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The environments in which we live and work are not always the benign and supportive settings we often believe them to be. Some are to varying degrees pathological and threatening to our health. Ironically most people remain more concerned about the epidemic of lifestyle diseases or a possible pandemic of influenza, than they do about the links between environmental exposures and human health.
The recently released WHO report - Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: Towards an Estimate of the Environmental Burden of Disease, confirms what many of us have known for some time, that the environment plays a major role in our health and is a major provocateur of death and disease.
According to this report, almost one-quarter of all global disease and 23 per cent of all deaths are caused by preventable environmental exposures, as is 33 per cent of disease in children under five: and the environment in one way or another significantly affects more than 80 per cent of diseases, such as heart disease, diarrhoeal diseases, lower respiratory infections, chronic pulmonary disease, cancer, road traffic accidents and unintentional accidents.
These environments include physical, biologic, chemical and built hazards that directly affect our health. The report states that approximately 13 million deaths are due to preventable environmental factors, and most significantly almost one-third of all deaths in developing countries fall into this category.
If we add infections like HIV-AIDs, the death toll probably creeps closer to 20 million. In the case of diarrhoeal diseases, responsible for almost two million deaths annually in the world, an estimated 94 per cent of such deaths are due to preventable environmental causes, such as unsafe water sources and unsanitary and unhygienic living conditions.
But what about Australia: what role does the environment play in our health today?
Well in the first instance, the health of Indigenous Australians more resembles the developing world than contemporary Australia. For many communities, living and working conditions remain impoverished, damp, cold, stressful and hazardous to health. Life expectancy remains at least 20 years lower than that of the total population; age-standardised death rates are between 2-4 times higher; and environmentally triggered diseases rank as important producers of death and disease. In some cases, infections such as trachoma, which disappeared from the non-Indigenous population over 100 years ago, remain entrenched among remote communities.
For all Australians, the workplace environment remains in many cases extremely hazardous to our health. There are probably about 2,900 deaths as a result of injuries or diseases acquired in the workplace every year in Australia, 85 per cent of which result from occupationally acquired diseases. More than 650,000 Australians suffer non-fatal workplace-related injuries or illnesses, and “blue collar” workers, such as labourers, drivers, plant and machine operators, probably account for about three quarters of all these cases even though they only comprise about one third of Australia’s workforce.
There are now far more deaths in the workplace than there are on Australian roads. Clearly the workplace environment needs to be accorded much higher social and political priority.
And our hospitals aren’t much safer. Hospital acquired infections are becoming a growth industry. Probably one out of every ten Australians entering hospital for a surgical procedure will leave with a hospital acquired infection. Possibly there are as many as 10,000 deaths every year from this source.
What an irony that in these days of high technology and high quality medical care, that our hospitals often belie their real purpose and cause ill health and death.
The homes we live in also contribute to our health. Asthma in particular is intimately linked to the indoor environment, in that the disease can be exacerbated by the way we heat and carpet our homes, and dry our clothes, the propensity for our homes to be damp and closed up during the day often supporting a variety of moulds and fungi, and our close association with domestic pets, all contribute to Australians having one of the highest asthma rates in the world.
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5 posts so far. | <urn:uuid:374e64d1-c2d7-4634-be9a-1f7b96c3c39e> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=4728 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891814036.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20180222061730-20180222081730-00636.warc.gz | en | 0.957108 | 838 | 3.234375 | 3 |
|← "The Good Man"||George Abbott →|
"After the Wall"
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Referring to an example from After the Wall and The Lives of Others, Hensel and Dreyman provide a good example of Brecht’s definition of goodness. By this, it is obvious that goodness does not consider to the act committed, but the intentions and satisfaction after the act. This is evident by the way they responded to the historical event; Jana thinks because of this event she lost a big part of her childhood memory. On the other hand, Dreyman wanted to terminate the socialist system and welcome the new system, in which he could enjoy his freedom in his works. As we can perceive from the two different perspectives and believes on such historical event, like Fall of Berlin wall, these examples clearly shows the irony of defining goodness as perceived by Brecht. Although Brecht and other examples reject the universal definition of good, but emphasize the perception, belief and ego as being the main factors defining the good, is it also possible to say good morality depends on one’s belief as well? If so, how about immoral acts such as killing or murder? Can murder also be defined “good” depending on what side one believes in?
It is often said by many historians that human history cannot be discussed without wars. By definition war is a conflict carried on by forces of arms, in which associate killings. By all means killing is immoral, evil act and many people are against war and go for protest against it. Even if we discern firmly that war and killing is immoral, we still see nations enforcing national armies and constructing destructive, killing, weapons. And even the recognition of war’s immorality, throughout those war histories, we can often find stories of war heroes and their stories at war. Their stories are often praised and pass from generatios to generations how they have killed thousands of people at war. It again correlates to the irony that Brecht brought up in his poem about good. We all distinguish the killing is evil and immoral, but our world still proceeds wars, produce killing weapons and praise big time murderers like war heroes. Then, in what belief and perception can one define war, or killing, good?
Morality is the term employed in everyday activities of a person and in every circumstance, and the judgment we make. However, to be in a moral situation, it is the ability of one to be capable of differentiating the right things from the wrong; and this is based on one’s believes and what side or perception one is willing to take. There is no universal definition of the right and wrong things. This is because everyone develops his or her own ego. Morality is the rules of behavior in terms of doing right and wrong. Morals are practices that are being made by and demarcated by one's society, philosophy, religion, or individual conscience. And from my personal experience of 2 years in army, I have learned that soldiers and army develop new belief, new perception of morality that can justify the killing acts.
When I joined military, as any other male Korean citizens, the first thing they taught us, the newly enlisted soldiers, was the evilness of North Korean government and Kim, Jung-il’s army. And the second thing was that the killings in the war are an extreme method of protecting our country and our family, just as killing thieves who have broken in to my house and threaten my life. They have shown us all these kinds of Medias and articles of evil acts by North Korea, which made soldiers to get mad and naturally develop hatred feelings toward the North Korea. There was one time in the military; we watched the documentary filmed by Chinese that unveiled the aspect of North Korean governments selling Korean females to China as prostitutes or cheap worker, similar to slaves, and stockpile their military supplies with that money. North Korean government promised those females who are being sold to China that by their sacrifice their families will be prosper and well in home country by North Korean government. But it was lie and most of those families were all killed after their daughters were sold, because it was secret business that no one should know about. By watching numbers of films, everybody in the floor had fires in their eyes, including myself, literally wanted to kill all the North Koreans. It felt like it would be just, even good, to kill North Koreans because they are evil and evil must be terminated. And ironically, I believed because I have learned that it will not be immoral or evil to kill them but good protecting our people, fellow Koreans, our sisters and daughters that are being sold, treated as merchandise, to China. In other words, North Korean government is evil, so their acts are also evil but my immoral act of killing is good because I am not evil and it is a tool protection. Before joining the military, I have always believed that murder is the most brutal and unforgivable sin whatever the reason behind there is, but by learning the idea that killing can be protection for goods, my idea and definition of good has totally changed in the military. As my experience in military, one’s morality, beliefs and definition of good can change by environment, religion or individual conscience.
As Brecht ‘s idea on defining good in his poem the interrogation of Good, there is no universal definition of good the fall of berlin wall was good or not good depednign on which side you choose to perceive. | <urn:uuid:bbabaf58-f006-4c85-9af5-f62cf78762a2> | CC-MAIN-2018-26 | https://primeessays.co.uk/essays/literature/after-the-wall.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-26/segments/1529267864172.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20180621133636-20180621153636-00317.warc.gz | en | 0.973267 | 1,127 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The Preschool is arranged in two developmental groups; Ladybugs 2-3 year olds, and Bees which has a focus on challenging the older children in their preparations for going to school. This allows us to most effectively structure activities around what interests the children, their different developmental needs for rest, play and also more structured activities.
In our Ladybugs room we focus on building confidence and self awareness through encouraging self help skills, craft, art and music in a nurturing environment. Relationships between the children are also beginning to take shape and positive interactions are being developed through lots of play.
Our biggest little people are beginning to understand something of their world and their place in it. This makes for some really interesting activities as we meet lots of everyday concepts. As a more structured program, the Bees engage with activities that will best prepare them for school. Rest periods are always available for those children that need it, but as the year progresses emphasis increases on more specific school readiness activities. | <urn:uuid:9b4ec4aa-d176-492a-acf8-3f8fa33edd1c> | CC-MAIN-2020-24 | https://www.mtcolahalphabet.com.au/rooms.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-24/segments/1590348502204.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20200605174158-20200605204158-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.974012 | 196 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Bring the justice system right into your classroom with these activities that have students play the leading roles in issues that deal with the court system and our responsibilities.
Responsibility Index and Bills of Responsibility
Give students this set of situations and ask what they would do in each. Would they act responsibly?
Order in the Court: Supreme Deliberations
Using Supreme Court cases that have defined student rights, have the class role-play the court deliberations and argue the cases as they would have in front of the Supreme Court.
Build a Better Battleground
In this exercise, students take on roles of civic leaders and concerned citizens as they make the hard choices and decide what's best for the entire community.
About The American Promise
References + Links
. All rights reserved.
The Coyote Studio | <urn:uuid:e3f13d68-85fe-4ccd-89a6-ce81a34a5570> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.farmers.com/AmericanPromise/downloadables/tchguide_downloads/tchguide_law00.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1413507446525.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20141017005726-00146-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936264 | 162 | 3.484375 | 3 |
The 'cluster' concept describes DNA fragments containing several genomic "entity" instances.
The definition of a cluster describes the instances which are present in the sequence but not their number.
For instance, the V-(V-D-J)-CLUSTER comprises two kinds of entities : V-GENE and V-D-J-GENE. The 'cluster' concept allows to describe a set of genes in a locus. There are fourty instances for the 'cluster' concept. Definitions of these instances are available in the IMGT standardized labels.
The 'cluster' concept is part of the 'DESCRIPTION' concept of IMGT-ONTOLOGY .
Reference: Giudicelli, V. and Lefranc, M.-P., Bioinformatics, 15, 1047-1054 (1999) PMID: 10745995, LIGM:221 | <urn:uuid:3e8a6e8c-ae7b-4008-af5f-e3d115044de5> | CC-MAIN-2021-25 | https://imgt.org/IMGTindex/Cluster.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-25/segments/1623487630175.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20210625115905-20210625145905-00382.warc.gz | en | 0.817629 | 188 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Have you ever noticed how it’s so much easier to remember the negative events in your life, or how when something bad happens, that the sadness or bad mood can hang around for a few days? It’s not your fault – it’s your brain! Our brains are hard-wired with a negativity bias, which is pretty damn annoying, since it means that we’re all predisposed to think this way. Humans are hard-wired to focus on negative information more than positive information. The area of the brain largely responsible for the negativity bias with the amygdala. This is a tiny almond-shaped region in our brain that uses about two-thirds of its neurons to seek out negative information
So, why are we built with more sensitivity to negative news than positive news?
From an evolutionary perspective, our negativity bias comes from the ancient part of our brain called the amygdala which is found in our “primitive” emotional brain. This part of the brain is hard-wired to exhibit negative, obsessional thinking and is responsible for our fight or flight survival-based response. The amygdala fires when we feel threatened. In modern times this is more psychological than physical (threats to self-esteem, ego, self-control).
Imagine you’re in ancient times and you hear a sabre tooth tiger. What do you feel? What do you do?
Your body engages in an incredible stress response. The amygdala fires, releasing stress hormones (primarily adrenaline). It’s a good response to danger because it mobilises us for activity – fight, flight, fright. Increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing – all are adaptive mechanisms for survival.
Let’s have a look at the Croods – a pretty normal family who lived back in the times of that sabre tooth tiger we talked about before….
So, which one of these characters do you think survived the ordeal? The guy running for his life or the guy dreaming about the cave girl next door? The concern of ancient people was not on the pleasures of life, falling in love, etc. They needed to survive and pay attention to threats. The humans that survived in ancient times were the ones who could best focus on danger/threats and avoid them.
Later in evolution, however, we developed the neocortex and prefrontal cortex.
The prefrontal cortex is the logical, rational, problem-solving part of our brains. The prefrontal cortex is directly connected with the emotional brain. This means we can train our prefrontal cortex to exert control over the amygdala during stressful times, in order to remain calm and rational. This helps prevent us from being overwhelmed by stressors, and to be better problem-solvers, and to enhance resiliency.
Research suggests that this negativity bias starts to emerge in infancy. Very young infants tend to pay greater attention to positive facial expression and tone of voice, but this begins to shift as they near one year of age. Brain studies indicate that around this time, babies begin to experience greater brain responses to negative stimuli. This suggests that the brain’s negative bias emerges during the latter half of a child’s first year of life. There is some evidence that the bias may actually start even earlier in development. One study found that infants as young as three-months-old show signs of the negativity bias when making social evaluations of others.
While we may no longer need to be on constant high alert as our early ancestors needed to be in order to survive, the negativity bias still has a starring role in how our brains operate. Research has shown that negative bias can have a wide variety of effects on how people think, respond, and feel. Some of the everyday areas where you might feel the results of this bias include in your relationships, decision-making, and the way you perceive people.
When forming impressions of others, people also tend to focus more on negative information. For example, studies have shown that when given both “good” and “bad” adjectives to describe another person’s character, participants give greater weight to the bad descriptors when forming a first impression.
How to overcome our Negative Bias
The negativity bias can take a toll on your mental health. Fortunately, there are simple techniques you can use to change your thinking and fight the tendency toward negative thinking.
Some of the things that you can do include:
- Practicing mindfulness – one way to become immersed in the present moment is to engage in a task that is challenging but attainable, a task that makes you focus and use resources, but is not so difficult that you become stressed (using SMART goals helps with this as well)
- Setting goals – using the SMART goal framework can help you to recognise when you have achieved your goals – this links to mindfulness (above). When tasks are set this way, they focus your attention and energise, rather than stressing you.
- Demonstrating gratitude – at the end of each day, use a handwritten journal to document 3 things you are grateful for is a fantastic way to retrain your brain
- Getting into the green – getting outside into a green space at least 25 minutes has proven to reduce frustration and increase engagement.
So, take control of your brain, retrain it to manage your negativity bias – it’s more important than ever in our crowded personal and professional lives!
If you’d like to learn more techniques to retrain your brain and increase your resilience, contact [email protected] and get involved in our online, interactive workshops. You’ll first learn what your current resilience levels are, learn in depth and practical techniques to increase your resilience and finally build your own resiliency road map and action plan. | <urn:uuid:57a3270b-d2a1-4843-b88b-08cbb68d51ae> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://ktsbconsulting.com/what-is-the-negativity-bias/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107911229.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20201030182757-20201030212757-00155.warc.gz | en | 0.942761 | 1,177 | 3.375 | 3 |
October 29, 1929, or "Black Tuesday," marks the day the U.S. stock market came crashing down, initiating the most severe economic crisis in U.S. history, now known as the Great Depression. By 1933, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita in the U.S. had fallen 47%, and the average unemployment rate had risen from 3.2% to 25%.
Amid this economic contraction, Franklin Roosevelt campaigned for the U.S. presidency on the promise of a “new deal” for the American people. He won the 1932 election by a landslide and began a series of reforms that, while reducing income inequality failed to pull the economy out of its depressed state—it would take the Second World War for that to finally happen.
- The New Deal of the 1930s helped revitalize the U.S. economy following the Great Depression.
- Economists often credit the New Deal with shortening the length and depth of the depression, while others question its impact on an otherwise weak recovery.
- Ushered in by Franklin D. Roosevelt, the New Deal was an enormous federally-funded series of infrastructure and improvement projects across America, creating jobs for workers and profits for businesses.
- Today, the legacy of the New Deal remains with programs like Social Security still in place.
The First 100 Days
Upon taking office in 1933, Roosevelt went straight to work on implementing reforms he hoped would stabilize the economy and provide jobs and financial relief to the American people. In his first 100 days in office, he put into effect many major laws, including the Glass-Steagall Act and the Homeowners Loan Act. He also implemented a number of job creation schemes like the Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC).
The most significant piece of legislation, however, was the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Roosevelt believed economic recovery depended upon cooperation at the expense of competition, and consequently, the NIRA was specifically designed to limit competition while allowing both prices and wages to rise.
The act allowed for industries to form a cartel, under the condition these industries would raise wages and allow for collective bargaining agreements with workers. The NIRA stayed in effect until 1935 when it was ruled by the Supreme Court to be unconstitutional.
The Second New Deal
The Supreme Court repealed the NIRA because of its suspension of antitrust laws and the tethering of collusive activity with the payment of higher wages. Strongly disagreeing with the new ruling, Roosevelt managed to get the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) passed in 1935, which, while re-instituting antitrust legislation, did strengthen a number of labor provisions. And in practice, the government largely ignored the new antitrust laws.
Under the NLRA, workers had even greater power to engage in collective bargaining and demand higher wages than under the NIRA. The new act also prohibiting firms from engaging in discriminating among employees based on union affiliation, forcing them to recognize the rights of workers in government and company unions alike. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was established to enforce all aspects of the NLRA.
Following the passing of the NLRA union membership rose from about 13% of employment in 1935 to about 20% in 1939. While doing much to improve the bargaining power of the average worker, which in conjunction with a number of tax rate increases on top incomes helped to reduce income inequality, the NIRA and NLRA failed to pull the U.S. economy out of its depressed state.
A Weak Recovery
While the economy had somewhat recovered, it was far too weak for the New Deal policies to be unequivocally deemed successful. In 1933, at the low point of the contraction, GDP per capita was 47% below the trend before the stock market crash of 1929, and by 1939, it was still 17% below that trend.
The unemployment rate in 1939 was still at 17% and would remain above pre-Depression levels until 1943.
For some economists, the weakness of the recovery is a direct result of the Roosevelt government’s interventionist policies. Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian argue that the anti-competitive policies of linking collusive practices to higher wage payments made the recovery much worse than it should have been. For them, unemployment remained high because of the increased bargaining power of unionized workers and the high attendant wages.
Ultimately, Cole and Ohanian argue the abandonment of these anti-competitive policies coincides with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s.
While the economy did experience a strong recovery during the 1940s, a different school of thought would argue this strength was due to the massive fiscal stimulus brought about by an increase in government spending for the war effort. This more Keynesian perspective would argue the policies implemented by Roosevelt were far too small to enact a fiscal-stimulus-led economic recovery.
It is a misconception to think that the New Deal was a time of great expansionary fiscal policy. Many of the New Dealers were quite fiscally conservative, which is why the social programs they instituted were coupled with significant tax increases. They believed that debt-financed spending, the likes of what the British economist John Maynard Keynes was proposing, posed more of a threat than a stimulus to the economy.
Philip Harvey argues Roosevelt was more interested in addressing social welfare concerns than creating a Keynesian-style macroeconomic stimulus package. In 1932, Roosevelt deemed the task he faced was, “not discovery or exploitation of natural resources, or necessarily producing more goods,” but “the soberer, less dramatic business of administering resources and plants already in hand…of distributing wealth and products more equitably.”
The primary concern was not increased production and economic activity, which coupled with fiscal conservatism, guaranteed any increase in social spending would be far too small to kick-start a reeling economy. With this view, it would take the increased spending from the war effort to give the economy the boost it badly needed.
The Bottom Line
The New Deal policies implemented by Roosevelt went a long way in helping to reduce income inequality in America. But with regard to the task of reviving an economy in crisis, the New Deal is considered by many to have been a failure.
While debates continue as to whether the interventions were too much or too little, many of the reforms from the New Deal, such as Social Security, unemployment insurance, and agricultural subsidies, still exist to this day. If anything, the legacy of the New Deal is that it has helped to create greater equality and welfare in America. | <urn:uuid:2464fd30-47d0-4074-8b74-2ab0f72c3d09> | CC-MAIN-2022-40 | https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/011116/economic-effects-new-deal.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-40/segments/1664030334515.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220925070216-20220925100216-00079.warc.gz | en | 0.965208 | 1,347 | 4.15625 | 4 |
The cause of the conjunctivitis may be an irritation in the eye or a blocked tear duct. Chemical conjunctivitis is not as common anymore because of the use of erythromycin ointment in place of silver nitrate solution for the prophylaxis of infectious conjunctivitis. Many organisms can cause infection in the eyes of newborn infants. Conjunctivitis is characterized by the dilatation of superficial conjunctival blood vessels resulting in erythema and edema. If you are pregnant, it is important to discuss any STDs that you have or had in the past. You and your doctor can develop a plan to protect your baby from infections during delivery. If your baby’s pediatrician suspects newborn conjunctivitis, an eye examination will be done.
Needs blood and CSF culture. A newborn baby can pick up this type of bacteria during vaginal birth from an infected mother. In cases of newborn conjunctivitis that are due to a blocked tear duct, the doctor may recommend warm compresses and gentle massage to the area to help unclog the duct. Newborn conjunctivitis due to irritation usually improves on its own in a few days. The newborn’s eye will appear pink or red with swollen eyelids. The newborn eyes usually are very red, with thick drainage and swelling of the eyelids. The newborn eyes usually are very red, with thick drainage and swelling of the eyelids.
This is caused by an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis. The symptoms include red eyes, swollen eyelids, and fluid leaking from the eyelids. The symptoms include moderate thick drainage from the eyes, redness of the eyes, swelling of the conjunctiva, and some swelling of the eyelids. | <urn:uuid:aaa51ee9-644b-4c83-a008-87840d2aca35> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://congresouniversitariomovil.com/newborn-conjunctivitis-denver-center-for-endocrine-surgery/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424931.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170724222306-20170725002306-00386.warc.gz | en | 0.932879 | 366 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Commonly Applied Behavioral Interventions
A Technical Supplement to “Behavioral Economics and Social Policy”
The Behavioral Interventions to Advance Self-Sufficiency (BIAS) project aims to learn how tools from behavioral economics, which combines insights from psychology and economics to examine human behavior and decision-making, can improve programs that serve poor and vulnerable people in the United States. The BIAS project is sponsored by the Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation of the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The full report that introduces the BIAS project — Behavioral Economics and Social Policy — describes the initiative’s early work in three sites. In partnership with state agencies, the BIAS team uses a method called “behavioral diagnosis and design” to delve into problems that program administrators have identified, to diagnose potential bottlenecks that may inhibit program performance, and to identify areas where a relatively easy and low-cost, behaviorally informed change might improve outcomes.
This Technical Supplement to the full report presents a description of behavioral interventions that have been commonly researched in studies outside of the BIAS project. The supplement is intended to give a broader sense of the universe of behavioral interventions that have been evaluated and have demonstrated some efficacy. | <urn:uuid:c1d0a446-df04-4ca8-8062-046d99a09690> | CC-MAIN-2022-49 | https://www.mdrc.org/publication/commonly-applied-behavioral-interventions | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-49/segments/1669446710462.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20221128002256-20221128032256-00788.warc.gz | en | 0.910032 | 269 | 2.8125 | 3 |
[Sca-cooks] Neolithic fig agriculture and storage find
ranvaig at columbus.rr.com
Sun Nov 19 22:41:54 PST 2006
>So what is the advantage of growing a parthenocarpic plant, compared
>to the regular version? It sounds like they take more effort to raise
>than the regular version. Is it just the advantage of not having to
>deal with a seed?
The structure of the fig inflorescence (flower structure) is unusual.
The flowers are inside the "synconium" or enlarged stem base. It is
this synconium that forms the fig fruit. In order for the fig to form
viable seeds, a small wasp must enter the synconium from an opening
at the end, lay her eggs inside the fruit, and in the process
pollinate the small flowers that line the interior of the fruit. Most
people don't like the idea of eating the small (maggot-like) wasp
larvae, so fig breeders have developed varieties of figs that do not
require pollination and thus have no wasp larvae inside. Without
pollination, no viable seeds are formed.
More information about the Sca-cooks | <urn:uuid:b9fbb419-47c8-46d5-9cfe-de7ababba61f> | CC-MAIN-2014-23 | http://lists.ansteorra.org/pipermail/sca-cooks-ansteorra.org/2006-November/005139.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-23/segments/1405997894140.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20140722025814-00239-ip-10-33-131-23.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894997 | 265 | 3.40625 | 3 |
November 8, 2017, Bonn – A global transition to 100% renewable electricity is not a long-term vision, but already a tangible reality, a new groundbreaking study by the Lappeenranta University of Technology (LUT) and the Energy Watch Group (EWG) shows. The study was presented on November 8, 2017 during the Global Renewable Energy Solutions Showcase event (GRESS) on the sidelines of the United Nations Climate Change Conference COP23 in Bonn.
The results of the study are revealing: A global electricity system fully based on renewable energy is feasible at every hour throughout the year and is more cost effective than the existing system, which is largely based on fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
Existing renewable energy potential and technologies, including storage can generate sufficient and secure power to cover the entire global electricity demand by 2050. Total levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) on a global average for 100% renewable electricity in 2050 is €52/MWh (including curtailment, storage and some grid costs), compared to €70/MWh in 2015.
“A full decarbonization of the electricity system by 2050 is possible for lower system cost than today based on available technology. Energy transition is no longer a question of technical feasibility or economic viability, but of political will”, Christian Breyer, lead author of the study, LUT Professor of Solar Economy and Chairman of the EWG Scientific Board said.
A transition to 100% renewables would bring greenhouse gas emissions in the electricity sector down to zero and drastically reduce total losses in power generation. It would create 36 million jobs by 2050, 17 million more than today.
”There is no reason to invest one more Dollar in fossil or nuclear power production”, EWG President Hans-Josef Fell said. “Renewable energy provides cost-effective power supply. All plans for a further expansion of coal, nuclear, gas and oil have to be ceased. More investments need to be channeled in renewable energies and the necessary infrastructure for storage and grids. Everything else will lead to unnecessary costs and increasing global warming.”
The key findings of the study:
- Existing renewable energy potential and technologies, including storage can generate sufficient and secure power to cover the entire global electricity demand by 2050. The world population is expected to grow from 7.3 to 9.7 billion. The global electricity demand for the power sector is set to increase from 24,310 TWh in 2015 to around 48,800 TWh by 2050.
- Total levelised cost of electricity (LCOE) on a global average for 100% renewable electricity in 2050 is €52/MWh (including curtailment, storage and some grid costs), compared to €70/MWh in 2015.
- Due to rapidly falling costs, solar PV and battery storage increasingly drive most of the electricity system, with solar PV reaching some 69%, wind energy 18%, hydropower 8% and bioenergy 2% of the total electricity mix in 2050 globally.
- Wind energy increases to 32% by 2030. Beyond 2030 solar PV becomes more competitive. The solar PV supply share increases from 37% in 2030 to about 69% in 2050.
- Batteries are the key supporting technology for solar PV. The storage output covers 31% of the total demand in 2050, 95% of which is covered by batteries alone. Battery storage provides mainly diurnal storage, and renewable energy based gas provides seasonal storage.
- Global greenhouse gas emissions significantly reduce from about 11 GtCO2eqin 2015 to zero emissions by 2050 or earlier, as the total LCOE of the power system
- The global energy transition to a 100% renewable electricity system creates 36 million jobs by 2050 in comparison to 19 million jobs in the 2015 electricity system.
- The total losses in a 100% renewable electricity system are around 26% of the total electricity demand, compared to the current system in which about 58% of the primary energy input is lost.
The study “Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power Sector” will have major implications for policy makers and politicians around the world, as it refutes a frequently used argument by critics that renewables cannot provide full energy supply on an hourly basis.
The first of its art modeling, developed by LUT, computes the cost-optimal mix of technologies based on locally available renewable energy sources for the world structured in 145 regions and calculates the most cost-effective energy transition pathway for electricity supply on an hourly resolution for an entire reference year. The global energy transition scenario is carried out in 5-year time periods from 2015 until 2050. The results are aggregated into nine major regions of the world: Europe, Eurasia, MENA, Sub-Saharan Africa, SAARC, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asia, North America and South America.
The study “Global Energy System based on 100% Renewable Energy – Power Sector” is co-funded by the German Federal Environmental Foundation (DBU) and the Stiftung Mercator.
The full study is available here
A presentation summarising the global results and further links to regions and countries is available here
Press contact: Charlotte Hornung, Energy Watch Group, Tel: +49 30 609 898 810, presse©energywatchgroup.org
About the Energy Watch Group
The Energy Watch Group (EWG) is an independent, non-profit global network of scientists and parliamentarians. The EWG commissions research and independent studies and analyses on global energy developments. | <urn:uuid:65cffbea-0512-4b8b-8c82-350768ca6025> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | http://energywatchgroup.org/100re | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400221980.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20200925021647-20200925051647-00724.warc.gz | en | 0.914769 | 1,134 | 3.25 | 3 |
Whenever I discuss sustainability of the e-procurement process, someone in the room inevitably asks what procurement has to do with the environment. The answer is a lot, however that is the subject of another post.
In this case sustainability has less to do with the environment and more to do with process, discipline and execution. Which can also impact green programs focused on? a company?s carbon footprint
According to Wikipedia a simple definition of sustainability, in general terms, is the ability to maintain balance of a certain process or state in any system. It is now most frequently used in connection with biological and human systems. In an ecological context, sustainability can be defined as the ability of an ecosystem to maintain ecological processes, functions, biodiversity and productivity into the future.
Sustainability has become a complex term that can be applied to almost every system on earth.
From a corporate perspective many investors look at sustainability as a framework for disciplined and responsible management, a key success factor in achieving economic gains.? Relative to e-negotiation this means being able to run the same process (events) over and over again quarter after quarter and year after year as the standard way in which? a company endeavors to improve quality, workflow and compress prices. To the extent that this process supports companies social initiatives relative to the environment and humanity new terminologies such as the term triple bottom line are emerging in discussions at the board level.
The Global Sourcing Council tells us that although sustainability has found its permanent place in corporate boardrooms, execution is still a challenging journey. Implementing sustainability in global sourcing operations becomes even more complex as it creates its own unique challenges.
Global service providers that subscribe to sustainable strategies will benefit by gaining competitive, green advantage with the global organizations.
Ask your e-negotiation service provider how they intend to implement a sustainable program for your company.
We look forward to and appreciate your comments. | <urn:uuid:42e157f9-f440-4340-8047-f7fb08a6cb3c> | CC-MAIN-2018-39 | http://blog.safesourcing.com/2011/08/18/when-did-sustainability-become-synonymous-with-the-environment/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-39/segments/1537267156524.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20180920155933-20180920180333-00351.warc.gz | en | 0.946796 | 385 | 2.609375 | 3 |
WORK IN PROGRESS
This page aims to introduce the concepts behind Git in a "Haskell way".
1 The DAG
3.1 Kinds of objects
3.2 The object store
All the different objects in Git - individual files, entire directory trees, commits and other things - are stored in a repository-wide central store. Each object is identified by computing a SHA-1 hash, which is a function of only the object's contents.
3.3 But... doesn't that mean that when I change a single line in a file, a whole new copy is stored?
However, every once in a while, git compacts files that are similar together into Packfiles, by storing only their diffs. [TO BE EXPANDED?]
3.4 Garbage collection and git reflog
When objects are not reachable from any root (like a branch reference), they become dangling and are subject to garbage collection. However, garbage collection does not kick in immediately.
When making a mistake, it is often helpful to look at commit objects by date independent of whether they are reachable, in order to be able to restore them. You can use git reflog for that. | <urn:uuid:223c4d8a-a82d-4c1b-aeec-b72d12aa6458> | CC-MAIN-2014-41 | http://www.haskell.org/haskellwiki/index.php?title=Git&oldid=51960 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-41/segments/1410657138501.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20140914011218-00343-ip-10-234-18-248.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91571 | 248 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The gender wage gap in the EU’s 27 member countries narrowed slightly in recent years, dropping to 14.1% in 2018, according to provisional figures from Eurostat quoted by the European Commission on Friday.
“At the current rate, it would take decades, even centuries, to achieve equality,” Commissioners Vera Jourová, Nicolas Schmit and Helena Dalli said in a joint statement. “This is not acceptable,” they stressed.
Eurostat found that in 2018, women’s gross hourly wages were 14.1% less than men’s in workplaces with at least 10 employees. In 2017, the pay gap had been 14.5%.
According to the Eurostat figures, the gender pay gap was 15% in the Eurozone in 2018, down from 15.5% in 2017.
Belgium has one of Europe’s lowest gender pay gaps: 5.8% in 2018. At the other end of the spectrum, Estonia’s women earned 21.8% less per hour than their male counterparts in the same year.
A few days ago, female politicians from the European Socialist Party estimated that women in the European Union, including the United Kingdom, earned 16% less than men. An essential factor in the persistence of the gap is the inequitable distribution of the unremunerated workload, such as housework, childcare and taking care of the elderly, the ESP women pointed out.
They also quoted a study by the European Confederation of Trade Unions which argues that the gender way gape is shrinking so slowly that, at this rate, it would not be closed before the year 2104.
The gap would only be eliminated in this decade in three countries, Belgium (2028), Luxemburg (2027) and Romania (2022), which shows the huge disparity between States, the Confederation argued. However, in at least one of the three, male and female salaries are unacceptably low, it added.
In its Friday statement, the Commission recalled that it planned to propose binding measures on wage transparency in the next few weeks. This was promised by Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, but had been expected earlier, according to the Confederation. It should contribute specifically to the struggle for equal salaries, the unions stressed.
The Brussels Times | <urn:uuid:0c01341a-e09a-444d-b921-23e3b4993fae> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://www.brusselstimes.com/139612/gender-wage-gap-is-closing-much-too-slowly-commission-says | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104660626.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706030209-20220706060209-00100.warc.gz | en | 0.967391 | 479 | 2.6875 | 3 |
and Compiled by George Knowles.
In today's society the stereotypical image of a witch is that of an ugly old hag wearing a broad brimmed, tall and black pointed hat. “But where did the hat originate”?
In medieval times, woodcut images of witches show them as wearing a verity of costumes associated with those times, including headscarves and hats of differing fashions. Many are also shown bareheaded with their hair locks blowing in the wind.
Old Woodcut of Witches and Demons.
Is it possible that the witches hat
is an exaggeration of the tall conical “Dunces Hat”, popular in the royal
courts during the 15th century? or the blunt-topped hats worn by the
Puritans and Welsh of the same period? At
one point long
ago, pointed hats were a fashion icon in the city of London (then the fashion
capital of Europe), but it took a long time for fashion to trickle into the
country, and by the time they did, they became way out of fashion in the city.
City folk called Country folk 'pagani' (which means country dweller),
much the same as calling someone ‘a hick’, today.
Pointed hats soon became considered something only the 'pagani' would wear, most were Herbalists and Farmers wife’s who lived in the country and understood the land. Since they were wise to the ways of nature and could grow and harvest herbs, so the pointed hat became associated with the ‘Wise Woman’ or ‘Witch'. During this same period the Christian Church chipped-in and associated pointed hats with the horns of the Devil, by which time they frowned upon their use.
Brimless conical hats have long been associated with male Wizards and Magicians, Goya the famous artist painted witches wearing such hats. It is possible that other artists somewhere along the way added the brim to make the hats more appropriate for women. By Victorian times, the tall black conical hat worn by an old crone became readily identifiable as symbols of wickedness in illustrations of children’s stories and fairy tales.
Another possibility is that the witch’s hat may date back to antiquity. Ancient Etruscan coins from the city of Luna depict a head on one side of the coin; some believe it to be the goddess Diana, who is associated with witches. The head on the coin depicts the wearer with a brimless conical hat.
Today most contemporary witches go bareheaded or wear ritual headgear such as headbands with a crescent moon or other religious symbols on it. Normally the symbol is positioned on the forehead. During rituals in which the Goddess and Horned God are represented, the high priestess may wear a headband or a crown, while the high priest may wear a helmet with horns or antlers.
Best Wishes and Blessed Be.
Site Contents - Links to all Pages
A Universal Message:
Let there be peace in the world - Where have all the flowers gone?
Wicca & Witchcraft
Wiccan Rede / Charge of the Goddess / Charge of the God / The Three-Fold Law (includes The Law of Power and The Four Powers of the Magus) / The Witches Chant / The Witches Creed / Descent of the Goddess / Drawing Down the Moon / The Great Rite Invocation / Invocation of the Horned God / The 13 Principles of Wiccan Belief / The Witches Rede of Chivalry / A Pledge to Pagan Spirituality
Traditions Part 1 - Alexandrian Wicca / Aquarian Tabernacle Church (ATC) / Ár Ndraíocht Féin (ADF) / Blue Star Wicca / British Traditional (Druidic Witchcraft) / Celtic Wicca / Ceremonial Magic / Chaos Magic / Church and School of Wicca / Circle Sanctuary / Covenant of the Goddess (COG) / Covenant of Unitarian Universalist Pagans (CUUPS) / Cyber Wicca / Dianic Wicca / Eclectic Wicca / Feri Wicca /
Traditions Part 2 - Gardnerian Wicca / Georgian Tradition / Henge of Keltria / Hereditary Witchcraft / Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (H.O.G.D.) / Kitchen Witch (Hedge Witch) / Minoan Brotherhood and Minoan Sisterhood Tradition / Nordic Paganism / Pagan Federation / Pectic-Wita / Seax-Wica / Shamanism / Solitary / Strega / Sylvan Tradition / Vodoun or Voodoo / Witches League of Public Awareness (WLPA) /
Other things of interest:
Gods and Goddesses (Greek
Mythology) / Esbats &
Full Moons / Links
to Personal Friends & Resources / Wicca/Witchcraft
Resources / What's a spell? /
Circle Casting and
Sacred Space / Pentagram
- Pentacle / Marks
of a Witch / The Witches
Power / The Witches Hat
esoteric guide to visiting London / Satanism
Unitarian Universalist Association / Numerology: Part 1
/ Part 2 / Part
3 / A
history of the Malleus Maleficarum: includes: Pope
Innocent VIII /
papal Bull /
Malleus Maleficarum /
An extract from the Malleus Maleficarum
/ The letter of approbation
Nider’s Formicarius /
Heinrich Kramer /
/ Montague Summers /
/ The Albigenses
The Hussites / The
/ Shielding (Occult
and Psychic Protection) /
Sabbats and Rituals:
Sabbats in History and Mythology / Samhain (October 31st) / Yule (December 21st) / Imbolc (February 2nd) / Ostara (March 21st) / Beltane (April 30th) / Litha (June 21st) / Lughnasadh (August 1st) / Mabon (September 21st)
Animals in Witchcraft (The Witches Familiar) / Antelope / Bats / Crow / Fox / Frog and Toads / Goat / Honeybee / Kangaroo / Lion / Owl / Phoenix / Rabbits and Hares / Raven / Robin Redbreast / Sheep / Spider / Squirrel / Swans / Wild Boar / Wolf / Serpent / Pig / Stag / Horse / Mouse / Cat
In Worship of Trees - Myths, Lore and the Celtic Tree Calendar. For descriptions and correspondences of the thirteen sacred trees of Wicca/Witchcraft see the following: Birch / Rowan / Ash / Alder / Willow / Hawthorn / Oak / Holly / Hazel / Vine / Ivy / Reed / Elder. Also see: The Willow Tree (Folk Music)
Rocks and Stones:
Articles contributed by Patricia Jean Martin: / Apophyllite / Amber / Amethyst / Aquamarine / Aragonite / Aventurine / Black Tourmaline / Bloodstone / Calcite / Carnelian / Celestite / Citrine / Chrysanthemum Stone / Diamond / Emerald / Fluorite / Garnet / Hematite / Herkimer Diamond / Labradorite / Lapis Lazuli / Malachite / Moonstone / Obsidian / Opal / Pyrite / Quartz (Rock Crystal) / Rose Quartz / Ruby / Selenite / Seraphinite / Silver and Gold / Smoky Quartz / Sodalite / Sunstone / Thunderegg / Tree Agate / Zebra Marble
Articles and Stories about Witchcraft:
Murder by Witchcraft / The Fairy Witch of Clonmel / A Battleship, U-boat, and a Witch / The Troll-Tear (A story for Children) / Goody Hawkins - The Wise Goodwife / The Story of Jack-O-Lantern / The Murder of the Hammersmith Ghost / Josephine Gray (The Infamous Black Widow) / The Two Brothers - Light and Dark
Old Masters of Academia:
(Ancient, Past and Present)
(Departed Pagan Pioneers, Founders, Elders and Others)
Abramelin the Mage / Agrippa / Aidan A. Kelly / Albertus Magnus “Albert the Great” / Aleister Crowley “The Great Beast” / Alex Sanders "the King of the Witches” / Alison Harlow / Amber K / Anna Franklin / Anodea Judith / Anton Szandor LaVey / Arnold Crowther / Arthur Edward Waite / Austin Osman Spare / Biddy Early / Bridget Cleary / Carl Llewellyn Weschcke / Cecil Hugh Williamson / Charles Godfrey Leland / Charles Walton / Christina Oakley Harrington / Damh the Bard (Dave Smith) / Dion Fortune / Dolores Aschroft-Nowicki / Dorothy Morrison / Doreen Valiente / Edward Fitch / Eleanor Ray Bone “Matriarch of British Witchcraft” / Dr. John Dee and Edward Kelly / Dr. Leo Louis Martello / Eliphas Levi / Ernest Thompson Seton / Ernest Westlake and the Order of Woodcraft Chivalry / Fiona Horne / Friedrich von Spee / Francis Barrett / Gerald B. Gardner / Gavin and Yvonne Frost and the School and Church of Wicca / Gwydion Pendderwen / Hans Holzer / Helen Duncan / Herman Slater "Horrible Herman" / Israel Regardie / James "Cunning" Murrell / Janet Farrar & Gavin Bone / Jessie Wicker Bell “Lady Sheba” / John Belham-Payne / John George Hohman / John Gerard / John Gordon Hargrave (the White Fox) / John Michael Greer / John Score / Johannes Junius the Burgomaster of Bamberg / Joseph John Campbell / Karl von Eckartshausen / Laurie Cabot "the Official Witch of Salem" / Lewis Spence / Margaret Alice Murray / Margot Adler / Marie Laveau the " Voodoo Queen of New Orleans" / Marion Weinstein / Matthew Hopkins “The Witch-Finder General” / Max Ehrmann and the Desiderata / Monique Wilson the “Queen of the Witches” / Montague Summers / Nicholas Culpeper / Nicholas Remy / M. R. Sellers / Mrs. Grieve "A Modern Herbal" / Oberon and Morning Glory Zell-Ravenheart / Old Dorothy Clutterbuck / Old George Pickingill / Paddy Slade / Pamela Colman-Smith / Paracelsus / Patricia Crowther / Patricia Monaghan / Patricia “Trish” Telesco / Philip Emmons Isaac Bonewits / Philip Heselton / Raymond Buckland / Reginald Scot / Robert Cochrane / Robert ‘von Ranke’ Graves and "The White Goddess" /Rudolf Steiner / Rosaleen Norton “The Witch of Kings Cross” / Ross Nichols and The Order of Bards, Ovates & Druids / Sabrina - The Ink Witch / Scott Cunningham / Selena Fox / Silver Ravenwolf / Sir Francis Dashwood / Sir James George Frazer / S.L. MacGregor Mathers and the “Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn” / Starhawk / Stewart Farrar / Sybil Leek / Ted Andrews / The Mather Family - includes: Richard Mather, Increase Mather, Cotton Mather / Thomas Ady / Vera Chapman / Victor Henry Anderson / Vivianne Crowley / Walter Brown Gibson / William Butler Yeats / Zsuzsanna Budapest
Many of the above biographies are brief and far from complete. If you know about any of these individuals and can help with aditional information, please cantact me privately at my email address below. Many thanks for reading :-)
"FAIR USE NOTICE"
While I have taken due care and dilligence to credit all sources where possible, this website may contain copyrighted material which has not been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. My use of making such material available here is done so in my efforts to advance our understanding of religious discrimination, the environmental and social justice issues etc. I believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the information for research and educational purposes. For more information about 'fair use' see: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this wedsite for purposes of your own that goes beyond this 'fair use' statement, you must obtain permission from the relevant copyright owner yourself.
My online email discussion group:
Dove of Peace
Help send a message of peace around the world! The Dove of Peace flies from site to site, through as many countries as possible. It does not belong to ANY belief system. Please help make a line around the globe by taking it with you to your site, by giving it to someone for their site, by passing it on to another continent or to the conflict areas of the world. May trouble and strife be vanquished in it's path.
Please take time to sign my Guest Book. | <urn:uuid:51f2c359-255e-4537-b3d1-591927a0eb70> | CC-MAIN-2014-15 | http://www.controverscial.com/The%20Witches%20Hat.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-15/segments/1397609537186.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20140416005217-00090-ip-10-147-4-33.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.812751 | 2,822 | 3.578125 | 4 |
Heroin History 1900s—Part 2
While organized crime kept heroin flowing into Europe throughout the 1950s, 1960s and the early 1970s, opium cultivation in the Golden Triangle—Thailand, Burma (Myanmar) and Laos—continued to grow. The US and France supplied Golden Triangle drug lords with ammunition, arms and air transport as a way of funding the fight against communism that was occurring in that area.
But this strategy backfired. Not only were the millions of American soldiers—and those of their allies—exposed to an abundance of heroin while in Southeast Asia, there was a huge supply of the drug to send to the US. This influx of heroin hit the West Coast hardest. In cities like Vancouver, Seattle, and Portland, heroin would still be a major drug problem in the next millennium.
By the mid-1960s, the presence of US troops in Vietnam was being blamed for the increase in heroin on the streets. Some troops became addicted to heroin and brought the habit home, and others saw heroin trafficking as a way to make money. Some high-profile deaths started being seen as a result. Like Janis Joplin, who died in Hollywood in 1970 of a heroin overdose.
The early 1970s saw several major shifts take place in the supply and law enforcement arenas. President Nixon created the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in 1973 and declared war on drug trafficking in the US. Then in 1975, Saigon fell, cutting off the regular channels of heroin trafficking. Mexico and its poppy fields in the Sierra Madre suddenly became more important in keeping American appetites supplied.
Nixon’s war on drugs soon led American agencies to begin eradicating opium fields in Mexico, using the Agent Orange that was used as a defoliant in Vietnam. This anti-drug push opened up opportunities for drug manufacturing in the Golden Crescent—Iran, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Afghanistan became the biggest supplier to Europe and the US.
The Emphasis Shifts to Recovery
In much of the Twentieth Century, the primary emphasis was on trying to arrest the problem out of existence. Law enforcement went after the whole chain of possession and trafficking, from those moving major shipments to the addict. Those on drug charges accounted for half to three-quarters of the populations of some federal penitentiaries. But as lives began to be lost in great numbers and as heroin abuse provided a vector for new and old diseases, this emphasis began to shift.
New York City was always a major stronghold of heroin trafficking organizations. As hypodermic needles were usually used to administer the drug, the use of unsterilized needles enabled the spread of malaria, hepatitis, bacterial endocarditis and other diseases. The average age of a person in New York City who died due to heroin abuse—either directly from overdose or indirectly, from disease—was 27 years between 1950 and 1967.
New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller expanded the emphasis on treatment. The solution selected was the administration of methadone, a synthetic opiate that would prevent the dopesickness that addicts would suffer if they stopped using heroin. In 1960, about 200 people received methadone as treatment, but by 1974, this number grew to 30,000. In the next decade, the HIV epidemic would arrive in the United States, making it even more important that injecting drug users have a method of treatment that would prevent the spread of disease.
Meanwhile, high-profile deaths due to heroin abuse were still hitting the newspapers. Heroin contributed to the deaths of comedian John Belushi, actor River Phoenix and comedian Chris Farley between 1984 and 1997. In 1994, singer Kurt Cobain committed suicide after many years of heroin addiction.
Between the 1960s and 1990s, the purity of heroin being brought into the US increased greatly. One report showed average purity in New York City in 1983 at less than 10% but it soared to more than 60% by 1993. When heroin is purer, it can be snorted or smoked, broadening its appeal. Many people who would never inject drugs could then take it in one of these new ways. While this did reduce the transmission of disease, it also caused more people to become addicted to the drug. More affluent heroin users began to be found, no longer from the inner cities but from the suburbs.
With the advent of strong prescription opiates, the line between abuse of street opiates like heroin and prescription drugs like oxycodone of hydrocodone became blurred. OxyContin was approved for relief of severe pain in 1995. By 2003, nearly 14 million people had abused this drug for its heroin-like effects. When an OxyContin addict could not get pills, he could get heroin and vice versa. Both drugs were equally addictive.
By 2010, a new heroin problem was making its way across the American landscape: black tar heroin. A new group of Mexican drug manufacturers and traffickers with new methods were bringing this dark-colored, sticky form of heroin to American cities, circumventing the usual heroin-trafficking routes. Overdose deaths in the cities targeted by this new group began to rise.
Any examination of heroin’s history shows that drug abuse is a dead end activity. It will always have one of three outcomes: sobriety, incarceration or death. With heroin’s deadly effect on one’s breathing and heart rate, it is far too easy to attempt to achieve euphoria but instead achieves the end of one’s life.
The Narconon network of drug rehab facilities has been helping heroin addicts achieve sober, enjoyable lives since 1966. From Moscow to Los Angeles and from Taiwan to Colombia, addicts of heroin and many other drugs find that they can learn how to build a new sober life to replace the one destroyed by addiction.
For more in our series on Heroin: | <urn:uuid:6c49731b-81e3-4098-9d33-80b6b634cf49> | CC-MAIN-2020-34 | https://www.narconon.org/drug-information/heroin-1900s-more.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-34/segments/1596439738425.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20200809043422-20200809073422-00004.warc.gz | en | 0.959634 | 1,189 | 3.0625 | 3 |
This study examined the difference between sulfhydryl-reactive metals (mercury, lead, arsenic, and cadmium) in the hair of 45 children with autism (1-6 yr of age) as compared to 45 gender-, age-, and race-matched typical children. Hair samples were measured with inductively coupled mass spectrometry. Some studies, such as Holmes et al. (2003), suggested that children with autism may be poor detoxifiers relative to normally developing children. Metals that are not eliminated sequester in the brain. Our study found that arsenic, cadmium, and lead were significantly lower in the hair of children with autism than in matched controls. Mercury was in the same direction (lower in autism) following the same pattern, but did not achieve statistical significance. The evidence from our study supports the notion that children with autism may have trouble excreting these metals, resulting in a higher body burden that may contribute to symptoms of autism.
|Original language||English (US)|
|Number of pages||7|
|Journal||Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part A: Current Issues|
|State||Published - Jan 2007|
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis | <urn:uuid:cfb5dac5-99fe-4bd7-9888-f3f8cfe6c507> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://utsouthwestern.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/sulfhydryl-reactive-metals-in-autism | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046155322.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20210805032134-20210805062134-00312.warc.gz | en | 0.941661 | 258 | 3.359375 | 3 |
The global response to COVID-19 has seen major advances in vaccine development. As the next step, pharmaceutical firms like Meiji Group are working to widen the range of available vaccine types.
While the COVID-19 pandemic continues unabated in parts of the world, mass vaccination programs have led to a dramatic reduction in hospitalization and mortality rates in many countries. However, not everyone is able to receive the vaccine made available to them, whether for health reasons or concerns about potential side-effects. Development of an inactivated vaccine, similar to the shots that already protect us from influenza and rabies, will increase vaccine choice and can help countries achieve near-total immunization.
How different vaccine types work
As a starting point, it's helpful to know the different approaches to vaccine development. As of November 2021, Japan has approved and is currently administering mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccine for COVID-19. Both vaccine types contain instructions for making spike proteins, the mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus attaches itself to human cells. An mRNA vaccine uses messenger RNA, the genetic material that instructs the body on how to make spike proteins, while a viral vector vaccine delivers the spike protein DNA inside a different virus that is harmless to humans. In both cases, the immune system recognizes the new protein as a threat and develops antibodies to counter it.
The pandemic has accelerated the development of these newer vaccine types, neither of which includes any trace of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. On the other hand, many conventional vaccines, like those in common use for influenza and polio, use a different process called inactivation. Inactivated vaccines generate an immunological response by introducing the virus itself to the body, but only after rendering it harmless using chemicals or heat. This is a well-established process and is considered safer than live or attenuated vaccines, which pose greater risks for the immuno-compromised.
The development of an inactivated vaccine would represent a milestone in the fight to bring COVID-19 under control. It will increase the availability of regular, seasonal jabs as societies learn to live with the new coronavirus. However, SARS-CoV-2 would need to be safely inactivated first. That process has been taken up by several research teams worldwide, including at Meiji Group company KM Biologics.
Hope for an inactivated vaccine
Japanese biotech company KM Biologics has a history of vaccine development dating back to the 1940s, when it began production of a Pox vaccine in the aftermath of WWII. Since then, it has developed successful vaccines for influenza, rabies, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and Japanese encephalitis, among others.
Encevac, the company's Japanese encephalitis vaccine, makes use of Vero cells, a cell lineage derived from the extracted kidney of the African green monkey. Researchers found that Vero cells could also be used to produce the latest coronavirus, which would provide the basis for an inactivated vaccine. With facilities that can produce up to 57 million influenza vaccines, KM Biologics realized it had both the technological means and the production capacity to develop an inactivated vaccine for COVID-19.
The first step it took was to ensure the safety standards of its facilities. Safety at laboratories is rated on a BSL (biosafety level) scale of 1-4, with BSL4 the highest. Novel coronaviruses can only be handled at facilities rated BSL3, an extremely high level of containment. Since KM Biologics had already obtained BSL2+ certification, it was able to quickly set up BSL3 facilities before starting the development process.
The company is now cooperating with Japan's National Institute of Infectious Diseases, the University of Tokyo's Institute of Medical Science, and the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition to develop an inactivated vaccine for COVID-19. The project is being undertaken at unprecedented speed, with the first and second trial phases already complete. The initial target of commercialization in fiscal 2023 has since been moved forward to fiscal 2022.
"Development of an inactivated vaccine usually takes seven to ten years," says Sonoda. "This project, which aims to do so in about three years, is extremely unusual. Government support and quick decision-making from management are important, but the most important thing is the attitude of our researchers. Their desire to apply their professional skills to help the world break free from this pandemic is a major driving force."
Vaccination can help us live with coronaviruses
Human beings will almost certainly have to learn to live with COVID-19, which increases the need for ongoing vaccinations. For those concerned about possible adverse reactions, inactivated vaccines should provide greater peace of mind as they use methods proven to be safe and effective over many decades. Along with other antiviral drugs in development, they give patients and health officials a wider range of options to work with in the fight against COVID-19.
"We can help to increase the vaccination rate in Japan by providing a new option for those who have not yet been vaccinated," says Sonoda. "Remember, smallpox is the only infectious disease caused by a virus that humans have actually been able to eradicate. So we can predict that new coronavirus infections will coexist with humanity, just like influenza, and vaccinations may be necessary on a regular basis. Inactivated vaccines, which have fewer adverse reactions, will almost certainly play an important role." | <urn:uuid:f9e86309-a663-4c64-862f-35de0668ab6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.aozhoucon.com/covid-19.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.37/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809003642-20220809033642-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.950011 | 1,138 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Despite the fact that a thesis statement is usually only one or two sentences, many students – in fact, nearly every student these days – struggles with thesis statement development. A thesis is like the foundation of a building. Without it, everything falls apart. Students who fail to develop solid theses are setting themselves up for failure – and that’s not fair to the student or the teacher. Luckily, there’s a simple way to avoid disaster when thesis statements come around. By following three key tips – tips that are easy to understand, yet effective – you can begin producing higher-quality thesis statements in a much shorter amount of time.
Be clear and effective. The downfall of most preliminary thesis statements is their ineffectiveness. Students get lost in the wordy mess of their essays and forget that clarity is priceless. Don’t flounder through your thesis statement – make your purpose and methods absolutely clear. Always include these two basic components in your thesis statement: a) the reason you’re writing the essay, or the position you’re taking on an issue, and b) how you intend to prove or address your point. An example of a clear and effective thesis statement might be: “to determine the effectiveness of behavioral therapy on adhd, we will examine several case studies, doctor testimonies and additional research data.” The first half of the sentence states purpose, while the second half states methods.
Pick something you love, or something interesting. Thesis statements have a little wiggle room for most students; you have the freedom to choose something a little more meaningful to you. You should be taking full advantage of this opportunity! By picking a thesis or question that genuinely interests you, you’re not only more likely to compose an intriguing thesis statement, you’re more likely to develop an excellent paper as a whole. Plus, intriguing theses gain much more ground in the academic community. Look at some other, published scholarly work to discover some intriguing theses for yourself.
Review and edit. Once the thesis statement is written, don’t be fooled: that’s not the end of it. The fatal flaw in most students’ mindset is that, once they’ve written the sentence, they can go on to the rest of their paper without delay. Nothing could be further from the truth. Once you’ve developed a thesis statement, it’s absolutely necessary that you return to review it. Edit for clarity, grammar, and effectiveness. Write several new thesis statements and compare them – you might find your third thesis astronomically better than your first. | <urn:uuid:6eb576e2-a18f-4910-96f1-eb56c33c06d0> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | http://robertcarroll2016.com/tips-for-a-good-thesis-statement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703538431.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123191721-20210123221721-00507.warc.gz | en | 0.944297 | 537 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Often, a dilemma contains both; a test and a temptation. The trick of course is to identify one from the other. Let’s explore it by looking at a familiar story:
5Then Jesus lifted up His eyes, and seeing a great multitude coming toward Him, He said to Philip, “Where shall we buy bread, that these may eat?” 6But this He said to test him, for He Himself knew what He would do. 7Philip answered Him, “Two hundred denarii worth of bread is not sufficient for them, that every one of them may have a little.” 8One of His disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter’s brother, said to Him, 9“There is a lad here who has five barley loaves and two small fish, but what are they among so many?” 10Then Jesus said, “Make the people sit down.” Now there was much grass in the place. So the men sat down, in number about five thousand. 11And Jesus took the loaves, and when He had given thanks He distributed them to the disciples, and the disciples to those sitting down; and likewise of the fish, as much as they wanted. 12So when they were filled, He said to His disciples, “Gather up the fragments that remain, so that nothing is lost.” 13Therefore they gathered them up and filled twelve baskets with the fragments…” – John 6:5-13 NKJV
First – two helpful ground rules concerning testing and temptation:
- God NEVER tempts. James 1:13 declares, “…God cannot be tempted by evil, nor does He Himself tempt anyone.”. The next verse (14) then explains “we’re drawn away by our own desires.”
- God DOES test. The scripture describes many occasions where God administers tests, but consider this timely quote; “The nature of a test depends on the intent of the person conducting it.” – Charles Swindoll commenting on John 6
Second, here are two observations from the test given to Philip and the other disciples.
I. Jesus Highlighted the Obvious
“Where shall we buy bread that these may eat?” (v. 5) The story reveals four options before them:
- Send the crowd away (what they first approached Jesus with) and get rid of the problem
- Buy what food they could acquire themselves (a little bit for each, per Philip’s comment)
- See if the people could pool their resources and cover the need (Jesus actually instructs the disciples to see what the crowd had – Mark 6:38)
- The unknown – For whatever reasons the disciples didn’t consider option four. This is the “God option”. The one where we’re “out-of-options” and Jesus was helping them to see the contrast.
II. Jesus Highlighted God’s Provision
The significance of this miracle is made clear by being included in all 4 gospels. Many miracles are in one, two, or three accounts, but all include this one. Not only is how He fed them important, it’s good to notice the process:
- He gave thanks – His actions always centered attention on the Father
- He gave no description of what was coming – imagine the awkward moment when He put the little dinky lunch in front of everyone and prayed. They were probably peeking at each other during the prayer and shrugging their shoulders.
- His hands touched all the food – how awesome of a thought; it all passed through Jesus’ personal touch!
- He provided even more than hoped for – The story starts with no hope of covering the need (send them away), then moves to partially covering the need (buying small amounts for everyone), and ends up covering the need and more (enough leftovers to feed the disciples for 2-3 days).
So what does this mean for us? That’s a good question, thanks for asking. It means option four can be a great thing…an entrance exam of sorts to the next level of teaching from the Master. Hey, I’m not gonna lie. I would probably have been right there with Philip trying to cover the need with practical solutions, but thankfully Jesus is still patiently teaching.
If you’re out of options today, give up trying to work it out on your own and let God handle it. Let go and watch. His love is more than we can comprehend and He provides exceedingly, abundantly more than we ask or think (Eph. 314-21). Sometimes giving up a little, can result in a lot!
Series: “The Questions of Jesus” – Lesson VI | <urn:uuid:5ee161c9-9f92-4077-a254-3090d88827cb> | CC-MAIN-2021-17 | https://cchrisholland.com/2012/02/13/is-it-a-test-or-temptation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-17/segments/1618038064898.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20210411174053-20210411204053-00416.warc.gz | en | 0.964161 | 999 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Sharks are dying every day as a result of fishing, both legal and illegal. Approximately one quarter of elasmobranch species are listed as “vulnerable”, “endangered”, or “critically endangered” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), due to the drastic reductions in their populations. Now, stop and ask yourself, “Would I ever catch a shark?” Your automatic answer is probably “No, of course not!” or “Never, I love sharks”. But, what if you were desperate? What if the only way to feed your family was to catch a shark?
The time has come for us to consider the other, little-discussed side of shark conservation if we want to see real, tangible improvement in conservation efforts. It is easy for us, especially those of us living in North America, to sit back and point the finger at impoverished communities and to order them to stop fishing sharks without actually providing them with the means or knowledge to make feasible changes. This disjointed method of conservation efforts means that everyone loses, especially the poorest along the distribution chain of the shark meat/fin trade – those who work in small-scale fisheries. Artisanal fisheries tend to be family and/or locally-run operations that employ little-to- no technology. They tend to concentrate their efforts near shore and provide fish for local consumption, including their families. In Latin America, these fisheries are a vital source of food and employment for 2 million locals.1 Similarly, the artisanal shark fishery in Baja California Sur represents an important activity for many coastal communities threre. This fishery is carried out with small boats called “pangas”, primarily using gillnets in coastal areas to catch smaller elasmobranch species.2 Larger species are caught in deeper waters with longlines. The fishing trips occur daily due the lack of freezing methods onboard these small vessels. The system is mainly managed by permit holders who own the fishing vessels and equipment.
In a 2017 article, Elena Finkbeiner and colleagues detail an example of how quick and poorly planned conservation action hurt the local community in Baja California, and actually resulted in increased mortality of certain species.3 Under pressure from the international community, a rushed closure of the shark fishery was implemented in Baja, with little to no consideration for enforcement and monitoring, or for the local communities where over 1,000 fishers rely on these fisheries for income. In 2012, Mexico implemented a moratorium on elasmobranch fishing in their exclusive economic zone (EEZ) for almost two months during the first summer and three months during the summers following. Beyond just a way of making a living, fishing has strong cultural and social importance in Baja and the individuals who worked in the industry were not consulted about this change. Unsurprisingly, this seasonal closure was poorly planned and executed from the start: it was announced and began immediately at the start of the fishing season, leaving fishers scrambling, as many were taken completely by surprise and had already
1 Sales et al., 2007, Fisheries Research 2 Furlong-Estrada et al., 2017, Fisheries Research 3 Finkbeiner et al., 2017, Aquatic Commons
made significant investments in preparation for the season. Many rushed to alter their gear to target benthic species to even make a living during the season. However, using their altered gear, many valuable shark and ray species were caught as bycatch. These sharks were technically illegal to land during the closure, and therefore needed to be discarded at sea, dead and unused. This frustrated the fishermen, as they were throwing away profitable meat and it did nothing to aid in the conservation of sharks either. Furthermore, during this closure, loggerhead turtles were also being caught in their bottom-set nets in record numbers. As stated in the article: “The dramatic increase in sea turtle bycatch rates and strandings, officially documented by the Mexican government and independent researchers, culminated in a United States’ citation of Mexico for its lack of bycatch management and the threat of trade sanctions, and raised alarm in the international conservation community”.
Artisanal fisheries in Baja California are having a significant impact on local shark populations4 . While the overall intentions of seasonally closing the elasmobranch fishery are noble and worth exploring further, the methods and implementation were rushed and excluded the fishers themselves, who are the ones who pay the daily price of the decisions made by their government. To neglect to include these locals is a mistake all-around because these fishermen have the most to gain from healthy and sustainable shark populations. Many fishermen DO want to ensure that the fishery remains stable and profitable.
Developing effective marine conservation laws can be very difficult due to the high costs associated with enforcement in these areas. One way to reduce these costs and render people more willing to abide by the new laws is to include local artisanal fishermen in the decision making process.5 One recent study surveyed local fishermen from Costa Rica to determine their reactions toward new conservation measures for sharks.6 Their findings speak for themselves: “Overall, 89% of fishermen felt that protecting sharks was important with 97% stating a willingness to support shark conservation. However, support dropped to 67% if they would have to change some of their fishing practices. Almost all fishermen surveyed (93%) were in support of the formation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Although, if MPAs restricted their current fishing practices support dropped to between 6% and 65% depending on the restrictiveness of regulations implemented in the MPA. The majority (86%) of the fishermen surveyed also indicated they would be more likely to support new legislative measures to protect sharks if they were included in the decision making process.”
In future conservation campaigns, a first step is to understand how locals view their impacts on shark populations and their views on conservation efforts. We have a responsibility not to repeat these mistakes. Moving forward:
● We must consider the locals’ knowledge, traditions and culture. Many who work in the fishing industry do not have ability to support themselves in another line of work. Many of these individuals have parents who made a living fishing and this is one of the only marketable skill they possess.
4 Furlong-Estrada et al., 2017, Fisheries Research 5 O’Bryhim et al., 2016, Marine Policy 6 O’Bryhim et al., 2016, Marine Policy
● We must understand their harsh realities, which many of us may not even be able to imagine. Many Mexicans who make a living through small-scale shark fisheries must deal with frequent natural disasters, effects of climate change, poor living conditions, and corruption.
● We must think about the choices these people face daily. For a fisherman, catching and selling a shark could mean putting food on the table that day for his family. It could mean money for medicine, housing, or schooling for their children.
● We must help convince local fisheries to join our efforts, by providing them with real and alternative solutions or conservation plans that cause minimal disruption or financial costs to their current way of life. If the laws do not have support locally, they will be impossible to enforce.
Keeping your own loved ones in mind, again, we ask: would you ever catch a shark? Perhaps the answer is no longer so automatic.
While international NGOs and the public voice are vital for marine species conservation, this advocacy may be doing more harm than good if it neglects to integrate local knowledge, culture, and needs. We require better communication between international conservation efforts, NGOs, and national policy makers that will take into account the realities faced by local communities a.k.a. those who will actually be affected most significantly by these changes.
We at Nakawe Project, other shark conservation NGOs and most who are reading this would love to see the end of shark fishing. But we need to stop instinctively reacting only with our hearts and start thinking about this problem rationally. If we want to see actual change, we must first start talking about the human impacts of ending shark fishing. Change is already in our hearts and minds and now it is in our hands. An ocean without sharks is terrifying. Oceans need sharks and we need sharks.
So let’s start now. Let’s DO something. Keeping the problems discussed above in mind, let’s start the discussion, let’s start planning, let’s reach out and try to establish the real change necessary to achieve the real goal that we all want to see happen in our lifetime – healthy shark populations worldwide. We are not helpless – Here actions you can take right now:
1) Join our team: Visit www.nakaweproject.org and click on Join Us to see how you can get involved.
a) Become a member
b) Become a volunteer (please send resume, contact info (including FB, WhatsApp or Skype details) to our email [email protected]
c) Partner with us: we are always happy to talk with other NGOs or organizationswho have similar goals as we do
2) Join our closed hook campaign: Stay tuned coming soon !
3) Spread the word: If you follow our pages, then you already know more about these issues than most people. Tell your friends, parents, children, relatives, coworkers aboutthe threats shark face and encourage them to join the fight too in any way they can.
4) Donate: If you don’t have enough time to volunteer for us, then consider contributing to our cause financially; we have numerous campaigns being run locally in Latin America and are in the process of completing a documentary – every dollar helps! There are many ways to support us in this way:
a) Direct donations via our payPal : http://www.nakaweproject.org/donate/
b) Buy a support item from one of our collaborators (full list at: http://www.nakaweproject.org/nakawe-support- shop/)
i) KoholaKaiCreative (https://www.etsy.com/shop/KoholaKaiCreative)
ii) Sharquarium (https://society6.com/sharquarium)
iii) Conversation Ocean (https://conversationocean.org/collections/ladies/products/fin-wave- ring)
iv) Thessalonike (https://shopthessalonike.com/collections/all-rings/products/fin- finning-ring- 1)
v) Cape Clasp (https://www.capeclasp.com/products/hammerhead-clasp)
5) Talk To Us: We want to hear your new ideas or potential projects that could help solve
these problems. We are always willing to hear from people around the world and their
Together, we can make a difference. Sales et al., 2007, Fisheries Research
Furlong-Estrada et al., 2017, Fisheries Research
Finkbeiner et al., 2017, Aquatic Commons
Furlong-Estrada et al., 2017, Fisheries Research
O’Bryhim et al., 2016, Marine Policy
O’Bryhim et al., 2016, Marine Policy
Art by Tracie Sugo
Photos by Regina Domingo
Meet the Artist TRACIE SUGO : http://www.koholakaicreative.com/about.html Art is a form of communication that doesn’t require translation. It can quickly present a message just by being looked at. By being a part of this project, my hope was to create something that conveys the complexity of the shark fishing problem in Mexico and how it is tied to poverty, people and government. From an outsiders perspective, the shark problem is often focused on in singularity but from an insiders perspective the attitude is more like “how can we care about shark conservation when there are so many other difficulties that surround us?” | <urn:uuid:1ff04852-3868-4d9d-aeca-ad6a8d29cc96> | CC-MAIN-2018-09 | http://www.nakaweproject.org/a-time-for-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-09/segments/1518891812932.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20180220090216-20180220110216-00134.warc.gz | en | 0.951997 | 2,502 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In the summertime, you probably don’t even notice them. During the warm weather days of spring and summer, the boxelder bug, Boisea trifittattus, quietly lives and breeds in boxelder and silver maple trees. Although they feed on the leaves, flowers and seed pods of these trees, they generally don’t cause any noticeable damage.
It’s when colonies of hundreds, even thousands, enter your home that the problems begin.
Here we’ll answer some common questions answered about boxelder bugs:
1. How do I know if the bug in my house is a boxelder? About a half-inch long, adult boxelders are black with three red stripes and red lines along the edges of their wings. When their wings are lying flat, their markings make it appear as though their wings form an upside down “V”.
2. Why do they invade peoples’ homes? In the fall, as boxelder bugs begin to seek shelter for the upcoming cold months of winter, they’re attracted to the warm, sunny sides of homes. From there they slip between gaps and cracks in the siding, around doors and windows, etc., often ending up inside the home during the winter. That’s why it’s important to regularly screen or caulk all cracks, crevices, gaps, and openings in your home; repair torn or broken door and window screens; and ensure that doors and windows are well-sealed.
3. What happens once they’re in the house? Boxelders will make themselves comfortable in the walls of your home and/or a warm basement. They can detect temperature differences of as little as one degree, and for that reason, sometimes they emerge in bedrooms, kitchens, living rooms and other human-inhabited spaces. And just like stink bugs, they give off a pungent odor when
crushed or disturbed.
4. Will these bugs bite me or my family? No, boxelder bugs do not bite, sting or carry disease.
5. Will boxelders cause damage to my home? Boxelders are primarily a nuisance pest. They do not breed indoors, only live for a few days, and do not infest food or cause property damage. However, when a lot of them get into your home, they can be very intrusive and annoying, and their excrement can stain surfaces such as walls, furniture, and drapes.
6. How do I get rid of boxelders that get into my home? If a boxelder bug infestation is suspected, contact one of our licensed and trained inspectors to evaluate and assess the problem.
In the meantime, a few options for physically removing any boxelder bugs you find your home include:
- Using a vacuum with a long hose attachment to gather up the bugs.
- Directly spraying the bugs with a dish soap/water solution.
- Sweep up dead bugs with a broom or vacuum.
- Never squash a boxelder bug, as this can stain the surface on which it is killed. | <urn:uuid:9fc95c1b-5857-45e5-8676-4670dc649c22> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://pestdoc.com/what-the-heck-is-a-boxelder-bug/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224648858.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20230602204755-20230602234755-00487.warc.gz | en | 0.935198 | 659 | 2.890625 | 3 |
To retrieve information from a non-fiction text (Part 2)
In this lesson, we will turn notes into model sentences using an example about Charles Darwin. There will be an example of some notes about Charles Darwin which will be turned into modelled sentences. We will recap how we collect and record information.
Click on the play button to start the video. If your teacher asks you to pause the video and look at the worksheet you should:
- Click "Close Video"
- Click "Next" to view the activity
Your video will re-appear on the next page, and will stay paused in the right place.
Lesson summary: To retrieve information from a non-fiction text (Part 2)
Time to move!
Did you know that exercise helps your concentration and ability to learn?
For 5 mins...
On the spot: | <urn:uuid:5a7e9d26-36cb-44d5-995e-43c3981a3b08> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://classroom.thenational.academy/lessons/to-retrieve-information-from-a-non-fiction-text-part-2-64rkct | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100056.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20231129041834-20231129071834-00604.warc.gz | en | 0.877303 | 177 | 3.890625 | 4 |
|Noah Webster's Dictionary|
1. (a.) Of a yellowish or reddish brown color; as, a sorrel horse.
2. (n.) A yellowish or reddish brown color.
3. (n.) One of various plants having a sour juice; especially, a plant of the genus Rumex, as Rumex Acetosa, Rumex Acetosella, etc.
Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia
sor'-el: the Revised Version (British and American) in Zechariah 1:8 for "speckled."
Sorrel (1 Occurrence)
Zechariah 1:8 I saw in the night, and, behold, a man riding upon a red horse, and he stood among the myrtle-trees that were in the bottom; and behind him there were horses, red, sorrel, and white. (See JPS ASV NAS RSV) | <urn:uuid:1762b8dc-c9fd-4d82-a7da-ee2c49ec3431> | CC-MAIN-2014-10 | http://refbible.com/s/sorrel.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-10/segments/1393999653325/warc/CC-MAIN-20140305060733-00016-ip-10-183-142-35.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867437 | 197 | 2.78125 | 3 |
As its the first day of Ramadan, I have some amazing information from Imperial College London Diabetes Centre (ICLDC), the one-stop, state-of-the-art, out-patient facility that specialises in diabetes treatment, research, training and public health awareness. It is in question and answer form so you can relate to it better.
Diabetes and Fasting
Is it Ok for me to fast during the Holy Month of Ramadan, if I am living with diabetes?
During fasting, about eight hours after the last meal our bodies start to make use of energy stores to keep blood glucose (sugar) levels normal. For most people, this is not harmful.
However, a problem can occur if you are living with diabetes, such as the risk of high glucose levels following the larger meals that we eat before and after fasting at Suhoor and Iftar.
Of course, this year the fasting period is long (15 hours in the UAE) meaning that the risk of Hypoglycaemia (high blood sugar levels) and dehydration (lack of water) are high.
It is very important that anyone living with type 1 diabetes understand that they are at a higher risk compared to those with type 2 diabetes when fasting during the Holy Month of Ramadan.
It is crucial that if you are a type 1 diabetes patient and intend to fast, that you are closely supervised and ensure that your blood sugar is regularly monitored to mitigate health risks.
If you are living with type 2 diabetes, generally it is perfectly safe to fast during Ramadan provided that you talk to your doctor about your plans and prepare yourself well.
But, it is not safe for everyone living with type 2.
Your ability to fast safely often depends on your prescribed medication, and therefore it is really important for you and your doctor to assess your medication programme before the start of Ramadan and/or your fast. Your doctor will guide you to create a fasting plan which works for you.
A lot depends on how well your diabetes is controlled, especially if you’re prone to either frequent high blood sugar levels (Hyperglycemia), or low blood sugar levels (Hypoglycemia).
For example, if you are taking certain tablets and/or insulin, fasting carries the risk of Hypoglycaemia, or high blood glucose levels during a fast are a possible risk, and in extreme cases, can lead to Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), a serious condition requiring hospital treatment.
What happens to my body during fasting?
During fasting, at about eight hours after the last meal our bodies start to use energy stores to keep our blood glucose (sugar) levels normal. For most people, this is not harmful. However for someone living with diabetes, especially if you take certain tablets or insulin, you are at risk of Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose levels), Hypoglycaemia, (high glucose levels) and dehydration (lack of water).
If I am living with type 1 diabetes, is fasting risky?
In general, people living with type 1 diabetes are at very high risk of developing severe complications, and are strongly advised to not fast during Ramadan.
If you are living with type 1 diabetes and really do want to fast, you must consult with your doctor before embarking on the daily fast.
What are the risks if I fast and I am living with type 2 diabetes?
If you are living with type 2 diabetes and have successfully embraced a healthy lifestyle by maintaining a normal body weight through a practice of a balanced diet and regular physical activity, the risks associated with fasting are quite low.
However, following a period of fasting if a very large, excessive meal is consumed there is a potential risk of post-meal Hyperglycaemia after the pre-dawn and sunset meals.
One simple solution is to distribute energy intake over two to three smaller meals during the non-fasting interval. This may help you avoid post-meal Hyperglycaemia.
As with diet, your daily exercise should be less intense to avoid episodes of Hypoglycaemia.
If you are taking prescribed oral medications and insulin, do consult your doctor to discuss the risks, which will vary from person to person.
If I am living with diabetes, do I need to go on a special diet during Ramadan?
The good news is if you are already following a balanced diet, as is recommended for everyone, living with type 2 diabetes or not, then there is a big chance that you do not have to change the ingredients of your diet. In fact you should eat as you normally do, with the only difference being the time you eat your meals, rather than quantity or type of food consumed.
The Ramadan diet should be kept simple and contain foods from all the food groups including:
Bread, cereals or rice
Meat, chicken, fish or beans
Milk, laban or yogurt
Fruits and vegetables
Iftar is the meal that breaks the fast, just after sunset, after the long hours of fasting. It is important however that it remains a meal and does not become a feast!
One other thing to be particularly aware of is the risk of increasing blood sugar levels after Iftar, especially if you eat sweet food.
Also, you must take special care to drink plenty of water during the non-fasting hours, so that you remain comfortably hydrated during fasting hours.
At Suhoor you should eat starchy carbohydrates which release energy slowly, such as multigrain bread, oat-based cereals, basmati rice together with beans, pulses, lentils fruit and vegetables.
Other foods which will keep your blood glucose levels more stable throughout the fast include pitta bread, chapattis and semolina. As with all meals, eat sensibly, do not over eat and remember to drink plenty of water.
What are the risks of fasting while living with diabetes during pregnancy?
Pregnant women are strongly advised not to fast, and indeed Islam releases a pregnant woman from fasting during Ramadan. However, some still like to fast and if diabetes (including gestational diabetes) is also present, this is considered a high-risk scenario that requires intensive care.
Pregnancy involves a state of increased insensitivity to insulin and insulin secretion.
During fasting, blood glucose levels are generally lower but post-meal glucose and insulin levels remain substantially higher in healthy pregnant women than in women who are not pregnant.
Elevated blood glucose levels during pregnancy may be associated with increased risk for major congenital abnormalities.
It should also be remembered that the issues concerning the management of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes also apply to pregnant women, along with more frequent monitoring and insulin dose adjustment.
Is it Ok for children to fast, and what are the guidelines?
In Islamic teaching, children are not required to fast for Ramadan until they reach the age of puberty. However, in many families, younger children enjoy participating and are encouraged to practice their fasting.
It’s important to make children aware of what fasting involves and to then to practice fasting for a few hours at a time, although fasting for children under the age of seven or eight isn’t advisable.
Children living with diabetes who choose to fast during Ramadan do pose a management challenge for paediatricians as the majority of guidelines and data on safety and metabolic impact of fasting are based on practice and studies on the adult population.
It is very important that fasting only takes place under the watchful eye of the child’s doctor.
Is there an increased risk of dehydration in hot countries, like the UAE?
Yes. Dehydration due to reduced intake of fluids may become severe in hot and humid climates like the UAE, especially among those who perform hard physical labour.
On top of this, Hyperglycaemia can result in the loss of body fluid through excessive urination, and contribute to depletion of electrolytes in the body.
People with pre-existing nerve damage may develop symptoms of low blood pressure like dizziness or light-headedness. This can lead to loss of consciousness and falls sometimes leading to injuries, such as bone fractures.
It is very important that fluid intake during non-fasting hours from Iftar through to Suhoor is maintained at a regular pace.
In the UAE it is very hot during Ramadan. What can people do if they wish to exercise during the Holy Month?
It is good to take some moderate exercise just before you break your fast at Iftar, and again just before going to bed, as well as right before Suhoor.
It will be quite warm during Ramadan this year and outdoor exercise might not always be the best option, so try climbing the stairs. Start slowly and gradually with two flights at a time and refrain from pushing yourself too hard during the first few days.
Of course, after the sun sets and just before dawn breaks a short but brisk walk for at least 10 minutes is a good practise to adopt during Ramadan.
If you decide to pop out to a mall in the evening, park farther away from the entrance, walk the extra distance, and also enjoy a brisk walk around the mall walkways before your embark on your seasonal shopping!
Is it ok to test my blood glucose in Ramadan while I am fasting?
Yes, testing your blood glucose levels regularly is important and will keep you safe while fasting. This will not break your fast.
Do I need to wake up for Suhoor?
Long hours without eating increases the risk of Hypoglycaemia.
You must try to eat a meal at Suhoorjust before sunrise and not at midnight as is common practice. This will help to keep your glucose levels more balanced throughout the fast.
Should I stop taking insulin?
No. You should never stop your insulin. But you must speak to your doctor because you may need to change the dose and times of your insulin injections.
If I smoke is Ramadan a good opportunity to give up?
If you have diabetes smoking increases your risk of heart disease. Since you are not allowed to smoke during fasting hours it is a good chance to build up your self-control and stop smoking. Take advice from your doctor.
Ramadan Fasting Tips From ICLDC
Here are some guidelines to help you enjoy fasting during the Holy Month of Ramadan, and at other times that you choose to fast.
Talk To Your Physician
- It is possible to manage diabetes and fast, but please do make sure you meet with your doctor for a thorough assessment before to start your fast, especially if you are prescribed medication.
- Your doctor will guide you how to adjust your doses and help create a plan that works for you in complement to Ramadan fasting hours.
Space Out Your Meals
- It is a good idea to pace your meals just like a normal diet. During Ramadan, try not to be tempted to eat continuously from Iftar to just before Fajr. At Iftar, try breaking your fast with a light snack such as dates and soup. Then, have a full meal about an hour later, followed by Suhoor, a breakfast meal just before Fajr.
- It is important that you do not get dehydrated. Adequate amount of fluids is recommended and so is the fact that drinks with high sugar are not good. A sudden surge of sugar drinks in your system can result in a state of high blood glucose levels that may require hospital treatment.
Don’t Skip Meals – Have Iftar and Suhoor
- Remember to eat a balanced meal just before Fajr. If you are on medication, this will help will reduce blood glucose levels.
Consume Good Carbohydrates; Consider Your Options
- Slow release carbohydrates, known as low-glycaemic, are an excellent option for fasting food. These include wholegrain bread and basmati rice.
- Fast release carbs, sugary food and food otherwise known as high-glycaemic index are best avoided. High glycaemic starchy food include potatoes and white bread.
Moderate Activity Is Good
- Moderate physical activity every day is a healthy option. Walking is one of the best recommended activities for moderate exercise. However excessive exercise is best avoided for people who are fasting.
Hope this helps you or your friends/family with diabetes during the fasting month. | <urn:uuid:67ff8f60-ff34-4d88-9f0c-94d18b43bd73> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://fijianchick.com/2014/06/29/diabetes-and-fasting-guide-from-icldc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644915.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20230530000715-20230530030715-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.956156 | 2,547 | 2.75 | 3 |
Photography is a passion shared by professionals and amateurs alike. With the advent of modern digital technology, it has become extremely simple to click, store, send and print the pictures. Photographs are an excellent way of storing your memories. Traditional Cameras use the varying light intensities to save the image on photographic film. While digital cameras convert the image into digital signals that are stored on a hard disk inside the digital camera.
How do they work?
The first camera was ‘camera obscura’ the design of which represented a chamber like structure. With technological improvement we have digital cameras, but the basic function of the camera remains the same. A camera is basically a light proof box covering the chemical (film), mechanical (the click and flash mechanism) and the optical (lens) elements.
A camera works on the principle of reflection. Different intensities of light are captured inside the camera. The lens converge the light rays coming from a wide frame (the area that gets clicked) into the film. The film has light sensitive materials (silver halides) that capture and stores the light information thus recording the image. When the film is later developed in the dark rooms, the actual image comes out.
Along with the chemical element of the camera there is the necessary mechanical part which constitutes the aperture control, the diaphragm and the shutter.
Similar to the human eyes, the cameras too have aperture controls, which can also be controlled manually or automatically. This allows a certain amount of light to fall on the lens. More appropriately it regulates the dimensions of the area that is to be captured.
Diaphragm regulates the amount of light entering the camera.
To click an image you have to allow light through the shutter. Once the shutter is open the camera gets active. The time period for which the shutter is open determines the amount of light reaching the sensor. Shutter is useful in controlling the picture quality and blur effects in some images.
Unlike normal analog cameras that use films, digital cameras use digital signals to store the image. You can view, store, delete and reproduce digital images. Similar to light sensitive films, digital cameras have sensory plates that recognize the light signal and store the digital information. The plate is divided into pixels, which are the image sensor points. The cameras that can capture images with greater pixel strength are considered to provide sharper and better pictures. The digital cameras also use filters for white balance control, red eye
correction and various other effects.
The digital information is stored in ‘bits’ on a memory chip (card)
Advantages of digital cameras
• A large number of photos can be taken
• Better adjustment of the focal length can be done
• The image can be previewed before clicking
• You also have the option to capture videos
When you think about buying a camera, enquire about its resolution, sensor size, focal range, ISO range, the shutter speed, the aperture range, the battery used and the storage media. Last but not the least look for the price in which it comes. | <urn:uuid:37e782b5-dc0c-469d-a737-7215bb368e9c> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.letusfindout.com/how-does-a-camera-work/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027315321.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20190820092326-20190820114326-00272.warc.gz | en | 0.914215 | 628 | 3.921875 | 4 |
Purdue Owl Citation Machine Mla. Here is the most common way to cite a page on a website: Its mla formatting and style guide is one of the most popular resources.
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Table of Contents
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Citation machine® helps students and professionals properly credit the information that they use. Citing a website in mla how to create an mla website citation: 29.here are the links to the owl's overview and workshop pages for each of the major citation styles: | <urn:uuid:ae98044d-b6f6-48b1-8c65-f20601560211> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://houstonhomestaging.net/purdue-owl-citation-machine-mla/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104514861.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220705053147-20220705083147-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.797647 | 364 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Grace's Guide is the leading source of historical information on industry and manufacturing in Britain. This web publication contains 143,772 pages of information and 230,103 images on early companies, their products and the people who designed and built them.
Alexander Carnegie Kirk (1830–1892), mechanical engineer and inventor
1830 Born on 16 July, the eldest son of John Kirk, minister of Barry, and his wife, Christian Guthrie, née Carnegie (d. 1865).
Educated at Arbroath Burgh Academy, and Edinburgh University from 1845, and evenings at Leith Mechanics' Institute.
1854 Appointed chief draughtsman at Maudslay, Sons and Field London
1861 Engineering manager in the new shale-oil industry working for James ‘Paraffin’ Young, where he remained for five years.
Kirk improved a vertical type of retort, first patented in 1839. The Kirk retort was widely used but gradually superseded from 1877 by the Henderson retort. He also improved the cooling process by applying a refrigeration device he had invented in 1856 for chilling brine. This was the first practical air-compression refrigerator, which was made under licence by the Norman Co of Glasgow, and sold all over the world for ice making.
Kirk's refrigerating or freezing apparatus was used at James Young's works for refrigerating the crude oil obtained from coal, after partial purification, to freeze out crystals of paraffin. The machine was described and illustrated in The Practical Mechanic's Journal in August 1863.
1865 Kirk joined the management of James Aitken and Co's engine works in Glasgow
1869 He married, in Croydon, Ada Waller.
1870 He left Aitkens and practised as a consulting engineer.
1871 Engine works manager at Randolph, Elder and Co.
1877 Alexander Kirk left Elders on being appointed senior partner at the nearby shipbuilders Robert Napier and Sons. At Napiers, Alexander Kirk and his engine-works manager, Walter Brock, perfected the triple-expansion engine.
The mercantile marine readily adopted the compound steam engine but the Admiralty remained sceptical of the new approach until Kirk told them that he had sold compound engines of around 12,000 hp to the Imperial Russian navy from 1883. The Admiralty responded by placing two orders for cruisers at Napiers: the first of these, the SS Galatea, performed above their expectations at trials in 1885.
Kirk's distinguished engineering career was recognized by Glasgow University with the award of an honorary doctorate of laws in 1888, and by service as president of the Institute of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland from 1887 to 1889 and as vice-president of the Institution of Naval Architects in 1888. He died at his home, 19 Athole Gardens, Kelvinside, Glasgow, on 5 October 1892.
1892 Obituary
Dr. ALEXANDER CARNEGIE KIRK was born on 16th July 1830 at the Manse of Barry, Forfarshire, of which parish his father was the minister.
After being educated at the Burgh School at Arbroath, and subsequently at Edinburgh University, he served his apprenticeship as an engineer in the Vulcan. Foundry of Robert Napier, Washington Street, Glasgow.
On the completion of his apprenticeship he went to London, where he rose to the position of chief draughtsman to the firm of Messrs. Maudslay, Sons and Field.
Some years later he returned to Scotland, and became engineer at the Bathgate paraffin oil works of Messrs. Young, Meldrum and Binney; on the dissolution of the firm he designed and erected for the senior partner the still greater establishment at West Calder.
Here, after a long series of experiments on the use of atmospheric air, instead of the sulphuric ether then employed for cooling the paraffin oil, he produced an engine somewhat similar in principle to Stirling's air engine, with a regenerator. The results were so satisfactory that the ether engine was superseded.
At the age of thirty-five he succeeded Mr. Rowan in the management of Messrs. James Aitken and Co.'s Engine Works at Cranstonhill, Glasgow, where he remained for five years, engaged in designing and constructing a large variety of marine, blowing, and winding engines, and oil machinery.
After spending a short period Glasgow as a consulting engineer, he became manager of the Centre Street and Fairfield Engine Works of Messrs. Elder and Co., shortly after the death of Mr. John Elder; and for the remainder of his life devoted himself almost entirely to marine engineering. While with Messrs. Elder he carried into effect the idea of a triple- expansion type of marine engine, and ultimately succeeded in rendering triple-expansion marine engines commercially profitable by applying them to ocean-going vessels.
In 1874 he designed and fitted on board the screw-steamer "Propontis" triple-expansion engines in which a high pressure of steam was employed; these engines were quite successful.
In 1877, a year after the death of Mr. Robert Napier, he joined Messrs. John and James Hamilton in the firm of Messrs. Robert Napier and Sons, of which he was the senior partner.
In 1881, after having endeavoured for some years to get the triple marine engine adopted, he constructed engines on this plan for the s.s. "Aberdeen," the first steamer for the celebrated line of clipper ships of Messrs. George Thompson and Co., who deserved great credit for adopting the principle. These engines, which were essentially of the same design as those of the "Propontis," used steam at 125 lbs. pressure in a boiler of the ordinary marine kind, and the economy in coal consumption was about 30 per cent.
Having devoted much time to experimental work, especially on the strength and durability of metals, he was a frequent contributor on this and other engineering subjects to the proceedings of professional institutions; and in recognition of his scientific attainments and practical work he received from the University of Glasgow the honorary degree of LL.D.
Having been in indifferent health for some time, he died from failure of the action of the heart on 5th October 1892, at the age of sixty-two.
He became a Member of this Institution in 1872, and was connected also with many institutions and societies, having been a vice-president of the Institution of Naval Architects, and President in 1887 of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland.
1893 Obituary
ALEXANDER CARNEGIE KIRK, LLB., who died suddenly at Glasgow on the 5th of October, 1892, was senior partner in the firm of Robert Napier and Sons, the engineers and shipbuilders of Govan.
He was born on the 16th of July, 1830, at Rarry, Forfarshire, of which parish his father was minister, and was educated at the Burgh School, Arbroath, and at the University of Edinburgh.
He then went to Glasgow, where he served an apprenticeship of five years to the late Robert Napier at the Vulcan Foundry, Washington Street.
On the completion of his apprenticeship in 1854 he proceeded to London and eventually became Chief Draughtsman in the office of Maudslay, Sons and Field, with whom he remained six years.
He then accepted the post of Engineer and Manager of the paraffin oil works of Young, Meldrum and Binney at Bathgate, for which firm he constructed the first practical, atmospheric refrigerating-machine and subsequently designed and erected new works at West Calder, involving the sinking of shale pits and the construction of a branch line from the North British Railway.
At both these works he displayed great genius for devising means of facilitating labour and economizing energy ; numerous improvements in shale-breaking and cooling-machinery were introduced by him, one of his inventions being a freezing machine for use in separating the solid paraffin in the oil.
Hitherto this had been done by ether-machines, but ether being dangerons Dr. Kirk in 1862 commenced a series of experiments on air-machines, with the result that he designed and made the dry-air freezing-machine which is now in a modified form so extensively used in connection with the carriage and storage of meat from the colonies.
In 1864, he read before the Institution of Engineers in Scotland a Paper on this subject and nine years later he submitted to this Institution a similar Paper, for which he was awarded a Watt Medal and a Telford Premium.
In 1866 Dr. Eirk returned to Glasgow as Manager of James Aitken and Co’s works at Cranston Hill, where he remained for two years, constructing marine and other engines, and oil-plant, both for this country and Australia.
He then practised as a Consulting Engineer from 1868 to 1870, during which time the moist-air refrigerating-machine was produced.
Soon after the death of John Elder in the latter year Dr. Kirk was appointed Manager of the Centre Street and Fairfield Engine Works, where he found ample scope for his great ability and soon became regarded as one of the leading Marine Engineers in the kingdom.
Under his supervision the compound-engines made by John Elder and Co were greatly improved, and from his special designs the three-cylinder compound-engine was introduced. He also at a litter date carried into effect the idea of a triple-expansion type of engine, the first attempt it is believed to apply the principle of triple-expansion to the engines of a steamship.
In 1874 he designed and fitted on board the screw-steamer 'Propontis,' belonging to W. H. Dixon and Co of Liverpool, engines on this principle, to work at a pressure of 150 lbs. per square-inch, having water-tube boilers; but owing to the failure of these boilers, and it being impossible at that time to work ordinary boilers at such a pressure, the engines had to be re-converted to the compound principle, with ordinary boilers. Thus the greatest modern improvement in marine engineering was checked for nearly eight years. The design of the engines of the 'Propontis,' having three cylinders and three cranks, is the one now in almost universal use for triple-expansion marine-engines.
In 1875, the year after the death of Mr. Robert Napier, Dr. Kirk severed his connection with the Fairfield establishment and, with Messrs. John and James Hamilton, acquired the business of Robert Napier and Sons.
Four years later, after steel had been introduced, and it became practicable to obtain higher pressures in an ordinary form of boiler, Dr. Kirk again turned his attention to the triple-expansion engine, and having induced George Thompson and Co., of the Aberdeen clipper line of sailing-vessels, to try this type of engine, he built and fitted a set for the screw-steamer 'Aberdeen' which proved beyond doubt that there was a considerable saving to be obtained over the compound type. A Paper 'On the Triple-Expansion Engines of the steamship Aberdeen,' was presented by Dr. Kirk to the Institution of Naval Architects in 1882.
In less than four years all the Marine Engineers in this country acknowledged the revolution which had taken place. The compound-engine became obsolete and the triple-expansion engine took its place, effecting a reduction of quite 25 per cent. in the consumption of coal and giving great impetus to shipbuilding and marine engineering. This type of engine has since been adopted not only by the English Admiralty but by most foreign governments.
Dr. Kirk received from the University of Glasgow the honorary degree of LL.D. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh; a Vice-President of the Institution of Naval Architects ; Past-President of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland; and a Member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
In all these societies he took considerable interest and among the Papers he contributed to their Transactions the following, in addition to those already referred to, may he specially mentioned :- 'On the Effect of Punching on Iron and Steel Plates' ; 'On a Method of Analysing the forms of Ships and determining the mean angle of entrance' ; and 'On Cracks and Annealing of Steel.'
He was elected an Associate of this Institution on the 7th of February, 1865, and on the 26th of February, 1858, was transferred to the class of Member.
Reference has already been made to his Paper on the 'Mechanical Production of Cold,' read in 1874. Ten years later he delivered at the Institution by the invitation of the Council a lecture on 'Compressed- Air and other Refrigerating Machinery,' which formed one of the series of lectures on 'Heat in its Mechanical Applications.'
All who had the privilege of knowing Dr. Kirk will feel that a gap has been caused by his death not easy to fill. He was true and generous to a fault, always anxious and ready to listen to and discuss any proposed improvement in engineering, and his gentleness and kindness of heart endeared him to all his associates. As a designer of marine-engines, Dr. Kirk exhibited great talent and originality ; no detail was too small to be neglected and no experiment too unimportant to be carefully conducted. Indeed his success must be attributed to that combination of ability and industry which is so rarely found in the present day. Not only on the Clyde but in every port to which ships and engines find their way, the name of Dr. Kirk has for many years been respected as that of one of the cleverest, shrewdest and most honourable of Marine Engineers.
1892 Obituary | <urn:uuid:d0ecb07f-6d3b-4eea-9f63-e9805c3b3e2c> | CC-MAIN-2020-45 | https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Alexander_Carnegie_Kirk | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-45/segments/1603107879362.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20201022082653-20201022112653-00490.warc.gz | en | 0.976708 | 2,894 | 2.71875 | 3 |
If the steering wheel or car shakes when the brakes are applied, it is almost certain that the problem lies with the rotors. This is an important distinction as steering wheel or car vibration can happen for a number of reasons, but if it only happens when the brakes are applied, this isolates the problem. Worn brake pads are another possibility, but if the pads have recently been replaced, then this leaves only the rotors as suspects.Continue Reading
Rotors are the large metal discs that the brakes clamp in order to stop a car. When the brakes are applied, intense heat spreads across the rotors. Normally, the rotor surface is smooth and the heat is dissipated across this area. However, when rotors become worn, pits and grooves appear. When the brakes are applied, the unevenness is transmitted through the brake pedal to the steering wheel and the rest of the car, causing the shaking.
In some cases, rotors are only unevenly worn and can be machined or smoothed out to near their original state. However, if the rotors develop pits or grooves, they are likely to be beyond repair. In that case, it is necessary to purchase new rotors. Brake pads should also be replaced at this time.Learn more about Brakes | <urn:uuid:695c3208-f865-4036-9e10-5fa05bd30166> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.reference.com/vehicles/car-shake-applying-brakes-80f80eed184bfe23 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00167-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945681 | 261 | 3 | 3 |
Union, South Carolina
A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. 1,689 were built in the United States, 660 in Britain and Ireland, 125 in Canada, and others in Australia, New Zealand, Serbia, the Caribbean, and Fiji. Few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. When the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, nearly half of them built with construction grants paid by Carnegie.
The first of Carnegie's public libraries opened in his hometown, Dunfermline, Scotland, in 1883. The locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylised sun with a carved motto - "Let there be light" at the entrance. His first library in the United States was built in 1889 in Braddock, Pennsylvania, home to one of the Carnegie Steel Company's mills. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest. From the 1890s on, his foundation funded a dramatic increase in number of libraries. This coincided with the rise of women's clubs in the post-Civil War period, which were most responsible for organizing efforts to establish libraries, including long-term fundraising and lobbying within their communities to support operations and collections. They led the establishment of 75-80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country.
Carnegie believed in giving to the "industrious and ambitious; not those who need everything done for them, but those who, being most anxious and able to help themselves, deserve and will be benefited by help from others." Under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, he funded separate libraries for African Americans. For example, at Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library.
Most of the library buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival, and Spanish Colonial. Scottish Baronial was one of the styles used in Carnegie's native Scotland. Each style was chosen by the community, although as the years went by James Bertram, Carnegie's secretary, became less tolerant of designs which were not to his taste.Edward Lippincott Tilton, a friend often recommended by Bertram, designed many of the buildings. The architecture was typically simple and formal, welcoming patrons to enter through a prominent doorway, nearly always accessed via a staircase. The entry staircase symbolized a person's elevation by learning. Similarly, outside virtually every library was a lamppost or lantern,meant as a symbol of enlightenment.
In the early 20th century, a Carnegie library was often the most imposing structure in hundreds of small American communities.
SIX MILE PRESS
Stephen T. Powell
Central, South Carolina
January 1, 2012 | <urn:uuid:f5513a44-2999-4900-b89e-3c7d462b9a99> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://sixmilepress.blogspot.com/2011/12/carnegie-libraries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806736.55/warc/CC-MAIN-20171123050243-20171123070243-00241.warc.gz | en | 0.979379 | 611 | 3.390625 | 3 |
RADIO IS AN IMPORTANT PHENOMENON IN AMERICAN culture. For those who would like to understand some of its implications for social life and for educational policy the books discussed or referred to in this column may be found suggestive.
THE TERM "MORALE" IS JUST ABOUT WORN OUT. Psychologists, sociologists, the advertising fraternity, professional weepers, and all manner of persons concerned about the state of the American public mind have ended the possibilities of the word for all constructive purposes. The flood of books, magazine and newspaper articles, public speeches and panel discussions about morale seems not to have changed one iota the basic conditions therein lamented.
The best of radio, if you know where and when to find it and can adjust your schedule to it, has long been superior as self-improvement education to anything the colleges have had to offer. The giving of credits for listening may be a doubtful type of reward but it signifies that educators are beginning to recognize values outside of books and courses.
A FINE SPIRIT OF COMPROMISE HAS ENDED the controversy between the Cooperative League and the Columbia and NBC radio networks. Mutual recriminations characterized the early phases of this controversy when the networks refused to sell radio time to the League.
THE OWI BELIEVES THAT ITS ENLISTMENT OF THE soap operas for war purposes is smartly realistic. The theory is that the benighted housewives who listen to the dramatic tripe put out over the air by the big soap companies will neither know nor feel deeply about the war unless they learn about it in fictional form.
THERE IS APPARENTLY NO PRECEDENT FOR ALLOWING Elmer Davis to report directly to the American people by radio regularly each week, each two weeks, or each month. Apparently, both the Administration and the networks fight shy of allowing even the Chief of the Office of War Information tell what is going on militarily and industrially. There is no question anywhere about Mr. Davis' ability to do this job effectively. And there is relatively little question that, if radio channels were regularly cleared for an official report to the nation, popular morale would be enhanced. The suggestion that Mr. Davis take to the air regularly with such a report has been under discussion in official and in commercial circles ever since Mr. Davis' appointment. What then is holding it up?
NORMAN CORWIN'S "AN AMERICAN IN ENGLAND," BY the Columbia network with Joseph Julian as narrator, was broadcast concurrently with a similar series using Leslie Howard over the National Broadcasting Company's network during August and September. Corwin developed his series in terms of how an American, in England for the first time since the war began, learned his way about, and then how he learned about England's war effort.
HOW REALISTIC ARE THE BUSINESS MEN WHO ADVERtise their products and services over the air? Will they continue their present radio advertising policies in the face of a public fed with the ingratiatingly saccharinic and the ingeniously novel techniques used in the advertising "plugs" of innumerable radio programs?
IT HAS BEEN THE BURDEN OF THESE COLUMNS FOE SOME TWO years to prod the educational pioneers who read FRONTIERS OF DEMOCRACY about the importance of radio in American life. Because motion pictures and the ubiquitous press also continually crowd into the consciousness of the average American, they were included when implications were drawn about education and morale during wartime. The role which these communicative media play in the United States during the period which lies ahead is likely to be a decisive factor in the maintenance of a well-informed and resolute-minded public temper.
THERE ARE RADIO PROGRAMS NOW BEING BROADCAST BY the major American networks and by most, if not all, independent radio stations over the United States, which are specifically called "morale-building" programs. In many of these programs, the government or public agencies are playing an important role.
PEARL HARBOR AND THE SUCCESSIVE SERIES OF DEFEATS, WHICH THE DEMOCRACIES HAVE SUFFERED SINCE PEARL HARBOR, have done little to shake America out of its leisure-and comfort-loving lethargy. We think America is so great and so all-powerful that neither the mad dreamer of Berchtesgaden nor the holy Emperor of Japan can do us any eventual harm. Our self-righteousness pervades our insight like a black pall as we grumblingly make one concession after another to what we call our war effort.
Despite the seven or eight hundred distinct research studies or various aspects of radio as a communicative agency which are now available in libraries, and the mass of confidential research material amassed by commercial and private research agencies, radio research is still in its infancy. It has only reached the stage where the more important questions which should be investigated can be distinguished from the questions of lesser importance. In other words, radio research has reached a point where it is no longer excusable for any research worker to pose his problems blindly, and then to proceed with his investigation in total darkness!
IF BETTER CONTROL COULD BE EXERCISED OVER THE materials that enter children's minds, the passing of a single generation might witness social changes of immense scope. We might find ourselves on the verge of a return to barbarism, or we might find ourselves on the verge of a new era in democratic living. This principle of total education is well understood and carefully practised in Soviet Russia. It has been remarkably well applied in Germany also.
RADIO PROGRAMS AS A DISTINCTIVE ART FORM IN AND OF themselves are little appreciated in America today. This is true because the major radio networks make almost no effort to publicize their experimental productions, and also because these networks seldom schedule repeat performances of the truly great radio shows of the past ten years. There are, to be sure, good radio shows of all varieties on the air daily, and these are listened to by millions of people. But most of this radio fare is run-of-the-mill, "escape" stuff that hardly deserves characterization as art even though excellent radio directors, actors and technicians help to manufacture it.
THE RECENT OPENING OF THE COLOMBIA BROADCASTING System's School of the Air of the Americas for 1941-42 affords the opportunity to raise the issue of the meaning of network school broadcasts to American education. What special significance does the broadcasting of educational radio programs to schools everywhere in the United States have today?
THE AMERICAN COMMONWEALTH IS NOT A NATION divided against itself. But neither are we a people united in deep and abiding attachment to democratic ideals. We have arrived at a point in our journey as a nation where two contradictory but equally portentous developments are possible. Not much concerted effort would be necessary to cause us to bury our heads in the sand and let the black "wave of the future" envelop us. Nor would it take much concerted effort to put us on the road to a resolute world offensive calculated to assure the survival and extension of Western civilization. The times are dangerous because the forces that work for cultural progress and those which work for reaction are so delicately balanced.
ONE OF THE GREAT OPPORTUNITIES CONFRONTING American radio today is that of contributing positively and significantly to the building of national morale among the great masses of people throughout the country. Radio has already proved itself a quicker "levelling" force than any other social agency in the country's history.
Certainly Radio and the Printed Page should be on the active reference list for courses in philosophy, psychology, and teaching aids wherever students are being trained for teaching positions.
GENERALLY SPEAKING, IT IS REASONABLY close to the truth to assert that the American press is the finest in the world. We have more newspapers and magazines, better printing, more professionally trained journalists and a better distributive mechanism than has any other country. When we analyze critically this very remarkable American institution, however, we find a range in quality of newspapers and magazines that runs the entire gamut from many examples of sensation-mongering to a few examples of superb modern journalism.
Some Sunday radio programs.
EACH OF THE THREE NATIONAL RADIO NETWORKS NOW publishes regularly a monthly bulletin listing its educational features. These are invaluable to anyone interested in following developments in the field of radio education.
ANYONE WHO STUDIES THE LIST OF educational and cultural broadcasts—musical, dramatic, political, social—offered by the three national radio networks must be impressed by the public services acquiring as a by-product of the American system of broadcasting. The broadcasters inform us that only under what they describe as a free system of broadcasting would such services be possible.
THIS COLUMN WILL REGULARLY DISCUSS some of the more outstanding of the educational offerings of the three major radio networks in the United States during the present year. The purpose of the column will be to stimulate educators to a greater amount of serious and concentrated radio listening. Such listening is basic to an appreciative understanding of the role of radio in America today. Few educators as yet take seriously the broader educational potentialities of radio.
TO THE READERS of this magazine the radio is relatively unimportant. They listen seldom, know little and care less about the variety and quality of the programs that are on the air. They think of radio only vaguely as a sister non-school educational force to the cinema and the newspaper. This attitude is typical of intellectuals all over the United States today. This neglect and innocence of radio is not typical of most people. Great masses of Americans listen to radio whenever they have a chance. They listen with relative uncritical ness.
THIS book is a veritable compendium of socially important facts about the radio broadcasting industry in America. It starts with an excellent, concise history of the development of the so-called American system of radio.
THE story of the development of the "human mind" from its earliest deviations from "animal mind" to its rare attainment of god-like quality is here told with spirit and vigor. It is an undertaking, which Dr. Hart confesses at the very beginning, should ideally be the task of many cooperating specialists from a number of scientific social disciplines. He points a finger of scorn and satire and shame at the academic fraternity and the university researchers of the present day because they have not thus occupied themselves with what would seem to be the first concern of civilized men, namely, organizing science into the tradition and pathways of everyday life.
THE FIRST published result of the continuing deliberations of twenty educators constituting what is called The Educational Policies Commission fills one both with hope and foreboding. The first five chapters indicate that the lessons, which Charles A. Beard taught the Commission, were learned to a degree that enabled the Commission to restate them forthrightly, gracefully, and effectively. | <urn:uuid:9607a7f2-6e17-49c4-8a09-bf6f578d35ad> | CC-MAIN-2019-51 | https://www.tcrecord.org/AuthorDisplay.asp?aid=19660 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-51/segments/1575540569146.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20191213202639-20191213230639-00141.warc.gz | en | 0.954081 | 2,253 | 2.703125 | 3 |
When it comes to the leading causes of blindness in Canada, glaucoma is right there at the top. Encompassing a number of different eye diseases, glaucoma results in the progressive degeneration of the optic nerve. If left untreated, this can ultimately lead to the loss of nerve tissue which can end up resulting in permanent, irreversible vision loss.
Glaucoma is sometimes referred to as the silent vision thief due to the fact that it often doesn't present with any noticeable symptoms in those afflicted with the disease. Not until the disease has progressed to a later stage do most people first notice that something is wrong. This is why glaucoma screening is such an important part of your annual overall eye health-care plan.
To learn more about glaucoma and how it's treated, read on below for this week's article from our Calgary optometrist.
We're Open Again!
Looking for an eye exam Calgary? My Optometrist Calgary is happy to announce that we are once again fully open following our brief closure due to COVID-19. We’ve taken the necessary precautions to ensure our customers and staff remain safe given these still uncertain times, and are looking forward to seeing all our amazing patients again in person. Contact us today to book a comprehensive eye exam in Calgary and let's make sure you're still seeing clearly during this hazy period.
EYE EXAM CALGARY
Glaucoma: Causes, Symptoms, Treatments
When it comes to what causes glaucoma, the jury is still out as no definitive answer has been found yet. However, we do know there are four forms the eye disease takes. They are:
Open-angle glaucoma is the most prevalent and common form of the disease. It occurs when there is either too much fluid within our eye, or when the fluid in our eye isn't draining properly. Either of these problems results in too much pressure being placed on the optic nerve. Because the optic nerve sends our brain all the information it sees, when it's damaged that information is compromised and reduced, which is how vision loss occurs. For patients who suffer from this form of glaucoma, their peripheral vision is usually first to go and as the disease progresses their central vision disappears too.
Angle-closure glaucoma is less common and is actually classified as an eye emergency because if it is left untreated it can lead to vision loss within only one day. This form of glaucoma occurs when the angle with which fluid drains in the eye becomes blocked or closes itself off. Because the fluid can't drain, pressure within the eye increases and damage is caused to the optic nerve.
Secondary glaucoma can be caused by a number of things and as its name implies, it's usually the result of something else that has happened such as an injury or infection near the eye. The injury or infection causes fluid pressure within the eye to increase which can result in damage to the optic nerve.
Normal tension glaucoma is the most mysterious form of glaucoma as fluid within the eye is found to be at an acceptable or normal level. However, damage to the optic nerve occurs nonetheless and why this happens is still not known by the medical community.
Need glaucoma testing Calgary? My Optometrist Calgary has two locations within the city and a third in the town of Three Hills to serve our community better. Contact us today to book a comprhensive eye exam and get the critical glaucoma testing your eyes deserve.
CONTACT MY OPTOMETRIST CALGARY
Depending on what type of glaucoma you have and how far the disease has progressed, the symptoms can vary quite a bit. That being said, the main symptoms of the two most common forms of glaucoma include:
- Peripheral vision loss (open-angle)
- Central vision loss (open-angle)
- Eye pain (acute angle-closure)
- Headache (acute angle-closure)
- Vomiting/nausea (acute angle-closure)
- Blurry vision (acute angle-closure)
- Eye redness (acute angle-closure)
The most common treatment methods for glaucoma include eye drops, medication, and surgery. It should be noted that all these treatments are aimed at reducing the amount of pressure within the affected eye(s) and they are often effectively used to maintain the current level of vision of the person being treated. These treatments cannot, however, reverse any vision loss or damage that has already occurred due to glaucoma.
Because glaucoma can progress without any symptoms to a stage where vision loss is unavoidable, regular eye exams that include glaucoma screening or testing is highly recommended.
Call Us Today
Need an eye exam Calgary? My Optometrist Calgary has you covered. Contact one of our My Optometrist Calgary clinics at either 403-256-0606 (Health First Optometry), 403-291-0923 (Sunridge Vision Centre), or 403-443-2040 (Three Hills Optometry).
CONTACT US TODAY! | <urn:uuid:d3e7827c-30fb-405b-be0f-ea019d90667e> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://myoptometristcalgary.ca/blog/Glaucoma+Causes+Symptoms+Treatments/40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585302.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20211020055136-20211020085136-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.950657 | 1,073 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Justine Coulson. Roberta Clarke. Mohamed M. Fall: Sierra Leone Telegraph: 16 June 2020:
The passing of laws to end child marriage resulted in blocking thousands of child marriages and enabling second chance education for girls. However, these gains made over the years are in jeopardy in the age of COVID-19.
In Malawi because of cases brought to court, child marriages were annulled, and girls had the opportunity to return to school. Fewer adolescents experienced female genital mutilation (FGM) compared with older generations. In Ethiopia, for instance, 47 per cent of girls aged 15 to 19 years have undergone FGM compared to 75 per cent of women aged 35 to 49 years.
The same trend has been observed for child marriage, with a decline from 58 per cent of women aged 25 to 49 years compared to 40 per cent of women aged 20 to 24 years.
These changes were supported by United Nations (UN) global and regional joint programmes, including the UN and European Union Spotlight Initiative to eliminate violence against women and girls and harmful practices such as child marriage and FGM.
However, health crisis such as the Ebola and now the COVID-19 crisis undermine strategies to end sexual and gender-based violence (GBV) and other harmful practices and poses a serious threat to the significant progress made over the past decade. Livelihoods are lost, social support networks are disrupted, and we are witnessing a reduction of access to reproductive health information and services. This will inevitably result in an increase in unintended pregnancies, child marriage, school dropouts and sometimes, maternal mortality.
In East and Southern Africa, there are reports of increases in the incidents of sexual and gender-based violence including child marriage and FGM. Countries in the region, already rated as the poorest and most unequal in the world, are further grappling with the effects of the pandemic with communities sinking further into poverty. In these financially-fragile homes, increases in child labour and sexual exploitation and abuse of women and girls are likely unless prevented.
Women and girls trapped in their homes with their abusers are isolated from the services and resources. Additionally, shrinking peer support networks increase a girl’s social isolation and vulnerability. Projections estimate that 31 million additional cases of gender-based violence will occur globally if the lockdown continues for at least six months.
Among the most vulnerable are adolescent girls aged 10 to 19 years with their limited negotiation skills within the family. Many are likely to fall victim to child marriage; a practice to reduce the family’s economic burden and to increase income through dowry and bride price.
The lockdowns have temporarily shut down schools and other safe spaces for girls, and blocked access to mentorship programmes. Widespread closure of schools has interrupted the education of more than 1 billion children globally, exposing girls to a greater risk of GBV, child marriage, FGM, unintended pregnancies, and HIV infection.
Even prior to the pandemic, adolescent girls were already left behind. With today’s crisis, pre-existing gender inequalities exacerbate their vulnerability. Girls need to return to school to complete their education and create for themselves an empowered future. Post-COVID-19, families may need a financial push, and countries need to make the right investments in young people.
The education of girls, second chance education for survivors of GBV, Child Marriage, and the demographic dividend should be the priority of the governments in the rebuilding efforts.
Failing to pay particular attention to the specific needs of women and girls in times of crisis will undermine their basic rights. It is imperative that public policy efforts and programmes for the elimination of child marriage and FGM are implemented during the pandemic and beyond. This means continued investment on resources that commensurate to the needs of the most left behind girls—for prevention, for education, and for lifesaving SRHR and GBV services and protection.
UNFPA, UNICEF and UN Women remain strongly committed to work with governments and all stakeholders to build societies where women and girls are free of violence and all form of discrimination by 2030. When women and girls can have access to the right information and support and when the governments prioritize their access to services and the justice system, the communities will prosper.
About the authors
Justine Coulson is the Acting Regional Director for UNFPA East and Southern Africa; Roberta Clarke, is a Senior Advisor and is the Acting Regional Director of UN Women, Eastern and Southern Africa, while Mohamed M Fall @MohamedFall is the Regional Director for UNICEF Eastern & Southern Africa. | <urn:uuid:1224feda-60d8-4fe6-b047-0c9f4fa6f400> | CC-MAIN-2024-10 | https://www.thesierraleonetelegraph.com/covid-19-jeopardises-progress-in-protecting-women-and-girls-from-violence-and-harmful-practices/?replytocom=214936 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2024-10/segments/1707947473598.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20240221234056-20240222024056-00092.warc.gz | en | 0.950229 | 934 | 2.8125 | 3 |
Late some summer nights along certain southern California beaches, an amazing phenomenon of nature can be witnessed: fish flopping out of water, but of their own volition.
This behavior of the grunion, which makes its way up onto the beach to spawn, has long captivated (and fed!) onlookers. But what has made the grunion so well known is not only that they completely leave ocean waters to spawn, but that they do so in such a synchronized manner, sometimes causing thousands to cover a single beach at one time.
They’re the only fish known to accomplish such an astonishing feat. To protect them during this vulnerable spawning time, California has declared it closed season to hunt them during peak spawning months, and at other times a fishing license is required. What is possibly more impressive, yet less acknowledged, is that while the adults are out of water for a only few minutes to spawn, the resultant fish embryos remain on the land for nearly two weeks.
Grunion (the genus Leuresthes) belong to the Atherinopsidae family of neotropical silversides, which are mostly small, silver-colored fish that live in marine and freshwaters of the Americas. Grunion are only found along the Southern California coast and the coast around the Baja California peninsula in Mexico. There are two grunion species: the California grunion (L. tenuis), which lives on the Pacific coast from Point Conception to the tip of the Baja California peninsula (in nearshore waters no deeper than 60 feet), and the Gulf grunion (L. sardinas), which lives in the Gulf of California. Besides location, perhaps the biggest difference between the species is that the Gulf grunion spawns during day and night, while the California grunion only spawns at night.
Although grunion were not thought to typically travel further north than Point Conception, some have been found spawning as far north as the San Francisco Bay during the last decade; researchers theorize this is because fish traveled north with the warmer waters of the late 1990s (due to El Niño).
Many residents of southern California are well-aware of grunion “runs.” A “run” refers to the fact that the fish arrive at a particular place at a certain time, in a synchronized fashion, to spawn. Around 90 percent of the grunion runs take place on beaches in Los Angeles, Orange, and San Diego counties, although favored beaches can change from year to year. Most spawning occurs between March and August (sometimes as early as February and as late as September), with peak spawning months being April to June.
However, the exact nights of the runs correspond to the cycle of the moon and resultant tides.
Because they are so closely linked to the phases of the moon, grunion run schedules can be made years in advance. The highest high tides of the year occur with the new or full moon, around every two weeks (these are called the spring tides), and grunion runs are predicted to take place the following nights. For example, the next new moon is April 14; the grunion are scheduled to make runs on the nights of April 14 through April 17, although the best runs are thought to occur on the second and third nights (April 15 and 16). While the number of grunion that will show is difficult to predict, grunion run schedules can be narrowed down to a range of a couple hours on these nights. For a current grunion run schedule, visit the California Department of Fish and Game website on California Grunion Facts and Runs.
As the highest tides start to retreat, the grunion swim ashore in the remaining large waves to lay their eggs. Beginning with just a few of the five- to six-inch long fish, beaches can quickly become covered by thousands of grunion. High up on the beach, a female grunion will use her tail to dig herself into the sand, so that she’s covered up to her head, and lay her eggs. The larger, more mature grunion females can lay up to 3,000 eggs at one time! The males make their way to a female, who is chosen more for the suitability of the site she picked than any qualities of the female herself. While some males may wrap themselves around the female, other males do not; but all interested males will deposit their milt (the fish equivalent to sperm) to fertilize the eggs in the pit below.
During this frenzy, the grunion make grunting sounds for which they are named (originally “gruñón” in Spanish). After the males return to the sea, the female wriggles out of her hole and also glides back to the ocean. A given grunion will spawn repeatedly over the season. Although this whole encounter is astonishingly fast (each grunion normally takes less than three minutes to do its business), a run can last several hours.
But what exactly happened in that three-minute stand? Researchers have long observed that as many as eight males interact with a single female, although it was unclear how many of these males were actually successful in fertilizing the female’s eggs. In 2009, Rosemary J. Byrne and John C. Avise at the University of California, Irvine reported that most grunion nests do indeed have multiple fathers, according to their genetics studies. More interestingly, some nests had eggs that were fertilized by more males than were seen at the nest during spawning, revealing that nests are fertilized by males that aren’t even present at the time of spawning. Researchers theorize that the “extra” milt could have come from multiple sources: a male that was in the same area but at a different time, a nearby nest that had milt washed from it to the nest in question, or a nearby male that was not directly taking part in the action at the nest, but spreading his milt in what the scientists termed a “shotgun-released” manner.
So why do the grunion care about the tides? It turns out it’s very important for them to get the timing just right to ensure that their beach-bound eggs survive. After the “love fest” is over, the eggs are left to develop and fend for themselves. The receding tides that follow the runs leave more sand on the beach, helping protect the newly deposited eggs. While the top sand can become dry, just a few inches deeper, the sand around the eggs is still moist. The relatively warmer temperature and higher levels of oxygen in the sand may help improve the eggs’ development. After about 10 days of incubating in the sand, the eggs feel the swish of water from the next high, spring tide. This agitation stimulates the eggs to hatch. Although the adult grunion’s ability to become temporarily terrestrial is quite impressive (surviving up to an hour out of water when accidentally stranded), even more extraordinary is the ability of the eggs to survive in the sand for 10 days.
Just like the spawning, the hatching of the eggs is synchronous: All the grunion eggs on a beach hatch in just a few minutes, and are then carried out to the ocean on the high tide waves. Amazingly, the grunion can develop and be alert in their eggs, but delay hatching if, for some reason, the right environmental stimulus does not occur. They are the only fish known to do this. The newly hatched grunion remain by the shore for about 40 days and then swim to deeper waters. After a year, the grunion are mature and can take part in the runs themselves over their two- to four-year lifespan.
While grunion are the only fish known to perform beach spawning in a synchronized manner, several other fish independently evolved the ability to use the beach for mating and egg-sitting. Some prickle back fish (genus Xiphister) can be out of the water on the beach for up to 13 hours, and deposit their eggs there too. The midshipman (Porichthys notatus), like the grunion, spawns on the beach during high tide, but, unlike the grunion, these fish remain on the beach when the tide recedes to protect their egg clutches. Other fish do not invest as much energy in their young: The white stickleback (genus Gasterosteus) lays eggs on the beach during high tide, but then abandons them (like the grunion do).
While the ability of these fish to lay eggs on the beaches is impressive, they cannot compare with the synchronicity with which the grunion carries out this same duty. One fish that comes close is a smelt known as the capelin (Mallotus villosus). Two males and one female capelin will come ashore on a wave assisted by high winds. All within 30 seconds, the males dig a hole into which the female lays adhesive eggs, and then they’re all carried out to the ocean on the next wave. But this display significantly takes its toll on the fish; there are often very high mortality rates after spawning.
The mortality of the California grunion during spawning is strongly dependent on predators, e.g. people. For millennia, grunion have been an important part of Native Americans’ local diet. Small schooling fish, including the California grunion, make up approximately half of all marine fish remains found in Native American archaeological sites on the central California coast dating as far back as 6200 B.C. However, to protect grunion during their vulnerable spawning, in 1947 it was declared closed season for grunion during April through May, their peak spawning months. During these months it is still illegal to catch the grunion, although it is a perfect time for observation. During open season, anyone over 16 must have a fishing license to catch the fish, and they can only be caught with one’s hands (no holes, traps, or equipment may be used).
If you’re interested in helping better understand the grunion while getting to watch the phenomenon first-hand, Grunion.org, directed by grunion researcher Dr. Karen L. Martin of Pepperdine University, has a “Grunion Greeters” volunteer program just for you. Grunion Greeters has hundreds of volunteers who submit their observations and comments from grunion runs. (Workshop attendance is required for participation. For the Santa Barbara workshop, registration must be received by April 16.)
For more on the California grunion, see the California Department of Fish and Game website on California Grunion Facts and Runs, Pepperdine University’s Grunion.org (also for volunteering to be a Grunion Greeter), a study on the multiple paternity and extra-group fertilizations of the grunion a summary of different beach-spawning and air breathing fish, a study on prehistoric native American fisheries of the Central California coast, Wikipedia’s article on the grunion, or a narrative encounter with the grunion. | <urn:uuid:0ed083e0-f13c-45df-9b36-88698c49181e> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.independent.com/news/2010/apr/09/running-grunion/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696383263/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092623-00031-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964862 | 2,266 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Tool Box Talk- Preventing Vehicle Backup Accidents
Non-Member Price: FREE
A vehicle backup incident occurs when a driver is backing a vehicle does not see an object or person(s) within the path of travel and strikes the object or person(s). Workplace vehicles include cars, pickup trucks, traditional fork lifts, cargo delivery trucks, semi-trailer trucks, flat-bed trailer trucks, dump trucks, shooting boom forklifts, skid loaders, garbage trucks, bulldozers, backhoes and concrete delivery trucks. Recent statistics show over 50 backup fatalities per year occur in the workplace. These incidents can be prevented.
Learning Objectives - at the end of this segment you should be able to:
- Learn about safety hazard associated with vehicle backing up.
- Discuss the different types of vehicles and inherent dangers associated with each.
- Review company policies for ensuring a safe backup of vehicles.
Para ver la versión en Español de este curso, haga clic aquí. | <urn:uuid:98e7c92a-6340-4427-85d5-e336cb23b7bc> | CC-MAIN-2020-40 | https://edu.naturalstoneinstitute.org/education/catalog/detail.cfm?id=87 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-40/segments/1600400206329.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20200922161302-20200922191302-00724.warc.gz | en | 0.826122 | 213 | 2.796875 | 3 |
Bullying and Cyberbullying Policy
Bullying and Cyberbullying Policy
At Montessori Children’s House, we are committed to providing a caring, friendly, and safe environment for our students so they can learn in a relaxed and secure atmosphere. Bullying and Cyberbullying are contrary to Montessori Children’s House school policy and to Illinois State Law (105 ILCS 5/27-23.7).
Bullying and other forms of peer mistreatment are detrimental to the school environment, as well as student learning, achievement, and well-being. Peer mistreatment interferes with the mission of the school to educate students and disrupts the operations of the school. Bullying and other forms of peer mistreatment affect not only students who are targets, but also those who participate in and witness such behavior. These behaviors must be addressed to ensure student safety and an inclusive learning environment.
It is not our intent to prohibit students from expressing their ideas or from engaging in civil debate. However, the school does not condone and will take action in response to conduct that interferes with students’ opportunity to learn, our educational mission, and the operation of the school. Nothing in this policy is intended to infringe upon any right to exercise free expression or the free exercise of religion or religiously based views protected under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution or under Section 3 of Article I of the Illinois Constitution.
The following behaviors are prohibited:
- Retaliation against those reporting such defined behaviors; and
- Making knowingly false accusations of bullying behavior.
Any person who engages in any of these prohibited behaviors that constitutes bullying shall be subject to appropriate disciplinary actions.
“Bullying”, is defined as use of strength or influence to intimidate (someone), typically to force him or her to do what one wants. This includes tormenting, threatening, harassing, humiliating, embarrassing or otherwise targeting a child by another child. Bullying may take many forms but is not limited to harassment, threats, intimidation, stalking, physical violence, sexual harassment, sexual violence, theft, public humiliation, destruction of property, or retaliation for asserting or alleging an act of bullying.
“Bullying” includes “cyber-bullying” and means any severe or pervasive physical or verbal act or conduct, including communications made in writing or electronically, directed toward a student or students that has or can be reasonably predicted to have the effect of one or more of the following:
- Placing the student or students in reasonable fear of harm to the student’s or the students’ person or property.
- Causing a substantially detrimental effect on the student’s or students’ physical or mental health.
- Substantially interfering with the student’s or students’ academic performance.
- Substantially interfering with the student’s or students’ ability to participate in or benefit from the services, activities or privileges provided by the school.
“Cyber-bullying” means bullying through the use of technology or any electronic communication, including without limitation any transfer of signs, signals, writing, images, sounds, data, or intelligence of any nature transmitted in whole or in part by a wire, radio, electromagnetic system, photoelectronic system, or photooptical system, including without limitation electronic mail, Internet communications, instant messages, or facsimile communications. “Cyber-bullying” includes the creation of a webpage or weblog in which the creator assumes the identity of another person or the knowing impersonation of another person as the author of posted content or messages if the creation or impersonation creates any of the effects enumerated in the definition of bullying in this Section. “Cyber-bullying” also includes the distribution by electronic means of a communication to more than one person or the posting of material on an electronic medium that may be accessed by one or more persons if the distribution or posting creates any of the effects enumerated in the definition of bullying in this Section.The methods used are limited only by the child’s abilities and access to technology. This is not a one time occurrence; it involves a pattern of behavior. The bully holds the power or perceived power.
Cyberbullying may take various forms, including, but not limited to, the following actions on any electronic medium:
- Posting slurs or rumors or displaying any defamatory, inaccurate, disparaging, violent, abusive, profane, or sexually oriented material about a student on a website, an app, in social media, or any other electronic platform;
- Posting misleading or fake photographs or digital video footage of a student on websites or creating fake websites or social networking profiles in the guise of posing as the targeted student;
- Impersonating or representing another student through the use of that other student’s electronic device or account to send e-mail, text messages, instant messages (IM), phone calls, or other messages on a social media website;
- Sending e-mail, text messages, IM, or leaving voice mail messages that are mean or threatening, or so numerous as to bombard the target’s e-mail account, IM account, or cell phone; and
- Using a camera phone or digital video camera to take and/or send embarrassing photos or “sexting” photographs of other students.
“Sexting” is defined as a form of cyberbullying that involves sending nude or sexually explicit pictures through mobile phones, social networks or other electronic devices. It is a crime to send or forward these messages. If received, they should be reported to authorities immediately.
“Retaliation” means an act or gesture against a student for asserting or alleging an act of bullying. “Retaliation” also includes knowingly falsely reporting an act of bullying.
“Alternative discipline” means disciplinary action other than suspension or expulsion from school that is designed to correct and address the root causes of a student’s specific misbehavior while retaining the student in class or school, or restorative school practices to repair the harm done to relationships and persons from the student’s misbehavior.
The school cannot control the bullying behavior of students through the transmission of information from a computer that is accessed at a non-school related location, activity, function, or program, or from the use of technology or an electronic device that is not owned, leased, or used by the school. If the out-of-school bullying causes a substantial disruption to the educational process or orderly operation of school, parents of all parties will be contacted, and the school will determine the appropriate consequences. This applies if a school administrator or teacher receives a report that bullying through this means has occurred.
Bullying and Cyberbullying have become a tremendous problem experienced by school age children. As technology becomes more prevalent, the ways that children can intimidate is no longer only in the hallways and playgrounds of our schools and neighborhoods. They can now use text messaging, phone calls, emails, and social networking sites. Parents must be diligent in checking on their children to ensure they are not bullying others nor are they a victim of a bully.
If you suspect your child is being bullied, please report this to a teacher, administrator, social worker, or counselor. Some symptoms that your child might be a victim of a bully includes avoiding school through headaches or stomach aches, frequent loss of personal items, or a change in sleeping or eating habits. Also watch for isolating behaviors, loss of friends and spending a lot of time alone, especially with electronic devices. Any change of behavior warrants discussion with your child.
Students and parents can report bullying to the school by calling, emailing, or coming to the office.
Jane Connell, Assistant Principal, [email protected], 618-467-3154.
The person reporting the offense will be asked to fill out an incident report. The person reporting the allegation will be kept confidential.
Students who are believed to have been bullied or are aware of incidents of bullying are strongly encouraged to report this behavior to a staff member or school administrator.
Parents and other adults who believe that an incident of bullying has occurred are encouraged to report this behavior to a staff member or school administrator. Acts of reprisal or retaliation against any person who reports an alleged incident of bullying are prohibited. Acts or reprisal and retaliation shall be subject to disciplinary consequences.
Falsely accusing someone of bullying is prohibited. Any student who is determined to have knowingly falsely accused another of bullying shall be subject to disciplinary consequences. This may include restorative measures, social-emotional skill building, counseling, psychological services, community based services, suspension or expulsion by the school board. When criminal acts are committed on school property, the appropriate law enforcement officials will be contacted
The Administrative Coordinator will investigate the alleged incident and report the information to the school board. The school board will decide if the reported act of bullying is within the permissible scope of the school’s jurisdiction and the appropriate action to be taken. This may include restorative measures, social-emotional skill building, counseling, psychological services, community based services, suspension or expulsion by the school board. When criminal acts are committed on school property, the appropriate law enforcement officials will be contacted.
An administrator from the school will respond to allegations of bullying behavior;
Promptly (usually within ten school days) investigate and respond to allegations of bullying behavior;
Keep written documentation of all allegations of bullying behavior and outcomes of the investigations, and report alleged and substantiated incidents to the School Board;
Following Federal and state laws and rules governing student privacy rights the school will inform parent(s) or guardian(s) of the student(s) who was alleged to have bullied AND of the student(s) who was believed to have been bullied that a report of an alleged incident of bullying has been made;
Communicate to the parent(s) or guardian(s) of a student(s) who was believed to have been bullied the measures being taken to ensure the safety of the student(s) who was believed to have been bullied and to prevent further acts of bullying;
Inform parent(s) or guardian(s) of the students involved, the findings of the investigation and actions to be taken;
This policy is based on the engagement of a range of school stakeholders, including students and parents or guardians. This policy is reviewed annually through a policy evaluation process. The policy evaluation process involves collecting and reviewing data from teachers, parents, and students to assess the outcomes and effectiveness of the policy that includes, but is not limited to the following:the frequency of victimization, students, staff and family observations of safety at school, identification of areas of the school where bullying is occurring, and bystander intervention or participation. Information regarding the evaluation process is available and accessible to school administrators, school board members, school personnel, parents, guardians, and students upon request.
This policy is included in our school handbook and is distributed annually to parents, guardians, students, and school personnel, including new employees. This policy is
posted where other school policies are posted in the facility. This policy is in alignment with the other policies of the school board.
This policy was reviewed, updated, and approved by the Montessori Children’s HouseSchool Board on 03/21/23. | <urn:uuid:19bcb90f-70ea-4086-9e87-72b8e9d8473b> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | http://www.mchgodfrey.org/bullying-and-cyberbullying-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644817.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20230529074001-20230529104001-00645.warc.gz | en | 0.943337 | 2,370 | 2.765625 | 3 |
After the shooting of Filipino sentries in San Juan on February 4, 1899, which triggered the Philippine-American War, the Americans quickly took Caloocan, a commercial center north of Manila and the Tutuban railroad depot in a few days despite a fierce defense by Luna’s army. As Commanding General of the Army of the Filipino Republic, under President Emilio Aguinaldo, Luna understood the strategic value of the railroad, which the Americans would put to good use throughout the conflict.
Tutuban now is a shopping center. Before its gentrification, I spent many afternoons there poring through the archives of the PNR (Philippine National Railway. In 1888, the Spanish colonial administration built a rail line from there to Dagupan in Pangasinan with British and Scottish engineering expertise. Known as the Ferrocaril Manila à Dagupan, railroad construction was started in 1888 and completed in 1892. When it was finished, the railroad created a “commercial corridor” -- a length of territory that encouraged commerce from one end to the other, in this case, between Manila and Dagupan, passing through the provinces of Bulacan, Pampanga, and Tarlac. Pampanga and Bulacan in particular were the centers of upwardly mobile ilustrados, who were educated and modern even under colonial rule. The railroad immediately benefited these provinces whose towns produced the daily necessities for 19th century urban Manila and its suburbs. Before the railroad, rice, sugar, fowl, and fruits were carted on water buffalo-driven carromatas or shipped along the Bulacan and Guagua rivers on cascos -- large cargo barges that disgorged its goods along Manila’s Pasig River after several days of travel.
In the Luna movie, the common folks, relatives and friends who wanted to experience the thrill of riding the now-requisitioned train, crowded out the General’s soldiers. Beyond the very Filipino trope of “makiki-angkas’’ to cadge a free ride through nepotism and “pakikisama” sharing, the railroad was a real, technological novelty that finally reached Philippines, the backwater of the fading Spanish empire. The enthusiasm for the train was real given that before the railroad, travelers in the Philippines lamented the condition of its roads:
Seis meses de polvo (Six months of dust
Seis meses de lodo Six months of mud
Seis meses de todo Six months of everything)
Official reports from the railroad archives housed at the old Tutuban station indicated that revenues from passenger fares were by far more than from freight. Foreign travelers in Manila at the time observed the natives’ obsession for riding the train. In a country that showed little progress in 300 years of Spanish colonial rule, the railroad was a real vision of modern possibilities. Where it took 27 hours to travel from Manila to Dagupan by steamer and three days by horse carriage (carromata), the ferrocaril took the wide-eyed indio passenger only eight hours to get to Dagupan.
Along the rail line, the train passed several stations where vendors of all sorts hawked their products--live chickens, sweets, boiled bananas, suman, or mangoes, to the train passengers, until they reached their final destination in Dagupan.
Even Jose Rizal, could not hold his curiosity for this new technology. Already well traveled, Rizal had seen and experienced modern conveniences in America and Europe and understood the impact of technology. It was even rumored that he and his engineer-friend Fernando Canon, played around with an electrically charged cane, which they would use to shock stray dogs. Naturally, Rizal was curious as to how this novel transportation could be of great importance to his project of reform and progress. But there was also a lingering angst in him because this new technology had dealt him a big blow.
Leonor Rivera, his sweetheart of 11 years, was from a prominent Dagupan family where the railroad terminated. Leonor's parents feared that their daughter’s association with Rizal, who by now was a notorious and marked person to the Spanish authorities, would endanger them. The mother embargoed all her letters to Rizal and Rizal's letters to Leonor. Rizal would later learn that Leonor had been betrothed and then married to Henry Kipping, an engineer of the railroad. Thus, Rizal wrote in 1891 to his friend Blumentritt, acknowledging the disruptive history of the railroad elsewhere, that “alas, the first blow of the railroad was to me."
While the tricolor flag raised by Emilio Aguinaldo at Kawit, Cavite in 1897 ushered the birth of a nation, the ferrocarril signaled the birth of the Malolos Republic in 1899. In the movie, “Heneral Luna,” there is a scene of the 19th century train speeding across the Luzon landscape. As the train rolls towards Malolos, Bulacan, the capital of the new Filipino Republic, the Filipino Revolutionary army stand in parade formation along the railroad tracks, awaiting the arrival of Aguinaldo’s inaugural train as it heads for the capital of the new Filipino republic. It must have been a splendid sight--the train was bedecked with tricolor and festooned with flowers. What could be a more fitting image that Aguinaldo and his cabinet perhaps imagined to symbolize a free and independent nation, a new nation with a railroad traveling toward a new future.
The moment of glory was short lived. Two months after the inauguration of the Filipino republic, U.S. soldiers fired on Filipino sentries. Thus began the Philippine American War. The US army quickly secured Caloocan and captured the Tutuban railroad depot. As commanding general of Aguinaldo’s army, Luna understood the military importance of the railroad. His strategy was to tear up the tracks to delay the train carrying US soldiers and munitions. Accustomed to rail technology and military logistics, the Americans were able to quickly restore rail service. Luna’s entrenchments were useless against Gatling machine guns mounted on train flatbeds. Unable to defend the towns along the railroad, Luna proposed guerrilla strategies to lure and extend American lines toward the northern mountains where they woud be more vulnerable. Beset by Aguinaldo's untrustworthy allies, the plan did not come to fruition. Luna’s Revolutionary army eventually collapsed and he himself was assassinated by soldiers loyal only to Aguinaldo. Once the U.S. army secured the railroad, it also secured the economic corridor from Manila to Dagupan.
After Aguinaldo's capture, American entrepreneurs restored the railroad, now renamed MRC -- the Manila Rail Co. It fell into the hands of British and American investors, including magnates J.P. Morgan, whose intent was to sell stocks as investment. The MRC hoped to attract capital by advertising a rail line to Baguio, the colonial summer capital. The efforts were puny to say the least and failed. During the dry season, rail ties along the river bed were laid from Dagupan to Camp One at the foot of the mountain. During the rainy season, the rail ties and sleepers were dismantled to avoid losing them to flood waters! In the end, under Governor General Harrison, the proponent of "Filipinization" (the idea that the Filipinos must learn how to govern themselves), transferred the management and its huge debt to the all-Filipino Assembly. Politicians and students objected to the transfer, calling the MRC as useless project that siphoned money from the gold reserves and away from more useful development projects like a national road system.
The MRC trudged along and was extended to reach Bicol but became the prize for political parties who lobbied for pork barrel and various concessions. In the end, modern roads and gasoline-fueled bus and motorcars became the predominant transport system. Until now, government administrations have failed to developed the railroad into a modern system or did not want to. For now, Filipinos in Manila will have to count their blessings that there is at least an MRT/LRT, and not forget that once in their history, a railroad played an important role in the pursuit of nationhood.
Dr. Michael Gonzalez has degrees in History, Anthropology, and Education. A professor at City College San Francisco, he teaches a popular course on Philippine History Thru Film. He also directs the NVM Gonzalez Writers' Workshop in California. http://nvmgonzalez.org/writersworkshop/index.html
More from Michael Gonzalez | <urn:uuid:6a9b2517-74ec-4453-bf4d-7e201daa0ae7> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://www.positivelyfilipino.com/magazine/heneral-antonio-lunas-railroad | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676590329.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20180718193656-20180718213656-00180.warc.gz | en | 0.968785 | 1,809 | 3 | 3 |
The Idea in Brief
Of all the risks in doing business in China, the worst is environmental degradation. Consider: 40% of China’s water supply is so polluted it’s unusable for any purpose. China’s desert, already one-quarter of its land, expands by 1,900 square miles annually.
Environmental crises pose big hazards for multinationals in China, explain Economy and Lieberthal. These include constraints on GDP growth and eroded workforce productivity owing to pollution-related disease. MNCs that don’t factor environmental problems into their corporate strategies risk seeing China’s promise become a nightmare.
How to escape that fate? First, reduce your environmental footprint in China. For example, Coca-Cola’s bottling plants in China operate with no net loss of water resources. Second, help China restore its environment in ways benefiting your company too. For instance, GE works with Chinese scientists to develop clean-coal technologies it will use elsewhere.
The Idea in Practice
Economy and Lieberthal offer these suggestions for mitigating environment-related risks of doing business in China:
Understand the Challenges
China’s environmental degradation takes four forms:
- Lack of usable water to sustain current population and economic activity levels
- Rising energy needs as hundreds of millions of people migrate from country to city
- Soil erosion owing to deforestation
- Air and water pollution from companies that violate environmental regulations
Understand the Risks
Operating in China’s deeply distressed environment presents these risks:
- Reputation. Foreign firms suffering environmental accidents get splashed across lurid headlines in the Chinese press. Meanwhile, the press remains mute on Chinese enterprises with comparable failings.
- Faulty supply chains. There’s no guarantee that the local Chinese contractors and subcontractors in your supply chain will meet or accurately certify their environment-related obligations. Wal-Mart’s Chinese suppliers, for instance, sold it clothing dyed with carcinogenic substances.
- Transportation accidents. China has more road accidents than any other country. Many accidents cause chemical spills that poison water and land.
- Lost production capacity. Health problems linked to environmental hazards affect productivity through absenteeism and on-the-job underperformance. They also raise medical-insurance costs.
- Collusion. Many local governments throughout China actively encourage local enterprises to violate environmental regulations—and then protect them from punishment when they do.
- Political instability. Thousands of protests against China’s environmental problems—many violent and many engaging up to 40,000 people—erupt each year, posing threats to business facilities.
To mitigate the risks, apply these two practices:
- Be defensive. Reduce your environmental footprint in China. For example, Coca-Cola installed state-of-the-art bottling plants in China that operate with no net loss of water resources. Even minor steps can have major impact: toy manufacturer Mattel provided a cleaner workplace and reduced hazardous waste merely by upgrading the technology used to paint its flagship doll Barbie’s eyes.
- Be proactive. Create programs for developing technologies and facilities China needs for environmental restoration. You’ll reap profits, upgrade your own green technology capabilities, and burnish your reputation.
In a joint venture with PetroChina to bring gas from Xinjiang to Shanghai, Royal Dutch/Shell completed an exhaustive environmental-impact study that went far beyond PetroChina’s. Result? The pipeline was rerouted around biodiversity hot spots. Shell has also supported Chinese NGOs’ environmental-education efforts.
Many multinationals think they understand, and have tried to mitigate, the serious risks posed by operating in China—intellectual-property–rights violations, corruption, lack of transparency, potential political instability. Yet one of the highest risks of all—China’s massive environmental degradation—is barely discussed in corporate boardrooms.
Consider the following: In December 2005, a chemical spill forced a four-day cutoff of water to a major northeastern city. There is serious concern about the potential impact of Beijing’s noxious air pollution on athletes during next year’s Summer Olympics. The International Energy Agency recently announced that China will surpass the United States as the leading contributor of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide by 2009, more than a decade earlier than anticipated.
In fact, China’s environmental problems are reaching the point where they could constrain its GDP growth. China’s State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) concluded in June 2006 that environmental degradation and pollution cost the Chinese economy the equivalent of 10% of GDP annually. This figure is echoed in more specific costs reported in the Chinese press: up to $36 billion in lost industrial output from a lack of water to run factories, $13 billion from the degradation and health impact of acid rain, $6 billion from the spread of desert regions, and the list goes on.
The effect on the population is alarming. Already more than 400,000 people die each year as a result of the country’s air pollution, according to environmental expert Vaclav Smil at the University of Manitoba, and an estimated 190 million people drink water so contaminated that it makes them sick. Some 40 million people have had to migrate because their local ecology can no longer sustain them. The Chinese leadership is now concerned that environmental degradation is leading to social unrest. The domestic media reported 50,000 environmental protests in 2005. Such protests are usually small in scale, but some have engaged upwards of 30,000 to 40,000 people, some have been violent, and they are increasing in frequency.
Failure to factor the environmental issue into corporate strategy greatly increases the probability that China’s seemingly enormous promise will turn into a nightmare for many firms.
Even though the Chinese government is well aware of these problems and their potentially tragic consequences, the political system is ill equipped to stem the environmental slide. In spring 2006, SEPA announced that only about 500 of the 70,000 violations of environmental regulations reported from 2003 through 2005 had been dealt with. The agency attributed this abysmal record to the fact that local governments around the country actively encourage enterprises to violate environmental regulations and then protect them from punishment when they do. (For more about this problem, see the sidebar “The Political Hurdle.”)
The Political Hurdle
Despite the fact that China’s problems can very seriously affect multinationals’ prospects for success, surprisingly few corporations have paid the kind of attention to environmental concerns that they warrant. In this article, we hope to help companies better understand the systemic forces underlying environmental issues, explain the resulting risks and opportunities, and suggest appropriate approaches to doing business in China under such daunting conditions. Failure to factor the environmental issue into corporate strategy greatly increases the probability that China’s seemingly enormous promise will turn into a nightmare for many firms.
A Toxic Challenge
With the exception of coal, China is not rich in resources relative to the size of its population. Per capita, it contains less than half the global average amount of arable land, forest, grasslands, oil, and water. Extremely rapid economic development, accompanied by urbanization on a huge scale, is placing massive new demands on the environment. China’s challenges fall into four areas: water, energy, soil erosion, and air pollution.
The most serious challenge China confronts is access to adequate usable water. The Xinhua News Agency ranks China’s total freshwater resources—2.8 trillion cubic meters—as sixth in the world after Brazil, Canada, Russia, the United States, and Indonesia. But skyrocketing demand, population pressures, inefficiencies, overuse, and radically unequal geographic distribution all combine to produce a situation in which, according to China Daily, two-thirds of China’s 650-plus cities do not have enough water for their needs and 100 are facing severe shortages.
Agriculture still commands the largest portion of China’s water resources, but industrial and household uses have grown comparatively more rapidly. Middle-class Chinese, like their counterparts elsewhere in the world, have become water-intensive consumers—watering their lawns, using washing machines and dishwashers, even playing golf. China also wastes more water than developed countries: Dabo Guan and Klaus Hubacek at the University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment have found that as much as 25% of the water transmitted through pipes is lost due to leaks in China; by comparison, Japan and the United States lose only between 8% and 14%.
Lack of sufficient usable water, especially in North China, poses increasing risks to growth—and even to the ability to sustain current levels of population and economic activity. International standards define a serious water shortage as the availability of 2,000 cubic meters or less of water per capita per year; 1,000 cubic meters per year is considered the minimum for existence. Currently in North China—which stretches from Shanghai to Beijing and contains nearly 40% of China’s total population—the average amount of available water is only 1,100 cubic meters per capita per year, and the water table for the entire region is dropping precipitously. In the Beijing area, the average drops under 500, according to China Watch, a joint initiative of the Worldwatch Institute and the Beijing-based Global Environmental Institute.
With so little water available on the ground, the Chinese are looking to the skies, and battles are already ensuing between different North China localities over the right to seed clouds headed in their direction. Such fights are likely to intensify. Meanwhile, the government is investing tens of billions of dollars to construct two diversion projects to bring water from the Chang (Yangtze) River to the Beijing-Tianjin region. Nevertheless, it is very unlikely that the necessary treatment facilities en route, especially for the eastern channel, will be operated efficiently or that polluting enterprises will be removed permanently from along the waterway.
Countrywide, only about 45% of the surface water can be cleaned up enough through treatment to be usable in most industries. About 40% is so polluted that it is unusable for any human, industrial, or agricultural purpose. And about 90% of water in aquifers is now polluted.
China’s massive rural-to-urban migration, which officials predict will involve 300 million to 500 million people by 2020, has already resulted in huge new urban infrastructure needs. The demand for new roads, buildings, railroads, ports, and so on calls for significant increases in both energy and water consumption. What’s more, Chinese city dwellers consume 2.5 times the energy per capita of their rural counterparts. As a result, China plans to double its coal consumption by 2020, despite its efforts to diversify away from this core and polluting energy source.
Overall, 40% of China’s land is affected by soil erosion. The world’s highest water erosion rates occur in North China’s Loess Plateau, where, the Common Sense Environmental Fund has found, 1.6 billion tons of topsoil wash into the Yellow River annually. The Chinese desert—already one-quarter of its land—is expanding at a rate of 1,900 square miles per year and is now encroaching on Beijing. China has moved aggressively to reverse these trends with bans on logging and through large-scale reforestation campaigns, and China Daily has reported that total forest coverage has increased from 16.6% to 18.21% over the past five years. Even so, China’s forestry officials remain concerned that the failure to plant a robust mixture of trees and to sustainably reforest land is undermining this effort.
China today posts some of the world’s highest rates of air pollution. According to SEPA vice minister Pan Yue, five of the world’s ten most-polluted cities are in China. Acid rain affects one-quarter of the overall land and one-third of the agricultural land, eroding buildings and diminishing agricultural output. China’s air carries suspended-particulate-matter loads that are more than twice the highest level the World Heath Organization regards as reasonably safe. The tragic result is a national mortality rate from chronic respiratory disease more than four times that of the United States. Among younger people, asthma has reached epidemic proportions.
As the environmental challenge that China poses to itself grows, the country’s contribution to global environmental problems is also increasing. China is the second largest contributor to climate change, after the United States: The NGO Global Witness names China as the largest importer of illegally logged timber in the world; the Guardian has identified it as the largest marine polluter in the Pacific, and the World Bank calls it a leading contributor to ozone depletion.
Multinationals developing strategies for working in China must grapple with these startling environmental problems; if they do so successfully, their efforts can pay off. But before we consider the opportunities, let’s consider the risks of operating in China’s deeply distressed environment.
Multinationals are already viewed with suspicion by nongovermental organizations and the Chinese media when it comes to environmental issues. Should a foreign corporation suffer a major environmental accident or become the focus of a high-profile case in which China’s environmental laws are flouted for profit, this underlying presumption of guilt can significantly increase the damage done to the company’s reputation, both within China and internationally.
Accusations by NGOs and the Chinese media include charges that firms invest in the country expressly to avoid the environmental requirements of their own or other countries. Many maintain that foreign firms use outdated technology, equipment, and processes; that they manufacture products that no longer meet standards elsewhere; that they create hazardous waste material; and that they keep their nonpolluting R&D centers in their home countries but bring the polluting, manufacturing components to China. Some multinationals have also been accused of exporting a significant amount of natural resources from China, destroying its forests and polluting the environment while excavating ores or other minerals.
Such accusations, and the ensuing negative media attention, can seriously damage a multinational’s brand and expose a foreign firm to popular demonstrations and even legal action. Greenpeace Beijing, for example, targeted Singapore-based APP in an undercover sting operation targeting illegal logging, which resulted in the State Forestry Administration’s threatening to prosecute some of the company’s officials.
Comparable failings by Chinese enterprises often are not covered in the domestic press owing to political pressures. In October 2006, the Chinese media reported widely on a list of more than 2,700 companies cited by SEPA for water pollution violations. Of those companies, the 33 multinationals—DuPont, Nestlé, Panasonic, and Pepsi among them—were singled out by name. Even NGO activists who frequently partner with multinationals jumped on the bandwagon, condemning the failure of the foreign companies to practice what they preach. Groups of netizens—a newly powerful force in China—then called for ecocompensation from the named firms. The resulting damage to the brands became a source of competitive disadvantage for the targeted companies.
Faulty supply chains.
For multinationals, ensuring that their supply chains at the very least meet Chinese, if not international, standards can be a challenging process.
Most foreign firms work through chains of local Chinese contractors and subcontractors to obtain the materials and components for their products. There is no guarantee that participants in the supply chain will meet or accurately certify their environment-related obligations. Multinationals that do not devote serious attention to monitoring their supply chains for problems risk confronting a very public and costly surprise at some point in the future.
For example, Wal-Mart—which has begun environmental auditing in its factories—garnered unwanted headlines in the Chinese media in November 2006 because, along with several other retailers, it was found to be selling clothing containing carcinogenic substances in its dyes. Compounding the problem was the fact that the contaminated clothing came not from one rogue factory in its supply chain but from several suppliers in different provinces.
The movement of hazardous chemicals, toxic waste, and other contaminants is also a growing problem. China Daily reports that the country has more road accidents than any other in the world, and there are frequent incidents of chemical spills poisoning water and land from such accidents. In December 2006 in Zhejiang province, for example, a truck smashed into a tanker carrying 30 tons of sulfuric acid, leaking fumes that killed the driver. One senior Beijing-based representative from a large chemical company has said that he scans the Chinese media daily for reports of such accidents for fear that a truck may have been transporting chemicals to or from one of his facilities. Because maintaining a responsible transport system is essential, FedEx, Shell, and several other multinationals have been actively engaged in developing road safety initiatives in China.
Lost production capacity.
Severe water pollution and scarcity can put at risk investments in production. The German press agency Deutsche Presse-Agentur has reported that major spills into China’s water system occur roughly once every two to three days. Some entire localities have been forced to simply shut down enterprises and relocate substantial numbers of residents because usable water resources are no longer sufficient.
Health problems linked to environmental insults affect productivity in myriad ways, from absenteeism to low morale to underperformance on the job. They can also entail high medical and related insurance costs. Air pollution from Guangdong makes it difficult for multinationals to retain expatriate workers across the border in Hong Kong. Indeed, expatriates and their families are so alarmed at the extent of the air pollution in both Hong Kong and many other parts of China that they often demand allowances be made for their children to attend school in safer environmental climes abroad.
Accordingly, manufacturing firms in China must take care to assure access to enough clean water and air to meet production goals and standards. In some places, that may require water- and air-filtration systems, but in other places, it may simply be impossible. Firms also have a legal obligation for site cleanup, and a thorough and often costly environmental audit is therefore necessary before acquiring new property.
The pervasive collusion between officials and Chinese enterprises often creates particularly daunting obstacles. In one case, after a Dallas-based joint venture, Tang Energy, had negotiated the land use rights to construct a wind farm, the county head revoked the rights so that a Chinese generating company could construct its own wind farm the following year. Even more troubling, the U.S. firm had been required as part of its initial application to provide copies of its wind energy assessments for the area, an analytical task that is expensive and time-consuming. The U.S. company’s analysis was then provided gratis to its Chinese competitor. Given local government influence over the local legal system, the American firm is unlikely to pursue its complaint successfully through the courts.
Environment-related political instability can erupt for many reasons and put multinationals at risk. Residents may, for example, seek to close down enterprises that are protected by corrupt local authorities who allow them to pollute water resources so much that crop yields drop, “cancer villages” arise, and the quality of life declines sharply. In January 2006, hundreds of farmers protested the air pollution from a steel plant in Guizhou. They released the water from the factory’s cistern, and several farmers were arrested. In Zhejiang province in 2005, tens of thousands of villagers violently protested the pollution from 13 chemical factories. The factories were finally closed, and the leader of a local NGO that was established to monitor environmental compliance was arrested.
What Needs to Be Done
China is committed to addressing its environmental problems, as daunting as they are. The country is investing a great deal of money in more efficient and alternative energy sources, water treatment plants, pollution-monitoring and mitigation equipment, and a host of green technology projects. Additionally, China’s environmental laws and regulations are becoming more stringent. Automotive manufacturers are being held to ever greater fuel efficiency and reduced tailpipe emission standards for their fleets (at least at the national level), and similar requirements will increasingly be imposed in other sectors.
Even though many Chinese companies will find ways to circumvent the bite of these new requirements, foreign firms are well advised not to put themselves at risk by doing the same. There are instead two approaches that multinationals should adopt when approaching environmental issues in China. The first is defensive—companies must make every effort to reduce harm. The second is proactive—they must invest in environmental protection efforts. Both are necessary, but the second approach holds the greatest potential payoff because companies can leverage the green solutions they implement in China elsewhere later on.
On the defensive side, firms should take advantage of industrywide standards that can help avoid negative publicity. Apple recently learned this lesson the hard way. The computer maker had declined to join a consortium of electronics producers, and during the summer of 2006 it encountered a firestorm of negative press in and outside China for the living conditions of employees at Foxconn, one of its suppliers. Hewlett-Packard, which also sourced from Foxconn, avoided the negative press because, following guidelines set by the consortium, it had repeatedly and insistently audited its particular Foxconn suppliers to ensure that they met industrywide standards.
Another defensive posture is to figure out how to reduce the firm’s environmental footprint in China. Both Hewlett-Packard and Mattel have put in place long-term strategies not only to improve their own compliance with local environmental standards but also to require their suppliers to adopt their global corporate standards. Throughout their supply chains, they are trying to pass along knowledge, particularly in the areas of recycling more and using less. Mattel has launched a number of initiatives to reduce its water and energy use and its hazardous waste generation.
Even seemingly minor steps can make a difference. Upgrading the technology used to paint Barbie’s eyes to eliminate paint guns, for example, provided a cleaner environment for Mattel’s Chinese workers and reduced the hazardous waste in the manufacturing process. Recognizing water scarcity and pollution as top environmental concerns, Coca-Cola has installed state-of-the-art bottling plants in China that operate with no net loss of water resources. What’s more, in response to substantial public concern in China over genetically modified organisms (GMOs), Coca-Cola has eliminated genetically modified corn from its corn syrup—a practice it has not adopted worldwide. Coca-Cola thereby managed to stay off Greenpeace Beijing’s hit list of companies that use GMOs.
Upgrading the technology used to paint Barbie’s eyes resulted in a cleaner environment for Mattel’s Chinese workers and reduced hazardous waste in the manufacturing process.
Corporations can take a more proactive approach by creating programs to build facilities and develop technologies that China requires for environmental protection. Such projects potentially offer foreign firms opportunities not only to reap profits but also to burnish their environmental reputation in China, while upgrading their own green technology capabilities. Companies can find it worthwhile to work with Chinese scientists and entrepreneurs to develop and improve relevant production processes and products. They can also sponsor community-oriented environmental programs in conjunction with the Chinese government and with foreign and local NGOs.
This proactive approach makes good global sense. The United States and other advanced industrial countries often have legal and regulatory requirements that make testing new green technologies prohibitively expensive. China may offer a better opportunity to try out new techniques, which can then find significant markets in the United States and elsewhere.
Some major firms have begun to seize this array of opportunities. General Electric has adopted a multitiered effort, which reflects its global Ecomagination initiative and also takes advantage of China’s booming need for energy-related infrastructure development. GE is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in its operations by promoting energy efficiency in several ways: through a joint initiative with Wal-Mart to sell 50 million compact fluorescent lightbulbs; by advancing alternative fuels through wind power projects; by providing more fuel-efficient aircraft engines and locomotives; and by working closely with the Chinese government’s National Development and Reform Commission to upgrade the national infrastructure. At the same time, GE is working with Chinese scientists in Shanghai to develop clean coal, water purification, and water reuse technologies. While these innovations will initially be designed to serve the local Chinese market, the longer-term goal is to extend their use to the rest of the world.
Royal Dutch Shell has also focused on adopting environmentally sustainable approaches to helping China develop its economy. In its initial joint venture efforts with PetroChina to bring gas from Xinjiang to Shanghai, for example, Shell completed an exhaustive environmental impact assessment that went far beyond PetroChina’s initial study. As a result, the pipeline was rerouted around biodiversity hot spots. What’s more, Shell’s Nanhai petrochemical facility reuses or otherwise recycles almost 90% of the liquid and solid waste it produces for power generation, and the complex consumes as much as 25% less water than comparable Chinese facilities.
It is smart to think proactively about how to create a reputation as a clean company that helps China develop its economy in environmentally sustainable ways. One approach is to sponsor environmental education. Shell is making unparalleled efforts in this area. Over the past several years, Shell has, among other initiatives, sponsored a competition for school children to develop environmental projects in several Chinese cities, which so far has engaged more than 300,000 students. Shell has also formed partnerships with Chinese NGOs such as Friends of Nature and Global Village of Beijing to support their environmental education efforts. Coca-Cola, likewise, sponsors a rain-harvesting project in Ningxia and an educational campaign stressing water conservation and recycling wastewater, which has reached 100,000 students in Beijing alone.
It’s smart to think proactively about how to create a reputation as a clean company that helps China develop its economy in environmentally sustainable ways.
Such efforts have stood foreign companies in good stead with both China’s government and the public. International partners that contribute to meeting or exceeding the government’s environmental goals are acknowledged with awards and media tributes. Shell, for example, received a CCTV Best Investor award for its Nanhai petrochemical project, and Coca-Cola won the Mother Earth Award from the Chinese government for its environmental contributions. These efforts link major multinationals conspicuously to one of the national government’s major goals and to a widely popular cause among Chinese citizens. Garnering national government recognition as an environmentally friendly company makes it far more likely that localities throughout the country will approve multinationals’ project proposals. Appropriate government and public relations efforts thus enable multinational companies to do very well while they are doing a great deal of good.• • •
China’s governance system provides few incentives—either political or economic—for local officials and company leaders to adhere to the country’s environmental regulations. Environmental awareness throughout most of the country remains relatively low, and the NGO sector, though vibrant and growing, remains small. Laws and regulations in the country change frequently, making it difficult for multinationals to do long-term strategic planning in relation to new environmental technologies. Additionally, the Chinese government strongly prefers to keep much of the profit from such businesses at home.
Despite the challenges, multinationals can’t afford not to do the right thing. Chinese government leaders, NGOs, and the media expect the international community to take the lead in environmental protection efforts—and will quickly and publicly pursue firms that don’t. Environmental degradation, moreover, is producing risks and providing opportunities that must be factored into corporate strategies. In approaching this issue, companies must also consider the challenges and opportunities posed by China’s underlying political economy. On the plus side, though, multinationals can often profitably leverage efforts made in China in other markets.
The bottom line is that environmental factors can seriously affect China’s overall future trajectory. How well multinationals address these environmental issues will affect their fortunes in one of the most important growth economies in the world. | <urn:uuid:4a9f9384-ed20-4e23-b7be-30be4eccf1e7> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://hbr.org/2007/06/scorched-earth-will-environmental-risks-in-china-overwhelm-its-opportunities | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831933.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219090209-20181219112209-00588.warc.gz | en | 0.950137 | 5,747 | 2.78125 | 3 |
In most Christian denominations, confirmation is a sealing and strengthening of the initial rite of baptism. Baptism, usually performed with water, symbolizes salvation. Confirmation, often performed later by the laying on of hands, symbolizes the receiving of the Holy Spirit.Continue Reading
In the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican Churches, the sacrament of baptism is performed at infancy. It is only performed once, as church doctrine believes that it bestows eternal salvation and washes away the guilt and punishment of sin for all time. The Eastern Orthodox Church practices complete submersion, in which the baptismal candidate is fully submerged under water. Most denominations use immersion, in which the candidate stands in water while water is poured over the head, or affusion, in which water is poured on the forehead. Roman Catholics also recognize conditional baptism, which is performed when a candidate is not sure if they have been baptized; baptism of desire, which confers baptism on someone who wants to be baptized but dies before receiving the sacrament; and baptism of blood, which is conferred when someone is martyred before physical baptism.
Among Roman Catholics, members of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglicans, confirmation is a sacrament that bestows the Holy Spirit through prayer and laying on of hands. In most Protestant denominations, confirmation is a ceremony whereby people affirm their belief in church doctrine and become official church members. In all Christian denominations, confirmation follows baptism. Usually, confirmation is performed during young adulthood or after. However, in the Orthodox church, confirmation, known as chrismation, is performed immediately after baptism.Learn more about Christianity | <urn:uuid:fca00c9a-2085-4fd2-bc9a-c09d0de53128> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | https://www.reference.com/world-view/between-baptism-confirmation-fa712fa9a8cc0b40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218189130.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212949-00366-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966734 | 327 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Do children need sunglasses?
Yes. According to Prevent Blindness America "Children are at special risk from the harmful effects of UV, since their eyes do not have the same ability as adults to protect from UV radiation."
Here are some simple tips, from Prevent Blindness America, for choosing sunglasses for children:
- Check to make sure the sunglasses fit well and are not damaged,
- Choose sunglasses that fit your child's lifestyle-the lenses should be impact resistant and should not pop out of the frames,
- Choose lenses that are large enough to shield the eyes from most angles, Find a wide-brimmed hat for your child to wear along with the sunglasses." | <urn:uuid:c19c71f6-ea25-4be7-ab04-c20233c28dd8> | CC-MAIN-2018-17 | https://www.localfunforkids.com/home/2011/4/26/real-kids-shades-review-giveaway.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-17/segments/1524125945604.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20180422135010-20180422155010-00013.warc.gz | en | 0.932643 | 138 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Unlocking a Healthy Lifestyle: Purpose in Life as a Key
(Image credit: Vicky Tran)
Imagine something that makes you excited to get out of bed and start your day. It guides your everyday behaviors and gives your life a sense of meaning and security. This “something” is called purpose. When someone has a purpose, they have life-long goals that are meaningful to them and are motivated to engage in activities that align with these goals. Purpose can be different for each person. For example, purpose can come from one’s religion, job, personal achievements, leisure activities, or relationships. Regardless of the source, researchers are beginning to take notice of purpose and how it not only influences our everyday decisions but the decisions when it comes to our health as well.
When people act in accordance with their purpose, they tend to do well within their day-to-day lives. They report eating healthier (1), exercising (2), and taking advantage of preventative health care services (3). When it’s time for a good night’s rest, those with purpose tend to report fewer sleep disturbances and being more relaxed (4). Beyond the way purpose influences our day-to-day activities, those with a purposeful life tend to have lower risks for strokes (5), Alzheimer’s and cardiovascular diseases (6). They also tend to live longer! (7)
Considering that purpose is associated with positive health outcomes, researchers are now testing hypotheses for why this relationship exists (e.g., mechanisms). Purpose in life is likely to lead to positive health behaviors because maintaining a healthy lifestyle is likely to be an important component to carrying out one’s purpose. Thus, one with purpose develops a positive orientation towards their health (8) and becomes invested in their health (9). Since one’s health becomes a priority, the individual experiences less conflict (10) when it comes to choosing between engaging in a healthy behavior or a conflicting unhealthy behavior.
Purpose may also operate by making barriers to achieving one’s goals appear less daunting. A recent paper by Burrow, Patrick, and Sumner (2018) (11) demonstrated that when asked to estimate the steepness of a hill and the amount of effort needed to ascend, individuals who scored higher on a measure of purpose had a smaller relationship between overestimation of steepness and amount of effort needed to climb. Burrow et al. also experimentally manipulated the salience of one’s purpose by having some participants write about their purpose while others wrote about the last movie they saw. Those who wrote about purpose also demonstrated a decoupling between overestimation of the slope and effort. These results suggest that if you want to motivate yourself to get healthier, don’t just consider the immediate benefits of a healthy lifestyle, but also think about how your health contributes toward achieving your overall purpose. In couching smaller health goals in the context of your larger purpose, you may just discover that those health challenges that you once saw as impossibly steep mountains may begin to appear more manageable.
Apart from the motivational elements of purpose, the skills one uses when living their purpose can also contribute to a healthy lifestyle. When an individual has a strong sense of purpose, they use their skills and talents to engage in easy or hard activities that align with their purpose. For the difficult activities, the individual is building self-efficacy (e.g., one’s belief that they can successfully tackle a challenge by using their skills and talent) while engaging in these activities. For example, let’s say someone’s purpose is to be a school teacher. This purpose helps them organize their life around goals associated with achieving their purpose. So along with planning for their next week of lessons, they will also feel empowered to tackle other challenges, like planning their week’s activities in a way that allows them to get enough sleep and exercise.
Currently, the majority of the research on purpose in life and health is correlational so we cannot be sure whether having purpose leads to a healthier lifestyle or if it is the other way around. The good news is that here at the Center for Advanced Hindsight, we are currently exploring whether there’s a causal relationship between purpose in life and health behaviors. We will do so by first understanding how to increase purpose in life. Research has shown that feeling like you belong (12), being in a positive mood (13), engaging in prosocial behavior (14), and having a cohesive narrative about one’s life (15) can increase one’s purpose in life. What all of these variables have in common is the feeling of self-transcendence (e.g., contributing or being apart of something larger than the self). As humans, we all have a biological need of wanting social relationships. One way of feeling belonged to a group is to engage in prosocial behaviors (e.g., donating or giving lunch to the homeless). When someone engages in these activities, they are putting their needs to the side and are influencing others lives in a positive manner. In effect, this may put the individual in a good mood because they know that they are changing someone’s life for the better. We are currently running studies to integrate these methods of increasing purpose in life by exploring self-transcendence values effects on purpose in order to foster positive health behaviors.
We hypothesize that those who reflected and wrote about self-transcendence values will report higher purpose in life and greater intentions to exercise.
We are testing whether values will increase one’s sense of purpose by having participants either write about the importance of self-transcendence values (helping others) or non-self transcendence values (activities aim at focusing on the self). Participants in the control condition will complete the same task as the treatment groups but instead their writing task will focus on writing about factors that influence the weather and how they influence the weather. Participants will then complete a few scales assessing their purpose in life and intentions to exercise within the next month. We hypothesize that those who reflected and wrote about self-transcendence values will report higher purpose in life and greater intentions to exercise. We suspect that self-transcendence values will enable the individual to understand that they are a part of and contributing to something that is bigger than the self. Therefore, these individuals will engage in positive health behaviors in order to further contribute to something beyond their needs. Besides increasing purpose through values we also plan to design studies to further increase purpose in life through goal setting and social inclusion.
As mentioned, we are not only finding additional ways to increase purpose in life but we are also incorporating questions that will assess one’s intent to exercise. Previous research has successfully increase purpose in life but unfortunately there aren’t any studies that measures one’s intent to engage in health behaviors as an outcome of having a higher purpose . We intend to fill this research gap and if we find a causal relationship between purpose in life and health behaviors, our next step includes understanding the mechanism between this relationship.
Current research on purpose and health has shown promising results. There is still much work to be done — purpose is deeply personal, expansive, multi-faceted, and abstract. However, these things that make purpose such a challenging area of research are also the things that make it such an important one. Purpose provides clarity, meaning, and direction for our lives. It may help us to see obstacles as surmountable. Rather than intervening at the level of individual health behaviors, we may see a bigger benefit in putting the work in to build (and support) environments that foster purpose.
Check out the infographic below that provides a brief summary of the purpose in life and health research.
Shanta Ricks is a researcher at the Center for Advanced Hindsight at Duke University, an applied behavioral science research lab that helps people be happier, healthier, and wealthier. You can reach her at [email protected]
Is your organization in any other way interested in health research with CAH? Contact Jan Willem Lindemans, Principal, at [email protected].
(1) Steger, M. F., Fitch-Martin, A., Donnelly, J., & Rickard, K. M. (2014). Meaning in life and health: Proactive health orientation links meaning in life to health variables among American undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies, 58(3), 583–597.
(2) Hooker, S. A., & Masters, K. S. (2016b). Purpose in life is associated with physical activity measured by accelerometer. Journal of Health Psychology, 21, 962–971.
(3) Kim E.S., Strecher, V.J, Ryff, C.D. (2014). Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 111, 16331-16336
(4) Kim E.S, Hershner, S.D, Strecher, V.J. (2015).Purpose in life and incidence of sleep disturbances. J Behav Med, 38,:590-597
(5) Kim E.S., Sun, J.K., Park, N., Peterson, C. (2013). Purpose in life and reduced incidence of stroke in older adults: “The Health and Retirement Study”. J Psychosom Res, 74, 427-432
(6) Czekierda, K., Banik, A., Park, C. L., & Luszczynska, A. (2017). Meaning in life and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 11, 387-418
(7) Czekierda, K., Banik, A., Park, C. L., & Luszczynska, A. (2017). Meaning in life and physical health: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 11, 387-418
(8) Steger, M. F., Fitch-Martin, A., Donnelly, J., & Rickard, K. M. (2014). Meaning in life and health: Proactive health orientation links meaning in life to health variables among American undergraduates. Journal of Happiness Studies, 58(3), 583–597.
(9) Holahan, C., Holahan, C., Velasquez, K., Jung, S., North, R., Pahl, S. (2011). Purposiveness and leisure-time physical activity in women in early midlife. Women and Health, 51, 661-675
(10) Kang, Y., Strecher, V.J., Kim, E., & Falk, E.B. (2019). Purpose in life and conflict-related neural responses during health decision-making. Health Psychology, 38, 545-552
(11) Burrow, A. L., Hill, P. L., & Sumner, R. (2016). Leveling mountains: Purpose attenuates links between perceptions of effort and steepness. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(1), 94–103
(12) Lambert, N. M., Stillman, T. F., Hicks, J. A., Kamble, S., Baumeister, R. F., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). To belong is to matter: Sense of Belonging enhances meaning in life. Personality and Social Psychology in Bulletin, 39. 1418-1427.
(13) Hicks, J. A., & King, L. A., Krull, J.L., & Del Gaiso, A.K.(2006). Positive affect and the experience of meaning in life. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 9-, 176-179
(14) Tongeren, D. R. V., Green, J. D., Davis, D. E., Hook, J. N., and Hulsey, T. L. (2016). Prosociality enhances meaning in life. J. Posit. Psychol. 11, 225–236.
(15) Chippendale, T., & Boltz, M. (2015). Living Legends: Effectiveness of a program to enhance sense of purpose and meaning in life among community-dwelling older adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69(4), 1-11. | <urn:uuid:b5edcc6c-83ef-4dbe-9f6b-e76f71aa7831> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://advanced-hindsight.com/blog/unlocking-a-healthy-lifestyle-purpose-in-life-as-a-key/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585522.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20211022212051-20211023002051-00480.warc.gz | en | 0.924304 | 2,576 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The theme for this year's British Science Week, which takes place between the 8th and 17th March, is journeys. We've picked out a few different ways in…
British Science Week Ideas & Activities
Engage children in the wondrous, wild and wacky world of science this British Science Week! The annual celebration of science, technology, engineering and maths is taking place from 9-18 March this year. 2018 sees the Year of Engineering and promotes the theme of Exploration and Discovery to encourage children to “think about everyday discoveries and how they affect their lives”. Spark scientific curiosity and let the little ones unleash their inner Einstein this British Science Week!
Stuck for STEM activity ideas? There are many different ways that you can get your primary school, nursery or preschool involved in British Science Week. The British Science Association feature a great selection of early years and primary activities on their BSW website, so we have collected together a variety of fantastic resources to help you explore some of these exciting ideas in your primary or early years setting – along with some of our favourite STEM ideas for British Science Week as well!
Be inspired and introduce children to exciting new science concepts through a range of fascinating scientific investigations and hands-on activities.
Top 10 British Science Week Ideas & Activities
Explore bonkers experiments, try out awesome science-related activities and make mind-blowing discoveries this British Science Week!
1. Watch Seeds Grow
Let children see what is happening beneath the ground when a plant grows! Our exclusive EYR Watch Me Grow Planter is the perfect resource for the investigation and exploration of growth. The wooden planter features a clear viewing window so that kids can observe root systems and minibeast guests beneath the soil.
2. Create Bug Hotels
Get up close and personal! Make a cosy and inviting home for those little minibeasts with our durable Bug Base. Get the children to search through the garden for natural resources to recreate and explore different habitats for bugs.
3. Escape the Ice
Explore the properties of water. Freeze the children’s favourite toy Figures in a block of ice and let them think of different ways they could rescue their toy!
4. Launch Rockets into the Sky
Blast off! Demonstrate propulsion, air resistance and motion with this fun air-powered Stomp Rocket Launcher. The children are sure to enjoy jumping on the base pump and watching their rockets launch into the sky!
5. Catch Touchable Bubbles
Bubbles that don’t pop as soon as you touch them! Enjoy the sensory experience of Touchable Bubbles. Catch bubbles in your hands and discuss friction, air pressure and factors involved which affect the bubble.
6. Build Wind-Up Toys
Discover the mechanics of wind-up and make your own moving wind-up toy with our Wind Up Pack! Let the kids explore three different wind-up designs for walking, running and dancing.
7. Dip Paper Towels
Experiment with water absorption! Fill bowls with water and stir in different coloured Food Dyes. Then dip strips of paper towels and other paper types into the different bowls to explore colour change and water absorption.
8. Build a Maze
Introduce the little ones to programming and coding with our fun Robot Mouse Activity Set. Build a maze from base pieces, walls and tunnels – then programme the mouse to take the path needed to reach the cheese!
9. Make Rain Clouds
10. Create BSW Posters
Inspire creativity and let the children exhibit their scientific discoveries on giant posters – then enter them into the British Science Association’s annual Poster Competition!
If you need more inspiration for British Science Week, you can explore our complete range of STEM essentials on our website – containing a great selection of Science equipment, ICT resources, Construction and Design products and Maths resources. Don’t forget to check out our FREE downloadable resources for Minibeasts as well!
Time to get those safety goggles on!
We would love to know what mind-blowing discoveries you make! So don’t forget to share your British Science Week photos with us on our Facebook or Twitter and tell us which activity was your favourite.
www.happyhooligans.ca/water-absorption-experiment – Jackie Currie, Happy Hooligans | <urn:uuid:bb09c296-a539-4639-9c43-8f9bafd75b3c> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://www.earlyyearsresources.co.uk/blog/2018/03/british-science-week-2018/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703500028.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20210116044418-20210116074418-00409.warc.gz | en | 0.908432 | 885 | 3.40625 | 3 |
$_SESSION: This is handy for keeping users logged in, as a primitive example. Setting a session variable and then checking that it is still there when the page reloads is quite a common practice. SESSIONS are somewhat more secure than GET and POST, but suffer from their own problems too. It is not a good idea, for example, to store credit card numbers in a SESSION ARRAY as this session array might only die a few hours after leaving the site.
$_COOKIE: Cookies have a different purpose. Usually these will be used for REMEMBER ME login scripts, for example. If you check the "remember me" feature on the Gmail login, the next time you come back to Gmail you are still logged in, right? That is because Gmail set a cookie on your browser, telling it to remember your login details. Cookies are bad for sensitive data, as they sit around on your browser just waiting to be exploited. The nice thing about cookies are that you can set what domain they work on, as well as how long they should take to expire. The bad thing is developers get lazy and let them live for 1000000000000000000 seconds and do not stipulate a domain that they are valid for. I sure hope that developer did not code my bank's website, because there are certainly going to be problems quite soon if he did.
Any other website with a script in them to read your browser's cookies will find my credit card information quite handy (OK, who am I trying to kid? I should say "Someone's Credit Card Information") simply because the guy who developed the website did not bother to specifiy the domain, thus the cookie is available to all domains. That is BAD. A footnote on cookies is that they are used to track your movements and search and browsing history by marketing companies and the major search engines. Clear your cookies in your browser OFTEN. It is in your best interest.
Hopefully you have learned that it is best to process the passing of information from one page to another by using a technique that best suites your needs. Basic navigation should use GET, while form submissions should use POST, and information for sustaining sessions should use SESSION. COOKIES are best used for domain sensitive information like REMEMBER ME. | <urn:uuid:80775ace-966f-4c7e-a3a3-adf05589203a> | CC-MAIN-2015-18 | http://www.phpbuilder.com/columns/marc_plotz120409.php3?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-18/segments/1429246640001.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20150417045720-00157-ip-10-235-10-82.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945072 | 463 | 2.65625 | 3 |
This week, in my Masters program we learned about social learning theories, known also as Social Constructivism, and their practical application strategies, cooperative learning. Social Constructivism, as described by our lecturer Dr. Orey, is much like Constructivism in that the creation of an artifact is the key to meaningful learning, but adds the element of interactions between students during construction. It states that those interactions between students are what make a learning experience meaningful, as students use one another as resources (“More Knowledgeable Others”), as sounding boards and as partners in solving a problem and learning new information and skills.
When I was participating in New Jersey’s Alternate Route Program to become a teacher after being a graphic designer, a significant emphasis was placed on cooperative learning and its benefits. My favorite of these activities are “Think / Pair / Share” and “Jigsaw” and I’ve used them in my Art Room with much success. A Jigsaw activity means that you split children into ‘homogeneous’ groups where all of the members of each group learn about one aspect of a general subject. Then, the groups are mixed up in a heterogeneous way, with each one member of each of the original groups represented in the new groups. They then become the ‘experts’ and teach the rest of their new group members about the information they gathered with their colleges in the original group. It’s an excellent way to cover a lot of material because the students become the experts and re-teach the information. And as my Mother-in-Law–a Doctor of Education, Principal, and Wonderful Lady– would say, “the person doing the talking is the person doing the learning.”
So that got me thinking . . . We were introduced to this online software called “Voice Thread” this week as well. It’s a simple online tool that allows users to publish slideshows with voiceovers attached, and other users to comment. So, in the future, I’m going to try and use the Jigsaw technique on a grander scale. Let’s say I teach 4 sections of 2nd Grade Art, and all of second grade is studying Greek Art, but I don’t have time to do all of the projects with every class. So one class will study coins, the second sculpture, the third urns, and the fourth mosaics. When finished with their project, each class will create a Voice Thread slide show of their work and create as a collaborative group 7 facts to share as part of their voice-overs. Then, I will share the slideshows with the other sections, so every class gets exposed to all four of the concepts, one of them intimately and the others through their peer’s Voice Thread presentation.
I am excited to give this a try! | <urn:uuid:386dd29d-9f93-49b0-a416-fd6e15c36431> | CC-MAIN-2017-34 | https://graphicslab.wordpress.com/2010/07/29/social-learning-theories/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-34/segments/1502886120194.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170823113414-20170823133414-00650.warc.gz | en | 0.97481 | 592 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Spiritual, moral, social, cultural development (SMSC) - British Values
At Dunalley, we value SMSC. We are inclusive and diverse. We not only actively promote the social, spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils at our school through subject areas but it underpins all we do.
Our SMSC curriculum is integral to the way we work so that our children develop their social, moral, spiritual and cultural capital. These are underpinned by our values.
We aim to ensure that all children are able to grow into caring, democratic, responsible and tolerant young people who are able to make a positive difference to British Society and the World in which they live. These values guide all the communities represented in our school. Valuing ourselves, each other and mutual respect is at the heart of everything we do to support our school, local community and the wider world. We build trust and ensure respect and tolerance of each other’s cultures, religions and beliefs.
Our school seeks to embed British values through many ways.
All children are encouraged to discuss topics of interest, express their views and make a meaningful contribution to the running of the school on matters that directly involve them. Children have the opportunity to have their voices heard through the school council, eco-committee, pupil questionnaires and pupil surveys. Our school councillors and eco-committee members are elected by the pupils each year. This is used as an opportunity to teach about democracy and the electoral process. We encourage volunteerism in school which includes peer readers who support our ‘Early Birds’ club, children leading University modules and child-initiated projects for raising money for charities.
Rule of Law
We have high expectations for our children’s behaviour and this is reflected in our school behaviour policy. Our children are very clear about the behaviour that we expect and the consequences of not behaving appropriately. We expect our children to reflect on inappropriate behaviour and the impact it has on themselves and others. All school staff work hard to ensure that the policy is applied fairly and consistently. All classes develop an agreed set of ‘class rules’ as part of the ‘Jigsaw’ PSHE programme of work at the start of each academic year. Through assemblies and PSHE lessons, children are taught how to develop trust and respect and are supported to know right from wrong and doing the right thing even when it is difficult. We use visits from authorities and public bodies, such as the police and our local MP, to talk to the children to explain their role in society. Our PSHE programme teaches pupils how to be safe in the real and the on-line world. Our children know who they can talk to within school if they feel unsafe. We encourage our children to make the right choices within a safe and supportive environment. Bullying and racism are not tolerated. Our Positive Behaviour and Anti-Bullying policies set out clear guidelines for dealing with any form of aggression, abuse or violence, which extends to children, staff and families.
Within school, children are encouraged, and given the freedom to make choices, knowing that they are in a safe and supportive environment. Pupils are supported to develop resilience, self-knowledge, self-esteem, self-confidence and the courage to challenge and question. Children are encouraged to take responsibility for their behaviour and our pastoral support reinforces the importance of making the right choices. Children are encouraged to know, understand and exercise their rights and personal freedoms and are advised how to exercise these safely, for example through our e-safety teaching and PSHE lessons. Vulnerable pupils are protected and stereotypes challenged. The school makes adaptations to ensure an inclusive approach for children with Special Educational Needs, additional needs, cultural, gender or religious considerations. A strong anti-bullying culture is embedded in the school and any form of bullying is challenged and addressed. The school also operates a robust system of logging incidents. Pupils have key roles and responsibilities in school, such as school councillors and anti-bullying ambassadors.
Mutual Respect and Tolerance of Those with Different Faiths and Beliefs
The pupils know and understand that it is expected that respect is shown to everyone: both adults and children. Opportunities within lessons to discuss issues, for example through Picture News, encourage children to value others’ opinions. Children are helped to acquire an understanding of, and respect for, their own and other cultures and ways of life. Staff and pupils are encouraged to challenge prejudicial or discriminatory behaviour. Links and visits are promoted with local faith communities and places of worship. For example, we have links with Paul’s Church and welcome them into whole school assemblies and visit the local synagogue to learn about Judaism. Through the PSHE and RE curriculum, pupils are encouraged to discuss and respect differences between people, such as differences of faith, ethnicity, disability, gender or sexuality and differences of family situations. We offer a culturally rich and diverse curriculum in which all major religions are studied and respected and global dimension work is embedded in many curriculum areas. | <urn:uuid:8e1e0fc3-dfbc-4420-9e3a-70d07e3cbd96> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://dunalleyps.schoolzineplus.co.uk/about-us/british-values | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046154089.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20210731141123-20210731171123-00703.warc.gz | en | 0.959215 | 1,026 | 2.90625 | 3 |
We already looked at using PHP to resize images on the fly, but using the same technique to create image thumbnails has problems. At the very least you will want to save time by storing the thumbnails as they are generated to avoid major slow-down. Perhaps the easiest way to implement this is to count the number of files in your images directory, compare it against the number that were there the last time the script was run, and if the number is different then regenerate the thumbnails.
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Copyright ©2015 Paul Hudson. Follow me: @twostraws. | <urn:uuid:b961dcb9-7cf8-4dff-beaf-408fe7cbda46> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | http://www.hackingwithphp.com/22/4/0/creating-thumbnails | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060201.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928032425-20210928062425-00309.warc.gz | en | 0.938415 | 202 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Loto Français – A fun way to reinforce French vocabulary
Loto Français is a proven way of reinforcing the use of the French language. These attractive, easy-to-use photocopiable lotto boards provide a stimulating and meaningful way to develop reading, listening and speaking skills when teaching.
- Les nombres 1-12 (Numbers 1-12)
- Les nombres 1-60 (Numbers 1-60)
- Les animaux (Animals)
- Bon appetite! Food)
- En classe (Classroom objects)
- Les vêtements (Clothes)
- Noël (Christmas)
Three versions of each board are provided – words only, words and pictures, and pictures only – allowing maximum flexibility, particularly in mixed ability classes.
£11.99 – £16.50 price excluding tax
The perennially popular game of lotto (or ‘loto’ as it is called in French) is an enjoyable and effective way to teach and/or reinforce vocabulary and language structures.
It can be used as a teaching tool or as a fun follow-up activity after a lesson. It provides a stimulating and meaningful way to develop reading, listening and speaking skills. The games in Loto Français can be played in a variety of ways and with very little preparation from you. There is no need to give the children counters or individual cards. Simply photocopy the boards, hand them out to your pupils together with some colouring pencils and, bingo, you can start playing!
Our unique call sheets provide the ‘order of call’ and enable you to follow the game closely and to select which team you want to win. Lotto can be played in small groups, or with an entire class. There is no limit to the number of players and the games are suitable for ages four upwards.
The ideas in this book are by no means exhaustive and, should you decide to cut the boards to make flashcards or playing cards, then the number of games is unlimited!
Have fun playing!
Print: 9781905780457; E-book: 9781905780983
There are no market restrictions for this book.
|Printed book or E-book||
E-book, Printed book | <urn:uuid:9ff0551c-e3b9-425d-8b03-ac207cb5f8e5> | CC-MAIN-2022-27 | https://brilliantpublications.co.uk/product/loto-francais-a-fun-way-to-reinforce-french-vocabulary/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-27/segments/1656104669950.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220706090857-20220706120857-00662.warc.gz | en | 0.901585 | 554 | 2.625 | 3 |
Smith, J.M. Powis. The Origin and History of Hebrew Law. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, . ix, 285 pp. Reprint available February,2005 by The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN 1-58477-489-4. Cloth. $85. * Smith traces the history of Hebrew law from its beginning the Decalogue to its close in the Priestly Code, considers its relation to contemporary social history and compares it to the Hittite, Assyrian and Babylonian codes. The extensive appendices contains complete translations of the Code of Hammurabi and the Assyrian and Hittite codes. Recommended by Roscoe Pound in the Outlines of Lectures on Jurisprudence (5th. ed.) 233.
Author : J. M. Powis Smith Release : 2005 Publisher : The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. ISBN : 1584774894 File Size : 67.58 MB Format : PDF, Docs Download : 189 Read : 479 | <urn:uuid:400ccc7b-6ded-4024-8a36-e9f7400ffd2f> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://ewastejournal.com/download/the-origin-and-history-of-hebrew-law/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964359082.76/warc/CC-MAIN-20211130232232-20211201022232-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.689272 | 207 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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Glossary Term The Aboriginal Child Placement Principle (c. 1983 - )
- c. 1983
- Policy and Stolen Generations
- Alternative Names
- ACPP (Acronym)
The Aboriginal Child Placement Principle (ACPP) was established to govern the practice of child protection services in Victoria, and to strengthen Aboriginal children's connections with their family, community and cultural identity particularly in response to previous detrimental policies. It was first incorporated into legislation in Victoria in 1989.
The Aboriginal Child Placement Principle (ACPP) governs the practice of child protection services in Victoria. It is endorsed by the SNAICC and is incorporated into the Victorian government's Children, Youth and Families' Act 2005. The ACPP aims to strengthen Aboriginal children's connections with their family, community and cultural identity particularly in response to previous detrimental policies.
All Aboriginal children who become involved with child protection services which results in their removal from their families are governed by the ACPP to ensure that their identity as an Aboriginal is preserved. The purpose of the ACPP is to enhance and preserve Aboriginal children's sense of identity as an Aboriginal by ensuring that Aboriginal children and young people are maintained within their own biological family, extended family, local Aboriginal community, wider Aboriginal community and maintaining their connections to their Aboriginal culture.
The Aboriginal Child Placement Principle promotes a hierarchy of placement options as outlined below:
- Removal of any Aboriginal child must be a last resort
- If, after consultation with a community controlled Aboriginal welfare organisation, removal of a child from its family is unavoidable then the authorities must have regard to the direction of the Aboriginal welfare organisation
- If such a removal is necessary, then the child must be placed within the extended family, or if this is not possible, the child may be placed within the Aboriginal community within close proximity to the child's natural family
- If there is not an Aboriginal placement available, then in consultation with Aboriginal and Islander Child Care Agencies (AICCAs), the child may be placed with a non-Aboriginal family on the assurance that the child's culture, identity and contact with the Aboriginal community are maintained
Prepared by: Cate O'Neill
Created: 12 February 2009, Last modified: 13 June 2012 | <urn:uuid:d46d4ff5-637c-42bc-8c50-8c43581c4150> | CC-MAIN-2013-20 | http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/vic/biogs/E000023b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368701760529/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516105600-00026-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94066 | 491 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Although electric vehicle popularity has increased immensely in recent years, the origins of the Electric Vehicle (EV) actually date back to as far as 1832. As with most technological innovations—adoption gradually occurred over the course of years and decades. Modern day EV iterations have popularized to the point of mainstream appeal with more customers readily focused on sustainability. With auto manufacturers heavily investing in EV technology—it’s become clear that EV options may soon exceed sales of traditional vehicles.
EV’s once appealed mainly to niche groups, but market demand has spiked due in part to the overwhelming popularity of high-end manufacturers such as Tesla. Electric vehicles currently compromise only 1.3% of all sales in the US, but year over year increases lead us to believe that electric options will one day surpass their fossil fuel counterparts. With more people consciously aware of the environment and sustainability impacts—consumers will continue adopting eco-friendly technologies.
Affordability of EV's continues to drive sales due to increased production volume growth. As electric vehicles become readily accessible to the everyday person, overall electric vehicle market share will also increase. In fact, experts have forecasted electric vehicles to comprise up to 75% of the consumer auto vehicle market by 2050. Let’s take a look at why consumers are choosing EV’s and what can be expected in the years to come.
What’s Driving Consumers to EV Vehicles
Manufacturers are bolstering eco-friendly production efforts as the world continues to increasingly progress towards a global model of sustainability. It is a well known fact that electric vehicles emit less greenhouse gases compared to traditional automobiles—making them the preferred option for future generations to come. Although electric vehicles may not fully surpass traditional automobiles for several years—increasing sales point to heightened consumer enthusiasm.
Price has been another factor drawing in new consumers to the mix. Recent data has shown that EV prices have dropped significantly from $64,300 to $55,600—a 13.4% decrease from 2017 to 2018. Some people have even speculated that EV’s may be less expensive than traditional combustion engines in just a few short years. Taking into account potential tax savings, gasoline prices, and overall carbon footprint—it’s not difficult to understand why more individuals are moving towards EV options.
More manufacturers are bolstering their electric vehicle efforts to accommodate increased consumer demand. As big names such General Motors and Ford continue to expand EV lineups, the need for efficient and repairable aftermarket parts and components will continue to increase. AER is stepping up automotive electronics remanufacturing capabilities to help accommodate the ongoing marketplace shift.
How AER is Supporting EV Innovation
Car companies utilize automotive electronics remanufacturing to extend the life of components such as instrument clusters, navigation units, radios, control modules and more. The widespread demand for sustainable parts will further be compounded as the auto marketplace continues to shift towards mass EV adoption.
AER continues to embrace a model of fueling innovation through preservation by employing full-cycle electronics remanufacturing techniques for worldwide automotive leaders. AER is expanding their R&D efforts on EV components by bolstering their engineering expertise and adopting new sustainable strategies.
To help meet the increased demand for EV remanufactured components—AER is developing test platforms to specifically meet exact customer specifications. Using a team of highly skilled engineers—AER is invested in creating renewal options that extend the life and performance of EV automotive components and parts.
Automotive electronics remanufacturing and electric vehicles should go hand-in-hand. AER is continuing to assist manufacturers in developing new technologies for the future. We remain focused on staying at the forefront of sustainability and renewability. We’re utilizing strategies to help repair mechanisms in a way that makes sense from an economic and environmental perspective.
For more information on how AER is partnering with automotive companies to remanufacture EV components, feel free to review our most recent case study for more. | <urn:uuid:53f8435f-8224-4780-b8b6-05933971013e> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://blog.aertech.com/the-electrification-of-the-automobile | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780056890.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20210919125659-20210919155659-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.94222 | 801 | 3.03125 | 3 |
When my youngest started a Montessori preschool, we were both a bit of a wreck.
The older two were attending a homeschool co-op one day a week and they offered a preschool program for younger siblings at the same time. Even though she was precocious, she was still only three and that meant we were both nervous about the transition.
Thankfully, we found some great preschool books that walked us through a lot of the transition process, so that we knew what to expect.
Those picture books helped us feel more comfortable about her attending preschool and answered a lot of the questions we both had.
Even better, they validated the feelings we were having about the separation – and that was probably the thing that helped us the most.
As a former classroom teacher who started her career in a preschool, I have more books for preschoolers than any one person should probably ever have.
Some people collect figurines, I collect children’s books.
When those books have the ability to teach and touch hearts regardless of age, it’s impossible not to fall in love with them over and over again.
PRESCHOOL BOOKS ABOUT FEELINGS
One of the things I love about kids literature the most is that it has a way of making scary and tough subjects a lot easier to talk about.
Scared of going to preschool? There are first day of preschool books that walk you through the day, so that’s it not as scary anymore.
Afraid of the dark at bedtime? There are a lot of characters who have the same worries, but find ways to overcome them.
Whatever your child might be feeling, there’s a children’s book that can help them through it.
Simply put, preschool books make preschoolers feel less alone and normalize their feelings. They demonstrate through colorful pictures and dynamic language that we’re all a lot more alike than we are different.
Helping children develop that connection to the world around them is an important skill; preschool books help them do that.
USE PRESCHOOL BOOKS TO TEACH
Whether you’re teaching kids in a classroom or doing homeschool preschool, there are children’s books for just about any topic you’re studying. Use them to introduce topics or to supplement your lessons.
Or, read them just for fun!
When we start a new unit study, the first thing I do is pull together a book list. Not only does it give me great material, but it’s also a fun way to get your kids excited about learning.
There’s something magical about seeing a new pile of books just waiting to be explored!
PRESCHOOL BOOK LISTS
Finding books on your own can be time consuming, so we’ve gathered some of our favorite book lists that you can use with your kids. We’ll be constantly adding to the list, so check back often.
- Books About Eleanor Roosevelt
- Books About Music for Preschoolers
- Spring Books for Preschoolers
- Books About Bikes and Bike Safety
- St Patrick’s Day Books for Preschoolers
- Winter Books for Preschoolers
- Christmas Books for Kids
- Preschool Books About Trains
- Preschool Books About Boats
- Summer Books for Preschool
- Space Books for Preschool
Don’t see the topic you’re looking for? Just leave a comment and we’ll be sure to add it to our list for research! | <urn:uuid:1c462bb3-b62e-414b-acde-d05b728d42ea> | CC-MAIN-2021-04 | https://mamateaches.com/preschool-books/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-04/segments/1610703533863.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20210123032629-20210123062629-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.963636 | 733 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Nearly 1,600 objects from Africa, the Pacific Islands, and the Americas are on view in The Metropolitan Museum of Art's Michael C. Rockefeller Wing. They span 3,000 years, three continents, and many islands, and represent a rich diversity of cultural traditions.
Highlights of the collection include works from the Court of Benin in Nigeria and sculpture from West and Central Africa; wood sculpture from New Guinea and the island groups of Melanesia and Polynesia; and gold, ceramic, and stone objects from the Precolumbian cultures of Mexico and Central and South America. These collections are of varied materials and types, and range from ritual sculpture to gold and silver ornaments, costumes and textiles, impressive ceremonial figures, and monuments of wood and stone.
Although The Metropolitan Museum of Art made its first acquisitions among these fields – a group of Peruvian antiquities – as early as 1882, no significant commitment to the arts of Africa, Oceania, or the Americas was made until 1969. At that time, Nelson A. Rockefeller offered the entire collection of a museum that he had founded in 1954, the Museum of Primitive Art, to the Metropolitan Museum. Included in the gift were 3,300 works of art, a specialized library, and a photographic archive. A separate department for the care, study, and exhibition of these works and study materials was then established at the Metropolitan.
Today the collections of the Department of the Arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas are housed in the Michael C. Rockefeller Wing, named for Nelson Rockefeller's son, who collected many of the Asmat objects from Irian Jaya, western New Guinea, that are now in the Museum. Among the most spectacular objects in the wing are the nine 15-foot-high Asmat memorial poles (bis) collected by Michael Rockefeller in the early 1960s. The Rockefeller Wing opened to the public in February 1982 and houses 40,000 square feet of exhibition space as well as an office mezzanine with art storerooms, a photograph archive, and the Robert Goldwater Library.
The African collections of the department consist of works representative of the artistic traditions of sub-Saharan Africa's diverse cultures. Major geographic areas are included, from the western Sudan south and east through central and southern Africa. The works range from refined Afro-Portuguese ivories of the 15th century to the formally powerful Fang reliquary figures that appealed to early-20th-century artists such as Jacob Epstein and André Derain. Many works were created to compliment the rank and prestige of regional leaders while others indicated the collective status of initiates invested with specific social responsibilities. Some served as devotional artifacts created to pay homage to ancestral forces. In addition to figurative sculpture and masks in wood from western and central Africa that are emphasized in the collections, works that enhance the status of their owners – architectural sculpture, seats of leadership, staffs of office, ceremonial vessels, and personal ornaments feature prominently as well. While wood is the primary media, stone, terracotta, gold, silver, and ivory works are also present, as are textiles and beadwork.
The Oceanic collection includes works from the Pacific Islands, encompassing the archipelagos of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia, as well as Australia and the indigenous peoples of Southeast Asia. Covering more than a third of the earth's surface, Oceania is home to more than a thousand distinct cultures and an immense diversity of artistic traditions. Oceanic art ranges from the elegant realism of Polynesian and Island Southeast Asian sculpture, to the minimalist aesthetic of Micronesian implements, to surreal, otherworldly images of Melanesian ancestors and spirits and the graceful figures and vibrant abstractions of Australian Aboriginal art. The Museum's holdings are strongest in the sculpture of New Guinea, including a large group of Asmat works collected by Michael Rockefeller in 1961. The Oceanic galleries also house an important collection of Polynesian sculpture as well as a diversity of material from Island Melanesia and Island Southeast Asia.
The ancient Americas are represented in the Metropolitan's collections by Precolumbian objects primarily from Mexico and Peru. Covering a 3,000-year period beginning at about 1500 B.C. and ending with the arrival of Europeans in America in the
late 15th century A.D., these works consist of sculpture in stone and ceramic, rare carvings of wood, and precious pieces of gold, silver, and jade. Textiles and featherwork form part of the collection as well. The objects encompass Olmec carvings in jade from Mexico of the first millennium B.C., sculptural ceramic vessels of Peru's Moche peoples of about a thousand years later, and a ceremonial wood figure from the Caribbean of about 1500 A.D. The Jan Mitchell Treasury for Precolumbian Works of Art in Gold, which opened in the South American Gallery in 1993, houses the most representative display of American gold objects in the world. All of the goldworking areas of the ancient Americas are included.
A recent gift of particular note is that of Mr. and Mrs. Klaus G. Perls, in which well over one hundred works of brass and ivory from the Court of Benin in Nigeria were added to the collection. Dating from the 16th through the 19th centuries, the Perls gift consists of brass figures and architectural plaques, carved ivory altar tusks, musical instruments, boxes, staffs, and courtly and personal ornaments, among other objects. This important addition of royal art has been installed, together with the Metropolitan's existing collections from the Court of Benin, in the center of the recently renovated Benenson Gallery for African Art. Opened to the public in early 1996, the Benenson Gallery displays approximately 400 works, representing many of the regions of sub-Saharan Africa.
Temporary exhibitions are held in the Rockefeller Wing's special exhibition space. In recent years those exhibitions have included Guardians of the Longhouse: Art in Borneo, 1999; Jade in Ancient Costa Rica, 1998; and Master Hand: Individuality and Creativity among Yoruba Sculptors, 1997. The department's Robert Goldwater Library is a non-circulating research library dedicated to documenting the arts of the three departmental areas. It holds more than 20,000 books published around the world with an additional 15,000 volumes of periodicals. The Photograph Study Collection, a research collection dedicated to the same areas, consists of 19th- and 20th-century images that range from studio shots of works of art to exterior views that enlarge upon the cultural context of the works. Both collections are open to researchers. The Photograph Study Collection also mounts temporary photography exhibitions in the wing's east mezzanine.
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Want to build your own satellite and launch it into space? It’s easier than you may think. The first in a series of four books, this do-it-yourself guide shows you the essential steps needed to design a base picosatellite platform—complete with a solar-powered computer-controlled assembly—tough enough to withstand a rocket launch and survive in orbit for three months.
Whether you want to conduct scientific experiments, run engineering tests, or present an orbital art project, you’ll select basic components such as an antenna, radio transmitter, solar cells, battery, power bus, processor, sensors, and an extremely small picosatellite chassis. This entertaining series takes you through the entire process—from planning to launch.
- Prototype and fabricate printed circuit boards to handle your payload
- Choose a prefab satellite kit, complete with solar cells, power system, and on-board computer
- Calculate your power budget—how much you need vs. what the solar cells collect
- Select between the Arduino or BasicX-24 onboard processors, and determine how to use the radio transmitter and sensors
- Learn your launch options, including the providers and cost required
- Use milestones to keep your project schedule in motion
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Overview
Chapter 2 PCB Fab, Soldering, and Electronics
Chapter 3 Chassis, Structure, and Gross Anatomy
Chapter 5 Programming and Coding
Chapter 6 Launching and Rockets
Chapter 7 Milestones and Planning
You can download this book from any of the following links. If any link is dead please feel free to leave a comment.
LINK 1 (PDF FORMAT)
LINK 2 (EPUB FORMAT)
This site does not store any files on its server. We only index and link to content provided by other sites. Please contact the content providers to delete copyright contents if any and email us, we'll remove relevant links or contents immediately. | <urn:uuid:e0425020-5b34-42fe-9899-dc1a87ce52fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-13 | http://www.free-engineering-books.com/2013/02/diy-satellite-platforms-building-space.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-13/segments/1490218193288.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170322212953-00421-ip-10-233-31-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.862146 | 400 | 2.96875 | 3 |
The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) is planning to spend more than $1.5 trillion to develop its portfolio of major weapon systems. Although the investment may result in a state-of-the-art deterrence program in the future, the weapons currently have a glaring vulnerability–they are relatively easy to hack.
Officials from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO), which was asked to review the state of DOD weapon systems cybersecurity, recently ran some tests to see if they could hack any of the Pentagon’s weapons.
They could, without much difficulty.
“Using relatively simple tools and techniques, testers were able to take control of systems and largely operate undetected, due in part to basic issues such as poor password management and unencrypted communications,” the GAO explains in its report, Weapon Systems Cybersecurity: DOD Just Beginning to Grapple with Scale of Vulnerabilities.
It’s likely that the testing revealed only a small number of the actual existing weaknesses. “In addition, vulnerabilities that DOD is aware of likely represent a fraction of total vulnerabilities due to testing limitations. For example, not all programs have been tested and tests do not reflect the full range of threats,” the report says.
It’s a disconcerting finding, considering that adversaries of the United States are developing increasingly sophisticated cyberespionage and cyberattack capabilities to target DOD weapons. The GAO found several reasons for these vulnerabilities.
One is that the Pentagon’s weapons systems are increasingly dependent on IT. The amount of software in today’s weapons systems is growing exponentially and is embedded in numerous subsystems. But this dependence on software increases the weapons’ attack surface.
Similarly, DOD weapons systems are more networked and interconnected than ever before, and they are also connected to some external systems, such as GPS. These factors further increase vulnerability.
In addition, DOD has only recently made weapon systems cybersecurity a priority. Instead, for many years, DOD focused its cybersecurity efforts on protecting traditional networks, such as accounting systems. “Until around 2014, there was a general lack of emphasis on cybersecurity throughout the weapon systems acquisition process,” the report says.
This late-to-the-game approach will have long-term consequences, the GAO found. “Numerous officials we met with said that this failure to address weapon systems cybersecurity sooner will have long-lasting effects on the department,” the report explains. “Due to this lack of focus on weapon systems cybersecurity, DOD likely has an entire generation of systems that were designed and built without adequately considering cybersecurity.”
In the last few years, however, DOD has made progress on some new weapon cybersecurity initiatives and policies. Given this, GAO urged the DOD to press forward with these efforts. “To improve the state of weapon systems cybersecurity, it is essential that DOD sustain its momentum in developing and implementing key initiatives,” the report says. Finally, GAO pledged to continue to evaluate the issue. | <urn:uuid:ef941216-7873-43ab-99fc-5959fe294798> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.asisonline.org/security-management-magazine/articles/2019/02/weapon-weaknesses/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780057199.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20210921070944-20210921100944-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.965373 | 627 | 2.53125 | 3 |
November 5, 2010
The purpose of this exercise is two-fold: First, to get you into a corner of your language which might not be familiar to you. Second, to make you think about the vast amount of data that is available. If you’re not interested in American weather forecasts, pick a different data set that does interest you.
Many languages provide a built-in mechanism for retrieving files from the internet, but Scheme does not. We will use
wget to connect to the internet and retrieve files, relying on the underlying Scheme interpreter to provide the non-standard (but widely available) functions
system. First we write a function to find an unused filename to hold the file downloaded from the internet; it just loops until it finds a suitable candidate:
(let loop ((i 0))
(let ((f (string-append "temp" (number->string i))))
(if (file-exists? f) (loop (+ i 1)) f))))
wget to retrieve the file from the internet and save it in a temporary file, and
with-input-from-file to make its contents available to Scheme:
(define (with-input-from-url url thunk)
(let ((f (tempname)))
(if (zero? (system (string-append wget " " f " " url)))
(begin (with-input-from-file f thunk) (delete-file f #t))
(error 'with-input-from-url "system error in wget"))))
How you run
wget depends on your system. Here are three definitions that work on the systems available to me; yours may differ:
(define wget "c:\cygwin\bin\wget -qO") ; windows/cygwin
(define wget "/usr/local/bin/wget -qO") ; unix/hp
(define wget "/usr/bin/wget -q0") ; linux/ubuntu
The list of cities and states for which NOAA provides forecasts is available at http://weather.noaa.gov/pub/data/forecasts/city/. Here we provide a function that builds an appropriate url for the desired city and state:
(define (weather-url state city)
state "/" city ".txt"))
All that’s left is to retrieve the url and output the file:
(define (display-weather state city)
(with-input-from-url (weather-url state city)
(do ((c (read-char) (read-char)))
It’s a brisk autumn where I live:
> (display-weather "mo" "st_louis")
FPUS43 KLSX 030842
City Forecast for St Louis, MO
Issued Wednesday morning - Nov 3, 2010
.Wednesday... Sunny, high 64, 10% chance of precipitation.
.Wednesday night... Low 41, 5% chance of precipitation.
.Thursday... Partly cloudy, high 54, 10% chance of precipitation.
.Thursday night... Low 33.
.Friday... High 48.
You can see the code at http://programmingpraxis.codepad.org/0ppN34nS.
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Active Sand & Gravel Mining Operations, 2015: Map of the United States displaying the locations of active sand & gravel mining operations spotted randomly within counties in 2015. Active mines are mining operations that reported mine operator employment during the year. There were 6,292 sand
From Cambodia to California, industrial-scale sand mining is causing wildlife to die, local trade to wither and bridges to collapse. And booming urbanisation means the demand for this increasingly ...
RESEARCH METHODS AND ANALYSES. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare mean values across different mining sites. After ANOVA comparisons, a Post-Hoc Bonferroni test for multiple comparisons was used to compare mean values.
through sand and gravel mining for construction of modern, attractive and durable structures. The study examined positive and negative environmental impacts of the continuous removal of river sand, pit sand and gravel from sampled rivers and open areas surrounding Gaborone
Demand for sand is high as rapid urbanisation in China and India has created a boom for the mining industry. Fuelled by this, illegal mining has grown, unnoticed and unchecked around the world, destroying ecosystems, waterways and beaches.
Sand mining to meet increasing demand over the years has become a thriving multibillion-dollar industry, but research by the United Nations Environment …
Analysis Did sand mining exacerbate flooding during Hurricane Harvey? By Molly Lempriere . Share. In the wake of the devastating flood damage caused by Hurricane Harvey, politicians and community groups have criticised the oversight of the sand mining industry along the San Jacinto River. However, a white paper produced by the Texas Aggregate and Concrete Association has countered that the ...
ISSN: 2349-5677 Volume 1, Issue 4, September 2014 85 Economic Analysis Of Sand Mining In Bharathapuzha River, Kerala, India Moinak Maiti MBA …
Sand Mines Destroying Dunes Sagebrush Lizard Habitat. The dunes sagebrush lizard is one of the most imperiled lizards in the United States, restricted to small segments of New Mexico and Texas.
The analysis shows that the siltation is related to many factors, including: the natural siltation effect, the effect of erosion adjustment period, the effect of sand excavation and dredging, and the effect of wharf construction. Among which, the local excavation in the rear of the wharf under construction has a great effect on the siltation of the wharf apron.
Financial Ratio Analysis – Industrial Sand Mining Financial ratios allow you to compare how a business is performing against its peers in the Industrial Sand Mining industry. Financial Ratio
The Economic Benefits and Costs of Frac-Sand Mining in West Central Wisconsin Phase One of Study – General Economic & Community Overview By Thomas Michael Power, Ph.D. and …
Master the art of building a financial model to value a mining company, complete with assumptions, financials, valuation, sensitivity analysis, and output charts. In this mining financial modeling course, we will work through a case study of a real mining valuation for an asset by pulling information from the Feasibility Study, inputting it into Excel, building a forecast, and valuing the asset.
A Probabilistic Analysis of the Ecological Effects of Sand Mining for Maasvlakte 2 21 Figure 1. A) Location of Maasvlakte 2 (orange), boundary of the Natura 2000 area "Voordelta" (green line) and the potential sand mining areas (yellow).
A large part of oil sands mining operations involves clearing trees and brush from a site and removing the overburden— topsoil, muskeg, sand, clay and gravel – that sits atop the oil sands deposit.
DRAFT Sand Mining Recommendations Ministry of Mines, Government of India MINISTRY OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINES NEW DELHI February 2018
The Market Analysis section shows the five-year growth trends for Industrial Sand Mining, year-by-year from 2013-2018. Are long-term forecasts positive or negative? Forecasts for 2019-2022 for the industry show the future growth and market opportunity for Industrial Sand Mining companies.
into the proposed North Stradbroke Island sand mining bills, the draft North Stradbroke Island Economic Transition Strategy and the Sand Mining Workers Assistance Scheme. As part of developing the Economic Transition Strategy, a report was commissioned by the Department of State Development titled Economic and Employment Impact of Sand Mining on North Stradbroke Island, and the Broader …
Sand is indispensable for construction, roads and oil recovery – even as nations try to protect coasts and supplies. By Susan Froetschel* When powerful storms strike, like Typhoon Hato in ...
Coastal Care has an extensive list of Sand Mining resources.
View a map showing locations of industrial sand mines in Wisconsin. Learn about the industrial sand mining strategic analysis. Find information and resources for the industrial sand mining industry.
The Market Analysis section shows the five-year growth trends for Construction Sand & Gravel Mining, year-by-year from 2013-2018. Are long-term forecasts positive or negative? Forecasts for 2019-2022 for the industry show the future growth and market opportunity for Construction Sand & Gravel Mining …
Sand deposits from the mining activity have covered about 280,000 square meters (more than 3 million square feet) of wetland, blocked the channel connecting the lagoon to the ocean and changed the ...
The Edumine short course Valuation of Mineral Projects Based on Technical and Financial Modelling, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
2016-07-26· Subscribe to email updates or mobile alerts when this Web page has been updated. The Department of Natural Resources has prepared a strategic analysis [PDF] to reassess the latest scientific, natural resource, and socioeconomic information relating to industrial sand mining and its associated infrastructure in Wisconsin.
The Sand & Gravel Mining market research report includes: Historical data and analysis for the key drivers of this industry A five-year forecast of the market and noted trends
that instream mining is the prevalent type of sand mining in the study area and accounts for about 51% of the sand mining operations along Nzhelele River whilst flood plain mining only constitute 44%.
However, controversy has dogged tar-sand mining, with the American Geosciences Institute noting its potential but also its environmental challenges, saying, "Oil production from tar sands uses large amounts of land (for open-pit mining), water, and energy, when compared to other oil resources. Open-pit mining also produces a lot of waste."
Overuse of sand for construction and industry is harming the environment and fueling violence around the world. Scientists explain why we need international rules to regulate sand mining and use.
Offering a full range of analysis services for the sand mining industry Why? Frac Sand is used for hydraulic fracturing, a process where pressurized water, sand, and chemicals are used to break open shale fractures to free the oil and natural gas deposits within. | <urn:uuid:3fc2e059-7ddb-4816-bd43-41e4df824c2f> | CC-MAIN-2019-35 | https://www.kunstwoensdrecht.nl/19/06/06/44029/sand-mining-analysis.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-35/segments/1566027316021.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20190821131745-20190821153745-00489.warc.gz | en | 0.908398 | 1,439 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Language learning apps are very popular in app stores worldwide – and are said to be revolutionising language learning. These apps offer opportunities to practise grammar and can be a very rewarding way to learn vocabulary. But there has been discussion about just how effective such apps can be – particularly when it comes to other skills such as writing and speaking.
Among the most popular language learning apps are Duolingo and busuu. Research has mainly found positive results on the use of both Duolingo and busuu. But most of this research concentrates on studies with learners who are also signed up to language courses – learners are using the apps for extra practice – so the results don’t provide a good snapshot of language learning through apps.
My recently published research study of 4,095 busuu users aimed to find out more about who uses these apps, how they use them, and what they think of app-based learning. Ultimately, I wanted to find out if users can actually learn a language with an app.
Busuu provides learning materials for 12 different languages and has more than 60m registered users. It offers a “freemium” model where some content is available for free and some is available behind a subscription paywall.
The research found that there was an almost even split between male and female users, and more than half of the respondents were between 18 and 25. More than half consider themselves to be at beginner level and the proportion of users decreases as their language levels go up. Most people use the app because of personal interest, holiday travel, because of their career goals or personal aspirations, or because they want to study or live abroad.
Formal or informal learning?
Questions about how often and how long people use the app for showed that most people use it several times a week for an average of 15 minutes. We found that female users tend to use it less often but for longer periods of time than male users. This was something that had already been noted in previous research.
The use of apps tends to be perceived as an informal learning activity – and indeed two-thirds of people use the app whenever they have some free time as opposed to the other third who tend to use it in planned sessions – suggesting a more formal approach to language learning with apps.
Getting any feedback on language learning apps tends to be restricted to whether the answer you provide is correct or not. While this is helpful, this is not the sort of feedback language teachers and researchers advocate, as it does not give an explanation of why the answer is right or wrong. But even though busuu only offers this type of feedback – without links to grammar explanations – feedback in the app was very highly rated. Over 75% of participants consider it good or very good.
Users were also very satisfied with the learning experience – more than 92% of respondents stated that the app had met or exceeded their expectations and 86% rated the app as very good or good. In fact, more than 82% of the users surveyed agreed or strongly agreed that using the app had helped them improve their knowledge of the language they are learning.
The results of this research show that language learning apps provide a service that learners find useful. The perception of time spent on language learning apps as something worthwhile shows how far these apps have come in a short time.
As formal language teaching has moved towards more communicative approaches to language learning, learners are turning to such apps where they can make mistakes in a private setting.
This non-threatening environment, where errors are only known to the user, can go some way to address the performance anxiety that many learners suffer from when asked to speak a foreign language. In this way then, language teachers should not feel threatened by apps. Instead, teachers should encourage their students to use them to do the repetitive grammar work, leaving precious class time for more language interaction.
More evidence-based articles about languages: | <urn:uuid:0a9b98a4-b0d1-4260-a00e-44fdd08692b5> | CC-MAIN-2021-21 | https://theconversation.com/can-you-learn-a-language-with-an-app-what-the-research-says-96307 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-21/segments/1620243991982.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20210511092245-20210511122245-00519.warc.gz | en | 0.972952 | 792 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Why Are the Bells Ringing?
We have all heard the saying, “Every time a bell rings an angel gets his wings!” made famous by the movie It’s a Wonderful Life. It truly so wonderful to look at the world from the emotional perspective of a child. In New Wilmington we often hear bells, every 15 minutes as a matter of fact, but what is their story? This edition of Jenny’s Pennies will give you a little more information about the amazing bells that our little town is so lucky to have. It is my hope that after you read this brief article when you hear the bells that you will think fondly of them and the symbolism that they have for our community.
Every Sunday at 6:30pm the town of New Wilmington is graced with the amazing sound of bells, well not bells, but a Carillon. Westminster College is home to a set of 42 bells that make up their Carillon, however, this wasn’t always so. In 1935 William and Mary Duff presented the College with the original 12 bells of the current Carillon in honor of their two daughters, Charlotte and Letitia Duff. At this time the bells were simply called Chimes, you must have a minimum of 23 bells to officially be called a Carillon. It wasn’t until 1978 when Katherine Stewart Armington (class of 1916) presented an additional 23 bells to the College that the bells officially became a Carillon. The most recent addition to the Carillon was in 2006 when the class of 1956 donated an additional seven bells which brought the grand total to 42 bells.
I don’t know about you, but when I think about all of these bells I immediately picture something like the movie The Hunchback of Notre Dame where someone has to run around pulling huge strings and dodging the bells. Well if you are like me, you are mistaken. I recently had the privilege to join a community music group for a lecture and demonstration on the Westminster Carillon. Each Carillon is actually controlled by a keyboard and pedal type station called a CLAVIER. These pedals and keys represent the black and white keys of the piano keyboard and are controlled by both the players hands and feet, much like an organ. Not only is this Clavier controlled away from the bells, but it also controls the bells volume much in the same way as a piano. There is also a practice keyboard for the students, or professionals called Carillonneurs, to practice on.
The Carillon has a very interesting history around the world. Carillons reached their peak around 1790, large cities could have 5 or more. Carillons began to represent financial status for an area. There were about 250 Carillons worldwide, by 1918 however the number dropped to 120. Why would this number drop? When the world was at war and cities were bombed, the armies would actually melt down these beautiful bells to make ammunition. How sad it is to think that something that was so sacred as the bells in a church tower would be used to make weapons for war. With an average weight between 5 and 17 tons, these bells were a huge resource during this time of horrible turmoil.
Today the Carillon has seen a renaissance! From the 120 Carillons in 1918, their numbers have soared, currently there are over 640 world-wide. Texas, Pennsylvania, and Michigan lead the states with the largest number of Carillons. That’s great, right? Well, as great as that is, the number of Carilloneurs has gradually been decreasing. It is thanks to people like the alumni of Westminster that have felt the importance of continuing the tradition of the Carillon that have helped keep the art alive.
There is a scholarship available called the “Friends of the Carillon” that was established by the Rev. Dr. Paul Musser and his wife Peggy Musser, both class of 1945. Dr. Musser actually played the Carillon when he attended college and a little birdy told me that it is really special to him for another reason; Paul asked Peggy for her hand under the shadow of the Carillon. During his freshman year at Westminster, Paul was asked by Mr. Cameron, the head of the music department to begin taking lessons and playing the Carillon. Paul was not very enthusiastic at first but changed his tune when he discovered that half of his tuition would be covered if he agreed. Paul was in a bit of a bind because at the time the Carillon still only had 12 bells and this made his choice of songs very limited. Paul had gumption and he began to rewrite hymns in the key of F, G, and C to add to the available songs that he could play.
The Rev. Dr. Paul and Peggy Musser graduated in 1945 and when they came back for their 50-year class reunion they played the Carillon together. What songs were played you ask? Well that’s simple, they played their Alma Mater and the School Fight Song, it was homecoming after all. It was clear that interest had once again gone down for playing the Carillon and Mr. and Mrs. Musser were not happy about that. They started the endowment scholarship along with other alumni as an incentive for students to continue the tradition of learning the Carillon and the weekly playing before the Sunday vespers service. The Musser family is hopeful that continued interest and expanded performances are on the horizon for the Westminster Carillon.
Westminster currently has 42 bells. A complete Concert Carillon is considered to have 49 bells, although they can range from 23-77. How wonderful would it be to have a completed Carillon in our town where a scholarship exists to help ensure that we will always hear the bells ringing! This is no small feat, the current Carillon at the Duff Armington Memorial Tower weighs 5,791 lbs. The supportive structure would need to be updated and the keyboard would need replaced to fit the batons that would strike the bells to make them sing. I encourage you to call the Chapel Office at Westminster College to set up a group tour and experience the beauty and history of our home town treasure.
So, who is playing the Carillon at Westminster College? Well the bells that ring every 15 minutes are controlled electronically. On Sunday evenings at 6:30pm, you are being serenaded by the Student Guild of Carillonneurs. Other concerts throughout the year highlight students, their instructor Paula Kubik, or visiting guest musicians. Mrs. Kubik arranged for special guest Carillonneurs to perform this month. July 20th Jim Fackenthal from the University of Chicago will be coming as well as July 27th Gordon Slater from Canada will be performing. Both of these upcoming concerts will begin at 12:00pm sharp, I am sure they will be a delight. I look forward to an enhanced listening experience after learning more about this amazing instrument and hope you will as well. | <urn:uuid:8f2460f0-c621-4270-8901-d83d20d27059> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | http://www.livenewwilmington.com/jennyspennieswhyarethebellsringing/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141674594.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20201201135627-20201201165627-00169.warc.gz | en | 0.979636 | 1,421 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Early warning systems of approaching climate tipping points are possible in principle and could considerably reduce risks to society, reports a review published online in this week in Nature Climate Change.
A tipping point occurs when a relatively small external change forces an apparently disproportionate response in a system, shifting it from one stable state to another. In society such change can be marked by civil unrest; in climate systems it is marked by physical impacts, such as dieback of the Amazon rainforest or melting of the Greenland ice sheet. Predicting tipping points, such that early warning becomes feasible, has proved elusive.
Tim Lenton considers recent scientific progress on the early warning of climate tipping points, focusing on statistical techniques for detecting the change in a system, such as a sluggish response to disturbance or increased variance, as well as the research needed to develop early warning systems.
In a related feature article, Mason Inman looks at the progress that scientists are making in detecting abrupt change in ecological systems. Small-scale changes, such as the point at which a lake becomes unproductive, could be easier to prevent, and new studies — drawing on both computer models and field data — offer encouraging signs that detecting changes at this level is possible and may scale-up to other systems. If so, then scientists will be one step closer to identifying vulnerable systems and stopping regime shifts before they happen. | <urn:uuid:d4a0ad7f-42f4-4223-83d1-b30621d19220> | CC-MAIN-2017-47 | http://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/1270 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-47/segments/1510934806338.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20171121094039-20171121114039-00774.warc.gz | en | 0.94754 | 272 | 3.75 | 4 |
Topic: BatzM - Kurna
The Battle of Kurna
Mesopotamia, 31 May to 1 June 1915
Kurna, fought between British and Turkish forces on the Tigris River, Mesopotamia (modern Iraq), on 31 May-1 June 1915. The 6th (Poona ) Division of the Indian Army, commanded by Major-General Charles Townshend, undertook a risky frontal assault against the fortified Turkish position which - because of seasonal Flooding - stood out of the river's marshy flats like a string of islands.
Because of this, Townshend was obliged to embark two of his infantry brigades in some 500 pole-propelled Arab barges called 'bellums', which had been armoured with captured steel railway plates. Supporting mountain guns and machine-guns were also mounted on rafts, while heavier artillery were placed aboard accompanying barges and steamers. The sight presented by this curious fleet subsequently caused the battle to he referred to as 'Townshend's Regatta'.
The operation was a signal success which cost the Turks two gunboats sunk, and seventeen guns and 2,000 men taken as prisoners. Despite: the elaborate nature of the works they had been occupying for five months, the bewildered defenders mostly fled after attempting 'only the merest appearance at a fight'. The Turkish collapse was so dramatic that Townshend's personal appearance in a gunboat at Amara (145 kilometres upstream) on 2 June was sufficient to bluff the garrison there into surrendering, too, without a shot being fired.
The Australian involvement in the action was in the form of several pilots, members of the 41-man detachment of the Australian Flying Corps serving with the composite unit known as 'Mesopotamian Flight, Royal Flying Corps'. These partly crewed two aircraft which reconnoitred from a landing ground south of Kurna and brought vital and timely information to Townshend's headquarters regarding the battle's progress, including news on I June that the Turks were abandoning their main position at Bahran Island. They also dropped 20-pound aerial bombs on targets of opportunity and added to the confusion of the enemy's withdrawal.
Extracted from the book produced by Chris Coulthard-Clark, Where Australians Fought - The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles, Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1998, pp. 106-107.
Additional References cited by Chris Coulthard-Clark:
F.M. Cutlack, (1923), The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War 1914 - 1918, Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
T.W. White, (1928), Guests of the Unspeakable, Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
Citation: The Battle of Kurna, Mesopotamia, 31 May to 1 June 1915, Outline | <urn:uuid:c988c9f1-b039-40b6-9379-296c7b70cfd5> | CC-MAIN-2016-36 | http://alh-research.tripod.com/Light_Horse/index.blog?from=20100531 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-36/segments/1471982967939.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160823200927-00207-ip-10-153-172-175.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967175 | 587 | 3.234375 | 3 |
He stirred up strong emotions among his followers and potentially endangered the establishment as well as the Roman empire. According to Christian tradition, Jesus both foretold and allowed his crucifixion, a punishment that was standard procedure in Roman law for political and religious zealots who were non-Roman.
The Christian world recognizes this event as the Passion of Christ -- Easter -- a time to reflect on the death and to celebrate the Resurrection of Jesus (a form of "Joshua": Hebrew for "savior"). The Transfiguration and ascent into Heaven that followed his death on the cross declare to the world the truth of his ministry.
Accordingly, the crucifixion that followed the Last Supper is one of the principal icons of Christian art, together with the Nativity and Virgin and Child.
An early Venetian painting by Marco di Paolo Veneziano in the Ringling Museum of Art depicts the sacrifice: "Christ Crucified by the Virtues," tempera on panel, circa 1340.
Veneziano's painting retains earlier Byzantine characteristics: facial types, anatomy and weightlessness as in the central figure of Jesus. It also relates size to sanctity -- the image of Jesus being the largest.
In Veneziano's version, Jesus is being nailed to the cross by two figures personifying Obedience and Patience. Charity holds up his head, while Humility stands at the foot of the cross. Allegories of the Virtues, these figures crucify Jesus to prove their devotion to him at his death.
The three Marys stand left of the Cross: the swooning Virgin Mary at the center, supported by Mary Magdalene, and Mary, the mother of St. James the Lesser. To the immediate right: Stephaton holds a cane impaling a sponge soaked in wine (personification of the synagogue); in the middle, St. John; and to his right, Longinus (personification of the Church).
A chalice and host, symbols of the redemption, rest on the table left of the cross. The pelican, symbol of Jesus' suffering on the cross and the sacrament of the Eucharist, perches above. At the top, the hand of God holds a key and the Holy Book and, at the extreme left and right, Veneziano depicts half figures of 12 prophets.
The painting demonstrates genuine religious feeling through expressions, symmetry in composition and in its use of bright, jewel-like colors set upon a ground of gold leaf.
Some three decades before the birth of Jesus, the Roman poet Virgil
"anticipated" the essence of this painting in the simple phrase "Omnia
Vincit Amor" -- love conquers all things.
This Easter -- today -- the message of self-sacrifice remains as relevant as ever, regardless of one's spiritual convictions. | <urn:uuid:565eeaeb-332e-4d77-98e6-022da588b138> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | http://ringlingdocents.org/veneziano.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676589726.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20180717125344-20180717145344-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.938719 | 581 | 3 | 3 |
For the first time ever, physicists have developed a mechanical device that can measure the mass of individual molecules one at a time.
At just a couple millionths of a meter, the new tech will eventually help doctors diagnose diseases, enable biologists to study viruses and probe the molecular machinery of cells, and even allow scientists to better measure nanoparticles and air pollution, according to a Caltech news release.
The wee device consists of a tiny, vibrating bridge-like structure (pictured). When a particle or molecule lands on the bridge, its mass changes the oscillating frequency in a way that reveals how much the particle weighs.
Like a guitar string, a bridge can vibrate in distinct patterns of motion, or modes, each of which has its own distinct frequency. In the lowest frequency mode, the whole beam bows side to side. In the next higher-frequency mode, the two halves of the bridge bow in opposite directions while the point in the center remains stationary. In fact, the beam can vibrate in both of these modes at once. When a molecule sticks to the bridge, it will lower the frequency of both modes by different amounts. From those two frequency shifts, the scientists can deduce both the molecule's position on the beam and its mass.
The team, led by Calthech’s Michael Roukes, demonstrated how their new tool works by weighing a molecule called immunoglobulin M (IgM), an antibody produced by immune cells in the blood. By weighing each molecule, they were able to count and identify the various types of IgM. Future instruments could be used to monitor a patient's immune system or even diagnose immunological diseases. A certain ratio of IgM molecules is a signature of a type of cancer called Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
And generally, researchers could analyze a biological specimen to look for a telltale biomarker with a known mass, Scientific American explains.
The work was published in Nature Nanotechnology last week.
Image: Caltech / Scott Kelber and Michael Roukes
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com | <urn:uuid:eec8f3d4-73c4-4587-997c-ee956c1a2ce9> | CC-MAIN-2017-30 | http://www.zdnet.com/article/tiny-scale-weighs-one-molecule-at-a-time/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-30/segments/1500549424090.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20170722182647-20170722202647-00012.warc.gz | en | 0.945482 | 432 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Every font is unique and different, so finding the right font that works best with your layout is crucial. Some fonts work great at large sizes and others perform well at really small sizes. The smallest font size to recommend is 6pt.
Pt, refers to a point. A point is a typographic unit of measurement. Similar to pixels, points are fixed size units, so they cannot scale in size. One point is equal to 1/72 of an inch (super small!).
1 point = 1/72 of an inch
1 inch = 25.4 millimeters
1pt = 1/72 inch ≈ 0.35mm
If your text is too small it will be difficult to read it. When we print offset, tiny colour dots are printed on the paper. Small text and thin lines don’t print well because there is less detail in really small text or thin lines, than there is in larger text or thicker lines. The detail is visible in the distance between the printed dots.
If we look really closely at a printed surface we
can see that it is a cluster of halftone dots
The same is true for lines. If the line is too thin it will not print cleanly or clearly. Print Arabia recommends lines to be at least 0.25pt thick for offset printing and 0.4pt for digital printing.
We strongly recommend against lines with thickness less than 0.25pt. While hairlines (super thin lines) may be visible on your screen, if you try to print them they will not come out at all.
Print Arabia will not check your artwork for super small text or really thin lines. If your artwork was prepared by a graphic designer or if you prepared it yourself, the responsibiilty for poorly prepared data ultimately falls onto your hands. | <urn:uuid:fd60264c-4634-4146-ba49-6563d579ee0d> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | https://www.printarabia.ae/help/creating-data/text-size-line-weights | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376824675.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20181213101934-20181213123434-00224.warc.gz | en | 0.937865 | 370 | 2.71875 | 3 |
1 Answer | Add Yours
The beginning and end of this novel are in the form of letters from a young explorer, Robert Walton, to his sister Margaret. Walton has secured a ship and hired a crew for a voyage to the North Pole in order to accomplish what he continually refers to as “a great purpose” – i.e., to find an alternate route to the Pacific from the north and to perhaps discover the source of the earth’s magnetism. Most of all, though, he wants to be the first to set foot on undiscovered territory. On this voyage, he encounters Frankenstein and he sets out to tell Frankenstein’s tale to his sister, in his letters. The letters frame the novel because in the beginning, Frankenstein decides to tell Walton his tale because he recognizes himself in Walton and wants to warn him that sometimes venturing into the unknown for prideful purposes can result in the creation of a “monster.” Each time Walton tells Frankenstein of the goals of his voyage, Frankenstein tries to warn him that he is delving into “territory” that can destroy him. In the ending letters, Walton tells his sister that the voyage has become perilous and that he fears he has endangered the lives of all the crew members. This parallels Frankenstein’s tale because the “monster” he created (which symbolizes man’s pride) has endangered the lives of his own loved ones. So, the novel begins and ends with the warning to mankind not to try to act like God.
Walton finally agrees to give up his voyage, but Frankenstein cannot. He tells Walton that his purpose was given to him by heaven but this is incorrect and ultimately leads to his downfall. His purpose sprang from his own pride in wanting to create life, something reserved to God. So, his pride winds up causing his death because the monster is the incarnation of his pride and “pride goes before the fall.” Pride was Satan’s tragic flaw and resulted in his getting expelled from heaven. So, this novel has some very Biblical themes.
We’ve answered 288,498 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question | <urn:uuid:77a19706-9480-4220-8c03-ba956da9ccc1> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-significance-opening-closing-scene-novel-190877 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468396.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00213-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982462 | 450 | 3.328125 | 3 |
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
is a covalent compound. It has a molecular mass of 17.
PREPARATION OF AMMONIA
– Round bottomed flask, clump, Bunsen burner, delivery tube,
trough, curd board, wire gauze, lime water.
Chemicals – Calcium hydroxide, Ammonium chloride,
Ammonia is prepared by heating a mixture of calcium hydroxide and
+ 2NH4Cl(s) CaCl2(s)
+ 2H2O(i) + 2NH3(g)
The tube in which ammonia is generated is fixed in a slanting position
to prevent the water formed from running back and crack the whole
sulphuric acid and anhydrous calcium chloride are not used to
dry ammonia because they react with it. Ammonia is collected
by upward delivery as it is lighter than air.
HABER PROCESS (INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION)
– Compressing chamber, catalytic chamber, cooling chamber,
Chemicals – Finely divided iron, Alminium Oxide, Water, Hydrogen,
is manufactured by reacting Nitrogen and hydrogen in the presence
of finely divided iron as a catalyst at temperatures 350ºC
- 400ºC at a pressure of about 350 atmospheres.
+ 3H2(g) 2NH3(g)
Oxide is added to the catalyst to improve its performance. It makes
it more porous and this provides a high surface area to the reaction.
The reaction is reversible hence it is not possible to convert all
the reactants into ammonia.
To separate ammonia from the mixture is cooled, only ammonia liquidfies
and it is separated.
The uncombined Nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled.
Another way of separation is to pass the mixture into water.
Only ammonia dissolves.
AFFECTING THE REACTION (PROCESS)
pressure causes a better yield of ammonia because it favours the
formation of the smaller products. It also increases the speed of
reaction because the reacting molecules collide more often.
low temperatures the yield at equilibrium of Ammonia is higher but
the reaction is slow. At high temperatures the yield of ammonia
is low but the reaction is fast, a temperature of about 500ºC
is used. The yield is good but the reaction is still too slow. A
catalyst is therefore necessary to speed up the reaction.
catalyst speeds the reaction but does not affect the equilibrium.
The catalyst should be finely divided because reaction occurs only
at the surface.
is a colorless gas with a characteristic pungent smell.
turns dump / wet red litmus paper blue. It is the only common
forms dense white fumes with hydrogen chloride gas
+ HCl(g) NH4Cl(s)
Ammonia diffuses faster and white dense fumes will be formed near
hydrogen chloride gas – the white dense fume is ammonia chloride.
is very soluble in water. The great solubility of ammonia can
be demonstrated using the fountain experiment.
largely dry, round bottomed flask with ammonia is used. The mouth
of the flask is placed under water and a red litmus paper in a trough
of gas jar. It is clamped firmly in position. The spring clip at
the end of the long glass tube is opened. Water slowly rises up
the tube until one drop is at the jet at the top.
The drop dissolves so much ammonia that there is a partial vaccum
in the flask.
Water is sucked rapidly up the tube and enters the flask as a fountain.
The litmus paper turns blue.
burns in a lot of air (oxygen). The flame is yellow green.
+ 3O2(g) 6H2O(i)
Glass wool is to spread out the oxygen in order to bring it into
greater contact with ammonia.
presence of a catalyst ammonia reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen
monoxide. The monoxide is easily oxidized to dioxide hence if a
hot platinum or copper wire is suspended in a beaker of concentrated
ammonia and oxygen is bubbled through the solution, redish brown
fumes are seen. The fumes later turn white. The brown fumes are
due to nitrogen dioxide which turn white as ammonium nitrate is
+ 5O2(g) 4NO(g)
+ O2(g) 2NO2(g)
+ O2(g) + 2H2O(i) 4HNO3(g)
reduces heated copper(II) oxide to copper i.e. copper turns
from black to brown.
CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) 3
Cu(s) + 3H2O(i) + N2(g)
burns in chlorine forming mist of hydrogen chloride gas. In
excess ammonia, dens white fumes of ammonia chloride are formed.
+ 3Cl2(g) N2(g)
+ 3 NH3(g) NH4
solution (Ammonium hydroxide) contains hydroxyl ions with metal
ions precipitates of the hydroxides are formed. Hence a blue
precipitate forms when aqueous ammonia is added to copper II
sulphate solution. The precipitate dissolves in excess ammonia
forming a deep blue solution.
Iron(II) is (Fe2+) forms a dirty green precipitate with
ammonia insoluble in excess Iron(III) is (Fe3+) forms
a brown precipitate insoluble in excess.
is used in the manufacture of fertilizers e.g. Ammonium sulphate.
is used in softening water.
is used in making nitric acid.
is used in making plastics.
chloride is used in dry cells.
is used in making explosives.
is the only common alkaline gas known. It changes the dump /
wet litmus paper blue.
forms dense fumes of ammonium chloride when brought into contact
with fumes of hydrogen chloride from concentrated hydrochloric | <urn:uuid:ca63c32f-9133-4815-8115-f1d5883cee66> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/chemistry/nitrogenanditscompounds/labpreofammonia.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386164491055/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204134131-00063-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.843271 | 1,300 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Scary Halloween Classroom Games
Most children love all things Halloween. As adults, we assume it's because Halloween means candy and children generally love candy. But many children love more than just the abundance of candy at Halloween time. They really get into the ghoulish aspect of the holiday and delight in the displays of goopy brains and squishy body parts. Halloween games, therefore, can be really fun and goopy, if you wish. The kids will go with it, don't worry.
First up, a brain game. There's a fun game on store shelves where you pick through a rubber "brain" to figure out what's in it. You can create this easily yourself. Make some jello and fill it with a variety of items, like gummy worms and other gummy candies, some small candy and trinkets and other items. Tell the children to root around in the bowl of jello (call it a "brain" if this will get the kids more interested) to figure out what's in it.
It's goopy and messy and kids love it. Best yet, color the jello black so it's too dark to see what's inside and it looks more like goopy brain matter (the way kids see it, anyway). In that same, or similar vein, kids love the spaghetti game. Be sure they are wearing a smock over their clothes or are wearing play clothes before playing this game. Make a big bowl of spaghetti and fill it with all kinds of items, like plastic bugs, gummy worms and other items that might feel a bit strange. Make the children feel around in the bowl of spaghetti and identify the items they feel. Once they are done and cleaned up, have them list as many items as they can remember. Whoever gets the most items listed (and right) gets a prize. Spaghetti, anyone? Another similar game that's always popular is to take a cardboard box and paint it black, both the inside and outside. Carve a small hole in the top, really just large enough for the children to get their hands into, and fill the box with a variety of items.
They can be related to Halloween (like a small pumpkin) or not (wrapped Tootsie rolls or a tiny toy Hummer car). Have the children guess what's inside the box and award the box itself to the child who guesses the most number of items correctly. To make this goopy and silly, be sure to include some items that might feel like body parts or brain matter. Kids love creating silly fictional stories, often with absurd plotlines. Halloween is the optimum time to let them run wild with their imaginations. Have them spend a bit of time writing out the scariest story they can think of. Some children might need some direction not to make it ridiculously grotesque, so use caution with these children in your clarification of this assignment. Once the stories are written, have the children hand them in and then have a guest reader for each one of them. Each child will come to the front of the class and read the story with as much dramatization as they can muster. Once the story is read, everyone has to guess who wrote the story.
The writer should play along, otherwise everyone will know it was their story! The winner is the child who wrote a story so intriguing and unusual that nobody knew it was his or hers! Kids love the word find games when you give them a word or words relating to a holiday or something else and have them find words within those words. In this case, give them Halloween-related words and ask them to find as many scary words as they can. For example, you might give them the word "Halloween" and see how many scary words they can make from the letters. Or you could give them a series of words and let them rearrange the letters in all of the words to create scary words, or even create a story from the scary words. Put a time limit on this game and award a prize for the child who creates the most words in the least amount of time. PPPPP Word count 698 . | <urn:uuid:857864e2-3710-4efe-8a0c-9da62e537e53> | CC-MAIN-2018-51 | http://cenacle.com.au/read-article/80697 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-51/segments/1544376831715.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20181219065932-20181219091932-00002.warc.gz | en | 0.963275 | 841 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Test drive to Mars
2.38 pm, November 5, Sriharikota.
The moment marked a giant leap for Indian science. With a resounding roar, PSLV-C25 took off, beginning the journey of the orbiter to Mars. Within a minute, the great ball of fire turned into a tail of smoke and disappeared in the sky.
Just 15 minutes before the launch, P Kunhikrishnan, mission director for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), switched on the computer on the orbiter. The computer then took over the controls and launched the rocket. The crowd of excited journalists, stationed eight kilometres from the launch pad at the media centre of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDCS) in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh, was kept abreast with each step through a public address system.
Forty-three minutes of PSLV’s journey was monitored at Sriharikota and by two Indian ships posted in the South Pacific Sea. Use of ships was necessitated due to extra time taken by the rocket to reach the orbit—scientists wanted the rocket to reach the orbit at a specific angle. After the 43 minutes, PSLV released the orbiter in Earth’s orbit. Monitoring and control of the orbiter was taken over by the Indian Deep Space Network complex at Byalalu, a village near Bengaluru in Karnataka, and ISRO Telemetry Tracking and Command Network at Peenya Industrial Area, also near Bengaluru. The solar panels of the orbiter were successfully deployed and manoeuvered to harness maximum solar energy.
“The spacecraft is in good health. Tests done on it found everything normal,” said S Arunan, project director of Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM). “The journey has just begun,” said K Radhakrishnan, chairperson of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) after the launch.
For the next 25 days, the orbiter will go round the earth progressively increasing the length of its orbit as well as its velocity. During this time, it will increase the length of its orbit five times (see ‘Out of this world mission’). Two such manoeuvres have already been carried out in the early mornings of November 7 and 8. The sixth orbit increase, on December 1, will be the final send-off of the orbiter to Mars. It is expected to reach there in September 2014. It will be monitored for the next six to 10 months, the orbiter’s expected life.
The mission has placed India among the handful of countries which have attempted the journey to Mars. If the orbiter reaches Mars’ orbit and sends informations from there, the country will be the fourth to achieve the feat. “This is an incredibly exciting, challenging and demanding mission,” says K Kasturirangan, who headed ISRO till 2003. For Yash Pal, the first director of ISRO’s Space Application Centre, Ahmedabad, the orbiter is the organisation’s special gift to the nation. The mission marks the 50th year of ISRO’s existence.
On high speed mode
The mission has moved on a fast track. It took researchers at ISRO about 20 months to ready the Mangalyaan, often called so by scientists. The government allocated budgetary funds for it in March 2012 and on Independence Day that year, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh announced from the ramparts of the Red Fort that India would venture to the Red Planet. By October 2013, the orbiter was ready to go.
With elections round the corner, some critics write off the mission as the ruling party’s effort to give people a reason to cheer through this demonstration of scientific prowess. Others say it is an attempt to defeat China in the race to reach Mars—China’s orbiter, sent in 2011, had failed. Yet another group suggested that this is a way of offsetting the failure to send Chandrayaan-2 on time.
ISRO officials say speed was necessary to ensure that the orbiter was launched when it would take the least energy to reach Mars. By launching it between October 28 and November 19, the space research body ensured that it would need to travel the least distance to reach the Martian orbit. The orbiter will be taken to Mars in two steps. First, PSLV-C25 carries it to Earth’s orbit and releases it. The process takes 25 days. In the second stage, the orbiter, after travelling in space for nearly 300 days, will be injected into Mars’ orbit. This is a novel method.
NASA’s Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN orbiter is also expected to be injected in the planet’s orbit in September 2014. It is being launched from the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, US, on November 18, 2013, using Atlas V 401 rocket.
How info will come home
Till the time the orbiter is still under the earth’s influence, it will be monitored by an 18-metre antenna at the Byalalu station. Once it enters the heliosphere, sphere of Sun’s influence, it would be followed by a 32-metre antenna, also stationed at Byalalu. The signals will be monitored 24x7. Support for ground observation has been taken from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which has stations around the world and has bigger antennas. These signals will be transferred to the Peenya centre through an optic fibre leased from Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited. Project director S Arunan will monitor the orbiter’s movements and send appropriate signals to control it.
The orbiter is programmed to function independently. This is important as each message from Earth can take between 4 and 20 minutes to reach Mars. If something goes amiss, the satellite should be able to figure out the problem and switch to the safe mode. To ensure autonomy during this time, commands for the orbiter have already been programmed. However, commands over and above the programmed ones will be sent from ground. These could include command such as those to change the course or speed of the orbiter.
The orbiter manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited is made of aluminium and weighs 1,350 kg. Of this, 850 kg is just the propellant. The payload—instruments that would carry out atmospheric, particle environment and surface imaging studies—weighs around 15 kg. These would start working the moment the orbiter is released from PSLV.
Payload forms the core of the mission. Five instrument will be responsible for sending information about Mars back home (see ‘Payloads’ on facing page). Earlier Mars missions of other countries have carried all these instruments except the one responsible for measuring methane in the atmosphere. With this, India may answer the question on the presence of methane on Mars. On Earth, the gas is largely produced by living organisms. Finding methane could indicate that life existed, or exists, on Mars.
Latest data from NASA’s Curiosity rover, which is presently exploring Mars, shows that methane is not present on the planet’s Gale Crater area. ISRO scientists say their methane study is better as it will give information on the presence of the gas in the atmosphere unlike Curiosity, which gave data in situ, only at a single position.
ISRO scientists generated as many as 30 ideas for the kind of instruments that would best suit this purpose. Nine of these were found feasible and only the best five were finally put on the Mangalyaan. Around 1 terabyte of information is expected from the mission, which would be saved at the Indian Space Science Data Center at Byalalu.
The Indian mission has a well-defined agenda—to demonstrate that it has the capability to reach Mars and that it can carry out studies there. Scientists hope that the mission would help develop applications which would help the common man. For instance, remote sensing became possible only after satellites were sent to the upper atmosphere.
Scientists hope that similar, path-breaking benefits would emerge from missions to space. “India is the leader in space applications,” says Radhakrishnan. ISRO has launched as many as 70 satellites in the past four decades and helped improve mobile communication, weather monitoring, education, telemedicine, education, disaster management, and search and rescue operations. Lessons learnt would enhance autonomy of such satellites.
The mission has cost India Rs 450 crore, thrice of what Shahrukh Khan-starrer Chennai Express earned in its first week (Rs 156.70 crore) of release. “The space programme gets 0.04 per cent of the Centre’s expenditure and the Mars mission represents just 0.34 per cent of our funds,” says Radhakrishnan. The mission would lead to excitement and enrichment of knowledge. This is why we study science, he says. | <urn:uuid:83604f20-ba00-464a-bc06-fce53130855a> | CC-MAIN-2018-43 | https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/science-technology/test-drive-to-mars-42694 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-43/segments/1539583509690.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20181015184452-20181015205952-00218.warc.gz | en | 0.955037 | 1,853 | 3.125 | 3 |
Note: with this post I am beginning a series of shorter posts to lay out specific foundational issues illustrated in basic philosophical texts which, for my purposes, I will take at face value (i.e., I am not “deconstructing” them or some such, but using them to ponder basic problems about the prevailing premises, preoccupations, and direction of Western philosophy).
In Plato’s The Euthyphro, the character Euthyphro struggles trying to supply what Socrates wants: an essential definition of piety. For Plato, this is a definition consistent with the Platonist metaphysics of universals (or forms) as the primary reality — abstractions grasped by intellect alone as being “real” while our immediate experience of concrete objects and events delivers, at best, an unreliable concatenation of particulars.
Euthyphro’s efforts fail in increasingly interesting ways, of course, and finally, out of frustration, he abandons the conversation. The dialogue drips with Socratic irony: Euthyphro (as every introductory philosophy student learns) is prosecuting his father for the neglectful murder of a slave, and this action bespeaks of a man well advanced in wisdom. Socrates alone knows that he is not wise, and has implored Euthyphro to teach him. We are to see Socrates as the wise one, of course, and Euthyphro as a pretender.
But why should we attribute Euthyphro’s frustration and ultimate abandonment of the project at the end of the dialogue to his lack of wisdom, or insight, or ability? If we make the contrary supposition that Plato, and Aristotle in a somewhat different way, were wrong, because there are no “universals” (only universal ideas, or universal statements), then Euthyphro’s frustration is explained and perhaps justified.
Suppose, furthermore, that all knowledge obtained by human means really is local (as an anthropologist like Cliffort Geertz or the philosopher Paul Feyerabend would insist): tied to specific concrete practices, problem-solutions, events, personalities. In that case, the situation in Western philosophy is far more serious. For it follows that the Platonist premise of free abstractions as primary metaphysical realities, in some kind of hierarchy with the Good at the very top, and abstract certainty achieved through pure intellection as the primary criterion for knowing, threw the entire philosophical enterprise off track around 2,400 years ago! In that case, all the “system-builders” turn out to be wrong; the “system-smashers” turn out to be right. That the “quest for certainty” seems always to have ended in skepticism if pushed with sufficient ruthlessness, or to have devolved into some kind of anthropological cultural relativism or compromising pragmatism which (possibly sensibly) has relaxed requirements for knowing, is a telling further consideration. | <urn:uuid:efcf6100-5dcb-448f-afbd-903f97a4bcc3> | CC-MAIN-2021-43 | https://lostgenerationphilosopher.com/2017/10/27/on-euthyphros-frustration-an-occasional-philosophical-note-1/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-43/segments/1634323585270.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20211019140046-20211019170046-00454.warc.gz | en | 0.940081 | 621 | 2.859375 | 3 |
The Juno spacecraft was conducting its ninth flyby of the gas giant at an altitude of some 11,747 miles (18,906 kilometers) from the tops of Jupiter’s clouds on October 24. For context, that is roughly the distance between New York City and Perth, Australia.
Juno captured these stunning images of a cloud system in Jupiter’s northern hemisphere. The image resolution is roughly 7.75 miles/pixel (12.5 kilometers/pixel).
Citizen scientists Gerald Eichstädt and Seán Doran put a lot of work into processing the incredible images.
Juno was launched on August 5, 2011 and arrived at Jupiter nearly five years later in July, 2016. The craft will conduct 12 close flybys in total to discover more about the planet's origins, structure, atmosphere, and magnetosphere. It is due to complete its mission in July 2018, and may suffer a similar, fiery end as its cousin spacecraft Cassini. There is a possibility that NASA will extend the mission, however.
Juno's next close flyby of Jupiter will occur on December 16. | <urn:uuid:37b8d237-b64b-499a-b90d-9e04a15a38fd> | CC-MAIN-2018-30 | https://www.rt.com/usa/411751-nasas-juno-mission-jupiter-sky/amp/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-30/segments/1531676591596.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20180720115631-20180720135631-00033.warc.gz | en | 0.944603 | 228 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Avoid Flu this Season
Avoid Flu this Season
A sore throat. A headache. Body aches. A persistent cough. We’ve all had those symptoms and it’s easy to immediately chalk them up to a common cold. But what if it’s a more serious virus, like the flu?
Last year’s widespread influenza season was the longest in 10 years, lasting 21 weeks and infecting more than 37 million Americans. Preliminary results estimate the flu killed between 36,400 and 61,200 people, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). It also resulted in nearly 650,000 hospitalizations. Consider these tips on how to help manage the flu season.
n Don’t wait. Get vaccinated.Flu season continues through the winter and well into spring. Getting a flu shot right away is a good step to help protect oneself, one’s family and the public. To find a list of flu vaccine providers nearby, visit the CDC’s Flu Vaccine Finder. Keep in mind that it will take the body about two weeks after vaccination to develop protection against the flu.
n Avoid spreading germs. To help avoid spreading germs, wash hands regularly and cover your mouth (with the inside of the elbow, not the hands) when coughing or sneezing. A sneeze ejects 100,000 viral particles into the air. These can travel 200 feet.
n Feeling symptoms? Check it out.
If you think someone might have the flu, even after receiving a flu shot, call a primary care physician, visit a convenient care retail clinic or urgent care clinic, or schedule a virtual visit. Treatment for any viral illness starts with lots of rest, liquids and acetaminophen or aspirin (though aspirin should not be given to children).
People who are very sick or at high risk for serious flu complications may be treated with antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir, commonly known by the brand name Tamiflu. A primary care physician can assess whether an antiviral medication is right.
n When sick, stay home. Stay home to prevent spreading it to others even if just suspecting its the flu. Most healthy adults may be able to infect others one day before symptoms appear and up to seven days after becoming sick.
n Know your risk level. The flu is of greatest concern for the very young, the very old or those with co-existing medical conditions. Here are some examples of groups at risk and the steps they should consider taking when symptoms begin:
n Pregnant women should contact their obstetricians to report their symptoms.
n People with diabetes, particularly those using insulin who develop difficult-to-control glucose levels, should contact their physician at first symptoms of the flu.
n Those with weakened immune systems should alert their physician of their flu symptoms.
n Those experiencing an increasing shortness of breath, especially people with chronic asthma or heart failure, should go to an emergency room for treatment.
Symptoms of a cold are often similar to the flu. Make sure to know what to look for and when it’s time to see a doctor or go to an urgent care clinic before it becomes serious.
Dr. John Chang is a senior medical director for UnitedHealthcare. | <urn:uuid:1b07787f-f5e6-4e43-b331-27fc33f9f0b6> | CC-MAIN-2020-50 | https://alamedasun.com/news/avoid-flu-season | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-50/segments/1606141197278.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20201129063812-20201129093812-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.943215 | 673 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Have you ever seen a tropical cyclone – what most would call a hurricane – develop over land? Is a landcane even possible? Although it sounds strange and almost unlikely, in some cases it is possible for an area of low pressure to obtain characteristics of a tropical cyclone while over a land area. Last weekend – January 18-19, 2014 – an area of low pressure intensified across northwestern Australia. Satellites indicated growing convection around the center of low pressure and decent outflow around the entire system. Although this system, this landcane, was not named, it is still a very cool thing to see via satellite imagery.
What causes these rare systems to form or intensify on land? As you will find out, extreme weather can fuel these rare storms.
How did it form?
There have been studies talking about the formation of “landcanes” over Australia. In a paper by Emanuel Et al (2008), a group of scientists analyzed the redevelopment of warm-core cyclones over northern Australia. In the paper, they suggest that one of the reasons storms can intensify over land is thanks to large vertical heat fluxes from a layer of very hot soil at the surface.
Usually, when this occurs, the soil has been made wet by a recent storm system. In a way, the wet ground acts like a shallow ocean that is able to transfer energy to the storm. When this happens, a warm-core cyclone can develop.
Typical areas of low pressure are cold core systems, meaning there is cold air at a high altitude within the system. A warm core cyclone are what we see develop over open waters. Warm core low pressure systems over open waters are called tropical cyclones.
Extreme heat has hit Australia during the month of January. Temperatures have soared above 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit). Over the past several months, northwestern Australia has seen above average rainfall. According to the Australian Government Bureau of Meteorology, western Australia has seen nearly double the amount of rainfall they typically average during the months of October, November, and December.
Conditions in Australia were ripe for a landcane to form.
In another study by Theresa Andersen and Dr. Marshall Shepherd from the University of Georgia, research was done to understand how these systems can develop over land. One of the many examples that were looked at was Tropical Storm Erin (2007), which intensified over land while spinning over Oklahoma. Erin formed an eye over Oklahoma which was seen through radar imagery. The goal of this paper was to study why these systems intensify over land. They framed the concept as the brown ocean. The study was also the first comprehensive climatology of how frequently this happens and the most likely geographic locations. Interestingly, they found that Australia is the most likely place, particularly after prior rainfall from other storm systems.
What are the characteristics of a brown ocean? According to NASA:
Andersen and Shepherd show that a brown ocean environment consists of three observable conditions. First, the lower level of the atmosphere mimics a tropical atmosphere with minimal variation in temperature. Second, soils in the vicinity of the storms need to contain ample moisture. Finally, evaporation of the soil moisture releases latent heat, which the team found must measure at least 70 watts averaged per square meter. For comparison, the latent heat flux from the ocean averages about 200 watts per square meter.
Bottom line: Although it is rare to see tropical cyclones form over land, a combination of wet soils and very warm temperatures contributed to the intensification of an area of low pressure in Australia last weekend. On January 18, 2014, a landcane formed over parts of northwestern Australia.
Matt Daniel is weekend Meteorologist for 13WMAZ (CBS) in Macon, Georgia, and founder of the blog Athens GA Weather. He's a self-described "big weather and music geek" and has produced weather content for CNN, MSN Weather and EarthSky. He has a passion for helping to keep people safe when severe weather strikes and says if you don't have a NOAA Weather Radio ... you should get one. | <urn:uuid:ab2388f7-d9d9-4ecd-9a4a-51b4ad5ede0b> | CC-MAIN-2019-13 | https://earthsky.org/earth/a-landcane-over-australia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-13/segments/1552912202635.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20190322054710-20190322080710-00529.warc.gz | en | 0.955616 | 835 | 3.859375 | 4 |
and among them, financial assets?
Return producing belongings, of the invisible and soft kind
=> In the common meaning,
An asset is what gives its holder / owner (a person or an organization) a
benefit or advantage
(either monetary or in the form of some usefulness).
Within this vast area, related to capital and to money this article limits
itself to a specialized aspect : ownership of "soft" or "financial" assets.
Obviously, this need some explanation.
=> In the financial sense,
Assets are investment or savings from which the holder expects normally
a financial return in the form of revenues and / or capital gains
They can be bought or sold if there is a market, either unorganized
or organized, usually through intermediaries (banks, brokers, agents,
=> There is a difference between:
- "Hard" assets, that you can touch physically:
They are not directly financial assets, unless transformed into immaterial
contracts (derivatives) that are tradable in markets
- Soft" assets as financial rights:
* Also their "derivatives" (as seen above, in the form of financial contracts
such as futures or options on hard or soft assets).
* Not to forget patents, trademarks...
Categories of financial assets
Innovation has been active in this domain (with some excesses and manipulations
to tell the truth)
To be practical, they might be classified according to the technical skill needed to
use them properly, but also, as a key decision criterion, to a scale
of return / risk. Usually, but it is a simplification :
|high return entails high risk
and low risk entails low return.
This article does not detail
* bank saving accounts and schemes,
* life insurance contracts,
however typical, popular and highly useful they are as saving instruments.
=> It focuses on tradable financial assets (via organized market or over the
counter with a financial institution).
They are either securities (stocks, bonds) or financial contracts (derivatives...).
contracts (thus into soft assets), in order to be traded more easily.
Therefore, financial assets (aka financial instruments) include:
- Stocks: those securities are shares of ownership in a business .
They make that company's own capital, also called "equity"
- Bonds, notes, bills: those securities are shares of a loan
(sovereign bonds), municipality...
* bonds are long term instruments (above 5 years),
* notes are medium term (2-5 years)
* and bills short term (1 year or under)
- Derivative contracts on the future price of an asset
This is the case of futures or of option contracts either on securities,
or on currencies, or on various commodities: raw materials, agricultural
As explained below, derivatives are not only trading tools but also
hedging tools that give a guarantee on the future value of an asset,
a commodity, a commercial contract...
On the other hand they can also be highly leveraged speculation
instruments used by traders.
Some very customized derivatives are still dealt "over the counter" but
most are now traded in organised markets so as to correct transparency
problems (they played a highly noxious part in the last financial crisis).
What are asset markets and their operations?
(against money) financial assets.
Financial markets and financial institutions can be seen as "shops" where
risks as well as return prospects can be bought or sold.
When stocks (usually those of big corporations) are "listed" in "stock exchanges"
(aka stock markets), they are publicly traded there and can be bought or sold
freely by everybody (via a broker or bank usually).
To be more precise, in an organized market (but also "over the counter" for some
assets directly marketed by some financial institutions), it is possible:
- To buy or sell cash (in the "spot market") some assets (see above).
- To agree on future purchases or sales.
- To conclude derivative contracts on the future price of "underlying assets",
- Buying a "call", by paying a "premium" (not refundable),
asset at a preset price at maturity or before.
- In the same way, buying a "put"
Another type of derivative, that became highly popular is CFD / contract for
The price difference occurring while the CFD is held is paid to the holder a if it is
positive or paid by him if it is negative.
Also are often cited the CDS / Credit default swap), are used to hedge against
high credit risks (as happened in the case of the subprimes, or are is seen now in the
case of sovereign debt risk).
As markets do not deal with every kind of assets, some of the operations mentioned
here are made "over the counter" (OTC) and the counterpart is directly a banking
or financial institution.
OTC transactions can offer less transparency than market transactions.
Not to complicate things, we will not talk here about "dark pools", which are parallel
(but perfectly legal)market that exchange stocks outside the "official" stock markets
How market prices are reached.
Here is an example on how prices are determined in asset markets, through
a typical comparison process by which supply and demand reach a balance.
Number of stocks offered (cumulated)
Number of stocks asked (cumulated)
53 and above
45 and under
The quotation is done at that price as it allows that the largest number of stocks
can be exchanged (even if 100 stay unsold).
=> and at a price of 50 only 600
Why to buy stocks?
What belongs to the owners (the stockholders), are the profits (earnings).
The company generally keeps a portion of its earnings (reserves) for its safety and
to invest for its development.
It distributes another piece to its stockholders, as a cash payment for every stock,
which is called a dividend.
Therefore investors buy stocks (*) in order to get:
- Incomes (dividends)
- And / or capital gains when they resell them.
Stocks are usually more risky than bonds but with a higher expected return in the
long run. This return surplus is called the risk premium (and more specifically the
(*) directly or under the form of shares in "investment funds" that hold and
manage a diversified portfolio of stocks and often other financial assets.
What are the criteria to select and buy stocks?
The expected profitability of the firm,
The risk (of the business, of the financial market),
The stock price (compared to the stock prospects)
Comparison of the expected return with other investments with similar risks.
But we know that markets obey also to investor "sentiments" that influence their
prices (see behavioral finance).
When making a stock valuation, we have therefore to take into account both aspects,
the economic "fundamentals" and the "attitudes" of market players.
Why to use derivatives?
swaps (among them CDS / Credit default swaps), and other derivatives are used
- Either as a hedge (protection)
- Or as a speculation (opportunity) to take advantage of such a variation.
We can also mention that some of those operations that we will not detail here (short
selling, buying "puts" or selling "calls") make that a price fall brings a trading gain
and a price rise brings a trading loss.
Complex savings and investment instruments
produced by using financial engineering. (*)
Those synthetic products are backed by a mix of various financial assets and tools in
order to be adapted closely to specific investor needs (liquidity, profitability,
safety, time horizon, legal and tax aspects...).
For example an investor who tries to find a better return can choose
- riskier and less liquid contracts, but with a higher gain potential(in a word, more "speculative")
- than financial assets that offer a nearly full liquidity and safety butwith low potential profitability (such as traditional savings accounts).
Most of them do not deserve that disdain except those built - under pretence
of financial sophistication - on a pyramid (structured assets) of mysterious exotic
instruments with the intention to hide behind an obscure technicality the low value
of the underlying assets.
We have then a financial fraud like the one that led to the subprime crisis.
(*) financial engineering is used also for other purposes, for example to finance
complex economic projects, or in asset-liability management for financial
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(*) including a previous one that was canceled as technically | <urn:uuid:cb56b2e0-1a49-478c-b087-1f718c947094> | CC-MAIN-2013-48 | http://pgreenfinch.pagesperso-orange.fr/recupknol/k125e-finassetsstockmkt.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-48/segments/1386163890759/warc/CC-MAIN-20131204133130-00041-ip-10-33-133-15.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934447 | 1,868 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Theorem (Frobenius) - Berliner Sitzungsberichte, 1895, p. 984
If n divides the order of a group, then the number of elements in the group whose orders divide n is a multiple of n.
Proof: Let G be a group of smallest order g for which the Theorem fails. By this assumption the Theorem is true for all groups H with We call G a minimal counterexample. We proceed to contradict the minimality of G, and thus conclude that such G, in fact, does not exist.
For the group G, let n be the largest factor of g for which the
Theorem fails. Since the Theorem is clearly true for
n=1 and n=g, it follows that
1<n<g. Let Nm denote the number of elements
in G whose order divides m. Furthermore, let p be a prime which
divides g. We have
where Nn' denotes the number of elements in G whose order divides
np but not n. We aim to show that
Since by the
we conclude the
proof if we show that
then n divides the difference
Let order of x divides np but does not divide ; Write with (p,s)=1, that is, p and s are relatively prime. Observe that if then divides the order of x. To show that divides we first show that divides then show that s divides (Note also that if we are done.)
1. Let Then all the generators of <y1> are in A; denote this set by A1. Select Again there are generators of <y2>, all of them in A; call this set A2. Note that , for if then <y1>=<y>=<y2>, a contradiction. Since A is finite we have (disjoint union), and since divides Ai for all i, we conclude that divides and hence divides
2. (a) If
then x can be written uniquely as x=yz,
with y and z commuting and
Indeed, the cyclic
group <x> can be written as a direct sum <x>=YZ, where Y is
a subgroup of <x> of order
and Z is a subgroup of <x> of
order t. Thus x=yz, with
as stated. Furthermore,
since y and z are in <x>, they are both powers of x.
As to uniqueness, if x=yz, with y and z as above, then Since we conclude that <y,z>=<x>. Thus y and z are in <x> and uniqueness follows from the internal direct sum decomposition of <x>=<y><z>. We call y the p-constituent of x.
(b) For with let is the p-constituent of Note that if y1 and y2 are two distinct elements of order in A, then indeed, this follows from the uniqueness of the p-constituent established in (a) above. We can now conclude that the subsets Cy partition A.
(c) Let Denote by Ky the centralizer of y in G. Clearly Let and let d=gcd(r,s), that is, d is the greatest common divisor of r and s. Since r<g, by the inductive assumption there exist a multiple of d, say cd, elements in Ky/<y> whose orders divide d. Let be such a coset of <y> in Ky. We can represent in the form z<y>, with a divisor of d. [Indeed, , and therefore z1t=yi, for some i. We seek j such that z=z1yj satisfies 1=zt=z1tyjt=yiyjt=yi+jt. Since such a j exists; take j=-it-1 (mod ] Then Each element of Ky/<y> whose order divides d produces in this manner an element of Cy. Thus
(d) Consider the disjoint union taken over all the conjugates of y in G. We assert that s divides We have . Since g is divisible by s and r, it follows that gd is divisible by rs. Hence s is a divisor of Since s and are relatively prime, s must also be a factor of . In view of (b) above, this shows that s divides This ends the proof.
By making use of the Möbius function we can obtain an expression for the number of elements whose order is exactly n in terms of the number of elements whose orders divide the divisors d of n. Specifically, denote by f(d) the number of elements whose orders are exactly n. Let h(d) denote the number of elements whose orders divide d. Clearly we have, Möbius inversion now yields where is defined to be 0, unless n/d is a product of k distinct primes, in which case it equals (-1)k. Frobenius' Theorem informs us that h(d)=m is a multiple of d. We thus conclude as follows:
* If n divides the order of a group, then the number of elements of order exactly n is equal to . Here the sum is over only those divisors d of n with the property that n/d is a product of any number (k, say) of distinct primes. Furthermore, m is the number of elements whose orders divide d. | <urn:uuid:0aa9124b-a3fd-4f9a-981b-d7a560428fd6> | CC-MAIN-2015-48 | http://www.pitt.edu/~gmc/ch1/node7.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-48/segments/1448398468971.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20151124205428-00309-ip-10-71-132-137.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.899365 | 1,158 | 3.203125 | 3 |
A grateful country has erected on the Big Hole battle field a fitting monument, a modest but enduring shaft of solid granite, which marks the scene of the bloody conflict and tells in mute but eloquent words the story of the victory won there. The base of the monument is five feet six inches square; the pedestal is four feet six inches square by three feet seven inches in height, and the height of the entire structure is nine feet ten inches. On the north face of the shaft are carved the words:
Erected By The United States.
On the east face the words:
On this Field
17 Officers and 138 Men
of the 7th U. S. Infantry,
under its Colonel, Bvt. Major-General
John Gibbon, With 8 Other Soldiers and 36 Citizens,
Surprised and Fought all Day
A Superior Force Of Nez Percé Indians,
More Than One-Third of the Command
Being Killed and Wounded.
On the south is inscribed :
To The Officers and Soldiers
of The Army,
and Citizens of Montana, Who Fell at Big Hole,
August 9, 1877, in Battle With Nez Percé Indians.
And on the west side is a list of the soldiers and citizens killed in the action,
which is the same as that already quoted from General Gibbon’s report.
The stone was cut in Concord, N. H., shipped to Dillon, Mont., by rail, and hauled from there to the battle field by ox teams. It was placed in position in September, 1883, by a detachment of soldiers from Fort Missoula, under command of Capt. J. P. Thompson, of the Third Infantry. It cost about $3,000, an appropriation of that amount having been made for the purpose by Congress.
General Howard followed the Nez Percé through the mountains, and learning that they had determined to take refuge in the British Possessions he sent a courier to General Miles, at Fort Keogh, who, taking the field at the head of six hundred men, headed off the fugitives at Bear Paw Mountains in Northern Montana, and captured them after a desultory fight lasting through four days.
Chief Joseph’s reply to General Miles I demand for surrender is a curiosity in the way of Indian rhetoric. It is in these words:
Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before I have in my heart. I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed. Looking Glass is dead. Too-hul-hul-sote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led on the young men is dead. It is cold and we have no blankets. The little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food; no one knows where they are perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children and see how many of them I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs. I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. “From where the sun now stands I will fight no more forever.”
As stated in Joseph’s message, while the negotiations for the surrender were in progress, White Bird, with a few of his followers, escaped through Miles’ lines and fled to the north. They were not pursued, and succeeded in time in reaching Woody Mountain, in the Northwest Territory, where Sitting Bull and his band were encamped at the time. When the Sioux saw the Nez Percé coming, they supposed them to be their enemies, the Black Feet, and prepared to fight them, but White Bird halted when within a mile of the Sioux camp, sent in a runner to announce himself, and when the Sioux learned who their visitors were, they received them with open arms.
Major Walsh, of the Northwest mounted police, happened to be in Sitting Bull’s camp at the time, and describes White Bird and his people as being the toughest looking party of Indians he had ever seen. Their horses were mere skin and bone; some of them scarcely able to walk. The Indians, men, women, and children, were half naked, some of them with hands and feet frozen, and they had not a pound of food of any kind with them.
Too-hul-hul-sote and Looking Glass were both killed in the fight with Miles.
White Bird is still living near Fort MacLeod, in the Northwest Territory, with his family and a few followers.
After the surrender, Joseph and a few of his retainers were sent to Fort Leavenworth, where they were imprisoned until July 21, 1878, at which time they were placed in charge of the Indian Bureau and located in the Indian Territory. In June, 1885, they were removed to the Colville Reservation, in Washington Territory, where they now live unrestrained. Joseph is hale, hearty, and cheerful, and has accumulated considerable wealth in the way of cattle and horses. He says he will never again go on the war path; that he has had enough of fighting pale-face soldiers; that their bravery is more than a match for the cunning and prowess of the red man,
And to Gibbon’s command, more than to any and all others who pursued and fought Joseph and his men, belongs the honor of having broken the proud spirits of these dusky warriors; of having killed their best men; of having defeated them on their chosen field. To Gibbon and his brave men, in short, belong the laurels of the Nez Percé war of 1877. | <urn:uuid:9dd73084-ee10-44fb-93c1-b349018a9a5c> | CC-MAIN-2016-07 | https://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/description-of-the-battle-monument.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-07/segments/1454701156448.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160205193916-00306-ip-10-236-182-209.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.980271 | 1,187 | 3.0625 | 3 |
Hemorrhoids also known as “piles” are nothing but inflammation of the veins found in the anus and rectum area. It can be defined as cluster of masses or cushion like tissues that lie within the anal canal. It occurs due to enlargement of veins that gets swollen. The anal canal is the part through which the stool is expelled outside. Anal canal includes rectum and anus and hence any infection or inflammation caused on the anal canal will cause pain and discomfort while passing stool.
They are of two types of hemorrhoids. One is internal hemorrhoids which lie well inside the anal canal (being rectal side) that includes blood vessels and muscles. External hemorrhoids will affect and cause inflammation of the big blood vessels that engulfs the anus. Normally internal hemorrhoids are harmless but in some cases they get enlarged causing bleeding from anus. External hemorrhoids cause chronic pain due to clotting of blood in the blood vessels. Hemorrhoids can be treated well using medications and other methods. Either they are found inside the rectum or below the skin that covers the anus area. Hemorrhoid is a common problem and is found in many adults who have crossed 50 years causing bleeding, discomfort and itching.
How common are hemorrhoids?
Hemorrhoids are quite common in almost every adult above 50-55 years. But they cause problem only when the tissues get enlarged. About 4% of the people with hemorrhoids will have problems and complications. The growth reaches its peak during the age group of 45-65 years in both men and women.
Hemorrhoids are believed to be formed due to repeated strain caused to the rectal muscles while passing stool. Actually the blood vessels and the anal cushions develop inflammation leading to the increased size of the supporting tissues. This tissue accumulates into a bulging mass and protrudes well into the anal canal causing bleeding and pain.
Mostly, hemorrhoids are caused by strained bowel movements during which the veins of the rectum will develop swelling. Chronic diarrhea or constipation can also cause hemorrhoids. If you sit for long time on the toilet pushing the stool it will obviously exert pressure on the veins of the anus making it tear and swollen. Taking low fiber diet, obesity and having anal intercourse can also cause hemorrhoids. Aging is the common reason for developing hemorrhoids since the rectum will get weakened due to old age.
For some people there will be only bleeding while passing stool and not pain. Small volumes of blood are seen in the bowel which is an indication of presence of internal hemorrhoid. For many people it will cause pain, discomfort, itching sensation on the anal region and rectal region. The soft tissue around the anus will develop swelling and becomes enlarged and red. It can also form lump or lesions around the anus which can cause pain while sitting.
Strain while passing stool will affect the delicate tissues of the hemorrhoids causing bleeding. Sometimes repeated strain would push the internal hemorrhoid outside into the anal opening which can be felt by touching. This is called protruding hemorrhoid which can cause irritation and discomfort. This type of prolapsed hemorrhoid can be pushed inside using your finger but it may again push out when you pass stool next time.
In some cases the stool will leak into the anal skin causing itchiness on the anus. For many people hemorrhoid is related to difficulty in passing stools. The range of pain may vary from mild to severe based on the size of hemorrhoid and some causes severe inflammation.
In rare cases, hemorrhoids would protrude from the anus and becomes enlarged so that it cannot be pushed inside again. This condition is described as incarcerated hemorrhoids. These bundles of tissues will not get any blood supply forcing the blood vessels to die inside leading to gangrene (death of tissue). In such situation it is necessary to seek medical care immediately.
Hemorrhoids Grade :
Hemorrhoids can be graded based on the severity of the symptoms as follows :-
- First degree hemorrhoids will cause bleeding but often they would not protrude outside
- Second degree hemorrhoids will protrude outside but retract (pulled inside) without any effort. This may or may not cause bleeding.
- Third degree hemorrhoids are one that are protruding and can be pushed by your finger.
- Fourth degree hemorrhoids are quite serious. Here the cushions will protrude and cannot be pushed inside. It may contain blood clots along with the lining of the rectum. When this happens the stool will automatically leak into the anus skin causing irritation and moisture.
Risk Factors :
Chronic hemorrhoids can cause severe blood loss leading to anemia making you less energetic and weak.
Individuals with hemorrhoids will feel it in one way or the other. It can cause rectal bleeding and they would find drops of blood when they wipe. Protruding or prolapsing hemorrhoid can be felt under the anus after passing stool. It can cause pain, discomfort and irritation.
Your doctor will look for the above symptoms but he has to carefully rule out other complications like anal fissure, fistulae or infections or skin diseases on the anus. It is believed about 20-25% of the people with hemorrhoids can have anal fissures also. For detecting external hemorrhoids your doctor will check for the presence of bump or lesions under the anus. The lump may be tender which indicate that it contains blood clots.
Internal hemorrhoids are easy to diagnose since they protrude from your anus. Having cancerous tumor on the rectal and anal area is a rare phenomenon. He may use a special device called anoscope which is sent into the anus through the anal canal. When the instrument is pulled out the area of the hemorrhoid can be clearly seen. In some cases he may use sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy procedure for testing the entire colon to rule out other problems like polyps and colon cancer.
Very often hemorrhoids can be managed by making some changes in your lifestyle and by carefully choosing diet. However for some people medications as well as surgery is required. To start with you can use topical creams or ointments to manage pain and itching sensation. There are suppositories or pads available in the drugstore that would control itching temporarily.
Local anesthetics, vasoconstrictors (ephedrine sulfate), protectants (aluminum hydroxide gel, glycerin), and analgesics (menthol) are used widely to manage initial symptoms. It is not advised to use these products for prolonged time since it can make the symptoms worse. Your doctor will make a simple incision for removing blood clots and the tissues for giving relief. Invasive procedures will be done in the doctor’s office.
Rubber band ligation is the process in which your doctor will use few rubber bands and tie the basal area of the internal hemorrhoids. This will eventually cut the blood supply making the tissues to wither off within few days. Sclerotherapy is a procedure in which your doctor will give a shot directly to the hemorrhoid for shrinking it. Laser therapy or Infrared techniques are used for shrinking the hemorrhoid tissues using heat.
If the patient does not respond to other therapy or treatments surgery is to be done for treating hemorrhoids. Removing the hemorrhoid tissue is called hemorrhoidectomy. The surgeon will gently cut down the excess growth of tissues from your anus or rectum using local anesthesia for numbing the area. Sometime epidural or spinal anesthesia is given for this procedure. This is the most effective way of treating severe hemorrhoids. Stapling of hemorrhoids is done in which the tissues are stapled together to block the blood flow.
Lifestyle Changes :
You need to avoid straining bowel movements if you have had hemorrhoids since it can recur. Hence it is necessary to include plenty of fiber foods like fruits and vegetables and whole grains daily. You can also consider taking supplementary fiber with consulting your doctor. Mild swelling can be treated using hydrocortisone creams or other topical ointments.
Soak yourself in warm water bath for 15 minutes daily. You can repeat this procedure several times a day. Now you can get sitz bath in most of the drugstore that can be easily fitted into your toilet. Avoid using perfumed wipe or alcohol containing wipes. Use moist toilet tissue for wiping. Keep the anal area clean by gently washing it with warm water.
Pictures of Hemorrhoid :
Images, Pics, Pictures and Photos of Hemorrhoid
You can prevent hemorrhoids by passing stools easy and quickly.
- Eat fiber rich diet in plenty. In case it is not working, include fiber supplement in your schedule.
- Drink plenty of water/liquids
- Do not strain by pushing the stool which will tear away the veins in your rectum.
- Do not suppress the urge to pass stool which can lead to constipation
- Do not sit for extended time on the toilet which can exert more pressure on the veins of rectum and anus. | <urn:uuid:152bf6b2-d295-4a9a-8d11-3ee18a999455> | CC-MAIN-2023-14 | https://healthmd.net/hemorrhoid/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-14/segments/1679296948871.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20230328201715-20230328231715-00017.warc.gz | en | 0.934601 | 1,895 | 3.078125 | 3 |
The flamingo tongue is a small marine snail that lives on coral reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean. This species is very colorful, with bright pink or orange coloration and black spots. Interestingly, these colors are not associated with the shell, which is somewhat drab. Instead, the color comes from the marine snail's soft tissue, which is almost always wrapped around the entire outside of the shell.
Flamingo tongues are predators that specialize on eating soft corals. They are almost exclusively found on their preferred prey species – typically sea fans, whip corals, and other soft corals. As they slowly crawl along the bodies of their prey, they eat away the soft tissue, leaving only the coral’s skeleton behind. Like some sea slugs and other reef organisms, flamingo tongues incorporate chemicals from their prey into their soft tissue to provide a chemical defense against predation. The flamingo tongue’s bright colors serve as a warning of its poison to potential predators – a process known as aposometism. The flamingo tongue reproduces through internal fertilization, and the female lays her sticky eggs on the soft corals where she lives.
The conservation status of the flamingo tongue is unknown, but they are often collected by people, who mistakenly think that the shells are colorful. Scientists believe that their numbers are diminished in some areas, as a result of this practice.
1. The flamingo tongue is a reef-dwelling species and can be found in the waters surrounding southern Florida, the Caribbean Islands, and the northern coast of South America.1
2. The flamingo tongue grows to between 2 and 3 cm in size.
3. The flamingo tongue uses its foot, or radula, to secrete chemicals that dissolve coral into digestible food.
4. The flamingo tongue feeds on toxic corals and can store those toxins in its tissue to use as a defense mechanism of its own.1
5. The flamingo tongue has aposematic coloration, meaning its bright colors are meant to ward off potential predators.
Oceana joined forces with Sailors for the Sea, an ocean conservation organization dedicated to educating and engaging the world’s boating community. Sailors for the Sea developed the KELP (Kids Environmental Lesson Plans) program to create the next generation of ocean stewards. Click here or below to download hands-on marine science activities for kids. | <urn:uuid:3069f1ea-0cc3-45f1-a3a8-5f09a4f2975f> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | https://oceana.org/marine-life/cephalopods-crustaceans-other-shellfish/flamingo-tongue | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593655908294.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20200710113143-20200710143143-00328.warc.gz | en | 0.95645 | 495 | 3.578125 | 4 |
A thorough review of remote sensing could occupy volumes of text, however an introduction to remote sensing concepts is helpful for discussion of remote sensing techniques applied to the study of vegetation. Remote sensing concepts and methods, along with the objects or systems being studied, must be considered when designing and deploying remote sensing instruments, and when using data acquired by various sensors. This chapter presents a brief overview of some general basics.
Remote sensing is a broad term used to describe acquiring information about an object by means of "remote" examination; that is, with no direct contact of the object. Viewing other planets, distant stars and galaxies with telescopes might immediately come to mind, but animal eyes and microscopes also gather information remotely. The discussion included here focuses on ground based, airborne, and spaceborne (satellite) remote sensing instruments that measure and record energy reflected or emitted by the earth's surface. This includes photographic cameras, and electronic imaging and non-imaging sensors.
Instrumental remote sensing began with the telescope (and microscope). A significant advance in remote sensing occurred with the development of photographic film and cameras, which allowed remote sensing information to be recorded. By the midnineteenth century, a working camera had been produced. Shortly after the development of the camera, there are a few documented cases of people taking aerial photographs from balloons.
Especially during the early years of remote sensing development, military applications were responsible for most of the advances in remote sensing. For example, in the American Civil War, balloons were used by the Union forces to obtain strategic information. After the development of airplanes, aerial photography became more practical because of the increased stability, control and reliability associated with the aircraft as a platform for cameras. Significant advances in aerial photography were again made during World Wars I and II. Between these two wars, the civilian use of remote sensing increased in the fields of geology, forestry, agriculture, and cartography.
Before World War II, most of the developments were focused on improved cameras, film, and interpretation techniques. Following the start of World War II, more advanced sensing devices were developed, such as thermal infrared and radar systems. These electronic sensing devices continued to evolve as more sensitive detectors with faster response times were developed, with improved (more detailed) spatial and spectral resolutions (various types of sensor resolution are discussed in Section 2). As sensor design advanced, mechanical systems were developed that mounted digital sensors into scanners. Scanners provided the ability to acquire image scan lines by motion of the sensor or platform. For vegetation monitoring, the development of color-infrared photography improved the ability to classify vegetation and to monitor the health of vegetation.
In the early 1960s, NASA began launching civilian satellites for purposes of Earth observation. Satellites provide stable sensor platforms, with the potential for global coverage. Another advantage of satellites is that they can stay in orbit for several years and transmit acquired data to ground receiving stations located throughout the world. Most of the early satellite remote sensing systems were designed for meteorological monitoring. These satellite sensors had spatial resolutions ranging from one to several kilometers. In addition to satellites, cameras were used aboard manned and unmanned spacecraft.
As sensor systems further developed and improved, more satellite systems were launched that were specifically designed for monitoring vegetation. In the 1970s, NASA began launching the Landsat series of satellites for the purpose of observing Earth's resources. An early Landsat MSS (Multi Spectral Scanner) instrument had a spatial resolution of 80 meters, four spectral bands, and could acquire images of nearly the entire globe every 18 days.
From the 1980s to the present, many other countries have been active in launching civilian Earth resource satellites. Some of these satellites have spatial resolutions finer than 10 meters. Many advancements have been introduced, such as being able to program a satellite and sensor to acquire imagery for specific locations on particular days. A number of civilian satellites carrying radar systems have also been developed during this time period. The earlier radar systems were generally regarded as experimental, although a number of practical applications were derived from them. Radar technology has progressed to the point where it plays a significant role in remote sensing applications.
Ground based and airborne sensors have also undergone much advancement. Ground based instruments are important for laboratory and field measurements that provide reference characterization of the reflectance of a wide variety of earth materials and vegetation. Airborne sensors are used to obtain greater areal coverage than ground-based instruments and platforms, usually at finer spatial resolutions than satellite data. A large variety of airborne sensors and platforms exist today. | <urn:uuid:1cfeee50-9d2a-4b79-840f-a5df2aaa3524> | CC-MAIN-2019-18 | http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/SEES/veget/class/Chap_5/5_1.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-18/segments/1555578527566.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20190419101239-20190419123239-00293.warc.gz | en | 0.967091 | 911 | 3.640625 | 4 |
ER Nurse Skills. y definition, “emergency nursing is the care of individuals of all ages with perceived or actual physical or emotional alterations of health that are undiagnosed or require further interventions. Employer job listings seldom list Diagnostic, Emergency Room, Critical Care, BSN, ACLS, Emergency Department, Patient Care, Basic Life Support, Hospital or Surgery as important skills or qualifications in Emergency Room Nurse job descriptions. Writing a good job description for an ER nurse will require you to understand the skills and responsibilities needed for the emergency room. Emergency nursing care is episodic, primary, and usually acute.” (Emergency Nurses Association, 2003). ER nurses need excellent interpersonal skills to calm patients, deal with an agitated family member or communicate with people who may not speak much, if any, English. Develop these skills and emphasize them in job applications, resumes, cover letters, and interviews. Nevertheless, job seekers mention them much more commonly in their resumes. The emergency room is a place where people who are frightened or in pain need comfort and support. A good emergency room nurse will be calm under pressure, knowledgeable, and have experience quickly assessing the needs of patients, performing minor medical operations, and discharging patients. Employer job listings infrequently list Psychology, Emergency Room, Inpatient, Basic Life Support, Patient Care, Registered Nurse, Vital Signs, BSN or ACLS as important skills or qualifications in Emergency Room Registered Nurse job descriptions. Review an example of a resume highlighting the candidate's nursing skills, and read below for a list of five of the most important nursing skills, as well as a longer list of other skills employers seek when hiring nurses and nurse practitioners. Many of the skills listed above are also necessary for ER nurses. Competencies for Clinical Nurse Specialists in Emergency Care 6 ©Emergency Nurses Association, 2011 Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice8 and the Code of Ethics for nurses.9 APRNs in emergency care also possess the core knowledge and skills of emergency nurses as described in the Emergency Nursing Core Curriculum10 and Emergency Nursing Procedures.11 Sure, it's important to be able to find a vein on the septic/hypotensive little old lady with no veins but in the bigger picture it's not the focus. I'd say a calm attitude and ability to prioritize. All those skills that are stated by the poster above are important and come with time but as mentioned' date=' they're not necessarily the crux of being a good ER nurse. Emergency nursing is a specialty within the nursing profession. Some of the soft skills listed on our ER nurse resume sample include “detail-oriented,” “compassionate demeanor,” and “responsive patient care.” You can list soft skills like these directly under your highlights or skills section and focus on them within other sections. The emergency room (ER) can be a hectic setting, so you need to show that you’re prepared for the physical and emotional toll of being an ER nurse. Nevertheless, job seekers mention them much more commonly in their resumes. | <urn:uuid:c66582c8-1f36-4a67-a325-39a5c963e09a> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | http://www.gcp-auditing.com/b3bq4qod/4c4e41-emergency-room-nurse-skills-list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178363072.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20210301212939-20210302002939-00586.warc.gz | en | 0.951134 | 624 | 2.8125 | 3 |
The main classes of drugs used in Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics are for cancer treatment, for transplantation and for the treatment of autoimmunity. Often the same types of drugs are involved in all three scenarios.
Cancer treatment drugs are the antineoplastic agents. In transplantation, drug use involves some or all of pre transplant conditioning, post transplant immunosuppression, GvHD prophylaxis and treatment and treatment of infection. Pre transplant conditioning in the solid organ setting involves immunosuppression but in the stem cell setting involves eradication of disease using antineoplastic drugs to allow the preparation of ‘space’ for the graft and to immunosuppress the patient to prevent rejection and host versus graft reaction in allogeneic transplants. | <urn:uuid:1e6c3890-78b3-4242-a847-241c409b9089> | CC-MAIN-2017-51 | http://www.histocompatibilityandimmunogenetics.com/clinical-application/chapter-7-drugs-in-histocompatibility-and-immunogenetics/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-51/segments/1512948597585.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20171217210620-20171217232620-00368.warc.gz | en | 0.876912 | 161 | 2.75 | 3 |
Chiesa di San Matteo
The Church and adjoining convent, belonging to Benedictine nuns, were begun in about 1027 and were built on the foundations of a earlier church. During the following century the church was enlarged but was partially demolished in about 1350. Badly damaged by fire in 1607, it was re-structured, shortened and divided into two parts, with one for the nuns separated from the congregation.
In the very early 1700s, the Church was completely restructured and decorated. The most important work was carried out by the Melani brothers who did the frescoed ceiling, with the Glory of St. Mathew, the trompe l’oeil paintings of statues on the inner wall of the facade and the oval paintings beside the main altar, depicting the Death of St. Benedict and the Ecstasy of St. Benedict: after the suppression of the monasteries, S. Matteo became a parish church.
The convent was frequently damaged over the centuries by the Arno flooding, and was particularly devastated during the last war, when the frescoed ceiling of the nun’s church was destroyed. Excavation in 1947 revealed the remains of the apse of the original church, roughly two metres below present ground level. Romanesque architecture can be seen on the outside right wall of the Church and in the belfry. The medieval cloister is visible by entering the Museo di S. Matteo; it was re-styled in the 16th century and today houses some of the museum rooms.
Some of the ancient church furniture is on show elsewhere. A monumental cross with Christus patiens dating from the early 13th century is now displayed in the Museo di S. Matteo. Above the first altar on the left is a 13th century crucifix, but Christ’s head is re-painted. | <urn:uuid:b86e360c-9b8a-4057-9a4b-2ad63538dd86> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.turismo.pisa.it/en/culture/detail/Chiesa-di-San-Matteo?context=219 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679101779.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20231210092457-20231210122457-00546.warc.gz | en | 0.978147 | 384 | 3.046875 | 3 |
4 edition of Animals and their young found in the catalog.
Animals and their young
Aileen Esther Passmore
|Statement||verses by Aileen E. Passmore; illustrated by J. B. Long.|
|Contributions||Long, J. B., illus.|
|LC Classifications||PZ8.3.P272 An|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination|| p. (chiefly col. illus.)|
|Number of Pages||30|
|LC Control Number||70509784|
Animal And Their Young Ones, Pictures Of Animals And Their Young Ones, Pictures Of Farm Animals, Young Ones Of Animals, Animal Babies Match, Pictures Of Baby Animals, Children Books About Animals, Images Of Animals And Their Young Ones, Coloring Pages Of Animals And Their Babies, Printable Pictures Of Animals And Their Babies, Free Preschool. Mar 01, · The following is my unit on Animals and their offspring!! Once completed, I may add my groups thematic unit! This is a Kindergarten Field Placement! My students are planning a trip to one of the local Zoo's in a few weeks, so it was nice to learn about baby animals.
Learn Grade 1 - English Grammar - Animals And Their Young Ones. Learn Grade 1 - English Grammar - Animals And Their Young Ones.. Guardado a Instead I would have students pick a Texas themed plant or animal to construct their book on a computer. Teaching children how to build things can be an important part of every homeschool program. Two sisters, ages ten and sixteen, are exiled from Brooklyn to Bird Hill in Barbados after their mother can no longer care for them. The young Phaedra and her older sister, Dionne, live for the summer of with their grandmother Hyacinth, a midwife and practitioner of the local spiritual practice of obeah.”.
Nov 22, · We Bought A Zoo is subtitled: The Amazing True Story of a Young Family, a Broken Down Zoo, and the Wild Animals That Changed Their Lives ForeverGiven that, the story takes a little time to get off the ground/5. This is one of the best animal books for children, particularly if you're looking for a book for a young baby. It's a basic, delightful board book filled with clear photos of all kinds of animals. Introduce this book when your baby is about six months old and you'll find it will be a real winner for years.
United Nations in crisis.
Walk me to the distance
Delaware in Perspective 2002 (Delaware in Perspective)
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Environmental effects of ozone depletion
Self-consciousness in Montaigne and Shakespeare.
Photovoltaic power system considerations for future lunar bases
Hearing on the Bill H.R. 5580, Granting Six Months Pay to Anton Kunz, Father of Joseph Anthony Kunz, Deceased, Machinists Mate, First Class, U.S. Navy, in Active Service
Hosea M. Jones.
Financing unemployment insurance in Michigan, 1960-1968.
Buy Animals and Their Young: How Animals Produce and Care for Their Babies (Animal Behavior) on neilsolomonhowe.com FREE SHIPPING on qualified ordersAuthor: Pamela Hickman. Mar 22, · Baby on Board: How Animals Carry Their Young [Marianne Berkes, Cathy Morrison] on neilsolomonhowe.com *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
How do animals carry their babies. Not in backpacks or strollers, but tucked in pouches Gripped in teeth Propped on backs Even underneath. Marianne Berkes' rhyming verses present some of the many ways that animals carry their young/5(7).
Animals and Their Young book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. A polar bear mother gives birth while hibernating, then goes back 4/5. Jul 25, · Buy Animals and Their Young: How Animals Produce and Care for Their Babies (Animal Behavior) by Pamela Hickman (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders.5/5(1). Animal Pages to Color Online: neilsolomonhowe.com Animals and their young book of Males, Females, Babies, and Groups of Animals What are the Males, Females, Babies, and Groups of Animals Called.
Get this from a library. Animals caring for their young. [World Book, Inc.,;] -- "Explains how animals breed and care for their young. Describes the incubation of eggs, the construction of nests, and the protection and feeding of young" Dec 27, · fox – kit, cub frog – tadpole giraffe – calf gorilla – infant hedgehog – piglet horse – foal koala – joeyAuthor: Anastasia Koltai.
Get this from a library. Animals and their young. [Anita Ganeri; John Mac; John Rielly] -- Through step-by-step illustrations, this book explores some of the more unusual ways in which animals care for their young and some of the amazing series of changes animals go through before becoming.
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently, at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives.
Vocabulary Builder Course a young dog = puppy a young cat = kitten a young bear, lion, tiger, or wolf = cub a young bird = chick a young duck = duckling a young pig = piglet a young horse = foal a young deer = fawn a young sheep = lamb a young goat = kid a young frog. For many animals, particularly domesticated ones, there are specific names for males, females, young, and groups.
The best-known source of many English words used for collective groupings of animals is The Book of Saint Albans, an essay on hunting published in and attributed to Juliana Berners. Most terms used here may be found in common dictionaries and general information web sites.
Rhinoceroses For Kids Amazing Animal Books For Young Readers Rhinoceroses are one of the major attractions among all large land mammals in any zoo or a wildlife enclosure. This could be due to their heavily built body structure and horns that are unlike any other land mammal. Two species of Rhino live in Africa and three Rhino species live in Asia.
The duo that produced Animals in Motion ()and Animals Eating () returns with a look at animal babies—how some begin as eggs, including puffins, frogs, and platypuses, and how others, such as koalas, giraffes, walruses, and sloths, are born live.
A grand diversity of animals continues in chapters that discuss how animals can be born helpless or self-sufficient, and can receive years. Just as people care for their children, many animals care for their babies to help them reach adulthood. Animals Caring for Their Young looks at the different kinds of care animals provide their offspring, such as feeding them, building nests, and scaring away attackers.
by Mumsibles G Here’s a wonderful and simple printable chart that will help your little ones remember the names of animals and what their young are called. Name of Animals and Their Young – FREE PRINTABLE This emergent reader little book will help young students practice early reading skills, while learning about animal mothers and.
“Baby On Board” is a beautifully illustrated book teaching children how different animals carry their young. Realistic color portraits of many different species of animals carrying their young cover the pages, along with a rhyming narrative full of exciting descriptions and information about the animal’s habits and habitat.
Activities Baby Animal Names. The following song will help children learn the names of different baby animals. Write the song on chart paper and extend the experience by creating a chart that includes the names and pictures of additional baby animals, including ducklings, tadpoles, fawn, penguin chick, lion cubs, sea otter pups, and so on.
4 & 5 5 Animal Babies and Adults Picture Card Set. Terry Spivey, USDA Forest Service, neilsolomonhowe.com A mother bear is a sow; the father is a boar. The young, called cubs, stay with the mom for approximately 17 months prior to setting off on their own. Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August The book tells the story of a group of farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and neilsolomonhowe.com: George Orwell.
Jul 15, · The author of a new book also says that animals can feel empathy, like the humpback whale that rescued a seal. One pod that desperately needed a.
Sep 11, · Tell students that animals take care of their babies just like parents or guardians take care of their children. Show students images of a duck and duckling, a chicken and a chick, a cow and a calf, and a whale and its calf. Pair the images together. Read Animal Babies by Eric Carle.
Direct the students to imitate the sounds that the animals make.Jun 17, · The article 2 Non-Fiction Books That Introduce Readers to Animals and Their Environments was written by Dr. Jen Harrison. Discover more books like the titles listed here by following along with our reviews and articles tagged with Animal Planet, Animals, Farm Animals, Nature, Non-Fiction, and Wild Animals.Aug 01, · Many young animals, however, are smaller than their parents and might have a different color skin or hair -- if they have hair!
They often cannot see very well and are weak and helpless for a while. Discover why some animals are born more developed than others and how nature helps young animals survive in Young Animals and Their Parents. | <urn:uuid:f6da4118-e971-4a3a-8663-7bb1ba7855cf> | CC-MAIN-2021-31 | https://pypyvifolyn.neilsolomonhowe.com/animals-and-their-young-book-8175pp.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-31/segments/1627046153474.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20210727170836-20210727200836-00146.warc.gz | en | 0.906017 | 2,122 | 2.515625 | 3 |
1 After this, David defeated and crushed the Philistines. He took control of the main Philistine city from them.#Or “of Metheg Ammah.”
2 He also defeated Moab, made the Moabites lie down on the ground, and measured them with a rope. He measured two lengths which were to be killed, and one length which was to be spared. So the Moabites became David’s subjects and paid taxes ⌊to him⌋.
3 When David went to restore his control ⌊over the territory⌋ along the Euphrates River, he defeated Zobah’s King Hadadezer, son of Rehob. 4 David took 1,700 horsemen and 20,000 foot soldiers from him. David also disabled all but 100 of their horses so that they couldn’t pull chariots.
5 When the Arameans from Damascus came to help King Hadadezer of Zobah, David killed 22,000 of them. 6 David put troops in the Aramean kingdom of Damascus, and the Arameans became his subjects and paid taxes ⌊to him⌋. Everywhere David went, the Lord gave him victories.
7 David took the gold shields that belonged to Hadadezer’s #Most Hebrew manuscripts; some Hebrew manuscripts, 1 Chronicles 18:7, Syriac, Targum “Hadadezer’s servants carried.” servants, and he brought them to Jerusalem. 8 King David also took a large quantity of bronze from Betah and Berothai, Hadadezer’s cities.
9 When King Toi of Hamath heard that David had defeated Hadadezer’s whole army, 10 he sent his son Joram to greet King David and congratulate him for fighting and defeating Hadadezer. (There had often been war between Hadadezer and Toi.) Joram brought articles of gold, silver, and bronze with him. 11 King David dedicated these articles to the Lord, along with the silver and gold he had dedicated from all the nations he conquered—12 from Edom, Moab, Ammon, the Philistines, Amalek, and from the goods taken from Zobah’s King Hadadezer, son of Rehob.
13 David made a name for himself by killing 18,000 Edomites #A few Hebrew manuscripts, 1 Chronicles 18:12, Greek, Syriac; other Hebrew manuscripts “Arameans.” in the Dead Sea region as he returned ⌊to Jerusalem⌋. 14 He put troops everywhere in Edom, and all the Edomites were David’s subjects. Everywhere David went, the Lord gave him victories.
15 So David ruled all Israel. He did what was fair and right for all his people. 16 Zeruiah’s son Joab was in charge of the army. Ahilud’s son Jehoshaphat was the royal historian. 17 Ahitub’s son Zadok and Abiathar’s son Ahimelech were priests. Seraiah was the royal scribe. 18 Jehoiada’s son Benaiah was commander of the Cherethites and the Pelethites. And David’s sons were priests.#One Hebrew manuscript, Syriac, Targum, Latin; all other Hebrew manuscripts “Jehoiada’s son Benaiah, the Cherethites, the Pelethites, and David’s sons were priests.” | <urn:uuid:f7822072-ec72-4a5b-927e-3664b89a8f66> | CC-MAIN-2015-27 | https://www.bible.com/en-GB/bible/70/2sa.8.gwt | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-27/segments/1435375095557.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20150627031815-00304-ip-10-179-60-89.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977655 | 758 | 2.875 | 3 |
06.10.04 - This will be the only flyby of an outer satellite of Saturn and is the first close flyby of an irregularly shaped satellite.
05.25.04 - The mission has many science goals, from understanding the planet itself, to probing the magnetosphere, rings and icy satellites.
05.26.04 - The solar system's second largest planet is made up mainly of hydrogen and helium gases, with a rocky core much like the size of Earth.
05.26.04 - They're made up of billions of ice and rock particles, with sizes ranging from small debris to chunks as big as houses.
05.25.04 - Titan is of great interest to scientists because it is the only moon in the solar system known to have clouds and a mysterious, thick, planet-like atmosphere. | <urn:uuid:abc6d86f-73e5-425e-96ef-c4ac1a86551b> | CC-MAIN-2014-42 | http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/whycassini/features_top_rd_archive_14.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-42/segments/1414637904760.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20141030025824-00134-ip-10-16-133-185.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937777 | 170 | 3.109375 | 3 |
|Get the size of a file|
|By: Lorenzo Dalla Vecchia Date: 21/10/1998|
There are two ways to get the size of a file. If the file is open in your program, use the LOF function:
Where filenumber is the number of the file as specified in the Open statement. Example:
|Open "C:\Work\MyFile.Txt" For Input
As #1 'Open the file
size = LOF(1) 'Get file size
Close #1 'Close the file
If the file is not open in your program, you will need to use the FileLen function:
With filepath replaced by the name and path of the file. To view the size of the file of the above example, but without opening it, we'll type the code:
|size = FileLen("C:\Work\MyFile.Txt")|
In both examples, the size variable will contain the size, in bytes, of C:\Work\MyFile.Txt.
|Visual Basic Programming Zone is a website by
Lorenzo Dalla Vecchia.
Webmaster's e-mail: [email protected]
Hosted by InWind: www.inwind.it | <urn:uuid:42db549b-08cc-4fa8-958d-17b79ed36fa6> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | http://spazioinwind.libero.it/vbprogzone/tips/tip032.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825057.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022022540-20171022042540-00548.warc.gz | en | 0.740849 | 276 | 3.109375 | 3 |
5G: 'The Internet of Things'
Peer reviewed research has documented numerous adverse biological effects from wireless radiation. This includes single and double-stranded DNA breaks, reproductive dysfunction, immune dysfunction, altered brain development, sleep and memory disturbances, and increased brain tumors - along with many other 5G health effects.
5G - Fifth Generation Wireless
The term 5G refers to the fifth generation of mobile technology. With promises of faster browsing, streaming, download speeds and better connectivity. 5G wireless technology is slowly making its way across the globe. Many government agencies and organizations advise that there is no reason to be alarmed about 5G health effects. However, numerous independent, peer reviewed studies strongly conflict with those claims.
In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission has auctioned off the first bandwidth of 28 gigahertz (GHz). This will form the 5G network with higher bandwidth auctions already taking place.
5G sites are already in place in many areas and many countries including the U.S. have plans for commercial 5G adoption in the upcoming 2020. It is also expected that each EU member state will be required to offer 5G coverage in at least one city by 2020 and all urban areas must have coverage by 2025.
What is 5G Technology?
As wireless generations continue to evolve from one generation to the next, each operates on a unique frequency band. Older networks do not have the bandwidth to move the amounts of data that 5G will require.
To accommodate the necessary bandwidth required for 5G, cellular networks must operate on the higher end of the RF-EMF spectrum. Thus, new base stations, or small cells, will appear around the globe.
The reason behind this is that high-frequency radio waves have a shorter range than lower-frequency waves. Small cells that will allow data to travel relatively short distances will form a key part of the 5G network, particularly in areas of dense network usage.
Current network generations operate up to 3 gigahertz (GHz). Whereas, 5G operates between three different bandwidths. Low-band and mid-band 5G operates at up to 6GHz. 5G high-band frequencies will operate at 24 GHz and even higher.
This is a massive generational leap that will dwarf anything we’ve seen in the past and will greatly contribute to 5G health effects.
The plan is to integrate this low-latency technology into all future electronic devices reaching a staggering 75 billion devices by the end of 2025 and that number will continue to grow at an unprecedented rate. This is what they refer to as the “Internet of Things.”
Of course, the said goal is to create a globally, all connected, “smart network” for greater convenience, control, and efficiency to improve living conditions and aspects of everyday life.
Capabilities of 5G
The future is here but what exactly does that look like?
Some key applications like self-driving cars require very aggressive latency (fast response time) and 5G seems to be the calling card for that possibility.
Below are some of the proposed capabilities of 5G.
- Communication between all global devices.
- Low latency live streaming options from any location.
- Video game and video streaming will improve dramatically with downloads of full 4K movies in mere seconds.
- Monitoring and tracking of every amenity and smart device in and around your home.
- Large sets of Data transfers can be done quicker and more efficiently.
- Healthcare practitioners may hold appointments through video chat and prescribe medicine without being in the same room, office or pharmacy.
- (Artificial Intelligence) AI will be enhanced with a highly improved level of customized service for service providers.
- Improving urban planning and development strategies utilizing traffic systems.
- Coaxial wire or fiber optics will no longer be a necessary component for cable companies to provide cable service to our homes and offices.
It all sounds great. But is it really?
5G Health Effects
The 5G movement talks a big talk but talking only goes so far. Many industry experts argue that 5G technology and IoT (Internet of Things) has been largely blown out of proportion and won’t stand up to the hype. Industry analysts claim that most 5G capabilities are currently possible with 4G technology.
At a recent industry conference, Eric Xu, current Huawei Chairman, claimed that consumers will “find no material difference between 5G and LTE.”
The millimeter wave portion of the 5G spectrum also has it’s limitations as far as low travel distance and weak ability to penetrate buildings. Both Verizon and T-Mobile admit to the fact that the millimeter wave 5G most likely will not be available outside of urban metropolitan areas.
T-Mobile CTO Neville Ray wrote “It will never materially scale beyond small pockets of 5G hotspots in dense urban environments,” Outside these urban areas will have “sub-6GHz” 5G frequencies at best or whatever the existing spectrum will allow.
Of course, as to be expected, in order to benefit from these new 5G networks you will have to buy brand new mobile devices that support 5G networks. And with any new technology, you can expect higher prices as the complexity for hardware installations greatly increases.
Generations at a Glance
The 5G Impact
Running on a much higher frequency than previous generations (essentially double), 5G technology begins at 24GHz with the millimeter wave (MMW) being the goal frequency.
With waves ranging from 1 to 10 millimeters long, they are limited from about 10 meters up to 2 kilometers which poses a very serious concern. 5G cell towers will require much shorter distances of about every 750 ft apposed to the miles of distances they are currently.
As of 2016, there were 300,000 network towers in the U.S. and by 2020 with the rollout of 5G there will be millions of network towers. This in turn will require a 10-fold increase of low-orbit 5G satellites which will supplement the ground cells focusing their own beams of microwave-frequency signals. This all adds up and 5G health effects will be significant.
It may be hard to find valid research on the effects of 5G but it doesn’t mean it’s not there. There are many government and independent studies that have done the research and their findings show significant evidence that low-frequency radiation pertaining to 4G and older generations’ emissions – can cause biological damage to the human body. Effects associated with these emissions range from cell mutations and cancer to body system interference.
With the introduction of 5G, we will now be hit with much higher frequencies than we’ve ever experienced before.
The military has used 5G’s millimeter wave for non-lethal crowd control tactics.
This is a tactic in which the military uses 5G’s millimeter waves to penetrate the target’s skin inducing extreme burning sensations under their skin causing them to run away from the beam source.
Of course, this is a very targeted extreme condition but studies show with waves over 60 GHz penetrating the skin by 90% may lead to skin disease, inflammation, and cancer.
So, to say there are no legitimate health concerns related to EMF exposure emitted by mobile devices simply isn’t realistic. This is no doubt 5G health effects.
Is 5G Safe?
As 5G wireless technology is slowly making its way across the globe, many government agencies and organizations advise that there is no reason to be alarmed about the effects of radiofrequency waves on our health. By what standards do they base their evidence on?
Cell phone safety standards haven’t been updated since 1996 and safety standards for digital signals really have not been established at all. The existing safety standards are based on analog signals which utilizes a constant wave and does not apply to todays generations. Digital signals pulse and a far more disruptive.
The current safety standards follow an outdated SAR (Specific Absorption Rating) which is based on thermal absorption effects on the skin of a 200 lb male.
5G Health Risks
The heating of cells is only one form of damage that EMF radiation can cause, not to mention that a 200 lb male is shown to absorb much less radiation than a younger child. We’re still not sure of the extent of damage that may be accumulating in small children.
There are many scientific studies that provide evidence of the dangers of RF/ELF radiation exposure and yet telecom companies insist current standards are good enough. Insurance companies will cover homes in areas that are known for recurring natural disasters and yet they won’t offer coverage for EMF damage.
Telecom companies are well aware of the health risks and acknowledge those risks in the fine print of their terms and conditions suggesting that cell phones be kept away from the head and body.
What You Can Do to Keep Yourself Safe
EMF radiation emitted from mobile and electronic devices are all around us and most people are completely unaware of the risk.
It’s very common for people to carry their phones in their pockets or sleep with them next to their beds at night. They work with their laptops on their laps. They are connected to wifi almost everywhere they go, connected 24/7.
It’s easy to think, “I’m not sick so I must be healthy,” but EMF exposure is a hidden danger that we all must take seriously. The concerns are valid and the risks are substantial.
Several studies have already been substantiated by valid evidence of the biological effects EMF has on the human body, DNA, and cell communication.
In the scheme of things, we have only begun to scratch the surface of possible 5G health effects resulting from prolonged EMF.
Aulterra produces a variety of EMF Neutralizing products that change how EMF’s effect DNA and cells within our body.
Reproducible tests show that Aulterra EMF Neutralizing products retune the EMF frequencies of cell phones and other electronic devices into coherent energy. Once the frequencies are converted, they no longer do harm to your DNA. The secret of Aulterra EMF Neutralizing products lies in the proprietary paramagnetic minerals found in all of our products.
There are many products out there that claim they block or absorb EMF radiation. However, there are several problems with this theory.
Aulterra™ EMF neutralizing products neither block radiation nor absorb it. Any cellphone or other wifi electronic device that is blocked by 100% of the EMFs would not function properly and in essence be rendered useless.
Shielding EMF’s only redirects EMF flow and does nothing to correct the harmful effects of EMF at the source. Likewise, EMF absorbers become saturated and over time, fail to function.
Aulterra™ EMF neutralizing products work by neither blocking nor absorbing cell phone radiation. Instead, they change the manmade incoherent frequencies into coherent harmless frequencies—the way nature intended.
Needless to say, you should also take precautionary measures to minimize EMF radiation exposure as much as possible.
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The mission of Aulterra™ is to help create a more Bio-Safe world for everyone! We hope you will join us in our mission. Word of mouth is powerful and together, we can help safeguard our friends and family from the potentially harmful effects of EMF radiation.
As we know, EMF emissions will not go away. It’s not something we can just get rid of, and the introduction of 5G only raises more concern. However, with Aulterra™ EMF Neutralizing Products, we can at least neutralize the effects they have on our bodies and help keep ourselves safe from the harmful effects of EMF radiation exposure.
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* These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. | <urn:uuid:8ea42209-c7fe-47fe-9bdd-43f6fddf2094> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://aulterra.com/5g-internet-of-things/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224644506.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20230528182446-20230528212446-00697.warc.gz | en | 0.943694 | 2,499 | 3.4375 | 3 |
Digital Citizenship at Roaring Fork Schools
At Roaring Fork Schools we are working hard to ensure our students have the technology knowledge and skills they will need to thrive in a changing world. In a rapidly evolving connected culture this means exposure to skills like keyboarding and coding but also awareness of the social effects of life online. Issues like data privacy and cybercrime, Internet addiction, sexting, cyberbullying, digital footprints, and the effects of digital media on attention and brain function are just some of the issues that students need to be prepared to navigate both during their careers at Roaring Fork Schools and after.
To protect students from accessing inappropriate material while they are they are learning about the dangers of the Internet, filters are employed, with the most restrictive settings at the elementary level and access to more content expanding as students mature. While filters help prevent some inadvertent access, it is essential for students to learn how to avoid problems in the unfiltered online interactions that they will experience outside of school, at college and beyond.
Students learn about how to build positive online relationships and habits through direct instruction about digital citizenship, using curriculum from Common Sense Media and Netsmartz. By helping students understand the nuances of online interaction we hope to transition from being reactive to situations that arise to being proactive, helping students build healthy and balanced digital lifestyles where they are capitalizing on the benefits of Internet use. | <urn:uuid:29b14644-9df7-4df2-8765-eb522ddb8027> | CC-MAIN-2018-47 | http://www.rfsd.k12.co.us/departments/technology/technology-resources-for-families/1607-digital-citizenship-at-roaring-fork-schools.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2018-47/segments/1542039741192.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20181113020909-20181113042909-00142.warc.gz | en | 0.945013 | 281 | 3.375 | 3 |
Racecraft reviewed in the new Dissent. PLUS: Verso joins Dissent for the fall issue launch party tonight in NYC
What we don’t talk about when we talk about race: racecraft, or the dark magic of racism itself creating and maintaining the illusion of race.
Sociologist Karen E. Fields and historian Barbara J. Fields investigate this pervasive yet nearly-invisible practice in Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life, released in paperback earlier this year. In his review of the book for Dissent Magazine, Walter Johnson praises the Fieldses roving-eye portrait of racecraft, from the American Revolution to the eve of the Occupy movement in 2011, and how this practice has informed the broader quilt of inequality and capitalism in American society:
“Fields and Fields…provide a sustained and brilliant exposition of the history and practice of race-marking in America. If race is ‘socially constructed,’ as virtually every educated person in the United States knows it officially to be, then why do we believe we can determine the race of the person on the other end of the line as soon as we pick up the phone?”
According to the Fieldses, when discussing race, we too-easily and erroneously conflate “hereditary” and “genetic” with “racial,” and Johnson adds:
“Any invocation of ‘race’ as an explanatory or even descriptive category is in and of itself racist. The use of ‘race’ to explain anything from ancestry to economic inequality unwittingly reinforces the false belief in deep-rooted biological differences between black and white people. ‘Ancestry,’ according to the authors, should be understood as a way that individuals are linked across generations without being thickened into ‘race.’ Heredity, whether responsible for visible traits like curly hair or hidden ones like the sickle cell, is just that and nothing more.”
Categories such as “Hispanic,” “Asian-American,” and “Native American” are fallible, as identifiable races are illusions. The Fieldses argue what matters are “the actions that constitute racism—enslavement, disenfranchisement, segregation, lynching, massacres, and pogroms,” as well as everyday racism: comments, side-glances, and assumed judgments. According to Johnson, racecraft has not only been relegated to our mediascape, where relevance is measured by beginnings and endings (“the ‘post-racial” election of the ‘first black president’) but “the hallowed grounds of academia” as well; “racial” causes are used to explain what are really social effects. Johnson’s fascination with racecraft's invocation of witchcraft is threaded throughout the review, as is his passion for the book.
To read Walter Johnson's review of Racecraft, visit Dissent.
For more on Racecraft: The Soul of Inequality in American Life, click here.
And TONIGHT: Celebrate the launch of Dissent's fall issue and redesign in Brooklyn. RSVP on Facebook or email Natasha Lewis at lewis [at] dissentmagazine [dot] org to add your name to the list. | <urn:uuid:e0630388-7be4-4e67-af6a-ac0dd5fee091> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/1740-racecraft-reviewed-in-the-new-dissent-plus-verso-joins-dissent-for-the-fall-issue-launch-party-tonight-in-nyc | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780053657.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20210916145123-20210916175123-00644.warc.gz | en | 0.940059 | 694 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Boarding Schools in India
India (Bharat Gaṇarajya) is a country in South Asia, the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous, and the most populous democracy in the world. India is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It borders with Pakistan to the west; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast; and Myanmar and Bangladesh to the east. India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives, in the Indian Ocean. Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia. India is one of the world's fastest-growing economies. In 2015, the economy of India was the world's seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Indian economy in 2017 was nominally worth US$2.454 trillion; it is the sixth-largest economy by market exchange rates, and is, at US$9.489 trillion, the third-largest by purchasing power parity.
Why Study in India
The educational system of India is as extensive and different as the country itself. It is an affordable and rewarding experience for students to study in India. In India, the educational system is as encompassing and as diverse as its history, making studying in India unlike anywhere else. The diversity and history of India provide a wide array of options for any student. India is very forward thinking, its popularity with large multinational companies, and also owing to English being the common language of communication. For thousands of years, India has been a major place of learning. The country was host to both Takshashila, the first university in the world, and to the inventor of the digit 0, Āryabhaṭa. Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels: central, state and local.
Under various programs, such as Sarva Sikhsha Abhiyan, free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children between the ages of 6 and 14. Overall, 7:5 is the ratio of public schools to private schools in India. One of the main contributors to India’s economic development is the improved education system of India. Much of the progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions.
India is one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. India’s culture relates to the thousands of distinct and unique cultures of all religions and communities in India. The languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs of India differs from place to place within the country. Many elements of India's diverse cultures, such as Indian religions, Indian philosophy and Indian cuisine, have had a profound effect across the world. the history of India, has been heavily influenced by Dharmic religions. The Indian culture, often described as combination of several cultures, extents across the Indian subcontinent and has been impacted by a history that is several millennia old. With some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures, India is one of the most religiously and ethnically diverse nations in the world.
Best Opportunities in Education
The Indian education system is currently mainly comprised of primary education, secondary education, senior secondary education and higher education. Elementary education consists of eight years of education. Secondary education lasts four years and senior secondary education is an additional two years of education. India’s education system is not only just vast in size but also vast in academic offerings. The rich past and vibrant future of the country signify a breadth and depth of courses are available, from the classic to the cutting edge. The cost of living in India is also budget-friendly.
Extends beyond Academy
A visit to India is an amazing start if you are aiming to see the world. This far reaching country offers incredible things to see , learn and do, from the mountains of the Himalayas to remarkable scenic and often undiscovered beaches like Goa, Lakshadweep, and Andamans. Perhaps, the one thing that is going to take you by surprise and also deeply touch you on your India tour is the warm hospitality of Indians. A ready smile on the face, always willing to go out of the way to help somebody, exuding genuine happiness upon meeting a person - these are some of the common traits you will find in maximum Indians. Where else can you find a popular saying insisting "Athithi Devo Bhava" or “the guest is God.” Factor in chances to explore your spirituality, magnificent history and architecture, mouth watering cuisine and remarkable shopping, and the list of reasons to visit India continues to grow. India has traditionally been seen as a country that sends rather than receives international students, but a growing number of students from elsewhere are now choosing to study in India. The 2015 Open Doors report from the Institute of International Education found that India is the 12th most popular country for US students abroad. India’s higher education system was ranked 24th in the world in the QS Higher Education System Strength Rankings 2016. Selecting India as your study abroad destination not only means tremendous opportunities in the here and now, but also an indispensable perspective on and understanding of the forces likely to fuel progress as we move into the future.
At Boarding Edu, You will find the List of all Private, Government, CBSE, and ICSE Boarding Schools in India. You can directly contact the School and clear all your doubts regarding admission process and types of Facilities and Amenities provided. | <urn:uuid:083e55f0-0520-45c9-bfde-dda85306ee34> | CC-MAIN-2023-23 | https://www.boardingedu.in/country/list-of-boarding-schools-in-india/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-23/segments/1685224647525.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20230601010402-20230601040402-00496.warc.gz | en | 0.961358 | 1,178 | 2.546875 | 3 |
It has become increasingly clear in recent years that the ability of nations to combat poverty and achieve their human development goals hinges on the quality of governance. Therefore the challenges for all societies is to create a system of governance that promotes, supports and sustains human development to ensure people’s well-being and afford them opportunity to realize their full potential and eliminate poverty and all other forms of exclusion.
The Kenyan government looks at expenditure on education a a viable investment in the expansion of the economy’s future production capacity. Shortage of well-trained manpower is possibly the most serious obstacle to most rural development efforts. The concern for the welfare of the less fortunate and disadvantaged members of the society has accelerated during the last few years. The needs of children challenge our powers of foresight and planning for the future. The success of the intervention in involving the children is assured of creating a vicious cycle of reinforcing benefits, and their education and awareness on these issues guarantees the sustainability of the educational resource development.
JOSEPH OUMA OYAGO | <urn:uuid:02b317bc-8574-40d9-a56a-567de6bcbc13> | CC-MAIN-2020-29 | http://gotkacholaprimary.com/content.php?pid=26 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-29/segments/1593657181335.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20200716021527-20200716051527-00298.warc.gz | en | 0.957259 | 211 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Why Is Physical Activity Important?
Regular physical activity can produce long term health benefits. People of all ages, shapes, sizes, and abilities can benefit from being physically active. The more physical activity you do, the greater the health benefits.
Being Physically Active Can Help You:
- Increase your chances of living longer
- Feel better about yourself
- Decrease your chances of becoming depressed
- Sleep well at night
- Move around more easily
- Have stronger muscles and bones
- Remain at or achieve a healthy weight
- Be with friends or meet new people
- Enjoy yourself and have fun
When You Are Not Physically Active, You Are More Likely To:
- Get heart disease
- Get type 2 diabetes
- Have high blood pressure
- Have high blood cholesterol
- Have a stroke
Physical activity and nutrition work together for better health. Being active increases the amount of calories burned. As people age, their metabolism slows down, so maintaining energy balance requires moving more and eating less. | <urn:uuid:88c1fafe-36da-4f62-8b9d-d9edb333bc62> | CC-MAIN-2021-10 | https://beta2020.warriorfitnessadventure.com/why-is-physical-activity-important/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-10/segments/1614178374217.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20210306004859-20210306034859-00591.warc.gz | en | 0.905562 | 207 | 3.609375 | 4 |
I'm stuck with these questions:
(Lesson: Elasticity Introduction)
-Emergency room health care tends to have a demand curve that is very steeply sloped, while elective surgery does not. Why? Also, health care insurance and vacation spending tend to have a negative cross price elasticity of demand for many people. Why?
-The cross-price elasticity of demand between fishing line and fishing lures tends to be negative. This means that:
A- Line and lures are complements of one another.
B- Line and lures are substitutes for one another.
C- Line and lures are inferior goods.
D- Line and lures are normal goods.
E- Line and lures are necessities.
(Consumer and Producer Surplus Quiz)
- Suppose the University of Oklahoma decides to alter its tuition schedule by separating its students based on how many credit hours they have accumulated. Students with fewer than 15 credit hours get a 13% reduction in tuition while students with 45-90 and more than 90 credit hours face an increase in tuition of 22 and 71%, respectively. Fully explain whether this pricing strategy is rooted in a sound understanding of the price elasticity of demand, or not.
- The state of California recently considered passing a tax on the services of doctors in that state in order to raise revenue to pay for universal health coverage for California residents. Suppose the average open heart surgery costs $100,000, and at that price 23,339 surgeries are performed each year.
For the purpose of this analysis, assume that people could get the surgery elsewhere.
Which curve on the supply and demand graph would shift? What happens to producer and consumer surpluses? What happens to deadweight loss? Fully explain what the most likely outcome would be in this market if a tax on surgeries is implemented. Use a graph if it will help.
THANK YOU FOR THE HELP <3 | <urn:uuid:299f480c-9345-4bf9-8a60-15f428ac927d> | CC-MAIN-2014-35 | http://www.debtordebt.com/forum/need-some-help-in-micro-economics-t139676.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2014-35/segments/1408500834258.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20140820021354-00008-ip-10-180-136-8.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960015 | 395 | 2.96875 | 3 |
What role does pre-existing vulnerabilities play for people who experience a climate shock? Does it amplify the effects of the climate shock or is effect negligible? Four Arizona State University archaeologists are looking into this as part of an international team examining how people can be most resilient to climate change when it comes to food security.
Grasping the concept of climate change and its impact on the environment can be difficult. Establishing common ground and using models, however, can break down barriers and present the concept in an easily understood manner.
In today's search for renewable energy sources, researchers are turning to the hi-tech, from solar and hydrogen fuel cells, and the very low-tech. The latest example of a low-tech alternative comes from an age-old industry: paper. A new study reveals a sustainable way to turn the huge amounts of waste from paper production into solid fuel with the added bonus of diverting the sludge from overflowing landfills.
To prevent e-vehicles from overloading power grids while charging, seamless connectivity is required. To help address this issue, Fraunhofer ESK is developing underlying communication methods for a uniform energy management system.
Parabolic troughs and dry-cooled towers deliver similar value for concentrating solar power plants, despite different solar profiles, a new report by the Energy Department's National Renewable Energy Laboratory has found.
The Fraunhofer Institute of Optronics, System Technologies and Image Exploitation IOSB uses modern information technology to remotely measure the oscillatory pattern over the entire structure of the facility from several hundred meters away.
Satellite observations of global sea-surface temperature show that a 30-year upward trend has slowed down within the last 15 years. Climate scientists say this is not the end of global warming, but the result of a rearrangement in the energy flow of the climate system and, in particular, how the ocean stores heat.
The 2014 installment of the Sustainable Energy in America Factbook - produced for The Business Council for Sustainable Energy by Bloomberg New Energy Finance - has found that renewable energy, natural gas and energy efficiency advancements are leading a transformation of America's energy.
Extreme weather events like super-typhoon Haiyan and hurricane Sandy can have major negative impacts on the world economy. So far, however, the effects on global production and consumption webs are missing from most assessments.
While the debate over using crops for fuel continues, scientists are now reporting a new, fast approach to develop biofuel in a way that doesn't require removing valuable farmland from the food production chain. Their work examining the fuel-producing potential of Streptomyces, a soil bacterium known for making antibiotic.
Wastewater from pulp and paper mills contains large volumes of organic material that can be converted into biogas, according to findings by researchers from Water and Environmental Studies (WES) at Linköping University. | <urn:uuid:74731736-8357-4a3d-90f9-294994579b9f> | CC-MAIN-2015-40 | http://www.nanowerk.com/category-cleantech.php?page=40 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-40/segments/1443736676033.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20151001215756-00246-ip-10-137-6-227.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.920725 | 589 | 2.6875 | 3 |
Evaluation of the effects of manuka honey on salivary levels of mutans streptococci in children: a pilot study.
J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2014 Jul-Sep;32(3):212-9. PMID: 25001440
BACKGROUND: There has been much debate in the past about whether honey is harmful to the teeth, mostly as part of the debate about raw sugar versus refined sugar and the results have been equivocal. However, what has not been taken into account is that honey varies markedly in the potency of its antibacterial activity. Manuka (Leptospermum scoparium) honey from New Zealand has been found to have substantial levels of non-peroxide antibacterial activity associated with an unidentified phytochemical component, denoted as Unique Manuka Factor (UMF).
AIMS: Considering the potential antimicrobial effects of manuka honey, the present study attempted to investigate effects of twice daily use of manuka honey with UMF 19.5 on salivary levels of Mutans streptococci in children.
STUDY DESIGN: The investigation was a stratified comparison of two parallel groups of children who either used manuka honey with regular tooth brushing regimen or continued only with regular tooth brushing regimen twice daily under professional supervision for a 21-day period. A total of three salivary samples were taken from each individual at baseline, day 10, and day 21; colony counts of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) were determined. All data was subjected to paired T-test and Wilcoxon's signed ranks sum for intra- and intergroup comparisons respectively.
RESULTS: Children using manuka honey showed statistically significant reductions in salivary S. mutans after 10 and 21 days.
CONCLUSION: Manuka honey with UMF 19.5 may be considered as an effective adjunctive oral hygiene measure for reducing colony counts in children. | <urn:uuid:be05a14a-7a07-4258-9ac3-1c46c929a22d> | CC-MAIN-2021-39 | https://www.greenmedinfo.com/article/children-using-manuka-honey-showed-statistically-significant-reductions-saliva | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-39/segments/1631780060538.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20210928062408-20210928092408-00513.warc.gz | en | 0.942981 | 401 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Physiological Effects of Quail Egg
Quail egg qualifies as a delicacy. Quail eggs are quite tiny, their shell is mainly white with brown dots, though its shade and pattern is always different, its shape equals a normal egg. An egg weighs about 10 grammes, its energy content is 15 kcal. Concerning its content, the energy content of a hen’s egg equals 5 or 6 quail eggs, however the vitamin content of a quail egg is much higher and its cholesterol level is the lowest. The healthiest and safest among the eggs eaten raw.
The small quail eggs are cooked hard or semi-hard and mixed into salads or aspic foods. It is also excellent for poached egg.
When preparing quail meat, take 2 quails for 1 adult. Its best parts are the breast, the wing and the drumstick. The parts of the meat not enlisted and the giblets are to be processed into soups. The enlisted parts are to be processed similarly to chicken: stew, breaded, roast, etc. Its texture is more crispy than chicken, its breast is not dry and a slightly stringy and rather saucier.
In order to obtain the best results from the physiological and healing effects of quail meat, avoid all types of coffeinated beverages (colas, coffees), alcohol (beer, wine, spirits).
Content of the egg and its physiological effects
In today’s rushing world the majority of people lives a life full of stress. This leads to the unknowing destruction of our organisation, accompanied by drug treatments, hospitalisations and early deaths. The other group of people choose a healthy lifestyle. Unfortunately, healthy lifestyle requires the consumption of healthy, chemical-free and natural food that is produced by a non-industrial procedure. The majority of foods we can buy in shops are industrial produces that cannot provide the necessary nutriments, moreover, they are genetically modified carcinogenic feeds compounded by emulator. Moreover, a remarkably wide range of popular nutritional supplements is available that are combined with artificial vitamins and minerals and other medicines. However there are natural life-giving unique products of their kind – honey, apple cider vinegar and quail egg, that may provide and maintain a normal level in the human organism. Quail egg, honey and apple cider vinegar centralise where most needed and counterbalance insufficiencies that the human body lacks, though needs for biological processes.
Beneficial results of quail egg and meat:
Consuming Japanese quail means a zero risk on health. Salmonella and reactions of food allergy are an unknown concepts (in expert breeding establishments only!)
When preparing quail meat, take 2 or 3 quails for 1 adult. Its best parts are the breast, the wing and the drumstick. The parts of the meat not enlisted and the giblets are to be processed into soups. The enlisted parts are to be processed similarly to chicken: stew, breaded, roast, etc. Its texture is more crispy than chicken, its breast is not dry and a slightly stringy. Due to its fat content, it is rather juicy.
A diet with excellent effects on the human organism without any side effects.
Recommendable for children, adults, seniors and sick persons.
Quail egg – that is capable of providing and maintaining a general normal level in the human body – centralises where most needed and counterbalance insufficiencies that the human body lacks, though needs for biological processes.
Recovery of the balance of the immune system:
The deficiency of the required reserve (like amino acids, vitamins and minerals) in the human organism and a low dietary result of the nutrition will lead to a deteriorating health condition and several diseases. The cure for these is regularly taking big doses of natural vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids, by consuming quail egg. That would result in the accumulation of useful substances in the organism that would improve the immune system and eliminate several diseases.
In curing cancer, clinical researches compel medicals to presume that the use of quail eggs achieves a very effective result in curing. According to their opinion, a woman regularly consuming quail eggs may protect herself against breast cancer. Since cancer implies a reduced immunity. Consuming quail eggs has a wholesome effect on the organism.
It normalises the activity of the digestive system and the cardiovascular system.
It eliminates existing acute respiratory tract infections (cold and influenza).
Quail egg successfully treats chronic gall bladder inflammation, asthma, heart disease and malfunctions of the nervous system.
Quail egg has beneficent effect on diabetes (ONLY when consumed raw!)
It delays the abrupt growth of children, accompanied by spasms, in their adolescence.
Pulverising the shell of a quail egg to flour and drinking it twice a day with a glass of water will strengthen the teeth of pregnant women. Consuming quail eggs has salutary effects on caries and hair loss.
Quail egg strengthens:
Its content of vitamins, considerable quantity of phosphorus, potassium and iron promotes the better function of the brain and improves memory. People regularly consuming quail egg become calmer and more well-balanced.
Lysozyme is one of the essential amino acids that does not occur in the human body. Lysozyme blocks the development of harmful microorganisms in the body. Therefore, consuming quail egg and meat have a beneficent effect on the intellectual development of children.
Ingestion of quantities of natural minerals unburdens the teeth and the skeleton of pregnant women.
Quail egg favours the elimination of toxins from the body and it strengthens the bones. It is beneficent for the prostate gland, the liver, the kidney, the stomach, the pancreas and other vital organs.
No contraindication in the consumption for elderly patients, since, counter to chicken egg, quail egg does not increase cholesterol level.
Its main benefit is that the quail egg and meat do not contain salmonella.
It increases the body’s resistance capacity.
Consuming it raw or mixed, in milk or fruit juices provides very good results.
their skeleton becomes strong.
suppresses their sensitivity to allergenic objects and organisms.
Consuming meat beside egg is an excellent remedy for people suffering from asthma.
Osteoporosis may be successfully relieved by consuming 5 to 10 quail eggs daily with milk and cheese. (5 eggs recommended if consumed raw and mixed with milk. 10 eggs if boiled and with cheese.)
Action against radiation:
In Japan, the survivors of the nuclear attacks, then the casualties of the Chernobyl disaster consumed 30 quail eggs daily, and it is also recommended for physicians and nuclear research scientists exposed to radiation.
It helps deflate radiation from the organism in less time than other medicinal treatments. The result is the recovery of normal appetite, the discontinuance of the fatigue and the pain of the heart, the decrease of complaints of vertigo and the cessation of bleeding from the nose.
Those who expect a baby:
Quail egg contains phosphorus, iron, trace elements, vitamins B1 and B2.
it stimulates the production of spermatozoa for men, occyte maturation for women
For a 1.5 dl beverage, mix 1.2 cl cognac or rum with one slice of lemon, a teaspoon of sugar and 2 fresh quail eggs. Dilute the mix with soda.
Drink four raw quail eggs accompanied by a tablespoon of walnut dipped in vodka.
One of its valuable features is its long shelf life. They may be kept well for 30 days in room temperature, and for 60 days in the refrigerator.
Its daily consumption is recommended both for children and adults.
Its use is very simple:
1 to 2 eggs between 1 and 3 years,
3 eggs between 3 and 10 years,
4 eggs between 10 and 18 years,
5 to 6 eggs between 18 and 50 years,
4 to 5 eggs above 50 years.
There is also a use that differs the above. Consume raw eggs half an hour before the main meal with water or fruit juice. Consume regularly without interruption for 3 to 4 months. Right after two weeks of consumption it begins to exert its beneficent effects to the body. If not drunk, eggs are boiled and consumed with raw porridge, mashed potatoes, greens or soup. You may also cook an omelette, but never forget that vitamins are completely destroyed after a 15-minute heat-treatment. For this really delicate operation the French invented hot soup with red wine.
Tyrosine that provides and maintains the healthy colour of the quail egg. Therefore, this natural compound can be found as the component of expensive creams and shampoos in European perfume industry. Using this natural cosmetic makes the skin look younger, the hair shinier and balmier.
Treatment by eggshell
As a part of ancient medicine, eggshell and garnet were used beside several therapeutic compounds.
Eggshell – an ideal source of calcium that is easily digestible. As is well known, one of the most frequent illnesses at calcium deficiency especially attacks the bones – other most frequent sicknesses are the disease originating from the metabolism. English disease and improper growing of the teeth for children, bending of the spine, defective teeth (cavity, damage of the enamel), delicacy of the bones, and osteoporosis for the elderly. Disordered calcium metabolism is regularly accompanied by anaemia, susceptibility for rhinitis and allergy, herpes on lips, reduced resistance against radiation. An ordered calcium metabolism scarcely causes digestive troubles.
The most valuable garnet – Medical researches revealed that quail eggshell, containing 90% of calcium carbonate (chalk) is easily digestable. It contains all necessary elements for the body: copper, fluoride, iron, manganese, molybdenum, phosphorus, sulphur, zinc, silicone, etc. – 27 of them! Its content of silicic molybdenum is of key importance – the occurrence of this element is scarce, therefore, it is definitely required in the daily food for the well-being and also for a normal blood flow to perform biochemical reactions. Beneficial effects of eggshell on bones and joints are remarkable. Eggshell has exceptional benefits for the development of young children, for calcium plays an important role in it. Packing of baby foods nowadays wouldn’t indicate the content of quail egg shell, it is rather displayed as garnet. The reason is that it is destined to prevent rickets and the pernicious anaemia. Eggshell consumers were observed and it turned out that orhopaedic diseases, congenital hip disorder and osteoporosis (deossification) were healing faster. Beneficent results in the treatment of children and adults include grooming of nails, brittle hair, bleeding gums, irritability, insomnia, pollenosis, asthma.
Frequently asked question: when and how to take the powder? Before or after meal? In this case it does not matter when it is taken. In the time of the principal meal. Its effect may be enhanced by inserting 3 to 5 drops of lemon to the powder and consuming it after stirring with fat (including vitamin D and iodine).
Why is it beneficent?
Recovery of the balance of the immune system: The deficiency of necessary vitamins, amino acids, minerals leads to a deteriorating health condition and the formation of different diseases. The consumption of quail egg ingests high quantity of natural vitamins, minerals and essential amino acids into the organism. Regular consumption of quail egg restores the level the body needs from these beneficent materials, which results in the recovery of the balance of the immune system, terminates different diseases, makes the organism resistant to illnesses. Due to its energy increasing effect, it is a supplement to the natural therapy of surgical interventions and cancer treatments. Quail egg also contains lysozyme. Being one of the eight essential amino acids, lysozyme blocks the development of harmful microorganisms in the body.
The worst disease – cancer: The most grievous consequence of a weak immune system is the cancer. In curing cancer, clinical researches that prefer holistic medicine compel medicals to presume that the use of quail eggs achieves a very effective result in curing. According to their concept, regular consumption of quail egg prevents the formation of cancer, since the background for cancer is decreased immunity.
Effects on the internal organs: Normalisation of digestive system and the function of the stomach. Treatment of gastric ulcer. Chronic gall bladder inflammation may be treated effectively. It normalises the activity of the cardiovascular system and the blood pressure. Contributes to the healing of cardiac diseases and arterial sclerosis. Prevents anaemia. Re-establishes blood picture. It is beneficent for the function of the thyroid gland. Due to its detoxifying effect, it heals the diseases of the liver and the kidney. Treats prostate gland, pancreas and other vital organs. By eliminating metabolic disturbances, it proves to be a beneficent treatment for obesity. It delays the process of ageing of organs even in an elderly age.
Respiratory effects: It eliminates existing acute respiratory tract infections (cold and influenza). It moderates the symptoms of asthma and pollenosis, and its regular consumption terminates asthma and pollenosis.
Its effect on the nervous system: Its high content of vitamins, and considerable quantity of phosphorus, potassium and iron promotes the better function of the brain and improves memory. Its regular consumption makes consumers calm and balanced, thereby increasing stress tolerance. Restoring the normal function of the nervous system increases physical and intellectual performance, normalises the need for sleep of the organism, it notably improves the quality of sleep and terminates insomnia. It decreases, and a regular consumption eliminates meteorosensitivity. It has a positive effect on migrainous problems, seizures become rare and will have a slighter process.
Diabetes: It has a beneficent result on the recovery of the appropriate insulin level. (only when consumed raw!)
Its effect on growing children: Strengthening the skeleton. Adequate quantity of vitamin and mineral intake for strengthening bones in the sudden growth of adolescents. Avoids allergy, makes a strong immune system resistent to contagious diseases, positively affects children’s intellectual development.
Sexual activity and conception: Quail egg contains much phosphorus, iron, trace elements, vitamins B1 and B2. Favours the ovulation in women. Stimulates the production of spermatozoa in men. Restoring appropriate circulation, it eliminates problems with erection. It also affects erection problems originating from the nervous system positively, due to its beneficent action on the nervous system. Other affects on the organism: well-being, increase of general fitness, normal function of the nervous system, good circulation, etc.; it also remarkably increases sexual activity for both sexes.
Pregnancy: Ingestion of quantities of natural vitamins and minerals contributes to preserving the condition and health and the sound development of the fetus on a large scale. Its beneficent effect on the nervous system alleviates and prevents postpertum depression.
Effects of its high calcium content: Calcium deficiency results in the increased incidence of osteoporosis and bone fractures. Calcium deficiency in children causes scoliosis, improper growth of the teeth, deterioration of dentation (decay, demages of the enamel). Disordered calcium metabolism is regularly accompanied by anaemia, maldigestion, susceptibility for rhinitis and allergy, herpes on lips, reduced resistance against radiation (formation of moles from sunshine). It also provides an adequate quantity for the increased calcium demand of pregnant women’s organism.
Treatment by eggshell: As a part of ancient medicine, eggshell was used beside several therapeutic compounds. Quail egg and especially eggshell contain a high level of calcium that is easily digestible. Medical researches revealed that quail eggshell contains 90% of calcium carbonate that is easily digestible, therefore has a beneficent effect on treating the diseases in the skeleton and the joints. Eggshell consumers’ orhopaedic diseases, congenital hip disorders and osteoporosis (deossification) heal faster. Due to the so frequent disease of osteoporosis in Hungary, the consumption of not only quail eggshell is recommended, but consuming quail egg more frequently results proper in prevention and treatment, for it provides a good source of vitamin D required for an optimum calcium homeostasis. Don’t get rid of the shells of a consumed quail egg, but clean it inside and outside thoroughly and smash it to little pieces, then grind it to powder in a mortar. When and how to take the eggshell powder? It may be taken before, after or during a meal. The effect may be enhanced by inserting 3 to 5 drops of lemon to the powder and consuming it after stirring with fat (including vitamin D and iodine).
Natural cosmetics: Due to the natural compounds, quail egg is used in expensive creams, face-masks and shampoos in European cosmetics industry. The use of quail egg for cosmetic purposes is the most rewarding when applied internally (detoxification, to supply vitamin and trace element deficiency) and externally as a mask, simultaneously. The skin gets younger, diverse blemishes of the skin will disappear. Due to its detoxifying effect, moles faint and, at a regular consumption, disappear. Fragmentation of the hair, hair loss at a higher rate than natural will terminate, the hair becomes shinier, stronger and glossier. It stimulates the growth of the hair. Yolk dissolves fat, nevertheless it does not irritate, and still nourishes the scalp. Chafe one or two egg yolks to your hair, mainly to the stems, leave there for 15 minutes, then wash it with warm water. Do the second washing with a diluted shampoo. It strengthens the nails. It terminates gum bleeding. Using a face-mask of an egg yolk and a tea spoon of fresh lemon juice for 15 minutes is effective in treating oily complexion. A face-mask of an egg yolk and two table spoons of honey applied for a quarter an hour is an effective treatment for the dry skin. Albumen regenerates the skin and has a salving effect. For a hand skin turned red and dried out from cold and wind, rub quail egg albumen and wash it after 10 to 15 minutes.
Significant detoxifying effect, action against radiation: In Japan, the survivors of the nuclear attacks, then the casualties of the Chernobyl disaster consumed 30 quail eggs daily, and it is also recommended for physicians and nuclear research scientists exposed to radiation, since the consumption of quail egg evacuates radiation from the organism more rapidly than other medicinal treatments. The consumption of quail egg recovers normal appetite for people contaminated by radiation, their weariness and the pain in the heart stops, dizziness attacks and bleeding of the nose discontinues.
The majority of writings are compiled from the site Perepel.ru published by the Moscow Academy and Terebess.hu. | <urn:uuid:a4f406ce-38d6-4751-a615-43a664444d35> | CC-MAIN-2019-26 | http://www.furjtermek.hu/en/beneficent-effects-of-quail-egg/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-26/segments/1560627998808.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20190618163443-20190618185443-00459.warc.gz | en | 0.928377 | 3,935 | 2.75 | 3 |
Understand and use properties of lines, angles, triangles and quadrilaterals. Recognise reflection and rotation symmetry, congruence and similarity. Use Pythagoras' theorem. Understand all the parts of a circle. Transform 2 dimensional shapes by a variety of rotations, reflections, translations and enlargements. Make constructions, including loci, using a straight edge and compasses. Find perimeters and areas of a variety of shapes, including triangles, parallelograms, trapeziums and circles. Find volumes of shapes based on prisms. See and print out the Geometry Fact Sheet on the Fact Sheets Page. | <urn:uuid:c8b749a3-8442-4a1f-9e20-c2522482515e> | CC-MAIN-2021-49 | https://www.mathsnetgcse.com/module.php?ref=Geometry&s=perimeter_area_volume | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2021-49/segments/1637964363332.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20211207014802-20211207044802-00010.warc.gz | en | 0.841032 | 134 | 4.375 | 4 |
“You Can Do It if You Believe You Can!”
I imagine that yes is the only living thing.
e. e. cummings
“Imagination is more important than knowledge… Logic will get you from A to B. Imagination will take you everywhere.”
“All successful people men and women are big dreamers. They imagine what their future could be, ideal in every respect, and then they work every day toward their distant vision, that goal or purpose.”
“Everything that is new or uncommon raises a pleasure in the imagination, because it fills the soul with an agreeable surprise, gratifies its curiosity, and gives it an idea of which it was not before possessed.”
“Everything you can imagine is real.”
Imagination may be called the “hub” of this course, because every lesson of the course leads to this lesson, it is the key to mastering all of the other lessons in the course (i.e., Definite Chief Aim, Self-confidence, Leadership, etc.). You will never have a definite purpose in life, you will never have self-confidence, you will never have initiative and leadership unless you first create these qualities in your imagination and see yourself in possession of them. The gift of imagination is my absolute favorite key to give people for their success. It encourages daydreaming, using your creative genius, and playing with the endless power of the mind to manifest with visualization.
Virtually all great accomplishments began in someone’s imagination- imagination can do the impossible. The key idea of this lesson is this- Imagination is the workshop of the human mind wherein old ideas and established facts may be reassembled into new combinations and put to new uses. Imagination is both interpretative and creative in nature. It can examine facts, concepts and ideas, and it can create new combinations and plans out of these. Imagination has been called the creative power of the soul. Use it often and watch the magic it will create.
LAW OF SUCCESS QUOTES
Through its interpretative capacity, the imagination has one power not generally attributed to it- namely, the power to register vibrations and thought waves that are put into motion from outside sources, just as the radio-receiving apparatus picks up the vibrations of sound.
The principle through which this interpretative capacity of the imagination functions is called telepathy; the communication of thought from one mind to another.
The principle of telepathy has been so well established, through psychological research, that we have abundance of proof that two minds which are properly attuned and in harmony with each other may send and receive thought at long distances.
The principle of telepathy and the law of attraction, through which like attracts like, explain many a failure. If the mind has a tendency to attract from the ether those thought vibrations which harmonize with the dominating thoughts of a given mind, you can easily understand why a negative mind that dwells upon failure and lacks the vitalizing force of self-confidence would not attract a positive mind that is dominated by thoughts of success.
Discover a truth known only to those who use their imagination; namely, that the greatest reverses and misfortunes of life often open the door to golden opportunities.
You will never know what is your capacity for achievement until you learn how to mix your efforts with imagination.
There are endless millions of approaches to every problem, but there is only one best approach. Find this one best approach and your problem is easily solved. Your imagination will assist you in finding the right way.
Remember that which was said about the Law of Attraction through the operation of which “like attracts like:” If you look and act the part of a failure (or success), you will attract nothing but failures (or success).
The selection of a definite chief aim calls for the use of both imagination and decision! The power of decision grows with use.
Adversities and temporary defeat are generally blessings in disguise, for the reason that they force one to use both imagination and decision.
Whatever your life-work may be, it calls for the use of imagination.
You live in a Vibrational Universe, and you are more Energy, Vibration, and Electricity than you realize.
You will be able to achieve focused control of your Creative Energy with practice.
As you focus Creative Energy, there are two things to consider: intensity and speed of your energy; and second, your level of allowing or resisting.
The Creative Process is happening whether you are consciously aware of it or not.
Reach for a better feeling thought on all subjects. GUIDE them towards something that feels better.
You must first accept that Well-Being is the only stream that flows in the Universe in order to effectively benefit from paying attention to your emotions and gently guide them down stream.
Once you accept yourself as a vibrational being who attracts all things that come into your experience, then you begin the delicious journey of becoming a Deliberate Creator.
Rarely do people understand that they have the ability to control their personal relationship to events with their thoughts and attention.
Your mood is showing you a good representation of what you are inviting into your experience.
After years of exposure to thoughts of “lack,” your habit of thought around certain subjects (like money) can have a low emotional set-point which can lead to low expectation and unconscious negative reactions on the subject. CHANGE your set-point on these subjects deliberately by telling a new story!
In the same way that your Emotional Set-Points can change from feeling basically good or secure to feeling bad and insecure, your set-points can change from not feeling good to feeling good, for your set-points are achieved simply by paying attention to a subject, and through your practiced thought.
We want you to understand that you do have absolute control over the set-points that you achieve. We want you to understand the extreme value in deliberately achieving your own set-points. Because, once you expect something, it will come. The details may play out differently– but the vibrational essence will always be an exact match.
Create and align with a “code of ethics” that resonates with the type of leadership you want to present to the world. This practice entails transforming what would once be called a “Code of Ethics” into “Harmonic Codes of Creation” where everything that you want is aligned with your personal values and intentions. Decide in what arena of life do you want to focus for these Harmonic Codes: Romance, Career or Life Purpose, Health, Success, Family, etc. These new principles will embody the full expression who you are becoming and your new chosen beliefs.
Review of the Harmonic Coding of the Golden Divine:
Here’s a list of my highest vision for the Harmonic Coding of the Golden Divine::
1. Communing, Connection, Co-creation- Operating from a place of connection to Infinite Intelligence. Always serving the highest and best.
Using “commune”-ication as a way of deepening connection and experiencing our unity of purpose and being. Co-creation is a dance, a co-mingling of energies, and an integration of all ideas and re-sources to create anew with a sense of harmonious co-operation and co-action.
2. Mutual Love, Honor, and Respect- Treating others as they wish to be treated. Treating others as I wish to be treated. Treating myself as I wish to be treated.Asking others to treat me as I wish to be treated. Asking others how they wish to be treated. Thinking kindly of others, and wishing only good will on them.
A practice of looking for positive aspects, affirmations, appreciation, and gratitude in all situations. Practicing forgiveness.
3. Inclusivity, Win-win situations, “Soul-utions”- Realizing we are all one and equal, creating soul-utions that work for everyone involved. Knowing there is always a way for everyone to benefit from the whole. This is an inclusive universe. There is no “no”. Everything always exists. Creating more “yeses”.
4. Open, Honest, Trustworthy- Allowing my truth to shine through, I give others permission to be their true, authentic Self. Learning to listen and trust the inner guidance that is always available. Honoring my word, doing as I say I’ll do. Always doing my best. Honoring others privacy, being a confidante.
5. Confidence, Self-Actualization, Re-Sourcing- Taking action in words and deeds that are courageous, noble, and connected to Source energy. Allowing myself to be a clear conduit and channel for Source to flow through me, with confidence, determination, and certainty of purpose. I plant constructive seeds to harvest healthy relations and bear uplifting interactions.
6. Resonance and Alignment- Our true power is alignment. To feel the truth of knowledge and wisdom when I experience it as a resonance within. A clear message of alignment and connection. Practicing aligning with Source through meditation, listening, and feeling from a place of inner connection.
7. Responsibility, Accountability, Integrity- Treating each person, place, and thing with reverence and respect, I take full responsibility for my choices, decisions, and energy. I know being accountable means being in integrity which means being connected to the wholeness of who I am, allowing me the “ability to respond” with truth, love, and devotion. No matter what anyone else is saying or doing, it is my dominant intent to feel good and stay connected to Source.
8. Clarity, Choice, Discernment- In all my interactions I choose to be clear and honest with my intentions and actions. I practice discerning what is the highest choice in alignment with my purpose (and definite chief aim). While taking responsibility for my choices, I clearly choose to be discerning about the people, places, and things I invite into my sphere of existence.
9. Intuition, Intention, Optimism- I will use my ability to intuit the way others want to be treated by “putting myself in their shoes” and always wishing the highest and best for them. I will give others the “benefit of the doubt” and look for the positive aspects of each person I come into contact with. I will listen intently for my guidance to show me the way, knowing what’s best for me to fulfill my heart’s desires.
10. Kindness, Generosity, Good Will onto others- I will always give generously when I have the means to, knowing all I give does come back to me, in one form or another, I give graciously and happily. I will practice random acts of kindness and offer my gifts when I can. I vow to think positively of others and hold them in the highest light, no matter what their actions. “I see the Divine in you.” — Namaste.
11. Commitment, Dedication, Devotion- I uphold my commitment to living the highest and best of what is possible, to inspire greatness, and to stay true to the path of Divine light and love under any and all circumstances. I am reliable and consistent with my love and practice. I forgive myself and others, and I stay on track with my intentions to live in dedication to light, love, peace, and joy.
12. Grace, Ease & Happiness- The greatest gift I can give another person is my own happiness. To live with Grace and Ease is to live in truth and love. I allow life to flow smoothly through me, using alignment and leverage to manifest.
Bonus:: Dream Big, Greater than Imagined, Visualize a World of Infinite Potential and Possibility!
The Power of Meditation, Mantras, and Positive Thinking
We are now starting to get it! The sub-conscious mind is imprinted with mental concepts through Auto-suggestion and Creative thinking. The ideas are put into motion, in the world, through the coordination with Infinite Intelligence which is orchestrating all people, places, and things that are aligned with our thinking.
Whether we are creating positively or negatively with our thoughts, is up to us, and the world will reflect the sub-conscious imprinting. This is exciting news! We have the ability to direct our thoughts, and we have the ability to practice ourselves into desired manifestations with the use of creative thinking, imagination, visualization, meditation, and auto-suggestion.
CREATE YOUR OWN GUIDED MEDITATION:
This week’s practice will help us to become powerful deliberate creators of our own reality through the use of meditation. Keep in mind all that this lesson has to offer, and record a meditation for yourself that includes all the qualities and aspects of the Self you want to become.
GET CREATIVE WITH THE PROCESS! Write your new and improved story, then record it in a meditation style that you can listened to over and over again. This will be a version of Auto-Suggestion that you can practice daily.
Relish in all the delicious and juicy details of your powerful manifestations.
“I am a powerful deliberate Creator. I am pure positive Source energy. Nothing is more important than I choose better feeling thoughts and set my vibrational tone to that of Light, Love, Peace, and Joy.”
“Start telling a better-feeling story about the things that are important to you. Do not write your story like a factual documentary, weighing all the pros and cons of your experience; but instead tell the *uplifting*, *fanciful*, *magical* story of the wonder of your own life and watch what happens. It will feel like magic as your life begins to transform right before your eyes, but it is not magic. It is the power of the Laws of Universe and your deliberate alignment with those Laws.”
Anything you give your attention to will become your “truth.” Your life, and everyone else’s, is but a reflection of the predominance of your thoughts. There is no exception.
Your Emotional Guidance System is the key to helping you understand what your vibrational content is and therefore exactly what your current point of attraction is.
By paying attention to your emotions and by deliberately offering thoughts that affect the way you feel (in a positive way), you can consciously guide yourself into the vibrational frequency that will allow the fulfillment of any desire you hold.
Use the power of your imagination to create in your environment the things you most desire with clear and focused intention, and watch the powerful laws of the Universe shift and rearrange life circumstances to meet your request. But you got to let it in. Look for it, make room for it. That is the Art of Allowing!
Where ever you are, keep reaching for the best feeling thought you can find.
“Wouldn’t it be Nice if I discovered a much easier way of doing all this… wouldn’t it be nice if I came into full alignment with my dreams, into Energetic alignment with All That Is, and everything around me came into vibrational harmony with that?!?” Yes…
Know that it is coming in perfect timing. All the cells of your being are in cooperation and there is a collective alignment happening. All kinds of things are beginning to come into alignment, things that you could not orchestrate even if you tried!
Your Inner Being knows what to do. Your Being had come into active alignment and agreement with all this.
LAW OF SUCCESS
Your mind is capable of creating many new and useful combinations of old ideas, but the most important thing it can create is a definite chief aim that will give you that which you most desire. Your definite chief aim can be speedily translated into reality after you have fashioned it in the cradle of your imagination.
You will see how important the subject of imagination is when you stop to realize that it is the only thing in the world over which you have absolute control.
Reflect a shadow of confidence, good cheer, optimism, and harmony, that these qualities may, in turn, reflect themselves in all who are connected with your life.
We have stated that the imagination is both interpretative and creative in its nature. It can receive impressions or ideas and out of these it can form new combinations.
“If your imagination is the mirror of your soul, then you have a perfect right to stand before that mirror and see yourself as you wish to be. You have the right to see reflected in that magic mirror the mansion you intend to own, the factory you intend to manage, the bank of which you intend to be president, the station in life you intend to occupy. Your imagination belongs to you. Use it! The more you use it the more efficiently it will serve you.”
I hold it true that thoughts are things;
They’re endowed with bodies and breath and wings;
And that we send them forth to fill
The world with good results or ill.
That which we call our secret thought
Speeds forth to earth’s remotest spot,
Leaving its blessings or its woes,
Like tracks behind it as it goes.
We build our future, thought by thought,
For good or ill, yet know it not,
Yet so the universe was wrought.
Thought is another name for fate;
Choose, then, thy destiny and wait,
For love brings love and hate brings hate.
Our Imagination is one of the most important gifts we have as creative human beings. Use it well, and develop its magic with a sense of mastery. Enjoy. | <urn:uuid:18f36555-f761-4383-befd-5aa9456cca1d> | CC-MAIN-2015-14 | http://www.zenhealyng.com/featured/featured-horizontal/om-lesson-9-imagination/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2015-14/segments/1427131297195.79/warc/CC-MAIN-20150323172137-00255-ip-10-168-14-71.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.947403 | 3,699 | 2.5625 | 3 |
In 2004, the Advanced Placement (AP) Program in West Vancouver School District was expanded to include Rockridge Secondary School. The AP Program is a cooperative educational endeavor between secondary schools and colleges and universities. It allows high school students to undertake college-level academic learning in AP courses, and gives them the opportunity to show that they have mastered the advanced material by taking AP exams. Students can receive credit, advanced placement, or both from thousands of colleges and universities that participate in the Advanced Placement Program.
The AP Program has been administered since 1955 by the College Board. AP procedures are determined by representatives of member institutions (public and independent schools, colleges and universities). AP’s operational services are provided by Educational Testing Service. In the United States, Canada and overseas, 13,253 high schools offer AP courses as well as the annual examinations. In 2000, 1,272,319 examinations were administered to 768,586 students. In Canada, 6,616 students wrote 9,465 examinations which were offered in 336 participating schools. In British Columbia, 3,183 students wrote 4,565 examinations in 135 schools.
Benefits of AP for Students
For students, AP can:
- Provide college/university credits for courses and examinations successfully taken in high school.
- Exempt them from some introductory college/university courses, thus permitting students to move more quickly into advanced classes.
- Motivate them to attempt more challenging courses in both high school and college.
- Develop, in a high school environment, the study skills and habits they will need in college/university.
- Bolster their confidence that they can meet college/university requirements.
- Reduce college/university costs and time to obtain a degree.
|Friday, May 1st||AP Art||3:00 PM||Rockridge Art|
|Tuesday, May 5th||Calculus AB/BC||8:00 AM||Rockridge Library|
|Wednesday, May 6th||Literature and Composition||8:00 AM||Rockridge Library|
|Thursday, May 7th||Chemistry||8:00 AM||TBD|
|Monday May, 11th||Biology||8:00 AM||TBD|
|Tuesday, May 12th||Psychology||12:00PM||Rockridge Library|
|Friday, May 15th||Computer Science Principles||8:00 AM||Rockridge Library|
|Wednesday,May 20th||European History||8:00 AM||Rockridge Library|
Course Offerings for Students Enrolling in Grade 10
- Pre-AP English 10 Enriched
- Pre-AP Art 11
Course Offerings for Students Enrolling in Grade 11
Students enrolling in Grade 11 who have completed the prerequisite courses and who wish to challenge themselves may take the following courses which prepare them for the Grade 12 level courses and for the AP Examination.
- AP Psychology 12
- AP Statistics 12
- Pre- AP English 11
- Pre-AP Biology 11
- Pre-AP Studio Art 11
- AP European History
Course Offerings for Students Enrolling in Grade 12
Students enrolling in Grade 12 who have completed the prerequisites may take the following courses which prepare them to write the AP exams in May. Rockridge Secondary has been authorized by the College Board to teach the following courses:
- AP Biology
- AP Calculus AB
- AP Chemistry
- AP Computer Science Principles
- AP English Literature and Composition
- AP European History
- AP Physics
- AP Psychology
- AP Statistics
- AP Studio Art: Drawing
- AP Studio Art: 2-D Design
- AP Studio Art: 3-D Design
The AP Examinations are written after the students have completed the senior level of the course.
AP Scholar Awards
The AP Program offers several Scholar Awards to recognize high school students who have demonstrated college-level achievement through AP courses and exams. In addition to receiving an award certificate, the students’ achievement is acknowledged on any grade report that they send to college/universities the following fall.
AP Scholar. Granted to students who receive grades of 3 or higher on three or more AP Exams.
AP Scholar with Honor. Granted to students who receive an average grade of at least 3.25 on all AP Exams taken, and grades of 3 or higher on four or more of these exams.
AP Scholar with Distinction. Granted to students who receive an average grade of at least 3.5 on all AP Exams taken, and grades of 3 or higher on five or more of these exams.
AP National Scholar. Granted to students in Canada who receive an average grade of at least 4 on all AP Exams taken, and grades of 4 or higher on five or more of these exams | <urn:uuid:2fad0932-e58c-4fa3-a9de-448beeb9f4e7> | CC-MAIN-2020-16 | https://westvancouverschools.ca/rockridge-secondary/students/advanced-placement/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2020-16/segments/1585370500482.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20200331115844-20200331145844-00500.warc.gz | en | 0.947076 | 988 | 2.609375 | 3 |
|Publisher||Cornell University Press|
|Publication Date||November 11, 2011|
Hermes Trismegistus, "thrice-great Hermes," emerged from the amalgamation of the wisdom gods Hermes and Thoth and is one of the most enigmatic figures of intellectual history. Since antiquity, the legendary "wise Egyptian" has been considered the creator of several mystical and magical writings on such topics as alchemy, astrology, medicine, and the transcendence of God. Philosophers of the Renaissance celebrated Hermes Trismegistus as the founder of philosophy, Freemasons called him their forefather, and Enlightenment thinkers championed religious tolerance in his name. To this day, Hermes Trismegistus is one of the central figures of the occult-his name is synonymous with the esoteric.In this scholarly yet accessible introduction to the history of Hermeticism and its mythical founder, Florian Ebeling provides a concise overview of the Corpus Hermeticum and other writings attributed to Hermes. He traces the impact of Christian and Muslim versions of the figure in medieval Europe, the power of Hermeticism and Paracelsian belief in Renaissance thought, the relationship to Pietism and to Freemasonry in early modern Europe, and the relationship to esotericism and semiotics in the modern world. | <urn:uuid:04db4622-e3a3-45b8-b8b2-edec450ad44b> | CC-MAIN-2017-43 | https://www.ancient.eu/books/B0066AG0BQ/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-43/segments/1508187825264.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20171022132026-20171022152026-00801.warc.gz | en | 0.895654 | 264 | 2.703125 | 3 |
All liver diseases, and this is cirrhosis, cholecystitis, chronic hepatitis and others, require not only medical intervention, but strict adherence to a special diet. This is the famous diet number number five.
In case of problems with the liver, it is logical to reduce the workload for it to implement effective medical measures. However, the patient's normal, balanced and nutritious diet should be observed. Dietary restrictions help normalize liver function and improve bile secretion.
Dietary table number 5 with a sick liver
Dietary table No. 5 contains products with the necessary amount of carbohydrates and proteins, but refractory fats, cholesterol and nitrogen extractives are severely restricted here, should only be cooked or steamed, and sometimes stewed vegetables are also present. Alcoholic beverages of any origin you at this table will not see.
Instead of with liver disease it is recommended to use dietary borscht and soups on vegetable or cereal broths. It is recommended to use milk soups. From meat dishes only low-fat varieties of fish, poultry and meat are allowed. Consumption of vegetables, fruits and berries is welcome. With liver hepatosis, any bread is eaten, provided that it is yesterday's, low-fat dairy products and cereals. With liver dysfunction, foods with high amounts of fiber, lipotropic ingredients, liquid and pectins are placed. Cold dishes can not be used, warm or hot ones are allowed.
Fresh bread, any muffins, broths on meat, fish and mushrooms should be excluded from the diet. The same applies to smoked, salted, marinated and fatty foods. Absolutely not welcome coffee, chocolate, cocoa, confectionery with cream. From vegetables doctors are not allowed legumes, radish, sorrel, garlic, green onions. With cirrhosis of the liver, alcohol is a poison in any doses.
Proper nutrition with liver disease
You need small meals up to six times a day.
However, this article can not be the basis for compiling a dietary diet, because the diet should be prescribed only by a specialist, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient.
This applies, for example, to fats. At present, it is believed that properly balanced intake of fats, well tolerated by the body, significantly improves the patient's condition. A mixture of animal and vegetable fats exerts a strengthened lipotropic action and thus the formulated diet is more effective than a diet that includes only animals or only vegetable fats.
If there is a risk of fatty degeneration of the liver, you should enrich your menu with lipotropic substances. Lipotropic substances are actually drugs for the treatment of diseases of the liver and biliary tract, hepatoprotectors.
Lipotropic effect is rendered by beef, chicken egg, low-fat fish, marine invertebrates, low-fat cottage cheese and soy flour. | <urn:uuid:e596b04d-e3b6-4a1a-9e70-a0e02e6df51a> | CC-MAIN-2019-22 | http://en.medicapage.com/1032-nutrition-for-liver-disease-what-is-possible-and-what-is-not-with-the-diseased-liver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2019-22/segments/1558232257197.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20190523083722-20190523105722-00559.warc.gz | en | 0.920232 | 594 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Agustin Orihuela, Libia Perez-Torres and Virginio Aguirre
Universidad Aut├?┬│noma del Estado de Morelos, M├?┬ęxico
Posters & Accepted Abstracts: J Vet Sci Technol
Lambs wag their tails vigorously during suckling. However, in many countries tail docking is a routine husbandry procedure, regardless of the possible functions that this behavior might have. To determine if tail wagging could serve as an element of communication in the ewe-lamb relationship, 14 ewes and their 4-days-old lambs were alternatively assigned to one of two groups; 2 singles, 4 doubles and 1 triple in each group. In the treated group (T) the tail was immobilized by the use of an adhesive tape that kept it temporarily attached to the right leg of the lamb, while the rest of the animals remained intact as controls. Animals were observed for 8 days, 4 days in each treatment. Each experimental day, lambs were separated from their mothers during 30 min and individually weighed before reunited with their mothers. From this point, all animals were observed for 20 min, and weighed again at the end of this period to estimate milk consumption, resuming observations until 60 min were completed. Sucking frequencies and the number of contacts between the mother's nose and the caudal region of her offspring(s) while suckling were quantified. Similar (P>0.05) milk consumption was observed (11.8├?┬▒4.4 vs. 11.6├?┬▒4.5 g/20 min of observation between C and T lambs, respectively). In average, C lambs displayed shorter (P<0.05) and more frequent suckling periods than T lambs (15.8├?┬▒0.7 vs. 19.2├?┬▒1.0 s, and 11.4├?┬▒1.3 vs. 10.7├?┬▒1.2 episodes/h, respectively) and were checked fewer times by their mothers while suckling (1.4├?┬▒0.1 vs. 1.7├?┬▒0.1 times/suckling period, for C and T lambs respectively). Further research is needed to determine if these differences would lead to a better efficiency of milk consumption or heavier animals. It was concluded that tail wagging might have communication purposes between the lambs and their mothers while suckling.
Agustín Orihuela has his expertise and passion in improving animal production and wellbeing. His investigations are generally based on the application of the behavior of the animals with productive purposes. Recently, he has started work in the area of painful animal production practices; investigating alternatives and methods that reduce or eliminate the pain caused by these procedures. He explores different areas in animal science, generating management strategies that allow sustainable livestock raising, encouraging humane treatment of animals and increasing production. | <urn:uuid:6e6dd889-2106-43a5-bc58-c3020a3dc1f3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hilarispublisher.com/proceedings/tail-wagging-while-suckling-might-have-communication-purposes-between-the-lambs-and-their-mothers-ovis-aries-29949.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100909.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20231209103523-20231209133523-00034.warc.gz | en | 0.955186 | 637 | 2.65625 | 3 |
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