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7aiiv3
|
why does doing good things for someone make you feel good in turn?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7aiiv3/eli5_why_does_doing_good_things_for_someone_make/
|
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"Humans are social animals, and most of us like to do good things. When we do good things we get rewarded with a rush of dopamine, which is what makes us feel good. That's the biology of it. The psychology of feeling good has to do with empathy, sympathy, and compassion. We do good because it feels good."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
3lxrl6
|
why can't pharma companies just recreate the drug producing an outrage at the moment if the patent is expired? it's good pr and an open-ish market to seize on?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lxrl6/eli5_why_cant_pharma_companies_just_recreate_the/
|
{
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"text": [
"Generics still have to be approved by the FDA, and they have a fairly huge backlog that keeps growing. Median review time for an ANDA application was [42 months](_URL_0_) in 2014 (page 65), and estimated to be about the same in 2015 and 2016. In 2003 that was 17 months, and in 2009 it was closer to 24 months.\n\nThe GDUFA, introduced in 2012, is supposed to help speed this up by a lot, and they are working hard on it. But even then, the **goal** is 10-15 months per application."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/ReportsManualsForms/Reports/BudgetReports/UCM432322.pdf"
]
] |
||
5w8xwm
|
why can our land based and orbiting telescopes see objects billions of light years away, yet they can't see equipment on the moon left by the apollo astronauts?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5w8xwm/eli5_why_can_our_land_based_and_orbiting/
|
{
"a_id": [
"de884pf"
],
"score": [
2
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"text": [
"Cant say for sure but these kind of telescopes measure gamma, radio, and light waves. They're not actually zooming in they just detect light and different waves"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2defbq
|
two rh- parents have an rh+ child??
|
More like ELI3...or mayonnaise.
Short Version: My parents are both AB-. They have 4 children. I am AB-, one sister is also AB-. Other sister is A-. Brother is B+. I'd call BS if I hadn't seen the Red Cross Card.
Anyway, putting aside one of my parents being misinformed of his or her blood type and the idea that perhaps one of them wasn't involved in the creation of said brother, can two Rh- parents have an Rh+ child? And how?
Even the most "simplistic" genetics websites make my eyes cross and my nose bleed AB-blood all over my keyboard.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2defbq/eli5_two_rh_parents_have_an_rh_child/
|
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"text": [
"Hey OP.\n\nShort version, it's impossible. Two Rhesus Negative parents cannot have a Rhesus Positive child. Let me make a table for you.\n\nParents Blood Type | Possible Blood Type of Children\n-------------------|------------------------------\nO + O | O\nO + A | O *or* A\nO + B | O *or* B\nO + AB | A *or* B\nA + A | O *or* A\nA + B | O, A, B *or* AB\nA + AB | A, B *or* AB\nB + B | O *or* B\nB + AB | A, B *or* AB\nAB + AB | A, B *or* AB\n\nParents Rhesus Groups | Possible Rhesus Groups of Children\n----------------------|----------------------------------\n+ & + | + & -\n+ & - | + & -\n- & - | -\n\nI hope that clarifies it a bit for you. My suggestion would be that either your brother has his Rhesus group wrong or one (or both) of your parents has their Rhesus group wrong.\n\nOf course, it isn't this simple, it is a lot more complex than this, however that is outside the scope of ELI5 and, as we know, Occam's Razor always applies. But barring any crazy genetic buggery, two Rh- parents cannot have a Rh+ child.\n\n(Table sources: NZBlood).",
"Your brother is the milk man's son. ",
"What's the milkman's blood type?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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[]
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|
6ncff7
|
how do trains make turns if their wheels spin at the same speed on both sides?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6ncff7/eli5_how_do_trains_make_turns_if_their_wheels/
|
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"Train wheels are actually conical. So, when a train turns, it slides to the larger part of the cone on the outside wheel and the smaller part on the inside wheel. That way the wheels still turn at the same rate, but their radii are different. ",
"Here's a [gif](_URL_0_) showing how. Basically the wheels are conical and the contact point with the rails change during a turn.",
"Why do the wheels have to be conical? Isn't the train just following a track? Would that not turn it?\n\nE: whoever downvoted me can fuck off. I'm trying to learn shit by asking questions ",
"Somewhat related: how do old school steam locomotives with like 4+ fixed axles go around corners? ",
"Why not make each wheel spin independently? ",
"In addition to the conical wheel explanation, any curve they go around is very slight and some slippage/difference in travel distance is very negligible. It's not like making a full lock turn in a car.",
"A lot of light rail systems (BART, VTA, etc) don't have the conical wheels and whenever they make a turn or take a slightly curved parh the outer wheels start slipping and make a very annoying loud sound.",
"_URL_0_\n\nAs has been said its basically a cone so as it starts to go around a corner the radius of one wheel becomes larger than the other thus it begins to turn... strangely not all that unsimilar to how a motorcycle turns",
"Subway trains can make surprisingly tight turns when their tracks are built on an even 10°-15° tilt. At proper speed, these turns are nearly unnoticeable because of a centrifugal effect. When a train is at rest, however, the car's side-to-side angle is conspicuous.",
"As others have stated, some trains have a conical shape to the wheels that lets them rotate at different speeds. Others don't, and the wheels slide/slip creating a deafening screeching sound. It's especially loud when the train is travelling uphill and needs to exert a lot of force on the wheels.\n\nSource: am locomotive engineer",
"Radius of the curve to wide to make much a difference. Tracks on curves do get greater wear that straight line track.. \n\nTight curves have oil boxes- rail greasers, as the radius is tighter.. but it dont account for much, but suppose to limit squeal (noise).. not sure it helps on wear .. Im not even sure they use it any more due to the environment laws.. \n\nI work for a railroad but Im just a paper shuffler. Ill ask tho.. ",
"The high rail of the curve steers the train. The curve must have the correct superelevation and speed for the degree of curve. The engine axels created a downward/forward motion called lateral and creeping forces, this wears and fatigues the rail to certain shapes.\n\nAlso the wheels are tapered, but they tend to cup. So a lot of the steering comes from the track structure, instead of the train itself. The fact that the wheels spin at the same ratio, tends to create a vibration that leads to a condition called corrugation, in the low rail of curves.",
"Also worth pointing out that on a set of rails coming to a bend, one rail is slightly elevated more than the other to encourage a turn. This is called the \"cant\" of the rail.",
"In Ukraine, street trains seem to lack conical shape, so they make loud rattling in series with ~0.5 sec interval. There are marks on the rails because this been going on for over 40 years. The interval is probably explained with wheels shaft tensions and micro-twists.\n[Edit - spelling]",
"I inspect and repair freight trains. The body of a train car sits on a center pin in what is called the bowl (for it's bowl shape) this allows the trucks some wiggle room for when the track curves. The body is still in the bowl but the trucks can turn with the track allowing the wheels to stay on the rail. ",
"Hey, I pass a rail yard every morning on my way to work and have a different question that maybe one of you can answer. \n\nHow in the hell do locomotives turn around? ",
"Unlike pavement or asphalt metal on metal can slip so even though they are rotating at the same speed one side is slipping while the other is gripping",
"I don't understand the question. Every wheeled vehicle from Conestoga wagons to the Model-T Ford made turns on wheels that moved on a fixed axle, didn't they?\n\nWhat's the issue? It's on tracks; where else is it gonna go?",
"Great question. The wheels are actually conical, not cylindrical. The wheel diameter is larger as you get closer to the flange (flat part on the inside of the wheel). A good illustration is shown below. \n\n[Rail and wheel. ](_URL_0_) \n\nWhen the train takes a curve, the flange of the wheel on the outside is pushed toward the rail, while the flange of the wheel on the inside is pulled away from the rail. This allows the wheels to spin at the same speed and travel different lengths of rail. ",
"Is it really not cause the train tracks are curved? I mean you can't like actually turn a train can you?",
"The wheels are going the same speed.",
"It'd be prohibitively expensive to have recently discovered this. _URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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"http://i.imgur.com/skXgNKK.gif"
],
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[],
[],
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[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion_railway#Directional_stability_and_hunting_instability"
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[],
[],
[],
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[],
[],
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"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Wheel_and_rail_flange_climbing.gif"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2016/news20160831"
]
] |
||
4xwcp7
|
what is worse for the body: putting bad foods in, or not getting enough good foods?
|
For example, is it worse to eat a lot of junk foods, heavily processed foods, fast food, etc (but otherwise be getting enough of the good stuff as well)? Or is it worse to not get enough of your daily recommended vitamins/minerals, even though you aren't eating junk food?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4xwcp7/eli5_what_is_worse_for_the_body_putting_bad_foods/
|
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"text": [
"Not getting enough good foods. \n\nWhile certain ingredients are bad in excess (cholesterol, sodium, etc), far and away the worst possible thing to consume too much of is simply calories. Junk food is a problem primarily because it's \"empty calories\" and doesn't get you any closer to the daily nutrient intake you need; it's either instead of good food (meaning you're getting too few nutrients) or in addition to good food (meaning you're getting too many calories). \n\nHowever, if your healthy calorie limit is 2000/day and you eat nutrient-dense food that provides all the nutrients you need in the first 1500, then there's no real harm in the last 500 being empty calories because you've already got the nutrients you need. ",
"Ancient humans never had a well balanced diet. You eat when you can. Having food is more important than choosing the right food, still no excuse to have a piece of shit diet and live off of chocolate and soda. ",
"Heart disease will kill you in a matter of decades, maybe years. Scurvy can do it in weeks or months.\n\nThat said, it's actually pretty hard to develop acute vitamin deficiencies if you're eating a normal amount of food in America or Europe, even if you eat junk food all the time. And if you *do* start to develop rickets or beriberi or scurvy, they're really simple to treat- a $5 bottle of multivitamins will take care of it in most cases. Managing high blood pressure or diabetes is not so easy.",
"This might be oversimplifying the issue, but it seems that whether you consume too many or too few nutrients, your body will be in a state of imbalance and prone to disease. Though I imagine, in most cases, that consuming too few nutrients will kill you more quickly than consuming too many.",
"There *are no* \"bad foods\" or \"good foods\". There are only bad diets and good diets. A good diet has everything your body needs but also not too much of anything. A bad diet could lack important things, or have too much of some things, or both. \"junk foods\" tend to lack some nutrients but most of all have way too many calories. But if e.g. someone ate *only* raw fruit and vegetables, adding a moderate amount of \"junk foods\" would actually make that person's diet more healthy.\n\nThat being said, a lack of nutrients can kill you in a few months, maybe weeks, whereas obesity and heart disease take years or decades to kill you."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
2dj6vv
|
why do i get crippling foot cramps after i ejaculate during sex?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2dj6vv/eli5_why_do_i_get_crippling_foot_cramps_after_i/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cjpyt8g"
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2
],
"text": [
"Maybe you are partially kneeling in missionary position and overtaxing the muscles in your foot/feet by keeping them extended.\n\nTry raising your partner on a pillow so that you can position your feet differently.\n\nFailing that, try cowgirl."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
625rha
|
what would happen if you introduced a flame to a gas giant planet?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/625rha/eli5_what_would_happen_if_you_introduced_a_flame/
|
{
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"text": [
"Probably not much...the three things you need for combustion is fuel, as in the hydrogen of the gas giant or an electron donor, an oxidizer, something to accept electrons and a energy source to get over the \"hump\" of ignition energy. \n\nOn a gas giant you have plenty of fuel, plenty of energy, but no free oxidizers.",
"The flame would likely go out very rapidly. I know this sounds like a cop out but.. yeah. The flame would go out due to lack of oxidizers. \n\nThe centres of gas giants are likely hot due to immense pressures and friction down below the top lawyers of gas. So if they were to ignite or something then I. Suppose it would already have happened. (I take from your question you wanted to know if the gas giants would set on fire)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2qxyll
|
are there copyrights on recipes?
|
Can culinary creations or recipes be copyrighted? Are they considered intellectual property, like more permanent artwork(like paintings, music, etc.)? Why or why not?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qxyll/eli5_are_there_copyrights_on_recipes/
|
{
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"text": [
"I'm going to quote the [US Copyright Office](_URL_0_) on this one:\n\n > Copyright law does not protect recipes that are mere listings of ingredients. Nor does it protect other mere listings of ingredients such as those found in formulas, compounds, or prescriptions. Copyright protection may, however, extend to substantial literary expression—a description, explanation, or illustration, for example—that accompanies a recipe or formula or to a combination of recipes, as in a cookbook.\n\nSo the actual, **functional** part of the recipe -- the list of ingredients -- cannot be copyrighted. However, if you have a fanciful description of how to combine those ingredients, your specific, literary description can be copyrighted. That does not prevent other people from using their own descriptions along with the list of ingredients, though.\n\nHowever, if you've invented a *novel* recipe that has never existed before, and the creation of which is non-obvious to a professional chef, then you can potentially **patent** the process used to create the final dish.",
"_URL_0_\n\nRecipes themselves cannot really be copyrighted. A particular production of a recipe, say a cookbook, can be copyrighted, so you can't make your own printing of an Alice Waters cookbook or something, but the recipes themselves can't be.\n\nRecipes certainly can be IP in the form of trade secrets. Probably the canonical example of this is Coca-Cola's secret formula. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl122.html"
],
[
"http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl122.html"
]
] |
|
3b4evb
|
cpr breathing into their mouth
|
What is the point of breathing into someone's mouth when giving CPR? Aren't I just blowing CO2 into them? Thanks!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3b4evb/eli5cpr_breathing_into_their_mouth/
|
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"text": [
"When you breathe air, you don't remove all of the oxygen, or replace the whole thing with CO2. Breathed out air has more CO2 than normal, and less oxygen, but there's still enough oxygen in there to help someone.\n\nEdit: [Normal air is 21% O2, exhaled air is about 16%. And the CO2 content goes up from 0.04% to 4%](_URL_0_)",
"Your lungs are not 100% efficient at extracting oxygen., not by a long shot.\n\nWhen you breathe out, you're still pumping out some of the O2 you breathed in. You're not giving the recipient 100% of the O2 they'd be breathing in by themselves, but it's a damn sight more than they're getting by not breathing at all.",
"Most modern first aid classes tell you to not bother with the mouth to mouth part and just to chest compression. \n\nSource: Taken first aid classes."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe/appliedanatomy/1_anatomy_respiratorysys_rev3.shtml"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
afoi8n
|
if you leave a can of soda in the freezer and take it out to thaw after freezing over, why does it taste watered down? isn't the amount of liquid inside the can still the same?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/afoi8n/eli5_if_you_leave_a_can_of_soda_in_the_freezer/
|
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"text": [
"The co2 that gives the soda its fizz has leeched out of the liquid.\nCo2 in soda is under pressure so when you freeze it the co2 is pushed out of the water leaving it to taste flat",
"Assuming the can doesn't burst, a significant amount of the soda freezes. \n\nIce forms a tight, interlocking structure that has very little ability to include dissolved substances like sugar. So the ice that forms in the can is almost pure water. This concentrates the dissolved sugar, dissolved gas, and flavorings in the remaining liquid which lowers the freezing point until ice formation stops. \n\nThis is how polar bears can survive for months or years in the frozen Arctic sea ice. Sea ice that forms is almost salt free. So by eating the top of ice floes they can get fresh water they need.\n\nThawing out the can causes the ice to melt. But the concentrated soda in the bottom is denser than pure water, so the melt water floats on top. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
3pjw5c
|
how come carrier pigeons don't just fly off mid trip?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3pjw5c/eli5_how_come_carrier_pigeons_dont_just_fly_off/
|
{
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"text": [
"Carrier pigeons, aka *homing* pigeons, know how to fly to one place - home. You take the pigeon with you when you travel, and when you want to send a message back home you release the pigeon.\n\nIf you're asking why the pigeon doesn't take off while you're travelling, well, you keep it in a cage."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
277ulz
|
how can donating $1 feed 3 kids for a week?
|
I see commercials making statements like this (maybe not this exact one) all the time, but have never really understood how such a small amount of money could feed x amount of kids for so long.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/277ulz/eli5_how_can_donating_1_feed_3_kids_for_a_week/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's going to vary by charity, but these kids aren't getting McDonalds or filet mignon. They're getting meals made from cheap ingredients bought in bulk and cooked into something relatively filling and nutritious, like a stew or soup or something.\n\nThat one individual dollar might not directly feed 3 children, but it goes into a pot with other dollars which can be used to buy those ingredients (a bag of rice, vegetables, stock, etc.), so when you average it out, the $1 contribution can help pay for one meal a day for three kids."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
2hrc9j
|
if entropy (and thus randomness) is always increasing in the universe, will the universe eventually run out of order to use up?
|
I know that endothermic reactions can take up some of that energy as heat, but no transformation is perfect. Will we ever run out of order/potential?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hrc9j/eli5_if_entropy_and_thus_randomness_is_always/
|
{
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"ckvbv1a"
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"text": [
"Yes, if the universe doesn't end in the big crunch it will end in the big freeze when all the fuel gets used up, black holes evaporate and even protons and neutrons decay"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
30j0x9
|
why are horoscopes still so popular?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30j0x9/eli5_why_are_horoscopes_still_so_popular/
|
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"text": [
"The same reason religion is still so popular: people what to find meaning in the things that happen outside of our control. Some turn to a well-established religion to explain difficult or seemingly unexplained phenomena. Horoscopes do the same thing but on a much less grandiose and serious scale.",
"And do people still buy that tabloid garbage they sell at checkout counters? WTF society?",
"Because people love to read about themselves. \nIt's the same reason the Meyer-Briggs test is so popular as well. ",
"Theres a lot of people out there.\nMost of them are idiots.",
"Because they are fun. Just like fortune cookies. There's a reason horoscopes are lumped in with the funnies and crossword puzzle in the newspaper...it's entertainment."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
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[]
] |
||
82hm34
|
why is an electric toothbrush so much better than a manual toothbrush?
|
Or is it better? My dentist suggested I start using an electric toothbrush and I’ve been thinking a lot about it. But I don’t understand how a vibrating brush is any better than scrubbing my teeth myself. I feel like presence of technology is always better than its absence because tech is awesome but I find it hard to understand why in this case.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/82hm34/eli5_why_is_an_electric_toothbrush_so_much_better/
|
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"It's a bit clearer if you look at it from the perspective of WHY you brush your teeth: to break up plaque. The objective is not so much to get PERFECTLY clean as it is to disturb plaque from forming hard masses that help lead to infection and caries. \n\nLet's compare it to washing a car to see the difference. \n\nThink of how you use a soapy cloth to get your ride ready for a formal event. The car's a mix of smooth areas and detailed areas. The smooth parts like the hood are easy to clean - long, gentle strokes with your soapy cleaning cloth or sponge, and the dirt comes right off. But the hardest parts to get clean are like the grill, where there are seams and crevices... so you fold the cloth or squish down the sponge, and wad bits of it up into points to make it smaller so it can fit in those spots, and then you scrub it back and forth in that area a bit more. The objective is to make your cleaning tool smaller and use shorter cleaning movements so it hits those seams. [EDIT - see *italics* because I missed something - you also move your cloth in more and different directions too.]\n\nWell, with toothbrushes, the shape of the brush bristles can help some with the getting-into-smaller-bits part... but most people don't pair that up the little tiny *multi-directional* regional strokes that penetrate in-between the teeth to disturb the plaque there. They just use the same big scrubbing motions that they use on the rest of the \"car\".\n\nElectric toothbrushes vibrate or spin, though. And because these actions create smaller brushstrokes *in more different directions* than most people with manual brushes would use, they allow for a better chance to get in between teeth and around the gumline... and disturb that plaque before bad stuff happens. ",
"And don't forget the timer. Mine runs for 2 minutes broken into 30 second spans. 30 seconds for lower teeth outside, 30 seconds for lower inside. Repeat with top teeth.\nIt makes you think about getting all your teeth (and gum lines!) brushed.\nBefore I got an electric I doubt that I spent more than a minute brushing my teeth.\nMy dental hygienist could tell I switched....",
"As it turns out, the attribute of an electric toothbrush that is most correlated with good dental hygiene is whether or not the toothbrush has a timer.\n\nBecause it turns out that, on average, people brush for about 75-90 seconds when they just brush for the amount of time that feels right, and don't evenly distribute that time across the various surfaces -- but a brush that measures out 4x30-second quarters produces a longer, more even amount of brushing.\n\nBeyond that, it doesn't make much difference, among people who have sufficient dexterity to brush effectively. \n\nThere is *some* evidence that the sonic brushes are somewhat effective at disrupting plaque from areas *not directly in contact with the bristles* -- but to get this effect, you need the area between the bristles and the plaque-covered tooth surface to be covered in liquid, and the area in question needs to spend about 5 seconds in proximate contact with the bristles -- and it isn't clear just how often these conditions are encountered outside the laboratory.",
"I did a lot of research on toothbrush friction during university and the three main carry outs were:\n\n1. Do not wet the brush as this softens the filaments which means they buckle under less force, resulting in less contact pressure.\n\n2. Water acts like a lubricant and cleaning requires friction. Just use paste. \n\n3. Do not press too hard as this can also buckle the filaments. Press too hard and buckle the filaments then you are not brushing with the filament tips (maximum contact pressure), instead you are brushing with the sides of the filaments which produces significantly less pressure.\n\nMany modern electronic toothbrushes have pressure sensors to stop you pressing too hard. Buy one of these and don’t wet the brush before cleaning.\n\nEdited for better English and cleaner teeth. \n",
"It's a worthwhile upgrade to make. There's no question it does a better job cleaning. The vibration breaks up the particles and you're getting more brush strokes in then if you were doing it manually.\n\nI also think you can extend out cleanings, once every 6 months is excessive and more about cash flow for the dentist.\n",
"There are two things that make electric bushes better better:\n\n1: They have a timer. Because most people don't brush long enough.\n\n2: They help create lots of small strokes that are better at getting into the cracks between your teeth.\n\nManufacturer claims, that you should take with a grain of salt:\n\nSonicare: Vibration creates a sonic wave that helps to shake the dirt off your teeth.\n\nOral B: Rotation helps sweep the dirt away from your gums.",
"for men, electric toothbrushes are far superior because they allow you to pee standing up while brushing your teeth.",
"Dentist here. The main reason is ease of use. An electric toothbrush is easier to use. That is the main reason. \n\nStudies have shown the best toothbrush is the one that gets used, and an electric one is easy to use.\n\nNow for the long answer.\n\nThere have been studies done as to how many times you have to shown someone how to brush the teeth in order for them to go it properly on dental hygienist students. (Do obviously people who care about brushing) and it take 5 or 6 times and months to do it correctly with a manual brush. An electric brush only takes once, and they don't even need to be shown.\n\nIn addition to that you are supposed to brush for 2 full minutes. When using a manual brush you only brush for about 15-30 seconds. If your trying to go for 2 full minutes (like actually thinking about it) you normally only brush for 45 seconds. An electric toothbrush has a timer in the handle so it's really easy to go for 2 minutes. A sonicare for example will automatically turn off after 2 minutes. (That is literally the only reason I use them personally)\n\nAs far as which of the electric brushes are better, most dentists and hygienists will recommend Oral B, but will personally use sonicare. \n",
"Your question has been answered. But I was always skeptical about it until I dated a dental assistant. She got me nice electric tooth brush and I will never go back. My teeth and mouth feel so much more clean and my teeth have whitened up better.",
"No one is pointing out the obvious. Ever seen electric polishers? Your teeth are like stones, electric tooth brushes are designed to keep them \"polished\" ",
"The main difference is the speed. Manually I might get 120 strokes/minute if I really go to town but my electric does about 7200. If we assume the manual has about 4 times the working area then the electric is about 15 times as fast as the manual and 2 minutes with it is like brushing for 30 minutes with a manual.",
"Once i tried it, i understood how unbelievably better an electric toothbrush is. Just cleans better and faster. Get one that goes up and down instead of in circle.",
"Its not. I know people think otherwise but its mostly to compensate for a lack of manual dexterity or poor technique. The rotation/sonic movements are the ideal movements for cleaning and protection and to break the plaque. People tend to scrub and not rotate. Examples dont just go with dexterity however, patients with arthritis, wrist issues etc this is ideal. As a dentist I never have seen one better or the other, its truly technique. \n\nThat being said, electric has helped alot of patients and the fact most brush tips are soft heads helps even more.\n\nEdit: (got some messages): timers are a gimmick. 2 mins. Soft brush (look up tooth brush abrasion lesions - result mostly from grinders or hard brushers)",
"Use an electric toothbrush, you can feel the difference in the plaque residue at the end, especially on your back molars. Mouth doesnt feel clean unless i use the electric toothbrush now 🙊",
"I don't know if it's already been said, but as a power toothbrush user (Sonicare Diamond Clean), there's no way you could replicate 20,000+ brush strokes per minute with a manual toothbrush. The difference after brushing manually and then with a Sonicare is amazing. My teeth feel so much cleaner with the power brush.",
"Does anyone know if the airfloss or waterpik is just as good as flossing?\n\nI hate flossing and this would make life so much easier\n\n[Waterpik Waterfloss](_URL_1_)\n\n[Sonicare Airfloss](_URL_0_)",
"It was recommended to me because I brush too hard. Mine has a pressure sensor and shakes/turns red when pressing too hard",
"Beyond general reasons, of which there are plenty of very good reasons, it can be better for individual people. If you brush your teeth with too much pressure it can cause a lot of trouble for your gums, but if you use an electric toothbrush you're less likely to apply a lot of pressure and so less likely to damage your gums.\n\nSource: I weakened my gums my whole life before my dentist told me it would be much better for me to use an electric",
"Question: how do you people stand to use these things? Are you using novocaine toothpaste? I tried an electric brush once and it made my mouth hurt so much I never wanted to touch the thing again. It cut my gums and made my teeth so sensitive I could barely eat for days. I really can't see how it's good for your teeth."
]
}
|
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"https://www.philips.com.au/c-m-pe/airfloss-ultra",
"https://www.waterpik.com.au/page2"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2l3gko
|
how did the word "second" come to mean a unit of time, as well as the number two in a sequence?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2l3gko/eli5_how_did_the_word_second_come_to_mean_a_unit/
|
{
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"text": [
"It's the second division of the hour into sixty parts. The first sixtieth of the hour is a minute, the second is, well, the second.",
"sec·ond2\nˈsekənd/\nnoun\nnoun: second; plural noun: seconds; symbol: s; adjective: s; noun: arc second; plural noun: arc seconds; noun: second of arc; plural noun: seconds of arc\n1.\na sixtieth of a minute of time, which as the SI unit of time is defined in terms of the natural periodicity of the radiation of a cesium-133 atom.\ninformal\na very short time.\n\"his eyes met Charlotte's for a second\"\nsynonyms:\tmoment, bit, little while, short time, instant, split second, eyeblink, heartbeat; More\n2.\na sixtieth of a minute of angular distance.\nOrigin\n\n**late Middle English: from medieval Latin secunda (minuta ) ‘second (minute),’ feminine (used as a noun) of secundus, referring to the “second” operation of dividing an hour by sixty.**\n\nYou can get eymology from google by searching etymology:(any word)",
"The word has it's origins in Latin. It was then used as the number first and when it came to time units, they were called *pars minuta prima* (first subdivision) and *pars minuta secunda* (second subdivision) (both of an hour). Now we just use \"minute\" and \"second\" to not use the complexity of Roman's Latin."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5gdd4y
|
how do people increase their metabolism rate?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5gdd4y/eli5_how_do_people_increase_their_metabolism_rate/
|
{
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"darf09v"
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"text": [
"increase your total energy expenditure (physical job) \n\nor\n\nincrease your bodies nutrient demand by increasing lean body mass (gaining muscle)\n\nBeing fit, and heavy lifting especially is known for changing natural hormone balances, usually increases in testosterone which assists in increasing lean body mass."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
9rr3ff
|
why do some clouds appear darker than others? does it have to do with density and sunlight?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9rr3ff/eli5_why_do_some_clouds_appear_darker_than_others/
|
{
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"I always assumed it was because they had more moisture in them, hence closer to raining. The darker the clouds the higher chance of rain? ",
"It's the different height of the cloud itself. \n\nThe darkness is how much shadow the top of the cloud is casting on the bottom of the cloud. \n\nE.g. A dark storm cloud is a very tall anvil cloud casting a huge shadow on its own bottom layers. \n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
4rkonf
|
in accounting, why is revenue considered "credit" and not "debit", if customers pay for goods and services with money?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4rkonf/eli5_in_accounting_why_is_revenue_considered/
|
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"The short answer is that \"Credit\" is not referring to how you received the money. Debits and Credits are what is used to record entries and balance your books. For every Debit there must be a Credit or a number of Credits that equal the amount of your Debit.\n\nIf you receive cash, You Debit your bank account and you Credit your Sales Account.\n\nIf you are paid with a Credit Card, you will Debit some sort of Accounts Receivable account and you will still Credit your Sales Account."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6w0bic
|
how do chickens have sex?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6w0bic/eli5_how_do_chickens_have_sex/
|
{
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"The rooster mounts the hen and they touch vents. The rooster inseminates the hen and she can store that for about 2 weeks.\n\nThe yolk of the egg forms inside a hens ovary then moves into the oviduct where it can become fertilized if there is sperm present. The rest of the egg forms around the yolk at this point.\n\nIf the egg becomes fertilized it takes about 3 weeks to hatch.\n\nRoosters do not need to be present for a hen to produce eggs. They produce about one egg per 24 hours most of the year. Sometimes it'll slow down and we only get a handful of eggs a day but generally through the warmer months it's pretty consistently one egg per hen per day-ish.\n\nThe eggs we eat typically aren't fertilized. You can usually tell by holding a light to it. If you can't see through it then it is probably fertilized. It doesn't hurt to eat them. They probably weren't incubated or anything so it's not going to be any different than a normal egg really. \n\nSo basically the eggs we eat are just laid by hens that haven't been inseminated and probably aren't even around roosters. They don't really relate to chicken reproduction because they will never actually become a chicken. \n\nI actually had a guy try to buy eggs off me once that asked me how to hatch them because he was trying to incubate them so he could have his own layers. I responded with \"If that's why you need them, I can't really help you. I don't have a rooster so none of these are fertilized.\" He then began to argue with me claiming he \"grew up on a farm and knows you don't need a rooster to hatch eggs.\"\n\nYou'd be surprised at how few people know how chickens work haha.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
6hwv3e
|
why is carpet used in the floors of vehicles? it seems the worst possible material to use.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6hwv3e/eli5_why_is_carpet_used_in_the_floors_of_vehicles/
|
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"Noise reduction. \n\nPlus people want to feel special when they buy a new car, therefore carpet.",
"Automotive carpet is generally really tough and stands up well to being soiled and is easily cleaned. Source : I've done deep cleaning on quite a few cars 30-50 years old with original carpet. Hard surfaces wear much more obviously - painted metal, bare metal, plastic, wood or whatever else you think \"should\" be there would be much more likely to show wear earlier than decent carpet. ",
"As well as aesthetic value, carpet helps dry your wet shoes and prevents them slipping on the pedals.",
"Not sure why you would think that... Carpet is soft and cushiony so its comfortable. It also soaks up liquids (depending on how much) which can be a good thing. \n\nJust imagine if there was no carpet and it was only metal, it would rust. Even if it was painted, eventually the paint would come off and rust easily. It would also be hard and uncomfortable for people that don't put their other foot on the dead pedal.",
"Traction when shoes are wet from snow, rain so feet don't slide and knock wrong pedal, comfort when driving long distances, noise dampening from road noise, insulation from cold in winter. \n\nTrue that light carpets can stain... I had two cars with beige carpets and it looked like crap, especially in the winter. Much prefer how my current car has black carpets even though rest of interior is beige.\n\nEDIT: autocorrect incorrect words to carpets",
"Cars used to have crappy rubber or vinyl floor coverings by default. For example my 1964 Ford Falcon had this weird vinyl floor, but carpet was available as a paid upgrade when it was new. Having carpet in your car was a status symbol. \n\nOver time, the \"upgrade\" to carpet became the norm, as everyone wanted the upgrade in status. If a car didn't have it, it simply wasn't competitive. Now it seems only work vehicles tend to have rubber flooring in them, where practicality trumps status. ",
"Has no one mentioned noise dampening? Drove a Honda Element for a couple years. No carpet--you could hose that thing out. Damn the interior was loud, especially on the highway.",
"In the 1950s almost all cars came standard with rubber covered floors. Carpet was a premium upgrade. The first car we had with carpet was a 53 Chevy. I would sleep on the floor in the back seat on long trips--better than rubber floored Studebakers.\n",
"To give them a \"luxury\" feel. Looks nice, feels nice, is durable enough. People spend a ridiculous amount of time in their cars, so they want to make it feel as comfy and home-like as possible.",
"Cleaning, noise reduction, durability...no other substances do it all, while carpet does all of those things pretty well.\n\nI doubt you'd particularly enjoy being in a vehicle without carpet either... The noise reduction is a lot more than you are thinking it is. You'd end up with an echo filled, extremely loud vehicle without it, while with it you have some degree of insulation from the noise... And it should perhaps be mentioned that no single material can be manufactured cheaply that does all these things.\n\nThat's basically all.",
"I would contend that [Rolls Royce lambswool floormats](_URL_0_) are the least practical material. Synthetic carpets are downright utilitarian in comparison.",
"Apart from all the other reasons, your car would be incredibly loud if you didn't use a soft material.\n\nBut if you did use a soft material, like a soft foam rubber type plastic whatever... it would wear extremely quickly and it would be very expensive to replace...",
"Trucks can be ordered with a \"carpet delete' option which is specifically for fleets. It comes with a tough rubber floor and is much much easier to vacuum and rinse out with water. \n\nIn my experience people simply prefer the look of carpet to rubber. Cars are homes on wheels after all. ",
"I didn't read through all the other answers. But put simply, friction. You step in dirt/mud/sand/whatever, then onto a hard surface (painted metal/plastic/ rubber/wood), instant abrasion. Basically sliding sandpaper across the hard surface every time you get in. \n\n With carpet you don't get that. It basically knocks all that off. And prevents the debris from being sandwiched between two hard surfaces and wearing either thin. \n\nBefore anyone can bitch, over time it will break down. What doesn't. But it will hold up much longer than a hard surface. ",
"I've pulled the carpet out of a jeep before. It became incredibly hot and really loud. It was like an oven, a loud pingy oven. It's amazing how much carpet insulates against heat and sound and it's cheap and relatively easy, especially in a Jeep. You can pull it out spray it with soap and pressure wash it. ",
"I wondered this when we got a truck that had been rebuilt and had some kind of flooring added in that was not carpet. Im pretty sure black vinyl, but I thought it was great. All you have to do is wipe it down. My car carpet is a pain in the ass. It does not make the truck sound abnormally loud or anything. It's just a normal truck, but without carpeting. ",
"Carpet is used because lava and crushed Ranch Doritos are actually the worst possible materials. ",
"Carpet is used almost solely for sound dampening (noise, vibration and harshness) qualities. In vehicles where a quiet ride doesn't matter, work trucks, police cars, etc they use rubber flooring. (I worked 17 years for a global automotive flooring supplier). ",
"Qualification: I live in Detroit Metro and several of my Dungeons & Dragons players work at 2 of the 3 big automakers. I hear lots about the materials chosen for cars and wear and tear. \n\nI have no clue. 🤓\n\nKind of a neat question though. I'll ask. ",
"The thought of wet car floors throughout winter and the rainy seasons makes me want to vomit. Ever seen a mudroom floor? That's what your car would look like. NO THANKS",
"My 2004 Audi S4 came with both carpet as well as \"winter mats\" which were rubber mats with a nice set of high rubber ribs. Sound absorbing like carpet, but black and never going to get dirty. I never, every used the carpet mats. Only the rubber winter mats. I know other Audi owners who did the same. ",
"I'm a cop and all our cars have rubberized coatings like spray in bed liner. It's way more practical to clean, but over time it actually wears worse than carpet. Holes where your gas/brake foot rests etc. ",
"Did a quick read through of the comments and while most of the reason manufactures use carpet is for durability and ease of cleaning they also use it for sound deadening. I've driven a few cars that I had to strip the interior out and they can be pretty load once the carpet and headliner are removed.",
"O o something I, as an ex mechanic, can answer. The carpet is used for noise reduction. Thats why there is thick foam underneath as well",
"my ex emergency suburban has a full floor rubberish material floormat , I love it and its easy to clean,idk why manufacturers don't use something like that",
"Not an engineer, but I've discovered MANY reasons why carpet is better than other materials (Rubber for example.)\n\nIt dampens the sound of anything sat in the floor.\n\nIt holds dust so that it doesn't bounce and get back into the air.\n\nIt keeps moisture off of the metal, so it doesn't rust.\n\nIt covers up wear and any ugly finish on the metal and plastic below it.\n\nMy dad used to drive around in an old rattly truck with no carpet, and I would sit my squirrel hunting rifle, buttstock down on the metal, and it would vibrate and make a horrible noise. Added carpets and it was much more pleasant.",
"Can we modify to ask why on Earth would carpet in a bathroom be considered a good idea? Especially around a toilet.",
"I did an internship in an automotive company. I designed the carpets for a car that is coming out soon. The carpet protects the cabin from sharp edges of the body in white, it hides imperfections, it is cheap to manufacture, good for noise isolation and rattling prevention. In general it is easy to install a big carpet and it does not add much weight.",
"Haven't you seen boats? They use a similar marine carpet on seemingly every large surface. It's made of the same thing as plastic bags and bottles and they need to finish the surface with something.. Haven't you ever pulled it out? It looks ugly as hell without it. Carpet is also an insulator and doesn't conduct heat.",
"I haven't seen anything about sound deadening, driving with the carpet removed is louder than you would think. ",
"Plastics and rubbers are used in lower trim levels and vehicles with a work or utility focus.\n\nThey suck when one gets in them with shoes we from ice, water, snow, or lubricants.\n\nCarpets are better 80% of the time and if one wants a non-carpet solution they can do a textured \"rubber\" floor mat.\n\nEven most Jeep Wrangler trim levels come with carpet",
"Quite right, quite right. A nice red oak would make a stunning, and durable, hardwood floor for my Prius! ",
"People who buy cars generally do not like sounds intruding in the cabin. Although modern cars have many forms of sound deadening from simple to carefully engineered, the carpet remains a large part of that sound deadening. More cleanable floor coverings would tend transmit more sound to the cabin, or would be heavier than carpet.\n\nPeople who buy cars generally like them to feel luxurious. This feeling of luxury probably began with horsedrawn coaches but moved to cars and other vehicles. If you have never really seen a car with its carpet gone, its a fairly naked and ugly sight, appealing to certain people, but not at all to most. Floor coverings that are not carpet would not have this effect, and don't sell all that well in the general market.\n\nCarpet in a car insulates the feet from metal, much as home carpet insulates the feet from cold boards. Like any fabric blanket, it helps trap heat inside the car in the winter, and at the very least gives the illusion of warmth to the occupants in low temperatures which is almost as important.\n\nThe adsorbent nature of carpet that makes it seem like a bad choice is in fact a sort of boon. Something like a thin sheet of formed rubber in place of carpet would seem a better choice to use when moisture is expected. But water, trash, and dirt would still collect on such flooring, while water would slosh around the floorboards in all but the driest climates. Trash and dirt would be easier to see, and the car would look nasty sooner. Instead carpet traps any water and dirt so that they can be contained and removed later. \n\nCleaning some sort of rubber or other floor would probably involve lots of scrubbing around on the surface with towels in order to clean, and in practice would not be much less odious. No, you cannot hose out the car. The whole car interior would have to be designed for hosing/powerwashing, meaning materials that are either very expensive or very unpleasant to deal with. Electrical systems in the cabin would need to be even more expensively designed and likely heavier in order to resist an expected regular bath. In the end, no matter what you make the flooring out of, cleaning a car interior is a hassle. Minus the powerwashing, you are still down there scrubbing away at your rubber floor.\n\nYou may not realize it, but the average car's carpet can be pulled all the way out with a minimum of trouble by the properly equipped. If the carpet is utterly ruined, it can actually be replaced without much trouble, or it can be vigorously washed. Other solutions, like rubber, could do the same, but would be either be thin enough to rip and wear through, or thick enough that they add significant weight to the car compared to carpet. Excess weight is undesirable for economy and performance reasons. As many have pointed out, carpet is not actually that hard to clean, even in the car.\n\nThe addition of drains to floors seems obvious, except that the modern car floor is full of bumps, depressions and ridges meant to increase rigidity and serve engineering purposes other than channeling water. Either floors would be more expensive to design without carpet, or many drain holes would have to be strategically added, adding failure points to the floor for leakage, cracking and encouraging rust. Rust needs no encouragement and must be strenuously battled. Carpet covers all this ridged unsightliness well while asking for very few favors from the engineering process and adding no problems mechanically. \n\nCarpet is actually the easiest, most effective way to solve the problem of car flooring, pleasing the owner and making things easier, and thus less expensive to the manufacturer, which results in lower prices, and there we go pleasing the people who buy the cars again. The modern vehicle carpet has been exhaustively designed to do that job very well. Many, many smart people have asked why carpet, and yet, we always return to fuzzy stuff on the floor, for all the reasons I mention.",
"What the hell? I've never even seen carpet in a car.",
"Automotive carpet is a great substance. It is a very poor conductor for heat. Being that it is polymer this variant is flame retardant. With the weave of the carpet it also helps reduce noise. I was replacing the carpet in my Jeep once it took longer than expected so I just drove to work I couldn't believe the difference. The first thing I noticed was the noise then the heat on my feet even my a/c blowing on my feet I was sure a hole had melted in my boot heal. After I got home I couldn't wait to put my new carpet in. I also like to buy the cheap floor mats to go on top of the factory carpet. I like the rubbery stuff that can handle alot of mud or anything else.",
"The same reason frames aren't painted (which would protect against terminal rust) but bumpers (which are made to get, well, bumped) are. Automakers are not interested in selling you a car that lasts.\n\nCarpet is perfect because it looks scraggy after 10 years but can't be replaced by the user, and any water or spills that hit it soak into it and rust out your floorboards. (source: currently spending $7000+ replacing my floorboards)\n\nAnyone who says plastic wears quicker than auto carpet is a grade A tool. Go look at any used Honda Element if you don't believe me.",
"What makes you think it's a bad material? It's the best for the task. Any hard surface would scratch much more easily, be extremely slippery if wet or dirt is on it etc.",
"The short answer is that it allows you to maintain foot traction even in wet and/or dirty conditions much better than bare floor. It traps particulates (dirt, dust, sand) and liquids (water, oil, mud) that could cause your feet to slip while entering, exiting, accelerating, switching pedals, etc. ",
"I'm sure someone has said it but I haven't seen it mentioned yet but sound damping and absorption. Carpets are always bonded to padding that will reduce sound resonating from the engine, suspension and tires. Into the passenger cabin. ",
"Don't people often use extra \"carpets\". You know those more plastic/rubber ones? In order to protect the carpet beneath from getting dirty",
"It's tough, high friction, easily cleaned and can be removed and replaced if necessary; I don't see any problems",
"Everybody's pretty much covered it but I will tack on that rubber floors in work trucks are making a steady comeback and it's fantastic. Carpet has NO place in a work truck. \n\nAlso, if you think it's stupid to put carpet in a Camry, you'd lose your mind cleaning luxury vehicles. \nNothing like cleaning coffee or candy out of someone's sheep skin carpet that costs more than the carpet in your living room did. ",
"Consider the sound absorption properties of carpet in cars. It helps to minimize the sounds coming from under the vehicle and the road noise. Also consider that it absorbs any sounds as a result of the vibration of the floor due to either the motor, vehicle body movement, or something hitting the bottom of the vehicle. It might even have an impact on reducing the impact of a car stereo system vibrating the body of the vehicle and helps in creating that quite sensation when you test drive a new car.",
"No one here is answering his question \"why it's used \", but rather, providing benefits. It's used because it's a cheap way of covering a lot of ugly metal and wires. In the 50s, carpet was lux. Been doing it ever since. ",
"I'd assume partly to do with soundproofing the floor from tire roar.\n\nPartly to do with the fact that it's hardy, long lasting and similar to a welcome mat in that you can put things like muddy shoes on it and easily wipe it down or vacuum it afterwards. \n\nPartly to do with grip. Slipping over in a metal box doesn't sound fun. ",
"While we're at it, why do we use carpet for anything?",
"Totally agree...that's why the first thing I do when I buy a new car is rip out all of the carpet and replace it with stained concrete. Much more durable and if it gets dirty I just take out the pressure washer. ",
"IIRC the Honda Element had a plastic floor that one could hose down after removing the seats. Seemed like a cool feature to me.",
"Because dirt blowing around in your car sucks.\n\nCarpet collects the dirt and holds it out of the wind.\n\nAlso carpet absorbs noise. Compare a hallway in a public building with a carpeted one in a home. You'll notice much more sound reflection. ",
"Automobiles operate in a noise filled environment. The carpet looks good and offers some dampening of road and engine compartment noise."
]
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asky2h
|
when you have a cold and are congested, why does it sometimes feel/sound like you have water stuck in your ear(s)?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/asky2h/eli5_when_you_have_a_cold_and_are_congested_why/
|
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"The inside of each ear is connected to your throat via the Eustachian tube. This tube opens to balance the air pressure inside your ear with the outside so that your ear drum can function properly. If you've ever had your ears pop when going to high or low elevations, this is your Eustachian tube opening to balance out the differences in air pressure. Before the pop, your sense of hearing is quite muffled.\n\nA cold can infect the throat and cause it to swell. This prevents your Eustachian tubes from opening and/or puts additional pressure on your inner ear through the tubes. You essentially get the effect of muffled hearing due to the sickness."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
8reagp
|
why do plays and musicals have to go through years of revisions and workshops, but films take only a year including production?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8reagp/eli5_why_do_plays_and_musicals_have_to_go_through/
|
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"text": [
"Plays and musicals are live. you mess up and you mess up in front of everyone. messing up in films means you just try again and no one sees the mess up. ",
"Films often take much much longer than a year, so I’m not sure where you’re getting that from. ",
"It's not that they have to, it's that they can. A play can do a few productions, hear feedback from critics and audiences, and make revisions for future productions of the play.\n\nMovie scripts go through lots of revisions but eventually they have to settle on a script, film a movie, and release it. And then that's that. They can't keep having new versions of the movie in theaters.",
"That's only the period from the time that a film gets greenlit to the time that it hits theaters, which can sometimes be a year, but can also be several.\n\nWhat isn't often thought about is the time between the script being written and the film being greenlit - which often can take several years of workshopping, negotiating with studios, and rewrites before production can finally start. Sometimes movies get stuck in a \"development hell\" for years being revised or negotiated.\n\nA good example would actually be *Deadpool* which only came out in 2016. Initial drafts helped along by Ryan Reynolds were written in 2004 and the idea was bounced around for years before a final writing team was selected in 2010 and a director in 2011. And even then, the movie wasn't greenlit by Fox until 2014 and didn't come out until 2016. So if we only count the time between the working script being written in 2010 and the movie premiering in 2016, that's a 6 year period."
]
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|
[] |
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||
1f6of6
|
how can ants lift things so much bigger than them?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1f6of6/eli5_how_can_ants_lift_things_so_much_bigger_than/
|
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"There are probably loads of finer details pertaining to ants specifically, but let's look at it at a very general mathematical level. What you can lift is proportional to the cross sectional area of your limbs. And area of course is proportional to square of height. So if you double the height of a creature, and keep the proportions the same, then all areas quadruple (=square of two).\n\nYour volume, and thus mass, is proportional to the cube of height. If you double the height of a creature, then the volume goes up by a factor of eight (=cube of two).\n\nThen we can figure out how much something can lift in terms of their own body mass. The amount they can lift is a\\*height^2 and their mass is b\\*height^(3). A and b here are just some constants, we're not really interested in them much, we just care how these behave in relation to height, that is, squared and cubed respectively. Then we can divide the lift strength with the mass to get lift force in terms of body mass, (a\\*height^(2))/(b\\*height^(3)) = a/b \\* 1/height = C/height. Here C is just a/b, another constant which we don't care about all that much. Now C/height of course increases as height goes down and decreases as height goes up. So the smaller the creature is, the more it can lift in terms of its own mass.\n\n",
"Basically it is because they are so small. The smaller you are, the more you can lift relative to your mass. This is because your mass is your volume if we disregard density. It's okay to disregard density as long as we compare one organic being to another because the density is nearly the same. So your mass is your volume in this ELI5. Now we want to look at your strength. Your strength depends simplified on the diameter of your muscles. The bigger the diameter, the stronger you are (very simplified).\nIf we now assume the mass/volume of your muscles as the mass/volume of the whole being and the muscle as a cylinder, then we can calculate the mass with:\n\nheight\\*pi\\*(diameter/2)^2.\n\n_______________________________________\n\nIf we now compare an ant to a human and we assume the diameter of the muscles of an ant as 1mm and the diameter of the muscles of a human as 10cm/100mm, then:\n\nmass of ant: 0.785 = ~~height\\*~~3.14\\*(1/2)^2\n\nmass of human: 7850 = ~~height\\*~~3.14\\*(100/2)^2\n\nWe disregard the height because it does not really matter either.\n\nIf you compare the mass of the human to the mass of the ant, then you can see that the mass of the human is 10000 times bigger than the mass of the ant while the strength is only 100 times bigger.\n\ntl;dr: everytime you double your strength, you quadruple your mass.\n\n\n*My explanation is very^very^^very^^^very simplified but the principle should be clear*"
]
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[],
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66f1w8
|
why rappers like nas, tupac, and notorious b.i.g are considered the greatest rappers of all time
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/66f1w8/eli5_why_rappers_like_nas_tupac_and_notorious_big/
|
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"You call Nas simple and hold up kendrick lamar? Maybe you're missing the trees through the forest. Kendrick just states that certain social issues exist, he doesn't address them. Guys like Tupac and Nas address them over and over. They also display far greater command of style and flow. Don't be distracted by modern production value.\n\nAt the end of the day, \"greatest\" is opinion. But there's a reason your opinion is outnumbered.",
"Before I explain, please know this is only my own personal opinion so if you don't agree, I am more than willing to hear others' thoughts and opinions! But considering that we're talking about the GOATs, I might say some shit that might irk people the wrong way. \n\n2pac isn't the greatest wordsmith nor does he have the greatest bars (Hit 'Em Up being a huge exception) but he's super relatable. For a Compton gangsta rapper that said some controversial shit consistently, he related on a level that people still fuck with his music today. You clearly know what he's saying and had a palpable passion behind his lyrics. Pretty unheard of in the hip-hop scene during that time. \n\nBiggie on the other hand, took the technical aspects of rapping and perfected it even further (double entendres, really complex rhyme schemes, and multidimensional flows). Yes, there are others that would rhyme and flow better than him in the future but he not only was way ahead of the curve during that time, but he commercialized it and made it sound fucking incredible. \n\nThere are others out there and many claim that these two are the GOATs but there are so many that capture Hip Hop differently than these two. I would argue to say that there are others that have greater strengths and weaknesses. Nas is an incredible story teller. As corny as it sounds, Eminem's a word-fucking-smith, and Mos Def is arguably one of the greatest rhymers. \n\nOverall, Hip Hop isn't so one dimensional as many want it to be. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
6otqku
|
why do people naturally put on a different voice when they're on the phone or serving someone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6otqku/eli5_why_do_people_naturally_put_on_a_different/
|
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"Also here when responding to certain posts, but you just can't tell.\n\n(See? I wrote that in the voice of Christopher Walken.)",
"In an effort to become the kind of person who cares. Imagine right now a complete stranger who, you find out, wants better internet, or, say, a chicken sandwich. Do you care? Not even a little. But if it was your job to sell those things, it would also be your job to enthusiastically validate that stranger's desire for internet or a chicken sandwich.\nThat difference in the voice is fake enthusiasm for strangers' needs and wants for mundane items like food or cable packages. ",
"When on the phone you can't see facial expressions or body language so you have to communicate all that information through just your voice. Therefore some people try to use a happier or overly emotional voice in order to be perceived the proper or happier tone.\n\nWhile serving someone, the idea is to please the customer. No one wants to talk to a grumpy ass hat while trying to buy something so the person providing service puts on a show so they can continue having a job. Sometimes you have a shit day and it would be bad if that reflected. Also, some people aren't confident in their speaking skills so they use a \"different persona\" in order to overcome the fear",
"People tend to have difficulty understanding my accent (north-east England/south-east Scotland) over the phone, so I generally tend to automatically switch to a more Received English accent with better enunciation. Our clients at work come from all over the UK and Ireland, and occasionally Europe, and a lot of them wouldn't have a clue what I was talking about if I used my normal voice. \nNow to find a way to make the clients easier to understand... ",
"I do this and am often mistaken for a woman over the phone when my normal speaking voice is clearly male. ",
"I speak in a pretty normalized American accent usually. On the phone I go full on southerner. I was wondering about it yesterday so glad i found this thread.\n\nI used to deal with a lot of really angry people in Ohio (like death threats angry) and i found it was disarming to them. It sort of stuck after that. ",
"If you're in a customer service position, it's literally in the training. I have a very monotone way of speaking while on the phone because I hate it, but I took a cs phone job anyway. They train you to smile while you speak so you sound more friendly and open. Called it voice quality, and it was part of our on-call scores. High scores are the way to get the best schedules/any perks, so you eventually develop a \"customer service voice.\" Mine is apparently creepy to people that actually know me.",
"My former roommate had an insanely annoying phone voice she used when talking to her boyfriend on the phone. It was this super soft, breathy, baby voice. Drove me insane, especially since her normal voice was nothing like it. \n\nI asked her about it once and she said she did it on purpose to sound sexy, like Marilyn Monroe. \n\nAs far as I know, she kept the voice even as she cheated her way through various relationships. ",
"I'm talking into an object that's 1 cm from my mouth... I don't need to speak nearly as loud as in real life.",
"Working as a receptionist in the past, my job was to make people feel calm, increase their patience, and make sure they knew I cared. There's also a \"professional\" quality to voice work that is hard to pin down but is learned. \n\nI pretty much modified my voice little by little until it seemed to get the best response. People are surprised when I answer the phone at work now, because it still has that hyperprofessional quality.\n\n",
"Waitress here- fake it till you make it is the motto. Even though you maybe having the worst day of your life, your job is to make the sale. Then you just go home and cry into a bag of family sized Doritos ",
"For service, higher voice is naturally less threatening so we naturally do it when trying to be friendly. Or at least that's how I understand it.",
"A side question. I've always noticed I involuntarily use a different voice or tone depending on who I am talking to. This goes beyond politeness or use of words, it includes the accent, rythm and stuff that shouldn't change in those situations.",
"Interesting you should ask. I'm guessing you're under 20 or around that? My company had been having trouble finding suitable apprentices for IT support positions, and a large part of the work involves talking to people on the phone.\n\nSome of the potential recruits have *never talked on the phone before*. They have zero concept of a 'phone voice' or manner. For someone of my age it's instinctive.\n\nIt took us a while to find out and it wasn't until over of the lads told us that we realised. They don't have the skill because they've never needed it.\n\nWe were gobsmacked. I thought they might struggle with computing fundamentals (the current generation are really bad with computers. They can use them but they have no idea how they work, they were never taught and didn't need to) but talking on the phone is a dying art.",
"Also I have quite a broad accent (very Northern) that some people struggle to understand in person so over the phone I speak more clearly and enunciate more. Also swear less.",
"I make a conscientious effort not to do that, but my dad is a big fully sleeved tattoed man with a big white beard and very rough around the edges. As soon as he gets on the phone, his voice goes really soft and high and it's one of my favorite things to tease him about. \n\nHe always laughs about it but just can't make himself stop doing it. It's great. \n",
"Been in the food service industry about 19 years: people respond far better to a higher, softer, sing-songy voice. My voice is naturally deep, if I use it when I go to the table, my guests will react defensively, because bass in the voice is assertive and that seems threatening on a subconscious level. \n\nSo I have a fake voice that is easily over an octave higher. I use softer words, I say ok a lot, I keep my hands low, and I make them feel dominant. It might sound cheesy, but it works. People, whether they actively realize it or not, want to be served when they eat out, they want to be in charge. Establish that feel and everything goes so much better. ",
"I live in Canada and don't have much of an accent. But when I used to work at Tim Horton's, any time I saw a car pull into the drive thru with a US license plate, I would fake the most sterotypical Canadian accent I could when they were ordering at the speaker box, Eh?",
"I remember my mom having a different voice when she would order at a drive through. It was MUCH louder than normal and also had a slightly higher pitch. She would drag out certain letters in words or some words entirely. \"Hi can IIIIII haaaaave a nummmber 6...\" I always found it amusing when she would order especially because she did not find my amusement amusing.",
"I like to switch it around when I have to call you know sometimes I'll fake a southern accent or something. ",
"Beyond that of the answers regarding customer service, I think it's just general polite decorum for conversing with people when you cannot physically see them. This is most prevalent when you call or are called by an unknown individual. \n\nThere is also a racial problem that many non-Anglo Saxon individuals experience where if they do not attempt to hide their accent they may be subject to unfavourable treatment, such as when calling a potential employer or even a rental landlord. \n\nAdditionally, I believe this etiquette is learned only for those accustomed to phone conversations or those that live in a culture where social graces are emphasised over efficiency. This is anecdotal, but if you call people who aren't fluent in the same language as yourself then you'll most likely encounter people who seem quite abrasive and impatient, bored even or leave some other negative impression but it's usually just because they haven't mastered the mannerisms behind the language, or that their own didn't require any in the first place. For example, I *happen* to work with a great deal of west and central Africans, and they quite frequently sound *bored as hell*, very quiet individuals, but in conversation they're just as lively and polite as any other, you just couldn't tell through the phone. ",
"I have a coworker from remote office, her voice is sweet on the phone, I tend to imagine how she looks like. One day all folks meet and it is my first time see her and she looks so different, her voice sounds different. The guy sat next to me said \" I didn't expect that either \"",
"It's not natural for anyone in customer service. We just do it because the nicer we are to people, the better the benefits. It could mean bigger tips, better schedules, or that they just comply more easily to situations. We \"naturally\" slip back into it because there is some trigger in the situation that behaviorally trains us to respond like we enjoy everything we're doing.",
"I was in a community theater show with this woman who was playing a young, girly, free-spirit character. When she was in character her voice would go up in pitch. Her job was a realtor. When she would be on the phone for work her voice would go down in pitch. It was incredibly interesting. \n\nWe live in a male dominated society so for her to establish herself, she subconsciously lowers the pitch of her voice to give her voice authority. ",
"The voice change is just like a costume. Costumes help us to do social things that can be scary.\n\nSource: I work in an outbound call center, and wearing sunglasses while dialing makes me better and more confident on the phone.",
"Because language is a social phenomenon. And we do not speak exactly the same all the time with everyone. We use what are called speech *registers* depending on the situation and the other people present. We either try to identify with them, or contrast ourselves from them. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nHave you ever visited cousins who speak a different dialect and then started to pick up their speech patterns when you are relaxed around them? Have you had friends that move away to a different area or social status, only for them to come back and no longer talk like you? They have changed, and you might think they are no longer \"one of you\". People change how they talk if they want to fit in.\n\n & nbsp;\n\nThink about how you talk to your friends who you have a lot in common with, you tend to speak similarly, in a quite laidback manner, using the same accents and vocabulary - especially slang and taboo phrases, which are socially acceptable within that group. Now think about how you speak with your parents or an elderly relative. Is it the same? It can be. But typically, using the wrong register is met with disapproval. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nWhen we talk to different groups: children, parents, clergy, teachers, judges, customers, strangers, etc., we will typically alter how we speak depending on our acquaintance, trust and respect level with them, and whether we want positive or negative results from our communication. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nPeople talking on the phone only have their voice by which to exchange information. A large component of human communication is context and physical cues like body language. So when you speak on the phone, you have to use a register that compensates for this. You might have to talk slower and clearer depending on your familiarity with the listener. If it is an unknown person that you are trying to get information or a service from, it would pay to speak in a pleasant register in order to obtain what you want. \n\n & nbsp;\n\nSame goes if you are want a positive interaction in person. Wait staff will talk to you in this heightened manner if they are not familiar with you. They will pick up on your social intentions and adapt to you. If you speak and look posh, they will react accordingly. If you are nice and chill, they will be as well. If you have ever had a regular waitress at your favorite restaurant, you will know this. Again, it all depends on the place, and the intentions of the people engaged in communication. In customer service, it literally pays to pay attention to your clientele and get them to identify with you. ",
"I think it's more learned than natural. I'm an American Southerner with a pronounced drawl, but I'd say I have two accents. When I'm presenting in a meeting or going over something technical, I tend to speak with a much more formal, neutral American accent. However, my informal day-to-day speech has a heavy drawl. I switch between the two so often and quickly I rarely know I've done it. I've noticed this is a very common phenomenon here, and I'd bet it's the same in most places.\n\nI do feel it's learned behavior, though. American Southerners spend a lot of time in school learning not to write the way we talk, and I think that reinforces the idea of \"formal\" vs \"informal\" accents.",
"I can probably eli5 how strippers work, at least how I do and how my suave voice is the deal-maker when I'm hustling.\n\nI have a voice I use that is smoother, more romantic, just a little ghetto, if I could describe it, it is basically a porn star voice, and most guys watch porn. Stripping is a sales job based around sex. Anything low key slutty is the ticket. Some high key stuff is fine, but a lot of guys find it crass, overt, and trying too hard. \n\nObviously conversation content matters. Girls who can't speak English are at a serious disadvantage. I can't use my sexy voice to tell a guy about bad stuff, I have to use it to tell him about all the flirty, naughty, sexy stuff.\n\nStripping is a customer service job and a sales job. Guys come in to forget their day, see some boobies, get romanced, feel special, get attention from a beautiful babe. Guys also want to be asked about themselves, so they feel important and special. I worked as an assistant who helped teach doctors to be more friendly and have better bedside manner, we put emphasis on how it's extremely important to cover the basics before getting into the nitty gritty. Example-\n\n* *Hey baby, how you doin?*\n* *Hi my name is Candy, what's yours?*\n* *How is your day going today?*\n* *That's good/awful. I'm glad you're here! How's your beer/drink?*\n* *Can I sit in your lap?* (It's actually really important to point at their dick when you say it. I'm in the US so we use a single finger for pointing. I noticed this in porn and it fucking works. On a subconscious level, I'm asking to sit on their dick and not just their lap.)\n* *What do you do? That's really cool/special/important/neat/fascinating.*\n* (Ask about sexual interests, what they like, are into, if they like certain things.)*\n* *I've been doing a new work out, do you think the squats are paying off?* (Show off ass, be a flirt)\n\nThe first 10 minutes of conversation is the selling point. If I steer the conversation down a stupid road, or one filled with stress and weird shit, he won't feel the good things he needs to feel to even want a dance. It's verbal foreplay, and it's everything. The voice is what glues it all together and sells it.\n\nGirls that are downers and negative don't cut it. It shows on their face and in the way they move. Guys are perceptive of this and will flat out comment \"She looks really angry/mean\". If she is too aggressive and asking for dances without an introduction she comes off as self centered, self important, rude, and usually doesn't make a lot of money until the last hour of the night when all the guys are fucked up and dgaf. \n\nThe voice is also how I keep Candy separate from my real persona. My bf says it's weird, but hot, if I use it to joke around with him. Candy is always a flirt, and a very naughty girl. This just isn't how I roll all the time in the real world. It isn't realistic, but guys don't come to the club for the *real world*.\n\n(Btw, my name isn't Candy.)\n\n",
"This is called [register](_URL_0_). It's the flavor of the speech patterns you use.\n\nFor the phone, it was mostly adapted for clarity. You'll notice that your whisper voice isn't just a quieter version of your normal voice, which is why when actors whisper real loud (stage whispering) we still hear it as such. A muttering voice is almost impossible to understand after a few words, even if recorded and listened to because its a slide from vocal to subvocal speaking. \n\nMany professions have them as well:\n\nPolice and military types have authoritative formal courteous registers designed to convey power but not welcome challenge. Teachers use a similar register for children.\n\nPilots have a cool register too: calm, confident, with a twinge of cockiness, like they've flown this plane a million times. It's trust inspiring. Weather broadcasters often use this register too for some reason.\n\nThe news anchor voice requires its own article, but is designed to keep focus and inspires trustworthiness.\n\nThe service register is hard to describe. People who are bad at it talk to guests the same way people do to dogs: raising pitch, dragging agreement sounds, high tone, casual elision. It's attention grabbing and playful. \n\"You ^wanna ^^nother ^^^burr ? Alriiiiiieeeght.\" \n\nGood ones alternate tone when conveying important information to maintain listenung focus and ask questions in a flat, nearly rhetorical way. Its like a mix between a news anchor and a blackjack dealer asking if you'd like another card. \n\n ",
"B2B sales guy's 2 cents here.\n\nThere's a book called \"The Like Switch\" by a former FBI guy that goes into some studies on this but here's a TLDR:\n\nThere's a natural tendency for people to increase the pitch of their voice when you subconsciously think you're \"below\" someone in rank, and conversely the lower their pitch when you think you're \"above\" someone in rank.\n\nOn the flip side, when you listen to someone with a higher pitch in their voice, you perceive them as friendlier and someone with a lower pitch as someone more stoic yet authoritative/competent.\n\nIf you're interacting with service people in retail and hospitality - you'll often find them using a pitch higher than they normally would (just naturally). This is something that good sales people who work with businesses are conscious of - the natural tendency is working with front-line or middle-management employees is to speak with a deeper voice which puts some people off and where the arrogant sales guy stereotype comes from. On the flip side the same people working with executives/c-levels subconsciously use a higher pitch voice which makes them sound needy/less competent.\n\nWe have to be conscious of reversing this - using a neutral or even deeper voice when pitching to executives, and a higher, friendlier pitch when working with front-line stakeholders so that you're seen more of an expert to executives, and friendly to front-line staff.\n\nEither way, highly recommend reading the book if you're interested in this kind of psychological dynamic.\n\n",
"In the US at least it has become this societal norm to talk in this fake ass yuppy voice as a form of social formality. In any sort of formal scenario, pitch raises, heads bob, and we animate our leaves a little more. If we don't, then you come off as lazy, untrustworthy, and/or a miserable person. I feel like it goes hand-in-hand with that fake happiness people like to put on at get-togethers, when talking to neighbors ect... I'm extremely guilty of this fake voice thing because for most of my career I've been in sales. This is a career that thrives off of tailoring this weird human phenomenon that we have. Like I mentioned earlier, if you don't do this, you come off as disingenuous. It's a sad irony really.",
"Originally from Boston area and moved south for work. I find myself over enunciating just so people can understand what I am telling them",
"A while back, I had a coworker that was a total bro. He talked a big game about how many dates he went on, how many women he slept with, etc.\n\nOne day we were talking, and he was telling me about this hot chick he was totally gonna bang later. Then his phone rings. In the sweetest voice, he's saying: \"Hi! How ARE you?! Yeah I know I can't wait to see you later too! Oh, you have other plans and you want to skip dinner and meet at 9 instead? Yes of course it's TOTALLY no problem! Whatever you want! OK! Bye!\"\n\nThat's an example of talking a big game, and then gushing like a little schoolboy on the phone. ",
"I didn't see this in the replies I read, so I figured I'd add it.\n\nI'm friends with, or related to, many black and hispanic people who grew up in Ghetto areas, where sland, a very \"chill\" voice, and what white people think of as a \"black\" voice, is just how everyone talks. On top of that, many have spanish accents.\n\nIf you walked up to my boyfriend's brother, as his white boss, a cop, or just someone he wants to treat him well, you could hear every single thing about his voice change. The pitch, tone, cadence, word choice, his breathing, accent, even how nasally his voice sounds. He goes from sounding like a chill dude from the hood to Chad from the Yacht club.\n\nAs I kind of implied, part of it is that people tend to percieve \"white\" sounding voices as more respectable,, or deserving of more respect, but also it seems less intimidating. On top of that, his regular voice is percieved as less intelligent, more emotional in a negative way, and less professional.\n\nIt'd be amusing how white he sounds when talking to a cop, if I didn't know that he was doing it because he's literally worrying about his life."
]
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics\\)"
],
[],
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[]
] |
||
31heza
|
is it possible to heat up space, why is space the temperature it is?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/31heza/eli5is_it_possible_to_heat_up_space_why_is_space/
|
{
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"text": [
"Temperature is an indirect measure of particle movement. If there're no particles (like in the vacuum of space), there's no movement and, therefore, no heat."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
4jru8a
|
why can humans close their eyes and mouths but not their ears and noses?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4jru8a/eli5_why_can_humans_close_their_eyes_and_mouths/
|
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"text": [
"In the sense of evolution, to be straightforward, there is no reason to close your ears or noses.\n\nEyes need to be closed to keep them lubricated.\n\nThe mouth needs to be closed because of how the jaw operates.",
"Well, there's just really no reason to close ears or noses. For mouths you need to be able to chew and if you want to put your head under \nwater you can't have your mouth open. Eyes need to clean themselves via blinking and to protect them from detritus and bright lights.\nEars can be 'shut' to protect from loud noises with hands well enough to shield them from any day to day dangers and earwax is used to keep them clean from any dust. There is no need for you to have creepy flappy ears... eurgh.\nNoses can sneeze to clear themselves of dust but other than that there is no need to close our noses really. They aren't that delicate and if you really must stop stuff getting in your lungs there are again our hands to close them.\nTL;DR: There is no need for creepy flap noses/ears when we have hands.",
"Evolution doesn't have some end goal, or even any direction that it takes. It didn't think to itself that since the mouth and eyelids open, so too should the ears and nose.\n\n\nNo, the mouth opens because it was beneficial to be able to break apart food and rip and tear. The eyes open and close because it was beneficial to the vision of the creature to keep the eyes lubricated, and prevent dust and the like from getting in.\n\n\nBut that some freak that (hypothetically) was born 150,000 years ago with a nose flap? Well, it didn't serve him incredibly well - none more so than his brethren, and might have even made him unattractive as a mate. Those genes, if they ever were a thing, were either not useful enough to keep him and his progeny ahead of the game or just never happened in the first place. \n\n\nTl;dr Obviously there are some benefits to having a nose flap, but our hands work just fine to close our noses. Should that have ever happened in a human it didn't really provide an advantage and was taken out of the gene pool but probably didn't happen because evolution has no thought behind its inventions.",
"You can close your nose, just think about diving. Ears are already closed, the ear drum complete covers the ear canal."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
bwe0vn
|
what causes florida to get wildfires?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bwe0vn/eli5_what_causes_florida_to_get_wildfires/
|
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"Large parts of Florida are sandy, not swampy. It rains briefly every day during the hot season in many parts of Florida, but that just soaks into the sandy soil or evaporates in the high heat. We have large pine forests and there are plenty of downed pines due to hurricanes over the years. High heat + dry areas + downed pines trees = forest fires."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
61ig1k
|
how do space ships come back to earth?
|
How do they know where to land and how do they steer there?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/61ig1k/eli5_how_do_space_ships_come_back_to_earth/
|
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"Depends on what spacecraft you're talking about. The something like the space shuttle, while unpowered, has full control over its flight path through control thrusters and control surfaces on the wings and tail. It can pin-point land.\n\nOther spacecraft like the Apollo capsules of the 1960s and even the Soyuz capsules the Russians use today have much less control. You've got a pretty good idea of the aerodynamics of the capsule, so you know how fast its orbit is going to decay and how fast atmospheric drag will slow the capsule. Once you know that, you can have a pretty good guess as to where the capsule is going to land. It's not exact, though. The landing zones are a couple of square miles across because the capsules don't have any kind of controls once they enter the atmosphere and once the parachutes deploy, you're entirely at the mercy of the wind.\n",
"Depends on what type of space ship we are using. The space shuttle lands like any other plane just 100 times as crazy. They plan out their re-entry so they are relatively close to their landing zone. Then once they get back into the atmosphere they can steer using flaps just like a standard plane. They usually land on the Kennedy space centers runway and slow down utilizing drag chutes.\n\n If they are utilizing a landing capsule like the Russian Soyuz or the Apollo vessels then they basically launch them towards the earth with a designated landing area. Then the capsule just falls towards the earth and slows down after re-entry using parachutes. Once it touches down they signal command with their location and somebody comes to pick them up. Russia would use the the desolate area of Siberia and the U.S aims for the ocean. \n\nFinally we get to SpaceX more recent landing of the Falcon 9 rocket. They basically launch the rocket back towards earth and have it re-enter booster down. Then they stabilize and slow down using the boosters to land. They are currently landing on a floating barge in the ocean.",
"Ever seen Toy Story? To boil it down to it's simplest, it's falling. With style. No, really. That's about it."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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|
9lzxtx
|
discrete math combinations
|
I've been pouring over my slides for this class, and cannot understand how combinations work when there are restrictions. E.G. I understand there is X number of possible combinations for a 7 card hand for a deck of 52 cards. How the heck do you calculate the number of combinations when say, you have to have 1 King, 2 Spades, and 4 Hearts in that 7 card hand?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9lzxtx/eli5_discrete_math_combinations/
|
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"Okay, that's a hard one, because the king might *be* one of the spades or one of the hearts. I'd have to break it down into three possibilities:\n\n* You have either K♣ or K♦, plus two spades (neither of them K♠) and four hearts (none of them K♥);\n\n* You have one card that's either a club or a diamond, but not K♣ or K♦, plus K♠ and one other spade, plus four diamonds (none of them K♥);\n\n* **You have one card that's either a club or a diamond, but not K♣ or K♦, plus two spades that aren't K♠, plus K♥ and three other hearts.**\n\nI'll try to walk you through just one of these possibilities (the bold one; it's only bold to identify it in this sentence), and leave the other two to you.\n\nThere are five steps: (a) break down the specification into parts, (b) make sure that no card that could be in one part qualifies in any other part; (c) work out how many cards could be in each part; (d) compute the number of combinations, and (e) multiply all those numbers together.\n\nOur specification has four parts.\n\nPart | Number of possible cards | Number of cards needed | Combinations\n:-: | :-: | :-: | :-:\n♣ or ♦, not the K | 24 | 1 | 24\n♠, but not K♠ | 12 | 2 | 66\nK♥ | 1 | 1 | 1\n♥, but not K♥ | 12 | 3 | 220\n\nMultiply all those numbers together, you get 348,480.\n\nNow you just have to repeat that process for the other possibilities re: which suit the king belongs to, and add up all the results.\n\n(btw, check my arithmetic and copywriting, I did this in one pass)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
a07kse
|
why can't everyone just buy low and sell high?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a07kse/eli5_why_cant_everyone_just_buy_low_and_sell_high/
|
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"If everyone buys at low, and tries to sell at high, there will be nobody to buy since everybody wants to buy at low.\n\nTimmy got a cookie from grandma, and want to exchange it for 5 candies. But no other chuldren want to, because they know cookie monster will change one candy for a cookie. So Timmy has to lower his demand and can not \"sell high\" but has to sell low. As other children demand.",
"It's not possible to predict when stocks are going up or down. Google's stock has ranged from $1000 to $1250 and back to $1000 over the course of this year.\n\nThat said, investing in big companies and waiting for years is a well known strategy & considered fairly reliable over the long term. The downside is that, since it's so low risk, there's also not room for massive profits.",
" > That way you're pretty much guaranteed a win. And there's next to zero chance Google is going to go broke.\n\nYes. There are a lot of people doing exactly that. As a result, the stock prices are already pretty high. They're not going to go up very quickly.\n\nKeep in mind that stocks have a purpose other than being bought and sold. They represent ownership in the company, so you get a percentage of the profits the company makes, in the form of dividends. That's what the value of a stock represents - how likely you are to get more money from dividends than you paid for the stock, vs if you sold the stock to someone else who thinks *they* can get a better Return on Investment (ROI).\n\nFor a big, super stable company like Google, the stocks are expensive because people know they're going to get their ROI, because they're very confident that Google isn't going to go out of business before that happens. Selling stock is what you do when you don't think dividends are going to get you there, or you just want money *now* as opposed to money over time. People with stock in Google know it's going to get their value back, so they hold onto the stock, so the stock prices stay high.\n\nAnd while Google is growing, they're already one of the largest companies in the world. They're not going to experience a huge surge in growth. So value of the dividends is going to creep up, not shoot up. Similarly, the value of the stock is going to creep up, not shoot up. Which makes investing in Google a safe, low-risk, low-reward investment. The lows aren't very low and their highs aren't (relative to their lows) very high. Solid investment, but you're not going to make a *lot* of money doing it.\n\nIf you invest in a start-up company, the stock prices are going to be low because the profits aren't going to be high, so the dividends aren't going to be very high. Confidence is low, risk is high. On the other hand, if it succeeds and builds into a Google-sized company, you'll have very values on your stock because the dividends are awesome, and you'll have paid next to nothing for it. So it's a high-risk, high reward investment.\n\n**Broadly speaking**, stock is going to fall somewhere on the spectrum of risk-reward. High risk gives you a better reward *if* it works. Low risk is guaranteed to give you the reward, but it's not going to be as much."
]
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|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
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||
5364yp
|
what are the differences between the c programming languages: c, c++, c#, and objective c?
|
edit: Thanks for all the answers, guys!
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5364yp/eli5_what_are_the_differences_between_the_c/
|
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"C/C++ are low level programming languages that are close to the metal. C++, in comparison to C, perhaps infamously, has a much larger standard library and objects (and deconstructors, important for things like smart pointers). There is no GC, memory must be managed directly, and you have direct access to memory.\n\nC# is a managed language, more similar to Java than C or C++. As previously mentioned, it has a garbage collector (so memory is managed for you) and C# code compiles down not to machine code but to bytecode, which is run by C#'s virtual machine.\n\nObjective C is a strange beast. It's one of the few languages that actually went with Smalltalk's messaging style of object orientated programming. it has a optional GC, and its syntax, given it's smalltalk inspirations, is the most foreign. It is almost entirely used on Apple platforms and is now superseded by Swift. ",
"C is the base of the others. The syntax of C++ and C# is somewhat similar unless you take into account the original version of C where all the local variables had to be declared before any code could be written (in a function).\n\nObjective C is actually Smalltalk and while the syntax is close to C, like using brackets {}, operators and other things, it's a message based programming language. It's not particularly easy to learn, which is probably why Apple switched to Swift.\n\nC# is managed code and therefore the code you write isn't directly compiled into machine code. \n\nC++ is essentially C with oriented object programming. The syntax is very similar to C (until you start using templates). \n\nC++, C# and objective C are all OOP, while C isn't.\n",
"While the response of /u/flyingjam is accurate, it's not an eli5 as you have to know some concept to understand it. I do think that if you already know what a GC and a smart pointer is, you know those languages. So this is a bit longer but I hope it is simpler to understand for someone not in computer science\n\nSo basically you can divide those languages in 2 categories. First, you have C and C++ that are called \"compiled langages\" because your code is first transformed in a language that the CPU understand. That means you can try to find error while the transformation (Called \"compilation\"), but not after because the CPU directly execute the generated program (hence the term \"bare metal\").\n\nIn the other hand, C# is called \"interpreted langage\" because it is executed by another program. That means the CPU execute not your code but a programme called a \"langage virtual machine\" that basically read your C# code and say \"oh, that's what you want to do? I'll do it for you\". With that you can also find errors during the execution, because the virtual machine can detect that you do something wrong and report it to you.\n\nObjective C is technically a compiled langage and strictly speaking it's in the first category. However, it tries very hard to have same features that a interpreted language would have, so basically you can call it a hybrid.\n\nWe now still have to talk about the difference between C and C++. Let's say that the C++ is basically a upgrade to C that became a language by it own. C is very simple while C++ has a lot of feature and is often criticised for this.\n\nThey all have C in their names because they share the C syntax, but there are other languages that have this syntax too. Actually in C++ and objective C you can write C program as they can both be seen as a C extension, while C# is apart. \n\nPs: There are a lot of simplifications and inaccuracies, I just want to give the general idea here.\n\nEDIT : So given the responses it seems I have to detail a bit further about C#. Usually interpreted langage are first compiled in a intermediate langage that is then read by the langage virtual machine. Nowadays a lot of VM compile this intermediate langage while they read it into the CPU langage, execute it on the CPU, then discard it. It is called \"JIT(just in time) compilation\". That allows the VM to use the best optimization according to your CPU. So it's not a \"native\" langage as you still have to run the VM to run your program but there can be a \"debate\" if you should call it \"interpreted\". \nThe reason peope react like this is that often \"interpreted\" is considered pejorative because historically interpreted langage had poor performances. I didn't want to offense all C# devs, just explain that this is a langage that need another program to run it, which is still true, JIT or not. \n\n\n",
"It all started with C, but then some guys said that everyone should do something called \"Object-Oriented Programming\", which you can't do in C. So two guys went and changed C so you could do OOP: one called his C++, the other Objective C. Everyone decided that C++ was better, so they forgot about Objective C. But then some new guy made a simpler C++ called Java, and Microsoft liked it so much that they decided to combine C++ and Java, and called it C#.",
"C is in the top five programming languages in the world, and it was first designed at the famous Bell Labs. It is translated directly into machine code. It is famous for being used on almost every modern, general (and even non-general!) computer ever. It is also notable for being very \"bare-bones\" and isn't as safe to program in as other languages.\n\nC++ is \"C, but BIGGER!\" C++ adds a lot of new things (the most important is a new way of thinking about of programming called \"Object-Orientated Programming\"). It is also translated directly into machine code. C++ is also almost completely backwards compatible with C, language-wise.\n\nObjective C is like C++, but is mostly used by Apple. It's being phased out to make way for a newer language called Swift. It is also translated directly into machine code.\n\nC# looks like C, but tastes like Java. It requires a program that simulates a \"virtual computer\" or \"virtual machine\" that has to meet a specification. This program will instead be run by your computer to run the C# code, but leaves programmers to make sure that the virtual machine runs right. This means that any platform that has a C# machine can run C# code (you don't need to write a translator-to-machine-code program, or a compiler).",
"Don't be confused by the letter C. Honestly, these languages really have very little in common.\n\nC is quite old. Back when every company that sold computers made them quite differently, the \"operating system\" was very specific to the computer as well. In the early 1970s, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson worked on what would become the UNIX operating system. UNIX was created for the PDP-11 computer, and in order to make it work on other computers, UNIX had to be portable (modifiable so that it works on other platforms). Dennis Ritchie started out with the programming language BCPL for this task, which already had the purpose of making portable programs. He continued tweaking the compiler and adding features to the language, and eventually ended up inventing C. As UNIX grew popular in academic and business circles, so did C: everything in UNIX was written in C, UNIX came with the source code and a C compiler, and there was an amazingly effective tutorial for C (co-written by Brian Kernighan).\n\nMeanwhile, and also long before C and UNIX, other programming languages were developed with different focuses. One of them was Simula, which was developed in the mid-1960s. This language was mostly made to simulate (hence the name) how groups of 'objects' communicate with each other. Other programming languages built upon these ideas.\n\nObjective C and C++ were created around the same time (in the 1980s), as a way of combining the very well-known programming language C and the very useful style of thinking in 'objects'. While the latter was already possible in C, it wasn't very *convenient*. \n\nMany other variations on C were created, but very few of them are as well-known as the one you listed. For instance, in the late 1990s, Microsoft had Simple Managed C (SMC), which they used to write most of their \"class libraries\" (the basic tools they need to make programs). Probably because it had become hard to write software using SMC in a way that makes it easy to maintain, a team within Microsoft decided to create a new language. Eventually, they settled on the name C#.\n\n---\n\nMany of the practical differences between these languages come from their history. C is quite old, and to make sure that all different C compilers understood programs written in \"C\", it was standardised early on. The goal of C is to write *portable* software (and yet, its goal is also to write *non-portable* software... long story), and even though there are some new versions of this standard, C really sticks to what it originally did. Old code works on new compilers, and to some extent, new code works on old compilers. But because of this, C is very limited in what you can *conveniently* do with it.\n\nObjective C and C++ are very similar in what convenient extras they offer, but they offer them in a very different way. The main difference is in how you write it down; it's similar to the difference between speaking German and speaking Japanese.\n\nC#, as /u/brendel000 explains, is quite a different beast. Like its predecessor SMC, it is a \"managed\" programming language: the compiler usually doesn't translate C# into machine code -- the language that your computer's processor understands -- but into bytecode -- a language that a virtual or 'fake' processor understands. A virtual machine \"manages\" the execution of the program, rather than letting the real processor read it directly. Because of this difference, you suddenly don't have to worry about \"portability\" anymore: you're always running on the same type of (fake) hardware! In many ways, this changes what a programmer can and should do; from asking the processor what an object's structure is *really* like (known as \"reflection\", which is pratically impossible to do in the other languages) to simply sending the bytecode rather than the source code (written in C#) to people who want to use your program on very different computers or operating systems.",
"Because most people have already explained how they are different conceptually, I'll explain the differences in terms of what language excels at doing what.\n\nC is the oldest of all the languages and is typically used in present day within embedded systems programming. With [IoT](_URL_0_) (Internet of Things) becoming more 'hyped up' as the next big trend, C has regained a bit of popularity as embedded systems are the bread and butter of portable smart devices. \n\nC++ is the object oriented version of C - basically object oriented frameworks help develop complex, efficient and secure software. A lot of packaged software is written in C++. C++ can also be used for embedded systems programming, and the Arduino language (a popular hobby board) is based off C++. ROS (Robot Operating System), which is a framework which helps developers create robot applications, is also based off C++.\n\nC# is quite different conceptually (as many comments here will tell you), but it basically is Microsoft's version of C++ and shares many of the same uses in developing application software.\n\nObjective C *was* Apple's de facto programming language to code apps, but now this has changed to their own proprietary language, Swift. So there really isn't much point learning Objective C anymore.\n\nHope this helps!",
"Gona add my two cents here. I'm a... coder? ...computer guy.\n\nThere was a man called Dennis Richie who invented C.\n\nC is wonderful, it's kinda cute and powerful. But sometimes coders want something that allows them to be more lazy and so C++ was born.\n\nC and C++ can do the same things but for the coder he will probably pick C++ because there are small comodities that C++ has. An example would be *strings*, they are text data, which are easier to handle in C++.\n\nTime passed, technology became more demanding. Big projects became more common. And then C# (and Java which is very similar) was born! \n\nC# is easy to use, fast to read and pretty much spoon feeds you what's wrong with the code. It is easier to make big projects on it simply because of this. It also allows for coders with little experience to pick it up quickly and lay a good foundation for C/C++.\n\nThis easiness has a downside however. C# is not as fast as C/C++. But fast enough.\n\nObjective C? I've no idea, never used it.",
"C is like the first car that came out. It does everything but you have to work at it. It has no roof so if you make mistake (like going out in a thunderstorm) you will get wet. Of course you can fix that but you need to do work to add an umbrella.\n\nC++ is still based on C. Its just got additions to make life easier like a roof and maybe more gears so you can go slower or faster and save some fuel. You still need to work at it. Its still manual (shift stick I think in American).\n\nObjective C is a car from another manufacturer, they took the original design but added other bits to it. So its not C++ but maybe adds wider tires and rear seats and maybe automatic gears. Over time this manufacturer borrowed from C++ and added others bits. \n\nC# then is Tesla. They came along and said that they wanted to keep the original idea but make huge changes. It's still a car but it runs on different fuel. They also wanted to make things easier and remove direct control by adding autopilot but allowing you to still feel comfortable with what you know.\n\nEdit: Corrected bad English\n\nEdit2: Someone mentioned that I imply C# is the fastest, I don't I just use Tesla as a modern, different example. This is not typically the case and a whole different topic of conversation.\n\nEdit3: Gold! Thank you kind person you have made me very happy. To think my parents never thought my profession would pay off!",
"Let me try to show the differences from a programmer's point of view:\n\nC is the oldest, sometimes archaic language. A programmer has basically access to rudimentary types (e.g., \"int\", \"char\"), pointers to a location in the memory (e.g., \"int\\*\"), a combination of several from the ones before (structs), and functions. Functions can take several inputs and compute one output.\nTo show you why C is a rather complicated language from a programmer's point of view, let's consider the example of attaching the text \"bar\" to the text \"foo\". It starts with the problem that there are no real texts with (fully) variable length. A C programmer would use a region in memory and point to the beginning of this memory (using a \"char-pointer\", i.e., \"char\\* variable\"). The end of the text is then marked in the memory with a null-character. A programmer has then to reserve some space in memory for the result. The reserved memory region *must* be large enough to contain the combined text, or otherwise your application might crash, do funny things, or kill your cat (tbh. it's not that bad any more, there are a ton security mechanism working in your operating system making it almost always the crash scenario). A programmer would usually reserve or allocate memory using one of the many derivatives of the [malloc() function](_URL_4_). Its output is the starting address of the newly allocated memory. But the malloc can also fail, for instance if there is no space left that can be allocated. The programmer has now to check the address, and handle the error case. (The problem here is that most programmers don't check everything. Quite often there is the \"if it can not allocate more memory, the system is messed up anyway, so why bother?\" mentality.) Then, the programmer has to call a standard function that copies the first text (\"foo\") to the memory region, and then call the same function to copy the second text to the memory region after the first text (\"bar\"). The [strcpy()](_URL_1_) (\"string copy\") function does what it should do. But the next problem is that the programmer has to figure out where to start copying the second string. The address has to be computed, because strcpy does not output some meaningful information (has there been an error?, how many characters did you copy?), but it returns the address of the destination, which you had to provide in the first place (remember the malloc() function call). So the programmer has to call the [strlen function](_URL_9_) and compute the new memory address for the second strcpy function call.\n(See also: [Wikipedia's Null-terminated string article](_URL_5_))\n\nThe example above is of course not perfect, and many C programmers might complain that there are better replacements for strcpy(), malloc() etc. But that is part of the problem. One has to know them, and one has to know the small but significant differences.\n\n\nIn contrast to this C++ is a object-oriented programming language (you'll find the [\"OOP\"](_URL_6_) keyword in other posts). That means that you have so called \"classes\", which you could see as an extension to the structs from C. Such classes can be seen as blue-prints for \"objects\". Those objects are the real, information holding thing. For instance, consider the idea of a wallet. It is something you put money into and carry with you, it is made out of some material etc. The idea of a wallet would be represented with a \"wallet\" class. Now consider your own wallet; it contains some specific amount of money, you might have it in your pocket right now, and it might be made from leather. You then could add money to your wallet, take some money out etc. This adding/removing of money can be seen as functions which are defined on the \"wallet\" class, but applied to a specific wallet object of that wallet class.\n\nNow C++ and C# are almost completely based on this class/object paradigm. For instance, the text example from C, would be easier, because there is a class representing text, called [\"string\"](_URL_2_) ([C#](_URL_8_)). So if you want to attach to texts to each other, you call one function and you are done. Internally the function does all this memory allocation, copying stuff etc., and it can do this easily, because it knows about the text objects' properties (e.g., its length without computing it).\n\nUsually if a C++/C# programmer wants to develop an application, he tries to formulate the task as a combination of classes and functions that he would want to call on objects of these classes. For instance, a reddit application would likely consist of a \"RedditPageDownloader\", \"RedditPage\", and a \"RedditPageViewer\". The \"RedditPageDownloader\" would have \"download(RedditPageAddress address)\" function with an input which defines the page one wants to download. This function would return a \"RedditPage\" object. One might consider modifying this page before showing it to the user. So there might be a \"fixTypos()\" function defined on the \"RedditPage\" class, applied to the newly downloaded page object. After that you would show the page to the user, for instance using the \"showPage(RedditPage page)\" function of a viewer object from the \"RedditPageViewer\" class.\n\n\nNow let's talk about the differences between C++ and C#: It all boils down to the fact that C# is a rather new language, created by Microsoft, with the goal to make every application developer use it somewhen in the future.\n\nWhile C++ does contain only a very limited number of pre-defined classes, C# contains classes for most of the tasks a normal developer might consider necessary to perform his tasks. For instance, there are no classes for GUI and HTTP communication, C# has classes for them. I personally consider C++ to be a meta-programming language, because one always has to use external frameworks, which significantly define the way you develop the application. For instance, many modern applications are written using the [Qt](_URL_0_) framework. This even defines its own string class (\"QString\"). Qt also introduces completely new language features (signals and slot, think about a way to send messages/notifications between objects; e.g., your wallet object is sending a \"low balance\" signal to the \"you\" object from the \"Person\" class, which makes \"you\" remember to go to the ATM soon). And because C++ applications depend highly on the used frameworks, they tend to be written very differently depending on the framework. C# applications on the other hand use almost always the same classes for basic tasks, and external frameworks are written in a way that they are similar to C#'s own classes. So most C# applications are written in similar fashion.\n\nThere are also huge differences in how C++ and C# handle memory management. In C++ you (often) have to explicitly tell your application that it has to remove an object from the memory after you used it and it became obsolete. For instance, in the reddit application example above, you would remove the objects from the \"RedditPage\" class after you showed them and the user switched to another page. This might be not very complicated in many cases, but it is often extremely complicated when multiple parties access the same object. Think about a \"RedditPageAutoUpdater\" class, which automatically downloads the page whenever it changed on the server, then modifies the original object from the \"RedditPage\" class, and instructs the viewer object to show the new page. An auto-updater object would have a reference to the page object it has to update. If the page object has already been removed, because it is not required any more, but the auto-updater has not been informed about this, it would try to modify an object that does not exist any more, and the application would crash. Please note that it is *not* possible to make a quick \"does this object still exist?\" check.\n\nC# does not require developers to clean up after themselves (in almost all cases). Internally C# keeps track of the number of references to each object, and from time to time it cleans up all those objects that are not used any more by anyone. (This is called [\"garbage collection\"](_URL_3_).) This makes it really easy to write an application for developers, but it has the downside that this cleaning task is quite difficult, so the performance of C# is worse than C++. And sometimes more important, the developer does not know when this cleaning is performed. So there might be micro lags, which are completely irrelevant in 99% of cases, but might be bad when writing an ego shooter game.\n\nOther than that, C# has so many nice (language) features that C++ developers can only dream of. So if you want to learn a programming language to write an application (and it's your first language), I would recommend C# (or even better: Python).\n\n\nAbout Objective C: To be honest, I had very little contact with it, and I have never seen it used outside the Apple universe. As far as I know even Apple is moving away from it and is going to replace it with [Swift](_URL_7_).",
"C is a programming language developed in 70s. It has all the basic programming features (functions, loops, arrays etc), but at the same time it gives access to low-level details, which is necessary for low-level programming (e.g. implementing an operating system kernel or a device driver). It gained a lot of popularity as a versatile, minimalist language which runs on many platforms. C is still used for making OS kernels (e.g. Linux kernel is written in C), device drivers, programs for embedded platforms, etc.\n\nC++ is a language based on C which added more powerful abstractions which make programming nicer: objects and (later) templates. Originally, it was just a C extension, so plain C code is also a valid C++ code, thus you can use existing C libraries and code snippets, access low-level functions, etc. This made C++ rather popular in 90s and early 2000s. Pretty much all modern web browsers are implemented in C++, as C is too low-level for that, while other languages do not give enough control over performance and execution details.\n\nObjective C also adds objects to C, but in a different way. It is sort of a dynamic layer on top of C. As such, it has some additional niceties, but at the same time suffers from performance standpoint.\n\nBasically, C++ enables nice features using \"template metaprogramming\", which is very complex, but has excellent performance, as it is resolved during compilation. On the other hand, Objective C is a simpler language, but it has to do more things when program is running, thus performance suffers.\n\nC# is a language which is inspired by Java. Its syntax is a bit similar to C, but it (normally) doesn't allow access to low-level details, and thus isn't really suitable low-level programming. However, this enables greater security, basically programming in C# is easier than programming in C/C++ because the language doesn't allow you to do really bad stuff.",
"I write in all three. C itself is non specific to the platform, it's great for embedded small processors as you can do what you want how you want where you want, you are responsible for literally everything, you manage memory, limits, you basically have your finger in the computers/microprocessors butt hole. C++ is similar but built around things being objects (software objects) but still it's up to you. C# is \"managed code\", it manages all the memory and interfaces to the recourses available to you, it does some cleaning up after you finish with things (for the most part), manages boundaries and limits of your application. C# is sort of like a way of making each program completely independent, if one program does something wrong, it is confined to that program only. This is ultimately why since windows 7 when one program crashes thats all that crashes, remember when one programmed crashed then others would play up, or, you'd blue screen? Thats because C# puts a wall around each program and manages then so they \"can't\" stuff up anything on that device. C and C# are a world apart. C will do as it's told, C# you ask it to do what you want, and its nice enough to tell you if it worked or not. If it gets upvoted enough I'll give some examples in plain English what I mean.",
"Sure are a lotta text walls for an eli5 here. Here's an explanation simplified to hell & back:\n\n\n- C is a very small & fast programming language that is widely used, however due to its age & size it lacks certain features.\n\n- C++ addresses this, it adds a plethora of very powerful features you can't find anywhere else, however, C++ is difficult & quite large.\n\n- Objective C is a middle ground - it's pretty much just C with a feature called \"Object Orientation\". This makes it quite small & quite powerful, but it lacks some of the crazy shenanigans you can pull with C++.\n\n- C# is a very easy, slow language created by Microsoft. It's made to be easy to write, great for beginners. Really not the same language as C/C++/Objective C.",
"Super short version: \nC is a programming language \n \nC++ is a language that was built on top of C, it mostly adds new features (++ means \"make it bigger by one\" in programming, so C++ sort of means \"C, but with more stuff\") \n \nObjective-C was originally just a layer on top of C, but ended up, like C++, as a language that is built on top of C but that adds more stuff. Objective-C and C++ are very different though, they were just designed in a similar way. \n \nC# is a whole new language, but it's heavily inspired by C++ and is intended to be easy to learn if you already know C++, which is why it has that \"C\" in the name.",
"C# is the outlier here. It's basically Java with the names changed to protect the guilty. (Microsoft's rip off of Java.)\n\nBoth Objective-C and C++ are supersets of C. Meaning they are the standard C language with objects added. C++ was developed at Bell Labs. Objective-C was developed at NeXT.\n\nC is a procedural language developed at Bell Labs in the late 60s and early 70s. You can think of it as portable high level assembly language. ",
"They are four different languages that share a similar syntax. Some degree of compatibility exists.\n\nC is a very old imperative language dating back to the late 1960s - early 1970s. It has undergone various revisions since then but for the most part it's not substantially different than it was when it was first developed.\n\nC is best described as a portable assembler, and properly written C code, when coupled with well designed compilers, produce the exact same results on numerous different microarchitectures. This was after all its original intention, C was designed to simplify porting the UNIX operating system to different computer systems.\n\nOne of the best parts about C is that the language syntax is completely divorced from the underlying language support. C code can be written such that it does not rely on the C standard library. This is great for embedded applications and microcontrollers.\n\nC++ is a multi-paradigm language designed in the mid 1980s that uses C as a developmental basis. C++ is not a super-set of C and indeed has many technical differences from C that frustrate compatibility. While C++ contains support for C and the C standard library, C++ provides its own standard library and discourages reliance on the C standard library when writing a program in C++.\n\nMost C code can be compiled with a C++ compiler but there may be slight logical differences due to variations in the standards; most of the balance can be compiled in C++ with a little bit of tweaking while some may require a partial rewrite. C code that is compiled with a C compiler can be linked with C++ code compiled with a C++ compiler as long as both compilers use the same ABI but care needs to be taken to ensure that the little \"gotchas\" don't become a problem.\n\nObjective-C is a strict superset of C. All C code can be compiled with an Objective-C compiler (many compiler suites use the same back-end for Objective-C and C) and all Objective-C code can link with C code that uses the same ABI without issue. Whereas C++ is a language of its own, Objective-C is an extention to the C language.\n\nObjective-C and C++ are both object-oriented but Objective-C performs most of its work at run-time while C++ performs most of its work at compile-time. They look and feel quite different. Objective-C is used almost exclusively by Apple.\n\nC# has more in common with Java that it does with C or C++. It's a whole new language that adopts a C-style syntax for familarity reasons. C# is a \"managed\" language, meaning that it relies heavily on an underlying runtime program to provide things like memory management and access to system resources.\n\nIf you want something done right and don't mind getting really close to the underlying architecture to do it, write in C.\n\nIf you want to make a large application that incorporates tons of code from other programmers, don't mind hunting down complex bugs, and appreciate abstraction over low-level control, write in C++.\n\nIf you want to tackle a large project with the best and most verbose toolset available and don't mind having to throw some extra computing power at it, write in C#\n\nIf you want to write software designed specifically for iOS/OSX, or are simply goofing around, write in Objective-C.",
"C is the original and it's a procedural language. C++ is the next iteration that added object based programming. C# is Microsoft's version... and it uses *Microsoft's* objects (.Net)\n\nIn reality almost all languages are the same. Once you know one, all the others just differ in syntax",
"* **C**: is a human readable language that allows someone to tell a computer what to do\n* **C++**: extends C with a lot of structure to the language to try and make it more like working with Objects in the real world\n* **C#**: is a separate language that is built upon the idea of real world Objects\n* **Objective C**: was a really bad joke that got out of hand. But seriously, it is similar to C++ in that it extended C in order to bring more structure to the language. It just so happened to be the language of choice for NeXT and then Apple.\n\nC++ and Objective C are built on top of C, so you can still use C within the language.\n\nC# was not created as an extension of C, but shares a lot of similarity in the way it looks.\n\nYou tell a computer to do anything in C, but telling it to do complicated things in C++, C# or Objective C will take less time.",
"Lots of answers in the thread, but I want to drop one as well.\n\nProgramming is *hard*, and it used to be much harder. Once upon a time, you had to write all of your programs in a machine-specific variant of Assembly language. The code I wrote for a PDP-11 wouldn't run on a different type of computer. Worse, Assembly languages generally required a very thorough knowledge of the specific CPU architecture.\n\nThat's inconvenient. There were a number of \"high level languages\" out there- COBOL, Fortran, LISP, and while they might be fine for day to day work, they were terrible choices for what we call \"systems programming\"- doing something like writing an operating system, or interfacing directly with a piece of hardware. But they were *portable* (a COBOL program could run on any computer that had a COBOL compiler), and they were much easier to program.\n\nWhat was needed was a high level language that could easily be translated into Assembly (and machine code), but wasn't as abstract or distant from the hardware as languages like COBOL. Something that was basically \"user friendly Assembly\", that had the benefits of portability. That language was C.\n\nC was used to write Unix, and quickly became on of the dominant languages for writing software. It was fast, it was powerful, and it was *everywhere*. Its syntax became what programming is. Even languages that have no relationship to C at all, like JavaScript, use a similar syntax. So when programming philosophies began to change, and ideas like \"Object-Oriented Programming\" rose to ascendance, people took the approach of grafting these new concepts onto a C-like syntax.\n\nEnter C++ and Objective-C. Both of these languages introduce a new high-level abstraction: the *object*. They encourage you to write your programs as models of real-world systems. If you're managing a bank, you'll have an actual *object* in code called \"BankAccount\", and it has both behavior (things it can do) and attributes (data).\n\nThat's the key difference between these languages and plain-old C (although how they handle memory is also an important difference). As far as the difference between C++ and Obj-C, that difference is how they *designed* their object-oriented concepts. Obj-C lifted all of its features from a different language called Smalltalk. Essentially, Obj-C is what happens when Smalltalk and C have a baby (and, while there are some interesting features in it, let's be honest: it's an *ugly* baby). The goal of Obj-C was to retain all the best parts of both, and it partially succeeded.\n\nC++, on the other hand, took an approach to managing objects that was closer to C-style syntax. Of the two, C++ became the dominant choice- it had speed *similar* to C, but objects were a useful abstraction.\n\nPhew. Okay, finally, that brings us to C#, and to understand C#, we have to understand Java. Back in the 1990s, we were dealing with portability again. While a C program can be ported between computer architectures more easily than Assembly, it's not *instant*. You often have to customize the code, and even if you don't, you have to compile that code for each architecture. So the folks behind Java had a bright idea: what if we ran all our programs in a virtual machine- a \"in memory\" computer that we simulate? The idea was that they could port *Java itself* to different architectures, and then programmers could write a Java program that would run *any place Java worked*, without having to ever modify their program or compile it for different architectures. Java lifted most of its syntax from C++ with heavy modifications.\n\nFast forward to the early 2000s. Microsoft has been releasing its own Galapagos-mutant version of C++ for ages now, and it also has this ugly bastard language called Visual Basic, which is weirdly popular but… just terrible. They've been watching what's happening in the Java space, and decide, \"Goddamn, I want some of that action.\" So using the concepts of Java as a starting point, they create .Net. .Net, like Java, has a concept similar to a virtual machine. C# is a language that lifts features from Java and C++ (and a number of others) and creates code that can run on the .NET Common Language Runtime.",
"C is a simple tool. It's relatively easy to understand how it works but it requires more work than a complex tool for some tasks. An experienced user of the simple tool can use it in ways that are harder to understand. In computing terms it is very \"cheap\", it requires little system resources.\n\nC++ is a more complex tool, it takes a little longer to learn than C. It can do more but it has lots of condition about how you can use it. Because it's a complex tool, an experienced user can do very complex things with it. Those things can be very difficult to understand. C++ is more \"expensive\" than C but not significantly so.\n\nObjective-C is also a more complex tool but it's use is simpler than C++. While it allows many ways of doing things, they are done with a less complex and restrictive set of controls. Code is sometimes longer in Objective-C but easier to understand than C++ and less work than C. Objective-C is more expensive in some ways and less so in others compared with C++.\n\nC# is a quite different language. It uses many of the ideas of Objective-C and C++ and makes them simpler to use again. It is easier to understand C# than C++ but its simplicity means removing some of the more complex uses. It is generally easy to use and effective tool, the downside is that its the most expensive of all these options and it can be used in less places.",
"* C is coca cola. The first very old soft drink that many have enjoyed. And continue to enjoy.\n\n* C++ is Cherry coca cola. Still at heart the same drink we all enjoy but we give it a new idea of a flavor that makes it unique. We sometimes call this flavor object oriented programming.\n\n* Objective C is Cherry Pepsi. Like C a cola based soft drink and like C++ it has that extra flavor for object oriented programming. But we developed the drink different enough that we give it a new brand name. Funny enough is you can mix this with the other 2 drinks easy enough and it continues to taste good and work well as a drink.\n\n\n* C# is Caffeine Free Diet Cherry Coca Cola. It is Cherry Coke but we try to tweak it with some new ideas to make it appeal to people who do not enjoy caffeine and want the sugar replaced with something more complex but that seems to taste the same.\n\n\nC is served everywhere. A classic.\n\nCherry Coke is served at most computer gaming companies.\n\nCherry Pepsi is served at Apple.\n\nCaffeine Free Diet Cherry Coca Cola is of course served at Microsoft.\n\nOh btw...\n\n\nWhen you get tired of drinking soft drinks you can go get a Starbucks Coffee. They seem to serve it everywhere. It is just the fancy name for Java. It has many of the same features of the soft drinks and you can for sure add Cherry flavoring. \n\nIt also does not hurt to learn about water with Sugar in it. We call this assembly language. At some level every drink has this in it but it is tedious and we prefer higher levels of drinks with more to it.\n\n\n",
"ELI5:\n\nYou need to chop down a tree and make logs.\n\n- C: you first get a branch, then make a handle with the branch. Then you get some iron ore, you melt your iron ore to make an axe head, then you put the head and the handle together, you have an axe! Then you chop your tree. Your axe is single use. If you need to chop 10 trees, you need to make 10 axes.\n\n- C++: you go to the shop, you select a pre-made handle; a pre-made axe head, and you say to the shopkeeper: \"make me an axe!\" And you can chop one tree with that. Next time you can ask \"give me another axe of the same model!\" to the shopkeeper.\n\n- Objective C: Apple came along and opened another axe shop because they were jealous and wanted you to give them your money. Their axes have fancy colors and can cut on both sides. You chop the tree more or less in the same way as C++ though. \n\n- C#: you go to the tree you want to chop and say \"shopkeeper, bring me an axe\", then you chop your tree. It feels easier to chop the tree than with C++ and Objective C, but it takes twice as long. After you're done logging your felled tree, the shopkeeper comes back to clean up after you. \n\n",
"C is the OG. C is free of right. C# is microsoft version it looks more like java. The story of C++ is quite funny : a dude wanted more power in his language so he wrote his. It's the second most powerfull language after Assembleur. No idea what is objective C\n\nBut it's mostly just name, see it as final fantasy, all the same name not the same game at all ",
"Many of these explanations don't really ELI5. Many are also factually incorrect. (No one is better than another. It all depends on your platform and goals.)\n\nThe languages you listed (and some others like Java) are C-family languages. They are like different dialects of Spanish: Similar starting points and frameworks, but some grammatical and vocabulary differences depending on the region.\n\nThese languages follow the same basic coding structure and syntax. If you are competent in a C-family language, you can look at code for another one and be able to bumble your way around it pretty quickly.",
"Is C# pronounced \"C pound,\" \"C sharp,\" or something else all together?",
"People write it too long to get the points across to a five year old.\n\nC is the original C. It worked well for simple programs on simple computers which were much much slower than your computer now. As computers became faster and faster, they could make more complex programs coded by many programmers. That's when C++ is invented, because added language features allowed bigger programs be written and read easier.\n\nComputers never stop being faster; thus, the need for more complex and useful programs. As things get more complex, you have people wanting to make it easier, and that's when they made Java and C# and a metric ton of other languages too.\n\nThe future? It's possible to have monkeys cranking out apps by using AI programming or something like that.",
"Many others have explained the differences extremely well so I won't explain that again but not many have said where one language is \"better\" than the other so I will try. \n\nC is a systems programming language. It is only just above assembly so offers tremendous power but is also painful at times. It has no built in support for graphics, networking, etc. this means that you need to use libraries (code written by others) to do that work. This means that while the language is the same on every supported platform (which is basically every platform) the libraries may work differently or not be supported at all. C was designed for building operating systems though and not desktop applications that we know today (although it can be used for such if you wish).\n\nC++ is (was) an extension to C to make developing large applications easier. You see C (pun!) is great for writing an OS or drivers but it isn't so nice when you are working with truly massive programs. While you might think of an OS as being big it is actually rather small, it is all the extra parts that make it big. C++ was designed to help with that while still maintaining the performance of C.\n\nC# and Java are very similar in design. They were designed to make it easier to develop applications. They have excellent built in support for networking, graphics and other complex things. They also mostly remove the difficulties of having to compile different programs for different platforms. Although C# didn't really make any use of this until recently as Microsoft kept it officially Windows only. As others have mentioned they run in a virtual machine which is an abstraction of the hardware to a common platform. Whatever platform the virtual machine runs on means your program [will/should] work. \n\nObjective-C is just a different way of doing what C++ did i.e. designed to make developing applications easier. It was only really used by NeXT which is why Apple use it (Apple bought NeXT which is the base of modern macOS). Things are moving over to Swift now which is Apple's now language influenced by quite a few languages and deserving of its own thread I would say. \n\nTwo other languages you might hear about are Go and Rust. Go is from Google and designed to be a native (like C, C++) language that excels at networking and parallel computing tasks. Rust is from Mozilla and designed to be a safer/easier to use C or C++ used for systems and applications. Rust is also native but has many safety features over C and C++. Mozilla are using it to develop their nextgen browser rendering engine which is an excellent example of where a native language like C and C++ is needed but also shows their weakness in regards to networking and security. \n\nAnd finally you have things like Python which has been mentioned is a scripting. Python is excellent for making things quickly. It has a lot of built in features like C# and Java but doesn't need to be compiled. It is slower because of this though. However it is super easy to get things done though and is very beginner friendly as the learning curve is not as steep. ",
"C is the oldest of the three. It's a functional programming language -- the idea is that you make functions that have inputs and outputs, and once the function is written, you don't need to concern yourself with what's going on inside the function -- Just feed it the inputs and get your outputs. So the complicated stuff inside the function is abstracted away and you don't have to think about it too much. In English, functions kind of work like verbs. They DO. \n\nObjective C and C++ are two attempts to turn C into an object oriented programming language. Instead of using functions for abstracting away all the complicated stuff, you use classes. Classes are (A LOT) more complicated, but they can do a lot more too. If functions work like verbs, classes work like nouns. They might have data in them, and member functions that manipulate that data, and they can do their own housecleaning in terms of memory, and they can choose what to expose to the world outside of the class. \n\nC++ and Objective C are much more complicated languages than C, but they allow you to abstract away higher level concepts. It's a trade-off -- you spend more time thinking about the problem in C, and more time thinking about the language in C++ and Objective C. \n\nC# is an object oriented language that bears a passing resemblance to C, C++, and Objective C, but it's really Microsoft's version of Java. It tries to make the writing of the code easier by handling certain things behind the scenes that you'd have to handle yourself in the other languages. So generally, you can write it faster and there may be less code to debug, but it's significantly slower to run.",
"Trying to get back to the ELI5. \n\nC is an old, solid language. Not easy to read by people who don't program in it a lot. Very capable, if a computer can do it, you can pretty much tell it to do it in C. And it's fast. And it has been widely adopted, so it runs on a lot of computers. Not used much for new programs. \n\nC++ added object orientation (OO) to the language. OO is a way of structuring how you write a program, and was useful, and widely adopted, in other languages too like Java. \n\nObjective C and C# are both improvements on C++, by Apple and Microsoft. They make some things easier to code, add capabilities that were not there before, etc. \n\nProgrammers love to get into long debates about which language is best. ",
"I'm surprised, and slightly disappointed, that no one has used a cooking recipe analogy yet, so here is mine:\n\nProgramming is like writing a recipe, but you have to give very specific instructions because the person reading the recipe (i.e. a computer) is the dumbest in the world. If you miss out one little detail, it goes crazy.\n\nC is like a VERY detailed recipe. You don't just say \"cut onions.\" You have to be very detailed at how many chops, what direction the chops need to be in, how to hold the knife, and what knife to use. It works, and you get exactly what you need, but it is a LOT of writing. And you have to redo this for every type of chopping (diced, sliced, etc.) for each thing, like onions, tomatoes, etc.\n\nC++ takes C, but adds \"objects\" which are basically ways to simplify things. So you might have a knife \"object\" where you define how to dice, slice, etc. once. Then you just use that with an onion \"object\" or a tomato \"object\" without having to rewrite almost the exact same thing.\n\nC# is a little different. It is Microsoft coming in and saying \"I can create writing recipes much easier than this! But it will only work on my idiot-people (i.e. Windows computers), but you don't have to write everything. We'll simplify that part for you.\" So you don't have define a knife object or a onion object; Microsoft already did that for you. And they use these objects a lot more nicely because it was made solely based on objects, while C++ was just C with objects added afterwards.\n\nObjective-C is basically Apple coming in and saying \"Hey, this C language needs better communication because we have multiple people reading the recipe at once. So let's make it easy for them to talk to one another while cooking, instead of having to define 'talk' from scratch\" (because yes, you also need to write out exactly how these idiot-people talk to one another). So they did that.\n\nHopefully these helps explains things.",
"Embedded Software Engineer here -- I deal with C on a daily basis (and occasionally use C#. It's been a decade since I've touched C++ and I've never used Objective C)\n\nOthers have covered the history of the languages well, so I'm just going to provide another analogy:\n\n* C is like working with hand tools. You can cut with extreme precision and make intricate pieces. But it's slow if you're trying to make a huge, complex piece.\n\n* C++/Objective C are like working with power tools. You can't hit the high-precision stuff as easily C can, but if you're building a house wouldn't you rather have the cuts be \"good enough\" rather than waste the time dealing with something that's going to be covered by drywall anyways\n\n* C# is like sending the cuts and materials list off to a local woodworking shop and letting them do the cutting so you can just worry about putting the pieces together.\n\n----\n\nHere's a [quote](_URL_3_) that sums up the difference between C and C++:\n\n > C makes it easy to shoot yourself in the foot; C++ makes it harder, but when you do it blows your whole leg off.\n\nC is currently used in just about every computing device. Linux, Windows, and Mac all [use it](_URL_1_) in their [Kernels](_URL_4_). It's been to [Mars](_URL_2_). It is [heavily-used](_URL_0_) to this day and is not (as others here have suggested) a dying language",
"C is the language that the others are based on. It was invented by the same people at Bell Labs who invented the Unix operating system. When it was invented, it introduced some sophisticated (at the time) ways to deal with data. Unlike its predecessor, which was (you guessed it) called B, it had \"data types\". So, for example, the language would treat numeric data differently than a piece of text. Also, you could take a set of related pieces of data and put them together into something called a \"struct.\" For example, let's say you're writing a game -- the \"soldier\" struct might have \"name\" (a piece of text), \"rank\" (another piece of text), and \"serial number\" (a number). Structs were data types too, so you could put a struct inside another struct! This turned out to be a pretty powerful idea, and the people who invented C turned around and rewrote all of Unix in C because it was so powerful. Most operating systems are still written in C today -- it's a great tool for that purpose.\n\nOkay, so Object Oriented Programming (or \"OO\") is this idea that when you create a new data type (i.e. struct), you should also stick the code related to that struct basically in the same place. So if you have some code that needs to tell one of these \"soldiers\" to do things (from the above example), all the things that a solider can do (march, fight, etc) are all wrapped up in the struct too -- you don't have to go trying to find them. OO people call this a \"class\" rather than a struct. Lots of people wanted to bring classes to C. C++ and Objective C are two languages, developed at more or less the same time, that were separate attempts to do this. Because they were developed separately, they have slightly different ways of doing Object Oriented programming. Yes -- it's annoying, but it's how things evolved. C++ was also developed at Bell Labs, and attempted to fix lots of other miscellaneous problems with C. It was MUCH more popular than Objective C, until recently, when Apple came to the forefront -- because Apple uses Objective C, people have to learn it now. Though I think Apple is now finally phasing it out.\n\nEven though you didn't mention it, at this point it's important to mention Java, because it's very closely related to the C family of languages. One big problem with C and C++ was that you have to \"manage memory\" yourself. That means that if you want to stick some data in your computer memory, you have to do all this complicated stuff:\n\n* reserve a spot for it in RAM\n* keep track of where you put it\n* make sure you don't accidentally write your data in the wrong spot, which could overwrite another important piece of data\n* when you're done with the data, give up your reservation so that spot in memory can be used by something else. \n\nThis is kind of okay if you're building your own operating system, because you have to do all that stuff anyway, because the operating system is the \"boss\" of the memory and controls access to it. But if you're just writing an app to run on that operating system, you'd kind of like something to do all that junk for you -- a \"memory manager\".\n\nPeople wanted a language that was basically just like C++, but with automatic memory management. This is what Java basically is -- all you have to do in Java is ask the memory manager \"hey, I'd like some memory please\" and the memory manager is like \"here you go.\" You can't accidentally overwrite the wrong part of the memory, and the memory manager cleans up your data for you when you're done with it. There are some other differences between Java and C++ as well -- Java eliminated a good many of the \"power user\" features in C++ that were less used. This makes Java a LOT easier to learn than C++.\n\nMicrosoft, for a bunch of business reasons, wasn't too hot on Java back in the late 90's and the aughts. So C# is basically a rebranding of Java that is closely associated with Microsoft products. It fixes a few small miscellaneous problems with Java, and adds a few bells and whistles, but otherwise it's very similar. It hasn't really caught on much outside the Microsoft world -- for example, Universities still mostly teach intro to computer science courses in Java.\n\ntl/dr:\n\n* C: the base language, has structured data\n* C++: adds Object Oriented programming to C\n* Objective C: adds a slightly different version of Object Oriented programming to C\n* C#: Microsoft's rebranding of Java, which is like C++ but with automatic memory management\n",
"Objective C is an unholy alliance between Smalltalk and C. It is like someone learned both languages, got a lobotomy, and then invented a new language. \n\nYou can get whatever you want done in Objective C, you just end up with a headache before you are done. ",
"Programming languages can seem overwhelming at a glance. Some languages have similar names, like the ones you mention in your question, and there are others that are all together different i.e. Java and Python. So is every language vastly different than the next? \n\nTo answer that question, think about the definition of a language. A language is a system of words that are constructed in a way to to express something. \"My name is John.\" People who understand English know that particular expression means the person speaking is a guy named John. \n\nA language has a set of rules to adhere to for consistency (so that there are no errors in communication; people who understand that language won't be confused or miss the meaning of the message). If I say, \"My name is John.\", and you reply with, \"Yoda Be Dancing!\" and you meant to say \"My name is David.\", I'd probably assume you were high and/or drunk.\n\nOther languages in the world, though different in name and syntax, all share similarities and and some share more than others. But all languages do the same thing - they're meant to convey something, whether it's a person, car, a feeling, or an action. We use words as adjectives and verbs to describe the nature of something. I'd assume most people like learning similar languages with syntax and rules because it's easier to learn. That's why many English-speaking people learn Spanish as their second language.\n\nComputer languages are nothing more than languages. They all have a set of rules and syntax to convey something. In this environment, conveying means a program made of constructed words that are in turn made into expressions (or statements) that form particular functions. i.e. a cash register program that accepts money, returns money, and keeps track of the total in the drawer. So why are there so many languages?\n\nLanguages are invented to meet the needs of the growing world of technology. Some languages phase out, while others stick around because they still serve a purpose. Every language builds off and borrows from an earlier language, either as an evolution or to be a better successor. \n\nC was invented to allow more complex programs to be created while making it easier to write and understand too. The more a computer language is similar to a human language, like English, the more people can create and write more efficient programs. C++ is an evolution of C with similar syntax and rules but it was built more powerfully to allow the programmer more complexity and control. C++, and other languages such as Java, are known as \"object-oriented\" languages. You create \"objects\" that can be used to have similar properties and functions but also have unique attributes. If I create multiple \"basketball\" objects they can all bounce and spin, but some other basketballs might be larger or smaller and have different colors. Powerful languages are also more taxing on a computer system so that's why older languages are still around -- they're more efficient to use for certain situations.\n\nSpeaking of Java, Java was meant to be like C++ but to be more portable so it could run on virtually any machine. It didn't matter if you had Windows, Linux, or Mac, or what processor you had. The reason why Java took off was because of the internet; you were able to send programs to anyone's computer through a website and they'd work. RUNESCAPE YA'LL. It's also secure so the program cannot mess with your computer. A common trade off for a language is security for power and vice versa. C# and Java are somewhat of a mimicry as they are very, very similar in nature. C# was like Java in portability, but it was meant to only work and be efficient with Windows on different computers (MS calls it their .NET Framework). Objective C is Apple's C++; it's meant to create software for Macs and iPhones, etc.\n\nThen there are languages like Python (named after Monty Python). Python isn't as powerful as C++, but it's syntax and rules are easier to grasp and follow and it can be very fast and efficient for certain tasks (i.e. web server-side programming). You write Python code very similarly as to how you would write an action in English. Python code doesn't look like Klingon and that's why so many people start with Python as their first language. If you learn Python, you can then go on to learn other languages like C++ and you'll pick them up much, much faster. That's why many people might know 3-4 computer languages easily is because of how similar they are. For example, I'm 32 and have been studying Java for the last several months. I haven't programmed since I was in my early 20's but I already had a background of languages - Basic, Visual Basic, HTML, JavaScript and C++. I'm learning Java at an accelerated rate because the concepts, rules, and syntax are very familiar to me even though it's still different from what I've learned from other languages.\n\nIn summary, computer languages are like languages we speak and some languages are more similar than others. New computer languages are invented to meet the current and future needs of the world. All computer languages evolve from or build off and borrow from other languages. Even though there are many computer languages, by learning just a few this will allow you to easily pick up and learn another language. We still have many computer languages today because of specific needs and trade offs - power vs security vs portability vs efficiency. \n",
"A family owns a car shop. Each member can get the job done, but they have different skills and tend to get different clientele.\n\nGrampa C's been in the business since the 70s but he's a tough old coot that has a lot of dedicated clients that know him real well. He can work on just about anything,: semis, lawnmowers, or helicopters. He does exactly what you tell him, but sometimes that means he does something that causes a leak or a catastrophic explosion or the locks to not work. You want speed holes in your engine block? No problem.\n\nGrampa had two boys named C++ and Objective C. \n\nC++ does everything C does, but he's a little easier to talk to. However, he's got some weiiird ideas and jury's out on whether he's a mad genius or just mad. \n\nUncle Objective C barely looks like his dad. Rumor is he's not actually C's kid, and his real dad is set gypsy foreigner. He's kind of snooty and only works on fancy import cars. He does good work, but talking to him after working with C talks some work since he prefers you write him notes instead of talking directly.\n\nC# is youngest brother and is straight-up adopted; it's obvious since he's half-Javanese. He refuses to do any illegal mods, because they're \"unsafe\". He used to only work on American cars, but recently decided to open up to everything. You can take a Chinese car to him, but it always ends up feeling a little more American somehow. Which seems okay at the time, but you always worry a bit that some stupid American intellectual property law is going to rear its ugly head and get your car pulled off the road. He's a nice guy to work with, but will talk your ear off.",
"I just started as a junior engineer for a pretty well known financial company ( not wells fargo) and I'm using multiple languages. Java, JavaScript, html/css (even though they're not a real oop language), and a platform specific language called apex (essentially works like java- small syntactical differences) As far as how hard programming is, I can say yes- it is hard, but not for long. Its only difficult because computer languages are soo alien to most people, and the way you have to think is literally not the most natural way for (most) people to think. The logic is one of the hardest things to get used to. In my experience though, the fact that there are terms in computer science that people use everyday and terms you use in computer science while discussing a particular concept, increases your understanding of how to articulate yourself much more gracefully. For instance, the word \"variable\". If your talking to someone who is not trained as an engineer, to them, a variable can be anything ( person A says \"my day was off\" off and person B says\"well was your routine different? What VARIABLE in your routine did you change\"?). The same is true with programming, but the difference is that, if your speaking to an engineer, and toss out the word \"variable\", they usually expect a value(data) to be stored within that variable. \nAs I've come to learn, when discussing topics in computer science, it would be advantageous utilize synonyms for a certain term, if that term is used within computer science. Once you begin to find new words to describe something like a \"variable\", you begin to notice you start thinking at an extremely granular level. Thinking at a granular level is essentially the logic behind programming, and is critical for writing functional code. \nMy point is, at first its hard but if you keep practicing, you will begin to shift your frame of thought to a more pedantic, logical state of mind. It will come naturally as you begin to discuss core concepts. \nDon't put that shit on a pedestal! I had NO - 0 programming experience a year ago, and now I'm a junior engineer. If your interested, do it. Don't be afraid to fail!",
"C works really well with all of the POSIX operating systems; it may work on Windows but why would you program C in Windows? Do you really want to suffer figuring out Hungarian Notation? Let me answer that for you, \"No. You do not.\" The language is small, simple, and time consuming. You will not find a lot of life-improving features in the language, such as classes or creating a pointer short and quickly. But that's okay, C can be used everywhere and anywhere, which is still its biggest selling point from its initial creation back in the 70's. \n\nC++ is the greatest thing on earth since it doesn't have any of the flaws of C, like how it deals with pointers or strings (c-arrays), while still keeping its peer's advantages; it will run on anything and everything. Plus, Microsoft sold the farm to make the language its defacto language for Windows around the mid 90's and I guess the early 2000's. Its biggest flaw, in my opinion, is its plasticity; there are many, different ways you can program to in order to find a single solution. The other biggest flaw it possess is its crazy, *I-must-optimize-allthethings* compiler; it can get very difficult to predict what the compiler will do after a while. I think this is the main reason, among others, why Microsoft decided to create a language of its own in the early 2000's.\n\nC# is pretty much the love child of Java and .NET. You have your garbage collector automagically managing your program's memory, and you have all the cool libraries that will only work on Windows, minus DirectX for some odd reason. That has somewhat changed due to Mono, but why would you program C# in Linux when Linux has an overwhelming amount of libraries and tools that will only work on C/C++/Objective C? Anyway, if you're going to program a Windows apps in the future, C# will be the language that you will use frequently.\n\nI wouldn't touch anything that Apple created since their engineers are batshit crazy. Throw Objective C into the trash where it belongs. ",
"A lot of people here are confusing .NET and C#, and .NET and Java.\n\nC# is just a language. As some version of it was submitted for ISO certification, anyone could use it anywhere for any purpose. Including native compilers. The design principles around it were to make a better, easier to use C++ language. Designed, from the ground up, to be entirely object oriented and have native support for modern programming concepts such as collections. C# was designed at the same time as .NET and has a compiler for it.\n\nLike Java, .NET programs are distributed in intermediate byte code. This is, full stop, where the similarities end.\n\nJava is a platform-agnostic implementation. Write Once, Run Anywhere. A virtual machine, ported to each platform, interprets the byte code as programs run.\n\n.NET is a language-agnostic implementation. When compiled to the \".NET Platform\", each module can be written in any language and still inter-operate without issue. When a .NET program is run for the first time, a compiler creates a native code version and stores it deep in the operating system. Future runs of the program actually activate this native code, rather than run the compiler. At no time does the code function under interpretive execution.\n\nWhile the \".NET Platform\" has been ported to other systems, it was never an original design goal to be platform-agnostic or compete directly with Java. Indeed, Microsoft had no reason to want users to use anything other than Windows, and the Windows platforms are not different enough to need a Virtual Machine concept.",
"In short for the average person, C is a systems language, C# is a web app language, objective C is an mobile app language, and C++ is a general purspose language that can be used for many of those. C would be considered a light language because it doesn't have many built-in libraries, in the system level, you want things to be as efficient as possible. C++ supports many constructs from the other C languages, but it would be considered heavy because of its large built-in library. C is also the level above assembly and can be easily translated into assembly ",
"To supplement the excellent detailed answers given here, here is /u/agate_ 's Slightly Sketchy ELI5 Fast Food Analogy for Object-Oriented Programming.\n\nWhen you go to a drive-thru restaurant, you don't order some bread, a beef patty, some cheese, a slice of tomato, lettuce, pickles, fries, and a coke: you just order the #3. The combo meal has all the food you want bundled together in one convenient package. This is **abstraction**, the starting point of object-oriented programming. Even basic C lets you do this much.\n\nBut suppose you want a burger with extra pickles. That's not a number on the menu! But you don't have to go back to square one: you just say \"#3, extra pickles\", which defines your order as a change to an existing combo. This is **inheritance**.\n\nWhen you get your #3, the combo meal also comes with a straw and napkins, which aren't food, but the tools you need to eat the food, included in the package. Imagine if you had to go to the supermarket to pick up utensils every time. This is **encapsulation**.\\*\n\nAnd finally, the fast-food restaurant only has one kind of straw, which can be used for all of its drinks. McDonald's straws are extra-fat so they work with both soft drinks and shakes. KFC used to give you a [spork](_URL_0_). This is **polymorphism**\\*: one tool works on lots of different foods.\n\n\n\\* These parts of the analogy isn't so good, I admit: encapsulation also means you can't drink your coke without using the straw provided, and polymorphism is more like lots of different straws that ... bah, good enough for ELI5.",
"Before we get into it, I have to apologize for two things. First, I'm pretty dumb, so I have to bring it down to my level, and sorry for that. Second, putting computer code into Reddit gets some weird results, so sorry for the strange bold/indented stuff below (EDIT: I think it's fixed...?).\n\nThe most basic program is a Hello World program. The whole purpose of this program is to put \"Hello World\" on the screen. It might not seem like much, and it's usually just a way for a student to make sure that they can actually code on the computer that they're working on. For our purposes here, though, it's also good for comparing the complexity of those programs.\n\nComputers understand binary (ie: 0s and 1s). To do a Hello World program in binary, you have to do something like this...\n\n---------------------------------------------\n 00000000 7f 45 4c 46 01 01 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |.ELF............|\n 00000010 02 00 03 00 01 00 00 00 80 80 04 08 34 00 00 00 |............4...|\n 00000020 c8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 34 00 20 00 02 00 28 00 |........4. ...(.|\n 00000030 04 00 03 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 80 04 08 |................|\n 00000040 00 80 04 08 9d 00 00 00 9d 00 00 00 05 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000050 00 10 00 00 01 00 00 00 a0 00 00 00 a0 90 04 08 |................|\n 00000060 a0 90 04 08 0e 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000070 00 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000080 ba 0e 00 00 00 b9 a0 90 04 08 bb 01 00 00 00 b8 |................|\n 00000090 04 00 00 00 cd 80 b8 01 00 00 00 cd 80 00 00 00 |................|\n 000000a0 48 65 6c 6c 6f 2c 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 21 0a 00 2e |Hello, world!...|\n 000000b0 73 68 73 74 72 74 61 62 00 2e 74 65 78 74 00 2e |shstrtab..text..|\n 000000c0 64 61 74 61 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |data............|\n 000000d0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|\n *\n 000000f0 0b 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 06 00 00 00 80 80 04 08 |................|\n 00000100 80 00 00 00 1d 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000110 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 11 00 00 00 01 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000120 03 00 00 00 a0 90 04 08 a0 00 00 00 0e 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000130 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 04 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000140 01 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000150 ae 00 00 00 17 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |................|\n 00000160 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 |........|\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\nProgramming in this way is annoying.\n\nPeople eventually tried to find a way to program that was less annoying. This led to Assembly. This is a Hello World program in Assembly.\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\n section .text\n global _start \n\n _start: \n\n mov edx,len \n mov ecx,msg \n mov ebx,1 \n mov eax,4 \n int 0x80 \n mov eax,1 \n int 0x80 \n section .data\n\n msg db 'Hello, world!',0xa \n len equ $ - msg \n\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThis is still pretty annoying.\n\nC eventually gave us this...\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\n #include < stdio.h > \n\n int main(void)\n {\n printf(\"Hello, world!\\n\");\n return 0;\n }\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\nThis is much better. The stdio part means \"standard in/out\" which is important for printing things to the screen. The int, void, and return are a bit more complicated to explain, but basically they allow you the potential for added functionality. For instance, you could change the \"void\" part so that the program said \"Hello Bob!\" or \"Hello Sue!\" instead of \"Hello World\" depending upon how you ran the program. You could also change the int and return parts depending upon what you wanted the program to give back to you when you ran it.\n\nStill, while C is better than Assembly, it can still be pretty tough to control when you want to design complex programs. This led to C++, which let you do object-oriented programming. Now, you could do things like this...\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\n if (car.gas == 0)\n car- > shutdown();\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\nHopefully that code makes sense (if the car has 0 gas, then shut it down). This is just a crude example, not necessarily to show how best to program a car, but rather to show how \"car\" can work as a programmable object. To do something like this in C would involve a bit more code.\n\nC++ was already quite established when C# came out. C# was an attempt by Microsoft to compete with Java.\n\nObjective C was another attempt to add object-oriented programming to C. Where C++ would give you code like:\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\n computerscreen- > printline(\"Hello World!\");\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\n...Objective C would require something like...\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\n [computerscreen printline:\"Hello World!\"];\n\n---------------------------------------------\n\nIt might seem like a silly difference, but a big part of C++'s success was that it still felt a lot like C, which was super popular at the time. That said, Objective C became very popular in the projects that adopted it, so it got its own foothold.",
"The biggest differences for non-programmers (people with programming experience will generally know this stuff already):\n\n1. C/C++ are not portable, generally speaking. A program you write for Windows will need anywhere from a little bit of extra work, for small command line programs, to a lot of extra work, for graphically intense applications which heavily interact with the operating system, to work on Linux/Mac. You might even need to have different build setups for different versions of Windows.\n\n C# is generally more portable, as it has an extra layer of abstraction. A C# program is sent to a common opaque layer beneath it, which then does the hard work of figuring out how to run it on different machines. \n\n2. C/C++ are much closer to the underlying computer hardware. You can generally see a mapping from objects or data in C/C++ to virtual memory on your computer. You can also generally predict what the assembler will do with your code. Assembly is the \"language of the PC\" so to speak, it is the lowest level of translation from code you write to what the actual processor understands.\n\n C# on the other hand, again, has an extra layer of abstraction running below it, so the relationship between things you define in C# and your computer's memory is not as clear.\n\n3. If speed is the most important aspect of the task at hand, C/C++ are generally the better choice. If the most important aspect is the look and feel of a graphical application, C# is generally the better choice. Although there are \"helpers\" which can make creating graphical windows in C/C++ easier, its still a giant pain in the ass, and not as flexible as C#.\n\n4. For any programs/services which need to interact with large sets of data & display the data to the user, C# will usually be easier to work with, and much faster to program with."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qt_%28software%29",
"http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstring/strcpy/",
"http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/0xy59wtx%28v=vs.110%29.aspx",
"http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdlib/malloc/",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null-terminated_string",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_%28programming_language%29",
"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.string%28v=vs.110%29.aspx",
"http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstring/strlen/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"http://spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/the-2016-top-programming-languages",
"http://stackoverflow.com/a/580300",
"http://mars.nasa.gov/MPF/mpf/faqs_general.html#computer",
"https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup",
"https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2hweac/eli5_the_difference_between_linux_unix_and/"
],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spork"
],
[],
[]
] |
|
43j2fq
|
why, if high oil prices were bad for the economy, are "experts" now saying that really low oil prices are bad for the economy?
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/43j2fq/eli5_why_if_high_oil_prices_were_bad_for_the/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czik46q",
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],
"score": [
2,
5,
3
],
"text": [
"The sharp decline in oil prices hurts the oil industry. They now have to make profits off smaller margins so that is negatively impacting their stock and companies. Their declining stock is impacting the stock market as a whole. But, it is only temporary and much of the media is falsely accusing the oil prices for the sudden drop in the market. There are a lot of things going on right now in China and in global economies that is negatively impacting stocks. As a whole, it is great thing for the economy long term and will help consumers. But, cheaper oil means more oil usage and with that some liberal organizations and media will try to promote doom and gloom from it. For example, Obama has stated many times that it was his goal to make oil more expensive to reduce its usage. Now that oil is cheap it goes against their political agenda.",
"The answer lies in your definition of \"the economy\". Macroeconomics is a complex system of multiple smaller economies, with complex interrelationships between them. In other words, things that are good for one segment are bad for other segments. Living in Texas, I can tell you that there are a lot of oil and gas companies in Houston right now that are being hurt by the low oil prices. They are selling a product that was once worth $140 per barrel and now is at around $30. At the high these companies were celebrating record profits while the rest of us were scared that the price of gas would never stop rising. However, the general consumer who is now seeing gas prices lower than $2 a gallon, this is a great thing. And for shipping companies where fuel prices are a large part of their overhead, their profits are going up since their costs are going down. It's difficult to analyze if a trend like lower oil prices and good or bad from a net effect on the overall economy due to the complex interrelationships throughout all segments of the economy. \n\nAnd then there's the mainstream media [negativity bias](_URL_0_) where they tend to report the negative side of any issue while there are of course positive sides, because they tend to get higher ratings delivering bad news. \n\nTL/DR - what's good for some is bad for others, and the media tends to focus on the \"bad for others\" part.",
"It's the other way around. Oil is cheap because the economy is bad. Things aren't being made and people aren't going on trips, so there is extra oil floating around. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/wired-success/201411/why-we-love-bad-news-more-good-news"
],
[]
] |
|
1dyof3
|
in documentaries, how do the interviewers get into contact with some of the people? e.g.: bin laden, people that are supposed to be in witness protection, high-ranking members of criminal organizations.
|
In addition, how does the entire crew know they won't be killed? And how does the interviewee know they're not just posing as cops? SO MANY QUESTIONS
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1dyof3/eli5_in_documentaries_how_do_the_interviewers_get/
|
{
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"c9v4gv9"
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"score": [
2
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"text": [
"To get an interview with someone high profile but in hiding you have to know someone who knows someone etc. Everyone in the chain has to believe that you won't do something stupid (or on purpose) to give them away. So they don't just let random people do the interview, they give it to people who have been journalists for years.\n\nIf it is a criminal then the crew will be met somewhere and transported, sometimes long distances, in total darkness before they get to the meeting place. If it is someone like a mob guy in hiding it might be at a hotel the FBI has checked out.\n\nIn addition they don't just let a crew go somewhere without being thoroughly searched. It doesn't do much good to be in front of Bin Laden if it is just you and a camera guy surround by 10 of his men with AK-47's."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
deps6l
|
why were we all asked to turn off our electronic devices before landing ‘due to poor visibility’ on my flight today?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/deps6l/eli5_why_were_we_all_asked_to_turn_off_our/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f2xu5m8",
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],
"score": [
3,
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],
"text": [
"The electronics interfere with radar and telecommunication, and if there's clouds and lack of visibility through the windows then they have to rely on radar and other stuff",
"The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) does not actually prohibit the use of personal electronic devices (including cell phones) on aircraft.\n\nHOWEVER, it does leave the power to airlines on the basis that it does not interfere with navigational ability of the plane.\n\nDuring low vis condition, planes will be flying under IFR, meaning purely by instrument. This meant in a large 747, all 450ish people's life depend on the accuracy of the instrument to provide detailed altitude, speed, and location. and THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT during take off and landing.\n\nAs to how it effects navigation? thate because the way ILS (instrument landing system) works. ILS works by sitting in the middle of the runway end and generating 2 EM fields, and if you are approaching off center, it would be more negative/positive, thus making you correct the path toward the neutral, aka, middle.\n\nCell phone generate EM field, thou small, do you really want to risk 450lives landing wrong because of a few moment's convinience? hence, its much more simpler and convinent to just turn them off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
2rdveu
|
what happens when a clothed cat falls over?
|
Oh my, that was a weird title.
When you put clothes on a cat, it will obviously feel uncomfortable and weird. But what exactly is up with freezing up and falling over? I've seen (videos of) cats lunging themselves off staircases seemingly on purpose, rolling into puddles and such and just not having any regard for safety. Is it a survival mechanism, like playing dead?
The only info I found when googled lead me to cat-forum-circlejerks with no real answers, just "the cat feels restricted" and that's too vague.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2rdveu/eli5_what_happens_when_a_clothed_cat_falls_over/
|
{
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"cneyadi",
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],
"score": [
2,
2
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"text": [
"... I'll admit I'm curious enough to see where this goes",
"Exactly that. They feel restricted, like they cannot move, so they stop trying. This may help An Engineer's Guide to Cats 2.0 - The Sequel: _URL_0_\n\nAlso, not all cats to it. Mine doesn't. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://youtu.be/zsl_auoGuy4"
]
] |
|
bjepth
|
sleep inertia?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/bjepth/eli5_sleep_inertia/
|
{
"a_id": [
"em8hjcw"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"A lot of stuff takes time to get going.\n\nA car cannot go from 0 to 100 instantly. A hurricane doesn't instantly appear. A computer needs time to start up its processes. \n\nThe human brain is better at doing its start up, but only if you treat it right (generally). Most people don't, so instead the brain needs some time to get going.\n\nFun Fact: Caffeine often helps the start up go faster, while has led to the classic phrase \"don't talk to me before my coffee\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2ckrt6
|
in the case of convicted hackers, the judgement might include life time ban on access to computers. how is this ban enforced?
|
I mean, if officers take away all this guy's equipment, what is it that is stopping him from buying another computer?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2ckrt6/eli5_in_the_case_of_convicted_hackers_the/
|
{
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5,
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"text": [
"It would be difficult to enforce an actual physical ban - what they mean is \"if we catch you using a computer again then you go to jail\"",
"it's more along the lines if the person gets caught committing a crime it's straight to jail without a trial ",
"It's like a suspended sentence i.e. 'if we catch you burglarising houses again, you will go to jail'\n\nIs there a *physical* barrier to stop you from being a burglar again? Well no ... but the threat if you get caught is in place"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
wzxrb
|
why does youtube take ages to buffer for me on my iphone?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/wzxrb/eli5_why_does_youtube_take_ages_to_buffer_for_me/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c5hy210"
],
"score": [
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],
"text": [
"When you go on the internetz your computer talks to other websites. The website says, \"Hey, computer, look at this!\" Your computer thinks that is really cool and wants everyone to know about it so he uses his special tools and friends called the web browser and his friend HTTP. HTTP is like a translator that helps the Spanish speaker understand the English speaker and in this case the web browser understand the website. Once HTTP has told the web browser what to say, he then pushes it out to the display for you to read. This also happens with a video (streaming)! So say your computer (in this case your phone) is talking to YouTube. YouTube has this awesome video that it wants to show your computer. Computer again gets help from his friends, this time QuickTime and a video \"translator\". So YouTube starts talking to the translator, but because your Internet is slow it makes it hard for translator to hear YouTube. Translator wants to make sure he tells QuickTime exactly what to do so he's really careful and slow to make sure he hears YouTube's \"quiet\" words. This makes QuickTime wait a bit until he knows he can start with translator keeping up. Thus we have buffering. That's a really simple explanation and isn't entirely accurate, but it would tell a five year old what's going on. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ki7m5
|
the "quitting cold turkey" thing people say about quitting smoking
|
I have absolutely no idea what it's supposed to symbolize. Help?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ki7m5/eli5_the_quitting_cold_turkey_thing_people_say/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2kg0ai",
"c2kg0ai"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"The origin of the phrase is not known. There are several possible reasons here:\n\n_URL_0_",
"The origin of the phrase is not known. There are several possible reasons here:\n\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_turkey"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_turkey"
]
] |
|
22cjke
|
what is fair trade and what exactly does it help?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/22cjke/eli5_what_is_fair_trade_and_what_exactly_does_it/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cglgz4t"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Basically fair trade tries to help small farmers, mostly in developing countries be competitive in free markets, by giving them a fair price for their goods/services. It promotes sustainability and 'fairness' in the international trade game, which they might not normally get when competing against giant, multinational corporations.\n\nLike most things in this world, there's people doing good, taking advantage of, and being deceptive in this realm. Definitely a topic to google and learn more specifics."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
1jcn4i
|
why do hoarders hoard?
|
Anyone know a hoarder? Or is one themselves? Simply want to know their mindset. Is it kind of like OCD? Thanks.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1jcn4i/eli5_why_do_hoarders_hoard/
|
{
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"text": [
"From what I understand, they develop emotional connections with everything they have. So like you have an emotional connection with...an old photo, or a medal, or a teddy or whatever, and could never throw it out - that's how they feel about everything.",
"This concept is interesting to me, too. I don't have any medical or psychological background, but I have known several hoarders in my life and I have some anecdotal input, if you're interested. Hoarding isn't the same for everybody. One hoarder might have grown up with nothing so they want to hold onto everything they can, another might have grown up with hoarders for parents so it's what they know, and another might have experienced something emotionally traumatic that caused them to create imaginary emotional bonds with material items. Everybody responds to the events that occur in their lives differently. Some hoarders don't see anything wrong with their lifestyle or behavior. They might think they only keep things that are \"good\" or will serve some purpose someday, and see nothing ridiculous about having so much stuff that the only open spaces remaining in their house are walkways to get from room to room. Some hoarders do see the problem with their ways, but are at the mercy of their desires. From what I've seen, hoarding isn't a one-size-fits-all type of situation; it's more a manifestation of a variety of different issues, depending on the individual.",
"I am not an extreme hoarder but I have happened to hoard a few things in smaller degrees. \n\nAs a background, I also have some anxiety disorder issues and am on medicine that decreases the hoarding as well.\n\nYou develop a connection to things when you hoard. For me, at least, I think of all the things that object and I have been through and, if I throw the object away, it's like ditching a friend.\n\nThere's also the issue that you believe you'll need the object at a future date and then be worried that you throwing it away will be a detriment to some goal you'll have in the future.\n\nCrazy, I'm aware, but that's the mindset I had.",
"Hoarders gonna hoard.",
"That thing that you can live without or can't use? Well we may need it or might be able to use it later. I realized pretty early on living by myself that I behave a lot like a hoarder so I take steps against it the first rule, if I say, \"well I MAY need this later.\" I stop myself and immediately throw it away.",
"I've had the impression that anxiety underlies the disorder. ",
"I have hoarding tendencies. I grew up relatively poor, not dirt poor just not having things like toys, or a bed for a few years. We had a house, clothes(Always from thrift stores, never new) and food to eat but that was about the extent of it. I tend to hoard stupid things like the rubberbands that come on your produce. I also have a VERY hard time throwing away clothing, I had a t-shirt from middle school until I was in my thirties and not hanging in a closet but being worn often. I've found that if I donate my clothes to be shipped to Haiti, I work with a lot of Haitians, I don't feel bad about not having them because somebody else will put them to good use. I will work out how much I paid for an item then divide by the years I've owned it and then feel good about it because I saved so much money not buying a new one. It's weird because I will also ponder over any purchase over $100 for sometimes years on end, I've wanted a 12 gauge shotgun for around 6 years now but can't bring myself to buy it, even though I can easily afford it. So my issue is really a frugality thing. However I have no problem dropping $200 on a nice meal or a new purse for my wife, it's only purchases for myself that I consider selfish that I will ponder over. It's weird in the sense that I can deprive myself of something I want because I'm used to not having things I want but if it's for my wife or my sister or brother the price is not an issue.",
"I have a bachelors in psychology as well as experience in the field. Basically from a psychological perspective it's seen as an attachment disorder, although it can also easily fall under the umbrella of anxiety disorders and OCD. People may have poor attachment perspectives as they grow up; some people may react by never growing find attachments. Others may react as hoarders, growing strong attachment with random objects and anything they can get; others in this thread are expressing this from personal anecdotes. \n\nOn the other hand; OCD is typically the act of performing rituals and abnormal behaviors with the thought that something bad WILL happen if they do not do this. This includes thought processes as well, not just actions. Many people with this disorder actually recognize that what they are doing is not normal and not necessary, but they find it very difficult to stop anyway. This seems to be common with hoarders. They believe that throwing something away will cause too much trauma and anxiety, and something terrible will happen, or what if it's something important?! \n\nHope this information gives some insight. Kinda got lost with my thought train.. Last I heard on the topic specifically (a couple years ago) hoarding was being considered to be included as an actual psychological disorder; although I'm not sure what the outcome was/may be..",
"Play an RPG game, then come back and see if you still want this question answered."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3o3482
|
how do radio station play lists work?
|
Is it just like a big mp3 player set on shuffle or is there more to it than that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3o3482/eli5_how_do_radio_station_play_lists_work/
|
{
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],
"text": [
"Basically yeah It's a giant playlist, but it's controlled by sophisticated \"Made For Radio\" software for scheduling, auto-playlist selection, etc.\n\nYou can even download some of these tools for free if you're into DIY radio/internet radio."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
44apb8
|
what urges a dog to chase a cat?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/44apb8/eli5what_urges_a_dog_to_chase_a_cat/
|
{
"a_id": [
"czor5pl"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"It's the cat's reaction that causes the dog to chase. In most cases the cat is smaller, so when it runs, the dog's predator instinct is to chase it. Most domesticated dogs probably believe they are playing with the cat, even up to the point the cat is caught and injured, or even killed."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
f7k53c
|
how do batteries (like aa and aaa) supply constant voltage as they're getting used up. doesn't the potential difference between their terminals decrease as they're used?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/f7k53c/eli5_how_do_batteries_like_aa_and_aaa_supply/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fibtypt"
],
"score": [
10
],
"text": [
"If you’re talking disposable ones, the voltage has the expected curve. New AAA batteries usually supply 1.6-1.8v, and they usually become “dead” when they’re somewhere around 0.75v, although this varies depending on how they’re grouped and what circuit is draining them.\n\nIn fact, this is why you’re instructed not to mix batteries, because older ones run in series or parallel will be in a different place on their discharge curve, which could cause them to carry more voltage than the chemistry can currently support, causing overheating which can lead to expansion, rupturing, leaking, and even fire or explosion."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ug4lq
|
why do my cats wait to eat until i'm near their food bowls?
|
We typically leave food down for them, but they usually only eat when we come home or walk into the kitchen near their food bowls.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ug4lq/eli5_why_do_my_cats_wait_to_eat_until_im_near/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c4v3fw1"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Animals are more vulnerable when they're eating. They feel safer when you're around, so they feel they can let their guard down to eat.\n\nCongratulations, you are the pride leader."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
5pxc91
|
section 8 housing
|
If I pay 2k for a one bedroom and someone receiving Section 8 in my building pays 700 for the same one bedroom, who pays the remaining 1300 to the landlord so they are made whole and get market value? The city? Federal gov? Does landlord take a loss?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pxc91/eli5_section_8_housing/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dcujj3k"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The difference is paid by the Public Housing Agency (PHA) with issued the Section 8 voucher. The PHA writes monthly checks to the landlords for the amount that the tenant is approved for. PHAs are funded mostly though the federal government (HUD), though some of them are additionally funded by local governments.\n\nA tenant applies for Section 8 and then gets put on a (very long) waiting list. Years later, when they get to the top of the list, they are given a voucher for a specific amount of rent that they can take when they look for a place to live. If the landlord accepts Section 8, then that portion of the rent is paid by the PHA to the landlord, and the rest is paid by the tenant. Section 8 rents include utilities; if the landlord doesn't include utilities as part of the rent, the PHA sends URP (utility reimbursement payments) directly to the tenant."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
de20nh
|
anti populism
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/de20nh/eli5_anti_populism/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f2s7mjr"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The idea of populism is to appeal to the grievances of “ordinary people”, generally set against the “elite”. How those groups are defined and the attitudes towards each can vary wildly.\n\nThis isn’t necessarily a bad thing on its own. And it’s often not a hard sell when moneyed interests have such sway in politics. But a lot of the time “Populist” leaders have a very narrow definition of “the people” that tends to be the dominant ethnic group, and their rhetoric and policies often end up defining all non-members of that group, and political rivals, as the enemy of “the people”.\n\nIn such instances you often end up with a very authoritarian approach - the charismatic (to their followers) leader adopts a stance that their political opponents and people who aren’t members of the dominant ethnic group lack legitimacy - they aren’t “Real” citizens. And the followers start to internalize the same ideas. This starts to lead to an extremely uncompromising method of governance and increased aggression towards the “enemy”.\n\nHistorically when populist leaders who promote the idea that ethnic minorities/political opponents aren’t “real” citizens get a solid hold on the reins of power things often go downhill pretty fast."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
17h2hj
|
if i can own a domain name for so much per year, where did the person selling me it get it from?
|
Could I potentially produce more domain names from 'scratch'?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/17h2hj/eli5_if_i_can_own_a_domain_name_for_so_much_per/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c85fbvp"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Back when the internet was but a fetus, you could direct traffic to your endeavor by informing people of your modem phone number. When the internet was an infant, you could share your IP address. Soon, someone (maybe Al Gore, who knows) decided that it would be cool to have a name associated with the IP address (kind of like personalized plates for your car.)\n\nWhen \"names\" became associated with the IP address, you would usually enter in a \"keyword\" to get to the IP address of the website you wanted. Some enterprising genius figured out that if he associated those keywords (and any other ones he thought might be useful) with an IP address he currently had, people would have to contact him to get the ability to use that website name. \n\nIt didn't take long until a lot of people caught on to this idea and almost every name you could think of was grabbed by someone who thought of it before you. These guys who grabbed the names first figured that it would be a good idea to sell the sites to the people who really should have had them first. So, sites like _URL_1_ and _URL_0_ go fast. Others, like _URL_2_ are still fare game. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"www.makemethinner.com",
"www.paymybills.com",
"www.clownPenis.org"
]
] |
|
jcr9u
|
can someone explain the madoff affair (like i'm five)
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/jcr9u/can_someone_explain_the_madoff_affair_like_im_five/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c2b1ew2",
"c2b1ew2"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"Madoff promised people good returns if they invested with him. So lots of people did. He claimed great returns once people invested, even though he wasn't making that kind of profit, and was skimming money for himself instead. \n\nBecause people thought they were doing so well, not many asked for him to return their money. Those who did were paid off with money from other people's investments.\n\nThis is a classic example of a pyramid scheme or Ponzi scheme, where early investors are paid off with money from later investors, and the late investors end up with nothing.",
"Madoff promised people good returns if they invested with him. So lots of people did. He claimed great returns once people invested, even though he wasn't making that kind of profit, and was skimming money for himself instead. \n\nBecause people thought they were doing so well, not many asked for him to return their money. Those who did were paid off with money from other people's investments.\n\nThis is a classic example of a pyramid scheme or Ponzi scheme, where early investors are paid off with money from later investors, and the late investors end up with nothing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
ae218h
|
what is optane memory?
|
ELI5: While looking for a gaming PC I saw a Dell computer with 12 GB of RAM + 16 GB of "Optane Memory." What is that?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ae218h/eli5_what_is_optane_memory/
|
{
"a_id": [
"edlsvwp",
"edlt0r8"
],
"score": [
6,
5
],
"text": [
"A solid state drive used to cache a hard drive. \n\nAt a software level, some files identified as frequently used, and/or some pending writes will be written to the SSD for quick access (and later written to the hard drive later for the latter).",
"It's basically persistent RAM. \n \nIt's super-high density, super-high bandwidth persistent memory that your OS can use to store commonly-used files and programs to help them open more quickly by shortening cache times."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2qkk2q
|
how come the most powerful car bugatti veyron super sport is still less powerfull than a tuned car
|
[1998 Nissan 240SX](_URL_0_) - 1600hp
[Bugatti Veyron](_URL_1_) - 1200hp
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2qkk2q/eli5_how_come_the_most_powerful_car_bugatti/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cn6xrtv"
],
"score": [
5
],
"text": [
"Simple. The Veyron is expected to last years and years and years. The engineering that went into the car was to ensure reliability, as opposed to complete and outright performance. \n\nThe tuner cars, on the other hand, are not built for longeivity. Think of it like running a marathon. Sure, it's possible to run a mile in 4 minutes, but can you run a marathon at a pace of 4 minute miles the entire time? Nope, you'd burn yourself out real quick if you tried to stick to that. The 1600hp 240SX will need much more constant rebuilds, or else it will easily send a piston and/or rod through the block, otherwise.\n\nThe Veyron could be MUCH more powerful, but Volkswagen needs it to last since it does come with a warranty. "
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YLzQZ7mnmk",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugatti_Veyron"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
6km800
|
how do space agencies keep up with new technologies in their projects/missions?
|
Hello!
Today I came across with [this tweet](_URL_0_) and the second photo is mission timeline of various mission.
So, as you can see, planning phases and mission duration covers huge amounts of time periods and I was wondering how do space agencies (spacecraft companies and researches in similar areas as well) keep up with new technologies in their projects, mission, researchers etc.? Do they stick to the plan, or implement new tech without causing themselves to miss the deadline?
Edit: Thanks you all for your responses! I appreciated a lot for taking your time.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6km800/eli5_how_do_space_agencies_keep_up_with_new/
|
{
"a_id": [
"djn6l2y",
"djn6nf4",
"djnbzcp"
],
"score": [
3,
5,
2
],
"text": [
"Unless an advancement is revolutionary, or if it solves a critical problem that was not known before, its generally not worth it to change anything. Once you have equipment that will function, space missions are actually (relatively) simple, and don't require the most modern technologies. ",
"They don't keep up with it. All tech launched into space is fairly old. When they design the craft most of the tech isn't cutting edge, then it takes several years to build it, then a couple years of testing before launch, and by the time it's launched it's old\n\nKeeping up with new technology in an active project is rarely a good idea, feature creep is often your worst enemy and will keep you from shipping anything *ever* because there's always something new. You have to nail down the specs, write them in stone, and run with it.",
"For most space missions, upgrading to stay up to date is a danger rather than function. For example, New Horizons, the spacecraft that launched to Pluto in 2007, launched with a 2GB flash drive. Why 2GB when commercially available 8gb drives were readily available and used? Well. Safety was a concern. No one had tested the reliability of an 8GB drive. So, to ensure that a critical part of the mission wouldn't fail, they used their originally designated 2GB drive."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://twitter.com/OSIRISREx/status/880864270522621952"
] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
4qjl95
|
what's the controversy surrounding this year's olympics?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qjl95/eli5whats_the_controversy_surrounding_this_years/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4tir14"
],
"score": [
4
],
"text": [
"The host nation, Brazil, has:\n\n* Government corruption in both the executive office and in the legislature, with lots of people from several political parties connected to kickbacks from major corporations, most prominently the state oil company. \n* Endemic drug violence and a militarized police force that's been documented killing a lot of civilians in the name of fighting the drug cartels.\n* Massive enclaves of extreme poverty called Favelas, and massive pollution problems (including human waste) emanating from those enclaves. \n* A crumbling infrastructure that hasn't been invested in due to economic stagnation. \n\nSo even years ago when the games were announced, it was clear that Brazil didn't have the economy to support the games, and it might be dangerous to host them there. \n\nNow there's a new element, the Zika virus. Zika is a mosquito transferred disease that causes serious birth defects in children, is speculated to cause brain damage in adults, lingers in the host bodies for some time, and is in some cases sexually transmitted. \n\nThere's concern that people going to the games might get Zika and bring it back with them. This is partially overblown, because large parts of the world don't have the mosquito that carries Zika and the sexual route isn't the main way it spreads, but the fact is that the people that study diseases are still uncomfortable with the idea of the games being held in an outbreak hotspot. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
fzgf60
|
why is the intestine not constantly infected by the bacteria in it?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/fzgf60/eli5_why_is_the_intestine_not_constantly_infected/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fn45ut0"
],
"score": [
6
],
"text": [
"It is full of bacteria, but they stay on the \"not in the body\" side of the intestinal wall. We refer to a bacteria infection when they get \"in the body\". As long as they stay on their side of the wall, we're OK with that. They even break up some bacteria that want to get into our bodies, because that's part of being symbiotic."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ft97wv
|
what is different about the arrangement of transistors that make gpus better at simple repeated tasks than cpus?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ft97wv/eli5_what_is_different_about_the_arrangement_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fm5q6hz",
"fm5ygzd"
],
"score": [
2,
2
],
"text": [
"A processor will pick up a bit of data, use that to figure out what operation to do on other data, pick up that other data, do an operation on it, and put it back. If you want to do two operations on the same data, you have to repeat more or less that whole process twice. A gpu already knows what operations it is doing, and can just have multiple stages for each operation so that data can be passed from one to the next instead of being put back and grabbed again repeatedly. A gpu can also have a ton of these running side by side easily, although I have no idea if real ones do or not.",
"Much of 3D graphics is done in matrix and vector calculations, so the hardware is geared specifically for those functions. A CPU can do those calculations, but the process is split out over multiple machine language instructions, so it takes more cycles to complete the same operation as dedicated hardware. In a hardware-based process, once the input values are set, the output appears nearly simultaneously. For a general purpose processor, it may take hundreds of instructions to flow through the calculation, so even if the CPU can perform millions of calculations per second, it's still slower than a hardware solution. \n\n & #x200B;\n\nA lot of what is referred to as \"embarrassingly parallel\" problems also rely heavily on matrix and vector calculations, so GPUs are often ideal for those (SETI@Home, Bitcoin Mining)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
23jfbz
|
how wings generate lift.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/23jfbz/eli5_how_wings_generate_lift/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cgxo1ut"
],
"score": [
7
],
"text": [
"Mainly angle of attack and speed. Yes there's some effect from the shape of the wing and low pressure on top and high pressure below but that's really nothing compared to just the fact you have a wide surface smacking the air at a high velocity. \n\nSame as sticking your hand out the car window with your fingers together. First keep your hand flat (parallel to the ground). Cupping it isn't going to make a huge difference but then just slightly angle your hand up and bam, the wind will shove your hand back.\n\n/u/littleperson and the xkcd /u/Mantisbog posted are on the money."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
o2ysy
|
why is it so hard not to say "ouch" (or anything else) when you stub your toe.
|
Is this some kind of natural reflex? Is there some sort of neuroscience answer to this question?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/o2ysy/eli5_why_is_it_so_hard_not_to_say_ouch_or/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3dy2mk",
"c3dykjp"
],
"score": [
5,
2
],
"text": [
"You are alerting the other animals in your pack that there is danger right there.",
"Doesn't really answer your question but i believe studies have been done which conclude that yelling and such after hurting yourself is a coping mechanism and can make your injury seem less painful. [citation needed]"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
2aulzn
|
why is firefox such a heavy application and why don't the developers try to fix this?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2aulzn/eli5_why_is_firefox_such_a_heavy_application_and/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ciywn5j"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"You mean why does it use so much physical memory? Because it cache's a lot of the data that you've looked at so it can be loaded much faster when you go back to it (go ahead and press the back button. It loads up *instantly*).\n\nMore to the point though, Firefox is actually very efficient with multiple tabs - more so than Chrome."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
ee9fgi
|
space distances etc
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ee9fgi/eli5_space_distances_etc/
|
{
"a_id": [
"fbrpwp5"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
" > how do astronomers know the distance between us and a star they're observing,\n\nFor relatively nearby stars (visible to the naked eye) they measure the angle to the star relative to some known star from two distant locations - for example opposite sides of the Sun by waiting 6 months between measurements. \n\nThen it's just basic trigonometry - especially since the unit of distance, the parsec, was define to make the trig simple. \n\nFor more distant stars they use the colour of the star to determine it's size and temperature, which tells them how bright it'd be if it was right next to us, and then they compare that to how bright it actually is. \n\nFor stars in other galaxies, we use a special type of supernova that's always the same brightness, and again compare that to how bright it appears. \n\nThink there's one more standard candle but can't remember what it is. \n\n > what temperature the surfaces are and their diameter or circumference?\n\nThe colour of a star (which we can very accurately measure) depends on it's temperature, the temperature of a star depends on it's mass, the diameter and circumference of a star also depends on it's mass."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
30z9n2
|
why is it when they put a needle in you to donate blood it flows out of your vein, but when you get an iv liquids flows into your vein?
|
At first i thought it was the direction in which you put the needle. It makes sense that if you put a needle into a vein facing the direction it is flowing (in the proximal direction of the arm) that you could put fluids in easily but not take them out easily and that if you put the needle the other direction (in the distal direction) that blood would flow toward the needle and that it would come out easily, but every IV I've ever seen given and every time I've every see someone draw blood (whether it be for donating or testing) they always put the needle in the proximal direction. Why is this? Why not do the other direction? I'm thinking it has something to do with the fact that venous blood isnt under as high a pressure as arterial, but it still has a flow.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30z9n2/eli5_why_is_it_when_they_put_a_needle_in_you_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cpx69d6",
"cpx6ojc",
"cpxh0fb"
],
"score": [
11,
2,
6
],
"text": [
"I think it's simply gravity. Put an empty bag below the arm and blood flows out of the vein into the bag. Put a full bag higher than the arm and fluid flows from the bag into the vein.",
"When you have an IV, the bag is under some degree of pressure, and they deliberately keep the bag above your heart. This keeps the IV solution flowing into your bloodstream.\n\nWhen drawing small amounts of blood, with a syringe, the syringe provides negative pressure.\n\nI've never had a larger amount of blood drawn, but I imagine that your blood pressure and the reverse of the IV pressure phenomenon (lower than your heart) keep the blood flowing outward.\n\nBasically, they use the same principle as a siphon: what is above has higher pressure, what is below has lower pressure; combine this with the pressure of your bloodstream, and you get fluids going either in or out.\n\nNot a doc or RN, so somebody please correct me if I'm wrong.",
"RN here. Started many IVs and drawn blood.\n\nYou hit it on the head when you figured out that the access device (IV, needle, etc) is always pointing proximally, and that we are taking advantage of the fact that veins are under lower pressure, but still have flow. Simply put, the reason that blood flows out or fluid flows in is the pressure gradient. For drawing blood, you'll notice that typically for blood samples the phlebotomist/nurse has a syringe on the end of the needle and uses this to create a vacuum. Most test tubes are sealed and negatively pressured to make it easy to draw the correct amount for whatever test that tube is for. \n\nIf you want to put stuff back in the body, it is almost always done with an IV catheter, and at this point a bit of explanation is in order. In medical terminology, a catheter is basically anything that connects the inside of you to the outside world. A urinary/bladder catheter (which is mostly what people think of when you say the word catheter) connects the fairly well sealed world of the urinary bladder to a bag on the outside. An IV catheter connects the inside of your vein to the outside world, and indeed when you start an IV the first thing you're looking for is a small amount of blood in a chamber on the device. The needle is inserted into the skin with the catheter around it like a sleeve, just a bit back from the metal tip. When the needle enters the vein (ideally just after it enters the skin) the positive pressure from the vein will fill up a small clear chamber on the device. That blood is what we call flash or flashback. That's how we know we've entered a vein and aren't just in the arm somewhere. Once we've got the flash, we push the catheter forward over the needle and into the vein. It's made of flexible plastic and when properly placed doesn't cause much issue/discomfort for the person. The needle is then pulled back into a protective housing with a safety lock on it and unscrewed from the catheter. At this point it can and will bleed like a sonofabitch, especially if you've left the tourniquet on above it. Most people who do it frequently will have their act together and have another device ready to screw onto the end of it so you see almost no blood, but if they were to leave it unscrewed it would bleed all over the place. All you have there is a thin plastic tube with a nozzle thing at the end of it. The nozzle is set up to accept any number of devices that screw onto it. The most common one, IME, is a cap which should be screwed onto the nozzle quickly and then flushed through with saline just to make sure the whole thing is still working and the vein is still ok(Occasionally they rupture, then you have to start all over. Not a huge deal, but definitely a pain in the ass).\n\nOnce the cap is on, that maintains a seal so that nothing comes out, and the cap is threaded to accept IV tubing so that other stuff can flow in. At that point, it's basically just an on-ramp to your vein, so you can run fluid at pretty much any speed, including very low speeds (not uncommon to run them at 10ml/hr just to facilitate PCA pumps) with no problem at all. The amount of pressure needed is minimal. It used to be gravity fed so the speed of the infusion was determined by the size of the tubing and height of the bag above the IV, but with modern pumps you can pretty much set up anything you like as far as rate of infusion. All you need is enough pressure to overcome the positive seal on the cap, and you're golden. \n\nAs far as why the devices always point proxmially, you're right about that. It's because of the delightful evolution of valves in human blood vessels. In arteries, the blood is at a high enough pressure and moving fast enough that no valves are necessary. Veins, as you rightly pointed out, are at much lower pressure than arteries. They also tend to move slower, and they are fighting gravity, particularly in the legs. If the veins were just straight tubes like arteries, then in between heart beats all the blood that has been pushed up would fall right back to your feet. To prevent this we have evolved one way valves in our veins, like save points for blood progress. The blood flows up and the valves close between beats to keep up blood pressure and generally keep us functioning. The reason we keep our needles all pointed in the same direction is that it's not a particularly big deal to push one of those valves open with your device, but if you try to push it the other way it can be damaged or flip the other way(prolapse). In that case the valve is not likely to work correctly again, and that can cause some problems. Luckily, it's super easy to avoid this problem. Just don't try to go in through the out door. \n\nHope this helps :)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2njnno
|
how do websites like paypal develop a customer base? how do they get people to trust them enough with their personal info like bank details?
|
If another website like paypal just started out I would be a bit skeptical about giving them my details..
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2njnno/eli5_how_do_websites_like_paypal_develop_a/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cme7398",
"cme799a",
"cme7act",
"cmeapgb"
],
"score": [
10,
2,
20,
6
],
"text": [
"There is a video [Here](_URL_0_) with Elon Musk where he talks for a minute about the start of Paypal. Apparently, they offered people a monetary sign-up bonus. Guess free money is enough for some people to sign up, good business practice causes a build-up from there.",
"As someone who grew up around the time PayPal and eBay were gaining popularity, people *were* skeptical about trusting these companies with personal financial information (especially the older generation). It took a lot of convincing to get my parents to let me create a PayPal account, but after a successful transaction or two, the benefits became immediately clear. I'm guessing many others had a similar experience, and the company quickly developed a decent reputation.",
"I was an early adopter of Paypal. It pretty much grew side by side with ebay, back when ebay used to close on Fridays for maintenance (No, I am not joking).\n\nIf you bought anything off ebay, the only way to pay was money order, western union, cheque, or maybe give them your credit card. Most banks didnt have internet banking, so to do a bank transfer required standing in line while the bank was actually open. So that was not even an option.\n\nThere just like today there was also a lot of scammers. Cheques bounced constantly, there is no way you could have given anybody your credit card and think it was safe.\n\nPaypal came in just at the time that ebay was booming, and it's customers needed a way to transfer money safely and easily. At the beginning, they had zero to low fees, and guaranteed your money safe.\n\nThere were other competitors as well in the early days. Paymate, paysafe, Western Union also went digital quite early too (and was an ebay preferred payment method). But Paypal become the easy winner through numbers. When ebay bought paypal and integrated them into their system, that's when they became pretty much universal.",
"I remember the early days of Paypal where they would give you $5 for signing up. That probably was helpful in developing a customer base at first."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDwzmJpI4io"
],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
dna0ps
|
why do spicy foods cause painful bowel movements?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/dna0ps/eli5_why_do_spicy_foods_cause_painful_bowel/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f596sle",
"f5bssvw"
],
"score": [
10,
2
],
"text": [
"The spice doesn't get absorbed and passes through so when you have a bowel movement it passes sensitive skin on the outside. This skin is made of the same type of cells as the inside of your mouth and that is what picks up the burning sensation.",
"Spice is basically poison, this is why we sweat when eating curry, once it gets to the lower bowel the body does the right thing and gets rid of it as quick as possible.\n\nSpicy foods tend to come from hot countries, where meat tends to go off quicker. The spices do two things, they disinfect the meat and they also cover up the poor taste if the meat has started to go a little off."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
||
c5ow2a
|
why mental health problems are usually ignored by the state, institutions and people
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c5ow2a/eli5_why_mental_health_problems_are_usually/
|
{
"a_id": [
"es31m7r"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"Ultimately it is because people (without mental illnesses) can't really fathom what it would be like to have a mental illness, while they can grasp the concept of not being able to walk or hear or see (as examples) when it comes to disabilities. \n\nBy it's very nature, it is incredibly hard to understand mental illnesses, like depression, is like to have unless you suffer from it. The 'closest' a healthy mind gets to depression is feeling sad so that is what people (without mental illnesses) think it is like. And feeling sad is something you can just 'get over' so what's the problem? \n\nIt is difficult to get people to help try and deal with a problem when they don't (or can't) understand the problem or don't think it even is a *real* problem in the first place."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
7vvrmn
|
what is the process behind writing code for rocket engines and their computers?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7vvrmn/eli5_what_is_the_process_behind_writing_code_for/
|
{
"a_id": [
"dtvgi3k"
],
"score": [
2
],
"text": [
"Tons of sensors sending data to processors that are running lots of [PID loops](_URL_0_) that control the engine gimbal. You’d have to ask the rocket engineers themselves what the exact process is, I bet it just goes through a shitload of code review and testing. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller"
]
] |
||
1r8fua
|
why aren't credit card companies the richest in the world?
|
I know credit card companies take a small percentage of each transaction (Google says 2-3%, it seems), so why don't they make more money?
Walmart had $469B in revenue last year. I know that a bunch of that is going to be cash, personal checks, etc, but the majority (I assume) is paid in credit. Let's say 70%, so $328B. Split between the major credit card companies, let's assume that Visa takes 35% of all credit card transactions, so $115B. Taking a 2.5% cut of that is ~$3B.
Granted, Walmart is probably one of the bigger pieces in the pie, but I would imagine Visa should be bringing in hundreds of billions of dollars. So why did Visa only bring in $10.4B in revenue last year?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1r8fua/eli5_why_arent_credit_card_companies_the_richest/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cdkml9v",
"cdkmnv3",
"cdkncu2"
],
"score": [
3,
2,
3
],
"text": [
"Big companies can negotiate the fees for smaller amounts since they're doing such a large volume of business. And unlike Walmart, Visa (and other credit card companies) have to account for all the customers who don't pay for their bills - whether it's because of bankruptcy, death, etc. Sometimes those bills are settled, sometimes they're not. ",
"According to [this](_URL_0_) the fee is closer to around .11%. Larger companies probably can negotiate this lower, but at .11%, your numbers go from 115B to about 126.5M, a pretty steep drop. That would probably account at least partially for the discrepancy you are seeing",
"Most of that money goes to the banks that issues the cards, Visa/Mastercard don't keep all of that fees. Capital one recoreded $4.8 billion (on $180 billion in charges) in non-interest income (mostly fees) in 2012. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.cardfellow.com/blog/credit-card-processing-fees/#visa"
],
[]
] |
|
ditup2
|
how do scientists estimate the weight of large marine creatures when they are made of different types of blorp and squish.
|
[deleted]
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/ditup2/eli5_how_do_scientists_estimate_the_weight_of/
|
{
"a_id": [
"f3ydwjy",
"f3yrzrq"
],
"score": [
3,
12
],
"text": [
"Mostly by measuring the weight of similar marine animals in captivity, or through cooperation. Whales, for instance; much blorp, some squish, but blue whales have cooperated with teams to put them in harnesses and get a relatively accurate weight measurements.\n\nThen they can estimate almost to the kilogram, by length, in natural environments.",
"There's one very important fact about marine animals specifically that helps with estimating their weight: if they can easily swim around without either sinking to the bottom or floating to the surface, they must weigh *about* the same as an equal volume of sea water. We don't need to know the details of the blorp and squish they're made of, because we know the average."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
q8as1
|
why do some musical notes sound "sad" while others are "happy"?
|
For example, c minor is dark and stormy key, while major keys sound positive. Why does our brain/ears interprete some sounds as happy and others as sad?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q8as1/why_do_some_musical_notes_sound_sad_while_others/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3vjynm",
"c3vk5pm",
"c3vkk2v",
"c3vknya",
"c3vl46c",
"c3vl4rh"
],
"score": [
4,
47,
3,
2,
3,
4
],
"text": [
"Relevant: \n\n[The hungarian suicide song](_URL_1_) [snopes link](_URL_0_)\n\n\n[Hotel California Minor keys](_URL_2_)",
"The answer isn't about individual notes, rather it's related to relationships *between* notes. And opposed to what others have said, this is NOT a cultural phenomenon but rather people from all cultures can successfully identify \"sad\" and \"happy\" etc. music...which is really mysterious. \n\nFully understanding the relationships between all the notes in Western music is the reason why schools like Julliard and Berklee exist! So what do I mean by \"relationships between notes\"? Basically, I mean the *[musical intervals](_URL_0_ between the notes. In a major scale, lets take C Major as an example, the notes follow a pattern: C,D,E,F,G,A,and B where the *spaces* between the notes are either a \"whole step\" or \"half step\". A \"whole step\" is two \"half steps\". It's a bit like walking up a set of stairs. If you go up a whole step you go two steps at a time and if you go a half step you go one stair at a time. For a major scale this pattern is W,W,H,W,W,W,H.\n \n(*stick with me, this is answering your question, I promise*)\n\nFor a MINOR scale (like C Minor) this pattern is different! The pattern is W,H,W,W,H,W,W. \n\nIt's easy to see the differences:\n\n > W,W,H,W,W,W,H = major scale intervals\n\n > W,H,W,W,H,W,W = minor scale intervals\n\nAnother way to describe this interval sequence is with the \"diatonic interval notation\". You can think of diatonic interval notation is naming what *kind* of notes are in a scale. Said another way, it's a method of labeling the notes in a scale in such a way that points out the relationship of that note to the other notes in the scale. Let's go back to the example of major and minor scales. \n\nA major scale has the notes: \n\n > 1,2,3,4,5,6,7\n\nSpoken out loud these notes are \"the 1, or root\", \"the major 2nd\", \"the major 3rd\", \"the perfect 4th\", \"the perfect 5th\", \"the major 6th\", and \"the major 7th\". Again, these follow the step sequence, W,W,H,W,W,W,H. \n\nWhat about the minor scale? It follows a differerent step sequence and so it's notes bear a different realtionship to one another, they are called: \n\n > 1,2,b3,4,5,b6,b7\n\nIn the music world, we say that this *minor scale* is the same as the major scale except that it has a *minor third*, a *minor 6th* and a *minor 7th*. If you take a major scale and you move the 3rd, the 6th, and the 7th down a half step then you get a minor scale. \n\nEven playing up and down this minor scale will demonstrate it's \"dark\" sound, which relies heavily on the presence of the \"minor third\". It is mysterious and almost magical that moving the notes around in this way can effect the \"feeling\" of music so strongly, but it is absolutely true. And there are many many scales, not just major and minor. If you are interested pick up an instrument like the guitar or piano and start learning!\n\n**tl;dr** - *A 'dark' or 'lively' sound is not the result of any particular note, rather, the context in which that note exists. A group of notes with a particular context is called a \"scale\" and the spaces between the notes are called \"intervals\".* \n\nEDIT: I just realized that your question might have been about neurology and not music! If my answer is totally off-base I sincerely apologize! I'm afraid I can't really answer neurological questions! Haha!\n\nEDIT2: As far as cultural appreciation of emotion in music goes it appears that this is a big field of study where definitive answers may not be forthcoming. [This link](_URL_1_) should get you started. ",
"To answer your question like you were really a five year old (although the guys before me did a great job doing it rather in-depth):\n\nThe notes in a major chord harmonize slightly better than a minor chord. So when playing a minor the notes clash slightly and end up sounding \"wrong\" or \"sad\" as we usually say.",
"Why are some foods bitter and others sweet?\nIt all has to do with the relationship between the ingredients. ",
"This is very simplified, but when you hear what you think of as a single note, you're hearing that one note the loudest, but also lots of [other notes](_URL_1_) that are hidden inside it like [nesting dolls](_URL_0_). A major chord is like nesting the three biggest dolls inside one another. They fit nicely and don't move around too much, so it's very stable. A minor chord, on the other hand, is like skipping the third largest doll and using one of the smaller dolls instead. It doesn't fit as snugly, so it rattles around a bit and throws the balance of the dolls off. This slight imbalance is what makes a minor chord sound a bit unsettling, which we think of as dark or sad.",
"Some recent research shows that \"happy\" combinations of notes actually imitate the sound of a happy human voice, and \"sad\" combinations of notes sound similar to a sad human voice.\n_URL_0_"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.snopes.com/music/songs/gloomy.asp",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloomy_Sunday",
"http://www.icce.rug.nl/~soundscapes/VOLUME09/Locked_into_the_Hotel_California.shtml"
],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(music))*",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition"
],
[],
[],
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_Dolls.jpg",
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music\\)"
],
[
"http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/12/091202205627.htm"
]
] |
|
2au5gh
|
can an electromagnetic field by itself retain an atmosphere?
|
I'm not very well-versed in the science of EM fields outside of sci-fi, so I have a simple question for those of you who are more knowledgeable on it.
Provided it's artificially regulated, could an electromagnetic field in the shape of a sphere contain an atmosphere?
I've been reading up on it, and I'm getting the idea that it doesn't expressly hold an atmosphere, so much as redirect radiation so as to maintain its existence within the field (as in Earth's magnetic field). Am I correct?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2au5gh/eli5_can_an_electromagnetic_field_by_itself/
|
{
"a_id": [
"ciytka7"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"I'm not an expert at all but I'm already seeing some issues with answering your question, really.\n\nDo you mean any atmosphere at all? If so then, sure! Wave a magnet in a vacuum and few stray ions will probably start to collect near it. \n\nDo you mean a dense atmosphere? Like Earth at sea level?\n\nProbably not without having access to completely absurd levels of power. If you make a magnetic field dense enough then you can do cool things like levitate blobs of water and small insects. Pretty much everything becomes magnetic if you hit it with a strong enough magnetic field. But you would not believe the power demands for this.\n\n[Here](_URL_0_) is a page where they talk about levitating a small frog using a 16 Tesla magnetic field. MRIs use 1.5 to 3 Tesla magnets. So this is over 5 times stronger just to lift a tiny frog a few inches in the air.\n\nSo, how big of an area are you wanting to trap the atmosphere? If it is an entire planet's worth then good luck. Especially if you aren't trapping ionized particles.\n\nMost atmospheric gases don't carry much of an electric charge most of the time. Especially where the atmosphere is dense. The gas molecules tend to bump into each other and swap electrons until things reach a state of equilibrium.\n\nWithout that electric charge there isn't much that a magnetic field that you are ever likely to encounter can do to a gas. \n\nSo, I guess onto the second part of your question, which is what the Earth's magnetic field is good for.\n\nWell, it's a large magnetic field but it is pretty weak. About 31 micro Telsas. A fridge magnet is about 5 milliTesla so, yeah, not much there. But, as I said, it is large and it extends out in space.\n\nThe sun is made of plasma. Plasma is like an excited form of gas. This is electrically charge (the sun has massive magnetic fields incidentally). So a stream of ions is constantly being blasted outwards from the Sun. When they get to the Earth these ions - highly charged atoms - hit this magnetic field and ride along it. This protects us from a lot of solar radiation as these particles are directed past us.\n\nSo, the magnetic field doesn't have anything to do with holding in the atmosphere. That's managed by gravity."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://www.ru.nl/hfml/research/levitation/diamagnetic/"
]
] |
|
4qmv8v
|
why do the laws of physics not care which way time goes?
|
_URL_0_
> and this bias could explain why time seems to only want to go from past to present, and not backwards, even if the laws of physics don't care which way it goes.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4qmv8v/eli5_why_do_the_laws_of_physics_not_care_which/
|
{
"a_id": [
"d4u924x",
"d4uz9x8"
],
"score": [
8,
2
],
"text": [
"Actually, they do. The second law of thermodynamics states that over time, entropy doesn't decrease. This does define a set direction for time to go in.\n\nBut in other areas of physics (particle in particular), the maths is simply set such that one object can be explained in different ways, e.g. a particle going forwards in time is indistinguishable from an antiparticle going backwards in time under certain circumstances. In this case, we can generally not have it conflict with the second law of thermodynamics, as such a small system over such a small time would have basically no difference in entropy between the \"initial\" and \"final\" states.",
"TL;DR: they just don't. That's just the way the universe is. (Yes, even the second law of thermodynamics, admittedly in a more complicated way.)\n\nAlso, up front, I want to present [a blog by physicist Sean Carroll]( _URL_0_) that should help immensely in clearing things up.\n\nNow, for the actual explanation.\n\n**Physical example**: Imagine you shoot a pool ball (on a frictionless pool table) at another pool ball: they collide and go off at whatever angles. Now imagine you physically stop the pool balls and shoot them back from exactly where they came from, (reversing their directions of motion but keeping their speed). They're going to go back exactly the way they came, and end up colliding with each other in exactly the same way. It would look as though you were watching a movie of the first collision played backwards. This is an example of time-reversibility: if you take a movie of a \"simple\" (frictionless) physics process, if you play the movie backwards, it will also look like a perfectly valid, physics-obeying movie.\n\n*Shorter example*: imagine a video of a person tossing a ball to themself. Now imagine that video backwards. Can you tell the difference? (The answer should be \"no,\" aside from the motions a person makes to throw and catch looking different. A slightly better example, I suppose, would be a loaded catapult launching a rock directly into an unloaded catapult, which pushes that one back, loading it. Pretending catapults worked like that, this process would look exactly the same going backwards as forwards.)\n\n**Math explanation**: For a more precise understanding, let's rework the way your statement is phrased. Saying \"the laws of physics doesn't care which way time goes\" is the same as saying \"if you run the universe backwards with the same laws of physics, you'll get back what you started with.\" Alternatively: \"If you take the variable t (time) and turn it into -t, you'll get the same equations of physics.\"\n\n*Math example*: consider Newton's second law, F=ma. In a simplified sense (i.e., considering units), this equation looks like [mass]*[distance]/[time]^2. Note in particular the [time]^2; if you send t - > -t, then you get (-[time])^2, which is the same as [time]^2. Most physics equations are either second order in time (classical mechanics) of first-order with some complex number stuff that makes everything work out (quantum mechanics).\n\n**On the second law of thermodynamics**: For \"fundamental\" physics discussion, we set this aside. For a full explanation, see the link above, but I'll try to give a short version of why this is irrelevant here.\n\nThe second law of thermodynamics says \"there is this number, \"entropy,\" which always increases.\" However, this is derived (in some sense) from basic physics, so it needs a justification. Through this explanation, we see that the actual law is \"entropy is a number we expect to be big. Therefore, if it is small, we expect it to be bigger.\" However, this also leads to \"if it is small, we expect it to have been bigger.\" Why this is not true - why we have what is called an \"arrow of time\" - is an area of much investigation in the philosophy of statistical mechanics (and is related to cosmology - see above link).\n\n**On the specifics of the article**: in fundamental physics, there are three related \"discrete\" symmetries. You can turn all matter in the universe into antimatter and vice versa (charge). You can put the universe through a mirror (parity). You can reverse the direction time flows (time). These combine into a theorem, the CPT theorem, which says: if you do all of these things, the universe must stay the same. However, nothing is said about any of these individually, and in fact all sub-symmetries are violated; i.e., if you do any of those on its own, the universe will have different observed (fundamental) laws of physics. Just time-reversal is known as CP-asymmetry (because reversing time is the same as reversing both of the other two, since all three have to keep the universe the same).\n\nA minor inaccuracy with the article: CP violation has already been discovered, in Kaon decays. It's just not \"enough\" to explain the kinds of things physics wants (i.e., the math doesn't work out; for instance, we would expect to have less matter than we do).\n\nAnother minor inaccuracy: Since (fundamentally) T is equivalent to CP, this does not explain the arrow of time, unless you want to assert that \"swapping matter and antimatter\" or \"putting the universe through the mirror\" explains things (see the \"weak interactions\" question on the link above)."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-just-discovered-a-new-nucleus-shape-and-it-could-ruin-our-hopes-of-time-travel"
] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2007/12/03/arrow-of-time-faq/"
]
] |
|
mnj3h
|
behaviorism
|
Ignore the bad behavior and reward the good? How does it work?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/mnj3h/eli5_behaviorism/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c32cfy8",
"c32cfy8"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"Behaviorism is a certain perspective in psychology, not a method as such. It's based on the idea that behaviour is based on learning and reinforcement. For example, a behaviourist would explain a disobedient teenager as having had bad behaviours reinforced (A cognitivist would say that it was faulty thought patterns, a psychoanalyst would look at unconscious conflicts etc.)\n\nEdit: Sorry that isn't a very 5 year old explanation. If you want me to explain it better feel free to ask questions.",
"Behaviorism is a certain perspective in psychology, not a method as such. It's based on the idea that behaviour is based on learning and reinforcement. For example, a behaviourist would explain a disobedient teenager as having had bad behaviours reinforced (A cognitivist would say that it was faulty thought patterns, a psychoanalyst would look at unconscious conflicts etc.)\n\nEdit: Sorry that isn't a very 5 year old explanation. If you want me to explain it better feel free to ask questions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
3lehru
|
how are movie production companies able to depict minors ( and/or actors under 18) performing sexually explicit scenes without violating child exploitation statues?
|
I saw two films this week - "Babel" and "The little girl who lives down the lane"- both depicted prepubescent kids either engaging in sex or masturbation. While this doesn't offend me in the least, it add me wonder how they skirt the current statues governing child exploitation and abusive material?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3lehru/eli5how_are_movie_production_companies_able_to/
|
{
"a_id": [
"cv5mgwk",
"cv5ncpt"
],
"score": [
3,
3
],
"text": [
"In Babel, if you're referring to the Japanese girl, she's actually an adult. Now, while some people will have objections to her character in the film, there isn't a real legal issue as the actress is well above 18 years of age. As for the other film, I couldn't tell you for sure what's going on, as I haven't seen it.",
"The actors are usually over 18. They just look underage.\n\nIf the actor is underage, then a body double is usually used.\n\nFor example:\n\n* In [Babel](_URL_3_) (2006), the actress who portais the [Japanes school girl](_URL_1_) was actually 25 years old (born 1981).\n\n* In [The little girl who lives down the lane](_URL_2_) with Jody Foster - its actually [her older sister](_URL_0_) who doubles for her in the nude scene (also in the movie Taxi Driver)."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0287737/",
"http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0452860/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t100",
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0074806/?ref_=rvi_tt",
"http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0449467/"
]
] |
|
8o1a9k
|
usb 3.1 & the difference using it with usb type a or c.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/8o1a9k/eli5_usb_31_the_difference_using_it_with_usb_type/
|
{
"a_id": [
"e00027d"
],
"score": [
3
],
"text": [
"USB A, B, C, mini, micro are about the the shape of the plug: _URL_0_ . Type C is unique compared to all previous ones in that both ends of the cable are the same, and you can turn it upside down.\n\nUSB 1.0, 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.1, 3.2 are mostly about the data transfer speed, but also how much power they can deliver. Devices on both ends negotiate to use the fastest speed they both can handle.\n\nYou *usually* get at least USB 3.1 or 3.2 speeds if the device has a type C plug. Some devices also support transferring various video signals (HDMI, DVI, displayport) over the same type C cable at the same time as USB data."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/USB_konektory.png"
]
] |
||
q78zr
|
why havent they legalized marijuana yet?
|
Why havent they legalized marijuana yet? Is it true that they now have the majority vote? What makes it so much different from tobacco in the us? And what would it take to have federals respect state laws on the subject?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/q78zr/why_havent_they_legalized_marijuana_yet/
|
{
"a_id": [
"c3vat8j",
"c3vaypj"
],
"score": [
8,
6
],
"text": [
"There is no way to test for it in your system immediately, like a breathalyzer for alcohol, so people can't be sure if you're driving/working/something else importanting while intoxicated. I think that if someone invented something to test how high you are immediately it would be a big step towards legalization.",
"Politics. Tough on crime garners more votes than soft on crime. Saying you created jobs for law enforcement also goes over well with voters. Every voter wants the junkies and the gangs off the streets. But few people recognize that prohibition is the cause, not the cure.\n\nThe other problem is social stigma. The alternative to fighting a war is treating a disease, but that means treating criminals like patients. I think this is the hardest part for people to accept. For most people, legalization means giving all the addicts, dealers, and smugglers a get out of jail free card. It means telling these criminals, who are destroying our cities, even threatening our lives, that their behavior is OK."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
4yxf8e
|
why do videos filmed in low light situation seems laggy / choppy ?
|
_URL_0_ Please look at the video a little before 8:42 and see that at 8:42 , even though he's in an hotel room there is probably no natural light and the video seems really coppy almost stuttery , why is that so ?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/4yxf8e/eli5why_do_videos_filmed_in_low_light_situation/
|
{
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"text": [
"In this case, it's not the low-light that's causing the low framerate, rather it's the camera he's using. He appears to be filming using a laptop camera, which tend to be of very poor quality. Even in well-lit situations, they tend to use a low framerate, resulting in laggy/choppy footage.\n\nIf it is the same camera as he uses the rest of the video, the answer is that it's also not a very good camera. It likely has a very small sensor, which means not as much light hits each element of the sensor. Since less light is hitting the sensor, the camera compensates by using a longer shutter time, allowing more light to hit the sensor before capturing the frame. This results in fewer frames taken per second, and moving objects looking blurry."
]
}
|
[] |
[
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA2_gpW1ywQ"
] |
[
[]
] |
|
30poek
|
what is the difference between the new indiana law and those "we reserve the right to refuse service to anyone" signs?
|
Honestly not trying to troll…
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/30poek/eli5_what_is_the_difference_between_the_new/
|
{
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"Legitimate question. \n\nI'd like to know the answer to this as well.",
" > Federal and state laws prohibit discrimination against certain protected groups in businesses and places that are considered \"public accommodations.\" The definition of a \"public accommodation\" may vary depending upon the law at issue (i.e. federal or state), and the type of discrimination involved (i.e. race discrimination or disability discrimination). \n\n_URL_0_\n\nBasically, a business that is open to the public is allowed to ban individuals for their behavior, but the business cannot ban someone based on a protected class. Doing so carries legal penalties and risk of lawsuits.",
"Those signs mean they can decide who they want to do business with as long as it's not based on a person being in a protected class. I go in there sagging and the shop owner tells me to pull up my pants and tells me to leave when I refuse or get rude then I can't do much about it except leave and not give them my business in the future. If I go in and the shop owner tells me he doesn't want a black person in there then I can sue (how far it gets depends on how much evidence I have, a he said she said kind of thing won't go to far). So there are limitations on business owners, but that doesn't nullify the sign completely.\n\nSexual orientation wasn't a protected class (state wide at least) before this. So if a flower shop refused to make a floral arrangement for a gay wedding, if it wasn't against local law there wasn't too much the couple could do about it. The law just clarifies the standard that the state (or lower level of government) has to overcome to force someone to do something against their religious beliefs. Indiana is the 20th state to pass a law like this and the federal government also has a law like this.\n\nIt also isn't aimed just at the LGBT community. Minnesota has a law like this. The state wanted Amish buggies (vehicles on the roads at night in general which included Amish buggies) to have bright flourecent lights for night time safety. An Amish person sued. Court said they could use bright silver reflective tape. Still helped with safety, but in a less restrictive manner.\n\nHere's an [article](_URL_0_) explaining why Indiana's is more controversial than the other 19 states' and federal government's laws."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[
"http://civilrights.findlaw.com/enforcing-your-civil-rights/discrimination-in-public-accommodations.html"
],
[
"http://www.indystar.com/story/news/politics/2015/03/29/religious-freedom-law-really-means-indiana/70601584/"
]
] |
|
33tguk
|
why is it bad that valve now lets mod developers sell their mods?
|
I don't really understand all of this. But there is a lot of negativity towards valve for doing this, can someone explain why this is negative? For me it seems like something positive.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/33tguk/eli5_why_is_it_bad_that_valve_now_lets_mod/
|
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"Mods for the most part were free additions to a game developed out of passion for the game itself. Valve setting prices for mods was like a violation of this passion. There are also various other issues. Afaik Valve was taking 75% of the money while only giving 25% to the developers Furthermore, modders are usually amateurs and it would be difficult to enforce a quality standard/refund policy. Lastly, Valve has received a lot of praise e.g. Pcmasterace and this basically goes against what gamers believed Valve stood for.",
"Simply put: they're taking something that was healthy for the Skyrim community and putting parts of it behind a nickel and dime paywall.\n\nThe only positive I can see is mod developers getting some of that cash, but even then it's only a 25% cut. \n\nIt's mostly the principle of it all that has everyone riled up. Modding communities have always been based on a passion for creation without the monetary incentive. It was always \"hey look at this awesome/hilarious way I changed the game\" rather than \"i make tiny dlc moneys pls\"(which this change encourages). ",
"A lot of the comments here are rather close minded and silly. I'll try to give you a list of some of the concerns people are having.\n\n- Valve is criticized to take a huge cut (75%). In reality most of this probably goes to the developer/publisher, but regardless, the modder only takes 25% in the case of Skyrim\n\n- Some people feel that mods should be free, partly because they are used to mods being free. Partly because they feel like the whole idea of PC gaming is the appeal of free mods, which sets it apart from console gaming. This makes mods be closer to microtransactions/DLC. Partly also because they have already been using certain mods and to see them behind a paywall now doesn't make much sense.\n\n- Some people believe that, similarly to how Steam early access/greenlight are now breeding grounds for crappy games made with minimal effort to cynically make money (and of course iOS and Android app stores), there will now be an influx of people not really passionate about modding but just seeing it as an opportunity to make money. This might oversaturate the scene with horrible mods and make the good ones harder to find.\n\n- Some people believe that mods are inherently an unsuitable thing to monetize because certain mods don't work with each other, and mods might stop being usable after game patches. This might cause a situation where a customer buys a mod, and it doesn't work (or it stops working after a while when refunds are no longer possible)\n\n- Some people simply dislike the idea of giving Valve even more control over the PC gaming market than they already do. They also feel like Valve just doesn't deserve even a small cut of this money, given that they don't *really* have much to do with the process at all.\n\n- Some people don't feel like this will work because mods are easy to pirate\n\n- Some people feel like this doesn't support the idea of collaborative mods, because the money always ends up in one person's pocket. However mods can also be made in collaboration with multiple people.",
"People will make a ton of crappy mods to try and make money."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
9xrljc
|
down to the cellular, why does potassium stop your heart?
|
I was looking things up about foxglove and why and how it's poisonous to humans and how exactly it kills you, and I think the stuff I was reading said it had a compound in it that causes cells to increase potassium and sodium output and that can stop your heart but I didn't understand why.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/9xrljc/eli5_down_to_the_cellular_why_does_potassium_stop/
|
{
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"So, you know that muscles work because your nerves tell them to.\n\nNerves conduct electricity, but it's not exactly the same kind of electricity that you get out of a battery.\n\nWhen the human body works with electricity, it's really working with ions. The main two players in nerve conduction and muscle movement are sodium and potassium. These ions move in and out of cells through specialized gates as they depolarize and repolarize, and the gradient caused by this motion is what conducts nerve signals and makes our muscles move.\n\nToo much potassium interferes with these gates, forcing them to stay depolarized. Since potassium and sodium can no longer effectively move in or out, the heart can't beat effectively.",
"Foxglove (or the medicine derived from it, Digoxin) works by blocking something called the sodium-potassium pump. This pump simultaneously pushes sodium ions out of the cell, and pulls potassium ions into it.\n\nThis creates potential energy, sort of like stretching out a rubber band. We now have a bunch of potassium ions inside the cell, which will 'shoot' out of it when we open potassium gates, much the same way that a stretched rubber band snaps when we release it.\n\nThe heart doesn't need potassium to beat. But it does need it to relax! When the heart beats, it contracts, squeezing blood out. But then it needs to relax so it can fill and squeeze again. If we don't have enough potassium inside the heart, then it can't relax. So it just stays in permanent contraction. No blood is sent to the body, and we die.\n\nGoing back to our rubber band example, imagine that we needed to snap a rubber band once every second to stay alive. We snap it by first stretching it, then releasing it. The potassium controls how well we can stretch it. If that's not enough, the snap is too weak or doesn't happen at all. Foxglove stops us from stretching the rubber band, meaning we can't snap it enough."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[]
] |
|
nw3d0
|
why should calculus be taught in schools?
|
I do find it interesting and understand its importance, but my question is, why teach it? Subjects like statistics, trigonometry and geometry do actually have practical applications in everyday life, but what about calculus? If its not really used much except by scientists, then why is it taught to EVERYONE?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/nw3d0/eli5_why_should_calculus_be_taught_in_schools/
|
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"Its not taught to everyone. You don't need calculus to graduate high school - only geometry (at least around here). It's taught in high school so that kids who want to end up in university can get a head start.\n\nIt's also more useful than you'd think. Any field that needs to know a lick of statistics (economics, business, psychology, sociology, etc) will benefit from understanding calculus. ",
"For a lot of people, it changes how you think about the world around you.\n\nIt is also needed to do real physics, and a basic level of physics is also really important for understanding the general world around you.",
"Well... calculus is quite critical for understanding a lot of what's going on in finance, which more people should understand (because if you have a mortgage, you're actually a massively leveraged financial player).\n\nIt's one of those things that's perhaps taught in a somewhat silly manner: the practical examples of calculus should be brought to the classroom sooner rather than later. Alas, a lot of teachers aren't really educated in finance either, so guess it'd be difficult to simply impose.\n\nFinnish here btw, and I also learned plenty of calculus in high school so don't worry, it isn't just an Indian thing.",
"Lots of classes you take aren't about practical application, they're about teaching you to think and wiring your brain in certain ways.\n\nThink of it like a football player. A football player can go to the gym and do squats and bench presses. Now at no time on the field is he going to be required to lift 300 pounds while lying on his back. So you could say a bench press isn't practical for him. The the muscles he builds during the exercise stay with him and are used for other things.\n\nCalculus is the same way. You may not ever use it, but it's phenomenal brain exercise and helps train your brain to recognize certain patterns and ideas. And once you've worked your way through calculus, other match becomes almost intuitive.",
" > Subjects like statistics, trigonometry and geometry do actually have practical applications in everyday life\n\nWhen do you use these subject in everyday life? Mostly you just rely on intuition, and each of these subjects defy intuition quite frequently. Most people just use arithmetic, and machines do that quite easily. History isn't practical, most people aren't economists, who cares about literature, etc...\n\nMy point is that school isn't about teaching practical things. Life does that. School is mostly about developing your intuition so that you can trust it better. This means you have to learn things that are *not* practical, because these are the things life won't teach you.\n\nFurthermore, these subjects were originally put into the curriculum by people who thought they were greatly useful. So useful, in fact, that they thought everyone should know the basics.\n\nThat's another important point: they are only teaching you the basics. It's like you are being taught to cook a duck and you're asking \"Why would I want to cook a duck? I'm not going to be a chef, and I don't eat duck.\" They just wanted you to cook *something*, and duck was something they know how to teach. It gives you experience, and familiarity with the process. You also get to learn the language of duck cooking, so that you can properly communicate with experts should you need to solve a cooking problem some day.\n\n",
"It shouldn't. Question answered. ",
"Its not taught to everyone. You don't need calculus to graduate high school - only geometry (at least around here). It's taught in high school so that kids who want to end up in university can get a head start.\n\nIt's also more useful than you'd think. Any field that needs to know a lick of statistics (economics, business, psychology, sociology, etc) will benefit from understanding calculus. ",
"For a lot of people, it changes how you think about the world around you.\n\nIt is also needed to do real physics, and a basic level of physics is also really important for understanding the general world around you.",
"Well... calculus is quite critical for understanding a lot of what's going on in finance, which more people should understand (because if you have a mortgage, you're actually a massively leveraged financial player).\n\nIt's one of those things that's perhaps taught in a somewhat silly manner: the practical examples of calculus should be brought to the classroom sooner rather than later. Alas, a lot of teachers aren't really educated in finance either, so guess it'd be difficult to simply impose.\n\nFinnish here btw, and I also learned plenty of calculus in high school so don't worry, it isn't just an Indian thing.",
"Lots of classes you take aren't about practical application, they're about teaching you to think and wiring your brain in certain ways.\n\nThink of it like a football player. A football player can go to the gym and do squats and bench presses. Now at no time on the field is he going to be required to lift 300 pounds while lying on his back. So you could say a bench press isn't practical for him. The the muscles he builds during the exercise stay with him and are used for other things.\n\nCalculus is the same way. You may not ever use it, but it's phenomenal brain exercise and helps train your brain to recognize certain patterns and ideas. And once you've worked your way through calculus, other match becomes almost intuitive.",
" > Subjects like statistics, trigonometry and geometry do actually have practical applications in everyday life\n\nWhen do you use these subject in everyday life? Mostly you just rely on intuition, and each of these subjects defy intuition quite frequently. Most people just use arithmetic, and machines do that quite easily. History isn't practical, most people aren't economists, who cares about literature, etc...\n\nMy point is that school isn't about teaching practical things. Life does that. School is mostly about developing your intuition so that you can trust it better. This means you have to learn things that are *not* practical, because these are the things life won't teach you.\n\nFurthermore, these subjects were originally put into the curriculum by people who thought they were greatly useful. So useful, in fact, that they thought everyone should know the basics.\n\nThat's another important point: they are only teaching you the basics. It's like you are being taught to cook a duck and you're asking \"Why would I want to cook a duck? I'm not going to be a chef, and I don't eat duck.\" They just wanted you to cook *something*, and duck was something they know how to teach. It gives you experience, and familiarity with the process. You also get to learn the language of duck cooking, so that you can properly communicate with experts should you need to solve a cooking problem some day.\n\n",
"It shouldn't. Question answered. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
[],
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|
3t2nq6
|
why does drinking water help you breathe better?
|
Recently, I took the COG railway up Pikes Peak, which is 14,000 feet above sea level. The gal that was running the show told us all to drink water, as it helps you breathe better at higher altitudes. Why is this? Or is this false? Thanks in advance for the information.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3t2nq6/eli5_why_does_drinking_water_help_you_breathe/
|
{
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"text": [
"Your body starts mass-producing red blood cells at high altitudes to compensate for getting less oxygen per lungful of air (low pressure) - more red blood cells means that what oxygen there is is more likely to be absorbed out of the lungs. But if you have more blood cells and don't have enough blood serum (that means, water absorbed into your veins) to go with them, bad things happen.\n\nSo it's not so much that water helps you breathe better, as that you need the water to compensate for some things your body is trying to do to make you breath more efficiently. (Also, the dry air is a bitch and breathing normally with dry/cracked/infected respiratory system is very unpleasant.)"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
cbca6f
|
why do certain songs sound louder than others even when they’re played at the same volume?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/cbca6f/eli5_why_do_certain_songs_sound_louder_than/
|
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"text": [
"There's an audio technique called levelling, where the overall average volume can be changed. Some CDs have different levels depending on the production values, and sometimes because the range of volumes in the music (loud vs. soft), more common in orchestral pieces. You'll see levelling used on radio and TV stations, they use it to keep the audio low so that they can blare commercial sound, used to be a common tactic.",
"FYI some PC audio applications like snackamp can take your audio library and \"auto-level\" them for you, do you don't have to mess with the volume controls all the time.",
"They’re probably not actually at the same volume. If we record you whispering to me, and me yelling at you, and then play them both back at 100% volume, it doesn’t change the fact that we recorded you doing something quiet and me doing something loud - the playback volume may be the same, but the source volume is different.",
"One thing to blame is the [Loudness War](_URL_0_), where producers mastered their albums to be louder on the radio than other songs.",
"* If one song has loud peaks every now and then, and another song has loud peaks all the time, the second song will seem louder even though the peaks of each song are the same level.\n* Producers use a technique called \"audio compression\" to do this. \n* Also TV and Radio stations use it too. They use it to make songs and commercials easier to hear in noisy environments.",
"[Perception of Loudness](_URL_0_) \n\nThe frequency of a sound impacts its perceived loudness. Source: audiologist",
"2 main things. 1, the amount of limiting/compression. Compression (and limiting, which is the same as compression, just more extreme) is essentially done by making the loud parts of music quiet, so you can make the quiet parts loud. That is, there is a defined peak loudness that a sound can have. If we take the loudest parts of the sound and smash them down, we can raise the overall loudness of the sound. Imagine recording a gunshot. The very first few milliseconds of the recorded sound are massive, but the rest of the sound (99% of the sound) is much smaller. If we take those first few milliseconds and squish them down, we can raise the entire sound wave.\n\n\nNext: Perceived loudness vs actual loudness. By limiting the peaks, we’re bringing up the rest of the signal. Even though we have a defined peak (in digital audio there are only so many bits in a sample), we can make it sound louder. If you look at a waveform of a song that hasn’t been limited, it has lots of peaks and troughs of varying magnitudes. If you look at the waveform of a mastered (heavily limited) song, it looks like a sausage. The songs are both the same loudness, but the squished one sounds louder.\n\n\nHope this helps. Source: multiple Grammy nominated recording engineer.",
"There's a lot of answers on here about modern mixing/mastering, overuse of compression for publication, and all that stuff is accurate. But at the heart of the question, if you really do play two distinct songs (or sounds) at the same exact volume, you will hear certain frequencies clearer than others. \n \nThis is described by what's called the Fletcher Munson curve, and is important for any audio engineer to understand: _URL_0_ \n \nBasically our ears are tuned to hear the frequencies around the human voice the clearest, and even if there are lower/higher frequency sounds at the same volume, you'll hear the midrange vocal frequencies the clearest. This is used to certain ends in audio mixing, like electric guitar frequently has a big midrange spike so that it \"cuts through the mix\""
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudness_war?wprov=sfti1"
],
[],
[
"http://www.physics.mcgill.ca/~guymoore/ph224/notes/lecture13.pdf"
],
[],
[
"https://ehomerecordingstudio.com/fletcher-munson-curve/"
]
] |
||
c0j66g
|
eye gunk/sleep
|
Firstly, what actually is it?
Secondly i always seem to get sleep in my eye a lot more often than my girlfriend, but why? What causes someone to get it more than others?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/c0j66g/eli5_eye_gunksleep/
|
{
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"er50bm7"
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"text": [
"I'm not a massive expert on this, but as I understand it your eye is lubricated with mucus as well as saline. That eye gunk is from some of that mucus drying up and congealing."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
|
zvlzk
|
elia5: drafts in american sports.
|
Why does it seem that players seem to change one team to another every season. I'm from the UK and we have football players who stay their whole careers at one team sometimes. I don't understand how it can be effective to almost constantly change your team around. Are there no contracts? I know Favre and Brady etc stayed at their teams for quite a while, but this seems to be quite uncommon.
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/zvlzk/elia5_drafts_in_american_sports/
|
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"The reason players in American sports change teams frequently is called \"free agency\". Teams who sign a player don't own that player forever, but only for the length of his contract. And after that contract expires, the player is allowed to sign with any team that he wants, as long as he meets the requirements for free agency (usually the requirement is having played in the league at least a certain number of years). Usually only superstars get long contracts, while minor players and reserves get short contracts and will be replaced quickly if they don't perform.\n\nA draft is something different - it is how the teams pick new players. The way it usually works is that the last place team picks first, then the second-last place team, and so on, with the first place team picking last. After each team has picked one player, you repeat, with the last place team picking first again, and so on. The fact that the worst teams get the best new players helps to keep the competitive balance - you don't have the same few teams dominating every year like most European soccer leagues do.",
"In the NFL draft, college players who are graduating or leaving early are selected by the teams. Each round, the teams all get to pick a player, in the order from worst team to best team. Last season the joke was \"suck for luck\" - the highest rated college player, Andrew Luck, was almost certain to be the first player drafted, and whoever had the worst record of the season would get the first pick. The next 31 teams would pick, then they would go to the second round and all teams would pick again, and so on, for at least 7 or so rounds. \n\nDraft picks can also be used as trade pieces prior to the draft - for instance, you might trade player X to another team for a second round draft pick, which means you'll get to draft two players in the second round (your turn and the other team's turn) and the other team doesn't get any draft picks in the second round. There's also trading up, where you might trade a player and a draft pick for a better draft pick.\n\nBefore the season, the teams can have a much larger roster. They will bring out 80 players into training camp, and cut the ones that aren't any good. Your draft picks from the first few rounds are usually safe, but you'll see a lot of late draft picks get cut if they didn't play well in training camp and preseason games. Usually, you'd expect that the first round players will either be starters, or players with huge potential, whereas later picks will be kept as backups and hopefully will become good enough to start someday (this is prevalent with quarterbacks and other very important positions - they will often spend a year or two as a backup while they learn the system before taking a starting role). The final roster for the season contains 54 players, plus a few more will be kept on a 'practice squad'- not officially on the team, but being paid by the team to practice, and to come up to the team in event of an injury.\n\nAside from drafting, trades occur between teams. All of the major US sports have some type of salary cap (MLB has a 'luxury tax' that financially penalizes a team for having too large a payroll, whereas the other teams have actual salary caps), so you might see teams trade an expensive player for a less expensive younger player to increase their cap space. \n\nPlayers have contracts for a certain number of years, after which they become free agents, either unrestricted or restricted. Rules vary from sport to sport, but unrestricted free agents can sign with any team they like, or sign a new contract with their old team.\n\nBaseball and hockey also have minor league (nfl only has practice squads), which are teams associated with the major league teams that play each other. These are usually based in smaller, nearby cities. For instance, baseball has A, AA, AAA, and major leagues. As an example, the Philadelphia Phillies also have AAA Lehigh Valley Iron Pigs, AA Reading Phillies, A Clearwater and A Lakewood Blueclaws. They have the option of moving players between their teams very easily, so you'll see AAA players come up to replace injured MLB players all the time. These are also a tool to farm talent- most players take several years in the minors to hone their skills before being a major league player. These are usually called 'prospects' - scouts have determined that they have the potential to be a MLB starter, but need more experience.\n\nEdit- Just a note, but I don't understand the MLB draft, and I don't know if anybody does. It works differently from other sports.",
"ELI5: Most players don't actually move that much. But when someone moves it's a big deal so it gets a lot of attention. If you went to a different school, it would matter, right? The new teacher might say some things about you coming there and how happy they are to have you there. But all the other students didn't move, just you. But it looks important because all people hear is the teacher talking about new students.\n\nI really think that you overestimate the amount of times players in America move. It would be similar to an American assuming that because players get bought and sold in European football, that they're all mercenaries that go wherever the money's best."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
205lh0
|
why were we allies with iraq/saddam husein in the mid-80's? did it have to do with iran? what caused the kurdish genocide?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/205lh0/eli5_why_were_we_allies_with_iraqsaddam_husein_in/
|
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"Why were we allies with Iraq/Saddam Husein in the mid-80's? \n He didn't like Iran at all. The enemy of my enemy is my friend and all that. Wikipedia laying it out in more detail: _URL_0_\n\nDid it have to do with Iran? \n\n Yes, very much so.\n\nWhat caused the Kurdish genocide?\n\n The Kurds have been having quarrels with Iraq since the end of WW1, seeking autonomy \n and their own country. Various uprisings took place through the first half of the 1900's, \n all of them put down. In between negotiations were held, but no progress was made. A \n major conflict in the 60's resulted in the deaths of over 75,000 people and yet another conflict \n broke out in 1978. \n\n In the Iran-Iraq war (1980-88) the Kurds rather understandably allied with the Iranians (given \n that Iraq wasn't letting them secede to have their own country). By 1986 Saddam had enough \n of their growing support and launched Al-Anfal - a campaign to permanently get rid of them. \n Casualties are unknown, but well over 50,000 by most estimates. Most notorious is the chemical \n gas attack on Halabja in 1988, which killed at least 4,000."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_support_for_Iraq_during_the_Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_war"
]
] |
||
709wrl
|
a good chunk of people are "vegetarian", but what would happen to the human body if we became carnivore?
|
So, hardcore vegans refuse to eat any animal meat or anything made by animals (eggs, for example). What would happen if someone was a hardcore "carnivore"?
Like, never ate anything that has natural ingredients (besides animal products). Burgers would have no bun or toppings, so just the meat. Chicken noodle soup is just chicken soup. You get what I'm saying, right?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/709wrl/eli5_a_good_chunk_of_people_are_vegetarian_but/
|
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"We'd have to start eating a wider variety of meat parts. Some vitamins are most easily found in plant matter. Like you can get a ton of vitamin C from an orange, so if you cut that out, you have to find an animal source. Liver is high in vitamin c, and also iron. Nowadays people mostly eat the muscles and fat of animals, but most of the vitamins and minerals are held in the organs and bones, which most people don't find very palatable. Also, some carnivores will eat the plant matter inside the prey's stomach, because it's already partially digested and therefore easier for them to process. So as we are now, we would eventually become low in certain vitamins and minerals, but we could mitigate that by expanding what parts of the animals we eat. Also I imagine we'd have very high cholesterol ",
"We'd have to start eating a wider variety of meat parts. Some vitamins are most easily found in plant matter. Like you can get a ton of vitamin C from an orange, so if you cut that out, you have to find an animal source. Liver is high in vitamin c, and also iron. Nowadays people mostly eat the muscles and fat of animals, but most of the vitamins and minerals are held in the organs and bones, which most people don't find very palatable. Also, some carnivores will eat the plant matter inside the prey's stomach, because it's already partially digested and therefore easier for them to process. So as we are now, we would eventually become low in certain vitamins and minerals, but we could mitigate that by expanding what parts of the animals we eat. Also I imagine we'd have very high cholesterol ",
"This is generally referred to as a Zero Carb diet (in case you want to google for more information), and naturally there is a subreddit for it: r/zerocarb . Note that this is a bit of a misnomer, as there is generally some (very low) level of carbohydrates in meat and eggs.\n\nPeople who have lived on this sort of diet for many years find they function perfectly well on it. Despite what others have claimed here, there is no risk of scurvy or any other deficiency, even if the diet consists just of muscle meat - indeed fresh meat was the first cure for scurvy. And other markers of good health like blood glucose, blood pressure, and HDL/triglyceride ratio are generally in the proper range.\n\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
3905ij
|
why do retailers purposely damage/break their unsold items before throw it to the garbage? why don't they donate it instead?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3905ij/eli5why_do_retailers_purposely_damagebreak_their/
|
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"Because it gets people used to getting free things from a business. I worked at a McDonald's once, and they had a similar policy. No matter how nicely some homeless person asked, we weren't allowed to give them free food no matter how old it was. They get used to it, and keep coming back ",
"Yeah, the policy is called 'destroy in field', the manufactorer requires it in order to claim for the returns. \nParts maybe defective, and rather than getting it back it's cheaper to resend out newer product and trust the retailer has destroyed. Sorry, can only answer for retail.\nSoftware is another example. Software like yearly, such as microsoft office. They want to come out with 2015, so they make Office Depot, Best Buy, Staples, etc destroy the discs.",
"Two part answer:\n\n\n1. Retailers break things to discourage dumpster diving. If you knew that Best Buy was going to throw out all their electronics, you would see lines behind Best Buys to go through their trash. Obviously, people don't like it when other go through their trash.\n\n\n2. Donating certain things is just counteractive. While some places like Panera do donate their unsold food, it's never to individuals, but to charities (in their case, Panera has their own foundation). Food is usually okay as it's a necessity and not a big ticket item. But if Best Buy were allowed to donate a $1500 TV to someone for no reason, that system can be abused to commit tax fraud."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
a7d4kg
|
with so much youtube drama, it seems there would be a huge market for an alternative site. why isn't there one?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/a7d4kg/eli5_with_so_much_youtube_drama_it_seems_there/
|
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"Twitch is branching off with features that support content creators who are searching for a alternative but that's all as far as i know.\nYouTube is just such a conglomerate that it controls the whole market around it.",
"The fact is that YouTube is extraordinarily well run, regardless of the controversies. There are only a handful of companies on earth that can handle hundreds of hours of video being uploaded every minute, and the sheer volume of traffic.",
"It's incredibly expensive to run a site of Youtube's scope, and the site itself runs at a loss. \n\nIt's much easier for other sites to specialize in one type of content than to try and become something that loses hundreds of millions of dollars a year.\n\nedit: Google doesn't provide actual numbers on how much Youtube itself makes or costs, but certainly in the early years when it was growing the site was running at a loss. Whether or not that's true now is anyone's guess, and you can find competing theories on either side. Regardless, getting to the capabilities and viewership of Youtube without the backdrop of a company with the resources or reach of Google is quite difficult.",
"Most likely the same reason facebook still dominates the social media market despite its many flaws: people like to use what they are used to, and what other people use. Content producers prefer to upload videos to a site they know more people visit. Plus, there kinda are other sites, they're just not nearly as popular. Eg vimeo.\n\nImagine phones could only communicate with phones of the same brand. People would likely almost all have the same brand. That's the situation with video sharing. We all go to youtube. Ironically, other sites are basically only popular _after_ they become popular.",
"No, there is a huge market for video creators who want a bigger share of the control and profits than YouTube offers. Alas, creators want to pay nothing upload their creations.\n\nAdvertisers want to spend money to have people **watch video ads**, and that's what YouTube's great at. When your alternative wants to give advertisers less, they stay with YouTube.\n\nPlus, there is FaceBook - the land of freebooting. Unless your new solution prevents this, which seems unlikely without teaming with the evil that is FB, then more views are going to be in FaceBook's stolen streams than the ones you really serve for advertisers.\n\nI don't think there's a real market for an alternative. Too many problems and too much risk for investors. Maybe this argument needs to move to /r/changemyview .",
"A few have come and gone, some are still trying. \n\nBut think of this videos have a huge storage and bandwidth requirement for streaming. You need advertisers or premium to pay. Who's going to buy add space for your 100 user site when YouTube has like 4 billion users? \n\nWhich means generic ad-packs full of malware and Trojans. Congrats you just self nuked your own site by pissing off all 76 of you're users left ( the other 24 already left during the typing of this post cause the site is dead, and they are getting no views).",
"There are other video sites. Dailymotion has been around nearly as long as Youtube. It even offers monetization like Youtube does. Vimeo caters to more film-like content but it's still an online video platform. Youtube is just the most popular. People can get upset about things that happen on Youtube all they want, but it doesn't mean much unless a large number of creators take their content elsewhere. I don't really see that happening any time soon unless something drastic happens.",
"Because youtube-style Video Streaming is extremely hard to monetize, to the point that even Youtube is still showing a net loss, not a profit.",
"You need a built in audience and a way to pay content creators. Your new platform also needs to be compatible with everything Youtube is, from PC to iPhone to [Refrigerators](_URL_0_). \n\nAll basically from Day one. Also, you're going to have a tough time using any Google or Amazon Web Services who are directly competing with you, and will shut you out if you don't pay them extra royalties. \n\nIt's not that it can't be done, but the competitor won't come from someone's garage. Creating a YouTube competitor will have to come from an Elon Musk level Billionaire who can afford to hemmorage cash until Google gives in. \n\nOh, and it will have to be all on principle too. Every time someone has come close to unseating Facebook, Google, or Amazon from the top of their respective markets, one of the CEO's shows up on their front lawn with a big cardboard check that says \"You're the Winner\" and are told to imagine the largest number they can think of to write on it in exchange for their company. ",
"Some of the key elements\n\n- **[The Network Effect](_URL_0_):**\n\nContent is on Youtube, so users go to Youtube. \nBecause users go to Youtube, content creators upload their content to Youtube.\nAnd for the same reason, advertisers (thus money) also go to Youtube.\n\nSame reason with Google+ ended up being a flop.\n\nAs a results, content creators don't have much choice for platform that remunerates them (Twitch exists, but is mostly gaming and streaming, etc.)\n\n\n- **High costs**\n\nCreating the infrastructure at scale is very expensive for multiple reasons: video streaming is very costly by itself (storage, bandwidth), plus the heavy investment cost in anti-piracy systems, caching, etc. A?d that high is not just a base case that can be amortized alter on, it's a high recurring cost.\n \nIt's also hard to get legal premium content (if you're small, large companies won't put their popular music/video on your platform - but users want those!), unless you give $$$.\n\n- **High risks**\n\n(See above) Such enterprise is unlikely to break through. Many new small players exist, but we don't even notice them (some other reached popularity in their niche -Twitch-, yet are far behind Youtube). \nPlus important legal risks if anyone can upload. \n\n- **Low revenue**\n\nAds income is continually decreasing, people don't want recurring cost.\nThus long ROI.",
"Because it's extremely expensive to run and users (not content creators) don't want to leave it because it works pretty well. Why do people keep running back to facebook after scandals every month? Even with youtube red, Google operates it at a loss.",
"Because to become a YouTube you must:\n\n* Have thousands upon thousands of petabytes of video data. \n* Powerful enough computers to handle a petabyte worth of videos to upload *each day*. \n* Enough money to market your website. \n* Convince many people to use your site ONLY, as there would be no point for viewers to switch if the same videos are also available on YouTube.\n\nThe ultimate solution to such an issue is (you guessed it) decentralization, where there is no central authority. Decentralization is **not** synonymous with a blockchain protocol. I believe the best approach to a decentralized YouTube is a self-hosted approach, much like how e-mail works.",
"The alternatives just are tiny compared to YouTube, like Floatplane. Youtube spends more money on servers than most of these smaller companies would make in their lifetime, and that is the main thing stopping a major competitor. \n\nGoogle has the money and resources to do it and that is the bottom line.",
"Because when there's drama on YouTube, video creators on YouTube make videos about the drama. Because a lot of videos are made about the same topic, YouTube does a better job of cross-linking them helping these creators get discovered. And because people like watching drama (why gossip magazines are a thing), more people watch these videos giving YouTube more money thanks to ads.\n\nThat may be a little complicated but to simplify further, nobody wants drama on YouTube to stop. Drama helps video makers get more views and discovered by new people, and drama helps YouTube bring in new viewers and make more money.\n\nAlso there is an alternate site. It's called pornhub. If you want Point of View Dogwalking videos, pro-gun videos, repostings of the SAO Opening theme or Super Smash Bros Ultimate Commercial song remixes they're just as set as YouTube is. Just be careful because some of their ads aren't exactly safe for work."
]
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|
[] |
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[],
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"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fmq999cRS3g"
],
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"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_effect"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5lou75
|
why do so many websites let you use gmail/facebook as login information
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5lou75/eli5_why_do_so_many_websites_let_you_use/
|
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"Because it's cheap (in that they don't have to maintain this data themselves) and easy (because Facebook and Google made it so), and it means they might get some additional information about you. Facebook and Google, on the other hand, *definitely* get more information about you by letting other sites authenticate through them.\n\nIt is worth pointing out that there *was* an attempt to make an *open* version of something like this *years* ago, but it never caught on because it was a pain to implement, and nobody was making money off it so nobody really pushed it very hard. ",
"Because handling login securely is *really hard*.\n\nYou need to figure out how to store usernames and passwords in a secure way (so secure that even if someone gains access to your database, they won't be able to figure out your users' passwords), and most people do not *want* to remember another set of login information. Users can't remember a password for every site you use, so you naturally reuse it, and that's also a huge security problem.\n\nSo by allowing users to log in via Facebook, you're effectively outsourcing this really difficult problem to someone who has the resources to get it right. Facebook can figure out how to handle users' passwords securely, and then they can just tell me \"yes, this is user ` < X > `, we've authenticated them and you can trust them. Cheers!\"\n\nThe user doesn't have to remember a unique username/password for *my* website, I save the work of handling all this myself, and importantly, I don't get into the same kind of trouble if my site gets hacked and my database leaked. It'll still suck because I store other stuff in my database, but at least my users' passwords aren't there. I can be sure that I will never have to write that email to my users: \"I'm really sorry, but hackers got access to my database and they now have your password.\"\n\nAnd of course, Facebook and Google are happy as well, because they get information about what their users are doing, and that helps their advertising.",
"For the same reason we use banks to handle our money transfers. Getting security right is very difficult and the needs change constantly. What is secure yesterday might be a major vulnerability tomorrow. It's just so much easier to let some giant company that needs to get it right take care of that for me. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
6b5is7
|
why are professional racecar drivers generally quite physically fit?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/6b5is7/eli5_why_are_professional_racecar_drivers/
|
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"It's an extremely physical sport. \n\nMassive G-forces, extreme dehydration issues, concentration for long periods... \n\nIt's very very demanding, I'd say that a driver's physicality is probably as important as his roar driving skills. "
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
5nv5wv
|
what are the benefits of drinking water everyday?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5nv5wv/eli5_what_are_the_benefits_of_drinking_water/
|
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"Well the biggest one is that humans require water for almost every bodily function, so by drinking water we prevent dying.",
"I assume you mean water rather than other liquids, since I'm *pretty* sure you know humans need water to survive. \n\nWater is the purest form of, well, water. So drinking it in that form is the most efficient way to get water. It is also considerably healthier than many popular beverages. ",
"Humans are around 60% water. Water is used in every cellular function and reaction. We lose water continuously through everything we do (sweat, urine). It continuously needs to be replenished for us to be able to perform the normal bodily processes to survive. \nDrinking sufficient amounts of water help metabolic processes greatly, in a superficial way can help with weight loss, skin, immune responses, COUNTLESS advantages. \nVery beneficial, 10/10 recommend 😉",
"One additional thing not mentioned yet is that the body isn't that good at telling the difference between hunger and thirst. Often when you feel hungry during the day, you snack. Often that snack is something unhealthy (chips, candy, etc).\n\nSo one benefit of staying well hydrated is not having false hunger pangs and not smacking unnecesarily."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
7hjye4
|
why are some government files kept confidential from the the public? and why are some files only confidential for a certain amount of time?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/7hjye4/eli5_why_are_some_government_files_kept/
|
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"Why government files kept confidential: the government has to make decisions to that benefits its average citizen the most. Hence, some people will get fucked. Because the government has to make so many of these decisions, it’s most likely that large numbers of citizens are getting fucked multiple times from multiple decisions, even if those decisions benefit the average citizen the most. If each of these decisions were publicized, the government would most likely have to deal with full scale riots for every decision they make, so they keep them confidential\n\nWhy confidential decision released after a certain time period: This is a lot harder to explain but the best reasoning I can give is that an ideal government wants to be as transparent as possible. This facilitates complete trust and support from its citizens. But, due to the reasons above, the government can’t always release its decisions instantly. So to keep the appearance of transparency, they release the decisions after a time period in which they have deemed the negative consequences of their decision to have been forgotten, or mostly forgotten. Think about the files released about project MK Ultra. Yeah, what the US government did was fucked, but by the time they released it to the public, the Cold War had blown over and the people affected by MK Ultra were dead or deemed crazy by society. So, the consequences of the US government admitting to this were little-to-zero"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[]
] |
||
2f0hxp
|
what happens if the president and everyone on the us presidential line of succession suddenly dropped dead?
|
Since everyone on the line of succession is dead, who will take over?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2f0hxp/eli5_what_happens_if_the_president_and_everyone/
|
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"They do their best [not to let that happen] (_URL_0_) but Article II, Section 1 of the United States Constitution seems to indicate that an election would be held to replace the President.",
"The House could elect a new Speaker which would then assume the office.",
"I can't stop remembering the re-imagined Galactica series [Secretary of Education is now President] and the movie King Ralph [the entire UK royal family dies instantly and John Goodman, a royal relative so distant that he's an American, becomes King].",
"if this was to actually happen, I think at that point a revolution will start. ",
"If every single person in the line of succession was assassinated all at once the highest ranking officer of the military would declare a military junta and hopefully try and hold an election to fill all of those positions."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_President_of_the_United_States#Action_by_others_as_president_under_the_Presidential_Succession_Act"
],
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
53px8t
|
can humans get apes pregnant?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/53px8t/eli5_can_humans_get_apes_pregnant/
|
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"It's been tried but has not succeeded. Doesn't mean it's impossible, some hybrids have very low success rates.\n",
"Pregnant? probably not, but **Possibly**. Depends on ones definition of pregnant. If by pregnant you simply mean \"sperm fertilizes egg\", then yes, maybe. But that fertilized egg would most likely spontaneously abort.\n\nIf you mean pregnant with a fetus that is viable and has a chance it will survive to term?. Almost definitely not. they are too genetically different to be able to produce offspring with a human that will survive to birth. ",
"It's *possible* that humans and chimpanzees could potentially interbreed, but nobody has wanted to conduct the experiments necessary to see if it can happen, and it's not clear that those experiments *could* be conducted ethically."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
5pms6q
|
why do loud sounds obscure quieter sounds?
|
Even if the quieter sound is easily audible otherwise. Is there such a thing as hearing bandwidth?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/5pms6q/eli5_why_do_loud_sounds_obscure_quieter_sounds/
|
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"I'm not an expert, but here's how I understand it. Let say a quiet sound is like a yellow stripe of paint. You can see it just fine on it's own, but if you throw a bunch of blue paint over it (the blue paint representing a loud sound) it becomes very hard to see the yellow paint, just like how a loud sound covers a quiet sound.",
"This stems from how our hearing works. We got tiny cells in our ear that react to sound. Every one of these cells only reacts to a specific frequency of sound. Sounds are usually comprised of many frequencies overlaying one another. So lets assume sound no 1 causes your cells A,C and E to be active and sound no 2 B,D,F. You will be able to distinguish those sounds. But if sound no 2 will activate cells A, C, E too and is louder than sound 1 your cells can not distinguish the two sounds. Thats why in an orchestra you can hear all the instruments (when the composer knows his job). They all send out different frequencies and are thus separable for your brain. Most sounds in daily life are a strange mix of many frequencies and often parts of sounds overlap with different sounds. ",
"Sorry, this has turned into a ridiculously long explanation.\n\nFirst question (title question):\nThe name for the phenomenon you are describing is Simultaneous Masking, which is a type of Auditory Masking.\n\nTL;DR - it comes down to how the inner ear physically converts what we hear into electrical signals, and also down to how the brain interprets the signals.\n\nInside the inner ear, within the cochlea, is the Organ of Corti. This organ contains rows of tiny hairs that vibrate in response to sounds entering the ear. These vibrations ultimately give rise to electrical signals that are interpreted by the brain.\n\nSounds are very rarely single, pure tones. You almost always have a fundamental frequency, and a collection of odd and/or even harmonics whose relative amplitudes are lower than the fundamental.\n\nTo keep things simple, imagine then that all the frequency components of a particular sound combine to produce a pattern of vibration that is spread across the rows of tiny hairs. Each unique sound will produce a unique pattern.\n\nIf the patterns produced by two unique sounds have no areas where the patterns overlap then, leaving aside other effects, you would be able to listen to, and easily perceive, the two sounds simultaneously.\n[The human ear is incredibly complicated, and there is a range of physiological and psychological effects at work that influence how we actually perceive what we hear, and these can vary greatly from person to person.]\n\nHowever, it is very common that sounds will have areas in their patterns of vibration that overlap. Coming back to sounds being masked, the simplest case to consider is probably that of a sound being masked by noise.\n\nThe sound produced by something like a vacuum cleaner would be considered a broadband noise signal. It consists of lots of individual combinations of fundamentals and harmonics that we will assume, for simplicity's sake, results in frequency components spread across virtually the entire audible frequency range (approximately 20 - 20,000 Hz). The sound from a vacuum cleaner also tends to be fairly loud, so the pattern of vibration in the hairs is going to be widespread, and large in amplitude.\n\nThe sound of someone talking is somewhat different. For men, the fundamental frequency is typically between 85-180 Hz, for women it is typically 165-255 Hz. Again there will be a collection of harmonics (whose relative amplitudes are typically less than the fundamental) which give rise to an overall pattern of vibration of the hairs. Someone talking in a normal voice is going to be much quieter than your average vacuum cleaner.\n\nSo if you're in the same room as the vacuum cleaner and a person talking, the patterns of vibrations caused by both the vacuum cleaner and the speech will be present on the hairs in the Organ of Corti, but the speech will not be perceived because the vibrations caused by the noise of the vacuum cleaner are much larger and mask the vibrations caused by the speech.\n\nConsider now the person operating the vacuum cleaner starts to walk away with it, through the door and just into the next room. The person speaking stays put and continues speaking. The noise is still loud, but you find you are now starting to perceive bits of the speech from the person talking.\n\nAt this point the vibration pattern from the vacuum cleaner has reduced to the point that parts of the vibration pattern from the speech are now greater in amplitude than the noise. You won't be able to make out words, but you can tell it is speech.\n\nIf the vacuum cleaner continues to move away, eventually a point will be reached where the vibration pattern from the speech is large enough, relative to the noise, that it allows clear perception of the words being spoken, even though the noise will still be there in the background. [This is where psychological effects can come into play; the brain is very adept at filtering unwanted signals, and there is likely to be input from the visual systems if the person speaking is in view of the listener (e.g. sub-conscious lip reading), that can assist the process.]\n\nI hope this makes some sense. I know I have not talked much about the other physiological and psychological effects that influence what we perceive, but this isn't really the place to get into it. You might like to google \"loudness weighting curves\", which will give you a bit more of an understanding of how the ear's frequency response is non-linear, and amplitude-dependent. The psychological stuff is pretty well beyond me, but let's just say the brain does a lot of its own processing on the incoming electrical signals, and combines this with information from other parts of the brain (e.g. visual information) that can dramatically affect our perception of 'reality'.\n\nSecond question (hearing bandwidth):\nStrictly speaking the hearing bandwidth is the lower and upper limit of frequencies we can perceive (typically 20 - 20,000 Hz depending on age, how much hearing damage you've sustained in your life etc.), but in the context of the first question I don't think that is what you're referring to.\n\nIf you are referring to our ability to distinguish sound frequencies near to one another as distinct tones then you are really referring to the resolution, or selectivity, of human hearing. This is again subject to physiological and psychological effects, especially if tones are being listened to simultaneously. Again some further reading for you to google: \"spectral masking\" \"frequency masking\", \"audio critical bands\" which will hopefully give you a good start.\n\nEdit: grammar and formatting"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
1mw1c2
|
living in england, how does melting ice caps affect me?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1mw1c2/eli5living_in_england_how_does_melting_ice_caps/
|
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"Directly? Not much, at the moment. If the large ice sheets like Antarctica and Greenland were to melt, England's coastal cities would be in trouble, as would all the coastal areas around the world.\n\nThe northern sea ice will not have an effect on sea levels globally. They will add fresh water to the polar sea, which is likely to have some effects. If they melt over the scale of a decade, I don't think we'll see a failure of the Gulf Stream which would freeze England. Seriously - if the Gulf Stream failed, you'd be looking at an English Ice Cap. The melting of the northern sea ice is more a worrying evidence of climate change, which is causing other serious problems, than a serious problem in its own right.",
"Catastrophically melting the Arctic polar ice cap (and I mean 'catastrophically' in a geological sense) would introduce a marked influx of fresh water into the north Atlantic west or southwest of the UK. This could potentially interrupt the thermohaline circulation in that area by depressing the mechanism that 'pulls' warm water northward. The effect is that western Europe would become significantly colder.\n\nThis occurred in the past. Search the 'Younger Dryas' for more detailed information.",
"We've got it into the public's heads that global warming = flooded coastal towns. Unfortunately, we haven't really been seeing that happen and the public has just lost interest. Besides, our country isn't entirely low lying, potentially we could relocate people (either from those towns and cities, or in London's case, out of the surrounding counties so we can flood them instead of the City. But thats another ELI5 I think).\n\nThe really problems are ones which will affect the whole country; Britain is going to get much colder.\n\n\n[Check out these maps](_URL_0_), look to the left and right of the UK and notice how the snow covers Canada, Russia and reaches as far south as Japan. These countries will have huge snow storms, and as soon as they're over, they clear the roads and get back to work.\n\nNow imagine a British winter. Snow maybe a few inches deep (if any), debates over how much money councils show be spending on gritting roads and all schools get closed because its a little chilly.\n\nBritain should be as cold as the south parts of Canada or Russia, but we have hot air from Mexico blowing over us, keeping us defrosted with moderate weather all year round. As long as those winds are blowing, we stay warm. If those winds stop of start blowing somewhere else then Britain will be hit with bitter winters that we are not prepared for and our infrastructure wasn't designed for.\n\n\n* Our roads are already filled with potholes after every winter.\n\n* People are already complaining about not being able to afford their heating bills.\n\n* Schools already close for days after the first sign of frost.\n\nOur current attitude towards anything is awful and I'm ashamed by it. People either expect problems just to go away or that someone else should do something about it. \"Keep calm and carry on\" just won't cut it. We need \"STFU and get on with it\". \n\nSeriously, Britain. Global warming or not, we need to toughen up and grow a pair.\n"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[
"http://uxblog.idvsolutions.com/2013/07/a-breathing-earth.html"
]
] |
||
2t8hmz
|
why does a radiator make loud banging noises?
|
edit, a home radiator (not a car)
question1: how does "high pressure" create a sharp metal-on-metal clanking sound?
question2: Is there any risk not draining the radiator? does the louder the banging mean more danger?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2t8hmz/eli5_why_does_a_radiator_make_loud_banging_noises/
|
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"A steam or hot water radiator (for heating)? or your car radiator?\n\n",
"Areas of high pressure moving about the system (pipes). Bleed your radiators OP.\n\nGrab cup.\n\nTurn heat on.\n\nUse a radiator key to vent air that is stuck in the system (at each radiator).\n\nIt will smell like shit.\n\nTighten once water starts coming out.\n\nThis will help cut back on 'banging noises'\n\n",
"water has settled in the pipes and when the steam comes through it forces it around the bends at high speed.",
" In a steam system, water hammer most often occurs when some of the steam condenses into water in a horizontal section of the steam piping. Subsequently, steam picks up the water, forms a \"slug\" and hurls it at high velocity into a pipe fitting, creating a loud hammering noise and greatly stressing the pipe. This condition is usually caused by a poor condensate drainage strategy."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[],
[]
] |
|
2jheo4
|
why aren't better laws passed about wealthy people putting senators in their pocket if most people know and disapprove?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/2jheo4/eli5_why_arent_better_laws_passed_about_wealthy/
|
{
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"Who do you think passes those laws. Those senators that are getting their pockets filled. Why would they pass a bill that makes it harder for themselves",
"Public forgets about issues like this in about 15 minutes to 20 minutes. The people who do not forget never get spotlight. Oh and corruption. ",
"Because the tactics used are, legally speaking, very close to your fundamental right to freedom of the press and the ability to lobby your government for redress of grievances. \n\nA group of citizens is allowed to hire someone to go talk to Congress for them or to advertise their concerns to the general public. Eliminate this and you destroy the remaining influence of the common people, who have to band together to be heard in a country of 300 million people.\n\nYou are allowed to donate to political campaigns and to non-campaign groups that run ads about political issues. \n\nThere aren't clear differences in kind, the only obvious ones are differences in degree. A rich person can donate more money to political action groups than I can, a rich person can hire more or better lobbyists, but where do you draw the lines? How do you know when someone has crossed that line?\n\nIt isn't impossible to address, but it isn't entirely because Congress refuses to address it, though that simple narrative is awfully popular. \nActually doing something about this requires a lot of artful legal work to hash out what is and isn't allowed and justify why Congress has the authority to disallow those things in the first place. I haven't seen any proposals that seem like they'd be constitutional and wildly effective."
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[],
[],
[]
] |
||
3sa23b
|
why is 40% so common for alcohol content of spirits?
|
Why is it not a fairly continuous spectrum with just as many 35s and 45s and 50s as there are 40s?
|
explainlikeimfive
|
https://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/3sa23b/eli5why_is_40_so_common_for_alcohol_content_of/
|
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"Simple answer?\n\nUs law ([click here for the actual law](_URL_0_)) requires \"spirits\" to be bottled at not less than 80 proof. Basically, they have to be 80 proof minimum in order to be subject to the laws pertaining to distilled spirits.\n\nOf course, getting a higher proof is more costly, so companies commonly settle on this minimum. \n\n45 is another level that's common, as that's a \"liqeur\". You see some stuff from 20-40 proof (Hypnotiq, Shimmer, Malibu, etc) because those drinks are regulated under different laws yet again.",
"In the UK the duty paid on Spirits is [£27.66](_URL_0_) per litre of alcohol. This means companies selling spirits have an incentive to sell a lower %ABV so as to be paying less duty on their product.\n\nIf you look at the %ABV of spirits in duty-free, they tend to be higher and differ depending on the brand.\n\nEG Gordan's gin is 37.5% domestically, but 47.3% if you buy the duty-free version.",
"The vast majority of spirits sold in Australia is 36-38%. Like the UK we pay something like $70 duty per litre of pure spirit. So they probably settle on a lower figure to slightly reduce shelf price.\nHaving said that, flavour comes into it, people want to like what they drink and ethanol by itself will cause chemical burns in the mouth, once you hit about 50% it is very chemical tasting is probably the best description, depending on how strong the flavour and other masks like sugars are, it also dulls the pallete losing more flavour.\nI distill and if it not heavily sweetened, anything over 50% tastes like fire.\nI suspect it has come down to what people prefer, how much they want to pay and how much ethanol the other contents can mask the ethanol.\n\n\n",
"Well it is simple. Around 40% alcohol mixed with water there is maximum viscosity of the mixture. The drink is more viscous, stays longer in the mouth and you get more flavour. Well known for very long.",
"Alcohol is diluted to its bottling spirit. (obvious but this is ELI 5)\n\nDiluting to the minimum is cheaper.\n\n40% abv. (80 proof) is the legal requirement for a spirit in the USA.\n37.5% is the legal requirement for a spirt in UK and EU.\n\nBottles of mainstream brands are often different strengths in different countries. Bacardi USA= 40% abv (80 proof) and 38% in UK.\n\nSome countries vary, but is in that ballpark, as an example South Africa requires 43.5% so thats the strength of a bottle Jack Daniels/Bacardi/Smirnoff in that country.\n\nTo be called a \"Scotch Whisky, Straight Bourbon, London Dry gin, Vodka\" the term, \"distilled spirit\" is part of its regulation. Sometimes it can be more specific. Hence why these products are at the required production level.\n\nThe reason why they came to the ballpark of 40% is greatly in history and formalised because of tax laws and government regulations.\n\nSpirits used to be much stronger.\n\n57% is where alcohol would light gunpowder which was 100% proof of the alcohol's strength and ensured that a ships rum supplies would not ruin its gunpowder if it spilled on said gunpowder.\n\nThis became a standard unit of measure, but was unpractical so this changed to 50%=100%proof later on.\n\nThen, before you just bought whisky in bottle from the supermarket, you needed to fill up a bottle from a keg at the grocer. Creating a standard made it easy for people to charge taxes so diluting it to 40% meant you could fill up 26oz bottles all day long and know it contained 10oz alcohol.\n\nWhy 40%?\n\n40% ABV is the strength where ethanol mixed with water lights up at room temperature.\n\nFor interest sake pure ethanol lights up at 16.6°C, which is its flashpoint [LINK TO FLASHPOINT WIKI](_URL_0_)\n\n\n\n\n\n",
"Bartender Here!\n\nWhat we typically look at is something that we call a 'standard drink'\n\nA standard drink is what the average human body can process in 1 hour. ~this is once ounce of 60% alcohol, 5 ounces of wine at 12%, or a 12 ounce bottle of beer at 5% alcohol. \n\nBecause 60% alcohol is quite strong, it was common to see a drop in overall alcohol % and in the US it became quite common to serve 1.5 ounces of alcohol. in order to make that 1.5 ounces equal to a standard drink, it needed to be 40% alcohol. \n\nNow, 40% is not standard around the world, or by brands, but does tend to be one of the more common proofs we see. ",
"And 37.5%? Or is that just an Australian thing?"
]
}
|
[] |
[] |
[
[
"https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/27/5.22"
],
[
"https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rates-and-allowance-excise-duty-alcohol-duty/alcohol-duty-rates-from-24-march-2014"
],
[],
[],
[
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol"
],
[],
[]
] |
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