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429dhg
|
why do we only hear about mexican druglords? if they sell most of their drugs to the u.s, who buys them, smuggle , and distribute them there?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/429dhg/eli5_why_do_we_only_hear_about_mexican_druglords/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz8mz6w"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Usually large Mexican drug organizations have networks inside the US they use for smuggling and distribution. They may also make deals with established American or international organized crime groups to distribute their drugs."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
omhkb
|
gitmo and why many say it should be closed
|
I always hear it get brought up when people are talking about the bad things Obama has done in his presidency but I never really understand what they're talking about.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/omhkb/eli5_gitmo_and_why_many_say_it_should_be_closed/
|
{
"a_id": [
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"score": [
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"text": [
"Gitmo is where we hold suspected terrorists. It's been the site of torture (though many call it \"enhanced interrogation,\" we convicted Japanese soldiers of torture for the tactics we're using at Gitmo today). We also hold people there without trial, without charges, for as long as we think they're still a threat. Most of the people who have been held at Gitmo were later released without being charged, despite being held, and perhaps tortured, for years.\n\nBTW, Obama shouldn't get the blame for Gitmo still being open. He wanted to close it, and the Congress passed a law barring him from using any money to close it. So, he's forced to keep it open by Congress.",
"Guantanamo Bay (\"Gitmo\" for short) is a military prison in Cuba, infamously used as a detention and interrogation center for terrorists captured in battle during the War on Terror. Among other things, it attained infamy for being used for \"enhanced interrogation techniques,\" among them waterboarding. The controversy about waterboarding and the numerous human rights violations from Abu Ghraib (a similar prison) brought people to start lobbying for the closure of these prisons.\n\nObama vowed to close Guantanamo Bay. I don't think he has yet.",
"Guantanamo Bay is a US military base in Cuba, a result of the Spanish American War that as allowed the use to lease it since 1903.\n\nFidel Castro came to power in 1959, a staunch Communist and anti-American. The US kept the base, which put them in the unusual position of having a military base in a hostile country.\n\nPutting a detention center there is basically a clever trick to make it as difficult as possible to access prisoners kept there. Americans can't easy travel to Cuba, and Cuban aren't allowed on the base, so the only way to get there is with military permission. Also, since it isn't in an actual state or territory, only Federal and military law applies.\n\nMany people claim the military uses this isolation to deprive prisoners of their rights. The Bush administration tried to justify it use of \"enhanced interrogation technique\", which amounted to torture. In many other cases, prisoners have been denied their due process, have sat there for years without a trial. It has become a symbol of human rights abuse by the US. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3w0pyd
|
what happens when a person is arrested that refuses to identify themselves, and has no records on file?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3w0pyd/eli5_what_happens_when_a_person_is_arrested_that/
|
{
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"cxsd7ho"
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"text": [
"I've seen individuals charged using whatever crazy alias they provided at the time of their arrest. Upon being fingerprinted and assigned an FBI and state identification number, that alias would show up on any subsequent arrests. If somebody were to flat out refuse to provide any identifiers whatsoever, I can't think of anything offhand that would prevent a prosecution as John or Jane Doe. Note that refusing to provide pedigree information could lead to additional charges. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6ya069
|
if humans developed the ability to taste sour things in order to avoid bad/poisonous foods, why do people still enjoy certain sour foods?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ya069/eli5_if_humans_developed_the_ability_to_taste/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dmlr380"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Sour doesn't detect poison, it detects acids, and in particular vitamins. Vitamin C, ascorbic acid, for example, is a classic sour-tasting vitamin that our bodies need to prevent the disease scurvy.\n\nBitter is typically the flavor profile associated with poisons, but the thing to remember about poisons is that it's always dependent on dose. A lot of medicines we use today are poisons that are taken in small doses to produce a desired effect. Our tastes are designed as broad indicators, not exact detectors (remember that antifreeze is quite poisonous and tastes sweet, like sugar) so evolution aims for making a lot of stuff bitter, just in case it's something that might hurt us."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3iza7q
|
what are shares? how many shares does each company have? do i get paid money even if i own just one share?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3iza7q/eli5_what_are_shares_how_many_shares_does_each/
|
{
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"cukywd8",
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2
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"text": [
"1 - What are shares?\n\nShares are ownership in a company. If a company has 100 shares issued, then each share is worth 1% of the company.\n\n2 - How many shares does each company have?\n\nThere is no hard and fast answer to this. Companies can have 3 shares (for a small or privatley held company) or they could have 3,000,000,000. The number of shares a company has issued is regulated and controlled... but they can always apply to issue more.\n\n3 - Do you get paid for owning a single share?\n\nIt depends, but the simple awnser is yes. Many companies will issue what is called a \"dividend\" which is essentially a payment of the profit of a company out to its owners. Owning a share gives you a dividend. Of course you can also sell your shares to someone else if the company is doing well.\n\n4 - Is there a set amount of shares up for sale?\n\nYes, the total number of shares outstanding is regulated and is a specific number (though that number can be changed).\n\n5 - If I own 60/100 shares do I control the company?\n\nYes, you own 60% of the company. At that point, unless the company has specific rules that require more than 60% of the votes to make a decision... you control every aspect of the company.\n\n6 - How do shareholders make money, and is one share enough to get paid?\n\nTwo primary means. \n\n1 - Dividends are paid out by many companies. These are cash payments from the company to their owners.\n\n2 - Selling their shares. Many investors get into a company with an eye to eventually selling their ownership stake to someone else. Sometimes (Apple is a recent example) companies will even buy shares back from their owners.",
"Just to expand a bit on what /u/Lokiorin said, the number of shares can sometimes be changed. For example, a few months ago, Apple shares were worth about 8x as much as they are now; I'm not sure why, but Apple decided to multiply the number of shares available by 8; when this happened, the individual share price was drastically lowered, but nobody was out any money because shareholders were simultaneously awarded 7 shares for each share they owned. To illustrate what I mean, here is a fictitious example:\n\nSomeone owns 100 shares of ABC Corp. worth $80 each, for a total value of $8000. ABC Corp. decides to increase the number of shares to 8x the current number, which will lower the value of each share and the shareholders will be awarded 8x the number of shares they originally had. So, the person now owns 800 shares that are each worth $10 (# of shares x 8, value of each share ÷ 8), ∴ they still have the same total value as before."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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63a44g
|
what makes an animal be carnivore or herbivore?
|
And I mean, besides eating meat and plants. Biologically, what happens when a carnivore eats vegetables and a herbivore eats meat, yknow? What is it about them that makes them have exclusive eating habits?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/63a44g/eli5_what_makes_an_animal_be_carnivore_or/
|
{
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"text": [
"herbivores cant process meat very well and usually gets sick but its not uncommon for some species to eat the young or left over placenta. \n\ncarnivores on the other hand usually use veggies as ruffage, cause we all need fiber for bowel movements, and for carnivores eating just meat leads to constipation, so they will eat ruffage to help digest and sometimes eat veggies for other ailments like dogs eating grass. \n\ntechnically they arent exclusive but carnivores can eat veggies but need meat to survive to get required nutrition.\n\nherbivores need veggies for nutrition and are not able to process meats in their bodies.",
"Carnivores can eat fruits and vegetables, but they cannot synthesize essential proteins found in meat and thus will die if they don't.\n\nLikewise, herbivores can eat some meat, but their digestive systems are designed to digest plants and may not have the right bacteria to properly digest meat.",
"We call the animals that eat meat carnivores and the ones that eat plants herbivores. I feed my dog potatoes and corn and rice in the dogfood I buy. \n\nI've seen a cow eat a bat and a deer eat a rabbit. [Here's a video](_URL_0_) of a deer eating a bird.\n\nBoth deer and cows are ruminants. They are really highly specialized herbivores. Even they get down on some meat from time to time.\n\nWe even feed meat to our cows in farming. They banned feeding cows to cows because of mad-cow disease, but they still feed them poultry byproducts.\n\nIt's all shades of gray.\n\nAnimals develop to fill niches. The most specialized ones eat more specific things. Koalas only eat eucalyptus for instance. Black footed ferrets only eat prairie dogs and snail kites only eat snails. \n\nBut most animals eat a variety of things.",
"Something not yet mentioned is the fact that herbivores get sick when eating meat due to their extremely long digestion time.\n\nThe meat literally rots in their intestines.\n\nLikewise, carnivores get almost no nutrients from plants and fruits thanks to their relatively fast digestion (this is more of a case by case thing though)",
"A reason that hasn't been mentioned here on why carnivores can't eat many plants: plants have evolved toxins. Many herbivores have developed ways to metabolize these toxins in order to have more feeding options. There's a huge number of toxins, and many plants have unique ones. \n\nA good example of where this is relevant is in dogs. Dogs in nature would be omnivorous; they can eat meat, but will also eat roots or some fruit if it's available. Dogs can't usually eat grapes. The grape vine developed a toxin to protect itself from being eaten. It just so happens that humans can metabolize this safely and dogs cannot. Humans have a long history eating and growing grapes, so we have a mechanism to digest them safely. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=4&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwiv4t3uqYnTAhXFyFQKHeyOD10QtwIILzAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsQOQdBLHrLk&usg=AFQjCNGMWvteeYZRtSoxyQXZacWEXVsdyA&sig2=dtZDOecszhf6lH5oK0yt6Q&bvm=bv.151325232,d.amc"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
3yqkq2
|
why is it that once i scratch one itch, i suddenly have multiple more places that itch around my body?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3yqkq2/eli5_why_is_it_that_once_i_scratch_one_itch_i/
|
{
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29,
3,
2
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"text": [
"Scratching irritates the skin. Often our hands are unclean, thus scratching brings in more germs to an area, while also exposing newer skin to the surface.\nScratching also feels good (providing a sense of relief).\n\nTo answer your question (Citing Wikipedia): *\"Referred itch or Mitempfindung, is the phenomenon in which a stimulus applied in one region of the body is felt as an itch or irritation in a different part of the body\".* Statistics show, that on average, 1 in 5 people exhibit the behaviour - itch one place, scratch there, which causes another itch somewhere else, cycle continues a couple of times.",
"Feels freaking amazing when someone scratches all over my back, it's a flood of itching and relief that tracks all over my back. Delicious (satisfied seal)!",
"[Locked in Syndrome](_URL_0_) should make you more appreciative of being able to scratch those itches.\n\nYou're welcome!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locked-in_syndrome"
]
] |
||
22st0y
|
if feces aerosolizes when you flush, why do people with toothbrushes on their counters not get sick all the time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22st0y/eli5_if_feces_aerosolizes_when_you_flush_why_do/
|
{
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"cgq0n7j",
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"cgq31ch",
"cgq49hh",
"cgq4bp3"
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6,
10,
2,
2,
4
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"text": [
"Unless you're sick, most waste products are pretty sterile when they come out of you. Sure, bacteria will flock to it pretty quickly if left alone, but hopefully you flush it before that has a chance to happen.\n\nAlso, those toothbrushes are probably used by the same people leaving feces anyway, so they likely already have whatever bacteria would be on the feces coming out of their own bodies.",
"You underestimate the amount of feces you consume on a daily basis, I doubt that toothbrush is the largest single source.",
"In general, you won't get sick from your *own* fecal bacteria. It's other peoples' that'll get you sick.",
"ELI5: How does a semi-moist loaf of feces, sitting in water, become aerosolized when pushed around a little by the small currents in a toilet bowl?",
"I think you are over estimating how much ends up on your toothbrush "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5921qh
|
how video game graphics have progressed.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5921qh/eli5_how_video_game_graphics_have_progressed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9531g8"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"In order for a video game to be playable, each frame needs to be rendered in less than 1/30th of a second. All aspects of graphics are very math intensive- making colors brighter or darker based on how the light reflects around the room from different sources, transforming a 2D texture to wrap around a 3D object, moving the 3D objects around the scene, and then transforming it into a 2D view to display on the monitor. \n\nThe main difference between games now and games years ago is that we have more powerful GPUs that are capable of doing more of these calculations every frames. A GeForce GTX 1080 is capable of performing about eight trillion calculations per second. Because of that, it can do enough calculations to make more exact lighting on more detailed objects with more independent objects in each scene. \n\nSome of it is also coming up with better equations to model things like lighting and particle movement (e.g. smoke or flowing water). GPUs aren't quite powerful enough to do the full particle simulation you'd need to get those exactly right, s graphics developers use simpler mathematical models to represent them. Newer games use more accurate models than older ones."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
j3brc
|
[li5] the british political system
|
Like, the distinctions between dukes and lords etc, and the different British territorial terms.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/j3brc/li5_the_british_political_system/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c28tsxc"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Here's an overview:\nThere is a **bicameral** (meaning two house) parliament. The lower house, the **House of Commons** (similar to the House of Representatives in the US) and the upper house, the **House of Lords** (not similar to the US Senate). The House of Commons has full legislative authority - all legislation must start in this house. The House of Commons is elected through a **single member district**, so-called first past the post electoral system. This is very similar to how we elect congressmen in the US. Largely because of this electoral system, the post-WWII British political arena has been dominated by two parties with a third typically garnering a nominal but not marginal percentage of the vote. The first past the post system, as we well know in the US, discourages third parties because of a concept known as the [wasted vote](_URL_1_) problem.\n\nThe House of Lords traditionally had more power than it has today, which was diminished largely due Tony Blair. Currently, it is comprised of royalty, retired party high-ups, and other such important people. They hold the seat for life and are not elected. Because of this, the House of Lords has hardly any legislative power, and serves more as a forum for legislative debate. This parliamentary system is known as the **Westminster Model**, and is one of a few different varieties of parliamentary systems in the world.\n\nThe executive is chosen based on who has the majority in parliament - this can be more than one party. This is known as a **coalition**. If, for example, no party wins a clear majority (that is, over 50%), they must form a majority, and the only way to do that is through forming groups of parties. This is not completely related to this discussion, though, so [here's](_URL_0_) the wikipedia article.\n\nThe executive, the Prime Minister, rules through authority of the parliament - that is, he is directly responsible to parliament. Parliament can hold a vote of no confidence in order to remove him from office (this happens more often in other parliamentary democracies than in the UK, like Italy). Most of the executive power, similar to the US, lies in the hands of the cabinet, which is chosen by the Prime Minister. The current Prime Minister is David Cameron of the Conservative party - the first Conservative Prime Minister since the early 1990s if I'm not mistaken.\n\nThe main political parties are the **Conservatives** (the Tories) which are more right win, the **Labour** Party, more left wing, and the **Liberal Democrats** (Lib Dems for short), which has typically been the smaller third party and is somewhat more centrist. \n\nThere are other issues in the UK politics, such as the autonomy of Northern Ireland and Scotland. In recent years, particularly under Blair, power has been devolved (that is, taken away from the parliament and given to the peripheries) to these regions.\n\nI'm not British, but I am a comparative political scientist, however the UK is not my area of expertise. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasted_vote"
]
] |
|
3z42cy
|
is graphene a feasible option for power storage? if it is where are the graphene batteries?
|
ELI5: Is graphene a feasible option for power storage? If it is where are the graphene batteries?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3z42cy/eli5_is_graphene_a_feasible_option_for_power/
|
{
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"text": [
"Graphene by itself isn't really suitable for being the energy storage medium in a battery, but it is being used inside batteries to enhance other materials. The most famous example is the research involving Lithium polymer battery backs laced with Graphene anodes that can chage to full capacity in a couple of minutes rather than hours. The main drawback is that strong as graphene is, in those particular applications where the graphene strands need to be thinner than human hair, the material still breaks after a few hundred charge / discharge cycles. Once they can improve on that you will begin to see much more widespread use. That or something similar is going to be the breakthrough that gives us electric cars that charge to full capacity in the same amount of time it takes to gas up a conventional engine. \n\n",
"Graphene is used in Lithium ion batteries... I guess the easy answers to the first question is \"Yes\" and the second is \"Well many lithium ion batteries use graphene in their anodes\". \n\n_URL_0_ here is a pic showing lithium ions fitting in between sheets of graphene.\n\nGraphene conducts electrons pretty well and its reasonably stable, so its used to increase the effectiveness of the anode during charge/discharge. However anodes are not the weak points of batteries at the moment so research focuses elsewhere."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://engineering.purdue.edu/ViPER/pics/res/Li_1.jpg"
]
] |
|
1yq0kl
|
what's to stop obamacare and other us federal mandates from just being overturned by the next (or later) presidents?
|
Considering the massive political weight the American President put on Obamacare when the public overall was more or less on the fence about it, what's to stop the next president who might be from a opposing political party from gathering Senate votes and going 'nope this is dumb' and just reversing all of it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1yq0kl/eli5_whats_to_stop_obamacare_and_other_us_federal/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cfmpuyd"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"As you say, it's not the president who overturns laws, it's Congress, and there's nothing stopping them from doing so - that's the case with any law. Republicans in the House have tried to do so repeatedly since they took over.\n\nThe president himself has some leeway in implementing a program like Obamacare, but he has to act within the law in place."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1ogusj
|
why doesn't the color red compress well in jpegs?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ogusj/eli5_why_doesnt_the_color_red_compress_well_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ccruq6l"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"jpeg uses a lossy compression, the primary colors don't compress well at all because of this.\n\nLossy is a compression type which uses a percentage of the current value to remove colors which are negligible when it comes to visibility distinguishing them colors like reg green and blue are made up of pure values, and those values are hard to reduce using the compression. Where as mixed values, like magenta, yellow, and cyan have more options for reduction of the value."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3l5oll
|
how can we understand the meaning of words that we've never heard before purely through the context of the sentence it was said/written in?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l5oll/eli5_how_can_we_understand_the_meaning_of_words/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv3cvie"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Humans are really good at extrapolation (making things up based on the currently-available evidence). It is the same part of our brain that sees a face on Mars, a dragon on Mars, a spoon on Mars, shapes in clouds, sometimes things like UFOs...\n\nYour brain WANTS to understand the sentence so much that you make stuff up to fill in the parts you don't understand. Sometimes, you are correct. Here's the trouble...sometimes you are completely wrong.\n\nHaving a limited knowledge of English grammar and how prefixes work, if you didn't know what inflammable meant, you might interpret it completely the opposite of what it actually means and think you know what is going on.\n\nThat bottle contains an inflammable liquid! Could be interpreted wrong if you know that the 'in' prefix might mean 'not'!"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5glkmk
|
why do we need stock exchanges?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5glkmk/eli5_why_do_we_need_stock_exchanges/
|
{
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84
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"text": [
"When you buy or sell a stock, there is a good chance it isn't being sold to a person. It's being sold to a market maker. On the NYSE market makers are required to provide a certain amount of liquidity. Meaning they buy when no else will or they will sell when no one else will. exchanges also prevent the fragmentation of buy/sell prices. One place determines the price and going to Costco won't get you a better price.",
"because it lets people who aren't rich enough by themselves to start a certain endeavour come together, share the risk and the profits.\n\nthey were pretty much invented for merchants in the middle ages. sending out a few ships all the way to India from Europe cost a lot. So only the richest people (like kings and nobles mostly) could afford to do it at first. but then some of the wealthier people started banding together and finance their own ships. for this they essentially gave everyone a piece of paper saying \"you own 1% of this ship and will get 1% of its profits\" or so.\n\nThose pieces of paper could then be sold if one of the backers wanted out or someone else was confident enough in the success of the mission that they wanted to buy more shares.\n\n\nand today....well imagine building a multibillion-dollar/euro factory to produce computers or cars. Very few people could afford that. But since most people have some money saved up that can be invested (directly or indirectly if the bank does it while you consider your money to just \"lie around\") and together they can finance that company and in return get rewarded by its success (somewhat)",
"Without a stock exchange you'd have to find a buyer for your stock on your own. This means three things, 1.) You can't turn the stock into cash as quickly. 2.) you have to do all the work yourself. 3.) you probably can't get as good a price for it, because you have less people to negotiate with.",
"Let's say you want to start a lemonade stand.\n\nNow, you don't have enough money personally, because you're five and I don't give you a high enough allowance. \n\nSo, what you do is you go to your friends and say \"hey, I want to make a lemonade stand. If you give me some money, I'll be able to make it.\"\n\nYour friends all like you, but they don't want to just give you money for nothing. So, they say \"okay, we'll give you some money, but we want a part of the profits.\"\n\n\"Okay\" you say. They give you a total of $100 (you've got a lot of friends). \n\nWith that $100, you invest it in making the physical stand, buying lemons, sugar, water, ice, the juicer, jugs, cups, straws, and a sign. You've got $10 left over that you want to keep just to be safe. \n\nWhen the summer's over, it turns out you made $200! Great job! So, now you're past your $100 investment. All of your friends made 100% profit. \n\nNow, there are a few things you could do, but in the business world, the name of the game is \"staying in business for as long as you can.\" So, you say to your friends \"hey, I'm going to take this money here, and *reinvest* it back, so we can make *more* lemonade stands, and therefore, we'll all be richer!\"\n\nMost of your friends love that idea, and say \"okay, go ahead!\" \n\nBut your friend Bob is a bit unhappy. See, he was hoping to get that money back soon, because he wants to buy some cookies. His investment was $1 back at the beginning, and now it's *worth* $2, and the box of cookies costs exactly $2. \n\nSo, Bob first goes to you and asks for a *dividend,* in which some of that $200 is given back to everyone. You think about it, but say \"sorry Bob, I need to grow the business quickly.\" Bob is unhappy. So, Bob decides instead to try and sell his investment, which is worth $2, to someone else. \n\nYour other friend, Janet, is very excited about the lemonade stand. She wants to be *more* involved in it, and wants to buy more shares. However, you don't want to sell any more ownership of the lemonade stand yourself (I mean, you still want it to be *your* business, right?). So, you tell Janet, \"Sorry, I can't offer you any more shares.\" \n\nThen you have an idea: Bob wants to sell his share, and Janet wants to buy more. Maybe there are others like them!\n\nSo at recess you say to everyone, both your friends and your classmates, \"Hey everyone! I've got a lemonade business, and it's doing alright! But I know some people want to buy more shares of it, and some people want to sell them! So, at lunch, *everyone meet up at the jungle gym* so we can trade!\" \n\nThe jungle gym is the stock market, where now Bob and Janet (and anyone else wanted to buy or sell shares) can meet, find each other, and agree to a deal.\n\nFor Bob and Janet, they agree on the $2/share price. Bob is happy, Janet is happy. \n\nNearby though, your friend Steve is also looking to buy from George. They *overhear* that Bob and Janet traded at $2/share. George, however, thinks it's worth more, so he says \"Steve, I'll buy your shares for $3/share!\" Steve is quite happy with this, so they trade. *Everyone else at the gym also heard Steve and George's deal,* and some decide to go higher, while others decide to try and keep the price down (they don't want to pay too much!). \n\nSo the stock market is what helps all these buyers and sellers of shares invest or divest (the opposite of \"invest\") their shares and money. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3y88n6
|
why is traveling to other countries so important to do in life?
|
I'm American, so to travel to other countries costs a lot of money, but I constantly hear that it's such an amazing experience and that people benefit so much from it. What are those benefits? What makes it so worth while?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3y88n6/eli5_why_is_traveling_to_other_countries_so/
|
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"There are many benefits but I will only point out one thing. \n\nIt will open up your world.\nIt's like reading a book, the world opens up and whatever fears and doubts you might have with people and places you only hear about in the news are quickly laid aside.\n\nEspecially people of different religion and skin colour and language.\nYou quickly find out that they have the same fears, anger, angst, dreams and daily concerns as you but they just speak a different language and eat different foods and worship a differently named god or gods. \nGo out there man. Explore. ",
"Most of us (Americans) live in a bubble of fake news, fake politicians, fake culture spoon fed to us by the two or three companies that own almost everything. It is so easy to think that our society is right, the best and infallible. To get out of this bubble is to start realizing how messed up we actually are and maybe will help us make things better. The drug war, the healthcare, the employment model...are all easier to see clearly when you visit other places. Also, it is way easier to understand what a truly special place we have here by hearing it from almost everywhere else.\n\nWe suck AND we rock. Knowing this with an international perspective makes moving our country forward in positive ways easier.\n\nAlso, it gives us empathy for other cultures. It is way harder to tolerate racism, sexism and classism when you see the world.",
"First and foremost I think it really depends on your own preferences. If you feel fine and content not to travel, it's perfectly fine and not necessary.\n\nFor some others, they want to experience the different cultures and environments that are available on Earth and feel they expand their understanding of the world through these experiences. \n\nI couldn't possibly speak for those that are well traveled, but that's my perception on it. I'm sure others can elaborate further. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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] |
|
60z7ji
|
why does the heart seem to beat twice while the vessels near the neck or wrist only beat once?
|
Whenever I put my heart over my heart it seems to beat in pairs of 2 beats, instead of a steady beat which can be felt when I touch my neck or wrist.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/60z7ji/eli5why_does_the_heart_seem_to_beat_twice_while/
|
{
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"Heart only contracts once per cardiac cycle. Contraction originates in the atria and then spreads over the ventricles. The reason you think it beats twice (ie lub-dub) is you've two heart sounds. S1 (lub) is your atrioventricular valves closing after contraction of the ventricles and S2 (dub) is your semi-lunar valves valves closing after ventricular relaxation. Your pulse is essentially the rise in pressure from this contraction being transmitted through your arteries. Incidentally it's possible to have 4 heart sounds, and murmurs on top of these but generally only pathologically. \n\nSource: am medical doctor \n\nEDIT: noticed top comment said veins. Easily confused, but the blood pressure in the venous side of the circulation is generally too low to be felt manually. Try by putting your finger over a vein on the back of your hand. You won't feel a pulsation. The exception to this is when you have certain conditions that give you a jugular vein pulsation (JVP) but this is generally seen and not felt. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2dx3g8
|
is being "indicted" the same as being "charged" with a crime?
|
I keep hearing people are being "Indicted" for a crime. Is it the same thing as being "Charged" for a crime and its just a fancy way of saying it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dx3g8/eli5_is_being_indicted_the_same_as_being_charged/
|
{
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"Sorta. The former involves a grand jury's decision to charge you. The latter involves a finding of probable/propable? cause by the police, charging civilian witness, etc. ",
"No.\n\nTo be indicted means that a government lawyer goes before a group of people -- a \"grand jury\" -- and presents enough evidence to persuade them that the government should be allowed to try to convict someone of a crime.\n\nIt's meant as a safeguard. For example, a government lawyer can't be like:\n\n > I really dislike the person who cut in line, so I want to charge him with murder\n\nThen the grand jury will say \"no, you cannot continue\".\n\nHowever, the defendant isn't there to make their case. That means that it's relatively easy to indict someone because the grand jury only hears one side of the story\n\nTo be charged means that the government attorney has passed the hurdle of the grand jury; they go before a judge, with you present, and say\n\n\n > I hereby charge this dude with having committed a crime\n\nAt this point you're charged with the crime and everything else happens. \n\n--------------------\n\nIt's sort of like if you had a bunch of neighbors and Bob was constantly accusing anyone and everyone of anything and everything. You need some way to make sure that Bob's legitimate claims came though while his illegitimate claims didn't waste our time. \n\nSo you say:\n\n > Hey Bob! From now on your complaints are going to be screened by some volunteers. If they call bullshit then we're done. If they say \"meh; maybe\" or anything along those lines then we will hear what you have to say."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2reh4w
|
how do you feel tired, but are still unable to fall asleep?
|
I can be exhausted and lying in my bed, but still unable to sleep for hours. This happens to me pretty much every night.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2reh4w/eli5_how_do_you_feel_tired_but_are_still_unable/
|
{
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"Your body has a internal clock. Called the Circadian Rhythm. We all have a different ones. And sleeping at a time that your body isn't used to can mess up that rhythm. You may be tired at 6 pm but don't usually fall asleep until 10 or so. Also using your phone while the lights are off and you're supposed to sleep can also mess up this rhythm. Don't use electronics that have a bright screen before you go to sleep so like 30 minutes before you're about to sleep turn everything off. \nEdit: (Added some info) Also you need to try to sleep around the same day everyday. Hopefully your body gets used to it and wakes up on time. I don't use a alarm clock because I always sleep at 11 PM and wake up at 7 AM. When I feel the sun hitting my eyelids my body /brain goes time to wake up! "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
4xzpn7
|
why do the english use £1 coins instead of £1 notes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xzpn7/eli5why_do_the_english_use_1_coins_instead_of_1/
|
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"text": [
"Most countries use coins for denominations of approximately that value, because they're a lot cheaper in the long run. A coin lasts decades in normal use and sometimes centuries, whereas a low-denomination bill (like the US$1) only lasts about 18 months-2 years on average, so you have to print a lot of bills over the lifespan of a single coin.",
"Because the denomination is so small, that we need large quantities for change. Notes need to be reissued more often as they damage easier than coins. It is unusual for countries to have paper denominations so low.",
"Note that the UK ([not just England](_URL_0_)\\) used to have pound notes, but they were removed from circulation when the pound coin was introduced. Scotland still does have pound notes, as do some Crown Dependencies that are not part of the UK, like Jersey. Scotland's pound notes are legal tender elsewhere in the UK.",
"Most countries do. NZ, Australia, Europe, Japan, ec all use coins for smaller denominations. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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"http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/customs/questions/britain.html"
],
[]
] |
||
5ylsu1
|
what is causing the massive inflation of the euro in the eu?
|
Prices are rising in the EU, what gives? _URL_0_
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ylsu1/eli5_what_is_causing_the_massive_inflation_of_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"2% is actually on target inflation.\n\nThe ECB wants inflation to be at 2% since this is considered a good buffer above negative rates (negative rates being just as bad as very high positive rates).",
"The graph shows the inflation rate - how fast prices are rising - and not the actual price itself. The Euro has maintained low to normal inflation since it started, currently sitting at 2% and never above 3% in the last five years. That is thanks to deliberate policy by the European Central Bank. Many other central banks also target a 2-3% inflation rate, because zero or negative inflation results in economic problems and so does excessively high inflation."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://ycharts.com/indicators/eurozone_inflation_rate"
] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
ep3wna
|
how is it that pain sensors/gag reflexes don't work when someone is under general anesthesia?
|
If someone were to start cutting you while you were sleeping, you would probably feel it and wake up. Yet if the same thing happens when you're under general anesthesia, you don't feel it. Also, if doctors put a tube down someone's throat, they don't gag or choke on it, but if you tried that when someone was simply sleeping, they would.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ep3wna/eli5_how_is_it_that_pain_sensorsgag_reflexes_dont/
|
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"So depending on the surgery, they may give you a nerve block right into the nerve they can do this locally or generally, and even both. A local anaesthetic numbs the tissue around the area being cut, a general often has a nerve block applied to the spine or a local on top of it. Locals stop the nerves firing signals of pain to the brain, while spinal blocks stop the signal from the cut site reaching the brain and any transmission back down. Spinal or general is used if you're cutting a large area, while local is for small areas. If you are under general anaesthetic, this normally involves being put to sleep which can suppress your whole body's action, including breathing. Reflexes like the gag reflex still require the sensory-motor pathways to produce the reflex, so if the nerve block is low enough, the gag reflex can be stopped along the track.",
"Anesthesia is much less like 'going to sleep' and more like 'going into a coma' - at which point basic sensory and reflexive activities (blinking, swallowing, even breathing) are highly reduced if not completley disabled. \n\nSo it helps if you do not think a person is 'asleep' during anesthesia, rather, think they are borderline (but reversibly) dead.",
"Anesthesiologist here. I have this conversation with patients every once in a while. \n\nAs you point out there can be confusion surrounding the word “sleep”. General anesthesia is not the same kind of sleep that you experience when you go to bed at night. It is, to keep it simple, a deeper sleep, so deep that breathing tubes and surgical incisions don’t make you wake up.",
"**Anesthesia**: So first, anesthesia is an umbrella term that actually involves a lot of different drugs (each with their own effects), and a spectrum of altered sensation and consciousness. Different surgeries/procedures require different levels of sedation (i.e. stitching a cut is a lot different than amputating a leg). Docs actually have a [chart](_URL_0_) to gauge the progressive stages of anesthesia. This is used in real life to tell if the anesthesia is \"too light\" if/when the patient starts twitching in response to you cutting them during surgery, and more juice needs to be added to that bag.\n\n**Regarding Pain**: Experiencing pain itself is actually a 2 part process--the first part (Ascending signaling) involves signaling your conscious brain that pain is occurring. The second part (Descending Pain modulation) involves telling your brain/body how bad the pain is (some people have more reactive pathways than others, which is why some people have a \"high pain tolerance.\") The cool thing is, you can block either pathway to cause people pain relief.\n\n**Regarding** **Sleep**: When you sleep, your nerves don't shut off. The nerves that sense pressure cause you to toss and turn in your sleep to prevent pressure points from losing blood flow. Likewise, the nerves that sense pain will still fire and hit your brain. When you undergo anesthesia, however, you are shutting these nerves off.\n\n**Regarding Reflexes**: Reflexes themselves are also controlled by nerve signals: simple ones that don't involve your brain, and complex ones that do. That hammer the doctor hits your knee with to make it jerk is actually hitting your tendon, making your muscle think it is being stretched too far, which causes your leg to kick out to lessen the stretch on that tendon. This is a *simple reflex*\\--the signal from your knee goes to your spine, and back to your knee, involving only one or two muscle groups in the same joint. *Complex reflexes*, like the gag reflex, involve multiple muscle groups in different parts of your body. Your gag reflex involves sensors in your throat that go up one major nerve to your brain, which then sends multiple signals to your muscles in your body to trigger a complex series of muscle responses (in this case: tongue out, diaphragm up, abs tighten, hold your breath, etc). The funniest one is called the Bulbocavernous Reflex, where your butthole clinches up if someone squeezes the tip of your penis. Again, since these reflexes are controlled by nerve signals, drugs that block such signals can inhibit these reflexes.\n\nSo, tying this into sticking a tube down someone's throat--the second that tube hits their gag sensors in the back of their throat, they will gag. So, docs use drugs to prevent this, like lidocaine spray to the back of your throat. Interestingly, the flurane gases used for general anesthesia (isoflurane, desflurane) can themselves cause your throat to clamp down (laryngospasm). This is a great example of why multiple drugs are used for anesthesia--isoflurane to maintain precise control of sedation during surgery, and succinylcholine, lidocaine, etc. to prevent the throat from clamping down.\n\n & #x200B;\n\nEdit: Thanks for the gold kind stranger!"
]
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[] |
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"https://duckduckgo.com/?q=planes+of+anesthesia+chart&t=ffab&iax=images&ia=images&iai=https%3A%2F%2Fveteriankey.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F10%2Fc00002_f002-002-9780702027932.jpg"
]
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|
43jdjt
|
what's the difference between fiberglass, kevlar, and carbon fiber and what makes them so strong?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43jdjt/eli5_whats_the_difference_between_fiberglass/
|
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"When asking about the strength of a material you have to consider 3 things; the tensile strength, the compressive strength and flexibility. Fibrous materials are primary strong under tension, which means they can resist pulling outward motions, and not very strong under compression forces or pushing inwards. This can be used, however, to create a very strong, very light and very flexible material that uses the tensile strength in all directions by weaving and layering materials, with the help of a flexible bonding agent like some epoxy resins that have tensile and compressive strength of their own. The most important attribute of these materials is certainly their flexibility though. The body of an airplane or high performance car will undergo some amount of flexion due to to air turbulence and, in the case of a car, uneven road surfaces. In these situations you don't want a very rigid material that will snap if a force large enough to bend it comes along. A materials ability to flex, store energy, and then release the energy and return to it's original state is crucial in these kinds of environments where the exact stresses that will be undergone are relatively unknown, as fluid mechanics is mainly estimation, you can't possibly know what the air is going to do at any given time.\n\nIf you want to visualise why they're so strong go outside and get a green branch and bend it, the wood fibers along the top of the branch are resisting the bend, and if you bend it the opposite direction then the fibers on the other side are resisting the bend in that direction. It is still quite easy to bend though because green wood has a relatively low compressive strength so the fibers at the inside of the bend aren't contributing as much to the resistance. With carbon fiber the suspension agents contribute compressive strength and some tensile strength but the majority of the tensile strength comes from the fibers, which are layered so that flexion in all directions is accounted for.\n\nKevlar Jackets are interesting because the point isn't necessarily to maintain a certain shape but rather to disperse energy over as wide an area as possible, so they're more interested in tensile strength in that case.\n\nEdit: for grammar purposes",
"they all have the same basic idea, which is bonding lots of fibres together with some form of plastic to create a material which is much stronger than the individual components. Fibreglass is one of many different types of GRP (glass reinforced plastic). Take a fibreglass canoe. If it was just the plastic 'matrix' material, it would be quite weak and would break easily, but is great for moulding and will take impacts much better than glass, which tends to shatter. By incorporating glass fibres, the material is made much stronger, but because the plastic is holding all the fibres together, the mixture doesn't shatter as easily as glass. \n\nIt works with pretty much any fibre and plastic-like material. You even see the basic principle in steel reinforced concrete, where steel bars are incorporated into concrete to enhance its strength.",
"The general idea is that you take a very strong material that is able to withstand high impact and place it between the object you want to protect (your body) and the threat of assault (people who shoot guns at you).\n\nFiberglass, kevlar and carbon fiber all have in common that the strong, impact resistant material is easiest to make in the form of thin strands of wire. In fiberglass it is glass, in kevlar it is a certain sort of plastic (aramid) and in carbon fiber it is carbon that has been processed into microscopically thin strands.\n\nDepending on what you want to use it for, the strands of the impact resistant material are usually woven into mats (just like normal fabric). In order to increase the strength a number of these mats are used together in layers.\n\nIn addition, because you usually want to make a more or less stiff object from these mats, you impregnate them with a resin-like component that either hardens completely (such as in fiberglass which uses an artificial resin like compound named epoxy) or retains some sort of pliability when you want to wear it as body armour (in the case of Kevlar), or just plain old polymer plastic as in the case of carbon fibres.\n\nAs for why the individual strands of the fiber material are so strong, this has to do with very strong attraction between the molecules that make up the material. To answer this question in more detail you would have investigate the chemistry of the materials. In essence, the fibers are strong because they *are*. Just like steel is strong compared to paper, or granite compared to marble.",
"Fiberglass is pieces of molten glass that are pulled into really long, thin strands. Then using resin, which for our purposes is a very strong glue, the strands are all bonded together in what is usually a haphazard crisscross way very similar to particle board. It's strength comes from the fact that force upon it is distributed along the fibers and that because there are no seams or \"grain\" it lacks a structural weak point and can more or less maintain the same strength throughout.\n\nKevlar is a plant based fiber that has been given special treatments that make it super strong on its own, but most people think of the bullet stopping power and that comes from weaving the fibers to distribute the energy of the incoming bullet.\n\nCarbon Fibers are built by alignment of graphite molecules in a special way that allows them to take advantage of the strong carbon crystal structure in a flexible fiber.",
"A lot of the posts are talking about composite materials. Perhaps an analogy here will help. Consider a mud brick. Usually it is a mixture of stick (clay or dung) mud and straw. When it is dried it is strong enough tot construct a building from- the straw holds the mud together and the compact mud can take a lot of pressure. Now imagine either of those materials on their own- loose straw or dried earth, Any wall build with that would easily fall down- rather blowing away (straw) or crumbling (dried mud). \n\nThe materials that you ask about are all composite - made of a fibre and a matrix. In fibreglass this is glass fibre (which can withstand a lot of tension) and an epoxy plastic which can be moulded but snaps if bent more than a certain amount. The composite results in something stronger than either substance on its own.",
"The concept is essentially the same for all of them. Take \"strings\" of the material (fibers) and weave them together. Then put plastic in all the empty spaces /air pockets between the fibers to reinforce it. Think of a rope. It is extremely strong in tension, so when you pull on it, it offers support. If you try to push the ends together (compression) it's just flimsy. If you put plastic or resin inside a rope it would make it stiff and stronger in compression while maintaining its strength in tension. There are many different ways to weave the fibers together as well as different resins and plastics you can use for different properties. \n\nNow the main difference between the ones you specifically mentioned are basically just different properties. The \"strength to weight\" ratio and cost are huge factors. Carbon fiber has a higher strength to weight ratio than fiberglass but costs more. So you can make something cheaper and heavier with fiberglass or lighter and more expensive with carbon fiber. ",
"Essentially we are having a discussion about a class of materials called fiber reinforced plastics. In the case of all three mentioned materials we are dealing with a plastic that cures one dimensionally; This is, once a plastic and its curing agent are mixed they chemically cannot be reversed into their original form. \n\nmost commonly used are materials like vinyl ester which are extremely brittle when cured on their own. However brittle, there is a distinct and useful quality of strength inherent to these materials.\n\nSo we use a matrix, a woven material, much like a shirt or carpet. Fiberglass is woven glass, kevlar is woven proprietary material made of a material called polyphelene and Carbon fiber is woven carbon strands. These materials have very favorable qualities of light weight and strength in their tensile direction - meaning lengthwise along the fibers.\n\nAs both the plastic and the chosen matrix material have favorable characteristics it is posited that combining them would utilize the strengths of both materials. However, when a woven matrix is intermingled with a resin plastic we actually discovered a synergistic effect. Meaning, the favorable qualities of both materials is actually enhanced beyond simply adding them together.\n\nAnother reason fiber reinforced plastics are so strong is that unlike a metal we can control which direction they are strong in. This has extreme implications in weight reduction as we can make materials that are only strong where they need to be. Unlike steel that has strength equally in all directions, I can make a fiberglass or carbon fiber material the exhibits strength in only the direction I demand. \n\nWhile my carbon fiber will never be as strong as steel inherently, explicitly I can control the direction of the strength meaning pound for pound the carbon fiber or fiberglass is much stronger\n\nsource: I am a composites engineer\n\n",
"All of these answers are good, but they miss the mark a little. First off, when you see carbon fiber, Kevlar, and fiberglass (others include boron fiber and other polymers) , you are seeing basically a bundle of fibers similar to a rope or yarn. Now imagine taking that yarn and pulling on it (tension), it's pretty strong (how hard you have to pull to break it) and stiff (how much it deforms under that force). Now, try pulling on it from the side, you instantly will pull the fibers from the bundle in that direction. If you push on it, the yarn or rope folds, providing no resistance. These are your fibers. These can be made from extruded graphite (carbon), extruded aramids (kevlar), or extruded glass and they will all give you different properties such as stiffness, strength, etc. \n\nNow, to solve the problem of pulling or pushing on the fiber that we saw above, what you can do is set these fibers in a matrix, which is basically a glue that holds the fibers in place. Imagine taking your yarn, flattening it, and setting it in Elmer's glue. If you did this, it would now have actual stiffness and strength in the two directions that previously provided none. This glue, is basically the matrix of a composite. This matrix can be a lot of things, such as thermosets (can not be separated from the fiber with heat) such as epoxy (most commonly used), phenolic, bmi, etc and thermoplastics (can be separated from the fiber with heat) Each of these matrices will have different properties themselves, but I won't go into them here. \n\nSo, when you mix a fiber and matrix, you get a composite. The matrix and fiber both provide strength and stiffness based on their ratios, but in general, what fiber you use dictates most of the properties in the primary tensile direction and the matrix dictates the the other properties. This where it gets complicated. In general, your fiber will run in one direction (or two in the case of a bidirectional weave, but we will only consider unidirectional here). this will be the primary direction. This direction generally has properties on the order of 5 times better than the other directions, we call this being anisotropic or more specifically orthotropic. Here's the beauty of composites- you can stack layers of this material to get properties in the direction you want. Therefore, you can customize the strength and stiffness based on the angle that you stack the layers (plies) and how many layers you have. This is why composites are so \"strong\", but what is actually being referred to is it's strength and stiffness to weight ratio (specific strength / stiffness). This means for less weight, you can have a stronger and stiffer object than if you made it out of a metal. This why They are special.\n\n There's a lot more to get into with composites, including applications and processing requirements, etc but it gets complicated fast. In general, fiberglass is relatively heavy but cheap and provides good impact resistance so you'll see it used in large quantities for boat hull, as protective layers on other composite, and for generally cheaper applications. Carbon fiber is very strong, stiff, lightweight, but is very expensive and bad with puncture loads. It will be generally used where properties and weight matter such as in airplanes, bikes, high performance cars, etc though for a hefty cost. Kevlar has midrange properties, but it's claim to fame is its energy absorption properties, specifically in ballistic puncture applications like bulletproof vests. There are other composites all around us - specifically steel reinforced concrete (steel rebarb fiber with concrete matrix), Adobe bricks (straw fiber and clay matrix), and even wood (organic fiber with an organic matrix). \n\nEDIT: Source: Degree in Mechanical Engineering focusing in Composites. Work in the Aerospace Composites manufacturing industry focusing on automated processes (filament winding and advanced fiber placement)\n\nEDIT 2: Mixed up recyclable properties of thermoplastics/thermosets. Thermoplastics are able to be broken down into individual components with heat, not thermosets as I originall stated. Thanks /u/Maxwedgell\n",
"The most fun in class demo I ever got to see was on this very subject! The composites lecture from my undergrad materials science class:\n\nA composite material is when you take two things with different properties, mash them together and come up with a whole that has properties greater than the sum of their parts. Now on to the demo!\n\nYou have a hammer and you really enjoy smashing things. Today you've decided to smash some things around the kitchen. You take out the box of rice krispies and start smashing; the super brittle cereal bits get pulverized. Now you take out some marshmallows. You go to town and the poor lil fluff balls get smushed. \n\nNow you take out the rice krispies treats (rice krispies with marshmallow melted in). You lift your mighty hammer and strike, only to be defeated by the delicious treat. You do some minor damage, but it resists your attempts to destroy it in a way that neither material could on its own. That's a composite material!\n\ntl;dr rice krispies treats are the most glorious composite material ever to be conceived by man.",
"I'm going to try to break it down very simply:\n\nFiberglass, kevlar, and carbon fiber are all very strong when pulled on, but very weak if bent. But by putting them into a plastic material, they improve the strength of the plastic when it is pulled on, and the plastic gives it the ability to be bent without breaking.\n\nThis is actually an area I've done a lot of work in so if you have any other questions feel free to PM me...",
"A lot of these answers are jumping straight to composites - with this, there's a lot of skipping material property differences between these 3 materials. I'll try to keep this ELI5 level... \n\nFiberglass - Does not conduct electricity. glass (silica / silicate) based. There are many classifications, but the 3 primary ones that I'm familiar with are E-glass, C-glass and S-glass. E-glass is generic, good chemical resistance good strength. C-glass has great chemical resistance but relatively poor strength. S-glass has great strength, but poor chemical resistance. Fiberglass also is greatly affected by humidity (can easily lose 50%+ of tensile strength when exposed over time). Fiberglass will creep (lose strength over time when exposed to a constant load). Coefficient of thermal expansion (how much it grows / shrinks when heated or cooled) is close to or higher than steel. Typically used woven or chopped. Produced by melting glass with certain chemicals present to create a polymer chain of silica.\n\nCarbon Fiber - Conducts electricity. Carbon based. Two primary classifications, standard modulus and ultra high modulus. Carbon fiber is not typically affected by humidity and is much more chemical resistant then Fiberglass. Does not typically creep (relative to Fiberglass). Coefficient of thermal expansion is near zero (this can have a large impact in a composite design). Typically used in tows or a woven fabric. Produced multiple ways, one common way is PAN. Methods largely determine modulus of material. All methods result in a polymer chain with a strong carbon-carbon back-bone, creating \"graphite planes\".\n\nKevlar - brand name for a type of aramid fiber. I don't have much hands on experience here, sorry! I primarily know that Kevlar is GREAT at distributing load in tension (think bullet-proof vests) but very fragile in compression loading. It has good chemical resistance, I don't believe it conducts electricity. Once produced, Kevlar is a polymer chain of repeating Aramids (notice a pattern here?). \n\nThe reason all these materials are \"strong\" is due to how the architecture utilizes the polymer chains. A single strand of any of these products is incredibly small (diameter less than hair). To break one of these strands, you have to pull apart atoms in polymer strands (more realistically, the weak spots in these strands). These strands are often bundled into \"Tows\", typically around 3,000 - 12,000 strands per Tow. These Tows are then used to weave fabric. Based on these fabrics you can achieve various physical properties, but the individual material properties I discussed above are carried through to a degree. Often times, these materials are used as a composite (read rest of thread), but sometimes these materials can be used as is (Kevlar bullet proof vest or fiberglass insulation)\n\nedit: source - Masters in Aerospace Engineering with a focus on nano-enhanced composite technologies and I currently design and sell composite repairs (Fiberglass and Carbon-fiber based) for the repair of pipes (pipelines / refineries).",
"Strong bonds can be made in glass and carbon fibers by reducing imperfections. Brittle ceramics like carbon and glass are naturally very strong, but fail from the imperfections in the materials which cause catastrophic breaks if exploited. Kevlar is a brand name for an aramid- based fiber, which is a polymer. The strength is different from that in CF and FG and is why it is used in bullet-proof vests. Since it is based on a polymer it can stretch more and absorb impact energy more slowly.",
"I've seen that the top answers failed to mention why these fibers with really tiny (tenth of a human hair) diameters have so great relative tensile strength. \n\nThe easiest way to explain this, is that in a section of a huge block of glass there is a higher chance of a defect in the structure of the material, than in a section of a tiny string. And if there is no defect in the material it becomes super strong. The same thing applies if you do this lengthwise. Like if you take a small length of chain there is a smaller chance that there is a cracked link, than if you take a very long chain.",
"A stick is week but a bundle of them tied together makes the whole stronger. Now use that concept with synthetic materials already made with this concept in mind.",
"TL;DR: Fiberglass, Kevlar, and Carbon are types of fibers. They're strong due to their intermolecular bonds. \n\nBut I think that's not actually the question you're asking...\n\nFiberglass, Kevlar, and Carbon fiber are all confusing terms for a lot of things. All three of those materials can be purchased as a rope, as a cloth, or as individual fibers. And then, they're frequently used in things, most frequently composite materials.\n\nGenerally, when talking about \"fiberglass\", \"kevlar\", and \"carbon fiber\". The discussion is about Composite materials. Composites are a bunch of reinforcing material in a glue. (usually called matrix) \n\nWhen those materials are embedded in another material, it imparts it's strength (and weaknesses) to the composite. In this case, tensile strength. Glass fiber is strong, Kevlar is stronger, and carbon fiber is very strong, and very light. \n\nSo if one is stronger than the other, why use the weaker stuff? Usually, price. Sometimes durability. Sometimes other factors. \n\nCarbon fiber is conductive, and this is not a good thing in many applications. Carbon fiber is also has very poor abrasion resistance. Carbon fiber also burns remarkably well. \n\nKevlar is very abrasion resistant. So if you have a part that's going to rub on something, kevlar is a good choice. It's also an expensive fiber. Kevlar doesn't burn.\n\nFiberglass is cheap, very cheap. Like, it might be cheaper than the cloth that covers your legs. It's strong, but not light. Fiberglass, itself, doesn't burn. It's used in fireproof blankets! And it's non-conductive, so it's used in shims to isolate electrical things. \n\nNow the bonding agent (matrix) also plays in to the strengths of a composite. If your bonding agent softens with heat, you might not want to use it in an engine compartment, or paint it black and use it outside. If your bonding agent is time sensitive, it can make molding your part difficult. If your bonding agent reacts to certain kinds of paints and glue, you've got other problems to think about. \n\nHow you use your matrix material matters too. The less you use, typically, the stronger the end composite. \n\nWhile we're on the subject, there are other \"common\" composites people don't usually think about. Concrete is rock, in a cement matrix. There are fiber reinforced concretes which is ~litterally~ fiberglass in concrete. Wood, is a composite too, with long fibers bonded with softer joining material. ",
"ELI5: What's a fiber? A fiber is any material configured to be long in one direction and thin perpendicular to this long direction.\n\nELI5: What are some common fibers? Wool, cotton, hair, bamboo, steel, glass, kevlar, and carbon.\n\nELI5: What makes fibers so strong? Chemistry, combined with how the fibers are held in place relative to each other. Like most other materials, fibers have different strengths and behaviors in different directions. Pull on a piece of rope attached to a rock and you can pull the rock across the ground. Push on the same rope and the rock doesn't move. Now you understand the difference between strength and stiffness.\n\nBut if you soak the rope in wood glue and allow it to cure into a straight rope, you've added stiffness by fixing the geometry of the fibers and made a rod, which can now push the rock across the ground. You've traded off coiling up the rope into a small area for storage to get useful behaviors in two directions (push and pull).\n\nSOME FOOD FOR THOUGHT: \n\nWood has fibers. Wood is stronger in the long direction of the fibers than across the fibers. Plywood is a man made product made of thin sheets of wood, with the fibers of each sheet aligned in a different direction from the sheets next to it. This makes the plywood equally strong in more than one direction. This means a builder needs less plywood (less wood by weight) to handle loads in these stronger directions than if the builder were using natural wood. If natural wood was used, either the loads across the grain of the wood would have to be reduced, or the builder would have to use thicker beams of wood.\n\nTempered carbon steel has crystals. These crystals are very strong and longer in one direction than the other. And hard. To make a piece of steel even harder, tougher, and stronger, we can forge it. Forging steel causes the crystals to align in the same direction, making them stronger in that direction. We can forge these lines of crystals into complex curves. Now we can use that uneven strength to make things that require greater strength in certain directions, like the pedal crank on bicycles, and they will weigh less.\n\nWhy is bamboo hollow? It turns out that most of the energy that travels through a structure, travels along the perimeter. This is why structural pipes are hollow. The steel that would be in the middle of a steel rod isn't really doing any of the work and just ads a lot of weight and cost. Hollowing it out into a pipe saves all of that money and weight.\n\nNow go look at a graphite tennis racket (a form of carbon fiber). Tap on different parts of it. Some parts may be hollow. Look closely at the 'grain' of the fibers; they are aligned with the direction that the most energy needs to travel in. Bounce the strings off the heel of your palm. Notice the vibration rate in the racket, how hard or soft the strings feel. All of this is tuned into the design of the fiber geometry and stabilized with glue into that geometry.\n\nLet me know if you want to do any DIY work with fibers. Happy to give you inputs and feedback.\n\nSOURCE: Former aerospace toolmaker specializing in composite space flight structures.\n\nEDIT1: _URL_0_\nThe best beginning instruction about composite structures and how to DIY them in your garage or shop.",
"fiberglass and carbon are similar in many respects. Kevlar is a completely different animal here I'll explain.\n\nThe concept with any reinforced plastic is to take something that is extremely hard. To the point of being brittle. The thing about any material we think of as brittle like glass or diamond(a form of carbon) is that they actually do have some give. A glass sheet can bend a little before breaking. So what we do is make strands of it so thin that they bend quite easily. Then weave them into a fabric.\n\nContrary to what many people think the glass/carbon fabric does not reinforce the plastic in high tech structural applications. Yes in a bathtub or shower, or some crappy production boat. But in aircraft, or high end boats there is very little resin used and the resin is referred to as the \"bonding agent\". \n\nThe reason for this is that it is much different than using steel to reinforce concrete. In that application the concrete is main structural component. The steel is then used to strengthen it. I high end composites the fiberglass or carbon strand is the main structural component and the plastic is used to bond the fibers together. \n\nThe idea is to that if we take something dense like glass or carbon and then make strands out of it.. then bond them together we get something that has the stiffness of the glass or carbon and the flexibility of the plastic bonding agent. \n\nBut here's the key to all that. By changing the bonding agent and or the process used to laminate layers of material and add/subtract plastic resin from the material we can adjust the stiffness of the end product. Ideally you want to have just the bare minimum of bonding agent necessary to hold the fibers together and no more. \n\nIn some aerospace applications the product when cured is actually porous and needs to be sealed to keep it from absorbing moisture. \n\nSo picture this in your mind if you can. If you take all the carbon or glass and made one big block out of it.. it would be very hard, but it would break because it's fairly brittle. So we make into into strands, then bond the strands together. Now the strands are only allowed to move as much as the bonding agent allows the strands to move. So by changing the base material fiberglass/carbon or changing the bonding agent polyester or epoxy. We can change the stiffness and fatigue strength of the end product.\n\nTake for example polyester and fiberglass. This is the most common type of composite. The polyester used in those products is actually stiffer and more brittle than epoxy. If you were to use epoxy with fiberglass the product will be much less brittle but will also be a lot more flexible which isn't really good for a lot of things. So we use carbon with the epoxy so that we can increase the stiffness of the end product. Carbon and epoxy composites are some of the most durable types of materials that we have available to work with in large capacity. \n\nCarbon fiber composites are nowhere near as strong as steel aluminum or titanium for it's weight. However in any structural application with non linear dynamic loads we have to use enough metal to make sure that we can handle the loads without stress fracturing becoming an issue over a given lifetime.\n\n\nNow, because we are using a very flexible bonding agent to hold the fibers together we can build with the very minimum weight needed for any given structural application because we don't have to worry about stress fractures in the epoxy due to it's amazing elongation properties. \n\nThat means we can build products at or below the weight of almost any metal available.. \n\nTake a look at how far the wings of the Boieng Dreamliner bend.. it's crazy how far they move but the can bend a lot farther and do it for many years after a comparable aluminum wing is sent to the scrap pile.\n\nedit: I totally forgot Kevlar.\n\nKevlar is one of a serious of aramid based synthetic strand material. Those materials have amazing tensile elongation properties (they don't break very easy when you try to pull them apart)\n\nHowever they have almost no structural value and are used mainly for abrasion resistance. In some cases like bullet resistance the kevlar is used with a brittle resin and acts like a catchers mitt. The bullet contacts the material at speed. The resin shatters and the strands reduce the velocity of the bullet down until it stops. If the kevlar is put into a stronger resin so that the kevlar is not allowed to move the bullet will point load and go strait through."
]
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"http://www.aircraftspruce.com/pages/cm/books/compbasics.php"
],
[]
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||
38ilpv
|
what causes a vehicle to turn off upon impact in an accident?
|
I was in an accident a few months ago and noticed that upon impacting with the other car, my car almost instantly turned off and stopped running. It started back up just fine once we had resolved the situation. I've noticed other cars do the same thing in accidents I've seen around the city. I can think of several good reasons why a car would do this, but what actually causes it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/38ilpv/eli5_what_causes_a_vehicle_to_turn_off_upon/
|
{
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"text": [
"Fuel pump shut off switch. Older designs had a marble sized steel ball that would sit in a cup, and upon impact would trigger a button deactivating power to the fuel pump. Usually located in trunk by the latch, or in the kick panel in the front passenger side of the car roughly about mid-calf height. There would be a hole big enough to put your finger in and you could depress the red button on top restoring power to the fuel pump once you know there are no gas leaks present. Not too sure how newer design vehicles are deactivated/reactivated. This design I'm describing probably hasn't been used since early 2000 model vehicles. "
]
}
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[
[]
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2ja69l
|
the current state of cryogenic technology
|
Where we at, where we going?
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explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ja69l/eli5_the_current_state_of_cryogenic_technology/
|
{
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"cl9x1oq"
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3
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"text": [
"At this point, it's pretty rudimentary. You're frozen in liquid nitrogen, which makes all your cells explode and die. Also it's not legal to put someone in a cryogenic state until they're legally dead, so it's not like living people are being frozen to be awoken later. We're freezing recently-deceased corpses and killing the cells that were already in the process of dying anyway. "
]
}
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[
[]
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2ktqup
|
what caused human beings to end up being more successful than any other animals on earth? why didn't chimpanzees or gorillas end up being more successful than humans when we share a lot of the same traits?
|
In other words.... Why us?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ktqup/eli5_what_caused_human_beings_to_end_up_being/
|
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"text": [
"Intelligence/creative insight. That's about it. \n\nWe're not as physically robust or strong, and while we can run almost any animal on the planet to exhaustion, we don't have all that great agility in short-term bouts compared to other animals; our ability to wield weapons and fire is what distinguished us. ",
"Why not us?\n\nEvolution doesn't need a reason or a motive, it's a random, ruthless process.\n\nHuman ancestors were in the right shape at the right place at the right time to dodge all the mass extinctions and become the first species with the ability to dramatically and intentionally alter its environment on a massive scale.",
"The cranial capacity of the common chimp is about 350 cubic centimetres, us humans have a cranial box over 3 times that size. more room in the skull means a bigger brain, and a bigger brain means more smarts. This has been one of the key evolutionary differences between humans and other primates. The common ancestor of all primates (humans, chimps, gorillas, etc.) probably had a cranial capacity near 300 cm^3, and the string of our ancestor hominid fossils clearly shows a gradual increase in cranial size.\n\nA bigger brain allows for more complex pathways, and we have a very large neocortex (the top layer of our brain that looks like a brazil nut) which gives us a lot of capacity for abstraction and ingenuity to make tools, art, all that good stuff.\n\nHowever, remember that evolutionarily, no one current species is more advanced than the other, gorillas, amoeba, squirrels and tardigrades have as much evolution behind them as we do.",
"I think the real question is how you define biological success. Alligoators are succesful; cockroaches are succesful; moss is succesful. How succesful are we? Only time will tell."
]
}
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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[],
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] |
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2rhe8u
|
what is physically happening to a speaker when it plays too loud and the sound distorts?
|
What fails in the speaker to cause this? Is it simply not moving fast enough? Is this bad for the speaker?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rhe8u/eli5_what_is_physically_happening_to_a_speaker/
|
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"text": [
"So the part that moves back and forth is called the membrane. This is moved by magnets and quite literally pushes the sound waves to amplify them. When the device that is going into the speaker is putting in too much wattage the membrane will try to move faster than it is calibrated to and this will cause problems with the way it moves creating the distortion of sound. \n\nEdit: just to add if you've heard the term blowing out speakers, this is literally done when the membrane is forced to move faster than it is meant to and it stretches or breaks. ",
"The two things that the amplifier supplies the speaker is voltage level and frequency. When you play too loud, it's not the frequency that is too high for the speaker but the voltage level.\n\nFrequency determines how quickly the speaker cone moves back and forth creating low pitch (slow oscillation) or high pitch (fast oscillation). The voltage level determines how *FAR* the speaker moves during the oscillation, which determines how loud or soft the sound is.\n\nIf the amplifier overdrives the speaker, distortion happens because the speaker cone can't go any further, i.e. it maxes out. Instead of the air molecules moving in a smooth wave, there are sharp corners. These sharp corners don't sound good.",
"It can also be the amplifier causing the problem - if an amplifier is set to too high a volume, you get `clipping`. The amplifier is powered by a DC voltage, and if you try to push the output above that voltage, you just get flat tops to the signal instead of smooth curves. This produces a distinctive distortion, and can easily destroy speakers.\n\nAnother thing that can happen is that the speaker cone can be pushed too far, and the coils bottom out, physically striking the magnet. This is nasty, and also destroys speakers.",
"A speaker is composed of a diaphragm (the outer part you see) attached to an electromagnet motor at the rear (which you cannot see). The electromagnet, powered by a varying electric current from the amplifier, causes the diaphragm to move. In theory, the diaphragm moves in a manner that closely resembles the movement represented by the voltage of the applied electricity, however, there are limits to the totally distance the diaphragm can move. Once the diaphragm reaches the physical limits of it's free-moving distance (excursion), it can bend and change the shape of the diaphragm itself. The distortion you hear is caused by the diaphragm flexing, thereby adding new sound to the sound from the amplifier.\n\nOther sources of distortion exist, this explanation is solely about the speaker's distortion.\n\nEdits: typos"
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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5ybr16
|
how the street names of new york are organised e.g. 30 & 5th.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5ybr16/eli5_how_the_street_names_of_new_york_are/
|
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"text": [
"It's a grid system. The streets and avenues are all numbered. So to go from 4th and 17th to 5th and 19th you go one block up and 2 over.",
"The roads are set up like a grid. \n\nThere will be a Central St/Ave tha is where the numbering starts. One direction will 1st Ave North, 2nd Ave North, 3rd Ave north, etc. The other will be 1st Ave South, 2nd Ave South, 3rd Ave South. \n\nTheir cross roads will often be be the opposite 1st St, 2nd St, 3rd St. The \"St\" will often start in an area close to the edge of town so that only one direction will have the North/South aditive to avoid confusion. ",
"Much of Manhattan is gridded. Avenues go north and south. Streets go east and west. The avenues only go to 11th. So if someone were to say 30 and 5th you'd know it was the corner of 30th St and 5th Ave which is actually a lame couple blocks to be at. Don't go there.",
"Streets run east and west in Manhattan and Avenues run north and south. Since manhattan is kind of long and skinny, you have more streets than avenues. Avenues run from 1 to 11 and streets run from 1st st. to 110th st. after that your in Harlem not Manhattan, even though you're still on the island of Manhattan."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
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[],
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||
2zupcd
|
in western culture, have red and black always been 'sexy' colours? if not, when did this come about?
|
/showerthoughts
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2zupcd/eli5_in_western_culture_have_red_and_black_always/
|
{
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"text": [
"The colors black and red are naturally evocative to the primal instinct. Red causes excitement or passion and black gives a feeling of submission, depression, or being subdued. This is also the reason that a common flag color for rebellions are red and black.",
"Fashion and color trends have varied greatly throughout history. Red is generally popular because it naturally evokes excitement due to the evolutionary advantage of red = blood = excitement. So, your brain naturally gets aroused when it sees red - that is, it gets generally aroused and then whatever the red is associated with gets magnified.\n\nThis is why every fast food or chain restaurant has red in their logo, because it magnifies hunger. Red lips, besides indicating health, magnify sexiness. On the flags of so many countries, it magnifies patriotism. \n\nBlack is a bit different. One of the main reasons for it being popular now is that \"thin is in\" and black is slimming due to the fact that it absorbs all wavelengths of light. Being thin was not always prized though, and in fact until recently it was considered quite gross to be skinny. See here:\n\n_URL_0_\n\nOr see pretty much any painting featuring women. \n\nFinally, keep in mind that up until 100 years ago or so, the world for most people was not very colorful. Blue is quite rare in nature and blue dye is expensive, while whites, yellows, oranges, or any light color would immediately get dirty and turn brown (before bleach and cheap washing machines). Most people lived in a fairly brown/black world with some green trees in the background and occasional splashes of red when something exciting happened."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://blogs.babycenter.com/wp-content/gallery/retro-swimsuit-ads/wateon.jpg"
]
] |
|
4oqu13
|
why is chinese popular culture not as prevalent internationally as japanese?
|
Here in the United States I can easily find Japanese video games, manga, and anime. There are whole sections dedicated to these things in many bookstores I browse but I only seem to come across a small selection of films from China. What gives?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4oqu13/eli5_why_is_chinese_popular_culture_not_as/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4eubmw",
"d4g2916"
],
"score": [
10,
3
],
"text": [
"China spent decades under an oppressive regime that did not trade with the West because it was communist and because it was somewhat isolationist. As such much of its culture was destroyed by communist practices, and what it did retain was not shared with the outside world. ",
"I assume a big part of it is due to the active role that the US took in building up Japan after WW2. Because of that, US and Japan relations would be stronger, leading to some of their culture leaking to the US. China, was under a communist, oppressive regime, with much of its culture destroyed/suppressed, (Cultural Revolution) and they in general did not interact much with the US or other countries. Remember, after Nixon's policy of detente in the 1970s was the first time that the US and China had diplomatic relations, and even then it was very very limited. Therefore, Chinese culture, which had already been hugely suppressed, couldn't leave China, because China wasn't interacting with the world.\n\nI'm not 100% sure, but it seems fairly logical to me. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
cqkopk
|
why are some songs and albums made commercially unavailable by record labels?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cqkopk/eli5_why_are_some_songs_and_albums_made/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ewx1267"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Because they can be spiteful dicks. One of my favorite bands (the browning) had two of their albums demonetized, simply because their old label was acting like an abusive spouse. No real reason, they just wanted to be dicks."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5rj3z6
|
how do police trace my location via my phone call, if my gps is turned off?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5rj3z6/eli5_how_do_police_trace_my_location_via_my_phone/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dd7nhk9",
"dd7nk06",
"dd7np64"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Police were able to trace phone calls before GPS. Look at any old movie prior to 2000.\n\nFor cell phones, any time you make a call, the signal from your phone goes to a local cellular tower. Calls to that tower are logged and can serve to form a rough estimate of your general location. By using multiple cellular towers, one can triangulate the exact position of the caller.",
"I can answer this for the United States only; dunno about other countries. Your GPS isn't ever actually turned off, it's just turned to \"emergency services only\", because via federal law, police, fire rescue, and 911 services have to be able to locate you. Any functioning cellular device must also be able to dial 911, regardless of activation status. \n\nThe \"emergency services only\" setting uses far less battery, though, because it's not constantly updating your orientation, movement speed, etc.",
"When you use your phone, your service provider looks for the nearest cell tower and sends special codes to it so it can call people, text, etc. So if you have your location services turned off, they wouldn't be able to find your exact location, only your approximate location based on what cell phone tower your phone is sending codes to. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
2ke81b
|
why did doctors not know about germs in the civil war, but knew enough about small pox to use it as bio-warfare a century earlier?
|
Smallpox blankets were distributed at the siege of Fort Pitt in 1763. How could knowledge of infectious disease not be more common by the civil war a hundred years later?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ke81b/eli5_why_did_doctors_not_know_about_germs_in_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"clkgf46"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"They knew about illness and the basics as to how it spread, but they didn't know that practices such as sterilization would prevent infections.\n\nPeople knew for centuries that things like sharing water sources, coughing, etc. all spread disease.\n\nThey didn't know that cleaning a saw before going to the next person, boiling bandages and washing your hands before and after an operation would prevent bacteria from building up on such things."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
fdk2no
|
pull down resistors
|
Hey r/explainlikeimfive could someone explain to me how a pull down voltage circuit works? I tried googling it but I can't make sense of the answers I'm getting.
Thank you in advance!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fdk2no/eli5_pull_down_resistors/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fjhzwko",
"fji0qz1"
],
"score": [
7,
5
],
"text": [
"To use the analogy of water flowing in pipes, a pull down resistor would be like having a tiny pipe that empties into a drain attached to a larger one. If water is flowing in the large pipe, sure some escapes down the tiny pipe, but most goes where the big pipe goes because it is easier. If the big pipe stops flowing, like from closing a valve somewhere, the little pipe will empty the big one of water because no new water is coming in. \nExpanding on this a little, there are also pull-up resistor circuits that work the opposite way keeping the big pipe full of water (at some voltage potential) if it isn't allowed to drain.",
"The super simple answer: A pull down (or a pull up) resistor is a way to set a \"default\" voltage on a pin/wire when nothing else in the circuit is trying to impose a voltage on it. A pull down resistor defaults the pin to the low/ground state. \n \nAn example: Lets say you have an output on a microchip that in the \"on\" looks like a 50-ohm resistor connected to 5V, and in the \"off\" state looks like a 50,000,000-ohm resistor connected to 5V. \nNow what you really want is when the output is \"on\" that it has ~5V on it, and when it's \"off\" it's at ground. So what you do is put in a decent sized (say 50,000 ohm) resistor that connects that pin to ground (i.e. it's a resistor that \"pulls down\" the voltage if the only inputs on a line are very high resistance). So in the on state you have: \n5V - (50 ohm) - pin - (50,000 ohm) - ground. \nWhich means the pin will end up very close to 5V. \n \nOn the \"off\" state you will have: \n5V - (50,000,000 ohm) - pin - (50,000 ohm) - ground\nWhich would mean the pin is very close to ground."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3fjony
|
if nutritional breakdown of food for carbs, protien and fat has a specific formula, then why is the nutritional information listed for food different than the results of that formula?
|
if my protein bar says it has 10g carbs and 200 calories, but the formula for breaking down food is: 1g carb =4 cal 1g protien = 4 cal and 1g fat= 9 cal then how can the nutritional info on the packaging of an item be so different from the results of that formula? (50g carbs when following the formula versus the 10g it says on packaging)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3fjony/eli5_if_nutritional_breakdown_of_food_for_carbs/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ctpg4dz"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Rounding error. I've seen plenty of labels that list 1 gram of fat and 10 calories from fat. One of those numbers has been rounded."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
bsx8b6
|
why has there been an increase in reported vision problems in the last 100 or so years? myopia, hyperopia, presbyopia, and astigmatism in particular.
|
EDIT: The title is not very accurate, a better question would be: Why has there been an increase in reported vision problems recently? source: [_URL_1_](_URL_0_)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bsx8b6/eli5_why_has_there_been_an_increase_in_reported/
|
{
"a_id": [
"eorfu83",
"eormsuy",
"eorv1qc"
],
"score": [
5,
6,
3
],
"text": [
"I once read that the unnatural myopia epidemic in asias mostly urban regions is due to the severe lack of natural sunlight and lack of visual focusing on distant objects over the last generation.",
"Dont forget that it is a lot easier to have eye checkups nowadays and therefore theres a lot more diagnosis of these problems.\n\nMyopia and presbyopia are mostly caused by the shape of the eyes, so that the lenses in your eyes cant project the image correctly on your retina = blurred vision. So blue lights as mentionned by some are not really the problem",
"There are actually studies that find a strong correlation between myopia and education level. Additionally, more people in developed countries are affected, and giving peoples which previously had no access to education schooling also leads to a higher rate of myopia.\n\nThis leads to the theory that the eye can actually adapt really well to conditions. By constantly looking at near objects like books or screens, the eye gets longer, which causes myopia. At the same time it gets easier to look at near objects, causing less eye strain.\n\nThere is a guy who developed a method to reverse this effect by training the eyes. [Source](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/vision_impaired",
"https://nei.nih.gov/eyedata/vision\\_impaired"
] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://gettingstronger.org/2010/07/improve-eyesight-and-throw-away-your-glasses/"
]
] |
|
3qz0qq
|
- why can't prescription glasses be thinner when we already have bendable contact lenses available for a while?
|
I don't want bendable prescription glasses but higher prescription does lead to thicker glasses... why can't they be thinner?!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3qz0qq/eli5_why_cant_prescription_glasses_be_thinner/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cwjizv7",
"cwjrqww"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"There are thinner lenses, but they tend to go up in price the thinner they are. Different materials have higher refractive indexes that bend light more than traditional glass. You can ask whoever you buy your glasses from about how thin you can get your prescription in.",
"I think that OP is getting at, is the difference between glasses thickness and contact lens thickness. \n \nThis isn't because contacts are made out of a more flexible material, or a high index material, or because the glasses need more material to remain rigid. \n \nThis is simple optical physics. The contact lens is directly over your eye. Have a look at a lens on glasses. Notice how much thicker it is at the edges than in the center? The job of a lens is to focus images on a 2 dimensional surface. For that purpose, the lens must bend the light at the edges more than the light in the middle. This is why a wider lens further out must always be thicker than a lens sitting where your contacts are. \n \n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
9fh8na
|
what happens when you uninstall a program from your computer?
|
I'm especially interested why it can take so long.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9fh8na/eli5_what_happens_when_you_uninstall_a_program/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e5wdlf7",
"e5wdr2i",
"e5wrr0y"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"The uninstaller program runs to delete files that the program created during installation. When it's done, it deletes itself.",
"It erases all files it initially installed.\n\nUsually on a computer when you install and application, it stores all the required information under one folder.\n\nThink of the computer as a room with file cabinets. Inside each file cabinet are folders. Each folder contains different things, whether it’s pictures or programs etc...\n\nOn a windows machine, this might look like.\n\nC:/programs/program_I_will_uninstall\n\nWhere the disk “C:” is the room, programs, the cabinet, and so on.\n\nWhen you uninstall the program, all you really do is take the folder from the cabinet, and throw it in the garbage. ",
"A typical application can have hundreds, even thousands of file, and will often create more as is run. Most of these files will be placed in the application's installation folder, but others will be placed in common areas. The application also might have installed components that are shared with other applications and needs to figure out if they are being used.\n\nIn addition to files, if the application is currently running, it needs to be shut down, which can require multiple programs to be shut down in the correct order. The uninstall process also has to clean out any registry entries the application created.\n\nFinally, uninstall programs can be slow because no one really cares enough to make them fast. It isn't something you are going to be doing very often, software developers would rather spend the effort making other parts of the application better."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
8e7wgf
|
why can we make our eyes go inwards (crossed), but not outwards?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8e7wgf/eli5_why_can_we_make_our_eyes_go_inwards_crossed/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dxt3i52",
"dxt3iem",
"dxtewqo",
"dxtfib4",
"dxtfkar",
"dxtg5pd",
"dxtg8xx",
"dxtg9ij",
"dxth7gu",
"dxtvc5j"
],
"score": [
715,
17,
89,
2,
24,
8,
2,
2,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"You can cross your eyes because that's the action required to look at an object which is very close to you. You can see this by focusing on your finger and moving it towards your face; you'll end up with crossed eyes.\n\nHowever, no matter how far away an object is, you'll only ever need both eyes pointing in exactly the same direction; you'll never need them pointing apart, and so there's no reason to be able to do that.",
"Being able to turn our eyes inwards is critical in order to be able to focus on things brought closer to our faces. Being able to turn our eyes outward has no practical use.",
"I see a few replies here saying that we don't *need* to turn our eyes outward but that doesn't explain why we *can't*.\n\nBut now OP has got me curious, how is it that the muscles actually don't work that way? I know my muscles can turn my left eye to the left and they can also turn my right eye to the right, so what's preventing them from doing both of those movements at once?\n\nEdit: I don't care about why we didn't evolve with this trait, I'm wondering purely in present day modern human physiology why our muscles do what they do\n\nSo to clarify, the question is not *\"Why don't we have this trait?\"*, it's *\"Why is it that moving eyes inward vs outward are two separate traits?\"*",
"When you move one eye outward, the signal from that muscle connects to part of your brain that tells your other eye to move inward. For example, moving your right eye to the right causes your left eye to go rightward as well. ",
"Hi there, girl diagnosed with \"lazy eyes\" here! I can relax the muscles in my eyes, and they drift outwards, probably comparable to a 45 degree angle. Can't see things in a focused manner since my then-domimate eye takes over, but it is possible for a lot of people to make their eyes go outward. ",
"Actually, when I worked in a 3D mapping company we used to hold two photos side by side and you could relax your eyes to the point that you could overlay the two photos and suddenly it would pop out in 3D. Super cool. It took me about 2 weeks of trying to be able to let my eyes do this, and really I only kept at it because my other co-workers could do it. So you actually can train your eyes to go outward, but it just takes practice. The best way to explain how to do it is to \"relax\" your eyes and let them drift, then you start to be able to control the drift over time. ",
"I read somewhere that helicopter pilots (blackhawk) have a minidiplay rig under one of their eyes, and it wasnt until they were recorded that they realized their eyes were moving kinda individually. Someone described themselves looking like a chameleon. ",
"I can move my eyes outward a tiny bit. This is actually how those magic eye 3-d pictures work. You have a repeating patern and normally you focus on the picture. Then you move your eyes slightly outward and focus on the 2 patterns that are one pattern farther apart than normal. And behold! A hidden picture emerges. I could do this trick as a kid with any repeating pattern.",
"Some people can do both.\n\nCrossing them is natural and should require no training and little effort for the coordinated.\n\nWith a bit of training and some effort a lucky person can train themselves to 'further-uncross' their eyes. \n",
"You most certainly *can*, but it’s an unnatural muscle movement that requires patience and practice to learn to move the required muscles in the correct manner.\n\nI have a relative that can move her eyes independently. It’s a weird parlor trick that she figured out how to do when she was young."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7hgbqd
|
what makes something fun? and why are some fun things dangerous, like parachuting
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7hgbqd/eli5_what_makes_something_fun_and_why_are_some/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqqr7x1"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"For parachuting and other dangerous stuff, it releases adrenaline which makes you feel good essentially."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2s2ifx
|
when coaches are fired by a team, why do they often get hired by another team? how come the other team simply doesn't hire some other promising coach?
|
I just saw that Rex Ryan, who got fired recently by the Jets, is likely to become head coach of the Bills. It seems it is a pretty common occurrence that a coach gets fired and then immediately hired by some other team. I would think that there would be hundreds of qualified candidates for a head coaching job, with all the assistant coaches in both professional and college leagues. Why do the same couple of guys get fired and hired again and again?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2s2ifx/eli5_when_coaches_are_fired_by_a_team_why_do_they/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnljpdd",
"cnljw7m",
"cnlmj88",
"cnlo4fm"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Prior experience, especially with handling teams at the same level.",
"A belief that the firing team had different strengths and weaknesses than the hiring team, such that the hiring team will be a better fit for the coach's skills. ",
"* history shows former head coaches do better...Bill Belichick, Pete Carroll, John Fox, they all got fired at one point\n* former head coaches usually have a limited downside, they might not be great, but the truly terrible coaches are almost always first timers\n* different teams have different needs...an expert play caller might not be the right fit for a team looking to rebuild\n* not all head coaching jobs are equal...Buffalo isn't exactly a marquee position, and they might have to settle for a non-marquee coach\n* coaches sometimes get fired even when they do a good job...a bad GM, a cheap owner, or a headcase star player might be just as responsible for losing\n* sometimes it is nobody's fault, the team just falls into a rut and it is time to make a change\n* the new position might give the head coach less power, letting the team make up for his deficiencies with other personnel.\n* football isn't about winning, it is about making money...a well known, outspoken coach like Ryan will sell more tickets than some nobody from college ball\n",
"Better to have a known quantity than grab someone in hopes they become successful. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3l784m
|
how much did it cost to put neil armstrong & co on the moon, and how much would it cost to do today?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3l784m/eli5_how_much_did_it_cost_to_put_neil_armstrong/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv3rb7w"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The entire Apollo program (you can't just count Apollo 11 since the earlier missions were important stepping stones) cost $150 billion in today's money, or a bit less than 1/3 the budget of the Pentagon.\n\nIt's reasonable to assume if we did it today it would be more expensive (better, more expensive tools and all), but I'm not sure how to go about figuring out how much it would cost."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3xa9ft
|
what exactly happens when you are "put to sleep" during surgery?
|
For instance; when you get your wisdoms teeth taken out. Wouldn't that degree of pain wake up someone who was simply "sleeping"?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3xa9ft/eli5_what_exactly_happens_when_you_are_put_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cy2y6vo",
"cy2z1uc"
],
"score": [
4,
3
],
"text": [
"I don't know the actual mechanisms, but the drugs effectively shut off signalling to and in the brain. So, no pain. It doesn't even get all the way to your brain if the right drug is used. A lot of systems related to being awake and conscious and thinking are shut off too. It's not the same as sleeping as some systems are still on when you sleep. Your pain and general get-the-fuck-up-bad-shit-is-happening systems just don't work until the drugs wear off. You're not dead when this happens because the drugs can target some systems specifically (or effect your whole brain), but it doesn't hamper your system for breathing and heartrate and such unless the drug is really strong. Or a different type of drug, like a poison or toxin.",
"Just finished a semester in physiological psychology. Basically anesthesia supresses our central nervous system. Which means no action potentials are happening between specific neurons and this \"signal\" is not transmitted to the brain. As u/motownmods said its like being put into a coma. Since anesthesia also affects our brainstem, this causes muscular paralysis which forces us to be put on a respirator during the surgery. Got my wisdom teeth out last summer as well."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
8510wy
|
why are there so few dinosaur movies like jurassic park when they kill it at the box office?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8510wy/eli5_why_are_there_so_few_dinosaur_movies_like/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dvtxjpd",
"dvtxxdh"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Probably because they're expensive to make. Also it's a niche genre so they wouldn't want to copy off of JP/JW for fear of copyright infringement. ",
"They don't, really. Big budget, entertaining, well-promoted (!!!) movies kill it at the box office, and even then it's not a guarantee. And occasionally unexpected sleeper hits hit the jackpot, too.\n\nJurassic Park movies fall under that definition in the first sentence, but for example the 3rd one was very underwhelming (quality of it + people getting bored).\n\nBesides, it's an extremely specific niche. It's super easy to oversaturate it and make people bored with it (just like it happens in-universe in the World movie with the dinosaurs themselves). Look at what happened to shark movies - they had their limited peak, and now they're all terrible cheap B-movies that no one cares about."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
9kibwy
|
you can see right through the top of the surface of water, but why is it nearly opaque from within the water?
|
For example, a perfect clear pool.
From above, it is clear.
From below, its a solid reflection of the bottom, except for a small circle above you.
Why is that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9kibwy/eli5_you_can_see_right_through_the_top_of_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e6zgy01"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Phenomenon called \"total internal reflection\". When a light ray hits a surface between more dense (water) and less dense (air) mediums it gets reflected instead of transmitted if the angle is more than certain critical angle (dependent on material). The small transparent circle directly above is inside the critical angle for water, and the rest is outside and you instead see reflection of the pool.\n\nBecause this phenomenon happens only going from more dense to less dense, it happens only under water, and not when you look into water from above (going from less dense to more dense)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
e58pae
|
how can doctors tell if someone has had a seizure?
|
Grandma just got admitted to the ICU and the doctor said it looked like she’d had a series of small seizures. Is there a test or does it leave a mark like a stroke does? Or is it just a guess based on medical history (like known epilepsy)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/e58pae/eli5_how_can_doctors_tell_if_someone_has_had_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f9inhr8",
"f9ix7pa"
],
"score": [
2,
5
],
"text": [
"The can't always, unless they've observed it directly. Sometimes, after a seizure, brain activity will be abnormal for a while, and that can be measured by an EEG, but that's not always the case.",
"Diagnosing seizures is tricky. It's not always clear, and sometimes you never know if somebody really seized or not. There are things that can help:\n\n1. See a seizure on EEG. This is the gold standard. However, most people aren't just hanging out with EEGs hooked up to them.\n\n2. See the event yourself, or have a good historian that saw the event. A detailed description of the event can be very useful.\n\n3. Being able to see the patient with a Todd's paralysis or post-ictal state shortly after they seized.\n\n4. Other findings that could precipitate seizure activity, like very low sodium, history of head trauma, some intracranial process like a tumor, meningitis, etc.\n\n5. Personal or family history of seizures, or other conditions that could be associated with seizures (like brain bleeds in premature babies).\n\nHowever, there is no definitive test that can say \"THIS PERSON DEFINITELY HAD A SEIZURE EARLIER.\" The only definitive test is EEG, and that doesn't tell you if somebody definitely had a seizure earlier. EEGs can only confirm a current seizure. You can't see direct signs of a seizure on CT or MRI, and there are not specific blood tests for seizures either."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
1rxch7
|
what is the definition of smartness?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rxch7/eli5_what_is_the_definition_of_smartness/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdrweq1"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Sometimes a good memory is thought of as being intelligent. This is incorrect. Intelligence is measured by the ability to use logic to problem solve. Autism can lead to myopic interests which is incredibly focused on one item and is not related to intelligence. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4ilbq5
|
why is it there isn't a large british population in hong kong if it was a british colony?
|
Are there white British neighbourhoods in Hong Kong where they raised families and settled down? It seems that the former colony is still almost all ethnic Chinese and there doesn't seem to be many half Chinese or ethnically mixed population
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4ilbq5/eli5_why_is_it_there_isnt_a_large_british/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d2yzslg",
"d2z6x6k",
"d2zedya"
],
"score": [
24,
7,
5
],
"text": [
"Only a very small percentage (a bit less than 1%) of Hong Kong's population is white according to recent census records. \n\nNot every British controlled territory was a settler colony. Hong Kong was taken from China mostly to be used as a port of entry for British businesses to sell things (a lot of opium) to Chinese people. They didn't take it with the intent to settle it.",
"It's a case of sort of.\n\nThere are plenty of UK Born Chinese that live in Hong Kong with me amongst them. Many are in the New/Northern Territories as many of them claimed Chinese citizenship before 1997 so they get the best of both worlds. There are also many emigrant returnees. My dad's generation born in the 1950s left HK and returned 60 years later to retire. They are also found in the villages. Though you wouldn't recognise them as British.\n\nIf you look around you'll notice there are quite a few Indians and in particular Sikh families that were used during imperial times as police. Not so many though as predominantly the area was used as a trading port and a gateway to the markets of Mainland China rather than a place for settlers.",
"Basically, there are three kinds of colony:\n\n1) What I will refer to as pure colonies involve the large-scale resettlement of population to a new area, such as Australia or the Americas. However, the population is treated differently than back home – for example, the Thirteen Colonies had no democratic representation, but also vastly lower taxes (yes, even after they were levied directly).\n\n2) Cleruchies are sort of a subset of 1) where the resettled population are treated exactly like people back home. There are few modern examples of this, but this was sometimes used by the Greeks when the population of a city-state was becoming unmanageable but it was felt that they should not be expelled to a colony.\n\n3) Imperial holdings are where a state through diplomacy or conquest controls a region without necessarily resettling its population. Instead, a military, economic and political presence are installed to maintain control. African colonies and Hong Kong fall into this category, where the foreign population generally consists of military, administrators and the odd entrepreneur.\n\nAll three are intended to control areas of economic or strategic importance, but with 1) and 2), doing so also frees up economic opportunities at home if there are few at the time of colonisation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
8fhmbm
|
what exactly do business majors study in college (+ other questions)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8fhmbm/eli5_what_exactly_do_business_majors_study_in/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dy3n2n5"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"\"business\" isnt really a major, atleast not at ranked schools... business is a school of study, like science, or liberal arts.\n\nWithin business there should be majors like finance, accounting, marketing, economics, and other more specialized fields.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3hwq4q
|
is there a reason why "hold music" when you call businesses has to be so obnoxious?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3hwq4q/eli5_is_there_a_reason_why_hold_music_when_you/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cub9986"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"The quality of phone calls have to be able to transmit voices acceptably. Music requires much, much more data and so no matter what music you put on there is going to sound like shit.\n\nMusic that is very \"full\" and uses a large range of frequencies at once will sound even worse. Very simply solo piano or something can be OK."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
g37s7y
|
what makes fast wifi fast?
|
A guy told me a router with 5ghz solves all your problems, now I've heard something about wire or conduct being important too of something about mbits or whatever and I just wanna know everything that makes wifi fast and how it makes it faster.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/g37s7y/eli5_what_makes_fast_wifi_fast/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fnppebh",
"fnpzq2q"
],
"score": [
2,
3
],
"text": [
"There’s a ton of factors that go into Wi-Fi performance. I’ll list a few below:\n\n- router age & quality - a newer better router takes advantage of more technologies and the latest 802.11 wireless standards (such as AC)\n- network quality - if you’re router is part of a larger network like a hotel or apartment sometimes is, you may have different performance than Spectrum/AT & T. The signal coming into the router from the cable should be good quality with minimal interference\n- network activity - what are you using your network for? If everyone’s streaming 4K porn you may experience slow speeds\n- interference & congestion - big one - basically anything can cause interference. Some huge examples are microwaves, fluorescent lights, excessive amount of devices in an area, even too many people in an area. \n\nTaking all these factors into account it truly is a miracle you have the ability to play high bandwidth games from your $2,000 gaming PC while watching porn on the big screen without any network cables",
"So WiFi comes in a number of different standards, as the technology has evolved over the years. The standard is ```IEEE 802.11```, and there's a whole family of them that append letters and numbers to the end. For example, the most common versions of WiFi are ```802.11g``` and ```802.11n```. For the most part, the routers you buy are going to be loud on the packaging about which spec they implement, and that's going to tell you a whole lot about the devices capability. It helps to understand what these specs tell you - it doesn't have to get too technical. We'll touch on this.\n\nWhat makes these technologies different has to do with what radio frequencies they use and how they are used. These radio frequencies are entire ranges, called bands, and the bands are different widths - hence *bandwidth*. The more radio bandwidth you can use, and the higher the frequency, the more data you can move through space.\n\nSo the ```802.11g``` spec uses part of the 2.4 GHz ISM band which is 20 MHz wide. This band and how it can be used, just like all bands and frequencies, is defined by the FCC. At this frequency and bandwidth, you can get a *theoretical* maximum throughput of 54 Mbps.\n\n```802.11n``` uses both the entire 2.4 GHz ISM band AND 40 MHz of the 5 GHz ISM band. This is a total of 60 MHz of bandwidth, requires two or more radio transceivers on both ends of the connection, and has a theoretical maximum throughput of 600 Mbps. Even though both frequencies are the same width, the higher 5 GHz frequency means they're stuffing more bits per second than the lower band.\n\nAnd so it goes. Bands and how they're used will dictate the theoretical maximum throughput. ```802.11ac``` uses just the 5 GHz band, but more of it, and ```802.11ax``` uses 2.4, 5, and 6 GHz bands, each have more theoretical maximum throughputs.\n\nWe're not done yet.\n\nSo just a note if you haven't gathered by now, if both sides of the connection don't support the same standard, then they can't use that standard. If you have an old - at this point - ```802.11g``` device, it doesn't have a 5 GHz radio in it, so no ```802.11n``` for you. But do you see one of the benefits of using multiple bands? You're backward compatible. That means an ```802.11n``` device can speak to ```802.11g``` devices, albeit only at *their* maximum rate. That means ```802.11ac``` has some real damning limitations...\n\nThere are other factors that are going to influence your rate of transfer. These frequencies have poor propagation characteristics - they easily get absorbed by walls, doors, and other obstructions. This is actually desirable. If we used low frequencies like down in the 80 meter wavelength bands, A) not only would data rates be slow at those low frequencies, but your home network would be visible to the entire planet. In the upper GHz, your home network won't make it to the other end of the street. The 5 and 6 GHz bands are especially vulnerable, which means they're really only good for home media over WiFi and your WiFi enabled TV should be LITERALLY line-of-sight with the router. Even walking between the two devices can cause enough disruption to lose throughput.\n\nAnother significant factor that disrupts WiFi performance is NOISE. These bands that WiFi uses are \"shared\", noisy, and devices are expected to just deal with it. Microwaves use some of the same frequencies, and often emit RF noise in the higher frequencies. Baby monitors, and if you can find one - cordless house phones, any device can use these frequencies, and none of them need to be designed to even be aware of WiFi, let alone other devices, let alone attempt to play nice and share.\n\nAnd that's the crux. There is only 1 electromagnetic spectrum, and all devices using a band or frequency have to share. You have your router, your phone, your laptop, your desktop, your tablet, your gaming consoles, ALL YOUR BLUETOOTH DEVICES (they all use 2.4 GHz), your television, maybe even your refrigerator, all using WiFi. Not only that, but YOU ALSO HAVE ALL YOUR NEIGHBORS AND ALL THEIR DEVICES. Just because they're on a different WiFi network, that doesn't mean they're on different radio frequencies! You're all shouting over one another, and literally each and every device has to SHARE, and TAKE TURNS. Only one device (in range) can transmit at a time.\n\nSo while your devices may say their connection is good and they CAN achieve some maximum throughput, that doesn't mean that they ever will. It doesn't matter if you put your laptop right next to the router - if you're in a shouting match with the neighbors WiFi devices, you're all going to go slower for it.\n\nAnd WiFi (and the underlying protocols and technologies) is (are) pretty smart, it (they) will favor transmission modes that are first and foremost reliable, and second, as fast as possible. So if you're in a noisy environment - not just a competitive one, but one with interference from microwaves and solar flares, these devices will slow down to increase reliability. No point in transmitting a message if it's just going to be unintelligible garbage on the other end.\n\nPerhaps the most significant part about your internet connection in relation to your home network is that your internet connection is typically WAY SLOWER than your WiFi. If you're paying a premium for maybe 75 Mbps, that pales comparison to your ```802.11n``` (presuming that's what you have) which has a typical performance of 300 Mbps. Your internet service is nearly always the choking point. It won't matter how fast your home network is if you can't stream faster than the slowest point. These super-duper fast WiFi technologies are to facilitate home media servers - they presume you have some sort of computer WIRED via Ethernet cable into your home router that's running something like a Plex service and you're streaming media to your television from that. And who does that? I'm a god damn nerd and *I* don't do that. So buying the biggest, baddest WiFi equipment is pointless if you have absolutely no hope of ever transferring that much data EVER.\n\nSo maybe your guy is right that you need to upgrade some of your hardware, and make sure you CAN upgrade your hardware on both sides of the connection where they're needed. Most devices have WiFi built in, so you need to see what they're capable of, you typically can't go into a tablet and replace the WiFi, you'd probably need to buy a more capable tablet, or whatever. So go look over all the devices you have and see what specs they all are. Then you'll know how fast your home network is and can be and how that relates to each device, so you can determine if your network needs an upgrade, if your devices need an upgrade, your internet connection, or any combination therein.\n\nOther bits to know - the distance to a device isn't as important as a clear line of sight. Yes, these frequencies are absorbed by atmosphere and especially humidity, but it's attenuation, noise, and competition that will almost always be what's slowing you down. Just because a device is \"connected\" doesn't mean it's actively transmitting, so lots of passive equipment isn't important - every god damn neighbor streaming Netflix at the same time is. There is transmission power, which is in terms of Watts (like a light bulb, because radio waves are all light), but that will only increase the distance that device can be received, it won't really affect the quality at all, and it doesn't work both ways - you'd have to increase the power of both transmitters to increase the range of your network. Typically, this isn't a solution to any network problem you're trying to solve. My advice is to wire in every device you can. Televisions and desktops don't often move, so take them \"off the air\" entirely and forego all these problems, as well as make life for your wireless devices all the better for it.\n\nThe last factor to consider is something like your phone and tablet, if you're streaming media, don't have the screen size or the 5.1 surround sound audio to consume big bandwidth, so if your tablet doesn't support whatever gigantic data standard of WiFi, if you can't find one that does, that device very likely doesn't need it. If that's the device giving you problems, it's not your network technology, per se, that's the source of those problems."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5bjv9j
|
how are sports arenas able to do basketball one day and hockey the next?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5bjv9j/eli5_how_are_sports_arenas_able_to_do_basketball/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d9p2a04"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The ice is frozen once for the whole season. \n\nFrom there, the basketball court, or any other surface is laid on top of the ice. (with a protective cover inbetween the ice and basketball court)\n\nIts a lot of labor, but it can be done with enough time. Then they remove the court, and the ice is still there, ready for hockey. \n\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
682u86
|
how is it ensured that wikipedia articles show correct information, and how is vandalism of articles prevented on it?
|
Are there some people who monitor certain articles at all times, or what?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/682u86/eli5_how_is_it_ensured_that_wikipedia_articles/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgv775m"
],
"score": [
12
],
"text": [
"There's no iron-clad guarantee that all of the information on Wikipedia is accurate. The prevailing pattern however is that there are more benevolent people adding correct information than vandals intentionally adding incorrect information.\n\nSome people take a personal attachment to certain articles and set up notifications that will email them whenever there is a change. Because of this, most popular articles are fixed within minutes of vandalization. But, that still doesn't mean that incorrect information can't slip through if done more subtly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1gdncx
|
can i lie to a police officer?
|
I've always been told that you should never admit anything to a police officer. Say, if a police officer pulls you over and asks if you had anything to drink, I've always been told to say "no", even if I have. Or, if you had illegal drugs in your pocket, say you didn't know it was there. Deny deny deny. How is this okay?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1gdncx/eli5_can_i_lie_to_a_police_officer/
|
{
"a_id": [
"caj78wy",
"caj7amc",
"cajb0od",
"cajcazr",
"cajdbl9",
"cajg3w5"
],
"score": [
36,
18,
16,
3,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"You should never lie to a police officer, but you can stop answering questions if you like.",
"It's not. Lying to a cop is a crime. However if you don't smell like booze you might want to consider it anyway.\n\nDon't directly tell the truth. If cops come to your house and ask if you're drinking, ask them for a warrant. If they don't have one (protip: if it's a noise complaint they DON'T) tell them you'll turn it down and for the love of god don't let them in.\n\nCars are viewed as moving crime scenes and if you're suspicious they can just search under \"probable cause\". If you're trafficking drugs keep your car in good shape. No lights out, nothing that could get you pulled over for stupid shit. Don't run lights, don't run stop signs, use your turn signal ect. \n\nAct natural (without \"acting natural\") and you might get away without a search. If they search and you have illegal shit you're screwed either way so it doesn't matter much. Most cops who claim they can tell lies are the worst at it.\n\nSource on probable cause re: cars. Remember \"probable cause\" can mean just about any suspicious behavior _URL_0_\n\nSource on lying _URL_1_\n\nEDITED: Grammar and added a few words to clarify\n\nEDIT: Note: This is USA info, probably not valid in the rest of the world",
"Dont lie, just dont say anything. Like they say, you have the right to remain silent. if you dont tell them anything, then they have less proof. Also lets say you hit a pole while you and a few friends had a drink or two. get out of the car, all of you, and say nothing! if the cop doesnt know who was driving, then he will give the ticket to the owner of the car. however, you can go to court and tell the judge that the cop didnt ask you if you were the one driving or that you wernt. therefor the ticket is invalid as there is no proof that YOU were the one driving so YOU shouldnt get the ticket. all you have to say when the judge asks who was driving, is... I dont remember.\n\nsource: Friends Uncle.",
"Be quiet. Ask for a lawyer. Tell your lawyer the truth. Listen to his advice. Pray. \n\nYou really dont want to be in a position where you have to fuck with cops. If you think lions are bad to fuck with, cops are like, way worse. They have an unending supply of 'Fuck You' at their disposal and they enjoy using it. The best you can do to protect yourself is cooperate with any instructions. Give honest testimony when compelled to. File paperwork and use legal maneuvers against them, and for god's sake, use the fifth for any question, even if it's about if you'd like a glass of water. Just say nothing until a lawyer tells you it's ok. \n\nThinking you can do any better than silence is just stupid.",
"Don't talk to cops PERIOD! \n[Defense lawyer part 1] (_URL_1_) \n[Police officer part 2] (_URL_0_)",
"Depends on jurisdiction.\n\nIn Sweden, yes. \nIn the UK, less clearly yes. \nIn the US, no. It's a crime.\n\nIANAL and all that."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.flexyourrights.org/faqs/when-can-police-search-your-car/",
"http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2054-intuitive-people-worse-at-detecting-lies.html#.UbvTwvkWIbY"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08fZQWjDVKE",
"http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wXkI4t7nuc"
],
[]
] |
|
2mtk96
|
why does the united states government (and the international community in general) seem to care more about isis than what's going on in mexico?
|
The brutal war between Mexican cartels and between the government and cartels seems just as, if not more brutal. Why isn't it getting more attention? Isn't what the cartels do just as much terrorism?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2mtk96/eli5_why_does_the_united_states_government_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cm7gbzc",
"cm7ghdv"
],
"score": [
7,
10
],
"text": [
"Mexico still has a gov. You can't very well land troops in mexico under the guise of terrorist hunting. The cartels don't want to destroy america. They want to make money in america. Cartels are very much for a prosperous and wealthy American economy. More money means more profit. ",
"The issue isn't the brutality, but what poses more danger to the United States and its interests. Because of the instability of the Middle East region and the potential impact that instability could have on US interests, ISIS is (at least it's believed to be) a much bigger threat."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2gnrwe
|
the yield curve
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2gnrwe/eli5_the_yield_curve/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckkudqb"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The yield in yield curve refers to the interest paid on bonds or other types of debt. The curve part shows how that interest rate changes over different duration (how long before the investor gets their money back) of debts There can be different sorts of yield curves, but usually the phrase refers to the [US Treasury Yield Curve](_URL_0_). The concept can be extended to corporate or state and local debt. Typically debt other than US Treasury debt is measured for risk by how much more interest (aka the spread) is paid to investors. While the typical yield curve has the highest interest rate at the longest time, sometimes the yield curve has higher yield on shorter durations (called inverting), a feature that some believe forecasts an imminent recession but in practice has been unreliable.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/Pages/Historic-Yield-Data-Visualization.aspx"
]
] |
||
30klo4
|
what exactly is going on in the brain/body of someone under anesthesia that makes them unable to feel pain and wake up at a very specific time after surgery?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30klo4/eli5_what_exactly_is_going_on_in_the_brainbody_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cptb80m",
"cptbfa5"
],
"score": [
6,
3
],
"text": [
"Anesthetics are a club over the head without all that brain damage. (Assuming the anesthesiologist did their safety precautions and dose calculations correctly.)\n\nYou can't feel pain because you're not conscious. You're just lost to the world until the drugs wear off, but when the drugs do wear off your normal brain function resumes and so does your consciousness. \n\nIt's not like sleeping; when you're given general anesthesia it's like being temporarily brain-dead almost. There's no actual damage to you, but it prevents your brain functioning in the way required to make you have thoughts and feelings. \n\nImagine someone putting a really heavy block in front of a door - it can't open anymore, but the door isn't actually broken. Once the block is removed everything is gravy again. ",
"It's not like you get a single dose and you're out for a fixed period of time. Anesthesia requires a continuous stream of drugs into your body. The anesthesiologist is a specialized doctor that monitors you the whole time and makes sure that you both stay under and stay alive.\n\nYou don't come to until after the procedure because the anesthesiologist doesn't shut off the drugs until then."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2y9bxg
|
how do index funds work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2y9bxg/eli5_how_do_index_funds_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cp7ersc",
"cp7etix"
],
"score": [
4,
2
],
"text": [
"First, let's talk about what a stock market index is.\n\nA stock market index is a very simple mathematical formula that gives you an overall assessment of how the stock market is doing, by adding up the current share price of some of the largest companies in that market. Sometimes they multiply the share prices by something so that one company can \"count\" for more than others.\n\nFor example, the Dow Jones is computed from 30 company share prices, and the S & P 500 is computed from 500 share prices.\n\nAn index *fund* is a type of mutual fund you can invest in, that tries to approximate the same gains and losses of one of those stock market indexes.\n\nSuppose a thousand investors each put in a thousand dollars. Now the company that runs the index has a million dollars to invest. They buy all of the stocks that are part of that index, in the same amounts used in that index calculation. So if the Dow goes up by 1% today, the value of the stocks held by that index fund will also go up by 1%.\n\nHistorically, most mutual funds managed by an investor don't do as well as the stock market did as a whole. One good advantage of an index fund is that fees are low - there's nobody to pay to keep trading stocks, they just keep it in sync with the index.\n\nOne example of an index fund is VFINX, the Vanguard index fund that tracks the S & P 500. If you search for VFINX on Google Finance, E*Trade, Schwab, or any other investing site, you can see how it does.\n",
"There are a few companies in each industry that make up the bulk of transactions in that industry, these companies are selected as representatives of their respective industries to form a number that serves as an index (Nasdaq, S & P etc.)to get an idea of how the market is performing as a whole. An index fund is usually a mutual fund that managed in such a way that it closely reflects the performance of these indices. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2fis08
|
how do supermarket celebrity tabloids work?
|
I'm going to preface this with the caveat that I'm speaking of North American tabloids not European tabloids *and* I'm also not asking about Enquirer type rags, but rather People magazine and their ilk. You know... the ones that always seem to have Jennifer Anniston on the cover.
Does any redditor know how these things actually function? Are they owned by the same entertainment conglomerates that air Keeping Up With the Kardassians and the other shows they seem to be pushing? Do celebrities pay to get covered in these magazines? Do they pay to get left out of these magazines?
All I know is that, in my tedious stand in the supermarket lineup every day as I buy my lunch, I end up just staring at the covers of these magazines and reading their little blurbs. Consequently, I now am more aware of the hijinks of some fucking guy who appeared on The Bachelor last season than I am of legislative acts of the premier of my province.
I know, really, it's all just advertising... but who's advertising what and how and why?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2fis08/eli5_how_do_supermarket_celebrity_tabloids_work/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck9on8o",
"ck9rxn8"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"So here's the deal, if you're a big time celebrity, basically everywhere you go, photographers are going to follow you around to get pictures of you and then sell these pictures to the tabloids. The courts have ruled this is legal because celebrities are \"public figures\" and thus don't have the same privacy rights and ownership of their image as normal people do.\n\nAlso, yes, these magazines are all owned by the same media-entertainment conglomerates that own the reputable newspapers and the TV and radio channels and the reputable magazines and lots of the Internet too.\n\nThey're just gossip. People like to gossip, and gossip about people that everyone is familiar with (celebrities) is something you can sell to the public at large.\n\nThe way they profit is through their sales of magazines, but this isn't nearly as big a money-maker as the ads, which is where the real money is. The advertisements can be all kinds of things, but using market research, they determine just who is buying the magazines (which is usually women) and the advertisements will be for things the companies think women want to buy. ",
"They don't work."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
6pe997
|
how and why did the trend of inserting english phrases into japanese songs start?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6pe997/eli5_how_and_why_did_the_trend_of_inserting/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dkonmyo"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Yer not alone in askin', and kind strangers have explained:\n\n1. [ELI5: Why do songs sung in foreign languages have lines in English? ](_URL_2_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do anime opening songs often include english words at key points in the song? ](_URL_3_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do the Japanese use so many English words and phrases in common speech? ](_URL_4_)\n1. [ELI5: Why in a lot of Japanese songs/sentences from shows, there are a lot of English words. ](_URL_7_)\n1. [ELI5: Why do a lot of Japanese song have some English words in 'em? ](_URL_6_)\n1. [ELI5, why do Soken and Nobuo compose songs with English Lyrics for a Japanese game? ](_URL_0_)\n1. [ELI5: Why Non-English Songs have English in them. (Korean, Japanese, ect.) ](_URL_5_)\n1. [Why do non English speakers sing in English? ](_URL_1_)\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/ffxiv/comments/47n8q3/eli5_why_do_soken_and_nobuo_compose_songs_with/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/NoStupidQuestions/comments/6deye2/why_do_non_english_speakers_sing_in_english/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1xbbx1/eli5_why_do_songs_sung_in_foreign_languages_have/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2xsnmd/eli5_why_do_anime_opening_songs_often_include/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/527v9l/eli5_why_do_the_japanese_use_so_many_english/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/35xgr1/eli5_why_nonenglish_songs_have_english_in_them/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bte91/eli5_why_do_a_lot_of_japanese_song_have_some/",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1v73rr/eli5_why_in_a_lot_of_japanese_songssentences_from/"
]
] |
||
7ib4iy
|
how do pathologists tolerate the odor of decomposition?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ib4iy/eli5_how_do_pathologists_tolerate_the_odor_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dqxgxiu",
"dqxkm4r",
"dqxm25c",
"dqxmsbw",
"dqxo9yb"
],
"score": [
6,
2,
3,
3,
2
],
"text": [
"People can get used to pretty much anything. I'm a medic and smell decomposition frequently. It stinks, but I'll take that over C.diff any day.",
"They generally don't. Samples sent to the pathology lab are far less useful for diagnostic purposes if they've already started to decompose. The smells that pathologists get used to are the preservatives and fixatives used to treat the samples.\n\nAs with getting used to any stimulus, it is based on the phenomenon of desensitization. Your sensory neurons fire at a certain rate, in a certain pattern depending on the external stimulus. Your brain is primed to pick up on *changes* to that firing rate, not the firing itself. The longer the same neural pathway sends the same signal, the less attention your brain pays to it. Just as you don't really smell anything in your house (barring new changes or cooking) but will smell a distinct background odor when visiting someone else's, people who work with strong-smelling chemicals like formaldehyde become accustomed to them and notice them less.",
"Forensic pathologists who regularly dissect rotting bodies (and their diener assistants) wear special breathing apparatus. It the smell isn't too bad, a little pleasant smelling ointment under the nose helps. The worst is walking into the room, when one doesn't have time to acclimate. Autopsies smell terrible because we open the colon and the internal organs have their own disagreeable smell.",
"First they try to minimize exposure to decomposition. Recent corpses are refrigerated and will only be in the beginning stages of decomposition. Old corpses will be mostly decomposed, it is only the middle ground that will be particularly stinky.\n\nBeyond that, they just get used to it. Unless a smell is actually harming you, like ammonia, you can get used to anything. And part of the bad smell is psychological, the whole revulsion of being near a corpse. Get used to both, and you are good to go.",
"As a fun aside, pictured below are:\n\n* A section of \"fresh\" fixed liver [histology](_URL_1_)\n\n* And a section of rotten liver [histology](_URL_0_)\n\nDecomposed samples lose all of their cellular detail as the cells lose the integrity of their membranes and essentially burst their protein-laden goodness throughout the tissue. That's why fresh samples are of the utmost importance for microscopic evaluation to the pathologist.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://img.medscapestatic.com/pi/meds/ckb/97/9797tn.jpg",
"http://stevegallik.org/sites/histologyolm.stevegallik.org/images/Liver_path_uk_2.jpg"
]
] |
||
49uoxu
|
how is font measured/sized? why is size 12 the standard? are the numbers a measurement? if so, why aren't all size 12 fonts the same size?
|
Basically the title.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/49uoxu/eli5_how_is_font_measuredsized_why_is_size_12_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d0uz3fs",
"d0uz974",
"d0uzjdu"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
2
],
"text": [
"This is an excellent question, which has a rather unsatisfactory answer.\n\nThe size of type, whether specified in pixels, points (1/72\") or millimetres, is the height of an em-square, an invisible box which is typically a bit larger than the distance from the tallest ascender to the lowest descender.\n\nGiven this is a somewhat arbitrary measure which\n\nis dependent on the exact technical design of the font\ncan't be precisely measured from a printed or rasterized sample\nit's not very meaningful or useful, other than as an approximation.",
"A point is a unit of measurement in typesetting, ~.353mm. So when you're dealing with actual type, 12 point font means it's 12 points, or a pica, in dimension from the bottom of the piece of type to the top. I'm not sure about how all this translates to computer-based printing, but that's where our type measurement comes from.",
"Fonts are measured in units called *picas* and *points,* where a point is 1/72nd of an inch and a pica is 12 points. Most computer programs measure fonts in points exclusively, though professional typesetting programs can either use points or picas.\n\nTwelve-point type is not \"the standard.\" It's the *default* size for computer word processing (though some computer programs use 11-point type as the default instead), but that's for historical reasons dating back to the original Macintosh. The Macintosh was the first computer to incorporate typesetting features, including measuring type in points both on screen and on paper, but in those days both computer screens and computer printers were very low-resolution, and only used a single pixel to represent a point. Twelve-point type was chosen as the default type size because it's got a lot of integer divisors; if you want type that's three-quarters the size of the default you can use the nine-point size. If you want two-thirds the size you can use eight-point. If you want half you can use six-point. And so on. All those integer divisors of twelve made it easy to scale type up and down without running into fractional point sizes any more than absolutely necessary."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
46g9af
|
why do we have a math class and a physics class instead of having a bigger physics class where we learn the math we need along the way?
|
I struggle with math in school because it is so fucking abstract, but the physics class is just fun because it is applicable, and isn't it just physics we do get use to?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46g9af/eli5why_do_we_have_a_math_class_and_a_physics/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d04tj68",
"d04tkuu",
"d04usnq"
],
"score": [
2,
7,
4
],
"text": [
"Physics only uses a relatively small part of maths. You could go on to ask why not just learn the physics you need in a chemistry class, then just the chemistry you need in a biology class. You could do both of those, but there'd be lots of chemistry and physics that you didn't end up learning along the way. Or, stretching things a bit, why have English class when your history class involves plenty of reading books and writing essays.",
"Physics isn't the only use for math though. Economics uses math that can be fairly abstract, Computer science uses math that is almost completely abstract. Plus, research is still done in Mathematics that doesn't involve other fields.\n\nAlso, once you get more involved in a field, the more likely you are to start learning math only as it applies to that field. In upper-level college physics, you learn equations and techniques just to solve physics problems.",
"Mathematics is not for any particular real world application, it's studying limits of reasoning itself.\n\nPhysics uses similar notation. Other than that, two subjects are pretty alien to each other. Compare this to Chinese and Japanese, both use Kanji, but those are two entirely different languages, speaking one doesn't grant you any ability to understand the other. Math and physics are pretty similar in that regard, they use similar symbols.\n\nPhysics is about studying real world and how things like mass or electricity behaves.\n\nMathematics is studying ways of reasoning and representing ideas. Mathematician might ask, if we can add numbers together so that 1+1=2, does that mean 2-1=1? Physicist just uses conventional addition to figure out that 2 times one mass equals 2 masses and stops there.\n\nAs a math teacher, this is actually something I feel quite strongly about. I would much prefer math be considered type of art class rather than science class, especially since kids tend to, due to biology alone, have really underdeveloped understanding of abstract concepts. That way they would at least have some fun with concepts they grasp, rather than trying to memorize meaningless formulae with the faint hope that some years later they come back to those ideas and realize what bigger abstract idea was behind it all."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2f0fya
|
what would happen if the president-elect and vp-elect died before they took office.
|
Consider the following scenario: It is January 20th, at around 10:00. The President Elect and VP Elect are preparing for the inaguration when their motorcade is hit by a 18-wheeler and they are both killed, astonishingly along with the Speaker and the Senate Pro Tempore. The old POTUS and VPOTUS' term expires in a matter of hours and their cabinet is not yet confirmed by the congress. Who would be the president? The old cabinet and president are no part of the new administration, the speaker is dead along with the president pro tem. Who gets the presidency, with the entire presumed cabinet either dead or not yet confirmed by the senate? Yes this entire question was thought up whilst watching the west wing!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f0fya/eli5what_would_happen_if_the_presidentelect_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ck4osv2"
],
"score": [
14
],
"text": [
"Secretary of State is next, followed by Sec. Treasury, and so on and so on:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession"
]
] |
|
620ny5
|
if salt is considered natural anticeptic/antibiotic, how is it that life began from the salty oceans?
|
I guess this began as a shower thought, but the question actually baffled me.
Q: If Salt is considered anticeptic/antibiotic, how is it that life and lots of bacteria actually exist in the oceans?
- Some will say that salt once is diluted in water become Na - Cl ions. But then again, we use the principle of salt separation in "Salt pools"
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/620ny5/eli5_if_salt_is_considered_natural/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dfirfaj",
"dfirfqs",
"dfirgis"
],
"score": [
4,
3,
6
],
"text": [
"It's the concentrations that kill. Look at sugar for example. Small amounts are used to grow bacteria cultures while high amounts of sugars don't allow growth, take jam for example.\n\nThe concentrations inside the cells will try to match the concentrations outside the cells. If the concentration is too high outside of the cell, the cell will let water out (except for some bacteria iirc). ",
"Salt in the correct concentration is not a natural antiseptic/antibiotic. Salt kills cells by taking water of the cells if there is a higher concentration of salt outside of the cell as opposed to inside.\n\nThe ocean is too salty for our cells, but not for all life. There are lots of bacteria and microorganisms that do just fine with the levels of salt in the ocean. If you put them in even saltier water they might die, but they also might die if you put them in less salty water.",
"It has to do with the quantity of salt involved. If you throw a cell into a cup of salt water 3 things can happen. If there's the same salt in the cell and water, there is no change (this is called an isotonic solution). If there's more salt in the cell than in the water, then water passes through the cell membrane (osmosis) into the cell (hypotonic solution). If there's more salte in the water than in the cell, then water is drawn out of the cell (hypertonic solution).\n\nThe reason that salt kills microbes is because of this. If the cells are in a super salty environment, the balance is upset and they lose too much water to be able to live. How much salt is necessary is dependent on the organism. Salt water creatures can have the opposite problem. Because they're evolved to live in an environment that has a certain concentration of salt, if they are moved to freshwater, they will get sick and die."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
6c0zjb
|
can science be used to form a definitive fact? or will our understanding of science be forever changing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6c0zjb/eli5_can_science_be_used_to_form_a_definitive/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dhr2oel",
"dhr3tcd"
],
"score": [
2,
4
],
"text": [
"The charge on the electron is a definitive fact. That parameter is fundamental to the behavior of the electron, in both classical and quantum physics. It is used to derive other units, like current or magnetic field strength. There is no expectation this will change.\n\nPerhaps you have a more speculative sort of fact in mind?",
"Science is about making observations and then coming up with theories to explain the observations. \n\n\nAll of the observations are facts- it was 65 degrees outside today, the patient who took this experiment drug did not have any trace of the disease detected in their system by our current measurement tools after 15 days after taking the drug. \n\nThe conclusions that are drawn from those facts are not definitive. It's always possible there was some other variable that the test couldn't detect, for example."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
1ep34b
|
why is torrenting/filesharing looked down upon when it's ok to obtain the same things at a library?
|
I can go to a library and get x number of books, CDs and movies for free. I really have a hard time viewing a download of these things as theft. People that have no means to pay for something can legally obtain these things for free.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ep34b/eli5_why_is_torrentingfilesharing_looked_down/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ca2d1mq",
"ca2daxl"
],
"score": [
23,
4
],
"text": [
"Because the books, CDs, and movies were bought by the library for the purpose of loaning them out, so if you get them you have to return them and then you don't have them anymore.\n\nBasically it's all about agreements. They agreed to not give out infinite copies to anyone, and so they get to share these things with the community as part of their mission. You didn't make an agreement with a record company to make a copy of their product without paying to keep forever and give to all your friends.\n\nAlso, not everything people download with torrents is available in libraries, in fact very little of it is.",
" > I can go to a library and get x number of books, CDs and movies for free.\n\nWhich you then give back to the library once you're done with them. \n\nIf you make copies of them while you're borrowing them, you're breaking the law. This includes taking music directly off the CD onto your MP3 device.\n\nWhen you download, you make a copy. Making copies without permission is what's illeagal here."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5p4j04
|
why do gas stations hide my debit card pin for security, yet leave my credit card zip code visible?
|
If it's a security measure, why would they not obscure the zip code?
This has never, ever made sense to me.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5p4j04/eli5_why_do_gas_stations_hide_my_debit_card_pin/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcoaviy"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
" > This has never, ever made sense to me.\n\nHow about why do they even ask for the zip code if losing your credit card often would involve also losing your driver's license that has your home zip code on it anyway?\n\nThe reason is that asking for the zip code makes it more difficult for someone to just copy your card number with a skimmer and use it because they need additional information. They don't really care about someone looking over your shoulder and figuring out your zip code because, hey, *phone books exist.* "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1bkzjr
|
why do companies pay someone to hold up a sign in public?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1bkzjr/eli5_why_do_companies_pay_someone_to_hold_up_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c97lolo",
"c97lpcx",
"c97px2z"
],
"score": [
5,
27,
5
],
"text": [
"Advertising. You might not think that having some guy holding a sign on the side of the road would make people more likely to go to somewhere, but it does.",
"Most city boroughs or councils have rules or fees for static advertising. Some advertising also needs planning permission. Using a person gets around these rules.",
"Eddie: What you have to do is hold the sign and make sure the arrow is pointing in the right direction. Is that something you think you can do?\n\nJemaine: I think that's something a lamppost can do."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
68o2ct
|
while playing with a laser when you move it fast there's always a line that follows it and quickly disappears, why does this happen?
|
Is it something related to the eye 'not refreshing' the image quick enough?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/68o2ct/eli5_while_playing_with_a_laser_when_you_move_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dgzwv2z"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"Yes. This is an illusion, caused by the extreme brightness of the spot of light. It momentarily exhausts the chemicals in a few cells in your retina, creating an \"afterimage\" -- the appearance of something that is no longer there -- until the chemicals refresh."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2txfia
|
how did they come up with the shapes of pasta and their appropriate names?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2txfia/eli5_how_did_they_come_up_with_the_shapes_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"co37hy7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The shapes often have an actual purpose.\n\n* Thin strands like angel hair are better for light sauces like olive oil and garlic.\n\n* Thick strands like fettuccini are for thick sauces. If you used a pasta like angel hair in Alfredo sauce it would practically disappear in there.\n\n* Spaghetti is a middle ground between angel hair and fettuccini.\n\n* Different size tube shapes also have different purposes with the tiny ones being best for soups, middle sizes for different sauces, and bigger ones ideal for stuffing.\n\n* Ridges on any shape let more sauce cling to the pasta, so if you want less sauce for each mouthful of pasta use a smooth one."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2hxhxe
|
why is salmonellosis caused by handling reptiles, less severe than salmonellosis caused by food poisoning?
|
Salmonella can be caught from pet turtles and other reptiles. When this happens, as shown by this site, _URL_0_ and other sites, it doesn't seem THAT severe. They do get the usual stomach cramps, diarrhea, and fever, but reports make it seem that it's less severe than salmonella caused by contaminated food. And they don't always vomit, either.
BUT, When you hear people talk about when they had food poisoning, they'll often use words such as "I felt like death" and "I'd rather break all the bones in my body, then get raped, then ram a huge rusty sword into my stomach, then get shot with 100 machine guns than get it again" (exaggeration intended). Basically it seems a lot more severe than reptile-induced salmonella, with all the ER visits, vomiting many times a day, and feeling far more torturous. Hell, the last time I had food poisoning (salmonella) was when I was 8, I puked 6 times and it was so traumatic I still have a fear of germs to this day. I'd call it OCD, but I've been been diagnosed.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hxhxe/eli5_why_is_salmonellosis_caused_by_handling/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ckwweuk"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"There are over 100 different subtypes of Salmonella, and all 100 have different levels of virulence (that means how severe the disease they cause is). For example, one of the most virulent types of salmonella is Salmonella Typhii, which causes Typhoid Fever. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.anapsid.org/salm3.html"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
7kndo6
|
why does mail polish dry quicker on false nails as opposed to natural nails?
|
I currently have some false nails on and painted them with a regular nail polish and they dried very quickly. I don't usually wear false nails, but always paint my own, natural ones, and the polish seems to take a lot longer to harden. Why is this? I thought maybe it's something to so with porosity, but not sure if I'm on the right track.
Edit: oops, sorry for the typo in the title!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7kndo6/eli5_why_does_mail_polish_dry_quicker_on_false/
|
{
"a_id": [
"drfovg6"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Nail polish (as well as many paints) dry by the solvent evaporating. The surface should not affect this drying time. I bet if you did a test where you painted a fake and real nail simultaneously you'd find they dried at the same time. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7ak385
|
how do manufacturers mix up the cards in a trading card game?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7ak385/eli5_how_do_manufacturers_mix_up_the_cards_in_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dpajrrw"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"The basic idea is that they print sheets of the cards of various levels of rarity, and then there's a sort of assembly line that pulls completed cards from the sheets and then puts them into a pack with desired order. (say, one card from the rare pile, 2 or 3 cards from the uncommon pile, and the rest from the common pile.)\n\nThis MTG thread has videos and details for that game: _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.reddit.com/r/magicTCG/comments/4synvp/eli5_how_do_wizards_randomise_their_booster_packs/"
]
] |
||
2t5uxg
|
why do i pay for 12 mbps internet, but in my entire time with at & t i have never gotten any greater that 1.6 mps download speed.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t5uxg/eli5_why_do_i_pay_for_12_mbps_internet_but_in_my/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cnvypit",
"cnvyqo1"
],
"score": [
3,
2
],
"text": [
"Don't confuse mega*bytes* and mega*bits*.\n\nThere are 8 bits per byte, so 12 megabits per second is equal to 1.5 megabytes per second. Bandwidth is usually measured in bits per second, while actual download speeds are measured in bytes per second.",
"Are you using \"mps\" on purpose here or typo? Just to be sure dont confuse MB (megabyte) and Mb (megabit) where byte is 8 bits.\r"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
dtwock
|
what is the "gamey" flavor of wild meat?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dtwock/eli5_what_is_the_gamey_flavor_of_wild_meat/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f6z6t58",
"f6zepp9",
"f707pbr",
"f7104db",
"f716okv",
"f717dtq",
"f71lxfy",
"f71o92b",
"f71qw32",
"f71wx9f",
"f72dcvo",
"f72o6w8",
"f735qgl"
],
"score": [
101,
4804,
375,
102,
4,
15,
3,
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2,
2,
3,
3,
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"text": [
"You have a very distinct, almost metallic flavor in game that can be the result of a higher iron content. Anything that is wild and not farm-raised is going to have a more active lifestyle, with a more active heart rate. So blood is going to be surging through the animal’s body at a much more intense level than if it were farm-raised. The type of animal doesn’t matter as much as the environment that it is living in. A domesticated animal is going to have a more subdued taste, because it is living a more subdued life.",
"The gamey flavor in certain meats can be due to various reasons. It usually is attributed to fats and fatty acids, the animal's diet, muscle use, sex hormones, exsanguination procedures utilized, and carcass handling.\n\nMany of our domesticated animal species are fed out on grain based/corn diets, which changes the flavor of the meat. Most wild species are not going to be grainfed, or even strictly pasture grassfed.They're going to have consumed whatever greenery is available, safe, and palatable to them. It could be various grasses, weeds, leaves/pine needles, in some cases various insects or carcasses of other animals. Whatever they eat is going to influence the taste of meat and milk. For example, if they eat a significant amount of wild onion or similar strong plants, there will be an oniony taint to the milk and meat. Even grassfed vs. grain fattened domesticated animals are going to have at least moderate differences in taste due to diet intake. Corn and grains usually produce a more sweeter to neutral taste than grassfed does, which is often stronger and more earthy tasting.\n\nAdditionally, even between domesticated species, there are differences between the fatty acids/fat compounds that are present, which also influences taste. This is one example which applies to why lamb has a more gamey flavor than beef typically does, raised in similar feed out scenarios. This is why in certain cases removing any excess fat off meat cuts from wild animals, will reduce the gamey flavor which is often most prevalent in the fat and fatty tissues (\"marbling\" in domestic animals).\n\nMuscle that is more often utilized is going to have less fat, will be tougher due to use than cuts of meat which are in less or unused areas of the body (abdomen, flanks, buttocks, etc...), and can be more acidic depending on the extent of activity and time of butcher/hunt. There will be a difference in animals that have had more activity/exercise than those who have a more leisurely lifestyle.\n\nHormones can taint the flavor of the meat as well. Intact male animals usually have a stronger tasting meat than females or those who have been castrated, particularly before sexual maturity. Boar taint is an example of this, where intact male hogs (boars) produce meat which can be unpleasant in smell and taste versus the pork products derived from female hogs or males which have been castrated or not reached sexual maturity. Testosterone causes stronger flavors and smells than does estrogen.\n\nLastly, if the carcass has not been properly drained of blood and other fluids, it will impact the taste. As will improper handling of the carcass, especially if internal organs are accidentally opened during the process and contaminate the meat.\n\nEdited to add, because a couple of people have asked, exsanguination just means the way that the blood is removed from the animal's body. Depending whether it is done when the animal is dead (no heartbeat) or stunned (unconscious and/or vegetative state with heartbeat), can have some impact on the efficiency, especially if someone is a beginner or is limited in resources (cannot effectively elevate the carcass for appropriate drainage).",
"It's the diet of the animal. If a deer eats nothing but grasses and berries it will taste gamey or bland. Some species of ducks will eat so much fish they actually taste like fish. The best piece of pork I ever ate were hogs raised on milk, almonds and dates. Its mostly diet",
"When I was young we ate venison often. The deer where my family hunted ate a lot of corn and apples. (Rural Quebec) One night my father grilled some venison that my uncle had sent from Pennsylvania, it was so gamey that we spit it out. Apparently these deer had feed on cedar and for we children it was inedible.",
"I’m convinced “gaminess” has more to do with the care and preparation of the meat and how often a person eats venison or other game meats. Someone who has never eaten venison before is more likely to call it gamey, especially if the care and preparation sucked. I eat venison all of the time and find that a buck tastes just as good a a young doe despite what a lot of people say. Take care of your kill in the field and on the table and you won’t be calling it gamey.",
"Definitely diet. Eat a piece of \"range/grass\" fed beef. Then eat a piece of \"feed-lot\" beef. The range/grass fed tastes different. Some call it gamey. It even smells different.\n\nedit: spelling",
"Warthog would have to be so far, the most fitting to this question, but I ain’t done eating stuff yet.",
"A dictionary definition says that gamey flavor (in addition to being wild caught game) is slightly/near tainted.",
"To piggyback on this, has anyone ever found this flavour in wine? I am a vegetarian and I wanted to name this taste forever, my boyfriend tells me it's the flavour of aged game.",
"Shoot, the \"gamey\" I think of is when my dad shot a pheasant in the front yard. It tasted exactly like turkey, except it was stringy.",
"It's mineraly. Ever taste your own blood? It's like that but with a tang.",
"I mean, I've had moose only 2 times in my life. When we went hunting. Tasted like pine tree's (also smelled a little like them), was hard meat. I think that's what it's referring too. The natural aspect to the meat, no chemicals, or feed. That was a horrible explanation but only one I could make.",
"umm what exactly is gamey flavor?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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[],
[],
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] |
||
5on8i2
|
why do people with psychosis go through cycles where sometimes they are ok and then they have a psychotic episode?
|
I had a friend who seemed OK for months at a time but then would have a psychotic episode where he was delusional and manic. Then he would be OK for a while but cycle back into psychosis. What's going on in the brain that causes that cycle?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5on8i2/eli5_why_do_people_with_psychosis_go_through/
|
{
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"dckof7a",
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"text": [
"Bipolar I here. I've been through psychotic mania as well as several cycles of less severe mania/depression.\n\nWe know in the cases of people with bipolar disorder that there is a chemical imbalance in the brain. Your brain doesn't react emotionally the same way that other peoples' brains do.\n\nOften, regular occurrences will \"trigger\" people with this disorder into extreme highs or lows. For example, when I went into psychotic mania, I was doing really well at work, I had just restarted school, my relationship with my boyfriend at the time was going well, and I was on my way to getting my financial life on track. I was also taking an antidepressant at the time, Celexa, that had a black box warning that it could cause mania. I'd never had symptoms of bipolar prior to this. All of the good things in my life combined with the antidepressant just sent my brain into overdrive and I snapped into psychosis.\n\nSix weeks later, I got my official diagnosis and started on mood stabilizer treatments. It's been three and a half years that I've been managing my disorder, and I'm now in cognitive behavioral therapy to possibly one day manage my disorder without medication, but it's a long road ahead.",
"While mania is a symptom of bipolar 1, as opposed to hypomania in bipolar 2, psychosis can have many different causes. In the case of a structural anomaly such as a tumor or cyst, it is thought that a \"trigger\" can cause higher or lower activity in that brain region which is then amplified by the improper structure, essentially making it reactive to stimuli. Psychosis due to biochemical reactions such as low dopamine in schizophrenia are similar in that they can be a reaction. A difference in illnesses such as these (schizophrenia or bipolar or other mood disorders) is that the amount of any given neurotransmitter is constantly fluctuating in everybody. So only when these fluctuations coincide with the illness do the symptoms occur. In the case of dopamine caused psychosis (like schizophrenia), when the brain is regulating dopamine more efficiently, symptoms do not present themselves and the individual appears \"normal\". When the the levels of these neurotransmitters get closer to the levels that are problematic or cannot be managed properly, symptoms are exacerbated. Psychosis is obviously not in the individual's control and it is definitely not a matter of \"mind over matter\". The biological basis of psychosis is the cause of the ebb and flow of symptoms.",
"Many of the causes of psychosis are episodic. For example, people with schizophrenia move between acute psychosis and periods of fewer symptoms. Why? We're not super sure! However, there are a few points to consider:\n\n- Stresses are a major trigger for a lot of people with psychotic disorders. So one may be able to manage symptoms relatively well most of the time but find their condition deteriorates when things start to go sideways.\n- Psychosis may be related to an episodic illness or condition, such as in bipolar disorder.\n- Recurring psychosis may also indicate that treatment isn't working as well as expected.\n\nThe problem is that left untreated, episodes become longer and harder to treat due to neurodegeneration (changes in the brain). It's theorized that something about psychosis is \"toxic\" and if left on its own, damages the brain. For example, people with an untreated psychotic disorder eventually start to lose grey matter. Evidence so far suggests that the early treatment helps prevent some of these harms later on, which is why First Episode Psychosis programs are so important."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
abca43
|
how are big firework shows (nye, independence day, etc) implemented? obviously, there are no trial runs before the big show, so how do they know how it will look like, and guarantee that everything is in place and will work as intended?
|
Happy new year everyone!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/abca43/eli5_how_are_big_firework_shows_nye_independence/
|
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"text": [
"The expense of a massive, nationally-televised fireworks display buys a lot of professional experience, reliable technology, and redundancy. Just like surgeons don't \"practice\" surgery on a patient before they cut them open, but they don't need to. They've done it so many times that they're prepared for any eventuality. Any highly-skilled professional brings the same skillset to their job.\n\nAlso, in many cases, you won't know if something did go wrong. Let's say that eight fireworks pop instead of ten for a given frame. Well, that's okay, because you won't likely miss the other two. It's like if a politican skips a line in a speech, you probably wouldn't know unless they react to their own mistake. The devices are also pretty reliable, provided they're dry and high-quality. Experts know how they work down to the grain.\n\nFinally, unit tests help. By ensuring that each charge fires as expected in isolated shots (probably in isolated areas, too) these guys make sure everything will go according to plan. ",
"Shows are scripted. This requires knowledge of all the types of fireworks being used and the effects they create. Shows can be tailored to music as well using these scripts. \n\nLaunchers are staged with all the fireworks loaded (this takes hours in advance). Fuses are wired with igniters and wired to firing boxes or possibly electronic firing systems. Connections between the firing controls and the fireworks are tested for continuity before the show starts. \n\nWhen the show starts, the launching can be done by computer, or by manually pushing buttons, or using wands to complete circuits. In the manual version someone can be standing by with the script and a stopwatch and working with another person to launch one or more sets in time with the script. \n\nSource - I helped do the 2007 New York Marathon Fireworks display. ",
"My hometown used to host the pyrotechnic guild of America’s convention so... hooray free fireworks! What wasn’t so good was the guys being out on a barge firing fireworks off until 4am because no one supposedly could get a hold of them to tell them to stop :)\n\nAnd on errors, one year, the fireworks all got set off at once. Some timing error obv. For ten minutes, it was like WWI artillery barrages. And then... silence. :)",
"Tom Scott has a video about how it's done...and how it shouldn't be done.\n\n & #x200B;\n\n[_URL_0_](_URL_0_)",
"A lot of practise, planning and experience.\n\nNone of the fireworks I used in a big display with be new and untested, so they know exactly when it will launch after being triggered, how high it will go, and how long it will take before the big bang goes off (or in the case of many big fireworks, series of big bangs).\n\nThis means everything can be fully scripted or well in advance, with what sort of fireworks you want to launch. So rather than just launching a series of fireworks, it will all be planned out to use different types and combinations of fireworks to make a slow that flows nicely and holds the interest of everyone watching. Done well this is really little different from planning the choreography of a ballet our wiring a piece of music, just with more explosions.\nThis also makes use of computer modelling nowadays to design the show in fine detail and plan everything out perfectly.\n\nIt is also worth remembering that big shows are not triggered by someone running around with a BB low torch lighting the fuses at the correct time, but by big electronic control systems that have all the fuses wired up in advance, dry to light each fuse at the precise millisecond to ensure the show is perfectly run and timed.\n\nA big show like a new years fireworks display in a big city is a pretty massive undertaking, and ultimately a pretty costly event - the fireworks themselves are most definitely not cheap, and for a big show like Sydney or New York, they will be paying for dedicated professionals to be organising this for a significant time beforehand, so there is a huge amount of man hours going into a ten minute show with all the preplanning, organisation and preparation.",
"They test individual components separately; the confetti, the rockets, the crystal ball, etc. They may do this repeatedly. \n\nFor instance, there's the... Magnellan telescope. If it breaks, they can't fix it, and it already costs some 30 billion dollars. they test it. Repeatedly."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dabnx8VSdkE"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
46anew
|
why do pianos have breaks in the black keys?
|
If sound is just wavelengths shouldn't there be a note in between every white key?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/46anew/eli5_why_do_pianos_have_breaks_in_the_black_keys/
|
{
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"d03la82"
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3
],
"text": [
"The white keys form a major scale. A major scale is made up of 1/2 steps and whole steps. The keyboard has a key for every 1/2 step, so there is a black key between every whole step of the white keys.\n\nE-F and B-C are the two sets of 1/2 steps between white keys. The rest have black keys between them filling all the 1/2 for the entire instrument."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
7erz7n
|
how do agricultural markets function with supply and demand along with prices?
|
I’ve been reading a lot about grain, futures, and pricing models, but I don’t understand how they work in an agricultural sense. I don’t get how swine prices are affected by birth rates. If I have more pigs does that negatively impact the prices?
I suppose this same question could occur with any product, but it would seem that a farmer would be incentivized to make less of a product to raise prices. I just don’t get it.
Thanks.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7erz7n/eli5_how_do_agricultural_markets_function_with/
|
{
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"dq6zsmn",
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3,
2
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"text": [
"Governments intervene. There are enormous subsidies towards farming specifically to stop the situation you described. They are actively paid by the government to keep prices low.",
"So there a couple of things going on, but if left alone, agricultural markets WOULD follow supply and demand. This would mean agricultural production would follow classical business cycles.\n\nUnfortunately, these fluctuations can translate into starvation. And this is actually one of Marx's criticism of pure capitalism that has merit.\n\nIf cell phone production supply is low, you don't get an iPhone and the economy as a whole doesn't get shocked much. \n\nIf food is scarce, or prices fluctuate to the point people can't eat, they starve and die. They also tend to rebel and revolt against governments. So in the case of food production, it can be a case for national security to artificially inflate food production and keep prices down.\n\nRegarding pig birth rates, that determines the cost of producing pork. Faster birth rates mean cheaper pork and it's why we don't eat elephant. Domestication of animals means selectively breeding them so they're more efficient factories that convert grass into steaks.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
42fvgh
|
why can laptops run off reserved battery supply but desktops cannot?
|
I know that desktops can use APC backup batteries to run during a power outage but those are crazy heavy and bulky. With the size of a desktop battery, why can't it hold a charge to run for a few hours instead of being plugged into a wall?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/42fvgh/eli5_why_can_laptops_run_off_reserved_battery/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cz9z35a",
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],
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5,
2
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"text": [
"Desktops are not made to be power efficient the way laptops are.\n\nLaptops generally sacrifice a lot of performance for the ability to run off batteries. \n\nThe average laptop draws between 20 and 60W of power with a maximum of around 100W. A GTX 980 card draws 165W.",
"Running a battery backup in your PC is just a wise move. Not only can you game and internet through blackouts. It also filters your power giving a beautiful steady stream of power that electronics love. It is also useful in warranty issues if you tell them your PC has always been connected to a a UPS (uninterruptible power supply) they cant claim things like bad power in your area caused the fault."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
33bqqc
|
- what is the differences between jail and prison?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33bqqc/eli5_what_is_the_differences_between_jail_and/
|
{
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"text": [
"Jail is intended for short term lock-up, such as people who have yet to be convicted of the crime but aren't eligible or able to post bail. Also people with a term of less than a year may just serve it in jail. \n\nPeople in prison have all been convicted of a crime and have a duration over a year that needs to be served.",
"Jail: a temporary, short term holding area typically used for those who are awaiting a trial or conviction.\nPrison: Long term holding facility for people who have been tried and convicted of a crime.",
"Jail is a short term lock-up system. It is where you go after you are arrested and the determine if you are going to be released, or charged with a crime and going to trial. It is also where you are held when awaiting a trial. If you have a short term sentence of a few week or months for your crime then you will likely serve it in a jail. If you have a longer sentence (a year or more I think) you will go to a prison. \n\nPrisons are for long term incarceration and there are different types that handle different severity of crimes. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
45zfj6
|
how is kanye 53 million dollars in debt?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/45zfj6/eli5how_is_kanye_53_million_dollars_in_debt/
|
{
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"text": [
"At this point in time, to be honest... we don't know what the hell Kanye West is talking about. \n\nWe can theorise and assume. Kanye is basically an enterprise, a company. His company might have have X amount of money in assets, and Y amount in liabilities. It's not unlikely that Mr. West doesn't know that liabilities don't mean the same thing as \"personal debt\". ",
"He's not in debt at all and he stated this. He can still buy basically whatever he wants. He wants more money to do things to save the world, whatever the eff that means.",
"He probably personally guaranteed some loans to invest in his companies. (making it personal debt)\n\nIt doesn't mean his net worth is negative, his companies might be worth 60 million and debt 53 million personally guaranteed. He's probably acting out because he needs to raise more money from investors for new projects.",
"We've all got debt, but we pay it back incrementally. Some of us have debt in the thousands, others have it in the millions. His debt is in the millions, but so is his income. He can't afford the level of credit needed to pull off his grandest plans.",
"It's difficult to say what he is talking about really. However, simmilar to how I'm in debt for hundreds of thousands of dollars for my house he may be millions in debt for his properties or whatever he has loans for. This doesn't mean Kanye or I are broke or are poor and need billionares to bail us out. It just means that someone bet that we would have the means to pay them back with interest. My guess is that he is using this comment to garner more attention to himself. Once people realize that his \"debt\" is little more than a mortgage they won't think he is broke. Rich people like to complain about there enormous mortgage payments because it highlights how much there house or whatever costs and how you would never be able to come close to paying one months payment In a decade or more.\n\nTLDR: Kanye is humble bragging about his large mortgage.",
"Kanye is a lot like my older brother, always saying crazy shit, except my bro is mentally screwed in the head. Kanye is just a diva idiot."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
1rxygj
|
what is unilateralism and multilateralism?
|
In terms of politics.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1rxygj/what_is_unilateralism_and_multilateralism/
|
{
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"cds24q9"
],
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"text": [
"Unilateralism pertains the idea that a particular party will often come to a conclusion on an issue without conversation with the other parties involved.\n\nMultilateralism is just the opposite. In an issue affecting multiple parties, the parties will often engage in discussion and reach a consensus on what the best solution is."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
1lu6d1
|
the word 'meta'.
|
I hear the word all of the time. Can someone please help me understand.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1lu6d1/eli5the_word_meta/
|
{
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"text": [
"The term \"meta\" has also become a slang term recently, as an expression of something in some way referential to it's own contents. \n\nFor example, a painting of someone painting might be called \"meta\" ... or a play about making a play.",
"There are generally 2 uses these days. The original use of Meta meant \"above, around, outside, or about\" frequently in sciences. \n\nMetadata is data about data. For example, your MP3 files have meta-tags which contain data \"about\" the data in the rest of the file, such as the name of the track, its bitrate, among other things. This is kept separately from the main body of the file, in the case of MP3, this main data is digital audio.\n\nThe second use, and likely what you're asking about, is meta's use as a slang term. \"Dude, that's so meta\". And this generally means \"above\" or \"beyond\" in the philosophical or practical sense, whatever it was that was initially being talked about. \n\nA good example is \"meta-game\". Such as participating in a web forum about a video game, where the forum is outside the game but may have an impact on what happens within the game itself can be considered participating in the meta-game.\n\nAnother example possibly more relevant to forums use is meta-discussion. Where the subject of the discussion takes a backseat to discussion about the way the subject is being discussed; or even a discussion about the discussion itself. Another is meta-posting (often where trolls live) or posting things outside the normal boundaries of a subject in order to derail the conversation."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5g9kt6
|
where do boogers go if you don't pick your nose?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5g9kt6/eli5_where_do_boogers_go_if_you_dont_pick_your/
|
{
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"daqj6y5"
],
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],
"text": [
"Most snot gets eaten (cilia push it down the back of your throat). If not, the moisture from your snot either gets reabsorbed by the mucosal lining, or it evaporates, leaving a crunchy booger that flies out when you're not paying attention. If you don't pick it for a long time and don't move or generate enough air pressure to move the booger it can actually stick around for quite a while, even long enough to cause an infection. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6z8zqw
|
how does an internet connection become slow?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6z8zqw/eli5_how_does_an_internet_connection_become_slow/
|
{
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"text": [
"Yeah and how does the placement of router affect the connection? ",
"Lots of things can have an effect. If many people in your home are using the same WiFi network, the network may become bogged down. Interference can seriously degrade your signal, if there are any big sources of interference between you and the router. Walls, floors, etc can have an effect on wireless signal too. \n\nA wired OR wireless connection may be throttled by your provider or slowed down if there is a lot of internet traffic in your area.\n\nOutdated modems/routers or damaged equipment (modem, router, Ethernet cables, antennae, cable in the ground) will certainly not help.",
"I have found that in many cases the answer isn't really the answer to this question but rather the answer to completely different question that people don't realize is a separate issue.\n\nThat question is \"why does a WiFi connection become slow?\"\n\nWiFi is so ubiquitous that people think of it synonymously with \"the internet\" but the issues and fixes, while peripherally related, are not the same. There are many answers on the network side that apply to both wired and wireless networks, but a few key answers you will find on the wireless side only because they deal with radio frequency communications.\n\nSome of the [predominant reasons](_URL_2_) have [multiple possible fixes](_URL_3_), and the reasons can be [fairly dry and technical](_URL_1_). Key is that a lot of people who should know better (and a lot of devices, too) have it in their head that they need to boost signal to hear above the noise, when in fact they're only boosting the noise. Some of the [most effective devices](_URL_0_) use the lowest effective power settings to communicate over multiple selective channels, helping alleviate the ridiculous amount of RF noise in crowded places with multiple competing wireless networks like apartment complexes and office buildings. \n\nBasically, the answer may actually lie in the question you're not asking--about wireless--and not so much in the answer to the question you asked. If you're not, in fact, conflating internet and WiFi like most people do, then there may be completely separate issues at play.\n\nNow to answer the question you actually asked more directly, one way an internet connection becomes slow is when the FCC abandons Net Neutrality and allows ISPs like Spectrum, AT & T and Verizon to throttle your traffic according to their whim and then charge you out the nose to stop doing what they weren't allowed to before.",
"If your Internet provider is a cable company, you share the bandwidth of your segment of the cable with all the other households on that segment. So if everybody else happens to be streaming or downloading, the total demand may exceed the bandwidth capability of the cable, and you will experience a slow down."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"https://www.plumewifi.com/how-it-works",
"https://www.geekzone.co.nz/sbiddle/8728",
"https://turbofuture.com/computers/Improving-Performance-on-a-Wireless-Internet-Connection",
"http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/4-reasons-wi-fi-slow-fix/"
],
[]
] |
||
d0ti2x
|
why does fabric lose its softness after being washed multiple times? (especially those big fuzzy blankets)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/d0ti2x/eli5_why_does_fabric_lose_its_softness_after/
|
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" Roughening of fabric occurs because magnesium and calcium salts from detergent are deposited on it. In addition, if the water is hard, then limescale forms. \n\nThe softest is the rain water and the water after the snow melting. But we use the one that flows in the water conduit. )) This water can be softened by adding table vinegar in a proportion of 100-200 ml per 10 liters of water. A solution of vinegar can be poured into the compartment of the air conditioning device. It is also necessary to use better detergents. Mostly liquid and gel.",
"Fabric softener and dryer sheets cause fuzzy material to get matted. Just wash and dry and it will stay soft.",
"Also a lot of super soft fabrics actually have a “soft” coating on them which basically acts like a lubricant so the fibers glide along your hand and feel soft. Over time and washing that coating washes out.",
"In addition to the other excellent suggestions, when you wash something like polyester fleece, the wash cycle will actually loosen and wash away some of the fibers. Then when you run it in the dryer, those get lost and caught up in the lint trap. It's a big component in microplastic pollution, too, afaik.\n\nThis makes the blanket less soft, and thinner. Similarly, as you wear and wash flannel, the brushed soft face of it pills and gets rubbed off, leaving you with the rougher main body.",
"Used to work for a manufacturer of those fuzzy blankets. Most of the time, they lose softness because they are washed incorrectly. If you have a fuzzy blanket, wash it all by itself on cold. Then, tumble dry (again by itself) with no heat or air dry it. Most issues are caused by fabric rubbing against the blanket or by people tumble drying regular. Most super fuzzy blankets are polyester and it will melt in the dryer - usually not so bad so you notice right away, but over time, the combo is enough to cause serious issues.",
"add 2-3 even 4 caps of white vinegar to your wash and it will come out softer than fabric softener!",
"buy a 100% silk or 100% wool or Egyptian or similar quality cotton fabrics, not a plastic microfibers. that might help",
"Hope this helps, but may be too much info. \nThere are 3 types of fabric, woven, knit and felted. Woven fabric only stretches on the diagonal, knit fabric stretches all four ways and felted fabric doesn't stretch at all. \nJust about any fabric is made using a 'thread' that has had a wax like coating on it so the 'thread' is protected while going through the industrial machines. The fabric then is made into items which is much easier to sew when a little stiffer, so items are usually 'washed' to get the wax substance out and coating is then put on the item. \nEach type of item wears differently so I will just mention some of them. Flannel will loose it's newness when washed and become softer, but cheap flannel will become softer because it gets fabric nubbies which will make the fabric thinner as well. Most woven fabrics will become softer, mainly because of the fabric thinning, cheap fabric becomes thinner faster. \nKnit fabric usually has a coating on them so that they can be handled easier for sewing and merchandising. That coating will quickly be washed away if you wash or stretch your fabric, again cheapness counts. Knit fabric is interesting because you can reshape it to some degree. If a t-shirt is too tight, you can stretch it out so that it will fit you, but the length will shorten. The same is true the other way, but it only goes up or down for about 1 size. \nThose big fuzzy blankets are both knit and in a way felted. The blankets are knit with a fuzzy yarn that when combed creates a fuzziness, that are very soft. As you wash it that fuzzy yarn starts to interact with the other fuzzies in the yarn and starts a felting process which mats the fuzzies so it no longer feels as fuzzy or soft. Again, cheapness counts, the cheaper the blanket, the more prone they are to fuzz balls and the matting process. \nYou can look at the matting process with wool, if you wash wool that hasn't been chemically changed, you will end up with an item that is smaller than it was before because the washing has started to felt the item. If you have a cheap wool item, it may felt the very first time you wash it and the item will become none stretchy, smaller, non fluffy and maybe unbendable. Your dogs and cats with with long or fine hair can also become matted, and no longer fluffy, but the answer is not to wash them (that can make the mats stronger and bigger), but to brush them and the mats out. If you want a softer blanket, you can take one of the pet brushes and lightly brush it over the blanket to get some of the softness back into it, but it doesn't always work, again it depends on the cheapness of the fabric.",
"You haven't said what they are made of. If you buy cheap fabrics they won't look or feel good for long."
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1oy44q
|
what exactly is the difference between 'gross national product', and 'gross domestic product'?
|
I've tried to research and i just don't get it.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1oy44q/eli5_what_exactly_is_the_difference_between_gross/
|
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"GDP is the value of all goods and services produced in a country.\n\nGNP is that produced by the citizens of a country both at home and overseas.",
"It's pretty simple, GDP is the total goods and services produced within a country, and the GNP is the total goods and services produced by citizens of that country (whether or not they are living in the country or not)"
]
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|
[] |
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[],
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|
65i6uf
|
why are western countries not investing more heavily in renewable energy when they're spending £billions on foreign oil
|
I don't understand why western countries, like the UK for example, aren't prioritising becoming energy self sufficient when so much money gets spent on foreign oil.
If they took a 'moon shot' approach to becoming self sufficient with things like solar panels on every roof, massive wind farms, hydro etc... Wouldn't that quickly start to pay for itself?
With electric vehicles on the precipice of being viable for virtually everyone, being virtually oil free *seems* achievable in the short to medium term if governments set their minds to it.
Then there's all the jobs such a project would create.
Why is this not a complete no brainier?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/65i6uf/eli5_why_are_western_countries_not_investing_more/
|
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"Because they honestly. Don't want to.\n\nThe places that are trying, are doing relatively well with it, but honestly it all ties into capitalism and the lack of want to try new things. Until we actually run 100% out of any source of petroleum product, be it cornmade biodiesel, used vegetable oil, etc, only then will we probably embrace solar/wind/nuclear.\n\nBut almost all modern vehicles are still gasoline. Even the hybrid ones require gas, you can't run them on electric only, or at least not very long. Lots of machinery still requires oil of some type, be it artificial or a crude derivative.\n\nThere just isn't enough industry/market/government pressure for renewable and clean energy. There are modern world leaders who still deny climate change for fucks sake.\n\nTl;Dr, big business and shitty people running the world don't want to stop the oil business.\n\nEdit: addendum - things like solar and wind can only be put in so many places. With solar being easier than wind. But coastal countries/provinces/states/cities could use underwater current spun turbines for power. Geothermal could be used in more places. Nuclear is honestly safe as fuck if you don't get hit by a tsunami or build your safety walls out of plywood and embezzled funds. But due to the fear of nuclear and the 'its too hard' nature of wind and solar and hydroelectric only being feasible on large rivers, oil/coal stay in charge."
]
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|
2ljwmb
|
why does my hair seem "greasy" when i wake up in the morning?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ljwmb/eli5_why_does_my_hair_seem_greasy_when_i_wake_up/
|
{
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"text": [
"Because you are producing fatty oils all day and all night through your sebaceous glands spread along all your skin. Some people have more than others though. It's just that in the morning you have spent around 24 hours without washing and the grease is at it's top. "
]
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||
18ivys
|
what exactly happened between the beatles, john lennon, and yoko ono? why do some people blame her for the beatles separating?
|
I know that people blame her for The Beatles breaking up, but what exactly happened to cause this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/18ivys/what_exactly_happened_between_the_beatles_john/
|
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"The Beatles would likely have broken up if John had never met Yoko. She probably accelerated things a bit, though. There were already tensions within the group, which is not unusual, particularly if you consider the massive success of the band. \n \nBut John suddenly insisted on having her at every recording session, with access that had only ever been given to members of the band and George Martin. Now she was not only there, but John would ask for her input (or she'd offer it) and acted as if her viewpoints were just as valuable as anyone else's. John didn't talk to the other Beatles about bringing her in this way, he just did it. So I don't think that it should be surprising that it rubbed the other members of the group the wrong way. John, in effect, expected her to be treated just like a member of the band. \n \nIt probably didn't help matters that Yoko's ideas were not like those of a typical musician or producer of the time. She saw herself as \"avant-guarde\" (sp?) and as her own recordings show, her ideas of what is and isn't good \"music\" are not what was typical back in the late 60s to early 70s (or probably even now). ",
"The Beatles were already spreading apart creatively and personally long before Yoko came on the scene. Even without Yoko it was only a matter of time before the group split. Possibly under different circumstances but we will never know. Yoko was essentially throwing gasoline onto an already burning fire and was a very visible figure in the groups breakup. It's a lot easier to point fingers at her then it is to acknowledge the group just moving apart. "
]
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4p5j5o
|
old concorde aircraft seem superior than modern commercial airliners. why did they stop making concordes?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4p5j5o/eli5_old_concorde_aircraft_seem_superior_than/
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"One problem with supersonic transport is that they create a huge loud sonic boom which follows the aircraft for the duration of its supersonic flight, so because of this they are not allowed to fly supersonic over populated areas. However many inventors are working on technologies which will allow supersonic aircraft without that massive boom. It will be cool when technology like that becomes available to us",
"They weren't profitable. They used far more fuel, carried fewer passengers per flight, and cost more to maintain. In addition to high costs, there was a highly publicized Concorde crash in 2000, which lead them to suspend the program. They attempted to re-launch it, but then Sept. 11th, 2001, happened and the following slump in air travel put the final nail in the coffin for the Concorde program.",
"Sonic boom issues restricted their flightpaths: banned from flying over populated areas due to noise complaints (e.g. Congress banned flights over America, Malaysia objections cancelled the Singapore service after three trips) the aircraft could only operate supersonic over uninhabited waters, meaning it made a loss every year it operated.\n\nMoreover, the nature of aviation changed. Once a pricey, luxurious affair, flying became cheaper and more accessible with the rise of budget carriers in the 80s and 90s. Suddenly getting to NY super-fast at a huge cost was less important than getting there a bit slower for a LOT less.",
"They were faster but that's about it. Modern aircraft are more efficient, safer, more comfortable, more reliable and all around better in pretty much every other respect.\n\nThe Concorde was always ridiculously expensive to fly on. These days, now that communications & teleconferencing technology has improved, there's seldom a need for executives to quickly fly between the US and Europe and back in the same day.",
"$20,000 for a 2 hour flight versus $600 for a 5 hour flight. Superior my ass. In the modern world, its all about fuel efficiency. Concorde doesnt cut it. Just look at all the new airliners. High composite usage, more efficient engines...concorde was a nice gimmick but not nearly as well engineered as the liners of today",
"In fact, even combat aircraft got slower compared to the early 70s. Faster, higher and further are *not* objectively superior; it's fitness for purpose.\n\nAnd Concorde and Tu-144 were rather unfit.",
"Maybe someday, we'll see enough traffic on the US-Australia route to warrant an interest in new fast aircraft.\n\nOn the other hand, airlines keep slowing their aircraft down, because people buy almost entirely on price, and travelling slower uses less fuel, so maybe not.",
"London to Newyork 3.5 hours instead of 7 hours. How much is that 3.5 hours saved to the average person. I bet its not as much as the price difference.",
"I've been inside one. Shit's small as fuck, yo. I had to crouch in it.\n\nBut also because theybwere expensive to maintain and had a reputation for being a little... _bumpy_ on landing.",
"They were also known to expand up to like seven inches during flights due to their speed which could make for some real issues with the amount of commercial use they saw",
"It was a maintenance nightmare, with excessive fuel and engineering costs. Some would say it was the right aircraft at the wrong time. [This](_URL_0_) article has a little bit more insight on the engineering behind it.",
"It was WAY too expensive to operate, pricing seats out of the range of most air traveler. \n\nAnd Boeing built and delivered the 747 during the time in which the Concorde was in development. The 747 gets pretty close to the speed of sound with a much lower operation cost, pretty much killing the market for the Concorde as it was banned from traveling above the speed of sound over land anyway. ",
"Aircraft engineer here. My mentor at work (now retired) once grumbled to me that when he was young, it was all about building planes that went fast and looked cool. Now the name of the game is cheaper and more fuel efficient, which is great for both business and the environment (ok not great for the environment, but better than fuel guzzlers of the past). It's a more noble goal, but it's honestly kind of boring too. \n\nBut yeah, even if the Concorde didn't have its accident, it's price and impracticalities would have made its design obsolete eventually. ",
"Air travel is equal parts flight and taxi/security/delays, so flying twice as fast cuts your door-to-door time by a lot less than the price is worth. Trans-Pacific would have been the exception to that, but Concorde couldn't do that.",
"It was a little bit faster but otherwise inferior to a modern jet in almost every way:\n\n- Required a 3 man flight crew (pilot, copilot and engineer) while modern aircraft only require 2.\n\n- Very expensive to maintain.\n\n- Very expensive on fuel.\n\n- Couldn't carry very many passengers (fewer than a modern 737)\n\n- Severe limits on where and when it could operate (due to noise and needing a very long runway). I'm speculating that it also needed unusual gating arrangements due to the nose.\n\n- No \"type commonality\" with any other aircraft. That means that pilots (and to a lesser degree mechanics) need separate certifications for flying Concordes and A320's.\n\nEven without considering passenger comfort (and I'll get to that), this aircraft has no place in a modern fleet competing with Emirates, Southwest or anywhere in between. Having similar aircraft makes you flexible and having aircraft that are cheap (per passenger) makes you competitive. \n\nNow lets look at passenger comfort and value. I'm going to wave my hands and say that a Concorde flight would be about $10K/person from JFK to Paris today's dollars. So here's the question: 6 hours [here](_URL_0_) or 8 hours [here](_URL_1_)? The bed is cheaper.\n\nEDIT: noise, not nose.",
"Not quite on topic, but I have two stories to share about the Concorde. 1) I had an older friend who was in the publishing biz. For some strange reason he had to fly from NY to London to finalize some deal, at the last minute. Those involved bought him a ticket on the Concorde. He couldn't say enough about it. Especially, the fact that, at that altitude, the sky was so dark! 2) Just after college, I worked as a motorized courier in NYC. I ended up with this weird gig where I would pick up press materials at JFK, and run them through customs as fast as possible. This was just when the Interwebz was getting started. Anyway, on certain mornings, when the nightly diamond shipment was coming in, I would watch the armored car taxi in alongside the plane. The first thing to come off was a small cardboard box of diamonds. It was basically the box an order of bank checks comes in. I used to joke with the security guy as we both went thru the customs maze together, because he had a zillion rubber bands hanging on the handle of his pistol (for all of the damned customs forms). He claimed he could drop me with one rubber band shot if I went for the diamonds.",
"because the rich got so rich they can afford personal aircraft. \n\nthere was an accident, that's why it stopped, but i think the reason it never came back is because the very rich totally separated from the rest of society.",
"Cost is not what doomed it. Sure, high costs would have eventually grounded, but the final nail in the coffin was Airbus choosing to discontinye technical support for Concorde. Airbus merged with Concorde's original manufacturer long ago, so Airbus was the only company that could provide spare parts and other critical services needed to operate the Concorde fleet and when they decided to pull the plug, that was it. Nothing can be done. ",
"From my understanding, it all has to do with fuel. Fuel is expensive, the planes didn't make any money, and they cost a shit load to maintain. Air travel has not advanced in 30 years due to the cost of fuel. Let that sink in. We should be able to fly from one coast to the other in under 2 hours, but the cost of fuel is preventing us from doing that."
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"https://metrouk2.files.wordpress.com/2014/09/ad_147079611.jpg"
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||
5y2yb2
|
how does radiation affect electronic machines? robots being sent to the fukushima disaster site keep being messed up. i know it affects humans by damaging our dna, but how can it damage electronics the same way?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5y2yb2/eli5_how_does_radiation_affect_electronic/
|
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"Materials becomes brittle, magnetic fields are generated which can cause voltage to jump between parts on integrated circuit boards or wipe magnetic media, bits can be flipped which can corrupt the memory in solid state components, etc.",
"Radiation is comprised of both an electric and electromagnetic component\nWhen you expose conductive materials to intense bursts of high energy radiation, you risk generating electromagnetic fields between the components due to the ionizing particles knocking electrons loose in the materials, which generates electroc spikes that could very well damage the equipment\nIn some cases radiation can even make metals decay, as if they were rotting (isotope generation, I believe)\n\nTl:dr\nRadiation fries electronic components due to the waves knocking electrons loose... Or due to displacing atoms in the semiconductor cristalline lattice",
"Radiation is basically electromagnetic waves of high energy. This EM waves cross circuits generating voltage where shouldn't be any voltage and that affects circuits that depend on correct voltages in correct places. These voltages can also can of high intensity, creating transient pulses of short duration that will damage circuits on the long run.\n\nThis is why a lot of people use surge protectors on their computers, to protect against transient pulses that may come from the electric power grid. "
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3mttc5
|
why are entire cornfields left intentionally unharvested?
|
I drive through the country a lot and one thing I've noticed is that maybe only about 70% of the cornfields I drive by are cleared. The rest are full of brown, dying stalks with rotting ears on them. Is there a reason for this? 1 in 6 Americans have food security issues, why are they going to waste?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3mttc5/eli5_why_are_entire_cornfields_left_intentionally/
|
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"First, the corn you are seeing in is not what we humans generally eat. Humans generally each \"sweet corn\". What you are seeing is \"field corn\" - stuff that animals eat and stuff that is turned into various manufactured products. Basically you don't want to harvest the corn until it is really, really brown. The reason is because you want the corn to be really, really dry. So no, the food is not going to waste.",
"Sometimes as well, that corn is used to facilitate hunting. Deer eat that corn, so you leave it up to feed deer. This brings more deer to your land. Other animals such as pheasants and grouse may eat corn/use it as protection so people keep it up for hunting purposes too."
]
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[] |
[] |
[
[],
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43an1e
|
when heated, why do some things (like ice) melt into a liquid but others (like wood) immediately burn into a gas.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43an1e/eli5_when_heated_why_do_some_things_like_ice_melt/
|
{
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"Ice melting and wood burning are two very different things.\n\nIce melting is just a phase change. The water moves from being a solid to a liquid but is still just water. Wood burning is a chemical reaction. The wood is combining with oxygen in the air to form (mostly) CO2 and water.\n\nYou can get things to perform a phase change directly from a solid to a gas (the process is called sublimation), you just need to put the substance in particular conditions (usually high temperature and very low pressure) to make it happen."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
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||
2p6i8i
|
is there a biological or evolutionary explanantion for the existence of romantic love. how is it exactly useful from a biological and/or evolutionary perspective?
|
Any scientific explanation would be greatly appreciated. I know that there are psychological and neurological explanations that are related to this topic, so they are welcome as well.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2p6i8i/eli5_is_there_a_biological_or_evolutionary/
|
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"text": [
"Romance has evolved through the history of mankind for the same reason birds puff out their chest and call wildly for mates, we are looking for the most desirable mate. Back in the caveman days there was not much romance or competition for ladies, the leaders an the strongest of the group usually got first pick. As our population rose, our brains began to develop complex languages and emotions. As the population kept rising, the mate selection process began to become more complicated as well. Romance, in its most primitive state IMO is about protection. As we began to dominate the earth it was no longer about the fight for survival, and more about care for our offspring. Romance can show compassion, thus mates who displayed these traits were more likely to be better fathers. As we progressed so did the social stigmas behind choosing a mate",
"In the past when the duration between courtship and childbearing was possibly much shorter, romantic love fostered a sense of commitment to one's partner that subsequently would allow the male parent to still be around when the child is born (versus say, bang-up and run). With two parents, the chance of survival of the child is generally increased - there are two adult hunter-gatherers in the family to bring food; two guards taking shifts to watch over the pack etc. basically advantages one would accrue from having an extra pair of hands and a brain around. This kind of division and spread of labour will be seen to have evolutionary value to promote the reproductive success of the species. \n\nBiologically, romantic love floods the individual with hormones and neurotransmitters like oxytocin and dopamine, which promote well-being and a sense of happiness. Well, I guess prehistoric human life could be depressing, what with running away from tigers all the time and living without Reddit to pass the tine, so romantic love would help to create a protective effect on the individual to promote healthy functioning; with more recent studies we also know now that these chemicals can be important to direct physical health effects, so romantic love probably kept us immunologically strong too against the elements, promoting the survival of the species again. ",
"If both parents raise a child together, that child will be better fed, will be more protected from rivals,etc.\n\nIf the parents are in love, they are more likely to raise their child together, and the child is more likely to give them grandchildren. Evolution therefore favors families that stick together, and romantic love helps accomplish that.",
"'Love' is a series of chemicals in the brain (hormones) that all serve different purposes. I think most people know about ones that make you happy or help you bond with the other person, or even tell you that you are sexually attracted to them, but there are other ones and I can't remember the names, but they're designed to be released on a cycle. So these hormones will keep you and your partner together long enough to bond and form a sexual attraction, and the idea is that they make you stay together long enough to raise a child, which is actually only on average around 3 years, but humans are weird and we've evolved for this to be longer. I can't remember all of this now and I'm in a rush so there's not much detail but I hope this helps :)\n\nEdit: I forgot to add that love isn't an emotion, it's a drive like hunger and thirst, meant to keep humans alive "
]
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247r63
|
how do our toes, such a small part of our bodies, withstand our body weight with full stability without breaking?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/247r63/eli5_how_do_our_toes_such_a_small_part_of_our/
|
{
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"They've evolved to be strong enough to. Bones are pretty darn strong compared to their size/weight. That, along with your muscles helping support them, can generally withstand a good bit of weight, assuming you're relatively healthy. \n\nAnd if you trained those muscles, you could do even more. Ballet dancers can jump around on their tippy toes, although their feet do tend to be kind of a mess as a result. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2r5rv6
|
how the hell does gravity pull things through a vacuum?
|
I understand what gravity does, and how it acts on objects, but my question is how, when between the earth and the moon is just a vacuum, is the earth's gravity able to act on it? How does the moon "know" its supposed to be moving this direction?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2r5rv6/eli5_how_the_hell_does_gravity_pull_things/
|
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9
],
"text": [
"It's \"attracted\" to the Earth because of it's much larger size.\n\nIt's like opposite polarity magnets, they would still be attracted to each other even in a vacuum environment, right?",
"It doesn't pull, exactly. It may be easier to think of space as tablecloth pulled taut; if you put something on it, it makes a dent. The \"dent\" is the deformation of space by the mass of the object. \n\nThis deformation literally bends space and results in the object still going in a straight line that has been deformed by gravity.\n\n\ntl;dr: you are a human tractor beam"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
5dvesc
|
what keep self-driving cars' autopilot from freezing?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5dvesc/eli5_what_keep_selfdriving_cars_autopilot_from/
|
{
"a_id": [
"da7ku1u"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"Computers that are designed carefully from a hardware perspective and run only equally carefully written software can be designed to avoid \"freezing\" and to recover from a potential \"freezing\" situation if it becomes imminent. Computers that are designed to run for a long time without human interaction are generally of this type. An example would be the flight control computers used in the Apollo-era space missions. [Although even with careful work, one can accidentally create a potential \"freezing\" situation, so the recovery routines I mentioned are very important.](_URL_0_)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.doneyles.com/LM/Tales.html"
]
] |
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