57
6.57
Al +C.F. 7.65
7.82
8.15
8.33
8.55
8.65
8.81
8.82
Al +S.G. The Effect of solutions 7.49
7.58
7.68
7.88
8.1
8.19
8.23
8.25
Al+(C.B+C.F.+
S.G.)
6.22
6.35
6.55
6.72
6.91
7.12
7.26
7.28
References:
1. Robert B., 2007.” corrosion testing
and assessment of metal matrix
composite components for military
assets”, corrosion conference. 2. Myer Kutz, 2002“Handbook of
Materials Selection”, New York. 3. L.P., 2006.” material science”,
New Delhi. 4. Vishal
A.,
2003“Dielectric
properties of aluminum- epoxy
composites”, J. applied polymer
science, 12(2) India. 5. Nirvana, “Studying the Effect of
water on electrical conductivity of
Cu Powder reinforced Epoxy
Composite Material. 2012.”, eng. and technology journal, 30(2):197-
207. 6. Soon-Gi Shin, 2011.“effect of
carbon content on the electrical
conductivity of carbon black-
filled PMC with various matrices”,
Electronic
Materials
Letters,
7(3):125-130. Table 5: the variation of electrical conductivity (σ) with immersed in (3.5%NaCl)
Log E.C, S/cm(σ) Table 5: the variation of electrical conductivity (σ) with immersed in (3.5%NaCl)
Samples
Log E.C, S/cm(σ)
0
week
1
week
2
week
3
week
4
week
5
week
6
week
7
week
Al +C.B. 5.51
5.64
5.84
6.22
6.51
6.56
6.57
6.57
Al +C.F. 7.65
7.82
8.15
8.33
8.55
8.65
8.81
8.82
Al +S.G. 7.49
7.58
7.68
7.88
8.1
8.19
8.23
8.25
Al+(C.B+C.F.+
S.G.)
6.22
6.35
6.55
6.72
6.91
7.12
7.26
7.28 5. Nirvana, “Studying the Effect of
water on electrical conductivity of
Cu Powder reinforced Epoxy
Composite Material. 2012.”, eng. and technology journal, 30(2):197-
207. References: References: 1. Robert B., 2007.” corrosion testing
and assessment of metal matrix
composite components for military
assets”, corrosion conference. 2. Myer Kutz, 2002“Handbook of
Materials Selection”, New York. 6. Soon-Gi Shin, 2011.“effect of
carbon content on the electrical
conductivity of carbon black-
filled PMC with various matrices”,
Electronic
Materials
Letters,
7(3):125-130. 3. L.P., 2006.” material science”,
New Delhi. 4. Vishal
A.,
2003“Dielectric
properties of aluminum- epoxy
composites”, J. applied polymer
science, 12(2) India. 1621 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(3)2014 دراسة تأثير الماء على التوصيلية الكهربائية لاللمنيوم المدعم بانواع مختلفة من
الكاربون
والء وديع
*جميل دراسة تأثير الماء على التوصيلية الكهربائية لاللمنيوم المدعم بانواع مختلفة من
الكاربون الخالصة:
تهدف الدراسة لمعرفة تأثير اضافة انواع الكاربون على التوصيلية الكهربائية لاللمنيوم . اظهرت النتائج
العملية ان التوصيلية
الكهربائية لاللمنيوم قلت عند اضافة كل انواع الكاربونوكذلك عند الكسور الوزنية
( القليلة السود الكاربون, حيث وصلت الى4.53S/cm
) في حين وصلت الى قيم عالية لكل من الياف
(الكاربون والكرافيت. اما عند الكسر الوزني11
) فنجد ان التوصيلية الكهربائية قلت الى%
(
4.36S\cm
( ) و4.27S\cm
) لكل من الياف الكاربون والكرافيت بينما وصلت الى اعلى قيمة عند
التدعيم باسود الكاربون. كذلك تم دراسة المواد المتراكبة الهجينة, اظهرت النتائج ان اقل قيم للتوصيلية
( الكهربائية كانت عند التدعيم ب11
( ) من الحشوات, حيث كانت%
3.49S/cm
.)
سجلت اعلى قيم
للتوصيلية الكهربائية عند المحاليل الملحية حيث وصلت(8.82 S/cm)
عند النسب الوزنية(45% C. F)
لمدة7
.اسابيع 1622 | 2,604 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/2016/1947 | null |
Arabic | Study the Changes of Thyroid Hormones Levels Following
Major Urological Surgery Fayhaa M. Khaleel* Fayhaa M. Khaleel*
Ihsan A. AL-Shammari**
Noor N. Oda*
Received 10, September, 2013
Accepted 29, September, 2013 el*
Ihsan A. AL-Shammari**
Noor N. Oda*
Received 10, September, 2013
Accepted 29, September, 2013 el*
Ihsan A. AL-Shammari**
Noor N. Oda*
Received 10, September, 2013
Accepted 29, September, 2013 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 Abstract: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of major surgery on thyroid
hormones and thyrotropin in patient undergoing major lower abdominal surgery. The
study included fifty patients scheduled for elective major lower abdominal surgery,
the serum levels of T3, T4 and TSH were determined one day preoperatively,
intraoperative, one day postoperatively, two days postoperatively, and rT3 was
determined one day preoperatively, and one day postoperatively. We observed that
the levels of (T3, T4, TSH) increased significantly (P<0.05) intraoperatively, one day
postoperatively the levels of T3 and T4 reduced significantly (P<0.05), while TSH
reduced not significantly (P>0.05), and two days postoperatively T4 and TSH
returned to increase significantly but T3 not significantly (P>0.05). rT3 increased not
significant (P>0.05) in one day postoperatively. It has been proposed these changes
due to surgical stress that inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 by inhibiting
peripheral 5'-deiodinase activity, also The absence of pituitary response to changes in
serum levels of T3 and T4.According to the results of this study there is a transient
abnormality in thyroid function tests in patient undergoing elective major surgery and
this abnormality due to surgical stress. *Chemistry Dept. College of Science for Women, Baghdad University. Baghdad, Iraq
**AL_Yurmok Hospital, Urology Dept. Baghdad, Iraq. Materials and Methods: For this study, 50 patients (males
(36), and (14) females), with age range
(35-75) years (Mean±SD 57.5±11.5)
had been selected from the urological
department of AL- Yurmok Hospital
located in the city of Baghdad, Iraq
during December 2012 to April 2013
who underwent elective major lower
abdominal
surgeries
(such
as
Cystectomy, Prostatectomy, and Redo
reimplantation
of
ureter)
patients
received general and loco-regional
anesthesia. Exclusion criteria were
infants and adolescent, pregnant,
a history of thyroid disease and thyroid
surgery,
uncontrolled
diabetes,
uncontrolled hypertension, history of
trauma,
emergency
cases,
acute
myocardial infraction, and liver disease
with derangement of liver function. All
patients were in stable control general
conditions. Introduction: surgical stress, has been associated
with the changes in thyroid function
tests. These changes in the short term
are primarily a decrease in (T3) levels. Although a decrease in TSH level is
observed, this condition is known as
the euthyroid sick syndrome[3,4]. Under stress conditions, the conversion
of T4 to T3 is inhibited, thus shunting
T4 conversion from T3 towards rT3. Consequently, there is a widespread
shutdown in T3 binding across the
body [5]. The
thyroid
gland
secretes
two
significant hormones, thyroxin and
triiodothyronine, commonly called T4
and T3 respectively. Both of these
hormones have the profound effect of
increasing the metabolic rate of the
body. Complete
lack
of
thyroid
secretion usually causes the basal
metabolic rate (BMR) to fall 40 to 50
percent below normal[1] .rT3 is a
molecule
that
is
an
isomer
of
triiodothyronine (T3), It is derived
from thyroxine (T4) through the use of
deiodinase. The major regulator of
thyroid
is
Thyroid
stimulating
Hormone (TSH); TSH stimulates a
number of processes in the thyroid
leading
to
thyroid
hormone
secretion[2]. Critical
illness,
and The present study aims to determine
the effects of surgical stress on thyroid
hormones (T3, T4, and rT3), and
Thyrotropine (TSH). *Chemistry Dept. College of Science for Women, Baghdad University. Baghdad, Iraq
**AL_Yurmok Hospital, Urology Dept. Baghdad, Iraq. 2451 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 Sciences
–version
18
"PASW"
Statistic). Sciences
–version
18
"PASW"
Statistic). Results: The mean serum T3, T4, and TSH
levels were increased intraoperative
significantly
(P<0.05)
from
the
baseline value, one day postoperative
T3 and T4 reduced significantly
(P<0.05), while the reduction in TSH
was
not
significantly
(P>0.05)
compared with preoperative value,
then two days postoperative these
hormones
return
to
increase
significantly (P<0.05) with T4 and
TSH but not significantly (P>0.05)
with T3.See tables and figures (1, 2, 3),
The mean serum rT3level was not
significantly (P>0.05) increased one
day postoperatively see table and
figure (4) : Table (1) The changes in Mean±SD
levels of serum total T3 before,
intraoperative, one day, and two
days after surgery Table (1) The changes in Mean±SD
levels of serum total T3 before,
intraoperative, one day, and two
days after surgery Venous
blood
samples
were
collected from each patient one day
preoperative, intraoperative, one day
postoperative,
and
two
days
postoperative, for measuring thyroxin
(T4)(Human,
Germany
kit),
triiodothyronine
(T3)
(Human,
Germany kit), and thyrotropin (TSH)
(Human,
Germany
kit),
and
for
measuring
reveres
triiodothyronine
(rT3) (CUSABIO, China kit) the blood
samples
was
collected
one
day
preoperative,
and
one
day
postoperative. Each kit was supplied
with instruction for hormone assay by
ELISA (USA).Analysis of data was
carried
out
using
the
available
statistical
package
of
SPSS-18
(Statistical
Packages
for
Social days after surgery
Time of T3
measurements (n=50)
Mean±SD
(Range)
T3 (ng/ml) Before
one day
1.83±0.70
(1.0-
3.80)
T3 (ng/ml)
intraoperative
2.58±1.02
(0.90-
5.0)
T3 (ng/ml) After one
day
1.15±0.70
(0.20-
2.80)
T3 (ng/ml) After two
days
1.90±0.85
(0.30-
3.80)
P value comparing
Before x
intraoperative
0.0001*
P value comparing
Before x After 1day
0.0001*
P value comparing
Before x After 2day
0.682
* Significant at (P>0.05) 2451 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Before
2 hours
1 day
2 days
Mean T3 (ng/ml)
Fig. (1) The changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T3 before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery Fig. (1) The changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T3 before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery Fig. Results: (1) The changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T3 before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery Table (2) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T4 before,
intraoperative, one day, and two days after surgery
Time of T4 measurements (n=50)
Mean±SD
(Range)
T4 (µg/dl) Before one day
16.50±5.83
(1.0-25.0)
T4 (µg/dl) intraoperative
20.29±4.78
(2.20-26.80)
T4 (µg/dl) After one day
11.15±6.68
(1.30-23.60)
T4 (µg/dl) After two days
13.56±8.04
(1.0-29.70)
P value comparing Before x intraoperative
0.001*
P value comparing Before x After 1day
0.0001*
P value comparing Before x After 2day
0.027*
* Significant at (P>0.05)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Before
2 hours
1 day
2 days
Mean T4 (µg/dl)
Fig. (2) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T4 before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery Table (2) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T4 before
intraoperative, one day, and two days after surgery p
,
y,
y
g
y
Time of T4 measurements (n=50)
Mean±SD
(Range)
T4 (µg/dl) Before one day
16.50±5.83
(1.0-25.0)
T4 (µg/dl) intraoperative
20.29±4.78
(2.20-26.80)
T4 (µg/dl) After one day
11.15±6.68
(1.30-23.60)
T4 (µg/dl) After two days
13.56±8.04
(1.0-29.70)
P value comparing Before x intraoperative
0.001*
P value comparing Before x After 1day
0.0001*
P value comparing Before x After 2day
0.027*
* Significant at (P>0.05) 0
5
10
15
20
25
Before
2 hours
1 day
2 days
Mean T4 (µg/dl)
Fig. (2) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T4 before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery Fig. (2) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum total T4 before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery 2455 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 Table (3) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum TSH before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery
Time of TSH measurements (n=50)
Mean±SD
(Range)
TSH (mlU/l) Before one day
3.68±2.36
(0.75-13.68)
TSH (mlU/l) intraoperative
10.24±5.28
(2.83-25.47)
TSH (mlU/l) After one day
3.12±1.74
(0.79-7.50)
TSH (mlU/l) After two days
10.95±8.11
(0.001-28.0)
P value comparing Before x After 2hours
0.0001*
P value comparing Before x After 1day
0.092
P value comparing Before x After 2day
0.0001*
* Significant at (P>0.05)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Before
2 hours
1 day
2 days
Mean TSH (mlU/l)
Fig. (4-5) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum TSH before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery. Discussion: progressive discharge of T4 from the
liver [9]. While it decreased one day
postoperative, the mechanism of low
serum T4 levels after surgery is not
fully understood, and several factors
may be involved, they include a
decrease in the serum concentration of
T4-binding proteins, a structural or a
functional abnormality in T4-binding
globulin
or
a
dampening
of
hypothalamo-hypophyseal-thyroid axis
function [10]. In the current study the T3 and T4
levels changed affected by surgery as
shown in table (1) and (2) .There are
several studies that reported changes in
T3 and T4 after different types of
surgeries and at different times, Marina
Michalaki et al.[6] showed in study on
patients underwent elective abdominal
operation that the T3 levels decreased
after 2h, 24h after surgery and
continued in this decrease until 42h,
while T4 results ranged between
raising and decline. Elaine et al [3]
showed in study on patients underwent
elective myocardial revascularization
that T3 and T4 levels decreased at the
end of the surgery and in the first
postoperative
day,
T3
continued
decrease in second postoperative day
but T4 increased. The current study
disagrees with those studies after a few
hours of the operation, but it agrees
with them that T3 and T4decrease after
one day of operation, and that T4
returned to the baseline value in the
second postoperative day. The decline
in T3 may due to acute nonthyroidal
surgical illness that inhibits peripheral
conversion of T4 to T3 by inhibiting
peripheral 5'-deiodinase activity, which
decreases T3 production and rT3
metabolic clearance, and also due to
Glucocorticoids (that their levels are
increased
in
surgical
and
other
stresses)
that
can
affect
thyroid
function in many ways[6,3,7]. Ali
FEDAKAR1 et al.[4] explained that the
etiology of non thyroidal illness
syndrome (NTIS) has been attributed
to a decreased peripheral deionization
of T4 to its active compound T3 This is
later accompanied by an altered
hypothalamic-pituitary
regulation,
which is evidenced by a decreased
hypothalamic TRH mRNA expression
In the patients. In the present study T4
levels increased may be due to an
increase in serum TSH [8 6] and it The changes in hormones under
hypothalamic –pituitary control like
(TSH) consider the reflex endocrines
response to the injury [11]. Results: Table (3) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum TSH before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery Table (3) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum TSH before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery
Time of TSH measurements (n=50)
Mean±SD
(Range)
TSH (mlU/l) Before one day
3.68±2.36
(0.75-13.68)
TSH (mlU/l) intraoperative
10.24±5.28
(2.83-25.47)
TSH (mlU/l) After one day
3.12±1.74
(0.79-7.50)
TSH (mlU/l) After two days
10.95±8.11
(0.001-28.0)
P value comparing Before x After 2hours
0.0001*
P value comparing Before x After 1day
0.092
P value comparing Before x After 2day
0.0001*
* Significant at (P>0 05) Fig. (4-5) the changes in Mean±SD levels of serum TSH before, intraoperative,
one day, and two days after surgery. Table (4) the changes in Mean±SD levels of rT3 before, and one day after
surgery
Time of rT3 measurements (n=50)
Mean±SD
(Range)
rT3 (pg/ml) Before
226.40±69.63
(120.0-440.0)
rT3 (pg/ml) After one day
234.08±55.54
(130.0-350.0)
P value comparing Before x After 1day
0.433
* Significant at (P>0.05)
222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
BEFORE
1 DAY
226.4
234.08
Mean rT3 (pg/ml)
Fig.(4) the changes in Mean±SD levels of rT3 before, one day after surgery Table (4) the changes in Mean±SD levels of rT3 before, and one day after 222
224
226
228
230
232
234
236
BEFORE
1 DAY
226.4
234.08
Mean rT3 (pg/ml) Fig.(4) the changes in Mean±SD levels of rT3 before, one day after surgery Fig.(4) the changes in Mean±SD levels of rT3 before, one day after surgery 2454 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 Discussion: The (TSH)
level increased intraoperative in this
study then it decreased in the first
postoperative day, and returned to the
preoperative value in the second
postoperative day as show in table (3) ,
Ioannis Ilias et al. [12]found the same
results in a study on patients underwent
elective major abdominal operations,
such as (colectomy, total gastrectomy,
abdominal aorta aneurysm repair , and
Whipple’s
pancreatectomy),
where
(TSH) was measured immediately
postoperatively, on the 1st and 2nd
postoperative days , GARY et al.[7]
also reported same results when (TSH)
level was measured immediately and
one day after the operation for patients
who
underwent
cardiac
bypass
surgery. It was speculated that the
postoperative
decreased
in
(TSH)
secretion due to the act of Pro-
inflammatory cytokines (that produced
peripherally by patients with sepsis,
trauma (as surgery) and autoimmune
disease) directly on the pituitary
thyrotroph to impair TSH release
[13].Also the TSH reduction may be
due to both hypothalamic and pituitary
(by elevated dopamine levels) gland
suppression[4,7,11], The surgical stress
stimulates the secretion of cortisol by
the adrenal gland, and it could be one
of the factors responsible for the 2451 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 M.D. 1985. A
longitudinal
evaluation of thyroid function in
critically surgical patients. Ann. Surg.201 (4); 456-464. inhibition of the pituitary gland and
suppress TSH [3,14]. inhibition of the pituitary gland and
suppress TSH [3,14]. References: 8- Redondo M, Rubio V, de la Pena A,
and Morell M.1997. The effects of
the degree of surgical trauma and
glucose
load
concentration
on
thyrotropin, growth hormone and
prolactin
under
enflurane
anesthesia. Horm Metab Res 29:66–
69. 1-Zhang
J,
Lazer
MA.2000.The
mechanism of action of thyroid
hormones. Ann
Rev
Physiol. 62:439-466. 2-Caldwell, KL, Jones, R, Hollowell,
JG. 2005. Urinary
iodine
concentration:
United
States
National
Health
and
Nutrition
Examination Survey 2001-2002. Thyroid; 15:692. 9- R. W. G. Prescott, P. P. B. Yeo, M. J. Watson, I. D. A. Johnston,J. G. Ratcliffe,
and
D. C. Evered'. 1979.Total
and
free
thyroid
hormone
concentrations
after
elective
surgery. Journal
of
Clinical Pathology. 32: 321-324 . 3- Elaine Rahal Rodas Messias1, José
Otávio Costa Auler Jr, TSA2, Maria
José Carvalho Carmona, TSA3. 2007. Evaluation of serum levels of
thyroid hormones in myocardial
revascularization. Rev
Bras
Anestesiol. 57(5): 489-499. 10- Shu-hsun Chu, Tien-Shang Huang,
Rong-Bin Hsu, Shoei-Shen Wang
and Chiu-Jung Wang. 1991.Thyroid
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surgery and clinical implications. Ann Thorac Surg; 52:791-796. 4- Ali Fedakar1, Dilek Yazici, Fusun
GÜzelmerİÇ, Volkan Temel, Orhan
Findik1,Mehmet Balkanay, Hasan
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in
thyroid
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Irini Mavrou , Evangelia Douka d
Petros
Kopterides
,Apostolos
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Georgia
Kostopanagiotou,
Anastasios Macheras , Stylianos
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Dimopoulou
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Broughton,
John. 2008.reverse
triiodothyronine. Wikipedia: The
missing Menaual: 502. 6-Marina michalaki, Apostolos G. Vagenakis, Maria Makri, Fotios
kalfarentzos,
and
Venetsana
Kyriazopoulou.2001.Dissociation of
the early decline in serum T3
concentration and serum IL-6 rise
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Metabolism. 86(9):4198–4205. 13- Boelen A, Kwakkel J, Platvoet-ter
Schiphorst M, Baur A, Kohrle J and
Wiersinga WM 2004a.Contribution
of interleukin-12to the pathogenesis
of non-thyroidal illness. Horm
Metab Res. 36(2): 101–106. 7-Gary
P. Zaloga,
M.D.,
Bart
Chernow, M.D., F.A.C.P., Robert
C. Smallridge,
M.D.,Russell
Zajtchuk, M.D., Kathryn
Hall-
Boyer,M.D.,
Ronald
Hargraves,
M.D.,C. Raymond Lake, M.D.,
PH.D., Kenneth D. and Burman, 14- Maria H Warner and Geoffrey J
Beckett. 2010. Mechanisms behind
the non-thyroidal illness syndrome:
an update. J Endocrinol. 205(1), 1–
1. References: 2451 Vol.11(4)2014 Baghdad Science Journal دراسة التغيرات في مستويات هورمونات الدرقية المتزامن مع الجراحات الكبرى
فيحاء مقداد خليل*
احسان علي الشمري**
نور نايف عوده*
*قسم الكيمياء /كلية العلوم للبنات./ جامعة بغداد
**مستشفى اليرموك/قسم البولية ,بغداد,العراق دراسة التغيرات في مستويات هورمونات الدرقية المتزامن مع الجراحات الكبرى
فيحاء مقداد خليل*
احسان علي الشمري**
نور نايف عوده*
*قسم الكيمياء /كلية العلوم للبنات./ جامعة بغداد
**مستشفى اليرموك/قسم البولية ,بغداد,العراق :الخالصة :ا
أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم تأثير العمليات الجراحية الكبرى على هورمونات الدرقية والهورمون المحفز
( للدرقية . ضمت الدراسة (50مريضا خضعوا لعم ليات جراحية كبرى اختيارية (غير طارئة) للجزء البطني
(السفلي ,حيث تم قياس مستويات هورمونات الدرقية(T3, T4
(والهورمون المحفز للدرقيةTSH
) قبل يوم من
اجراء الجراحة,و اثناء الجراحة,بعد يوم من الجراحة,وبعد يومين من اجراء الجراحة.وتم قياس هرمون الدرقية
( االنعكاسيrT3
) قبل يوم من اجراء الجراحة,و بعد يوم من الجراحة.توصلت الدراسة الى ان مستويات كل من
(
T3, T4, TSH
()تزداد معنويا بP<0.05
()داخل الجراحة ,و بعد يوم من الجراحة ينخفضT3,T4
) معنويا
(
(P<0.05
( بينما ينخفضTSH
( ) غير معنويP>0.05
(),ثم تعود لترتفع,T4 TSH
) بعد يو مين من
( الجراحة ارتفاعا معنويا (P<0.05
(و غير معنوي لمستوىT3
( )
P>0.05
).كما لوحظ ان مستوى
(
rT3
()يزداد غير معنوياP>0.05
) بعد يوم من اجراء الجراحة.ان هذه التغيرات تعود الى تأثير الجراحة الذي
يثبط تحويلT4
الىT3
( وذلك بتثبيط فعالية االنزيم5'-deiodinase
) ,وكذلك يعود لغياب استجابة الغدة
(النخامية للتغيرات في مستويات(T3, T4
.وفقا لهذه النتائج تم التوصل الى ان هنالك تغير وجيز في اختبار
وظائف الدرقية في المرضى الخاضعين لعمليات جراحية اختيارية كبرى وهذا التغير يعود الى االجهاد
.الجراحي 2451 | 2,842 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/2050/1981 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 Key words: Poly cystic ovarian syndrome , Serum amylase, Insulin , Insulin
resistance. Key words: Poly cystic ovarian syndrome , Serum amylase, Insulin , Insulin
resistance. Is serum amylase normal in women with polycystic ovarian
syndrome? Jwan A. Zainulabdeen* Jwan A. Zainulabdeen*
Received 2, September, 2013
Accepted 23, September, 2013 Jwan A. Zainulabdeen*
Received 2, September, 2013
Accepted 23, September, 2013 Abstract: Background : Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common cause of
infertility in reproductive-age women , it is an important harbinger of metabolic
disorders. It has been reported that hyperamylasemia can be used as marker of ovarian
cancer patients . The current study was conducted to evaluate amylase activity and to
estimate the correlation of this enzyme with insulin and insulin resistance in PCOS
patients. Methods: This study was conducted on forty five patients with PCOS in comparison
to twenty five women as control. Fasting blood sample was taken from each subject
and analyzed for amylase activity , FSH,LH, Insulin , proteins, and blood sugar ,
meanwhile insulin resistance was determined by HOMA-IR index. y
Results: The results of the study showed a significant increase (p<0.001) in amylase
activity , amylase specific activity , BMI, LH, Insulin, and HOMA-IR for patients
group in comparison with control group. There was significant correlation between
insulin levels and HOMA-IR with specific activities of amylase in PCOS group while
there were no significant correlation between insulin levels and HOMA-IR with
specific activities of amylase in control group. p
y
g
p
Conclusion:The current study suggested that metabolic disorders in PCOS patients
includes hyperamylasemia , so high levels of amylase cannot be used as tumor marker
for ovarian tumors. *Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq. Introduction: Polycystic
ovary
syndrome
(PCOS)
is
the
most
common
gynecological endocrine disorder that
affects approximately 10% of all
women [1-3], it is considered as
heterogeneous
condition
with
a
complex
pathophysiology,
the
principal
features
are
chronic
anovulation and hyperandrogenism [4],
Hirsutism or acne, or both , insulin
resistance, obesity, hypertension and
dyslipidemia,
defining
so
called
syndrome X, abnormality of insulin
secretion and insulin resistance play a
critical role in the syndrome’s [5,6] . 55–75% of women with PCOS had a
high LH to FSH ratio due more to increased levels of LH than low levels
of FSH, meanwhile LH/FSH ratio is
normally about 1:1 in premenopausal
women , but with PCOS a ratio of
greater than 2:1 or 3:1 may be
considered diagnostic [3]. Amylase
(a-1,4-glucan-4-
glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) is a
heterogeneous
calcium‐dependent
metalloenzyme of molecular weight of
54‐62 kDa , it is a digestive enzyme
helps break down starches into simpler
sugar molecules that are ultimately
absorbed into the bloodstream, thus
influencing blood glucose levels [7,8]. It
consists
of
two
families
of
isoenzymes, pancreatic amylase (P- increased levels of LH than low levels
of FSH, meanwhile LH/FSH ratio is
normally about 1:1 in premenopausal
women , but with PCOS a ratio of
greater than 2:1 or 3:1 may be
considered diagnostic [3]. Amylase
(a-1,4-glucan-4-
glucanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.1) is a
heterogeneous
calcium‐dependent
metalloenzyme of molecular weight of
54‐62 kDa , it is a digestive enzyme
helps break down starches into simpler
sugar molecules that are ultimately
absorbed into the bloodstream, thus
influencing blood glucose levels [7,8]. It
consists
of
two
families
of
isoenzymes, pancreatic amylase (P- *Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Iraq. 3851 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 type) and salivary amylase (S-type)
[9]. Amylase enzymes made primarily
by the pancreas and salivary glands but
it is also produced by the small
intestine mucosa, ovaries, placenta,
liver, and fallopian tubes [10,11] . The
clinical relevance of hyperamylasemia
has been extensively studied in relation
to various conditions such as acute
pancreatitis and as a result of tumor-
producing amylase especially in
pancreatic, lung, stomach , uterine ,
and ovarian cancers , non-epithelial
amylase-producing osteosarcoma and
multiple myeloma as well as non-
malignant ovarian disease [12-17] . 2. Protocol: The serum fasting blood sugar (F.B.S),
total
serum
protein
(T.S.P)
and
Albumin levels were measured by
spectrophotometric methods supplied
by
Human
Diagnostic,
Germany. Globulin concentration and [Albumin]/
[globulin] ratio in sera samples of the
studied groups in this study were
calculated .Serum amylase levels were
performed using the direct substrate
kinetic
enzymatic
method
manufactured by Human Diagnostic,
Germany, the mean absorbance change
per minute (Δ A/min) was calculated in
terms of units per liter with a normal
range of 120 IU/L. The hormones
(FSH, LH and Insulin) were measured
using commercially available Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay (FSH
and LH : BioCheck, USA; insulin:
Diagnostic
Automation
Company,
USA). Homeostasis model assessment
of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was
calculated
using
to
the
formula
{Fasting serum insulin (mU/L) ×
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)/22.5}
[18] .Body mass index (BMI) was
calculated as the ratio of weight
(kg)/height
(m)2. Conventional
polyacrylamide
gel
electrophoresis
(7.5%) was carried out for separation
of proteins and amylase isoenzymes
using Tris-glycine buffer pH 8.9 as
electrode buffer.After electrophoresis,
the first part of the gel was stained for
protein using Coomassie Brillant Blue
G-25. while the second part of the gel
was incubated in starch solution for 2
hours at 37 C for amylase isoenzymes
detection, then the gel was brief water-
rinsed and stained with KI-iodine
solution,
until
resolution
of
the
amylase
banding
was
evident. Photographs were taken immediately
ft
b
d Introduction: To
our knowledge there is no literature
deals with the measurement of amylase
activity in sera of PCOS patients,
therefore, the aim of this study was to
estimate serum amylase level and to
assess any correlations of serum
amylase with Insulin and HOMA-IR in
PCOS patients as compared to healthy
women .Meanwhile, polyacrylamide
gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was used
to differentiate protein patterns and the
changes in amylase isoenzymes in
serum of the studied groups. and major medical illness and there
was no history of diabetes mellitus or
hypertension. Results and Discussion: Results and Discussion: Seventy subjects comprising of forty
five PCOS patients and twenty five Table 1: Some biochemical parameters levels in the control and patients groups
included in this study. Characteristic
Control group
[n=25]
Patients group
[n=45]
P Value
Age (year)
28.96±3.24
27.53±3.96
>0.05
BMI (kg/m2)
25.43±2.11
29.77±3.53
<0.001
LH (mIU/mL)
8.69± 2.21
6.16±2.22
<0.001
FSH (mIU/mL)
5.13±0.72
4.65±1.17
>0.05
LH/FSH
1.37± 0.29
1.38±0.53
>0.05
Insulin (mIU/L)
7.04±1.02
18.11±6.31
<0.001
HOMA-IR
1.45±0.26
3.76±1.47
<0.001
F.B.S (mg/dL)
85.84±8.05
86.18±11.49
>0.05
Amylase activity (IU/L)
50.33± 20.97
144.75±74.84
<0.001
Amylase specific activity *10-4 (IU/mg)
6.95± 2.96
19.81±10.16
<0.001
T.S.P (g/dL)
7.28±0.44
7.27±0.52
>0.05
Albumin (g/dL)
4.17± 0.31
4.09±0.48
>0.05
Globulin (g/dL)
3.11±0.32
3.18±0.66
>0.05
Albomin/Globulin
1.35± 0.18
1.37±0.46
>0.05 Table 1: Some biochemical parameters levels in the control and patients groups
included in this study. reveal the presence of a highly
significant increase (P < 0.001) in
patient’s BMI in comparison with that
of the control group. Several studies
indicated that prevention and treatment
of obesity is important for the
management
of
PCOS
[20,21],
however treatment should focus on
restoring
menstrual
regularity,
decreasing androgen excesses, and
decreasing insulin resistance [22]. PCOS is not only a fertility problem,
but recently it has been disclosed that
it is a metabolic disorder, thus many
patients with PCOS also have features
of the metabolic syndrome, including
insulin
resistance,
obesity,
and
dyslipidemia, suggesting an increased
risk
for
diabetes
mellitus
and reveal the presence of a highly
significant increase (P < 0.001) in
patient’s BMI in comparison with that
of the control group. Several studies
indicated that prevention and treatment
of obesity is important for the
management
of
PCOS
[20,21],
however treatment should focus on
restoring
menstrual
regularity,
decreasing androgen excesses, and
decreasing insulin resistance [22]. PCOS is the most common hormonal
disorder among women of reproductive
age and is a leading cause of infertility,
some researchers believe that abnormal
levels LH and high levels of androgens
prevent the ovaries from functioning
normally [19] , in the current study, the
LH levels in sera samples of patient
group was found markedly decreased
(p<0.001), when compared with that of
the control group , also there were no
significant decreases in FSH levels
(p<0.05) ,this parallel decreasing in
both pituitary hormones will lead to
non significant differences in LH/FSH
ratio between the two studied groups
(Table 1) . Materials and Methods:
1.Subjects: The present study comprises
forty five women suffering from PCOS
ranging in age mean± SD (27.53±3.96)
years from Al-Elweaa and Karbalaa
hospitals / Iraq in comparison with
twenty five healthy women ranging in
age mean ±SD (28.96±3.24) years as
control . Women with PCOS were
divided into two groups : patients
group Ι and patients group Π according
to the type of infertility (primary and
secondary, respectively).Women with
hyperprolactinemia
and
androgen-
secreting tumors were excluded from
the study, and none of these patients
received medicines.The criteria for
healthy control women were absence
of menstrual irregularities, hirsuitism 3851 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 3.Statistical analysis: control were included in the present
study. Table 1 shows mean and
standard deviation of BMI, FSH,LH,
Insulin , proteins, F.B.S ,HOMA-IR in
addition of amylase activity with its
specific activity for the control and
PCOS patients groups. There was a
significant different in mean value of
BMI, LH, Insulin, HOMA-IR amylase
activity and amylase specific activity
for patients group in comparison with
control group. Statistical
analysis
was
performed using the SPSS version 16.0
for Windows (Statistical Package for
Social Science, Inc., Chicago, IL,
USA).Correlation analysis was used to
test the linear relationship between
amylase and insulin and HOMA-IR
,respectively. Results and Discussion: Obesity (BMI > 27 kg/m2)
has also been recognized as a feature
of PCOS [20]. The results in Table (1) PCOS is not only a fertility problem,
but recently it has been disclosed that
it is a metabolic disorder, thus many
patients with PCOS also have features
of the metabolic syndrome, including
insulin
resistance,
obesity,
and
dyslipidemia, suggesting an increased
risk
for
diabetes
mellitus
and 3858 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 cardiovascular disease [23-25] but
insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia
play a critical role in the syndrome’s
pathogenesis [26], in this study a
significant increase in fasting serum
insulin and HOMA-IR (p<0.001) were
observed in these PCOS cases in
comparison with control ,Table (1)
,while there was non- significant
difference in F.B.S that may be
because the association of blood sugar
with hyperinsulinaemia (Insulin is the
principle hormone that lowers blood
sugar). For
many
years,
Hyperamylasemia was thought related
to malignant tumors such as pancreatic
tumors as well as non-malignant
ovarian disease [12-17] and although it
has
been
reported
that
Hyperamylasemia can be used as
marker in the diagnosis and follow up
cases of ovarian cancer patients [27],
the results in this study indicated that
amylase
activities
and
specific
activities increased significantly (P ˂
0.001) in patients group with PCOS
(Table 1) when compared with those of
control group, this may be because
reduced amylase clearance (the kidney
plays the main role in eliminating circulating amylase [28] or may be
because the abnormal fallopian tubes
secretion of amylase . Meanwhile it is
clear from the results in Table 1 that
proteins
revealed
no
significant
differences (p˃ 0.05) when PCOS
patients was compared with healthy
individuals group ,this may be mean
that such increase in amylase activities
is probably biologically insignificant
according to the decreasing in other
enzymes levels. The patients group was subdivided into
two groups: patients group Ι ;with
primary infertility; [n=25] and patients
group Π ;with secondary infertility;
[n=20] , the results of determination of
the biochemical parameters are given
in Table 2. Differences between the
two subgroups were statistically non
significant
in
all
biochemical
parameters levels included in the
present study. However, difference
between the control group and patients
Ι and Π groups was significant in BMI,
LH , Insulin, HOMA-IR, amylase
activity, amylase specific activity and
was not significant in other parameters
except FSH levels in patients Π groups
in comparison with control. cP <0.01 compared with control group. b P <0.001 compared with control group. a P <0.001 compared with control group. Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 In order to clarify the correlation
between amylase specific activity and
insulin within each of the studied
groups, the results were reanalyzed by
using linear regression analysis. High
correlation was observed between
amylase specific activities and insulin
levels in patients with PCOS (n=45, r=0.71, p˂0.01) but low in the control
(n=25, r=0.3, p˃0.05) , Figure 1. Moreover, Figure 2 shows medium
correlation between amylase specific
activities and HOMA-IR in patients
with PCOS (n=45, r=0.67, p˂0.01) but
very low correlation was indicated in
the control (n=25, r =0.06, p˃0.05). Fig 1: Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with Insulin levels
for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. Fig 2:Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with HOMA-IR
levels for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. A
n=25, r =0.3, p˃0.05
B
n=45, r =0.71, p˂0.01
A
n=25, r =0.06, p˃0.05
B
n=45, r =0.67, p˂0.01 Fig 1: Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with Insulin levels
for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. A
n=25, r =0.3, p˃0.05
B
n=45, r =0.71, p˂0.01 Fig 1: Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with Insulin levels
for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. A
n=25, r =0.3, p˃0.05
B
n=45, r =0.71, p˂0.01 B
n=45, r =0.71, p˂0.01 A
n=25, r =0.3, p˃0.05 Fig 1: Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with Insulin levels
for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. A Fig 1: Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with Insulin levels
for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. Fig 2:Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with HOMA-IR
levels for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. A
n=25, r =0.06, p˃0.05
B
n=45, r =0.67, p˂0.01 A
n=25, r =0.06, p˃0.05 B
n=45, r =0.67, p˂0.01 Fig 2:Scatter plot between serum amylase specific activities with HOMA-IR
levels for A: control group, and B: PCOS patients group. Results and Discussion: Table 2: Some biochemical parameters levels in the three groups included in this
study (Mean± SD). Characteristic
Control group
[n=25]
Patients group
Ι [n=25]
Patients group Π
[n=20]
Age (year)
28.96±3.24
27.40±3.80
27.70±4.26
BMI (kg/m2)
25.43±2.11
29.29±4.45 a
30.38±1.79 b
LH (mIU/mL)
8.69± 2.21
6.12±1.89 a
6.22±2.63 b
FSH (mIU/mL)
5.13±0.72
4.81±1.41
4.45±0.77 c
LH/FSH
1.37± 0.29
1.34±0.44
1.43±0.63
Insulin (mIU/L)
7.04±1.02
19.02±7.01 a
16.98±5.28 b
HOMA-IR
1.45±0.26
3.93±1.62 a
3.55±1.27 b
F.B.S (mg/dL)
85.84±8.05
86.08±1.342
86.30±8.84
Amylase activity (IU/L)
50.33± 20.97
148.48±75.49 a
140.08±75.72 b
Amylase specific activity *10-4 (IU/mg)
6.95± 2.96
20.23±10.34 a
19.28±10.16 b
T.S.P (g/dL)
7.28±0.44
7.32±0.56
7.21±0.46
Albumin (g/dL)
4.17± 0.31
4.11±0.51
4.07±0.45
Globulin (g/dL)
3.11±0.32
3.21±0.66
3.14±0.67
Albomin/Globulin
1.35± 0.18
1.37±0.51
1.37±0.41
R
lt
d
th
SD Table 2: Some biochemical parameters levels in the three groups included in this
study (Mean± SD). 3851 Baghdad Science Journal Baghdad Science Journal Meanwhile, we report a positive
correlation between amylase specific
activities and Insulin as well as
between amylase specific activities and
insulin resistance in sera of PCOS
patients group, but not for control
group (Figures 1&2 ,respectively)
.This result is expected because serum Meanwhile, we report a positive
correlation between amylase specific
activities and Insulin as well as
between amylase specific activities and
insulin resistance in sera of PCOS
patients group, but not for control
group (Figures 1&2 ,respectively)
.This result is expected because serum amylase
levels
reflect
metabolic
abnormalities and abnormal glucose
metabolism,
both
of
which
are
associated with insulin action due to
insulin resistance and/or inadequate
insulin
secretion
[29,30]
(the
mechanisms
underlying
these
associations remain unclear), moreover 3851 Vol.11(4)2014 Baghdad Science Journal Insulin plays a major role in the control
of pancreatic amylase biosynthesis,
also development of severe insulin
resistance
was
associated
with
impairment
of
amylase-gene
expression [31]. Additionally a marked
positive association between serum
amylase and body mass index was
indicated in Table 1, this result is
disagree with previous epidemiological
studies [29,32] . Insulin plays a major role in the control
of pancreatic amylase biosynthesis,
also development of severe insulin
resistance
was
associated
with
impairment
of
amylase-gene
expression [31]. Additionally a marked
positive association between serum
amylase and body mass index was
indicated in Table 1, this result is
disagree with previous epidemiological
studies [29,32] . slowest fraction (according to their
mobility to the anode) that may be
explained the high levels of amylase,
Table 1, and the abnormal secretion of
this enzyme from different sources. Fig 3 :Electrogram of (A): Proteins
profile samples , (B): Amylase
activity. The crude samples that
applied were:1: pooled crude sera
(control) ; 2: pooled crude sera
(PCOS patients). In
order
to
detect
the
differences in total protein and amylase
activity present in the studied groups,
conventional
polyacrylamide
gel
electrophoresis was carried out on
crude sera samples of control and
PCOS patients groups; Figure (3A and
3B), respectively. Baghdad Science Journal It is obvious from
the comparison of the proteins profile
of the two studied group (Figure 3A)
that the sera was separated into distinct
bands by which the separation of
different proteins is based on the
differences of both molecular size and
the charge of these proteins [33] .The
same figure indicates that there is no
clear difference in proteins band
intensity, which reflects the non
significant
variation
in
proteins
concentration
among
the
studied
groups, Table 1. Serum amylase
present in the sera samples actually is
the total amylase i.e. consist of both P-
type and S-type, therefore the elevation
of sera alpha amylase (total amylase)
may be attributed to the two types . Deep look at the electrozymogram
indicated that the serum amylase
activity located in two different parts
of the gel, one with slow mobility (S-
type) and the other with fast mobility
(P-type), and each of them in turn
consist of more than one band. Figure
3B
shows
increasing
of
band’s
intensity in the salivary type regions
for the sera of PCOS patients in
comparison to the control .i.e. the
heavy bands were appeared in the
PCOS patient group especially in the Fig 3 :Electrogram of (A): Proteins
profile samples , (B): Amylase
activity. The crude samples that
applied were:1: pooled crude sera
(control) ; 2: pooled crude sera
(PCOS patients). In conclusion, the present study
demonstrated
that
serum
amylase
levels are increased in PCOS patients,
and are associated mainly with insulin
and HOMA-IR which are acutely
disturbed in PCOS, suggesting a
possible relationship with metabolic
disorder .Moreover high levels of
amylase cannot be used as tumor
marker
for
ovarian
tumors. The
mechanisms remain to be elucidated,
this can be confirmed by determining
level of amylase found in the fluids
from cysts associated with human
fallopian tubes. References: 1. March WA, Moore VM, Willson
KJ, et al .(2010). The prevalence of
polycystic ovary syndrome in a
community sample assessed under 3855 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 contrasting diagnostic criteria. Hum
Reprod. ; 25:544–551. 9. Bishop M, Fody E, and Schoeff L. (2005). Clinical
chemistry
principles procedures correlations,
5thedn. , Lipicott Williums and
Wilkins, philadlphia, , p.p.196. 2. Goldenberg,
N. and
Glueck,
C.(2008) . Medical therapy in
women
with
polycystic
ovariansyndrome before and during
pregnancy and lactation. Minerva
Ginecol. ; 60(1): 63- 75. 2. Goldenberg,
N. and
Glueck,
C.(2008) . Medical therapy in
women
with
polycystic
ovariansyndrome before and during
pregnancy and lactation. Minerva
Ginecol. ; 60(1): 63- 75. 10. Whitcomb DC, and Lowe ME
.(2007). Human
Pancreatic
Digestive Enzymes. Digest. Dis. Sci. ;52: 1-17. 3. Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, and
Macklon,
NS.(2008). Pregnancy
complications
in
women
with
polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin. Reprod. Med. ; 26 (1): 72-84. 11. McGeachin R L, Hargan L A ,
Potter B A and Daus AT. (1958) . Amylase in Fallopian Tubes. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood); 99: 130-
131. p
4. Olszanecka-Glinianowicz,
M.;
Kuglin, D.; Dabkowska-Huc, A ,
and Skalba P. (2011). Serum
adiponectin and resistin in relation
to insulin resistance and markers of
hyperandrogenism in lean and obese
women
with
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ovary
syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gyn R B,
154(1): 51-56. 12. Yegneswaran B, Pitchumoni CS,
Yegneswaran B, et al. (2010).When
should serum amylase and lipase
levels be repeated in a patient with
acute pancreatitis? .Cleve Clin. J. Med. ; 77:230–231. 13. Shimamura J, Fridhandler L, and
Berk JE. (1976). Nonpancreatic-
type hyperamylasemia associated
with pancreatic cancer. Am. J. Dig. Dis. ; 21:340-345. 5. Samy, M.; Hashim, M.; Sayed, M. &
Said,
M. (2009). Clinical
significance
of
inflammatory
markers
in
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ovary
syndrome; their relationship to
insulin resistance and body mass
index. Dis. Markers; 26, (4):163-
170. 14. Benedetti G, Rastelli F, Damiani S,
et al. (2004). Challenging problems
in malignancy: case 1.Presentation
of small-cell lung cancer with
marked hyperamylasemia. J. Clin. Oncol. 22:3826-3828. 6. Teede H, Deeks A, and Moran
L.(2010). Polycystic
ovary
syndrome: a complex condition
with psychological, reproductive
and metabolic manifestations that
impacts
on
health
across
the
lifespan. BMC Med. ;8:41-50. 15. Delannoy A, Hamels J, Mecucci C,
et al. (1992) .Amylase-producing
IgD-type multiple myeloma. J. Intern. Med. ;232:457-460. 16. Hayakawa T, Kameya A, Mizuno
R, et al. (1984). Hyperamylasemia
with
papillary
serous
cystadenocarcinoma of the ovary. Cancer ; 54:1662-1665. References: 7. Heidari,R
,
Zareae
S,
and
Heidarizadeh M. (2005). Extraction,
Purification, and Inhibitory Effect
of Alpha-Aylase Inhibitor from
Wheat(Triticum
aestivum
var.zarrin). Pakistan J. of Nutrition. ;4:101-105. 17. Yagi C, Miyata J, Hanai J, et al. (1986).Hyperamylasemia associated
with endometrioid carcinoma of the
ovary:
case
report
and
immunohistochemical
study. Gynecol. Oncol. ; 25:250-255. 8. Maarel MJEC, Veen B, Uitdehaag
JCM, et al. (2002). Properties and
applications of starch-converting
enzymes of the α-amylase family. J
Biotechnol. ; 94:137-155. 18. Lin K H, Liou T L, Hsiao L C, Hwu
C
M. (2011)
. Clinical
and
biochemical
indicators
of
homeostasis
model 3851 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 serum
level. BJOG.;117(2):175-
180. assessmentestimated
insulin
resistance
in
postmenopausal
women; J Chin. Med. Assoc.;
74(10): 442-447. 26. Nestler
JE. (1997). Role
of
hyperinsulinemia
in
the
pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary
syndrome,
and
its
clinical
implications. Semin. Reprod. Endocrinol. ; 15:111–122. 19. Tena, G., Moran, C., Romero R. ,
and Moran S. (2011). Ovarian
morphology and endocrinefunction
in polycystic ovary syndrome. Arch. of Gynecol. and Obst. ; 284(6):
1443-1448. 27. D’souza B , and D'souza V. (2011). Hyperamylasemia
in
ovarian
tumors-serum amylase as a marker
for ovarian cancers (?). IJPBS ;
2:B445-B449 . 20. Lim SS, Norman RJ, Davies MJ,
and Moran LJ. (2013). The effect of
obesity
on
polycystic
ovary
syndrome: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Obes. Rev. ;14:95-
109. 28. Pieper-Bigelow C, Strocchi A, and
Levitt MD. (1990) . Where does
serum amylase come from and
where does it go?. Gastroenterol. Clin. North. Am. ; 19:793-810. 21. Van Santbrink EJ, Eijkemans MJ,
Laven JS, and Fauser BC. (2005). Patient-tailored
conventional
ovulation induction algorithms in
anovulatory
infertility. Trends
Endocrinol. Metab. ; 16:381–389. 29. Nakajima K, Nemoto T, Muneyuki
T, , et al. (2011). Low serum
amylase
in
association
with
metabolic syndrome and diabetes: A
community-based
study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. ;10:34-41. 22. Mukherjee S, and Maitra A .( 2010). Molecular
&
genetic
factors
contributing to insulin resistance in
polycystic ovary syndrome .Indian J
Med Res 131:743-760. 30. Lee JG, Park SW, Cho BM , et al. (2011). Serum amylase and risk of
the metabolic syndrome in Korean
adults. Clin. Chim. Acta. ;
412:1848–1853. 23. Pantasri
T,
Vutyavanich
T,
Sreshthaputra O, Srisupundit K,
Piromlertamorn
W.(
2010)
Metabolic syndrome and insulin
resistance in Thai women with
polycystic ovary syndrome. J Med
Assoc Thai.;93(4):406-12. 31. Trimble ER, Bruzzone R, and Belin
D. (1986). References: Insulin resistance is
accompanied by impairment of
amylase-gene expression in the
exocrine pancreas of the obese
Zucker rat . Biochem. J. ; 237: 807-
812 . 24. Ramprasad D, Shiuli M, Ranu R, et
al. 2011. Association of Metabolic
Syndrome in Polycystic Ovarian
Syndrome : an Observational Study
. JOGI; 61(2):176 -181. 32. Nakajima
K,
Muneyuki
T,
Munakata H, and Kakei M. (2011). Revisiting
the
cardiometabolic
relevance of serum amylase. BMC
Res. Notes ;4:419-423. 25. Dewailly D, Contestin M, Gallo C,
and Catteau-Jonard S. (2010)
.Metabolic syndrome in
young
women with the polycystic ovary
syndrome: revisiting the threshold
for an abnormally decreased high-
density
lipoprotein
cholesterol 33. Lenhinger A L. (2005) . Principles
of
Biochemistry
,4th
edn. ,
H.Freeman and Company. New
York,p.p.94. 3811 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.11(4)2014 هل مستوى األميليز طبيعي في مصل النساء المصابات ب
متالز
مة التكيس المبيض
ي؟
جوان عبد المحسن زين العابدين*
*قسم
الكيمياء,كلية
العلوم, جامعة بغداد هل مستوى األميليز طبيعي في مصل النساء المصابات ب
متالز
مة التكيس المبيض
ي؟
ل
ل *
قسم
الكيمياء ,
كلية
العلوم, جامعة بغداد : الخالصة
:خلفية البحث
تعد متالزمة
التكيس المبيض
ي
السبب األكثر شيوعا للعقم عند النساء في سن اإلنجاب, وهو نذير
مهم لالضطرابات األيضية في الجسم ,و
قد أفيد
أنه يمكن استخدام فرط أميليز الدم كدالة لسرطان المبيض . تهدف
الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم نشاط األميليز
في المريضات الالتي يعانين من متالزمة
التكيس المبيض
ي
.باالضافة الى تقديرالعالقة الترابطية لهذا االنزيم مع األنسولين ومقاومة األنسولين في نفس المريضات
:طريقة العمل ت ضمنت الدراسة الحالية قياس فعالية أنزيم االميليز والبروتين الكلي و مستوى الكلوكوز الصيامي
ومستويات هرمونات ال
باالضافة الى حساب مقاومة االنسولين في أمصال خمسة
وأربعون مريضة مصابة
ب متالزمة
التكيس المبيض
ي
ومقارنتها بمجموعة الضبط المكونة من58
امراة من
.األصحاء
:النتائج
أظهرت الدراسة زيادة معنوية في الفعالية والفعالية النوعية ألنزيم االميليز و كتلة الجسم و حساب
مقاومة االنسولين باالضافة الى مستويات هرموني ال
, كما لوحظ وجود
عال قة ترابطية
معنوية
بين مستويات االنسولين ومقاومة االنسولين مع مستويات الفعالية النوعية النزيم األميليز
في النساء
المصابات بمتالزمة
ال
تكيس المبي
ضي في حين لم يكن هناك عالقة ترابطية معنوية لمجموعة الضبط. :االستنتاج تقترح الدراسة الحالية بأن االضط رابات األيضية
عند
المصابات بمتالزمة
ال
تكيس المبي
ضي
تشمل
أرتفاع مستويات أنزيم األميليز في الدم وهذا يعني بأنه ال يمكن أعتبار أرتفاع م
س تويات هدا االنزيم كدالة ألورام
المبيض فقط. References: : الخالصة
:خلفية البحث
تعد متالزمة
التكيس المبيض
ي
السبب األكثر شيوعا للعقم عند النساء في سن اإلنجاب, وهو نذير
مهم لالضطرابات األيضية في الجسم ,و
قد أفيد
أنه يمكن استخدام فرط أميليز الدم كدالة لسرطان المبيض . تهدف
الدراسة الحالية الى تقييم نشاط األميليز
في المريضات الالتي يعانين من متالزمة
التكيس المبيض
ي
.باالضافة الى تقديرالعالقة الترابطية لهذا االنزيم مع األنسولين ومقاومة األنسولين في نفس المريضات
:طريقة العمل ت ضمنت الدراسة الحالية قياس فعالية أنزيم االميليز والبروتين الكلي و مستوى الكلوكوز الصيامي
ومستويات هرمونات ال
باالضافة الى حساب مقاومة االنسولين في أمصال خمسة
وأربعون مريضة مصابة
ب متالزمة
التكيس المبيض
ي
ومقارنتها بمجموعة الضبط المكونة من58
امراة من
.األصحاء أ
:النتائج
أظهرت الدراسة زيادة معنوية في الفعالية والفعالية النوعية ألنزيم االميليز و كتلة الجسم و حساب
مقاومة االنسولين باالضافة الى مستويات هرموني ال
, كما لوحظ وجود
عال قة ترابطية
معنوية
بين مستويات االنسولين ومقاومة االنسولين مع مستويات الفعالية النوعية النزيم األميليز
في النساء
المصابات بمتالزمة
ال
تكيس المبي
ضي في حين لم يكن هناك عالقة ترابطية معنوية لمجموعة الضبط. :االستنتاج تقترح الدراسة الحالية بأن االضط رابات األيضية
عند
المصابات بمتالزمة
ال
تكيس المبي
ضي
تشمل
أرتفاع مستويات أنزيم األميليز في الدم وهذا يعني بأنه ال يمكن أعتبار أرتفاع م
س تويات هدا االنزيم كدالة ألورام
المبيض فقط. 3813 | 4,494 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/2054/1985 | null |
Arabic | الخالصة: الخالصة: ا
تم عزل ستة أنواع من القواقع المائية من القناا ارواائياة لمام اة ادافا لاا الما وياة ا نةار اة لاا
منطقة الزعفرانية/ ادفا ا من نةر الفرات لا منطقة الحيفوية لا النمف اسط ال راق( م2
،)
اشام ارناواع
Melanopsis nodosa
ا الناوعMelanoides tuberculata
ا الناوع
Thaiodaxsas jordani
الناوع
Lymnaea auricularia
ا الناوعPhysa acuta
ااخيارا الناوعBellamya bengalensis
. سام الناوع
ارال أعفا ا أكثر اا ف اكثالة عالياة لاا نةار الفارات الموقاع ( م2
) ا كاان الناوع ايخيار اكثار ايناواع انتشااوا
اا ف لا ميع مناطق الفواساة ا افت ار
ناواع الثال اة ارخيار لاا نةار اة الموقاع (م3
)، اعازل مان القناا
ارواائية لمام ة ادفا (م1
) النوع ارال اارخير لقط (م
ع
)
اااضح نتائج الفواسة ان اينواعM. nodosa
اM. tuberculata
اL. auricularia
ها اينواع
الحاضنة ليرقات نائية المنشأ اسم النوعM. nodosa
أع ى نسبة اصااة اين اينواع الثال ة ا د
40 06
ااق نسبة اصااة%
0 70 سم لا النو%
عL. auricularia
اينما سم النوع
M.tuberculata
نسبة اصااة27 73
% تم عزل ق ي ايهالب النوعChaetogaster limnaei
من لمو المبة لقواقع النوعينLymnaea
auricularia
اPhysa acuta
، ااتضح ان النوع ايال يأاي عف ا من الفيفان ااواقع اكثر من النوع الثانا
عزل13
نوعا من الفيفان ت و الى ال ائ ةNiadidae
( تح ال ائ ةNaidinae
ا تح ال ائ ة
Pristininae
) لضال عن النوعAeolosoma leidyi
من ال ائ ةAeolosomatidae
من ايحوا ض
الخاصة ااينواع المخت فة من القواقع كما سم ال ق نوعGlossiphonia heteroclite
، سم الفيفان
الخيطيةNematodes
أع ى عف من ارلرا
الم زالة
من حوض النوعL.auricularia
، اهو اكثر اينواع
اوتباطا مع الفيفان عموما" حيث عزل من حوضه10
انواع ااممموع عف67
لر ا ، اخاصة النوعDero
( Dero) digitata
اعموما سم اينواع الحاضنة ل مذنبات اها النوعM. nodusa
االنوعM. tuberculata
االنوعL. auricularia
اع ى اوتباطا االفي فان اعزل من احواضةم63
ا27
ا67
لر ا
من الفيفان ، اا ف انواع3
ا2
ا10
ع ى التوالا ع
ا
:الكلمات المفتاحية
ة ق ي
ايهالب ،المائية، القواقع المائية ، السركاوياChaetogaster limnaei مجلد21
(
1
)
2015
التحميل مجاني مجلد21
(
1
)
2015
التحميل مجاني This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licens This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licens مجلد21
(
1
)
2015
التحميل مجاني مجلة بغداد للعلوم الترابط بين الديدان المائية والقواقع المصابة بيرقات ثنائية المنشأ
هيفاء جواد جوير* حسناء حسين عبد علي*
استالم البحث13
،نيسان ،
2014
قبول النشر17
،حزيران ،
2014 الترابط بين الديدان المائية والقواقع المصابة بيرقات ثنائية المنشأ استالم البحث13
،نيسان ،
2014
قبول النشر17
،حزيران ،
2014 المقدمة: [1]
اقف اشاو
الباحث[2]
الى ان ظةوو القواقع الناق ة ل مثقواات
لا المحيط المائا فير اايهتمام ك المة اا الة
تتنبأ ا فم صالحية الماء من الناحية الصحية سواء
ل شرب اا السباحة هذا اقف اكف الباحث[3]
ع ى
قياس ممموعة من المؤشرات مث إنتشاو اكثالة
القواقع المصااة ا قاا يتةا ع ى إنتاج اليرقات
*
قسم ع وم الحيا / ك ية ال وم ل بنات / ام ة ادفا 372 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد21
(
1
)
2015 المةفاات من إختراق سم القوقع اي يقتصر
ترااط ا ض انواع الفيفان الح قية مع القواقع ع ى
النوعC.limnaei
لحسب اانما سم أنواع
أخرى من الفيفان المت ايشة مع القواقع لا المواطن
الفقيقة نفسةا[7,6]
استةفل الفواسة الحالية الترااط اين انواع مخت فة
من الفيفان المائية مع القواقع المصااة
اايطواو
اليرقية ل فيفان نائية المنشأ ، اذلك ل بحث لا
امكانية ايستفا من هذه ال القة لا السيطر ع ى
انتشاو نائية المنشأ من ان ايضراو االبيئة المةفاات من إختراق سم القوقع اي يقتصر
ترااط ا ض انواع الفيفان الح قية مع القواقع ع ى
النوعC.limnaei
لحسب اانما سم أنواع
أخرى من الفيفان المت ايشة مع القواقع لا المواطن
الفقيقة نفسةا[7,6]
استةفل الفواسة الحالية الترااط اين انواع مخت فة
من الفيفان المائية مع القواقع المصااة
اايطواو
اليرقية ل فيفان نائية المنشأ ، اذلك ل بحث لا
امكانية ايستفا من هذه ال القة لا السيطر ع ى
انتشاو نائية المنشأ من ان ايضراو االبيئة ع ى المفاتيح التصنيفية الم تماف لكا ممموعاة الاى
مساااتوى الناااوع اتحساااب النسااابة المئوياااة ل قواقاااع
المصااة ال تحري عن الفيفان المو و لا ك حاوض مان
احاااااواض القواقاااااع ، لحصااااا عي ناااااات وااساااااب
ايحواض ا ف ان تُترك القواقع اخ الحوض لماف
(
7
-
10
) أيااام اتاازا ااياكساامين اواسااطة مضااخة
هوائيااة كةراائيااة ، اا اافها يااتم الفحاا اأخااذ الق ياا
مااان قااااع الحاااوض ارلاااق اوسااااطة قطااااو قيقاااة
ُااضاا ةا لااا طبااق اتااري قطااره10
ساام امساااحة
73 0
ساااااام2
الحاااااا تحاااااا ممةاااااار تشااااااريحا
dissecting
microscope
تحاااا قااااو تكبياااار
(
10
X
14
) ت زل الفيفان اتُحفظ لا70
كحاول%
أ ي ا شُخص عينات ق ي ة ايهالب اايعتما ع ى
المفاااتيح التصاانيفية[12,11,4]
امااا ال ااق لشااخ
اايعتما ع ى[13] المواد وطرائق العمل:
م اا عينااات القواقااع ماان القنااا ايواائيااة لمام ااة
اداافا / الما ويااة (م1
) اماان نةاار ااة لااا منطقااة
الزعفرانياااة / ادااافا (م3
) امااان نةااار الفااارات لاااا
منطقة الحيفوية / النمف اسط ال راق (م2
) م ا
ال ينات شةريا ل ماف مان شاةر أي اول3013
الداياة
نةاية آب3012 المقدمة: المذنبة الب فيةMetacercaria
المةمة فا لا
تحفيف
قفو القواقع ع ى نق ارمراض
عرف النوعChaetogaster limnaei
، اهو
من الفيفان الح قية ق ي ة ايهالب المائية(aquatic
oligochaeta
) ام يشته اخ تمويف المبة
ل قواقع، اقف اخت ف ايواء حول طبي ة ال القة اين
الفيفان االقواقع ، ل فها الب ض عالقة ت ايشية
commensal
[4]
، ااكف اخران ع ى انةا عالقة
طفي ية، حيث اشاو ال با[5]
الى إن ق ي ايهالب
يتدذى اشك وئيس ع ى يرقات المثقواات المتطف ة
(مذنبات ، مةفاات) اله القفو ع ى التةام اكثر من
عشر مذنبات لا الو بة الواحف ، اقف ا ب
مختبريا" قفو هذا النوع ع ى حماية القوقع من
اإلصااة امةفاات ح زان الكبفFaciola
gigantica
من خال ل إلتةامةا قب ان تتمكن هذه تشك قواقع المياه ال ذاة مضائف اسطية
ل ف أنواع من الفيفان المسطحة من صنف
المخرماتTrematod
التا تسبب الكثير من
ارمراض الفتاكة ااإلنسان االحيوان اها ااس ة
،اينتشاو لا ال الم خصوصا لا الفال النامية
ااذلك لان لةا تا يرا كبيرا لا الصحة ال امة
اكذلك لا القضاء ع ى ا ض المواو ايقتصا ية
مث الماشية اخاصة الفيفان التا ت و الى الصنف
الثانوي ن ائية المنشاDigenea. النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل tuberculata
اL. auricularia
ها اينواع الحاضنة لةذه اليرقات
اسم النوع ايال اع ى نسبة اصااة اين اينواع
الثال ة
( جدول1
) : عدد االفراد المصابة وغير المصابة
بيرقات ثنائية المنشأ من انواع القواقع المعزولة
خالل مدة الدراسة
انواع القواقع
عدد القواقع
الكلي
عدد
القواقع
المصابة
نسبة
االصابة
%
Melanopsis
nodosa
1957
1175
60.04
Melanoides
tuberculata
027
20
6
27 73
Theodoxus
jordani
036
0
0
Lymenaea
auricularia
401
26
0 7
Physa acuta
610
0
0
Bellamya
bengalensis
620
0
0 ( شكل2
) : عدد افراد انواع القواقع المرتبطة مع
ديدان النوعChaetogaster limnaei
وعدد
الديدان الكلي المعزولة من كل نوع من القواقع
(صورة2
) : النوعChaetogaster lymnaei
أ -
الفا كام ة ، ب–
مقفمة المسم توضح حزم
اهالب الح قة الثانية
،
ج-
، حزم ايهالب الخ فية
- النةاية الطرلية ل ة ب المنشطر
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Lymnaea
auricularia
Physa acuta
عدد الديدان
عدد القواقع nodosa
اM. tuberculata
اL. auricularia
ها اينواع الحاضنة لةذه اليرقات
اسم النوع ايال اع ى نسبة اصااة اين اينواع
الثال ة 0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Lymnaea
auricularia
Physa acuta
عدد الديدان
عدد القواقع ( شكل2
) : عدد افراد انواع القواقع المرتبطة مع
ديدان النوعChaetogaster limnaei
وعدد
الديدان الكلي المعزولة من كل نوع من القواقع عزل يفان النوعChaetogaster limnaei
من
لمااو المبااة لالنااواعL
. النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل النتائج و المناقشة:
( يشير المفال1
) الى عاف اناواع القواقاع الم زالاة
ماان مناااطق الفواسااة المخت فااة، حيااث تاام عاازل سااتة
انااواع تضاامن النااوعMelanopsis nodosa
ا
النااااوعMelanoides
tuberculata
االنااااوع
Thaiodaxsas jordani
ا النااوعLymnaea
auricularia
ا النااوعPhysa acuta
ا النااوع
Bellamya bengalensis
ساام النااوع ايال
أعاافا ا اكثاار ااا ااف اكثالااة عاليااة لااا نةاار الفاارات
الموقااع ( م2
) ا كااان النااوع ايخياار اكثاار اينااواع
انتشاوا اتوا ف لا ميع مناطق الفواسة توا افت
اينواع الثال ة ايخير لا نةار اة الموقاع (م3
،)
اعاازل ماان القنااا ايواائيااة لمام ااة اداافا النااو ع
ايال اايخير لقط النتائج و المناقشة:
( يشير المفال1
) الى عاف اناواع القواقاع الم زالاة
ماان مناااطق الفواسااة المخت فااة، حيااث تاام عاازل سااتة
انااواع تضاامن النااوعMelanopsis nodosa
ا
النااااوعMelanoides
tuberculata
االنااااوع
Thaiodaxsas jordani
ا النااوعLymnaea
auricularia
ا النااوعPhysa acuta
ا النااوع
Bellamya bengalensis
ساام النااوع ايال
أعاافا ا اكثاار ااا ااف اكثالااة عاليااة لااا نةاار الفاارات نق اااا القواقااااع الااااى المختباااار اوساااااطة أاعيااااة
االستيكية س ة0
لتر مع كمية من ماء النةار ، الاا
اشااةر الصاايف (
20 1
–
20 3
م̊) تماا اإلساات انة
اصااانفاق التبريااافCool box
لتمناااب اوتفااااع
و ااات حااراو الماااء لااا ا ناااء نق ةااا الااى المختباار
عزل عينات القواقع اشخص الاى مساتوى الناوع
اايعتما ع اى المفاات يح التصانيفية الم تماف[9,8]
،
ااض الرا ك نوع لا حاوض ج اا ا مساتق
( ذي اا اااا20
X
20
X
40
سااام) حاااااي ع اااى مااااء
الحنفية ا ف ت ريضه ل ةواء لمف36
ساعة ل اتخ
من الك وو تاام التحااري عاان القواقااع المصااااة االيرقااات المذنبااة
لثنائية المنشأ ااالفح الممةاري ااطريقاة التمزياق
Crushing method
، حيااث اضااع كاا قوقااع
ع ااى انفاارا لااا طبااق ج ااا ا اتااري حااااي ع ااى
الماء مزال الك اوو مناه ااضاع الطباق تحا ممةار
تشااريح ، اام كساارت صاافلته ااجي اا اوساااطة إااار
تشاااريح Needle
امالقاااط صااادير أعااافت لةاااذا
الدرض مزق المزء الطاري مان سام القوقاع لاا
منطقة المبة امنطقة الدف ا لةضامية (الكباف)ل تحري
عن ايطواو اليرقية ل مثقواات[10]
حساب اعافا
القواقع المصااة االمذنبات انسبةا المئوية تاام التحااري عاان القواقااع المصااااة االيرقااات المذنبااة
لثنائية المنشأ ااالفح الممةاري ااطريقاة التمزياق
Crushing method
، حيااث اضااع كاا قوقااع
ع ااى انفاارا لااا طبااق ج ااا ا اتااري حااااي ع ااى
الماء مزال الك اوو مناه ااضاع الطباق تحا ممةار
تشااريح ، اام كساارت صاافلته ااجي اا اوساااطة إااار
تشاااريح Needle
امالقاااط صااادير أعااافت لةاااذا
الدرض مزق المزء الطاري مان سام القوقاع لاا
منطقة المبة امنطقة الدف ا لةضامية (الكباف)ل تحري
عن ايطواو اليرقية ل مثقواات[10]
حساب اعافا
القواقع المصااة االمذنبات انسبةا المئوية ر
( جدول2
) : انواع القواقع المعزولة من مناطق
الدراسة المختلفة
(
-
)، غير موجود
المجموع م3
م1
م2
انواع القواقع
1957
835
_
1122
Melanopsis
nodosa
537
537
_
_
Melanoides
tuberculata
524
524
_
_
Theodoxus
jordani
601
_
601
_
Lymenea
auricularia
415
_
415
_
Physa
acuta
453
156
147
156
Bellamya
bengalensis
2052
1163
1278
المجموع ال تحاااري عااان ا اااو اناااواع الفيااافان اخااا لماااو
المبة، عزل الرا القواقع لا طباق اتاري اقطار
10
ساام ( اواقاااع لاار / طباااق) اتفحاا الصااافلة
الخاو ية ل تحري عن الفيفان الم قة اةا، ام تكسار
صفلة القوقع ارلق اوساطة كسااو يفاياة ايساحب
المسم الى الخاوج اتاتم مالحةاة الفيافان ا لخاو اة
ماان لمااو المبااة، لفااا حااال ا و هااا يحسااب عااف
الارا الفيافان لكاا قوقاع ايااتم تشخيصاةا ااإلعتمااا 376 مجلد21
(
1
)
2015 مجلة بغداد للعلوم nodosa
اM. النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل variabilis
ا
النوعN. Stolci
االنوع
N. communis
لا حين سم اوا ة الرا من
النوع
Stephensoniana trivandrana
من
احواض النوعM.tuberculata
ا لر ااحف لقط
من النوعL.auricularia
،اما االنسبة ل ق
النوعGlossiphonia heteroclite
، لقف
عزل منه مانية الرا من احواض النوعM. nodusa
االنوعM.tuberculata
االنوعT. jordani
ا النوعL.auricularia
اعموما سم اينواع الحاضنة ل مذنبات اها
النوع. nodusaM
االنوعM.tuberculata
االنوعL.auricularia
اع ى اوتباطا" االفيفان
اعزل منةم63
ا27
ا67
، لر ا" من الفيفان
اا ف انواع3
ا2
ا10
ع ى التوالا اضمنةا
النوعAeolosomaleidyi
الذي عزل منه10 الرا من ح وض النوعnodusa
M
، ا لر ين الرا من ح وض النوعnodusa
M
، ا لر ين
لقط من حوض النوعL.auricularia وع
ن وض
اكف الباحثان[7]
ان انواعا مت ف من يفان
Naididae
ت يش ع ى اصفاف القواقع اتتدذى
ع ى ما يترسب من حتات ع ى صفلته التا ت ف
البيئة المفض ة لةذه اينواع ااشاوت عف من
الفواسات الى ا و هذه ا ينواع لا البيئة المائية
لا ال راق ا[16,15,14]
، ا اكف[13]
ان ال ق
Glossiphonia heteroclite
الذي يكون حر
الم يشة من المكن ان يو ف لا تمويف المبة
ينواع القواقع المائية ااصف الباحث هذا النوع
من ال ق اكونه شفالا اذا لون محمر ايص لا
اضع الراحة ما يقاوب10
م م يمت ك هذا ال ق
ال ة اجااج من ال يون تترتب لا صفين
( صورة
1
. ) ا
1
. ) صورة2
:
العلقGlossiphonia heteroclita
أ- الفا كام ة ،
ب- مقفمة المسم اتوضح ال يون صورة2
:
العلقGlossiphonia heteroclita
أ- الفا كام ة ،
ب- مقفمة المسم اتوضح ال يون صورة2
:
العلقGlossiphonia heteroclita
أ- الفا كام ة ،
ب- مقفمة المسم اتوضح ال يون ( جدول3): عدد الديدان من األنواع المترابطة مع أنواع القواقع
المرتبة التصنيفية نوع الديدان
نوع القوقع
Melanopsi
snodosa
Melanoides
tuberculata
Thaiodaxsas
jordani
Lymenaea
auricularia
Phys aacuta
Bellamya
bengalensis
Nematoda
unidentified
11
32
21
26
10
18
Annelida
Oligochaeta
Naididae
Cheatogaster distrophus
0
0
0
3
0
0
Stephensoniana trivandrana
_
4
0
1
0
0
Stylarialacustris
0
0
0
5
1
0
Naisvariabilis
2
0
0
15
0
0
N.Stolci
0
0
0
10
0
0
N. communis
1
0
0
0
0
0
Allonais inaequalis
4
0
0
0
0
0
Slavina appendiculata
14
0
0
0
0
0
Dero ( Dero) digitata
0
0
0
22
4
0
D. النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل auricularia
اacuta
( لقااط ، ايوضااح الشااك1
) ان النااوع ايال يااأاي
عااف ا ماان الفياافان ااواقااع اكثاار ماان النااوع الثااانا
ايمكن ان ي زى سبب انخفااض نسابة اصاااة الناوع
L.auricularia
االماااااذنبات اكماااااا ااضاااااح لاااااا
( الماااافال3
) الااااى ايوائااااه لفياااافان ق ياااا ايهااااالب
C.limnaei
، حيااااث اكااااف[5]
إن ق ياااا ايهااااالب
يتدذى اشك وئيس ع ى ماذنبات ا مةافاات الفيافان يتمايزق ي ايهالب C.limnaei
، ا ون شفاف فا
اهو ا ي الشكvermiform
نةايته ايمامية
اكثر استفاو من ا لنةاية الخ فية التا تكون مستفقة
الى حف ما اهو من الفيفان الصدير الحمم، حيث
يب غ طوله0 70
–
0 0
م متر اقطره0 137
-
0 0
م يمتر تتمايز اينواع التاا ة ل منس
Chaetogaster
عموما"
اان فام حزم ايهالب
الةةرية[4]
الا النوعC.limnaei
تضم حزم
ايهالب البطنية م ايقاوب16
-
17
ه ب تترتب ع ى
شك نصف ائر ، ايهالب مشطوو ايكون السن
ال وي اقصر اا مسااي االطول مع السن السف ا
االسنان ينحنيان ااتماه المةة البطنية ( صوو1
) (صورة2
) : النوعChaetogaster lymnaei
أ -
الفا كام ة ، ب–
مقفمة المسم توضح حزم
اهالب الح قة الثانية
،
ج-
، حزم ايهالب الخ فية
- النةاية الطرلية ل ة ب المنشطر ( يبين فال2
) انواع الفيفان المخت فة الم زالة من
وااسب ايحواض الخاصة ااينواع المخت فة من
القواقع ، حيث تم عزل13
نوعا من الفيفان ت و
الى ال ائ ةNiadidae
( تح ال ائ ةNaidinae
ا تح ال ائ ةPristininae
) لضال عن النوع
Aeolosoma
leidyi
ال ا
من ئ ة
Aeolosomatidae
كما سم ال ق نوع
Glossiphonia heteroclite
يالحظ من
المفال أن الفيفان الخيطيةNematodes
ا فت
لا ميع ايحواض اها الممموعة الوحيف التا
عزل من احواض النوعBellamya ( يبين فال2
) انواع الفيفان المخت فة الم زالة من
وااسب ايحواض الخاصة ااينواع المخت فة من
القواقع ، حيث تم عزل13
نوعا من الفيفان ت و
الى ال ائ ةNiadidae
( تح ال ائ ةNaidinae
ا تح ال ائ ةPristininae
) لضال عن النوع
Aeolosoma
leidyi
ال ا
من ئ ة
Aeolosomatidae
كما سم ال ق نوع
Glossiphonia heteroclite
يالحظ من
المفال أن الفيفان الخيطيةNematodes
ا فت
لا ميع ايحواض اها الممموعة الوحيف التا
عزل من احواض النوعBellamya 370 مجلة بغداد للعلوم مجلد21
(
1
)
2015 الرا من ح وض النوعnodusa
M
، ا لر ين
لقط من حوض النوعL.auricularia bengalensis
االنوعTheodoxus jordani
حيث عزل13
لر ا من الفيفان
المرتبطة مع النوع
ايال اينما سم عف أع ى مع النوع الثانا ا غ
31
لر ا ، اأع ى عف يفان خيطية عزل من
حوض النوعL.auricularia
اا ف34
، لر ا
، اهو اكثر اينواع اوتباطا مع الفيفان عموما
حيث عزل من حوضه10
انواع ااممموع عف
67
لر ا ، اكان أع ى اوت باط له مع النوعDero
( Dero) digitata
، حيث ا غ33
لر ا ،اقف
عزل ا ض الرا ه من السطح الخاو ا لصفلة
القوقع، لضال عن ارنواع الثال ة من المنسNais
،
النوعN. النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل 859 pp
0
-
ال با ، مرتضى يوسف مةفي3007
تشخي
احياتية النوعChaetogasterlimnaeivon
baer 1827 (Oligochaeta : Naididae)
الم زال من ا ض أنواع قواقع أهواو البصر
نوب ال راق ، أطراحة كتوواه ، ك ية التراية
–
ام ة البصر 14- Jaweir, H.J. and Al-Janabi, E.O.S. 2012. Biodiversity of abundance of
aquatic
oligochaetes
family
Naididae in the middle sector of
Euphrates river at Al- Mussayab
City/ Iraq. The international journal
of environment and water 1(1): 122-
130. 6- -
Conn,
D.B.,
Ricciardi,
A.,
Babapulle, M.N., Klein, K.A. and
Rosen, D.A. 1996. Chaetogaster
limnaei (Annelida: Oligochaeta) as
a parasite of the zebra mussel
Dreissena polymorpha, and the
quagga mussel Dreissena bugensis
(Mollusca: Bivalvia). Parasitology
Research, 82: 1–7. 15- Jaweir, H.J. and Rhadhi, M.M. 2013. Naididae
(Clitellata:
Oligochaeta) and Aeolosomatidae
(Polychaeta: Aphaneura) species
associated with aquatic plants in
Tigris River / Baghdad/ Iraq. J. Baghdad for Sci. 10 (1) : 116-125. 14
-
وير ، هيفاء وا امناو اا س مان. 3016
. واسة ممتمع يفان النايف ( يفان
ح قية : ق ي ة ايهالب) المرتبطة انوعين من
النباتات ا لمائية لا نةر ة اخ مفينة ادفا
مقبول ل نشر ليمم ة ادفا ل وم 15- Jaweir, H.J. and Rhadhi, M.M. 2013. Naididae
(Clitellata:
Oligochaeta) and Aeolosomatidae
(Polychaeta: Aphaneura) species
associated with aquatic plants in
Tigris River / Baghdad/ Iraq. J. Baghdad for Sci. 10 (1) : 116-125. 7- Gorni, G.R. & Alves, R.G.2006. Naididae (Annelida, Oligochaeta)
association with Pomaceabridgesii
(Reeve)
(Gastropoda,
Ampullaridae). Revista Brasileira
de Zoologia 23(4) : 1059-1061. 14
-
وير ، هيفاء وا امناو اا س مان. 3016
. واسة ممتمع يفان النايف ( يفان
ح قية : ق ي ة ايهالب) المرتبطة انوعين من
النباتات ا لمائية لا نةر ة اخ مفينة ادفا
مقبول ل نشر ليمم ة ادفا ل وم 14
-
وير ، هيفاء وا امناو اا س مان. 3016
. واسة ممتمع يفان النايف ( يفان
ح قية : ق ي ة ايهالب) المرتبطة انوعين من
النباتات ا لمائية لا نةر ة اخ مفينة ادفا
مقبول ل نشر ليمم ة ادفا ل وم 14
-
وير ، هيفاء وا امناو اا س مان. 3016
. واسة ممتمع يفان النايف ( يفان
ح قية : ق ي ة ايهالب) المرتبطة انوعين من
النباتات ا لمائية لا نةر ة اخ مفينة ادفا
مقبول ل نشر ليمم ة ادفا ل وم 8- Ahmed , M.M. 1975 . النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل (Aulophorus) furcata
0
0
0
0
0
0
Pristina longiseta
0
0
0
0
0
0
P.forili
4
0
0
2
0
0
Annelida
Aeolosomatidae
Aeolosoma leidyi
10
0
0
2
0
0
Annelida
Hirudina
Glossiphonia heteroclite
2
1
2
3
0
0
المجموع
84
33
13
84
21
24
عدد االنواع
4
3
1
21
3
2 ( جدول3): عدد الديدان من األنواع المترابطة مع أنواع القواقع
الق ق
ن 374 مجلد21
(
1
)
2015 مجلة بغداد للعلوم for Arab Gulf Studies ,University of
Basrah ,Iraq :75 pp. 1- Ukong, S. ; Karailas, D. ;
Dangprasert, T. & Channgarm, P. 2007 .Studies on the morphology of
cercariae obtained from fresh water
snails at Eeawan water fall ,
Erawan National Park ,Thailand. J. Southeast Asian Trop. Med . Public
Health ,38 :302-312. 9- WHO. 1980. A practical guide to
the identification of African
freshwater
snails. Malacological
Review, 13 (1/2) : 95-119. 10- Farahnak , A. ;Vafaie-Darian ,R. &Mobedi , I. 2006 .A faunaistic
survey of cercariae from fresh
water snails :Melanopsis spp. And
their role in disease transmission J. Iran. Publ. Health ,35(4):70-74. 2- Loker, E.S. 2005. Research on the
milluscan intermediate hosts for
Schistosomiasis
:What
are
the
priorities ? .Presented to the Sci. Work Gro. Schis. WHO, Geneva ,
SWI: 1-13 11- Timm, T. 2009. Aguide to the
freshwater
Oligochaeta
and
Polychaeta of Northern and Central
Europe. Lauterbornia, 66: 1- 235. 3- Graczyk ,Y.K. & Fried ,B 1999 . Development of Fasciola hepatica
in the intermediate host . pp: 31-41
In :Dalton , J.P. Fasciolabsis .New
York. 12- Pinder,
A.2010. Tools
for
identifying
selected
Australian
aquatic
Oligochaetes
(Clitellata:
Annelida). Museum
Victoria
Science Reports 13: 1- 26. 4- Brinkhurst, R.O. and Jameison,
B.G.1971. Aquatic Oligochaetes of
the world Univ. of Torontopress. Toronto, Canada. 859 pp 4- Brinkhurst, R.O. and Jameison,
B.G.1971. Aquatic Oligochaetes of
the world Univ. of Torontopress. Toronto, Canada. 859 pp
0
-
ال با ، مرتضى يوسف مةفي3007
تشخي
احياتية النوعChaetogasterlimnaeivon
baer 1827 (Oligochaeta : Naididae)
الم زال من ا ض أنواع قواقع أهواو البصر
نوب ال راق ، أطراحة كتوواه ، ك ية التراية
–
ام ة البصر 13- Elliott, J.M. & Mann, K.H. 1998. A key to the British Freshwater
Leeches.With not on their life cycle
and ecology.Freshwater Biological
Association scientific publication
No.40. Toronto, Canada. –
ام ة البصر النتائج و المناقشة:
ل
ل
ل Systematic
study on Mollusca from Arabian
gulf and Shatt Al-Arab,Iraq . Center 377 مجلد21
(
1
)
2015 مجلة بغداد للعلوم Association of Aquatic worms and infected snails with
Digenean larvae Hasna'a H. Abid-Ali Haifa J. Jaweir Department of Biology / College of Science for Women / University of Baghdad. Key words: Chaetogaster limnaei, aquatic snails, aquatic oligochaeta, cercariae. Abstract: Six species of aquatic snails were sorted from three sites, the irrigation canal
of Baghdad University campus (S1), River Tigris at Al-Za'afaraniah district /
Baghdad(S2) , and River Euphrates at Al-Haideriah district Al-Najaf province(S2). The species included Melanopsis nodosa ;Melanoides tuberculata ; Thaiodaxsas
jordani ; Lymnaea auricularia ; Physa acuta and Bellamya bengalensis . The first
specis recorded the highest total number and was found in high density in the R. Euphrates site (S3), while the last species was the most widely distributed species, and
found in all study sites. The last three species were found in Tigris river (S2) , while
the first and last species were collected from the irrigation canal (S1). The result revealed that the species M. nodosa, M. tuberculata and L. auricularia
were infected with Digenean larval stages, and the first species recorded the highest
infection percentage of 60.04%, and the lowest percentage of 5.70% was recorded in
L. auriculari , while M. tuberculata recorded a percentage of 38.98%. The oligochaetes Chaetogaster limnaei was sorted from the mantle cavity of L. auriculari and P. acuta, and it was noted that the first species accommodated more
worms numbers than the second species. Twelve Species of family Naididae worms
(subfamily Naidinae and subfamily Pristininae) , in addition to Aeolosoma leidyi of
family Aeolosomatidae were sorted from the specific aquarium of each snail
species. The leech Glossiphonia heteroclite was also recorded. The Nematodes
worms were recorded the highest number sorted from the aquarium of L.auricularia,
which are the most associate species, and 10 species of 49 individuals of worms were
sorted from its aquarium, specially Dero ( Dero)digitata. In general, the infected snails, M. nodusa, M. tuberculata, and L. auricularia showed
the highest association with worms, and from their aquaria 48, 37 , and 49 individuals
of worms . with a number of 8,3, and 18 species respectively. 373 | 3,869 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/2067/1998 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal
Open Access Baghdad Science Journal
Open Access Vol.12(2)2015 Abstract: Thirty local fungal isolates according to Aspergillus niger were screened for
Inulinase production on synthetic solid medium depending on inulin hydrolysis
appear as clear zone around fungal colony. Semi-quantitative screening was
performed to select the most efficient isolate for inulinase production. the most
efficient isolate was AN20. The optimum condition for enzyme production from A. niger isolate was determined by busing a medium composed of sugar cane moisten
with corn steep liquor 5;5 (v/w) at initial pH 5.0 for 96 hours at 30 0C . Enzyme
productivity was tested for each of the yeast Kluyveromyces marxianus, the fungus A. niger AN20 and for a mixed culture of A. niger and K. marxianus. The productivity of
A. niger gave the highest specific activity of 153 U/mg, as compared with K. marxianus which gave 86 U/mg. Key words: Inulinase , Aspergillus niger; Kluyveromyces marxianus Optimum conditions for Inulinase production by Aspergillus
niger using solid state fermentation Ghazi M. Aziz* *
Bahaa N. Essa**
Received 26, January, 2014
Accepted 29, May, 2014 Bahaa N. Essa** Zainab W. Abdulameer* Received 26, January, 2014
Accepted 29, May, 2014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licens * Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad.
** Department of Scientific Affairs, University of Baghdad. Fungal isolates: Thirty fungal isolates according to A. niger were collected from different
sources, 7 isolates from College of
Science
/Baghdad
University,
3
isolates from College of Science for
women / Baghdad University, 11
isolates from College of Science /Al-
Mustansarya University, 4 isolates
from Ibn-Alhaitham college/ Baghdad
University, 3 isolates from Agriculture
College/ Baghdad University and 2
isolates from College of Science /
Babylon
University. Three
Kluyveromyces isolates were obtained
from College of Science /Baghdad
University, All isolates were sub
cultured each two weeks on Potato
Dextrose Agar (PDA) and incubated at
30 0C. Estimation of inulinase Activity and
concentration: Inulinase activity was
estimated in solutions resulted after
extraction of the enzyme by sodium
acetate pH 4.8, by the method
described by Miller which depends on
inulinase
analysis
(substrate
concentration (inulin) 1% in sodium
acetate) to the reduced sugars formed
by enzyme activity. Unit of enzyme
activity is defined as the amount of
enzyme necessary to liberate 1mM of
Fructose in one minute in standard
conditions. Protein concentration was
estimated according to the method
described by Bradford depending on
Bovine serum albumins standard curve
and using of coomassiee blue G-250
and measured at 595 nm [7,8]. Materials and Methods: production, the clearance zone ratios
were measured, and the colony with
the higher ratio was selected as the
most effective isolate in inulinase
production. Chemicals:
Potato-dextrose
agar
(PDA) was obtained from hi-medias,
other chemicals were supplied by BDH
Chemicals. Thirty local fungal isolates
according to Aspergillus. niger were
screened for inulinase production on
synthetic solid medium depending on
inulin hydrolysis appear as clear zone
around fungal colony. Enzyme Production: Five ml of corn steep liquor (pH 5) was
added to 5 gm of carbon source
powder in 250 erlenmyer flask, then
the
medium
was
sterilized
by
autoclaving at 1210C for 15 Min. One
ml of selected A. niger suspension 106
spore/ ml was inoculated into each
flask and incubated at 300C for four
days. After incubation time, 50 ml of
0.1 M sodium acetate pH 4.8 was
added to each flask, and 150 rpm for
enzyme extraction, then the extract was
filtrated by No. 1 Whitman filter paper. The filtrate considered crude enzyme,
then the enzyme activity and protein
concentration were estimated. Vol.12(2)2015 Vol.12(2)2015 Introduction: enzymes from A. niger is important in
the
biotechnology
industry
[3]. Production
of
inulinase
by
fermentation which is a method of
generating
enzymes
for
industrial
purposes. Fermentation involves the
use of microorganisms, like bacteria
and yeast to produce the enzymes. There are two methods of fermentation
used to produce enzymes. These are
submerged fermentation and solid-state
fermentation (SSF) [4]. The production
of enzymes by SSF has gained much
attention in biotechnology studies for
production
of
lipases,
inulinase,
proteases, etc. The use of low cost
residues, higher productivities, low
energy requirements, lower waste
water prouction, extended stability of
products and low production costs are
some of the main advantages of SSF
inulinase from Aspergillus niger [5]. Inulinase are enzymes that
degrade the -(2,1) linkages of -
fructans, like inulin. Inulinase are
classified
into
endo-
and
exo-
Inulinases, depending on their mode of
action. They act
by
using two
mechanism:
exo-inulinases
(EC
3.2.1.80) sequentially split-off the
terminal
-(2,1)
fructofuranosidic
bonds,
while
endo-inulinases
hydrolyze (EC 3.2.1.7) the internal
linkages
in
inulin
and
release
inulooligosaccharides. Inulinases are
produced from several fungal species
[1]. The genus Aspergillus is one of the
most important filamentous fungal
genera. Aspergillus species are used in
the fermentation industry, but they are
also responsible of various plant and
food secondary rot [2]. Aspergillus
niger is a soil saprobe with a wide
array of hydrolytic and oxidative
enzymes involved in the breakdown of
plant lignocellulose. A variety of these * Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, University of Baghdad. ** Department of Scientific Affairs, University of Baghdad. 703 Baghdad Science Journal Semi-quantitative
screening
of
inulinase producing isolates: Isolates
efficiency
for
inulinase
production was screened according to
the method described by Kumar et al. [6]. The screening was performed by
culturing fragments of the collected
isolates in the holes of the prepared
medium, the holes were prepared by
using
3
mm
cork-borer
after
sterilization with alcohol and flame
and
transfer
the
fragment
under
sterilized condition by loop to the
surface of the plates containing the
synthetic medium containing gm/L
(Agar :20, (NH4)2SO4 :0.5, KH2PO4 :3,
NaNO3:1.5,
MgSO4.7H2O
:0.01,
Inulin:3). After 48 hours of incubation
at 30 °C, a clear zone appeared around
each colony as a sign of inulinase Inulinase Moisturizing solution: Three different moisturizing solutions
with different nitrogen sources were
examined
to
determine
the
best
solution for inulinase production from
selected A. niger, these solutions that
described by Skowronek and Fidurek
[9] are: A. Yeast extract (0.0144 gm), MnSO4
(0.166 gm), K2HPO4 (0.021 gm), and
corn steep liquor. Mixed culture of A. niger and
Kluyveromyces marxianus: Inulinase
production medium was inoculated
with three type of single and mixed
inoculum
at
optimum
conditions
according to the method described by
Ongen-Baysal and Sukan [10], After
incubation of 30 °C for 96 hours,
inulinase
activity
and
protein
concentration were determined. B. NH4NO3 (0.0318 gm), MnSO4
(0.130 gm), Soya been (0.303 gm),
K2HPO4 (0.0262 gm) and Distilled
water. C. Corn steep liquor and Distilled
water used as control treatment. 5 ml of each solution was added
separately to 5 gm of sugar cane in 250
ml flask, and inoculated with A. niger
106 spore/ml, then incubated at 30°C
for four days. Production: Many factors that influence inulinase
production from selected A. niger had
been studied, these factors included
type of carbon source, moisturizing
solution, moisture ratio, initial pH of
the
medium
and
the
incubation
temperature, period of incubation. 703 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 Incubation temperature and period:
The culture which consists of the
medium contained on sugar cane (5
gm), corn steep liquor (5 ml) and pH
5.0, inoculated with 106 spores/ml of
selected A. niger was incubated in
different temperature degrees (20, 25,
30, 35, 40 45 , 50) °C to find the
optimum incubation temperature for
enzyme
production,
then
the
inoculation has done with the medium
sugar cane (5 gm), corn steep liquor (5
ml) and pH 5.0 with 106 spores/ml of
selected A. niger, the culture was
incubated at 30 °C and checked every
day for 5 days to estimate enzyme
activity, protein concentration and
specific activity for inulinase. Optimum
carbon
source:
Four
carbon
sources
were
tested
to
determine the optimum carbon source
for inulinase production from selected
isolate, these sources were leek, onion,
garlic and sugar cane. All sources were
washed with tab water then sliced to
small pieces and dried. These dried
parts were grinded until they became
powder. Moisture ratio: In order to examine the most
efficient
isolate
for
inulinase
production, all fungal isolates of
Aspergillus niger were recultured on
the medium described by Kumar et
al.[8]. The culture was incubated for 4
days, at 30 °C. Results showed
different
efficiencies
in
inulinase
production. Inulin hydrolysis appear as
clear zone around fungal colony. The
most efficient isolate produces the
wider clearance zone as in table (1). Five gram of sugar cane was moisten
with different volumes of corn steep
liquor
containing
(Yeast
extract,
MnSO4
and
K2HPO4). Different
moisture ratios were tested 5:5, 5:10,
5:15, 5:20 (w/v) to select the optimum
moisture for inulinase production. Optimum pH: Production media was distributed into
flasks, the pH of moisturizing solution
was then adjusted to 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and
then inoculated with A. niger, it was
then incubated at 30 °C for 4 days. The
inulinase activity was determined after
incubation to determine the optimum
pH for inulinase production. 703 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 where chicory gave 240.8 U/mg, while
pure inulin gave 220.2 U/mg. where chicory gave 240.8 U/mg, while
pure inulin gave 220.2 U/mg. Table (1): The clearance zone ratios
of A. niger isolates. Clearance zone
ratios
Isolates
Clearance zone
ratios
Isolates
1.05
AN16
1.20
AN1
1.30
AN17
1.10
AN2
1.40
AN18
1.20
AN3
1.70
AN19
1.60
AN4
1.95
AN20
1.40
AN5
1.80
AN21
1.20
AN6
1.23
AN22
1.50
AN7
1.10
AN23
1.20
AN8
1.40
AN24
1.10
AN9
1.50
AN25
1.30
AN10
1.20
AN26
1.50
AN11
1.21
AN27
1.17
AN12
1.26
AN28
1.20
AN13
1.30
AN29
0.90
AN14
1.20
AN30
1.60
AN15 where chicory gave 240.8 U/mg, while
pure inulin gave 220.2 U/mg. Table (1): The clearance zone ratios
of A. niger isolates. Fig.(1): The Effect of carbon source
on inulinase production from local
isolate A. niger AN20, incubation for
4 days at 30°C. Fig.(1): The Effect of carbon source
on inulinase production from local
isolate A. niger AN20, incubation for
4 days at 30°C. inulinase B. NH4NO3,
MnSO4, Soya been, K2HPO4 and
Distilled water. C. Corn steep liquor. D. Distilled water. Fig. (2): The Effect of different
moisturizing solutions on inulinase
production from local isolate A. niger
AN20,using
sugar
cane,
incubation for 4 days at 30°C, pH 5. A.Yeast extract, MnSO4, K2HPO4
and corn steep liquor. B. NH4NO3,
MnSO4, Soya been, K2HPO4 and
Distilled water. C. Corn steep liquor. D. Distilled water. Fig. (2): The Effect of different
moisturizing solutions on inulinase
production from local isolate A. niger
AN20,using
sugar
cane,
incubation for 4 days at 30°C, pH 5. A.Yeast extract, MnSO4, K2HPO4
and corn steep liquor. B. NH4NO3,
MnSO4, Soya been, K2HPO4 and
Distilled water. C. Corn steep liquor. D. Distilled water. Fig. (3): The Effect of moisture ratio
on inulinase production from local
isolate A. niger AN20,using sugar
cane, incubation for 4 days at 30°C,
pH 5. Most of solid substrates used in solid
state fermentation are insoluble in
water, therefore water will have to be
absorbed onto the substrate particles,
which
can
be
used
by
the
microorganisms
for
growth
and
metabolic activity (Pandey) [16]. Thus,
it is concluded that the degree of
hydration of the substrate plays an
important role in the growth of the
fungi and subsequently the enzyme
production. Water causes the swelling
of the substrate and facilitates good
utilization
of
substrates
by
the
microorganisms. Increasing moisture
level is believed to have reduced the
porosity of substrate, thus limiting the
oxygen transfer into the substrate
(Raimbault and Alazard, 1980 ; Moat
et al.,) [17, 18]. Likewise, a lower
moisture
ratio
leads
to
reduced
solubility of the nutrients of the solid
substrate, lower degree of swelling and
a higher water tension (Ikasari and
Mitchell) [19]. inulinase production:
Optimum
carbon
source:
Four
carbon sources were tested for their
efficiency in inulinase production. These sources were leek, onion, garlic
and sugar cane (figure 1). The highest
activity is shown in sugar cane with
specific activity 112 U/mg, while leek,
garlic and onion showed specific
activities as follows 24.15 U/mg, 86.1
U/mg and 87.35 U/mg respectively. This indicates that sugar cane is the
most efficient source for inulinase
production from A. niger AN2O. These
results were similar to the results of
Ettalibi and Baratti [11] who proved
that selection of efficient media for
inulinase production from Aspergillus
ficuam depends on changing the media
components, while Mazutii et al.,[12]
found that the best medium for
inulinase
production
from
Kluyveromyces marixianus was sugar
cane bagasse with corn steep liquor. Saber and El-Nagger [13] compared
inulinase productivity from cultivation
of
Aspergillus
taamarii
different
carbon sources included pure sources
(glucose, maltose and inulin) and
natural sources (Jerusalem artichoke,
beetroot and chicory). They found that
natural sources gave the highest
activity among pure carbon sources Moisturizing solution: To determine
the best moisturizing solution for
inulinase production, four different
solutions A (Yeast extract, MnSO4,
K2HPO4 and corn steep liquor), B
(NH4NO3,
MnSO4,
Soya
been,
K2HPO4 and Distilled water), C (corn
steep liquor) and D (Distilled water as
a control treatment) were tested. Solution A gave the highest specific
activity 124 U/mg, while B and C gave
93.7
U/mg
and
61
.8
U/mg
respectively. Distilled water gave very
low specific activity 33.4 U/mg. These
results prove that the highest specific
activity of inulinase produced from A. niger AN2O, was obtained from the
solution A (figure 2). Viswanathan and
Kulkarni [14] found that the best
moisturizing solution is corn steep
liquor in presence of kuth root powder
as source for inulinase production from
A. niger with 92.4 U/mg specific
activity. Kango [15] found that the use
of yeast extract as nitrogen source with
presence of dandelion root extract as
carbon source was the best source for
inulinase production from A. niger. 710 Vol.12(2)2015 Baghdad Science Journal Fig. (3): The Effect of moisture ratio
on inulinase production from local
isolate A. niger AN20,using sugar
cane, incubation for 4 days at 30°C,
pH 5. Fig. (2): The Effect of different
moisturizing solutions on inulinase
production from local isolate A. niger
AN20,using
sugar
cane,
incubation for 4 days at 30°C, pH 5. A.Yeast extract, MnSO4, K2HPO4
and corn steep liquor. Moisture ratio: Five gm of sugar cane was moisten
with different volumes of corn steep
liquor containing yeast extract, MnSO4
and K2HPO4. These treatments were
tested to select the optimum moisture
ratio for inulinase production. The best
moisture ratio was 5:5 (w/v) which
gave specific activity 152.6 U/mg
while 5:10, 5:15 and 5:20 ratios gave
121.8, 95.8 and 93.3 respectively
(Figure 3). Mazutii et al. [12] found
that the optimum moisture ratio for
inulinase
production
from
K. marixianus was 65 %. Initial pH of production media: The
specific activity for inulinase was
estimated after incubation to determine
the optimum pH and the results were
illustrated in figure (4), the optimum
pH for enzyme activity was 5.0
because gave high specific activity
154.9 U/mg , while pH 4, 6, 7, 8, 9 711 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 gave 134.6, 130.1, 104.0, 88.6 and 74.3
U/mg respectively. The results of Ertan
and Ekinci [20] proved that the
optimum pH for inulinase productivity
from A. niger is 5.0. Gouda [21] found
the
optimum
pH
for
inulinase
productivity from A. fumigatus was 6
which gave activity 35.56 U/mg. Fungi
generally
prefer
slightly
acid
conditions and therefore tend to
dominate bacteria when these prevail. The reason for the growth rate falling
away either side of the optimum value
is again due to alterations in three-
dimensional protein structure (Moat et
al.,) [18]. The pH affects in enzyme
production because of its role in the
solubility of medium substrates and its
effect on the ionization of the substrate
and it’s availability for the fungal
growth. Moreover the pH affects the
productivity and enzyme stability. specific activity of 121.5 U/mg. Lower
and higher temperatures decreases the
specific activities because of the
thermal effects of these temperatures
on the microorganism growth and on
the enzymatic reaction rate inside the
cells which reflects on the vital
creation of the enzyme. Darija et al. [22] found that 30-33 °C is the
optimum temperatures for inulinase
production from A. ficuum, while
Nandogobal and Kumari [23] referred
to the preference of the high incubation
temperature because it has advantages
in increasing the solubility of inulin in
addition to prevention of microbial
contamination in culture medium,
where they found that 50 °C is the
optimum temperature for inulinase
production
from
A. niveus
and
Penicillium purpurogenum. Fig.(5): The Effect of incubation
temperature on inulinase production
from
local
isolate
A. Incubation period: To
examine
the
inulinase
productivity of A. niger AN20 and K. marxianus, they were mixed together
according to the method described by
Ongen-Baysal and Sukan [10]. The
results are illustrated in figure [7], and
shows that niger AN20 culture gave
the
highest
specific
activity
of
153U/mg, while mixed culture gave
141 U/mg, and K. marxianus culture
gives 86 U/mg. This result of A. niger
culture agrees with Ertan et al [1]. The results in figure (6) show the
effect of incubation period 24-120 hrs. on inulinase production from A. niger
AN20. The highest specific activity
was at 4 days of incubation 140.5
U/mg and then became 76.3 U/mg
after 5 days of incubation. These
results corresponds to the studies of
Kango, and Gouda [15, 21] who found
that 4 days is the optimum incubation
period for inulinase production from A. niger and A. fumigatus. g
[ ]
It is known that the synthesis of
inulinase are controlled by the same
mechanism in both organisms but the
specific growth rate of organisms are
found
to
be
different
with
K. marxianus (0.53 hr-1) and A. niger
(0.11 hr-1). Thus both organisms
compete for the same carbon source. Therefore inoculums size and time of
addition K. marxianus might be critical
factor in the optimization of inulinase
production by mixed culture (Ongen-
Baysal and Sukan,)[10]. Sukan et al
[28] found in his study on hydrolysis
of jerusalim artichoke extract by
inulinase
from
monocultures
and
mixed cultures of A. niger AN20 and
K. marxianus that A. niger alone gave
specific
activity
122
U/mg,
K. marxianus 50 U/mg, while mixed
culture gave 83 U/mg. Fig. (6): The Effect of incubation
period on inulinase production from
local isolate A. niger AN20,using
sugar cane pH 5, with 5:5 moisture,
incubation at 30°C. Fig. (6): The Effect of incubation
period on inulinase production from
local isolate A. niger AN20,using
sugar cane pH 5, with 5:5 moisture,
incubation at 30°C. The specific activity of enzyme was
decreased after 96 hrs. of incubation
(figure 6). The enzyme production decrease after
96 hrs. of incubation is due to The
production of reducing sugar such as
glucose and fructose in culture medium
which may lead to repression of
inulinase production because these
sugars are more readily carbon source
than inulin (Vandamme and Derycke,)
[27]. Moisture ratio: niger
AN20,using sugar cane pH 5, with
5:5 moisture, incubation for 4 days. Fig. (4): The Effect of pH on
inulinase
production
from
local
isolate A. niger AN20,using sugar
cane, with 5:5 moisture, incubation
for 4 days at 30°C. Fig.(5): The Effect of incubation
temperature on inulinase production
from
local
isolate
A. niger
AN20,using sugar cane pH 5, with
5:5 moisture, incubation for 4 days. Fig. (4): The Effect of pH on
inulinase
production
from
local
isolate A. niger AN20,using sugar
cane, with 5:5 moisture, incubation
for 4 days at 30°C. Temperature is one of the important
parameters that determine the success
of SSF system. Kheng and Omar [24]
results indicated that the enzyme
production corresponded closely to the
growth of the fungus, and the optimum
temperature for inulinase production
from A. niger is similar to the optimum
temperature for the growth of the
fungus. This observation was in
agreement with those reported by
Sudgen and Bhat, and Biswas et al. Incubation temperature: The culture
which consist of the medium(sugar
cane, corn steep liquor), with pH 5.0,
inoculated with 106 spores of A. niger
AN20 was incubated in different
temperature degrees (20, 25, 30, 35,
40, 45, 50) °C to find the optimum
incubation temperature for enzyme
productivity. The results in Figure (5)
show that the optimum incubation
temperature is 30 °C which gave the 713 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 catabolic repression of enzyme (Kheng
and Omar,)[24]. [25, 26], who showed that the highest
inulinase activities were obtained at
temperatures that were optimum for
the growth of the fungi in solid-state
fermentation. Incubation period: This
decrease
in
enzyme
production occurred as a result of the
reduce in nutrients of the medium and
as a result of accumulation the 717 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 Fig. (7): Inulinase productivity from
A. niger AN20, K. marxianus and
mixed culture A. niger AN20 + K. marxianus, using sugar cane, with
5:5 moisture, incubation for 4 days
at 30°C at pH 5. 6. Miller,
G.L. 1959. Use
of
dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for
determination of reducing sugar,
Anal. Chem. 31: 426-428. 6. Miller,
G.L. 1959. Use
of
dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for
determination of reducing sugar,
Anal. Chem. 31: 426-428. 7. Bradford, M. 1976. A rapid and
sensitive
method
for
the
quantitation of microgram quantities
of protein using the principle of
protein-dye
binding. Anal. Biochem., 72 : 248-254. Fig. (7): Inulinase productivity from
A. niger AN20, K. marxianus and
mixed culture A. niger AN20 + K. marxianus, using sugar cane, with
5:5 moisture, incubation for 4 days
at 30°C at pH 5. Fig. (7): Inulinase productivity from
A. niger AN20, K. marxianus and
mixed culture A. niger AN20 + K. marxianus, using sugar cane, with
5:5 moisture, incubation for 4 days
at 30°C at pH 5. 8. Kumar, G. P.; Kunamneni, A.;
Prabhakar, T. and Ellaiah, P. 2005. Optimization of process Parameters
for the production inulinase from a
newly isolated Aspergillus niger
AUP1. World J Microbiol and
Biotechnol. 21(8): 1359-1361. References: 9. Skowronek, M. and Fidurek, J. 2006. Purification and properties of
extracellular
endoinulinase
from
Aspergillus niger 20 OSM. Food
technol. Biotechnol. 44(1): 53-58. 1. Ertan, F. ; Ekinci, F. and Aktac, T. 2003. Production of inulinase from
Penicillium
spinulosum,
Kluyveromyces
marxianus,
Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL2999
and Trichoderma viride. Pakistan J
Biol Scien. 6(15): 1332-1325. 10. Ongen-Baysal, G. and Sukan, S. S. 2008. Production of inulinase by
mixed culture of Aspergillus niger
and
Kluyveromyces
marxianus. Biotechnol. Lett. 18(12): 1431-
1434. 2. Roze,
L.V.;
Beaudrv,
R. M.;
Arthur, A. E.; Calvo, A. M. and
Linz, J. E. 2007. Aspergillus
volatiles regulate aflatoxin synthesis
and
asexual
sporulation
in
Aspergillus
parasiticus. Appl
Environ Microbiol. 73(22):7268-
7276. 11. Ettalibi, M. and Baratti, J. C. 1987. Purification,
properties
and
comparison
of
invertase,
exoinulinase and endoinulinase of
Aspergillus ficuam. Appl Microbiol
Biotechnol. 26: 13-20. 3. Perfect, J. R.; Cox, C. M. and Lee,
J. V. 2001. The impact of culture
isolation of Aspergillus species: a
hospital-based
survey
of
aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis. 33:
1824-1833. 12. Mazutii,
M.;
Bender,
J. P.;
Treichel, H. and Di Luccio, M. 2006. Optemization of inulinase
production
by
soild
state
fermentation
using
sugarcane
bagasse as substrate. J. Biotechnol. 12: 1123-1131. 4. Weir, E. 2000. Production of
Industrial Enzymes in Fermentation. J. Biol. 5:213-224. 13. Saber, W. I. A.; El-Naggar, N. E. 2009. Optimization of fermentation
conditions for the biosynthesis of
inulinase
by
the
new
source;
Aspergillus tamarii and hydrolysis
of
some
inulin
containing
agrowastes. J Biotechnol. 8: 425-
433. 5. Mutanda, T.; Wilhelmi, B. S. and
Whiteley, C. G. 2008. Response
surface methodology: Synthesis of
inulo-oligosaccharides
with
an
endoinulinase
from
Aspergillus
niger. Enzyme and Microbial. Tech. 43:362-368. 713 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 Optimization
of
inulinase
production
by
Kluyveromyces
bulgaricus. Food
technol
Biotechnol. 40: 67-73. 14. Viswanathan, P. and Kulkarni, P. R. 1995. Saussurea lappa (kuth) as a
new
source
of
inulin
for
fermentative production of inulinase
in laboratory stirred fermenter. Bioresource Technol. 52: 181-184. 23. Nandagobal, S. and Kumari, B. D. R. 2006. Enhancement of Inulinase
production
from
chicory
and
Rhizosphere
soil. American
Eurasion J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 1
(3): 225-228. 15. Kango, N. 2008. Production of
inulinase
using
tap
roots
of
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale)
by Aspergillus niger. J food Eng. 85:473-478. 24. Kheng, P. P. and Omar, I. 0. 2004. Inulinase production by a local
fungal isolate. References: Aspergillus niger
USM
AI
1
via
solid
state
fermentation using palm kernel cake
(PKC) as substrate. Songklanakarin
J. Sci. Technol. 27(2): 326-336. 16. Pandey, A. 1992. Recent process
developments
in
solid-state
fermentation. Process Biochem J. 27:12-17. 17. Raimbault, M. and Alazard, D. 1980. Culture method to study
fungal growth in solid fermentation. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 9: 199-209. 25. Sudgen, C. and Bhat, M. K. 1994. Cereal straw and pure cellulose as
carbon sources for growth and
production
of
plant
cell
wall
degradation
enzymes
by
Sporotrichum thermophile. World J
Microbiol Biotechnol. 10: 444-451. 18. Moat, A. G.; Foster, J. W. and
Spector, M. P. 2002. Microbial
Physiology. 4th ed. Wiley-Liss, Inc.,
New York. 1: 1-28. 26. Biswas, S. R.; Jana, S. C.; Mishra,
A.K. and
Nanda,
G.1990. Production,
purification
and
characterization of xylanase and
inulinase from a hyperxylanolytic
mutant of Aspergillus orchraceus. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 35: 244-25 1. 19. Ikasari, L. and Mitchell, D. A. 1994. Protease
production
by
Rhizopus oligaosporus in solid-state
fermentation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 10: 320-324. 20. Ertan, F. and Ekinci, F. 2002. The
production
of
inulinase
from
Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus
niger and Trichoderma harzianum. J Marmara from pure and appl
scien. 18: 7-15. Marmara University
printed in Turkey. 27. Vandamme, E. J. and Derycke, D. G. 1983. Microbial
inulinases:
fermentation process, properties and
applications Adv. Appl. Microbiol. 29: 139-176. 28. Sukan, S. S.; Ongen-Baysal, G. and Vassilcv, N. 2009. Production
inulinase from monocultures and
mixed cultures of Aspergillus niger
and
Kluyveromyces
marxianus. Biotechnol. Lett. 16 (3): 275-280. 21. Gouda,
M. K. 2002. Some
properties
of
inulinase
from
Aspergillus fumigants. Pakistan J
Biological Scienc. 5: 589.593. g
22. Darija, V.; Zelimir, K.; Santos, M. P. A. and Francisco, N. 2002. 713 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(2)2015 تحديد الظروف المثلى ألنتاج أنزيم األنيولينيز من فطرAspergillus niger
بوساطة تخمرات الحالة الصلبة
زينب وليد عبد األمير
بهاء نظام عيسى *
غازي منعم عزيز
قسم التقنيات األحيائية- كلية العلوم/ جامعة بغداد
*قسم الشؤون العلمية/ رئاسة جامعة بغداد غازي منعم عزيز :الخالصة
غربلت قابلية ثالثون عزلة محلية من الفطرAspergillus niger
على انتاج انزيم األنيولينيز بأستعمال الوسط
.التركيبي الصلب اعتمادا على تحلل األنيولين وظهور المناطق الشفافة حول المستعمرات الفطرية قيد الدراسة
نشطت جميع العزالت بأستمرار كل اسبوعين وحفظت في30
3م ، غربلت هذه العزالت بطريقة شبه كمية
ألختبار العزلة
األكثر كفاءة
في انتاج
أنزيم األنيولينيز، أختبرت العزلة األكثر أنتاجية لألنزيم وأعطيت الرمزA. niger AN20
. حددت الظروف المثلى ألنتاج األنزيم من العزلةA. References: niger AN20
بأستعمال الوسط
الغذائي
المتكون من قصب السكر المرطب بمستخلص نقيع الذرة
بنسبة5:5
(
V/W) برقم هي دروجيني5
عند درجة30
3
م لمدة96
ساعة. أختبرت انتاجية األنزيم لكل من الخميرةKluyveromyces marxianus
والعفنA. niger
AN20
والمزارع المختلطة من الخميرة والعفن، فوجد تفوق العزلةA. niger AN20
في انتاج األنزيم بفعالية
نوعية مقدارها153
وحدة/ملغم بروتين مقارنة
مع استعمال الخميرة حيث أعطت86
.وحدة/ملغم بروتين :لكلمات المفتاحية
، األنيولينيزAspergillus niger
. Kluyveromyces marxianus 713 | 4,473 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/2071/2002 | null |
Arabic | Baghdad Science Journal
Open Access Baghdad Science Journal
Open Access Open Access Vol.12(4)2015 Energy Calculation for Excited Lithium Atom in Position
Space Khalid Omar Al-Baiti** Khalil H. Al-Bayati* *Department of Physics, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad,
Baghdad- Iraq. **Department of Physics, College of Science, Hadhramout University, Republic of
Yemen. Received 22, May, 2014
Accepted 10, November, 2014 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licens This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-
NoDerivatives 4.0 International Licens Abstract: The energy expectation values
E for Li and Li-like ions ( Li ,
Be and
2
B
)
have been calculated and examined within the ground state
S
s
s
2)
2
1(
and the
excited state
S
s
s
2)
3
1(
in position space. The partitioning technique of Hartree-Fock
(H-F) has been used for existing wave functions. Key words: Energy expectation value, Atomic systems, Ground and excited states,
Hartree- Fock approximation. Introduction: Roothaan
et
al. (1960)
presented
the
Analytical
Self-
Consistent Field Functions for the
Atomic Configurations
2
1s ,
s
s 2
1 2
and
2
22
1
s
s
for atoms and ions up to
Z=10[1]. Banyard (1968) analysed and
compared five wavefunctions for
H . He discussed the two-particle density
)
,
ρ(r
2
1 r
and the radial density
)
(r
D
[2]. Al-Bayati (1984) has examined the
electron correlation in position and
momentum spaces for a series of Li-
like ions (Z=3 to 8) in their ground
state
S
s
s
2)
2
1(
and excited state
P
p
s
2
)
2
1(
[3]. Banyard
(1990)
examined the coulomb correlation in a
doubly occupied K- shell in position
and momentum spaces [4]. Koga et al. (1999)
studied
the
electron-pair
densities of two group of atoms in their
P
1
and P
3
states [5]. Chen and Wang
(2005) studied the oscillator strengths for
P
p
s
2
2
2
2
transitions for lithium
isoelectronic sequence from NaIX to
CaXVIII [6]. Huang and Zhao (2010)
systematically studied the ground-state
ionization potentials for Boron and
carbon isoelectronic sequence with
Z=6-42 [7]. Bubin and Prezhdo (2013)
studied the excited states of positronic
Lithium
and
Beryllium
using
a
variational method with an explicitly
correlated Gaussian basis [8]. In this research, the energy
expectation values of the ground state
S
s
s
2)
2
1(
and the excited state
S
s
s
2)
3
1(
for Li- like ions in position
space have been studied. 2 Calculation Method The basis
functions are standard normalized
Slater-type orbitals (STO’s) and are
given as following [1]:
2
1
2
1
2
12
2
12
)
2,1(
8
)
(
dr
dr
r
r
r
r
f
...(9) The one-particle expectation
values in position space
n
r1
can be
calculated from [14]: 1
n
1
1
n
1
dr
r )
D(
r
r
……(10) In the case (
0
n
) one gets the
normalization condition )
,
(
)
(
n
R
)
,
(r,
m
n
χ
m
Y
r
….(4)
r)
ζ (
e
1
n
r
2
1
2
2
1
2
n) ! (
n
ζ)
(
n
R
….(5) )
,
(
)
(
n
R
)
,
(r,
m
n
χ
m
Y
r
….(4) The inter-particle expectation
values in position space
n
r12 can be
calculated from [14]: 12
n
12
12
n
12
dr
r )
f(
r
r
…..(11)
The energy expectation value
E
related to the potential energy is
written as [14]: )
,
(
lm
Y
represents the angular
part of the wave function and its given
by [11]:
V
2
/
1
E
…….. (12)
im
m
l
lm
lm
e
P
N
Y
)
(cos
)
,
(
…….(6)
where
lm
N
is the normalization factor
and it is determined by :
im
m
l
lm
lm
e
P
N
Y
)
(cos
)
,
(
…….(6)
where
lm
N
is the normalization factor
and it is determined by :
im
m
l
lm
lm
e
P
N
Y
)
(cos
)
,
(
…….(6) The potential energy is simply
the
sum
of
the
electron-nucleus
attraction
energy
and
the
interelectronic repulsion energy, which
are proportional to the expectation
values of
1
/
1 r and
12
/
1 r respectively. Therefore it can be written in position
space as [14]: where
lm
N
is the normalization factor
and it is determined by : 2
1
)! (
4
)! 2 Calculation Method the ground state
S
s
s
2)
2
1(
and
excited state
S
s
s
2)
3
1(
of the Li-like
ions in position space, it can be written
as a single determinate of one-electron
functions namely [9]: To
calculate
the
energy
expectation
value
E
,
the
one-
particle expectation value
1
1r
and
the inter-particle expectation value
1
12
r
have been calculated. )
3
(
)
2
(
)
1
(
)!3
(
)
123
(
2
1
1
2
1
2
)
2
1
(
s
s
s
HF
S
s
s
The
one
particle
radial
electronic distribution function
)
( 1r
D
in position space is a measure of a
probability of finding an electron on a
shell of radius r1 and it is defined as
[12]: ……….. (1)
)3
(
)
2
(
)1(
)!3
(
)
123
(
3
1
1
2
1
2
)
3
1
(
s
s
s
HF
S
s
s
……….. (2) The function
)
;
(
r
nlm
is
the spatial part of the spin-orbital and
was constructed from a basis set of s-
type orbitals for the ground state
S
s
s
2)
2
1(
and excited state
S
s
s
2)
3
1(
and it can be written as: 2
2
1
1
)
,
(
)
(
dr
r
r
D
r
D
……..(8) The inter-particle distribution
function
)
( 12
r
f
in position space is a
measure of a probability of finding an
electron on the distance between the
two positions of the electrons in the
same shell or in different shells and it
is defined as [13]:
n
i
i
nl
i
n
nl
x
c
1
………..…(3) For a given HF wave function, For a given HF wave function,
N. V. Novikov [10] minimized the
total
energy
for
all
parameters
including the exponent for Li-like
ions in ground state
S
s
s
2)
2
1(
and
excited state
S
s
s
2)
3
1(
. Methodology
1 Hartree-Fock Aproximation The Hartree-Fock (HF) atomic
wave function is an independent
particle-model approximation to non-
relativistic Schrödinger equation. For 808 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(4)2015 2 Calculation Method )(
1
2
(
m
l
m
l
l
Nlm
….(7) and
)
(cos
m
P
is associated Legendre
function.
-1
12
-1
1
r
r
V
Z
…… (13) 808 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(4)2015 Results and Discussion: shows that the one-particle expectation
values
1
1r
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state are
larger than that of
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state for
the all shells except the K-shell. The
two-particle expectation values
1
12
r
shows the same behavior for Li-like
ions. The results for one-particle
expectation value
1
1r
and the two-
particle expectation value
1
12
r
of the
ground state
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and the excited
state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
for Li-like ions in
position
space
are
tabulated
in
tables(1 and 2) respectively. By inspecting tables (3 and 4),
we see that the absolute values of the
energy expectation values
E of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state in the position space
are larger than that of
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state
except the K-shell for Li-like ions. The
energy
expectation
values
E
decrease
with
increasing
atomic
number (Z) for both of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state .The table (5)
shows this behavior very clear. The energy expectation values
E results of the ground state
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in position space for Li-like
ions are tabulated in tables (3 and 4 )
respectively. Table (5) shows the difference
of the energy expectation values
between
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states
in position space for Li-like ions. By inspecting tables (1 and 2),
the one-particle expectation values
1
1r
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states in the position space increase
when the atomic number ( Z ) increases
for the all shells, and the two-particle
expectation values
1
12
r
show similar
behavior for Li-like ions. This result is due to the
attraction force of the nucleus to the
charge which leads to increase the
probability of finding the electron near
the nucleus. A comparison between the
values of this work with the previous
works [3, 9 and 15] are also shown in
tables (1-4). Results and Discussion: Comparison between
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states in position space, Table (1): The one- and two- particle expectation values of the ground state
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
in position space for Li-like ions. Z
Shell
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
1
1r
Present work
1
1r
Ref.[3]
1
12
r
Present work
1
12
r
Ref.[3]
3
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
2.685034
1.515212
1.515212
1.905153
2.6850
1.5152
1.5152
1.9051
1.649886
0.308370
0.322665
0.760307
1.6501
0.3084
0.3227
0.7604
4
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
3.682449
2.144945
2.144945
2.657447
3.6824
2.1449
2.1449
2.6574
2.273230
0.512879
0.548457
1.111522
2.2748
0.5127
0.5484
1.1120
5
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
4.680601
2.771962
2.771962
3.408175
4.6806
2.7719
2.7719
3.4081
2.896984
0.708023
0.765634
1.456880
2.9025
0.7079
0.7658
1.4587 Table (1): The one- and two- particle expectation values of the ground state
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
in position space for Li-like ions. 810 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(4)2015 Table (2): The one- and two- particle expectation values of the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in position space for Li-like ions. Z
Shell
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
1
1r
Present work
1
1r
Ref.[15]
1
12
r
Present work
1
12
r
Ref.[15]
3
K
K
M
K
M
K
Total
2.686913
1.411742
1.411742
1.836799
2.68691
1.41175
1.41175
1.8368
1.651311
0.128126
0.131331
0.636923
1.65133
0.12786
0.13122
0.6368
4
K
K
M
K
M
K
Total
3.686354
1.968917
1.968917
2.541396
3.68636
1.96896
1.96896
2.54143
2.276241
0.228213
0.236718
0.913724
2.27625
0.22865
0.23631
0.91374
5
K
K
M
K
M
K
Total
4.685933
2.525132
2.525132
3.245399
4.68593
2.52512
2.52512
3.24539
2.901119
0.324813
0.338954
1.188295
2.90111
0.32598
0.34068
1.18926
Table (3): The energy expectation values of the ground state
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
in position
space for Li-like ions. Z
Shell
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
E
(a. u.)Present work
E
(a. Results and Discussion: Table (4): The energy expectation
values of the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in
position space for Li-like ions. ( )
gy
p
values of the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in
position space for Li-like ions. )
(
position space for Li-like ions. Z
Shell
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
E
(a. u.) Present
work
E
(a. u.) Ref.[9]
3
K
K
M
K
M
K
Total
-3.204714
-2.053550
-2.051948
-7.3102121
--
--
--
-7.310209
4
K
K
M
K
M
K
Total
-6.234587
-3.823728
-3.819476
-13.877791
--
--
--
-13.87777
5
K
K
M
K
M
K
Total
-10.264272
-6.150424
-6.143353
-22.558050
--
--
--
-22.55803 position space for Li-like ions. p
p
atom or
ion
(a. u.)
E
Position space
- E
(a. u.)
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
Li
-7.432727
-7.3102121
0.122515
Be
-14.277396
-13.877791
0.399605
2
B
-23.375991
-22.558005
0.817941 Results and Discussion: u.)Ref.[9]
3
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
-3.202608
-2.118633
-2.111486
-7.432727
--
--
--
-7.432724
4
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
-6.228283
-4.033451
-4.015662
-14.277396
--
--
--
-14.27739
5
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
-10.253009
-6.575893
-6.547088
-23.375991
--
--
--
-23.37599
Table (4): The energy expectation
values of the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in
position space for Li-like ions. Z
Shell
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
E
(a. u.) Present
work
E
(a. u.) Ref.[9]
3
K
K
M
K
M
K
-3.204714
-2.053550
-2.051948
7 3102121
--
--
--
7 310209
Table (5) The difference between the
energy
expectation
values
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states in
position space for Li-like ions. atom or
ion
(a. u.)
E
Position space
- E
(a. u.)
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
Li
-7.432727
-7.3102121
0.122515 Table (2): The one- and two- particle expectation values of the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in position space for Li-like ions. Table (3): The energy expectation values of the ground state
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
in position
space for Li-like ions. Z
Shell
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
E
(a. u.)Present work
E
(a. u.)Ref.[9]
3
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
-3.202608
-2.118633
-2.111486
-7.432727
--
--
--
-7.432724
4
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
-6.228283
-4.033451
-4.015662
-14.277396
--
--
--
-14.27739
5
K
K
L
K
L
K
Total
-10.253009
-6.575893
-6.547088
-23.375991
--
--
--
-23.37599 Table (4): The energy expectation
values of the excited state
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
in Table (5) The difference between the
energy
expectation
values
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states in
position space for Li-like ions. Table (5) The difference between the
energy
expectation
values
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states in
position space for Li-like ions. Conclusions: From the present work, we deduced the
following: From the present work, we deduced the
following: 811 Baghdad Science Journal Vol.12(4)2015 (1) In the position space the one-and
two-particle expectation values of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
and
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
states
increase when the atomic number
( Z ) increases for the all shells for
Li-like ions. [6] Chen, C. and Wang, Z. 2005. Oscillator Strenghts for 2s2 – 2p2 P
Transition of Lithium isoelectronic
sequence from NaIX to CaXVIII. Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing,
China), 43(2): 305. [7] Huang, J.; Zhao, Q. and Jiang, G. 2010. Systematical
Study
on
Ground-State Ionization Potentials
for
Boron
and
Carbon
Isoelectronic Sequences with Z =
6–42.Commun. Theor. Phys. (Beijing, China), 54(5):871. (2) The
one-and
two-particle
expectation values of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state are larger than that of
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state for the all shells
except the K-shell for Li-like ions. (2) The
one-and
two-particle
expectation values of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state are larger than that of
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state for the all shells
except the K-shell for Li-like ions. p
(3) The
absolute
values
energy
expectation
values
E
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state are larger than that
of
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state except the K-shell
for Li-like ions, and they are
increase with increasing the atomic
number (Z) for both states due to
large binding. (3) The
absolute
values
energy
expectation
values
E
of
S
s
s
2
)
2
1(
state are larger than that
of
S
s
s
2
)
3
1(
state except the K-shell
for Li-like ions, and they are
increase with increasing the atomic
number (Z) for both states due to
large binding. j g
[8] Bubin, S. and Prezhdo, O. V. 2013. Excited
States
of
positronic
Lithium and Beryllium ,Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 193401. [9] Weiss, A. W.1963. Wave Function
and oscillator strengths for the
Lithium isoelectronic sequence. Astrophysical Journal, 138, 1262. [10] Mohammed, M. J. 2014. M.Sc. Thesis (College of Science for
Women),
Baghdad,
Iraq. See
reference 83 References: [1] Roothaan, C. C. J.; Sachs, L. M. and Weiss, A. W. 1960. Analytical
Self- Consistent Field Functions
for the Atomic Configuratio ,
,
and
. Rev. Modern Phys. 32, 2,186. [11] March, N. H. 1975. Self-
Consistent Field in Atoms, First
Edition, Pergamon Press Ltd, U. K. [2] Banyard, K. E. 1968. Correlation of
Electrons within the Hydride Ion. J. Chem. Phys. 48, (5): 2121. [12] Banyard, K. E. and Baker, C. C. r,
1969. Analysis
of
Electron
Correlation in Tow –Electron
Systems and ". J. Chem. Phys, 51(6): 2680. [3] Al-Bayati, K. H. 1984. Thesis:
Electron Correlation in the S
2
and
P
2
States of Li- Like Ions. Ph.D
Thesis, University of Leicester,
United Kingdom. [13] Coulson, C. A. and Neilson, A. H. 1961. Electron Correlation in the
Ground State of Helium, .Proc. Phys. Soc.,(78):831. [4] Banyard, K. E.1990. Coulomb
correlation in a doubly occupied
K shell: the influence of outer
electrons. J. Phys.-B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys., 23,: 777. [14] Boyd, R. J. 1975. Angular aspects
of exchange correlation and the
Fermi hole Can. J. Phys.,(53): 592. [15] Al-Mukhtar, H. M. 1998. A Stady
of electron density distribution in
each individual electronic shell in
(1s23s) state MSc Thesis, AL-
Nahrain University (University of
Saddam in past), Baghdad, Iraq. [5] Koga, T.; Matsuyama, H.; Molina
J. M. and Dehesa, J. S. 1999. Electron-pair densities of group 2
atoms in their 1P and 3P terms Eur. Phys. J. D. 7(1) 17. 812 Vol.12(4)2015 Baghdad Science Journal حساب طاقت ررة الليثيوم
المتهيجت
في فضاء الموضع
*خليل هادي البياتي
**خالذ عمر البيتي
، *قسن الفيزياء ،كليح العلٌم تناخ ،جاهعح تغذاد
تغذاد-
.العشاق
.**قسن الفيزياء ،كليح العلٌم ،جاهعح حضشهٌخ ،الجويٌسيح اليونيح
الخــالصــت:
تن حساب ًاختثاس القيوح الوتٌقعح للطاقح
E
( النظوح رسج الليثيٌم ًشثيياتيا هن االيٌناخLi
،
Be
،
2
B
) ضون الحالح االسضيوS
s
s
2)
2
1(
ًالحالح الوتييجحS
s
s
2)
3
1(
في فضاء الوٌضع . تن استخذام
تقنيح التجزئح لياستشي-
(فٌكH-F
. ) تاستخذام الذًال الوٌجيح الوتٌفشه
:الكلماث المفتاحيت القيوح الوتٌقعح للطاقح ،االنظوح الزسيح، الحالح االسضيح ًالحالح الوتييجح،تقشية ىاستشي-
. References: فٌك حساب طاقت ررة الليثيوم
المتهيجت
في فضاء الموضع
*خليل هادي البياتي
**خالذ عمر البيتي
، *قسن الفيزياء ،كليح العلٌم تناخ ،جاهعح تغذاد
تغذاد-
.العشاق
.**قسن الفيزياء ،كليح العلٌم ،جاهعح حضشهٌخ ،الجويٌسيح اليونيح ، *قسن الفيزياء ،كليح العلٌم تناخ ،جاهعح تغذاد
تغذاد-
.العشاق
.**قسن الفيزياء ،كليح العلٌم ،جاهعح حضشهٌخ ،الجويٌسيح اليونيح الخــالصــت:
تن حساب ًاختثاس القيوح الوتٌقعح للطاقح
E
( النظوح رسج الليثيٌم ًشثيياتيا هن االيٌناخLi
،
Be
،
2
B
) ضون الحالح االسضيوS
s
s
2)
2
1(
ًالحالح الوتييجحS
s
s
2)
3
1(
في فضاء الوٌضع . تن استخذام
تقنيح التجزئح لياستشي-
(فٌكH-F
. ) تاستخذام الذًال الوٌجيح الوتٌفشه
:الكلماث المفتاحيت القيوح الوتٌقعح للطاقح ،االنظوح الزسيح، الحالح االسضيح ًالحالح الوتييجح،تقشية ىاستشي-
.فٌك الخــالصــت:
تن حساب ًاختثاس القيوح الوتٌقعح للطاقح
E
( النظوح رسج الليثيٌم ًشثيياتيا هن االيٌناخLi
،
Be
،
2
B
) ضون الحالح االسضيوS
s
s
2)
2
1(
ًالحالح الوتييجحS
s
s
2)
3
1(
في فضاء الوٌضع . تن استخذام
تقنيح التجزئح لياستشي-
(فٌكH-F
. ) تاستخذام الذًال الوٌجيح الوتٌفشه
اا :الكلماث المفتاحيت القيوح الوتٌقعح للطاقح ،االنظوح الزسيح، الحالح االسضيح ًالحالح الوتييجح،تقشية ىاستشي-
. فٌك 813 813 | 3,546 | http://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/download/2128/2059 | null |
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