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2l06x0
|
the philosophies of john locke, rousseau, montesquieu, hobbes, wollstonecraft, voltaire and what they influenced in america.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l06x0/eli5_the_philosophies_of_john_locke_rousseau/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clq8kaz"
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"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Eli5 is not a place to answer your homework questions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
16gpaa
|
azeotropes
|
Pretty simple, I was reading about them online and I kind of get it but I don't think I've fully wrapped my brain around it. Any help would be great! Thanks in advance!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/16gpaa/eli5_azeotropes/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"An azeotrope is a mixture where the vapour formed by boiling has the same composition as the liquid mixture itself. Practically, what this means is that you can't separate the components by distillation. The classic example is water and ethanol. Let's go through the steps (data from wikipedia):\n\nIf you have a 50/50 mixture of water and ethanol and you start boiling it, the vapour will contain 20% water and 80% ethanol. If you condense this and try again (i.e. now boiling 80/20 ethanol/water) the vapour will contain 13% water and 87% ethanol. You're getting closer to pure ethanol, but unfortunately, at 95.5% ethanol and 4.5% water, the vapour coming off contains 95.5% ethanol and 4.5% water. No matter how many times you boil and recondense this mixture, you can't get any more pure with your ethanol. If you need 100% ethanol, you need to synthesise it another way."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
cm1c5g
|
circle
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cm1c5g/eli5_circle/
|
{
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3,
2
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"text": [
"You said it yourself - you “stretch” it... to put it back in a circle you would have to compress it. Like your skin when you bend your arm, no?",
"The thing with that circle, is if you cut it and just laid it out \"flat\" it would be more like a trapezoid than a rectangle 2 parallel lines of different lengths, connected by 2 slanted lines"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
7uz6vf
|
how does trading on the stock exchange make the price of a stock increase or decrease?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7uz6vf/eli5_how_does_trading_on_the_stock_exchange_make/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dto9h93"
],
"score": [
8
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"text": [
"I have a candy bar that I’m willing to sell for $2. You’ll buy it for $1. We sit and stare at each other. Joe comes into the room and says he has the exact same candy bar he’ll sell for 1.75 and Janet comes into the room and says she’ll buy \none for 1.25. Every sits and stares at each other. Bill comes into the room and says I’ll sell a candy bar for 1.50. Barb comes into the room and says I’ll buy a candy bar for 1.50. Bill and Barb exchange 1.50 and the candy bar. Everyone else stares at each other.\n\nThe “price” is the relative quantity of things for which people are willing to exchange things for. At that moment in time the price of a candy bar in dollars is 1.50 and the price of dollars in candy bars is 0.667."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
142rf6
|
why high schools go to school earlier than middle and elementary schools.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/142rf6/eli5_why_high_schools_go_to_school_earlier_than/
|
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"High schools tend to more have after-school, extra curricular activities such as sports and clubs.\n\nI agree it's bullshit though. Push it later and you eliminate those 2-3 unsupervised hours that kids get in so much trouble in. If Football players are so dedicated, let THEM drag their ass out of bed at 6AM for practice.",
"I had heard it was to coincide better with the workday, so that parents could take their elementary school-age children to school on their way to work. Middle and high school-age students can take care of themselves better... at least that was what my county said in high school.",
"I think often it is to share the busses. So the busses take the high school kids to school and then they are free after that to take the elementary kids to school. Same thing in the afternoon."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
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||
a22az4
|
why do many smaller animals have larger strenght to body mass ratio compared to bigger animals?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a22az4/eli5_why_do_many_smaller_animals_have_larger/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Square cube law. \n\nIf you double the size of a muscle or bone it's strength grows by 2^2 = 4, but it's mass grows by 2^3 = 8. Triple it you get 9 times the strength but 27 times the mass. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
26lt51
|
the difference between angels, vcs, private equity, and debt lenders
|
I know there are differences but what do these differences mean to the person raising money? What are the strengths and weaknesses of each? Why might I prefer one over the other? At what levels of fundraising do these different types get involved? Much and greatly appreciated.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/26lt51/eli5_the_difference_between_angels_vcs_private/
|
{
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"text": [
"For the most part, you have described various sources of startup income investors in order beginning with:\n\n1) Most sincere about believing in your business\n\n2) Least likely to put their noses in your business\n\n3) Least likely to hound you to repay them\n\n------------------------------\n\nIn my experience, as someone who has started 3 separate businesses (all successful), it's best to rely upon \"Angel\" types -- possibly former business acquaintances, friends, or family members.\n\nMost venture capitalists and lenders are not interested unless you've already got the capital yourself to fund your idea, or you've just got another cookie-cutter idea. I've been in the \"Shark Tank\" before and believe me, they're all Morons without the slightest amount of vision. People with money don't make money by taking risks. They make money by siphoning your potential earnings from a \"sure thing.\"\n\nEvery time I watch that stupid show I either see a guy wasting his time proposing a good idea to people who don't see the vision -- or a guy proposing an awesome idea to people who are hungry to take a percentage of his profits.\n\nI've had several of these \"Investors\" and Bankers come up to me AFTER I've built a successful business, wanting to help me make it grow and lend me their \"Expertise\" and \"Capital\". I've always said the same thing -- take your Expertise and Capital and get the hell out of my face. Next time, help me when I need it, not afterwards.",
"Quick and dirty breakdown, simplified for clarity, but there is a lot of fuzzy gray area between the categories.\n\nAngel Investor: A person or group who gives money to a startup with little or no demonstrated success, in return for equity in the company or as a loan to be paid back. \n\nVenture Capitalist: A person or group who gives money to a startup based on faith in the idea, with an eye towards turning a profit with the sale of equity. \n\nPrivate Equity: A group that seeks out profitable ventures and lends capital to grow the business, in exchange for equity in the company.\n\nDebt Lenders (I believe you mean Venture Debt?): A group that lends funding to a company, often with an interest only or grace period initially, with balloon payments further down the line. These are typically attached to warrants to exchange debt for equity for failure to pay. \n\nThere is a ton of overlap, and the pros and cons of each will vary based on the terms of the deal. Some investors may want to have managerial input. Also, their requirements will change based on the nature of the situation. A proven, growing company will have an easier time getting Venture Debt, while a brand new start-up might need to come up with some sort of collateral to get the same deal. "
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
49cner
|
a sentence in this paragraph doesn't make sense to me. please help me interpret it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49cner/eli5_a_sentence_in_this_paragraph_doesnt_make/
|
{
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" > then there are some Israeli Jews of eastern origin who harbor strong resentment of Ashkenazi dominance of Israeli life (which is hardly an item any more in view of the degree of integration in Israeli institutions like the military and the Knesset) or simply long for the language and culture of their or their grandparents’ land of birth\n\nEDIT: The author should have used brackets as indicated to improve readability.\n\n*then there are some Israeli Jews of eastern origin who harbor strong resentment of Ashkenazi dominance of Israeli life* = Some Arab Jews don't like how European Jewish culture rules Israel\n\n*Which is hardly an item any more in view of* = but that's silly because\n\n*The degree of integration in Israeli institutions like the military and the knesset* = I think we already solved all of those problems by reforming the military and government\n\n*or simply long for the language and culture of their grandparents' land of birth, and call themselves Arab Jews* = but they still wish Arab Jewish culture was more important, and like to call themselves Arab Jews.\n\nSo, together:\n\n > Some Arab Jews don't like how European Jewish culture rules Israel, but that's silly because I think we already solved all of those problems by reforming the military and government, but they still wish Arab Jewish culture was more important, and like to call themselves Arab Jews."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
2eag1d
|
why am i able to feel happy/content in my dreams when i'm suffering from depression while awake? is my dream self's 'consciousness' not subject to my present brain chemistry in the same way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2eag1d/eli5_why_am_i_able_to_feel_happycontent_in_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjxkmy6"
],
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2
],
"text": [
"I think it is your mind's expression of how you want things to be. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
1re4sm
|
is it possible for the ocean to freeze?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1re4sm/eli5_is_it_possible_for_the_ocean_to_freeze/
|
{
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"text": [
"Yes, Snowball Earth. It's hypothesises that almost the entire Earth, if not the entire Earth, once froze over. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
5pzpj9
|
is it true that smoke from incense and candles is more harmful than cigarette smoke?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pzpj9/eli5_is_it_true_that_smoke_from_incense_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"The health effects of smoke from incense and candles is still being studied, ranging from some studies saying they post no threat to others saying they pose a significant health hazard. \n\nHere's a snopes summary with a number of references an quotes: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.snopes.com/do-scented-candles-cause-cancer/"
]
] |
|
b76lbj
|
why does a recording played back in slow motion lower the tone of somebody’s voice? also, why does playing it back faster raise the tone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/b76lbj/eli5_why_does_a_recording_played_back_in_slow/
|
{
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"ejpm9k6"
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"text": [
"Sound is made of vibrations, and the frequency determines the tone. Faster playback speeds increase the frequency that you hear, raising the tone. The opposite happens when slower playback occurs — the frequencies decrease, lowering the tone of the voice being played back. \n\nFor example — if I have a 500 Hz (on average) voice, and I play it back double speed, it’ll sound as if my voice was 1000hz (on average). \n\nAt half-speed playback, it’d seem as if my voice was averaging 250 Hz. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
38iwcs
|
what would happen if i shined a laser into the night sky in a straight path with no obstructions?
|
Would the light beam just keep going on for forever, continually traveling at light speed until the end of time? This is assuming that it doesn't hit a planet or anything.
Similarly, if I shine a bright glow, like a really bright lantern and then turn it off, will the light from that lantern, which shines in all directions, continue traveling outwards from the lantern for eternity?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38iwcs/eli5_what_would_happen_if_i_shined_a_laser_into/
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"text": [
"Yes the light from the lantern will keep going in all directions for eternity but it will become weaker and weaker as it travels outwards.\n\n If you drop a very small pebble in a very big lake then you can barely sense a ripple at the shore. \n\nSo the light will be undetectable at a far corner of the universe.\n\nEDIT: Light exhibits wave particle duality I.e. both wave and particle like behavior. I used a simple minded wave like analogy a description based in photons would be more convoluted.... This is eli5.",
"Essentially yes. the photons leave the laser and travel in the direction you aim it. If they don't strike anything, then they will continue going. Of course bear in mind that space is *mostly* empty but not totally empty, so it's conceivable over a long enough time scale that they'll hit something. Although their biggest danger is local, the atmosphere is full of gas molecules and such, super dense compared to space. \n\nI believe over a long enough timespan, the light would eventually be redshifted and no longer visible due to the expansion of the universe, for some distant observer. \n\nSame for the latern, assuming the particular photon we are dealing with is not obstructed/absorbed. Of course the 'brightness' will fall off with distance, since you can think of it as filling successively larger 'spheres' of space with the same amount of photons, hence less photons to light up any particular area as it expands. ",
"Essentially, yes to both of these. If you think of light as particles - photons - it makes more sense. In the case of the laser, if there is **literally** nothing in it's path, travelling in a total vacuum and never colliding with a planet or star, it will travel forever. However, it isn't necessarily big objects like stars and planets getting in the way. Dust particles and gases will absorb small amounts of the light; even in the vacuum of space there are the occasional rogue particles that will get in the way. The light would go for a long time, but eventually it will get reflected or absorbed.\n\nIf you pulse a lamp off and on, you do indeed get a small burst of light moving out in all directions even after the lamp itself is turned off, though it might feel a little odd that this is the case. Light from the moon takes around one and a half seconds to reach us. If someone on the moon shone a lamp for just a tenth of a second, we **would** see that short 0.1 pulse occur, and we'd see it one and a half seconds after it was shone. That's the small burst of light travelling away from the lamp hitting our eyes, despite the fact that the lamp is actually off by the time we see it turned on.",
"You might if your unlucky get a knock on your door later on and have to explain to the police that it was for science.",
"Yes, it will.\nHowever with the lantern example you gave. Imagine light from your lantern expanding in all directions is a balloon. On the surface of that balloon, there are dots, equidistant and quite close from each other when the balloon is small. As time progresses the balloon expands, the dots move away from each other, their density decreases. The fall off for light can be imagined as the surface area of sphere given by SA= 4πr^2. We call the light intensity Q, which is Watts/m^2. So lets assume that at SA=1, Q=1, so that the total light is L=1Watt (SA*Q) This number is constant, so when SA increases (as we move further away from the light) Q must get smaller, by the inverse of SA. Such that, Q=L/SA. This is known as the inverse square law, and is applicable to a lot of physical phenomena. Because Q~1/r^2 (because SA=4πr^2, the only variable is r)\nIt would it would just gradually get dimmer until the W/m were so small that it would basically go out.",
"Light goes until it hits something. That something could be very small, like an a single atom, so eventually, the photons of light will probably all bump into something, but it might take a long time.\n\nAlso, the light in a laser is pretty focused to make a tight beam, but really it does spread out like it's coming out in a cone. That means, the further out it goes, the more spread out. What's a tiny bright dot becomes a wider circle that gets dimmer and wider the further away you are."
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442myo
|
why are vegans against foods like honey or milk when the animal that makes them does it naturally and it doesn't harm them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/442myo/eli5_why_are_vegans_against_foods_like_honey_or/
|
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"They would argue that mass production *is* very harmful for the animals. Chickens are kept in tiny cages to lay eggs 24/7. They are fed steroids so that they get huge so quickly they can't even stand. Cows are hooked up to milking machines and kept on cages. Bees are gassed and go unconscious while the honey is farmed, etc.",
"Milk is produced from only mother dairy cows, for their babies. Humans get the milk by impregnating the cow constantly, and then typically take her babies away to veal factories. The conditions are atrocious for both human and animal, and the byproduct of animal agriculture on a large scale (like most of the mid west) is absolutely catastrophic to the environment.\n\nI've been studying veganism and I still can't quite understand the honey argument, also considering I know that when bees produce too much honey for one hive, they leave it to make another. We collect surplus amounts, otherwise the bees simply wouldn't live. The smoke makes them unconscious but does not harm them from what I understand.",
"As others have said, there's a lot more harm that happens in the mass production of these things than people realize, and that's important to understand. But there's a bit more to it than that.\n\nThe topic of ethical honey/milk is a bit controversial in vegan communities. Some vegans claim that there is such a thing and that when it can be certain that production animals were treated according to certain criteria then it's ok. Most vegans say that even well treated animals are usually killed when production stops.\n\nAs a vegan, I think it's wrong to argue as if well cared for animals are complete fiction. Certainly it isn't very profitable to keep a chicken around after it stops laying until it dies naturally, but that doesn't mean it never happens. And doing so is certainly admirable.\n\nHowever, the core of the vegan philosophy, I believe, goes much deeper than mere animal *treatment*. It extends to animal *regard*, the way we think about and consider animals. At it's most fundamental, the vegan philosophy holds that the immorality of our relationship with animals isn't simply in treating them poorly, it's in the viewing of them as commodities and property rather than beings.\n\nIt's completely possible to have a chicken that is provided the best life a chicken could have, and to also eat that chickens eggs. The chicken certainly wont care. But in doing so, you are still regarding the chicken as something that exists to serve your own purpose. You aren't fully seeing the chicken as it's own being. You may recognize that it has sentience, you might feel affection towards it, you might enjoy it's company, but you still see a thing it produces, eggs, as something to be harvested and consumed according to your own will.\n\nFrom a utilitarian point of view this might be meaningless. And that's fine. That's why there is disagreement on this matter among vegans. Nonetheless, a lot of us feel that morality goes deeper than behavior and consequence, and view the very perspective itself as unethical.",
"Two major reasons: the animals are usually treated poorly/like factories (many people have a problem with killing animals for food) and it's simply inefficient to eat animal products.\n\nThe sun gives us virtually all of our energy on earth, but when there is a transfer of energy, it's usually a 10:1 loss. So plants take in energy and the animals that eat those plants absorb 10% of the energy that the plant gathered from the sun/nutrients. A predator that eats that animal gets 10% of that animal's energy, or 1% of the sun energy. If we eat the plants that would instead be fed to the animal, we could feed 9 additional people.\n\nNote that 10:1 is about the maximum. If you include inefficiencies in the animals and the process, it can get much higher than that, even more than 100:1.",
"Come over to /r/vegan and take a look at the sidebar. There are lots of resources to answer your questions there.",
"A lot of people think cows always produce milk. The fact is cows (like all mammals) only produce milk after having a baby. The baby calves are taken from their mother and either killed\n\n_URL_1_\n\nor used for veal _URL_0_\n\nMother cows are also almost always killed after 4 years( they naturally live to be around 20)\n\nIt's just wrong to say that the cows are not harmed.",
"While cows and chickens do produce milk and eggs naturally as a part of their respective means to reproduction they do not produce them in nearly the same quantity as the ancestors they were bred from. They bare little resemblance to the animals from which they are derived in nature. Cows(or the animals they were bred from) naturally produce enough milk to feed their offspring. Cows used to produce milk today are milked years after they have given birth while their young are separated from them at an early age. Of their offspring males are used for veal and the females are either used for veal or they are treated the same as their mothers. This over milking process requires them to be given hormones, that they stand still most of their lives in a small area, and that they be treated with antibiotics to treat the wounds to their over stressed teets.\n\n \n\nChickens are fattened up to the point that their leg bones will often break beneath their own weight. They produce over 10 times the number of eggs as their wild relatives(12-15 per year versus about one per day). Again this requires much inhumane treatment similar to cows exploited for dairy.\n\n\n\nAdditionally there are ecological concerns around industrialized animal agriculture. Amonst these are the shipping of food to the facilities where the animals are kept. For every 1 calorie produced by these animals 15-20 must be fed to them. This means that a tremendous amount of fossil fuels are burned in the process of getting milk and eggs into the super market. It is said to be more effective to adopt a plant based diet than to go from commuting by car to riding a bike in reducing ones carbon footprint.",
"Bees are perfectly fine until honey harvest time. Many are harmed trying to defend the hive when their hives are being robbed of delicious, delicious honey. That process is quite violent for them. I have hives and am looking into less invasive, destructive methods. (and yes, I know about the honey on tap thing, thanks)\n",
"The ones against honey are against it because we're essentially stealing the bee's hard work. And the syrups we replace their honey with aren't always good for the bees. With that said, bee keepers tend to care a lot about their bees and will likely do their best to ensure their colonies have pretty simple and safe lives.\n\nThe ones against milk happen to know that a cow only produces milk if it is (or was recently) pregnant. So milk cows are basically always pregnant. The calves, if female, usually become milk cows. If male, there is a good chance it will become a veal calf. Veal calves have the privilege of being chained on a short chain their whole life to minimize how much exercise they can get. And by whole life I mean a few months because then they're slaughtered.",
"Cattle give birth yearly to keep their milk producing all year round. As soon as the calf is born it is separated from it's mother. This causes a great deal on anxiety and depression for the mother. They are know to wail for an extended period of time because of this (very depressing to hear in real life). As soon as the cattle is physically ready they are artificially impregnated again. They repeat this on average 5 times in their lifetime. After 5 births, and round the clock milking, the cattle ends up collapsing because of the strain on their body. At this point the cattle is useless to the farmer, so they are butchered for meat. A normal cow lives on average 25 years, a dairy cow lives 5 years on average. In that 5 years they are treated fairly poorly. If you google dairy farming you will see some pretty depressing videos",
"Curious as to whether vegans think about the cruel and inhumane conditions some workers go through to harvest their vegetables.",
"There are lots of subcategories of vegans. There are purists who don't eat honey, won't wear wool, etc. \n\nThen there are ones like me that do what they can without making their whole life about it. Yeah we don't deliberately eat dairy, meat, eggs, etc, but we're not going to run all our food through a mass spectrometer looking for traces of animal products. I kid, but that's what it feels like dealing with purists sometimes.\n\nI also don't get the honey thing personally. I don't have any special liking for honey, so I don't buy it just to avoid rocking the boat. But tbh I can't seem to muster empathy for bugs. ",
"There's not really a consensus on the topic of honey consumption among vegans. Having been highly involved in my vegetarian/vegan club in university, I would estimate that a slight majority were in favor of consuming honey. I don't know if the proportion is the same among the general population of vegans, but it goes to show that it varies from person to person.",
"Vegan here, thank you non-vegans for being so open minded and understanding about the realities of this industry. Even if you still eat dairy or poultry at least recognizing it is an awful industry is miles ahead of the \"fuck animals LOL bacon\" we see so often. It's a step in the right direction. I won't stop you from enjoying the food you like but I am also happy you have made an effort to understand why I don't eat those things. This is amazing. /r/vegan would be proud.",
"Though not vegan myself, I understand that many vegans simply don't feel it is their right to use the product of another animal for their sustenance. It's not for us so why do we feel that we have the right to contain it and consume it?\n\nIt includes not wearing wool or silk. Shearing doesn't kill the sheep. (Extracting silk might be another story for the worms...)",
"Cows can also suffer mastitis....NOT nice. Bobby calves are cruelly taken from their mothers and may not be fed for five days or so before they are slaughtered. There's no way around it if you want milk.",
"If a vegan get bit by a poisonous snake, would they take the anti-venom because it's produced from snakes also?"
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[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y82jTI3BqRM",
"http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2152402/Viewers-outrage-harrowing-scenes-day-old-calves-shot.html#ixzz1wRgk7fPP"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8fi3ka
|
why do restaurants offer free chips/breadsticks? after all, that's free food that they're giving away.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fi3ka/eli5_why_do_restaurants_offer_free/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dy3r2ms",
"dy3r9eu"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"The cost to make the bread sticks or chips is so cheap it hardly effects their profits. And its more likely to draw customers in compared to that restaurant down the street that doesn’t ",
"Consider [this](_URL_0_). When you charge for each item seperately, customers feel like they are paying extra. That is why these extras included in the price of the product instead."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://blog.upsellit.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/gyTe2E5XJ1KZ-bCu0s_vENG_eYZ66goijTnxzX_vCj0-e1513641324757.jpg"
]
] |
||
6okg8m
|
why do doctors' offices often use those weird scales where you slide those two metal brackets over numbers until the tip balances? are they more precise than the digital scale i bought off amazon for $20?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6okg8m/eli5_why_do_doctors_offices_often_use_those_weird/
|
{
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"text": [
"Those are old scales but they work well. Digital scales are expensive. They are not more accurate. I work in the medical office, we have 2 digital scales but the boss only replaces things that break. It's funny because the digital scales frequently are touchy but those old ones probably will work forever.",
"They're easier to give maintenance, not to mention that they are also used to measure height, digital scales that measure both are even more expensive. \n\nThere's really no difference in their accuracy, and the mechanical scale has a lot of durability, so they're just overall a better choice. ",
"You probably step on your bathroom scale < 10 times per week. The doctor's office scale is stepped on > 10 times per hour. They can't just say \"Darn, the scale broke, we can have another one in two days\". That puts durability in a different cost light.",
"Mostly cost honestly, commercial electronic scales are expensive. [A quick google puts them at $375](_URL_1_) where the old style are only [$175](_URL_0_)\n\nAnd really, why would they ever buy a new one? How long as that doctors office existed? They probably bought the scale 20 years ago and haven't had to replace it yet. Also, the electronic ones are spring based, and can suffer somewhat from drift errors when their springs age. They need periodic calibration. The balance style is much less sensitive to this, their wear modes don't really screw with their calibration (that would only happen if you chipped the weights).",
"Why does your office phone still have a cord? Because it works every, single, time you pick it up. It is cheaper, and your office already has it and has for the past twenty years so why put money into changing something that isn't broken. \n\nAs the boss if someone pitched you cordless phones all you are going to think about is the handsets going missing, batteries dying in the middle of a call, problems problems propblems over a system that works flawlessly now. \n\nWhy buy yourself a headache.",
"Electronic scales uses cells to measure the **force** you excerpt towards the ground. It is technically a dynamometer, and it's not really accurate.\r\rThose scales you see at clinical facilities are comparing two weights using a lever mechanism. It is really accurate, doesn't need batteries and keeps calibrated for a long time.",
"I think those old ones are more durable and less prone to malfunction. A digital scale can be susceptible to several issues in the time you own it and realistically need calibrating every few weeks if not days with heavy use. Even the analog scales can suffer issues from gears breaking to the needle bending and need to be calibrating. A hard stomp can cause those kinds of scales to be off by a few lbs. the scales with the slides and weights don't need any real maintenance and are usually highly accurate over long periods of times. Plus they can handle much larger weights as well while still being relatively cheap. ",
"It is the difference between a \"scale\" and a \"balance\". Scales measure weight(downward force due to gravity on an object) by the use of springs or electronic load cells. Balances measure mass, an intrinsic property that is independent of the force of gravity by comparing the downward force on the object with the force on know masses (those slides on the doctors scale. Not for nothing, but your doctor's scale (balance, really) would yield the same result on the surface of the moon. Your digital scale would not.",
"They will last a lifetime. Electronic scales are now cheaper but I bought a couple at 40 - 100 bucks each and they only lasted a few years. ",
"I grew up in St. Johnsbury, VT. Home of Fairbanks Scales, who owned the original patent on the counterbalance scale. The invention funded much of the town’s development tough the family’s generosity. (Schools, churches, museums, etc)\n\nWhat most everyone is saying here is true. Counterbalance scales are more accurate, gravity varies around the earth and solar system, but mass does not. In theory a digital counterbalance scale could be made, but it would be far more expensive than the current models, which last decades and are easy to use.\n\nNext time you are in northern Vermont, visit the Fairbanks factory or museum.\n\nMore details _URL_0_",
"no electronic parts. just a couple of moving mechanical objects within it (i'd assume)\n\nit'll never break down\n\ncan probably handle higher weights than most electronic scales a normal household has",
"\n\nWow my turn to shine!\nPrice\nDurability\nCalibration\nThe scale that you describe is known as a sliding balance. Expensive but accurate and will last forever. Calibration doesn't need to occur unless something catastrophic happens as there's little wear and tear on the actual weights.\n\n Electronic scales use a device called a pizeoelectric force gague. It's the most expensive component and also the bit that manufacturers skimp on. Cheap scales can't be calibrated, and also are not very accurate. \n\nSo why the fuss? Because clinical guidelines and protocols work on ranges. For instance, bmi 29.9, you're overweight. Bmi 30.0. you're obese and need a whole different regime. \n\nSo.accuracy is important. As is the capability to calibrate to ensure consistency. \n\nSource: honours medical school OSCE for distinction. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.amazon.com/Detecto-Balance-Doctor-Physician-Height/dp/B00065EQJU/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&qid=1500599972&sr=8-2&keywords=physicians+scale",
"https://www.amazon.com/Health-500KL-Digital-Capacity-Calculates/dp/B001A3OGR4/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1500599914&sr=8-1&keywords=digital+physician+scale"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.fairbanks.com/company/history.cfm"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
68rvpi
|
how can high speed cameras (5 trillion fps) capture photons?
|
Reading an article that stated a new high speed camera allows researchers to film a group of photons. How can they see the photons if the photons are required to hit the lens to record the light?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68rvpi/eli5_how_can_high_speed_cameras_5_trillion_fps/
|
{
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"dh0t82x",
"dh0tbza"
],
"score": [
7,
2
],
"text": [
"They are recording the reflections from the photons hitting different objects. What they can see is the light hitting different parts of an object at different times. The trick to this is to send out multiple pulses of light and then take a short picture of the scene for each pulse of light at different times. If you have ever been to a museum where they have the falling water droplets in a strobe light you can see it is the same technique. It looks as though the water droplet is hanging still in the air but in fact it is different droplets each time you see it but you only see it when the strobe light flashes and the droplets are in the same place when this happens.",
"The same way you film light at 24 fps or in a still image - you pass the beam through something that scatters light, so some of it reaches the camera. You can use airborne dust, water or smoke. I believe they used a bottle of water as the scattering medium in the [experiment you're talking about.](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-16163931"
]
] |
|
4qkyq9
|
australian election: liberal vs labor
|
So, the election is on Saturday, and I basically haven't looked at it at all. Between exams, then a week's holiday, I've been pretty much off the grid for the last month.
Can someone explain the main policy differences and talking points for this election? Liberal vs Labor. I'm not really looking for a 'you should vote for this party, because...', just looking for the key issues.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qkyq9/eli5_australian_election_liberal_vs_labor/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4tu9q6"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Maybe check this out. \n_URL_0_\nAsks you a bunch of questions about your opinions on things then tells you who to vote for. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://votecompass.abc.net.au"
]
] |
|
5yf3pu
|
why is it when the police lose a lawsuit it comes from tax payer money instead of something like the police pension fund?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5yf3pu/eli5_why_is_it_when_the_police_lose_a_lawsuit_it/
|
{
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"text": [
"For the same reason that your employer has to pay you worker's comp if you're injured on the job, even if the injury was your own fault: because you're doing a job that introduces you to risk (be it physical or legal) and it would be unreasonable for them to not help with the fallout. No one is perfect. \n\nAs well, having the employer (in this case the government) be on the hook for misconduct means that they are forced to take an active role in *preventing* it. If you don't believe me, check out workplace injuries during the early 1900's in the US. It wasn't until laws were in place that required employers to pay out to injured employees that things like safety harnesses and guard rails were implemented en mass.",
"There's a general assumption that any funds you take away from police (or military, as it may be) will lead to less or lower quality protection, the thought of which is unacceptable for many people.\n\nI know that pensions are not part of the same pool of money as operating budgets, but don't ask people to think too hard.",
"Because Organizations are responsible for the actions and behavior of their employees while on the job,. Ideally - this prevents systemic issues, and encourages rooting out of large scale problems, but still an individual can misbehave and somewhat unfairly the organization must pay. ",
"When a person sues because a police officer violated their civil rights, the lawsuit is almost always against the officer. Sometimes you can sue the local government if it has an unconstitutional policy (like a secret racial profiling policy you could somehow prove existed), but if there's no specific policy then the suit is against the individual officer.\n\nHowever, individual officers rarely pay any significant portion of a judgment against them. The reason is that governments typically indemnify them. Indemnifying someone means you pay for their legal defense and the judgment against them. For example, your auto insurance company has an indemnification agreement with you for any motor vehicle accidents you cause. \n\nSometimes the indemnification is required by state law, sometimes it's required by county ordinance, and sometimes city officials decide whether to indemnify or not on an individual basis. Regardless of the exact method, almost every police officer gets indemnified for these types of suits.\n\nThere are a couple reasons a city may want to indemnify an officer. First, it helps make sure that your officers aren't afraid to police to the extent you want them to. If you want officers to be \"tough on crime\" but they have to worry about personally getting sued for being \"too tough\" then they won't carry out the orders vigorously. On the other hand, if the city is on the hook then it has an incentive to make sure it doesn't make its officers go too overboard because then it will be paying out a lot in judgments.\n\nFrom the perspective of the person suing, it's good to have indemnification because if you win a $1 million judgment, most police officers wouldn't be able to pay that while a city could. Of course it also takes money from government funds that could be used for public services.\n\nIt's worth noting that officers sometimes do have to contribute to judgments against them, but in practice it's usually a small amount of officers and they only have to contribute a small amount.\n\nThe reason the money doesn't come from the police pension fund is that the fund is either (1) a contractual obligation the city will have to pay no matter what or (2) privately held by the officers/their union and not accessible in a judgment against an individual officer. You also probably don't want to rob an entire police department of its retirement because one person did one really crappy thing once.",
"Would you work for a place where everytime one of your Co workers fucked up they took money out of your pension? You would think it would encourage people not to fuck up but I promise so long as there are police, there will be people suing them. If you get busted doing something and you are facing 30 years in prison what's to stop you from suing the police to try to get money? Even if you have to make things up you are losing nothing by trying.\n \nI'm not saying all lawsuits are fabricated, but you have to know some people are winning settlements with absolutely no wrong doing. \n \nOn top of that I'm fairly confident taking money out of pensions is theft and even if you get fired by a place they can't take money from you.",
"A lot of police agencies have special insurance I believe that pays for things like lawsuits. ",
"Does anyone think police should have liability insurance like doctors?",
"Where do you think a police pensions fund comes from?",
"But the pension fund comes from taxpayers in the first place anyway?",
"In addition to the other good root-level responses, typically we sue police officers individually and then the police department (and others, typically even the supervisors and chief) for policies of training, etc. \n\nAs these cases progress, typically we receive a very quick response to dismiss the individual officer and proceed against the city or police department. By the time of trial or settlement, most of these cases will no longer contain the individual officer as a defendant - depending on the circumstances. \n\nTo the rest of your question, the payment will never come out of the police pension fund - that's just not how it works (others have explained why). The police department pays out exactly how Walmart or any other private firm would - from their operating fund or from insurance coverage (depending). ",
"Simplified answer?\n\nIf you do something bad to someone, and you're unable to compensate for it, it's immoral to have the person the harm was done to be penalized (Not receive compensation), or penalize those who had nothing to do with it (other members of the said fund/group). As such, especially when this said harm was done as a part of assigned duties of a person, it's the organization behind this assignment, that caused this harm, that should be paying.",
"What I love is when these cities pay out 6 and 7 figures and the cop goes back to work. Other than government where can you work and that happen? If someone coats a company that kind of money due to a screw-up, they lose their job. Period."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
beons8
|
why are you supposed to have a full stomach before taking advil or other medicine or vitamins?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/beons8/eli5_why_are_you_supposed_to_have_a_full_stomach/
|
{
"a_id": [
"el7cme4"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The pills cause stomach irritation, and in some cases, has the ability to burn a hole in your stomach. Having food in your system slows down that process and eases the digestion and absorption. \n\nSimilar to drinking alcohol on an empty stomach as oppose to one with food.\n\n*hope that helps"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6iqwtq
|
what do moths do in the woods where there's no light sources to fly around?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6iqwtq/eli5_what_do_moths_do_in_the_woods_where_theres/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dj8e8cl"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The fly in straight lines, using the Moon or the Sun. The flying circles behavior is a malfunction caused by man-made light."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2h3fm5
|
why is "crescent bay" oculus such a big deal if virtual reality has been around for decades?
|
I remember VR being a big thing in the early 90's. Why is it making a resurgance?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2h3fm5/eli5_why_is_crescent_bay_oculus_such_a_big_deal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckp5eqx"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"VR has been around for a long time, but it was never very good. You were basically just looking really close to a screen, and not a very good quality one either.\n\nThe biggest thing making it possible was actually smartphones & tablets. Before the advent of personal devices like these, screen manufacturers didn't make many small high quality screens. There were no devices using them, so manufacturing runs were small and costs were high. Now that we need millions of those screens every month, those factories are making them cheaper. The screen in the Oculus Rifts are the same screens that go into Samsung mobile devices.\n\nIn additon, now they use a different technique using lenses to focus your eyes in such a way that you actually focus naturally. If you're looking at something 200 metres away in a virtual environment, your eyes will focus as they would to look at something 200m away in real life.\n\nThis all contributes to better immersion and a better experience."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2rme7a
|
why can you play games instantly on consoles, but not on pcs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rme7a/eli5_why_can_you_play_games_instantly_on_consoles/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnh6p9w"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Care to elaborate?\n\n > By instantly I mean how comes you can put a game into a console and play it whereas on PC you have to install said game first and then play it?\n\nGames optimised for consoles have been done so to cater for the fact that traditionally they didnt have much in the way of actual storage, as such the fundamental information to run the game at any given point would be loaded into the RAM (random access memory) of the console whilst anything that wasnt needed at that time would still be on the disk. \n\nOne example here would be loading screens and the reason why on consoles they take significantly longer. The console only has so much ram and it can only read from the CD and write to the RAM at a certain speed. When for instance you go from one map or level to the next, during your \"loading screen\" your console is clearing the stuff it doesnt need from your ram and taking the data it needs from the CD again for the new one ready for you to play it etc...\n\n > In short the console uses the CD as the hard drive but can only read from it. because of the hardware limitations in the console the system is designed to reference the CD for data which is slow when reading and writing data to the RAM\n\nWith a PC, these limitations arent present... instead you have a hard drive which you can install your games to. A moderately spec'd gaming pc will out perform the console due to having more available RAM a faster and more powerful processor, more powerful GPU (which also has its own on board RAM), and finally a storage device such as a HDD or SSD which a much faster read/write speed. \n\nIn order to get the performance you'd expect from the PC version of the game, you initially have to take the data either from a CD or download it and install it to your hard drive to fully utilise the read/write speed advantages. (bearing in mind the games are a lot more resource intensive on PC as they havent had to be cut down or \"optimised\" for a certain set of hardware and a certain firmware). A final result of this is that being able to read/write data faster between various components of your system you can in effect handle a lot more data meaning that your game can run better graphics or more realistic physics more efficiently... its a win win... as long as you dont mind installing or having to wait to download an 18gb install\n\nEDIT: formatting.... I also suck at proper formatting so this may or may not be any better."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4j79vh
|
why do phone interviews on radio and tv call-in shows always sound so bad?
|
I would think with all the years and enhancements in tech that this would be an easy/worthwhile advancement, but they always sound like they're Darth Vader at a drive thru.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4j79vh/eli5_why_do_phone_interviews_on_radio_and_tv/
|
{
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"d348qw8",
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],
"score": [
5,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Telephones have far less bandwidth than television or radio audio signals. You're used to it when you talk to someone on the phone, but when a phone audio is included on TV or radio, you can sharply hear the difference in quality.\n\nIt's just the nature of telephone calls, that's all.",
"Regular voice-calls already sound garbage (low bandwidth), playing that over the analogue radio (low bandwidth) makes it even more garbage. \n \nDigital (Apple's Beats 1 for instance) and HD Radio stations that use wideband audio (HDVoice, FaceTime Audio, etc) sounds much better.",
"This is one of the things where you're only noticing it when it's bad. You'd probably be surprised to know how often \"studio guests\" on radio shows aren't in the studio, but are in another studio, quite possibly across the country. Sometimes the *hosts* are in different states. \n\nThere are many, many ways to get that crystal-clear quality. But on occasion all you have (or all you have easily) is a cellphone or a landline, and then you use those. You're just not noticing it when they use high quality means of communication. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4uyopx
|
why is it "dangerous" to plug an extension cord into another extension cord (daisy chain), but not dangerous to plug a computer with 3 usb ports into an extension cord?
|
Right now, there are 3 separate things charging on my Mac, which is plugged into an extension cord. What is the difference between this and if one were to instead plug these 3 devices into an extension cord that is "daisy chained" into another extension cord?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4uyopx/eli5_why_is_it_dangerous_to_plug_an_extension/
|
{
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"d5u0x5o",
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"text": [
"Daisy chained extension chords is not a major risk. What is a major risk is daisy chained power strips that allow you to put enough devices to overload a circuit. \n\nNow you can do that with a bunch of extension chords, but it would take a very large number of them for length to be enough to overload things. ",
"Plugging a power strip into another power strip is not, by itself, dangerous. The reason it's a bad idea is because the average person doesn't think much about how much current their devices are drawing. Chaining power strips gives some people the false idea that they can plug lots of devices into the same circuit, possibly overloading that circuit.\n\nSo this is one of those practices that is more about mitigating the possibility of someone else making a mistake. \n\n\nThe USB ports on your computer, on the other hand, measure the amount of current being drawn out of them. If the current draw gets too high, the computer will shut the ports off to prevent overheating and a possible fire. \n\n",
"USB ports on your Mac are limited in power output by the computer (older standards were 2.5W, might be more like 10W now), however if you daisy-chain power strips it gives you more plugs than the designer intended into which you can plug mains-power devices like desktop PCs, microwaves, heaters and kettles which can draw hundreds or thousands of watts, which heats the wires by resistance so could cause a fire, or at least blow a fuse if the strips are safely designed (which they may well not be)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4dfuw3
|
what are the consequences to an economy when people have tax havens? how do you and i have to suffer for this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dfuw3/eli5_what_are_the_consequences_to_an_economy_when/
|
{
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"text": [
"Government want its wagon to move forward. People have to work to pull the wagon forward. When people use tax havens, they get to do less work, but they don't lessen the weight of the wagon. So those who are still pulling, have the same wagon to pull, and most pull more per person. ",
"Quite simply, the government needs money to pay for things. The more that people or companies minimise or avoid their tax obligations, the more the government will tax you to fill the gap.",
"At national and international levels the overall economy is dependent on a regular flow of money and goods. Some people are making things, or growing food, or whatever. Other people are looking after those \"commodities\" or helping store them, move them from place to place, etc. Then those things are available to people who want them, who can spend money that they got from selling their own commodities, skills or labour.\n\nThere are some things which enough people want that it has been decided these should be provided for everyone, and paid for by everyone. This is where tax is required, as a way of gathering up the contributions to pay for the list of things nearly everyone wants - roads, education, prisons, and so on. Some people disagree about what should be on the list, or the quality of what is provided, which leads to different political parties not all having the same agenda. Sometimes political leaders want to raise more money through higher taxation, and some say certain services aren't needed.\n\nNobody enjoys paying for things they don't use, but most people recognise that they get some benefit from enough of the public services that the system broadly works. However, when people hide large amounts of their money specifically to avoid paying taxes, this creates a situation with only two possible outcomes: either everyone else has to pay more than their share, to support wealthy people who don't play by the rules; or, essential services are severely cut because politicians introduce austerity measures instead of raising taxes. ",
"The majority of the world works with a capitalist system assisted by a government that takes care of the things that wouldn't work within a basic supply & demand system. \n\n* Infrastructure is an easy example here: everyone needs roads and sanitation etc, but for it to be effective you need an infrastructure network in your entire city / country. So we all pay taxes to the government to take care of these things for their entire population. \n\n* Another IMHO important, but neglected function of a government is to deal with the outliers of the system: redistributing the wealth of wealthiest and providing a safety net for the poorest. Having higher taxes for wealthier people is supposed to make the system fair. If you have more money then you would ever need to live a fullfilled life it's only right that you'd contribute more to the common good while still remaining on top of everyone else.\n\n\nYou and I suffer from these types of constructs because our governments all ask us to contribute more in order to get their accounts balanced to provide the things we need it to do. Meanwhile those with more means than most can contribute peanuts while sitting on fortunes that would otherwise be taxed, thus relieving a little bit of pressure from the rest of the population.\n\nYou can see the system has been failing for a long time since the gap between the wealth of the 1% or even the 0.1% and the rest of the population keeps growing. \n\n\nAlso, while some claim that taxing the rich more would just be a drop in the bucket of the whole tax system, things like this create an enormous sense of frustration within the population. The system as it is only when everyone keeps believing in it. \n\n \n\n",
"With tax havens, businesses keep their assets overseas. Instead of bringing them back, paying taxes, then either distributing the money to creditors, shareholders or building new plants, they either invest it in foreign businesses or leave it sitting overseas.\n\nWhat happens here is that instead of creating jobs or making the people here richer, all of that is done in the tax havens.",
"The premise of your question is partially wrong. In most cases, tax havens are entirely legal. They are simply countries with low tax rates. You're only looking at one side of the equation. If a person or business decides to put their money in a low tax jurisdiction, then the low tax country benefits. It's kind of like asking what are the consequences to Coke and how does Coke suffer if Pepsi lowers their prices. \n\nTax havens are a predictable outcome of high, progressive tax rates. People -- all people -- would prefer to pay lower taxes. At some point, it becomes advantageous to move your wealth and earnings to another country with lower taxes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
8o9f42
|
why are there no electric planes flying commercially yet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8o9f42/eli5_why_are_there_no_electric_planes_flying/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e01nah3",
"e01nhn2"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Batteries are heavy. That's the answer.\n\nIt's just like cars in a way. Gasoline powered cars have longer range, quicker refueling, time-tested engineering, and wide adoption working in their favor. Electrics are still expensive, limited, and relatively new.\n\nElectric planes exist, but they suffer from range and payload issues.\n\nBatteries are heavy, recharging would delay airplane turnaround at airports, the technology is less tested, and the infrastructure isn't there.",
"Safety and weight concerns.\n\nBatteries are heavy, and importantly for aviation, they don't *change* weight during flight.\n\nA 737 can carry over 40,000 pounds of fuel *on takeoff*, but that weight steadily decreases during the course of the flight. The plane gets lighter and more fuel efficient during flight. For a plane that weighs 63,000 pounds, the ability to reduce the load by over a third is a massive efficiency gain.\n\nA battery powered plane would have to carry the entire battery load to the end of the flight. So even if the batteries had the same power/weight ratio as jet fuel (which they typically wouldn't), they're still far less efficient.\n\nBatteries are also touchy at extreme temperatures, and planes that land in Phoenix to idle in the desert sun for an hour before flying up to 50,000 feet will experience dramatic temperature swings."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
79k3jx
|
how come our phone screens can make it harder to fall asleep if used before going to bed, yet it’s so easy to fall asleep when watching a film/tv
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/79k3jx/eli5_how_come_our_phone_screens_can_make_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dp2kjs8"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The blue light in the phones screen is the same spectrum as sunlight. Sleep patterns work around sunlight, as you become tired as night falls. I've used apps to cut off the blue light at a specific time and the first night I knocked out at my laptop."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2rzvid
|
why would president obama propose giving $60 billion for community colleges rather than high schools?
|
Is there any reason this proposal should be given to community colleges rather than high schools? I just feel as though using this money to improve primary education would be a better route, but I am no where near an expert, please, someone explain the implications of this bill.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rzvid/eli5_why_would_president_obama_propose_giving_60/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnktds1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"1) High schools are primarily funded, run, and accountable to the states and local school boards. Not that the federal government has ever shied away from meddling with issues in the states, since it touches nearly every single community in America it's much more difficult to do.\n\n2) While CCs are also state-based (well, some are and some aren't) they're not nearly as tied to communities. \n\nBasically, high school (and the corresponding taxes) are mandatory and near universal, while community colleges are entirely optional and don't affect everyone. Fussing about with the former is significantly more difficult than the latter."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5q3puz
|
is there any easy way to find the perfect square in numbers other than trial and error?
|
I am have large amount of trouble in HS Geometry in this aspect, as this method infuriates me, So trying to find a perfect square in the square root of 972, to find it I would do trial and error, dividiing 972, by 4, then 9, then 16, then 25, and so on, untill I get to the 324, at that point the equsion would be SR of 324 * SR of 3, i would be able to divide 324 by 18, getting at so the answer would be 18SQof 3
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5q3puz/eli5is_there_any_easy_way_to_find_the_perfect/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcw1ap2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I think you might be looking for Newton's Iteration method for calculating square roots: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://math.mit.edu/~stevenj/18.335/newton-sqrt.pdf"
]
] |
|
4cr7gj
|
how does the new running ubuntu on windows 10 work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4cr7gj/eli5_how_does_the_new_running_ubuntu_on_windows/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1la46t",
"d1kqaqj"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"It works pretty similarly to the Linux compatibility layer on BSD, it emulates the syscalls that the Linux kernel provides to programs. That way, the binaries \"think\" they're running on Linux because when they ask for something they get the proper response. \n\nWhat Canonical did was provide an Ubuntu image that lets you install Linux binaries just like Ubuntu, and between the two you have \"Linux\" on Windows.\n\nTl;DR If you walk like a Linux kernel and talk like a Linux kernel, programs think you're the Linux kernel.",
"From my brief overview of the announcement, it looks like it's basically a WINE-equivalent for Windows.\n\nWINE lets you run Windows applications 'natively' on a Linux machine but it works really poorly because Windows source code is not available and a lot of API calls are undocumented or not well documented.\n\nThis means the developers of WINE essentially have to blindly reverse engineer Windows and try to figure out how to translate all the system calls etc. to Linux equivalents. This is extremely challenging and that's why WINE only works well with a few applications and often WINE has to be tuned/modified specifically to get other applications running.\n\nIt looks like Microsoft is basically doing the reverse of WINE by writing a translation layer that converts every Linux system call etc. directly to a Windows equivalent.\n\nThe major advantage Microsoft has over the WINE team is that Linux/Ubuntu is already fully open source, so it removes the guesswork and there is no reverse engineering involved. It makes it much easier for Microsoft to make direct one-to-one translations for every linux system/API call for maximum compatibility."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
e8tknh
|
do submarines have anchors?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e8tknh/eli5_do_submarines_have_anchors/
|
{
"a_id": [
"faed96b"
],
"score": [
36
],
"text": [
"Yes, they do. But they rarely use them.\n\nSource: 4.5 years on board a submarine. NEVER used the anchor."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
fl8kd3
|
where does the government keep their trillions of dollars?
|
Does the US keep trillions in cash in a bank?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fl8kd3/eli5_where_does_the_government_keep_their/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fkx46j9",
"fkx58f5"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"No, the government increases and decreases money supply using the Fed. It can buy treasuries, which puts money into the system. It can decrease bank reserve requirements, which increases money availability banks can use to loan out. Also Lowering rates makes it cheaper to borrow. \n\nIt should be noted, it’s not physical money.",
"On a digital a/o physical ledger somewhere. Money has no value if it's not tied to treasuries and deposits. It's just a thread and cotton sheet with good art-design. \n\nPaper money and digital currency are essentially physical proof of the \"riches\" of the person or entity that gave it away. It's like a diploma that says you graduated from an 8-year Master's degree on Physics. The diploma itself is useless without the education that you went through to get an equivalent/proof of completion.\n\nHopefully it makes a little bit more sense."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
fkzxk3
|
do astronauts experience jet lag? if so, how do they deal with it? (travelling to the moon or going into earth's orbit)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fkzxk3/eli5_do_astronauts_experience_jet_lag_if_so_how/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fkvulnd",
"fkw0p97"
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text": [
"Jet lag has nothing to do with flying on a jet or going fast. Its all about landing in a different time zone than the one you are used to. The abrupt time change throws off your bodies clock. \n\nAn astronaut taking off from Florida wouldn't feel any jet lag if they landed back in Florida.",
"yes and no. The idea of jet lag is based on the fact that you've changed time zones. So, for example if you fly from California, where it's 6pm but you've recently landed in Florida, where it's 9pm, you wouldn't be sleepy. That's because as far as you, and your body are concerned its' really only 6pm. so, you get sleep about 9pm PST, which is midnight EST, then you're forced to wake up for a meeting at 6am EST wich is 3am PST, which of course is a form of torture. This feeling goes on until you've reset your internal clock to go to bed at a reasonable time, for where you are. \n\n\nI spent 4.5 years on a submarine. No matter what time it was, wherever we were, when we closed the hatch, we immediately switched to Greenwich Mean Time or (Zulu time). Suddenly it was midnight, or it was 3am or whatever. Who cares. You work until you're tired, then you sleep, if you're not working. Then you get up when you have to work and you work. Then, when you're not working, if you're sleepy, you sleep. Time, as in day/nigh, was basically meaningless, either you had a shift to work or you didn't.\n\nThe space station has a similar routine as there is no night time or day time."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4obsmz
|
how do doctors (or other medical workers) know how badly a wound will scar?
|
What are the indicators? To what extent do these factors have effects? Is there a difference between deep wounds and surface wounds? Is it mostly based on how "clean" or "ragged" the wound is? Basically, what kinds of signs tell you that the cut/wound will scar, and can you give examples of how particular wounds scar in particular ways (and why)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4obsmz/eli5_how_do_doctors_or_other_medical_workers_know/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4bgxil"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Width, depth, location and cause of the wound will affect how it heals. As will the damage done to surrounding tissue and immediate treatment provided. Couple that with the vast experience of the medical officer who has seen literally thousands of the same, and different types of injury, and you can understand how he/she can tell.\nReally, it is a very educated guess, but a guess nevertheless."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
53t59s
|
why does a recently "dead" phone battery take a shorter amount to charge then one that has been dead for hours?
|
I searched and could find the answer, I apologize if it is listed somewhere.
I went to charge my phone after it had died and it turned back on almost immediately. However, the night before I left it dead and went to charge it the following morning, and it took a larger amount of time to charge.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/53t59s/eli5why_does_a_recently_dead_phone_battery_take_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7w03q0"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Depends on the phone, but some will shut themselves down before the battery is completely discharged in order to save some power to keep certain low-power circuits alive. After several hours, some of that charge will have depleted, and you'll need to charge up to that self-shutdown threshold before the device will power on again."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1hel3x
|
what is life support?
|
I know what life support is. Well, I kind of do: it's when the machine is keeping you alive. But what does that *mean*? Is there a standard understanding, or is it kind of all over the map depending on the situation?
This came about because Nelson Mandela is said to be "on life support." Which most seem to be interpreting as "it's only a matter of time." But there are people who have been on life support for years and years... my hypothesis about Mr. Mandela specifically is that his lung infection is quite terrible, plus the man is 94. (And please, I mean 100% NO disrespect to Mr. Mandela.)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1hel3x/eli5_what_is_life_support/
|
{
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"catkil4",
"catkjrh",
"catmujs",
"catmvgy"
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6,
2,
6,
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"text": [
"The standard understanding for the definition of \"life support\" is that a machine is pumping gas (of variable levels of oxygen) into one's lungs because they aren't able to breath on their own.",
"Most of the time it means you are on a machine that forces air in and out of your lungs because they aren't strong enough or your Brain isn't telling them to do it for themselves. \n\nWith long term cases, Feeding tubes come along with that as well. ",
"simply speaking you are on machines!\n\n- Can't breath normally; so you connect a machine that blows in oxygen rich air in and out of your lungs through tubes.[ventilator](_URL_2_)\n\n- Can't feed/digest properly; so you have pumps that push liquid, nutrient rich food to your stomach through feeding tubes.[Infusion pump](_URL_1_)\n\n- Can't even clean your own blood off toxins, so another machine takes your blood out and cleans it for you.[Dialysis](_URL_0_)\n\nBasically if you are on life support...machines are keeping you alive. \n\nSource: I work with said machines (biomedical engineer)",
"Going beyond pumping air into your lungs, there is also something called a CPB (cardiopulmonary bypass). A tube sends blood returning to your heart to an external machine which oxygenates it and then pumps it back into your circulatory system, completely bypassing your heart and lungs.\n\nEdit: These aren't used for long term life support; they're used almost exclusively during certain surgical procedures."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialysis",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infusion_pump",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_ventilator"
],
[]
] |
|
526jt7
|
how come eating doesn't fix heartburn?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/526jt7/eli5_how_come_eating_doesnt_fix_heartburn/
|
{
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"text": [
"The basic cause of heartburn is a lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, that doesn't tighten as it should. Depending on what kinds of foods you're eating, it won't stop the LES from tightening up as it should. Eating food also increases the amount of stomach acid that is produced. You can eat all you want, \"pushing the acid back down\", but that doesn't mean your LES has tightened up enough to stop more acid from re-fluxing.",
"Think of your stomach like a bath tub that is filled to the top (heart burn/acid reflux). Instead of trying to drain it, you are filling it up more (making it overflow more). ",
"The upper portion of the GI system is essentially designed so that the esophagus is a tube and the stomach a large bag to collect food and begin the process of digestion. The stomach is responsible for creating an acidic environment and kicking off the beginning of some protein digestion. Between this tube and bag is essentially a gasket, aka the lower esophageal sphincter, which is usually pretty tightly contracted so that food/acid/etc don't back up from the stomach into the esophagus. When you have heartburn the gasket essentially becomes randomly loose, for some finite period of time, which allows acid to travel up into the esophagus. Eating and drinking doesn't solve this problem because that gasket remains loose. The food/milk/water etc will continue to travel through the esophagus and into the stomach, however there is still acid in the stomach and acid is being created by the stomach, and since that gasket is still open the acid will continue to be able to reflux. To fix heartburn you either need to neutralize the acid with a base or stop making so much acid.",
"Heartburn is when liquid acid from your stomach gets past the esophageal (top) sphincter and enters your esophagus (food pipe or 'gullet'). That area is not protected from acid and has a lot of nerve endings. Heartburn is the discomfort from the acid irritation.\n\nFilling the stomach with more food or liquid only makes it more likely to be over-full and for the acid to get past that top-sphincter. \n\nThe only thing that will settle it is for the stomach contents to drain into the small intestine, which may take a few hours, or if an antacid gets introduced. That will increase the stomach's pH and will calm things down and reduce the pain and volatility until the contents drain away.",
"Well, this isn't a direct answer to your question, but milk is acidic. That will only make your problem worse. In fact, most of the things we drink are acidic, like juice and soda. Food can prompt your stomach to make *more* acid, so that can also be a problem. You need to intake a volume of alkaline material in order to neutralize the excess acid. \n\nAnecdotally, I had a friend who always had bad heartburn. He would eat Tums like candy. All through high school and college and into adult life. Turned out he was lactose intolerant all that time. He quit consuming dairy products and has been fine ever since. ",
"I've had reflux occasionally for over 15 years. When I feel that burning sensation I pour a little apple cider vinegar in a glass with 3X as much water and drink it down. Fixes it pretty much every time, but if I still feel it 5 minutes later I do it again. Any kind of vinegar works, but good acv tastes least bad. \n\nSo why does adding acid to the situation help? I don't know. Some say that increasing the acidity signals the stomach that the food load is gone so it's time to shut the LES door. I don't care how it works, it saves me from popping a Tums every 10 minutes all night like I used to do.\n\nSome things that will give me a reflux attack: pizza/bread/pasta, alcohol, 2 coffees within 48 hours, a lot of chocolate, a lot of mint.",
"Yeah it's funny how food makes it worse, but a shot glass of Apple-Cider vinegar just kills it entirely.",
"Eating can help heartburn if you eat the right foods. Many people think that milk will help because it has calcium (like Tums), but it's also acidic. Foods like oatmeal, bananas. melons, and ginger can all help stifle acid reflux temporarily.\n\nTUMS tend to works a lot better for me though. ",
"All the other answers are correct, I just wanted to add that any time you put anything into your stomach it stimulates acid production. Your stomach doesn't really care/know if there is too much acid in it, so if some food falls in it it's all \"Ooh! Better make some acid now,\" pretty much regardless of what it is or how much acid is already in there. I have chronic GERD and I have found great relief in taking ranitidine (generic Zantac) daily to reduce acid production. It's also pretty effective for occasional acid overproduction like yours.",
"As a side note for anyone looking through this thread: if you often get heartburn, please have yourself tested for [Helicobacter pylori](_URL_0_). It's very common (50% of the world's population) and can cause chronic gastritis, stomach ulcers and ultimately stomach cancer. It's easily treated with a week long regimen of antibiotics.\n\nI used to get heartburn 2-3 times a week. After being properly diagnosed and treated I now maybe get it once or twice per year when I really go overboard with junk food, not to mention the risk reduction for more serious conditions that could've developed.",
"Try to drink some baking soda in water. A teaspoon or so in a small glass. It'll help neutralize the acid and soothe. \n\nEdit: spelling",
"Maybe your issue isn't heart burn alone. Perhaps you have an anatomical issue like a hiatus hernia which is where your stomach slips up in to your chest a little bit and you lose sphincter competence. Just my 2c.\n\nI'd see your Doctor and get a proton pump inhibitor if its a real issue for you though (omeprazole, Pantoprazole or similar)",
"Eat a tablespoon of mustard, and your heartburn should fizzle away immediately. It sounds crazy, but it works. Unfortunately, I don't know why it works.",
"Others have already answered your wuestion but OP, if you're having problems with reflux see your doctor and most importantly change your diet. If you have any excess weight lose it too. These are two things in combination with medication that helped my symptoms.",
"Anyone know why sleeping on my left side helps my heartburn but if I'm on my right it gets worse ",
"No disagreement with the things I've read, BUT the single largest thing I did that had a positive effect on my chronic reflux is to avoid laying down within 3 hours after any meal. Avoiding certain foods, avoiding caffeine, sleeping/resting on the left side, protein pump inhibitors are all solid...but nothing got better for me until I learned to avoid laying down in any horizontal fashion after eating. Now I'm in the habit of taking a long walk after meals, but really anything that keeps you upright will do the trick.",
"seriously this thread just increases confusion because half the people are saying to avoid eating or drinking acidic things and the other half are saying to drink vinegar of all things.",
"I used to drink strawberry milk hoping that because it was pink it would some how work like Pepto. #pinkmilkwasabadchoice",
"Most of the answers I've seen are about neutralizing acid, but sometimes the feeling of heartburn is actually from too little stomach acid, causing incomplete digestion, messing things up. Not sure how to rectify it though, but neutralizing the acid will just make it worse.",
"If too much stomach acid is produced or if the sphincter that separates your esophagus and stomach does not properly close, you could get heartburn. \n \nFood travels down from your mouth, to your throat, down your esophagus, and through the sphincter and into your stomach. Think of the sphincter as a set of double sliding doors. This muscle will open to let food into the stomach and close once it passes through. \n \nBut sometimes, if there's too much stomach acid or too much food in the stomach, the contents could leak through the sphincter doors and into your esophagus, causing a reflux of stomach acid and a burning sensation (heartburn). In the long term, heartburn will damage the nearby muscles due to the acidity of the stomach acid, including the sphincter sliding doors, which will not work as efficiently if it's worn down by acid. Eating to much then lying down will also cause heartburn try to avoid doing that. In order to calm down the contents in your stomach, you should avoid eating greasy or acidic foods such as tomatoes, garlic, chocolate, pizza, etc. You could also take medications or antacids to either reduce the production of or neutralize the stomach acid. Some examples are Pepcid or Tums. If heartburn becomes a common occurrence, you should consult your doctor. \n \nAnother possible cause of heartburn could be that those sliding doors don't close properly, causing stomach acid to leak through into your esophagus. So once again, if heartburn occurs often, go see a doctor. ",
"Okay guys. Quick preface, I do have a doctor's appointment coming up, but I figured I could ask some internet strangers for help/opinions too.\n\nI have heartburn very frequently, and I've had it for very long. I wake up with it most days, and it effects me all day long. I don't know what to do to fix it. I take a Pepcid Extra Strength probably 4-5 times a week but that barely does anything. I also bought a 2 week treatment of Prilosec but I never got around to using it. I tried to change things up in terms of lifestyle. I want to eat a light breakfast in the morning but I either wake up feeling \"full\" of acid or wanting to throw up. It feels like there's vomit in my throat but it usually never comes out. And it stays there ALL DAY. It still makes me very motion sick too. I'm a 20 year old afraid to go anywhere more than 10 miles from my house because the acid makes me want to throw up and car rides make it far worse. I get anxiety from this too and it is honestly ruining my life. I'm so sick of this, it gets me depressed sometimes too. I want to get my life started with me and my girlfriend but it's impossible with this very frequent ailment. \nAnything helps guys, thank you!",
"_URL_0_\n\nRead this is you're experiencing heartburn/ reflux and need some understanding of why ",
"The acid doesn't get pushed down, instead it mixes with whatever you have consumes, so it's concentration is reduced and the burn should be less harsh, but not completely solved. To issue is with the valve (sphincter) an the point where your oesophagus meets your stomach.",
"There are a lot of people here looking for help with their reflux/heartburn/GERD.\n\nI kindly point you toward the following [discussion](_URL_1_) for your review and implore you to give it a go. What have you got to lose? The longer you suffer with it the more long term damage will be done.\n\nI personally suffered from constant reflux multiple times a day and during the night, keeping me from sleep. Now I have none.\n\nThis obviously isn't an ELI5 answer but I hope it helps someone!\n\nEdit: To be more ELI5 you can read the following.\n\n[What Everybody Ought To Know (But Doesn’t) About Heartburn & GERD Part I](_URL_0_)\n",
"Okay, even though this seems like a removable question because you're asking about a personal problem, I'll let it stay and try to answer it even because heartburn sucks. \n\nThere are different things in your stomach that can burn and distress your esophagus including stomach acid and bile salts depending upon how bad things are. Neither are very pleasant to escape the stomach. \n\nThat feeling of pressure like there is a hot stoke stuck in your chest and you feel like if you could just force it back down you'd be okay, is not food. It's a swollen and tender section of esophagus that makes it harder to swallow until it goes away. It's a sign of really bad heart burn as well. \n\nAs far as what to eat to fix it, you need to eat sodium bicarbonate aka Tums or Rolaids. They react with the stomach acid to produce salts and carbon dioxide gas (which is why you burp when taking them). This will provide immediate relief but it won't help your tender throat that is now likely in pain from coming on contact with the acid. For that there are very few things you can do that make a real difference. Most of them are psychosematic and make you feel better mostly in your head. Things like drinking milk, or eating bread might seem to be good things for counter acting acid, but they don't help. \n\nCarbonated beverages definitely don't help so avoid them when having these problems as well as anything acidic like lime and citrus, salad dressings with vinegar etc. \n\nWhat personally worked for me was brushing my teeth and swallowing a little of the mint tooth paste, or eating mint candy, and drinking ice water. Mint has a substance in it that tricks your pain receptors into thinking they feel cold, and this can feel really good on acid burned parts. \n\nSo thats the whats, here's the hows. \n\n\nYou have a muscle that cinches the top of your stomach closed when you're not swallowing. Due to many factors, this muscle may loosen which could allow the contents of the stomach to leak into the esophagus without vomiting. It's likely to do this when you are laying on your back like when sleeping. If you've ever woken up choking on acid then this has happened to you. \n\nAnt acids help treat the symptoms by reducing or counteracting the acid, either from acid and base reactions making carbon dioxide and salts, or proton pump inhibitors like Zantac that reduce the quantity of acid your stomach produces over time. \n\nIf you have chronic heart burn and medication doesn't help then your real choice is surgery or no surgery. They can tighten this sphincter muscle back up so your stomach stays closed. \n\n\nI used to have horrible heart burn since I was a young man and I no longer take antacids or have heart burn and all I did was begin sleeping with my back propped up enough to put my head above my hips. It doesn't need to be much. If acid leaks out at night, it doesn't go anywhere. This helped allow my esophagus to repair itself and I also made sure never to over eat and to eat smaller meals. I can now eat red hot buffalo wings and never have a problem. Good luck OP. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.wfmz.com/blob/view/-/41155846/data/1/-/11h0yagz/-/Research-summary--Fix-acid-reflux-for-good.pdf"
],
[],
[
"https://chriskresser.com/what-everybody-ought-to-know-but-doesnt-about-heartburn-gerd/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/keto/comments/3ck2yn/i_am_curious_and_i_am_wondering_have_any_of_you/"
],
[]
] |
||
buiha2
|
what are the effects of antidepressants and anxiety medication on a healthy person?
|
I'm wondering what are the effects of antidepressants( SSRI) and anxiety medication ( GABA) on a healthy person.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/buiha2/eli5_what_are_the_effects_of_antidepressants_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"epcqna5",
"epdaetu",
"epdjjpx",
"epdnp2k",
"epfgvbp"
],
"score": [
15,
9,
8,
6,
2
],
"text": [
"GABA drugs like benzodiazepines will have many effects common with alcohol, as alcohol also targets that system among others. SSRIs are a bit more complex as their exact role in depression is not well understood and their effects in general are much less predictable. It could provide a level of mood stabilization, no noticeable mental effect or some undesirable side effects; it'd both depend on the person as it does in depression and what the increase in serotonin in the synapse does beyond help with depression. Without a study, it would be hard to draw any general conclusions.",
"We don’t know exactly and it varies from person to person.\n\nThere are many different SSRIs, and it takes time for them to work. Often, people need to try several ones before they find one that works for them. Brain chemistry is very complex and having too much/too little of a particular chemical is never good, but it is very hard to predict what the effects would be, since they all interact with each other to some extent. \n\nThe truth is, we have a very basic understanding of how the brain works, even though one might get the impression that we know what we are doing when we have PhDs.",
"I take medication for depression and anxiety. I've taken them for years. The only real side effect I have is not being able to bust a nut. The effect worsens when alcohol is added to the equation. Sometimes there is no side effect at all. Sometimes I can't \"go\" even if I want to. After many years of this, I found a way to beat the side effect though.",
"SSRI:\n\n\\- Loss of libido\n\n\\- Terrible side effects for first few weeks\n\n\\- Difficulty ejaculating during this time\n\n\\- Less empathy (my opinion)",
"Source: pharmacology 101 and 102 (nursing school). Rebound symptoms can happen. You can also lower your blood pressure. You know that warning \"may cause suicidal thoughts or actions?\" Mood instability can occur. You may also have dizziness, fatigue, headache, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, and all those other fun side effects. Also, some anxiety meds lower the heart rate. I have SVT which stems from anxiety, and ativan is a literal life saver for me. My HR was at 180 and ativan got it down fairly quickly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
53ailm
|
what is the 'internet' actually made of? a series of wires? how is data transferred so quickly across these 'wires'? how do packets of 0's and 1's move so quickly around the world?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/53ailm/eli5_what_is_the_internet_actually_made_of_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7rdc3n",
"d7rdci6",
"d7rdfxc",
"d7re6us"
],
"score": [
2,
8,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"the internet is in fact a series of wires connecting to a backbone of fiber optic cable. packets of data travel at about 69% the speed of light. the wires are connect to switches and routers and individual computers are connected to those routers. ",
"1. Large organizations like the military, colleges, and big corporations like AT & T had internal computer networks.\n\n2. Eventually someone figured out how to send data from one network to another network using the already existing copper telephone wires.\n\n3. Data is turned into electrical impulses, similar to a telegraph. Electricity travels at the speed of light. Not instant, but extremely fast.\n\n4. The 0's and 1's, which also make the packets, travel through a series of routing devices called routers. Routers talk to each other and the 0's and 1's carry addresses of their destinations, that's how the routers know where to send them.\n\nSome of these large internal computer networks, like those at college campuses, started exchanging data with each other. Large businesses started joining in as well, then small business, and eventually consumers. The Internet gets faster as routers get faster computer memory and processors, copper cables are replaced by fiber (glass) cables, and companies connect faster and faster computers to the Internet for people to access.",
"There is no internet. Its a word we use to describe the connections between computers on a global scale. You connect to these computers, called servers, through their address.\n\nThe data is transferred as quickly as the computer can process them. 0s and 1s symbolize electricity flowing through a wire, or not. This happens *VERY* and I mean *VERY* fucking quickly. Like several million times a second. The computer decodes this and decides what to do with it, be it display a website, connect you to a multiplayer game, or install a virus onto your computer.",
"The internet consists of wires, servers, and computers. Wires transmit the information that's stored on servers, to your computer. Servers are basically storage units and are in every city across the globe. Servers are everywhere, even in some people's home and when they go down, whatever websites/information was stored on it is now unavailable to the internet until it's back up. \n\nThink of the internet like a phone conversation with a friend. Both of you have universally unique numbers. When you punch in a website, a signal goes to a universally unique address and if the servers up, it responds. Like a phone conversation, the computers have an agreed upon language that they both understand. That language is just 1s amd 0s, but the order they come in is what creates the message. For example the first few bits will tell your computer what's coming, the next few will identify a program to use to decode it, then the information to be decoded, then at the end comes a goodbye of sorts. If your computer misses something, it will stop and say \"what?\" And the server will hear that and send the last message again before continuing on. Every click is a question from your computer to the server and the server responds accordingly. \n\nThe speed of all this is deturmined by a few different things. Like how fast can your computer read these signals and make the correct associations the ability of your graphics card to turn that information into pictures. That's your end of it. On the other side it becomes more of a traffic type issue and your carriers speed. The more people go to one site, the harder that site has to work. The more people online, the more bandwidth your carrier has to have to keep up (think rush hour traffic). All of this is done through electric signals and light signals. How fast does your light turn on when you flip a switch? It's basically instant. Fiber optics is what the majority of the wires are online, so the speed of light is your limit there. Then it gets converted to an electronic signal closer to your house or at your house depending on your provider. Hopefully this wasn't to hard to follow."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3bnsnv
|
where do all the unsold phones, tablets, laptops, camera go from the market?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3bnsnv/eli5where_do_all_the_unsold_phones_tablets/
|
{
"a_id": [
"csnuk5k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"I read in a textbook that they get dumped in the trash or sold oversees. Apparently there are places all over the world where your old cell phone is just laying in a trash pile. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
20wgzw
|
why when i bounce a ball with backspin it comes back up with top spin
|
Take a ball and spin it backwards as you drop it. If you catch it after it bounces you will notice it is spinning in the opposite direction. Does this have to do with conservation of energy? How does the momentum end up transferring in that way? does this only happen to certain solids?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/20wgzw/eli5_why_when_i_bounce_a_ball_with_backspin_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cg7d4an"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"this has to do with the friction and reaction from the ground. for every action there is an Equal yet opposite reaction. it's the same reason that the ball comes back up when bounced. the ground is reacting to the impact if the ball. this is also why when you push against the ground with a horizontal force that you are propelled forward. \n\nedit: you will find the same occurs on a pool table when taking kick shots (where you bounce off a rail before contacting the object ball) if you use topspin, then it is converted to bottom spin on the return trip. also, I just realized why I was taught to always use topspin when taking such shots, as bottomspin would result in the ball digging into the felt/slate immediately after impact. if it helps you understand, this is also why the ball will launch off of the table if given enough momentum and topspin. \n\nfurther breakdown would explain that in the pool table scenario the rail will be pushed down on impact as it compresses, and then expands while pushing up in order to assume it's previous resting position. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
23e6nv
|
how do tank shells bounce off armour too thick to penetrate?
|
Like if something has 75mm of pen but the armour is 100mm, why doesn't the shell go in 75mm rather than just ping off it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23e6nv/eli5how_do_tank_shells_bounce_off_armour_too/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgw415l",
"cgw6x7f"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"First, most modern tank rounds are not going to bounce off anything. They are often tipped with explosives and they'll detonate when they hit a solid surface.\n\nSecond even if you used a round that was not itself explosive, the velocities of modern tank guns are so high that the impact of the round against any solid surface will convert the round to plasma and molten metal even if the shot is a glancing blow.\n\nIf a round hits armor and bounces off, it's because the round was a dud, or its velocity was low due to being fired from a great distance or from an underpowered cartridge, etc.\n\nBack in the day when a tank might shoot another tank and the round could ricochet, it was pretty dangerous to be hit even if the round did not penetrate all the way through the armor. If the round was able to make a meaningful penetration, the other side of the armor was likely to \"spall\" - to be blown away on the interior at high velocity. Spalling kills a lot of tankers - it generates shrapnel, hot gasses, and extreme heat.\n\nAssuming the round wasn't explosive, didn't arrive at a high velocity, and didn't ricochet, it is certainly possible for a round to hit the target, penetrate some distance into its armor, and not catastrophically impact the crew. You'd get a crater and a divot in the armor.",
"Some of the armor used in tanks is pretty freakin' dense. Think about it like this. Suppose you have a hammer and a tenpenny nail. You want to drive it through something. You have a piece of paper. The nail goes through easy, right?\n\nSo you tap your nail into a piece of wood. Wood is more dense than paper, but not as dense as the nail, so the nail goes right in. Take a piece of lead 30cm thick. Try as you might, you ain't going to get that nail into that piece of lead. \n\nArmored tanks use lead, and some use really dense lead. The armor plating is actually depleted uranium (DU). DU is really, really dense. Density means you got a lot of mass compressed into a smaller area. So even though the armor may not be very thick, it is still denser than the shell fired at it. And just like the nail you tried driving into the sheet of lead, the round is going to bend and bounce off. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
f80eh6
|
what determines the geographical center of a city?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f80eh6/eli5_what_determines_the_geographical_center_of_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fihpd2k"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Usually historical precedent. \n\nFailing that it can be worked out on average by just plotting across the city all the way around its limits, and where they all cross over, it's there."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ar4eae
|
if a pregnant person is in a coma and they are ready to give birth, which method of the birthing process is used (e.g. c-section, naturally), if at all? does the baby develop normally or is there a high risk for complications?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ar4eae/eli5_if_a_pregnant_person_is_in_a_coma_and_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"egkpw8k",
"egkqitq"
],
"score": [
2,
31
],
"text": [
"It honestly all depends, cause of coma, viability of mother and fetus, health of the mother, health of the overall pregnancy etc \n\nThe final choice usually comes down to the doctor on which procedure to go with. Risks associated with either are minimal, birth is an evolutionary function and c sections are usually preformed under general anesthesia, but can be used locally if health of the mother is at risk by using a general.\n\nThe growth of the baby doesnt require higher brain functions of the mother, its a evolutionary process. You dont need to actively think about a fetus to develop it.\n\nEdit: spelling",
"Delivery is recommended via Cesarean section as the mother is unable to participate in the physiologic birthing process (i.e. pushing). Baby typically is developmentally normal but both mom and baby are at risk for complications. Being in a long term bedridden state, especially on a vent, puts you at risk for all sorts of stuff: blood clots, catheter associated UTIs, pneumonia, pressure ulcers, sepsis... any of these things might put baby at risk for preterm delivery or even fetal demise. \n\n(I am a board certified OBGYN in the US)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
c6j63o
|
how are there seemingly endless and drastic variations in the physical appearance of humans when we all have 2 eyes, a nose, a mouth, 2 ears, etc?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c6j63o/eli5_how_are_there_seemingly_endless_and_drastic/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es90a0k",
"es94u06"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Not quite sure if I'm misunderstanding you, but isn't it rather obvious that just because two persons both have two eyes their eyes can look different? Some are narrow, some are not, some are big, some are small, they have different colours. And even then it is not just big or small eyes, there are obviously a ton of different sizes. The same goes for noses, they can have different shapes and sizes. So on for all face features.\n\nThe really big thing is when you combine them in different ways. Let's just say there are only two different ways each feature can look, and lets just use eyes, nose, mouth, ears, forehead and chin. This means you have 12 different features. How many combinations can you make with them them? That would be 2\\^12, which equals 4096 different faces. *Only* using two different looking eyes, noses, etc. gives you that many. Now, what if you have 10 different looking eyes, noses etc.? Then you have 60 different features, which is a total of 2\\^60 combinations. That means 1152921500000000000 combinations. And obviously it is possible to make way more than 10 different looking noses and ears and all that. You probably get the point by now, you can make extreme amounts of combinations resulting in different looking faces. You mention drastic variations, so even if we just look at that you can at least make 10 drastically different noses and such, which is already way, *way* more than there are people on Earth.",
"In addition to /u/Kitschmusic's response, another point is that you're conditioned to spot these subtle differences in human faces that give the diversity you're talking about. \n\nIn reality these variations exist on all animals, the face of a lion, the face of a dog, the face of a, I don't know, crocodile. \n\nBut because these differences aren't relevant to you, [you lose the ability to distinguish between them](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/news/nr/345-1.174675"
]
] |
|
25fdwz
|
what would happen if all the engines failed, in flight, on a commercial airliner such as the boeing 747?
|
If all the engines failed on a flight at an altitude of approx. 35,000ft would the plane just fall or could it glide all way down safely?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25fdwz/eli5_what_would_happen_if_all_the_engines_failed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chgmwry",
"chgn1gy",
"chgprm3"
],
"score": [
34,
10,
3
],
"text": [
"All aircraft can function in a glide with no propulsion from engines. The 747 can glide approximately 15km for each km it loses in altitude. So if the 747 were at a height of 11km (or around 36000 feet), it could glide about 165 km without propulsion, or around 100 miles. After 100 miles, it would be at ground level and crash (or land, if it made it to an airport).",
"That exact scenario happened in 1983 with an Air Canada Boeing 767, nicknamed the [Gimli Glider](_URL_0_).\n\nTL;DR: The Glider ran out of gas and was still safely landed.",
"[British Airways Flight 9](_URL_0_) was inadvertently flown through a volcanic ash cloud in 1982, causing all 4 engines to stop.\n\n\n\nThe flight crew were able to descend the plane into clear air, and successfully restarted 3 of the engines.\n\n\n\nThe flight then made an emergency landing in Indonesia."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimli_Glider"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways_Flight_9"
]
] |
|
elkul4
|
what is the difference/relation between a node/server/cluster? (preferably in the world of high performance computing)
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/elkul4/eli5_what_is_the_differencerelation_between_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fdikdtl"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"A server is basically any single computer. A cluster is compromised of many servers. A node is a server that is a part of a cluster. And a supercomputer is the entire cluster or multiple clusters connected by an interconnect. Though interconnects also connect nodes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1pcsb8
|
why am i able to hold my finger over a lighters flame without being burned right away?
|
Like in this gif: _URL_0_
My friends can't do it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1pcsb8/eli5why_am_i_able_to_hold_my_finger_over_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cd11kpk",
"cd1lsxc"
],
"score": [
6,
2
],
"text": [
"Chances are you have thicker pads on your fingers than your friends so it takes longer for your nerve endings to find out wtf you're up to now. Or you're the next Human Torch, in which case avoid any movie deals with Warner bros.",
"Well, in the picture included, the trick is to get most of your finger below the flame. Due to the pressure of the gas escaping the lighter, there is a small gap between the nozzle, and the actual flame. Next to that gap is a low heat flame, due to the lack of oxygen compared to fuel. Find the right spot, and don't hold it still for too long, and you're suddenly fire proof\n\nAs to your specific situation, it could be any number of things. Thicker skin, higher pain threshold, or you're just a freak..."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/LIuqqCo.gif"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ax11le
|
why is it that a reese's peanut butter cup, mini, and egg all taste completely different?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ax11le/eli5_why_is_it_that_a_reeses_peanut_butter_cup/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ehqjm92"
],
"score": [
28
],
"text": [
"They all have different ratios of chocolate and peanut butter. I'm sure there's also an age factor in there as well, but mostly it's due to the pb:c "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1vnbbq
|
can someone give me a basic intro to cars and what parts make up a car?
|
Searched google and I got even more confused, I'm 16 so ye but next year planning on getting a car and I just saw the fast and furious series so I'm really into this for some reason. I just want someone to explain to me the different parts of a car and just basics into modding and r/c I guess
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1vnbbq/eli5_can_someone_give_me_a_basic_intro_to_cars/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cetyo2b",
"ceuchdf"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Buy a shitty car. Buy the repair guide for that car (Hayne's Manuals are pretty comprehensive) and pledge to never take it to the mechanic.\n\nYou will be surprised what you can learn when your ride to work depends on it.",
"This is by no means a complete list, and not even ten percent of what you should know. I am not a mechanic, nor am I even that good of a shadetree mechanic, but I'm bored at work, so I'm going to give you a quick rundown of terms. As far as modding or racing goes, simply owning a car and keeping it running will consume 100% of your automotive time as a teenager. Just trust me on that one. Cars are a constant pain in the ass. \n\nEngine Parts:\n\nAir Intake: This is where air gets sucked into the motor. How fast it is sucked in is regulated by the throttlebody, which is connected to the \"gas\" pedal. The \"gas\" pedal isn't a gas pedal at all; it's an air pedal.\n\nHead: This is the top part of the motor. The intake and exhaust valves live here. The actions of these valves are timed by the cam(s). SOHC means \"Single Overhead Cam\", and DOHC means \"Dual Overhead Cam\". The cams are driven by, and their speed controlled by, your timing belt, which is connected to the crankshaft.\n\nCrankshaft: This is what the pistons are connected to. It's shaped in a way where each time a piston gets forced down by gasoline exploding, force is imparted into the shaft as a rotating motion. \n\nBlock: The \"block\" is the part of the motor that the crankshaft and pistons live inside. It is a separate piece of metal from the head, and in between them, there's a head gasket that keeps oil inside the combustion chamber, and water (antifreeze) outside. \n\nFuel: Your car has fuel injectors. They are like the little atomizer thing on a windex bottle. Every time the computer in the car decides the engine needs gas, the fuel pump pushes gasoline from the gas tank to the fuel rail, where the injectors live. \n\nSpark: This is the other thing needed for combustion. You have a coil pack that runs off of the alternator. Electricity flows from the alternator to the coil pack, where the voltage is turned up a great deal. It then goes to a distributor, which splits it into 4, 6, or 8 wires, depending on how many cylinders you have. The ends of these wires are connected to the spark plugs, where it shorts across a thin gap causing the gasoline to explode. \n\nAccessories: There are a lot of devices that are driven by belts attached to the motor. These include the following - \n \n alternator - an electric generator driven by the motor. it powers all electronics in the car. it also charges your battery for you while you drive the car, too. \n power steering pump - this is a pump, that pumps power steering fluid into the steering rack. when you turn the wheel, this pump pressurizes the rack, which pushes on your tie rods, which are connected to the front wheels, causing them to turn left or right. If it breaks, you can still steer the car, but all the steering force comes from your arms moving the steering wheel. \n A/C compressor - I don't understand air conditioning systems.\n Water pump - usually, this is driven off of the timing belt. On some cars, it's driven off of an external belt. You can't see your timing belt, by the way. It's behind the front of the engine. The water pump's job is to keep antifreeze flowing through the motor in order to keep it cool. It pushes it all through the motor, and into the radiator, where wind from the highway cools it, and the cycle repeats. \n \nTransmission: The transmission interfaces with the flywheel on the back of the motor. The motor makes the transmission spin. A series of gears creates a tradeoff between power and efficiency, and the output shaft runs back to the differential. The differential is a T-splitter. It's a set of 90 degree gears that take the sideways rotation of the transmission, and turn it into longways rotation of the drive axles, which make the wheels turn. \n\nSuspension: Tie rods are what steer the front wheels. Ball joints are what hold all four wheels vertical. Your springs absorb blows from the road, keeping the car level, and the shocks control how fast the springs expand back to their original size. There's WAY more to suspensions than this. I don't understand all of it. \n\nAgain, this is a hilariously, woefully incomplete rundown of a car. I just felt like writing. Wikipedia will help you. r/cars will help you. After you buy a car, locate a forum for that model of car on the internet, where other people can help you. \n\nThey are not mysterious machines, but they're certainly not simple either. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6w69cg
|
how the skin stretches.
|
Hi there! Earlier this morning, I saw a fat dude walking outside our house. I wondered how far can the skin really stretch before it becomes "too tight" for our body. Is it even possible to even be too tight? And how does the skin do it? I mean, I'm currently 150lbs. If I get fatter, say I get to 400lbs, how will the skin expand to fit my body composition?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6w69cg/eli5how_the_skin_stretches/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dm5obs2",
"dm5pumu",
"dm5rpg1",
"dm66faf"
],
"score": [
3,
3,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"I know that our skin has a protein called called **elastin** that gives your skin the ability to stretch and move without breaking or tearing but I'm not sure if there's a limit to how fat you can get before it's too much. ",
"Put on 30 pounds in a month after an injury... 200-- > 230 pounds. Stretch marks on my stomach. I would tend to say this is what happens when your skin can't go further.",
"Your body will create as much skin as it needs to cover your (theoretical) fat ass, but if you lose weight your body isn't as talented at making less skin, which is why stretch marks happen after pregnancies and stuff ",
"To add to these points, you have stem cells in your body that can become any other cell it needs to be. For example, when you slice a chunk of skin off l by accident, your body says \"hey stem cells, we need more skin to cover this area, it's exposed!\". It's like when you are naked, you out on clothes to cover yourself. Stem cells can become the skin cells though a process called differentiation given the correct stimuli, and cover whatever area needs the repair.\n\nThis is how cells regenerate and how your body deals with damaged or dead cells; it makes more. This is also how after bleeding a lot (not extreme cases) you don't die, your body just makes more blood cells via your bone marrow stem cells. That's a different story though ;) \n\nSo, going back to a larger individual, your body will produce more skin cells to cover said extra area.\n\nThe problem, as some have mentioned, is losing the weight after. \n\nI highly encourage you to look up pictures of individuals who have lost A TON of weight, without surgery. Usually they have a ton of saggy skin and it legit looks like they are wearing a costume. You can always make more skin, but in extreme cases such as going on an extreme weight loss regimen the only way to get rid of it is through surgery. \n\nThey literally have to *cut* the skin off of you cause you made so much.\n\nHope this helps!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
nonyy
|
why do my eyes "itch" when i sleep with contacts in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nonyy/eli5_why_do_my_eyes_itch_when_i_sleep_with/
|
{
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"c3aqafy",
"c3bsjfz",
"c3aqafy",
"c3bsjfz"
],
"score": [
4,
2,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"Don't sleep with contacts! AFAIK it is bad and even dangerious. I think it has to do with the rapid eye movement during the REM sleep cycle(quickly moving eyes up and down during dreaming). So don't sleep with them, didn't they tell you that?!",
"They itch probably because you're getting a build up of bacteria, mucus etc on the lenses, causing a hypersensitive reaction to the antigens (bacteria and mucus) coated on the surface of the lens. It's kind of like setting off an allergy reaction. Thats why when you take them out and soak them in your multi-purpose solution, you should always rub the lenses before putting it back into the case. ",
"Don't sleep with contacts! AFAIK it is bad and even dangerious. I think it has to do with the rapid eye movement during the REM sleep cycle(quickly moving eyes up and down during dreaming). So don't sleep with them, didn't they tell you that?!",
"They itch probably because you're getting a build up of bacteria, mucus etc on the lenses, causing a hypersensitive reaction to the antigens (bacteria and mucus) coated on the surface of the lens. It's kind of like setting off an allergy reaction. Thats why when you take them out and soak them in your multi-purpose solution, you should always rub the lenses before putting it back into the case. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5x253h
|
how are acids made?
|
I've been trying to figure out how acids like sulphuric acid and nitric acid were first made but practically every explanation I find leads me to another compound I haven't heard of. How did people first discover/create acids?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5x253h/eli5_how_are_acids_made/
|
{
"a_id": [
"deen6py"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Some are made by dissolving solids in water. Many natural substances create acids when dissolved.\n\nSome are made by bacteria. If you let juice ferment, it will turn to alcohol, then vinegar (an acid)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
15s526
|
how does a dvd player know if i'm using disks for that region of usage?
|
I recently recieved a copy of Blade (best movie ever) that I had ordered online. Unfortunately, when I went to play my newest treasure the disk displayed a "cannot be played in this region". I'm a bit baffled by how it knew that the DVD wasnt from my general location and a bit curious as to why this happens.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15s526/eli5_how_does_a_dvd_player_know_if_im_using_disks/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c7pas0o"
],
"score": [
13
],
"text": [
"DVDs have a lot of data on them. Not just the content you want but the data *about* the contents itself. This is called metadata. One of the fields is called the Regional Code Mask.\n\nNow, the DVD player. The DVD player you have at home, whether it's part of your home entertainment setup or your computer, has been told which region's DVDs it's allowed to play. It notices that your *Blade* wasn't from the region it's allowed, so it tells you. On some DVD players, at least for computers, you can change the firmware's region code a certain number of times, say 5 times, after which it is locked.\n\nNow you are asking why. This is a form of DRM, the entertainment industry wanted control of regional DVD releases so that *Blade* for the UK is released at a different time or with different content than *Blade* for the US. \n\nThis of course leads to\n\n* Piracy (not everyone wants to wait for a local DVD version)\n* Cracks - you can get software that 'pretend' there is no region restriction\n* Region free DVD players can be purchased though they're not very common\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
fwbgza
|
how does bulk pricing work?
|
Why does it make financial sense for a seller to provide a discount to someone buying multiple items? How does one determine what amount of goods qualifies for a bulk discount, and how much the discount is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fwbgza/eli5_how_does_bulk_pricing_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmndgni",
"fmndqub",
"fmnh07l",
"fmouizi"
],
"score": [
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Lets just take one tiny aspect, Say packaging, loading, and shipping.\n\nNow lets say you order one box of soap from the manufacture. For that one box, they have to take your order, make an invoice, do data input, put the box in its own pile, make a shipping label, arrange for shipping, track the shipment, and so on.\n\nMan all that work for just 1 box? \n\nNow lets say that customer instead orders 100 boxes. Is it 100X the work? No not at all, maybe its I dunno (lets use magic numbers) 10X the work, not 100X. Well, thats way cheaper for you to do 100 boxes to one customer than 1 box to 100 customers. Volume matters, volume is easier and cheaper\n\nAnd this is just an example of why ordering in volume may get you a discount.\n\nHow is the discount determined? Well, the company does math and prices the discount not different than how they price anything else",
"It makes financial sense because I'd rather make more money right this second by selling more units to the same buyer, even if it's at a lower profit margin, than needing to spend additional money to find more buyers to buy those additional units.\n\nIf I sell a pair of pants for 100 dollars, and each pair of pants costs me 15 dollars to produce and sell, then I make 85 dollars in profit by selling each pair of pants. If a guy comes to my store and buys a pair of pants, and then stops and thinks \"hmmm maybe I want a second pair of pants, but maybe I don't.\", it's much easier for me to knock 20 bucks off the second pair of pants to push him over the edge and move another pair of pants than to risk him declining the extra pair of pants and forcing me to go spend more money and work on finding a different consumer to sell that pair of pants to. Do I make less money on that 2nd pair of pants? Yes, 65 dollars instead of 85, but that's still profit, and at least I have a total of $150 profit guaranteed and sitting securely in my pocket instead of crossing my fingers and hunting it down tomorrow.\n\nPlus there are logistical efficiencies that come into play with bulk items as well that can save money for the producer.",
"If I'm normally selling 500,000 units a year to various buyers and my sales team has to work hard every year to get that 500,000. Then somebody wants to buy 250,000 unit a year for 3 years... The shear volume of that order would encourage me to lower prices to ensure that I do loose that buyer to a competitor.",
"If you take all the apples i'm selling at the street market, i won't have to bring back a heavy basket of unsold apples, which are heavy to carry and will rot."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6be4ec
|
when someone wins a lifetime supply of something, how does it work and how do they recieve it?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6be4ec/eli5_when_someone_wins_a_lifetime_supply_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhlurtc",
"dhluwl4",
"dhlvjy4",
"dhlxdud"
],
"score": [
7,
8,
4,
2
],
"text": [
"they define what a lifetime supply means and how they will distribute that. so read the fine print. \n\nin this case a lifetime supply might just mean one redemption of a 6pc chicken mcnugget good once a day. ",
"This all depends on the company offering it. \n\nIn the movies you always see people with 1000 boxes of candy bars. \n\nWhen I was 16 I worked at a pizza place and worked with the manager to do some of these giveaways, we considered a \"lifetime supply\" as 1 pizza a week for 1 year. I don't know why that's what they considered \"Lifetime.\" I have seen a toll house lifetime contest and it was similar, it was limited to a box of cookies every month for the \"Lifetime of the contest.\" Which was like 6 months. ",
"When I won a year supply of potatoes on Twitter, it was fulfilled as 52 coupons for free 2-lb. bags of potatoes from the brand that sponsored the prize.\n\nMy wife was fearing a truckload of potatoes showing up at our apartment... after already being traumatized by the time I received an actual potato in a box as part of a media announcement for ESPN Zone Ultimate Couch Potato contest... it arrived while we're on 2 week vacation and was rotting away by the time we arrived home and got the package.",
"The fine print of the contest would include a specific number per term, ie so many per day or per week or per month. Even as a one-time social media event, there will be a contract drawn up or some coupons handed out.\n\nI won a \"year's supply\" of Duracell batteries about 15 years ago, it was shit, it was like 2 small packs each of AA and AAA and one each of D, C, and 9v. Free I guess but not a year's worth."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
42z34c
|
how does the space station get new oxygen? food? and water? are fresh things simply delivered?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42z34c/eli5_how_does_the_space_station_get_new_oxygen/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cze6975"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Yep, Shipments go up to the ISS pretty regularly.\n\nThat said a lot of the oxygen is simply recycled along with the water.\n\nFood has to be shipped up regularly"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4zkhhg
|
what would happen if you stayed longer than the recommended 10 minutes in a sauna?
|
The rules at my gym state that you should not be in the sauna longer than 10 minutes a session and no longer than 25 minutes a day. Why is this? What would happen if you stayed longer than that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4zkhhg/eli5_what_would_happen_if_you_stayed_longer_than/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d6wjj8x",
"d6wk5ku"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"I used to use the sauna a lot cutting weight for wrestling. It is a very efficient dehydrator, which can quickly cause heat sickness and exacerbate preexisting conditions, especially heart or blood pressure. ",
"Nothing, it is probably just a warning so people who are not used to sauna (and especially if they had a hard workout) don't get too light headed and collapse. Alternatively they may not want people sitting in their for hours etc. \n\nYou sweat a lot in a sauna, if you don't hydrate, or lose too much salt, you'll soon start feeling pretty rough, and if you pass out in a sauna with nobody around you can die of heat stroke. \n\nI live in Finland, the land of Sauna. Nearly every house, and most apartment buildings here have a sauna, and it is common to use it for at least an hour once per week. In addition, a lot of people have cabins in the woods/lakes with a sauna, and a day to day routine is just many iterations of swim, sauna, drink and repeat. I've had days where I would have spent about 10 hours in a sauna (taking a break to go swimming/snow rolling roughly every 20min) all the while drinking, with the sauna temperature usually sitting at around 90-95C. \n\nWith enough beer, water and food (not eaten in the sauna!) you can stay in for as long as you want. The comfort factor is a lot better when you know you can walk out the door and get immediately cooled down by the -20 winter temps. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1lxej7
|
how do mortgage interest rates work?
|
After being accepted for our first mortgage we have had the ups and downs of finding as low a mortgage interest rate as possible. But how do these interest rates work?
The bank of England base rate is 0.5% but the rates offered to us are between 2.1% to 8%. But 8% of of what? What are they charging 8% of? Is it 8% of the mortgage? How much of my repayments are actually repayments and not interest?
On a mortgage calculator it says if our mortgage went up to 12% it would double the cost, but 12% is double 3%, etc.
Who makes these decisions on who gets what percentage?! It's all very confusing.
TL:DR What are mortgage interest rates and how is their value chosen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lxej7/eli5_how_do_mortgage_interest_rates_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cc3p661",
"cc3pk6v"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"You want to buy house for 300k. You don't have 300k. But you can and likely will make 80k per year for the next 30 years. Bank says, \"hey, 80k guy, we'll give you 300k to buy that house, but you have to pay us back the 300k at X rate of interest.\" Which really means that you have to pay back a lot more than 300k, because interest. The rate is the annual rate of interest you must pay on the outstanding mortgage loan.\n\nI don't really know the English banking system, but I assume that's the rate at which the bank of england will lend money to other banks. Those banks must, however, adjust the rate at which they loan the money to you because you are a much riskier investment than a bank, so the bank will need to make more money off people like you in order to pay off the losses they will take on other people like you who end up defaulting or discharging the debt in bankruptcy. The bank also wants to profit. The value is also influenced by competition between banks for your business. After all, if you do end up paying back that loan at a hefty interest rate, they will have made some good money lending to you.\n\n**TL;DR**\n\nRate at which a bank is willing to lend you money to buy a house. Banks take into account the risk of people like you defaulting/discharging the debt in bankruptcy and also want to profit.",
"Mortgage rates in Britain are quoted as APR figures. The calculations for APRs isn't straightforward, but basically it means that -- let's say the mortgage rate is 5% on a 25-year loan -- then each year you're effectively paying (1/25^(th) + 5%) of the amount you've borrowed.\n\nSo you see that even if the rate was zero, you'd still be paying money each month. Make the rate 1% and it goes up by a bit, make the rate 2% and it goes up a bit more (but you're not paying *in total* double what you were paying when it was 1%) and so on. If it's still confusing, it might help to sit in front of a spreadsheet with the above formulas and just play with it a little.\n\nThe BoE base rate is used to determine the interest rate at which banks can borrow from the BoE. It's largely irrelevant to you as a mortgage owner. At most, if you've been offered a tracker mortgage, then you'll be paying something like (base rate + 3%). So if the base rate goes up, you pay more. Although it's been at 0.5% for quite a few years now, that's an exceptionally low figure historically, and if the economy ever gets better you can expect the base rate (and therefore mortgage rates) to increase by several percentage points.\n\nThe decision on who gets what percentage is made by risk evaluators at the bank or building society. In general the less risk there is to the bank, the lower your mortgage rate will be. Things that affect their decision include the loan-to-value amount (i.e. how much deposit you can put down), your credit history, what sort of mortgage you're taking out (a 5-year fixed rate is riskier for the bank, because if mortgage rates rise over those five years they won't be making any extra money from you), and so on.\n\nPlease let me know if there's any aspect you'd like me to go into greater detail about."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6yay9g
|
how do we develop our likes, dislikes, and personal preferences?
|
Things such as favorite foods, colors, scents, activities, etc.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6yay9g/eli5_how_do_we_develop_our_likes_dislikes_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmm3jsa"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's an extremely complicated and not entirely understood process that's often debated.\n\nIn the most extreme basic sense, there is \"nature\" and \"nurture\".\n\nSome things we naturally enjoy or are exceedingly good at or like in a particular way, just due to variation.\n\nOther things we may like or dislike due to our association with that particular thing. For example, I love the snow because I associate it with sledding and snowball fights and time spent enjoying my youth, but others dislike the snow because they associate it with traffic jams and damp clothes and being too cold.\n\nThere are certain things that we naturally prefer, some things having evolutionary significance, and in a way our associations to things usually stem down to those basic instinctive preferences that ring true for the majority of people. For example, a lot of people will like sugary foods - this is because in nature sugar is good as it is high in glucose and that is vital for the human body to function. If as a child, they were rewarded with candy for playing football or making a nice drawing, they may associate such hobbies with positive emotions, but the root cause is that the majority of us naturally enjoy sugary foods due to instincts.\n\nOther examples are with adrenaline sports, an adrenaline rush carries with it an impossible-to-describe feeling of power and alertness, and so people persue certain hobbies to trigger those feelings.\n\nThere are likely specialist people and articles to read that can better explain the rediculously in-depth neuroscience behind all of what I've described, how and if genetics come into play, etc, but hopefully I've provided a sort of basic foundation for you to continue to look into."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3j548e
|
why haven't insects evolved to be able to avoid spider webs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3j548e/eli5_why_havent_insects_evolved_to_be_able_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cumcgui",
"cumchhc"
],
"score": [
13,
2
],
"text": [
"What makes you think they haven't? They're in an evolutionary arms race. Bugs that can't escape or avoid spider webs die. Spiders that can't make a spider web that catches bug dies of starvation. \n\nEach generation the poorest web making spider dies of starvation, and the insect least able to avoid or escape spider webs dies as prey. \n\nRepeat that for the millions of years.",
"Most insects *do* avoid spider webs most of the time, it's just that there are a *lot* of spider webs and nothing is perfect. For the same reason you've tripped while walking at some point in your life, many insects (if they're not killed some other way) will eventually get caught in a spider web."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
c9jjnk
|
how do cryptic crosswords work?
|
I have discovered them in the past few hours and I already love them. They don’t seem so hard but I am confused by how the people doing them know what kind of clue they are working with. (e.g. anagram, double definition, combined abbreviations, etc) I’m looking for how to identify which kinds I’m working with and which kinds I will encounter thanks.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c9jjnk/eli5_how_do_cryptic_crosswords_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"esz1f7g"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Each clue is in two parts one a straightforward clue the other a cryptic one, however in most crosswords there isn't a guide to which part is which.\n\nSo a cryptic clue might be - Musical with two soldiers to which the answer is GIGI, Gigi is a musical and another word for soldier is GI or general infantryman. two soldiers means that the letters gi are repeated."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2y7qjn
|
in the event of a hospital fire, how are the bedridden and those dependent on machines for survival evacuated?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2y7qjn/eli5in_the_event_of_a_hospital_fire_how_are_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp70y63",
"cp71snm",
"cp71t9l",
"cp72ui2",
"cp74xmr"
],
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15,
3,
8,
4,
3
],
"text": [
"Modern hospitals have numerous fire breaks built into the structure. In most cases they can evacuate the section where the fire is, and maybe a few close by for safety, close off the fire doors and let the fire suppression systems put the fire out. The overwhelming majority of hospital machines are on wheels, have a battery backup, and can be moved with the patient.",
"In modern hospitals, everything, bed and equipment, is on wheels. In addition, life sustaining equipment has battery backups.",
"For those dependent on ventilators, it's a bit tricky. Each patient is detached from their breathing machine and manually ventilated by someone squeezing a bag of air into the tubes in their mouth or neck, depending on the type of breathing tube they have. This needs to be done efficiently to each patient so the main oxygen line can be turned off. This line can only be turned off by certain designated people. There is a real danger here - the oxygen is needed to keep people alive, but it is highly flammable. ",
"It depends on how severe the fire is--there's fire doors and such--but if everyone needs to get out, we get those that can walk out on their own to do so, those that are able to sit in wheelchairs to do so, and for the most severe patients on upper levels of the hospital, there are special medical sleds the patients are strapped onto and dragged down the stairs on. It's a tricky process, especially if patients are on IV's and ventilators. Those on ventilators will be disconnected and ventilated with Ambu-bags, and if they need extra oxygen (which they probably do), said bags will be hooked up to oxygen tanks. \n\n",
"You don't evacuate them completely outside. You only move them 2 fire doors away from the fire which will provide you with an hour of protection while greatly reducing the time required to evacuate them. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1qpfhe
|
how can i buy an ipod touch for 300 dollars, but the phone, which is exactly the same thing but with phone capabilities is 700?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1qpfhe/eli5how_can_i_buy_an_ipod_touch_for_300_dollars/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdf3nqv",
"cdf5c0t",
"cdf5wpe"
],
"score": [
27,
26,
3
],
"text": [
"Its not just the phone chip - its the antenna, the chips that help the antenna function, the software to handle the sending and receiving of calls and data, the patents and patent licensing for each piece of that send/receive technology, the cost of development, regulatory fees, etc.\n\nThe large price difference *may* come *in part* from covering all those costs (and likely more) associated with being able to send and receive a cellular voice or data signal.\n\nThere's also other changes - [see this comparison](_URL_3_) of the iPhone 5 to the iPod Touch 5th gen.\n\nThis is not to say there is not some level of inflation of price - but there is something to be said for the cost of the differences in existing hardware and addition of new hardware to allow for the phone functionality.\n\nTaking from one of my responses in this thread:\n\n-----------\n\nThe specs between the 1st gen IPhone and iPod Touch are actually very different - you can compare them [here](_URL_1_) and [here](_URL_2_)\n\n*Going back a generation*\n\nThe iPhone 4 had a size of: 4.5 x 2.31 x .37 and weighed 4.9 ounces\n\nThe iPod 4th gen had a size of: 4.40 x 2.30 x 0.28 and weighed 3.56 ounces\n\nEven the first iPhone and iPod Touch had differences:\n\niPhone: 4.50 x 2.40 x 0.46 , weight 4.8oz\n\niPod: 4.86 x 2.31 x 0.24, weight 3.1oz\n\n\n-------------\n\nIn addition to size, there are differences in hardware, screensize, battery life, etc.\n\nIt might be fun to trash on expensive phones / Apple, but if you take the time to think about the related hardware, software, and licensing costs, the 'base' cost of the phone might be higher than we realize. This does *not* mean there isn't some level of gouging/inflation - [this article](_URL_0_) estimates the hardware cost at around 200$ for the 16GB Iphone 5, but thats an estimate, and doesn't take into account software/licensing/development costs that also go into the price of a phone.\n\nEdits in italics for clarity",
"The price is determined by whatever you will pay, not by the cost of the production. Apparently they have decided that these prices would maximize their profits.",
"The price of any good is generally determined by what the consumer is willing to pay (barring any sort of regulations that say otherwise). \n\nThe price of a product like the iPhone or the iPod Touch is not determined by the cost of the components. All that does is set the *absolute minimum* that Apple must charge to make a profit. Apple will then do research on what the consumer is willing to pay for the devices, and what they are currently paying for similar devices, and then price it accordingly. This is called establishing a Fair Market Value. \n\nSo, even if we assume that the iPhone only costs about $50-100 more to produce, how does that justify charging over $700 for one and only $300 for the other? Well the answer is pretty simple, and it is because those are the price points the market will bear. The more expensive iPhone is nearly always subsidized by the carriers, and this lowers the perceived cost to the consumer. Because of this, the carriers are willing to pay $500 to obtain a 2 year agreement (which will likely net them nearly double that cost over 2 years) and the consumer is willing to pay $200 to obtain the phone. If carriers weren't willing to pay as much, I'd bet that Apple would lower the cost of the phone to stay competitive and keep the $200 price point. \n\nPeople tend to look at these things and assume that if something costs the same to make, that the manufacturer should charge the same to the consumer. That is not how pricing works. Pricing is always based off of what the consumer is willing to pay. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.zdnet.com/iphone-5-16gb-costs-an-estimated-207-to-build-7000004476/",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation\\)",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPod_Touch",
"http://www.gizmag.com/iphone-5-vs-ipod-touch-5g/24488/"
],
[],
[]
] |
||
2ahaup
|
when there is low light, why do i see everything in shades of grey while still being able to make out the outline of the objects
|
I was wondering yesterday night, when there was really low sun light, I could still clearly see everything, but all the color information were lost and I could only see shades of grey (around 50 ;)).
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ahaup/eli5_when_there_is_low_light_why_do_i_see/
|
{
"a_id": [
"civ3u9l"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Your eyes have special receptor cells to see light. The two kinds are Cones and Rods. There are around 120 million rod cells in your eye, they help you to see in the dark, and thus are more sensitive. However they are not color-sensitive. So in the dark those are more active , but you see less color. There are different cone cells that see different colors. But that's another ELI5."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
3tdo5e
|
"bridge ices before road"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3tdo5e/eli5_bridge_ices_before_road/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cx5a4lx"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Under pavement on a road you've got layers and layers of dirt that will help to insulate and keep the road a bit warmer a bit longer.\n\nUnder pavement on a bridge is (commonly) metal and then more cold air below that which will allow it to drop in temperature quicker than the surrounding roadway.\n\nToss water on both when it's hovering around freezing and the bridge will reach the lower temps first causing it to freeze over and ice up."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2fpm90
|
why is it that i can be super tired, but the minute i lay down in bed i'm wide awake/ not as tired.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fpm90/eli5_why_is_it_that_i_can_be_super_tired_but_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckbivwl"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"_URL_0_\n\nI recommend searching for a topic before asking Reddit."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/257n52/eli5_why_is_it_that_i_can_be_dead_tired_and_about/"
]
] |
||
ej8w91
|
age deterioration in sports
|
It seems like for men atleast, the peak strength occurs between 30-40yrs old (_URL_1_) but most other previous winners are also 35+. In addition, men aged 34+ are also amongst the top finishers in marathons (_URL_0_). Why then are football and baseball players discarded after they hit 30 for the most part? It seems like with continuting training that strength and endurance continues to grow until 40+.
Anectdotally, the strongest guys i know are also around 40 and rhey all state that they are at their absolute peak
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ej8w91/eli5_age_deterioration_in_sports/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fcw9684",
"fcw997z",
"fcw9mor"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Two main reasons. \n\n1) Reaction time peak at 24 and in sport like baseball and football for a lot of position reflex are more important than pure strenght or endurance. [_URL_0_](_URL_0_) \n\n2) The second is how your body heal from injury as you age. In sport like marathon or strongest man, those are usually event with some time in between to prepare your body and heal trouble you had. You can't do that in team sport where you have to play a game everyweek or almost everyday. As you age your chance of receiving a injury increase as your ability to heal decrease. This accumulate overtime, making several of your physical or even mental (concussion), diminish. So even in theory a male between 30-40 could have better strenght/endurance, injuries accumulated throughout your career from continous games and not enough time in-between to recuperate, might mean that you are at a disadvantage physically.",
"I dont have a scientific answer just a personal anecdote. I have been playing soccer from the age of 5. I am now 36. I can still hang with the 18 yr old players, but my recovery time is longer, my injury risk is greater. I didnt tear my ACL till I was 30 and that ended my paid indoor soccer career.\n\n Our bodies have taken damage from training a certain way for years, playing competitively getting hit certain ways where you tendons and ligaments were able to compensate and little by little they have been worn down. \n\nI am a player that never made it full big time pro. However the true pro athletes have worked even harder than I have. I imagine their bodies took more hits, more stress and harder training, so for football players, soccer players etc I can see why mid 30s is retirement age.",
"As a personal trainer I can tell you that peak physical performance is actually most likely somewhere around 25. This is because recovery is much quicker. To play week after week of a professional sport at the top level in the world, and continually perform well, a younger body is going to be consistent while someone 30+ is going to start lacking in performance or even start to see injuries. Late teenage to middle 20’s is also the peak time for explosiveness, speed, reaction time, etc."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://guinnessworldrecords.com/news/2019/10/how-marathon-records-have-improved-as-eliud-kipchoge-becomes-first-person-to-run/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World%27s_Strongest_Man"
] |
[
[
"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0094215"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
ai2ef2
|
what happens to your brain when you get a chiropractic adjustment, and what exactly is that “cracking” sound?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ai2ef2/eli5_what_happens_to_your_brain_when_you_get_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eekfo88"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The cracking sound is trapped air being released from small pockets around your joints ... I imagine the brain feels relief from pain and discomfort after an adjustment "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2s9o2p
|
how do those instant inflate life vests / life rafts work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2s9o2p/eli5_how_do_those_instant_inflate_life_vests_life/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnng3i2"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There is a compressed charge of carbon dioxide attached to the rip-cord. Think of a tiny aerosol can in an balloon, now poke a hole in the can, the balloon will instantly inflate."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
25yare
|
why couldn't a person live off life support theoretically forever?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/25yare/eli5_why_couldnt_a_person_live_off_life_support/
|
{
"a_id": [
"chluvm6",
"chluwav"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"you can only live off life support as long as you can naturally live. life support can't extend your life. all it is, is helping those that can't naturally breathe/eat. ",
"At some point the tissues will be so old that they wont function, even with help. You still need lungs which can be inflated, veins which can carry blood, etc. and at some point/age those will break down too far."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3p9j2l
|
you have two identical refrigerators. fridge a is packed with food. fridge b is empty. they are set to the same temperature. after both refrigerators (and fridge a's contents) reach the set temperature, which fridge uses more electricity going forward?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3p9j2l/eli5_you_have_two_identical_refrigerators_fridge/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cw4bizu"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"The full one will be more energy efficient because I assume you will periodically open the door. When you do the near empty one will lose all its cool and have to work harder to cool the new air. The full will lose less cool air as it has less cool air and will not have to work as hard to cool that new air.\n\nThe less often you open the doors the more closely the energy use will be even. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2r8czn
|
where did the term "black market" come from?
|
I assume it has something to do with the slave trade. If this is true, why is it still an acceptable term to use, and not related to racism in some way. Someone seems to be offended by just about anything in this day and age.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r8czn/eli5_where_did_the_term_black_market_come_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnddwgc",
"cndjfet"
],
"score": [
12,
7
],
"text": [
"Black is a color commonly associated in many cultures with unsavory, hidden, and distasteful things. It isn't entirely clear if the term arose in response to a particular market which identified with the color black, but it is not a reference to the African slave trade.",
"Black, as in dark or in the dark. A normal market would be out in the daylight, these transactions take place behind closed doors and hidden from normal economies."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9ws8p8
|
can humans grow claws? if so, how?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9ws8p8/eli5can_humans_grow_claws_if_so_how/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e9mvgav",
"e9mvyfj"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Not really. It's possible to grow out your fingernails, and even encourage thicker growth to make them stronger, but they will never be strong enough to act as a claw. The placement of them, in the top of the fingers and toes, just doesn't work for it.",
"The only way to get anything resembling claws is if your fingernails are infected with fungus. They will be thicker and curl in on themselves and you could sharpen them like claws. \n\nOld peoples toenails are often claw like because of this.\n\nbut it is not healthy so please do not intentionally infect yourself with toenail fungus."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1sxmpx
|
what is actually going on with my ups or usps package when the tracking shows it "at the sort facility" then it leaves the sort facility, then it arrives there again, then it's processed, then it arrives again, etc, etc.
|
For example:
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1sxmpx/eli5_what_is_actually_going_on_with_my_ups_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ce2b6q9"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because of the way their logistics networks are set up, when a package comes in for sorting, there may or may not be an outbound load for its destination on that particular sort operation. In such cases it's pretty common to have the package reprocessed; basically they'll sort it through the facility and load it onto a trailer that just stays at the facility to be processed as an inbound load on a later sort that has an outbound destination for it. Because of the weekend, I can see that screenshot making sense if that package isn't going much farther from where it's at now. If it is, I would wager that the package was somehow left in the building during a sort, and has to be reprocessed when its outbound load gets created again. It's also possible that it was damaged and couldn't be shipped right away. Source: I work for a shipping company running sort operations, but not USPS"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://i.imgur.com/4ZEQaIv.png"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
61csm7
|
why keep planting trees when they release all that co2 back into the atmosphere upon dying?
|
We've all learned that trees suck up CO2 and exhale Oxygen so are vital to our survival.
I've recently learned that this is only temporary though. Upon dying, all that CO2 goes right back into the atmosphere. So this seems like a zero sum game. What on earth's the point?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61csm7/eli5_why_keep_planting_trees_when_they_release/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfdi220",
"dfdjh41"
],
"score": [
3,
12
],
"text": [
"They only release the C02 if they are burned. If the trees decompose naturally they put the C02 in the soil or wherever they lay",
"It kind of is a zero sum game, but not in the direction you're thinking.\n\nThere is a fixed amount of carbon on the planet, and a fixed amount of oxygen. We can't do anything to lower the amount of those things on Earth, but what we *can* do is put them in a different form. One thing to consider is that trees don't act as a sink for carbon dioxide, they act as a sink for *carbon*. They take the carbon off the CO2 and use it to construct sugars, either for food, or as part of cellulose chains for their structure. That is a net gain in energy, which they get from sunlight. When they die, they don't release carbon, they just make the carbon available for other living things to use as a source of energy by pulling the carbon out of the sugars and recombining it with oxygen, which is a net loss of energy (which is why we have to eat things instead of making our own food).\n\nStill, if we can trap more carbon in trees, that's less carbon attached to oxygen as CO2. You're right that the carbon\\* from a tree ultimately ends up back in the air after it dies, but if we can get the total amount of carbon going *into* trees higher than the total amount of carbon coming *out* of dead trees, that's a net effect of lowering the CO2 in the atmosphere.\n\n\\*And in fact, not all of the carbon ends up back in the atmosphere. A lot of it gets incorporated into the bodies of other living things, like people. The problem humans have created right now is that there is a *lot* of carbon trapped in the decayed remains of trees (and algae and animals) that died millions of years ago. That's oil, coal, and natural gas. That carbon was fixed by the various plants and plant-like things millions of years ago, and when they died it didn't get eaten and converted back into CO2, it got trapped underground. By burning those fuel sources, we're releasing CO2 back into the atmosphere *way* faster than the forests can keep up with, especially since we are also cutting those down.\n\nIn truth, most of the carbon fixing doesn't come from trees, it comes from algae in the ocean. Unfortunately, we're kind of ruining the ocean, too. Regardless, trees are still an important part of CO2 reduction.\n\nThe point isn't to get rid of all the CO2 on the planet. The point isn't even to protect everything on the planet, because the trees *love* the extra CO2. Without us chopping them down and otherwise destroying their habitats, trees would probably experience a huge increase in growth. The point is that humans kind of need the planet to have a certain amount of CO2 in the atmosphere *right now*. Yeah, in two thousand years or twenty thousand years or twenty million years that carbon may end up right back in the atmosphere, but *right now* we are facing a crisis and if we don't do something about it, humans may not be around in two thousand, twenty thousand, or twenty million years."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3ij16y
|
why does the front page not change nearly as much as it used to?
|
I've noticed recently that what's been on the front page seldom changes throughout they day, when it used to constantly change hourly. I haven't been going on reddit nearly as much because it. What is going on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3ij16y/eli5_why_does_the_front_page_not_change_nearly_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cugwtgz",
"cugy1oo",
"cuh2uy6"
],
"score": [
3,
6,
4
],
"text": [
"A lot of people have left reddit because of several recent issues which I won't bother to rehash here.\n\n Which means less people posting, less people voting, less fluid front page.",
"Reddit has vhanged vote fuzzing. This is why were seeing posts with 9000 upvotes rather than 5000. This means that old posts stay up longer",
"See this explanation from a reddit admin:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/3igtlt/whatever_you_hear_or_read_today_try_not_to_learn/cugk8kn"
]
] |
|
8x9l1l
|
what does it mean by real numbers' set from 0 to 1 is much bigger than all natural number set?
|
_URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8x9l1l/eli5_what_does_it_mean_by_real_numbers_set_from_0/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e21raf3",
"e228700"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Two sets are the same size if you can form a one-to-one mapping between the elements of the set. E.g. the set {1, 2, 3} is the same size as the set {A, B, C}, because you can form the one-to-one mapping A1, B2, C3. There are other possible one-to-one mappings, but as long as you can show at least one exists, then it means they're the same size.\n\nYou cannot show a one-to-one mapping between the real numbers between 0 and 1, and the natural numbers. Hence, they are different sizes. More over, for any mapping you try to come up with, you'll always be missing some real number between 0 and 1. That means the set of real numbers between 0 and 1 is bigger than the set of natural numbers.",
"We can say that if for each item of group A I can match a different item from group B, then group B is at least as large as group A. This is a definition and does not need a proof, but we can check that it's consistent with the English meaning of the sentence.\n\n1/(x+1) is on such example to match a different real number for each natural number (proof is out of the scope of my answer). Now we can be sure that the real numbers group is at least as large as the naturals.\n\nThere is a proof (again out of scope) than you can't match the other way (for the example of 1/x-1 we can say that 2/3 doesn't work). Now we can be sure that the natural numbers group is NOT at least as large as the reals, and so the reals are a larger group than the naturals.\n\nThis brings the question of by how much more reals are there than naturals. Turns out it is infinite times as large, so we can say this is much larger.\n\nNote: according to the above definition, the number of odd numbers is exactly as large as the number of whole numbers, despite being a subset of it. This is couter-intuitive, but not too hard to prove."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/strange-but-true-infinity-comes-in-different-sizes/"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
pt0ai
|
how do schools justify limiting free speech?
|
I know there have been tons of supreme court cases with students suing their schools because they violate free speech, but the schools always win. How do they keep winning?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/pt0ai/how_do_schools_justify_limiting_free_speech/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3s01gd",
"c3s0ap0",
"c3s8pm0"
],
"score": [
7,
8,
2
],
"text": [
"The first amendment says that **Congress** shall make no law... etc. It says nothing of schools; this is especially true if it's a private school. Additionally, not all speech is protected under the 1st amendment either. Speech that is considered obscene or is used to incite others to commit a crime is not protected.",
"In reality, you don't have as many rights as an adult. Even though its not constitutionally correct, that is how it is. The same issue arises with new student drug testing or locker searches.",
"It's about competing interests and competing rights. Schools cannot control a student's speech (for the most part) outside of school. But when speech within school disrupts the school's functionality, there is a competing interest. This is based on reasonableness in reaction to speech. For instance, if you come into a school wearing a shirt that says \"I have a bomb strapped to my chest,\" yes that is speech, you haven't \"done\" anything other than put a statement on your shirt. If you do this, you will be promptly arrested, searched by dogs, and the school will be evacuated. If a school couldn't place reasonable restrictions on what students wear and say, the school would risk not functioning. There is a balance here, and certainly schools overstep and do lose court cases, but that is the rationale. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9nqrnc
|
how is the atmosphere made up of mostly nitrogen and oxygen and we dont have an atmosphere of nitrous oxide?
|
I understand oxygen exists as 02 and nitrogen as N2 in gaseous form at their respective percentages (23 and 78 ?) Why are the gasses separate as elemental molecules and not exist as N20 or some other molecule with nitrogen and oxygen?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9nqrnc/eli5_how_is_the_atmosphere_made_up_of_mostly/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e7obior"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"The bonds between oxygen atoms and nitrogen atoms as O2 and N2 are stronger than the bonds between nitrogen and oxygen as a compound. It’s a decrease in entropy to go to the elemental gasses rather than stay in the compound state. This is why nitrous oxide is pressurized otherwise it would rapidly decay into the N2 and O2. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
35107y
|
does the length of a charging cord have any affect on how fast my phone charges?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35107y/eli5_does_the_length_of_a_charging_cord_have_any/
|
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"There is minimal resistance in a cord(which does increase based on length), but again this is minimal and won't have much of a noticeable effect."
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|
[] |
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[
[]
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||
3qx436
|
is there a difference between types of cancer other than location?
|
Breast cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, skin cancer, etc... Are they all the same thing just indifferent locations, or are they biologically different? I know different things cause different cancers, but is it exactly the same disease just in a different body part? And if they aren't related like that why are they all called cancer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qx436/eli5_is_there_a_difference_between_types_of/
|
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"Every instance of cancer is a mistake in human DNA. It's always different, there are trillions of possibilities. This is why there is no one cure, treatment or solutions. Who knows what specifically is causing the uncontrolled growth. The best we can do is classify them by location and behavior.",
"\"Cancer\" is a blanket term for diseases caused by unregulated, mutant cell growth. Somewhere along the lines, a cell's DNA becomes corrupted in a way that causes it to reproduce out of control - if the cells being produced are otherwise normal, you may have a benign tumor that won't spread (but can cause problems, depending on the location). If the cells become abnormal otherwise, they are considered cancerous - these cells may also spread to other parts of your body, causing new and additional problems. \n\nThey can be biologically different, and where they started in the body will often influence their properties (since the different tissues in the body are made up by different types of cells). Some cancers, for example, are \"fueled\" by certain hormones, while others are unaffected. Many types of breast cancer are like this - so treatment may include hormone blockers. On the flip side, some cancers *produce* hormones or enzymes beyond what your body needs, which can cause extra problems (for example, a pancreatic tumor could produce excess insulin, causing issues with blood-sugar regulation).\n\nedit: more details",
"Yes. If your body is a company and every cell is a worker, cancer is a worker gone rogue. One day he decides he isn't going to do his job, destroys a part of the company and grabs a gun to prevent being kicked out. Every day, he destroys more stuff (unregulated growth). \n\nIf he's a low ranking worker, he doesn't have all the keys so he can only close the doors from where he works (the tumor grows, but it can't invade other organs). That's a **benign** outcome, nuke his division and you eliminate the rogue worker. If he's the CEO, he has access to the whole company. He may decide to destroy the internet servers or the bathrooms. That's a **malignant** cancer, it can invade other organs. If the damage is too big you are screwed. If you catch it early, you may stand a chance.\n\nBut that's not all, every worker has a different personality and a different job. The guy from IT doesn't close doors, he likes to put porn on your computer (it secretes hormones you don't need). A janitor won't cause the same damage as the guy from accounting (a tumor in your chest won't cause you the same problems as a tumor on your stomach). One CEO is dumb and writes \"THE CEO RULES!\" (you have symptoms and can detect it early), but another one is more subtle, he only destroys the rooms nobody uses, but once you realize what's going on there aren't any more conference rooms (you are asymptomatic until it's too late).\n\nNow imagine there's something wrong in the bathroom. With only that information you can't know if it was the janitor (benign) or someone higher up in the chain of command who has access to the bathroom (metastasis: it spread from another sector). So what do you do? A closer scan reveals that the \"something wrong\" was a computer with porn stuck on the toilet. Now you can safely assume it was the guy from IT, right? But how do you stop him? Since not all workers cause the same kind of damage, the same strategies won't work on every worker (different treatments). For the IT guy, you have to cut his access to computers. For the CEO, you have to carefully reduce his influence and then fire him. For the janitor who only has the key to one bathroom, just destroy the bathroom.\n\nI hope that analogy wasn't too ELI5.",
"All of the different types of cancer are essentially different diseases. What they share in common, as others have pointed out, is that they all result from uncontrolled replication of mutated cells. But the types of cells and their properties -- on both a cytological (cellular) and histological (tissue) level -- can vary considerably. Even within one branch of cancer there are often several sub-types. For example, there are four types of thyroid cancer, based on the four types of thyroid tissue that the disease can affect: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Of these, the prognoses for papillary and follicular thyroid cancer are generally good, while medullary is less so, and anaplastic is very aggressive and more often fatal. This has to do with the fact that papillary and follicular tissue, when it replicates out of control, tends to be indolent. It might move to neighboring lymph nodes, but will usually remain on the thyroid gland itself, and will only rarely invade the lungs or bones.\n\nThe different forms of cancer can therefore be differentiated in a lot of ways by the types of tissue that are affected. The various tissues also differ in aggression or indolence when they mutate, and how they affect the function of organs, bones, etc., where they originate, and where they invade should the cancer metastasize. Part of it has to do with the location of origin and proximity to other organs and systems, but it also has a lot to do with the normal rates of reproduction of the cells in question. Endocrine related cancers are even more complicated, since the cells of endocrine glands will either respond to hormonal levels or induce hormonal changes when cancer is present in a hormone-secreting gland. \n\nThe treatment options for each form of cancer also vary widely since the diseases are so different. Some types of cancer will absorb chemical treatment (i.e. chemotherapy), while others such as papillary carcinoma don't absorb chemo at all. The treatment in the latter case is usually surgery followed by radioactive iodine (I-131). \n\nAbout a hundred years ago it was also discovered that certain high frequency forms of radiation tend to retard the growth of cancer cells more profoundly than the growth and function of healthy cells. This became a standard treatment for many types of cancer, with the understanding that one could either disable the cancer cells' ability to replicate, or slow it down such that the fecundity of neighboring healthy cells would overtake them. Cases of spontaneous remission, where it does occur, are often a result of the latter phenomenon.\n\nCancer reminds us that our bodies are ultimately colonies of cells, something like a garden or a plantation. The idea of our body as a unitary structure is a fiction. The regulation of its growth and maintenance amounts to many very complex processes. Even with multiple levels of error correction, mistakes of replication can (and if we live long enough, invariably will) occur.\n\nAnd in answer to OP's final question, these different diseases are all called \"cancer\" not only because they involve uncontrolled cell replication. Originally, \"cancer\" was another word for 'crab.' Doctors noticed that the morphology of many tumors was very crab-like, with a central body and radiating arms or tentacles. A person stricken with some form of the disease was said to have \"a cancer\" -- a crab-shaped tumor. "
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[],
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|
at5nir
|
how does my washing machine turn my clothes inside out from simple agitation?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/at5nir/eli5_how_does_my_washing_machine_turn_my_clothes/
|
{
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"Washing machines rotate really quickly. Chances are it will cling onto something or get stuck to something causing it to inverg",
"There’s a lot of friction going on during a wash, specially if there are a lot of clothes inside, the water also helps by making them heavier and more flexible"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
15j8gu
|
why do broadcasters like nbc restrict their content on the internet to only the u.s. ?
|
For example: When trying to watch SNL clips from NBC - I can never watch them because I am in Canada; What's the point of this ? (Yes, I know there are ways around this)
Yet I can watch the show live on NBC on Saturdays, or even from another carrier such as Global TV
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/15j8gu/why_do_broadcasters_like_nbc_restrict_their/
|
{
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"c7mza4y"
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"text": [
"Licensing Issues.\n\nYes, even within NBC. Because it's not just NBC. There's NBC Broadcasting, the company that pays to send out the signal, and then there's NBC Television, the company that pays to film SNL and other shows.\n\nThey are two separate legal entities both owned by NBC. Which, is owned by GE, but that's not really important.\n\nNow, NBC Television sells the rights to Global TV to broadcast their shows in Canada. Global TV has put in the contract that Global TV is the **only** entity allowed to distribute NBC Television's shows. NBC Broadcasting, for whatever reason, isn't in Canada. So NBC Television goes along with the contract because it's the most benficial to NBC (not Television or Broadcast, just NBC - the parent company of NBCT and NBCB)\n\nAs a result, NBC Broadcast or NBC Television..whever runs the website.. hell, maybe NBC Internet. I don't know, whatever... anyway, NBC cannot legally broadcast their own content in Canada, because the contract with Global TV says they cannot. To do so would violate the contract with Global TV and allow Global TV to sue the pants off them.\n\n\nAnd that's why you can't watch SNL on the website."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4iixwv
|
how do electronics just 'die' all of a sudden or over a long period of time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4iixwv/eli5_how_do_electronics_just_die_all_of_a_sudden/
|
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"Some electronics wear during use. For example, electrolytic capacitors have a limited life span - usually far beyond the expected use, but a capacitor which has been used longer than expected or is faulty can burst, which can cause damage to electronics since they are filled with a conductive liquid.\n\nWhen the capacitors last, another potential weak point of electronics are the soldered connections between board and chips. Particularly CPUs require a ton of these contacts, some intel CPUs for example have more than 1000 of them on a tiny space. Since they get hot and have a rather high current flowing through them, they slowly degrade through an effect called \"[electromigration](_URL_0_)\", which thins them out more and more until they finally separate.\n\nJust like with the caps, this effect should only lead to losses long after the expected use time, but can lead to an early death if there was a fault. For example, a few years ago a line of NVidia notebook GPUs had a tendency to die off far too soon due to this, which ~~lead~~ led to a costly recall of MacBooks and other Notebooks.\n\nBut with good enough parts, electronics can last ages. I just fixed my grandma's amplifier, which had been running for almost 40 years now - all I needed to do was to remove some dust from the volume knob.",
"The (by far) commonest reason for electronic to die is a faulty [Capacitor](_URL_0_).\n\nThese things have a specific lifetime, which strongly depends on temperature. \nInside these little \"caps\", chemical processes happen which are very similar to those in batteries. Actually, capacitors and batteries are very similar. But the capacitor is charging and discharging all the time, while in use, thus it will worn out faster. \nThe \"charging\" process generates heat, just as in batteries. \n\nAs warmer the cap get's, the more damage it takes from each unit of capacity running through. \n\nEventually, if the chemical structure got bad, they will blow while under load. When this happens, the device won't work anymore.\n\nUsually, these capacitors sit right aside to the power input or inside the power supply unit.\n\nCapacitors are very cheap and relatively simple to replace. Everyone with decent soldering skills can replace them in many devices, like TVs.\n\nCapacitors are the #1 topic in planned obsolescence. Allegedly producers intentionally use bad capacitors , even if they are more expensive than better ones, just so that the device will break soon after warranty is over. \n\n\n",
"I believe that heat damage is the primary cause. Transistors, integrated circuits, capacitors, and other parts just wear out after a while from heat expansion. Electricity causes heat buildup any time it passes through a conductive material, and then the heat drops after the current has passed. \n\nSo, the conductive material is constantly heating up, then cooling down causing expansion and contraction that eventually just wears out the material to the point that the part fails.\n\nI have replaced quite a few capacitors on computer motherboards and television main boards. When a capacitor wears it it will pop open the top and ozzes out. There is gas inside that causes this. I think it gets hot due to malfunction or bad design, and the gas squirts open the capacitor like a pimple. I remember reading somewhere that there was an entire decade where electronics makers bought shitty capacitors from Malaysia and Taiwan which lead to the early death of countless millions of various electronic devices. \n\nThere are other causes of failure as well, bad soldering jobs and poor solder quality leading to chips not making good contact with the main board, ect. The bad solder jobs is the cause of 99% of Xbox and PS failures. I have done about 200-300 reflow jobs. Reflowing is the process of applying heat to the Xbox or PS main processor until the solder turns back to a liquid and reforms. After it cools, the contacts of the chip are better connected to the mainboard or motherboard and the Red Ring of death is fixed. ",
"What about corrosion from moisture? A friend moved from SoCal (dry) to Taiwan (humid) and they found many of their electronic things died much faster.\n\nSame with my hearing aids. It seems that storing them at night in a dehumidifier of sorts prolongs the time between service.",
"Simple TL:DR; Things get fragile over time, so do electronics and computerchips on a microscopic level. They just fall apart as time passes by due to temperature/movement and gravitation.",
"If you bend a piece of metal over and over, it eventually breaks off, right? That should be enough insight to a sudden failure. A power button failing after X many uses is just like the metal bending Y many times until failure. So there are pieces that are wearing, it just isn't some obvious physical wear, and often takes so long you perceive it as working perfectly and abruptly failing.\n\n Tons of electronics actually work intermittently and then fail, but often times a part that has partially failed will appear to completely fail because the entire system no longer functions properly due to that part operating out of range.\n\n",
"I think its a lot less common, but I had a board in my BMW e39 go bad because of this:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nBasically, little whiskers of metal grow and can short the board. I don't think this is the most common way electronics go bad but it is more common around electronics that have high variations of temp and humidity.\n\n(I think it's also avoidable with good engineering, so it's basically a fuckup.)",
"Thermal, chemical, and mechanical wear with heat typically being the #1 reason for failure.\n\n* Heat: causes parts to expand and contract as they heat and cool. This causes metal to weaken, creates small cracks, evaporates liquids and other things. Once a crack or similar issue becomes large enough, electrical connections can become short or open which often leads to catastrophic failure.\n\n* Chemical: Sulfur present in the atmosphere can react with the silver used in various components. This creates silver sulfide, which doesn't conduct electricity. Additionally, things like tin whiskers can short out connections. Basically, as electrical parts sit around in the atmosphere, the chemicals used within it react and eventually fail by either shorting with other connections or opening due to increased resistance. If you recall electrolysis form high school science, then you know that adding a current flow to metals can cause them to react more quickly with the environment.\n\n* Mechanical: Mainly applies to moving parts like fans or hard disks. Bearings can wear out (again, typically due to thermal stress). This will increase the clearance between parts, which can cause them to fail in various ways. For example, if bearings used on the read head of a drive wear, then the read head can wear and eventually contact the spinning platter, which is a catastrophic failure.\n\nGenerally speaking, heat is what kills electronics. When we test parts, we simulate long life in a short amount of time by increasing the heat and/or voltage beyond what it is rated for. Testing in this way and then de-rating it is how someone like a hard drive vendor can test a drive in just a few months, but still be sure they can hit their 3 year warranty (by increasing heat and voltage during testing).",
"I worked for a circuit board manufacturer for a couple years and can think of a few reasons.\n\n1. As others have mentioned, **electrolytic capacitors** can wear out. They have an electrolytic acid in them that can break down and dry up. This would cause the capacitor to hold less of a charge, and the device to stop functioning. \n\n2. **Electro-static Discharge (ESD)**. A buildup of static electricity discharged through a device can cause it to stop working. Most electronics have shielding (metal case) around them now to prevent most ESD, but touching the connector or a poorly designed electronic can still cause ESD. \n\n3. **Mechanical failure**. Some devices, specifically ones with hard drives, have mechanical parts. Most mechanical parts will wear down after a while. When this happens to a hard drive, the drive can no longer be read. This would cause the device or computer to stop functioning the way it was intended. \n\n4. **Heat failure**. Many devices have parts that get very hot. The constant heating and cooling of a device can make parts expand and contract. Sometimes, after a while, a trace or solder joint can crack from this, causing failure. \n\n5. **Counterfeit parts**. Surprisingly, there are a large number of counterfeit electronic components in circulation. These counterfeit parts are often times relabeled genuine parts that have lower ratings. For example, if one part allows for 1 amp of current to flow through it and another allows 1.5 amps, but is more expensive, the counterfeiters might try to sell the 1 amp version as if it were the 1.5 amp version. A good quality control department can spot these, but sometimes they get through. \n\n6. **Cold solder joints/Quality Control Failure**. This would be a straight up quality control issue. If the components on a device are not properly soldered, they may work for a while, but fail when they are dropped or get hit. They may also fail due to heat failure. A good solder joint on every component is essential. A good quality control will spot a bad solder joint, but sometimes they get through. \n\n7. **Bad circuit design**. A poorly made product may function for a while, but fail due to many reasons. Maybe they didn't make a certain trace thick enough for the current it carries. Maybe they didn't design the product to be vibration-proof, even though it was intended to go in a vehicle. Maybe they ran the noisy motor power lines near the logic lines causing induction noise. A lot of poor circuit board designs could cause future issues, even if they work at the time of testing. \n\nThese are just a few of the reasons that an electronic device could fail after working for a while. I'm sure there are others out there as well. I've personally seen most of these failures happen, since I've had to fix most of them after they were returned to us. \n\nEDIT:\n\n* As many users have pointed out, **planned obsolescence** can be a factor. The manufacturers plan for their devices to fail after the warranty period, so the user will have to buy another. This is less commonly actually planned, and more often a bad design, but it can happen. \n\n* As /u/Jer_061 pointed out, **dirty power** from your house mains can be an issue. Brown-outs (too low voltage) and surges (too much voltage) can happen causing damage to your electronics. These are usually caused by storms, but can happen because of failure of power delivery equipment on the electric company's end. You can prevent these with a good quality surge protector or uninterruptable power supply (UPS). \n\n* A few users pointed out **tin whiskers**. This is a phenomenon where the tin in lead-free solder will grow metal crystals. This can cause shorts on the circuit boards. ",
"Having worked on all kinds of electronics, the biggest cause is heat failure. Components tend to be crammed into smaller and smaller space with less room for heat to escape and overtime, that heat damages the equipment. (The b8ggest culprits are electrolytic capacitors. The heat causes them to dry out/bulge and slowly they become inneffective. Since they are used to keep voltage at a constant level and smooth out ripples in current, as they dry out they slowly get worse,at doing their job..",
"Is 'chip creep' still a thing? Where bonds break down and connections get weaker",
"Electronics is generally regarded as a semiconductor thing. So transistors and microchips. (which are just transistors shrunk down really small). (ok, capacitors too, which are the flakiest part of most circuits)\n\n There are lots of ways for individual transistors to fail, from overheating, solder flux creeping into the package, ambient conditions like steam or vibration, bad design of circuits leading to spikes of current or voltage above the component specification.and static electricity is infamous for destroying digital electronics because it degrades the semiconductor \"gates\".\n\nThing is, components can fail without any noticeable impact on equipment. Amplifiers may become noiser, PSU's may get more ripple, or sometimes a switch or Led no longer works. Ram can occasionally glitch and give data errors or freezing computers.\n\nNon digital equipment can be way out of spec and still be used daily. Old televisions with snowy pictures, that sort of thing. Unless something actually smokes, you may never realise a component has failed. \n\nComputer equipment is generally less likely to degrade gracefully (unless it is designed to do so) so if a transistor or microchip develops a fault, it may stop the processor or motherboard from working properly as soon as that happens. \n\nIn digital systems components can be drifting toward failure, but while they remain in the spec of the system, you won't notice, which is why one day it works, the next day it doesn't, without any sign beforehand. \n\nIn the surface mount components I used to work on, the pcb was virtually never faulty, 1 in 10,000 faults maybe. It seems to be more of a problem of quality control these days, or just massively increased complexity.",
"To address the \"all of a sudden or over a long period of time\" part of the question, you're talking about \"The Bathtub Curve\" _URL_0_ which basically says that electrical components either fail immediately (due to a large flaw in the manufacturing process) or right about when they're supposed to and rarely in between. ",
"There are a few reasons.\n\n1. Electronic wear. Some parts will naturally wear out. For example, electrolytic capacitors when they age lose their dielectric effect, similarly mechanical parts that get a lot of use will wear out.\n\n2. Parts are just not made that well anymore! I have some electrical items that were manufactured in the 70s. They still work brilliantly. For example, a small clock radio that still works and goes off on time every time all the way to a Marshall Plexi half stack both made sometime in the 70s. While I've had to have the big caps replaced on it and the odd set of vacuum tubes, it still makes the right noises. Compare that to my HTC One which can't be more than five years old and it's showing definitive signs of death. I cracked open my old iPhone from way back when and frankly a lot of the parts are pretty poor quality. You can tell this thing was designed from the ground up to be disposable.\n\n3. Lead-free solder. In order to comply with RoHS regulations, any consumer device must be manufactured with lead-free solder. Why is that important? Lead has a higher melting point than the nickel alloys commonly used in solder used in manufacturing. While nickel alloys shouldn't melt on first use, for any equipment that undergoes extreme changes in heat during normal operation will mean that the solder itself undergoes a hysteresis cycle which, in layman's terms, means that the solder molecules can melt and set again instantly and cause stress and strain on the joint. This matters as less and less solder is being employed on circuitry which packs in more components and/or connections. This gives rise to chip creep by which a component can actually lose the bond between component and whatever it's connected to (usually a PCB). The only option here is to re-solder.\n\n4. In the realm of computer consoles, a lot of manufacturing techniques combine anti-piracy measures with built-in obsolescence. The Yellow light of Death and Red Rings of Death synonymous with the previous generations of consoles was largely down to a combination of these. First, again we have lead-free solder being used to attach these large components, together with the fact that a typical GPU or CPU will require a lot of connections. In order to beat piracy, most manufacturers opted to use a technique of \"balling\", which basically means the connections for these larger components are entirely underneath the chip as opposed to the legs coming out the side of the chip to attach to the board. Piracy is beaten here as there is no convenient way of exposing the signals coming into or going out of these components to find an exploit. The downside is that when these solder connections die, it's a far larger job to rectify.",
"Cheap manufacturers will often coil wires around joints instead of soldering them. I noticed this in a best buy house-brand television that crapped out exactly one month after the warranty expired. Opened it up and found that a wire had oxidized away and had never been soldered. \n\nEasiest repair ever",
"Electromigration can cause open circuits. Electromigration happens when current flows primarily in one direction. Atoms in the conducting material (the wire, or printed circuit board trace) can shift in the direction of the current. Over a prolonged period of time, if enough atoms move, the wire or trace can separate, or become an open circuit. This isn't something that is likely to happen, though, as plenty other components in the system are likely to die beforehand.",
"In my experience, most of the time it is a faulty capacitor. They aren't meant to last forever and are generally the first electrical components to fail in any system. If you ever take apart an electrical device that had stopped working, take a look at the capacitors and see if any of them are bulging at the top. 9 times out of 10 if you replace those the device will work again. Also, it usually is the capacitors closest to the inverter (big metal coil thing). Jut in the last month I've fixed a $400 audio interface and a $200 amplifier with just a $1 capacitor. ",
"I had a zune mini forever, great mp3 player. Additionally the games on the device were good and the fm radio worked excellent. One night i heard a loud pop, didn't think much of it. The next morning I see that my zune exploded, the battery pack expanded and blew open the device. ",
"It's the straw that broke the camels back. \n\nIt's the thousands of improper lifts leading up to the one that throws out your back. \n\nIt's the last breath you take before leaving this world. \n\nIt's not that they just die, it's that they've been dying this whole time. \n\n\n\n",
"I see a lot of great answers here, but the most simple answer would be \"Planned Obscolescence.\" ",
"I have another question to add on to this. What does charging specifically do to our phones? ",
"My husband had a video card once that we named Lazarus. It would die bc of the soldering, so he would bake it in the oven on low for a little bit, and it would work again for a while. Did it 3 or 4 times before we had enough money for a new one. ",
"hopefully someone can answer, but is it better to just leave my computer on for days at a time or shut it down after i use it? i've heard both but does anyone really know?",
"Electronics are a bit fickle. Those little black boxes on a circuit board are pretty complex and if one little thing goes wrong the magic blue smoke will escape and your electronic device will no longer work. The \"magic blue smoke\" has many stories behind it and I first learned about it back in the 80's working for SCI and the Air Force. Normally, too much power will fry the circuits and when things go bad a little puff of blue smoke will come out of the chips on the board.\n\nPower is a big factor in electronics failing. Too much and the circuits can't handle it and goes poof, too little and it won't turn on. Think about your tv remote when didn't work, first check is the batteries. If you could put a bigger battery in your tv remote it wouldn't work because you'd fry the circuits. \n\nShort term, quick failures, are normally related to some form of power going awry. Long term failures are normally associated with basic wear and tear. \n\n@bmlbytes has a good group of technical reasons for your electronics that fail under other circumstances. ",
"If you open up a machine, you will find that inside there are things called \"circuit boards\". On these circuit boards, there are things called \"chips.\" Each of these chips is carefully manufactured, and contains a certain amount of smoke. Once you let the smoke out of them, they're no good any more.\n\nSource: long-time electronics user.",
"a. Electronics are barely/\"just\" working at all to being with, so any tiny thing that goes wrong kills them dead.\n\nb. Some electronics do have partial failures. I had a cell phone that was perfectly functional except for the microphone. "
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromigration"
],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor"
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[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whisker_(metallurgy)"
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathtub_curve"
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9tsq6x
|
if a seedless grape has no seeds, how does it even exist?
|
Per subject.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9tsq6x/eli5_if_a_seedless_grape_has_no_seeds_how_does_it/
|
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"text": [
"Grapes are surprisingly easy to grow depending on the variety. You can cover a bundle with sawdust, kept it wet and warm enough at the right time and they will sprout roots which then can be planted in the ground to grow into new plants.\n\nOthers are grafted, where you use the roots of one type of vine and basically attach another variety onto the top, and the new growth from the grafted plant will be genetically identical to the plant you took it from. \n\nTo get them seed less, they will have selected plants that had fewer seeds, and eventually found one with no seeds and used that to graft over and over. I don't know for certain, but there is every chance that all seedless grapes come a plant that is identical to the first seedless grapes plant.",
"Seedless fruit were bred through selection, until they had a tasty grape without seeds. This uses sexual propagation, where pollen+ovary=seed. Eventually, they found a version that didn't make seeds. \n\nFrom then on they use vegetative propagation. This works because almost all plant cells have the ability to become any kind of cell (like stem cells in humans). So when they cut a piece of stem and treat it with a specific combination of hormones, that stem will start making roots. Eventually it's a self-sufficient plant. \n\nMost grape varieties (or cultivars) are grown on a rootstock, so the piece of stem is wedged into a established rootstock. Again hormones are used to trigger the melding process - essentially the two plants hook up their xylem and phloem tubes. \n\nAlmost all commercially grown grapes, whether for eating or wine-making are clones of the original vine. Outside my town there's a \"mother block\" where all the locally grown cultivars are planted, and you can order 500 cuttings of < wine cultivar scion > on < drought resistant rootstock > when you want to plant a new vineyard. ",
"First, many plants are incredibly easy to clone. Once you have a seedless variety, you can multiply it as needed through cuttings and grafting.\n\nAs for the variety itself, they are infertile offspring of fertile parents. For plants that can't be propagated through cuttings, (such as seedless watermelons) there are two parent strains that will reliably produce seeds that won't be able to produce seeds themselves."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
s6psy
|
what's the difference between cologne, aftershave, and body spray?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/s6psy/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_cologne/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4bj59j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"[Different concentration of aromatic compound](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume#Concentration"
]
] |
||
9qeqxk
|
what is a short sale in real estate?
|
Looking to buy a home and was referred to an agent who specializes in short sales and foreclosures. When I look up short sales there seems to be a lot of rhetoric that goes over my head. Please ELI5!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9qeqxk/eli5_what_is_a_short_sale_in_real_estate/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e88mgct",
"e88muj1"
],
"score": [
4,
5
],
"text": [
"It’s when you’re behind in your mortgage, and the lender agrees to let you sell the house, and may take less than you owe, and rectify the debt. Also it can take up to six months.",
"We just bought a short sale house. The idea is that someone is unable to pay off their mortgage but instead of the bank foreclosing and taking the property themselves, they allow the current owner to sell the property to absolve the debt. Whatever offers they get the bank will need to accept as well, but it means the current owner can get out of their mortgage for less than the full amount while avoiding default and foreclosure (which the bank would prefer to avoid as well).\n\nThey can take a lot longer than a normal sale but it is also possible to get a great deal. For example we bought a basically brand new house for about $15,000 less than its appraisal, but it did take about three months to close."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4dom02
|
what physically causes light to reflect off of atoms (whether glossy or matte reflection)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dom02/eli5_what_physically_causes_light_to_reflect_off/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1sxvck"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Light waves are made up of oscillating electric and magnetic fields. When light interacts with matter, the electric field makes electrons (or the polarisation of atoms) to similarly move up and down. A moving charge in turn emits radiation. All the radiation from lots of electrons or atoms adds up. All the light that's emitted backwards we call reflection and all the light that's emitted forward (+ any light that wasn't absorbed) is refraction.\n\nWhether something is shiny or matte has nothing to do with atoms, and everything to do with the structure of the surface. For a very smooth surface, all the light is emitted backwards in the same direction. A matte surface is full of bump, cracks, and other imperfections such that reflected light isn't all reflected in the same direction. [This picture gives you an idea](_URL_0_)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F8BcWSVTNU8/UUOCewywmFI/AAAAAAAASnY/gFkm75aLbds/s1600/Specularity.sm.jpg"
]
] |
||
1mdi8b
|
do electrons physically orbit the nucleus (similar to our solar system)?
|
I'm learning quantum physics at the A-Level H2 Physics level. I am confused as to how electrons move/appears and disappears around it's nucleus. Does it physically move around the nucleus in a pre-determined path(non-random) or does it sort of "teleport" to random points?
Also, how does the wave function come into play to explain this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mdi8b/eli5do_electrons_physically_orbit_the_nucleus/
|
{
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"cc85opd",
"cc85upc",
"cc8659d",
"cc86n1x",
"cc8jd9l"
],
"score": [
11,
2,
52,
7,
2
],
"text": [
"No, although that is still the model shown to students. It is wrong.\n\nThe answer is quantum physics, which teachers deem is too complex to understand. The only way to fix that is for students to learn it at an early-ish age.\n\nThe orbitals of electrons are regions of space where the electrons are probably to be found. They are not circular - indeed, their shapes are weird.\n\nIt would be best for you to find some YouTube videos of electrons orbitals. Hank Green did one as part of his chemistry series recently.\n\nThe video is his Crash Course in Chemistry #5",
"As far as my understanding goes (it has been awhile), Bohr's model is still useful to explain some properties of atoms. It's not exactly wrong, just like plum pudding model isn't exactly wrong, just unrefined and has only part of the answer.\n\nElectrons aren't concrete particles, but more like a cloud of possibility. They manifest only when interaction happens. The highest chance of manifestation is at their respective orbits.",
"There is some space around the nucleus that each electron occupies. They have what physicists call \"wave-like properties,\" meaning that you can't simply say something like \"the electron is *here*.\"\n\nThink of the waves on a lake. You can't point to any one exact location and say \"the waves are here,\" that makes no sense. The only real description of the waves' location you can give is that they're somewhere in the lake. You can give a description of the space that the waves occupy, but you can't give a description of their position.\n\nElectrons are similar. If they had purely particle-like behavior, you could say \"the electron is right there,\" just like how you can say that a tennis ball is at a very specific location. That's just not how they work, though, it's somewhere in between.\n\nSo, no, they don't follow pre-determined paths, and they don't teleport around randomly. Those are things that particles do, and electrons don't act like particles.\n\nThe wave function is a mathematical description of where the electron is likely to be found if we measure it. It also gives the energy and momentum and stuff, because there are a variety of operations we can perform on it to get those quantities.\n\nSo, for example, the radial wave functions for hydrogen look like [this](_URL_0_), where \"n\" represents the energy level and \"l\" is the orbital angular momentum. The farther the curve is from y=0 roughly represents how likely it is that the electron will be found at that distance (r) from the nucleus.\n\nAs you can see, as you go up in energy, the curves \"widen out,\" meaning that electrons at higher energy orbitals are likely to be farther from the nucleus.",
"A solar system isn't a good analogy for electron \"orbits.\" In fact there is no good analogy for this, because there's really nothing comparable. They neither have a described path around the nucleus nor do they \"teleport.\" We best describe them in areas of probability density, which for hydrogen looks like [this](_URL_0_).",
"ITT:\nAttempts to explain via analogy that which has no real viable analogy in the everyday world. Electrons don't orbit the nucleus so much as...kind of...exist around it. Probably. \n\nOk, that didn't work. So here's an analogy. Imagine a fan, the sort that you use to cool your room. Snap all of the blades off except for one. The area around the fan is now mostly empty space, with the remaining blade representing our lone electron in a hydrogen atom. The blade is a nice little discrete point, occupying a small, finite space. \n\nNow turn the fan up to full speed. Would you stick your finger near it, even though its virtually all empty space? Of course not. The blade is going to hit you. You can act as if the blade occupies all of the area around the fan *at the same time*. For all intents and purposes, our little wave-like electron is oscillating around the nucleus that you can't tell where it is at any given time, but you've got a pretty good idea of the boundaries of its behaviours (you don't know where it is, but you know where it probably isn't (e. g. it's not ten feet away, it's not under the bed, it's not in China or on Jupiter)). \n\nI know it's not a perfect analogy. That's what happens when you explain Quantum Mechanics to five-year-olds (or anyone, really).\n\nEdit:\n1. The the electron doesn't teleport, it just moves around. Kind of. The wave function describes the shape of your fan. Kind of. Atoms are bloody hard.\n2. By \"kind of\" I mean that we're trying to conceptualize electrons as particles here, when really the right answer is to think of it as a wave. It's called the wave function for a reason. The fact of the matter is that an electron behaves as both. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://ojensen.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/hydrogen_functions.png"
],
[
"http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Hydrogen_Density_Plots.png"
],
[]
] |
|
c5o45v
|
why is it more common to have unbalanced breasts (one is bigger than the other) than unbalanced butt cheeks?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c5o45v/eli5_why_is_it_more_common_to_have_unbalanced/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es6u1di"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Because breast tissue is primarily fat and the size will depend on the amount of fat each one contains. There can be variance between the two because they develop separately.\n\nButt cheeks are primarily muscle. This means that the size will respond to the amount of physical stress that is put on them (i.e., walking). Since this stress is equal on both sides there's not a noticeable difference."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
a70g4h
|
what is acute myeloid leukemia and what are the survival rates?
|
Over this weekend, my father was diagnosed with Acute Myeloid Leukemia. He is stable, so they didn't want to start running the bone marrow tests until Monday (today). My father and grandmother are the ones getting direct info regarding his condition, so all my info is second hand through and older generation. Can someone please explain to me like I'm five what acute myeloid leukemia is, what it does, and what the survival rates are?
& #x200B;
They're getting treatment suggestions from the hospital, so this isn't a question on what we should do. All I want to know is what the cancer is and how it works so that I can understand exactly how serious this is.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a70g4h/eli5_what_is_acute_myeloid_leukemia_and_what_are/
|
{
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"ebzaxwa",
"ebzb6ah",
"ebzi9jq",
"ebzttpk"
],
"score": [
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3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Hi there. Really sorry about your father’s diagnosis.\n\nBasically, in AML, cells that would normally “grow up” to become mature blood cells (being intentionally vague here because different kinds of AML affect different cell lines) are unable to do so. The body recognizes that it needs mature blood cells and continues to try to produce them, so these cells build up and cause a whole host of problems. \n\nResponse to treatment depends mostly on the cell line affected by the cancer. In general, the older you are, the less successful treatment is as well. The five year survival rate for AML is 24.7%. But cancer treatment is getting better every day. If you would like more resources and information, please PM me. ",
"Not a doctor but heres what I found on the NHS site, not sugarcoating anything.\n\nWhite blood cell cancer, aggressive and spreads rapidly. Attacks the immune system so the sufferer can be more prone to infections.\n\nAML is a rare type of cancer, with around 2,600 people diagnosed with it each year in the UK.\n\nThe risk of developing AML increases with age. It's most common in people over 65.\n\nEven if treatment is initially successful, there's still a significant risk that the condition will return at some point during the next few years. If this happens, treatment may need to be repeated.\n\nA number of medical trials have suggested that almost half of those aged under 60 diagnosed with AML will live for at least five years.\n\n",
"AML is most common in adults, with a long-term survival rate of about 60% for adults younger than 60. This percentage drops a little bit for those over 60 at the time of diagnosis. This means that for adults ( < 60), around 6 in 10 will go into remission for a period of time (there are different types of AML and each has a different impact on longevity). It should be noted that these statistics are seen in those that **DO** receive cancer treatment.\n\nAML is a cancer that affects white blood cells, thus impacting the body's ability to fight off illness/infections and making the person more susceptible to getting sick. Cancer treatments for AML have been shown to help improve longevity and in some cases, patients will go into complete remission with no re-occurrence. \n\nSo, in adults it is more manageable and has a better prognosis, meanwhile children have a higher mortality rate.\n\nBest of luck to you and your family - feel free to DM if you need to chat more!",
"Oncology nurse: other people have given survival stats but I want to point out that these are highly dependent on things like age, overall health, and other illnesses the person has in addition to the AML (diabetes, kidney failure, and so on). The 25% puts the overall healthier people in with the older, frail people. If your dad is relatively young (under 80) and healthy, he will do much better. The treatment he needs will need to essentially stop the overgrowth of sick cells (from the bone marrow) and allow new healthy cells to grow. This can mean chemotherapy, radiation, and in some cases a whole new stem cell factory (bone marrow transplant). People who do well in treatment do things like getting regular exercise to keep their body strong, keeping their mouth clean and free from sores, and eating regularly. The treatment can be rough, but keeping the body strong helps a lot. Best of luck to you and your dad. This is a scary time for you both so make sure you are taking care of yourself! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6kbg28
|
how come we can't always tell which nationality a singer is by just their singing voice?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6kbg28/eli5how_come_we_cant_always_tell_which/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djkrrxj",
"djktdem"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"Every singer has influences. There were artists that they admired and wanted to be like, and that influenced their style and performance. And those influences? They had influences too.\n\nSo, why can't you call the nationality by the singing voice? Because most English speaking pop stars had influences that were American -- or their influences had American influences, and so on. This goes back to the 1950s, when rock and roll emerged in the southern United States and spread very quickly as a popular music style.\n\nYou can see this in a lot of British artists; many say that they \"sound American\" because they affect a rhotic accent when the sing, even though they may have a non-rhotic accent in their speech. You see this all the way back to the British Invasion of the mid 60s -- groups like the Beatles and The Rolling Stones were emulating their influences, which were people like Elvis Presley and Jerry Lee Lewis and the other pioneers of rock and roll.\n\nThat said, not everybody did that. Herman's Hermits, for example, have their accent quite noticeable in their performances. But still these influences have trickled down from artist to artist over the last 60 years.",
"Accents are caused by phonetic differences, particularly around vowels, emphasis, cadence and a few specific consonant sounds (like Rs). For example, if you listen closely to an Irishmen's \"I\" sound, it may sound more like \"oy\", whereas an american might say \"eye.\"\n\nSyllables in songs are almost always held on the vowels with the consontant thrown on right at the end, so singing a melody often requires specific lengthening or opening of vowel sounds. A loud belted \"I'm\" might sounds more like \"ahm\" than \"oym\" or \"eye'm\" and most of the note would be held on the vowel sound, with the m just sneaking in before the next word.\n\nThis means that cultural pronunciations and emphases on vowels are changed and on consonants thrown away entirely.\n\nOn top of that, the rhythm of a song forces the singer to change the regular cadence of their voice, which may also distinguish a particular nationality.\n\nWhen a song is sung less traditionally (think 500 miles by The Proclaimers), you can hear a lot more of the accent coming through."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
8wy0l7
|
if ac power can go up and down, then how do lamps not flicker on and off
|
SolvedELI5: so I know that ac power loves to oscillate, so then how do light bulbs not flicker all the Time? Is there some kind of common circuit that I’m not in knowledge of?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8wy0l7/eli5_if_ac_power_can_go_up_and_down_then_how_do/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e1zbdj1",
"e1zbeob"
],
"score": [
5,
5
],
"text": [
"Conventional incandescent light bulbs have filaments which don't cool quickly enough to really display the effects of the oscillating AC power. Fluorescent and LED lights contain their own transformers which impose their own flickering on the light they output, although this is usually a manageable level.",
"Either they do flicker(cheap LED christmas lights usually flicker), or they have some method of storing energy during the low voltage parts of the waveform. LED lamps and fluorescent lights usually have some combination of capacitors and inductors. Incandescent lights have thermal mass. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
y6s2t
|
the republics of china [china/taiwan]
|
China is the People's Republic of China and Taiwan is the Republic of China. Why? Are they both China?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/y6s2t/eli5_the_republics_of_china_chinataiwan/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5su0tg"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Once upon a time, all China was one. There was a revolution. The communists mostly won, taking control of the mainland. The other guys holed themselves up on Taiwan. Being the mature, rational people they are, neither side was ever able to admit defeat & both sides claim that they rule the whole of China.\n\nMaking things more complicated, China refuses to let anyone officially recognize Taiwan in a diplomatic capacity. They have also threatened to apply overwhelming military force if the government of Taiwan were to ever change their claims and claim that they were only in control of the island.\n\nIt's pretty absurd, IMHO."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
53hqnl
|
friction and force
|
So our physics teacher always gives us bonus questions on our tests, usually on something he hasn't taught us, but he dosnt tell us what the questions are before hand.
_URL_0_
that is the question could someone explain to me the answer to it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/53hqnl/eli5_friction_and_force/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d7t5esa"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"You teacher is very cool. This is a fun question he have given you. Note that there is no friction so do not worry about that. Just make sure to keep track of what direction the forces are applied in and you will find the solution."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://imgur.com/a/8XOZv"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
3lg47p
|
what exactly is the text that you see when you try to edit a non-txt file in something like notepad (jpgs, pngs, zips, etc...)?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lg47p/eli5_what_exactly_is_the_text_that_you_see_when/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv5zlut",
"cv5zuvg",
"cv66l2n"
],
"score": [
117,
9,
2
],
"text": [
"At their core, all files are essentially just a very long string of 1s and 0s.\n\nEvery character in a text file is made up of 8 of these 1s and 0s. So for example, the letter \"A\" looks like this: 01000001. The letter B looks like this: 01000010. If you made a text file that just contained the text \"AB\", it would just be those 2 8-digit sequences right next to each other: 0100000101000010.\n\nWhen you tell notepad to open a file, it more or less just at that long string of 1s and 0s, takes 8 of them at a time, and converts them to whatever letter/number/character they correspond to. In the case of our string above: 0100000101000010, it would read that as \"AB\" and display that on the screen.\n\nNon-text files (pictures, dlls, videos, etc) are also essentially a long string of 1s and 0s, but they use a completely different system for saving & reading back the data. So if you tell notepad to open one of those files, it's still going to try to convert every 8 digit sequence into a character and display it on your screen. It will display whatever character the next 8 digits it comes across happens to correspond to. \n\nPretty much every character can be converted to an 8-digit binary code; not just the common letters and numbers. The alphabet & numbers (a-z, 0-9) make up only a very small portion of all the characters out there - so when you open non-text file using something like notepad that's trying to convert everything to a text character, most of the characters you end up with will be uncommon symbols.",
"Each text character has a number assigned to it. It's called an ASCII code. For instance, a capital letter \"A\" is number 65, a lower-case \"k\" is 107, and so on. Every number from 0 to 255 has an associated character. Most of the characters you're familiar with are in the range of 0 to 128. There's a bunch of other, more unusual characters however, assigned to larger numbers. This is sometimes called \"high-ASCII\". Some of these are recognizable, like a © (169) and some maybe aren't, like this thing: Þ (254).\n\nAll numbers from 0-255 (same range, here), can be represented in binary using eight digits. I won't give a lesson in binary here because that would complicate the answer, but you can trust me on this. The number 41 is represented as 00101001. The number 254 is represented as 11111110. Etc. So, if you look at the binary for text, you will see a series of ones and zeros which represent ASCII numbers which, in turn, represent text characters.\n\nEvery other type of data is ALSO stored as binary. GIF files are binary, JPEG are binary, XLS are binary, everything. A graphics program knows how to represent the binary digits in a .GIF file as an image. Excel knows how to represent the binary digits in a .XLS file as a spreadsheet (and so on). But, if you open any of these files in notepad, the only thing notepad knows how to do is interpret those binary digits as text. When it sees a sequence of eight bits, it's going to convert that to ASCII and print the associated character on the screen.\n\nThat's all there is to it, in a nutshell. I should mention that most of the time, text nowadays actually uses TWO bytes of data (which is comprised of sixteen ones and zeros). This allows numbers up to 65535, which means we can a much larger set of characters. Most commonly, this type of 16-bit encoding is Unicode. There are some other encodings, too, but this whole description applies to all of them.\n\n*Edit: oops, I had accidentally put a wrong value (hex instead of decimal) for \"A\".",
"Files are basically just long series of numbers from 0 to 255 (because that's all you can express with 8 binary digits, and someone long ago decided 8 is a good number because it can represent enough characters to be useful).\n\nThe uppercase letter A is 65, for example. A space is 32. All numbers have some meaning - some are letters, some are special characters (from punctuation to lines for drawing boxes), some of them \"control characters\" that did things like ring a bell back when computers were using Teletypes (think \"when a typewriter and a fax machine love each other very much\").\n\nIf you open a non-text file (also known as a \"binary\" file) in Notepad, it simply shows the characters that represent the numbers in the file. It doesn't have characters for some of the numbers, and these simply don't get shown.\n\nNow, why do the files contain such weird numbers? Let's make up a file format. Let's say you have a thermometer connected to your computer and want to store temperature values over the day. So you first store the current date by specifying the day, month and year (since 2000 so you don't exceed 255) as separate numbers:\n\n18, 9, 15\n\nThen you store the number of records, say 5:\n\n18, 9, 15, 5\n\nAnd for each record, you store the time (hours, minutes) and temperature (in Farenheit, hoping to never go below zero because then your program fails):\n\n18, 9, 15, 4, \n06, 03, 65, \n09, 01, 73, \n12, 04, 81, \n14, 59, 96, \n18, 05, 84 \n\nThis means that today, on the 18th of September 2015, you have made 5 measurements and these were 65 F at 06:03, 73 F at 09:01 etc. The line breaks are added for clarity, they are not stored in the file, it's just a series of numbers\n\n18, 9, 15, 4, 06, 03, 65, 09, 01, 73, 12, 04, 81, 14, 59, 96, 18, 05, 84 \n\nor, in hex: 12090f040603410901490c04510e3b60120554\n\nIn notepad, it will look something like this: _URL_0_\n\nSince the mapping between numbers and characters to display can vary depending on the langugage settings on your computer, it might show up differently for you.\n\nThe format I gave stores e.g. the hours and minutes of times etc. as individual numbers. No sane format does that today - they would store store the time e.g. as the number of seconds elapsed since the beginning of Janurary 1 1970, which is awkward for humans but much easier for computers. Numbers higher than 255 get split up into multiple smaller numbers. Just like in the decimal system, where you would split the number 123 into three digits (1, 2 and 3) meaning \"1 times 100 and 2 times 10 and 3 times 1\", computers do the same: 555 would be stored as \"2 times 256 and 43 times 1\", i.e.\n\n 2, 43\n\nThus, a timestamp would include more-or-less random numbers for the \"ones\". This is why in our example, you only saw a few characters and they weren't that wacky, while in real binary files, you see more wacky characters."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://i.imgur.com/BYFuGw1.png"
]
] |
|
fu7rm8
|
given newton's law of equal and opposite forces, why does a rifle bullet hitting body armour still cause serious damage to the person being shot, but the recoil of the gun doesn't cause harm to the shooter?
|
Edit *solved*
Thanks for all your responses, I understand now
For clarification:
I've heard a lot about the limitations of personal armour, and how it will still result in broken ribs and potential blunt force organ damage even if it stops penetration.
But if it's spreading the force out over a large area, (arguably larger than the stock of the gun) how is that impact worse than the equal and opposite impact of the rifle recoiling into the shooter's shoulder?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fu7rm8/eli5_given_newtons_law_of_equal_and_opposite/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fmb634x",
"fmb8dbs",
"fmbcre4"
],
"score": [
10,
2,
7
],
"text": [
"There are two things involved here - momentum and energy.\n\nNewton's laws are all about momentum - momentum = mass × velocity. It tells us that the momentum will effect both people equally. The person firing the shot will be pushed back similarly to the way the person struck by the bullet will be pushed back. \n\nBut the other half is energy, and the equation for that is E=½mv^2. That velocity squared makes a big difference. The gun weighs a few kilograms, so the momentum law says its velocity, its speed, will be low. When you square a small number, you get another small number. The bullet weighs a few grams, so its velocity will be very high. When you square this very high number, you get a very, very high number.\n\nIt is this energy, deposited into the target, that causes the damage.",
"The easiest way to explain is to imagine the firearm and operator as a single mass, the projectile as a single mass, and the gunpowder as the force. I'll skip over the mechanics and physics of how firearms accomplish this, as that's super complex mechanical and physics manipulation. Just know that they do accomplish this feat.\n\nNow, when the gun powder goes off, it does apply equal force to the projectile and the firearm/operator. Newton's laws state that an object's ability to resist change is equally to it's speed and mass. Speed is irrelevant as the projectile and firearm/operator, atleast initially, are not moving and therefore the same. But the mass of the two objects is not the same. A human male on average weighs 155 lbs, a rifle usually weighs about 15, and a projectile can be between 1-6 six ounces. \n\nSo at the point of discharge, just by mass alone, the firearm/operator is something like 27,000% more resistant to the force than the projectile. However, as the bullets accelerates, the force of the hot gas trying to escape starts taking the path of least resistance. The firearm/operator is resisting, but the projectile is not. Atleast not as much. This results in the firearm/operator kinda of \"reflecting\" the force back towards the projectile, causing it to accelerate even more. If you look at the ratio of energy absorbed by the projectile versus the energy absorbed by the firearm/operator, it's something between 30-40 times greater on the projectile.\n\nSo if you took this step by step it would go something like this: the gun powder applies force, the firearm/operator resists the force, the force is reflected to the projectile, the projectile absorbs the force and accelerates.",
"When a bullet hit you you like to stop is in a few centimeters but the bullet accelerates for the length of the barrel length.\n\nSo put on a steel plate on your chest that has the same mass a the rifle. it might move 10mm when it stops the bullet. \n\nLet's fire the round from a bolt action rifle so the feed system with springs etc has no effect. A German WWII Karabiner 98k has a 600mm barrel\n\nThe bullet needs to stop in 1/60 of the length\n\nForce = mass\\* acceleration\n\nSo if you assume that the acceleration is linear in both cases then\n\n Velocity = acceleration\\* time\n\nYou also have\n\nvelocity =distance / time or time =distance/velocity\n\nfor linear acc\n\nSo for linear acceleration, you get\n\nforce= mass\\*velocity/time = mass\\*velocity\\^2/distance\n\nSo if time and therefore the distance the force increase. Half the stopping distance is twice the force 1/60 the distance 60x the force\n\nThis is why when you drive a car and use the brake to stop the force you feel is higher the faster you stop. A very quick stop like hitting a solid rock then the distance is just the length of the deforming part of the car this will kill you at high speed. Compare that to just pressing the clutch and stop by win resistance. You might travel a 1km and never feel the acceleration that stops you. This shows that distance to stop has a huge effect.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nTo stop in 1/60 of the length result in 60x higher in the impact than when fired if you hit a metal plate with the same mass\n\nBecause the mass of the riles and the plat is assumed identical the force on you will be 60x higher on impact\n\nA rifle butt on the shoulder is supported by muscles and bones that quite tick and to much recoil will move it backward. You could get damaged muscles but that does kill you or even a broken bone. You arm also absorb a lot of force and move with it so even more mass than the rife moves back\n\nRibs are a lot weaker and they have to ben or move the whole abdomen back. The organs also if they get damages is a lot more of a problem then a muscle. If you would hold a rifle again you ribs with no arm support it would damage you a lot more then a rifle to the shoulder with arms support.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nBut no to the important part of the answer and that is most body armor is not the hard metal plate but soft kevlar or ceramics that deform. If you have a steel plate that the bullet does not penetrate the damage is minimal on you. \n\nkevlar is effective against pistols and will deform a lot but spread out the force and stoping it from penetrating the skin. Look at [this video](_URL_1_) and you can see the deformation. This can break a rib. \n\nThe calculation above is not valid for the case because it a mass you hit identical to the rifle. A 9mm pistol like a Beretta 92S has a mass of 950g and 125mm barrel. If the bullet stop when penetrating 50mm into you when it moves, for example, 100g of west and tissue you still take about 20x the force on a more sensitive area of the body\n\n & #x200B;\n\nIf you use ceramic plate they will deform and the area that they force is concentrated will be similar to a rifle butt. Look at [This video](_URL_0_) where they fire on a steel plate and a steel-ceramic hybrid and you will see the effect on a clay backing. The ceramics will deform more then you expect \n\nSo the answer is that the force is implied on a sorter time. If you have a plate with the mass of a rife that is not penetrated the effect on you is minimal. But with material that deforms when hit you have smaller area then you expect, less mass to accelerate and shorter distance to do the same amount of acceleration. The result is more damaging impact on your body"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RVpo4MwZoHM",
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kgBzqzSLdlY"
]
] |
|
4dno22
|
how does a computer read a dual layer disc?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4dno22/eli5_how_does_a_computer_read_a_dual_layer_disc/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d1smnyr"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The top layer is transparent, so by shifting the focus a bit you can read the lower layer instead of the top layer.\n\nSome discs read from the inside out for the first layer, then from the outside to the in for the second. Some skip back to the inside for the second layer, but this risks a longer lurch while swapping."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
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